Manual of the New Zealand flora

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SERVATOIRE BOTANIQUE DE GENE
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OF THE

NEW ZEALAND FLORA

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tee CHWRSHMAN, P.L.8., FAs,
DcomAron OF THE AUCKLAND MUSEUM.
LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN

Published under the Authority of the Gobernment of Nebo Xenland,

NEW ZEALAND:
JOHN MACKAY, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WELLINGTON.

1906.

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AUG 7- 1923

PREFACE.

Forty-two years have elapsed since Sir J. D. Hooker published the
first part of his “ Handbook of the New Zealand Flora.” Although
no complete account of the plants of the colony has since been pre-
pared, botanical investigations have been actively and zealously carried
on, and a large amount of fresh material obtained. No less than four
hundred separate communications or short papers dealing with the
botany of New Zealand have been published, and the number of new
species proposed is considerably over a thousand. The literature and
descriptions of the new species are scattered through the thirty-seven
volumes of the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute and other
publications, some of which are not readily accessible to the majority
of workers in the colony. To make satisfactory. use of such a mass of
unarranged and undigested material is beyond the power of any except
a few experts: In any case an attempt to do so would prove both
tedious and troublesome. In short, the want of a compendious Flora
has long been a serious hindrance to the study of the indigenous vege-
tation, and a bar to inquiries of any kind connected therewith.

For many years New Zealand botanists hoped that the preparation
of a new Flora would be undertaken by the late Mr. T. Kirk. It was
known that he had long been collecting material for such a work. His
many journeys, extending from the North Cape to the Auckland and
Campbell Islands, had given him an unrivalled personal acquaintance
with the vegetation, while his numerous writings afforded abundant
proof of widespread knowledge, and of accurate and careful botanical
research. Under such circumstances, the announcement made in 1894
that he had been engaged by the New Zealand Government to
prepare a ‘Students’ Flora of New Zealand” was received with
general approval. And when his death occurred in 1897 it was a

‘disappointment to find that barely two-fifths of his task had been
completed. This portion has since been printed by the Government,
and its value intensifies the regret that the author did not live to
complete the work for which he had made so much preparation, and for
which he possessed so many undoubted qualifications.

iv PREFACE.

The publication of the fragment left by Mr. Kirk made the want of a
complete Flora still more apparent, and in April, 1900, the Government
was pleased to intrust me with the preparation of such a work. While
allowed full freedom of action in all details, I was instructed to follow
the general plan adopted in Sir J. D. Hooker’s “ Handbook,” which, as
is well known, was based upon that recommended many years ago by
Sir W. J. Hooker for a uniform series of Floras of all the British
colonies. With the view of keeping the work within the compass of
one volume of portable size, I was further directed to confine it to
the indigenous plants, thus departing from the plan followed by Kirk,
who included all well-established naturalised plants, distinguishing
them from the native species by a difference in the type.

The ‘“‘ Manual of the New Zealand Flora,” which is the title adopted
for the present work, is intended to comprise within a reasonable com-
pass full descriptions of the whole of the indigenous flowering-plants
and ferns found within the limits of the Colony of New Zealand, in-
cluding not only the two main Islands, but also the outlying groups of
the Kermadec Islands, the Chatham Islands, the Auckland and Campbell
Islands, Antipodes Island, &c. I have also included Macquarie Island,
for although it is politically an appanage of Tasmania, it is more closely
allied in its flora and fauna to the Auckland and Campbell Islands than
to any other land. In addition to the descriptions, I have given as fully
as possible the geographical and altitudinal range of each species within
the colony ; and, in the case of non-endemic plants, a short statement of
their range in other countries. I have also inserted, in a concise form,
such general information, whether economic or scientific, as appeared
to be of sufficient value. Believing that the main object of a Flora is
to afford a ready means of determining the name of any species for
the purpose of ulterior study, I have endeavoured so to frame the
descriptive matter as to facilitate the work of identification as much
as possible. I have therefore prefixed to each order and each
genus analytical keys in which the salient characters of the
genera and species are contrasted. With respect to the deserip-
tions themselves, they are in almost all cases original, and have
been based on the actual examination of livmg or dried speci-
mens, usually both. After their preparation they were compared
with those of my predecessors, and particularly with those of
Hooker and Kirk, when any additions or alterations that appeared

PREFACE. Vi

to be necessary were made. With regard to the citation of
previous authors, I have as a rule considered it unnecessary to do
more than quote the publications that deal solely or mainly with New
Zealand botany, such as Forster's Prodromus, A. Richard’s Flora,
Cunningham’s Precursor, Raoul’s Choix, and the works of Hooker
and Kirk? Had I given references to general works on botany or to
special monographs, the bulk of this work would have been greatly
increased without sufficient corresponding advantage. I have, how-
ever, quoted the publication in which the species under consideration
was first described ; and, in the case of those plants which extend to
Australia or Tasmania, I have usually given a reference to Bentham’s
“Flora Australiensis”” or Hooker’s “Flora of Tasmania.” The
synonomy I have treated in a similar manner. As far as the informa-
tion at my command would permit, I have quoted all published names
of endemic New Zealand plants, and all names founded upon New
Zealand specimens. Further quotation would, in my opinion, be
neither necessary nor expedient for the purposes of this work.

Every botanist who prepares a Flora starts from the standpoint
reached by his predecessors in the same field. In the subjoined his-
tory of botanical discovery in New Zealand I have endeavoured to
give a sketch of the labours of all those who have investigated the
botany of the colony, either as authors or collectors, and who have
thus assisted in providing material for future study and research.
But, in addition, it is advisable to briefly mention the chief material
upon which the present work is founded. At the outset I must state
that I have relied very largely upon my own notes and observations,
formed during thirty-five years’ continuous study of the flora, and
upon my herbarium, which I believe to be the largest and most com-
plete formed by individual effort within the colony.

I am indebted to the Education Department for the loan of that
portion of the herbarium of the late Mr. Kirk which after his death
was purchased by the New Zealand Government. Although com-
prising only a small part of the collections formed by this active
and enterprismg botanist, it nevertheless includes excellent and
well-selected specimens of most of the species of the flora, in-
cluding the types of the new species described by him, and has conse-
quently proved an important aid to me. It is to be regretted that
Mr. Kirk’s botanical papers and other manuscripts, none of which I
have seen, were not included in this purchase.

vi PREFACE.

The Education Department has also placed at my service a set of
the plants collected by Banks and Solander during Cook’s first voyage,
a transcript of Solander’s manuscript descriptions, and a set of im-
pressions from the copper plates prepared by Sir Joseph Banks to
illustrate the descriptions. All these were presented to the Govern-
ment a few years ago by the Trustees of the British Museum’ and form
a unique and valuable addition to the public collections of the colony.

I am indebted to my friend Mr. D. Petrie, well known for his suc-
cessful explorations in the Otago District, for the very valuable and
important aid afforded by the study of his herbarium, which he has
loaned to me in instalments during the progress of this work. It is
specially rich in specimens of the rarer alpine plants of Otago, which,
as a rule, are very poorly represented in other collections.

The herbarium of the late Mr. Colenso has been lent to me by Mr.
H. Hill, one of the trustees under his will. It contains a large amount
of material, collected at various times between the years 1840 and 1898,
but is to a great extent unarranged and unclassified. Fortunately,
however, it includes named specimens of many of the supposed “ new
species” described by him during the last fifteen years of his life, and
has thus enabled me to come to more certain conclusions respecting
them than would otherwise have been the case.

The private herbarium of the late Mr. John Buchanan has been
forwarded for my inspection by the Council of the Otago University,
to which body it was bequeathed. Although but a fragment of the
collections he formed during his lifetime, it has been of considerable
service, as it includes the types of most of his new species, and the
drawings and analyses prepared for his work on the New Zealand
grasses.

My friend Dr. Cockayne has supplied me with much valuable
information, and a considerable amount of interesting material
from the Southern Alps, the Chatham Islands, and other localities
explored by him. Many of his specimens have been of particular
value, from being specially selected to show the range and trend of
variation in some of the more variable species of the flora.

The Right Rev. W. L. Williams, Bishop of Waiapu, has placed me
under many obligations by regularly forwarding specimens collected
by him in the East Cape and Hawke’s Bay districts, and by his invalu-
able help in compiling the list of Maori plant-names given in the
Appendix.

PREFACE. Vil

Mr. W. Townson, of Westport, has for many years supplied me
with numerous sets of specimens, both fresh and dried, collected by
_him in the south-west portion of the Nelson Provincial District, and
often obtained from out-of-the-way localities and at considerable
altitudes. So little was previously known respecting the botany of
this portion of the colony that his collections and notes have been
of great service to me.

I am indebted to Mr. A. Hamilton for the loan of his extensive
collection of the ferns of the colony. This is not only unusually com-
plete and well arranged, but also contains many specimens of crested
and other abnormal varieties.

I have also to record my thanks to Sir James Hector, Mr. J. D.
Enys, Mr. G. M. Thomson, Mr. H. Hill, Mr. Justice Chapman, Mr. Percy
Smith, Mr. H. J. Matthews, Mr. F. R. Gibbs, Mr. J. H. Macmahon,
Mr. J. Adams, Mr. R. H. Matthews, Mr. H. Carse, Mr. Elsdon Best,
Mr. R. J. Kingsley, Rev. F. R. Spencer, Mr. H. C. Field, Mr. J. Rutland,
Mr. F. A. D. Cox, Mr. J. Hall, Mr. H. H. Travers, Mr. J. B. Simpson,
and several others, for the material assistance they have rendered me.

Turning from New Zealand, I have now to express my gratitude
to several friends and correspondents in Europe. First of all, I wish
to tender my special thanks to Sir J. D. Hooker, who during a corre-
spondence extending over thirty-five years has been at all times ready
to give me the benefit of his wide knowledge and experience, and who
has evinced the greatest possible interest in the inception and progress
of this work. My thanks are also due to Sir W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, the
present Director of Kew, for his kindness in granting facilities for the
comparison of my specimens with the types preserved in the Kew
Herbarium, and for other valuable assistance; also to Mr. W. B.
Hemsley, the Assistant Director, who has given me much helpful aid
with the greatest readiness and kindness; and to Mr. N. E. Brown,
who was specially instructed by the Director to make a comparison
of my specimens with the types of the species in Veronica, Gentiana,
Myposotis, and other genera, and whose report on the subject has been
invaluable to me. I am also greatly indebted to Mr. C. B. Clarke for
his unwearied kindness in supplying me with information and critical
notes respecting the New Zealand Cyperacee, and for furnishing me
with a list of the synonymy of the species. Pastor G. Kukenthal, of
Grub, near Cobourg, has also contributed valuable notes respecting
the New Zealand species of Carer and Uncinia. Finally, I am under

Vili PREFACE.

many obligations to Professor E. Hackel, of Graz, Austria, for under-
taking a critical examination of the whole of the New Zealand grasses,
and for furnishing me with a series of very full and complete notes,
with permission to use the same for the purposes of this work.

The elimination of the naturalised species from the present work,
although absolutely necessary to keep it within the limits of a single
volume, will not be altogether satisfactory to the student. A
beginner cannot be expected to distinguish between the indigenous
and introduced species, especially when it is remembered that in several
districts the latter now constitute the larger portion of the flora, and
that there is no part of the country, however remote, into which some
plants of foreign origin have not penetrated. Altogether, over six
hundred species, or nearly one-half the number of the indigenous
flowering-plants, have succeeded in establishing themselves. I am
not without hopes that I may be enabled to prepare a supplementary
volume containing concise but sufficient descriptions of the foreign
element of the flora; for this alone will remove the inconvenience
resulting from the want of a ready means of determining all the plants
which a student may observe in any district. In the meantime, I
have given in the Appendix a nominal list of all well-established
naturalised plants, with references to books in which descriptions of
them can be found. As most of the species are of European origin,
I would recommend the student to provide himself with a copy of
Hooker’s ‘‘ Students’ Flora of the British Islands,” or some similar
work, and to use it in conjunction with this publication.

It is not to be expected that a work containing descriptions of over
1,550 species of plants can be prepared without the occurrence of
errors and imperfections, and for these I must ask the indulgence of
the reader. One serious disadvantage under which I have laboured,
and which I share in common with all colonial botanists, is the im-
possibility of examining those European herbaria in which the types
of so many of the published species are deposited ; and consequently
mistakes may have been made in the identification of the species,
especially in genera like Veronica, Gentiana, Myosotis, &c. But I trust
that the number of such errors is not large. Their detection may be
safely left to future workers.

A few statistics respecting the extent and composition of the flora
may be of interest. The total number of species described, including
a few additions given in the Appendix, is 1,571, of which 1,415 are

PREFACE. eae xe

phenogams, and 156 vascular cryptogams. These are contained in
382 genera, distributed in 97 orders. The average number of species
to each order is slightly over 16 ; the average number of species to each
genus rather more than 4. The orders containing more than 24 species
are as under :—

Compositze ys .. 221. | Ranunculacee .. mI 0)
Filices .. . .. 1388 | Rubiacez vs oe ad
Cyperacese an .. 119 | Epacridex si toe
Scrophularine .. -. 113 | Onagrarie “it oe aeail
Graminez “s ie 113-0) 9 Legtiminoses?\ .: be eee
Umbellifere .. =o OZ Juncaceze . oi 228
Orchideze ue .. 57 | Boragmacee .. ey)

The Composite thus constitute one-seventh of the whole flora, an
unusually high proportion. The genera containing twenty species
or more are :—

Veronica : .. 64 | Senecio a seo)
Carex .. i .. 54 | Epilobium xD ie 28
Celmisia os ee ih ah Lae: = = .. 25
Coprosma ah .. 40 | Myosotis 25 ae 28
Ranunculus 5s .. 38 | Hymenophyllum rege 0)
Olearia bs 5:4 OD

Of the total number of species (1,571) no fewer than 1,143, or nearly
three-quarters of the entire flora, are peculiar to the colony. With
respect to the 428 species which are found elsewhere, 366 extend to
Australia, and 108 to South America. Coming to the local distribution
of the species, 789 are found in both the North and South Islands,
219 occur in the North Island but have not yet been detected in the
South Island, while 456 species known to occur in the South Island
have not been collected in the North Island. No fewer than 23
species are found in the Kermadec Islands but not m any other por-
tion of the colony ; 25 in the Chatham Islands ; 10 in Stewart Island ;
and 48 in the outlying islands to the south of New Zealand, including
in the term the Auckland and Campbell Islands, Antipodes Island,
and Macquarie Island.

It now only remains for me to express my grateful thanks to the
Education Department, under whose auspices the work has been pre-
pared, for the readiness with which it has co-operated with me in
endeavouring to render it as complete and reliable as possible. In
this connection, I would specially mention the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon.

x PREFACE.

Minister of Education, and Mr. G. Hogben, M.A., the Inspector-
General of Schools. My thanks are also due to the Council of the
Auckland Institute and Museum for kindly allowing me to engage a
substitute to perform a portion of my duties at the Museum during
the progress of the work. Finally, I have to express my obligations
to the Government Printer for the assiduous care with which he has
attended to the passage of the work through the press.

Auckland, January, 1906.

A hintkiches kh Ob. Y

OF

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY IN NEW ZEALAND.

THE history of botanical discovery in New Zealand falls naturally
and conveniently into two periods of almost equal duration. The
first commences with the year 1769, in which Cook made his first
visit, and closes with the establishment of British supremacy and
the commencement of systematic colonisation in 1840. During the
seventy-one years comprised between these dates, many voyages of
discovery or survey in the South Pacific were undertaken by the
British, French, or American Governments, during most of which New
Zealand was visited. And, as naturalists or collectors were usually
attached to these expeditions, it was through them that our first
knowledge of the flora was obtained. During the same series of
years several travellers of scientific attainments also visited New Zea-
land, such as the two Cunninghams, Diefienbach, Bidwill, &c., all of
whom formed collections of considerable importance. This period
may therefore be appropriately called the period of investigation by
visitors from abroad. That extending from 1840 to the present time
can be just as correctly styled the period of investigation by naturalists
resident in the colony.

Commencing with the voyages, the first in order of time, as well
as in degree of importance, is Cook’s first visit (1769-1770). For full
details concerning this celebrated expedition, which has been well
said “to have been the most momentous voyage of discovery that
has ever taken place, for it practically gave birth to the great Aus-
tralian Colonies,” I must refer the reader to Hawkesworth’s “‘ Cook’s
Voyages,” Wharton’s transcript of Cook’s journal, and Hooker’s
“ Journal of Sir Joseph Banks.” For the purposes of this work the
following sketch will be sufficient. Cook’s ship, the “ Endeavour,”
left England on the 26th July, 1768. For that period, she was un-
usually well equipped for scientific work. Sir Joseph Banks, one of
the leading naturalists of his time, and a man of much influence and

xil HISTORY OF

ample fortune, volunteered to accompany the expedition. At his own
expense he provided the requisites for making collections in every de-
partment of natural science, and engaged Dr. Solander, four draughts-
men or artists, and a staff of servants to accompany him. The cost
to Banks of these preparations has been estimated at £10,000. After
rounding Cape Horn, and after a stay of nearly four months at Tahiti
and other islands of the Society Group, Cook struck south-westwards
across the Pacific. On Friday, the 6th October, 1769, he first sighted
New Zealand, and at once stood in for the land. Delayed by calms
and baffling winds, it was not until the afternoon of Sunday, the 8th
October, that he anchored on the north-west side of a deep bay, to
which he afterwards gave the name of Poverty Bay, and almost directly
opposite the present town of Gisborne. Cook immediately landed, ac-
companied by Banks and Solander, but an unfortunate skirmish took
place with the Maoris, one of whom was shot, and the party returned
to the ship. The next morning a landing was made in greater force,
and some intercourse took place with the Maoris through the medium
of a Tahitian interpreter. Their behaviour, however, was so threaten-
ing that it became necessary to fire upon them, and another man was
killed and several wounded. Discouraged by this reception Cook
once more re-embarked. The followmg morning another landing was
effected, and Cook, together with Banks and Solander, strolled some
little distance up the right bank of the Waikanae River. But the
Natives again became troublesome, and a retreat had to be made to
the landing-place. Seeing no hope of establishing a pacific imtercourse,
Cook returned to his vessel, and at daylight the followimg morning
left the bay. Under the circumstances narrated above, it is obvious
that little botanising could be done. Banks, in his journal, laments
that “ We took leave of Poverty Bay, as we named it, with not above
forty species of plants in our boxes, which is not to be wondered at,
as we were so little ashore, and always upon the same spot. The only
time when we wandered about a mile from the boats was upon a swamp,.
where not more than three species of plants were found.”

After leaving Poverty Bay, Cook followed the coast southwards,
successively passing Table Cape, Portland Island, Hawke’s Bay, and
Cape Kidnappers, but nowhere making any attempt to land. On
the 17th October, when off Cape Turnagain, he determined to return
to the northwards, giving as a reason that there was “no likelyhood
of meeting with a Harbour, and the face of the Country Visibly alter-
ing for the worse.” On the 19th he repassed Poverty Bay, and on
the 20th anchored in Anaura Bay, which he called “ Tegadoo.” Here
the reception given by the Natives was all that could be desired, and
Cook consequently remained until daylight on the 22nd, for the pur-
pose, as he states, of giving ‘‘ Mr. Banks an opportunity to Collect a little
of the Produce of the Country.” Banks, in his journal, says, ““ We
ranged all about the bay, and were well repaid by finding many plants

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. xii

and shooting some most beautiful birds.” Further on, he gives a
description of the Maori cultivations, in which were planted “ sweet
potatos, cocos, and a plant of the cucumber kind,” doubtless refer-
ring to the kumara, taro, and hue. Dr. Solander, in his manuscript
volume of descriptions, presently to be referred to, enumerates ninety-
eight species of plants as having been collected at “ Tigadu.”” Among
these were the first specimens of the beautiful Clianthus puniceus,
which was found cultivated by the Natives near their dwellings.

On taking his departure from Anaura, Cook at first stood to the
northwards, but the wind being unfavourable, he determined to put
into Tolaga Bay, where the Natives had informed him wood and
water could easily be obtained for his ship. On the morning of the
23rd he accordingly anchored about a mile from a small cove just
inside the southern point of the bay. Here a stay was made until
the 30th October. The Natives were friendly and obliging, and an
ample supply of wood and water was obtained. Both Banks and
Solander passed most of their time on shore, and an excellent collec-
tion of plants was formed. With respect to the vegetation, Cook
remarks, “ The Tops and ridges of the Hills are for the most part barren,
at least little grows on them but fern; but the Valleys and sides of
many of the Hills were luxuriously clothed with woods and Verdure
and little Plantations of the Natives lying dispers’d up and down the
Country. We found in the Woods, Trees of above 20 different sorts ;
Specimens of each I took on board, as all of them were unknown to
any of us. The Tree which we cut for firimg was something like
Maple and yielded a whitish Gum. There was another sort of a deep
Yellow which we imagin’d might prove useful in dying. We likewise
found one Cabage Tree which we cut down for the sake of the cabage.
The Country abounds with a great Number of Plants, and the woods
with as great a variety of beautiful birds, many of them unknown to
us.” Altogether, Tolaga Bay appears to have left a favourable im-
pression on the “ Endeavour’s” people. From the localities cited in
Solander’s manuscripts, it appears that about 160 species of plants
were collected.

Leaving Tolaga Bay on the 30th October, Cook made sail to the
northwards. On the followmg day he rounded the East Cape, and
passing Cape Runaway and White Island (which was evidently quies-
cent at that time), he coasted along the shores of the Bay of Plenty,
having occasional intercourse with those Maoris who came off to him
in their canoes, but making no attempt to land. On the 3rd November
he was abreast of Tauranga, and on the 4th reached the entrance of
Mercury Bay. Finding in this locality a secure harbour with plenty
of wood and water, and being anxious to observe the transit of Mercury,
which was to take place on the 9th, Cook brought his vessel to an
anchor. During a stay of eleven days many-plants were collected,
figured, and described, the total number, reckoning from Solander’s

xiv HISTORY OF

manuscripts, being 213. Among those which had not been previously
observed was the Mangrove (Avicennia officinalis), which occurred
in such abundance along the sides of the Whitianga River that Cook
gave it the name of the “ River of Mangroves.” Through a curious
misapprehension he states that the mangroves “ produce a resinous
substance very much like Rosm. . . . . We found it, at first,
in small Lumps upon the Sea Beach, but afterwards found it sticking
to the Mangrove Trees, and by that means found out from whence it
came.” The resinous substance was no doubt the now well-known
kauri-gum, pieces of which are often drifted along tidal streams, and
are not infrequently detained among the roots or lower branches of
the mangrove. The kauri-tree itself does not seem to have been
observed, either by Cook or by Banks and Solander, although common
enough on the hills overlooking Mercury Bay. Probably they did not
venture far enough from the coast to reach it.

After leaving Mercury Bay Cook continued to follow the coast-
line, and rounding Cape Colville, entered the Hauraki Gulf. Here
he found himself surrounded by islands, and not wishing to lose sight
of the mainland, kept close under the western side of the Coromandel
Peninsula. A short sail brought him to the entrance of the Thames
River, where he anchored, almost directly abreast of the position
where the town of Thames now stands. On the following day, the
21st November, accompanied by Banks and Solander, he made a boat
voyage up the Thames River for a distance of twelve or fourteen miles.
A landing was effected on the west side of the river for the purpose
of examining the kahikatea forest which still clothes its banks, and
which had attracted Cook’s attention at his anchorage. Describing
the trees, he says, ‘“ We had not gone a hundred yards into the woods
before we found a Tree that girted 19 feet 8 inches, 6 feet above the
ground, and having a Quadrant with me, I found its length from the
root to the first branch to be 89 feet; it was as Streight as an Arrow,
and Taper’d but very little in proportion to its length, so that I judged
that there was 356 Solid feet of timber in this Tree, clear of the branches.
We saw many others of the same sort, several of which were Taller
than the one we measured, and all of them very stout; there were
likewise many other sorts of very Stout Timber Trees, all of them
wholy unknown to any of us. We brought away a few specimens, and
at 3 o’Clock we embarqued in order to return.” It is somewhat dis-
tressing to state that the historic tree mentioned above, after surviving
one hundred and thirty years with unimpaired vitality, was wantonly
cut down only a few years ago.

From the Thames River Cook’s course was directed to Cape Rodney,
and from thence northwards to Cape Brett, which was reached on the
27th November. Here contrary winds were met with, and it was not
until the 29th that the cape was weathered, and an anchorage found
in the Bay of Islands, where the “ Endeavour” remained until the

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. XV
~

5th December. During this time visits were made to several of the
islands in the bay, and to the mainland ; but as it was impossible to go
far from the coast, along which the vegetation was by no means varied,
not many plants were collected, only seventy-seven being credited to
the locality in Solander’s manuscripts.

Leaving the Bay of Islands, Cook continued his survey of the coast
to the North Cape, where he met with fierce and prolonged gales of such
exceptional character that three weeks were occupied in rounding it.
He then proceeded southwards along the western coast, but its danger-
ously open character prevented him from making a close approach.
He consequently failed to observe any of the harbours—Hokianga,
Kaipara, Manukau, Kawhia, &c.—and, as no canoes were seen, there
was no intercourse with the inhabitants. He passed Mount Egmont
on the 13th January, entered Cook Strait on the 15th, and on the 16th
anchored in Queen Charlotte Sound, in the northern portion of the
South Island. In this locality he made a stay of three weeks, taking
advantage of his visit to careen and clean his ship, to lay in a stock of
wood and water, and to give his crew the welcome change of a diet
of fresh fish and green vegetables. He remarks that Queen Charlotte
Sound ‘is a collection of some of the finest harbours in the world,”
and that “the Cove in which we lay, called Ship Cove, is not inferior
to any in the Sound, both in point of Security and other Conveniences.”
He also says that the land “ consists wholly of high hills and deep
Valleys, well stored with a variety of excellent Timber, fit for all purposes
except Ship’s Masts, for which use it is too hard and heavy.” The
collection of plants made was larger than that formed in any other
locality, numbering 220 species.

Taking his departure from Queen Charlotte Sound on the 7th
February, Cook first took a run northwards to Cape Turnagain, thus
completing his survey of the North Island. He then turned to the
south, passing down the east coast of the South Island. On the
17th February he rounded Banks Peninsula, which he took to be an
island; on the 25th February he was off Cape Saunders; and on the
10th March he was abreast of the south end of Stewart Island, which he
assumed to be a peninsula connected with the mainland by a narrow
neck. On the 13th he passed the entrance to Dusky Sound, from
whence he followed the western coast northwards, reaching Cape
Farewell on the 24th March, and thus completing the circumnavigation
of the South Island. On the 27th he put mto Admiralty Bay, to the
west of Queen Charlotte Sound, for the purpose of again renewing
his stock of wood and water, and on the 31st he left New Zealand,
steering a course for the east coast of Australia.

In 1771 Cook returned to England. The natural-history col-
lections, which were the property of Sir Joseph Banks, contained?a
large amount of material; but no work has ever been published
treating of them as a whole. The plants had for the most part been

xvl HISTORY OF

fully described by Solander at the time of collection, and coloured
drawings prepared of many of the species. Little additional labour
was therefore required to prepare the results for publication. Evi-
dently Banks intended that this should be done, for at his own
expense he had 700 plates engraved on copper, and Solander’s manu-
script descriptions were revised and systematically arranged. The
New Zealand portion, which was entitled “ Primitie Flore Nove
Zealandie,”’ contained descriptions of nearly 360 species, illustrated
by over 200 plates, and was practically ready for the press. Why it
was not actually published is by no means clear, but the suggestion
has been made that publication was at first delayed by the prepara-
tions made by Banks and Solander to accompany Cook in his second
voyage, a project which was ultimately abandoned ; and that a more
serious interruption was caused by Solander’s somewhat sudden death
in 1782. After his companion’s decease, Banks became more and
more occupied with his duties as President of the Royal Society, and
as an organizer and promoter of scientific research, and the idea of
publication appears to have been abandoned. As stated in the pre-
face, a type-written copy of Solander’s descriptions and a set of im-
pressions from the plates have been liberally furnished by the Trus-
tees of the British Museum for use in the preparation of this work. Of
their scientific value I cannot speak too highly ; and it is a matter for
regret that they were not presented to the world 125 years ago. It
is, however, some satisfaction to know that the botanical results of
the whole voyage are now, after this long delay, being issued under
the auspices of the British Museum, and under the careful editing of
Mr. Britten.

On the 9th April, 1772, Cook left England for his second voyage,
the expedition consisting of two ships, the “ Resolution ” under his
own command, and the “Adventure” under that of Captam Fur-
neaux. John Reinhold Forster and his son George Forster, both
well-known botanists, accompanied him in the capacity of naturalists,
and were joined at the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Sparrmann, also a
botanist of repute, and a former pupil of Linnaeus. After several
months had been spent in an unsuccessful search for a southern con-
tinent, Cook made sail for the south of New Zealand. During the
voyage he was accidentally separated from the “ Adventure,” and
failmg to rejoin her put into Dusky Sound, the entrance to which
had been noticed in his first voyage. He remained there from the 26th
March, 1773, to the 1st May, mainly for the purpose of refitting, and to
give his crew a rest after the months of incessant buffeting experienced
in high southern latitudes. During his stay many boat voyages were
made to various parts of the Sound, and a careful survey was made
of it. The two Forsters devoted much of their time to botanizing,
but their collections were by no means so large as might have been
expected, considering what a productive locality Dusky Sound has

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. xvil
”~

proved to be in later years. Among the plants gathered were Olearia
operina, Celmisia holosericea, Gentiana saxosa and G. montana, and
Cordyline indivisa.

From Dusky Sound the “ Resolution” proceeded northwards to
Queen Charlotte Sound, which was reached on the 18th May. Here she
rejoined the “ Adventure,” which had arrived on the 7th April. Both
vessels left on the 7th June, in the first place for a cruise to the south-
east of New Zealand, in further search for a southern continent, and
then for eastern Polynesia. In October Cook again directed his course
to New Zealand. Making the coast of the North Island near Table
Cape, he steered to the south, stopping near Cape Kidnappers
to give pigs and fowls to some Natives that came off to his ship.
Up to this time the two vessels had been in company, but off Cape
Palliser exceptionally severe weather was encountered, and they sepa-
rated. The “ Resolution”? proceeded to Queen Charlotte Sound,
which had been appointed a place of rendezvous, and remained there
waiting for her consort from the 3rd November to the 25th, when
Cook left for a cruise to the Antarctic Ocean. Five days after
his departure the “ Adventure ” arrived, and remained until the 23rd
December. During this stay an unfortunate dispute arose with the
Maoris, which led to the massacre of a boat’s crew of ten men. After
a year’s explorations in various parts of the Pacific, Cook once more
returned to New Zealand, anchoring in his favourite resort, Queen
Charlotte Sound, on the 19th October, 1774. His stay was but short,
and on the 10th November he left on his return voyage, reaching
Plymouth on the 30th July, 1775.

From the above sketch it will be seen that the only localities bot-
anized in during Cook’s second voyage were Queen Charlotte Sound,
which had already been explored by Banks and Solander, and Dusky
Sound. But a much longer period was spent in harbour and on shore
than during the previous voyage, and the collections ought to have
been quite as extensive. Instead of this, they were much smaller,
the total number of flowering-plants and ferns not exceeding 180
species. Sets of these were distributed to several public and private
herbaria, unfortunately in a somewhat careless manner as regards the
nomenclature, thus causmg many mistakes and much confusion.
Within twelve months after their return the two Forsters conjomtly
issued a work entitled ‘“‘ Characteres Genera Plantarum,” in which
seventy-five new genera were shortly described and _ illustrated,
thirty-one of them being from New Zealand. The book is interesting
on account of containing the first published descriptions of New Zea-
land plants, but otherwise is most disappointing. The descriptions
are short and meagre, and the illustrations so badly executed as to
be practically useless. In 1786 George Forster published his “‘ Florule
Insularum Australium Prodromus,” which contains diagnoses of 594
species, about 170 of which have New Zealand assigned as a habitat.

XVili HISTORY OF

As in the preceding work, the descriptions are short and unsatisfactory,
and usually quite insufficient for the proper identification of the species.
In the same year he also issued a little tract entitled “De Plantis
Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis Commentatio Botanica,”
which includes full descriptions and much curious information respect-
ing the esculent plants, fifty-four in number, observed during the
voyage, fourteen of which were from New Zealand. These three
publications, together with a short essay, “De Plantis Magellanicis.
et Atlanticis,” which contains no reference to New Zealand, appear
to be the whole of the matter written by the Forsters respecting the
botany of Cook’s second voyage.

Cook’s third and last voyage can be passed over with a few words.
He left England on the 12th July, 1776, and after visiting the Cape of
Good Hope, Kerguelen’s Island, and Tasmania, reached his favourite
anchorage in Queen Charlotte Sound on the 12th February, 1777, this.
being his fifth visit to the locality. His stay was brief, and on the 25th
February he finally left New Zealand. Cook’s surgeon, Mr. W. Ander-
son, had some knowledge of natural history, and his description of
Queen Charlotte Sound, printed in Hawkesworth’s “Cook’s Third
Voyage ” (Vol. i., p. 145), contams an excellent account of the vegeta-
tion. His collections, however, were small and unimportant.

In 1791, Captain Vancouver, in command of the “ Discovery,”
accompanied by Captain Broughton in the “‘ Chatham,” visited Dusky
Sound, making a stay of nearly three weeks. The surgeon to the
expedition, Archibald Menzies, devoted himself to the higher erypto-
gams, and made a large collection of ferns, mosses, and Hepatice.
Many of his specimens were figured by Sir W. J. Hooker in the “ Musci
Exotici” or “ Icones Filicum,” together with a few flowermg-plants in
the “Icones Plantarum.” A set of his collections is in the British
Museum Herbarium, and another at Kew.

The first of the French voyages of discovery to touch at New
Zealand was that of Captain De Surville, in the “ Saint Jean Baptiste.”
De Surville arrived off Doubtless Bay in December, 1769, only three
days after Cook had passed the same locality on his way to the North
Cape. He remained three weeks at anchor in Mongonui Harbour,
and was most hospitably treated by the Maoris, a hospitality which
he returned by burning one of their villages and destroying their
canoes, apparently because he suspected them of stealing a boat which
had accidentally got adrift. I cannot learn that any natural-history
collections were made during this visit.

In 1772 an expedition consisting of two vessels, the “‘ Mascarin ”
and the ‘‘ Marquis de Castries,” under the command of Marion du
Fresne and Duclesmeur, arrived off Cape Egmont. Proceeding north-
wards, and failing to find a harbour, the ships rounded the North Cape,
and eventually anchored in the Bay of Islands, where a stay of over
two months was made. Marion and his people were welcomed with.

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. xix

such apparent cordiality by the Maoris that no suspicions of treacherous
conduct were aroused. They were thus quite unprepared for the
sudden attack which was made upon them, and which resulted, as is
well known, in the massacre of Marion and nearly thirty of his crew.
A graphic account of this unfortunate incident is given in the journal
of Crozet, upon whom the command devolved after Marion’s death.
The same journal contains an excellent sketch, of the natural productions
of the country, in which many references are made to the vegetation ;
but, as in De Surville’s expedition, no collections were made.

In 1824 the surveying corvette ‘“ Coquille,” under the command
of Captain Duperrey, arrived at the Bay of Islands, and remained
for nearly a fortnight. Two naturalists were on board, Lieutenant
D’Urville (afterwards Admiral D’Urville), an ardent botanical collector,
and M. Lesson, both of whom made collections of some extent.
In the beginning of 1827 D’Urville revisited New Zealand in command
of the same vessel, renamed the “ Astrolabe.” He was again accom-
panied by Lesson, and also by Quoy and Gaimard as zoologists. First
sighting the coast of the South Island near Greymouth, he proceeded
northwards, and, rounding Cape Farewell, entered Cook Strait. <A
secure anchorage was found on the west side of Tasman Bay, between
the mouth of the Motueka River and Separation Point, in which he
remained for a week, forming important collections. He then crossed
to the east side of Tasman Bay, and discovered the strait separating
D’Urville Island from the mainland, known to this day as “ the French
Pass.” Several days were occupied in surveying this passage, during
which time both the botanical and zoological collections were added
to. D’Urville then sailed through Cook Strait, and followed the
east coast of the North Island to Tolaga Bay, where a brief stay was
made. Continumg his voyage, he rounded the Hast Cape, crossed
the Bay of Plenty, and, passing to the north of the Great Barrier Island,
arrived at Whangarei Heads, where he remained for two or three days.
Turning southwards, he passed Cape Rodney and Tiritiri Island, and
anchored at the entrance to Auckland Harbour, of which little was
known at that time. He landed on both the northern and southern
banks of the Waitemata, and, having sent a boat up the Tamaki River
as far as the present township of Otahuhu, some of his men were guided
by the Maoris across the narrow isthmus to the head of the Manukau
Harbour. D’Urville left Auckland Harbour by the Waiheke Channel,
passed between the Great and Little Barrier Islands, and after a cruise
to the North Cape returned to the Bay of Islands. On the 18th March
he finally left New Zealand, having spent a little more than two months
on its shores.

After the “Astrolabe” had returned to Europe the scientific
results of the voyage were published in elaborate style under the
auspices of the French Government. The botanical portion was
undertaken by A. Richard, one of the leading botanists of his time,

XX HISTORY OF

and was issued in 1832, under the title of ‘‘ Essai d’une Flore de la
‘Nouvelle Zélande,” accompanied by a folio atlas of plates. Richard
included not only the species collected in the two expeditions of Duperrey
and D’Urville, but also most of those obtamed by Forster in Cook’s
second voyage. Altogether 380 species are enumerated, 211 of which
are phenogams and 169 cryptogams, 51 of the latter being ferns.
It is the first publication dealing with the flora of New Zealand as a
whole, and possesses considerable merit, so much so that it is to be
regretted that so little use of it has been made by New Zealand
botanists.

Early in the nineteenth century a trading intercourse sprang up
between the North Island and Sydney, and by degrees a small European
settlement began to form at the Bay of Islands. This led to occasional
visits from colonial botanists and explorers, and much additional
information was thus obtained respecting the flora. In 1825 Mr.
Charles Fraser, Government Botanist and Superintendent of the
Sydney Botanical Gardens, landed for a day in the Bay of Islands,
and made a small collection of plants. In 1826 his successor, the
indefatigable Allan Cunningham, paid a visit of over five months’
duration. Through the assistance afforded by the resident missionaries
he was able to explore the greater part of the Bay of Islands district,
and to visit Whangaroa and Hokianga, making extensive and valuable
collections. In 1833 his brother, Richard Cunningham, arrived in
H.M.S. “ Buffalo,” which had been sent to New Zealand by the Ad-
miralty to obtain a cargo of kauri spars for experimental purposes.
He also spent nearly five months in travellmg through the Bay of
Islands, Whangaroa, and Hokianga districts. In 1838 Allan Cunning-
ham paid a second visit, remaining at the Bay of Islands through the
whole of the winter and early spring; but the precarious state of his
health prevented all active work, and his collections were consequently
small. He returned to Australia in October, 1838, utterly exhausted
and worn out, as his biographer says, “‘ by twenty-five years of un-
wearied exertions and laborious travel,” and after lmgering a few
months, died at Sydney in June, 1839.

During a short visit to England, Allan Cunningham had prepared
for publication a sketch of the Flora of New Zealand, entitled “ Flore
Insularum Novee Zealandiz Precursor; or, A Specimen of the Botany
of the Islands of New Zealand.” The first part of this work appeared
in the ‘‘ Companion to the Botanical Magazine,” Vol. 11. ; the remaining
portions in the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” Vols. 1,
toiv. Init Cunningham enumerates the whole of the species published
by Forster and A. Richard, including also some of Banks and Solander’s
plants which had been described by other botanists. To these he adds
the new species discovered during his first visit and that of Richard
Cunningham. Altogether the “ Precursor” includes the names of 639
species, of which 394 are phenogams and 245, cryptogams.':, Although

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. xxi

containing much valuable information, it bears evident marks of hasty
preparation, and can hardly be considered an adequate memorial of
its enthusiastic and talented author. The herbarium of both the
Cunninghams is now preserved at Kew.

Mr. J. C. Bidwill visited New Zealand for the first time in 1839,
and after a short stay at the Bay of Islands proceeded to the Bay of
Plenty, from whence he journeyed to Rotorua and Taupo. Crossing
Lake Taupo he reached Lake Rotoaira; and, using the Native village
there as a base of operations, succeeded in exploring the spurs of
Tongariro and in ascending the cone of Ngauruhoe, being the first
European to accomplish the feat. He returned by way of Rotorua,
Tauranga, and the Thames Valley. His collections, which were for-
warded to Sir W. J. Hooker, were the first made in the mountainous
interior of the North Island, and contained several interesting dis-
coveries, as Veronica tetragona, Dacrydium laxifolium, Senecio Bid-
will, Dracophyllum recurvum, &c. A few years later he visited the
mountains of Nelson, forming a very interesting collection of mountain-
plants, which were also forwarded to Sir W. J. Hooker.

In the years 1839-40-41, Dr. Ernest Dieffenbach made extensive
travels in New Zealand as naturalist to the New Zealand Company.
In addition to an examination of the whole of the northern peninsula,
from the North Cape to Auckland, he travelled along the western
coast to Raglan and Kawhia, and, crossing to the Waipa Valley, followed
the western bank of the Waikato River to Lake Taupo. A project to
ascend Tongariro and Ruapehu was frustrated by the opposition of
the Maoris, and he returned to Auckland by way of Rotorua, Tauranga,
and the Thames Valley. During another journey he explored a large
part of the Taranaki District, and was the first European to ascend
Mount Egmont. He also visited Wellington, Wanganui, and Kapiti
Island, and spent some time in the exploration of Queen Charlotte
Seund, Cloudy Bay, and the whaling-stations on the north-east coast
of the South Island. Finally, he paid a visit to the Chatham Islands,
and brought away the first plants collected in that outlying dependency
of the colony. On his return to England Dieffenbach published his
“Travels in New Zealand,” the two volumes of which are replete
with interesting matter relating to the flora, fauna, and Native
inhabitants. His botanical collections were presented to the Kew
Herbarium, but, according to Sir J. D. Hooker, they are “ most
scanty, compared with the great extent of imteresting ground he
passed over.”

In July, 1840, the French corvette “ L’Aube” arrived at the Bay
of Islands, and after a brief stay proceeded to Akaroa, remaining there
until November, 1841. In January, 1842, “ L’Aube” was replaced
by “ L’Alher,” which was stationed at Akaroa until January, 1843.
The surgeon attached to these two vessels, M. E. Raoul, made excellent
collections, mainly at Akaroa, and, as he was the first botanist to

xxii HISTORY OF

investigate the flora of the eastern side of the South Island, many of
his plants were altogether new. Raoul first of all published his dis-
coveries in the “‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles ” (Series III., Vol. ii.),
but subsequently he prepared a work of wider scope under the name
of ‘ Choix de Plantes de la Nouvelle Zélande,” illustrated with thirty
beautiful plates. In it he reprints the descriptions previously pub-
lished in the Annales, and gives an enumeration of the known species
of the flora, including about 950 species, of which rather more
than 500 are flowering-plants. But he accepted all Cunningham’s
species, many of which were not well founded, and also included no
small number of synonyms and introduced plants. If these are elimi-
nated, his list will be reduced to under 800. Raoul’s services to New
Zealand botany have been well commemorated in the genus Raoula,
dedicated to him by Sir J. D. Hooker.

In the year 1837 an elaborately organized expedition, consisting
of the corvettes ‘‘ Astrolabe’ and “‘ Zélée,’’ under the command of
Admiral D’Urville, was despatched by the French Government for the
purpose of exploration in the Antarctic regions. The expedition visited
the Auckland Islands during 1839, when M. Hombron, who acted as
botanist, made a collection of plants, the first formed in the locality.
The official record of the voyage, which appeared under the title of
“ Voyage au Péle Sud et dans |’Océanie,” contains a folio atlas of
botanical plates prepared under the direction of M. Hombron, and two
volumes of descriptive matter; one including the Cryptogamia, by
Montaigne, the other the phenogams, by Decaisne. Drawings and
descriptions were given of several species from the Auckland Islands ;
but all, or nearly all, had been already described in Hooker’s Flora
Antarctica, presently to be alluded to.

About the same period, the well-known American Explormg Ex-
pedition, under the command of Captain Wilkes, visited both the Bay
of Islands and the Auckland Islands. Several naturalists were attached
to the expedition, and collections of considerable importance were
formed. After Wilkes’s return, and after many delays, the botanical
collections were intrusted to the eminent American botanist, Asa
Gray. An account of the phenogams ultimately appeared (in 1854)
in two volumes quarto, with a folio atlas of 100 plates. The number of
New Zealand plants enumerated is not large, but Asa Gray’s critical
and descriptive remarks are in many cases of considerable value.

We now arrive at the Antarctic Expedition of Sir James Clark
Ross, which left England in September, 1839, for the purpose of in-
vestigating the phenomena of terrestrial magnetism in high southern
latitudes, and of prosecuting geographical discovery in the Antarctic
regions. It consisted of two vessels, the ‘“‘ Erebus,” commanded by
Ross, and the “ Terror,” under Captain Crozier. To the first-mentioned
vessel Dr. (now Sir J. D.) Hooker was attached as assistant surgeon
and naturalist, whilst Dr. Lyall served in a similar capacity on the

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. XXill

“Terror.” After calling at the Cape of Good Hope, Kerguelen’s
Island, and Tasmania, the expedition arrived at the Auckland Islands
on the 20th November, 1840, remaining until the 12th December. On
the 13th December it reached Campbell Island, leaving again on the
17th for a cruise to the Antarctic Circle and the south polar regions.
Although the Auckland Islands had been visited by D’Urville and
Wilkes during the previous year, nothing had been published respect-
ing the vegetation, and with characteristic ardour Hooker devoted
himself to its exploration. The luxuriance of the flora and the re-
latively large proportion of plants with brilliant and conspicuous
flowers at once attracted attention. Hooker goes so far as to say,
when writing of Bulbinella Ross, “ Perhaps no group of islands on
the surface of the globe, of the same limited extent and so perfectly
isolated, can boast of three such beautiful plants, peculiar to their
flora, as the Pleurophyllum speciosum, Celmisia vernicosa, and the sub-
ject of the foregoing description.” Under such circumstances the
scrutiny given to the vegetation was keen and almost exhaustive, as
evidenced by the fact that but few additions have been made by later
explorers. The first volume of the “Flora Antarctica,” prepared by
Hooker after his return to England, and issued in 1844, is confined
to the flora of the Auckland and Campbell Islands. It contains
descriptions of 100 species of flowering-plants and twenty ferns and
fern-allies, together with numerous mosses, Hepatice, and other
eryptogams, and is illustrated with eighty beautifully prepared
plates, fifty-six of which are of phenogams. Altogether, it is a
splendid monument of painstaking exploration and research, and
it seems almost incredible that the observations and material on
which it is founded should have been collected in less than a month.

After the discovery of Victoria Land in the summer of 1840-41
Sir James Ross returned to Tasmania, proceeding from thence to the
Bay of Islands, which was reached on the 14th August, 1841. Here
the expedition remained until the 23rd November. During this period
Sir J. D. Hooker was actively engaged in collecting materials for his
projected “ Flora of New Zealand,” receiving much assistance from
Mr. Colenso and other residents. He remarks that his collections
“contained no novelty amongst flowering-plants not known to Mr.
Colenso and Dr. Sinclair, with whom I spent many happy days.
Amongst cryptogamic plants I collected much that was then new,
but most of the species have since been found elsewhere.”

With the departure of the Antarctic Expedition in 1841 the first
period of botanical discovery in New Zealand—that of investigation
by visitors from abroad—may be said to have closed; for, although
several scientific expeditions, such as the ‘‘ Novara,” “ Challenger,”
&c., have since visited the colony, they have done little in the way of
botanical research. Since 1841 the advance which has been made is
almost wholly due to the efforts of the colonists themselves.

a ?
XXIV HISTORY OF

The foremost place among resident botanists and explorers must
be granted to the Rev. W. Colenso, both on account of the number and
variety of his discoveries, and the ardour with which, for a period of
no less than sixty-five years, he continued to observe and to collect
facts and specimens in almost all branches of natural science, always
giving the leading place to botany. Arriving in New Zealand in 1834,
he was induced, first by the visit of the illustrious Darwin in the
“ Beagle” in 1835, and later by Allan Cunningham in 1838, to take
up the study of the botany of his adopted country, forwarding his
specimens from time to time to Sir W. J. Hooker at Kew. At first his
collections were confined to the district between Whangarei and the
North Cape, but he soon enlarged his field of operations. Space will
not permit of a full account of his many journeys, which practically
covered the whole length of the North Island, but the followmg were the
most important. In 1841-42 he travelled on foot from Hicks Bay to
Poverty Bay, and from thence inland through the rugged and almost
inaccessible Urewera Country to Lake Waikaremoana, which he was
the first European traveller to reach. He then crossed the Te Whaiti
Mountains to Ruatahuna, from whence he proceeded to Rotorua and
Tauranga. Striking inland again, he followed the upper Thames
Valley to its head, and, crossing to the Waikato River, canoed a hundred
miles down the river to its mouth. From thence he followed the
west coast to the Kaipara Harbour, then again made for the east
coast at Mangawai, finally reaching the Bay of Islands by way of
Whangarei and Whangaruru. In 1843 he journeyed from Hicks
Bay to Poverty Bay, and thence by sea to Castle Point. From that
locality he proceeded to Ahuriri (Hawke’s Bay) and the Wairoa River,
which he ascended to Waikaremoana, returning by way of Rotorua
and Tauranga. In 1844 he transferred his residence from the Bay
of Islands to Hawke’s Bay, and in the following year made his first
expedition to the summit of the Ruahine Range, finding there a harvest
of previously unknown alpine and subalpine plants. In 1847 he
travelled by way of Titiokura and the Mohaka River to Taupo and
Inland Patea, passing along the flanks of Tongariro and Ruapehu,
and returning to Hawke’s Bay over the Ruahine Range, which he was
the first European to cross. These journeys and many others, all
made on foot, with a few Native companions only, and often under
circumstances of great privation and no little danger, are evidence
of the ardour and enthusiasm with which Mr. Colenso carried on his
botanical explorations m the early days of the colony. Nor did his
zeal diminish with age, for the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute
contain papers written by him describing plants collected during a
journey made to the flanks of the Ruahine Range in his eighty-fifth
year. In addition to numerous writings on the Maori race, on which
he was for many years the chief authority, Mr. Colenso contributed
no less than fifty-nine papers on botanical subjects to the Transactions

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. XXV

of the New Zealand Institute. Very few volumes, from the foundation
of the Institute to the time of his death, are without a communication
from his pen. It is true that in his later descriptive writings he adopted
views as to the circumscription of species which are in conflict with
those held by all other New Zealand botanists, and thus introduced
a vast number of synonyms into the flora; but that is a circumstance
which must not detract from the recognition of his undoubted services
to the botany of New Zealand.

Dr. Andrew Sinclair was originally a surgeon in the Royal Navy,
and first became known as a botanist from the collections he made
while attached to the surveying expedition of H.M.S. “ Sulphur”
to the Pacific coasts of North and South America. He first visited
New Zealand in 1841, during the stay of the Antarctic Expedition
at the Bay of Islands, and accompanied Sir J. D. Hooker and Mr.
Colenso in numerous botanical expeditions. Returning to Australia,
he met with Captain Fitzroy, who was then on his way to New Zealand
as Governor, and who engaged him as private secretary. Not long
after his arrival in the colony he was appointed to the post of Colonial
Secretary, which he retained for several years. His leisure time was
almost entirely devoted to botanical pursuits, and he collected largely
in most parts of the North Island, transmitting copious suites of
specimens to Kew, where they constituted a large part of the material
used by Hooker in the elaboration of the ‘“‘ Flora Nove Zealandiz.”
After the establishment of parliamentary government in New Zealand
Dr. Sinclair vacated his position, and after a brief sojourn in England
returned to New Zealand, with the intention of devoting himself to
botanical work. After a short stay in Auckland he proceeded to Nelson,
where he made important collections, adding many species to the
alpine flora. He then repaired to Canterbury, and joined the late
Sir Julius Haast in the geological and botanical survey then being
made of the Southern Alps. There, in the year 1861, he was unfortu-
nately drowned in an imprudent attempt to ford the Rangitata River.
Although he never published anything of importance on New Zealand
plants, his name will always be remembered as one of the pioneers of
botanical discovery in the colony.

In the years 1847-51, H.M.S. “ Acheron,” under the command of
Captain Stokes, was engaged in the survey of the coast-line of New
Zealand, and especially of the western and south-western portions.
Captaim Stokes was accompanied as surgeon-naturalist by Dr. Lyall,
who had served in a similar capacity in H.M.S. “ Terror” in the
Antarctic Expedition, and who made large collections, especially of
Cryptogamia. Milford Sound, Chalky Inlet, Dusky Bay, Preser-
vation Inlet, and both shores of Foveaux Strait were the chief
localities botanized in by Lyall during this expedition. Among
the plants collected were the first specimens of the magnificent
Ranunculus Lyalliv.

XXV1 HISTORY OF

In 1853 there appeared the first volume, containing the flowering-
plants, of Sir J. D. Hooker’s “ Flora Nove Zealandie”; the second
volume, including the cryptogams, following in 1855. The publication
of this important work, in every way worthy of the reputation of its
distinguished author, marked a new era in the history of the botany
of New Zealand. For the first time the student was provided with
an account of the flora characterized by aptness of description and
accuracy of detail, and prepared by a botanist who had not only
studied and collected a large proportion of the species in their native
habitats, but whose position gave him ample opportunities of examining
the material upon which the publications of his predecessors were
founded. Under such advantages, the synonyms and false species
incorrectly included by previous writers disappeared, and the flora
assumed more of its real proportions and extent. Altogether, the
“Flora” contains descriptions of 1,767 species, or more than double
the number given in the last previous enumeration, that of Raoul in the
“Choix de Plantes.” Of the total number, 731 are flowering-plants
and 119 ferns or fern-allies, the remainder falling into other orders
of Cryptogamia. The value of the work is much enhanced by the
130 carefully prepared plates which accompany it, and by the philo-
sophic Introductory Essay dealing with the affinities and distribution
of the species.

The eleven years subsequent to the publication of the “ Flora”
formed a period of great activity in botanical research in the colony.
This was mainly due to the rapid settlement of the South Island,
which led to the exploration of the central range of mountains, from
Nelson to Otago, and the consequent discovery of the rich alpine
flora existing thereon. The earliest worker in this field was Sir D.
Monro, the first of whose contributions was received at Kew while
the “Flora”? was in progress. He explored a large part of north-
eastern Nelson and Marlborough, making many capital discoveries,
such as the magnificent Olearia insignis, Helichrysum coralloides,
Celmisia Monroi, Senecio Monroi, &c. His sole publication, so far
as I can learn, is an interesting essay on the Geographical Botany of
Nelson and Marlborough, printed in the first volume of the Transactions
of the New Zealand Institute.

Mr. W. T. L. Travers arrived in Nelson in 1849. About 1854 he
took up the study of the alpine flora of the South Island, making many
excursions into remote and little-explored districts, and forming
copious collections, the whole of which were forwarded to Kew. Among
the localities botanized over by him were the upper Buller Valley,
including Lakes Rotoiti and Rotoroa ; the whole of the Wairau Valley,
from the mouth of the river to its sources in the rugged Spenser Moun-
tains; the upper Clarence Valley, with its tributaries; the Waiau
and Hurunui Valleys, with the adjacent mountains; also the Canter-
bury Plains and various parts of Banks Peninsula. His discoveries

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. XxVll

included many singular and prominent species, and the genus Traversia
(now reduced to Senecio) was named in his honour by Sir J. D. Hooker.
He contributed many papers and addresses more or less relating to
the botany of the colony to the Transactions of the New Zealand
Institute, and was an earnest and assiduous supporter of botanical
research up to the time of his death in 1903.

The well-known geologist and explorer Sir Julius Haast first
landed at Auckland in 1858. Meeting Dr. Hochstetter, the geologist
to the “Novara” expedition, he travelled with him through the
greater part of the interior of the North Island, subsequently visit-
ing portions of the Nelson District. After Hochstetter’s departure,
he accepted an engagement from the Nelson Provincial Government
to explore the western and southern portions of the province, a work
which occupied the greater portion of 1860, and during which he
became familiar with the alpine vegetation of that part of the colony.
In the following year he was appointed geologist for the Province
of Canterbury, and at once commenced a series of expeditions into
the then little-known Soutkern Alps for the purpose of studying their
geology and physical structure, and of forming botanical and zoo-
logical collections. The botanical results, with which we are alone
concerned, proved to be most important, and cast a flood of light
on the nature and distribution of the alpine flora of the colony. I
quite concur with Sir J. D. Hooker’s opinion that it is difficult to
imagine how Sir Julius Haast, with so many and such arduous duties
as surveyor and geologist, could have personally effected so much for
botany as he has done. Most of his botanical work was performed
in the years between 1860 and 1870, but his interest in the subject
remained undiminished until his death in 1887. His name is appro-
priately commemorated in the genus Haastia, the three or four species
of which rank amongst the most curious and remarkable in the flora.
His collections were either forwarded to Kew or distributed among
European museums, but few being retained in the colony.

Dr. Lauder Lindsay, a well-known British botanist, visited New
Zealand in the summer of 1861-62, and spent nearly four months
in investigating the botany of eastern Otago, the district examined
stretching from Dunedin to the mouth of the Clutha River, and inland
to Tuapeka. The results of his journey were published in 1868 under
the title of “Contributions to New Zealand Botany,” with four coloured
plates. Dr. Lindsay gives the total number of species collected at
612, of which 199 were phenogams and 413 cryptogams. The memoir
contains much information of value, the critical notes in particular
being copious and interesting.

Mr. John Buchanan arrived in New Zealand prior to 1860, taking
up his residence in Dunedin. He at once commenced an assiduous
study of the native vegetation, making many important discoveries
and collecting large suites of specimens. In 1862 he accepted the

XXVill HISTORY OF

appointment of draughtsman and botanist to the Geological Survey
of Otago, then being organized by Dr. (now Sir James) Hector. Th
the two or three years immediately following he accompanied Sir
James Hector in a succession of adventurous journeys, during which
a great part of central and western Otago was visited and explored.
The collections made, which were mostly forwarded to Kew, contamed
many interesting and remarkable discoveries, among which may
be mentioned Ranunculus Buchanani, Pachycladon nove-zealanhe,
Hectorella cespitosa, Azorella exigua, Celmisia ramulosa, Veronrca
Buchanani, &c. In 1865 Mr. Buchanan prepared his “ Sketch of the
Botany of Otago,” the first local Flora issued in the colony, and a work
of considerable merit, evidencing much industrious research. It was
written at the request of the Commissioners of the New Zealand Ex-
hibition of 1865, but was not actually published until 1869, when it
appeared in the first volume of the Transactions of the New Zealand
Institute. On the establishment of the Geological Survey of New
Zealand in 1866 he was appointed draughtsman and botanist, and
removed to Wellington. He was successively engaged in botanical
explorations of the North Auckland Peninsula, the Kaikoura Mountains,
and Mount Egmont, some interesting notes on the two last-mentioned
‘districts being printed in Vol. x. of the Journal of the Linnean Society.
In 1873 he published a valuable paper on the flora of the Wellington
Provincial District ; followed in 1874 by his “ Flowering-plants and
Ferns of the Chatham Islands,” based on the collections made by Mr.
H. H. Travers in 1863 and 1871. His most important work, published
in 1880, is the “ Indigenous Grasses of New Zealand,” a folio volume
of nearly two hundred pages, illustrated with sixty-four lithographic
plates. It contains descriptions of the whole of the species then known
to inhabit New Zealand, together with notes on their economic value,
distribution, &c. Mr. Buchanan’s contributions to New Zealand
botany include forty separate papers, stretching through twenty
volumes of the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. His last
communication appeared in 1887, after which persistent ill health
compelled him to give up botanical work. His death took place in
1898. His earlier collections were mostly forwarded to Kew, but in
later years he formed an extensive herbarium for the Colonial Museum.
His private collections, drawings and analyses, manuscript notes, &c.,
were bequeathed to the Otago University Museum.

No account of the history of botanical discovery in New Zealand
would be complete without reference to the labours of Sir James
Hector, the first Director of the Geological Survey and Manager of
the New Zealand Institute. Arriving in the colony in 1861, his first
duty was a geological and topographical exploration of the Province
of Otago, a work which at that time involved many difficulties and
hardships, and no small amount of danger. As previously mentioned,
he obtained the services of Mr. Buchanan as collector and artist ;

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. XX1X

but his own share in the work of botanical exploration was by no means
small. That he fully grasped the leading features of plant-distribution
in the South Island is evidenced by his essay “ On the Geographical:
Botany of New Zealand,” printed in the first volume of the Transactions
of the New Zealand Institute. After his removal to Wellington in
1866, the official duties appertaining to the Geological Survey and
Colonial Museum, &c., left little time for botanical research ; but he
has never missed an opportunity of promoting the efforts of others.
In fact, it can be said that from the time of his arrival in the colony
up to the present day no attempt has been made to investigate its
flora which has not had his countenance and support. His services
to botanical science are fitly commemorated in the remarkable endemic
genus Hectorella, and in the magnificent Senecio Hectori, one of the
finest of the arborescent Composite of the colony.

In 1863 Mr. H. H. Travers visited the Chatham Islands for the
purpose of investigating its flora, at that time only known from a few
plants collected by Dr. E. Dieffenbach in 1840. He remained in the
group for several months, and succeeded. in forming large collec-
tions. On his return these were placed in the hands of the late
Baron Mueller, of Melbourne, who published the results in his “ Vege-
tation of the Chatham Islands,” issued in 1864. In it Baron Mueller
enumerates 129 species, of which sixty-two are phenogams and sixty-
seven cryptogams. Seven new species were described. The work
forms an important addition to the botanical literature of the: colony.
but New Zealand botanists entirely repudiate the peculiar views enter-
tained by the author respecting the circumscription of many of the
species. For instance, he merges the whole of the species of Veronica
found in the Chathams, together with thirteen others from New Zealand,
into one collective species, to which he gives the new name of V. Forster.
An excellent account of Mr. Travers’s visit was contributed by himselt
to the first volume of the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute.
In 1871 he again visited the group, adding largely to his previous
list. On this occasion his collections were worked out by Mr. Buchanan
in his paper on “ The Flowering-plants and Ferns of the Chatham
{slands.” Mr. H. H. Travers has also made collections on the Tararua
Mountains, the Nelson mountains, and in other localities.

The important discoveries made in the interior of the South Island
during the ten years following the publication of the “ Flora Nove
Zealandize,” and the increasing demand for a concise and inexpensive
account of the plants of the colony, induced the New Zealand Govern-
ment to make arrangements with Sir J. D. Hooker for the publication
of such a work. The first part, containing the flowering-plants and
ferns, appeared in 1864, under the title of “Handbook of the New
Zealand Flora ” ; the concluding part, comprising the mosses, Hepatice,
and lower cryptogams, followed in 1867. Its publication at once
showed the great advance which had been made in elucidating the

XXX HISTORY OF

flora. The 731 species of flowering-plants and 119 ferns known in 1853
were increased to 935 and 135 respectively, an increase of nearly
one-quarter ; while the additional information obtained with regard
to the distribution of the species was correspondingly large. The
general plan of the work was in accordance with that recommended
by Sir W. J. Hooker for a uniform series of floras of the British Colonies,
a project which has been to a considerable extent carried out. In
point of execution, the “ Handbook” realised all the expectations
which could have been entertained. The clearness and excellence
of the descriptions and their general accuracy are most noteworthy,
especially when it is considered that a large proportion of the species
have been examined and described by the author alone. Its publication
gave an immense impetus to the study of the indigenous vegetation,
and it must always remain the foundation for future systematic work
on the botany of the colony.

The number of persons who have collected plants or published
memoirs relating to New Zealand botany during the forty years which
have elapsed since the publication of the “‘ Handbook ” is so large that
I can only allude to the chief workers here. The first place must be
accorded to Mr. T. Kirk, both from the number of his discoveries
and the importance of his publications. Arriving in the colony in
1863, he at once devoted himself to its botany, his first discoveries
being briefly mentioned in the appendix to the second part of the ““ Hand-
book.” For ten years after his arrival he resided in Auckland, his
chief explorations during that period being that of the Great Barrier
Island in 1867, of the north-eastern coast of the northern peninsula
in 1868, of the Thames Goldfields in 1869, of the Waikato district
in 1870, and of the Rotorua and Taupo districts in 1872. Among
the numerous species added to the flora by these journeys are the
following: Pittosporum Kirkii, Pseudopanar discolor, Coprosma
arborea, Olearia Allomii, Dacrydium Kirkii, Phyllocladus glauca, and
Isoetes Kirku. In 1874 Mr. Kirk removed to Wellington, occupying
firstly the position of Lecturer on Natural Science at Wellington
College, and at a later date that of Chief Conservator of State Forests.
In the performance of the duties of the latter office he travelled through
the greater part of both the North and South Islands, and these journeys
were always employed to the furtherance of botanical science. After
his retirement from the State Forests Department he made a lengthened
exploration of Stewart Island, detecting several novelties, among them
the superb Olearia Traillii. In 1890 he paid a visit to the Auckland
and Campbell Islands, adding several species to their flora. During the
same voyage he landed on the Snares and Antipodes Islands, the
vegetation of which was previously quite unknown. The results of
this expedition were embodied in a memoir printed in the Report of
the Australasian Association for 1891. Mr. Kirk was a voluminous
writer, and his contributions to New Zealand botany, mostly printed

BOTANICAL DISCOVERY. XE

in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, number nearly a
hundred and fifty. His most important completed work is “ The
Forest Flora of New Zealand,” issued in 1889. Its primary object was
to diffuse a knowledge of the forest resources of the colony and to describe
the chief methods of timber working and conversion. It contains
much information on the economic value and uses of the New Zealand
timbers, together with descriptions of the species, and is illustrated
with 150 plates. In 1894 he was commissioned by the New Zealand
Government to prepare a Flora of the colony, a work for which he had
long been collecting material, and for which his wide personal knowledge
of the vegetation of the country gave him exceptional qualifications.
He entered upon the work with characteristic energy and ardour:
but, unfortunately, his health gradually failed, and after several serious
illnesses he died in March, 1897. That portion of his work which was
in a sufficiently complete state at the time of his death, comprising
the Polypetale, and the Monopetale as far as the Composit, was issued
from the Government Printing Press in 1899. Although printed
without the advantage of the author’s supervision, and without the
introductory and supplementary matter usually given in such publi-
cations, it shows very clearly the loss which botanical science has
suffered through his decease, and all students will regret that he did
not live to complete the work for which he had made so many pre-
parations.

I do not propose to say anything in regard to my own researches
into the flora, beyond stating that they have extended continuously
from the year 1870 to the present time, and include an examination
of almost the whole colony, from the Kermadec Islands and the North
Cape to Otago. A list of my papers on botanical subjects will be
found in Mr. Hamilton’s Bibliography, printed in Vol. xxxvi. of the
Transactions of the New Zealand Institute (pp. 342-72).

In the years 1874 and 1875 Dr. Sven Berggren, of the University
of Lund, Sweden, made an extended visit to New Zealand, travelling
through the greater portion of both Islands, and making large col-
lections, especially of cryptogams. The new species of flowering-
plants were described and beautifully illustrated in a memoir published
in 1877 in the Proceedings of the University of Lund. The Alg@ have
been worked out by Dr. Nordstedt and the late Professor J. G. Aghard,
while scattered memoirs relating to other orders of cryptogams have
been published from time to time by Dr. Berggren himself.

From 1875 to the present time many important contributions
to our knowledge of the flora of the colony have been made by Mr.
D. Petrie, formerly Chief Inspector of Schools for Otago, and now
holding a similar position in Auckland. During a residence of more
than twenty years in Otago he sedulously investigated the vegetation
of the eastern, central, and southern portions of the province, ascending
many of the mountains, and forming large collections, especially

XXXxli HISTORY OF

of the rarer alpine and subalpine plants. Among the species added
by him to the flora are Ranunculus Berggren, Carmichelia compacta
and C. Petriei, Coprosma virescens and C. Petrier, Olearia fragrantis-
sima, Celmisia prorepens and C. Petriei, Myosotis Goyeni, Tetra-
chondra Hamiltoni, Veronica Petriei, Ourisia prorepens, &c. In com-
pany with Mr. G. M. Thomson, he also visited Stewart Island, making
several discoveries of interest, as Actinotus bellidioides, Liparophyllum
Gunnii, Carex longiculmis, and Ehrharta Thomson. In 1895 Mr,
Petrie published his ‘“‘ List of Flowering-plants indigenous to Otago,”
in which he catalogues the whole of the species, numbering over 760,
observed by himself in Otago, giving at the same time particulars
respecting the geographical and altitudinal range of the species. Alto-
gether forty-four papers on botanical subjects are credited to Mr.
Petrie in Mr. Hamilton’s bibliography of New Zealand botanical
literature.

Mr. G. M. Thomson, of Dunedin, has also done excellent service
towards the elucidation of the botany of Otago. As already mentioned,
he accompanied Mr. Petrie in an exploration of Stewart Island, and
has collected largely in the vicinity of Dunedin. Several papers on
Otago plants have been contributed by him to the Transactions of
the New Zealand Institute; but probably the most interesting of his
publications are two memoirs “ On the Means of Fertilisation among
some New Zealand Orchids” (Trans. N.Z. Inst., x1., 418) and “ On
the Fertilisation of New Zealand Plants” (Ibidem, xii., 241). His
work on the “‘ Ferns and Fern-allies of New Zealand,” issued in 1882,
is an accurate and useful compendium, containing descriptions of
all the known species. He is also the author of an “ Introductory
Class-book of Botany,” which has been largely used in New Zealand
schools.

Mr. J. F. Armstrong, for many years resident in Christchurch,
has collected largely in the Province of Canterbury, and has published
several papers of value. Among them are his ‘“ Sketch of the Flora
of the Province of Canterbury” (Trans. N.Z. Inst., xu., 325) and
“Synopsis of the New Zealand Species of Veronica” (Ibidem, xii.
344), the latter publication containing descriptions of several new
species. He also founded the genus Corallospartium for the reception
of the remarkable plant first described by Sir J. D. Hooker under the
name of Carmichalia crassicaulis.

The Right Rev. W. L. Williams, Bishop of Waiapu, has for thirty
years given special attention to the botany of the East Cape and
Hawke’s Bay Districts, carefully noting the chief features of the
vegetation, and collecting copiously. Among his discoveries may be
mentioned the remarkable Carmichalia Williamsii, one of the most
local plants in the colony. Mr. Kirk’s paper on the Botany of the
Kast Cape District (Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxix., 509) is largely founded
on Bishop Williams’s specimens and notes. The collection of Maort

ABOTANICAL DISCOVERY. XXXil

plant-names is also a subject to which he has devoted much time and
labour, and the list appended to this work is in great measure due
to his friendly co-operation.

Mr. A. Hamilton, the present Director of the Colonial Museum,
made an interesting collection of plants at Okarito in 1878, which
included several novelties. Among them was the remarkable species
described by Hooker as Euphrasia disperma, which has since been
taken by Wettstein as the type of his genus Anagosperma. At a
later date he botanized in the Hawke’s Bay District, along the flanks
of the Ruahine Range, and elsewhere on the eastern side of the North
Island. In 1894 he visited Macquarie Island, and, although much
hindered by exceptionally severe weather and other untoward circum-
stances, succeeded in adding considerably to our knowledge of the
botany of the island. A list of the plants collected will be found in his
““ Notes on a Visit to Macquarie Island ” (Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxvii., 559).

Mr. H. Hill, of Napier, has also collected largely in the Hawke’s Bay
and Hast Cape districts. Many of his specimens were communicated
to Mr. Colenso, and were described by that gentleman as new species.
He was the first to find the widely distributed Peperomia reflexa in
the colony, and to rediscover the plant to which the name of Veronica
Colensoi was originally applied by Hooker.

Mr. J. D. Enys, for several years resident at Castle Hill, in the
middle portion of the Waimakariri basin, and a keen observer in many
branches of natural science, made large collections.in the Canter-
bury Alps in the years between 1874 and 1890. Among his discoveries
may be mentioned Ranunculus Enysu and R. paucifolius, Carmichelia
Enysui, Ligusticum Enysu, Botrychium lunaria, &c. He also paid
a visit to the Chatham Islands, bringing back a few interesting plants,
among which were the first specimens of the endemic Sonchus grandi-
folius. His collections were for the most part communicated either
to Mr. Kirk or myself.

Mr. James Adams, of Thames, has botanized in several parts of both
the North and South Islands, making several interesting discoveries,
~the chief of which are Celmisia Adamsn, Loranthus Adamsii, and Myo-
sotis amabilis. His papers on the Botany of Te Aroha Mountain
(Trans. N.Z. Inst., xvil., 275); on the Botany of Te Moehau (Jbid.,
xxi., 32); and the Botany of Hikurangi Mountain (Jbid., xxx., 414);
contain much interesting matter bearing on the distribution of the
New Zealand flora.

Mr. F. R. Chapman (now Mr. Justice Chapman) has collected in
Otago, and in 1890 visited the Auckland Islands and other islands to
the south of New Zealand. His paper on ‘“ The Outlying Islands
South of New Zealand” contains much valuable information of a
botanical nature. He has also published two papers containing
descriptions of certain new species of Celmisia (Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxii,
444; and xxiii., 407).

u—Fl,

XXXIV HISTORY OF

Professor J. H. Scott, of Dunedin, visited Macquarie Island in
1880.; On his return he published an excellent account of the fauna
and flora (Trans. N.Z. Inst., xv., 484), including a catalogue of the
plants observed by him.

Among others who have interested themselves with New Zealand
botany between the publication of the “ Handbook” and the year
1895 may be mentioned the late Mr. Justice Gillies, Captain Hutton,
T. H. Potts, C. Traill, S. Percy Smith, J. Rutland, P. Goyen, Captain
G. Mair, A. T. Urquhart, H. Tryon, Archdeacon Walsh, T. W. Kirk,
J. W. Hall, J. Tennant, and J. Baber.

In 1896 Dr. L. Diels, of Berlin, published in Engler’s Botanical
Year-book a paper entitled ‘“‘ Vegetations-biologie von Neu-Seeland,”
which deserves special mention on account of being the first at-
tempt to prepare an account of the flora of the colony from an
cecological standpoint. Although based entirely on herbarium ma-
terial and on the observations of other botanists and collectors, and
consequently containing errors both of omission and commission, it
is nevertheless a work of considerable originality and merit, and is
well worth the attention of all students of the flora.

Since 1897 by far the most important contributions to our knowledge
of the New Zealand flora have been made by Dr. L. Cockayne, and I
regret that only brief mention can be made of his work here. In three
papers “On the Seedling Forms of New Zealand Phanerogams and
their Development” (Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxxi., 354; xxxil., 83; and
xxili., 264) he describes with considerable detail the seedling leaves of
many New Zealand plants, giving numerous figures, and in several
instances tracing the gradual development of the foliage into the
mature stage. Much information is given respecting the life-history
of the species treated of, particularly in the genera Carmichelia and
Veronica. In the latter genus, most of the species with scale-like
leaves are very fully discussed, and their early foliage described. In
a paper on the “ Plant-geography of the Waimakariri River-basin ”
(Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxxii., 95) Dr. Cockayne makes the first attempt
in the colony to treat the flora of a district from an cecological point of
view. It was followed by his “ Account of the Plant-covering of
Chatham Island ” (Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxxiv., 242), a publication which
has thrown a flood of light on the nature and composition of the flora
of this seldom-visited appanage of New Zealand. Lastly, the volume
of Transactions for 1904 contains an elaborate paper on “ An Excursion
to the Southern Islands of New Zealand,” in which he not only gives
a detailed account of the “ plant-formations ”’ which make up the
flora of the islands visited, but also contributes a list of the flowering-
plants and ferns, and a sketch of the physiography, geology, climate,
&c. These papers, which mark an entirely new epoch in the history
of botanical investigation in New Zealand, will induce all students
of the flora to look forward with impatience for the appearance of the

BOTANICA, DISCOVERY. XXXV

general work on the plant-geography of New Zealand which it is under-
stood that Dr. Cockayne has in preparation.

The very important researches made by Professor A. P. W. Thomas
into the life-history of Phylloglossum, summarised in his “ Preliminary
Account of the Prothallium of Phylloglossum”’ (Proc. Roy. Soc..
Vol. lxix., pp. 285-91) deserve special mention ; as also his suggestiv?
paper on “The Affinity of T’mesipteris with the Sphenophyllales
(Iiid., p. 343-50). The more detailed information promised with
respect to both these communications will be eagerly looked forward
to by New Zealand botanists.

During the last five years, Mr. W. Townson, of Westport, has
diligently explored the greater portion of south-western Nelson, from
the Mokihinui River southwards to the Grey River, repeatedly ascend-
ing all the higher peaks of the coast ranges, as Mount Frederic, Mount
Rochfort, Mount Wiliam, Mount Faraday, Mount Buckland, &c.
He has also visited the Lyell Mountains, and many of the high peaks
flanking the Buller Valley, as far up the river as Mount Murchison
and Mount Owen. Most of this large district had never been carefully
examined for plants, and Mr. Townson has consequently reaped a
rich harvest of novelties, most of which are described in this work.
Among them are Aciphylla Townson, Celmisia dubia, Dracophyllum
Townson and D. pubescens, Gentiana Townsoni, Veronica divergens
and V. coarctata, and the interesting new genus of Orchidew which I
have named in his honour Townsonia. Mr. Townson’s specimens,
which have been collected with great care and judgment, have been
mainly forwarded to me for the purposes of this work, and have proved
of much service in determining many questions relating to the geo-
graphical range of the species.

Mr. H. J. Matthews, the present head of the Forestry Department,
has collected in many parts of the colony, adding largely to our know-
ledge of the range of the species, and obtaining a few novelties, notably
the beautiful Ranunculus Matthews, described in the appendix to
this work. He has also done excellent service in forming an extensive
collection of living plants in his garden at Dunedin, especially of the
rarer alpine and subalpine species. If this collection is maintained
and extended, it will prove invaluable for affording the means of
leisurely study and comparison in difficult genera like Veronica and
Celmisia, &c.

Mr. F. G. Gibbs, of Nelson, has done excellent work during the last
ten years in the Nelson District, both on the Dun Mountain Range
and on the chain of mountains extending northwards from Mount
Arthur to Collingwood. Among his special discoveries are the curious
Veromca Gibbs, Gentiana vernicosa, Celmisia Gibbsii, &c.

The Marlborough District has been carefully and closely examined
by Mr. J. H. Macmahon, who has made several finds of importance,
especially in the neighbourhood of Mount Stokes. Celmisia Mac-

XXXVI HISTORY OF BOTANICAL DISCOVERY

=
mahoni, C. Rutlandii, and Veronica rigidula are interesting novelties
first observed by him.

Mr. R. H. Matthews, of Kaitaia, has assiduously collected in most
parts of Mongonui County, paying special attention to the Orchidee.
He has added Corysanthes Matthews and Chiloglottis formicifera to
the flora, and has succeeded in refinding Pittosporum obcordatum,
which for sixty years after its original discovery by Raoul had eluded
the search of New Zealand botanists.

Mr. H. Carse, now resident in Mongonui County, has botanized in
several portions of the Auckland Provincial District. He has given
special attention to the Cyperaceew, adding Schanus Carsei and Lepi-
dosperma filiforme to the list of those already known to occur in the
colony. He was also the first to observe the curious little plant which
I have provisionally described under the name of Trithuria inconspicua.

For several years Mr. F. A. D. Cox has carefully investigated the
flora of the Chatham Islands, obtaining much new information relating
to the distribution and environment of the species, and collecting a
few novelties. His specimens, often accompanied by valuable notes,
have been forwarded to Mr. Kirk, Dr. Cockayne, and myself.

Other recent workers are R. Helms, R. J. Kingsley, J. Dall, D. W.
Bryant, Elsdon Best, E. W. Andrews, J. B. Simpson, H. Nairn, J. R.
Annabell, J. B. Lee, and T. P. Arnold.

In the preceding sketch I have made no attempt to include the
names of those authors who have published general works or special
monographs in which New Zealand plants are casually mentioned or
described. Nor have I mentioned the labours of those who have
attended solely to the lower cryptogams, a branch of the flora which
is outside the scope of the present work.

MANUAL

OF THE

NEW ZEALAND’ FLORA,

Orver I. RANUNCULACEA.

ANNUAL or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or woody climbers.
Leaves all radical or alternate, seldom opposite (Clematis).
Stipules wanting, or adnate to the petiole. Flowers regular or
irregular, hermaphrodite or more rarely unisexual. Sepals 3 or
more, usually 5, deciduous, often petaloid, imbricate (valvate in
Clematis). Petals the same number as the sepals or more, hypogy-
nous, free, imbricate, sometimes wanting. Stamens hypogynous,
usually very numerous; anthers adnate. Carpels generally many,
free, 1-celled ; ovules one or several, attached to the ventral suture,
anatropous. Fruit of numerous 1-seeded indehiscent achenes or
many-seeded follicles, rarely a berry. Seeds small; embryo minute,
at the base of copious albumen.

A large order, most abundant in temperate regions ; rare within the tropics.
Genera 30; species about 550. Most of the species are acrid, and many are

poisonous, Aconite and Hellebore being familiar examples. All the New Zea-
land genera are widely distributed in temperate climates.

Woody climbers with opposite compound leaves. Sepals

petaloid, valvate. Petals wanting .. rc .. 1. CLEMATIS.
Minute herbs with radical linear leaves. Petals wanting.

Carpels with a single pendulous ovule. Achenes in an

elongated spike Ee of am sc .. 2. Myosurwus.
Herbs. Sepals deciduous. Petals 3 to many. Carpels

with a single erect ovule .. : 3. RANUNCULUS.
Herbs with radical sagittate leaves. Sepals petaloid.

Petals wanting. Carpels with several ovules .. 4, CALTHA.

1. CLEMATIS, Linn.

Climbing undershrubs with slender flexuous branches, rarely
dwarf and prostrate. Leaves opposite, usually ternately divided
into 3 stalked leaflets, which are either entire or more often
variously lobed or cut; petioles often twining. Flowers in few- or
many -flowered axillary panicles, dicecious in the New Zealand
species. Sepals 4-8, petaloid, valvate in the bud. Petals wanting.

1—F I.

2, RANUNCULACEZ. [ Clematis.

=
Stamens many. Carpels numerous, each with one pendulous ovule.
Fruit a head of sessile achenes, in all the New Zealand species pro-
duced into long feathery persistent styles.

A genus of over 100 species, found in most temperate climates, rare in the
-tropics. The New Zealand species are all endemic, and all possess once- or
twice-ternately divided leaves and dicecious flowers, the males without any
carpels, the females usually with a few imperfect stamens. Most of them vary
greatly in the foliage, especially the large-leaved species. These in their normal
state have 3-foliolate leaves with the leaflets toothed or lobed, but all run into
varieties in which the leaves are biternate or decompound, the ultimate segments
being much reduced in size. These forms are most difficult of discrimination,
especially when in a flowerless condition, and some of them are probably not
permanent states.

A. Sepals white.

Large and stout. Leaflets usually entire. Flowers 2-4 in.

diam. ‘ se os ys ae .- L. C, mdiisa,
Slender, pale- -green. Leaflets toothed or lobed. Flowers

1-14 in. diam. ee . 2%. C. hexasepala.
Small, slender. Leaflets pinnate or ‘pinnately divided.

Flowers 4-1 in. diam. ae ; Be .. 3. C. australis.

B. Sepals yellowish or greenish-yellow (purplish in C. quadribracteolata).
* Sepals usually 6 (5-8). Leaflets usually large and well developed.
Slender. Leaflets glabrous or nearly so, toothed or lobed.

Flowers greenish-yellow. Sepals silky - 4. C. Colensot.
Stout. Leaflets coriaceous, pubescent, toothed or lobed.
Flowers yellow. Sepals densely tomentose .. 5. C. fetida.

Slender. Leaflets thin, silky-pubescent, often entire.
Flowers yellow. Sepals silky Anthers broad, tipped

with a minute appendage .. eee we .. 6. C. parviflora
** Sepals 4. Leaflets minute, wanting in C. afolata.

Usually leafless. Flowers greenish-white, }-?in. diam... 17. C. afoliata.
Slender, brownish-green. Leaflets minute, 4-4in. long,

entire or toothed. Flowers yellow, 4 in. diam. .. 8. C. marata.
Very slender. Leaflets minute, usually linear. Flowers

purplish, 4-3in. diam. Sepals narrow-linear .. 9. C. quadribracteo-

lata.

1. C. indivisa, Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 1291.—A large woody
climber, often covering bushes or small trees. Stem stout, tfre-
quently as thick as a man’s arm. Leaves 3-foliolate, coriaceous,
glabrous; leaflets 1-4in. long, all stalked, ovate-oblong or ovate-
cordate, rarely narrower and _ linear-oblong, usually entire.
Flowers in axillary panicles, most abundantly produced, large,
white, 2-4in. diam. Sepals 6-8, oblong. Anthers oblong, obtuse.
Achenes numerous, downy, with a plumose tail often more than
2in. long.—A. Rich. Fl Nouv. Zel. 288; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 635 ;
Raoul, Chow, 47; Hook. f. Fl. Niv. Zel. 1.6; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 2;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 2; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4398 (a form with the
leaflets lobed). C. integrifola, Horst. Prodr. n. 231.

Var. lobulata, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 2.— Leaflets lobed or even twice
ternate.

Norra Anp SourH Isntanps, Srewarr Isuanp: Abundant throughout.
Sea-level to 2500 ft. Puawhananga. August-—November.

Clematis. | RANUNCULACES. 3

A variable plant, but easily recognised by its great size and large showy
white flowers. The leaves are usually entire, but are occasionally lobulate,
especially in young plants. Mr. Kirk’s variety linearis, which has narrow-
linear leaves, 4-6in. long by barely din. broad, appears to me to be only a
transient juvenile form.

2.C. hexasepala, D.C. Syst. i. 146.—Much smaller and more
slender than U. indivisa. Leaves 3-foliolate, pale-green, coriaceous,
glabrous; leaflets 1-3in. long, stalked, narrow ovate-oblong or
ovate-cordate, acute or acuminate, usually irregularly toothed or
lobed, rarely entire. Flowers numerous, 1l-l4in. diam., white.
Sepals 6-8, linear-oblong, obtuse, downy. Anthers long, linear,
obtuse. Achenes numerous, narrow-ovoid, pilose.—dA. Cunn.
Precur. n. 637; Raoul, Choiw, 47; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 2;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 3. OC. hexapetala, Horst. Prodr. n. 230;
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 288. C. Forsteri, Gmel. Syst. 8738.
C. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 6, t. 1 (not of Handb. N.Z. F1.).

Nort Isuanp: From the Kaipara Harbour to Cook Strait; not uncommon,
especially in the Upper Waikato and Taupo districts. SourH Istanp: Queen
Charlotte Sound, Forster; near Moutere (Nelson), 7’. #7. C. Recorded from

Canterbury (Armstrong), Otago (Lindsay), and the Bluff Hill (Kirk). Prki-
arero. September—November.

Hasily separated from C. indivisa by the smaller size, narrower pale-
green leaves, which are almost always toothed, and by the smaller flowers.

3. C. australis, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 3.—Stems and branches
slender, much branched, glabrous or pubescent at the tips. Leaves
3-foliolate, glabrous, somewhat coriaceous (especially in the small-
leaved forms) ; leaflets very variable in size, 4-lin. long, pinnate
or pinnately lobed, segments or lobes usually again toothed or lobed.
Flowers white, 4-lin. diam., in few-flowered panicles or solitary
on long slender peduncles clustered in the axils of the leaves.
Sepals 5-8, downy. Achenes narrowed into the style, usually
pilose, sometimes glabrous when fully mature.

SoutH Isnanp: Hilly and mountain districts in Nelson and Canterbury,
not uncommon. 500-3500 ft. November—January.

A puzzling plant, large states of which can only be separated from
C. hexasepala by the pinnately divided leaflets, while smaller forms come
very nearly to C. Colenso1 var. rutaefolia, from which, however, it can usually
be distinguished by the larger white flowers and more pointed sepals.

4. ©. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 2.—Stems and
branches slender, glabrous or silky at the tips. Leaves 3-folio-
late, membranous or slightly coriaceous; leaflets stalked, 4-14 in.
long, crenate, unequally toothed or 3-lobed, or again ternately or
pinnately divided. Flowers greenish-yellow, 4-1 in. diam., in few-
or many-flowered panicles, or more usually solitary on slender
peduncles fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Sepals 5-8, oblong,
silky. Anthers linear. Achenes silky or sometimes nearly glabrous
when mature.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 8. C. hexasepala, Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 7 (not of D.C.).

4 RANUNCULACES. (Clematis.

i |
Var. rutaefolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 7.—Leaves biternate or bipin-
nate ; secondary leaflets often stalked. Usually smaller than the type.

Nortu Isuanp: Both varieties common about Wellington, and extending
northward to Hawke’s Bay and Cape Egmont. SourH Isntanp: Nelson—
Wairau Valley, Buller Valley, T. F. C. Canterburv—Kowai River, Petrie!
Ashley Gorge, Cockayne ! Sea-level to 3000 ft. November—January.

A variable plant, not always readily distinguishable from states of
C. hexasepala or C. australis.

5. C. foetida, Raoul, Choix, 23, t. 22.—Stems stout, woody ;
branches numerous, intertwined, often covering bushes or small
trees; young shoots clothed with fulvous pubescence. Leaves
3-foliolate, slightly coriaceous, usually thinly pubescent on both
surfaces, but often becoming glabrous when old; leaflets 1-2in.
long, all stalked, ovate or ovate-cordate, acute or acuminate, entire
or irregularly toothed or lobed. Panicles large, much divided ;
branches usually densely clothed with pale or fulvous tomentum.
Flowers very numerous, small, $—-3in. diam., yellowish, strongly
odorous but certainly not fcetid. Sepals 6-8, linear, obtuse or
acute, densely tomentose on the outside. Anthers linear-oblong,
obtuse. Achenes narrow-ovoid, very silky, narrowed into short
plumose tails —Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zei. i. 7; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 2;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 4. C. Parkinsoniana, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xii. (1880) 359; xiv. (1852) 331.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon in lowland districts from the
North Cape to the south of Otago. September—November.

Varies considerably in size, texture, cutting of the leaves, degree of pubes-
cence, &c.; but can always be recognised by the pale or fulvous pubescence on
the leaves, young shoots, and branches of the panicle, by the small yellow
flowers, which are usually produced in enormous numbers, and by the dense
tomentum on the sepals. The type specimens of Mr. Colenso’s C. Parkin-
soniana, preserved in his herbarium, show no points of difference from the
ordinary form of U. fetida.

6. C. parviflora, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 636.—More or less
clothed with silky fulvous pubescence. Stems slender, wiry, not
nearly so robust or so much branched as in the preceding species.
Leaves 3-foliolate, thin and almost membranous, more rarely sub-
coriaceous, tawny-pubescent, especially on the veins and under-
surface ; leaflets 4-14 in. long, all stalked, ovate or ovate-cordate,
usually entire but occasionally irregularly lobed, subacute. Panicles
slender, branched; rhachis and pedicels tawny-pubescent. Flowers
swwall, 4-2in. diam., yellowish. Sepals 6-8, linear, more or less
clothed with silky pubescence. Anthers short and broad, oblong,
with a minute appendage at the apex of the connective. Achenes
narrow-ovoid, silky.—Kaoul, Choiw, 47; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 7; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 2; Kirk, Students’ Fi. 4.

Var. depauperata, Hook. f. Handi. N.Z. Fil. 2. — Leaflets very small.
Sepals narrowed into long slender points.

Var. trilobata, Kirk, Students’ Hl. 5.— Leaflets deeply 3-lobed; lobes
entire or cut. Flowers smaller. Sepals more pubescent.

Clematis. ] RANUNCULACE. 5

NorrH Istanp: The typical form in various localities from the Three
Kings Islands and the North Cape to Hawke’s Bay, but often local. Var.
trilobata: Bay of Islands, Kirk! Northern Wairoa, 7. Ff. C.; Te Aroha,
T. #. C.; between Gisborne and Napier, Bishop Williams! SouruH Isuanp:
Var. depauperata: Nelson, Travers. Var. trilobata: Okarita, A. Hamilton.
Sea-level to 1500 ft. September—November.

A handsome species, closely allied to C. fetida, but at once distinguished
by the smaller size, more slender habit, smaller and thinner usually entire
leaflets, narrower silky sepals, and especially by the broad anthers, which have
a minute swelling at the tip of the connective. I have not seen specimens of
Hooker’s var. depauperata.

7. C. afoliata, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii. (1871) 211.—
Stems and branches leafless, wiry, striate, glabrous, often much
intertwined. Leaves usually reduced to petioles in the mature
plant, when present consisting of 3 minute long-stalked ovate or
triangular leaflets ; in young plants more frequently developed and
rather larger. Flowers greenish-white, 4-3in. diam., in fascicles
of 2-5 in the axils of the petioles; peduncles slender, pilose, each
with a pair of minute ovate bracteoles. Sepals 4, ovate- or oblong-
lanceolate, usually acute, silky. Anthers linear. Achenes ovoid,
silky.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 8. C. aphylla, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xix. (1886) 259.

NorrH Istanp: Without locality, Colenso! Puketapu (Hawke’s Bay),
H. Hill! Sours Istanp: Various localities from Nelson to Otago, but local.
Picton, J. Rutland! Marlborough, Buchanan; Hanmer Plains, H. J. Mat-
thews! Waiau River, Kirk; Canterbury Plains, N. 7. Carrington! Waitaki
Valley, Buchanan, Petrie! Duntroon, /etrie! Sea-level to 2000 ft. Sep-
tember—October.

A very curious plant, often forming dense masses of intertwined stems
and branches several feet in length. I have not seen flowering specimens of
Mr. Colenso’s C. aphylia, but the stems and branches show no difference from
the common state of the species.

8. C. marata, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 335.—
Stems slender, much branched, often forming dense interlaced
masses scrambling over bushes or among grass, brownish-green,
pubescent, grooved. Leaves 3-foliolate, usually pubescent on both
surfaces ; petioles variable in length, 1-4 in.; leaflets small, 4-4in.
long, all stalked, exceedingly variable in shape, narrow-linear to
ovate, acute or obtuse, entire notched or lobed, or even again
3-partite. Peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or 2-4 together in the
axils of the leaves, pubescent. Bracteoles in 2 pairs, connate at
the base, upper pair much the larger, often foliaceous. Flowers
yellowish, small, 4-2 in. diam., sweet-scented. Sepals 4, linear-
oblong, acute or obtuse, silky. Anthers linear. Achenes narrow,
margined, silky or nearly glabrous when old, narrowed into rather
long plumose tails.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 4.

Norru Istanp: Upper Thames Valley, from Te Aroha southwards, 7’. F’. C.,
Petrie! Taupo, T. F. C.; East Cape, Kirk ; probably not uncommon in the
interior. Sourn Is~tanp: Apparently common throughout, Armstrong !
Buchanan! Kirk! &c. Sea-level to 3000 ft. September—November.

6 RANUNCULACEZ. [Myosurus.

os
The brownish colour, slender habit, minute leaflets, and small flowers dis-
tinguish this from all others except C. quadribracteolata, to which some forms.
approach far tooclosely. A variety collected by Mr. Petrie at Tuapeka (Otago),
appears to be quite intermediate, and might almost be referred to either species.
North Island specimens are usually more slender and have smaller leaflets than
the southern ones. Some of Mr. Petrie’s Otago specimens are remarkable
for their large foliaceous bracteoles, which are linear-spathulate and some-
times ? in. long.

9. C. quadribracteolata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882)
329.—Stems and branches very slender, branched, trailing, 1-3 ft.
long, glabrous except the very young shoots. Leaves few, trifolio-
late; petioles slender, 1-2in. long; leaflets minute, 4-+in. long,
usually linear or lanceolate, but varying to linear-oblong, ovate-
lanceolate, or triangular-acute, glabrous, entire or one or all 3-lobed.
Peduncles solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves,
1-flowered, usually shorter than the petioles, pubescent ; bracteoles.
2 or 3 pairs, connate, upper the largest, sheathing at the base,
rounded, obtuse. Flowers purplish. sweet-scented, +-3in. diam.
Sepals 4,-linear or linear-oblong, usually acute, silky. Anthers.
linear. Achenes small, almost glabrous when fully ripe, narrowed
into short plumose tails.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 4. OC. foetida var.
depauperata, Hook. f. Fi. Nov. Zel.i 7; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 2.

Norrs Isuanp: Low grounds in the Hawke's Bay District ; Lake Rotoatara,
Colenso! Petane, 4. Hamilton! between the Ngaruroro and Tukituki Rivers,

Sturm.

This can only be separated from the preceding by its smaller size, more
slender habit, narrower leaflets, purplish flowers, and narrower sepals. Further
investigation may prove both to be forms of one variable plant.

2. MYOSURUS, Linn.

Annual herbs, of small size. Leaves all radical, linear, entire..
Scapes usually numerous, naked, 1-flowered. Sepals 5, rarely
more, minutely spurred at the base. Petals wanting in the New
Zealand species. Stamens 5-8. Carpels numerous ; ovules solitary,
pendulous. Achenes closely packed on a long and slender spike-
like receptacle which usually lengthens much as they ripen, each
with a raised nerve on the back, ending in a short persistent style.

A small genus of only two species, one of which is widely spread in the north
temperate zone, and is also found in Australia; the other is known only from
California, Chili, and New Zealand.

1. M. aristatus, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 459.—Varying
in size from 1-3in. Leaves numerous, 4, in. broad or even less,
erect, linear or linear-spathulate. Scapes usually several, slender,
1-flowered. Flower minute, yellowish, apetalous. Sepals 5, spur
short. Stamens generally 5. Receptacle in fruit oblong or linear,
¢-} in. long ; achenes with a short beak.— Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.

8; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 3; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 5.

Ranunculus.) RANUNCULACES. 7

Nort Isnanp: Palliser Bay, Colenso! Ocean beach near Wellington,
Buchanan. Sours Isuanp: Moist gravelly places near Lake Tekapo, 7’. F’. C.
Otago—Hyde, Beaumont, Speargrass Flat, Ida Valley, Lake Wanaka, Petrie !
Gimmerburn, Kirk ! Altitudinal range from sea-level to 2500 ft.

3. RANUNCULUS, Linn.

Herbs with petioled entire lobed or dissected leaves and yellow
or white flowers. Sepals 3-5, deciduous. Petals usually about 5,
but varying in number from 4 to 20, with 1-3 glandular pits or
scales near the base. Stamens many. Carpels usually numerous ;
styles short; ovules solitary, ascending. Achenes numerous,
1-seeded, collected into a globular or ovoid head, tipped with the
persistent straight or recur ved style.

A large genus of about 175 species, dispersed over the whole world, but most
numerous in temperate or cool regions. In New Zealand it forms a very con-
‘Spicuous portion of the mountain vegetation, especially in the South Island;
some of the species, as R. Lyalliiand R. insignis, being the finest known. Many
of them are exceedingly variable and difficult of discrimination, especially in
the section with compressed achenes. Of the 37 species known, 4 are found in
Australia, 1 in Chili, and another in Kerguelen’s Island; the remaining 31
are endemic. In addition to the native species, 8 or 9 from the Northern
Hemisphere haye become naturalised as weeds in pastures and waste places, the
most abundant being R. bulbosus, L., R. hirsutus, Curt. (R. sardous, Crantz),
and the typical state of R. parvifldrus, L. References to descriptions of these
will be found in the appendix.

A. Stems tall, erect. Fiowers large. Achenes villous or silky.

* Flowers white.

Leaves large, peltate, margins simply crenate .. 2. 1. A. Lyalln.
Leaves -3-5-partite or dissected; segments usually linear 2. R. Buchanani.

** Flowers yellow.

Villous. Leaves rounded-cordate or reniform, crenate-

lobed 2 Me 4: Bc ait .. 3d. KR. msignis.
‘Glabrous. Leaves broadly oblong, crenate. Achenes only
slightly hairy Ae a, At a .. 4. R. Godleyanus.

B. Stems erect, without creeping stolous. Achenes glabrous, turgid or angled,
not compressed or margined, never muwricate or tuberculate.

*Stems usually stout, 4-16in. high. Leaves broad, reniform to ovate,
coarsely crenate or dentate.

Leayes reniform to ovate. Scapes 1-many- flowered.

Petals twice as long as the sepals ts 5. R. Monrot.
Leaves rounded-reniform. Scape thickened above, seldom

more than 1-flowered. Petals hardly longer than the

sepals ahs ae ; i fs .. 6. BR. pingris.

** Stems tall, slender. Leaves deeply cut and lobed. Petals narrow, 8-15.

Pilose, stems 1-3ft., many-flowered. Flowers 1—13}in.

diam. .. 5 .. 7. RB. wivicola.
‘Glabrous or slightly ‘pilose, stems 6- Sin., few-flo wered.

Flowers 3-1 in. diam. ofc .. 8. R. geranitfolius.

8 | RANUNCULACES.

*** Stems short, simple. Leaves usually all radical.

[Ranunculus.
a

Scapes 1-flowered

(1-3-flowered in R. Haastii, and sometimes 2-flowered in R. Hnysit).

Glabrous, 6-15 in. high. Leaves 3—5-foliolate. Scapes 1-5.

Achenes ovoid ; style short, straight or curved a

Pilose or nearly glabrous, 6-15 in. high. Leaves 3- 5.
partite. Achenes fusiform, narrowed into a long spirally
recurved style a : a ‘- LO:

Short, stout, glabrous, almost stemless. Leaves all radical,
fleshy or coriaceous, palmatipartite or 3-foliolate or
3-5-lobed.

Leave: few, coriaceous, palmatipartite; segments
laciniate. Scape 1-3-flowered, with crowded laci-

niate bracts under the flowers .. gsiplals

Leaves biternately multifid, glaucous and fleshy ; seg-

ments 7, in. long. Scape shorter than the leaves .. 12.

Leaves many, 3-partite; segments lobed. Scape

shorter than the leaves is)

Leaves 1-3, 3-lobed; segments toothed or or dtaeee

Scape longer than the leaves : 14.

Small. Leaves orbicular- reniform, 3-lobed to the

middle; lobescrenate. Scape longer than the leaves 15.

Small. Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets lobed or partite.

Scape longer than the leaves a ote eagle

Stout orsl-nder; silky, pilose, or glabrate. Leaves all radi-
cal, pinnate, pinnatisect, or pinnately multifid.
Stout. Leaves tripinnatisect, usually copiously ay

Scape stout. Flower large : Lv(é

Slender, almost glabrous. Leaves bipinnatisect or
multifid; segments very narrow. Scape slender.

Flowers small . ae ie .. 18.

Slender, pilose. Leaves pinnate ; " pinne 3-lobed or
-partite ; segments oblong or cuneate. Scape slender.

Flowers small .. a), aie Pa? sp LO:

R. Enysu.

R. tenwicaulis.

R. Haastii.

R. crithmifolius

RB. chordorhizos.

R. paucifolius.

R. Berggreni.

R. nove - zea-
landie.

R. sericophyllus.

R. Sinclairii.

R. gracilipes.

C. Stems not creeping. Achenes glabrous, compressed, with a thickened
margin, not muricate. (Achenes sometimes obscurely compressed, but
always thinner than wm the previous section. The margins are said to be

not thickened in R, aucklandicus.)
Stems branched, leafy, 6-24in. high. Leaves trifoliolate

or biternate. ‘Sepals reflexed a sey OE
Small, stemless, 1fin. high at most. Leaves rosulate,

3-lobed or -partite, exceeding the flower a einai
Slender, 3-6in. high. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets all

stalked, obtuse. Achenes few, 3-5 .. 22.

Stems short, simple. Leaves all radical, usually toothed
or 3-5- lobed, rarely partite. Scapes - 5, longer than

the leaves. Sepals spreading 23.

Stems branched, hirsute, leafy. Leaves coarsely toothed
or 3 lobed. Scapes radical and axillary, not exceeding

the leaves .. ugQas

Erect or suberect, clothed with short stiff appressed hairs.
Leaves deltoid- cordate, 3-partite. Scapes 1—-3-flowered,

longer or shorter than the leaves. Sepals spreading .. 25.

Erect, clothed with strigose pubescence. Leaves rounded,

3- partite. Scapes 1 or 2, each with 1-3 flowers . 26.

Erect, strigose-hirsute. Leaves rounded- reniform, 3- -part-
ite. Scapes 1-3, 1-flowered. Achenes compressed,

margins not thickened me ni 56 FEW

R. hirtus.
R. recens.

R. Kirkw.

R. lappaceus..

R. foliosus.

R. subscaposus.

R. Hectort.

R. aucklandicus..

Ranunculus. | RANUNCULACES. 9

D. Stems creeping, or with creeping stolons. Achenes glabrous, not muwricate.

Stems robust, branched, prostrate and rooting at the

nodes. Leaves 3-toothed or -lobed. a short,

axillary .. .. 28. BR. Cheesemanii.
Stems weak, matted, often rooting at the nodes. Leaves

tufted, trifoliolate ; leaflets often again divided, small.

Flowers minute .. a Sue = .. 29. KR. ternatifolvus.
Small, depressed, stoloniferous, 14in. high at most.

Leaves ternatisect or multifid, segments narrow-linear.

Scapes naked, 1-flowered ; flower small aN .. 30. R. depressus.
Small, much depressed, 14 in. high at most. Rootstock

creeping, much branched. Leaves cuneate. Scape

1-flowered ; flower large ‘ .. 31. A. pachyrrhizus.
Stems fistulose, creeping and rooting at the nodes. Leaves

on petioles 6-18 in. long; blade 3-5- aires 1-23 in.

diam., segments broad : . 32. R. macropus.
Stems creeping and rooting at the nodes or floating.

Leaves on petioles 1- 6in. long; blade 3- _5-partite,

1}-14in. diam., segments usually narrow a6 .. 33. R. rivularis.
Stems creeping and matted. Leaves small, 3-foliolate.

Scapes shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered sf 34. KR. acaulis.
Stems creeping and rooting at the nodes. Leaves fleshy,

reniform, 3-lobed or -partite 35. R. crassipes.
Stems filiform, creeping and matted. Leaves linear- spathu-

late, entire. Flowers minute, tetramerous .. .. 36. RB. limosella.

EH. Achenes muricate or tuberculate.

Small, annual. Stems slender, branched. Flowers
minute, almost sessile, opposite the leaves .. .. 37. R. parviflorus,
var. australis.

1. R. Lyallii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 4.—A tall, erect, ex-
ceedingly handsome plant, with a paniculately branched flowering-
stem 1-4 ft. in height. Rootstock stout, with long fleshy roots.
Radical leaves on long stout petioles with broad silky sheathing
bases; limb 6-15in. diam., orbicular, peltate, concave, crenate,
coriaceous, glabrous or with a few weak hairs. Cauline leaves
few, sessile, lower reniform, upper cuneate-rhomboid or oblong-
cuneate, lobed and crenate. Leaves of young plants not peltate,
reniform to rhomboid, cuneate at the base. Peduncles stout,
villous, with 1—2 linear bracts. Flowers numerous, 2-3 in. diam.,
white, more rarely cream-coloured. Sepals 5, broad, villous. Petals
usually numerous, cuneate-obovate, with an obscure gland at the
base. Stamens many, short; anthers oblong. Receptacle oblong,
cylindrical, hairy. Ripe achenes forming a head 3 in. diam.,

oblique, turgid, villous, narrowed into long “slender flexuous styles.
— Bot. Mag. t. 6888; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 7.

Var. Traversii.— Smaller. Leaves 5-7in. diam., doubly crenate, and
with two incisions near the base. Flowers cream-coloured. —R. Traversii,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 4; Kirk, Students’ FI. 7.

SoutH Isxnanp: Abundant in the central and western portions of the
Southern Alps, from the Spenser Mountains to the south of Otago. Srmwarr
Istanp: Mount Anglem, Kirk. Altitudinal range from 2000 to 5000 ft. No-
vember-January. Var. Traversiv: Hurunui Mountains, Canterbury, Travers.

10 RANUNCULACEZ. (Ranunculus.

A magnificent plant, by far the finest of the genus; so common in many
portions of the Southern Alps that in summer the mountain-slopes are whitened
from the abundance of the flowers. It has received many local names, as the
“mountain lily,” ‘“shepherd’s lily,’’ ‘‘ Mount Cook lily,’’ &e. Its nearest ally
outside New Zealand is R. Bawrii, MacOwan, from the Transvaal, which has
peltate leaves 4-5 in. diam. and small yellow flowers. R. Traversti does not
seem to have been observed since its first discovery more than forty years ago-
I have seen no specimens, but I am indebted to the Director of the Kew
Herbarium for a drawing of the type specimen, which leaves no doubt in my
mind that it is merely a local form of R. Lyallii.

2. R. Buchanani, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 5.—Stout, erect,
more or less covered with long silky hairs, rarely almost glabrous.
Rootstock thick, with numerous long fleshy rootlets. Radical
leaves on long petioles 2-6 in. long, with short and broad sheathing
bases; blade reniform in outline, 2-6in. diam., ternatisect, main
divisions stalked, more or less deeply divided into linear or cuneate
lobes, which are usually again 3-d-fid or -toothed, rarely entire.
Cauline leaves similar, but usually more finely cut, sessile or nearly
so. Flowers solitary or 2-3, large, white, 14-24in. diam. Sepals 5,
oblong, villous. Petals very numerous, linear-oblong, rounded at
the apex, narrowed to the base; gland solitary, basilar. -Achenes
turgid, pilose, forming a globose head 4in. diam.—Kurk, Students’
Fil. 8.

SourH Isnanp: Otago—Lake district, Buchanan! Mounts Bonpland, Tyn-
dall, and Aspiring, Petrie! Bald Peak, B. C. Aston! Mount Earnslaw,
H. J. Matthews ! Altitudinal range 4000-6000 ft. December—January.

A singular and beautiful plant, quite unlike any other, confined, so far as is
known, to the high mountains to the west of the Otago lake district. The
leaves are said to be sometimes nearly entire, and the flowers yellow, but I have
not seen specimens showing these peculiarities.

3. R. insignis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 8, t. 2.—A stout, erect,
paniculately branched plant 1-3it. in height, usually villous in all
its parts, brownish or rufous when dry. Radical leaves numer-
ous, large, on stout petioles with broad sheathing bases, thick and
coriaceous, rounded-cordate or reniform, crenate and often shortly
lobed, 4-9 in. diam.; cauline smaller, upper ones cut and lobed.
Peduncles often very numerous, stout; bracts linear - oblong.
Flowers golden-yellow, 1-2in. diam. Sepals 5, woolly at the back.
Petals 5-6, rarely more, obcordate, with 1 or 2 glands at the base.
Stamens many, short. Receptacle oblong, pubescent. Achenes
forming a rounded head 4in. diam., tumid, villous; style long,
slender.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 4; Kirk, Students’ Fi.7. BR. ruahinicus,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 256. R. sychnopetala,
Col. l.c. xxv. (1893) 324, and xxvi. (1894) 313 (a monstrous
state with very numerous narrow petals). R. rufus, Col. l.c.
xxviii. (1896) 591.

Var. b, lobulatus, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 8.—Leaves membranous, suborbicu-
lar, deeply lobed or sinuate, with a few weak hairs, rarely sub-peltate.

Ranunculus. | RANUNCULACES. nigh

Nort Istanp: High mountains of the interior, from the East Cape south-
wards: Hikurangi; mountains near Waikaremoana; Tongariro and Ruapehu ;
Ruahine Mountains; Tararua Mountains. SourH Isnanp: Nelson mountains,
not uncommon as far south as Lake Tennyson, 7’. F. C.; Kaikoura Moun-
tains, Kirk. Var. b: Marlborough—Kowai River and Mount Fyffe, Kirk.

A beautiful plant, varying much in size, stoutness, degree of hairiness, &c.
I have seen no South Island specimens equalling in size and number of flowers
those collected by Colenso more than fifty years ago on the Ruahine Mountains,
aud now preserved in his herbarium. Mr. Kirk’s variety lobulatus is not in
flower, and may prove distinct.

4. R. Godleyanus, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 723.—Stout,
erect, glabrous, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves all radical, on thick fleshy
petioles 2-6 in. long by 4—3in. diam.; blade 3-6in. long, broadly
oblong, rounded at the apex, cordate rounded or cuneate at the
base, coarsely crenate, fleshy or coriaceous; veins reticulate. Scape
stout, usually longer than the leaves, naked below, bearing above
the middle 2-4 large sessile or shortly stalked oblong or rounded
bracts, from the axils of which proceed several simple or branched
flowering peduncles, each of which usually bears 1-2 secondary
bracts. Flowers numerous, large, 1-2 in. diam., golden-yellow.
Sepals 5, broadly oblong. Petals 5, cuneate-obovate, emarginate,
with 2-3 naked glands at the base. Receptacle broadly oblong,
pilose; achenes numerous, somewhat turgid, sparingly pilose or
nearly glabrous, gradually narrowed into a slender curved style.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 8.

SourH Isnanp: Southern Alps, at Whitcombe’s Pass, at the head-waters
of the Rakaia River, alt. 4000ft., Haast! Armstrong! Hnys! Mount Cook,
Herb. Petrie !

A remarkable species, apparently with a very restricted distribution. All

the specimens I have seen are more or less imperfect, with the exception of
two gathered by Enys, and not one of them shows perfectly ripe achenes.

5. R. Monroi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 11. 323.—Short, stout,
4-12 in. high or more, more or less silky-villous or almost glabrous.
Rootstock short, clothed with the persistent bases of the old leaf-
sheaths. Leaves all radical, on short stout petioles with broad
sheathing bases, coriaceous or almost fleshy, sometimes thinner and
submembranous; blade variable in outline, 1-4in. diam., reniform
rounded or ovate, cordate or rounded at the base, coarsely crenate
or crenate-lobulate. Scapes simple or sparingly branched, 1-3-
flowered; bracts entire or deeply lobed. Flowers yellow, 4-1 in.
diam., rarely more. Sepals 5, linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous or
silky. Petals 5-8, almost twice as long as the sepals, narrow
obovate-cuneate, each with a single glandular pit at the base.
Achenes numerous, forming a small globose head, usually glabrous,
turgid, keeled at the back; style straight or recurved.—Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 9. BR. pinguis var. a, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 5.
R. Muelleri, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 215, t. 16.

12 RANUNCULACEZ. (Ranunculus.

Var. b, sericeus, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 9.—Achenes clothed with silky
hairs.

Var. c, dentatus, Kirk, l.c. 9.—Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
coarsely toothed or dentate, clothed on both surfaces with strigose ferruginous.
pubescence, sometimes almost shaggy.

Norru Istanp: Tararua Mountains, Buchanan! Sours Isuanp: Wairau
Gorge and Tarndale, Sinclair, T. F. C.; Spenser Mountains, Kaikoura Moun-
tains, Kirk ! Marlborough, Monro; Clarence Valley, 7’. F'. C.; Mount Torlesse
and Upper Waimakariri, Kirk! Cockayne! Var. b: Kaikoura Mountains,
Kirk! Var.c: Not uncommon in mountain districts in Marlborough and
Canterbury, from the Clarence River southwards. 1500-4500 ft. December
—January.

A very variable plant, united with R. pingwis by Hooker, but differing from
that species in the petals being always much longer than the sepals, in the scape
being usually branched and not thickened upwards, and in the longer styles to
the achenes. The var. dentatus has a very different appearance to the typical
form, and but for the occurrence of numerous intermediates might have been
treated as a distinct species.

6. R. pinguis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 3, t. 1.—Short, stout,
usually rather fleshy, 2-10 in. high, sparingly pilose or almost gla-
brous. Rootstock stout, with numerous fleshy rootlets. Leaves all
radical, on long stout petioles with stout sheathing bases; blade
1-3 in. diam., reniform, deeply crenate-lobed. Scape as long or
Jonger than the leaves, stout, thickened upwards, naked or with 1-2
bracts above the middie, 1-flowered. Flower lin. diam., yellow.
Sepals 5-6, oblong. Petals 5-8, obovate or linear-oblong, hardly
as long as the sepals, with 1-3 glandular pits towards the base.
Receptacle broadly oblong. Achenes very numerous, small, gla-
brous ; style short, straight, with 3 narrow wings at the base.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl.10. R. pinguis, var. b, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 5.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: Not uncommon, ascending to nearly
2000 ft., Hooker, Filhol! Kirk!

Sir J. D. Hooker distinguishes two varieties in the Flora Antarctica, one
(var. pilosus) being much more hairy than the type, with linear petals always
furnished with 3 glandular pits; the other (var. rhombifolius) smaller, with the
leaves rhomboid-cuneate and 3-5-fid.

7. R. nivicola, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 571, 572.—Krect, usually
rather slender, paniculately branched above, 2-3 ft. high, more or
less- covered with long soft white spreading hairs or nearly gla-
brous. Rootstock short. stout. Radical leaves on long petioles
4-12 in. long with broad sheathing bases; blade 3-6in. diam. or
even more, cordate-reniform, more or less deeply 3-7-lobed, lobes
broadly cuneate, inciso-crenate. Cauline leaves deeply cut and
lobed, upper laciniate. Flowers many, large, golden-yellow,
1-14in. diam. Sepals 5, linear-oblong, pilose. Petals usually
numerous, 8-15, narrow cuneate-obovate, emarginate, each with
a single glandular pit near the base. Achenes forming a small
rounded head, glabrous, turgid ; style straight, hooked at the tip.—-

Ranunculus. } RANUNCULACE. 13

Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 8; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 5; Kirk, Students’
Fi. 8. RB. reticulatus, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 188.
Nortu Istanp: Mount Egmont, abundant, Dieffenbach, Buchanan!

T. F. C.; Tongariro, Ngauruhoe, and Ruapehu, G. Mair! H. Hill! Alti-
tudinal range 3000-6000 ft. December-February.

A remarkably graceful and beautiful plant, excellently figured in the
Icones Plantarum.

8. R. geraniifolius, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 9, t. 3.—Erect,
slender, sparingly branched, 1-2 ft. high, glabrous or occasionally
villous with long white hairs, especially on the petioles. Radical
leaves few, on long slender petioles 3-6in. long; blade 2-4 in.
diam., broadly reniform in outline, deeply 3-5-lobed, sometimes to
the very base; lobes either cuneate and crenate-toothed or -lobed
or again deeply divided into narrow linear segments. Cauline
leaves sessile, usually much and finely divided. Flowers few,
seldom more than 3, 4-lin. diam., yellow. Sepals 5, oblong,
glabrous or very slightly pilose. Petals usually numerous, 8-15,
linear-oblong, rounded at the tip, with a single basal gland.
Achenes forming a small globose head, glabrous, turgid; style
short, subulate-—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 5; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 9.
R. verticillatus, Kirk, l.c. 13.

Norts Istanp: MHikurangi, Colenso! Ruahine Mountains, Colenso !
Olsen! Petrie! Tararua Mountains, Buchanan! Arnold! Townson! SoutH
IstanD: Mountains of Nelson, not uncommon as far south as Lake Tennyson,

Monro, T. #. C. Mount Murchison, Yownson! Mount Stokes, Macmahon,
Kirk. Altitudinal range 2500-5000 ft. December—January.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but easily distinguished by the
smaller size, more slender habit, fewer leaves (which are often very finely cut),
fewer and smaller flowers, and by the petals being usually rounded at the tip.
Mr, Kirk’s #. verticillatus is based upon a single imperfect specimen, without
locality, in Mr. Buchanan’s herbarium. I consider that it is a small one-
flowered state of R. geraniifolius, with which it exactly agrees in habit, pubes-
cence, and flowers, differing only in the more rounded leaf-segments, a character
of little importance in a species with such variable foliage.

9. R. Enysii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 394.—
Slender, leafy, glabrous, 6-15 in. high. Rootstock rather stout,
with numerous fibrous rootlets. Leaves all radical, numerous;
petioles 2-6in. long, grooved; blade 1-3in. diam., 3-5-foliolate
or biternate; leaflets long-stalked, very variable in size and
amount of cutting, sometimes large and rounded, toothed or
3-5-lobed, at other times smaller and cut to the base into
38-5 narrow-cuneate incised toothed or lobed segments, occa-
sionally pinnately divided. Scapes 1-5, longer than the leaves,
simple or rarely with 1-2 short branches, naked or with a single
stalked or sessile variously divided cauline leaf. Flower 4-1 in.
diam. Sepals 5, broadly ovate. Petals usually 5, rarely more,
broadly obovate, with a single basilar gland. Achenes forming a
small rounded head, numerous, turgid, glabrous; style short,

14 RANUNCULACES. [ Ranunculus.
“«

stout, straight or curved.—Students’ Fi. 158. RB. tenuis, Buch. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 255, t. 12.

Sour Isntanp: Canterbury—Not uncommon on the mountains of the
Middle Waimakariri from Mount Torlesse to Bealey, Hnys! Kirk! Petrie!
Cockayne! T. F. C. Otago-—Lake Harris, Kirk; Hast Taieri, Buchanan !
2000-4000 ft. December-February.

A well-marked species, apparently not closely allied to any other. Mr.
Buchanan’s RF. tenuis differs from the type in the leaves being more pinnately
divided, but is clearly the same species. I have a specimen with finely cut,
almost decompound leaves, collected by Mr. Cockayne on the Candlestick
Mountains, Canterbury.

10. R. tenuicaulis, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885)
235.—Very slender, erect, sparingly pilose or nearly glabrous,
4-18 in. high. Rootstock slender, with numerous fleshy rootlets.
Leaves all radical, on slender petioles 2-6 in. long; blade 4-14 in.
diam., about reniform in outline, cut to the base into 3, rarely
5, broadly cuneate divisions, which are deeply and irregularly
2-3-lobed; lobes narrow, often again toothed. Scape very slen-
der, grooved, 1-flowered, usually with 2-3 simple or variously
cut or lobed bracts about the middle. Petals 5, linear, acute.
Achenes 5-20, loosely packed, spreading, shortly stipitate, fusi-
form, gradually narrowed into a long spirally recurved style.—
Kirk, Students’ Fi. 14.

SourH Is~LanD: Canterbury — Mountains above Arthur’s Pass, T. F. C.;
Craigieburn Mountains, Cockayne! Otago—Swampy Hill, Lee Stream, Mount
Kyeburn, Clinton Saddle, Petrie !

A very curious species, remarkable for the fusiform achenes and long
spirally recurved style.

11. R. Haastii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 6.—A very remark-
able stout fleshy or coriaceous glaucous plant, 2—6in. high,
glabrous except the leaf-sheaths, which are usually villous with
long hairs. Rootstock stout and fleshy, often 6in. long and as
thick as the thumb, viscid and milky when bruised, horizontal,
giving off numerous long and stout rootlets as thick as whipcord.
Radical leaves 1 or 2; petioles stout, fleshy, tapermg downwards,
2-6 in. long; blade 2-4in. diam., broadly reniform or orbicular in
outline, palmately cut to the base into 5-7 deeply and irregularly
incised and lobed segments. Scape very thick and fleshy, grooved
when dry, naked below, furnished above with 1-3 sessile cauline
leaves which are deeply cut into linear lobes, forming a leafy
involucre to the flowers. Peduncles 1-3, barely exceeding the
cauline leaves, 1-flowered. Flowers 1-ldin. diam., yellow.
Sepals 5, oblong, glabrous or neariy so. Petals 8-15, narrow-
cuneate; gland single, basilar. Receptacle swollen, papillose.
Achenes forming a rounded head #in. diam., glabrous, turgid ;
style flattened, pointed, very broad at the base, the margins con-
tinued down the front and back of the achene as wings.—Kzirk,

Students’ Fl. 10.

Ranunculus. | RANUNCULACE: 15

Soury Isnanp: Bare shingle slopes on the mountains, not uncommon from
the south of Nelson (Wairau Valley) to Central Otago. Altitudinal range
3000-6000 ft. December—January.

A very singular plant, quite unlike any other. I do not find that Otago
specimens have their leaves less divided than those from Canterbury and Nel-
son, as stated by Kirk in ‘‘ The Students’ Flora.”’

12. R. crithmifolius, Hook. /. Handb. N.Z. Fi. 6.——Small, per-
fectly glabrous, very fleshy, glaucous, stemless; rootstock short,
stout, horizontal, with thick fleshy fibres. Leaves all radical, on
recurved petioles 1-2 in. long; blade broad, 4-1 in. diam., reniform
in outline, biternately multifid ; segments short, linear, #4 in. long,
obtuse. Scape stout, fleshy, erect, shorter than the leaves, single-
flowered. Flowers small. Sepals linear-oblong. Petals not seen.
Achenes in a globose head, 4in. diam., turgid, keeled; style sharp,
straight, subulate.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 11.

SoutH Istanp: Wairau Gorge, on shingle-slips, alt. 6000 ft., Travers.

A curious little plant, which has not been collected since its original dis-
covery nearly forty years ago. There are no specimens in any of the New Zea-
land herbaria, and I have consequently reproduced Hooker’s description. He
remarks that it is easily recognised by its glaucous fleshy habit, finely divided
leaves, and single-flowered short scapes.

13. R. chordorhizos, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 723.—Smaill,
stout, fleshy and coriaceous, 2-3in. high, everywhere perfectly
glabrous. Rootstock short, thick, with numerous long fleshy root-
lets. Leaves all radical; petioles stout, 1-2in. long, with broad
thin sheathing bases; blade 3-14in. diam., orbicular in outline,
3-lobed or 3-partite to the base, segments obovate-spathulate or
cuneate, sometimes petiolulate, inciso-crenate or again lobed ;
upper surface pitted or wrinkled when dry. Scapes usually solitary
but sometimes 2-3, short, not exceeding the petioles, naked,
1-flowered. Flower $-lin. diam. Sepals 5, narrow-oblong. Pe-
tals 5-6, nearly twice as long as the sepals, narrow linear-
oblong, with 1-3 glandular pits near the base. Achenes forming
a small globose head, rounded, turgid, glabrous; style as long
as the achene, curved, subulate.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 10.

SoutH Isnanp: Canterbury—Macaulay River and Mount Somers, Haast
(Handbook); Lake Ohau, Buchanan! Otago—Mount Kyeburn and Mount
St. Bathan’s, Petrie ! Altitudinal range 3000-5000 ft. December—Jan-
uary.

Hooker based his R. chordorhizos upon specimens collected by Haast at the
Macaulay River and Mount Somers, and also included a plant obtained on
limestone gravel in the Waimakariri district. Kirk considered the Waima-
kariri plant to be distinct from the others. and has established the next species
(R. paucifolius) upon it. The Macaulay River plant he assumed to be the same

as Buchanan’s and Petrie’s, quoted above. Whether this view is correct can
only be determined by examination of the types at Kew.

14. R. paucifolius, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 11.—Smaill, stout, cori-
aceous, 2-4in. high, perfectly glabrous. Rootstock short, stout,

16 RANUNCULACES). [ Ranunculus.
-~

with very numerous long fleshy rootlets. Leaves 2-3, all radical,
on short stiff petioles 1-2in. long, with broad sheathmg bases ;
blade 1-2in. diam., suborbicular or broader than long, slightly
cordate or almost cuneate at the base, 3-lobed to the middle; lobes
overlapping, sharply and finely toothed or crenate. Scape solitary,
stout, naked, 1-flowered, about equalling the leaves. Sepals 5,
oblong. Petals 5. Achenes few, forming a small rounded head,
turgid, glabrous; style straight, subulate.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Débris of limestone rocks at Castle Hill,
Middle Waimakariri, alt. 2500 ft., J. D. Enys !

Much more complete material is required before a good description can be
given of this curious little plant. It is very close to the preceding species, but
seems sufficiently distinct in the less fleshy and more coriaceous habit ; fewer
leaves, which are broader, and much less divided; longer scape, and broader
petals. Only one flowering specimen has been obtained.

15. R. Berggreni, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 325;
lc. xxxi. (1899) 352, t. 26.—Small, stemless, perfectly glabrous.
Rootstock stout, with numerous fleshy rootlets. Leaves all radical,
coriaceous ; petioles slender, flattened, 4-lin. long; blade orbicular
or reniform, with an open sinus, $—?in. diam., unequally 3-lobed
to the middle, rarely almost 3-partite; lobes rounded, irregularly
erenate or crenate-lobed Scapes 1 or 2, 1-flowered, naked, 1-3in.
long. Flowers $—3in. diam. Sepals 5, ovate, margins scarious.
Petals 5, obovate, rounded at the tip, with a single conspicuous
gland at the base. Styles rather long, recurved. Ripe achenes not
seen.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 12.

Sourn Isnanp : Otago—Carrick Range, alt. 4000 ft., Petrie ! November—
December.

A pretty and distinct little species, the exact relationship of which cannot
be determined until ripe achenes are obtained.

16. R. nove-zealandie, Petrie im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi.
(1894) 266.—Small, stout, somewhat fleshy and glaucous, perfectly
glabrous. Rootstock short, stout, clothed with the remains of the
old petioles; root-fibres long and thick. Leaves all radical, coria-
ceous, on short flattened petioles 4-1 in. long; blade 3-1+in. long,
trifoliolate ; laterai leaflets sessile, terminal long-stalked, all more
or less deeply 3-lobed or -partite, sometimes to the base, segments
crenate. Scapes 1-3, short, stout, naked, 1-flowered, 1-3 in. long.
Flowers 4-2 in. diam. Sepals 5, oblong, much shorter than the
petals. Petals 5, obovate-cuneate, rounded at the tip, with a single
broad gland near the base. Ripe achenes not seen.—Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fl. 13.

SoutH Isranp: Otago-—Rock and Pillar Range, opposite Middlemarch ;
Old Man Range, alt. 4000 ft., Petrie! November—December.

This looks like R. Berggrent with trifoliolate leaves; in fact, the terminal
leaflet often exactly matches a small-sized leaf of that species. But it is pre-
mature to speculate as to its affinities until the ripe achenes are known.

Ranunculus. | RANUNCULACE. L7

17. R. sericophyllus, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 6.—A hand-
some short stout pale-green plant 2-8in. high, usually densely
covered with long silky hairs, but sometimes nearly glabrous.
Rootstock short, stout. Leaves numerous, somewhat membranous,
all radical; petioles short or long, 1—5in., with very broad mem-
branous sheathing bases; blade 4-14in. long, broadly ovate in
outline, tripinnatisect, ultimate divisions small, linear or linear-
oblong, acute or nearly so, generally tipped with a pencil of silky
hairs. Scape usually longer than the leaves, stout, erect, 1-flowered,
naked or with an entire or laciniate bract. Flowers large, golden-
yellow, 1-14 in. diam. or even more. Sepals obloug, membranous,
almost equalling the petals. Petals 5-8, usually broad, obovate-
cuneate, rounded at the tip; glands generally 3, near the base.
Achenes forming a rounded head l$in. diam., glabrous, turgid,
keeled at the back; style stout, subulate.—Kuirk, Students’ Fl. 12.

SourH Isnanp: Canterbury—Pouiter River, Cockayne! Browning’s Pass,
Mount Brewster, Hopkins River, Haast ! Mount Cook district, Dixon, 7. F. C.
Otago—Lake district, Buchanan! Matukituki Valley, near Mount Aspiring,

mountains near Lake Hawea, Petrie! Humboldt Mountains, Cockayne !
Altitudinal range 3500-7000 ft. December -January.

An exceedingly beautiful little plant, very abundant in the Mount Cook dis-
trict, where it ascends to quite 7000ft. Mr. Petrie’s specimens from near
Mount Aspiring are more slender and almost glabrous, and the petals are more
numerous and narrower. Mr. Cockayne’s, from the Humboldt Mountains,
have the leaves much less divided, with broader segments, but the petals have
the 3 large glands of the type.

18. R. Sinclairii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 6.—Smaill, slender,
2-6in. high, sparingly pilose with long white silky hairs or almost
glabrous. Rootstock stout, sometimes branched above. Leaves
many, all radical, 1-4in. long, usually soft and flaccid; petioles
short, sheathing at the base; blade 1-2 in. long, ovate-oblong to
_linear-oblong in outline, bipinnatisect or multifid; primary pinne
2-4 pairs, opposite, often rather distant, very variable in the
amount of cutting, ultimate segments narrow-linear, rarely oblong,
short, acute. Scape slender, naked, 1-flowered, much longer than
the leaves. Flowers small, 4in. diam. Sepals 5. Petals 5, nearly
twice as long as the sepals, linear-obovate, with a single gland near
the base. Achenes few, forming a small rounded head, turgid,
glabrous ; style short, straight, subulate.—Kurk, Students’ Fl. 11.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Wairau Gorge, Travers, T. F. C. Tarndale, Sin-
clair! (Herb. Kirk). Canterbury—-Mountains in the middle Waimakariri dis-

trict, Enys! Kirk! Cockayne! T.F. C. Otago— Buchanan! Maungatua,
Petrie ! Altitudinal range 2500 ft.—5000 ft. December—January.

A pretty little plant, too closely allied to the following, trom which it is
principally separated by the more finely cut leaves. Mr. Petrie’s Maungatua
specimens (distinguished by Kirk as var. angustatus) have narrower leaves and
hairy scapes, and may belong to #. gracilipes.

19. R. gracilipes, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 8.—Small, slender,
pilose or villous with long soft hairs, especially on the petioles and

18 RANUNCULACES. [Ranunculus.
4

scapes, 2-6 in. high. Rootstock short, rather stout, with numerous
fibrous rootlets. Leaves many, all radical, 1-din. long, mem-
branous, rarely subcoriaceous; petioles slender, sheathing at the
base; blade linear-oblong in outline, pinnately divided; primary
pinne 2-6 pairs, entire, 3-lobed, 3-partite, or again pinnate; ulti-
mate segments oblong, cuneate at the base, acute or subacute.
Scapes 1-3, longer than the leaves, naked, slender, pilose, 1-flowered.
Flower 4-2in. diam. Sepals 5, oblong, silky. Petals 5, linear-
obovate, rounded at the tip, with a single gland near the base.
Ripe achenes not seen.—Kirk, Students’ Fil. 12.

Soutu Isnanp: Canterbury—Mount Dobson, and Mount Cook district,
T. F.C.; Lake Ohau, Haast, Buchanan! Otago - Buchanan! Dunstan Moun-
tains, Mounts Ida, Pisa, Kyeburn, Petrie! Humboldt Mountains, Cockayne !

Stewart Istanp: G. M. Thomson ! Altitudinal range 2500-5000 ft., but
descending almost to sea-level in Stewart Island. December—January.

An exceedingly variable species, only to be distinguished from R. Sinelairit
by the narrower outline of the leaves, the more numerous shorter pinnz, which
are usually much less divided, and in small specimens often nearly entire, and
by the broader ultimate segments. Many specimens are quite intermediate, and
might be referred to either species. Ican entertain no doubt that both are forms
of one variable plant. I have never seen specimens perfectly glabrous, as
described by Hooker in the Handbook, and the roots are certainly not
creeping.

90. R. hirtus, Banks and Sol. ex Forst. Prodr. n. 525.—Stout or
slender, erect or rarely decumbent, more or less branched, 6—24 in.
high, usually clothed with soft spreading or rarely appressed hairs.
Radical leaves numerous, on petioles 1-3 in. long, 3-foliolate; leaflets
usually stalked, oblong to broadly ovate, rounded or cuneate at the
‘base, coarsely and irregularly toothed or 3—d-lobed, or again 3-part-
ite. Flowering-stems usually branched, with several cauline leaves,
the lower of which are similar to the radical, the upper smaller, more
sessile, and less cut or entire. Flowers small, seldom more than
Lin. diam. Sepals 5, oblong, reflexed, fugacious, shorter than the
petals. Petals 5, obovate, with a single gland near the base.
Achenes forming a small rounded head, glabrous, compressed, mar-
gined ; style short, hooked.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 634; Raoul, Choix
de Plantes, 47; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 9; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 14.
R. plebeius, &. Br. ex D.C. Syst. i. 288; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 7; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 13. R. acris, A. Rich: Fl. Now.
Zel. 289 (non Linn.).

NortH, SourH, SrEwaRT, AND CHaTHAM IsLANDS: Abundant throughout,
ascending to 4500 ft. October—January. Also plentiful in Australia.

A very variable plant. The typical state can be recognised by the copious
soft spreading hairs, sparingly branched stem, and trifoliolate leaves with broad
coarsely toothed or lobed segments. Mr. Kirk’s var. robustus (Students’ Fl. 14)
is simply a large state with the stem more copiously branched and the achenes
slightly larger, and passes imperceptibly into the usual form, Var. membrani-
folius (Kirk, l.c.) recedes in the opposite direction by its reduced size, more slen-
der stems, thin 3-lobed leaves, and smaller flowers. The following varieties are
more distinct :—

Ranunculus. | RANUNCULACES. 19

Var. elongatus.—Tall and slender, often over 2 ft. high; sparingly hairy
or almost glabrate. Leaves trifoliolate or 3-ternately divided, segments cut into.
numerous narrow acute segments, sometimes almost digitate. Stem branched
aboye. Differing greatly in appearance from the usual form, and in some
respects coming nearer to the ordinary state in Australia. It is probably the
plant referred to R. acris by A. Richard, but can always be distinguished from
that species by the small flowers and leaves not truly digitate. Lowland dis-
tricts north of Auckland.

Var. gracilis.—Slender, erect or suberect, 6-10in. high, sparingly covered
with silky appressed hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets often long-stalked,
ovate-cuneate, irregularly and sparingly toothed or lobed. Flowers large,
4—%in. diam. Achenes larger, with a longer style. Mountain districts
of the South Island, 38000-4500 ft. This is a well-marked plant, which
Mr. Kirk described as ‘‘ sub-species plebewus,’’ quoting R. plebeius, R. Br., as a
synonym. But this I feel sure is a mistake, for it does not at all agree either
with deseriptions or specimens of R. Brown’s plant.

Var. stoloniferus, Kirk, l.c——Small. Stems very slender, procumbent
and rooting at the nodes. Leaves 3-fid. Flowers and fruit very small. Damp
sub-alpine localities in the South Island, not uncommon.

21. R. recens, T. Kirk, Students’ F'l. 13.— Short, stout, depressed,
seldom more than 14in. high, sparingly clothed with stiff white
hairs, especially on the petioles and upper surfaces of the leaves.
Rootstock stout, with long stringy rootlets, often branched above.
Leaves all radical, rosulate, thick and coriaceous; petioles broadly
sheathing at the base, flattened, +-lin. long; blade ovate or
rounded in outline, more or less deeply 3-lobed or trifoliolate, seg-
ments or leaflets irregularly cut and lobed, acute or obtuse. Scape
very short and often almost absent, usually hispid with white hairs.
Flowers minute, 4in. diam. Sepals 5, linear or linear-oblong,
acute. Petals 5, hardly longer than the sepals, linear-spathulate,
obtuse at the tip, gland just below the middle. Achenes ovate-
orbicular, red-brown when ripe, slightly compressed; margin
thickened, blunt; face minutely pitted; style very short, stout,
minutely hooked at the tip.

NortrH Isptanp: Taranaki—Moist places on sandhills near Hawera, 7’. I’. C.
SoutH Istanp: Otago—Buchanan ! Petrie! (Herb. Kirk); sandhills near
Fortrose, Southland, B. C. Aston! H. J. Matthews! (Herb. Petrie). Probably
not uncommon, but easily overlooked.

A very curious little species. The type specimens in Kirk’s herbarium are
very imperfect, and in fruit only. Those in Petrie’s herbarium, collected by
Aston and H. J. Matthews, show both flower and fruit, and have enabled me to
draw up a more complete description. My own specimens, collected at Hawera
more than fifteen years ago, have smaller and less divided leaves, but the habit is
the same, and the achenes exactly match those of the southern plant. Mr. Kirk
was in error in supposing the species to be alpine. All the specimens I have
seen have been obtained from sandhills near the sea.

22. R. Kirkii, Petrie m Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 323,
and xxxi. 352, t. 25.—Slender, sparingly covered with soft white
hairs, 3-6in. high. Rootstock stout, with numerous thick fleshy
roots. Radical leaves on long slender petioles 1-3 in. long; blade

20 RANUNCULACE. (Ranunculus.

sometimes linear-spathulate and entire, but usually 3-foliolate ;
leaflets stalked, rounded-ovate, entire or 3-lobed, coriaceous.
Scapes several, simple or branched, 3-5in. high ; cauline leaves or
bracts few, spathulate. Flowers small. Sepals 5, oblong-lanceo-
late. Petals 5, linear-oblong, rounded at the tip, clawed at the
base, with a gland just above the claw. Achenes few, slightly com-
pressed, keeled; style subulate, hooked at the tip.—Kurk, Students’
Fl. 15 (in part only).

Srewart Istanp: Swamps at Paterson’s Inlet, &c., Petrie! G. M. Thom-
son! Kirk!

More specimens of this species are required to fully determine its systematic
position and relationships. I have confined it to the Stewart Island plant. for
the specimens from the mountains of the South Island, included by Mr. Kirk,
differ in several characters of importance, and are better reserved for further
inquiry. The figure given in the Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. xxxi., is not charac-
teristic of any specimens I have seen.

23. R. lappaceus, Smith 7n Rees’ Cyclop. xxix. n. 61.—Short,
stemless, more or less hairy or villous, 2-10in. high. Rootstock
short, stout, sometimes branched at the top. Leaves numerous,
usually all radical, on petioles 4-3 in. long; blade +-14in. diam.,
cuneate or ovate or rounded in outline, sometimes entire or coarsely
toothed, but more frequently 3-5-lobed or -partite, less commonly
3-foliolate or pinnately divided ; lobes or segments generally toothed
or crenate. Scapes 1 to many, usuallv leafless and 1-flowered,
1-9 in. high, generally much longer than the leaves, densely clothed
with spreading or appressed hairs. Flowers very variable in size,
often a rich golden-yellow. Sepals 5, pilose, spreading. Petals 5,
obovate; gland at the base. Achenes forming a small rounded
head, compressed or rarely slightly turgid. glabrous, margined ;
style short, recurved.—Hook. f. Fi. Tasm. 1.6; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 7;
Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 12; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 15.

Var. macrophyllus, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 15.—Larger. Leaves with peti-
oles 2-4 in. long; blade #-14 in. diam., obscurely 3-lobed ; margins crenate or
toothed. Scapes 3-8in. high. Flowers large.

Var. multiscapus, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 7.—Petioles shorter, }-1} in.
long; blade smaller, }-?in. diam., ovate or rounded, cuneate at the base,
toothed or 3-lobed or 3-partite. Scapes numerous.—R. multiscapus, Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 9, t. 5. BR. muricatulus, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891)
381 (still smaller, with the leaves occasionally entire).

Var. pimpinellifolius, Benth. H/. Austral. i. 12.— Leaves usually pin-
nate, with 5 short and broad 3-5-lobed segments.—R. pimpinellifolius, Hooic.
Journ. Bot. i. 243; Ic. Plant. t. 260.

Var. villosus, Kiri, Stwdents’ Hl. 15.—1-3in. high, densely villous or
silky in all its parts. Scape usually shorter than the leaves. Achenes slightly
turgid.

Nortu, SourH, anp Srewarr Isuanps: The var. multiscapus abundant
from Hawke’s Bay and Taupo southwards, and ranging from sea-level to
4500 ft. November - March. The remaining varieties not uncommon in
mountain districts in the South Island.

Ranunculus. | RANUNCULACES. 21

R. lappaceus is probably the most variable of the New Zealand Ranwnculi,.
and certainly the most difficult to characterize. The above arrangement of its
forms is mainly that given by Kirk, with the addition of the Tasmanian variety
pimpinellifolius, which occurs in several places in the mountains of the South
Island. But the student must bear in mind that the distinctions used to
separate the so-called varieties are purely arbitrary, every one of them being
connected with the others by numerous intermediates. It is often difficult to-
separate some of the aberrant forms from the allied species, particularly from
fk. foliosus, when, as sometimes happens, the scape is branched, and the
peduncles shorter than the leaves. RR. plebeiws can generally be distinguished
by its greater size, more divided leaves, branched flowering-stem, and reflexed
sepals.

24. R. foliosus, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 14.—Stout or slender,
4-12in. high, more or less hirsute with long soft tawny hairs,
especially on the scapes and petioles. Rootstock short, stout-
Stems or branches often numerous, erect or decumbent, leafy.
Radical leaves numerous, on long petioles 3-6in. long, with broad
sheathing bases; blade 4-14 in. diam., variable in outline, obovate
or ovate or rounded, cuneate or rounded at the base, rarely
reniform with a cordate base, coarsely toothed or incised, or
3-lobed with the lobes again toothed or cut, both surfaces covered
with long soft appressed hairs. Cauline leaves often opposite, or
clustered towards the tops of the stems, like the radical but smaller
and on shorter petioles. Peduncles variable, always shorter than
the leaves ; in large specimens some often spring from among the
radical leaves, and are 3-6in. high; others from the axils of the
cauline leaves, and are seldom more than $-3in. Flower 4-4in.
diam. or more. Sepals 5, oblong, spreading. Petals 5, narrow-
oblong, with a gland near the base. Achenes smooth, somewhat
turgid, hardly compressed ; style short, subulate.

SourH Isntanp: Nelson — Fowler’s Pass, Kirk! near Lake Tennyson,
Tl. F. C. Canterbury—Broken River, 7. F. C.; Hopkins River, Haast; Tas-
man Valley, T. #.C. Westland—Otira Gorge, Cockayne! Teremakau, Petrie.

Otago— Mountain valleys of the interior, not uncommon, Petrie! Altitudinal
range 1000-4000 ft. December-March.

An exceedingly variable plant, but on tbe whole readily distinguished by
the branched stems and leafy habit, opposite or clustered cauline ieaves often
with very broad sheathing bases, short stout peduncles which are much
shorter than the leaves, and the somewhat turgid or bus slightly compressed
achenes. Mr. Kirk’s type specimens are small and in poor condition, and do
not represent the usual state of the species.

25. R. subscaposus, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 5—EHrect or
nearly so, 6-18 in. high, more or less covered in all its parts with
short rigid appressed fulvous hairs. Rootstock short, stout.
Radical leaves on slender petioles 3-6in. long; blade deltoid-
cordate in outline, 1-14in. diam., 3-partite to the base; segments
cuneate, more or less deeply and irregularly 3-7-toothed or -lobed,.
lobes acute. Cauline leaves few, similar. Scape or stem shorter
or longer than the leaves, 1—3-flowered. Flowers small, +-+in.

diam. Sepals 5, spreading, hispid. Petals 5, narrow - oblong,

22 RANUNCULACES. (Ranunculus.

rather longer than the sepals in the only perfect flower I have
seen; gland a little below the middle. Achenes forming a rather
large rounded head, compressed, margined, with a stout slightly
hooked style—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 7; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 16.

_ CAMPBELL Istanp: Apparently rare, Dr. Lyall (Antarctic Expedition),
Lieut. Rathowis! Dr. Filhol! Kirk !

A specimen in my possession collected by Dr. Filhol, of the French Transit
of Venus Expedition, almost exactly matches a drawing taken from the type
specimen at Kew. Mr. Kirk’s specimens are much taller and more slender,
with long petioles and a flowering-stem much exceeding the leaves, but evidently
belong to the same species. It is probably a variable plant, and better speci-
mens are required to furnish a good description. Its nearest ally is R. hirtus,
from which it differs in the short rigid punescence, in the leaves, in the sepals
not being reflexed, and in the larger heads of achenes, which are more turgid
and have much stouter beaks.

96. R. Hectori, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 16.— Erect, 6-15 in. high,
whole plant more or less clothed with strigose or appressed hairs.
Rootstock short. Leaves chiefly radical, reticulate above when
fresh, fleshy, hairy on both surfaces; petioles 4-7 in. long, slightly
sheathing at the base; blade 1-l}in. long and _ broad, ovate-
orbicular, 3-lobed to below the middle, truncate or slightly cordate
at the base, lobes acute or subacute. Scapes 1-2; peduncles 2 or 3.
Cauline leaves petiolate, 3-partite, the segments sparingly lobed
or toothed. Receptacle ovate or conical, papillose, sparingly hairy.
Flowers not seen. Achenes glabrous, narrowed below, oblique,
slightly turgid, faintly keeled or margined ; style shortly subulate,
slightly recurved.

AUCKLAND Is~tanps: Sir James Hector !

This is based on a single very imperfect specimen in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium,
and in the absence of additional information I have reproduced his description.
It is probably a mere state of Rk. aucklandicus with longer petioles and a

branched scape.

27. R. aucklandicus, A. Gray, Bot. U.S. Expl. Exped. i. 8.—
Rather stout, 6-12 in. high, strigose-hirsute in all its parts. Rootstock
short, stout. Radical leaves on petioles 3-6in. long, sheathing at
the base; blade 1-]4in. diam., rounded-reniform in outline, silky-
strigose on both surfaces, 3-cleft to or beyond the middle, with the
sinuses usually closed; lobes broadly cuneate, again 2—3-lobed or
coarsely cut and incised. Scapes 1-3, rather stout, 6-10in. high,
1-flowered, usually with 1-2 cauline leaves towards the base.
Flowers not seen. Fruiting-receptacle +in. long, eylindrie or club-
shaped, papillose, hairy. Achenes ovate, compressed, not mar-
gined ; style subulate, short, straight.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.
793; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 16.

AucKLAND Istanps: U.S. Exploring Expedition, Kirk !

In habit approaching very near to some forms of R. lappaceus, but its
nearest ally is undoubtedly R. swbscaposus. I suspect that it and the two
preceding are varieties of one species, but to prove this much more complete

material will be required.

Ranunculus.| RANUNCULACES. 23

98. R. Cheesemanii, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 17.—Stems much
branched, stout, grooved, prostrate, often rooting at the nodes,
sparingly strigose-pubescent, especially on the leaf-sheaths. Radical
and cauline leaves alike; petioles very short, broadly sheathing at
the base ; blade 4-2 in. diam., broadly cuneate, 3-lobed or -toothed
at the tip; surfaces glabrous or nearly so. Peduncles axillary,
4-1in. long. Flowers not seen. Fruiting-receptacle small, gla-
brous, papillose. Achenes few, turgid, glabrous; style short,
straight or hooked.

SoutH Isuanp: Nelson—Fowler’s Pass, 3000 ft., in places where water has.
stagnated, Kirk !

A very curious little plant. Although so dissimilar in general appearance,
I have little doubt that it is a mere state of R. foliosus, which often shows a
tendency to creep, and with which it agrees in the position of the peduncles,
achenes, &c.

29. R. ternatifolius, 7. Kirk wn Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878)
App. 29.—Slender, sparingly pilose with long weak hairs, 1-4 in.
high. Stems or branches numerous, long, weak, procumbent or
prostrate, often rooting at the nodes, sometimes interlaced and
matted. Leaves on long slender petioles 1-3in. long; blade
8-foliolate or 3-ternate, primary leaflets on long petiolules,
‘segments small, entire or 3-lobed, acute. Peduncles +-1in. long.,
usually on the branches opposite the leaves. Flowers minute,
21in. diam. Sepals 5, ovate, pilose, membranous. Petals 5,
linear-oblong, clawed at the base, with a single gland above the
claw. Achenes 5-10, slightly compressed, glabrous; style short,
stout, hooked at the tip.—Students’ Fl. 18. R. trilobatus, Kirk um
Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. 547 (not of Kit.).

Sourn Istanp : Canterbury—Source of the Broken River, 7. F.C. Otago—

Swampy Hill, Port Molyneux, Catlin’s River, Petrie! Makarewa, Winton,
Centre Hill, Kirk ! Sea-level to 3500 ft. December-—February.

30. R. depressus, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 393.—
Small, depressed, rarely more than 1} in. high, more or less clothed
with long straight hairs, usually forming matted patches. Root-
stock short, often giving off short stolons, in large specimens some-
times branched at the top. Leaves numerous, all radical, on
decurved petioles 4-14 in. long with broad sheathing bases; blade
very variable in size and cutting, +-2in. long, ovate in outline,
usually trifoliolate with the leaflets ternately or pinnately cut into
narrow-linear segments, sometimes less divided, 3-lobed with
broader segments, or occasionally nearly entire. Scapes stout, much
shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered. Sepals 5, ovate, membranous.
Petals 5, oblong, slightly exceeding the sepals, with a gland just
above the base. Carpels few, 4-8, hidden among the leaves, ovate,
slightly turgid; style very minute.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 17.

: Var. glabratus, Kirk, 1.c.—Smaller and nearly glabrous. Leaves minute,
3-lobed, lobes flat, acutely pointed. Achenes smaller.

24 RANUNCULACES. (Ranunculus.

Sourn Isnanp: Canterbury—Swamps in the Broken River basin, Hnys !
Kirk! T. F.C.; Tasman Valley, ‘’. F.C. Otago—Mount Cardrona, Petrie !
Altitudinal range from 2000 to 5000 ft.

1 am indebted to Mr. Enys for an instructive series of specimens, all col-
lected in one locality, showing passage-forms of leaves, from trilobate with entire
lobes to trifoliolate with almost miultifid leaflets. In Mr. Petrie’s Mount
Cardrona plant the leaves are trilobate, with the lobes entire or toothed, and the
habit is somewhat different; but it is in young flower only, and more advanced
specimens are required to prove its exact position with respect to the typical
state.

31. R. pachyrrhizus, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 8.—Small,
stout, much depressed, iorming dense patches seldom more than
14in. high, more or less clothed with long soft hairs. Rootstock
stout, fleshy, creeping, branched; rootlets thick and stringy.
Leaves crowded at the ends of the divisions of the rootstock, all
radical, small, somewhat fleshy; petioles stout, flattened, +-4in.
long; blade 4-2in. diam., cuneate or obovate-cuneate, with 3-8
acute or obtuse teeth or lobes. Scape short, stout, 1-flowered,
4-lin. high. Flowers }-$in. diam. Sepals 5, silky, linear-oblong,
membranous. Petals 8-15, linear-obovate, with 1 or sometimes 3
glands a little distance above the base. Receptacle hairy. Achenes
forming a globose head 4in. diam., turgid, rounded, glabrous or
with a few long weak hairs; style stout, subulate.—Kirk, Students’
Bi: 19;

SoutH Isnanp: Otago—Lake district, Hector and Buchanan! Old Man
Range, Hector Mountains, Mount Pisa, Mount Cardrona, Mount Tyndall,
Petrie ! Altitudinal range 4000-7000 ft. January—March.

A singular little plant, of very peculiar habit and appearance. It is not
allied to any other species of the creeping section of the genus, and would
perhaps have been better placed in the vicinity of £. sericophyllus.

32. R. macropus, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 634.—Per-
fectly glabrous, smooth and succulent, 6-18in. high. Stems long,
fistulose, creeping and rooting at the nodes. Radical leaves on
petioles varying in length from 4—18in.; blade 1-24 in. in diam.,
semicircular, flabellate or reniform in outline, 3-5-partite to the
base ; leaflets broad or narrow-cuneate, more or less deeply and
irregularly lobed or cut, lobes toothed at the tips. Flowering-stem
about as long as the radical leaves, bearing 2 or 3 small cauline
leaves, opposite to each of which springs a long or short 1-flowered
peduncle. Flowers small, seldom more than din. diam. Sepals 5,
oblong or obovate. Petals 5, longer or shorter than the sepals ;
gland basilar. Achenes forming a small globose head, turgid,
glabrous ; style long, subulate.—Hundb. N.Z. Fl. 7 ; Kirk, Students’
Fl.17. RB. longipetiolatus, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893)
325.

NortH anp SoutH Isiranps: Not uncommon in swamps in lowland dis-
tricts from the Kaipara River to the south of Otago. December—January.

Ranunculus.] RANUNCULACESS. 25,

The usual form of this species, with very long petioles and broad leaf-seg-
ments, has a very distinct appearance ; but small varieties are difficult to dis-
tinguish from R. rivularis, var. major. Mr. Colenso’s R. longipetiolatus, judg-
ing from the specimens in his herbarium, cannot be separated even as a.
variety.

33. R. rivularis, Banks and Sol. ex Forst. Prodr.n.524.—Smooth,.
perfectly glabrous in all its parts. Stems creeping, often branched
and forming broad matted patches, rooting at the nodes and giving
off tufts of radical leaves and erect peduncles or weak sparingly
branched flowering-stems, or floating and irregularly branched.
Leaves on slender petioles 1-6in. long; blade +-14in. diam.,
ovate semicircular or reniform in outline, usually 3-7-partite to the
base ; segments varying from cuneate to narrow-linear, more or less.
deeply cut at the apex, sometimes to the middle, occasionally ter-
natisect, rarely entire. Peduncles usually longer than the leaves.
Flowers yellow, }-2in. diam. Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5-10,
linear-oblong, usually longer than the sepals; gland some distance
above the base. Achenes turgid, glabrous, sometimes rugose from
the shrivelling of the epicarp; style rather long, subulate, straight
or recurved.—A. Cunn. Precur.n. 630; Raoul, Choia de Plantes, 47 ;
Hook. f. Fi. Nov. Zel. i. 11; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 8; Kirk, Students’
Fil. 18.

Var, major, Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 14.—Suberect, 3-12in. high. Leaves
tufted ; segments often very narrow and much cut.—R. incisus, Hook. f. Fl.

Nov, Zel. i. 10, t. 4. R. amphitricha, Colenso in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885):
237.

Var. subfluitans, Benth. J.c.—Creeping or partially floating. Leaves
smaller, less divided. Flowers and achenes smaller.—R. inundatus, R. Br. ex
D.C. Syst. i. 269; Hook. f. Fl. Tusm. i. 8.

Var. inconspicuus, Benth. l.c.—Smaller, more slender, suberect. Leaf-
segments 3 fid. Flowers smaller.-—R. inconspicuus, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 8,
t. 2B.

NortH, SourH, STEWART, AND CHaTHAM IsLANDS: Common in swamps.
and streams, &c., ascending to 2500 ft. Var. inconspicwus : Penearrow Lagoon,
near Wellington, Kirk! Otago, Petrie! October—March. Also plentiful
in Australia.

A most abundant little plant, exceedingly variable in most of its characters,.
and particularly so in the extent to which the leaves are divided, and the width
or narrowness of the ultimate segments. Stock-owners consider it to be highly
poisonous, and attribute to it many deaths occurring among cattle feeding in
swamps in dry summers.

34. R. acaulis, Banks and Sol. ex D.C. Syst. 1. 270.—Small,.
dark-green, fleshy, perfectly glabrous, sending out creeping stolons
and often forming broad matted patches. Leaves all radical, on
slender petioles 1-3in. long; blade 4-in. diam., trifoliolate or
deeply 3-lobed; leaflets or segments sessile, obovate or oblong,
obtuse, entire or 2-3-lobed. Scapes shorter than the leaves, naked,
1-flowered. Flowers small, +-+in.diam. Sepals 5, roundish-ovate,.

26 RANUNCULACE. [Ranwuculus.

membranous. Petals 5-8, spathulate, with a single gland near the
middle. Achenes forming a small rounded head 4in. diam., turgid,
glabrous ; style short, subulate, straight or nearly so.—d. Cumn.
Precur. n. 631; Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 47 ; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct.
1.4,%. 2; Fl. Nov, Zel.i. 11; Handbd. N.Z. Fl. 8; AlGaaeeen,
U.S. Exped. 7; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 18. RK. stenopetalus, Hook. Ie.
Plant. t. 677.

NortH, SourH, aNnp Srrwart Isuanps: Sandy beaches and muddy shores,
not uncommon. AUCKLAND Isnuanps: Hooker, &c. CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Buchanan. Only known inland on the shores of Lakes Rotorua, Tarawera,
and Taupo. Septem ber—November. Also found in southern Chili.

A distinct little species, easily recognised by its creeping and matted
habit, trifoliolat» leaves with nearly entire leaflets, short scapes, and spathulate
petals. Mr. Colenso’s herbarium contains no specimens of his R. uniflorus
(Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1896) 267). The description agrees with R. acaulis in
most points, but the plant is said not to be stoloniferous, and to possess a
sheathing bract on the upper part of the scape.

35. R. crassipes, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 224, t. 81.—Smooth,
glabrous, succulent, stems creeping and rooting at the nodes.
Leaves on petioles 1-4in. long; blade cordate-reniform in outline,
4-lin. diam. or more, 3-lobed or 3-partite; segments variable in
shape, broad or narrow, cuneate at the base, deeply and irregularly
toothed. Peduncles axillary, stout, erect, shorter than the leaves.
Flowers small, +-4in. diam. Sepals 4-5, ovate, obtuse, mem-
branous. Petals the same number, slightly longer than the se-
pals, obovate-spathulate, with a gland a little below the middle.
Achenes forming a rounded head +in. diam., broadly ovate,
turgid; style short, straight.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 17.

Macquanris Isuanp: A. Hamilton! Also found in Kerguelen’s Island.

The closely allied R. biternatus, Smith, from Fuegia, the Falkland Islands,
and Marion Island, may possibly occur in Macquarie Island or the Auckland
Islands. It can be recognised at once by its biternate leaves.

36. R. Limosella, /’. Muell. ex Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii.
(1871) 177.—Small, slender, perfectly glabrous. Stems filiform,
creeping and rooting at the nodes, often forming matted patches.
Leaves solitary or in tufts of 2-3 at the nodes, 3-3 in. long, very
narrow linear, usually dilated at the tip and subspathulate, obtuse,
nerveless. Peduncles filiform, axillary, solitary, much shorter than
the leaves. Flowers minute, +in. diam. Sepals 4, rounded-ovate,
membranous. Petals 4, much longer than the sepals, narrow-
linear, revolute at the tip; gland some little distance above the
base. Achenes 8-12, rounded, somewhat turgid; style long,
slender, recurved.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 19. BR. limoselloides, F’.
Muell. ex Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 1081.

Norra Istanp: Auckland—Lakes in the middle Waikato, Kirk! T. F.C.
Taranaki—Between Opunake and Normanby, Kirk. SourH Istanp : Canter-
bury—Swamps and lakes in the middle Waimakariri district, Kirk! Hnys!

Caltha.| RANUNCULACES. 27

T. F.C. Otago—Maniototo Plains, Roxburgh, Petrie! HE. W. Bastings! In
muddy and watery places, often submerged. Altitudinal range from sea-level
to 3000 ft. December—April.

A very peculiar little species, readily known by the narrow-linear spathulate
leaves and minute tetramerous flowers. Sir J. D. Hooker has compared it with
the Falkland Islands R. hydrophilus, and with R. Moseleyi from Kerguelen’s.
Islands, so far as habit and leaves are concerned. In the flowers and fruit
it differs largely from both.

37. R. parviflorus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 780; var. australis,
Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 14.—A small slender hairy annual, with
sparingly branched suberect or decumbent stems 2-5 in. long.
Leaves small, radical and cauline, on slender petioles #-14 in. long ;
blade thin and membranous, orbicular in outline, 3—5-toothed or
-lobed, sometimes divided to the base. Flowers very minute, on the
branches opposite the leaves, sessile or nearly so. Sepals fugaci-
ous. Petals 4—5. slightly longer than the sepals. Mature achenes
3-6, compressed, margins thin, sides covered with minute tubercles ;
style very short, hooked at the tip.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 8;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 20. RB. sessiliflorus, R. Br. ex D.C. Syst. 1.
302; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 11.

Norru Istanp: Sheltered places on lava-streams, Mount Wellington and
Mount Eden, &c., Auckland Isthmus; once very plentiful, but now becoming
rare. Originally discovered by Mr. Colenso. September—November.

A common Australian plant, and possibly introduced from thence in the very
early days of the colony. The typical state of the species, which is a much larger
and stouter plant, with a very different aspect, has become naturalised in fields.
and waste places throughout the colony.

4, CALTHA, Linn.

Glabrous tufted perennial herbs; rootstock creeping. Leaves
all or chiefly radical, oblong, ovate or rounded, cordate at the base
or 2-lobed with the lobes turned upwards. Scape 1- or few-
flowered. Sepals 5 or more, petaloid, usually deciduous. Petals
wanting. Stamens numerous. Carpels several, sessile; ovules
several or many, attached in 2 series to the ventral suture.
Follicles 6 or more in a head, spreading, several- or many-seeded,
opening along the inner face.

A small genus of 8-10 species, found in the temperate regions of both hemi-
spheres. The southern species belong to the section Psychrophila, distinguished
by the turned-up basal lobes or auricles of the leaves. Both the New Zealand
species are endemic, although closely allied to the Australian and Tasmanian
C. introloba.

Leaves entire or sinuate. Flowers yellow. Sepals linear-
subulate, tapering from the base into almost caudate
points ap a6 = ve ae .. 1. C. nove-zealan-

aie.

Leaves dentate. Flowers white. Sepals oblong, obtuse

or subacute, broadest above the middle . 2. C. obtusa.

28 RANUNCULACE. [Caltha.

1. C. novee-zealandiz, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 12,.t. 6.—A
perfectly glabrous perennial herb 1-6in. high. Rootstock stout,
with fleshy rootlets. Leaves all radical, spreading; petiole variable
in length, 4-4 in., grooved, base dilated, membranous, sheathing the
stem; lamina 4-1 in. long, ovate-oblong, entire or sinuate, notched
at the apex, deeply 2-lobed at the base, the lobes (auricles) turned
upwards and almost appressed to the surface of the leaf. Scape
solitary, naked, 1-flowered, 3-4 in. long, short at frst but lengthen-
ing as the fruit ripens. Flowers pale-yellow, sweet-scented, $—1 in.
diam. Sepals 5-7, narrow, linear-subulate, tapering from the base
into an almost caudate point, 3-nerved. Stamens 15-20. Carpels
6-12, ovate, narrowed into a short stout style. Follicles spreading,
with a short hooked style; seeds few, 2-5.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Ki. 9; Kirk, Students’ Fi. 21. C. marginata, Col. im Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxiii. (1891) 382.

Noxrty Istanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Tararua Mountains, Bu-
chanan, Townson! SourH Istanp: Not uncommon on the higher moun-

tains as far south as Stewart Island. Altitudinal range 2500 to 5500 ft.
-October—January.

2. C. obtusa, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiii. (1901) 312.
—Smaller than C. nove-zealandie, seldom more than 2 in. high.
Leaves smaller; blade broader, wide-ovate or almost rounded,
coarsely dentate, notched at the apex, 2-lobed at the base, Icbes
turned upwards and appressed to the surface, toothed. Flowers
white, din. diam., at first sessile among the uppermost leaves, but
the scape elongates in fruit. Sepals 5, oblong. obtuse or subacute,
broadest above the middle. Stamens 10-15. Carpels 5-8, narrow-
ovate ; style long, slender. Ripe fruit not seen.

NorrH Istanp: Herb. Colenso! (probably from the Ruahine Range, but
~without locality or collector’s name). SourH Istanp: Mountains at the head
of the Broken River, Canterbury, 5000-6000 ft., “'. #. C. Otago—Mount St.

Bathan’s and Dunstan Mountains, 5000-6000 ft., Petrie! Black Peak, 6000 ft.,
Buchanan !

The white flowers and blunt oblong sepals distinguish this at once from
C. nove-zealandie, but in a flowerless state it is easily mistaken for a dwarf
form of that plant, although the leaves are always broader and coarsely dentate.
The sepals are markedly different from the long tapering almost caudate sepals
of C. nove-zealandié. I have not been able to compare it with the Australian
and Tasmanian C. itroloba, F. Muell., which is said to have white flowers,
but judging from descriptions it can hardly be the same.

Orver II. MAGNOLIACE:.

Trees or shrubs, often aromatic. Leaves alternate, entire or
toothed, stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers axillary or terminal,
solitary or fascicled, often large. Sepals 3, seldom more, deciduous.
Petals 3-6, in several rows, hypogynous, imbricate in the bud.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous; anthers adnate. Carpels either
many and imbricated on an elongated receptacle, or few in a single

Drimys.| MAGNOLIACEA. 29

whorl on a flat receptacle, always 1-celled. Ovules 2 or several,
attached to the ventral suture. Ripe carpels either dry and
follicular, or succulent and berried, rarely woody. Seeds solitary
or several; embryo minute, at the base of copious albumen.

A small order, mainly found in eastern and tropical Asia and North America.
Genera 11; species about 80. Some of the species of Magnolia are strikingly
beautiful in both flowers and foliage, and must rank among the finest known
trees. The sole New Zealand genus is a somewhat anomalous member of the

order, belonging to the tribe Wintere@, characterized by the exstipulate leaves,
polygamous flowers, and the carpels few in number in a single whorl.

1. DRIMYS, Forst.

Glabrous and aromatic trees and shrubs, usually of small size.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, marked with pellucid dots. Flowers
small. Calyx cupuliform in the New Zealand species, the margin
shortly and irregularly toothed or lobed, or entire. Petals 5 or 6
or more, in 2 or more whorls, spreading. Stamens with the
filaments thickened above; anther-cells diverging. Carpels 1 to
several ; ovules few or many. Fruit of one or several indehiscent
berries.

A small genus of 10 or 12 species, found in South America, New Zealand,

Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Borneo. The three New Zealand
Species are all endemic.

Large shrub or small tree. Bark black. Leaves 2-5 in.,

not blotched. TF ascicles 3-10-flowered 1. D. axillaris.
Large shrub or small tree. Bark black. Leaves em 24 in.,
blotched with red. Fascicles 2—4-flowered oy 2. D. colorata.

Small compact shrub, 3-5ft. high. Bark reddish- yellow,
rugose. Leaves 3- -Lin.; ; petioles anes Flowers
solitary or two together Se 5 y: .. 3. D. Travers.

1. D. axillaris, Forst. Char. Gen. t. 42.—A small tree 12-26 it.
in height, rarely more; bark black. Leaves 2-5in. long, on short
petioles, elliptic- ovate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous or rarely
submembranous, green on both suriaces or glaucous below, not
blotched. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, in fascicles of 3-10 in
the axils of the leaves, or from the scars of fallen leaves; pedicels
+-in. long. Calyx cupular, with 2-6 irregular shallow lobes or
notches. Petals 5-6, linear, spreading. Stamens 6-15, in 3 series.
Carpels 3-5. Berries 2 or 3, about the size of a peppercorn ; seeds
- A. Cunn. Pre-
cur. n. 629; Raoul, Choix de Pluntes, 47; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
1.12; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 10; Kirk, Forest Fl. t.1; Students’ Fl. 22.
Wintera axillaris, Forst. Prodr. n. 229.

NortH AND SoutH Is~tANnpDs: Not uncommon in forests from Ahipara to

Banks Peninsula. Altitudinal range from sea-level to 2800 ft. Horopito.
October-December.

Aromatic and pungent, but not so much so as the following species. The
wood is serviceable for inlaying, and a decoction of the bark is occasionally
used by country settlers as an astringent.

30 MAGNOLIACER. [Drimys-

2. D. colorata, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, t. 23.—Very similar to
the preceding, and merged with it by Hooker in the Handbook.
It is usually smaller and more compactly branched ; and the leaves
are shorter, 3-24 in. long, more coriaceous, yellowish-green blotched
with red, usually more glaucous below. Fascicles 2—4-flowered ;
peduncles much shorter. Calyx shallowly cup-shaped, often quite
entire. Carpels 2-4. but it is seldom that more than 2 ripen.
Seeds 2-3.—D. axillaris, var. colorata, Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 2;
Students’ Fl. 22. ,

NortH, SoutH, AND Stewart IsitaAnps: Not uncommon from the Patetere
Plateau and Rotorua southwards. Very abundant in Stewart Island, where it
descends to sea-level. November—December.

I have considerable hesitation in re-establishing this as a species. It is cer-
tainly very close to the preceding. and in the dried state it is often difficult to
separate the two. But in the field it can always be readily distinguished, and all
my correspondents regard it as distinct. The two species grow intermixed in
many localities in the Wellington and Nelson Districts.

3. D. Traversii, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxx. (1898) 379.—
A compact closely-branched shrub, 3-6ft. high. Branches stout ;
bark reddish or reddish-yellow, rough and wrinkled, almost verru-
cose, sometimes viscid. Leaves numerous, close-set and often
overlapping, #-lin. long, oblong-obovate or obovate-spathulate,
obtuse, thick and coriaceous, glaucous below, margins slightly
thickened ; petiole short, stout, appressed. Flowers small, axillary,
1 or 2 together; pedicels short. Calyx saucer-shaped, entire.
Petals 5, linear-oblong, obtuse. Stamens usually 5. Carpel soli-
tary (always ?), obovate. Berry small, globose-depressea; seeds
—6.— Hymenanthera Traversii, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv.
(1883) 339, t. 28.

Sours Istanp: Western part of the Nelson Province; near Collingwood,
H. H. Travers! Medora Creek, Wakamarama Range to the Gouland Downs,
alt. 2000-3000 ft., J. Dall; Mount Rochfort, near Westport, W. Townson !

A very curious and distinct species, by far the smallest of the genus.

OrpER IIT]. CRUCIFERA.

Herbs, very rarely undershrubs, with pungent watery juice.
Leaves alternate, entire lobed or pinnately divided, the lower ones
often forming a rosette at the base of the stem; stipules wanting.
Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes, which are often short and
corymb-like when the flowering commences, but lengthen out as
it advances, usually without bracts. Sepals 4, free, deciduous.
Petals 4, free, hypogynous, placed cross-wise. Stamens 6, 2 of
them shorter than the other 4; sometimes reduced to 4 or even 2
(Lepidiwm). Ovary usually 2-celled; style short or wanting;
stigma entire or 2-lobed. Ovules few or numerous. Fruit a pod,
long or short, usually divided into 2 cells by a thin partition called

Nasturtium. ] CRUCIFERZ. 31

the replum, from which the 2 valves fall away at maturity; more
rarely the pod is indehiscent or transversely jointed. Seeds with-
out albumen, entirely filled by the large embryo, which is variously
bent or folded, the radicle either lying along the edges of the coty-
ledons (accumbént) or placed along the back of one of them
(incumbent).

The Crucifers form a large and extremely natural family, comprising about
180 genera and between 1500 and 2000 species. The species are distributed
over the whole world, but are most plentiful in the temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere, and especially so in southern Hurope and Asia Minor.
They are rare in the tropics, particularly where there are no mountain-ranges.
Most of them possess antiscorbutic and stimulating properties, and many are
staple articles of food. Not a few of the cultivated species (and others) have
become naturalised in New Zealand, as will be seen from the list of introduced
plants appended to this work. Of the New Zealand genera, Pachycladon and
Notothiaspi are endemic ; the remainder are widely spread outside the colony.

* Pods long and narrow.
Pods terete, linear-oblong, tumid. Seeds in two rows in

each cell. Cotyledons accumbent .. 1. NASTURTIUM.
Pods flat, linear, acute; valves opening elastically from

the base. Seeds in one row. Cotyledons accumbent .. 2. CARDAMINE.
Pods terete or obtusely 4-6-angled, 1-3-nerved. Seeds in

one row. Cotyledons incumbent ae ye .. 93. SISYMBRIUM.

** Pods short and broad.
Alpine herb with stellate pubescence. Pods compressed,

boat-shaped, not winged. Seeds 3-5 in each cell 4, PACHYCLADON.
Pods compressed, oblong to obcordate, valves turgid,

keeled. Seedsnumerous .. 5. CAPSELLA.
Pods much compressed, ovate to orbicular, often winged.

Seeds 1 in each cell 6. LEPIDIUM.
Alpine herbs with sweet- scented flowers. Pods large,

much eoramroseed, obovate, gory pee winged. Seeds

numerous . ; .. 7. NOTOTHLASPI.

1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br.

Glabrous or pubescent branched herbs. Leaves generally pin-
nate or pinnately lobed, sometimes entire. Flowers small, yellow
or white. Sepals short, equal, spreading. Petals short, scarcely
clawed. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Stigma entire or 2-lobed. Pod
almost terete, long or short; valves generally 1l-nerved; septum
thin, transparent. Seeds small, turgid, usually arranged in two
rows ; cotyledons accumbent.

A genus of between 20 and 30 species, some of them very widely dispersed,

but most abundant in the temperate and warm regions of the Northern Hemi-
sphere.

1. N. palustre, D.C. Syst. ii. 191.—A slender leafy branched
herb with weak or decurnbent stems 6—20in. long, glabrous or
slightly hairy. Leaves variable, usually lyrately pinnatifid, auricled
at the base with the lobes toothed or irregularly lobed, sometimes

32 CRUCIFER®. [Cardamine.

almost entire, toothed or sinuate-lobed. Flowers small, yellow, in
lax racemes. Pedicels slender, ebracteate. Petals about equalling
the sepals. Pods oblong. turgid, slightly curved when ripe, ++ in.
long. Seeds numerous, crowded, in 2 series.—Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 10; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 25. N. terrestre, &. Br. in Att.
Hort. Kew. iv. 110; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 14. N. semipinnati-
fidum, Hook. Journ. Bot. i. 246. N. sylvestre, A. Rich. Fl. Noww.
Zel. 309, (non BK. Br.); A. Cunn. Precur. nv. 625; Raoul, Choi
de Plantes, 47.

Nort AnD SoutH Istanps: Common in moist places from the North Cape
to the Bluff. Usually in lowland districts, but ascending to over 2000 it. in the

river-valleys of Canterbury and Otago. Summer and autumn. An abundant
plant in the temperate portions of both hemispheres.

The common water-cress of Hurope (Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.) is now
plentifully naturalised throughout New Zealand. It is easily known by its
aquatic habit, creeping or floating stem, pinnate leaves, and white flowers.

2. CARDAMINE, Linn.

Annual or perennial often flaccid herbs, glabrous or slightly
pubescent. Leaves entire or more frequently pinnately divided.
Flowers white or purplish. Sepals equal at the base. Petals
clawed. Stigma simple or 2-lobed. Pod long, narrow-linear,
compressed ; valves usually flat, opening elastically ; septum mem-
branous, transparent. Seeds numerous, flattened, in one series ;
cotyledons accumbent.

A rather large genus of over 60 species, inhabiting the temperate and cool
regions of both hemispheres. Of the seven species found in New Zealand one is
a very widely diffused plant, another extends to Australia, the remaining five are
endemic.

A. Rootstock slender, short.

Slender, usually flaccid. Leaves pinnate (reduced to a

single pinnule in var. wriflora). Flowers small .. LL. Cihirsuta.
Small, depressed. Leaves all radical, spathulate. Flowers

small pic ve Se ny, 56 .. 2. C. depressa..
Leaves all radical, pinnatifid at the base. Flowers large 3. C. bilobata.
Tall, slender, branched and leafy. Flowers in elongated

racemes. Seeds pitted ee $3 7 .. 4. C. stylosa.

B. R otstock stowt, fleshy, as thick as the finger, crowned with numerous
rosulate radical leaves.

Flowering-stems 6-18 in. Leaves almost glabrous. Pods
narrow, 7.—; in. broad

Bye = .. 5. C. fastigiata.
Flowering-stems 6-24in. Leaves villous. Pods broad,

44in. .. BC se in nit .. 6. C. latesiliqua.
Flowering-stems short, 2-4in. Leaves covered with stel-
late pubescence. Pods narrow At 6 .. 7. C. Enysu.

1. C. hirsuta, Linn. Sp. Plant. 655.—A very variable glabrous
or slightly hairy annual or perennial herb, usually much branched
from the base. Stems erect or decumbent, occasionally as much as

Cardamine. } CRUCIFERS. 33

18in. high, but usually irom 6-12in., in alpine varieties sometimes
reduced to Lin. or 2in. Lower leaves pinnate; leaflets few,
rounded or ovate, entire or todthed, usually stalked, sometimes
reduced to 1. Cauline leaves few, pinnatifid with narrow seg-
ments. Flowers usually small, few or many, sometimes reduced
tol. Petals narrow, erect or slightly spreading. Stamens some-
times 4 only, especially in European specimens. Pods erect, slender,
4-3 in. long, very narrow; style short.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
18; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 12; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 26.

Var. debilis, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 12.— Erect or decumbent, oftenmuch
branched. Leaflets in several pairs, rounded or cordate. Pods slender, with
long slender styles.—C. debilis, Banks and Sol. ex D.C. Syst. ii. 265; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 626; Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 47. Sisymbrium heterophyllum, forst.
Prodr. n. 250; A. Rich. Fi. Now. Zel. 310.

Var. corymbosa, Hook. f. 1.c.—Smaller. Leaflets in 2 pairs or reduced
toa terminal one. Flowers in few-flowered corymbs.—C. corymbosa, Hook. f.
Fl. Antarct. i. 6; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 686.

Var. subcarnosa, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 5.—Stout and fleshy. Leaflets
3-6 pairs, obovate or oblong. Flowers numerous, large, corymbose.

Var. uniflora, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 12.—Small, the leaves reduced
to one pinnule. Flowers on a slender 1-flowered scape, rather large, sometimes
tin. diam.

NortH anpd SoutH Isntanps, CHaTHam IsLanpD, StHwaRtT IstaANpD: The
variety debilis abundant throughout. The remaining varieties not uncommon
in mountain districts in the South Island, and extending to the AUCKLAND AND
CAMPBELL Isnanps. Altitudinal range from sea-level to 6500 ft.

Widely distributed in the temperate regions of both hemispheres, and ex-
ceedingly variable wherever it is found.

2. C. depressa, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 6.—A small glabrous
or pilose stemless perennial. Leaves numerous, crowded, rosulate,
1-2in. long, elliptic or ovate-spathulate, quite entire or varying
from crenate to deeply lobulate, rounded at the tip or retuse,
narrowed into petioles of variable length. Flowers small, either
solitary on slender scapes or in few- flowered corymbs. Pods
4-14 in. long, stout, erect; styles short, stout.—Hook. f. Handb.
N.4. Fl. 12; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 27.

Var. depressa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 12.—Larger, usually glabrous.
Leaves generally lobulate.—C. depressa, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 6, t. 3 and 4B.

Var. stellata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 12.—Smaller, glabrous or pilose.
Leaves entire or nearly so.—C. stellata, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 7, t. 4a.

SoutH Istanp: Var. depressa: Nelson— Wairau Mountains and Lake
Tennyson, Travers, T. #. C. Marlborough—Mount Mouatt, Kirk! Canter-
bury— Hopkins River and Lake Ohau, Haast. Otago—Lake District, Hector
and Buchanan. AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: Both varieties abundant,
ascending to nearly 2000ft., Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk !

Chiefly distinguished from reduced forms of C. hirsuta by the habit,
spathulate leaves, and stout erect pods.

2—F 1.

34 CRUCIFERZ. [Cardamine.

3. C. bilobata, JT. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 27.—Perfectly smooth
and glabrous, 4-12 in. high. Rootstock rather stout. Leaves all
radical, on slender petioles 1-4 in. long; blade 4-14 in. long,
oblong or obovate, in small specimens sometimes entire, but
usually pinnatifid with a very large terminal lobe and 1 or 2
pairs (rarely more) of small spreading lobes at its base. Flower-
ing-stems 1-3, few-flowered, naked; pedicels slender, 4-1in. long
or more. Flowers large, white, sometimes nearly $in. diam.
Pods 3—1in. long, narrow-linear, spreading; style long and slender.

SourH Is~tanp: Canterbury— Broken River, 7. F. C. Otago — Kurow

Mountains, Mount Ida Range, Hector Mountains, Petrie ! Altitudinal
range 1000-3000 ft.

The fully developed state of this plant is well marked by the peculiarly
lobed leaves, large flowers, and spreading pods with long slender styles. But
small varieties, with the leaves entire or nearly so, show a tendency to ap-
proach C. depressa.

4. C. stylosa, D.C. Syst. Veg. ii. 248.—A tall rather coarse
perfectly glabrous leafy branching herb 2-3 ft. high; erect or
decumbent. Leaves 3-din. long, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-
spathulate, entire or more usually minutely and remotely sinuate-
toothed, sometimes lobed or pinnatifid at the base; uppermost
sessile, auricled at the base; lower on long petioles. Racemes
very long, 1-2 ft. Pedicels stout, short, spreading. Flowers small,
white. Pods horizontally spreading, 1-1din. iong, +,in. broad;
style stout. Seeds red-brown, with a reticulate testa.—Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 12; Kirk, Siudents’ Fl. 27. C. divarieata,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 13. Arabis gigantea, Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 259.

KerMmaADEc Isuanps: Macaulay Island, not uncommon, “”. #. C. Norte
IstanD: In several localities from Mongonui southwards, but often rare and
local. SourH Istanp: Marlborough — Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and
Solander ! Picton, J. Rutland; Mount Stokes, J. Macmahon.

Readily known by its large size and branched leafy habit. long racemes, and
horizontally spreading pods and pitted seeds. It is a common Australian
and Tasmanian plant.

5. C.fastigiata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 13.—Rootstock long,
stout, tapering, often as thick as the finger, bearing at the top a rosette
of densely crowded radical leaves. Leaves 14-3in. long, linear-
or lanceolate-spathulate, acute, sharply and deeply inciso-serrate,
gradually narrowed into a broad flat petiole, thick and coriaceous,
glabrous or with a few weak hairs on the margins. Cauline leaves
similar, but smaller and less toothed. Flowering-stems usually
several springing from the top of the rootstock among the radical
leaves, simple or branched, 6-18 in. high. Flowers numerous,
white, corymbose, about $in. diam. Petals iin. long, spathulate,
on long claws. Pods erect or nearly so, straight or curved, acute

at both ends, narrow-linear, 1-2in. long, +,—;,in. broad. Seeds

Cardamine. | CRUCIFERS. 35

compressed, red-brown.—Airk, Students’ Fl. 28. Arabis fastigiata,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 324. Pachycladon elongata, Buch.in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 216. Notothlaspi Hookeri, Buch. l.c. xx.
(1888) 255, t. 13.

Soutu Istanp: Nelson—Wairau Gorge, Sinclair! T. F.C. Marlborough
—Macrae’s Run, Monro; Upper Awatere, Kirk! Canterbury—River-bed of

the Macaulay, Aaast. Otago—Mountains near Lakes Wanaka and Ohau,
Buchanan ! Altitudinal range 2500-5000 ft.

This and the two following species differ from Cardamine in the seeds being
2-seriate.

6. C. latesiliqua, Cheesem. mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 298.
—Rootstock stout, spongy, as thick as the finger, often branched at
the top, each division furnished with a rosette of densely crowded
radical leaves. Flowering-stems few or many, erect or spreading,
pet, leafy at the base, 6-24in. high. Radical leaves 3-6 in.
long, 4-2 in. broad, narrow linear-spathulate to obovate-spathulate,
gradually narrowed to the base, coarsely serrate above, thick and
coriaceous, more or less villous, especially on the margins. Upper
cauline leaves smaller, lanceolate, nearly entire. Flowers rather
large, white, very numerous. Petals nearly 4in. long, spathulate,
on long claws. Pods erect or suberect, usually curved, somewhat
turgid, 14-24 in. long, 4+in. broad. Seeds numerous, compressed,
reddish-brown.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 28.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson— Mount Arthur, 7. F. C., Bryant! Gibbs! Mount
Owen and the Raglan Mountains, 7. Ff. C. Altitudinal range 3000-5500 ft.
December—January.

A handsome plant, with much of the habit and general appearance of

C. fastigiata, but easily distinguished by the villous leaves, larger flowers, and
much broader pods, which have a turgid appearance very unusual in the genus.

7. C. Enysii, Cheesem. MSS.— Short, stout, 2-4in. high.
Rootstock thick and fleshy, perpendicular, in. diam., bearing at its
summit numerous radical leaves, and a short flowering-stem which
is much branched from the base, and forms a rounded or pyramidal
head 2-5in. diam. Leaves 4-l4in. long, $-4in. broad, oblong-
spathulate, obtuse or subacute, narrowed into a broad flat petiole,
rather thin, sharply serrate, sometimes almost pinnatifid, more or
less densely clothed ou both surfaces with stellate pubescence.
Cauline leaves linear or linear-spathulate, toothed towards the tip.
Flowers numerous, corymbose, white. Pedicels slender, spreading,
4+-t+in. long. Petals spathulate, with long claws. Pods (imma-
ture) narrow-linear, flat, about lin. long. Seeds numerous, in 2
series.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 28.

Sourn Istanp: Canterbury —Mountains at the head of the Broken River,
alt. 6500 ft., J. D. Hnys and 7’. F.C ; Craigieburn Mountains, alt. 6000 ft.,
Cockayne! Otago—Mount Ida, 5000 ft., Petrie !

A very remarkable plant, easily separated from the two preceding species by
the smaller size, depressed habit, and stellate pubescence. The seeds are too

immature in all my specimens to allow me to determine the position of the
radicle, and it is possible that the plant may not belong to Cardamine.

36 CRUCIFER2. [Sesymbrium.

3. SISYMBRIUM, Linn.

Annual or more rarely perennial erect herbs, either glabrous or
more or less tomentose or hairy. Flowers small, white or yellow,
usually in rather lax racemes. Sepals short or long, equal or the
lateral saccate. Petals with long claws. Style short; stigma
2-lobed. Pod iong, slender, terete or slightly compressed; valves
convex; septum membranous. Seeds usually numerous, not mar-
gined, in a single row in each cell; cotyledons incumbent.

A genus of about 80 species, widely spread in Europe and from thence to

eastern Asia, and with a few representatives in most temperate countries. The
single New Zealand species is endemic.

1. S. novee-zealandiz, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fi. 11.—An erect
slender sparingly branched herb 6-18 in. high, usually hoary
with minute stellate pubescence, rarely almost glabrous. Leaves
chiefly radical, very variable in size and shape, 4-2 in. long; petiole
long or short; blade 1-1 in., obovate to narrow-oblong, quite entire
or sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; lobes usually blunt. Cauline leaves
few, smaller. Flowers small, white. Fruiting racemes rather lax ;
pedicels slender, $-#in. long. Pods 1-2in. long, .— 4, in. broad,
narrow-linear, obtuse, spreading, glabrous; valves slightly convex.
inidrib distinct; style very short. Seeds numerous, small; coty-
ledons incumbent.— Kirk, Students’ F'l. 30.

SoutH Isuanp: Nelson—Wairau Gorge, Travers, Rough. Canterbury—
Broken River, Coleridge Pass, Porter’s Pass, Kirk! Hnys! Mackenzie Plains
and Lake Tekapo, T. #. C. Otago—Not uncommon in the eastern and central
portions of the district, Petrie ! Altitudinal range from sea-level to 3000 ft.
December—January.

4. PACHYCLADON, Hook. f.

A short stout depressed alpine herb, clothed with stellate
pubescence. MRootstock long, thick and fleshy. Leaves small,
rosulate. Flowers small, white. Sepals equal. Petals with long
claws. Stamens free, toothless. Pod laterally compressed, linear-
oblong; valves boat-shaped, keeled, not winged; nerves obscure ;
septum imperfect. Seeds 3-5 in each cell, obovoid; funicles short.
Cotyledons incumbent.

The genus consists of a single species, confined to the southern portion of
the colony. SirJ. D. Hooker remarks that in technical characters it is inter-

mediate between the tribes Sisymbriee and Lepidinee, but is probably referable
to the latter.

1. P. novee-zealandiz, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 724.—Root
very long, fusiform, stout and fleshy, as thick as the finger, in old
specimens branched above, crowned with a dense rosette of imbri-
cating radical leaves. Leaves +-lin. long; blade oblong, pinna-
tifidly lobed, gradually narrowed into a short flat petiole, clothea
with stellate pubescence. Cauline leaves few, smaller, digitately
lobed. Peduncles numerous, springing from below the leaves and

Pachycladon.| CRUCIFERS. oT

slightly longer than them, 2-5-flowered. Petals obovate-spathu-
late, almost twice as long as the sepals. Pods on short stout
pedicels, 1-4in. long, laterally compressed; valves keeled, not
winged. Seeds 3-65 in each cell, obovoid, red-brown.—lIc. Plant. t.
1009; Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) t. 24, f. 1; Kuork,
Students’ Fl. 32. Braya novee-zealandiz, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 13.

SoutH Isnanp: Otago—Mount Alta, Hector and Buchanan! Mount

St. Bathan’s, Mount Pisa, Mount Kyeburn, Mount Cardrona, &c., Petrie !
4500-6500 ft.

A very singular plant. Mr. Buchanan’s P. glabra (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv.
t. 24, f. 2)is a form with rather larger and almost glabrous leaves, with sharply
pointed ascending lobes. It passes insensibly into the ordinary state.

3. CAPSELLA, Medicus.

Annual or rarely perennial branched herbs, of small size and
weak habit, glabrous or pilose. Radical leaves entire or pinnati-
tid. Flowers small, white, racemed. Sepals spreading, equal at
the base. Petals short. Pods oblong, ovoid, or obcordate, laterally
compressed ; valves convex or boat-shaped; septum thin; style
short. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows. Cotyledons incumbent.

A small genus, scattered over the temperate regions of both hemispheres.

1. C. procumbens, Fries Novit. Fl. Swec. Mant. 1. 14.—Slender,
perfectly glabrous. Stems numerous from the root, 2-6 in. long,
decumbent at the base, ascending at the tips. Leaves 4+—?in.
long; lower ovate, oblong, or spathulate, entire or lobed or irregu-
larly pinnatifid, petioled; upper smaller, more sessile, often
entire. Flowers white, very small. Racemes elongating in fruit ;
pedicels filiform, spreading. Pod ovoid, 1-Lin. long; valves boat-
shaped. Seeds 10-15 in each cell. Benth. Fl. Austral. 1. 81.
C. elliptica, C. A. Mey. nm Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iii. 199; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fl. 33.

SourH Istanp: Otago—On cliffs exposed to sea-spray: Oamaru; Wai-
kouaiti; near Dunedin; Petrie! Septem ber—October.

A widely distributed plant, found in Europe, western and central Asia,
north-west and South America, and Australia.

C. bursa-pastoris, Moench, the common ‘“‘ Shepherd’s Purse,” is now esta-
blished as a weed in most parts of the colony. It is an erect annual, with
spreading pinnatifid radical leaves and triangular-cuneate or obcordate pods,
arranged in a long lax raceme.

6. LEPIDIUM,, Linn.

Erect or spreading, glabrous or pubescent, annual or perennial
herbs, sometimes almost shrubby. Leaves entire or divided.
Flowers small, white, ebracteate. Sepals short, equal at the base.
Petals short, equal, sometimes wanting. Stamens often reduced to
4 or2. Pods variable, oblong, ovate, obcordate, or orbicular, much

38 CRUCIFERZ. [Lepidiwm.

compressed laterally, notched at the summit or entire, winged or
not ; septum narrow, membranous. Seeds one in each cell, sus-
pended from the top of the septum ; cotyledons incumbent.

A large genus of nearly 100 species, found in most temperate or warm cli-
mates. The New Zealand species are highly variable, and several are very diffi-
cult of discrimination. All are endemic.

A. Leaves undivided; serrate, crenate, or quite entire; never pinnate or
pinnatifid.

Stout, erect or diffuse, 12-24 in. high. Leaves sharply ser-

rate. Pods entire, not winged ae Yc .. 1. L. oleracewm.
Slender, flexuous, suberect, 12-18in. Leaves at op

serrate above. Pods winged and notched above .. 2. L. Banks.
Slender, decumbent, 9-12in. Leaves long-petioled, cre-

nate. Pods ovate, winged and notched above .. 3. L. obtusatum.
Stems prostrate, filiform, 2-5in. Leaves linear- spathu-

late, 4-1 in., entire. Pods ovate-orbicular, notched .. 4. L. Kirki.

B. Lower leaves puuiate or pinrnatifid.
* Flowers hermaphrodite.

Procumbent, glabrous. Leaves pinnatifid, segments
toothed at the tips. Racemes short, lateral. Pods
ovate bi as .. O. L. flexicaule.
Procumbent or x suberect, hairy. Leaves pinnate, segments
finely serrate on the upper edge. Racemes long, termi-
nal. Pods minute, orbicular Ws Pe .. 6. ZL. tenwicaule-.
** Flowers dicecious.

Almost glabrous. Erect, leafy, 6-12in. high, paniculately

branched above. Pods ovate ar ae .. 7. L. Kawarau.
Hoary and scabrid. Erect, strict, 2-5in. high. Leaves

almost all radical, coriaceous. Racemes short, dense.

Pods ovate 8. L. Mataw.
Hairy. Suberect, 2— Bin. high. Root very long ‘and stout,

Leaves all radical. Racemes lax, open. Pods ovate-

rhomboid .. ys 5% ve G .. 9. L. sisymbrioides.

1. L. oleraceum, Forst. Prodr. n. 248.—Stout or slender,
erect or diffuse, perfectly glabrous, 10-24in. high. Stem branched,
leafy above, often naked and woody below, scarred. Leaves 1-4 in.
long, obovate- or oblong-spathulate to narrow-spathulate, narrowed
into a short flat petiole, sharply serrate or incised; upper smaller
and narrower, more entire, toothed at the tip only. Flowers
numerous, in terminal simple or branched racemes, in large speci-
mens often corymbosely arranged at the ends of the branches.
Stamens 4. Pods ovate or ovate-oblong, subacute, wingless, entire
at the tip, 4in. long; pedicels slender, spreading.—Forst. Pl. Hsc. 30 ;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 628; Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 47; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel.i. 15; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 14; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 34.

Var. frondosum, Kirk, |.c.—Stout, fleshy, much branched. Leaves large,,
2-5 in., broadly oblong or cuneate-oblong, serrate.

Var. acutidentatum, Kirk, l.c.—Branches slender, leafy. Leaves 1-2in.,
oblong- or linear-spathulate, acutely toothed towards the tip.

Lepidium.] CRUCIFER. 39

Nort Isuanp: Var. frondosum: Banks and Solander; Three Kings
Island, Little Barrier Island, Cuvier Island, 7. F.C. Var. acutidentatum :
Shaded and rocky places near the sea; once plentiful, but now fast becoming
scarce. SoutH IsLAND: Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solander ! Nelson
Harbour, Kirk ! Banks Peninsula, Armstrong ; Oamaru, Port Chalmers, Catlin’s
River, Petrie! Srmwart Isuanp: Kirk. AvuckuAND IsLANDS: Bolton, Kirk!
CHATHAM IsLANDsS: H. H. Travers, Cox ! Nau. November—March.

Best known as ‘‘ Cook’s scurvy-grass.’’ The entire plant has a heavy dis-
agreeable smell and hot biting taste. It was originally discovered by Banks and
Solander during Cook’s first voyage, and at that time must have been abundant,
for Dr. Solander speaks of it as ‘‘copiose in littoribus marinis,”? and Cook states
that boat-loads of it were collected and used as an antiscorbutic by his crew. It
is now quite extinct in several of the localities he visited, andis fast becoming
rare in others. Its disappearance is due to cattle and sheep, which greedily eat
it down in any locality they can reach. The figure in the unpublished Banksian
plates represents var. frondoswm; but the specimens in the set of Banks and
Solander’s plants presented to the colony by the Trustees of the British Museum
all belong to var. acutidentatwm.

2. L. Banksii, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 35.— Perfectly glabrous.
Stems slender, flexuous, branched, suberect, 12-18in. long. Leaves
1-2in., distant, oblong- or linear-spathulate, sharply serrate or
toothed above, below gradually narrowed into a short petiole or
almost sessile. Racemes terminal. Flowers small. Stamens 4.
Pods ovate, cordate at the base, slightly winged, broadly notched
above; style equal to or slightly exceeding the notch.—L. oleraceum,
A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 310, t. 35 (non Forst.).

SourH IstaAnp: Queen Charlotte Sound and Astrolabe Harbour, 4. Rich-
ard; Pelorus Sound, J. Rutland! Kenepuru, J. Macmahon.

Mr. Kirk appears to have founded this species on A. Richard’s plate,
quoted above, and on a single specimen collected by Mr. Rutland in Pelorus
Sound. Judging from this scanty material, there appears to be little to
separate it from L. oleracewm var. acutidentatwm, except the slightly winged
pod notched at the summit. But some of Mr. Petrie’s Otago specimens of
Js. oleracewm show a minute notch, as also do those collected by Mr. Cox on the
Chatham Islands. I much fear that the species is of doubtful validity.

3. L. obtusatum, 7’. Kirk wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892)
423.—Stems leafy, branched, prostrate or suberect, 6-12 in. long.
Lower leaves on broad flat petioles, sometimes 2in. long; blade
1-2in., oblong or oblong-spathulate, gradually narrowed into the
petiole, obtuse, coarsely crenate or serrate. Cauline leaves sessile
or nearly so, obovate or oblong-spathulate. Racemes numerous,
terminating small leafy branches. Flowers small, white. Sta-
mens 4. Fruiting pedicels slender, +in. long. Pods broadly
ovate, slightly winged above, with a broad shallow notch ;
style short, stout, about equalling the noteh.—Kirk, Students’
Fl, 35.

Nort Isuanp: Auckland—Sea-clifis to the north of the Manukau Harbour,
yvare, 7. F.C. Wellington—Maritime rocks at the entrance to Port Nicholson,
Miss Kirk ! October—February.

40 CRUCIFERZ. (Lepidiwm.

This is allied to L. oleracewm, but can be readily distinguished by the
slender often prostrate habit, the long petioles of the radical leaves, their
crenate margins, and by the notched pods. Myspecimens from the north ot the
Manukau Harbour are suberect; Mr. Kirk’s are mostly prostrate.

4. L. Kirkii, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 439.—
Small, prostrate, glabrous or nearly so. Stems many from the top
of a short stout rootstock, prostrate, branched, flexuous, almost
filiform, 2-4 in. fone Radical leaves entire, narrow-linear or
linear-spathulate, 4-1 in. long, sheathing at the base, obtuse at the
tip ; cauline similar but smaller. Racemes short, elongating in
fruit. Flowers minute. Sepals ovate, concave. Petals narrow,
slightly shorter than the sepals. Stamens 4. Pods on slender
pedicels about their own length, ovate-orbicular, minutely notched
at the tip; style short, exceeding the notch.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 37.

SoutH Isntanp: Otago—Saline situations in the Maniototo Plains, Petrie f
December—January.

An exceedingly well marked little plant, not closely allied to any other.

5. L. flexicaule, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 380.—
Perfectly glabrous, smooth and fleshy. Stems numerous, branched,
flexuous, procumbent; branches ascending at the tips. Lower
leaves 2-3in. long, petiolate, linear-oblong, pinnatifid; lobes 2-6
pairs, entire or toothed at the tips. Cauline leaves smaller, sessile
or shortly petiolate, linear-spathulate or cuneate, coarsely toothed
towards the apex. Racemes 1-2in. long, lateral or terminal,
leaf-opposed. Flowers small. Petals linear, obtuse. Stamens 2.
Fruiting pedicels rather longer than the pod. Pod broadly ovate,
slightly winged above, notched at the apex ; style not exceeding the
notch.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 35. L. incisum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 15; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 14 (not of Roth).

Nortx Istanp: Auckland—Mercury Bay, Banks and Solander! shores of

the Manukau and Waitemata Harbours, Kirk! T. F. C.; Rangitoto Island,
T. F.C. Sours Isuanp: Near Westport, W. Townson ! November—January.

This appears to be an exceedingly local plant, and is fast becoming extinct.
in the few habitats at present known. It is well characterized by the procumbent
habit, lateral racemes, and diandrous flowers.

6. L. tenuicaule, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882)
381.—More or less clothed with minute soft whitish hairs, rarely
glabrous. Stems numerous, slender, branched, procumbent or sub-
erect, 6-12 in. long. Radical leaves numerous, thin, 1-4 in. long,
linear-oblong, pinnate or pinnatifid; leaflets sometimes stalked,
finely and sharply serrate or laciniate on the upper edge; teeth
irregular, sometimes piliferous; petiole sheathing at the base.
Cauline leaves usually few, sometimes absent, oblong- spathulate to-
linear, sessile or shortly petiolate, entire or serrate. Flowers very
numerous, minute, in long and slender terminal racemes. Petals
wanting. Stamens 4. Pod very small, orbicular, shorter than the

Lepidiwm. | CRUCIFERA. 41

slender pedicel, winged above, minutely notched; style scarcely
longer than the notch.—kirk, Students’ Fl. 37. Li. australe, Kirk
ain Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 381.

SourH Isuanp: Otago — Usually near the sea; Oamaru, Hampden, Awa-
moko, Weston, Orepuki, Petrie! Srmwarr Isnanpd: Dog Island; Ruapuke,
Kirk ! November—January.

A distinct but highly variable species, easily recognised by the minute
orbicular pods. Mr. Kirk’s L. australe is a state with the stems more erect
than usual, and with more numerous cauline leaves.

7. L. Kawarau, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 270.—
Dicecious, erect or diffuse, glabrous or slightly hairy, 6-12in. high
or more. Stems leafy, much branched above. Radical leaves
numerous, 3-5 in. long, linear-oblong, pinnatifid or pinnate with
a broad rachis; leaflets rather distant, linear, entire or with 1-3
linear lobes on the upper edge, rarely on the lower as well; petioles
sheathing at the base. Cauline leaves many, lower like the radical
but sessile, gradually passing into the uppermost, which are narrow-
linear, entire. Racemes very numerous at the ends of the branches,
forming a much-branched panicle. Flowers small. Petals ap-
parently wanting in both sexes. Stamens 4-6. Fruiting pedicels
spreading or ascending, rather longer than the pods. Pods ovate
or ovate-oblong, notched at the apex; style slightly exceeding the
notch.—Auzrk, Students’ Fl. 36.

Var. dubium, Kirk, l.c. — Taller, much more hairy, almost scabrid;
branches few, long, lax. Cauline leaves shorter and broader, pinnatifid.
Petals present in the male flowers.

Sout Is~tanp: Otago—Kawarau River, Cromwell, Petrie! Var. dubiwm:
Near Duntroon, Petrie ! November—December.

Allied to Z. Mataw, with which it entirely agrees in the flowers and pods.
It differs in the greater size, branched leafy habit and almost glabrous leaves,
which are much larger and have long and narrow toothed pinne. The var.
dubium has a distinct appearance, but barely seems entitled to specific rank.

8. L. Matau, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 323.—
Dicecious, erect, hoary with short scabrid hairs, 2-din. high.
Root stout, woody. Stems one or several from the root, stout,
somewhat strict, branched above. Radical leaves numerous,
coriaceous, scabrid, 1-2in. long, linear or linear-oblong, deeply
pinnatifid or almost pinnate; segments rounded or oblong, rarely
linear, entire or lobed on the upper edge. Cauline leaves oblong or
ovate, sessile, usually entire. Flowers small, in short and dense
racemes at the ends of the branches. Petals wanting in both
sexes. Stamens 4. Fruiting pedicels patent or slightly decurved,
rather longer than the pods. Pods ovate, not winged, shortly
notched above; style short, slightly exceeding the notch.—Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 36.

42 CRUCIFERZ. (Lepidium.

SourH Isnanp: Otago—Alexandra South, Gimmerburn, Petrie! No-
vember—December.

Best recognised by the strict habit, scabrid and coriaceous leaves, short
dense racemes, and apetalous dicecious flowers.

9. L. sisymbrioides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 14.—Dicecious,
pubescent or almost glabrous, suberect, 2-5in. high. Root stout
and woody, often as thick as the finger, very long and tapering,
much divided at the top. Leaves nearly all radical, numerous,
crowded, spreading, 1-2 in. long, linear or linear-oblong in outline,
deeply pinnatifid; segments many, small, short, entire or lobulate
on the upper edge; petioles flat, often dilated at the base. Flower-
ing-stems numerous, slender, branched, spreading or suberect,
usually with a few small entire cauline leaves below, sometimes.
naked. Flowers small, in terminal racemes; males with 4 narrow
petals or apetalous ; females always apetalous. Stamens 4. Pods
about half as long as the slender spreading pedicels, ovate-rhom-
boid, acute at both ends, slightly winged above, minutely notched ;
style exceeding the notch.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 37. LL. Solandri,
Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 380.

SourH Is~tanp: Canterbury—Broken River district, Haast, Enys! Kirk !
T. F. C.; Mackenzie Plains, J. F. Armstrong; Lakes Tekapo and Pukaki,
T. F.C.; Lake Ohau, Haast. Otago - Waitaki Valley, Lake Wanaka, Bu-

chanun! Kurow, Petrie! Altitudinal range 800-3000 ft. December—
January.

A distinct species, at once separated from the two preceding by the more
depressed habit, lax racemes, and ovate-rhomboid pods. The stout cylindrical
root often descends for distances altogether out of proportion to the short stems.
Mr. Enys on one occasion showed me specimens nearly 4 ft. in length.

7. NOTOTHLASPI, Hook. i.

Small fleshy simple or branched alpine herbs, glabrous or
slightly hairy. Leaves all radical, or radical and cauline, spathulate,
petiolate. Flowers rather large, white, densely crowded in a ter-
minal raceme, or corymbose at the tips of the branches. Sepals
erect, equal at the base. Petals spathulate. Pods rather large,
obovate or oblong, much compressed, valves very broadly winged.
Seeds numerous in each cell, reniform, attached by slender long
funicles. Cctyledons incumbent ; radicle often very long.

The genus is confined to the mountains of the South Island of New Zealand.
Stem simple. Flowers densely crowded on a stout ter-

minal peduncle or scape. Style very short .. .. 1. N. rosulatum.
Stem usually much branched. Flowers corymbose at th
ends of the branches. Stylelong .. AE .. > 2. Nuaustrale:

1. N. rosulatum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 15.— A very
remarkable stout erect leafy pyramidal fleshy herb 3-9in. high ;
stem very short or almost wanting. Leaves all radical, very nume-
rous, most densely crowded, fleshy, imbricated, forming a rosette

Notothlaspv.| CRUCIFERZ. 43

or cushion, spathulate, crenate or* dentate, when young clothed
with white cellular ribband-like hairs, glabrous or nearly so when
old, narrowed into a petiole of variable length. Scape very stout,
sometimes as thick as the finger, covered with densely crowded
sweet-scented flowers, forming a conical or pyramidal raceme.
Pods 4-1in. long, obovate, very broadly winged, notched at the
top; style very short; stigma 2-lobed. Seeds numerous, subreni-
form, pitted; radicle very long, twice folded, first upwards then
downwards and backwards over the back of the cotyledons.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 38. N. notabile, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xiv. (1882) 344, t. 25.

SoutuH Isnanp: Nelson and Canterbury—Not uncommon on dry shingle-

slopes on the mountains, but easily overlooked. Otago—Mount Ida, P. Goyen.
Altitudinal range 2000-5000 ft. December—February.

One of the most singular plants in the colony. When in flower or fruit it
has a conical or pyramidal shape; but flowerless specimens form rosettes or
cushions of closely packed imbricating leaves, from which no doubt has arisen
the local name of ‘‘ penwiper plant.” The flowers are deliciously fragrant.

2. N. australe, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 15.—Small, densely
tufted, usually much branched from the base; branches leafy,
spreading, 1-4in. long. Leaves radical and cauline, numerous,
4-14in. long, petiolate, linear- or oblong-spathulate, entire or
crenate, glabrous or with a few cellular hairs, often recurved.
Flowers very numerous, corymbose, about +in. diam. Pod much
smaller than in the preceding species, 4-41n. long, broadly oblong
or elliptic, winged, barely notched at the top; style long, almost +
the length of the pod. Seeds numerous, pitted; radicle long,
slender.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 38. Thlaspi (?) australe, Hook. f. F'l.
Nov. Zel. ii. 328.

Var. stellatum, Kirk, l.c. 39. —Stems not branched. Leaves narrow
linear-spathulate ; petioles pubescent. Flowers numerous, on long 1-flowered
peduncles.

SourH Isntanp: Nelson—An abundant plant on the mountains, from 2500
to 5000 ft. Var. stellatum : Mount Rintoul, #. G. Gibbs, W. H. Bryant.

A pretty little plant, originally discovered by Sir David Monro. Although
very common in the Nelson District, it has not been observed further south than
Lake Tennyson.

Orper IV. VIOLARIEA.,

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves usually alternate, simple,
entire lobed or cut, stipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, axillary,
solitary or arranged in cymes or panicles, rarely racemose. Sepals 5,
equal or unequal, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, equal or
unequal, lower one sometimes spurred, usually imbricate. Sta-
mens 5, hypogynous; filaments short, broad; anthers erect, free
or connate round the pistil; connective broad, usually produced
beyond the cells into an appendage. Ovary free, 1-celled, with

44 VIOLARIEH. [ Viola.

3-5 parietal placentas; ovules many or few to each placenta.
Fruit either a 3-5-valved capsule or a berry. Seeds usually small;
embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen.

An order scattered over the whole world, containing 22 genera and about
250 species. The roots of many of the species are emetic, and are used as a
substitute for ipecacuanha. One of the New Zealand genera is found in most
countries ; the other two have a very limited distribution outside the colony.

Herbs. Flowers irregular, the lower petal produced into a
spur. Fruit a capsule te ae re
Trees or shrubs. Flowers regular. Fruit a berry.
Anthers free “i ae or 2. MELIcYTUs.
Anthers coherent oe Sc a .. 3. HYMENANTHERA.

1. VIonA.

1. VIOLA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs of small size. Leaves tufted at the
top of a short woody rootstock or alternate on creeping or trail-
ing stems, stipulate. Flowers irregular, on radical or axillary
1-flowered peduncles. Sepals 4, slightly produced at the base.
Petals 5, spreading, the lowest usually longer and spurred at the
base. Anthers 5, nearly sessile, the connectives flat, produced into
a thin membrane beyond the cells, the two lower often spurred at
the base. Style swollen above, straight or oblique at the tip.
Capsule 3-valved ; valves elastic, each with a single parietal pla-
centa. Seeds ovoid or globose.

A large genus, widely diffused in all temperate climates, the species

probably numbering considerably over 100. Two of the New Zealand species
are endemic, the third extends to Tasmania.

In most of the species of the genus the flowers are dimorphic; some, which
are usually produced early in the flowering season, having conspicuous flowers
with large petals, as a rule ripening few seeds; others, which appear in late
summer or autumn, being much smaller, with either minute petals or none at
all, but which ripen abundance of seed. These are usually called cleistogamic
flowers.

Stems slender, elongated. Leaves cordate. Stipules and

bracts lacerate 55 af fe Se .. L. V. filicaults.
Stems slender. Leaves cordate. Stipules and bracts
entire .. 2. Ve Lyallu.

Stems short. Leaves ovate. Stipules and bracts entire .. 3. V. Cunninghami.

1. V. filicaulis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 16.—Slender, per-
fectly glabrous. Stems numerous, almost filiform, prostrate, some-
times ascending at the tips. Leaves alternate, ovate - cordate
orbicular-cordate or almost reniform, }-2in. diam., obtuse or
subacute, obtusely crenate; petioles slender. Stipules broad,
deeply laciniate ; teeth filiform, often glandular-tipped. Peduncles
slender, 2—-4in. long; bracts about the middle, linear, toothed or
lacerate. Flowers 4in. diam. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Petals
spathulate; spur short.— Handb. N.Z. Fl. 16; Kirk, Students’
Fl. 40.

VIOLARIES. 45

“
Var. hydrocotyloides, Kirk, Students’ Fl, 41.—Much smaller, sparingly
pilose. Leaves 4-}in. diam. Peduncles short.—V. hydrocotyloides, Armstr. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 360.

NortH anp SoutH Isnianps, Stewart IsLANnD: Not uncommon from
Whangarei southwards. Var. hydrocotyloides: Otago, Petrie! Stewart
Island, Stack! Petrie! Kirk! Altitudinal range from sea-level to 4000 ft.
November—February.

The long creeping stems, small leaves, and fimbriate bracts and stipules
distinguish this from the two following. It produces numerous reduced or
cleistogamic flowers late in summer and autumn.

2. V. Lyallii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 16.—Pertfectly glabrous.
Stems slender, shorter than in V. filicawlis, ascending at the tips.
Leaves 4-1lin. diam., broadly ovate or rounded, deeply cordate at
the pies. obtuse or paoaie obscurely crenate or nearly entire;
petioles variable in length, 2-6in. Stipules linear, entire. Pe-
dunecles very slender, variable in length, 3-7in. Bracts usually
above the middle, linear, entire. Flowers 4in. diam., white
streaked with hlac and yellow.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 41. V. Cun-
ninghamii var. gracilis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 16. Erpetion
spathulatum, Ad. Cunn. Prodr, n. 622 (non G. Don.).

NortH aNnp SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon from Kaitaia and Hoki-

anga southwards; ascending to 4000 ft. on the Mount Arthur Plateau, Nelson.
October—January.

Usually a larger plant than the preceding, with the stem not so decidedly
creeping, larger leaves and longer petioles, and with the stipules and bracts
entire, not lacerate. The cordate leaves separate it from V. Cunninghamii.

3. V. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 16.—Glabrous
except the petioles, which are occasionally pubescent. Rootstock
often somewhat woody, creeping below, often branched above.
Leaves tufted at the top of the rootstock, or on short branches
springing from it, $-lin. diam., triangular-ovate or ovate-oblong,
truncate at the base or narrowed into the petiole, obtuse or sub-
acute, obscurely crenate ; petioles short or long. Stipules adnate
at the base to the petiole, usually entire, acute. Peduncles slen-
der, exceeding the leaves; bracts linear, acute. Flowers }-2 in.
diam., white, usually streaked with lilac and yellow. Sepals
linear - oblong. Lateral petals bearded. — Handb. N.Z. Fil. 16;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 41. V. perexigua, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xyl. (1884) 326.

NorTH AND SouTH IsLAnpDs, STEWART ISLAND: H'rom Rotorua and the East
Cape southwards; abundant in many places, especially in the mountains.

CHarHam Isnanps: Buchanan (Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. 334). Altitudinal
range from sea-level to 5000 ft. October—January. Also found in Tas-
mania.

The short stems and tufted leaves, which are usually either truncate at the
base or narrowed into the petioles, are the best distinguishing characters of this
plant. It varies greatly in size ; lowland specimens, growing among scrub, &c.,
sometimes have the petioles 8- Qin. long, and the peduncles of corresponding
size, while alpine specimens are frequently much depauperated. The flowers of
the latter, however, are usually larger than those of the lowland forms.

46 VIOLARIEA). [Melicytus.

2. MELICYTUS, Forst.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves petiolate, alternate, toothed or serrate ;
stipules minute. Flowers small, regular, dicecious, in little fascicles
on the branches or axillary. Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 5,
short, spreading. Anthers 5, free, sessile ; connective produced
above into a broad membrane furnished with a scale at the back.
Ovary 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas. Style 3-6-fid at the
apex, or stigma nearly sessile, lobed. Fruit a berry, with few or
several angled seeds.

A small genus, limited to the four New Zealand species, one of which is
also found in Norfolk Island and the Tongan Islands.

Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate 34 .. 1. M. ramiflorus.
Leaves large, obovate, coriaceous, sinuate-serrate .. 2. M. macrophyllus.
Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sharply and finely serrate 3. M. lanceolatus.
Leaves small, orbicular-ovate, sinuate-toothed .. .. 4. M. micranthus.

1. M. ramiflorus, Forst. Char. Gen. 124, t. 62.—A glabrous
tree or large shrub 20-30 ft. high, with a trunk 1—2ft. in diam. ;
bark white ; branches brittle. Leaves alternate, 2—5in. long,
oblong-lanceolate, usually with a short acuminate point but some-
times obtuse, bluntly and sometimes obscurely serrate, veins reticu-
late; petioles short, slender; stipules deciduous. Flowers small,
din. diam., greenish, dicecious, in axillary fascicles or on the
branches below the leaves; pedicels slender, 4in. long, with
2 minute bracts. Calyx-teeth 5, mimute. Petals obtuse, spreading.
Male flowers with 5 obtuse sessile anthers, each with a concave
scale at the back. Females with a short conical ovary, crowned
with a 4-6-lobed stigma. Berry small, violet-blue, tin. diam. ;
seeds few, black, angled.—A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 3138; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 623; Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 18; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 17; Kirk, Forest Fl.t.3; Students’ Fl. 42.

KermMapDEc Istanps, NortH anp SoutH IstANnpDs, STEWART ISLAND:
Abundant throughout, ascending to fully 3000ft. Mahoe. November—
January. Also found in Norfolk Island and the Tongan Islands.

The leaves and young branches are greedily eaten by cattle; the wood is
white and soft, but has been employed for producing a special kind of charcoal
used in making gunpowder.

2. M. macrophyllus, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 624.—A tall slender
sparingly branched shrub 8-15 ft. high; bark brownish. Leaves
3-7 in. long, obovate or oblong, coarsely sinuate-serrate, acute or
shortly acuminate, coriaceous; petioles short. Flowers twice as
large as those of M. ramiflorus, tin. diam., greenish, in 4-10-flowered
fascicles ; pedicels stout, decurved, 4 in. long, with 2 rounded bracts
just below the flower. Male flowers: Calyx-lobes broad, obtuse.
Petals more than twice as long as the calyx, spreading, strap-
shaped, recurved at the tips. Anthers sessile, apiculate. Females:
Calyx of the males. Petals shorter, more erect, barely half as long

Melicytus.| VIOLARIEA. 47

again as the calyx. Style short, stout; stigma broad, discoid,
3-5-lobed. Berry globose, 4in. diam.; seeds 4-6.—Raouwl, Choia
de Plantes, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 18; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 17;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 42.

Nortu Istanp: Not uncommon in hilly forests from Kaitaia southwards
to the Waikato River. SourH Isnanp: Waikari Creek, near Dunedin,
G. M. Thomson! Petrie! Sea-level to 2000 ft. Septem ber—October.

Easily distinguished from M. ramiflorus by the larger, more coriaceous,
obovate leaves, and larger flowers on decurved pedicels, with the bracts placed
just below the flowers. The Otago specimens have smaller leaves, but are not
otherwise different.

3. M. lanceolatus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 18, t. 8.—A slender
glabrous shrub 6-1ldit. high, with brownish bark; branches suc-
eulent, brittle. Leaves 3—6in. long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, membranous; petioles short.
Flowers small, in 2-5-flowered fascicles; pedicels short, slender,
decurved, with 2 bracts above the middle. Calyx-lobes oblong,
obtuse or subacute. Petals erect, recurved at the tip. Connective
of the anthers produced into a long subulate point. Style long;
stigmas 3, minute. Berry globose, +in. diam., blue-black when
fully ripe; seeds 6-12, angled, minutely tubercled —Handb. N.Z.
Fl.17; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 48.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon in forests

south of Whangarei. Ascends to 3000 ft. on Te Aroha Mountain. October-
November.

This can be recognised by the narrow leaves, subulate appendage to the
anthers, long 3-fid style, and minutely tuberculate seeds. The anthers often
cohere at the back, as in Hymenanthera, but in habit and other respects the
species agrees better with Melicytus.

4. M. micranthus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 18.—A shrub or
small tree 5-15ft. in height, very variable in habit, sometimes a
much-branched bush with tortuous and interlaced rigid branches, at
other times a small tree with a compact head and slender trunk
2-5 in. diam.; branchlets pubescent at the tips. Leaves alternate
or fascicled on short lateral branchlets, coriaceous, small, 4-1 in.
long, oblong-obovate or obovate or orbicular-obovate, obtuse, sinuate
or toothed, rarely lobed; petioles short, puberulous. Flowers
minute, axillary, solitary or 2-3 together; pedicels longer or shorter
than the petioles, pubescent. Male flowers: Calyx-lobes short,
rounded, often ciliate. Petals twice as long as the calyx, broadly
oblong, obtuse. Anthers sessile, very broad, rounded, obtuse, con-
nective flat. Females: Calyx and petals of the males. Abortive
anthers present. Ovary ovoid; style short, thick; stigma large,
discoid, with 3-5 fleshy lobes. Berry oval or subglobose, $+ in.
diam., purple or purple-black. Seeds 1-4, smooth or angled.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl.17; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 48. Eleeodendron micran-
thum, Hook. f. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 228, t. 8.

48 VIOLARIE. [Melicytus.

Var. longiusculus. — Leaves usually larger, 3-lin., oblong-obovate.
Flowers on longer pedicels. Fruit small, globose, 1} in.

_ Var. microphyllus.—Leaves smaller, }-}in., orbicular-obovate. Pedicels
shorter. Fruit large, ovoid, 4+in.—M. microphyllus, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xix. (1887) 260, and xx. (1888) 189.

NortH anp SourH Isnanps: Abundant in lowland forests, by the side of
streams, &c., from the Bay of Islands to Otago. November—May.

Hasily distinguished from all other species of Melicytus by the stifi rigid
habit, small leaves, and minute few-seeded berries. It is exceedingly variable ;
and the two varieties characterized above are certainly connected by inter-
mediate forms. I am much indebted to Mr. Carse for a fine series of flowering
and fruiting specimens of both varieties, collected near Mauku, where they
appear to grow intermixed. Mr. Colenso’s herbarium also contains numerous
well-selected specimens.

38. HYMENANTHERA, R. Br.

Rigid woody shrubs. Leaves alternate or fascicled, entire or
‘toothed ; stipules minute, fugacious. Flowers small, regular, her-
maphrodite or unisexual, solitary or fascicled, axillary or on the
naked branches below the leaves. Sepals 5, obtuse, united at the
base. Petals 5, rounded at the tip. Anthers 5, sessile, connate
into a tube surrounding the pistil; connectives terminating in a
toothed or fimbriate process, and furnished with an erect scale at
the back. Style short; stigma 2-fid, rarely 3-4-fid. Fruit a small
subglobose berry ; seeds usually 2, rarely 3-4.

A small genus of about half a dozen species, found in New Zealand, Aus-
tralia and Tasmania, and Norfolk Island. The New Zealand species are
exceedingly difficult of discrimination. They vary greatly in the leaves and
vegetative characters generally; and the flowers and fruit, so far as they are
known, are very similar in all. Most of them occur in localities which are not
easily reached, making it difficult to secure specimens in a proper state for com-
parison.

Much- branched rigid maritime shrub. Leaves small,

linear-spathulate or linear-obovate, 4—lin. long .. 1. 4. crassifolia.
Shrub, often leafless. Branches flexuous or zigzag, inter-
laced. Leaves linear or linear-cuneate,}$in.long .. 2. H. dentata, var.
angustifolia.

Slender glabrous shrub. Leaves oblong-obovate, ?-2 in.
long, quite entire. Flowers solitary or geminate .. 3. H. obovata.
Stout spreading shrub. Leaves large, 14-4in., ovate-
oblong to obovate, sinuate-toothed. Flowers numerous.
Berry 2-seeded Re se 2h Se AF
Tall erect shrub. Leaves large, 3-5 in., lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, serrate. Flowers numerous. Berry 4-seeded 5. H. chathamica.

4. H. latifolia.

1. H. crassifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 17, t. 7.—A low rigid
much-branched shrub 2-4 ft. in height; branches tortuous, stout
and woody; bark white, furrowed; branchlets pubescent. Leaves
alternate or fascicled, very thick and coriaceous, 4-l1}in. long,
linear-spathulate or linear-obovate, entire sinuate or toothed, rarely
lobed, rounded at the apex or retuse ; petioles very short. Stipules
minute, fugacious. Flowers very small, solitary or few together,

Hymenanthera. | VIOLARIH A. 49
axillary; peduncles shorter than the flowers, decurved, with one or
two broad concave bracts below the middle. Sepals orbicular, with
fimbriate margins. Petals narrow-oblong, obtuse, recurved at the
apex. Anthers 5, the broad membranous connectives connate into
a tube which has a fimbriate projection above each anther and a
broad scale at the back. Ovary 1-celled; style 2-fid. Berry
purplish, broadly oblong, }-4in. diam.; seeds 2.—Handb. N.Z.
fl. 18; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 44. Scevola (?) nove-zealandie,
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 429.

Nortu Istanp: Maritime rocks opposite the Cavallos Islands, R. Cun. ;
~Cape Palliser, Colenso! Port Nicholson, Kirk! Sours Istanp: Coast be-
tween Nelson and Croixelles Harbour, Kirk! T. #.OC.; Pelorus Sound, J.
fiutland ; Banks Peninsula, Armstrong. Otago— Hampden, Moeraki, Dun-
edin, Balclutha, Petrie! Stewart Istanp: Kirk. October—November.

A variable plant. One of Mr. Colenso’s Cape Palliser specimens has slender
branches bearing ovate-rhomboid leaves 1 in. long, the same branch also having
linear-obovate leaves of the ordinary type.

2. H. dentata, &. br., var. angustifolia, Benth. Fl. Austral.
1, 104.—A much-branched frequently leafless rigid shrub, in shel-
tered situations 4—Sft. high, with flexuous or zigzag often inter-
laced branches; in exposed or alpine places shorter and mucb
dwarfed, with the branches densely compacted and ending in stout
thorns. Branchlets terete or grooved, covered with minute lenticels.
Leaves few or many, often altogether wanting, alternate or fascicled,
4-? in. long, linear or linear-cuneate or linear-obovate, obtuse or
retuse, entire or sinuate or irregularly lobed, varying from almost
membranous to thick and coriaceous, narrowed into very short
petioles. Flowers minute, solitary or geminate, on very short
decurved peduncles, dicecious. Male flowers: Sepals rounded,
with fimbriate margins. Petals twice as long as the sepals, linear-
oblong, recurved at the tips. Connective of the anthers with a
narrow appendage toothed or fimbriate at the tip, and an oblong
scale at the back. Females: Calyx and petals of the males, but
rather smaller. Abortive anthers present. Style 2-fid. Berry
2-seeded ; seeds oblong, flat on the inner face, convex on the outer.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 44.

Var. alpina, Kirk, /.c.—Much depressed, 1-2 ft. in diam., forming a mass
of densely compacted short and thick spinous branches. Leaves 4+ in. long,
oblong- or linear-obovate, very thick and coriaceous.

Norra Isuanp: Wellington —Turangarere, 4. Hamilton! Upper Rangi-
tikei, Petrie! Sours Istanp : Nelson—Wairoa Valley, Bryant ! Wangapeka
Valley, Wairau Gorge, /’. #. C. Canterbury—J. B. Armstrong. Otago—
Paradise, near Mount Harnslaw, Kirk! Catlin’s River, Kelso, Petrie! Win-
ton, B. C. Aston! Var. alpina: Broken River, Canterbury, Kirk! Enys!
T. F.C. Also found in Tasmania.

In its usual state this curious plant is best distinguished from H. crassifolia
by the more slender frequently leafless branches, which are usually thickly
‘dotted with minute lenticels, and by the narrower leaves. The Nelson speci-
mens, which are the only ones I have seen in flower, are certainly diccious,
‘ut Tasmanian specimens are said to be hermaphrodite.

50 VIOLARIER. [Hymenanthera.

3. H. obovata, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 350.—
An erect glabrous shrub 4-12ft. in height, in sheltered places
slender and sparingly branched, in more exposed situations forming
a compactly branched bush. Leaves of mature plants 3-2 in. long,
obovate or oblong-obovyate. thick and coriaceous, obtuse or retuse,
quite entire, gradually narrowed into a short petiole; margins
slightly recurved. Leaves of seedling plants membranous, obovate-
cuneate, toothed or lobed. Flowers small, solitary or geminate,
axillary or on the branches below the leaves, apparently dicecious,
but not seen in a state fit for description. Berry ovoid, purplish,
2-seeded ; seeds plano-convex.—Students’ Fl. 44.

SoutH Is~tanp: Nelson— Between Takaka and Riwaka, Kirk! Graham
River, Mount Arthur, Mount Owen, 7’. #'. C. Marlborough—Queen Charlotte
Sound, Banks and Solander! Canterbury—Broken River, Kirk! Ashburton
Mountains, 7’. H. Potts ! Altitudinal range from 1000 to 4000 ft. No-
vember.

A well-marked plant, at once recognised by the usually slender habit, strict
branches, and entire obovate leaves. It is generally found on limestone rocks.

4. H. latifolia, Hndl. Prodr. Fl. Ins. Norfolk, 70.—A stout
sparingly branched shrub 3-10 ft. high; branches erect or
straggling; bark covered with minute lenticels. Leaves alternate,
variable in size and shape, 14—4 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate
to obovate or obovate-oblong, coriaceous, obtuse or subacute, nar-
rowed into a short stout petiole, sinuate or sinuate-serrate, rarely
entire; margin thickened, slightly recurved; veins reticulate.
Flowers dicecious, fascicled, j,in. diam. Males: Often very
numerous and clustered on the branches for a considerable length ;
pedicels decurved, bracteolate about the middle. Sepals ovate,
obtuse, free almost to the base. Petals twice as long as the sepals,
linear-oblong, erect at the base, revolute at the tips. Anthers 5;
connectives produced into a long and narrow projection above each
anther which is almost as long as the anther and jagged at the
tip. Females: Smaller and less numerous, on shorter pedicels,
usually erect. Sepals and petals as in the males. Ovary ovoid ;
stigmas 2. Berry broadly ovoid or nearly globose, purplish ; seeds
2, plano-convex, grooved on the convex face, with a large strophiole.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 45. H. latifolia var. tasmanica, Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii. 163.

NortH Istanp: Three Kings Islands, 7. fF. C.; North Cape Peninsula,
Buchanan! Kirk! T. F. C.; Taranga Islands, Kirk! T. F'. C.; Great Barrier
and adjacent islets, Kirk! Little Barrier Island, Kirk, T. F. C., Miss
Shakespear! Waiheke Island, rare, Kirk; Cuvier Island, 7. F. C.; Shoe
Island, J. Adams ! August-September. Also in Norfolk Island.

The identification of this plant with the Norfolk Island H. latifolia must
not be considered as proved until specimens from both localities have been
compared. The large broad leayes and numerous flowers separate it from its
New Zealand allies.

Hymenanthera.] VIOLARIE. 51

‘

5. H. chathamica, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)
§14.—An erect glabrous shrub; bark furrowed, dotted with minute
lenticels. Leaves alternate, 2-5in. long, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, coriaceous, acute, narrowed into a short petiole, sharply
toothed ; margins thickened; veins reticulate on both surfaces.
Flowers in crowded fascicles along the branches, dicecious ; pedicels
slender, longer than the flowers, decurved. Male flowers: Sepals
ovate, free almost to the base. Petals more than twice as long as
the sepals, revolute at the tips. Anthers with a lanceolate jagged
connective more than half as long as the cells ; dorsal scale cuneate-
spathulate. Female flowers not seen. Berry ovoid or subglobose,
white, usually 4-seeded. Seeds angled, outer surface convex ;
strophiole small.—Students’ Fl. 45. H. latifolia var. chathamica,
FF’, Muell. Veg. Chatham Is. 9.

Nort Istanp: Wellington—Patea, Hector! CHaTHam IsLaNpDs: Capt.
G. Mair! H. H. Travers! F. A. D. Cox! Mahoe. Septem ber—October.

There is little to separate this from the preceding except the longer and
narrower sharply toothed leaves and the 4-seeded berry, and I doubt the con-
stancy of this latter character. Sir James Hector’s Patea specimens have
neither flowers nor fruit, but appear to belong to the same species.

Oxper V. PITTOSPOREAS.

_ Trees or shrubs, rarely climbers. Leaves alternate or whorled,
simple, seldom toothed or lobed, exstipulate. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite or more rarely unisexual, terminal or axillary.
Sepals 5, free or connate at the base, imbricate. Petals 5,
hypogynous, imbricate, often cohering at the base, limb spread-
ing or recurved. Stamens 5, hypogynous, free; anthers ver-
satile. Ovary normally 1l-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentas,
but often more or less completely 2-5-celled from the intru-
sion of the placentas ; style simple; ovules usually numerous on
each placenta. Fruit capsular or succulent and indehiscent.
Seeds generally numerous; albumen copious; embryo minute, with
the radicle next the hilum.

Genera 9; species about 120. The order is confined to Australia, with the
exception of Pittosporwm itself, which has a wide distribution in the warm
regions of the Old World. Many of the species are more or less resinous and
aromatic.

PITTOSPORUM, Banks.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or tomentose. Leaves alternate or
subverticillate, usually entire, rarely sinuate-toothed or lobed.
Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or in fascicles umbéls or
corymbs. Sepals free or connate below. Petals 5, with erect
claws, often connivent below; tips recurved. Stamens 5, erect;
filaments subulate ; anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary incompletely
2-4-celled ; style. short.. Capsule globose, ovoid or obovoid,

52 PITTOSPORES. | Pittosporum.

1-celled ; valves 2-4, hard and woody, bearing the placentas along
the centre. Seeds immersed in a viscid fluid.

A genus of between 60 and 70 species, found in Africa, subtropical Asia,
Australia, the Pacific islands, and New Zealand. All the New Zealand species
are endemic, and most of them are confined to the North Island. The flowers
are frequently polygamous or even unisexual.

A. Flowers axillary and solitary, rarely fascicled, sometimes terminal, but in
that case axillary flowers are always present as well.

Leaves 1-2in., obtuse or acute, thin, margins waved.

Flowers usually ek aban yin. diam., valves

thin be .. 1. P. tenuifoliwm.
Leaves 2-3 in., acute, coriaceous, margins flat. Flowers

usually solitary. Capsule Zin. diam., valves thick and

woody . 2 P. Colensoi.
inna in axillary and terminal fascicles, otherwise as in

P. Colensot . 2a. P. Colensoi, var.
Leaves 2-5in., oblong-lanceolate, submembranous. Pe- fasciculatum.

duncles long, 3in., 1-2-flowered. Capsules less than

Zin. diam. ie ie ae oe .. 3. P. Buchanan.

Leaves 14-2in., oblong-obovate. Flowers axillary and

terminal, solitary or fascicled. Capsules mostly ter-

minal, large, Zin. diam. 4. P. intermedium.
Leaves large, 3-5 in., broadly oblong, usually covered with

white floccose tomentum when young. Flowers axillary

and terminal, solitary or fascicled. Capsules in. diam. 5. P. Huttonianwm-
Leaves small, $in., obcordate. Flowers axillary, solitary

or geminate an Se 5 32 .. 6. P. obcordatum.

B. Flowers strictly terminal, in umbels or fascicles, rarely solitary.

Small rigid shrub. Leaves small, +-4in., linear-oboyate,

entire or lobed. Flowers solitary. Capsules small,tin. 7. P. rigidum.
Leaves linear or linear-oblong, entire lobed or pinnatifid.

Umbels 4-8-flowered. Capsules 4in., globose, 2-valved 8. P. patulum.
Leaves linear- or elliptic-lanceolate, 1-2in., often lobed or

pinnatifid on young trees, clothed with ferruginous

pubescence. Capsules din., globose, 2-valved.. -. 9. PB. virgatum.
Leaves elliptic-oblong or “elliptic. obovate, 2-4in., clothed

with ferruginous tomentum. Capsule broadly ovoid,

2in., 2-valved 2 10. P. ellipticwm.
Leaves oblong or oblong- obovate, 2 5 in., white beneath,
margins flat. Capsule 2 Zin., 3-valved 11. P. Ralphit.

Leaves linear-obovate, 2-3in., white or buff below, thick,

margins recurved. Capsule tomentose, 3-1} in., 3- valved 12. P. crassifolium.
Leaves elliptic-obovate, 2-3in., glabrous =a mature, :

margins flat. Capsule ?-1in., glabrous, 3-4-valyed .. 13. P. Fairchildit.
Leaves obovate or lanceolate-oblong, glabrous. Umbels

many-flowered. Capsules small, }in. diam., tetragonous

or 4-lobed, 2-valved.. : . 14. P. umbellatum.
Leaves linear- obovate, 2—4in., glabrous. Flowers yellow.

Capsules large, elliptic- oblong, 13 in. long, 2-valved .. 15. P. Kirkii.
Usually epiphytical. Leaves whorled, elliptic-lanceolate,

14-24in. Capsules din. diam. 3 . 16. P. cornifolium.
Small undershrub, 1-4 ft. Leaves linear or linear- oblong,

4-14 in. Sepals and peta!s narrow-linear. Capsule fin.

diam., beaked a0 at & 5. .. 17. P. pimeleoides.

Pittosporum. | PITTOSPORES. oo
@
C. Flowers in terminal compound umbels or corymbs.

Tree with white bark. Leaves auseti 2-4in. Flowers
yellow. Capsules small, 4 in. af -. 18. P. eugeniordes.

1. P. tenuifolium, Banks and Sol. ex Gertn. Fruct. i. 286,.
t. 59, 7. 7.—A small tree 15-30 ft. in height, with a slender trunk
and dark almost black bark; young leaves and branchlets usually
pubescent, becoming glabrous when mature. Leaves alternate,
1-24 in. long, oblong-ovate or elliptic-obovate, obtuse acute or
shortly acuminate, quite entire, membranous or slightly coriaceous,
iargins ee petiole short. Flowers axillary, solitary or
rarely fascicled, +4 in. long; peduncles about as long as the calyx,
pubescent, straight or curved. Sepals oblong to ovate, obtuse or
subacute, silky or glabrous. Petals dark-purple. Ovary silky.
Capsule $in. diam., = valved, broadly obovoid or subglobose, downy
when young, glabrous and minutely rugose when old ; valves rather
thin.—A. Cunn. Precur. n.615; Raoul, “Choix de Plantes, 48 ; Hook.
jf. #l. Nov. Zel. 1. 21; Handb. NZ. Fl. LD ge Kane, Forest Fi. t. 46 ;
Students’ Fl. 47. Trichilia monophylla, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel.
306, t. 34, bes.

NortH anpd SourH Istanps: Abundant from the North Cape to the
Bluff. Altitudinal range from sea-level to 3000 ft. Kohuhu. October—
November.

An abundant and variable plant, the best distinguishing characters of which:
are the small submembranous leaves with waved margins, axillary and usually
solitary flowers, and small capsules with rather thin valves. The leaves are
often pale-green, especially on young plants.

2. P. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 22.—A small tree, very
closely allied to the preceding, but larger and more robust, with
stouter branches. Leaves 2-4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate elliptical-
oblong or oboyate-oblong, acute, coriaceous, margins usually flat ;
petiole short, stout. Flowers axillary and solitary in the typical
form, rarely fascicled ; peduncles short, erect or decurved, glabrous.
or pubescent; bracts not so caducous as in P. tenwifolium. Sepals
broadly oblong, glabrous or pubescent. Capsule globose; valves
thick and woody. — Handb. N.Z. Fl. 19. P. tenuifolium, var.
Colensoi, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 47.

Var. fasciculatum.—Leaves as in the typical form. Flowers in many-
flowered fascicles, both terminal and in the axils of the uppermost leaves.
Sepals lanceolate, acute, and with the peduncles densely covered with soft

tomentum.—P. fasciculatum, Hook. f. F'l. Nov. Zel. i. 24; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 20.
P. tenuifolium, var. fasciculatum, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 47.

NortH and SoutH Istanps, Stewart IstAND: From Rotorua and the
Patetere Plateau southwards, but often local. Ascends to 3000 ft. Octo-
ber—November.

Very closely allied to P. tenwifoliwum, and connected with it by numerous.
intermediates. Mr. Kirk unites the two, and there is much to be said in
favour of such a course. But it must be admitted that P. Colensoi, with its.

d4 PITTOSPOREZ. [Pittosporum.

stouter branches, much larger sharply pointed and more coriaceous deeper-green
flat leaves, has a very distinct aspect from P. tenwifoliwm; so that, notwith-
standing the intermediates, I am inclined to regard the differences between the
usual states of the two plants as being too pronounced for varietal distinction
alone.

3. P. Buchanani, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 725.—A shrub or
small tree 10 to 20it. high, with slender spreading or ascending
branches ; young shoots and leaves silky-pubescent. Leaves alter-
nate, 2-5in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong,
rather membranous, acute or acuminate; margins flat, not waved ;
petioles slender. Peduncles axillary, solitary, slender, 4-2in. long,
1-flowered or rarely 2-flowered, glabrous or silky-pubescent. Sepals
ovate-oblong, obtuse. Petals linear, dark-purple; clawlong. Ovary
silky. Capsule less than 4in. diam., subglobose, 3-valved, on long
spreading peduncles.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 47.

Norts Istanp: Auckland—Kaitaia and Mongonui, Buchanan! Taranaki
—Near Mount Egmont, Hector! Wellington—In several localities, Kirk !

This appears to be a rare and local species closely allied to P. tenwifoliwm,
and chiefly separated from it by the longer and narrower leaves, long peduncles,
narrower flowers, and smaller spreading capsules.

4. P. intermedium, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872)
266.—A small tree, in habit and foliage much resembling large
specimens of P. tenwifoluwm; bark black; young shoots and leaves
pubescent. Leaves 14-2in. long, obovate or elliptic-obovate, ob-
tuse or subacute, submembranous or slightly coriaceous, narrowed
into rather long petioles; margins flat, not waved. Flowers both
terminal and in the axils of the upper leaves, solitary or in 2-3-
flowered clusters; peduncles short, pubescent. Sepals oblong,
obtuse or subacute, silky. Capsules usually terminal, large, nearly
in. diam., broadly ovoid or obovoid, downy, 2-3-valved ; peduncles
stout, decurved.—Students’ Fl. 48.

NortH Isuanp: Auckland—Kawau Island, Kirk! October-November.

A puzzling plant, in habit and foliage not to be distinguished from large
forms of P. tenwifolium, but the flowers are chiefly terminal and often fascicled,
and the capsule is much larger, exactly matching that of P. ellipticum. Only
one tree has been seen, and that was cut down several years ago. P. ellipticum
is not known on Kawau Island or in the neighbourhood, or I should have felt
ares to have considered it as a hybrid between that species and P. tenwi-

olium.

5). P. Huttonianum, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii. (1870) 92.
—A sparingly branched shrub or small tree 10-25 ft. high; bark
black ; young leaves and branches covered with white floccose to-
mentum, becoming glabrous when mature. Leaves alternate, 3-5 in.
long, broadly oblong elliptical-oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or
acute, coriaceous, flat; petioles $-3in. long. Flowers either axil-
lary and solitary or in 2-5-flowered axillary and terminal cymes ;
peduncles slender, covered with loose white tomentum. Sepals

Pittosporum.] PITTOSPORBH. 5d
v

oblong or lanceolate, acute, tomentose. Petals ligulate, sharply

recurved. Ovary silky. Capsules larger than in P. tenwtfoliwm,.

Zin. diam., globose or broadly obovoid, 3-valved, rarely 2-valved,

downy or nearly glabrous.—Students’ Fl. 48.

Var. viridifolium, Kirk, l.c.—Branchlets more numerous, slender. Leaves.
thinner, oblong-obovate, acute, tapering into the petiole, perfectly glabrous.
Flowers axillary, solitary. Approaches P. Colensoi, and has equal claims to be
considered a large-leaved form of that species.

NorrH Istanp: Auckland—Great and Little Barrier Islands, Kirk ! Cape
Colville Peninsula, from Cabbage Bay to Ohinemuri, Kirk! T. F.C. Var. viri-
difolium: Rotorua, Kirk! Taranaki—Urenui, 7. #. C.; near Mount Egmont,
Tryon! SoutH Isuanp: Milford Sound, Krk ! October-November.

Varies much in the number and position of the flowers, which may be either
solitary and axillary, or collected into few-flowered cymes, which are then mostly
terminal, constituting Mr. Kirk’s var. fasciatwm. The typical form appears to
be restricted to the Auckland District. I leave the var. viridifoliwm as Mr.
Kirk placed it, but probably it would be more appropriately included in P.
Colensoi.

6. P. obcordatum, Raoul, Choix des Plantes, 24, t. 24. —A
shrub or small tree 8-1d5ft. high; bark pale; branches numerous,
spreading, often tortuous, the younger ones silky towards the tips.
Leaves alternate or in alternate fascicles of 2-4, 4-4in. long,
broadly obovate or obcordate, gradually narrowed into a short
slender petiole, coriaceous, entire, glabrous or the margins under-
surface and petioles more or less silky-pubescent, veins con-
spicuous beneath. Flowers small, ¢in. long, axillary, solitary or
2-3 together, pale-purple or almost white; peduncles short, slender,
silky. Sepals very short, ovate-lanceolate, silky with white hairs.
Petals linear, with spreading tips. Ovary silky. Capsule ovoid,
acuminate, glabrous when old, about +in. long, 2-valved.—Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 22; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 20; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 48.

Nort Isnanp: Auckland—Outlet of Lake Tongonge, near Kaitaia, R. H.

Matthews! Soutn Istanp: Canterbury—Shady woods near Akaroa, Raoul.
September—October.

Mr. Matthews’s specimens, from which the above description is drawn up,
appear to differ from the type in the young leaves and branchlets being silky-
pubescent. In all other respects they match Raoul’s plate very closely.

7. P. rigidum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 22, t. 10.—A rigid
much and closely branched shrub 4-12ft. high; branches stout
and woody, spreading, usually tortuous and interlaced, rarely
slender and erect; young shoots usually pubescent. Leaves small,
alternate or fascicled on short lateral branchlets, +-3in. long,
linear-obovate to oblong or elliptical, very thick and coriaceous or
almost membranous, entire or sinuate-toothed or even deeply and
irregularly lobed, glabrous or nearly so; margins recurved ; petioles
short, stout. Flowers small, solitary, either obviously terminal on
the branches or seated at the tip of short arrested branchlets and
thus appearing axillary, sessile or on very short peduncles. Sepals.

56 PITTOSPOREZ. [Pittosporum.

short, narrow-ovate, caducous. Ovary hirsute. Capsule small,
broadly ovoid, apiculate, +4 in. long, 2-valved, pilose when young,
almost glabrous when old.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 20; Kirk, Students’
Fil. 49.

NortH Isuanp: Mount Hikurangi, Adams! Petrie! Lake Waikaremoana
and Ruahine Mountains, Colenso; Tararua Mountains, H. H. Travers! T. P.
Arnold! SourH Istanp: Nelson-—Maitai Valley and Dun Mountain Range,
Rev. F. H. Spencer! T. F. C.; Wangapeka and Buller Valley, T. F. C.; Lake
Guyon, W. T. L. Travers! Marlborough—Mount Stokes, Macmahon! Can-
terbury--Lake Grasmere, Kirk! Waimakariri Valley, Cockayne! Otago—
Dusky Bay, Hector and Buchanan. Altitudinal range from sea-level to
4000 ft. November—December.

The flowers are described as axillary in the Handbook, but in all the
flowering specimens I have seen they either terminate the main branches or
are placed at the tip of short lateral ones, as shown in the beautiful plate given
in the ‘‘Flora Nove-Zealandie.’’ But the lateral branchlets are sometimes
very short, giving the flowers the appearance of being axillary.

8. P. patulum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 19.— An erect
shrub or small tree 6—-15ft. high, glabrous except the young
shoots and peduncles, which are sparingly clothed with fulyous
silky hairs; branchlets stout. Leaves extremely variable, in the
young state 1-2in. long, }-41n. broad, linear, closely and deeply
lobed or pinnatifid, the lobes often again toothed, gradually passing
into the mature stage, which is linear or linear-oblong, entire or
crenate-serrate, corlaceous, obtuse, gradually narrowed into a short
stout petiole. Flowers in 4—8-flowered terminal umbels; pedicels
slender, in. long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, pointed. Petals twice
as long as the sepals, obtuse, recurved at the tips. Capsules
globose or broader than long, 4in. diam., compressed, 2-valved.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 50.

SoutH Istanp : Nelson—Lake Rotoiti, Buchanan ! T. F.C.; Wairau Moun-

tains, Sinclair; Lake Guyon, Travers! Glacier Gully, Spenser Mountains,
Kirk!

A very remarkable and distinct species, of which more specimens are re-
quired to frame a good description. I have only one flowering specimen.

9. P. virgatum, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 264.—
A small tree 15-25 ft. in height, with slender trunk and black bark ;
branchlets, young leaves, petioles, and inflorescence densely clothed
with ferruginous tomentum. Leaves very variable, in young trees
4-14 in. long, linear-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, entire lobed or
pinnatifid, gradually passing into the mature forms, which are
1-2 in. long, elliptic- or oblong-obovate to oblong-ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, usually entire but occasionally sinuate or lobed, obtuse
or acute, gradually narrowed into rather short petioles. Flowers
terminal, either solitary or in 2—4-flowered umbels. Sepals linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, densely tomentose. Petals shortly recurved
at the tips. Capsules erect, globose, }in. diam., 2-valved, glabrous
when fully mature.—Students’ Fl. 50.

Pittosporum.] PITTOSPOREX. OF

NortH Istanp: Coast south of Mongonui, 7. 7. C. Whangaroa, Bu-
chanan! Kirk! Great Barrier Island, Kirk! Kennedy’s Bay, 7. F. C.; hills
near Tairua, Petrie ! September—October.

The ferruginous pubescence, small terminal umbels, narrow sepals, and
small globose capsule are the best characters of this species, which is nearest to
P. ellipticum. The extreme variability of the leaves in the young plants is
noteworthy. The mature stage, which is usually entire, is seldom attained
until the tree has flowered for some years.

10. P. ellipticum, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872):
266.—A small spreading tree with black bark, 15-25ft. high;
branchlets, young leaves, and inflorescence densely covered with
ferruginous tomentum. Leaves 2-4in. long, elliptic-oblong or
elliptic-obovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, quite en-
tire, coriaceous; petioles short, stout. Flowers in terminal 2-5-
flowered umbels; peduncles short, decurved. Sepals ovate-lan-
ceolate, acute, densely tomentose. Petals recurved at the tips.
Capsules broadly ovoid, slightly compressed, 2 in. diam., tomentose,
2-valved ; valves faintly 2-lobed.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 52.

Var. ovatum, Kirk, 1.c.—Leayes smaller, spreading, broadly elliptical or
obovate, rounded at the apex. Flowers not seen.

Nortu Istanp : Whangaroa, Buchanan! Kirk! Mount Manaia, Whanga-
rei Heads, Kirk! T. F. C.; coast north of the Manukau Harbour, Waitakerei
West, 7. #. C. Var. ovatum: Whangaroa and Mount Manaia, Kirk ! Oc-
tober.

Allied to P. virgatum, but distinguished by the much larger and broader
entire leaves, which do not differ in the young state, and by the larger flowers
and capsules.

11. P. Ralphii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii. (1871) 161.
—A laxly branched shrub 8-15ft. in height, with dark-brown
bark; branchlets, undersurface of leaves, petioles, and inflorescence:
densely clothed with thick white or bufftomentum. Leaves spread-
ing, 2-din. long, oblong or oblong-obovate, quite entire, obtuse or
acute, coriaceous, white with appressed tomentum beneath; mar-
gins flat; petioles slender, $-3in. long. Flowers in terminal
3-10-flowered umbels; peduncles as long as the petioles. Sepals
narrow-ovate, acuminate, tomentose. Petals spreading or recurved
at the tips. Capsules on rather slender peduncles, broadly ovoid,
2in. long, pubescent, 3-valved.—Students’ Fl. 51.

Nortu Isxuanp: Hast Cape district, not uncommon, Banks and Solander !
Colenso! H. Hill! Adams and Petrie! &c.; Hawke’s Bay, A. Hamilton!
Upper Wanganui River, H. C. Field; Patea, Dr. Ralph! October—Novem-
ber.

Closely allied to P. crassifoliwm, but the leaves are much larger, oblong,
not gradually narrowed into the petiole, and the margins are flat, not recurved,,
while the capsules are much smaller. It is without doubt the P. crassifoliwm
of Banks and Solander’s MSS., as is proved by their drawing and specimens;
but unfortunately the name was applied by Putterlich and Cunningham to the:
following plant.

58 PITTOSPOREE. [Pittosporum.

12. P. crassifolium, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 612.—A shrub or
small tree 15-30 ft. high; branches erect, fastigiate; bark dark-
brown; branchlets, leaves below, petioles, and inflorescence densely
clothed with white or buff appressed tomentum. Leaves 2-8 in.
long, oblong-obovate or linear-oboyate, gradually narrowed into a
short stout petiole, obtuse, quite entire, very coriaceous, dark-green
and shining above, clothed with white or buff tomentum beneath ;
margins recurved. Flowers unisexual, in terminal umbels; males
5-10-flowered ; females 1—5-flowered ; peduncles 2-14 in. long,
drooping. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, tomentose. Petals twice as
long as the sepals, revolute at the tips. Fruiting peduncle stout,
decurved. Capsules large, 3-14 in. long, subglobose, tomentose,
3- rarely 4-valved ; valves very thick and woody.—Putterlich, Syn.
Pitiosp. 1s Peoul, Choia de Plantes, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov: Zel.
eS Be Handb. N.Z. Fl. 20; Bot. Mag. t. 5978; Kirk, Forest Fl.
t. 14; Students’ Fl. 51.

Var. strictum, Kirk, Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. 266.—Fruiting peduncles strict,
erect. Capsules smaller.

Kerermabec Isuanps: Northern shore of Sunday Island, 7. #. C. Norru
Istanp : Abundant on the coast, from the North Cape to Poverty Bay. Var.
strictum: Little Barrier Island, Kirk! Kast Cape, Bishop Williams. Karo.
September-October.

A well-known plant, readily distinguished by the strict habit, narrow-
obovate coriaceous tomentose leaves, and large capsules. The flowers are
usually dark-purple; but Mr. A. Osborne has sent me specimens of a yellow- .
flowered variety collected at Tryphena Harbour, Great Barrier Island.

13. P. Fairchildii, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888)
147.—A compact round-topped shrub 8-15 ft. high; branches
slender, spreading; bark brown; branchlets leaves and peduncles
clothed with white silky hairs when young, glabrous when mature.
Leaves often crowded, spreading, 2-3 in. long, obovate or elliptic-
obovate or elliptic- oblong, obtuse or acute, gradually narrowed into
short stout petioles, coriaceous, margins flat. Flowers terminal,
solitary or in 2-4-flowered umbels. Sepals linear-oblong, acute,
tomentose. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals, recurved
at the tips. Fruiting peduncles slender, decurved. Capsules large,
depressed, broader than long, 2-lin. diam., glabrous even when
half-grown, 3-4-valved; valves hard and woody, often lobed.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 51.

Norru Isuanp: Three Kings Islands, T. F’. C. August-September.

Differs from P. crassifoliwm in the broader flat leaves and smaller glabrous
depressed capsule. It approaches P. wmbellatum in the foliage, but is readily
distinguished by the silky tomentose branchlets, fewer flowers, and much
jarger capsules.

14. P. umbellatum, Banks and Sol. ex Gertn. Fruct. i. 286,
. high, perfectly glabrous
except the young shoots, which are thinly clothed with silky

Pittosporwm. | PITTOSPORE®. 5®

fulvous hairs. Leaves alternate or subwhorled, 2-4 in. long, ob-
ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or acute,
coriaceous, dark-green above, paler below, narrowed into rather
long petioles 4-$in. long. Flowers in many-flowered terminal
umbels; peduncles slender, longer than the petioles. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate. Petals ligulate, obtuse, slightly recurved. Ovary
pubescent. Fruiting peduncles slender, decurved. Capsules 4in.
diam., rounded, tetragonous or 4-lobed, 2-valved; valves woody,.
eranulate.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 613; Raoul, Chor de Plantes, 48 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zei. i. 24; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 21; Kirk, Students’
Fl. 0.

Var. cordatum, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. 264.— Leaves narrower,

linear-obovate or oboyate-spathulate, acute, gradually narrowed into the petiole.
Capsules rounded, cordate, acuminate ; valves not lobed.

Norts Istanp: Not uncommon along the shores from the North Cape to
Poverty Bay. Var. cordatwm: Haratoanga, Great Barrier Island, Kirk!
September—November.

Easily recognised by the many-flowered umbels and roundish 4-lobed
capsules.

15. P. Kirkii, Hook. f. ex T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. 11.
(1869) 92.—A stout sparingly branched glabrous shrub 4-12 ft.
high, often epiphytic; branches stout; bark reddish - purple.
Leaves crowded or whorled, 2-5 in. long, linear-obovate, obtuse or
subacute, very thick and coriaceous, quite entire, gradually nar-
rowed into a short stout petiole; margins thickened, slightly
recurved. Flowers yellow, in terminal 3-10-flowered unibels.
Sepals lanceolate, acuminate. Petals more than twice as long as
the sepals, very narrow linear, acuminate, sharply recurved.
Fruiting peduncles short, stout, erect. Capsules large, 14 in. long,
elliptic-oblong or elliptic-obovoid, 2-valved, quite glabrous, cus-
pidate.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 50.

Norra istanp: Auckland— Between Whangape and Hokianga, Kirk /
Maungataniwha, 7. Ff. C.; Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham; plateau near
Taheke, Petrie! Maungatapere, H. Carse! Whangarei, Buchanan; Great
Barrier Island and Omaha, Airk! Cape Colville Peninsula, from Cabbage Bay
to Te Aroha, Kirk, 7. F. C.; Waitakarei and Titirangi Ranges, 7. #.C. Tara-
naki—Mount Egmont Ranges, J. Adams and TY. F’. C. Altitudinal range
from 800 to 3000 ft. December—January.

A handsome and well-marked species, which cannot be confounded with any
other.

16. P. cornifolium, A. Cunn. Bot. Mag. t. 3161. — A slender
sparingly branched shrub 2-5 ft. high, usually growing as an
epiphyte on the trunks or branches of forest trees, more rarely
on rocks, never truly terrestrial. Branches forked or whorled,
glabrous, or the younger ones silkv-pubescent. Leaves whorled,
14-24 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-obovate, acute, coria-
ceous, quite entire, glabrous; petioles very short. Flowers poly-
gamous or dicecious, in 38-5-flowered terminal umbels; females

60 PITTOSPORER. [Pittosporwm.

smaller and on shorter peduncles. Sepals linear-subulate. Petals
much longer, subulate-lanceolate, broad at the base and then
narrowed into long acuminate points. Capsules erect or inclined,
4in. diam., broadly ovoid or obovoid, 3-valved; valves orange-
yellow inside. — Precur. n. 616; Raoul, Choiw de Plantes, 48;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 23; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 21; Kirk, Students’
Fil, 49.

NortH Isuanp: From the North Cape to Wellington; abundant in the
north, often local to the south of Hawke’s Bay. Souru Istanp: Pelorus Sound
and Titi Island, J. Rutland ! Sea-level to 2800 ft. June—-September.

This isa common plant in the forests of the Auckland District, growing
intermixed with other epiphytes on the trunks and branches of the rata
{Metrosideros robusta) and other large forest trees.

17. P. pimeleoides, h. Cunn. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 618. — A
small slender inuch-branched shrub 1-5 ft. in height; branchlets
usually numerous, almost filiform, pilose when young. Leaves
numerous, crowded or whorled, very variable in size and shape,
4-14 in. long, ;4-+in. broad, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong,
acute or acuminate, rarely obtuse, entire or rarely obscurely cre-
nulate, patent or reflexed, somewhat membranous. Flowers small,
yellow-red, in terminal 2-8-flowered umbels or solitary, unisexual ;
males larger, more numerous, and on longer peduncles than the
females ; peduncles slender, silky-pilose. Sepals subulate, acumi-
nate. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals, very narrow,
linear-acuminate. Ovary silky. Capsules on short erect peduncles,
ovoid, acuminate, almost beaked, 2-valved. — Raoul, Choix de
Plantes, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 24; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 21;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 49. P. crenulatum, Putterlich, Syn. Pittosp. 15.

Var. major.—Branches few, slender. Leaves in distant whorls, elliptical
or elliptical-obovate, ?-14 in. long, 3in. broad. Capsule rather larger.

Var. reflexum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 24.— Leaves smaller, crowded,
jinear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ;,-}in. broad.—P. reflexum, R. Cunn.
l.c. n. 617; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 19. P. radicans, R. Cunn. Lc. n. 619.
P. Gilliesianum, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. i. (1868) 143.

Nort Isnanp: North Cape (var. major), 7. F. C.; near Mongonui, Kirk !
T. F.C., R. H. Matthews! Whangaroa, R. Cunningham; Kawakawa River,
Bay of Islands, R. Cunningham, Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk ! March—May.

Easily recognised by its small size and slender habit, narrow leaves, ter-
minal umbels of yellow-red flowers, and small-beaked capsules. The var.
reflecum was restored as a distinct species in the Handbook, but is certainly
not entitled to more than varietal rank. Both at Mongonui and Kawakawa it
grows intermixed with the typical pimeleoides, together with numeious inter-
mediate forms.

18. P. eugenioides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 614.—A small branch-
ing round-headed tree 20-40ft. high, perfectly glabrous except a
few silky hairs on the branches of the inflorescence; trunk 1-2 it.
ciam.; bark pale. Leaves alternate or almost whorled, 2—4in.

Pittosporum. | PITTOSPORE. 61

long, elliptical or elliptical-oblong, acute or subacute, slightly
coriaceous, narrowed into slender petioles 4-lin. long; margins
often undulate. Flowers polygamous or dicecious, small, yellowish,
in terminal branched many-flowered compound umbels or corymbs ;
peduncles and pedicels slender, spreading, silky-pubescent. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. Petals linear-oblong, spread-
ing and recurved, more than twice as long as the sepals. Capsules
numerous, small, +in. long, ovoid, acute, glabrous, 2—3-valved.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 22; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 21; Kirk, Forest Fl.
t. 49; Students’ Fi. 52. P. elegans, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 25.
P. microcarpum, Putterlich, Syn. Pittosp. 15.

NortH AND SourH IsuaANDS: Common from the North Cape to the south
of Otago. Tarata. September—October.

The largest of the New Zealand species, and the only one with a compound
inflorescence. The flowers are highly fragrant, and were formerly mixed by the
Maoris with fat and used for anointing their bodies.

Orver VI. CARYOPHYLLEA:.

Herbs, very rarely woody at the base; branches usually swollen
at the nodes. Leaves opposite, quite entire or minutely serrulate,
often united at the base; stipules scarious or wanting. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-4, free or cohering into a tubular
calyx, imbricate. Petals 4-5 or occasionally absent, hypogynous
or rarely perigynous, entire or lobed. Stamens 8-10, rarely fewer,
inserted with the petals. Ovary tree, 1-celled or imperfectly 3-5-
celled at the base; styles 2-5, free or more or less connate into a
single style; ovules 2 to many, attached to a free central or basal
placenta. Fruit usually capsular, splitting into as many or twice
as many valves as styles, very rarely indehiscent. Seeds few or
many ; albumen farinaceous, usually more or less surrounded by
the narrow curved embryo.

A large and very natural order, found in every part of the world, but most
abundant in temperate regions, particularly of the Northern Hemisphere ; rare
in the tropics, unless on high mountains. Genera about 38; species 1000 or
more. The order contains some handsome garden plants, as the various kinds
of carnations and pinks, but as a whole the species are insignificant, possessing
no important properties or uses. Of the 4 genera indigenous in New Zealand,
Colobanthus is confined to the south temperate zone; the remaining 3 occur
in both hemispheres. More than 20 naturalised species have become well esta-
blished, all of them of northern origin.

Sepals wnited into a tubular calyx (Silenez).
Calyx broadly 5-nerved. Styles2. Capsule deeply 4-valved 1. GyYPSOPHILA.
Sepals free (Alsinez).
Petals 2-fid. Styles3-5. Capsule globular or ovoid, open-
ing with as many valves as styles. No stipules .. 2, STELLARIA.
Petals wanting. Styles 4-5. Stamens equal in number to
the sepals. No stipules ae oe ys
Petals entire. Styles 3. Capsule 3-valved. Stipules
scarious .. oe ee Ho ‘g Hi

3. CoLOBANTHUS.

4, SPERGULARIA.

62 CARYOPHYLLE. [Gypsophila.

1. GYPSOPHILA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, often glaucous, sometimes glandular-
pubescent or hispid. Flowers usually small, paniculate or solitary
in the forks of the stem. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-toothed
or 5-lobed, with 5 broad green nerves separated by membranous
interspaces. Petals 5, with a narrow claw; limb entire or notched.
Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2; ovules many. Capsule
globose or ovoid, 4-valved to or below the middle. Seeds subreni-
form, laterally attached, embryo curved round the albumen.

A genus of about 50 species, with the exception of the following one all
limited to the Mediterranean region and extratropical Asia.

1. G. tubulosa, Boiss. Diagn. Fl. Or. i. 11.—A dichotomously
branched erect or spreading annual 2-6in. high, glandular-pubes-
cent in all its parts, often viscid; stems and branches slender,
terete. Leaves linear-subulate, 4-4in., rarely longer. Flowers
solitary in the forks of the branches, sometimes appearing axillary
from one branch only being developed : peduncles slender, 14tin.
long. Calyx tubular, with 5 short teeth. Petals red or whitish-red,
linear-oblong, slightly exceeding the calyx. Capsule ovoid-oblong,
longer than the calyx, 5-valved at the apex. Seeds black, trans-
versely rugose and pitted.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 325; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 22; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 155; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 54.

NortH Is~tanp: Hast Coast, from Ahuriri to Cape Palliser, Colenso!
SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Tarndale, Travers. Marlborough, Buchanan. Can-
terbury—Lake Forsyth, Lake Lyndon, Kirk! Rangitata Valley, Siclair and
Haast; Mackenzie Plains and Lake Tekapo, T. #.C.; Lake Ohau, Haast.
Otago—Common in the interior, Hector and Buchanan, Petrie ! Altitudinal
range from sea-level to 3000 ft. November—January.

Also widely diffused in Australia, but found elsewhere only in South Europe
and Asia Minor, from whence it was originally described. Several botanists
have suggested that it has been introduced both into Australia and New Zealand,
but so far as the latter country is concerned no evidence has ever been obtained
in support of such a view.

2, STELLARIA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs of very various habit, usually low-
growing and diffuse, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers white, solitary
or cymose, orien or lateral. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals the
same number, 2-cleft, rarely wanting. Stamens 10 or fewer by
abortion, hypogynous. Ovary l-celled; styles 3, or rarely 2, 4, or
5; ovules few or many. Capsule globose to oblong, few or many-
seeded, dehiscing to below the middie into twice as ‘many valves as
styles. Seeds granulate, tuberculate, or pitted.

A genus of about 75 species, dispersed over the whole world, but most
abundant in cold and temperate regions. The 6 indigenous species are all
endemic, but 3 others from the Northern Hemisphere have become naturalised.
One of these, S. media, Linn., the common chickweed, is now so well established
and has penetrated into such remote localities (it has been gathered in Mac-

Stellaria.] CARYOPHYLLES. 63

quarie Island) that a beginner will be certain to consider it indigenous. It has
flaccid procumbent much-branched stems 6in. to 2 ft. long, marked by an alter-
nate pubescent line; ovate acuminate leaves, the lower on ‘long ciliate petioles ;
and flowers both axillary and in terminal cymes.

Creeping and matted. Leaves orbicular. Sepals subulate-

lanceolate, acute 1. S. parviflora.
Creeping and matted. Leaves ‘orbicular, ovate, obovate, or

lanceolate. Sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse .. 2. S. decipiens.
Small. Leaves soft, ovate. Sepals oblong, obtuse .. 3. S. minuta.
Creeping or suberect. Leaves linear- oblong. Flowers

almost sessile. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate .. 4. S. elatinoides.
Glaucous, erect, dichotomously branched. Leaves linear.

Flowers large, green, 3in. .. 5. S. Roughit.
Tufted, suberect, rigid and wiry. Leaves acerose, linear-

subulate .. a bac te ae .. 6. S. gracilenta.

1. S. parviflora, Banks and Sol. ex Hook f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 25.
—A slender pale-green flaccid herb with creeping stems rooting at
the nodes, often much branched and forming broad matted patches
6-12in. diam. or more, glabrous or with a few weak hairs on the
petioles. Leaves membranous, +—}in. long, orbicular or broadly
ovate, acute or mucronate, rarely cordate at the base ; blade usually
longer than the petiole. Peduncles solitary, axillary, usually much
longer than the leaves, 1—3-flowered; a pair of bracteoles at the
fork of the peduncle, and another Da on one and sometimes on
all the pedicels. Flowers minute, jin. diam. Sepals subulate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, with white scarious margins.
Petals wanting or 5, 2-cleft to nearly the base, shorter than the
sepals. Styles 3. Capsule longer than the sepals, deeply 6-valved.
Seeds 4-12, red-brown, deeply pitted.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 23;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 57. S. oligosperma, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xvi. (1886) 257. S. pellucida, Col. l.c. xxvii. (1895) 383.

Nort AND SoutTH ISLANDS, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM IsnaANDS: Abundant
throughout in both lowland and mountain districts, ascending to over 4000 ft.

Mr. Colenso’s herbarium contains numerous examples of his S. oligosperma
and S. pellucida, but I can find no characters to distinguish them from the
ordinary form of the species, even as varieties.

2. S. decipiens, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 7.—A pale-green much
and loosely branched decumbent herb, forming matted patches.
Leaves 4-2 in. long, orbicular or orbicular-ovate or broadly obovate,
rather fleshy, acute or apiculate, with a callous tip, narrowed into
a broad and slightly cillate petiole. Peduncles axillary, usually
2-flowered, generally longer than the leaves; a pair of bracts at the
fork of the peduncle and another on one of the pedicels. Flowers
small, rather larger than those of S Peet viflora. Sepals 5, oblong-
ovate, obtuse or subacute. Petals 5, 2-cleft to the base, sarhes
than the sepals, often wanting. Capsules 4 longer than the sepals,
oblong-ovoid, deeply 6- valved. Seeds dark red- brown, tuberculate.
— Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 680; Handb. N.Z. Fi. 23: Kirk, Students’
Fl. 57.

64 CARYOPHYLLE. [Stellaria-

Var. angustata, Kirk, l.c.—Leaves narrower than in the type, linear-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL Is~tANDS: Woods near the sea, not uncommon,
Hooker, Kirk! Chapman! Macquarie Istanp, dA. Hamilton. Var. angustata:
ANTIPODES IsnLanp, Kirk !

A larger plant than the preceding, with more fleshy stems and leaves, larger
flowers, and larger and more coarsely tuberculate seeds. It much resembles the
European S. media, but can always be distinguished by the less developed inflor-
escence and by the absence of the pubescent line on the branches.

3. S. minuta, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 57.—‘‘ Annual. Stems
4-1 in. high, narrowly winged, branched, glabrous, ciliate. Leaves
ovate, acuminate or acute, narrowed into a short broad petiole ;
apex callous. Peduncles axillary, 1-2-flowered, with a pair of
bracts at the base of the naked pedicels, not diverging. Sepals.
broadly oblong, obtuse. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals, 2-fid
nearly to the base. Stamens 8, rarely 10. Capsule not seen.”

SoutH Istanp: Mount Stokes, 3000ft., J. Macmahon! Westport, on the
sea-beach, Dr. Gaze (a scrap only).

The specimens of this in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium are few and imperfect, and I
have consequently reproduced his deseription. He remarks that it is ‘‘ distin-
guished frcm all forms of S. parviflora, S. decipiens, and S. elatinoides by the
broadly obtuse sepals, and from S. media by its solitary or geminate flowers and
the absence of the hairy line on the stems and branches.’’ It looks to me much
like a reduced form of S. varviflora.

4. S. elatinoides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 25.—A small
glabrous pale-green herb ; stems 1-3 in. long, branched, decumbent
at the base, ascending or suberect at the tips. Leaves 4-1 in.
long, linear or linear-oblong, acute or subacute, narrowed into a.
short flat petiole. | Flowers small, j,1in. diam., axillary and soli-
tary, sessile or on short peduncles. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or
subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, with white scarious margins.
Petals absent in all the flowers examined. Stamens 5 or 10.
Capsule ovoid, as long as the sepals, 6-valved to the middle.
Seeds 6-12, red-brown, covered with large rounded tubercles.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl.23; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 58.

Norty Isuanp: Hawke’s Bay—Lake Rotoatara and Cape Kidnappers,
Colenso. SoutH Istanp: Otago — Duntroon, Sowburn, Tuapeka Mouth,,
Speargrass Flat, Petrie ! November.

Easily recognised by the small size, narrow leaves, acuminate sepals,
almost sessile flowers, and coarsely tubercled seeds. The above description is
drawn up from Mr. Petrie’s Otago specimens, the plant not having been seen in
the North Island since Mr. Colenso’s original discovery of it more than fifty
years ago. It is very closely alliedto the Tasmanian S. multiflora, if indeed not
a form of that species.

5. S. Roughii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 23. — An erect or
straggling much-branched glabrous and succulent glaucous-green
herb 2-6in. high. Leaves 4-lin. long, linear, acuminate, fleshy,
l-nerved. Flowers large, green, }-in. long, din. diam., on short

Stellaria. | CARYOPHYLLEA. 65

stout terminal peduncles. Sepals very large, almost foliaceous,
lanceolate, acuminate, with 3 stout nerves. Petals much shorter
than the sepals, cleft almost to the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3.
Capsule about half as long as the sepals, 6-valved to the base.
Seeds 12-20, red-brown, covered with large projecting papille.—
Kurk, Students’ Fl. 58.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Dun Mountain, Rough! T.F.C.; Wairau
Gorge, Travers; Mount Captain, Kirk! Clarence Valley and Lake Tennyson,
T. F.C. Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Haast, Petrie, 7'. F. C.; Broken River
and Upper Waimakariri, Hnys! Kirk! T. F.C. Altitudinal range 3000 to
6000 ft. December—February.

One of the most distinct species of the genus, remarkable for its fleshy
glaucous habit, large green flowers, and the large papille on the seeds. It
appears to be confined to bare shingle-slopes on the mountains.

6. S. gracilenta, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 326.—A loosely
tufted rigid and wiry yellow-green herb 1-din. high; stems sub-
erect, slightly scabrid, often matted and interlaced. Leaves oppo-
site, glabrous, 4—+1in. long, linear-subulate, curved, concave above,
smooth and convex below when moist, when dry grooved on each
side of the stout midrib ; tip rigid, terete, acute ; margins thickened,
slightly ciliate at the base, not revolute; each stem-leaf with a
small fascicle of leaves in its axil. Peduncles springing from the
axils of the uppermost leaves, 1—3in. long, solitary, strict, erect,
1-flowered, 2-bracteolate about the middle. Flowers tin. diam.,
greenish-white. Sepals oblong, acute, with broad membranous
margins. Petals 5, rather longer than the sepals, 2-cleft almost
to the base. Stamens 5-10. Styles 3. Capsule ovate-oblong,
6-valved ; seeds pale-brown, papillose.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 24; Kirk,
Students’ Fi. 58.

Soury Isnanp : Not uncommon in mountain districts, ascending to 5000 ft.
Descends to sea-level at the mouth of the Waitaki River. November—Feb-
ruary.

Easily recognised by the strict wiry habit, subulate leaves, and very long
erect peduncles.

3. COLOBANTHUS, Bartling.

Small densely tufted usually rigid glabrous herbs. Leaves
opposite, narrow-linear or subulate, usually imbricate, rigid, cartil-
aginous, rarely fleshy. Flowers green, solitary, on short or long
peduncles. Sepals 4-5, coriaceous, erect. Petals wanting.
Stamens 4-5, alternating with the sepals, slightly perigynous.
Capsule ovoid or oblong, opening by as many valves as sepals.

A small genus of about 15 species, most numerous in New Zealand, but
found also on the mountains of South America, in Australia and Tasmania, and
in the Antarctic islands. Of the 9 species found in New Zealand, all but 3 are

endemic. The species are highly variable, and most of them extremely difficult
of discrimination.

3—FI.

66 CARYOPHYLLE. [Colobanthus.

Colobanthus repens, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. 261, and C. caspitosus,
Col. /.c. xxvii. 384, are respectively Sagina procumbens, Linn., and S. apetala,
Linn., as proved by the type specimens in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium. It is
curious that such an acute observer as Mr. Colenso should have overlooked that
the stamens are opposite to the sepals in both these plants, and not alternate, as
is the case in all true Colobanthi. Both the above species of Sagina are now
copiously naturalised throughout the colony.

* Flowers tetramerous.
Soft, bright-green. Leaves ;,-}in., linear, obtuse, almost

fleshy. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse Ae .. 1. C. muscoides.
Branched, leafy. Leaves flaccid, #-%in., acute or mucro-
nate, but not acicular. Sepals ovate, obtuse .. .. 2. C. quitensis.

** Flowers pentamerous.

Leaves grassy, often flaccid, acicular. Sepals ovate,

acute or acuminate, but slightly exceeding the capsule 3. C. Billardieri.
Leaves rigid, usually spreading, acicular. Sepals acicular,

much longer than the capsule yh .. 4. C. Muelleri.
Leaves densely imbricate, small, 4- tin, obtuse at the

tip, with a short acicular point. Sepals about equal to

the capsule : 5. C. brevisepalus.
Leaves densely imbricate, 4-tin. a strict, narrowed into

short acicular points. Sepals about equal to the capsule 6. C. Benthami-

Leaves densely imbricate, }-$in., curved, narrowed into anus.
very long acicular points. Sepals much longer than the
capsule... 7. C. acicularis.

Leaves loosely imbricate, 4-tin., spreading or - recurved,

chaffy, acute or shortly acicular. Sepals 5, ovate,

acute, about equal to the capsule Hc 8. C. canaliculatus.
Leaves ‘barely imbricate, loosely spreading, membranous,

¢-3in. long. Peduncles axillary. Sepals linear-subu-

late, much longer than the capsule .. oe .. 9. C. Buchanan.

1. C. muscoides, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 14.—A soft almost
flaccid perfectly glabrous densely tufted bright-green plant, forming
large irregular patches, Stems numerous, branched, densely matted
and compacted. Leaves ee imbricated, connate at the base,
spreading or ascending, ;4,-+in. long, linear from a broad base,
obtuse at the tip. Flowers minute, on short peduncles which are
sunk amongst the uppermost leaves or shortly exserted in fruit.
Sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, concave, obscurely keeled at the
back. Capsule shorter than the sepals.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 28;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 62; Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot.
fT.

Tum SNARES, AUCKLAND, CAMPBELL, ANTIPODES, AND MACQUARIE ISLANDS :
Common on rocks near the sea.

Forms rounded patches sometimes 18in. across, although usually much
smaller, the inner part composed of the decaying foliage and stems of old plants,
the outside thickly covered with the compacted stems and branches, clothed
with bright-green leaves.

2. C. quitensis, Bartl. im Presl. Relig. Haenk. ii. 13, t. 49, f. 2.—
A small densely tufted much-branched plant 1—2in. high, forming
rather soft rounded patches. Leaves variable in size, lower some-

Colobanthus. | CARYOPHYLLES. 67

times over in. long, upper often very small, 4-}in., narrow-linear
or linear-subulate, acute or mucronate but not acicular at the tip,
connate at the base, flat or concave above, convex beneath ; texture
soft. Peduncles short, stout, terminal. Flowers }in. long.
Sepals 4, ovate, broad at the base, obtuse at the tip, rather thick.
Capsule 4 shorter than the sepals.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 24 ;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 60.

SourH Istanp : Nelson —Dun Mountain Range, Mount Arthur, Raglan
Mountains, 7. F. C.; Wairau Mountains, Travers. Canterbury—Kowai River,
Haast. Otago— Buchanan ! Altitudinal range 1500 to 4500 ft. Also in
South America, from Mexico to Cape Horn.

A well-marked species, at once recognised by the soft leaves, which never
have acicular points, by the tetramerous flowers, and by the broad obtuse sepals.

3. C. Billardieri, Fenzl. in Ann. Wien Mus. i. 49.—A small
densely tufted perennial 4-l4in. high, rarely more. Leaves in
crowded tufts, usually grassy, often flaccid, very variable in
length, sometimes lin. long, very narrow linear or filiform, at
other times shorter, +in., linear-subulate ; broad and membranous
at the base and sheathing the stem, gradually narrowed upwards,
acute or acicular at the tip. Peduncles springing from the centre
of the leaf-tufts, longer or shorter than the leaves, usually elongat-
ing in the fruiting stage. Sepals 5, ovate, acute or acuminate, as
long as or rather longer than the capsule. Capsule broadly ovoid,
obtuse.— Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 14; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 27; Fi.
Tasm. 1. 40; \Handb. N.Z. Fl. 25; Benth. Fl. Austral.i. 161;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 60.

Var. alpinus, Kirk, 1.c.—Larger, forming tufts sometimes 4in. diam.
Leaves 1-2in., with acicular tips. Peduncles 2-4in. long in fruit. Sepals
ovate, acuminate, rather longer than the capsule.

NortuH Istanp: Mount Hikurangi, Adams and Petrie ! Ruahine Moun-
tains, Colenso; Tararua Range, Buchanan; Mount Egmont, 7’. F. C.
SoutH Istanp, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES ISLAND, Mac-
QUARIE IstAND: Abundant throughout. Altitudinal range from sea-level
to 4500 ft. November-February. Also found in Victoria and Tasmania.

Separated from C. quitensis by the different habit, acicular tips to the
leaves, pentamerous flowers, and pointed sepals. From C. Muelleri it can be
distinguished by the grassy and often flaccid leaves and shorter sepals, which
last are not acicular; but some forms are very difficult to place.

4. C. Muelleri, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 356.—
A small densely tufted perfectly glabrous plant, }-14in. high.
Leaves rigid, cartilaginous, spreading, often recurved, }-2in. long,
linear-subulate, broadly channelled above, convex below, narrowed
into short acicular tips. Peduncles terminal or lateral, 1-3 in.
long, stout, often hidden among the leaves. Sevals 5, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, suddenly narrowed into cartilaginous points with
acicular tips, about 4+ longer than the capsule.—Students’ Fl. 60.
C. Billardieri var. brachypoda, Ff’. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 11.

68 CARYOPHYLLEZ. [Colobanthus.

? var. strictus, Cheesem.—Larger, sometimes forming patches 2 in. diam.
Leaves strict, erect, often more than lin. long. Peduncles equalling or exceed-
ing the leaves. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into long acicular points,
nearly half as long again as the capsule.

?var. multicaulis, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 61. — Rigid, much branched,
branches naked below. Leaves rather lax, spreading, linear-subulate, + in. long.
Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Sepals narrow-ovate, acute or mucronate,
equalling the capsule.

NortH AND SoutH Isnanps, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM IsLAND: The
typical form not uncommon from the Kast Cape southwards, usually on clifis
or shingly beaches. Var. strictws: Mountains of Canterbury and Otago,
T. F.C., Petrie! Var. multicaulis : Interior of Otago, Buchanan !

A puzzling plant. As characterized above, it is distinguished from C. Billar-
diert by the rigid habit, harsh often cartilaginous leaves, and especially by the
rigid acicular sepals, which are much longer than the capsule. The two
varieties, when better known, may prove distinct.

5. C. brevisepalus, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxyii. (1895)
357, t. 27H.—A small densely tufted much-branched plant, forming
compact rounded cushions 1-2in. diam. Leaves densely imbri-
cated, straight or curved, smooth and shining, $-4in. long, base
broad and membranous, sheathing the stem, suddenly narrowed
into the upper part, which is subulate, concave above, convex
below, obtuse and almost tumid at the tip, abruptly produced into
a short acicular point. Flowers terminal, sunk amongst the leaves.
Sepals 5, ovate-subulate, convex or almost keeled, equalling or
slightly longer than the oblong capsule.—Students’ Fl. 61.

Souty Isuanp: Marlborough—Mount Mowatt, Kirk! Canterbury—Moun-

tains near Lake Tekapo, 7. #.C. Otago—Kurow, Speargrass Flat, Cromwell,
Queenstown, &c., Petrie ! Ascends to nearly 6000 ft.

This appears to be a well-marked form, recognised without any difficulty by
the short densely imbricated leaves with obtuse tips furnished with a fine hair-
point.

6. C. Benthamianus, Fenzl in Ann. Wien Mus. 1. 49. — A
small densely tufted moss-like plant, forming small rounded
patches about lin. high. Leaves densely imbricated, 4-+in. long,
subulate, strict and rigid, tapering from the base to a shortly
acicular apex, channelled above, convex below, sometimes with a
groove between the margin and midrib. Peduncles short; flowers
slightly exceeding the uppermost leaves. Sepals 5, ovate-subulate,
thickened at the base, acute or very shortly mucronate, equalling or
very slightly exceeding the capsule.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 61. C.
subulatus, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 13 and ii. 247, t. 93; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 25; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 160.

SourH Is~anp: ‘‘ Awatere Valley, and rocky places, Sinclair Range,
alt. 4000 ft., Sinclair and Haast; Otago— Lake District, Hector and
Buchanan.” CAMPBELL IstanD: Hooker, Kirk! Also found in Victoria and
antarctic America.

Colobanthus.| CARYOPHYLLE. 69

Like Mr. Kirk, I have not seen any South Island specimens that I can refer
to this species, although small forms of C. acicularis have frequently been mis-
taken for it. C. Benthamianus appears to me to constantly differ from
C. acicularis in the shorter and more strict leaves, with much shorter acicular
points, and in the broader and shorter sepals, which can hardly be called
acicular, and barely exceed the capsule. In C. acicuwlaris the sepals are nar-
tower, and have long acicular apices much exceeding the capsule.

7. C. acicularis, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 25.—A pertectly
glabrous densely tufted rigid and shining plant, forming green or
brownish rounded tufts 3-6in. diam. and 1-3in. high. Leaves
very numerous, densely imbricated all round the branches, }—$in.
long, linear-subulate, often curved, broad and sheathing at the base,
gradually narrowed into very long acicular points, channelled above,
convex and smooth below. Flowers almost sessile amongst the
uppermost leaves, than which they are shorter. Sepals 5, narrow
linear-subulate, narrowed into long acicular tips, at least 4 longer
than the capsule.——Kirk, Students’ Fl. 62.

Sourn Isuanp: Dry rocky places in the mountains, abundant through-
out. Altitudinal range from 1500 ft. to 6000 ft.

Well characterized by the robust stems and branches, long leaves with
remarkably long acicular points, almost sessile flowers, and long sepals, which
much exceed the capsule.

8. C. canaliculatus, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
357. — A small densely tufted much-branched plant, forming
rounded cushions 3-4 in. diam. and 2in. high, occasionally more
laxly branched and open. Leaves in opposite pairs with broad
connate sheathing bases, $-1in. long, rigid or chaffy, spreading,
subulate, graduaily narrowed into an acute or shortly acicular tip,
deeply channelled above, convex below, margins thickened.
Flowers +in., terminating short lateral branchlets in the axils of
the uppermost leaves. Sepals 5, broadly ovate, acute or subacute,
margins thin and almost translucent. Stamens 5, longer than the
sepals.. Hypogynous disc reduced to a thickened line. Capsules
equal to or rather shorter than the sepals. — Students’ Hl. 61.
C. squarrosus, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 534.

Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Mount Owen, on limestone rocks, alt. 4000 ft.,
T. F.C., W. Townson! Otago—Buchanan !

A well-marked plant, the chief characters of which are the short spreading
chaffy leaves, either acute or very shortly acicular, the short stout lateral
peduncles, and the broadly ovate sepals.

9. C. Buchanani, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 358,
t. 27p.—Apparently a laxly tufted plant 2-3in. high, with slender
erect stems. Leaves not imbricating, loosely spreading, 4-4 in.
long, linear-subulate, sheathing at the base, membranous, concave
above, convex below, gradually narrowed into short acicular points.
Peduncles axillary, slender, usually rather longer than the leaves.
Flowers +-4+in. long. Sepals 5, linear-subulate, acuminate, half as
long again as the short capsule.—Students’ Fl. 62.

70 CARYOPHYLLEA. [ Colobanthus.

SourH Istanp: Otago—Manuherikia Valley, Buchanan !

A most distinct plant, of which I have only seen three imperfect specimens.
The slender stems, loosely spreading membranous leaves, and axillary peduncles.
give it a very different aspect from that of any other New Zealand species.

4, SPERGULARIA, Pers.

Spreading or prostrate herbs. Leaves linear or setaceous, often
with smaller ones fascicled in the axils so as to appear verticillate.
Stipules small, scarious. Flowers white or pink, pedicelled, in
subracemose cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely wanting.
Stamens 10 or fewer by abortion. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled ;
styles 3. Capsules 3-valved; seeds compressed, often winged.

A genus of 5 or 6 species, widely spread in temperate or subtropical regions,
chiefly near the sea-coast or in saline localities. The single New Zealand species
has a very extensive range.

1. S. media, Presi. Fl. Sic. 17.—A rather succulent much-
branched prostrate or suberect herb, more or less viscid-pubescent ;
stems 2-6in. long. Leaves narrow-linear, semi-terete, 4-1 in. long,
fleshy, quite entire, acute; stipules broadly ovate, acuminate, con-
spicuous. Flowers many, axillary and terminal, on slender glan-
dular peduncles 4-lin. long. Sepals lanceolate, with a broad white
membranous border. Petals usually shorter than the sepals.
Capsule exceeding the sepals. Seeds more or less flattened, often
surrounded by a broad membranous wing.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 63.
S. rubra var. marina, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 25. Arenaria
media, Linn. Sp. Plant. 606; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 609; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 26.

NortH anpd SoutH IsLanps, STEWART IsLAND: Common on the coast,
from the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape southwards. October—
February. An abundant plant near the sea in many parts of the world.

The allied species S. rubra, Presl., which has more slender and flatter leaves,
smaller flowers, and seeds not so conspicuously margined, is naturalised in
several places in both the North and South Islands, but is usually found in
inland localities.

Orper VII. PORTULACES..

Herbs, usually fleshy and glabrous, occasionally clothed with
long hairs. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, entire, generally
exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, rarely
more, imbricate. Petals 4-5, hypogynous or rarely perigynous,.
free or united kelow. Stamens either equal in number to the petals
and opposite to them or indefinite, often adnate to the base of the
petals. Ovary free or rarely half-inferior, 1l-celled; style 3-8-fid;
ovules few or many, affixed to a free central or basal placenta.
Fruit a capsule, either dehiscing with as many valves as style-

Claytonia.] PORTULACEA). TL

branches, or opening by a transverse lid. Seeds 1 to many;
embryo curved round a farinaceous albumen.

A small order, having its headquarters in America ; found more sparingly in
South Africa and Australia; decidedly rare in Asia, north Africa, and Europe.
Genera 16; species about 125. Some of the American genera are shrubby; and
the widely distributed Portwlaca (naturalised in New Zealand) differs from the
rest of the order in having perigynous petals and stamens, and a half-inferior
ovary. Of the New Zealand genera, Hectorella is endemic, Claytonia is mainly
American, and Montia occurs in the temperate regions of both hemispheres.

Stems slender. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Capsule
3-many-seeded, seeds shining :

: i¢ .. 1. Craytonta.
Stems slender. Stamens usually 3, opposite the petals.

Capsule 1-3-seeded, seeds dull and opaque... .. 2. Monta.
Alpine herb with densely tufted stems. Stamens 5, alter-
nate with the petals me we 543 .. 3. HECTORELLA.

1. CLAYTONIA, Linn.

Annual or perennial low-growing glabrous and succulent herbs.
Radical leaves petiolate, cauline opposite or alternate. Flowers
solitary or in terminal or axillary racemes or cymes. Sepals 2,
persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 5, adhering to the
petals at the base. Ovary free; ovules few; style 3-cleft. Capsule
globose or ovoid, membranous, 3-valved. Seeds reniform or orbi-
cular, flattened.

Species about 20, all from North America or north-eastern Asia with the
exception of the following one, which is confined to Australia and New Zealand.

1. C. australasica, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 293. — A
perfectly glabrous tender and succulent usually matted plant, with
slender creeping stems 1-6in. long. Leaves very variable in size,
414 in. long, alternate or in distant pairs, narrow-linear or linear-
spathulate, obtuse, dilated into broad membranous sheaths at the
base. Flowers large, +-4in. diam., white or rose, terminal or leaf-
opposed, solitary or in few-flowered lax racemes; pedicels long,
slender. Sepals small, broadly orbicular. Petals much longer,
broad-obovate. Capsule globose, mucronate, usually slightly ex-
ceeding the sepals. Seeds generally 3, black, smooth and shining.
—Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 73; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 26; Benth. Fl. Austral.
1.177; Kark, Students’ Fl. 65.

Nort Istanp: Ruahine Range and Ruapehu, H. Hill! Petrie! E. W.
Andrews; Mount Egmont, Buchanan, T. F.C. SourH IsnanpD AND STEWART
Istanpd: Common in mountain districts throughout. Ascends to over 6000 ft.
on Mount Egmont, and descends to sea-level in Otago and Stewart Island.

A variable plant. When growing in dry or exposed places it is often very
small and densely tufted; but in watery situations the stems lengthen out con-
siderably and the leaves become longer. Mr. Buchanan (Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii.
210) has described two varieties characterized by the peduncles in one being
‘2-flowered, and in the other racemose ; but I find the number of flowers to be
very inconstant.

72 PORTULACES. (Montia.

2. MONTIA, Linn.

A small glabrous herb. Leaves opposite, slightly fleshy.
Flowers small, axillary or shortly racemose. Sepals 2, ovate, per-
sistent. Petals 5, united at the base into a 5-lobed corolla, split
open on one side. Stamens 3, rarely 5, inserted on the petals.
Ovary free; ovules 8. Capsule globose, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds
nearly orbicular.

A monotypic genus, widely distributed in the north and south temperate
zones.

1. M. fontana, Linn. Sp. Plant. 87. — A slender perfectly gla-
brous branching herb, forming dense tufts 1-5in. high, sometimes
longer and weaker when growing in water. Leaves opposite, +—1 in.
long, linear-lanceolate or spathulate, acute or subacute, quite entire.
Flowers minute, solitary or in 2—3-flowered racemes, drooping.
Petals slightly longer than. the sepals. Capsules small.—Hook. f.
Fl. Antarct..13; Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 74; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 27; Kark,
Students’ Fi. 65,

NortH anp SoutH IsnANnps, STEWART JSLAND, AUCKLAND, CAMPBELL,
ANTIPODES, AND MAcquaRiE Istanps: Abundant in watery places, from Rotorua
and Taranaki southwards. Altitudinal range from sea-level to 4000 ft.

3. HECTORELLA, Hook. f.

A small densely tufted glabrous perennial. Leaves small,
densely imbricated, coriaceous, entire. Flowers almost sessile
amongst the uppermost leaves. Sepals 2, short, truncate.
Petals 5, connate at the base, thickened below the tip. Stamens 5,
inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with the petals ;
anthers linear-oblong. Ovary free; ovules 4-5, erect from the
base of the cell; funicles slender; style erect; stigmas 1-3, linear,
papillose. Capsule membranous, equalling the sepals ; seeds 2-4.

A monotypic genus confined to New Zealand; not closely allied to any
other.

1. H. ceespitosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 27.—Stems short,
stout, densely tufted, with the leaves on almost as thick as the
little finger, forming compact rounded cushions 2—8in. diam. and
1-3in. high. Leaves very numerous, closely imbricated in many
series, §—-+1n. long, broadly triangular-ovate to linear-oblong with
a broad base, thin and membranous below the middle, coriaceous
and keeled above; margins and tip thickened; yeins reticulated.
Flowers small, white, very shortly peduncled, forming a ring round
the top of the branches among the uppermost leaves, often uni-
sexual, the staminate ones being the smallest. Sepals concave,
keeled. Petals much longer than the sepals. Capsule globose,
membranous, as long as the sepals. Seeds 2-4, broadly ovoid,
smooth and shining.—Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 1046; Kirk,

Hectorella. | PORTULACES. 73

Students’ Fl. 65. H. elongata, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi.
(1884) 395, t. 35.

Sourn Istanpd: Canterbury—Mountains above Arthur’s Pass, 7’. F. C.;
Mount Cook district, F. G. Gibbs, T. F.C. Otago— Mount Alta; Mount
Aspiring, Hector and Buchanan! Hector Mountains, Dunstan Mountains, and

all high mountains west of the Clutha River, Petrie ! Altitudinal range from
4000 to 6500 ft.

Mr. Buchanan's H. elongata, based on more laxly branched specimens with
longer linear-oblong leaves, looks different at first sight, but (as Mr. Kirk has
remarked) is connected with the typical state by numerous transitional forms.

Orper VIII. BLATINEA.

Small herbs or undershrubs, usually growing in wet places.
Leaves opposite, stipulate. Flowers minute, regular, hermaphro-
dite. Sepals and petals each 2-5, free, imbricate. Stamens equal
in number to the petals or twice as many, hypogynous, free ; an-
thers versatile. Ovary free, 2-5-celled; styles as many as the cells,
free from the base; stigmas capitate; ovules many, attached to the
inner angles of the cells, anatropous. Capsule septicidal, the valves
falling away from the persistent axis and septa. Seeds straight or
curved; albumen wanting, or nearly so; embryo terete, radicle
next the hilum.

A small and unimportant order, spread over the whole world. Genera 2;
species about 25.

1. ELATINE, Linn.

Small prostrate glabrous annuals, growing in water or wet
places. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers small, axillary,
usually solitary. Sepals 2-4, membranous, obtuse. Petals the
same number. Ovary globose. Capsule membranous, the septa
remaining attached to the axis or evanescent. Seeds cylindric,
straight, or curved, longitudinally ridged and _ transversely
wrinkled.

Species about 6, found in most temperate and subtropical regions,

1. E. americana, Arn. in Hdinb. Journ. Nat. Sc. i. 431,
var. australiensis, Benth. Fl. Austral. 1. 178.—A small prostrate
smooth and glabrous green or reddish annual, forming matted
patches 1-4 in. diam. ; stems branched, rooting at the nodes,
succulent. Leaves small, shortly petioled, 4-4 in. long, ovate or
obovate or oblong, obtuse; margin usually furnished with a few
distant glands; stipules minute, fugacious. Flowers minute,
solitary, sessile. Sepals 3, obtuse. Petals often absent, when
present 3, longer than the sepals. Styles 3. Stamens usually 3.
Capsule globose-depressed, septa complete or evanescent at ma-
turity. Seeds very minute.—Airk, Students’ Fl. 66. H. ameri-
cana, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 27; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 28. EH. gra-
tioloides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 610.

74 ELATINE. [Hlatine.

Nort anp SoutH Isntanps, Stewart Istanp: Muddy places and margins
of still waters, not uncommon.

The New Zealand plant, which is also found in Australia, differs from the
typical form of the species, which is North American, in the flowers being
always trimerous, while in America they are usually dimerous.

Orper IX. HYPERICINEA.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite or occasionally
whorled, generally furnished with pellucid glands or dark glandular
dots, simple, entire or with glandular teeth; stipules wanting.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, solitary or in cymes, terminal or
rarely axillary. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricate. Petals the same
number, hypogynous, imbricate and usually contorted. Stamens.
numerous, rarely few, hypogynous, usually united into 3 or 6
bundles. Ovary either 1-celled with 3-6 parietal placentas, or
3-5-celled from the union of the placentas in the axis; styles
3-5; ovules few or many, anatropous. Fruit capsular, rarely
succulent. Seeds without albumen; embryo straight or curved,
radicle next the hilum.

A rather small but widely dispersed order, comprising 8 or 9 genera and
about 220 species. Most of the species secrete an abundant resinous juice.

The single New Zealand genus is widely spread in both temperate and tropical
regions.

1. HYPHRICUM, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, thin,
usually sessile, entire or rarely minutely toothed. Flowers gene-
rally yellow, solitary or cymose, terminal or axillary. Sepals 5.
Petals 5, smooth within. Ovary either 1-celled with 3-5 parietal
placentas, or 3-5-celled through the placentas meeting in the axis ;
styles distinct or united at the base; ovules usually numerous.
Capsule septicidal or dehiscing at the placentas. Seeds not winged.

A rather large genus comprising over 160 species, widely dispersed, but par-
ticularly abundant in south Europe, western Asia, and North America.

Erect or nearly so. Leaves subcordate at the base, with

revolute margins .. e6 ss we .. 1. H. gramineum.
Procumbent. Leaves oblong or obovate, margins flat .. 2. H. japonicum.

1. H. gramineum, Porst. Prodr. n. 281.—A perfectly glabrous
strict and wiry perennial 4-12in. high or more. Stems branched
from the base, erect or ascending, 4-angled, sparingly leafy. Leaves
4-3in. long, rarely more, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, cordate at
the base and stem-clasping, obtuse, quite entire, marked with
numerous pellucid dots; margins more or less revolute. Flowers.
4-4 in. diam., sometimes solitary in small specimens, but usually in
terminal trichotomous cymes, with a pair of bracts at the base of
each fork ; pedicels strict, erect. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute or
obtuse. Petals longer than the sepals, golden-yellow. Capsule
ovoid, acute, 1-celled, 3-valved, usually longer than the sepals.—

Hypericum. | HYPERICINE:. 78

Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 36; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 29; Benth. Fi.
Austral. i. 182; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 67. Brathys Forsteri, Spach in
Amn. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, v. 367; Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 47.

Norra AnpD Sout Isnanps: From Whangaroa North (Petrie !) to the south
of Otago, but rare and local to the north of Hawke’s Bay. Altitudinal range
from sea-level to 2000 ft. Also found in Australia and Tasmania, and in New
Caledonia.

2. H. japonicum, Thunb. Fi. Jap. 295, t. 31.—A slender pro-
cumbent or diffuse much or sparingly branched plant 2-6 in. high ;
branches ascending at the tips. Leaves small, 4-4in., broadly
oblong or oblong-ovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, quite entire, often
glaucous, marked with pellucid dots, sessile; margins usually flat.
Flowers smaller than in H. graminewm, solitary or in few-flowered
cymes ; pedicels short, slender. Sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse or
subacute. Petals slightlv exceeding the sepals. Capsule broadly
ovoid, small.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 37; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 29;
Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 182; Kirk,. Students’ Fl. 67. H. pusillum,
Choisy, Prodr. Hyp. 50; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 596.

NortH anp SourH Istanps: Not uncommon in moist places from the
North Cape to Otago. Altitudinal range from sea-level to over 3000 ft.

Extends northwards through Australia and the Malay Archipelago to India,
China, and Japan. Very closely allied to the preceding, but usually readily
distinguished by its procumbent habit, broader flatter obtuse leaves and smaller
fewer flowers. (The European H. hwmifwswm, Linn., has become naturalised
in many places, and may easily be mistaken for H. japonicum. It is usually
larger, with stiffer and more wiry stems and branches, larger and more pointed
leaves which have a row of black glandular dots just inside the margin, and
larger flowers with more pointed often glandular-toothed sepals.)

Orper X. MALVACES5.

Herbs, shrubs, or soft-wooded trees, usually with tough fibrous
inner bark, young parts frequently clothed with stellate hairs.
Leaves stipulate, alternate, often palmately veined, entire or lobed or
rarely compound. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or rarely uni-
sexual, often furnished at the base with a kind of involucel com-
posed of few or many free or connate bractlets. Sepals 5, valvate,
more or less united into a lobed or entire calyx, persistent. Petals
5, hypogynous, contorted in the bud. Stamens many, hypogynous ;
filaments united into a tube surrounding the pistil usually called the
staminal column ; anthers reniform, 1-celled. Ovary 2-many-celled,
of 2 to many carpels whorled round a common axis; carpels either
distinct or united; ovules 1 or more to each carpel, attached to the
inner angle. Fruit either of dry indehiscent or dehiscent cocci, or
a capsule with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds reniform or obovoid ;
albumen scanty or wanting; embryo often curved, cotyledons
broad, foliaceous.

A large tropical and subtropical order, less common in temperate regions,
and not extending either far north or south. Genera about 60; species between

76 MALVACEZ. [Plagianthus.

700 and 800. Most of the species possess mucilaginous properties, and all are
quite innocuous. Many are cultivated for ornament, and one genus (Gossypiwm)
for the woolly covering which surrounds its seeds, and which constitutes the
cotton of commerce. Of the 4 following genera, Hoheria is endemic; Plagian-
thus is found in Australia, and Gaya in South America; while Hibiscus is uni-
versal in warm countries.

A. Staminal column bearing anthers at the top. Carpels closely united in a
ring around a central axis, from which they fall away when ripe (Malvez).

Flowers more or less unisexual. Styles with linear de-
current stigmas. Carpels usually solitary in the New
Zealand species af ae a oP

Flowers perfect. Stigmas capitate. Carpels several, in-
dehiscent, winged at the back ats bit AS

Flowers perfect. Stigmas capitate. Carpels many,
2-valved, not winged xs Se Ss

i. PLAGIANTHUS.
2. HOHERIA.

3. GAYA.

B. Staminal column bearing anthers at the side, naked and 5-toothed ai the
top. Carpels united into a capsule, dehiscing loculicidally (Hibiscez).

Bracteoles 5 to many. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded .. 4. Hibiscus.

1. PLAGIANTHUS, Forst.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves entire or lobed or serrate.
Flowers usually small, hermaphrodite or unisexual, in axillary or
terminal fascicles or panicles, or solitary. Bracteoles wanting,
or small and distant from the calyx. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-fid.
Staminal column split at the top into numerous filaments. Ovary
1-celled or 2-5-celled; ovules 1 in each cell; styles as many as the
cells, clavate flattened or filiform, stigmatic along the inner side.
Fruit of one or several carpels seceding from a common axis, inde-
hiscent or splitting irregularly. Seed solitary, pendulous.

A small genus of about 12 species, confined to Australia and New Zealand,
the species found in each country being endemic. The New Zealand species are

practically dicecious, although a few hermaphrodite or female flowers are occa-
sionally mixed with the males.

(Plagianthus Lyallii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Flora, 30, is now referred to
Gaya. PP. linariifolia, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 394, t. 34, is
Coprosma Kirkii, Cheesem.)

Shrub, much branched. Leaves small, linear, entire.
Flowers solitary or fascicled. . ss as Be
‘Small tree. Leaves linear-oblong, toothed. Flowers in
few-flowered cymes.. x Je a ae
Tree, 30-60ft. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate.
Flowers numerous, in decompound panicles .. .. 3. P. betulinus.

1. BP. diwaricatus.

2. P. cymosus.

1. P. divaricatus, Forst. Char. Gen. 86.—A glabrous much-
branched shrub 4-8 ft. high; branches tough, slender, divaricating,
often much interlaced. Leaves alternate or fascicled on short
lateral branchlets; of young plants lin. long, linear-oblong, nar-
rowed into rather long petioles, entire or sinuate; of mature plants
41_3in., narrow-linear or narrow linear-obovate, coriaceous, obtuse,
quite entire, l-nerved. Flowers very small, generally unisexual,
yellowish-white, solitary or fascicled, axillary; peduncles shorter

Plagianthus.] MALVACES. 77

than the leaves. Calyx hemispherical, 5-toothed. Petals small,
oblong-obovate, veined. Staminal tube with 8-12 large sessile
anthers. Ovary l-celled, rarely 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cell;
styles the same number as the cells, clavate or flattened. Fruiting
carpel about the size of a peppercorn, globose or rarely didymous,
downy, bursting irregularly. Seeds solitary, or very rarely 2.—
A. fiuch. Fl. Now. Zel. 299; A. Cunn. Precur.n. 604; Raoul, Choix
de Plantes, 48; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3271; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
ime welanap. N.4. ht. 30;. Buch. in. Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi: t-34,
f. 2; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 70.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant in salt-water
marshes from the North Cape to the Bluff. Septem ber—October.

In the male flowers the ovary is smaller, almost rudimentary, and the style
altogether enclosed within the staminal column; in the females the style is
exserted, and the anthers are smaller and usually empty.

2. P. eymosus, 7’. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 70.—A small closely
branched tree about 20 ft. in height, glabrous except a few scattered
stellate hairs on the young shoots and branches of the inflorescence.
Leaves alternate or in alternate fascicles, $-l+in. long, linear or
linear-oblong or linear-obovate, obtuse or subacute, with a few deep
serratures towards the tip; petioles slender, 4-+in. long. Flowers
small, unisexual, in small axillary 5-15-flowered cymes, 1-14 in.
long, or in fascicles of 3-5, rarely solitary. Calyx campanulate,
5-toothed, narrower in the female flowers. Petals 5, ovate-spathu-
late or oblong-spathulate, much reduced in size in the females.
Staminal column long and slender, with numerous anthers at the
top. Ovary 1-2-celled; styles 1-2, clavate or broad and flattened.
Fruiting carpels about $in. diam., didymous or globose, downy,
seated in the persistent calyx.

Norru Isuanp: Auckland—Kaitaia, Mongonui County, Rk. H. Matthews !
SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Upper Waimakariri, alt. 2800ft., J. D. Hnys

(Kirk, ‘‘ Students’ Flora”). Otago—Near Dunedin, G. M. Thomson! Petrie!
October.

A very peculiar plant, very distinct in habit and inflorescence, although the
flowers closely agree in structure with those of P. betwlinus, with the exception
that the oyary is frequently 2-celled. It is remarkable that only one tree (a
female) has been found in the Dunedin locality, and that only one (a male) is
known at Kaitaia. The Waimakariri locality is given on the authority of Mr.
Kirk. There are no specimens from thence in his herbarium.

3. P. betulinus, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 605.—A handsome leafy
tree 30-60 ft. high, with a trunk sometimes 3ft. in diam.; when
young forming a straggling bush with interlaced tortuous branches.
Bark exceedingly tough; branchlets, young leaves, petioles, and
inflorescence more or less hoary with stellate hairs. Leaves of
young plants small, 1% in. long, broadly ovate or rounded to ovate-
lanceolate, deeply and irregularly lobed or crenate-serrate. Leaves
of mature plants 1-3 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
coarsely crenate-serrate or doubly serrate, rounded or cuneate at

78 MALVACEA. [Plagianthus.

the base, membranous; petioles slender, $-lin. long. Flowers
small, unisexual, very numerous, in terminal and axillary decom-
pound panicles 4-9 in. long; pedicels slender. Calyx campanulate,
5-toothed. Petals oblong-spathulate, obtuse, clawed, much smaller
in the female flowers. Staminai column exserted in the males,
long and slender, bearing numerous almost sessile anthers at the
tip. Fruiting carpels tin. diam., seated in the persistent veined
calyx, ovoid, acuminate, downy. Seed solitary.—Raoul, Choix de
Plantes, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 29; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 30;
Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 103, 104; Students’ Fl. 71. P. urticinus, A.
Cunn. Precur. n. 606. P. chathamica, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxxiv. (1902) 319 (name only). Philippodendron regium,
Poit. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. i. vill. t. 3..

NortH AND SouTH IsLANnpDs, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Low-

land forests from Mongonui and Kaitaia southwards, but often local. Ascends
to 1500 ft. November—December. Ribbon-wood of Europeans; manatu of
the Maoris.

Practically dicecious, although a few hermaphrodite flowers are sometimes
mixed with the males. The male flowers are whitish-yellow, and are produced
in immense profusion; the ovary is much reduced in size, and the style always
included in the staminal column. The females are greenish, smaller and less
numerous, the petals are smaller and adnate for some distance to the staminal
column, the anthers are devoid of pollen, and the style exserted.

Mr. Cockayne separates his P. chathanvica on the ground of its not passing
through a young stage with foliage differing from that of the mature tree.
Flowering specimens from the Chatham Islands in my herbarium have rather
larger calyces than the type, but I can see no other difference. For a full
description of the seedlings and young plants of both forms, reference should be
made to Mr. Cockayne’s paper, ‘‘ An Inquiry into the Seedling Forms of New
Zealand Phanerogams and their Development, Part IV.” (Trans. N.Z. Inst.
Xxxiii. 273-282).

2. HOHERIA, A. Cunn,

A shrub or small tree. Leaves petiolate, alternate, serrate.
Flowers numerous, in axillary fascicles, white ; peduncles jointed at
the middle. Bracteoles wanting. Calyx hemispherical, 5-toothed.
Petals oblique, notched near the apex. Staminal column split at
the top into numerous filaments, usually arranged in 5 bundles.
Ovary 5-celled, rarely more ; ovules 1 in each cell; style-branches
as many as the cells, filiform ; stigmas capitate. Fruiting carpels 5,
placed round a central axis from which they fall away when ripe,
indehiscent, furnished with a broad membranous wing at the back.
Seed pendulous.

A genus confined to New Zealand. It is doubtful whether it should be

regarded as composed of one highly variable species or of 3 or 4 closely allied
ones.

1. H. populnea, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 600.—A small handsome
tree 10-30ft. high, glabrous except the young shoots, peduncles,
and calyces, which are usually more or less pubescent; bark tough.
Leaves extremely variable, especially in young plants, ranging from

Hoheria. | MALVACEA). 79

ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate or even linear,
generally sharply and coarsely dentate or serrate, more rarely ob-
tusely serrate; in young plants often deeply and irregularly lobed
or toothed; petioles slender. Flowers in axillary fascicles, snow-
white, usually produced in great profusion. Peduncles jointed,
pubescent. Carpels produced outwards and upwards into a mem-
branous wing, longer than broad.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 80;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 31; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 71.

Can be most conveniently divided into the following 3 varieties, which pos-
sibly should have the rank of species :—

Var. a, vulgaris, Hook. f. l.c.—Leaves coriaceous, ovate, with large sharp
teeth ; blade 8-5 in. long; petioles 1-2in. Leaves of young plants differing in
size only. Fascicles 5-10-flowered. Flowers 4-3in. diam.—Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 565, 566; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 53. (H. Sinclawii, Hook. f. Handb. 31, appears
to be a form of this with broader more coriaceous obtusely serrate leaves and
2-3-flowered fascicles.)

Norra Istanp : North Cape to the Waikato River, abundant. March-
May.

Var. b, lanceolata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 30.—Leaves of mature trees
coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
sharply toothed, 2-4in. long; of young plants smaller, thinner, ovate or
rounded-oyate, deeply and irregularly lobed and cut. Flowers smaller and
fewer.— Kirk, Forest Fl. tt. 54 f£.2, 54a f. 1,2, 55 f. A. H. sexstylosa, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 238. (Var. crategifolia, Hook. f., is based upon
the leaves of young trees.)

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Bay of Islands to Canterbury, but local
north of the Waikato River. February—April.

Var. c, angustifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 30.—Leaves of mature trees
smaller, 1-2in., rarely 1-3in., membranous, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or
acute, spinulose-toothed. Flowers smaller; fascicles 2-4-flowered. Leaves of
young plants small, suborbicular or obovate-orbicular, 3—5-toothed at the tip,
cuneate at the base.—Kirk, Forest Fi. tt. 54 £..1, 54a f. 3, 54n f.2, 557.1, 2.
H. angustifolia, Raowl, Choix de Plantes, 48, t. 26. Mr. Kirk’s subspecies
obtusifolia connects this with the previous variety.

Nort AnD SourH Istanps: Hawke’s Bay to Southland, not uncommon,
ascending to 1500 ft. December—February.

An excellent account of the remarkable tendency to variation exhibited by
this almost protean species will be found in Kirk’s ‘‘ Forest Flora.’’ The
Maoris apply the names hoihere or howhere to varieties a and b indif-
ferently ; the European settlers usually call all the forms ‘‘ribbon-wood”’ or
‘‘Jacebark,’’ names which are, unfortunately, also used for Plagianthus betulinus
and Gaya Lyallit.

3. GAYA, H.B. K.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees, usually tomentose with
stellate hairs. Flowers pedunculate, axillary or terminal. Bracteoles
wanting. Calyx d-fid. Staminal column split at the apex into
numerous filaments. Ovary many-celled; style-branches as many
as the cells, filiform ; stigmas capitate or truncate; ovules solitary
in each cell. Mature carpels membranous, connivent at the apex,
separable from the axis, 2-valved at the back and leaving a free

80 MALVACE®. (Gaya.

appendage within which arises from the base of the carpel and
partly surrounds the seed. Seed pendulous or horizontal.

Species 8-12, all South American except the present one, which is endemic
in New Zealand.

1. G. Lyallii, J. H. Baker in Journ. Bot. xxx. (1892) 137.—A
small graceful spreading tree 15-30 ft. in height; young branches,
leaves, petioles, and inflorescence more or less covered with stellate
pubescence. Leaves on slender petioles 1—2in. long; blade 2—4in.,
ovate, acuminate, usually deeply doubly crenate, sometimes shortly
lobed and crenate, cordate and truncate at the base, membranous.
Flowers abundantly produced, large, #-lin. diam., white, in axil-
lary fascicles of 3-5, rarely solitary; peduncles slender, 1—2in.,
ebracteolate. Calyx broadly campanulate, 5-lobed ; lobes triangu-
lar. Petals obliquely obovate, retuse towards the apex. Staminal
column short, swollen at the base; filaments numerous, long, fili-
form. Ovary 10-15-celled; styles long, slender, filiform, free to
below the middle; stiginas obliquely capitate. Fruit 4in. diam.,
globose, slightly depressed, of about 12 much-flattened membranous
reniform carpels. Carpels not winged, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Seed
much compressed.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 72. Hoheria Lyallu, Hook.
jf. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 31, t. 11. Plagianthus Lyallii, dsa Gray ex
Hook. f. l.c. ii. 826; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 30; Bot. Mag.
t. 5935; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 134. Sida Lyallii, #. Wuell. Veg.
Chath. Is. 11.

SourH IsuAnp: Subalpine forests from Nelson to Otago, most plentiful on
the western side. Ascends to 3500 ft. Lacebark. December—January.

One of the most beautiful trees of the New Zealand flora, often forming a
broad fringe to the subalpine beech forests. It is partly deciduous at high eleva-
tions, but is certainly evergreen in the river-valleys of Westland and Nelson,
where it is very abundant. There are apparently two forms of flowers, one with
long styles almost equalling the stamens, another with styles less than half
their length.

4. HIBISCUS, Linn.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees; glabrous, tomentose, or hispid, the hairs
usually stellate. Leaves very various, often more or less palmately
lobed. Flowers large and showy. Bracteoles numerous, rarely few,
usually narrow, free or connate at the base. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-
fid, valvate. Petals 5, adnate at the base to the staminal column.
Staminal column truncate or 5-toothed at the summit; filaments
many, inserted on the sides of the column; anthers reniform.
Ovary 5-celled; ovules 3 or more in each cell; styles 5, spreading ;
stigmas capitate. Capsule loculicidaily 5-valved. Seeds glabrous
hairy or woolly.

A large and beautiful genus, abundant in the tropical regions of both hemi-

spheres, a few species only extending into the north or south temperate zones.
Both the New Zealand species have a wide distribution outside the colony.

Mibiscus.| MALVACE. 81

Annual or biennial, 1-2 ft. Leaves deeply lobed. Flowers
axillary .. io i 58 JE na

Perennial, 3-6ft.; stem prickly. Leaves broad, lobes
shallow. Flowers in terminal racemes ;

1. A. triomen.
2. H. diversifolius.

1. H. trionum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 697.—A simple or branched
annual or biennial 1-2ft. high, scabrous-pubescent or hispid;
branches erect or spreading. Leaves very variable, 1-3 in. long,
lower orbicular-cordate with 3-5 shallow lobes, middle and
upper deeply 3-5-lobed or -partite; segments oblong or lanceo-
late, coarsely toothed or incised. Flowers on short axillary
peduncles, large, 1-l4}in. diam., pale-yellow with a dark-brown
centre. Bracteoles 7-12, narrow-linear, hispid. Calyx mem-
branous, inflated, with numerous raised hispid veins, shortly
5-lobed. Capsule ovoid-globose, hirsute, enclosed in the bladdery
calyx. Seeds glabrous.—Bot. Mag. t. 209; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
98: Handb. N.Z. Fl. 31; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 210; Kirk, Stu-
dents #U-(3. A. vesicarius, Cav. Diss. in: 171, ¢.:64, £. 2; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 607; Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 48.

NortH Is~tanp: Sheltered places near the sea, from the North Cape to the
Auckland Isthmus, rare and local. Hicks Bay, East Cape, Bishop Williams !

SoutH Istanp: South Wanganui, Lyail. In most tropical countries outside
America.

2. H. diversifolius, Jacq. Ic. Plant. Rar. t. 551.—A tall stout
and rigid perennial 3-6 ft. high, often woody at the base ; branches,
petioles, and nerves of the leaves covered with short conical prickles.
Leaves on stout petioles 2-3 in. long; blade 2-4 in., broadly cordate
or nearly orbicular, irregularly toothed, angular or slightly 3-5-
lobed, scabrous. Flowers in terminal racemes, large, handsome,
2-3 in. diam., pale-yellow with a dark centre. Pedicels short ;
bracts lanceolate or 3-fid. Bracteoles 10, linear. Calyx-lobes
lanceolate, bristly. Capsule ovoid, acuminate, densely hispid.—
Benth. Fl. Austral. 1.2138; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii. (1871)
163 ; Students’ Fl. 73.

NortH Istanp: Moist sandy places near the sea, from the North Cape to
Hokianga and the Bay of Islands, rare, Culenso, Kirk! R. H. Matthews !
ane Ce Also in Australia, the Pacific islands, tropical Africa, &c.

Both this and the preceding species are being rapidly destroyed by cattle,
fires, &c., and are now rare or almost extinct in localities where they were plenti-
ful twenty or thirty years ago.

Orper XI. TILIACES:.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, seldom oppo-
site, simple, entire or toothed or lobed. Stipules usually present,
often caducous. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual,
axillary or terminal, usually cymose. Sepals 3-5, free or connate,
generally valvate. Petals the same number as the sepals or fewer,
rarely wanting, imbricate or valvate, entire cut or multifid.

82 TILIACER. ' [Entelea.

Stamens numerous, rarely few, usually inserted on the torus, which
is often elevated and disc-like; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free,
2-10-celled ; style simple or divided into as many lobes or stigmas
as there are cells to the ovary; ovules few or many, attached to
the inner angle of the cell. Fruit dry or fleshy, dehiscent or inde-
hiscent, 2-10-celled, or by abortion 1-celled. Seeds solitary or
many ; albumen usually copious, fleshy ; embryo straight or seldom
curved, radicle next the hilum.

An order comprising about 45 genera and 350 species, chiefly tropical and
subtropical. One genus (Tilia) is found in the north temperate zone; and
several are endemic in southern latitudes or extendthereto. The most important
economic plant is Corchorus capsularis, which yields the fibre known as jute.
All the species are innocuous. Of the three New Zealand genera, Hntelea is
endemic ; Aristotelia extends to Australia, Tasmania, and temperate South
America; while Hig@ocarpus is mainly Indian and Malayan, stretching south-
wards to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands.

Leaves large, alternate. Capsule clothed with rigid

bristles ie - 1. ENTELEA.
Leaves opposite. Fruit a berry xs - .. 2, ARISTOTELIA.
Leaves alternate. Fruit a drupe sf wa .. 3. ELOCARPUS.

1, ENTELEA, R. Br.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves large, alternate, cordate, 5—7-
nerved, toothed or crenate. Flowers in terminal umbelliform
cymes, large, white, bracteate. Sepals 4-5, free. Petals the same
number, crumpled. Stamens numerous, all fertile, free; anthers
versatile. Ovary 4-6-celled; style simple; stigma terminal, denti-
culate or fringed ; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule globose,
covered with long rigid bristles, loculicidally 4-6-valved. Seeds
numerous, oboyoid ; testa coriaceous ; albumen oily.

The genus consists of a single endemic species. It is very closely allied to
the South African Sparmannia.

1. BH. arborescens, f. Br. in Bot. Mag. t. 2480.—A handsome
shrub or small tree 8—-20ft. high, with a trunk 5-9in. diam.;
wood exceedingly light. Young branches, leaves, petioles, and in-
florescence covered with short soft stellate hairs. Leaves alternate,
large, on petioles 4-8in. long; blade 4—9in. or more, obliquel
rounded-ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate, irregularly doubly
crenate-serrate, often obscurely 5-lobed, 5—-7-nerved from the base ;
stipules persistent. Flowers very abundant, in erect terminal or
axillary cymes, white, lin. diam. Sepals acuminate. Ovary
hispid. Capsule lin. diam., globose, echinate with long rigid
bristles.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 601; Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 48;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 31; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 32; Kirk, Forest
Fl. t. 33; Students’ Fl. 74. Apeiba australis, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 301, t. 34.

Norru Istanp : Not uncommon along the shores from the Three Kings and
the North Cape to Tairua and Raglan, rare and local further south. East Cape

Entelea. | TILIACEAS. 83

district, Banks and Solander! J. Adams; Hawke’s Bay, Colenso! Cape Pal-

liser and Paikakariki, Airk; Urenui, Taranaki, 7. F. C. SourH IsLAND
Collingwood, Hector; islands near Cape Farewell, Kingsley. Whau, Hawma.
October—January.

Greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and consequently fast becoming rare on
the mainland, except in comparatively inaccessible situations. It is still plenti-
ful on most of the small outlying islands on the north-east coast of the Auckland
District, often exhibiting great luxuriance. On Cuvier Island I measured leaves
with petioles 2 ft. long, “with a blade 1ft. Gin. diam. The wood is extremely
light, the specific gravity being much less than that of cork. It is frequently
used by the Maoris for the floats of fishing-nets.

2, ARISTOTELIA, L’Herit.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or nearly so, entire or
toothed, exstipulate. Flowers small, unisexual, axiliary or lateral,
racemose or rarely solitary. Sepals 4-5, valvate. Petals the same
number, 3-lobed, toothed or entire, inserted round the base of the
thickened torus. Stamens numerous or 4-5, inserted on the torus.
Ovary 2-4-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; styles subulate. Fruit a
berry. Seeds ascending or pendulous, often pulpy on the outside
of the hara testa.

A small genus of 9 species, 3 of which are found in Australia, 1 in the New
Hebrides, 2 in South America, and the 3 following in New Zealand.

Leaves large, membranous. Racemes panicled, many-

flowered .. at oc ae Ae .. 1. A. racemosa.
Leaves large, not so membranous as the _ preceding.
Racemes simple or only slightly compound .. 2. A. Colensoi.

Leaves small, coriaceous. Flowers few together or solitary 3. A, fruticosa.

1. A. racemosa, Hook. /. Hl. Nov. Zel. 1. 33.—A small graceful
tree 8-25 ft. high; bark of young branches red, becoming darker
with age; branchlets, young leaves, petioles, and inflorescence
pubescent. Leaves opposite or nearly so, 2—5in. long, ovate or
ovate-cordate, acuminate, thin and membranous, deeply and
irregularly acutely serrate, often reddish beneath ; petioles long and
slender. Flowers small, 4in. diam., rose-coloured, in many-
flowered axillary panicles, dicecious; the males rather larger than
the females; pedicels slender. Petals 4, 3-lobed at the tip, smaller
in the female flowers. Stamens numerous, minutely hairy; anthers
longer than the filaments. Female flowers: Ovary 3-4-celled ;
styles the same number. Fruit a 3-4-celled berry about the size of
a pea, dark-red or almost black. Seeds usually about 8, angular.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 33; T. Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 118; Students’ Fl. 75.
Friesia racemosa, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 603; Raoul, Choix de Plantes,
48; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 601.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND: Common in lowland forests
throughout, ascending to nearly 2000 ft. Makomako, wineberry. Sep-
tember—November.

An abundant and well-known plant, usually the first to appear after the
forest has been cut down. The wood is largely employed for making charcoal
for the manufacture of gunpowder.

84 TILIACES. [Aristotelia.

2. A. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 33.—A shrub or
small tree 6-15 ft. high, very similar in general appearance to A.
racemosa, but the leaves are firmer in texture, sometimes narrower
and ovate-lanceolate, usually quite glabrous, green below. Racemes
simple, rarely compound, few-flowered. Berry smaller, the size of
a peppercorn.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 75.

Nortu Istanp: Wairarapa Valley, Colenso! SourH Istanp: Subalpine
forests from Nelson to Otago, apparently not common.

A puzzling plant. There is an unnamed specimen of old date in Mr.
Colenso’s herbarium which agrees perfectly with Hooker’s description ; but all
the South Island specimens that I have seen have broader and less acuminate
leaves. Probably all are nothing more than forms of A. racemosa.

3. A. fruticosa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i, 34.—A very vari-
able much-branched erect or decumbent shrub 3-8ft. high;
branches often close and rigid; bark red-brown; branchlets,
petioles, and pedicels pubescent. Leaves excessively variable, of
young plants linear or lanceolate, $-1}in. long, acute or acumi-
nate, toothed lobed or pinnatifid; on mature plants }1uin.
long, ovate-obovate or oblong-obovate or linear-oblong, obtuse, cori-
aceous, entire crenate serrate or shortly lobed; petioles short,
stout. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or in 3-6-flowered racemes
or cymes; pedicels short, pubescent. Sepals 4, oblong, obtuse,
pubescent. Petals 4, shorter or longer than the sepals, entire or
with 1-4 irregular shallow notches at the apex. Stamens 4-6;
filaments very short. Berry very small, globose. Seeds usually 4.
—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 88; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 75. A. erecta, Buch.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii. (1871) 209. Myrsine brachyelada, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1890) 478.

NortH AND SoutH Isntanps, STEWART IsLAND: Mountainous districts from
the Thames southwards, but rare north of the Kast Cape. Ascends to 4000 ft.

One of the most variable plants in New Zealand. There seem to be two
well-marked forms—one with an erect and comparatively open habit of growth,
larger leaves, and 4-6-flowered racemes, answering to the A. erecta of Buchanan ;
the other is often decumbent, with rigid and interlaced often tortuous branches,
smaller leaves, and frequently solitary flowers.

3 ELASOCARPUS, Linn.

Trees. Leaves usually alternate, entire or serrate, exstipulate.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, in axillary racemes.
Sepals 4 or 5, distinct, valvate. Petals the same number, laciniate
at the apex, inserted round a cushion-shaped torus. Stamens
numerous, seated on the torus; anthers long, awned, opening by a
terminal slit. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules 2 or more in each ceil,
pendulous; style subulate; stigma terminal, simple. Fruit a drupe
with a hard or bony stone, which is 2-5-celled or by abortion
l-celled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous; albumen fleshy ;
cotyledons broad.

Ele@ocarpus. | TILIACEA. 85

A large genus, containing about 60 species. Most plentiful in the hotter
parts of India and the Malay Archipelago, a few species only extending to
Australia, the Pacific islands, and New Zealand. loth our species are en-
demic.

Branchlets silky. Leaves linear-oboyate, margins re-
curved vs Bhs a Ps if .. 1. EH. dentatus.
Branchlets glabrous. Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate,

margins flat 2. H. Hookerianus.

1. BH. dentatus, Vahl. Symb. Bot. iii. 66—A round-headed
tree 40-60 ft. in height; trunk slender, straight, 1-3 ft. diam. ;
branchlets often bare of leaves except at the tips, silky when
young. Leaves erect, on short stout petioles 4-lin. long;
blade 2-4in., linear-oblong obovate-oblong or obovate-lanceolate,
narrowed below, obtuse or shortly acuminate, coriaceous, ob-
scurely sinuate-serrate, often white with fine appressed silky hairs
beneath; margins recurved. Racemes numerous, 8-12-flowered,
silky, usually shorter than the leaves. Flowers drooping, +4 in.
diam., white. Petals obovate-cuneate, lacerate. Stamens 10-20;
filaments very short; anthers linear, with a flat recurved tip.
Ovary silky, 2-celled. Drupe about 4in. long, oblong or ovoid,
purplish-grey ; stone rugose, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 384; T. Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 11; Students’ Fl. 76. 3k.
Hinau, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 602; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 602; Hook. ji
Fil, Nov. Zel.i. 32. EH. Cunninghamii, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 25.
Dicera dentata et D. serrata, Forst. Char. Gen. 80. Eriostemon
dentatus, Colla. Hort. Ripul. 52, t. 30.

NorrH AnD SoutH Is~taAnps: Not uncommon in lowland forests from the

North Cape to Catlin’s River, Otago. Altitudinal range from sea-level to
2000 ft. Hinau. October—November.

The fruit was formerly eaten by the Maoris, the pulpy part being rubbed
off the stone, steeped in water, and then made into large cakes, which were
baked for a day or two. They also obtained a black dye from the bark, which
was used for dyeing their flax cloaks, and is still employed for that purpose
by a few of the inland tribes. The wood is durable, but is little employed,
although a figured variety is now coming into use for panelling and furniture.

2. HE. Hookerianus, Fiaouwl, Choir de Plantes, 26, t. 25.—A
small glabrous tree 20-40 ft. high, with a trunk 1-3 ft. diam.; bark
pale. Young plants with numerous tortuous and_ interlaced
branches, which bear narrow-linear leaves 3-2 in. long, sinuate or
regularly toothed or lobed or almost pinnatifid, occasionally
broadly obovate or almost orbicular. Leaves of mature plants
13-3 in. long, elliptical or linear-oblong or lanceolate, coriaceous,
obtuse, sinuate-crenate or serrate; margins flat; petioles short,
4-4 in. long. Racemes slender, spreading, shorter than the leaves.
Flowers greenish-white, small, drooping. Sepals lanceolate.
Petals slightly longer than the sepals, 4—5-lobed at the tip. Drupe
similar to that of H. dentatus, but smaller, Lin. long.—Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 32; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 34; T. Kirk, Forest FI.
t. 12,13; Students’ Fl. 76.

86 TILIACE. [Eleocarpus.

NorrH anp SourH Isnuanps, Srewart Istanp: Forests from Mongonui
and Kaitaia southwards, but exceedingly local north of the Auckland Isthmus.
Altitudinal range from sea-level to 3000 ft. Pokaka. November—January.

The variability of the leaves in young plants is most remarkable. As the
young tree grows up it is not uncommon to find on the lower branches a
curious mixture of linear, obovate, or almost orbicular leaves, which may
be nearly entire or deeply lobulate; while on the upper branches the leaves
have already assumed the shape of the mature stage.

OrpEer XII. LINEA.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves alternate, simple, usually
entire; stipules present or wanting. Flowers regular, herma-
phrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4, free or coherent at the base,
imbricate. Petals the same number, hypogynous or slightly peri-
gynous, imbricate, often contorted. Stamens as many as the
petals or twice as many, rarely more; filaments united below into
a ring which frequently has 5 small glands at the base ; anthers
2-celled, versatile. Ovary free, entire, 3-5-celled; styles the same
number, distinct or more or less united; ovules 1-2 in each eell,
pendulous, anatropous. Fruit either a capsule splitting into 3-6
cocci, or more rarely a drupe. Seeds 1—2 in each cell; albumen
fleshy or wanting ; embryo usually straight, radicle superior.

A small order, scattered over the whole world, the herbaceous species mainly
temperate, the shrubby almost all tropical. Genera 14; species about 140.
The common flax, Linwm usitatissinwm, so valuable from the tenacity of its
fibre and its oily seeds, is the most important member of the order. The

Peruvian Hrythroxylon coca yields the important drug cocaine, and the leaves
are chewed as a stimulant. The only New Zealand genus is widely distributed.

1, LINUM,, Linn.

Herbs, rarely shrubby at the base. Leaves usually alternate,
narrow, quite entire; stipules generally wanting. Flowers in
panicled or racemose or fascicled cymes. Sepals 5, entire. Petals 5,
contorted in estivation, fugacious. Stamens 5, alternate with the
petals, hypogynous, usually connate at the base, often alternating
with 5 minute staminodia. Disc of 5 glands opposite to the petals
and adnate to the staminal rmg. Ovary d-celled, with 2 ovules
in each cell; cells sometimes divided into 2; styles 5. Capsule
5-celled, septicidally splitting into 5 2-seeded or 10 1-seeded cocci.
Seeds compressed, albumen scanty.

A genus of 80 species or more, mostly natives of temperate or subtropical
climates. The single indigenous species is endemic.

(The Australian L. marginale, A. Cunn., is now plentifully naturalised in
many parts of New Zealand, especially to the north of Taranaki and Hawke’s
Bay. It can be distinguished from L. monogynum by its smaller size, more
slender habit, and small pale-blue flowers.)

1. L. monogynum, forst. Prodr. n. 145.—A very variable
perfectly glabrous perennial herb, sometimes woody at the base ;

Linum. | LINE. 87

stems few or many, simple or branched, erect or Sprague 6-24 in.
high. Leaves numerous, scattered, ascending, +~1 in. long, linear--
oblong to linear-lanceolate or linear-subulate, 1- 3-nerved. Flowers
in terminal corymbs, white, often large and handsome, sometimes
lin. diam. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute. Styles united
at the base, their tips free, recurved. Capsule large, broadly ovoid, .
splitting into 10 1-seeded cocci.—d. fiich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 317;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 608; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3574; Raoul, Choiz
de Plantes, 47; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 28; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 35;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 77.

North aNnp SourH Istanps, Srewart IstaAnpD, CHATHAM ISLANDS:

Abundant along the coasts, and occasionally found inland, ascending to almost
2000 ft. on the mountains of the South Island. October—January.

A very beautiful but highly variable plant.

Orper XIII. GERANIACEA.

Herbs or shrubs, very rarely trees. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate, usually stipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, generally her-
maphrodite. Sepals 5, seldom fewer, free or united to the middle,
imbricate or rarely valvate, posterior one sometimes spurred. Pe-
tals as many as the sepals, rarely fewer or wanting, hypogynous
or slightly perigynous, usually imbricate. Torus barely expanded
into a disc, with or without 5 glands alternating with the petals,
usually raised in the centre into a beak. Stamens generally twice
the number of the petals or fewer by suppression ; filaments free or
connate at the base; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 3—d-lobed, cells the
same number ; carpels 3-0, adnate to the axis as far as the insertion
of the ovules, and often prolonged into a beak-like style or styles;
ovules 1-2 to each carpel, rarely more. Fruit a 3—5-lobed capsule,
often splitting from below upwards into as many l-seeded carpels
with long styles, which coil up elastically ; or the capsule may be
loculicidally 3—-5-celled, with 2-several seeds in each cell; or more
rarely the mature fruit is composed of 3-8 indehiscent 1-seeded
cocci. Seeds with scanty or no albumen; embryo straight or
curved.

A rather large and somewhat heterogeneous order, composed of several tribes
differing in important points of structure, and often kept up as separate orders.
Taken in a broad sense, it contains 20 genera and about 750 species. Probably
about three-quarters of the species are natives of South Africa, but the order is
also well represented in the north temperate zone. It is comparatively rare in
ihe tropics and in Australasia. Many of the species are highly ornamental, but

few of them possess any economic value. The three New Zealand genera have
a wide range.

A. Capsule beaked, splitting into 1-seeded lobes which coil up elastically along
the beak. Leaves toothed or lobed.

Flowers regular. Perfect stamens10 .. .. 1. GERANIUM.
Flowers irregular, with a spur adnate to the pedicel.
Perfect stamens 5-7 sh oe ce .. 2, PELARGONIUM.

88 GERANIACES. [Geraniwm.

B. Capsule opening loculicidally. Leaves 3-foliolate.
Flowers regular vs oe 6 ed Pietra sep Op Sx uit ss

le GERANIUM, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely woody at the base. Leaves
opposite or alternate, usually palmately lobed or cut, stipulate.
Peduncles axillary, bracteate, 1-2-flowered. Flowers regular.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate, alternating with 6
glands. Stamens 10, usually all perfect, rarely 5 without anthers,
free or connate at the base. Ovary 5-lobed and 5-celled, with a
long beak terminated by 4 stigmas; ovules 2 in each cell, super-
posed. Capsule splitting from below upwards into 5 carpels with
long styles, which roll up elastically ; seeds 1 in each carpel.

A well-known genus, comprising over 100 species, widely distributed over the
whole world, but most abundant in the Northern Hemisphere. Two of the New

Zealand species are endemic; 1 extends to Australia and temperate South
America ; the remaining 2 are found in most temperate regions.

Stems suberect. Leaves much divided. Peduncles 2-flow-

ered. Sepals awned. Seeds coarsely reticulated .. 1. G. dissectum.
Stems prostrate. Peduncles 1-flowered. Sepals hardly,

awned. Seeds smooth or very finely reticulated .. 2. G. microphyllum
Stemless or nearly so. MRootstock stout. Peduncles

1-flowered. Seeds quite smooth . .. 3. G. sessiliflorum.
Stems prostrate, and with the leaves silly - hoary. Pe-

duncles 1-flowered. Flowers large .. «0, 4G. Travers.

Softly pilose. Stems diffuse or prostrate. “Peduncles
9-flowered. Sepals mucronate. Carpels wrinkled. Seeds
smooth .. by Fis a af .. 5. G. molle.

1. G. dissectum, Linn. Cent. 1. 21, var. australe, Benth. Fi.
Austral. i. 296.—A branching decumbent or suberect annual or
perennial herb, sometimes with a stout swollen rootstock. Stem
1-2ft. long, often covered with soft spreading or retrorse hairs,
rarely almost glabrous. Leaves on long slender petioles; blade
1-2in. diam. or more, cut to the base or nearly so into 5-7 seg-
ments which are again deeply and irregularly divided into few cr
many usually narrow lobes; lobes obtuse or acute. Peduncles
slender, 2-flowered. Flowers very variable in size. Sepals ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, usually with an awn of varying length, pilose.
Petals as long or longer than the sepals, slightly notched at the
apex. Carpels hairy, even. Seeds deeply and coarsely reticulated.
—G. dissectum var. carolinianum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 59;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 36; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 79.

Var. a, pilosum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 36.—Suberect or spreading,

clothed with spreading hairs. Petals often large.—G. pilosum, Forst. Prodr.
n. 5381; A. Cun. Precur. n. 593. G. patagonicum, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 252.
Var. b, patulum, Hook. f. /.c.—Suberect or spreading, clothed with spread-

ing and retrorse hairs. Petals usually small.—G. patulum, Forst. Prodr. n. 530.
G. retrorsum, L’ Herit, ex D.C. Prodr. i. 644; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 594.

Var. c, glabratum, Hook. f. 1.c.—Stout, procumbent, almost glabrous.
Leaves 3-5-lobed; lobes much broader and less cut.

Geranium. | GERANIACE. 89

Kermapec Isutanps, NorrH anp SourH IsLANps, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Extends as far south as the Bluff, but most plentiful in the north. Var.
australe occurs in Australia, Tasmania, and South America; the typical form
is abundant in the Northern Hemisphere.

2. G. microphyllum, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 8, t. 5.—A slender
much-branched prostrate and straggling perennial 6-18in. long,
more or less pubescent with appressed silky white hairs, which are
sometimes retrorse on the peduncles and pedicels. Leaves on long
slender petioles ; blade $-1in. diam., orbicular in outline, cut to the
middle or below into 3—7 broad or narrow obcuneate lobes, which
are more or less deeply toothed at the tips; stipules small. Pe-
duncles 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered ; flowers usually white. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate, barely awned. Petals longer than the sepals,
entire or slightly retuse. Carpels smooth and even, pilose. Seeds
longitudinally striated, reticulations long and narrow, not con-
spicuous.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 36; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 80. G. po-
tentilloides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 40 (non L’ Herit).

NortH AND SourtH IsnAnps, SrEwarT IsLAND, AUCKLAND ISnANDS :
Common from the North Cape southwards, ascending to 3000ft. Endemic.

This differs from all the forms of G. dissectwm in the more slender habit,
less deeply lobed and smaller leaves, 1-flowered peduncles, paler flowers, and in
the much smaller and narrower reticulations on the seeds.

53. G. sessiliflorum, Cav. Diss. 198, t. 77, f. 2.—A depressed
almost stemless perennial, more or less covered with spreading or
retrorse silky hairs. Rootstock stout and woody, often branched
above. Leaves mostly radical, numerous, crowded, on long slender
petioles; blade +~2in. diam., orbicular, deeply divided into 3-5
toothed or lobed segments; stipules broad, membranous. Flower-
ing-stems very short or quite undeveloped. Peduncles usually
1-flowered, short, seldom equalling the leaves. Flowers small.
Sepals oblong, shortly awned, silky. Petals white, exceeding the
sepals. Carpels even, minutely hairy. Seeds smooth, not reticu-
lated.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 36; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 297;
T. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 80. G. brevicaule, Hook. in Journ. Bot. i.
(1834) 252; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 40.

NorrH AND SourH Isnanps, StEwarr IstAnp: Not uncommon from the
Lower Waikato southwards, ascending to 3000 ft. Also in Victoria, Tasmania,
and temperate South America.

Easily distinguished from all the other species by the small size, stemless
habit, and even seeds.

4. G. Traversii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 726.—A perennial
herb, more or less hoary in all its parts with short and dense silvery
white hairs ; stems decumbent or prostrate, 1-2ft. long. Radical
leaves on long slender petioles 4—9 in. long; blade 1-3 in. diam.,
orbicuiar in outline, 5—7-lobed to the middle; lobes cuneate, toothed
or lobed at the tips, silky-hoary on both surfaces. Cauline leaves
much smaller and on much shorter petioles. Stipules broadly

90 GERANIACEZ. [Geranium.

ovate, cuspidate. Peduncles 1-4in. long, 1-flowered, with 2 acu-
minate bracts about the middle. Flowers large, #-lin. diam.,
white or pink. Sepals broadly ovate, cuspidate. Petals broad-
obovate, entire, much longer than the sepals. Carpels silky-pilose.
Seeds very minutely reticulated.—7’, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 80; Buch.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. t. 13, £. 2.

CuatHam Istanps: Not uncommon in open places, H. H. Travers! J. D.
Enys ! November—December.

By far the finest of the New Zealand species. Well characterized by the
silvery hoary pubescence, 1-flowered peduncles, large flowers, and minutely
reticulated seeds.

5. G. molle, Linn. Sp. 682.—A diffuse or procumbent much-
branched annual or perennial, more or less softly pilose in all its
parts; stems 6-12 in. long. Radical leaves numerous, on long
slender petioles; blade orbicular, 1-2 in. diam., 5--9-lobed to below
the middle ; lobes obovate or cuneate, irregularly lobed or crenate.
Cauline leaves smaller, on shorter petioles, with fewer but deeper
divisions. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2-flowered. Flowers
small, purplish. Sepals broadly ovate, mucronate. Petals deeply
notched, barely exceeding the sepals. Carpels usually distinctly
marked with transverse wrinkles. Seeds smooth, not reticulated.
—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 40; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 87; T. Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 81.

KermabDec Isnanps, NortH AND SouTH IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, CHAT-
HAM IsLANDS.—Abundant throughout, ascending to over 2500ft. in the South
Island. Common in Europe, north Africa, and western Asia; and natural-
ised in other countries.

There can be little doubt that this is introduced, but as it has had a place
given to it in previous works on New Zealand plants, and as it is now found in
all soils and situations, and would certainly be considered indigenous by a
stranger unacquainted with its history, it appears best to retain it in the Flora.

2. PELARGONIUM, L’Herit.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, entire
toothed lobed or variously divided. Flowers usually in few- or
many-flowered umbels on axillary peduncles, irregular. Sepals 5,
the uppermost produced into a short spur adnate to the pedicel.
Petals 5 or fewer by abortion, the 2 upper different from the
others and usually larger. Disc without glands. Stamens 10,
hypogynous, connate at the base, 5-7 (rarely fewer) fertile, the
remainder without anthers or rudimentary. Ovary 4d- lobed,
5-celled, beaked; beak terminated by 5 short styles, which are
longitudinally stigmatose; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule split-
ting into 5 carpels with long styles, which roll up elastically ;
seeds 1 in each carpel. :

Species about 180, the whole of which are natives of South Africa except 3
found in North Africa and the Levant, and 2 in Australia and New Zealand.

Pelargonium. | GERANIACES. Of

1. P. australe, Jacq. Hclog. t. 100.—A decumbent or erect
simple or branched more or less hairy herb 6-18in. high; root-
stock stout. Leaves on slender petioles 2-6 in. long; blade 1—2 in.
diam., ovate-cordate or orbicular-cordate, obscurely 3-—6-lobed ;
lobes finely crenate-serrate, obtuse; stipules broad. Peduncles
longer than the leaves; umbels 10-12-flowered. Flowers small,
1tin, diam., pink. Sepals ovate, acute, hairy; spur usually very
short. Petals from + to 4.as long again as the sepals, spathulate,
notched. Fertile stamens 5, the remainder reduced to membranous
scale-like staminodia. Carpels very hairy, their beaks long, lined
on the inner face with long soft white hairs.—Benth. Fl. Austral. i.
998; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 82. P. australe var. clandestinum, Hook.
f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 37. P. clandestinum, L’ Herit ex D.C. Prodr. i.
160; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 595; Raoul, Choiw, 47; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 41.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Abundant throughout, ascending to 2000 ft. Kopata. November—February.

Also found in Australia and Tasmania, and in Tristan d’Acunha, and
probably identical with the South African P. grossularioides, Ait.

3. OXALIS, Linn.

Herbs, stemless or caulescent. Leaves all radical or alternate,
compound, usually 3-foliolate, stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers
regular, on axillary 1- or more- flowered peduncles. Sepals 5,
imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, contorted. Dise without glands.
Stamens 10, free or connate at the base, all anther-bearing. Ovary
5-lobed, 5-celled; styles 5, distinct; ovules 1 or more in each cell.
Capsule loculicidally dehiscing, the valves persistent on the axis.
Seeds with an outer fleshy coat which bursts elastically; testa
erustaceous ; albumen fleshy.

A large genus of over 200 species, chiefly found in South America and South
Africa, with a few widely dispersed in most parts of the world.

Stem elongated. Peduncles axillary, 1-6-flowered. Flowers

yellow ok a 0 Se aK a1) dl. ONcorniewlata.
Stem short or wanting. Peduncles radical, 1-flowered.
Flowers white Ls on bu vt .. 2. O. magellanica.

1. O. corniculata, Linn. Sp. Plant. 435.—A prostrate, decum-
bent or ascending, glabrous or pubescent, much-branched perennial
2-12 in. long; stems often matted. Leaves alternate, on long or
short petioles, 3-foliolate; leaflets broadly obcordate, very variable
in size, 4-lin. long, glaucous beneath. Stipules minute, adnate
to the petiole or wanting. Peduncles axillary, 1-6-flowered, about
as long as the petioles. Flowers yellow, variable in size. Sepals
acute or obtuse. Petals obcordate, notched. Capsule oblong or
linear, subeylindric ; seeds few or many in each cell.—Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 42; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 38; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 301;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 83.

92 GERANIACES:. [Oxalis

Var. a.—Decumbent. Leaves stipulate. Capsules $-lin. long, downy.

Var. b, stricta, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 42.—EHrect or suberect. Stipules
wanting. Flowers small. Capsules large.—O. stricta, Linn. Sp. Plant. 435.

O. Urvillei, propinqua, divergens, lacicola, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 584, 586, 588,
590.

Var. c, microphylla, Hook. f. l.c.—Stems procumbent, slender, rooting.
Leaflets usually minute. Capsule oblong.—O. exilis, A. Cunmn. l.c. n. 587.

Var. d, ciliifera, Hook. f. l.c.— Stems procumbent, filiform, matted.
Leaflets membranous, ciliated.—O. tenuicaulis and O. ciliifera, A. Cunn. l1.c.
n. 589, 591.

Var. e, crassifolia, Hook. f. l.c.—Stems rigid, matted. Leaflets small,
thick, pilose.—O. crassifolia, A. Cunn. l.c. n. 592.

Kerrmabec Istanps, Norta anp SoutH Is~tAnps: Abundant throughout,
chiefly in lowland situations.

One of the most widely diffused and variable plants known, found in almost
all temperate and tropical countries.

2. O. magellanica, Porst. in Comm. Gotting. ix. (1789) 33.—A
small glabrous or pubescent almost stemless herb 2-4 in. high;
rootstock creeping, scaly. Leayes all radical, on long slender hairy
petioles, trifoliolate; leaflets obcordate, glabrous, glaucous beneath.
Peduncles radical, long and slender, often exceeding the leaves,
2-bracteolate above the middle, 1-flowered. Flowers rather large,
pure white, 4-4in. diam. Sepals small, ovate, obtuse. Petals
obovate or obcordate, often oblique. Capsule globose.—Hook. f
Fl. Antarct. 11. 253; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 42, t. 138; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 38;
Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 300; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 84. O. cataracte,
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 585; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 418; Raoul, Choiax, 47.

NorrH anp South Istanps: From Mongonui and Kaitaia southwards, in
damp and shaded or subalpine localities. Sea-level to fully 4000 ft. Also

in Australia, Tasmania, Chili, and Fuegia, and closely allied to the common
O. acetosella of the Northern Hemisphere.

Orver XIV. RUTACEA.

Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs, plentifully supplied with
pellucid glands filled with an aromatic or pungent essential oil.
Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound, exstipulate.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual. Calyx
4—5-lobed or divided into as many free sepals, imbricate. Petals
the same number, hypogynous or slightly perigynous, imbricate or
valvate. Stamens usually free, hypogynous, as many or twice as
many as the petals, rarely more numerous; anthers 2-celled, versa-
tile. Disc placed between the stamens and ovary, usually annular,
entire or lobed or crenate. Ovary of 4-5 free or connate carpels ;
styles as many, free at the base, united above; ovules usually 2 in
each carpel. Fruit very various, sometimes of 4-5 2-valved cocci,
or a berry or drupe, rarely a capsule with loculicidal dehiscence.
Seeds generally solitary in each cell; albumen fleshy or wanting ;
embryo large, straight or curved, radicle superior.

Phebalium.} RUTACEX, 93

As defined by Hooker and Bentham in the ‘‘ Genera Plantarum,’’ this is a
large and heteromorphous order, comprising between 80 and 90 genera and
nearly 700 species. Most of the species are either tropical or inhabit South
Africa or Australia. They are comparatively rare in the north temperate zone.
The chief characteristic of the order is the presence of an essential oil, which is
usually abundant in the leaves and young growing parts, often giving them an
aromatic odour and bitter or pungent taste. The orange, lemon, citron, lime,
&e., are the chief economic species. The two New Zealand genera are also
found in Australia, and Melicope extends into the Pacific islands as well.

‘Leaves simple, peticle terete. Flowers 5-merous .. 1. PHEBALIUM.
Leaves compound, or if simple with the petioles winged.
Flowers 4-merous .. Bc Be ae .. 2. MBLICOPE.

1. PHEBALIUM, Vent.

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or slightly toothed,
pellucid-dotted. Flowers usually in axillary or terminal corymbs,
rarely solitary. Calyx small, 5-lobed or -partite. Petals 5, imbri-
cate or valvate. Stamens 8-10, longer cr shorter than the petals;
filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary 2-5-partite almost to the base ;
style simple ; stigma small, capitellate ; ovules 2 in each cell, super-
posed. Cocci 2-5, truncate or rostrate; endocarp cartilaginous and
separating elastically. Seeds usually solitary.

A genus of 28 species, all of which are confined to Australia with the ex-
ception of the present one, which is endemic in New Zealand.

1. P. nudum, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 568.—A graceful much-
branched perfectly glabrous shrub 4-12 ft. high; branchlets
slender, with reddish bark. Leaves alternate, 1-14 in. long, linear-
oblong or narrow oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, obtuse, obscurely
crenate, narrowed into short petioles or almost sessile, pellucid-
dotted. Flowers 4in. diam., white, fragrant, in terminal many-
flowered corymbs ; pedicels short, scurfy. Calyx very small, with
®) broad lobes. Petals 5, lanceolate or linear, obtuse ; margins
involute. Stamens much longer than the petals. Cocci 1-4, but
usually only 1 or 2 ripen, obtusely rhomboid, wrinkled, splitting
into 2 valves.—Raoul, Choiz, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 44;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 39; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 85.

Nortu Istanp: Hilly forests from Kaitaia southwards to the Thames
River, ascending to 2500 ft. Mairehau. October-December.

Highly aromatic in all its parts. The flowers have been used for the ex-
traction of a perfume.

2. MELICOPEH, Forst.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or
3-foliolate, rarely pinnate, pellucid-dotted. Flowers usually small,
often unisexual, in axillary or terminal few- or many-flowered
cymes or panicles. Sepals 4. Petals 4, valvate or imbricate, with
inflexed tips. Stamens 8, inserted at the base of the disc; filaments
subulate. Ovary 4-lobed almost to the base, 4-celled; style single

94 RUTACER. [Melicope.

or 4 coalescing into 1; stigma capitate, 4-lobed; ovules 2 in each
cell. Cocci 1-4, distinct, spreading, 2-valved, 1-seeded; endocarp
cartilaginous or horny, separating. Seeds usually solitary; testa
crustaceous, shining; albumen fleshy; embryo straight or slightly
curved. '

Besides the two species described below, both of which are endemic, there
are 10 or 12 from the Pacific islands, 2 from tropical Asia, and 3 from Australia.

Leaves large, 3-foliolate (often 1-foliolate in var. Mantelli) ;
petioles terete whe Be Se wr 1. M., ternata.
Leaves small, 1-foliolate; petioles flat .. ee .. 2. M. simplex.

1. M. ternata, Forst. Char. Gen. 56.—A much-branched per-
fectly glabrous small tree 12-20ft. high. Leaves opposite, 3-
foliolate; leaflets 2-4 in. long, linear-obovate or elliptic-oblong or
oblong-ovate, acute or obtuse, entire, finely pellucid-dotted.
Flowers +in. diam., greenish, often unisexual, in axillary tri-
chotomous panicles usually longer than the petioles; pedicels
short. Petals ovate-oblong, longer than the stamens, concave.
Ovary glabrous ; style short, stout. Cocci 4, coriaceous, spreading,
strongly wrinkled and punctate. Seed black and shining, attached
by a slender funicle, often protruding from the half-open valves.—
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 293; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 582; Hook. Ic.
Plant. t. 603; Raoul, Choiz, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 48;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 40; Kirk, Forest Fi. t. 66; Students’ Fl. 86.
Entoganum levigatum, Gerin. Fruct. i. 331, t. 68.

Var. Mantellii, Kirk, Forest Fl. t.66.—Smaller, much branched; branches
strict. Leaves usually much smaller, 3- or 1-foliolate; leaflets rounder, often

obscurely crenate. Panicles 3-6-flowered.—M. Mantellii, Buch. im Trans. N.Z.
Inst, ili. (1871) 212.

Kermapec Istanns, NortH Isntanp: Common in lowland districts.
SoutH Istanp: Marlborough and D’Urville Island, local. Ascends to
1000 ft. Wharangi. September—October.

The Kermadec Island specimens have much larger and more obtuse leaflets,
but do not seem to differ in other respects. Var. Mamntellii combines the
characters of M. ternata and M. simplex to an extraordinary degree, and may
be a hybrid between those species.

2. M. simplex, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 583.—A glabrous shrub:
6-12 ft. high, with slender twiggy branches. Leaves alternate
or fascicled, rarely opposite, in young plants 3-foliolate, in
mature 1-foliolate ; petiole flattened or narrowly winged ; leaflets
small, jointed on the top of the petiole, }-$in. long, rhomboid-
obovate or rounded, obtuse, doubly crenate, pellucid-dotted.
Flowers often unisexual, small, greenish-white ; peduncles usually
several together, axillary, longer than the petioles, 1- or 3-flowered.
Stamens longer than the petals in the male flowers, shorter in the
females. Ovary hirsute; style very short in the male flowers,
longer in the females; stigma obscurely 4-lobed. Fruit as in M.
ternata, but smaller.—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 585; Raoul, Choix, 48 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 43; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 40; Kirk, Forest

Melicope.| RUTACEX. 95

Fil. t. 68; Students’ Fl. 86. M. parvula, Buch. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xx. (1887) 255, Astorganthus Huegelii, Hndl. Cat. Hort.
Vindob. ii. 196.

NortH Anp Soury Isnanps: Abundant from the North Cape to South-
land, ascending to 2000 ft. September—November.

The flowers are occasionally cleistogamic. (See a paper on the subject by
Mr. G. M. Thomson, in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. 416.)

Orper XV. MELIACEA.

Trees or shrubs; wood often hard, coloured, odorous. Leaves
alternate, usually pinnate, rarely simple, exstipulate. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite, seldom unisexual. Calyx 4-5-lobed or
-partite, usually imbricate. Petals 4-5, rarely more or 3 only,
free or adnate to the lower part of the staminal tube, contorted
imbricate or valvate. Stamens 8-i0, seldom more or fewer; fila-
ments united into a tube, rarely free; anthers generally sessile
within the top of the tube. Disc within the staminal column,
annular or tubular, free or connate with the ovary. Ovary generally
free, 3-d-celled; style simple; ovules 2 in each cell, rarely more.
Fruit usually a capsule, sometimes a berry, rarely drupaceous.
Seeds often enclosed in an aril, with or without albumen.

An order of about 37 genera and 300 species, almost wholly confined to the
tropics, rare in temperate regions. Most of the species are more or less bitter
and astringent. Some yield a valuable and durable timber, as the mahogany
(Swietenia), satinwood (Chloroxylon), and the so-called Australian cedar (Cedrela

australis). The single New Zealand species belongs to a genus widely dis-
tributed in eastern tropical Asia.

1. DYSOXYLUM, Blume.

Large usually glabrous trees. zaves simple, alternate, pin-
nate; leaflets entire. Flowers in lax axillary panicles. Calyx
small, 4-5-toothed -lobed or -partite, imbricate. Petals 4-5, linear-
oblong, spreading, valvate. Staminal tube cylindrical, dentate or
erenulate at the mouth; anthers 8-10, included. Disc tubular,
sheathing the ovary. Ovary 3-d-celled; ovules usually 2 in each
cell. Capsule globose or pyriform, coriaceous, 1—5-celled, loculi-
cidally 2-5-valved. Seeds with or without an aril, large, oblong,
exalbuminous ; cotyledons very large.

A considerable genus of large forest trees, best represented in tropical Asia

and the Malay Archipelago, but with several species in Australia and the
Pacific islands. The single New Zealand species is endemic.

1. D. spectabile, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 41.—A handsome
round-headed tree 25-50 ft. high; trunk 1-3 ft. in diam. Leaves
unequally pinnate, glabrous, 9-18 in. long; leaflets 3-4 pairs, alter-
nate, petioled, 3-7in., ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate, acute,
oblique at the base, undulate. Panicles 6-18 in. long, pendulous,
usually springing from the trunk or branches far below the leaves,

96 MELIACEZ. (Dysoxylum.

rarely axillary, sparingly branched. Flowers waxy-white, 14 in.
diam., shortly pedicelled. Calyx-lobes small, ciliate. Petals 5,
linear, spreading or recurved. Staminal tube cylindric, fleshy,
crenate. Style slender, exserted beyond the staminal tube ; stigma
discoid. Capsule large, broadly obovoid, lin. long, 3-4-celled.
Seeds 2 in each cell, enveloped in an orange aril.—Kirk, Forest FI.
t. 64, 65; Students’ Fl. 87. Hartighsea spectabilis, A. Juss. in
Mem. Mus. Par. xix. (1830) 228; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 597; Raoul,
Chotz, 47; Hook. Ic.. Plant. t,.616, 617; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zell.
i.39. Trichilia spectabilis, Forst. Prodr. n. 188; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 306.

NortH Istanp: Abundant from the North Cape southwards. Souru

Istanp: Marlborough, D’Urville Island. Ascends to 1500 ft. Kohekohe..
May-July.

Timber suitable for inlaying and furniture; leaves bitter and tonic.

Orper XVI. OLACINE.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, rarely
opposite, simple or lobed, exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphro-
dite or unisexual, usually cymose. Calyx 4~-5-toothed or -lobed,
free or adnate to the disc. Petals usually 4-5, free or more or less
connate into a tube, valvate or rarely imbricate. Stamens as many
or twice as many as the petals, free or adnate to them; anthers
2-celled. Disc hypogynous, usually cup-shaped, free or adnate to
the ovary or calyx. Ovary free or partly immersed in the dise,
1-celled or imperfectly 2-5-celled ; style simple; stigma entire or
lobed; ovules 2-3, rarely 1, pendulous from the apex of a central
placenta or from the side or apex of the cavity. Fruit usually
drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded; albumen fleshy, rarely wanting ;
embryo minute, radicle superior.

Genera about 40; species not far from 200; widely spread in tropical and
subtropical regions, many of them very imperfectly known. The single New
Zealand genus extends through Norfolk Island to Australia.

1. PENNANTIA, Forst.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers in ter-
minal corymbose panicles or cymes, dicecious or polygamous. Ca-
lyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals, 5, hypogynous, glabrous, valvate.
Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternating with the petals; filaments
filiform. Ovary 1-celled; stigma nearly sessile, entire or 3-lobed ;
ovule solitary, pendulous. Drupe small, fleshy; stone obtusely
trigonous, grooved at the back to receive a flattened cord which
passes through a perforation just below the apex, and bears the
pendulous seed at its tip.

Besides the New Zealand species, which is endemic, there is one in Norfolk
Island, and another in New South Wales.

Pennantia. | OLACINES. 97

1. P. corymbosa, Forst. Char. Gen. 134.—A small slender tree
15-35 ft. high; branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence pubescent.
Young stage a straggling bush with numerous spreading flexuous
and interlaced slender branches; leaves distant, alternate or
fascicled, cuneate, +-4in. long or more, 3-lobed or 3-6-toothed at
the tip. Leaves of mature plants shortly petioled, alternate, 1—4 in.
long, obovate oblong-ovate or oblong, obtuse, sinuate or irregularly
toothed or lobed, rarely entire. Flowers small, white, fragrant,
dicecious. Males: Panicles and flowers larger than in the females.
Filaments exceeding the petals; anthers large, oblong-sagittate,
versatile, pendulous. Ovary rudimentary. Females: Filaments
shorter than the petals; anthers erect. Ovary oblong; stigma 3-
lobed. Drupe black, fleshy, about +in. long.—dA. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 8368; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 576; Raoul, Choix, 50; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 35, t. 12; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 41; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 77,
78; Students’ Fl. 88.

Norte anp SoutH IsnAnps: From Kaitaia southwards, but local to the

north of the Waikato River. Ascends to 2000 ft. Kaikomako. Novem-
ber—December.

Wood formerly used by the Maoris to obtain fire by friction ; now occa-
sionally employed for turnery, furniture, &c.

Orper XVII. STACKHOUSIEA.

Perennial herbs, usually of small size. Leaves alternate, nar-
row, quite entire, often somewhat fleshy. Stipules wanting or very
minute. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, in terminal spikes or
rarely solitary. Calyx 4-5-lobed or -partite, imbricate. Petals 5,
perigynous, inserted on the throat of the calyx, linear or spathu-
late, claws long, free at the base but more or less connate above,
limb reflexed. Disc thin, clothing the base of the calyx-tube.
Stamens 5, inserted on the edge of the disc. Ovary free, globose,
2-5-lobed, cells the same number; style single at the base,
2-5-lobed above; ovules 1 in each cell, erect, anatropous. Fruit of
2-5 globose angular or winged indehiscent 1-seeded cocci. Seed
erect, with a membranous testa; albumen fleshy; embryo straight,
radicle inferior.

A small order of 2 genera and 15 species. With the exception of the New
Zealand plant and another found in the Philippine Islands, the whole of the
species are confined to Australia.

1. STACKHOUSIA, Smith.

Characters as above.

1. S. minima, Hook. 7. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 47.—A minute slender
glabrous herb, with numerous creeping often matted underground
stems, and short slender erect leafy branches $-2in. high. Leaves
crowded or distant, rather fleshy, 4-4 in. long, linear or linear-oklong

4—Fl,

do." STACKHOUSIEZ. [Stackhousia.

or linear-obovate, flat, acute. Flowers small, yellow, solitary and
terminal, almost sessile or on very short peduncles, always exceed-
ing the leaves. Calyx-lobes short, acute. Petals usually connate
at the middle to form a tubular corolla but often altogether free,
linear, acute or acuminate, tips recurved. Stamens 3 long and 2
much shorter: anthers glabrous. Ovary 3-lobed; style very short,
3-cleft. Cocci obovoid, smooth, 1 or 2 ripening, seldom 3.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 42; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 90. 8. uniflora, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 258.

Norru Istanp: Hawke’s Bay—Open downs on the east coast, Colenso ;
Waipawa County, H. Hill! Sourn Isnanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau,
Wangapeka, 7. F.C.; Spenser Mountains, Kirk ! Canterbury—Ribband-wood

Range, Haast; Broken River, Enys! Burnham, Kirk! Central Otago, not
rare, Petrie! Sea-level to 4000 ft. December—January.

Sir Joseph Hooker describes the flowers as occurring in few-flowered
spikes, and the anthers as pubescent ; but I have not seen any specimens
answering to this.

Orper XVIII. RHAMNEAS

Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers; branches sometimes spines-
cent. Leaves simple, alternate, rarely opposite, entire or toothed.
Stipules small, often caducous, sometimes metamorphosed into
thorns. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, small and
inconspicuous, usually arranged in axillary or terminal cymes or
panicles. Calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate. Petals 4-5, rarely wanting,
inserted on the throat of the calyx-tube, small, usually hood-shaped
or involute. Stamens 4-5, perigynous, inserted with the petals and
opposite to them ; filaments short; anthers often concealed within
the involute tips of the petals. Disc perigynous, adnate to the
calyx, of very various shape. Ovary free or immersed in the disc,
altogether superior or more or less adnate to the calyx-tube, 3-celled,
rarely 2- or 4-celled ; style short ; ovules solitary in each cell, erect,
anatropous. Fruit free or girt by the persistent calyx-tube, dru-
paceous or capsular, 1-4-celled. “Seed solitary, erect, sometimes
arillate; albumen fleshy, rarely wanting ; embryo large, erect,
radicle inferior.

A well-marked order, distributed over most parts of the world. Genera
about 40; species under 500. The jujube (Zizyphus) produces a wholesome and

agreeable fruit, but as a rule most of the species possess bitter or astringent
properties, and some are purgative. The 2 genera found in New Zealand both
extend to Australia, and 1 of them (Discaria) 1s found in South America as
well.
Tomentose, unarmed. Leaves alternate. Ovary inferior 1. POMADERRIS.
Glabrous, spiny. Leaves opposite or wanting. Ovary

superior a 46 oy. Ae .. 2, DISCARIA.

1. POMADERRIS, Labill.

Shrubs, more or less covered with hoary or ferrugmous stellate
tomentum. Leaves alternate. Flowers pedicellate, in small cymes

Pomaderris. | RHAMNEAS. 99

usually forming terminal or axillary corymbs or panicles. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, limb 5-toothed to the base, deciduous or
reflexed. Petals 5 or wanting. Stamens 5; filaments longer than
the petals; anthers oblong. Disc inconspicuous, surrounding the
top of the ovary at the base of the calyx-lobes. Ovary more or less
inferior; style 3-fid. Capsule small, upper part protruding above
the calyx-tube, 3-valved ; endocarp separating into 3 cocci, which
either split down the inner face or open by an oblong lid. Seed on
a thickened funicle.

A genus of about 22 species, restricted to Australia, New Caledonia, and
New Zealand. Three of the New Zealand species are also found in Australia ;
he fourth is endemic.

* Flowers with petals.
Leaves 2-3 in., elliptic-oblong, obtuse, entire .. -. IL. P. elliptica.

** Flowers without petals.
Leaves 2-4in., oblong-ovate, crenulate; tomentum white

orgrey .. oc xe be a6 .. 2. P. apetala.
Leaves #-2in., oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; tomentum

often ferruginous .. .. 38. P. Hdgerleyi.
Leaves small, linear or x oblong, bi in. ymargins r revolute to

the midrib é : .. 4 P. phylicefolia.

1. P. elliptica, Zab. Nov. Holl. Pl. i. 61, t. 86.—A sparingly
branched shrub 4-8ft. high; young branches, petioles, leaves
beneath, and inflorescence densely clothed with fine white or buff
stellate tomentum. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2-3 in. long, elliptic-
oblong or ovyate-oblong, obtuse or acute, quite entire, glabrous
above, veins and midrib prominent beneath. Cymes numerous,
terminal, forming large much-branched corymbose panicles.
Flowers bright-yellow, 1-4+in. diam. Calyx covered with stellate
tomentum mixed with long silky hairs. Petals with a broad
blade with crisped margins and a long slender claw. Capsule
small, the free portion shorter than the calyx-tube. Cocci open-
ing by an oblong lid on the inner face.—Bot. Mag. t. 1510; Hook.
jf. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 46; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 48; Benth. Fl. Austral. i.
417; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 91. P. Kumeraho, A. Cunn. Precur. n.
077; Raoul, Choix, 50.

NortH Isutanp: North Cape to Tauranga Harbour, on open clay hills.
Kumarahou. September. Also in south-east Australia and Tasmania.

2. P. apetala, Lab. Nov. Holl. Pl. i. 52, t. 87.—A shrub or
small tree 6—-15it. high, rarely more ; branchlets, undersurface of
leaves, and inflorescence covered with dense white or greyish
stellate tomentum. Leaves petiolate, 2-4in. long, oblong-ovate
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, irregularly crenulate,
glabrous and wrinkled above, veins prominent below. Flowers
small, numerous, in terminal and axillary panicles 3-7 in. long.
Calyx-tube short, clothed with stellate hairs. Petals wanting.

100 RHAMNEZ. [Pomaderris.

Anthers tipped by a minute gland. Style 3-fid to the middle.
Capsule obtuse, sparsely covered with stellate hairs. Cocci open-
ing by a valve on the inner face.—Benth. Fl. Austral. 1. 419; Kirk,
Forest Fl. t.8; Students’ Fl.92. P. Tainui, Hector in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xi. (1879) 429. P. mollis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893)
327.

Norru Isnanp: Formerly abundant at Kawhia, but now extinct; between
Kawhia and Mokau, Gilbert; between the Mokau and Mohakatina Rivers,

Hector! Kirk ! CHATHAM JSLANDS: #. A. D. Con. Also naturalised in
Hawke’s Bay, and at Geraldine, Canterbury. Tainw. October—Novem-
ber.

A common Australian plant. The Maoris assert that it sprang from the
rollers or skids that were brought in the canoe ‘‘Tainui’’ when they first
colonised New Zealand.

3. P. Edgerleyi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 48.—An erect
or spreading shrub, variable in habit and size, 2-8 ft. high;
branchlets, undersurface of leaves, petioles, and inflorescence
densely clothed with soft loose whitish or ferruginous stellate
tomentum. Leaves shortly petioled, 3-2in. long, oblong linear-
oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse at both ends, rarely acute,
glabrous or scabrid above, with impressed veins; midrib and
principal veins prominent beneath. Cymes axillary and terminal,
usually broad and corymbose, more rarely lax and racemose.
Flowers small, yellowish. Calyx-lobes large, ovate, acute, reflexed,
midrib prominent. Petals wanting. Ovary entirely sunk in the
calyx-tube ; style 3-cleft almost to the base.—Kirk, Students’ Fi.
91. Pomaderris (?) sp. Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 46.

Norrn Istanp: North Cape to Mercury Bay, but often local. Sea-level
to 1500 ft. October-November. Endemic.

There are two forms of this species—one a small shrub with straggling or
procumbent branches, and small oblong leaves scabrid above and clothed with
bright ferruginous tomentum beneath ; the other taller and fastigiately branched,
with longer and narrower leaves, glabrous above and with paler tomentum
beneath.

4. P. phyliceefolia, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 120.—A small heath-like
shrub 1-4 ft. high; branches densely villous, spreading or erect,
fastigiate. Leaves small, of very young plants +-3in. long, oblong
or ovate, obtuse, flat, hairy on both surfaces; of older plants 4-4in.
long, nearly sessile, spreading, linear or linear-oblong, grooved
down the middle and scabrid with short white hairs above, margins
revolute to the midrib, concealing nearly the whole of the villous
undersurface. Flowers minute, in small axillary cymes slightly
longer than the leaves, very abundantly produced. Calyx small,
densely pubescent, lobes spreading. Petals wanting. Capsule ovoid,
hirsute ; cocci opening along the whole length of the inner face.—-
Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 422; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 43; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 92. P. ericifolia, Hook. in Journ. Bot. i. (1834) 257 ;

Pomaderris. | RHAMNES, 101

A. Cunn. Precur. n. 578; Raoul, Choix, 50; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 46. P. ameena, Col. on Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1886) 258.
Nort Isuanp: North Cape to Otaki and Cape Palliser, plentiful in open

country, ascending to over 200 ft. Tauhine. November—December.
Also found in Victoria and Tasmania.

2. DISCARIA, Hook.

Much-branched rigid shrubs or small trees, with opposite often
spinous branchlets. Leaves opposite or fascicled, sometimes want-
ing. Flowers axillary. Calyx membranous, free or adnate to the
ovary at the base; limb campanulate, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-6,
hooded, often wanting. Stamens 4-5; filaments short. Disc ad-
nate to the base of the calyx-tube, annular. Ovary more or less
sunk in the disc, 3-lobed, 3-celled; style slender; stigma 3-lobed.
Drupe (or capsule) dry, coriaceous, 3-lobed, endocarp separating
into 3 2-valved crustaceous cocci. Seeds with a coriaceous testa.

Species about 16, mostly natives of extratropical and alpine South America,
with 1 species in Australia and another in New Zealand.

1. D. Toumatou, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 29, t. 29.—A much-
branched thorny bush or small tree 2-15 ft. high or even more,
glabrous or slightly puberulous. Branches divaricating, flexuous ;
young ones green, terete; branchlets reduced to opposite distichous
or decussate rigid spines 14-2 in. long. Leaves often wanting, fas-
cicled below the axils of the spines or opposite on short shoots,
4-3in. long, linear-obovate or oblong-obovate, obtuse. Flowers
small, 4in. diam., greenish-white, fascicled with the leaves below
the axils of the spines; pedicels short, puberulous. Calyx-lobes
4-5, reflexed. Petals wanting. Capsule tin. diam., globose, deeply
3-lobed.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 44; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 136;
Students’ Fl. 93. D. australis, Hook., var. apetala, Hook. f. Fil.
Nov. Zel.i. 47. Notophcena Toumatou, Miers in Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. Ser. i. v. (1860) 271.

NortH Aanp SoutH Istanps: Waikato River to the Bluff, common.
Ascends to 3500 ft. Tumatukuru. November-—January.

Can only be distinguished from the Australian and Tasmanian D. australis
by the absence of petals. It attains a large size in the cool mountain-valleys of
the South Island, but near the coast is usually low and scrubby.

Orper XIX. SAPINDACEA..

Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, rarely herbs. Leaves alter-
nate or more rarely opposite, often compound, exstipulate, seldom
stipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, generally unisexual or
polygamous ; inflorescence very various. Calyx 3-d-lobed or of as
many free sepals, divisions often unequal in size, imbricate or val-
vate. Petals 3-5 or wanting, free, equal or unequal, often bearded
or glandular at the base within, imbricate. Disc very various,

102 SAPINDACE. [Dodonea.

annular or unilateral, rarely wanting. Stamens 5-10, in the great
majority of the order (but not in the New Zealand genera) inserted
inside the dise at the base of the ovary, more rarely outside or on
the disc, sometimes unilateral; anthers basifixed or versatile,
2-celled. Ovary free, central or excentric, entire lobed or partite,
1-4-celled ; style simple or divided, usually terminal; ovules 1—2 in
each cell, seldom more. Fruit very various, capsular or indehiscent,
dry or succulent, entire or lobed, sometimes winged. Seeds globose
or compressed, with or without an aril; albumen wanting or more
rarely present; embryo generally thick, sometimes folded or
spirally twisted, radicle short, inferior.

A polymorphous order, exceedingly difficult to characterize as a whole,
and often separated into 3 or 4 distinct ones. As defined above, it com-
prises about 80 genera and between 600 and 700 species, many of them very
imperfectly known. It is chiefly tropical, but extends through both of
the temperate zones. The properties of the order are very various. The
maples contain a sweetish sap, from which sugar is obtained. Several species of
Nepheliwm, such as the Litchi and Longan, produce some of the most delicious
of Asiatic fruits. Many species contain bitter or astringent principles, while
others, as some of the American species cf Serjania and Paullinia, are reputed
to be poisonous. The two genera found in New Zealand belong to the tribe
Dodonee, which has regular flowers, stamens inserted outside the disc (not
inside), and exalbuminous seeds. Alectryon is endemic, but Dodone@a is most
abundant in Australia, extending also through the tropics of both hemispheres.

Leaves simple in the New Zealand species. Disc wanting.
Capsule membranous, often winged .. .. 1. Doponzma.
Leaves pinnate. Disc 8-lobed. Capsule woody, turgid .. 2. ALECTRYON.

1. DODONZA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, often viscid with a resinous exudation.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, in
terminal or axillary racemes or panicles, rarely solitary. Sepals
2—5, imbricate or valvate. Petals wanting. Stamens 5-10, usually
8; filaments short; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 3-6-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell. Capsule membranous or coriaceous, 2-—6-
sided, septicidally 2-6-valved ; valves winged at the back. Seeds
1-2 in each cell, lenticular or subglobose, compressed, witha thick-
ened funicle but not arillate ; embryo spirally coiled.

A genus comprising about 50 species, fully 40 of which are confined to
Australia, the remainder scattered through the tropical or subtropical regions

of both hemispheres. The New Zealand species is found in most warm
countries.

1. D. viscosa, Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 19.—Usually a glabrous
shrub or small tree 8-20 ft. high, but occasionally dwarfed to 1-3 ft.,
and sometimes attaining 30-36 ft.; trunk seldom more than 12 in.
diam. ; young branches usually compressed or triangular, viscid.
Leaves 1 —3in. long, narrow linear-obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse,
rarely acute, entire, gradually narrowed into a short petiole. Flowers
small, greenish or reddish, in few-flowered terminal panicles,

Dodonea.] SAPINDACES. 103

dicecious. Male flowers: Sepals 4, free, oblong or ovate. Stamens
8-10, rather longer than the sepals ; filaments very short. Females :
Sepals narrower, more erect. Style stout, 2-fid, long-exserted.
Capsule #in. diam., compressed, orbicular, very broadly 2-3-winged,
2-lobed at each end ; wings veined, membranous.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 38; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 45; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 17; Studenis’
Fl. 94. D. spathulata, Smith in Rees Cyclop. xii. n. 2; A. Rich.
Fil. Nowv. Zel. 308; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 599; Raowl, Choix, 47.
NortH AnD SoutH Istanps: From the North Cape as far south as Banks
Peninsula, chiefly in lowland districts. Akeake. September—November.

Wood hard and heavy; formerly much used by the Maoris for making clubs,
spears, &c.

2. ALECTRYON, Gertn.

A lofty tree. Leaves alternate, pinnate, exstipulate; leaflets
entire or toothed. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, in axillary
or terminal many-flowered panicles. Calyx 4-5-lobed, villous
within, lobes unequal, imbricate. Petals wanting. Dise small,
8-lobed. Stamens 5-8, inserted within the lobes of the disc;
anthers large. Ovary obliquely obcordate, compressed, 1-celled ;
style short ; stigma simple or 2-3-lobed; ovule solitary. Capsule
coriaceous or almost woody, subglobose, turgid, with a flattened
prominence or crest towards the top. Seed subglobose, arillate ;
testa crustaceous ; cotyledons spirally coiled.

A monotypic genus confined to New Zealand.

1. A. excelsum, Gerin. Fruct. i. 216, t. 46.—A handsome tree
30-60 ft. high, with a trunk 2ft. in diam. or more; bark black ;
young branches, leaves below, inflorescence, and capsules clothed
with silky ferruginous pubescence. Leaves unequally pinnate,
4-12in. long; leaflets 4-6 pairs, shortly petioled, 2—4in. long,
obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or obscurely remotely
toothed, membranous. Panicles 4-12in. long, much branched.
Anthers large, dark-red. Ovary pilose. Capsule 4-4 in. long, open-
ing transversely but irregularly. Seed large, almost globose, jet-
black and shining, half imbedded in a bright scarlet fleshy cup-
shaped aril. A. Cunn. Precur. n. 598; Hook. ic. Plant. t. 570;
Raoul, Choiz, 47; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 88; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
45; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 92,93; Students’ Fl. 95. |

Var. grandis, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 409.—Leaves
much larger, 12-18 in. long; leaflets 2-3 pairs, 5-7in. long, oblong or ovate,

obtuse or subacute, entire or with 2-3 coarse teeth. Flowers not seen, and only
fragments of old capsules.

NortH anp SourH Isuanps: North Cape to Banks Peninsula and West-
land, common. Var. grandis: Three Kings Islands, 7’. Ff. C. Ascends to
2000 ft. Titokt. October—December.

Yields a tough and elastic timber, valuable for axe-handles, bullock-yokes,
&c. The Maoris formerly extracted an oil from the seeds. Var. grandis is
doubtless a distinct species, but in the absence of flowers and fruit I hesitate to
describe it as such.

104 ANACARDIACEZ. [Corynocarpus.

OrprErR XX. ANACARDIACEZ£.

Trees or shrubs, often exuding a resinous and usually acrid juice.
Leaves alternate, simple or compound, exstipulate. Flowers regular,
small, hermaphrodite, unisexual or polygamous. Calyx 3—d-partite,
imbricate. Petals 3-7, rarely wanting, free, perigynous, imbricate.
Dise usually annular or cup-shaped, entire or lobed. Stamens as
many or twice as many as the petals, inserted under or upon the
disc ; filaments usually free; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior,
usually 1-celled, sometimes 2-5-celled, very rarely of 2-5 free
carpels; styles 1-3; ovules solitary in the cells, either pendulous
from the top or wall or from a basal funicle. Fruit superior or
very rarely half-inferior, usually a 1—d-celled 1—5-seeded drupe.
Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight or curved, cotyledons usually
fleshy, radicle short.

A large order of nearly 50 genera and about 450 species, chiefly tropical. in
its distribution, rare in temperate regions. It includes several edible species, as
the mango (probably the best of the tropical fruits), the hog-plum (Spondias),
the Pistachia nut, &c. Some species of Rhus and other genera secrete a more

or less poisonous and acrid juice; others produce valuable varnishes. The
single New Zealand genus is endemic.

1. CORYNOCARPUS, Forst.

A tree, everywhere perfectly glabrous. Leaves large, alternate
simple and entire. Flowers small, greenish, in terminal branched
panicles. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes rounded, imbricate. Petals 5
rounded, erose, imbricate. Disc fleshy, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, in-
serted on the disc, alternating with as many petaloid staminodia.
Ovary sessile, ovoid, 1-celled, narrowed into an erect style; stigma
capitate; ovule solitary, pendulous from near the top of the cell.
Drupe large, obovoid, obtuse, fleshy ; endocarp forming a coriaceous
and fibrous network round the seed. Seed pendulous; testa mem-
branous, adhering to the cavity of the cell; embryo thick; cotyle-
dons plano-convex ; radicle minute, superior.

A genus consisting of a single species, peculiar to New Zealand. It is a
somewhat doubtful member of the Anacardiace@, as it wants the resin-canals so
characteristic of the family, and also differs in the andreecium. Professor

Engler, in ‘‘Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien,”’ has proposed that it should
form the separate order Corynocarpacee.

1. C. levigata, Forst. Char. Gen. 31, t. 16.—A handsome
leafy tree 30-40 ft. high, with a trunk i-2ft. diam. or more.
Leaves 3-8in. long, elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovate, subacute,
narrowed into a short stout petiole, thick and coriaceous, dark-
green and glossy; margins slightly recurved. Panicles 4-8 in.
long, broad, rigid, erect, much branched. Flowers small, 4in.
diam., on short stout pedicels. Petals concave, barely exceeding
the calyx-lobes. Filaments stout, subulate. Ovary small, gla-
brous. Drupe 1-14 in. long, orange.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 365 ;
A. Cunn. Precur. nu. 688; Raoul, Choix, 50; Bot. Mag. t. 4879;

Corynocarpus. | ANACARDIACEZ. 105

Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 49; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 46; Kirk, Forest
Fl. t. 88; Students’ Fl. 96.

Kermapec Istanps, Norru IsuaAnp, CHatHam IstANps: Abundant, chiefly
in lowland situations not far from the sea. SourH Istanp: Marlborough

and Nelson to Banks Peninsula and Westland, but very rare and local.
Karaka. August—November.

The pulpy part of the fruit is edible; but the seed is highly poisonous
unless steamed, or steeped in salt water. See Mr. Colenso’s valuable paper
‘On the Vegetable Food of the New-Zealanders’’ (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. 25),
also notes by Mr. Skey and Mr. Colenso (l.c. iv. 316). The wood is soft and
almost useless.

OrpveR XXI. CORIARIEA.

Glabrous shrubs, sometimes small and almost herbaceous ;
branches angular, the lower opposite. Leaves opposite or rarely
in whorls of 3, entire, exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphro-
dite or polygamous, small, usually in axillary racemes. Sepals
5, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, smaller than the
sepals, keeled within, enlarged after flowering and becoming thick
and fleshy and embracing the fruit. Stamens 10, hypogynous,
free, or the alternate ones adnate to the petals; filaments short ;
anthers large. Disc absent. Carpels 5-10, free, 1-celled, whorled
on a short conical receptacle; styles as many as the carpels,
free, thick, elongated, covered for the whole length with stig-
matic papillae; ovules solitary, pendulous from the top of the
cell. Fruit of 5-10 oblong indehiscent cocci, closely embraced
by the fleshy and juicy petals, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed with a
membranous testa; albumen a thin layer only; embryo with
plano-convex cotyledons and a superior radicle.

A small order of very doubtful relationship, comprising the single genus

Coriaria. Species 8 or 10, found in New. Zealand, South America, Japan,
China, the Himalayas, north Africa, and south Europe.

1. CORIARIA, Linn.
Characters of the order, as above.

Shrub or small tree. Leaves 1-3in., oblong-ovate.
Racemes drooping . Sb at A i
Suffruticose or herbaceous. Leaves 4-1in., ovate-lance-

olate ‘ a of: Ac 72 .. 2. C. thymifolia.
Herbaceous. Leaves 4-4} in., narrow-linear Be .. 3. C. angustissima.

1. C. ruscifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1037.—A shrub or small
tree with spreading 4-angled branches, very variable in height and
degree of robustness, sometimes attaining 25 ft. with a trunk 10 in.
diam., at others not more than 2—4it., with almost herbaceous
stems. Leaves 1—-3in., ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate,
rounded or cordate at the base, sessile or very shortly petioled,
3—-d-nerved. Racemes drooping, many-flowered, 4-12in. long or
more, slightly pubescent; pedicels slender, }-}in., bracteolate at

1. C.ruscifolia.

106 CORIARIER. [Coriaria.

the base. Flowers small, green, $-+in. diam., strongly pro-
terogynous. Sepals broadly ovate, subacute. Filaments elongat-
ing after fertilisation. Fruit globose, purplish-black, of 5-8 cocci
enveloped by the persistent enlarged juicy petals.—Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 45; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 46; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 139; Stu-
dents’ Fl. 97. C. sarmentosa, Forst. Prodr. n. 377; A. Rich. FI.
Nouv. Zel. 864; Bot. Mag. t. 2470; A. Cumn. Precur. n. 581;
Raoul, Choix, 47. C. arborea and C. tutu, Lindsay, Contrib.
N.Z. Bot. 84.

Kermapec IsuaAnps, NortH aND SourH Isnanps, Stewart ISLAND,
CuatHam Is~aANps: Abundant throughout, ascending to 3500 ft. Tutu ;
Tupakiht.

Most parts of the plant are poisonous, and particularly the young shoots
and seeds. The poisonous principle appears to be a glucoside, to which the
name ‘“‘tutin’’ has been applied. For particulars, reference should be made to
a paper by Prof. Hasterfield and Mr. B. C. Aston, published by the New Zea-
land Department of Agriculture. The juice expressed from the fleshy petals is
quite innocuous, and is used as a non-intoxicating drink by the Maoris.

2. CG. thymifolia, Humb. and Bonp. ex Willd. Sp. Plant. iv.
819.—A small suffruticose or herbaceous plant 6in. to 4 ft. high;
rootstock often stout, woody, much branched; stems and branches
slender, with winged angles, often flattened in one plane. Leaves
variable in size, $-lin., oblong-ovate ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, sessile or very shortly petioled, glabrous or
slightly pubescent. Racemes 1-4in. long, slender, spreading,
pubescent. Flowers rather smaller than in C. ruscifolia, often uni-
sexual.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i1. 45; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 47; Lindsay,
Contrib. N.Z. Bot. 87; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 98. C. lurida, Kirk, l.c.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Mountainous districts from Taupo and the
Hast Cape southwards. 1000-5000 ft. Tutupapa.

In its ordinary state this is distinct enough ; but large-leaved forms pass
directly into C. ruscifolia, and narrow-leaved varieties into C. angustissima, I
cannot separate Mr. Kirk’s C. lurida even as a variety.

3. C. angustissima, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 47.—Rootstock
stout, branched. Stems herbaceous, slender, tufted, often covering
large patches. Branches numerous, dense, almost plumose; branch-
lets filiform or almost capillary. Leaves very numerous, small,
4-1 in. long, narrow-linear or linear-subulate, sessile or very shortly
petioled, acuminate. Racemes 1-3 in. long, slender, glabrous or
nearly so. Flowers small, very similar to those of C. thymifola,
often unisexual. Fruit rather large, globose, almost black.—Zind-
say, Contrib. N.Z. Bot. 87; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 98.

Nortu Isutanp: Mount Egmont, Dieffenbach; Ruahine Range, Colenso

Handbook). SourH Istanp: Subalpine localities in Canterbury and Otago.
1500-4000 ft. December—January.

I have seen no North Island specimens, and suspect that slender fine-leaved
forms of C. thymifolia have been taken for it in the localities quoted above.

LEGUMINOS2. 107

Orpver XXII. LEGUMINOS/.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, of very various habit. Leaves usually
alternate, stipulate, compound, rarely simple, sometimes wanting.
Flowers generally irregular, hermaphrodite, occasionally regular
and polygamous. Sepals 5, usually cohering into a more or less
deeply divided calyx, sometimes free, often unequal, occasionally
2-lipped. Petals 5, seldom fewer, perigynous or rarely hypogy-
nous, either papilionaceous or more or less regularly spreading.
Stamens 10, rarely less or more, perigynous or almost hypogy-
nous ; filaments either free or all connate into a tube surrounding
the ovary, or more generally 9 of them united and 1 free. Ovary
free, 1-celled, consisting of a single carpel; style simple; ovules 1
to many, attached to the ventral suture. Fruit a pod splitting
open along both sutures, rarely indehiscent or transversely breaking
up into 1-seeded joints. Seeds nearly always exalbuminous; em-
bryo with large foliaceous or amygdaloidal cotyledons and a short
radicle.

SusorpeR PAPILIONACE.

All the indigenous genera belong to this suborder, which is
characterized as follows: Corolla irregular and_papilionaceous,
seldom almost regular. Petals imbricate, the uppermost (or
standard) always outside in the bud. Stamens definite, usu-
ally 10.

With the exception of Composite, this is the largest order of flowering
plants, comprising over 400 genera and about 7000 species. Next to Gramineae,
it is the most serviceable to man for food ; and it produces more substances used
in the arts and medicine than any other order. Its distribution is practically
world-wide; but it is singularly rare in New Zealand, the proportion of species
being much smaller than in any other country of equal size. In fact, the pau-
city of Leguminose is one of the most remarkable peculiarities of the New
Zealand flora, especially taking into account that the order is the one most
strongly developed in Australia, the nearest land-areato New Zealand. Of the 7
indigenous genera, Carmichelia has an outlying species in Lord Howe Island,
but is otherwise restricted to New Zealand ; while the two closely allied genera
Corallospartiwm and Notospartiwm are endemic. Clianthus has 1, or perhaps
2, species in Australia, and 1 in the Malay Archipelago; Swainsona is largely
represented in Australia; while Canavalia and Sophora are widely distributed
in warm climates. A list of the naturalised species, with references to descrip-
tions, will be found in the appendix.

* Shrubs, sometimes very small; branches flattened, compressed or nearly
terete, grooved or striate, leafless or nearly so when adult.

Branches stout, terete, deeply grooved. Pods compressed,
1-seeded, dehiscing along the sutures .s .. 1. CORALLOSPAR-
Branchlets compressed or terete. Pods short, few-seeded ; TIUM.
valves falling away from the persistent thickened sutures,
to which the seeds remain attached, or rarely the pod is
indehiscent ae ae 2. “e .. 2, CARMICHZLIA.
Branchlets terete or compressed, slender, pendulous.
Pods narrow-linear, torulose, 2-10-seeded, indehis-

cent 3. NOTOSPARTIUM.

108 LEGUMINOS#. [Corallospartiwm.

** Branches not flattened nor compressed, leafy.
Shrub. Racemes pendulous; flowers large, crimson. Pod

terete, many-seeded é 25 .. 4. CLIANTHUS.
Small alpine herb. Racemes erect. "Pod membranous,

inflated .. - ie .. 5, SWAINSONA.
Large twiner. Leaves 3- foliolate. Calyx 2-lipped. Sta-

mens monadelphous. Pod large and broad .. . 6. CANAVALIA.

Tree or shrub. Leaves pinnate with many leaflets.
Racemes pendulous. Flowers large, yellow. Stamens
free. Pod moniliform a cv ars .. 7. SOPHORA.

1. CORALLOSPARTIUM, J. B. Armstrong.

A leafless shrub. Stems and branches stout, cylindric, deeply
grooved. Flowers in dense fascicles at the ied of the brant
lets. Calyx woolly, campanulate, 5-toothed; teeth about equal.
Standard large, broad, reflexed, contracted into a short claw.
Wings “aidan oblong, obtuse, ied towards the base, shorter
than the keel. Keel about equalling the standard, incurved,
oblong, obtuse. Upper stamen free, the others connate into a
sheath. Ovary densely villous; style silky at the base ; ovules 2-4.
Pod 2-valved, deltoid, rounded and winged at the back, straight in
front, shortly beaked, villous; valves thin, faintly reticulated,
edges not thickened nor consolidated into a replum. Seed solitary,
reniform ; radicle with a double flexure.

A genus of a single species, endemic in New Zealand. It is technically
separated from Carmichelia by the 2-valved pod without a persistent replum.

1. C. crassicaule, Armsir. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
333.—Stems erect, 1-6ft. high, +-#in. diam., sparingly branched,
yellow, stout, erect, cylindrical, with numerous parallel tomentose
STOOVES ; branchlets compressed at the tips. Leaves rarely seen
on mature plants, when present very fugacious, small, linear-
oblong or ovate-oblong; of young plants broadly oblong or almost
orbicular, entire or emarginate. [ascicles capitate, densely
8-20-flowered ; pedicels short, slender, and with the calyces
softly woolly. Flowers ++in. long, cream-coloured. Pod in.
long.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 106. Carmichelia crassicaulis, Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fil. 48.

Var. racemosa, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 107. — Branchlets narrower, 4in.
broad, compressed. Flowers less than +in. long, solitary or in 3—5-flowered
racenies, which are solitary or fascicled. Pedicels and calyx not so woolly.

SourH Is~AnpD: Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Haast! Lake Lyndon,
Enys! 1, F. C.; Mount Dobson and other mountains flanking the Mackenzie
Plains) ee. Ge Lake Ohau, Haast. Otago—Lindis Pass, Hector and Bu-
chanan ; Naseby and westward to the Dunstan Mountains, Petrie ! H. J. Mat-
thews ! 1500-4000 ft. Coral-broom. December—January.

One of the most remarkable plants in the colony; at once recognised by the
robust deeply grooved branchlets, densely fascicled flowers, and woolly calyx.
It appears to be confined to arid situations on the eastern slopes of the Southern
Alps.

Carmichelia. | LEGUMINOSAS. 109

2, CARMICH ALIA, R. Br.

Erect or depressed shrubs, some species attaining a height of
6-10 ft., others reduced to broad matted patches hardly rising more
than an inch or two above the ground. Branchlets flattened or
terete, grooved or striate, green. Leaves often absent, except in
seedlings; when present deciduous after the flowers have fallen,
1-foliolate or pinnately 3-5-foliolate. Flowers small, in lateral
racemes springing from notches on the edges of the branchlets,
rarely solitary. Calyx campanulate or cup-shaped, 5-toothed.
Standard orbicular, usually reflexed, contracted into a short claw.
Wings more or less falcate, oblong, obtuse, auricled towards the
base. Keel oblong, incurved, obtuse, shorter or longer than the
standard. Upper stamen free, the others connate into a sheath.
Ovary narrowed into a slender beardless style; stigma minute,
terminal; ovulesnumerous. Pod small, coriaceous, narrow-oblong to
almost orbicular, straight or oblique, compressed or turgid, narrowed
into a short or long subulate beak; valves with the edges thickened
and consolidated, forming a kind of framework called thereplum, from
which the faces of the valves come away; or in a few species the
valves remain attached to the replum and the pod is indehiscent.
Seeds 1-12, reniform or oblong; radicle usually with a double fold.

A very remarkable genus, confined to New Zealand, with the exception of
one species found in Lord Howe Island. Its habit is peculiar, most of the
species being leafless or nearly so when mature, the green flattened or terete
branchlets (cladodes) performing the functions of true leaves. The structure of
the pod is most exceptional, the margins of the valves and placentas being
thickened and consolidated into a framework (replum), to which the seeds are
attached. In dehiscence the faces of the valves either come away altogether
from the replum, which may persist for a long time with the seeds hanging from
it, or the valves may separate at one side or end, remaining attached at the
other. In the four species constituting the section Huttonella the valves do not
usually separate from the replum, which is frequently incomplete, and the pod
is thus indehiscent. Had this character been constant, Hwttonella might well
have been kept as a distinct genus, as proposed by Kirk. But fruiting specimens
of C. juncea in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium show that the valves occasionally
separate from the replum in that species, and Mr. Petrie informs me that the
same thing occurs in his C. compacta.

The discrimination of the species is probably more difficult in Carmichelia
than in any other genus in the New Zealand flora, and the student will find it
almost impossible to name his specimens with accuracy until he has collected
most of the species and become familiar with their characters. In most cases

. characters based upon the vegetative organs are by themselves useless. The
leaves, when they can be examined, are singularly uniform; and the branchlets
are not only highly variable in width, but may be flattened in spring and nearly
terete in autumn. The flowers vary in size and colour in the different species,
but present no important structural modifications. The pods afford the most
trustworthy characters, and in several cases are alone quite sufficient for the
identification of the species. The following analysis of the species isin many
respects imperfect, and will doubtless require considerable modification. <A
really comprehensive and accurate account cannot be drawn up until the species
have been carefully studied in the field at different seasons of the year, and in
all stages of growth. It is specially important, in order to form a safe basis for
future work, that flowering and fruiting specimens should be taken from the
same plant.

110 LEGUMINOS2. [Carmichelia.

A. Much depressed leafless plants forming matted patches 1-4in. high.
Flowers usually reddish.

* Branchlets thin, linear or narrow linear.
Flowers solitary or racemose. Pods obliquely ovate-orbicu-

lar, usually 1-seeded - LC. Hnysn.
Flowers solitary ; peduncles long. Pods 3-4-seeded -. 2. C. uniflora.
Flowers racemose. Pods 3-6- seeded .. -. 3& C. nana.

** Branchlets very stout and thick, flattened, with rounded edges.
Flowers racemose. Pods large, turgid, 6-14-seeded -. 4, C. Monroi.

B. Erect or spreading shrubs 1-10 ft. high. Flowers usually purplish or
streaked with purple, rarely white. Valves of the pod separating from the
persistent replum.

* Usually leafless when mature (sometimes leafy in 8, C. subulata).
+ Branchlets broad, flat, and thin.
Branchlets 4-3 in. broad. Flowers large, #-lin. Pod 1in.,

turgid sis a ae a4 be .. 5. C. Williamsn.
Branchlets 1-4in. Flowers small, 4-hin. Pod 4-4in.;
valves slightly convex. Seedsred .. 3 .. 6. C. australis.

+t Branchlets narrow, terete, plano-convex or compressed.
Branchlets very stout, often terete, j,-}in. diam. Pod
4-3 in., turgid. Seeds 2-6 .. -. 4. @. Petree.
Branchlets slender, compressed or plano- convex, gree zy in.
diam. Pod }- tin, turgid, subulate, acuminate. Seeds

usually 2 .. .. 8. C. subulata.
Branchlets slender, terete or plano- convex, 7:—- asi in. diam.

Pod tin., oblong, turgid, narrowed below 3 9. C. virgata.
Branchlets very slender, almost filiform. Pod small,

4-4 in., obliquely oblong. Seed 1, rarely2 .. .. 10. C. diffusa.

** Usually leafy in spring and early summer (sometimes leafless in C. flagel-
liformus).
+ Pod more or less compressed, or only slightly convex.

Branchlets glabrous, deeply grooved, erect. Racemes

5-12-flowered. Flowers large, tin. Pod oblong, beak

rather long oe .. ll. C. grandiflora.
Branchlets pubescent, compressed, drooping. Racemes

10-20-flowered. Flowers small, sti in. Pod oblong,

narrowed into along beak .. : 12. C. odorata.
Branchlets glabrous, compressed or "terete. "Racemes
10-40-flowered. Pod narrowed into a long beak .. 13. C. angustata.

Branchlets slender, grooved, often fastigiate. Racemes
3-T-flowered. Flowers small. Pod aa ovate,
suddenly narrowed into a long beak .. 14. C. flagelliformis..

tt Pod conspicuously turgid.

Stems slender, often twining. Branchlets almost filiform,
grooved. Flowers large, 4-4 in. Pod elliptic, beak very
long Ns ae ae ue Be .. 15. C. gracilis.

C (Huttonella). Hrect or prostrate shrubs 1-4ft. high. Flowers small. Pod
small, usually indehiscent, swollen, often broader than deep; beak turned
abruptly wpowards.

* Leafless when mature.

Erect. Branchlets numerous, terete. Racemes lax.
Flowers + in. 46 36 35 ze .. 16. C. compacta.

Carmichelia.] LEGUMINOSA. elit

Erect. Branchlets few, terete. Racemesdense. Flowers

é in. ee ae ze we oe -. 17. °C. curia:
Erect or prostrate. Branchlets terete or compressed.
Racemes dense. Flowers 7,-$in. .. Ed -. 18. C. guncea.
** Leafy when mature.
Prostrate. Branchlets compressed 5 as -. 19. C. prona.

1. C. Enysii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 879,
t. 30.—A much-dwarfed depressed excessively branched glabrous
plant, forming dense patches 1-2in. high; stems and lower
branches thick and woody, matted. Branchlets small, 4-2 in.
long, 3-4 in. broad, erect or suberect, compressed, thin, striate.
Leaves of young plants orbicular, emarginate. Flowers minute,
4+in. long, solitary or in 3-6-flowered fascicles or racemes;
pedicels slender, usually silky. Calyx campanulate; teeth short,
acute. Standard with a narrow claw; wings as long as the keel.
Pod 4-+in. long, compressed, ovate-orbicular, often oblique, some-
times obliquely deltoid ; replum incomplete; beak stout, broad at
the base, recurved. Seed usually 1, rarely 2-3.—Students’ Fl. 108.

Var. orbiculata, Kirk, 1.c.—Larger and stouter, 2-4in. high; branchlets

4in. broad. Pods with rugulose valves.—C. orbiculata, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxii. (1890) 459.

Nortru Is~tanp: South-eastern base of Ruapehu, Kirk! Var. orbiculata:
Rangipo Desert, H. Hill! Kirk! Petrie! Sourn Istanp: Broken River,
Einys! Kirk! Ashburton Mountains, Potts ; Maniototo Plain, Petrie! Var.
orbiculata : Mount Ida, Petrie ! 1500-3000 ft. December—January.

A most distinct and remarkable species, apparently rare and local. The
pod dehisces by one of the valves separating from the replum down one side, but
remaining attached at the tip and other side.

2. C. uniflora, 7’. Kirk wm Gard. Chron. (1884) i. 512.—A
much-dwarfed slender matted plant, forming large patches; stems
often subterranean, putting out slender branches 1—2in. high.
Branchlets very narrow, ;4-;5in., thin, compressed, glabrous,
sometimes almost herbaceous. Leaves not seen. Flowers solitary,
in. long, purplish-red; peduncles very long and slender, almost
capillary, glabrous or puberulous, bracteolate about the middle.
Calyx campanulate, glabrous or silky; teeth short, broad, acute.
Standard broad, with a short broad claw ; wings shorter than the
keel. Pod 4-4in. long, linear-oblong; valves slightly wrinkled ;
beak straight or oblique. Seeds 2-6.—Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xvi. (1884) 379; Buch. l.c. 394. C. Suteri, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxii. (1891) 383.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Lake Grassmere, Lochnavar, Poulter River,
Enys! Otira River, Cockayne! Mount Cook District, Suter! T. F.C. Otago
—-Waitaki Valley, Buchanan! Lake Hawea, Petrie! 1000-3000 ft. De-
cember—January. Probably not uncommon, but easily overlooked.

8. C. nana, Col. ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 49.—A dwarf
rigid glabrous plant, forming broad matted patches. Branchlets
2-4 in. long, }-4in. broad, thin, much flattened, strict, erect,

112 LEGUMINOSH. [Carmchelia.

minutely grooved or striate. Leaves not seen. Racemes 2-4-
flowered ; pedicels long, very slender, glabrous or with a few silky
hairs. Flowers ++ in. long, purplish-red. Calyx campanulate,
usually silky; teeth short, broadly triangular, subacute. Standard
broad, with a short broad claw; wings shorter than the keel. Pods
i1_1in. long, linear-oblong, often narrowed towards the base ;’ beak

short, straight. Seeds 2-6.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 109. C. australis
6 nana, Benth. in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 50.

Norru Isnanp: Elevated open country between Lake Taupo, Ngauruhoe,
and Ruapehu. SoutH Isutanp: Nelson to Central Otago, abundant in stony
river-valleys. Altitudinal range from almost sea-level to 2800 ft. Decem-
ber-January.

One of the most widely spread species of the genus. Its nearest ally is
C. wniflora, from which it is separated by the broader and more obtuse branch-
lets and racemed flowers.

4. ©. Monroi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 49.—A small exces-
sively branched rigid and woody plant, forming low compact
masses 6—-24in. diam. or more and 2-6in. high. Branchlets
crowded, very stout, flattened with rounded edges, grooved, 4-1 in.
broad. Leaves only seen on young plants, cuneate or obcordate,
emarginate, silky. Racemes 2-3-flowered, solitary or fascicled ;
pedicels long, slender, silky. Flowers +4in. long, purplish-red.
Calyx silky, sometimes densely so; teeth long, narrow-triangular,
acute. Standard longer than the keel, broad, emarginate ; wings
shorter than the keel. Pods 4-2 in. long, unusually turgid, straight
or faleate; valves conspicuously wrinkled and corrugated when
mature ; beak short, usually oblique, sometimes straight. Seeds
4-14, brownish or reddish-brown mottled with darker. — Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 109. C. corrugata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv.
(1883) 320.

SourH Istanp: Dry gravelly places on the mountains, Marlborough to

Otago, not uncommon. Altitudinal range from 250ft. to fully 4000 ft.
Decembér—February.

A well-marked plant, easily distinguished by the depressed habit, short
stout woody branchlets, lax racemes, and large remarkably turgid many-seeded
pod.

5. C. Williamsii, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 394.
—An erect much-branched shrub 3-8 ft. high. Branchlets $+ in.
broad, thin, much compressed, finely and closely striate or grooved,
glabrous or slightly pubescent when young; notches distant, alter-
nate. Leaves seldom produced except on young plants, 1—3-folio-
late; leaflets obovate or obcordate. Flowers large, #-1in. long,
yellowish-red, pendulous, solitary or in 2—6-flowered fascicles or
racemes; pedicels short, slender, silky. Calyx large, narrow-
campanulate or almost tubular, pubescent; teeth linear-subulate,
acute. Standard rather larger than the keel, sharply recurved
one-third of the way from the base; wings narrow-oblong, falcate,

Carmichelia. | LEGUMINOS. 113

shorter than the keel. Pod 1-14 in. long, on stout erect pedicels,
oblong, turgid; beak long, straight or oblique. Seeds 9-12, red
mottled with black.—Students’ Fl. 110.

NortH Isuanp: Rare and local. East Cape district, from Te Kaha and
Raukokore to Hicks Bay, Bishop Williams! Petrie! Adams ! Novem ber—
December.

A very distinct species. The broad thin feantiee pe large flowers, and large
turgid pod separate it from all others.

6. C. australis, &. Br. in Bot. Reg. xi. (1825) t. 912.— An
erect much-branched glabrous usually leafless SpEmp 3-12 ft.
high. Branchlets straight, often much elongated, #,—4in. broad,
thin and flat, finely and closely striate; notches sorts Biaue
or rather distant. Leaves seldom seen except on young plants,
3-2 in. long, 1-foliolate or 38-—5-foliolate ; leaflets obcordate or
obovate - cuneate, membranous, sessile. Racemes variable in
length, 3-12-flowered, solitary or fascicled; pedicels puberulous
or glabrous. Flowers crowded, small, 44 in. long, pale-purplish.
Calyx campanulate, teeth minute. Standard much broader than
long, retuse, claw very short; keel equal in length or slightly
shorter ; wings oblong, almost as long as the keel. Pod oblong,
compressed, 4-tin. long, suddenly narrowed into a short acute
beak ; valves "slightly convex ; replum stout, persistent long after
the enved have fallen. Seeds 1-4, red, usually spotted with
black.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 574; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 50;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 50; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 110. C. Cunninghamii,
Faoul, Choix, t. 288. Boissiwa scolopendrina, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv.
Zel. 346.

Var. strictissima, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 110.—Branchlets }-3in. broad.
Racemes strict, many-flowered, dense. Pedicels very short. Pods not seen.

Norte Istanp: Abundant from the North Cape to Wanganui and
Hawke’s Bay. Soutu Istanp: Queen Charlotte Sound, J. Rutland! Var.
strictissima: White Cliffs, Taranaki, 7. F’. C. Sea-level to 2800 ft. Ma-
kaka. November—December.

7. C. Petriei, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 111.—A stout sparingly
branched shrub 1-6 ft. high, with rigid terete or subterete branches.
Branchlets stout, 4-4 in. diam., compressed at the tips, plano-
convex or terete below, grooved or striate. Leaves not seen.
Racemes laxly 3-8-flowered, solitary or many together, often form-
ing dense fascicles; pedicels slender, and with the rachis silky-
pubescent or almost villous. Flowers rather small, tin. long.
Calyx campanulate, silky; teeth short, broad, acute. Standard
broader than long, exceeding the keel and wings. Ovary occa-
sionally pubescent. Pods +-4in. long, broadly oblong, turgid,
oblique at the tip; valves thick, reticulated; beak short, stout.
Seeds 1-4, usually 2-3.—C. violacea, Kirk, l.c. 112.

Var. robusta.—Pods longer, 4-3in., elliptic-oblong. Seeds 3-6. Other
character much as in the type.—C. robusta, Kirk, l.c.

114 LEGUMINOSAS. [Carmichelia.

SouryH Istanp: Mount Cook district, 7’. #. C.; Central Otago, not uncom-
mon, Petrie! Var. robusta: Nelson—Wairau Valley, 1’. #.C. Canterbury—
Broken River basin, Hnys! Kirk ! Petrie! T. F.C.; Kowai River, Petrie!

The distinguishing characters of this species lie in its stout rigid habit,
almost terete branchlets, numerous often fascicled racemes of rather small
flowers, and the turgid pod. Mr. Kirk’s C. robusta cannot be separated except
by the longer and proportionately narrower pod with a larger number of seeds,
and is best kept as a variety.

8. C. subulata, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 112.—A slender erect
often leafy glabrous shrub 1-3 ft. high, with almost terete branches.
Branchlets j,—;,in. broad, compressed or plano-convex, strict and
rigid, grooved or striated. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong-
obovate, retuse. Racemes laxly 3-6-flowered, one or several
together; pedicels silky or almost glabrous, shorter than the
flowers. Calyx campanulate; teeth minute, acute. Standard
broader than long, about equal in length to the wings and keel.
Pod 4-3in. long, turgid, subulate, acuminate; beak short, stout,

straight. Seeds 1-4, usually 2.

SourH Istanp: Marlborough—Blenheim and Wakamarina, Kirk! Uan-
terbury—Apparently not uncommon on the plains, Kirk! Petrie! T. F. C.;
Akaroa, Kirk! Broken River, Hnys! Otago—Near Dunedin, Petrie !

This appears to be characterized by the strict and slender sometimes almost
filiform branchlets, small flowers, and turgid subulate pods. Herbarium speci-
mens in flower alone are easily confounded with C. jlagelliformis, but the pods
are altogether different.

9. C. virgata, T. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 112.— An erect rigid
glabrous shrub 3-4 ft. high, branched from the base. Branchlets
numerous, terete or plano-convex, grooved. Leaves not seen.
Racemes few, 3—5-flowered, lax; pedicels and rachis glabrous or
puberulous. Calyx campanulate, glabrous; teeth short, acute.
Standard broader than long, equalling the wings and exceeding the
keel. Pods (not quite ripe) 4in. long, oblong, turgid, narrowed
below; beak short, straight, subulate. Seeds 1-3.

Sourn Isnanp: Otago—Petrie; Southland, at Makarewa and Orepuki,
Kirk!
‘I am only acquainted with this plant through a few imperfect speci-
mens in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium, and have therefore reproduced in its main
features the description given in the ‘‘ Students’ Flora.’”’ Mr. Kirk remarks
that it is ‘‘ distinguished by the paucity of its racemes, small whitish flowers,
and oblong pod narrowed at both ends.’’ I fear that it is much too closely
allied to C. swbulata.

10. C. diffusa, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 272.—A
small erect or spreading glabrous much-branched shrub 1-2ft. high.
Branchlets slender, ;,—-7; in. wide, compressed or plano-convex or
almost terete, striate. Leaves not seen. Racemes numerous,
short, 3-6-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the flowers. Calyx cup-

shaped, mouth ciliolate ; teeth minute, sometimes hardly evident

Carmichelia.} LEGUMINOSA. 115

Pods very small, 4—-1in. long, obliquely oblong, slightly narrowed
at the base; valves slightly convex; beak short, stout, subulate.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 112.

South Isnanp: Canterbury—Near Lincoln, Kirk! Otago—Buchanan !
Otepopo River, Petrie !

I have seen few specimens, and those by no means good, of this curious
ittle species. It appears to have the habit of C. flagelliformis var. corym-
bosa, differing only in the smaller size and smaller pod, and will probably prove
to be a form of that plant. Mr. Kirk’s specimens from Dry River, Wellington,
quoted in the ‘‘ Students’ Flora,’’ are certainly referable to C. flagelliformis.

11. C. grandiflora, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 49.—An erect
or spreading much-branched glabrous shrub 2-6 ft. high, usually
leafy in spring and summer. Branchlets spreading or rarely
fastigiate, ;4,-4in. broad, compressed, deeply grooved. Leaves
numerous, pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets narrowly or broadly
obcordate-cuneate, glabrous. Racemes 4~—1lin. long, pedunculate,
laxly 5-12-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calvx. Flowers
white or pale-purple, $in. long. Calyx large, campanulate ; teeth
acute, ciliolate or glabrous. Standard broader than long, exceed-
ing the keel; wings as long as the keel. Pods oblong, —? in. long,
gradually narrowed into a rather long subulate beak; valves
slightly convex. Seeds 2-4.— Kirk, Students’ Fl.110. C. aus-
tralis var. grandiflora, Benth. in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 50.

Var. divaricata, Kirk. Students’ F'l. l.c.—Branches divaricating at right
angles, flexuous, compressed at the tips, subterete below. Racemes slender,
5-15-flowered ; flowers much smaller. Pod elliptic-oblong, narrowed at both
ends; beak very short.

SourH Isnranp: Mountain districts from Nelson to Otago; most abundant
on the western side. Var. divaricata: Upper Waimakariri district, at Mount
White and the Poulter River, Hnys! near Greymouth, Helms ! Ascends to
3500 ft.; descends to sea-level in the West Coast sounds. December-—January.

The chief characters of this variable plant are the leafy habit, glabrous
deeply grooved branchlets, lax many-flowered racemes, comparatively large
flowers, and small pod with slightly convex valves and rather long beak. It
attains its greatest luxuriance in the moist river-valleys of Westland.

12. C. odorata, Col. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 50.—A much-
branched shrub 3-10 ft. high, leafy in spring and early summer.
Branchlets ;—}in. broad, distichous, slender, pendulous, com-
pressed or plano-convex, grooved, pubescent towards the tips.
Leaves very numerous, small, +—3 in. long, silky-pubescent, pin-
nately 3-7-foliolate; leaflets oblong-obcuneate or narrow-obovate,
notched at the apex. Racemes slender, strict, erect (apparently
drooping in herbarium specimens on account of the branches being
pendulous), 10-20-flowered, pubescent, especially when young.
Flowers small, }-4in. long. Calyx-teeth short, acute, ciliolate.
Standard broader than long, about equalling the wings and keel.
Ovary glabrous. Pod 4-4in. long, obliquely ovate, abruptly nar-

116 LEGUMINOS. [Carmichelia.

rowed into a long stout subulate beak; valves flat or very slightly
convex. Seeds 2, rarely more. —Handb. N.Z. Fl. 50; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fl. 113.

Var. pilosa, Kirk, l.c.—Habit and flowers of C. odorata, but ovary silky,
and pod hairy until nearly mature.-—C. pilosa, Col. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel.i. 50; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 49.

Norru Isnanp: Ruahine Mountains to Cook Strait. SourH IsLanp:
Pelorus sound, Kirk! Nelson, Monro, Travers. Ascends to 2500 ft. No-
vember—January.

Separated from C. grandiflora, to which it is very closely allied, by the
drooping slender pubescent branchlets, smaller flowers, and shorter flatter and
broader pod with a longer beak. C. pilosa has not been gathered since its
original discovery by Mr. Colenso, more than fifty years ago ; but, judging from
the description, it does not differ from C. odorata except in the pubescent ovary.
This is a character which has been occasionally noted in several of the species,
but which does not seem in itself to be sufficient for specific distinction.

13. C. angustata, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 114.—An erect gla-
brous shrub 1-3 ft. high, leafy in spring and summer; branches
spreading, terete. Branchlets 34-4,in. broad, slender, filiform,
sometimes compressed at the tips. Leaves glabrous, ?-14 in. long,
pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets obcordate-cuneate, glaucous be-
neath. Flowers not seen. Fruiting racemes numerous, spreading
or erect, slender, 1-ldin. long. Pods 20-40, obliquely oblong,
compressed, abruptly narrowed into a stout subulate beak. Seeds
usually 2.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Plentiful in the Buller Valley, near the junction
‘of the Lyell, Kirk !

Tam only acquainted with this plant through the specimens in Mr. Kirk’s
herbarium. It will probably prove to be a variety of C. odorata, from which
it only differs in the less compressed branchlets and in being glabrous. From
C. grandiflora it can be distinguished by the more slender habit, terete
branchlets, large leaves, and numerous flattened pods.

14. C. flagelliformis, Col. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 51.—
A much-branched shrub 3-8ft. high, very variable in habit;
branches erect or spreading. Branchlets numerous, very slender,
s5—75 In. broad, erect and fastigiate or spreading, sometimes droop-
ing, compressed or plano-convex, grooved. Leaves of young plants
1-14in. long, pinnately 3-d-foliolate; leaflets oblong-cuneate,
notched at the tip; of mature plants smaller, usually 3-foliolate.
Racemes 1 or 2-8 together, laxly 3-7-flowered, often reduced to
fascicles; pedicels usually pubescent. Flowers minute, 4 in.
long. Calyx campanulate; teeth small, acute, ciliolate. Standard
very broad, retuse, about equalling the wings and longer than the
keel. Pods solitary or several together, +in. long, erect, com-
pressed, obliquely oblong or ovate, sometimes nearly orbicular ;
beak long, stout, subulate. Seeds 1-4, usually 2—Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 50; Kerk, Students’ Fl. 114. C. australis, Raoul, Chow, t. 284

Carmchelia. | LEGUMINOSA). 117

(non &. Br.). C. multicaulis, Col. om Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893)
829. CC. micrantha, Col. l.c. xxvi. (1894) 313. Lotus arboreus,
Forst. Prodr. n. 258.

Var. corymbosa, Kirk, Students’ Wl. 114.— Branchlets slender, often
flaccid and drooping, striate. Pod shorter, broadly oblong, much compressed,

oblique; valves thin. Seed usually 1.—C. corymbosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxi. (1889) 80.

Var. Hookeri.—Smaller, 2-4 ft. Racemes very numerous, densely fascicled.
Flowers larger, 4in. Pod ovate-oblong, less compressed; beak shorter.—
C. Hookeri, Kirk, l.c. 115.

Var. acuminata.—Pods +-3in., broadest at the base, almost obpyriform,
somewhat falcate, acuminate; beak oblique. Otherwise as in the type, but
flowers not known.—C. acuminata, Kirk, l.c.

NortH anp SoutH Isuanps: Not uncommon from the Upper Thames and
Waikato southwards. Var. corymbosa: Hawke’s Bay, Colenso! Var. Hookeri:
South of Wellington Province, Kirk! Var. acwminata: Palliser Bay, Kirk !
Sea-level to 3000 ft. November—January.

As a species C. flagelliformis is best distinguished by the slender grooved
branchlets, minute flowers, which are either in open racemes or fascicled, and in
the short broad pod, which is much compressed, and ends in a stout subulate
beak sometimes 7, in. long. In dry places it is usually leafless when adult, but
frequently produces leaves in moist situations, or where shaded. Mr. Kirk’s
C. Hookeri appears to me to differ in no essential character ; and his C. acumi-
nata is founded on a single fruiting specimen, which altogether agrees with
C. flagelliformis except for a slight difference in the shape of the pod.

15. C. gracilis, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 336.
—A slender shrub 3-6ft. high; stems weak, flexuous, terete,
sparingly branched, often interlaced or scrambling over other
bushes, more or less leafy, especially when growing in sheltered
places. Branchlets almost filiform, grooved, silky or pilose. Leaves
4-l1in. long, pinnately 3—5-foliolate ; petioles silky ; leaflets 4-1in.,
broadly obcordate, glabrous. Racemes loosely 2-6-flowered ; pedi-
cels slender, silky. Flowers rather large, +4in. Calyx cam-
panulate ; teeth long and narrow, acute, silky within. Standard
broad, 2-lobed, slightly longer than the keel. Pods tin. long,
elliptic, turgid; replum thick; beak very long, straight, stout,
subulate. Seeds 2.—C. Kirku, Hook. f. im Ic. Piant. t. 1332; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 113.

SoutH Istanp: Canterburv—Vicinity of Christchurch, Armstrong ! Haast!
Cockayne! Otago—Cardrona Valley, Kirk! Otepopo River, Sowburn, Petrie !
Sea-level to 1500 ft. November—December.

A distinct species, at once recognised by the weak terete stems, large flowers,
and large turgid pod with a long almost pungent beak.

16. C. compacta, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 272.
—An erect much and closely branched shrub 2-4ft. high.
Branchlets numerous, strict, erect, ;4—-j,in. diam., terete or
nearly so, striate. Leaves not seen. Racemes $-2in. long, nume-
rous, lax, pedunculate, 3-8-flowered; pedicels slender, glabrous,

usually longer than the flowers. Flowers +in. long, pinkish-white,

118 LEGUMINOS&. [Carmchelia.

fragrant. Calyx somewhat tumid, campanulate, glabrous; teeth
shallow, acute. Standard broader than long, 2-lobed, about
equalling the wings; keel-petals much shorter, broad above, claws
long. Pod 4-1in. long, indehiscent, obovoid, turgid, compressed
from back to front so that the width is greater than the depth;
valves reticulate ; beak short, subulate, oblique or recurved. Seeds
1-2.—Huttonella compacta, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 115.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Clutha Valley, between Lake Wakatipu and Clyde,
Petrie ! November—December.

‘This can be distinguished from the other species of the section Huttonella
by the crowded terete branchlets, long and lax racemes of rather large flowers,
and the larger pod.

17. C. curta, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (18938) 271.—
An erect sparingly branched glabrous shrub 1-2 ft. high. Branch-
lets j,—7; in. broad, slender, terete or nearly so, subcompressed at
the tips, grooved or striate. Leaves not seen. Racemes variable
in length, distant, 6-10-flowered ; rachis elongating atter flowering ;
pedicels short, silky. Flowers +in. long. Calyx more or less
pubescent, campanulate; teeth short, acute. Standard broader
than long, retuse, exceeding the wings; keel with a short claw.
Ovary silky. Pod 4-1in. long, pendulous, turgid, oblong-obovoid,
glabrous when mature; valves thin; beak slender, curved upwards.
Seeds 2-3.—Huttonella curta, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 116.

Soutn Istanp: Otago—Waitaki Valley, at Duntroon and Kurow, Petrie !

Allied to C. juncea, but separated by the longer distant racemes, larger
flowers, and larger pod. In none of the flowers which I have examined could I
find the callosity on the wings mentioned by Mr. Kirk.

18. C. juncea, Col. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 51.—An erect
or rarely prostrate glabrous branching shrub 1-2ft. high. Branch-
lets very slender, ,;-;; in. broad, compressed or almost terete,
grooved. Leaves not seen. Racemes short, often fascicled,
2-8-flowered ; pedicels pubescent, rather longer than the calyx.
Flowers minute, jin. long. Calyx campanulate, silky; teeth
very small, acute. Standard broader than long, slightly exceeding
the keel; wings narrow, somewhat shorter. Pod usually inde-
hiscent, very smali, ;,—;,in. long, oblong or ovoid-oblong, turgid
or almost inflated; valves thin and membranous; beak slender,
curved or sharply bent. Seeds 1-2, rarely 3.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 50.

Huttonella juncea, Kirk, Students” Fl. 116.

NortuH Istanp: East Cape, Sinclair; Hawke’s Bay and Taupo, Colenso!
Rotorua, Kirk. Soura Isnanp: Akaroa, Raoul; Canterbury Plains, Haast.
Otago—Waitaki Valley, Maniototo Plains, Lake District, Petrie !

Apparently rare and local. The only North Island specimens I have seen
are Mr. Colenso’s, collected many years ago, and which must be taken as the
type of the species. Those from Otago, in Mr. Petrie’s herbarium, differ in
the stouter and more strict branches and rather longer pods, the beak of:

Carmichelia. | LEGUMINOSA. BS)

which is abruptly bent, forming almost a right angle with the pod. It is
possible that two species are confounded under the name of C. juncea, as Mr.
Kirk has suggested; but more complete sets of specimens are required to settle
the matter.

19. C. prona, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 350.—A
small much-branched prostrate shrub; stems and branches closely
appressed to the ground, 4-12in. long, rarely more. Branchlets
woz nm. diam., compressed, grooved. Leaves often numerous,
1-foliolate or pinnately 3-5-foliolate, silky ; terminal leaflet much
larger than the rest, oblong or oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base,
deeply retuse at the tip. Racemes small, 3-—7-flowered ; pedicels
short, silky. Flowers minute, ;,—-$in. long. Calyx campanulate ;
teeth acute. Standard broader than long, retuse; wings shorter
than the keel. Pod tin. long, broadly oblong, turgid ; valves thin ;
beak short, abruptly turned upwards. Seed solitary.—Huttonella
prona, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 116.

SoutH Is~tanp: Canterbury—Lake Lyndon, altitude 2800ft., J. D. Hnys !
Kirk ! Cockayne! T. F.C. December—January.

The leafy prostrate habit and flattened branches distinguish this species
from its allies.

3. NOTOSPARTIUM, Hook. f.

Leafless shrubs with slender much-compressed pendulous
branchlets. Flowers rather small, in lateral racemes. Calyx cam-
panulate, 5-toothed; teeth short, about equal. Standard obovate-
obcordate, narrowed into a short claw, shortly reflexed; wings
oblong, shorter than the keel, with an incurved auricle at the base ;
keel hatchet-shaped, obtuse. Upper stamen free, remainder con-
nate into a sheath. Ovary sessile or nearly so, linear; ovules
numerous; style incurved. Pod shortly stipitate, linear, straight
or falcate, compressed, 3-10-jointed, membranous, indehiscent ;
beak short. Seeds 1 to each joint, oblong; radicle twisted, with a
double flexure.

A genus of 2 closely allied species, both confined to New Zealand. It has

the leafless habit and compressed branchlets of Carmichelia, but differs in the
linear many-jointed pod, and in other respects.

Flowers pink. Pods ?-14in. long, }in. wide, straight .. 1. N. Carmichelie.
Flowers purple. Pods #-lin. long, in. wide, falcate,
torulose se se So 50 2. N. torulosum.

1. N. Carmichelize, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 51.—A slender
much-branched shrub 4—10ft. high. Branchlets ,4,-,4,in. broad,
glabrous, compressed, grooved, with distant alternate scales.
Leaves only seen on young plants, 1-foliolate, obcordate or orbicular,
entire or emarginate, sometimes mucronate. Racemes 1-2 in. long,
8-20-flowered ; pedicels longer than the calyces, and with the rachis

silky-pubescent. Flowers }-$in. long, pink. Calyx silky; teeth

120 LEGUMINOS2. [| Notospartiwm.

short, triangular. Pod 3~1in. long, linear, 3-8-jointed. Seeds 1 to
each joint, orbicular-reniform.—Bot. Mag. t. 6741; Kirk, Student's
wet: 117.

Soutu Istanp: Rare and local. Marlborough—Waihopai River, Monro ;
Upper Awatere, Sinclair; Kaikoura Mountains, Buchanan! Medway Creek,
Kirk! Nelson—Mount Fyfie, Rev. F. H. Spencer; Amuri, J. B. Armstrong!
800-2000 ft. Pink broo:n. December—January.

2. N. torulosum, JT. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 117.— A much-
branched glabrous shrub 4-8 ft. high; branches flexuous or trail-
ing in young plants, pendulous in the mature state. Branchlets
a5—zs in. diam., slender, strict, terete or slightly compressed at the
tips, grooved. Leaves only seen in young plants, 1-foliolate,
broadly oblong or obovate to orbicular, emarginate. Racemes
1-2 in. long, strict, glabrous, 3-10-flowered; pedicels barely longer
than the calyx. Calyx campanulate, glabrous; teeth broad, sub-
acute. Standard narrower thanin N. carmichelia, reflexed; wings
exceeding the keel. Pod 2-1in. long, j, in. wide, faleate, com-
pressed, about 8—10-jointed ; joints swollen. Seeds 1 to each joint,
reniform, compressed.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Gorge of the Mason River, Haast! Rev. F. H.
Spencer, S. D. Barker, Cockayne! Whale’s Back, Cockayne. Canterbury—
Mount Peel and Waikari, Barker.

The only specimens I have seen of this curious plant are two fragmentary
ones past flowering in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium, and some fruiting specimens in
Mr. Peirie’s, collected by Mr. Cockayne. Better material is required before a
good description can be prepared.

4, CLIANTHUS, Banks and Sol.

Glabrous or villous herbs or undershrubs, usually woody below ;
branches weak, ascending or spreading. sometimes almost climbing.
Leaves pinnate; leaflets numerous. Flowers large, red, in pendu-
lous racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Standard acumi-
nate, sharply reflexed over the calyx; wings much shorter, lanceo-
late or oblong; keel equalling the standard, boat-shaped, incurved,
acute. Ovary stipitate ; ovules numerous; style subulate, incurved,
bearded below the apex. Pod terete, narrow-oblong, turgid, beaked.
Seeds numerous, reniform.

Besides the New Zealand species, which is endemic, there is one from Aus-
tralia, and another (perhaps not truly congeneric) from the island of Ceram.

1. C. puniceus, Banks and Sol. ex Lindl. in Trans. Hort. Soe.
Ser. ii. (1835) 521.—A very handsome much-branched undershrub
3-6 ft. high, more or less clothed with appressed silky pubescence ;
branches spreading, younger ones succulent, almost herbaceous.
Leaves 3-6 in. long, unequally pinnate ; leaflets 8-14 pairs, 3-1 in.
long, sessile, linear-oblong, obtuse or retuse. Racemes 6—15-
flowered, pendulous. Flowers bright-scarlet, 2-3 in. long. Standard
ovate, acuminate ; wings lanceolate, falcate, acute, less than half

Clianthus.| LEGUMINOS. 121

the length of the keel; keel large, falcate, acuminate. Pods
2-3 in. long, turgid, many-seeded.—Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1775;
A. Cunn. Precur. 572; Raoul, Choiz, 49; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
a, 49; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 52; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 118. Donia
punicea, Don. Syst. 11. 468.

Var. maximus, Kirk, l.c.—Leaflets larger, sometimes 14 in. long. Flowers
rather smaller. Standard broadly ovate, acuminate, often with a dark spot at

the base; wings oblong, broad, rounded at the apex.—C. maximus, Col. im
Vrans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 294.

NortH Istanp: Exceedingly rare and local in a wild state, and fast
becoming extinct. Small islets in the Bay of Islands, Colenso; Great Barrier
Island, Kirk ; Mercury Bay, Banks and Solander ; several localities in the Kast
Cape district, Banks and Solander! Bishop Williams ! Waimarama, Nairn.
Formerly cultivated by the Maoris in many localities on the shores of the North
Island. Kowhai-ngutu-kaka. August-November.

The brilliancy of the flowers renders this plant a universal favourite, and it
is now commonly cultivated in gardens throughout the colony under the name
of ‘‘red kowhai.’”’ I agree with Mr. Kirk in considering that Mr. Colenso’s
C. maximus is not entitled to the rank of a species.

5. SWAINSONA, Salisb.

Herbs or undershrubs. Stems erect or prostrate, sometimes
climbing. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets usually numerous.
Flowers in axillary racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; teeth
nearly equal. Standard orbicular or reniform, spreading or reflexed,
shortly clawed; wings oblong, faleate or slightly twisted; keel
broad, incurved, obtuse or produced into a twisted beak. Upper
stamen free ; remainder connate into a sheath. Ovary sessile or
stalked ; ovules numerous; style slender, incurved, bearded along
the inner edge. Pod ovoid or oblong, turgid or inflated, membranous
or coriaceous, 2-valved or almost indehiscent. Seeds several,
small, usually reniform.

With the exception of the following species, which is endemic in New

Zealand, the genus is confined to Australia. It is very closely allied to the
northern genera Colutea and Astragalus.

1. S. novee-zealandiz, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 51.—A small
herbaceous perennial 2-4in. high, more or less clothed with
silky pubescence. Rhizome creeping, slender. Stems numerous,
erect or spreading, branched above. Leaves 1-2in. long; leaflets
6-8 pairs, +in. long, opposite, oblong or narrow-obovate, obtuse
or retuse, sessile. Stipules broadly ovate, obtuse. Racemes
3-8-flowered, on stout peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves ;
pedicels not equalling the calyx, bracteolate at the base. Flowers
purplish, $in. long. Calyx silky-hairy, with linear teeth as long as
the tube, 2-bracteolate at the base. Pod large, inflated, lin. long,
acute at both ends; valves thin, coriaceous. Seeds 5-10, small.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 118.

122 LEGUMINOS. [Swainsona.

SourH Istanp: Nelson— Mountains flanking the Clarence Valley, Travers,
T. F.C. Marlborough—Kaikoura Mountains, Buchanan! Canterbury—Kowai
River, Haast! Coleridge Pass, Enys! Kirk! Otago— Mount St. Bathan’s,
Petrie ! 2000-5000 ft. December-January.

6. CANAVALIA, D.c.

Climbing or prostrate herbs, often of large size. Leaves 3-folio-
late, stipellate. Flowers rather large, in axillary racemes. Calyx-
limb 2-lipped ; the upper lip large and projecting, entire or 2-lobed ;
the lower shortly 3-toothed. Standard broad, reflexed; wings
shorter, oblong or linear, faleate or twisted; keel incurved, obtuse
or obtusely rostrate. Stamens all connate into a tube; anthers
uniform. Ovary shortly stipitate; ovules numerous ; style filiform,
beardless ; stigma terminal. Pod large, oblong or linear, 2-valved,
with a distinct rib on each valve near the upper suture. Seeds
rounded or oblong, compressed ; hilum linear.

Species about 12; 2 or 3 of them, including the New Zealand one, widely
spread in the tropics, the remainder mostly American.

1. C. obtusifolia, D.C. Prodr. 1. 404.—Stems long, trailing,
glabrous or the young shoots silky-pubescent. Leaflets 2-4 in. long,
broadly obovate or orbicular, obtuse or emarginate, texture firm.
Racemes few-flowered, on stout erect peduncles 6-10 in. long,
usually overtopping the leaves. Flowers pinkish. Standard orbi-
cular, in. diam. Pod 4-5in. long by 1 in. broad, the longitudinal
wings very narrow. Seeds 2-8.—Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 256; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 121.

KermaDrEc Isuanps: Scrambling over rocks and shrubs on Meyer Island,
TY HESGe A common plant on the shores of almost all tropical countries.

7. SOPHORA, Linn.

Small trees or shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate. Flowers in
racemes or panicles, large, showy. Calyx oblique, broadly cam-
panulate ; teeth very short. Standard broadly obovate or orbicu-
lar, erect or spreading ; wings oblong, oblique, shorter than the keel.
Stamens 10, free or rarely obscurely connate at the base; anthers
versatile. Ovary shortly stipitate; ovules numerous; style in-
curved; stigma minute, terminal. Pod moniliform, elongated,
terete or 4-winged or -angled, fleshy or coriaceous or woody, inde-
hiscent or 2-valved, each seed enclosed in a separate cell. Seeds
oblong to globose, few or many.

Species about 22, found in most warm countries. The New Zealand species
belongs to the section Hdwardsia, characterized by the short standard, exserted
stamens, and 4-winged pod.

1. S. tetraptera, J. Mull. Ic. Plant. t. 1.—A very variable shrub
or small tree 15-40 ft. high, with a trunk 6-24 in. diam. ; branches
of young trees slender, flexuous, often interlaced; young shoots,
leaves, inflorescence, and calyces more or less clothed with silky

Sophora. | LEGUMINOS. 123

fulvous pubescence. Leaves exstipulate, 1-6in. long; pinne 4—40
pairs, sessile or shortly petiolulate, +-1in. long, linear-oblong to
obcordate or orbicular, rounded or retuse at the tip. Racemes 2—8-
flowered, pendulous. Flowers large, golden-yellow, 1—2in. long.
Calyx gibbous, hemispherical, mouth oblique. Standard hardly
reflexed, broadly obovate, obtuse; keel and wings oblong. Pod
9-8 in. long, moniliform, 4-angled, and with 4 narrow longitudinal
wings ; valves hardly dehiscent. Seeds 3-8, oblong.—J/orst. Prodr.
n. 183; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 538; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 122.

Var. grandiflora, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 53.— Leaflets 10-25 pairs,
longer and narrower, linear-oblong. Flowers larger, 2in. long. Standard a
fourth shorter than the wings, obviously reflexed. — Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 50,
S. tetra ptera, Bot. Mag. t.167. Edwardsia grandiflora, Salish. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ix. (1808) 299; A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 344; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 571;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 52.

Var. microphylla, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 53. — Leaflets 25-40 pairs,
small, oblong or obovate to orbicular. Flowers 1-1l}in. Standard narrower,
as long as the wings or nearly so, hardly reflexed.—Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 51.
S. microphylla, Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 43; Bot. Mag.t. 1442. S. Chathamica, Cock-
ayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902) 319 (name only). * Edwardsia micro-
phylla, Salisb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. (1808) 299; A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 344;
A. Cunn. Precur.n. 570. E. Macnabiana, Bot. Mag. t. 3735. EE. grandiflora
var. microphylla, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 52.

Var. prostrata, Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 52.—Stems prostrate. Leaflets 2-4
pairs. Flowers small, solitary or in pairs. Standard hardly shorter than the
wings. Pods small, downy, barely winged; seeds 1-3.—S. prostrata, Buch. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 395, t. 36.

Nortu anp Soutu Is~tanps, CHatHam IsLAnps: Var. microphylla: Abun-
dant from the North Cape to Southland. Var. grandiflora: From the East
Cape to Wellington, and reported from the South Island, but I have seen no
specimens from thence. Var. prostrata: Mountains of Marlborough and Can-
terbury. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Kowhui. August—October. Also found
in Lord Howe Island, Easter Island, Juan Fernandez, and Chili.

The three varieties described above have a very distinct appearance, and
many botanists will prefer to treat them as separate species. ‘he timber is
hard, strong, and durable, but can rarely be obtained of sufficient size fore
conomic purposes.

OrpeR XXIII. ROSACEA.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves simple or compound, alternate
or rarely opposite, stipulate. Flowers usually regular and her-
maphrodite, sometimes unisexual. Calyx with the tube free or
adnate to the ovary, limb 4—5-lobed, lobes imbricate or valvate.
Petals 4-5, rarely wanting, free, inserted on the calyx at the base
of the lobes, imbricate. Stamens many, rarely few, inserted on
the calyx just within the petals; filaments subulate, often incurved
in bud; anthers small, didymous. Ovary of 1 or more free or
coherent 1-celled carpels, sometimes adnate to the calyx - tube;
styles free or connate; ovules 1 or 2 to each carpel, anatropous.
Fruit very various, superior, or more or less inferior and combined

124 ROSACEA. [Rubus.

with the calyx-tube, of one or many achenes, drupes, or follicles,
or a pome, more rarely a berry or capsule. Seeds erect or pen-
dulous, albumen generally wanting; embryo with large plano-
convex cotyledons and a stout radicle.

A large order, found all over the world, but most abundant in the tem-
perate and colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere ; comparatively rare in the
tropics and in the south temperate zone. Genera about 75; species from 1200
to 1500. It includes most of the important cultivated fruits of northern
origin, as peaches, plums, apricots, cherries, apples, pears, strawberries, rasp-
berries, &c,; as well as the rose, with its numberless garden varieties. Of the
4 New Zealand genera, Ace@na is mainly South American, but extends north-
wards to California and south-eastwards to Australia and New Zealand; the
3 others are widely spread in temperate regions. Many northern species
have established themselves in New Zealand, as will be seen on referring to
the list of introduced plants given in the appendix.

Scrambling or climbing shrubs with prickly stems. Fruit

of many crowded succulent carpels) .. Pea! bee. 50) 0725 0 f<
Herbs with pinnately lobed or divided leaves. Styles

elongating after flowering. Fruit-carpels numerous,

dry . 2. GEUM.
Bae with pinnate leaves. "Styles not elongating after
flowering. Fruit-carpels numerous, dry 3. POTENTILLA.

Herbs with pinnate leaves. Fruiting- calyx usually with
stiff bristles, often barbed at the top. Carpels 1,
rarely 2 .. ee ns a4 ets -. 4. ACHINA,

1. RUBUS, Linn.

Scrambling or climbing shrubs, rarely herbs, almost always
prickly. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, usually palmately
or pinnately divided into 3-5 lobes or segments or separate leatf-
lets; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers in terminal or axil-
lary panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx-tube broad, open; lobes 4,
persistent. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Disc ‘coating the
calyx-tube. Carpels many, seated on a convex receptacle; style
subterminal; ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit composed of many suc-
culent 1-seeded drupes, crowded upon an oblong or conical dry
receptacle. Seed pendulous.

A large genus, common in the temperate portions of the Northern Hemi-
sphere, rarer in the tropics and south temperate zone. The fruits of all the
species are edible, and some of them, such as the raspberry and blackberry,
both of which have become naturalised in New Zealand, are excellent. All the
New Zealand species are endemic.

* Leaves 3-5-foliolate.

A lofty climber. Leaflets glabrous, cordate or truncate at

the base. Panicles large. Flowers white... . 1. BR. australis.
Climbing or scrambling, often forming a dense bush. ;

Leaflets glabrous, rounded or cuneate at the base.

Panicles small. Flowers yellowish .. ..» (20) ds vetssordes-
Climbing or scrambling, often forming a dense bush.

Leaflets often tomentose beneath, broadly ovate.

Fruit large, yellowish oe a, if .. 93. R. schnvidelioides.

Rubus.) ROSACEA. 125

** Leaves 1-foliolate.

Small, prostrate. Leaves sharply dentate. Fruit very

large 4. R. parvus.

1. R. australis, Horst. Prodr. 224.—A tall climber, reaching
the tops of the highest trees; stems stout, woody at the base;
branches slender, drooping, armed with scattered recurved prickles.
Leaves 3-5-foliolate or rarely pinnate with 2 pairs of leaflets and a
terminal one; leaflets coriaceous, glabrous, very variable in size
and shape, 2-5 in. long, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate to linear-
oblong or almost linear, acute or acuminate, truncate or cordate at
the base, sharply serrate ; petioles and midribs armed with recurved
prickles. Panicles large, much branched, 6-24 in. long, leafy to-
wards the base; pedicels short, glandular or pubescent. Flowers
white, +4 in. diam., diwcious; males larger and more conspicuous
than the females. Petals broadly ovate or oblong. Fruit +in.
diam., reddish-orange.—A. Rich. Hl. Nowv. Zel. 340; A. Cunn. Pre-
cur. n. 567; Raoul, Choix, 49; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 125. RB. aus-
tralis var. glaber, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 58, t. 14; Handb. N.Z.
Fil, 54.

NortH AND SourH Is~Anps, Srrwart Isnanp: Abundant throughout.
Ascends to 2800 ft. Tataramoa; Bush-lawyer. September—October.

Distinguished from the other species by its large size, glabrous leaflets
cordate or truncate at the base, large panicles, white flowers, and small red
fruit.

2. R. cissoides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 569.— A scrambling or
climbing shrub; branchlets slender, unarmed, usually much and
closely interlaced, forming a dense bush. Leaves 3-5-foliolate ;
leaflets 2-5 in. long, narrow-ovate to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, rounded or cuneate at the base, sharply and irregularly
serrate or lobed; petioles varying much in length, furnished with
fewer and softer prickles than in R. australis. Panicles 2—6in.
long, often reduced to racemes; pedicels pubescent or glabrate.
Flowers yellowish - white, $in. diam., diccious. Calyx - lobes
broadly ovate, tomentose. Petals linear- oblong. Fruit orange-
red, much as in R&R. australis.—Raoul, Choix, 49; Kirk, Students’
Handb. 126. RB. australis var. cissoides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zei. i.
53; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 54.

Var. pauperatus, Kirk, 1.c.—lLeaves reduced to prickly midribs, sometimes
with a minute leaflet at the apex.—R. squarrosus, Kerner.

NortH anp SourH Isntanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon from the
North Cape southwards, chiefly in lowland districts. September—November.

3. R. schmidelioides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 568.—A scrambiing
or climbing shrub; branchlets usually unarmed, often intertwined,
forming a dense bush; young shoots pubescent or tomentose.
Leaves 3—5-foliolate ; leaflets 2-4 in. long, orbicular-ovate or ovate-
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, acute, rounded or cordate at

126 ROSACE. (Rubus.

the base, coarsely and irregularly toothed, usually tomentose or
pubescent beneath; petioles and midribs with recurved prickles.
Panicles 2-8 in. long ; branches and pedicels stout, hispid or setose
or pubescent. Flowers 4in. diam., whitish, diwcious. Calyx
tomentose. Petals broad, rounded. Fruit tin. diam., pale-yel-
lowish, juicy.— Raoul, Choixz, 49; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 126. BR. aus-
ae var. schmidelioides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zei. i. 53; Handb. N.Z.
. 4,

Var. coloratus, Kirk, l.c.—Leaflets rugose, white beneath with appressed
tomentum,

Nortu anp Sourn Isnanps, Strpwart Istanp: Not uncommon throughout,
but mostly in lowland districts. October-November.

4. R. parvus, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1874) 248, t. 22,
f. 2 and 3.—A dwarf prostrate glabrous shrub; stems creeping,
12-18 in. long, sometimes partly buried in the soil and rooting at
the nodes; bark red; prickles few. Leaves 1-foliolate; leatiets
bronzy, coriaceous, 1-3 in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute,
slightly cordate or truncate at the base, acutely dentate; teeth
almost spinous; petioles and midrib with a few stout prickles.
Flowers few, dicecious, in short terminal or axillary panicles or
solitary ; pedicels pubescent. Calyx-lobes silky-pubescent, acumi-
nate, reflexed. Petals white, barely exceeding the calyx. Fruit
large, 3-1 in. long, oblong, juicy.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 126.

SoutH Istanp: River-valleys on the western side of the Southern Alps.
Heaphy River, Dall; Buller Valley, Kirk; Lyell River, Dr. Gaze; Lake
Brunner, Hector! Teremakau Valley, Kirk! Otira Valley, Cockayne! Petrie !
Altitudinal range 250-3000 ft.

Apparently a very distinct species, easily recognised by its small size,
1-foliolate leaves with sharply dentate margins, long acuminate sepals, and
large oblong fruit. I cannot agree with Mr. Kirk in thinking that it may be
‘Can arrested form of R. australis.’’

2, GEUM, Linn.

Perennial herbs. Radical leaves crowded, often rosulate, pin-
nate or pinnatisect; leaflets toothed or incised, the terminal one
often much larger than the others; stem-leaves usually small and
bract-like. Flowers in a terminal corymbose panicle or solitary.
Calyx persistent; lobes 5, usually alternating with 5 bracteoles.
Petals 5. Stamens numerous, crowded. Carpels many; ovules
solitary, erect; style terminal, filiform, elongating much after
flowering, bent at or below the end. Achenes numerous, com-
pressed, crowded on a dry receptacle, each one terminated by the
persistent elongated naked or plumose style.

A genus comprising about 35 species, spread through the temperate and cold
regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. One of the New Zea-

land species is widely distributed, another occurs in temperate South America,
the rest are endemic.

Geum. | ROSACEX. 127

* Achenes villous. Flowers white except in 1.

Stem leafy, 2-3 ft. high. Flowers yellow 50 1. G. urbanum.
Leaves chiefly radical, 3-5in. long. Panicles few- flowered.

Styles longer ve the achenes” 2. G. parviflorum.
Leaves all radical, $-ldin. Flowers small, in 35. flowered

racemes. Hives fghortér than the achenes 3. G. sericeum.
Leaves all radical, 1-3in. Flowers solitary, large, Bit in.

diam. Styles long : aye ae .. 4. G. uniflorum.

** Achenes glabrous. Flowers small, white.

3-6 in. high. Flowers in cymose panicles a -. oO. G. leiospermum.
1-2in. high. Flowers solitary a 55 -. 6. G. pusillum.

G. alpinum, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 216, is quite unknown to
me, and there are no specimens in his herbarium. The original description is
vague and insufficient, and the name had far better be dropped.

1. G. urbanum, Linn. Sp. Plant. n. 501, var. strictum.—
An erect sparingly branched herb 1-3 ft. high, usually softly pu-
bescent or villous in all its parts. Radical leaves very variable
in size, 4-18in. long including the petiole, pinnate; leaflets 3-5
pairs with much smaller ones intermixed, 1—3in. long, ovate or
obovate, cuneate at the base, sessile, variously toothed lobed or
pinnatifid. Cauline leaves few, smaller, with fewer and more
sharply toothed leaflets, sessile or nearly so; stipules leafy, coarsely
toothed or lobed. Flowers $-?ir. diam., yellow, few together in
a loose terminal panicle; peduncles slender, erect. Calyx-lobes
ovate, acuminate, reflexed in fruit. Petals obovate, exceeding the
calyx. Achenes very numerous, forming a dense oblong head,
spreading and recurved, hispid with long silky hairs; awn long,
hooked at the tip.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 55; Kirk, Students’
Fi. 128. G.magellanicum, Comm. ex Pers. Syn. ii. 57; Hook. f.
Fil. Nov. Zel. i. 55.

NorrH AND SourH Isuanps: Not uncommon from the Paparata Valley
and Waikato River southward. Sea-level to nearly 3000 ft. November-—
January.

The New Zealand variety has a wide distribution in the Southern Hemi-
sphere, and is found in some parts of Asia as well. It differs from the European
G. urbanum principally in the taller and more robust habit and larger flowers.

2. G. parviflorum, Sm. in Rees Cyclop. v. n. 12.—An erect
or spreading perennial herb 4-18 in. high, everywhere clothed with
silky or villous hairs, sometimes almost shaggy ; rootstock stout,
woody. Radical leaves 2—5 in. long, pinnate; terminal leaflet very
large, $-2in. diam., rounded-reniform, obscurely 3-5-lobed, crenate,
hairy on both surfaces; lateral leaflets 4-8 pairs, all minute, deeply
cut and lobed. Cauline leaves or bracts few, small, deeply
toothed. Panicles lax, few-flowered; pedicels long, slender.
Flowers 4in. diam., white. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse or
subacute. Petals broad, obtuse, longer than the calyx. Achenes
very numerous, spreading, stipitate, clavate, villous; style slender,

128 ; ROSACE. [Gewm.

straight, villous below, glabrous and hooked a the tip, much
longer than the achene. —~ Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 268; Fl. Nov.
Fel. i. 56; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 55; Kirk, Students’ FI. 129.

NortH anp Souru Isnanps: In hilly and mountain districts, from Mount

Hikurangi and the Ruahine Range southwards. 1500-5000 ft. December-
February. Also in South America, from Chili to Fuegia.

3. G. sericeum, JZ. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 129.—<‘ Pubescent,
silky or villous in all its parts. Leaves all radical, #-lin. long
including the petiole; terminal segment orbicular-cordate or reni-
form, minutely lobed or crenate-toothed, pubescent and rugose
beneath, silky above; lateral leaflets minute or wanting. Scape
strict, downy, 2-4 in. high, with 1-3 toothed bracts. Flowers few,
small, white, racemose or solitary and terminal. Calyx-tube open,
silky; segments narrow, ovate, subacute; bractlets short, ovate.
Petals slightly exceeding the calyx, retuse. Receptacle glabrous.
Achenes stipitate, obliquely ovate, villous, compressed ; style much
shorter than the achene, hooked at the tip. Heads not spreading.”
—Sieversia albiflora, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1. 9, t. 7.

AUCKLAND Isntanps: Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk.

There are no specimens of this in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium, and I have there-
fore copied the description given in the ‘‘ Students’ Flora.” Mr. Kirk remarks
that it is separated from G. parviflorwm by the short ovate bractlets, and com-
pressed oblique achenes with very short styles silky nearly to the apex.

4. G. uniflorum, Buch. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii. (1870) 88.—
Rootstock creeping, stout and woody, clothed with the reddish
bases of the old leaves and stipules. Leaves all radical, 1-3 in.
long; terminal leaflet large, 3-lin. diam., oblong- or rounded-
reniform, obscurely lobed, deeply crenate-toothed ; margins densely
ciliated ; surfaces with a few sparse long hairs or almost glabrous ;
lateral leaflets 1-2 pairs, minute, deeply toothed and ciliated.
Scapes 3-6in. high, slender, pubescent or villous; bracts 1-2,
small, narrow, entire or toothed. Flower solitary, large, white,
#-14 in. diam. Calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, villous with long
hairs. Petals large, broadly obovate or almost orbicular. Achenes
villous with long hairs, gradually narrowed into a very long style
hooked at the tip.—Kurk, Students’ Fl. 129.

SoutH IstAnp: Nelson— Mount Cobb, F#. G. Gibbs! Discovery Peaks,
HA. H. Travers! Mount Buckland, Townson! Canterbury and Westland—Moun-

tains above Arthur’s Pass, 7. #. C.; Kelly’s Hill, Petrie and Cockayne!
3000-5000 ft. January—February.

A handsome and distinct species, easily recognised by the large white
solitary flowers.

5. G. leiospermum, Peirie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894)
2 7.—Small, slender, 3-6in. high, silky or villous in all its parts.
Radical leaves rosulate, spreading, 1-2 in. long, pinnate; terminal
leaflet 4-2 in. diam., broadly ovate or rounded, sometimes obscurely
lobed, ‘closely and. unequally sharply toothed ; lateral leaflets

Geum. | ROSACEA. 129

6-8 pairs, gradually diminishing towards the base of the petiole,
sharply toothed or incised; cauline leaves or bracts few, deeply
incised. Flowering-stems few or several, erect or spreading, strict,
terete, clothed with a short fine pubescence intermixed with long
silky hairs, branched above, forming a few - flowered cymose
panicle. Flowers small, white, +-4in. diam.; pedicels elongating
in fruit. Calyx-tube turbinate; lobes ovate-deltoid, acute. Petals
small, rounded. Fruiting receptacle silky. Achenes numerous,
spreading, ;4,in. long, perfectly glabrous, oblong-ovoid, somewhat
turgid, narrowed into a short hooked or spirally recurved style.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 130.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. #. C.; Mount Mur-
chison, W. Townson! Canterbury—Broken River, Hnys! Otago—Upper Wai-

pori, Mount Cardrona, Cambrians, Petrie! Ben Lomond, near Queenstown,
B. C. Aston! Stewart Isuanp: G. M. Thomson. 1000-4000 ft.

Readily distinguished from all the preceding species by the smooth and
glabrous achenes narrowed into a very short recurved style.

6. G. pusillum, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1896) 538.
—Small, depressed, 1-2in. high. Leaves few, all radical, rosu-
late, obovate-spathulate in outline, #-lin. long, sparsely covered
with rather long strigose hairs, pinnate; terminal leaflet +-4+in.
broad, rounded, crenate-toothed ; lateral leaflets 5-8 pairs, gradu-
ally diminishing in size, bluntly toothed. Scapes 1-2 in. high,
1-flowered, simple, naked or with 1-3 minute bracts, finely and
closely pubescent. Flowers minute, white. Calyx-tube broadly
turbinate ; lobes ovate-deltoid. Petals 5-6, small, elliptic-oblong.
Fruiting receptacle elongated, villous. Achenes very small, per-
fectly glabrous, obliquely oblong or obovoid; style minute, reduced
- to a recurved point.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 180.

SourH IsLhanp: Otago—Old Man Range, altitude 5000 ft., Petrie !

Allied to G. leiospermum, but separated by the much reduced size,
1-flowered scapes, smaller flowers, and minute achenes, the style of which is
reduced to little more than a hooked point.

3. POTENTILLA, Linn.

Perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves either pinnate or digi-
tately 3-5-foliolate; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers soli-
tary or in corymbose cymes. Calyx persistent, lobes 5 or rarely 4,
valvate, alternating with as many bracteoles. Petals 5, rarely 4,
usually broad. Stamens numerous. Disc annular or coating the
ealyx-tube. Carpels many, rarely few, seated on a small dry
receptacle; style persistent or deciduous, terminal or lateral ;
ovule solitary, pendulous. Achenes usually numerous, crowded
into a head surrounded by the persistent calyx.

A large genus in the arctic and temperate portions of the Northern Hemi-

sphere, extending into the mountains of the tropics, but extremely rare in the
Southern Hemisphere. The New Zealand species is almost cosmopolitan.

5—FI.

130 ROSACEZ. [Potentilla.

1. P. anserina, Linn. Sp. Plant. 495.— Rootstock tufted,
giving off long creeping runners rooting at the nodes. Leaves
all radical, numerous, 2-6in. long, unequally pinnate, green and
glabrous or slightly silky above, white with appressed silvery
tomentum beneath ; leaflets numerous, 4—1 in. long, oblong or obo-
vate or rounded, alternate ones often minute, deeply and sharply
toothed or incised. Peduncles from the rootstock or rooting nodes,
2-6 in. long, 1-flowered. Flowers 4-lin. diam., yellow. Calyx
silky and villous ; lobes lanceolate or oblong; bracteoles lobed and
cut. Petals obovate. Achenes glabrous or nearly so; receptacle
villous.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 54; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 54; Kirk,
Students’ Fil. 131.

Var. b, anserinoides.—Leaflets smaller, +-4in. long, sessile or petioled.—
P. anserinoides, Raoul, Choix, 28.

NortH anp SoutH IsLAnps, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Common in moist
places from the Auckland Isthmus southwards, ascending to nearly 3000 ft.
Silver-weed. December—January.

The typical form of the species is almost cosmopolitan; the var. anser-
anoides, which is often difficult to distinguish from it, is said to be endemic. It
is much the most plentiful state in New Zealand.

4. ACAGNA, Linn.

Silky or glabrous perennial herbs; stems erect at the tips, de-
cumbent or creeping at the base, or altogether prostrate. Leaves
alternate, unequally pinnate; leaflets toothed or incised; stipules
sheathing at the base, adnate to the petiole. Flowers hermaphro-
dite or unisexual, small, crowded in a terminal globose head, or in
an interrupted spike. Calyx-tube persistent, obconic or turbinate
or campanulate, constricted at the mouth, terete or angled, naked
or at length armed with simple or barbed spines; lobes 3-7,
valvate, persistent or deciduous. Petals wanting. Stamens 1-10,
very rarely more. Carpels 1-2, wholly immersed in the calyx-tube ;
style subterminal, short, exserted, dilated into a fimbriate or plu-
mose stigma; ovule solitary, pendulous. Achenes solitary or rarely
2, enclosed in the hardened calyx, which is usually armed with
subulate spines or bristles. Pericarp bony or membranous.

Species about 35, widely spread in the temperate regions of the Southern
Hemisphere, but most plentiful in Chili and Peru. One of the New Zealand

species is found in Australia and Tasmania, and another in Fuegia and the
Falkland Jslands ; the remainder are all endemic.

A. Calyx-tube not compressed, 4-angled, usually with a stout spine at each
angle, rarely spineless.

* Calyx-tube longer than broad.

Usually silky. Heads large, #-1} in. ; spines long, red-
purple. Achene narrowed at both ends 5c .. Ll. A. nove-zealan-
Usually silky. Heads 4-$in. Achenes broadest near the die.
base, narrowed upwards ne Be Bt .. 2. A. sangwisorbe.
Usually glabrous; leaves often glaucous. Heads 4-?in.

Achenes narrowed at both ends 3. A. adscendens.

Acena. | ROSACEH 131

** Fruiting calyx broader than long.
Glabrous or sparingly silky. Heads pedunculate or sessile ;

spines bright-red, rarely wanting. . 4. A microphylla.
Usually densely villous. Leaves pale, often hoary. Heads
sessile ; spines usually yellow x0 Ne .. 5. A. Buchanan.

B. Calyx-tube much compressed, spineless.
Perfectly glabrous. Heads large, 4—} in. ot On A. glabra.

A. Huttoni, R. Br. (ter) in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 382, is the Kuro-
pean Poteriwm sanguisorba, Linn., which is sparingly naturalised in several
parts of the colony.

1. A. nove-zealandie, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii. (1871)
177.—Stems prostrate, much branched, stout and woody at the
base; branches ascending or erect, leafy, silky or nearly glabrous.
Leaves 14 Te long, usually glabrous above, silky beneath; leaflets
4-7 pairs, 4 4-3 in. long, oblong or elliptical, rounded at both ends,
coarsely serrate. Peduncles stout, terminating the branches, 2-6in.
long; heads globose, large, ree in. diam. in fruit. Calyx-tube
narrow, obconic, 4-angled, pilose; lobes 4, persistent. Stamens
2-3. Fruiting-calyx narrow, 4-angled, slightly winged at the
angles; bristles 4, very long, reddish-purple, barbed at the end.
Achene coriaceous, narrow linear-oblong, widest in the middle,
tapering to both ends.—Students’ Fl. 183. A. macrantha, Col. im
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 383.

Norte snp Souru Istanps: Not uncommon from the Auckland Isthmus
southwards. November—January.

Very closely allied to A. sanguisorb@, but a larger and coarser plant, with
larger heads, longer purplish-red spines, and a longer and narrower achene.
Mr. Kirk distinguishes a var. pallida, with paler foliage and the spines often
greenish.

2. A. sanguisorbe, Vahl. Hnum. 1. 294.— Stems prostrate,
much branched, often woody at the base; branches leafy, ascending
at the tips, more or less silky. Leaves very variable in size, 1-3 in.
or more; leaflets 3-6 pairs, +2 in. long, oblong or obovate or almost
orbicular, membranous, deeply toothed or serrate, glabrous or
nearly so above, silky-hairy beneath, the upper pairs usually longer
than the lower. Peduncles slender, 2-6in. long; heads globose,
48in. diam. in fruit. Calyx-lobes 4, persistent. Stamens 2.
Stigma broad, fimbriate. Fruiting-calyx 4-angled, with a long
barbed bristle at each angle. Achene narrow, broadest below the
middle, tapering to the apex.—A. als Precur. nu. 566; Raoul,
Choiw, 49; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 54; Handb. N.Z. Hl. 56;

Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 434; Kirk, Students Fl. 133. Ancistrum
anserinefolium, Forst. Char: Gen. 4. <A. diandrum, Forst. Prodr.
n. 52.

Var. pilosa, Kiric, 1.c.—Leaves white with appressed silky hairs; teeth
coarser.—Ancistrum decumbens, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 163, t. 32.

132 ROSACE. [Acena.

Kermapsec Istanps, NortH anp SoutH Isuanps, STEwarT ISLAND,
CuatHAm ISLANDS, AUCKLAND, CAMPBELL, ANTIPODES, AND MacquaRriz ISLANDS:
Abundant throughout, from sea-level to 3500ft.; the var. pilosa usually sub-
alpine. Piripiri. November-February. Also in Australia, Tasmania,
and Tristan d’Acunha.

A well-known plant. The heads or ‘“‘ burrs” are often troublesome to sheep-
farmers from the readiness with which they adhere to wool.

3. A. adscendens, Vahl. Hnum. i. 297.—Stems stout, pro-
strate, much branched; branches leafy, erect or ascending at the
tips, glabrous or sparingly hairy. Leaves 2—4in. long; leaflets 4-6
pairs, 1-4in. long, ovate or obovate or rounded, obtuse, mem-
branous, often glaucous, coarsely and deeply toothed sometimes half-
wavy to the midrib; teeth often tipped with a pencil of silky hairs.
Peduncles stout, strict, 4-8 in. long, glabrous or slightly pubescent ;
heads 4—?in. diam. in fruit. Calyx- tube silky, obconic; lobes 4,
persistent. Stamens 2. Stigma fimbriate. Fruiting-calyx narrow-
obconic, 4-angled; bristles 4, short and stout, barbed at the tip.
Achene tapering to both ends.—Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 10; 11. 268,
t. 96; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 56; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 133.

SourH Isnanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts, altitude 2000-
5000ft. Macquarie IsnAnp: At sea-level, Fraser, Prof. Scott.

This is very closely allied to A. sanguisorbe, but can usually be distin-
guished by the more glabrous habit, rounder glaucous and more deeply toothed
leaflets, long stout peduncles, and short stout bristles. The stems and
peduncles are often reddish-purple.

4. A. microphylla, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 55.—Stems pro-
strate, much branched, often forming extensive patches ; branches
short, slender, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 3-2 in. long, glabrous
or sparingly silky, often glaucous, membranous; leaflets 3-6 pairs,
+-1in. long, broadly ovate or rounded, deeply inciso-serrate or
crenate, cuneate or rounded at the base. Heads globose, variable
in size, 4—3in. diam. in fruit, on slender peduncles 1-3 in. long or
sessile. Calyx-tube silky or glabrous, broadly turbinate; lobes 4,
persistent. Stamens 2. Fruiting-calyx short, broader than long,
4-angled, slightly winged at the angles; bristles 4, stout, spread-
ing, bright-red, often wanting. Achenes usually 2, bony.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 56; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 134.

Var. depressa, Kirk, l.c. — Branches closely appressed to the ground.

Leaves smaller. Heads few-flowered, sessile or very shortly peduncled. —
A. depressa, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 548.

Var. inermis, Kirk, 1.c.—Leaves longer, 1-4in. long, usually glaucous ;
leaflets 4-4in. Fruiting-calyx without bristles.—A. inermis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 54; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 57.

NortH Anp SourH Isnanps: Not uncommon in mountain districts from
the East Cape southwards, Sea-level to 3500 ft. November—January.

A very variable plant. I agree with Mr. Kirk in uniting A. depressa and
A. inermis with it. The length of the peduncle is a very variable character,
and heads with or without bristles can easily be found on the same plant. Mr.
Kirk states that the achene is solitary, but I find usually two in each fruiting-
calyx, as described by Hooker.

Ac@na. | ROSACER. 133

5. A. Buchanani, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 57.—Stems and
branches numerous, prostrate, closely appressed to the ground;
young ones more or less villous with silky hairs. Leaves 4-1 in.
long, hoary or silky, sometimes densely so; leaflets 3-6 pairs,
broadly oblong-ovate or rounded, deeply minutely toothed. Heads
small, 3-10-flowered, sessile. Calyx-tube broadly turbinate,
4-angled, densely villous; lobes 4, persistent. Stamens 2. Stigma
fimbriate. Fruiting-calyx short and broad, 4-angled and ridged,
pilose; bristles 4, stout, spreading, yellow, usually hairy above or
barbed. Achenes 1 or 2, bony.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 134.

SoutH Isnanp : Otago—Lake District, Hector and Buchanan! upper part
of the Clutha Valley, Petrie !

This can be recognised by the small size, pale-greyish colour, villous leaves
and branches, small sessile heads, and yellow bristles.

6. A. glabra, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 226, t. 14.
—Lverywhere perfectly glabrous. Stems much branched, prostrate,
stout and woody at the base; branches erect or ascending, leafy.
Leaves #-14in. long; leaflets 3-4 pairs, 1-4in. long, obovate or
oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, deeply and coarsely toothed.
Peduncles 2—5in. long, stout; heads globose, }-#in. diam., often
unisexual. Calyx-tube much compressed, the lateral angles pro-
duced into a broad wing-like process on each side ; lobes 4, broad,
persistent. Male flowers with 20-40 stamens; females with 1 or 2
stigma fimbriate. Fruiting-calyx always unarmed, red. Achene
narrow, tapering to both ends.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 134.

SourH ISLAND: Nelson —-Wairau Gorge, Rough, T. F. C.; Upper Clarence
Valley, Kirk! T. Ff. C.; Lake Guyon, H. H. Travers! Marlborough—Mount
Mouatt and Awatere Valley, Kirk! Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Petrie !
Broken River, 7’. #. C. Otago —-Mount Ida, Petrie! mountains above Lake
Harris, Kirk. 2500-4500 ft. January—February.

A very ilistinet species, easily recognised by the perfectly glabrous habit and
large unarmed heads. It differs from all the other species of the genus in the
numerous stamens of the male flowers.

Orper XXIV. SAXIFRAGEA.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple
or compound, stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers usually regular and
hermaphrodite. Calyx free or adnate to the ovary, lobes 4-5,
imbricate or valvate. Petals 4-5, rarely wanting, imbricate or
valvate. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, rarely
more, perigynous or epigynous, very rarely hypogynous. Disc
usually present between the stamens and the ovary, very various
in shape. Ovary free or more or less adnate to the calyx-tube,
usually 2—5-celled with 2-5 axile or parietal placentas; styles as
many as the cells, free or more or less united; ovules numerous,
anatropous, erect or pendulous. Fruit usually capsular, more rarely
succulent and indehiscent. Seeds usually small, numerous; albu-
men generally copious, rarely absent; embryo terete, usually small.

134 SAXIFRAGER. [Donatia.

A large and polymorphous order, very difficult to define. The herbaceous
genera are mainly found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere,
or on the mountains of the tropics ; the arborescent ones have their headquarters
in South America or Australia, with a few outlying species in Africa or Asia.
Genera about 75; species under 600. The properties of the order are unim-
portant. Of the 6 genera found in New Zealand, Carpodetus and Ixerba are
monotypic and endemic; Ackama and Quintinia extend to Australia; Donatia
has one species in New Zealand and Tasmania, and another in Fuegia; while
Weinmunna has a wide distribution in warm climates.

* Herbs, forming compact patches. Leaves densely imbricate. Flowers
solitary, sessile.

Flowers white, 4in. diam. Calyx-lobes and petals 5.
Stamens 2. Ovary inferior, 2-3-celled bs .. 1. Donati.

** Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate. Stamens usually as many
as the petals.

Flowers racemose, small. Petals imbricate. Ovary in-

ferior ee a 3 fe ee ... 2. QUINTINIA.
Flowers panicled, large. Petals imbricate. Ovary superior 3. IXERBA.
Flowers panicled, small. Petals valvate. Ovary inferior 4. CARPODETUS.

*** Trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Stamens usually twice as many as
the petals.

Flowers panicled. Calyx valvate Sc Se -. 5. ACKAMA.
Flowers racemose. Calyx imbricate .. ne .. 6. WEINMANNIA.

1. DONATIA, Forst.

Small densely tufted herbs, forming hard compact masses.
Leaves densely imbricated, linear, coriaceous, quite entire. Flowers
terminal, solitary, sessile, white. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary,
obconic ; lobes 5-7, equal or unequal. Petals 5-10, linear or ovate.
Stamens 2 or 3, inserted on the middle of an epigynous disc, and
adnate to the base of the styles; filaments subulate or filiform ;
anthers didymous, extrorse. Ovary inferior, 2- or 3-celled; styles
2 or 3, short and thick or subulate, recurved; stigmas simple or
capitellate ; ovules numerous, affixed to placentas which are pendu-
lous from the inner angle of the cells. Capsule turbinate, indehis-
cent, 2- or 3-celled. Seeds few in each cell, pendulous, obliquely
ovoid ; testa membranous ; albumen fleshy; embryo small, remote
from the hilum.

A genus of two species, one found in New Zealand and Tasmania, the other
a native of Fuegia. Its exact systematic position is very doubtful; it was re-
ferred to Sawifragee by Hooker, who, however, also pointed out its affinity
with the Stylidie@, with which it agrees in the stamens being placed on the
centre of an epigynous disc, in the extrorse anthers, and in the placentation.
It was removed to that order by the late Baron Mueller (‘‘ Nuovo Giornale
Botanico Italiano,’’ xi., July, 1879). On the other hand, both Baillon and

Engler retain it among the Saxifrages, the latter (‘‘ Naturlichen Pflanzenfami-
lien,” Teil iii. Abt. ii.a, p. 67) constituting it a new subsection of the order.

1. D. nove-zealandiz, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 81, t. 20.—
Stems short, 1—3in. high, densely tufted, forming broad compact
masses in mountain-bogs. Leaves very numerous, imbricated in
many series and clothing the entire stem and branches, erect,

Donatia.] SAXIFRAGEA:. 135

appressed, 4in. long, subacute, shining, veinless, very thick and
coriaceous, villous at the base. Flowers +in. diam., sunk amongst
the uppermost leaves. Calyx-lobes 5, ovate, acute. Petals 5, quite
free, ovate-oblong, obtuse, thick and fleshy. Stamens 2. Styles 2,
short and thick, recurved. Capsule }in. long.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
58; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 450; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 41.

NortuH Isutanp: Mount Holdsworth, Tararua Range, W. Townson! SoutH
Istanp : Not uncommon in alpine bogsthroughout. Srewart Istanp: Petrie !
Kirk! Most abundant between 3000 and 5000 ft., but descends almost to sea-
level on Stewart Island. December—March.

2, QUINTINIA, A. D.C.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, exstipulate.
Flowers small, in axillary or terminal many-flowered racemes.
Calyx-tube obconic, adnate to the ovary; teeth 5, persistent.
Petals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Stamens 5, filaments subulate.
Ovary inferior, 3—5-celled, the free summit broadly conical,
narrowed into a persistent 3—d-grooved style; stigma capitate,
3-5-lobed ; ovules numerous. Capsule small, inferior or half-
superior, coriaceous, obovoid, 1-celled, 3—5-valved, the valves
separating up the furrows of the style. Seeds numerous, ascend-
ing; testa loose, winged.

In addition to the two following species, which are endemic in New Zealand,
there are three others in Australia.

Leaves 3-6 in., linear-lanceolate to oblong =e -. 1. Q. serrata.
Leaves 3-8 in., obovate or elliptic-oblong te .. 2. Q. acutifolia.

1. Q. serrata, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 515.—A small tree 15-30 ft.
high ; branchlets, leaves, and racemes covered with minute lepidote
scales, viscid when young. Leaves coriaceous, yellow-brown or
reddish-brown when dry, 2-6in. long, linear-lanceolate or linear-
oblong or oblong, shortly petiolate, remotely and irregularly sinuate-
serrate, acute or subacute, margins undulate. Racemes 2-4 in. long,
erect, strict, axillary, many-flowered ; pedicels short, tin. Flowers
pale-lilac, in. diam. Capsule woody, 2 in. long.—Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 508; Raoul, Choix, 47; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 78; Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 58; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 125; Students’ Fl. 137. Q. elliptica,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 78; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 59.

Nortu Is~anp: Common in forests from Mongonui to Taranaki and
Hawke’s Bay. Sea-level to 3500 ft. Tawheowheo. October-November.

Very variable in the size and shape of the leaves. On high mountain-ranges
they become shorter, broader, and more obtuse, and the plant is then probably
identical with Hooker’s Q. elliptica. This is said to have elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate entire and obtuse leaves, and was collected in some locality on the
Hast Coast by Colenso.

2. Q. acutifolia, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 137.—A small tree
20-40 ft. high, with a trunk 1-2ft. diam. Branchlets, leaves, and

racemes viscid and clothed with lepidote scales. Leaves much
broader and thinner than in Q. serrata, 8-7 in. long, 1-2 in. broad,

136 SAXIFRAGER. [Quintinia.

obovate or obovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, rarely oblong- or
elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed into a short stout petiole, acute or
subacute, remotely and often obscurely sinuate-serrate. Racemes
2-4 in. long, always much shorter than the leaves. Flowers much
as in Q. serrata, but filaments usually shorter. Capsule slightly
larger.—Q. serrata var. b, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 59; Kirk,
Forest Fl..t.,4295,£. 6,7;

NortH Istanp: Little Barrier Island, 7. F'.C.; East Cape, Bishop Wil-

liams! Sourn Istanp: West Coast, from Collingwood to Hokitika, Travers,
Kirk! Helms! T. F.C.

An exceedingly puzzling plant. It is certainly connected by numerous
intermediates with the typical state of Q. serrata, but its extreme forms appear
much too distinct to admit of the two species being united. It is abundant on
the Little Barrier Island, where the leaves attain an extreme length of 8in. by a
breadth of 24in. Southern specimens have smaller and more elliptic leaves.

3. IXERBA, A. Cunn.

A small glabrous tree. Leaves opposite, alternate or whorled,
exstipulate. Flowers white, in terminal panicles. Calyx - tube
short, adnate to the base of the ovary; lobes 5, imbricate, deci-
duous. Petals 5, inserted beneath a 5-lobed disc, obovate, clawed,
imbricate. Stamens 5, alternating with the lobes of the disc; fila-
ments filiform. Ovary superior, conical, 5-lobed, 5-celled, narrowed
into a subulate twisted 5-furrowed style; stigma acute; ovules 2 in
each cell, collateral. Capsule coriaceous, broadly ovoid, 5-celled,
loculicidally 5-valved; valves extending through the style, ulti-
mately recurved, cohering below, 2-partite above. Seeds large,
oblong, compressed, shining; funicle thick; embryo large; albu-
men very scanty.

A well-marked monotypic genus, confined to New Zealand.

1. I. brexioides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 580.—A small branching
tree 20-50 ft. high, rarely more, with a trunk 1-2 ft. diam. Leaves
3-6 in. long, 4-lin. broad, linear or linear-lanceolate, coriaceous,
glabrous, acute or subacute, obtusely serrate; teeth tipped by a
gland. Flowers large, 1-ldin. diam.; pedicels jointed, silky.
Calyx-lobes broadly ovate, silky. Capsule in. diam.—AHook. Ie.
Plant. t. 577, 578; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 82;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 59; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 48; Students’ Fl. 138.

NortH Isitanp: Hilly forests from Ahipara and Maungataniwha to the
eerie part of Hawke’s Bay. Ascends to 3000 ft. Tawart. November-
December.

A remarkably handsome tree. The wood is hard and dense, and probably
durable, but has been little used.

4, CARPODETUS, Forst.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, petiolate, exstipulate.
Flowers small, white, in axillary and terminal cymose panicles.

Carpodetus.| SAXIFRAGER. 137

Calyx-tube turbinate, adnate to the ovary; lobes 5-6, small,
deciduous. Petals 5-6, inserted under the margin of an epigynous
disc, spreading, valvate. Stamens 5-6, inserted with the petals;
filaments short, subulate; anthers oblong. Ovary inferior with a
free rounded summit, 3-d-celled; style slender; stigma capitate ;
ovules numerous. Fruit globose, almost fleshy, indehiscent, girt
round the middle by the cicatrix of the calyx-limb, 3-5-celled.
Seeds numerous, small, pendulous; testa coriaceous, pitted ;
embryo very small; albumen fleshy.

The genus is limited to a single species, endemic in New Zealand.

1. C. serratus, Forst. Char. Gen. 34, t. 17aA.—A shrub or small
tree 15-30 ft. high, with a trunk 6—-9in. diam.; branches often
flattened, spreading; young twigs, leaves, petioles, and inflores-
cence more or less pubescent. Leaves 1-2in. long, ovate-oblong
or elliptical, acute or obtuse, sharply and coarsely serrate, nar-
rowed into a petiole +-4in. long; in young plants often panduri-
form or irregularly lobed. Panicles broad, many-flowered, shorter
than the leaves. Flowers in. diam., white, very abundantly pro-
duced. Capsule about the size of a small pea, black and shining
when fully ripe.—A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 366; A. Cunn. Precur.
un. 075; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 564; Raoul, Choix, 50; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel.i. 78; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 59; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 47; Stu-
dents’ F'l. 138.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon from the
North Cape southwards; most plentiful in alluvial ground, by the banks of
rivers, &c. Ascends to 3000 ft. Piripiriwhata; Putaputawheta. No-
vember—January.

Wood strong and tough, but not durable; sometimes used for axe-
handles, &c.

5. ACKAMA, A. Cunn.

Small trees. Leaves opposite, pinnate, stipulate. Flowers
smal], unisexual, in compound panicles. Calyx-tube short, lobes
5, ovate-triangular, persistent, valvate. Petals 5, inserted under
the margin of a perigynous disc, scarcely longer than the calyx.
Stamens 10, inserted with the petals; filaments filiform, the
alternate ones longer; anthers didymous. Ovary free, 2-celled;
styles 2, persistent; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule
small, coriaceous, turgid, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds
ovoid, apiculate, hairy; embryo cylindric, in the axis of fleshy
albumen.

Besides the New Zealand species, which is endemic, there is another from

Australia. The genus only differs from Weinmannia in the paniculate in-
florescence and valvate calyx.

1. A. rosefolia, 4. Cunn. Precur. n. 520.—A handsome small
tree 20-40 ft. high, with a trunk 1-2 ft. diam. ; branchlets, leaves,
petioles, and inflorescence more or less covered with short brownish

138 SAXIFRAGEA). [Ackama.

pubescence. Leaves 3-10 in. long, imparipinnate ; leaflets 3-8 pairs,
1-3in. long, narrow-oblong to elliptical, sessile or very shortly
petioled, acute, acutely serrate, membranous, upper larger than the
lower; stipules large, leafy, toothed, deciduous. Panicles much
branched, many - flowered, longer or shorter than the leaves.
Flowers unisexual, minute, ;4,in. diam., sessile on the slender
branches of the panicle. Ovary densely pilose. Capsule very
small, $in. long, sparingly silky when mature.—Raoul, Choiz, 47;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 719; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 60; Kirk, Forest
Fl. t.63; Students’ Fl. 139. Weinmannia roszfolia, A. Gray, Bot.
U.S. Hxupl. Exped. 671, t. 84.

Nort Isuanp: From Kaitaia and Mongonui southwards to Whangarei,
not common. Makamaka. September-October.

6. WEINMANNIA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, petiolate, simple or 3-folio-
late or imparipinnate, stipulate. Flowers in terminal or axillary
racemes. Calyx inferior, divided almost to the base into 4-5 im-
bricate segments. Petals 4-5, inserted under the margin of a
perigynous disc. Stamens 8-10, inserted with the petals. Ovary
free, ovoid or conic, 2-celled, 2-beaked; styles 2, subulate; ovules
few or many in each cell, pendulous. Capsule small, coriaceous,
2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds oblong or reniform or sub-
globose, often hairy ; embryo terete ; albumen fleshy.

A rather large genus of over 50 species, distributed through the Malay

Archipelago, Madagascar and the Mauritius, tropical South America, Polynesia,
and Australia. The two New Zealand species are both endemic.

Branchlets usually pubescent. Leaves of mature trees

3-foliolate or pinnate . 1. W. sylvicola.
Branchlets usually teheoys: Leaves of mature trees 1-fo-
liolate ge 2 Se -. 2. W. racemosa.

1. W. sylvicola, Sol. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 518.—An erect
tree, usually from 25 to 50 ft. high, sometimes taller and reaching
60-70 ft.; trunk 1-3 ft. diam.; branchlets, petioles, and midribs of
the leaves and inflorescence more or less pubescent or almost
glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate or imparipinnate, rarely 1-foliolate ;
leaflets 1 to 4 or 5 pairs or more, 1—2in. long, obovate-oblong
or ovate-oblong to lanceolate, narrowed below, acute or acu-
minate, coarsely serrate. Leaves of young trees pinnate, with
numerous membranous leafiets; of old ones usually 3-foliolate,
coriaceous. Stipules leafy, entire or toothed. Racemes 1-4 in.
long, often numerous towards the ends of ies branches, sometimes
branched. Flowers very numerous, small, 1, in. diam., white or
pale-rose. Capsule usually glabrous, +4 in. long. Seeds minute,
with a tuft of hairs at each end.—faoul, Choix, 47; Hook. f. Ft.
Nov. Zel. i. 79; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 60; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 72; Stu-
dents’ Fl. 140. W. betulina and W. fuchsioides, A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 516, 517.

Weinmanmia. | SAXIFRAGES, 139

NortH Isutanp: Abundant in forests as far south as the Hast Cape and
Taupo, ascending to 3000 ft. Tawhero. December—April.

An exceedingly variable plant. The bark is largely used for tanning.

2. W. racemosa, Linn. f. Suppl. 227. — A taller tree than
W. sylvicola, frequently from 50-80ft. high or more, with a trunk
1-4ft. diam. ; glabrous when mature, except the raceme, which is
pubescent. Leaves of young plants pinnately 3-5-foliolate, thin
and membranous, often pubescent; of mature plants 1-foliolate,
1-4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate or obiong-ovate to orbicular-ovate,
obtuse or subacute, coarsely and obtusely serrate, very coriaceous,
quite glabrous. Racemes 1-4 in. long, axillary and terminal, some-
times branched; rachis pubescent ; pedicels stout. Flowers nu-
merous, very similar to those of W. sylvicola but rather larger.
Ovary pubescent. Capsule 4in. long, 2-3-valved. Seeds hairy.—
Forst. Prodr.n.173; A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 321 ; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 80; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 61; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 73; Students’
Fl.140. Leiospermum racemosum, Don. in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ.
1830, 91; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 519.

Norte anp Sours Isnanps, Stewart Isuanp: Plentiful in forests from

the Thames Goldfields and middle Waikato southwards. Sea-level to 3000 ft.
Towa ; Kamahi. December—January.

Very closely allied to W. sylvicola, but can generally be separated by the
larger 1-foliolate leaves of the mature stage.

OrperR XXV. CRASSULACEA:.

Succulent or fleshy herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or
alternate, generally simple; stipules wanting. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual. Calyx persistent, free, usually
3-5-fid or-partite. Petals as many as the sepals, free or more or
less cohering into a lobed corolla, inserted at the base of the calyx.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted with the
petals and sometimes adnate to them. Ovary superior, of as many
carpels as petals; carpels free or connate below, 1-celled, usually
with a small gland or scale at the base of each; styles simple ;
ovules usually numerous, attached to the ventral suture (few in
Tullea). Fruit of several 1-celled follicles, dehiscing along the
ventral suture. Seeds few or many, minute, albuminous; embryo
terete, cotyledons short.

A rather large order, spread over the whole world except Polynesia. Particu-
larly abundant in South Africa, where nearly half the species are found; also
plentiful in the rocky districts of Kurope and central Asia; rare in Australia
and South America. Genera about 15; species estimated at 400. All the
species are inert, and are of little importance from an economic point of view.
The single New Zealand genus is almost cosmopolitan.

TILLASA, Linn.

Small and slender somewhat succulent glabrous herbs. Leaves
Opposite, entire. Flowers minute, axillary, solitary or fascicled,

140 CRASSULACES. [Tillea.

sometimes cymose. Calyx 3-d-lobed or -partite. Petals 3-6, free
or connate at the base. Stamens the same number as the petals.
Hypogynous scales 1 to each carpel or wanting. Carpels 3-0, nar-
rowed into short styles; ovules 1 or more to each carpel. Follicles
few- or many-seeded.

An almost cosmopolitan genus, comprising about 25 species. Two of those
found in New Zealand also occur in Australia, and another in temperate South
America, the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen Island. Several of the New
Zealand species are imperfectly known, and require careful study with recent
specimens before satisfactory diagnoses can be prepared.

* A small scale at the base of each carpel.

Stems 2-7in., red-brown. Leaves 3~-jin., oblong-spathu-

late. Flowers large, 4-}in. diam. . 5e .. 1. ZL. moschata.
Stems 2-4in., reddish. Leaves }— -tin., linear, acute.

Flowers Big gg Dee) ste 2. T. Helmsu.
Stems 1-3in., reddish, slender, “matted. Leaves 7~y-} in.,

linear- oblong, obtuse. Flowers 7s in. 3. T. diffusa.

Minute, delicate, matted, often less than lin. high.

Leaves linear- oblong, fleshy, concave, s4—7;in. Flowers

white, +-j,in. .. Bh at 50 .. 4. T. Sinclairn.
Prostrate and rooting, intricately branched, matted.

Leaves thin, obtuse or subacute, ;.-;,in. Petals

rather longer than the calyx 5. T. pusilla.
Prostrate and rooting, intricately branched. Leaves thin,

acute or apiculate, .—),in. Petalsshorter than thecalyx 6. T. acutifolia.
Stems decumbent and ascending, red-purple, ?-2in.

Leaves ovate-subulate, fleshy, concave. Flowers /,—4 in.

Seeds8 .. se Be aye 36 .. 7. T. multicaulis.

** No scales.

3 tems erect, simple or branched, red-brown, 1-5 in.

Leaves oblong, subacute, fleshy. Flowers minute, in

dense leafy clusters 8. 7. Sieberiana.
Stems delicate, intricately branched, ‘prostrate, 2-3in.

Leaves linear-oblong, Bree s- yin, Petals ovate-

acuminate 9. ZT. debilis.
Minute, delicate, tufted, 4-2 in. “high. “Peduncles slender,
much elongated i in fruit. Carpels many-seeded .. 10. T. purpurata.

T. Hamiltonii, T. Kirk ex W. Hamilton in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii (1885)
92, is Tetrachondra Hamiltonii, Petrie ex Oliv. in Ic. Plant. t. 2250 (order
Borage).

1. T. moschata, D.C. Prodr. iii. 382.—A small tufted succu-
lent red-brown herb; stems 2-7 in. long, prostrate and rooting
below, erect or ascending at the tips. Leaves connate at the
base, thick and fleshy, $-$in. long, oblong-spathulate or linear-
obovate or linear-oblong, obtuse. Flowers na in. diam., axillary,
solitary; peduncles short. Calyx deeply 4-lobed; lobes obtuse,
much shorter than the oblong obtuse petals. Seales 4, linear-
cuneate, truncate at the tip. Carpels 4, turgid, obtuse; styles
short, recurved. Seeds 6-8, rarely more.—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 535 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 76; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 61; Kirk, Students’
Fl, 142. Bulliarda moschata, D’Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Par. iv.
618; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 13.

Tillea. | CRASSULACE. 141

Nortu Isnanp: Shores of Cook Strait, from Cape Palliser to Cape
Terawhiti. Sour Isnanp: Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solander !
Coast near Westport, W. Townson! Banks Peninsula, Armstrong. Otago—
Cliffs on the eastern and southern shores, Petrie! Kirk! CHATHAM ISLANDS,
Stewart Istanp, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLanps, ANTIPODES ISLANDS,
Macguariz£ IsutAnp: Not uncommon.

This is purely a coast plant, and is never seen far from the sea. It is also
a native of Chili, Fuegia, Falkland Islands, Kerguelen Island, and Marion

Island.

2. T. Helmsii, T. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 142.—Stems numerous,
often forming large intricate patches, slender, 2—-6in. long, pro-
strate at the base, ascending above, green or reddish-green.
Leaves rather distant, }-4 in. long, linear, acute. Flowers ;—7, in.
diam., axillary, solitary, on peduncles shorter than the leaves.
Calyx deeply 4-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute. Petals a third longer than
the calyx, ovate-oblong, subacute. Scales 1 at the back of each
carpel, narrow linear-cuneate. Carpels 4, turgid, about as long as
the calyx ; styles short, recurved. Seeds 3-6.

Soutu Istanp: West Coast—Karamea, Rev. #’. H. Spencer; Westport,
W. Townson! Greymouth, R. Helms ! December—March.

Very near to the Australian 7. recwrva, Hook. f., which, however, is a
larger plant, with more pointed leaves, and with the calyx-lobes and petals
decidedly acuminate. It is easily distinguished from T. moschata by the more
slender habit, narrower acute leaves, and smaller flowers.

3. T. diffusa, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 424.
—A slender much-branched matted plant forming broad reddish
patches. Stems filiform, erect or prostrate, 1-3in. long. Leaves
in distant pairs, fleshy, connate at the base, ;4-4in. long,
linear-oblong, obtuse, concave above, convex beneath. Flowers
minute, about ;,in. diam., solitary, on very short axillary pe-
duncles. Calyx-lobes 4, broadly oblong, obtuse. Petals equalling
the calyx-lobes or rather longer, broadly oblong, obtuse. Scales 4,

cuneate. Carpels ovoid; styles recurved. Seeds 2-4.—Students’
Fl. 144.

NortH Isntanp: Miramar, Port Nicholson, Kirk! Svmwartr ISLAND:
Kirk!

Mr. Kirk states that the scales are absent ; but I find them to be constantly
present, although difficult to detect except in young flowers.

4. T. Sinclairii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 62.—A minute deli-
cate creeping or erect usually matted plant, rarely more than 1in.
high except when growing in water, when the stems are often
elongated, and the leaves larger. Leaves minute, closely placed or
distant, connate at the base, ;4,—;4 in. long, linear or linear-oblong,
acute or subacute, concave above, convex or almost keeled beneath.
Flowers on short or long axillary peduncles, minute, ,—;,in.
diam., white. Calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse. Petals about
twice as long as the calyx-lobes, oblong, obtuse. Scales 4, linear-

142 CRASSULACEX. [Lillea.

cuneate. Carpels 4, turgid; styles oblique, slightly recurved.
Seeds 3-4, rarely more.—Kuirk, Students’ Fl. 142. T. novee-zea-
landiz, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 270; Kirk, l.c. 142.

Var. obtusa.—Stems stouter, creeping, 1-2in. long or more. Leaves

longer, more acute. Flowers rather larger; petals rounded.—T. nove-zea-
landie var. obtusa, Kirk, l.c.

Norty Isnanp: Matata, Bay of Plenty, Petrie! Sourn Is~tanp: Nelson
to Southland, not uncommon in watery places. Sea-level to 3000ft. Var.
obtusa: Lake Waihola, Otago, Petrie !

I have felt compelled to reduce Mr. Petrie’s £. nove-zealandie to this
species. The type specimens in his herbarium only differ from the ordinary
state of 7. Sinclairii in being stouter, with thicker and more acute leaves; but
these are not characters on which a specific distinction can be based. The
flowers and fruit appear identical in both.

5. T. pusilla, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 143.—Stems numerous,
very slender aud delicate, prostrate and rooting, 1-3 in. long, form-
ing broad pale-green matted patches. Leaves minute, in distant
pairs, connate at the base, =,-;/, in. long, linear or linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse or acute, spreading or reflexed, thin. Flowers minute,
zi; in. diam.; peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves. Calyx-
lobes ovate-oblong, acute. Petals rather longer, acute or subacute.
Stamens equalling the petals. Scales 4, linear-cuneate. Carpels
4, turgid; styles recurved. Seeds 2-4

Nort Istanp: Muddy banks of the Northern Wairoa, T. F. C.; Kawa-
kawa, Bay of Islands, Kirk; Wairoa Falls, Hunua, Kirk! T. F.C.! Petrie!

Distinguished from 7. Sinclairvit by the different habit, longer much-
branched stems, more distant thin and pointed leaves, and shorter narrower
petals.

6. T. acutifolia, T. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 143.—Stems very slen-
der, almost capillary, prostrate and rooting, much and intricately
branched, forming pale-green matted pee eS: Leaves minute,
in distant pairs, connate at the base, +,—;4 in. long, narrow-linear
oe ee lanceolate, acute or apiculate, thin. Flowers minute,
soz; in. diam., on peduncles shorter than the leaves. Calyx deeply
divided ; segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals narrow-
ovate, shorter than the calyx. Scales 4, minute. Carpels 4, ovoid,
turgid; styles recurved. Mature seeds not seen.

NortH Isuanp: Hurunuiorangi, Kirk! SoutH Istanp: Winton Forest,
Southland, Kirk !

This has precisely the habit of 7. pusilla, but appears to differ in the nar-
rower and more acute leaves, and in the calyx-lobes exceeding the petals. I
have seen no specimens except those in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium, which are few
and incomplete.

7. T. multicaulis, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 324.
—A minute slender much-branched reddish-purple plant; stems
prostrate or decumbent below, ascending at the tips. Leaves oppo-
site or in opposite fascicles, remote Boley close-set and often im-
bricating above, connate at the base, ;4—;4 in. long, ovate-subulate,

Tillea.] CRASSULACEA). 143

acute or mucronate, fleshy, concave above, convex or keeled be-
neath. Flowers solitary, axillary, j,-}in. diam., white or rosy.
Calyx-lobes ovate-subulate, acute. Petals 4, exceeding the calyx-
lobes, broadly oblong, obtuse. Scales 4. Carpels 4, ovoid; style
recurved. Seeds 8.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 148.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Mount Torlesse and Broken River basin,
Einys! Kirk! 'l'. F. C.; Lake Tekapo, 7. F.C. Otago—Maniototo and Manu-

herikia Plains, Petrie! 1000-3000 ft. December—January. A well-
marked plant.

8. T. Sieberiana, Schultz, Mant. ii. 345.— A small pale
reddish-brown succulent annual; stems 1-5 in. high, erect, simple
or branched from the base. Leaves minute, ;4, in. long, connate at
the base, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, subacute, thick and fleshy,
concave above, convex beneath. Flowers very minute, in dense
axillary clusters mixed with small leaves, at first sessile, but the
peduncles usually lengthen as the fruit ripens. Sepals 4, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate. Petals shorter and narrower, acute.
Scales wanting. Carpels 4, linear-oblong, nearly equalling the
sepals when ripe. Seeds usually 2.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 143.
T. verticillaris, D.C. Prodr. ii. 382; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 521;
Faoul, Choir, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 75; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 62; Benth. Fl. Austral. 1. 451. T. muscosa, Forst. Prodr.
n. 61 (non Linn.); A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 322.

NortH AND SourH Is~anps: Abundant throughout, in dry rocky or
gravelly places. September—January. Also common in Australia and Tas-
mania.

9. T. debilis, Col. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 75.— A very
small delicate species; stems intricate, filiform or capillary, pro-
strate, 2-3in. long. Leaves in scattered pairs, minute, {,—, in.
long, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong. Flowers minute, 1 or 2 in the
axils of the leaves, sessile or on slender peduncles. Sepals 4,
oblong, subacute. Petals ovate-acuminate, shorter than the sepals.
Scales wanting. Carpel ovate-lanceolate, 1- or 2-seeded. — Kirk,
Students’ Hl. 143.

Norru Istanp: Hast Coast, Colenso !

The only specimen I have seen of this species is a mere scrap in
Mr. Colenso’s herbarium, and in the absence of additional information I have
reproduced the description given in the Handbook.

10. T. purpurata, Hook. f. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847)
472.—A very slender delicate and fugacious annual; stems 1-2 in.
high, erect or suberect, sparingly branched. Leaves remote,
connate at the base, j4-4in. long, linear, acuminate, concave
above. Flowers minute, 7in. diam., on slender pedicels that
elongate much in fruit. Calyx-lobes 4, ovate, obtuse or subacute.
Petals 4, equalling the calyx, acuminate. Scales wanting. Carpels

broadly oblong, obtuse. Seeds numerous, usually 10-15.—Hook. f.

144 CRASSULACEZE. [Tillea.

Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 75; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 62; Benth. Fl. Austral. iu.
451; Kirk, Students’ Fi. 144.

NortH Istanp: Cape Palliser, Colenso. Sour Isuanp: Lake Wanaka,
Petrie!

Also common in south-eastern Australia and Tasmania. The linear acumi-
nate leaves, long pedicels, and many-seeded carpels at once separate it from all
the other species found in New Zealand.

Orper XXVI. DROSHRACESA..

Herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves alternate, often rosulate,
stipulate, usually furnished with glandular irritable hairs; vernation
circinate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4~6-partite or
divided into 4-5 free sepals, imbricate, persistent. Petals the same
number, hypogynous, rarely perigynous, free or sometimes connate
at the base. Stamens 4—5, rarely more, hypogynous or perigynous,
rarely epipetalous. Ovary free or nearly so, 1—3-celled ; styles 1-8,
simple or bifid or multifid; ovules numerous, attached to parietal
placentas equalling the styles in number. Capsule membranous,
loculicidally 3-5-valved; seeds numerous, albuminous; embryo
straight, axile.

A small order, comprising 6 genera and about 120 species, distributed over
the whole world with the exception of Polynesia, but most abundant is Aus-
tralia. The whole of the species capture insects, usually by means of glandular
viscid and irritable hairs; but in some cases, as the well-known Venus’s fly-trap
(Dionza imuscipula) by rapidly closing laminz, which shut the insects as it
were ina box. For a full account reference should ve made to Mr. Darwin’s

well-known book on “ Insectivorous Plants.’’ The single New Zealand genus is
the largest in the order, and has an almost world-wide distribution.

1. DROSERA, Linn.

Herbs, either scapigerous or with a leafy stem. Leaves rosu-
late or alternate, covered with numerous hair-stalked glands which
secrete a drop of transparent viscid fluid. Stipules wanting or
adnate to the base of the petiole. Flowers solitary or in terminal
often one-sided racemes or cymes. Calyx 4—5-partite. Petals 4-5,
hypogynous or rarely perigynous, marcescent. Stamens the same
number. Ovary ovoid or globose, 1-celled; styles 2-5, free or
connate below; ovules numerous, on 2-5 parietal placentas. Cap-
sule oblong, 2-5-valved. Seeds minute ; testa lax.

Species about 100, scattered over the whole world, but most abundant in
Australia. Of the 6 found in New Zealand, 1 is endemic, the remaining 5
extend to Australia.

* Scape 1-flowered.

Leaves spathulate. Calyx-lobes short, rounded. Styles 3,
multifid .. ae ae a¢ a i“

Leaves linear -ligulate. Calyx-lobes long, linear-oblong.
Styles 3; stigmas capitate ae Ht ae

Minute. Leaves rosulate, orbicular. Styles 4; stigmas
clavate .. ae ee oe a

1. D. stenopetala.
2. D. Arcturt.

3. D. pygmea.

Drosera.) DROSERACEA. 145

** Scape several- or many-flowered.

Leaves rosulate, spathulate. Styles 3, 2-partite -. 4. D. spathulata.
Leaves long, very narrow-linear, forked or dichotomous .. 5. D. binata.
Stem leafy. Leaves lunate, th Flowers pink. Styles

3, penicillate Se ac -- 6. D. auriculata.

1. D. stenopetala, Hook. fd Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 19, t. 9.—Stemless ;
rootstock short, stout. Leaves 1-4in. long or more; petioles
slender, flat, perfectly glabrous; blade +—2in., spathulate, the
margins and upper surface densely covered with long glandular
hairs. Scape 1-Gin. long, exceeding the leaves, slender, glabrous,
1-flowered. Flowers 4 in. diam., white. Calyx broadly campanu-
late, 5-lobed, glabrous : lobes short, rounded. Petals linear-
spathulate ; claw very long and narrow. Styles 3, multifid almost
to the base.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 63; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 1465.

Norty Istanp: Ruahine Range, Herb. Colenso! W. F, Howlett. SoutH
Istanp : Not uncommon on the higher central and western mountains, from
Mount Arthur southwards. Stewart Isnanp: Petrie, Kirk! AUCKLAND:
Isutanps: Hooker, Le Gwillon, Kirk. Altitudinal range 2500-5000 ft. in the

South Island, but descending almost to sea-level in the Auckland Islands.
December—February.

2. D. Arcturi, Hook. in Journ. Bot. i. (1834) 247.—Stemless.
Rootstock short or 1-2in. long, clothed with the ragged bases of
the old leaves. Leaves 1-4in. long, erect, linear-ligulate, obtuse,
upper portion covered with glandular hairs, lower half glabrous ;
petiole almost as broad as the blade; early leaves shorter and
broader, sometimes quite glabrous. Scape 2-6in. high, slender,
1-flowered or very rarely 2-flowered. Flowers 4in. diam., white.
Calyx divided almost to the base; lobes 4, linear-oblong. Petals
oblong or obovate, slightly exceeding the calyx. Styles 3-4,
short ; stigmas broad.—Ic. Plant. t. 56; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 20;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 63; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 456; Kirk, Students’
Fl. 145. WD. polyneura, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 460.
D. Ruahinensis, Col. l.c. xxviii. (1896) 593. D. ligulata and D.
atra, Col. l.c. xxxi. (1899) 269.

Norru Isuanp: Ruahine Range, Colenso, Olsen! TRangipo Plain, Petrie !
SourH Isnanp, Stewart Istanp: Abundant in mountain districts through-

out. Altitudinal range usually from 2000-5000 ft., but descends almost to:
sea-level on Stewart Island. Also found in Australia and Tasmania.

3. D. pygmea, D.C. Prodr. i. 317.—A very minute stemless.
species forming flat rosettes ha in. diam. Leaves numerous,
densely crowded; petioles short, slender; limb 4,-;,in. diam.,
upper surface covered with glandular hairs: stipules large, scarious,.
deeply lobed, forming a beautiful silvery cone in the centre of the
rosette. Scapes 1-4, glabrous, filiform, 4-in. high, 1-flowered.
Flowers minute, white. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals slightly longer
than the calyx. Styles 4, short, clavate. Capsule oblong,
4-valved.— Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Gel. i. 20; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 63; Benth.
Fl. Austral. ii. 457; Kirk, Students’ Fi. 146.

146 DROSERACE. [ Drosera.

NortH Isuanp: Cape Maria van Diemen, Colenso! Te Paua, Parenga-
renga, 7. F.C.; near Ahipara, H. Carse! R. H. Matthews! Sovuru Isuanp:
Bluff Hill, Kirk. December—January. Also in Australia and Tasmania.

A beautiful little plant, probably not uncommon in moist peaty situations,
but very easily overlooked.

4. D. spathulata, Labill. Nov. Holl. Pl. i. 79, t. 106, f. 1.—
Stemless. Leaves numerous, crowded, rosulate, 4-$in. long ; blade
4-1in., spathulate or obovate or orbicular-obovate, narrowed into a
broad and flat petiole of varying length, upper surface and margins
covered with glandular hairs; stipules scarious, narrow, laciniate.
Scapes 1 or several, 1-6 in. high, usually bearing a secund raceme
of 3-7 flowers, but often 2—3-flowered or even 1-flowered. Flowers
small, 4 in. diam., white or rose. Calyx deeply divided ; lobes 5,
linear-oblong. Petals 5, rather longer than the calyx. Styles 3,
2-partite almost to the base, branches entire or again forked.—-
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 20; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 63; Benth. Fl. Aus-
tral. ii. 459; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 146. D. propinqua, H. Cunn. Pre-
cur.n. 620. D. minutula, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 81.
D. triflora, Col. J.c. xxii. (1890) 461.

Nortu AnpD SoutH IsnANpDs, Stewart Isuanp : From Mongonui southwards,
but often local. Sea-level to 4500 ft. November—January. Also in Aus-
tralia and Tasmania.

Mountain specimens are often much reduced in size, with shorter and
broader leaves, 1-2-flowered scapes, and broader calyx-lobes; but they pass by
insensible gradations into the ordinary form.

5. D. binata, Labill. Nov. Holl. Pl. 1. 78, t. 105, f. 1.—Stem-
less. Rootstock short, emitting numerous fleshy roots. Leaves
all radical, erect; petioles 2-5 in. long, slender, glabrous; blade
2-4 in., divided to the base into 2 narrow-linear segments #,—;4, in.
broad, which are simple or again forked, upper surface and mar-
gins clothed with long glandular hairs. Scapes exceeding the
leaves, 6-18in. high, slender, glabrous, bearing a loose cyme of
few or many rather large white flowers }4in. diam. Calyx
deeply 4-d-lobed; lobes oblong, entire or lacerate at the tips.
Petals 4-5, obovate, twice as long as the calyx. Styles usually
3, penicillate—Bot. Mag. t. 8082; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 20;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 64; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 461; Kirk, Students’
Fu. 146. D. intermedia, &. Cunn. Precur. n. 621. D. flagellifera,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1891) 384.

NortH AND SoutH IsLanps, Stewart Istanp: From the North Cape

southwards. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November—February. A common
Australian and Tasmanian plant.

A very handsome and conspicuous species. Mr. Colenso’s D. flagellifera,
as shown by the specimens in his herbarium, is merely a small state with
narrower and often simple leaf-segments, and can be matched in any locality
where the plant is plentiful.

6. D. auriculata, Backh. ex Planch. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3, ix.
(1848) 295.—Rootstock slender, terminating in a globose tuber deep

Drosera. | DROSERACEZ:. 147

in the ground. Stems leafy, erect, flexuose and wiry, simple or
sparingly branched, perfectly glabrous, usually 6-18in. high but
sometimes much longer and almost climbing. Radical leaves rosu-
late, sometimes reduced to linear scales ; blade orbicular or reniform,
glandular ; petiole short, broad, flat. Cauline leaves alternate, on
longer filiform petioles, peltate; blade tin. diam., broadly lunate,
the two angles with glandular-ciliate appendages, margins fringed
with long glandular hairs. Flowers +-4in. diam., pink, in terminal
3-8-flowered racemes. Sepals 5, oblong, entire or minutely toothed.
Petals twice as long as the sepals, obovate or obcordate. Styles 3,
divided to below the middle into numerous dichotomous lobes.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 21; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 64; Benth. Fi.
Austral. 1. 465; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 146. D. circinervia, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 314. D. stylosa, Col. l.c. xxviii.
(1896) 593.

NorruH anp SoutH Isuanps: Abundant as far south as Banks Peninsula.
Sea-level to 1500 ft. ‘November—January. Also plentiful in Australia and.
Tasmania.

OrnpER XXVII. HALORAGEA.

Herbs, often aquatic, rarely undershrubs. Leaves opposite,
alternate, or whorled, when submerged often pectinately pinnatifid ;
stipules wanting. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, always
small and often incomplete. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; lobes
2,4, or wanting. Petals 2, 4, or wanting, valvate or slightly imbri-
cate. Stamens 2 or 4-8, rarely 1 or 3, large, epigynous; filaments
short, filiform; anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, compressed,
angled or ribbed, rarely 2-4-winged, 2- or 4-celled, rarely 3-celled ;
styles 1-4, distinct ; stigmas papillose or plumose ; ovules as many
as the styles, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit small, dry or succu-
lent, 1-4-celled, indehiscent or separating into 1-4 indehiscent
carpels. Seeds solitary in the cells, pendulous; albumen fleshy,
usually copious ; embryo cylindrical, axile.

A small order of mostly inconspicuous plants, many of them water-weeds.
Genera 8 or 9; species from 80 to 90. I have followed Hooker and Bentham in
keeping Callitriche in this order, but it must be admitted that it has equal
claims to be placed among the Monochlamydee. Of the 4 New Zealand
genera, Haloragis is mainly Australian, but extends northwards as far as Japan ;
Myriophyllum and Callitriche are almost of world-wide occurrence ; while
Gunnera belongs to the south temperate zone.

Terrestrial. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 4-8. Petals val-
vate. Fruit nut-like, undivided as or

Aquatic. Calyx-lobes obscure. Stamens 4-8. Petals im-
bricate. Fruit separating into 2-4 nut-like carpels

Subaquatic or terrestrial. Stamens usually 2. Fruit a
j-seeded drupe a Gs sn .

Aquatic or subaquatic. Stamen1. Styles2. Seeds 4

1. Hatoraais.
. MyriopHyLLum..

2
3. GUNNERA.
4, CALLITRICHE.

148 HALORAGEZ. | [Haloragis.

1. HALORAGIS, Forst.

Erect or procumbent branching wiry herbs, sometimes almost
woody at the base. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire or toothed
or lobed. Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite, minute, axillary,
solitary or clustered, often spicate or racemose. Calyx-tube 4-8-
angled or winged; lobes 4, erect, persistent. Petals 4, cucullate,
acute, coriaceous, often wanting in the female flowers. Stamens
4-8, filaments usually short. Ovary 2—4-celled; ovules solitary in
each cell, pendulous; styles short. stigmas usually plumose in the
female flowers. Fruit a small dry 2—4-celled 2-4-seeded nut, some-
times 1-celled and 1-seeded by abortion; the adnate calyx-tube
either smooth, ribbed, or muricate.

About 50 species are known, mostly from Australia, but a few are also found
in New Caledonia, eastern Asia, and temperate South America (Juan Fer-

nandez). Four of the New Zealand species occur in Australia, and one in the
island of Juan Fernandez as well.

Leaves large, lanceolate or Toe 1-3in. Flowers

crowded, drooping . Bis -. 1. A. alata.
Leaves small, t-#in., floral ones alternate. Flowers erect,

spicate. Fruit 4-8-costate, rugose or tuberculate be-

tween the ribs a, oc .. 2. H. tetragyna.
Leaves small, ;,-3in., floral ones opposite. Flowers erect,

spicate or solitary. Fruit 4—8-costate, smooth between

the ribs... 3. H. depressa.
Leaves small, 4-2 in. ‘Flowers in terminal panicles. Fruit
4-8- costate, smooth between the ribs.. .. 4. H. spicata.
Leaves small, 2-4in. Flowers drooping, in naked spikes.
Fruit 8-costate, smooth between the ribs se .. 5. H. micrantha.

1. H. alata, Jacq. Misc. 11. 332.—A coarse erect or suberect
branching herb 1-3ft. high; stems sharply 4-angled, minutely
scabrid. Leaves opposite, petiolate, very variable in size, $—-3in.
long, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, coarsely and sharply serrate,
acute or acuminate. Flowers minute, solitary or clustered, in
leafy racemes terminating the branches; pedicels short, curved,
drooping. Calyx-ttbe 4-angied ; lobes small, broad. Petals oe
as long as the calyx-lobes. Stamens 8. Fruit rather small, 45 in.
long, ovoid, with 4 ribs more or less dilated into wings; inter-
spaces smooth or rugose.—Forst. Prodr. n. 180; Hook. f. #l. Nov.
Gel. i. 62; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 65; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 479; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 148. Cercodia erecta, Murr. in Comm. Gotting. iii.
(1780) 8, t. 1. C. alternifolia, d. Cunn. Precur. n. 527.

Var. cartilaginea.—Shorter and stouter. Leaves 4-3? in., broadly ovate,
obtuse or subacute, coarsely serrate, very coriaceous, margins cartilaginous.

Fruit conspicuously rugose.—H. cartilaginea, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxix (1897) 390.

KermapEc Isnanps, NortH aNnp SourH Isnanps, STEWART ISLAND:
Abundant, especially in lowland districts. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Toatoa.
November—January. Also in south-eastern Australia and the island of Juan
Fernandez. Var. cartilaginea: Cliffs at the North Cape, 7’. F. C.

Haloragis. | HALORAGES. 149

2. H. tetragyna, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 62.—A rigid and
wiry much-branched herb 6-15 in. high, usually scabrid with white
appressed hairs; stems prostrate or decumbent at the base, erect or
ascending above, tetragonous. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled,
13 in. long, elliptical-ovate or oblong to lanceolate, acute, sharply
serrate, coriaceous; floral leaves or bracts usually alternate.
Flowers minute, sessile or nearly so, solitary in the axils of the
floral leaves, forming slender leafy terminal spikes, which are some-
times branched and paniculate. Stamens 8. Styles 4; stigmas
plumose. Fruit ;4in., broadly ovoid, 4—8-costate, transversely
rugose or muricate.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 65; Benth. Fl. Austral, ii.
484; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 148. Goniocarpus tetragynus, Labill. Pl.
Nov. Holl. 39, t. 58. A. Cunn. Precwr. n. 529. Cercodia incana,
A. Cunn, lc. n. 528.

Var. diffusa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 65.— Stems slender, spreading,
prostrate. Leaves 4-3in., broader and more obtuse, with fewer teeth.

NortH anp SourH Isnanps, Stewart Is~tAnp: The typical form confined
to the district between the North Cape and the Bay of Islands. Var. diffusa
abundant throughout the Islands. The species is widely distributed in Austra-
lia, and is also found in China and Malaya, and in the Khasia Mountains of
India.

3. H. depressa, Walp. Rep. ii. 99.—A small slender wiry
much-branched herb 1-5in. high, usually seabrid with short
white hairs; rhizomes slender, creeping, often much branched ;
stems prostrate or suberect, tetragonous. Leaves opposite, ses-
sile or nearly so, +-4in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, sometimes
almost cordate, subacute, with 1-4 deep and narrow serratures
on each side, coriaceous, margins strongly cartilaginous; floral
leaves similar but smaller, usually all opposite. Flowers minute,
sessile, axillary and solitary, forming short terminal spikes. Fruit
7 i. long, 4-angled, 4—8-costate ; interspaces smooth and shining,
not tuberculate.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 63; Handb. N.Z. Hil. 65;
Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 485; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 148. H. bibracteo-
lata, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 462. Gonicarpus de-
pressus, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 531.

Var. aggregata, Kirk, lI.c. 149.— Flowers clustered at the tips of the
branches, forming small heads.—H. aggregata, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv.
(1872) 224, t. 13.

Var. serpyllifolia, Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 485.— Stems 1-4 in., usually
creeping and matted, often forming a dense sward. Leaves ,-tin., narrow-
ovate to lanceolate, acute at both ends. Flowers fewer, often solitary on the
branches. Fruit smaller.—H. uniflora, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877)
548. Gonicarpus serpyllifolius and G. vernicosus, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 290, 311.

North snp Sour Istanps, Stewart Isnanp: Abundant throughout,
ascending to nearly 4000 ft. Also in Victoria and Tasmania.

A very variable plant. Some forms approach very close to H. tetragyna,
but usually it can be easily separated from that species by the opposite flowers
and the smooth interspaces of the fruit.

150 HALORAGEX. [Haloragis.

4. H. spicata, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 325.—
A slender erect or ascending sparingly branched herb 4—10in.
high, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves few, opposite, shortly pe-
tioled, 4-2 in. long, ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or subacute, coria-
ceous, serrate, pubescent. Flowers in slender terminal branched
panicles, sessile in the axils of minute opposite or alternate bracts ;
terminal 1-3 flowers female; lower flowers apparently all male,
but many of the bracts empty in my specimens. Calyx-lobes 4,
triangular. Anthers 4; filaments short. Stigmas plumose. Fruit
75 in. long, 4-angled; interspaces smooth or slightly wrinkled.—
Kirk, Students’ F'l. 149.

SourH Isnanp: Otago—North end of Lake Hawea, altitude 1100 ft.,
Petrie !

A very curious plant, agreeing with H. depressa in the leaves and fruit, but

differing widely in the paniculate inflorescence. I suspect that it will prove to
be an abnormal state of H. depressa.

5. H. micrantha, &. Br. ex Sieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. i. 25.—
A tufted much-branched procumbent or ascending herb 2-6 in.
high; stems and branches slender, wiry, glabrous or slightly
scaberulous. Leaves opposite, very shortly petioled, 1+in. diam.,
broadly ovate or almost orbicular, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous,
crenate-serrate, the crenatures broad and rounded. Flowers
minute, drooping, in slender almost filiform racemes terminating
the branchlets ; pedicels very short. Petals 4, more than twice as
long as the triangular calyx-lobes. Fruit j,in. long, broadly ob-
long, 8-costate, interspaces smooth and shining.—Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 66; Benth. Fl. Austral. 11. 482; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 149.
H. tenella, Brong. in Duper. Voy. Coq. Bot. t. 68, f. 6; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 63. H. minima, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886)
959. Gonicarpus citriodorus, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 530.

NorrH anp SoutH Istanps, Stewart Is~tAND: Abundant from the North’
Cape southwards. Sea-level to 3500 ft. November—January.

Extends through Australia and Malaya to the Himalayas, China, and
Japan. All the fruits that I have examined are 1-seeded by abortion.

9, MYRIOPHYLLUM, Lim.

Glabrous marsh or aquatic herbs, branches often floating.
Leaves opposite, alternate, or whorled, the lower leaves when sub-
merged often pinnately divided with capillary segments. Flowers
usually moneecious, axillary, solitary or spiked. Males: Calyx-
tube very short; limb 4- or rarely 2-lobed or wanting. Petals 2-4,
concave. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Females: Calyx-tube deeply
4-erooved; limb wanting, or of 4 minute subulate lobes. Petals
minute or wanting. Ovary inferior, 4- or rarely 2-celled; styles 4
or 2, usually recurved or plumose; ovules solitary in each cell.
Fruit deeply 4-furrowed, usually separating into 4 dry indehiscent
1-seeded nuts.

Myriophyllum.| HALORAGES. 151

A widely distributed genus of from 15 to 20 species, found in fresh waters
in nearly all parts of the world. One of the New Zealand species is endemic,
the rest extend to Australia, and one to South America as well.

Leaves whorled ; Jower pectinately pinnatifid, with capil-

lary segments ; upper oblong, entire 1. M. elatinoides.
Leaves whorled ; lower pectinately pinnatifid, with capil-

lary segments ; upper linear, entire or serrate 2. M. intermediun.
Leaves whorled, all pectinately pinnatifid. Nuts large,

tubercled 3. M. robustum.
Minute, 1-3 in. All the leaves opposite, minute, linear-

spathulate, entire . Mi ot -. 4. M. pedunculatum.

1. M. elatinoides, Gaud. in Ann. Scr. Nat. Ser. i. 5 (1825) 105.
—Forming dense masses in still waters. Stems slender, 6in. to 3it.
long according to the depth of the water. Submerged leaves in
whorls of 4, rarely more, deeply pectinately pinnatifid, the segments
capillary ; the upper emerged or floral leaves in whorls of 4 or 3,
sometimes opposite, much smaller, +-tin. long, ovate or oblong
to broadly lanceolate, sessile, obtuse, entire or the lower slightly
toothed. Male flowers: Calyx-lobes very minute. Petals 4, ob-
long. Stamens 8. Females: Calyx-lobes and petals apparently
wanting. Nuts 4, small, oblong, smooth.—Hook. f. Hl. Nov. Zel. 1.
63; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 66; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 487; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fil. 150.

NortH Aanp SoutH IsLANpDs, STEWART ISLAND: Common in rivers and
lakes from the Auckland Isthmus southwards, ascending to 3500 ft. Novem-
ber—February. Also in Australia and extra-tropical South America.

Subalpine specimens are stouter, with less delicate and more closely set
submerged leaves, and the nuts are rather larger.

2. M. intermedium, D.C. Prodr. in. 69. — Very variable in
habit: in lakes and rivers forming masses of floating stems 1—4 ft.
long, with numerous submerged leaves ; in wet ground sometimes
only an inch or two high, with the leaves all linear and entire.
Leaves in whorls of 3-8, usually 4-5; submerged leaves deeply
and finely pectinately pinnatifid, segments capillary; upper
emerged or floral leaves much smaller, 14in. long, lanceolate
and inciso-pinnatifid to narrow-linear and quite entire. Male
flowers: Calyx-lobes evident. Petals white. Stamens 8. Female
flowers: Calx-lobes and petals apparently wanting. Nuts 4, very
small, linear-oblong, usually minutely scabrid or almost Schinate.
rarely quite smooth.—M. variefolium, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 289; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 64; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 66; Benth. F1.
Austral. ii. 487; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 150. M. propinquum, A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 532.

NortH anp SoutH Isntanps, Stewart Isuanp: Abundant in lakes and

streams, wet swamps, &c., from the North Cape southwards, ascending to
3000 ft. December—March. Also in Australia, Malaya, and India.

3. M. robustum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 67.—Stems stout,
erect, branched at the base, 6in. to 2 ft. high, rarely more. Leaves

152 HALORAGEZ.. [Myriophyllum.

usually 5 in a whorl, 1-2 in. long, all deeply pectinately pinnatifid ;.
upper rather coarse, usually crowded and overlapping ; submerged
leaves not often seen, when present with longer capillary segments.
Flowers rather large, 1-1 in. long, solitary or rarely in pairs in the
axils of the floral leaves, with a pair of minute laciniate bracts at
the base of each. Calyx-lobes present in both sexes, deltoid,
jagged. Petals in the males only, linear-oblong. Stamens 8.
Stigmas usually 4, plumose. Nuts 4, ¢in. long, laterally com-
pressed, usually with a single or double row of tubercles down the
back, but sometimes smooth and rounded.—Kirk, Students’ Fl.
151. M. variefolium var. b, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 64.

NorruH Isuanp: In swamps from Ahipara to the Upper Waikato, but often
local; apparently rare further south. Hawke’s Bay, Colenso! Mungaroa,
Wellington, Kirk! Souru Isnranp: Awatere, Kirk ! Moutere, Nelson, 7. #’. C. ;
near Westport, Townson! Hokitika, Tipler. December—February.

This is seldom found in lakes or streams, and is a marsh plant rather than
a true aquatic. It often covers large stretches in swamps that are quite dry in
summer.

4. M. pedunculatum, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. 1. 123, t. 23B.—
Stems short, simple or sparingly branched, tufted, 1-3 in. high,
usually forming broad matted patches. Leaves opposite, minute,
4-1 in. long, linear or linear-spathulate, quite entire, rather fleshy.
Flowers minute, usually dicecious ; males shortly stalked or sessile ;
females sessile; bracts 2 at the base of each flower, minute, linear.
Calyx-lobes 4, very minute. Petals 4, wanting in the female
flowers. Stamens 8. Stigmas 4, plumose, recurved. Carpels 4,
small, oblong, minutely rugose.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 67; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fl. 151.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps, SrEwart Isutanp: From Cape Maria van
Diemen southwards, but far from common. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Decem-
ber—February. Also in Australia and Tasmania.

M. verrucosum, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austral.; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 488,
is included by Mr. Kirk in the ‘‘ Students’ Flora” as a native of New Zea-
land, on the authority of specimens gathered by himself near Tauranga Harbour.
These are very imperfect, having no flowers and few withered fruits; but, having
compared them with authentic examples of M. verrucoswm from Australia, I can
state definitely that they are not referable to that species. They only differ
from M. intermediwm in the upper leaves being pinnatifid, and until more
complete specimens are obtained are best considered as a form of that plant.

3. GUNNERA, Linn.

Stemless herbs with creeping rhizomes, often forming broad
matted patches. Leaves all radical, petiolate, ovate- or rounded-
cordate, coriaceous and fleshy. Flowers small, unisexual or rarely
hermaphrodite, in simple or branched spikes or panicles. Male
flowers: Calyx-tube imperfect or wanting; lobes 2-3, minute.
Petals 2-3 or wanting. Stamens 2-3; filaments filiform; anthers
large. Females: Calyx-tube ovoid; lobes 2-3, small. Petals 2-3

Gunnera. | HALORAGES. 153

or wanting. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2, rarely 4, linear, papillose,
stigmatic from the base; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit a small
fleshy or coriaceous drupe; seed adherent to the pericarp; embryo
very minute.

From 20 to 25 species are known, nearly half of them being endemic in
New Zealand. The remainder are chiefly found in America, ranging from
Mexico to Chili, Juan Fernandez, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands. There are
also outlying species in South Africa, Java, Tasmania, and the Sandwich
Islands.

The New Zealand species of Gwnnera are very imperfectly understood, and
are much in need of a thorough revision, which should be based as far as
possible upon a study of the various forms in a living state. The following
account, although as complete as the material at my command will permit, is
‘deficient in many respects, and I have been compelled to omit all notice of
several doubtful plants from inability to refer them to their proper places until
more complete specimens are obtained. The student should be careful to gather
his flowering and fruiting specimens in the same locality, and if possible from
the same patch, the similarity between the foliage of several of the species
making it difficult to be sure that the specimens are properly matched unless
this is done. It is also much to be desired that a regular series of specimens,
both flowering and fruiting, should be taken at fixed intervals during the season,
there being reason to suppose that both inflorescence and fruit exhibit differences
at different periods of the year.

* Scapes bisexual; female flowers at the base.

Leaves coriaceous, orbicular or reniform, crenate-dentate,
often 3-5-lobed Al of
Leaves rather thin, ovate or ovate- cordate ae ihe

7. monorwca.

. G. microcarpa.

bo ee

** Scapes unisexual.

Slender, 1-4in. Leaves ovate or ovate-cordate. Fruiting
scape red, exceeding the leaves. peenes obconic, Bins
red or yellow ar 3.

Tall and stout, sometimes 12in, high. Leaves ovate or
oblong. Fruiting scape equalling the leaves or longer.
Drupe obconic, 4in., red... 4. G. prorepens.

Leaves orbicular- cordate, sharply and. minutely toothed.
Scapes shorter than the leaves. Drupes ;4,in., oblong

Leaves narrow-ovate to lanceolate, acute, cuneate at the
base, coarsely dentate

Leaves thick and fleshy, broadly ovate, obtuse, cuneate at
the base, crenate-lobed Be

Very stout ‘and coriaceous. Leaves deltoid- ovate, » minutely
toothed, cuneate at the base . G. Hamilton.

1. G. monoica, Raoul in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. ii. 2 (1844) 117.—
A slender herb with numerous creeping rhizomes and tufts of radical
leaves, often forming broad matted patches, glabrous or sparsely
covered with short white hairs, especially on the petioles and nerves
of the leaves. Leaves 4-lin. diam., orbicular or reniform, cor-
date or truncate at the base, obscurely 3-5-lobed and crenate, or
crenate alone; petioles 1-3in. long. Panicle very slender, 1—d in.
long, usually longer than the leaves. Male flowers occupying the
upper three- quarters of the panicle, sessile or shortly pedicelled ;
each flower consisting of 2 stamens arising from between 2 minute

Q

. flavida.

(ep)

. densiflora.
G. dentata.

G. arenaria.

Cops tr Sa BO

154 HALORAGEA. [Gunnera.

sepals, and with 1 or 2 ciliate bracts at the base of the pedicel.
Females crowded at the base of the panicle. Calyx-lobes 2, linear,
acute. Styles 2, very long. Fruit minute, 4, in. diam., globose or
broadly ovoid, fleshy or coriaceous, red or white.—Raoul, Choia,
t. 8; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 65; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 67; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fl. 152.

Var. strigosa, Kirk, 1.c.—More or less clothed with copious strigose hairs,
sometimes almost hoary.—G. strigosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 322.
Hardly deserves varietal rank.

Var. ramulosa, Kirk, l.c.—Branches stout, much branched, clothed with
the bases of the old leaves. Panicles much divided; branches often long.
Flowers crowded. Fruit not known.

Var. albocarpa, Kirk, l.c.—Larger and stouter; rhizome sometimes as
thick as a goose-quill. Leaves larger, sometimes 13in. diam. Panicles 3-6in.,
much branched; branches long. Fruit globose, white, tipped with the black
calyx lobes.

North and SoutH Isntanps, SreEwart Is~anp, CHaTHAM ISLANDS:
Abundant in moist places from Mongonui southwards. Sea-level to 3500 ft.
November—January.

The chief distinguishing characters of this species are the broad reniform
or orbicular-cordate leaves, very slender bisexual panicles, and minute globose
drupe. But specimens possessing these characters differ from one another
considerably in size, cutting of the leaves, size of the panicle and extent to
which it is divided, and the size and colour of the fruit; and I suspect that
a careful study of these forms in the field will result in the species being split
up into two or more.

2. G. microcarpa, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
348.—Rhizomes slender, creeping. Leaves tufted, 2-4in. long;
petiole slender, hairy or strigose ; blade about 1in. long, broadly
ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, crenate or crenate-lobed, both sur-
faces with scattered white hairs. Peduncles very slender, exceed-
ing the leaves, 1-5 in. long, usually much branched below, rarely
simple ; upper two-thirds or more male, lower one-third female.
Male flowers sessile on the branches or very shortly pedicelled,
each with 2 narrow concave deciduous bracts. Sepals 2, minute,
linear. Stamens 2; filaments often as long as the small broadly
oblong obtuse anthers. Female flowers: Calyx-lobes 2, minute.
Styles very long and slender, filiform. Persistent fruiting portion
of the peduncle shorter than the leaves, often inclined. Drupes
small, sessile, ovoid-globose, red or yellow, about ;4,in. long.—
Students’ Fl. 153. G. mixta, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 152. G. ovata,
Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 274 (in part).

SoutH Isntanp: Otago and Southland, not uncommon, 7’. Waugh! Petrie!
B. C. Aston! December—January.

Mr. Kirk’s type specimens of G. microcarpa are in fruit only, and are few in
number and otherwise imperfect. His G. mixta is based upon flowering speci-
mens, to which the tall slender inflorescence gives a somewhat distinct appear-
ance, althouzh the leaves are identical. But the fine series of specimens in all
stages of flower and fruit preserved in Mr. Petrie’s herbarium prove beyond
doubt that both are one and the same species. Its dist mguisbing characters are

Gunnera.} HALORAGE. 155

the tall slender lax-flowered usually branched flowering-stems, the upper part
of which is male and the lower female; the small broad anthers, on rather long
filaments; and the small almost globose drupe. It is probably a widely dis-
tributed plant.

3. G. flavida, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1886) 260.—
Rhizome creeping, slender. Leaves 14-3 in. long; petiole slender,
glabrous or sparingly clothed with short white hairs; blade $-1in.
long, ovate or elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, cordate or
rounded or truncate at the base, finely crenate or sinuate-crenate
or almost entire, rather membranous, glabrous or slightly hairy.
Spikes unisexual. Males 1-3in. long, rather slender; flowers lax
or close together, on very short unbranched pedicels ; each pedicel
with a linear bract near the base, and 2 linear-cucullate deci-
duous bracteoles just under the flower. Sepals 2, small, narrow-
linear. Stamens 2; filaments very short, almost wanting; anthers
broadly ovate, apiculate. Femaie peduncles }-lin. long in the
flowering stage; flowers crowded. Calyx-teeth 2, short. Styles 2,
long. Fruiting peduncles 1-4in. long, overtopping the leaves.
Drupes $in., spreading, obconic, sessile or shortly pedicelled, red
or pale-yellow.—AKirk, Students’ Fl. 153. G. ovata, Petrie in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 274 (in part).

Nortu Istanp: Upper Waikato and Taupo, 7. #'. C.; between Taupo and
Napier, Hill! Petrie! Sour Istanp: Abundant in Otago and Southland,

Buchanan ! Petrie! Kirk! Hamilton! Sea-level to 3000 ft. December—
January.

A comparison of a type specimen from Mr. Colenso with the types of Petrie’s
G. ovata prove that the two species are identical. In foliage it greatly re-
sembles G. microcarpa, but the slender branched moneecious inflorescence of
that species, together with the minute globose drupes, are altogether different
from the short unisexual unbranched spikes of G. flavida, with their larger
obconie fruit. G. »rorepens only differs in the much larger size, and the two
may prove to be forms of the one plant.

4. G. prorepens, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 66.—A large and stout
species, sometimes 12in. high, although ordinarily less; rhizomes
stout, creeping. Leaves 3-Sin. long; petioles 2-6in., slender, gla-
brous or sparingly pilose; blade 1—2in., ovate or oblong, obtuse,
rounded or cordate at the base, crenulate, glabrous or slightly
hairy. Flowers not seen. Fruiting peduncles usually longer than
the leaves, simple, bearing many sessile lax or densely spiked
drupes, which are tin. long, red, fleshy, obconic or nearly globose,
with an irregular deep furrow at the top from whence the styles
protrude.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 68 (excl. var. b).

NorrH Istanp: In subalpine wet localities, Colenso! SoutH IsLanpD:
West Coast, Lyall.

The only specimens I have seen that I can refer with certainty to this
species are two in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium. Mr. N. BE. Brown has kindly com-
pared one of them with the type at Kew, and informs me that it exactly corre-
sponds. G. flavida does not seem to differ except in the smaller size of all its
parts, and I should not be surprised at the two species proving to be states of
one variable plant.

156 HALORAGEZ. [Gunnera.

5. G. densiflora, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 68.—-Forming broad
matted patches. Rhizome rather stout, branched. Leaves 1-2 in.
long; petioles half the length, strict, villous or glabrescent ;
blade 4-1in. diam., orbicular or broadly ovate-orbicular, cordate
at the base, sharply and minutely toothed, rather coriaceous.
Spikes unisexual; males not seen; females short, concealed among
the leaves. Flowers densely crowded, sessile. Calyx-lobes 2, sub-
ulate, acute. Styles 2, long, spreading. Fruiting spike shorter
than the leaves. Drupes crowded, small, pendulous, jin. long.
— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 154.

SourH Isnanp: Acheron and Clarence Rivers, altitude 4000ft., Tiavers
(Handbook) ; Craigieburn Mountains, Canterbury, Cockayne !

The above description is partly based upon that given in the Handbook,
and partly upon Mr. Cockayne’s specimens, which are the only ones I have seen
that can be referred to the species.

6. G. dentata, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 346.
—Forming extensive patches in watery subalpine localities. Rhi-
zome stout, much branched, clothed with the bases of the cold
leaves. Leaves numerous, densely tufted, 1-3in. long; petioles
long, broad and flat, usually clothed with strigose hairs, sometimes
almost shaggy; blade 4-1 in. long, ovate or elliptic-oblong or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, rounded or cuneate at the base, often narrowed
into the petiole, coarsely dentate, both surfaces with scattered
white hairs or almost glabrous. Spikes unisexual. Males slender,
about equalling the leaves; flowers sessile or nearly so, each with
a pair of deciduous hood-shaped bracts. Sepals 2, minute, linear.
Anthers broadly oblong. Female spikes very short, hidden at the
base of the leaves; flowers densely crowded. Calyx-lobes 2, linear.
Styles 2, very long, flattened at the base. Fruiting spikes some-
times elongated and exceeding the leaves, sometimes short and
sessile among the leaves. Drupes sessile or nearly so, clavate,
spreading or pendulous, #,in. long.—Students’ Fl. 154. G. pro-
repens var. b, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 68.

Norrn Istanp: Colenso (Handbook); Taupo, Petrie! Sourn Istanp:

Subalpine localities from Nelson to Southland, but often local. 1000-3500 ft.
December—February.

A distinct species, easily recognised by the narrow ovate or elliptic-oblong
acute leaves, which are often cuneate at the base, and coarsely dentate.

7. G. arenaria, Cheesm. ex T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst, xxvii.
(1895) 348.—A stout much-branched prostrate and matted herb,
forming extensive patches in damp sandy soil; rhizome stout,
clothed with the ragged bases of the old Jeaves. Leaves 3-24in.
long, thick and coriaceous, alinost fleshy; petioles long, stout,
sheathing at the base, glabrous or with a few scattered flattened
hairs; blade 4-2 in., broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate or oblong, obtuse,
cuneate at the base or truncate or almost cordate, coarsely crenate
or crenate-lobed ; veins prominent beneath. Peduncles variable in

Gunnera. | HALORAGER, 157

size, unisexual; males usually longer than the leaves, stout, 14—3 in.
long. Flowers sessile or nearly so, with 1—2 linear cucullate bracts.
Anthers 2, sessile, broadly oblong. Female peduncles in the flower-
ing stage short and hidden among the leaves. Flowers densely
crowded, forming a short oblong spike. Calyx-lobes 2-3, minute.
Styles long, stout, subulate. Fruiting peduncles either remaining
short and concealed by the leaves, or greatly elongated and exceed-
ing them, 14-3 in. long, in that case becoming stout succulent and
coloured. Drupes 4-1 in. long, fleshy, yellowish-red, clavate and pen-
dulous or obovoid and suberect.—Kirk, Students’ Fl.154. G. densi-
flora, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 346 (not of Hook. f.).
Norrs Isuanp: Sand-dunes on the western coast, from Cape Maria van
Diemen to Port Waikato, 7. F. C., Petrie! R. H. Matthews! H. Carse!
Sourn Isnanp: Nelson—Cape Farewell, Kirk! Canterbury—New Brighton,

Cockayne ; Seventy-mile Beach, Buchanan! Southland—Sandy Point, 17’.
Waugh !

Allied to G. dentata, but easily separated by the stouter and more glabrous
habit, broader rounder and more fleshy obtuse leaves, stouter peduncles, and
larger fruit.

8. G. Hamiltoni, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
347.—A stout coriaceous much-branched plant forming broad
matted patches; rhizomes as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves
numerous, tufted, forming broad flat rosettes 2-4 in. diam., coria-
ceous; petioles broad and flat, almost winged, sheathing at the
base, glabrous or slightly villous; blade 4-lin. long, ovate or
ovate-deltoid, cuneate at the base, acute, closely and minutely
toothed, glabrous; veins prominent below. Spikes unisexual;
males stout; flowers lax, sessile. Female spikes at first hidden
among the leaves; flowers crowded; bracts broadly ovate, laciniate.
Fruiting spikes 2-4 in. long; drupes fleshy, clavate, red.—Students’
Fil, 155.

SourH Isnanp: Hills near the mouth of the Oreti River, Southland,
W. S. Hamilton! Stewart Istanp: Mason Bay, W. Traill.

A very remarkable plant, quite unlike any other, although undoubtedly
allied to G. arenaria. I have only seen very fragmentary flowering specimens.

4. CALLITRICHE, Linn.

Perfectly glabrous slender herbs, usually growing in wet places,
often aquatic. Leaves opposite, linear or obovate-spathulate, quite
entire, the upper ones often crowded or rosulate. Flowers mone-
cious, minute, axillary, solitary or rarely a male and female in the
Same axil, without perianth. Male flowers of a single stamen sub-
tended by two minute bracts; filaments slender, elongated ; anther
2-celled, cells confluent above. Female flowers with or without
the 2 bracts. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked, 4-celled; ovules
solitary in each cell; styles 2, elongated, stigmatic throughout their
length. Fruit flattened, indehiscent, 4-lobed and 4-celled, ulti-
mately separating into 4 1-seeded carpels.

158 HALORAGES. [Callitriche.

A genus of very doubtful affinity, now often placed in the vicinity of the
EHuphorbiacee. The species are estimated at from 1 or 2 to 20 or 30, according
to the different views of authors.

Fruits not winged, edges almost obtuse, groove between the

carpels shallow AX ae 5: Se .- 1. C. antarctica.
Fruits slightly winged, edges sharply keeled, groove

between the carpels rather shallow .. - 2. C. verna.
Fruits broadly winged, wings Paley groove between the

carpels deep a : a 5: -. 38. C. Muellert.

Fe ba antarctica, Lingelm. ex Hegelm. in Verh. Bot. Ver. Bran-
denb. (1867) 20.— Stems creeping and rooting, rather stout,
apeenleet densely matted, 2-6in. long. Leaves. fleshy, 4-4 in.
long, narrow obovate-spathulate or oblong-spathulate, rounded at
the tip, narrowed into a rather long petiole. Fruit sessile, broadly
oblong or almost orbicular, somewhat turgid, not winged, the
edges subacute or almost obtuse, separated by a shallow groove, so
that each pair of lobes is united by almost three-quarters of their
faces. — Kidder in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. 23; Kirk, Students’ Fl.
156. OC. verna, var. b terrestris, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 11.

THE SNARES, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES ISLAND,
Macquarie Istanp: Not uncommon on damp soil. Also found on Kerguelen
Island, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia.

2. C. verna, Linn. Fl. Suec. ii. n. 3.—Usually floating in still
water. Stems slender, sparingly branched, 3-12in. long. Leaves
4-3in. long, linear-spathulate or oblong-spathulate or obovate,
rounded or retuse at the tip, very thin and membranous. Fruit
sessile, rather longer than broad, subcordate, somewhat convex,
edges shortly and acutely keeled, groove between the lobes rather
shallow.—Hook. 7. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 64; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 68 (in
part); Kirk, Students’ Fl. 156.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon in streams and lakes through-
out. An abundant plant in many temperate countries.

3. C. Muelleri, Sond. in Linnea xxvii. (1886) 229.— Stems
filiform, 2-9in. long, much branched and interlaced, forming broad
matted patches on damp soil. Leaves obovate-rhomboid or
broadly obovate-spathulate, cuneate at the base, suddenly narrowed
into a distinct petiole. Fruit orbicular- obcordate, often broader
than long, flattened, margins expanded into a broad pale wing,
groove between the lobes deep. —Kirk, Students’ Fl. 156. C. yerna
var. b, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel i. 64, C. macropteryx, Hegelm.
Monog. Callit. 59, t. iv. f. 2. C. microphylla, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xx. (1888) 190.

KermapgEc Is~tanps, NortH AnD SoutrH Istanps, Stewart IsLanp,
CHaTHAM Is~tANDS: Common from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level
to 2500 ft. Also in Australia.

Callitriche. | HALORAGES. 159

There seem to be two forms of this—one with a broad wing occupying a
third of the whole width of the fruit, the other with a much narrower wing.
The last-mentioned form was referred by Mr. Kirk to C. obtwsangula, Hegelm,
Monog. Callit. 54, t. 3, £. 3, but this determination is clearly erroneous, the true
obtusangula having rounded angles to the fruit, which is not at all winged.

Orper XXVIIL MYRTACEA.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves opposite, more
rarely alternate or whorled, simple and entire, usually dotted with
pellucid oil-glands and with a vein running parallel to the margin.
Stipules generally absent. Flowers regular, usually hermaphrodite,
solitary and axillary, or in axillary or terminal cymes panicles or
racemes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary up to the insertion
of the stamens, limb 4-5 or many-cleft or -partite, persistent or
deciduous, imbricate or valvate, sometimes entire or closed in bua.
Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, rarely wanting, inserted
on a disc lining the calyx-tube. Stamens usually numerous,
inserted on the disc with the petals; filaments free or connate at
the base or united into separate bundles; anthers small, roundish.
Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, crowned by a fleshy disc, some-
times 1-celled with 1 or few ovules, more often 2- to many-celled
with numerous ovules ; style simple; stigma capitate. Fruit either
crowned by the persistent calyx-limb or marked by its scar when
deciduous, usually a capsule loculicidally dehiscing into as many
valves as cells, or a l- to many-seeded berry, more rarely dry and
indehiscent. Seeds angular or compressed or cylindrical ; albumen
usually wanting.

A very large and distinct order, readily recognised by the opposite exstipulate
entire leaves, furnished with a marginal vein, and filled with transparent oil-
glands. Thespecies are mainly tropical or subtropical ; most abundant in South
America and Australia, much less common in Asia and Africa ; more frequent
in the south temperate zone than in the north, where they are decidedly rare.
Genera about 80; species probably not exceeding 1800. The order includes
many plants of economic importance. Some produce valuable spices, as cloves,
allspice; or edible fruits, as the guava, the rose-apple, brazil-nuts, &c.; others
yield aromatic essential oils, as eucalyptus, cajeput, &c. The bark of most of
the species is more or less astringent. Some of the species of Hucalyptus attain
a height of over 400ft., being probably the tallest trees in the world. Of the four
New Zealand genera, Leptospermuwm extends through Australia as far as the
Malay Archipelago; Metrosideros occurs in the Pacific and Malayan Islands,

Australia, and South Africa; Hugenia is mainly tropical; and Myrtus mostly
American.

* Fruit capsular.

Leaves small, alternate. Flowers solitary or fascicled .. 1. LeprospERMUM.
Leaves larger, opposite. Flowers usually handsome,

cymose 2. METROSIDEROS.

** Fruit a berry.
Flowers usually solitary. Embryo curved, with a long
radicle .. * St He ete .. 3. Myrrus.
Flowers cymose. Embryo thick and fleshy, radicle short 4. HuGEnta.

160 MYRTACER. [Leptospermum.

1. LEPTOSPERMUM, Forst.

Shrubs or small trees, glabrous or silky-pubescent. Leaves
small, alternate, entire. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, axillary
or at the ends of the branchlets, often polygamous. Calyx-tube
campanulate or turbinate, adnate to the ovary below; lobes 5.
Petals 5, spreading. Stamens numerous, free, in a single series ;
anthers versatile. Ovary inferior or half-superior, enclosed in the
calyx-tube, 5- or more-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style filiform ;
stigma capitate or peltate. Capsule woody or coriaceous, exceed-
ing the calyx-tube or altogether included in it, opening loculicidally
at the top. Seeds numerous in each cell, but most of them sterile,
pendulous, linear or angular.

A genus of about 28 species, almost wholly Australian; a few only in New

Zealand, New Caledonia, and the Malay Archipelago. One of the New Zealand
species is also found in Australia, the remaining two are endemic.

Leaves pungent. Flowers 4-4in. diam., solitary. Calyx-

lobes deciduous. Capsule half- exsertied 1. L. scoparium.
Leaves not pungent. Flowers in. diam., usually fas-

cicled. Calyx-lobes persistent. Capsule included in

the calyx-tube fe ie .. 2. D. ericoides.
Leaves not pungent, white with silky hairs. Flowers din.

diam. Calyx-lobes persistent. Capsule deeply sunk

within the calyx-tube oe af =f .. 38. DL. Sinclairu.

1 L. scoparium, Forst. Char. Gen. 72, t. 36.—A shrub or small
tree, extremely variable in size, usually 6-18 ft. high, but sometimes
dwarfed to a foot or two, occasionally reaching 20-25 ft. with a
trunk 12-18 in. diam. ; branches fastigiate or spreading ; branchlets
and young leaves silky. Leaves 4-4in. long, variable in shape,
linear or linear-lanceolate to broadly ovate, sessile, rigid, concave,
acute and pungent-pointed, veinless, dotted, erect or spreading,
rarely recurved. Flowers sessile, solitary, axillary or terminating
the branchlets, +4in. diam. Calyx-tube broadly turbinate; lobes
orbicular, deciduous. Petals orbicular, slightly clawed. Capsule
woody, persistent, half sunk in the calyx-tube, which forms a rim
round it, the free portion 5-valved.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 337;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 553; Raoul, Choix, 49; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
4el.i. 69; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 69; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 117; Students’
le LO.
oe Var. linifolium, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 69.—Leaves narrow linear-lanceo-
ate.

Var. myrtifolium, Hook. f. l.c.— Leaves ovate, spreading or recurved.

Var. parvum, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 158.—1-3 ft. high. Leaves 4in. long,
ovate, spreading. Flowers smaller, 4—-}in.

Var. prostratum, Hook. f. l.c.—Small, often prostrate, branches ascending
at the tips. Leaves ovate or almost orbicular, recurved. A mountain form.

Norru anp SourH Isnanps, Stewart IsLanp, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abund
ant throughout, ascending to 3500 ft. Manuka ; Tea-tree. October—April.
Also plentiful in Australia and Tasmania.

_Leptospermum. | MYRTACEE. 161

Too well known to need comment here. The wood is dark-red, hard and
durable, and is applied to a variety of purposes, but can seldom be obtained of
large size. An infusion of the leaves has been used in the place of tea.

2. L. ericoides, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 338.—A shrub or tree
20-60 ft. high, with a trunk 1-3ft. diam.; bark loose, papery ;
branchlets slender, glabrous or the younger sparingly silky.
Leaves fascicled or alternate, 44 in. long, very narrow-linear or
linear-lanceolate, sometimes narrow linear-spathulate, acute but
not pungent, concave, veinless, dotted, glabrous or slightly silky ;
margins often ciliate when young. Flowers $—+in. diam., axillary,
solitary or fascicled, usually produced in great profusion ; pedicels
short, glabrous or silky. Calyx-tube turbinate; lobes ovate, acute,
persistent. Petals orbicular, shortly clawed. Capsule small, tur-
binate, wholly included within the calyx-tube.—A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 304; Raoul, Choix, 49; Hook. f. Kl. Nov. Zel. i. 70; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 70; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 69; Students’ Fl. 158.

Var. lineatum, Kirk, 1.c.— Smaller and more slender, 2-12 ft. high, usually
more silky. eaves narrower, 4-345 in. broad. Flowers smaller, 4in. diam.

NorrH anp SoutH Istanps: Abundant from the North Cape to the Bluff,
ascending to 3000ft. Var. lineatwm, from the North Cape to the Auckland
Isthmus. Kanuka ; Maru. November—January.

Easily distinguished from the preceding by its greater size, narrower leaves,
smaller flowers, and much smaller capsules, which are entirely included in the
calyx-tube. Wood durable; much used for piles, house-blocks, posts and
rails, &c.

3. L. Sinclairii, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 158.—A sinall prostrate
or suberect shrub 1-5 ft. high; branches spreading; young shoots,
leaves, pedicels, and calyces hoary with appressed silky hairs.
Leaves +-4in. long, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
flat or concave. Flowers larger than in L. ericoides, + in. diam.,
on longer pedicels, often crowded towards the ends of the branch-
lets, forming rounded heads. Calyx-tube narrow-turbinate ; lobes
oblong or ovate, acute or obtuse, persistent. Petals obovate,
clawed. Capsule narrow-turbinate, more deeply sunk within the
calyx-tube than in ZL. ericoides.

NortH Isnanp: Three Kings Islands, 7. #.C.; Great Barrier Island,
Hutton and Kirk ! Sea-level to 1800 ft. November-January.

This is very close to L. ericoides. Its distinguishing characters are the
‘smaller size, broader and flatter silky-hoary leaves, larger flowers, and more
deeply sunk capsules.

2, METROSIDEROS, Banks.

Erect or climbing trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, sometimes
-distichous, coriaceous. Flowers often handsome, white or red or
crimson, usually disposed in terminal cymes or racemes. Calyx-
tube adnate to the base of the ovary, campanulate, turbinate or
urceolate ; lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens very
numerous, much longer than the petals; filaments filiform; anthers

6—FL

162 MYRTACER. [Metrosideros.

versatile. Ovary inferior or half-superior, 3-celled; style filiform ;
stigma small; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule coriaceous, -
altogether enclosed in the persistent calyx-tube or protruding be-
yond it, 3-celled, loculicidally 38-valved or irregularly dehiscent.
Seeds numerous, densely packed, linear; testa membranous.

In addition to the 11 species found in New Zealand, all but one of which are
endemic, there are a few scattered through Polynesia, New Caledonia, Australia,

and the Malay Archipelago, together with an aberrant species in South Africa.
New Zealand is the only country which possesses climbing species.

* Capsule coriaceous or woody, wholly enclosed in the calyx-tube, which is
produced far beyond it, dehiscing irregularly or by 3 apical valves.

Climbing. Leavesobtuse. Calyx glabrous. Capsule large,

4-2 in. ge ae a cs -» JL. M. florida,
Hrect, 30-60 ft. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acu-

minate. Calyx silky. Capsule 4in. vs 2. Me tuerda.
Amuch-branched shrub. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute.

Cymes usually on the old wood below the leaves .. 3. M. Parkinsonit.

** Capsule hardly coriaceous, wholly enclosed in the calyx-tube, which is
produced far beyond it, dehiscing to the base. All climbers.

Leaves decussate, large, 14-3in., acute or acuminate.

Flowers large, white, terminal be .. 4. M. albiflora.
Leaves decussate, smaller, ?-14in., “obtuse. Flowers

crimson .. Ae : te .. 5. M. diffusa.
Leaves distichous, subacute. Branchlets glabrescent.

Flowers always lateral : 3¢ ae .. 6. M. hypericifolia.
Leaves distichous, acuminate. Branchlets pubescent.

Flowers usually terminal .. a ote .. 7. M. Colensoi.

*** Capsule exserted beyond the calyx-tube, the free portion 3-valved.

Erect. Leaves decussate, glabrous, obtuse, 1-14 in. long 8. M. robusta.
Erect. Leaves decussate, white with appressed tomentum

beneath, 2-4 in. long 9. M. tomentosa.
Erect. Leaves decussate, white with appressed tomentum

beneath, 3-2 in. long : .. 10. M. villosa.
Climbing. Leaves distichous, 4-3 in. long. ” Flowers

white At MG ai itd Oo. .. ll. M. scandens.

1. M. florida, Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. (1797) 269.—
Usually a tall woody climber, reaching the tops of lofty trees ;
stems long, cable-like, often 3-6in. diam. ; bark loose, separating
in large flakes. Leaves 14-3 in. long, shortly petioled, elliptic-
oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, olabrous ; midrib stout. Flowers
orange-red, in few- or many-flowered terminal simple or branched
cymes. Calyx obconic or turbinate, glabrous, produced beyond
the ovary. Petals orbicular, yellowish-red. Stamens scarlet, very
numerous, }-1 in. long. Ovary completely adnate with the base of
the calyx-tube, 3- celled. Capsule deeply sunk within the persistent
calyx, and with it forming a woody urceolate 5-ribbed fruit 3-2 in.
long, usually dehiscing by 3 valves ae the calyx.— 4. ” Rich.
Fl. Now. Zel. 333; A. Cunn. Precur. 599; Raoul, Choir, 49;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. 7p {. 60, #, to” Handb NZ. Fil. TO: Rirk: Forest

Metrosideros. | MYRTACE, 163 ,

Fl. t.127; Students’ Fl. 160. M.speciosa, Col.in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxii. (1890) 463. M. aurata, Col. l.c. xxii. (1891) 385. Melaleuca
florida, Forst. Prodr.n. 214. Leptospermum scandens, Forst. Char.
Gen. 72.

NortH anp SourH Istanps: Common from the Three Kings Islands and
the North Cape to Nelson and Marlborough. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Aka.
February—June.

According to Mr. J. W. Hall, the capsules require a whole year to ripen
their seeds. Mr. Colenso’s M. awrata, which is kept up as a variety by Mr.
Kirk, only differs in the yellow flowers. It has been noticed in several districts
from Auckland to Collingwood, but not more than a single specimen has been
found in each locality. It can only be considered an accidental sport.

9. M. lucida, A. ftich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 333.—Usually a tall erect
branching tree 30-60 ft. high, but often dwarfed to a small bush
in subalpine or exposed localities; bark pale, papery; branchlets
and young leaves silky. Leaves 14-3in. long, elliptic-lanceo-
late or lanceolate, acuminate, very coriaceous, pale glossy-green
above, dotted with oil-glands beneath, narrowed into a short stout
petiole. Flowers bright-crimson, in short broad cymes at the ends
of the branches; peduncles and pedicels short, stout, silky. Calyx
obconic, silky; lobes 5, ovate, obtuse. Petals oblong, exceeding
the calyx-lobes. Stamens numerous, lin. long. Ovary sunk in
the calyx-tube, 3-celled. Capsule 4in. long, coriaceous, broadly
urceolate, obscurely 5-ribbed, crowned by the persistent cup-shaped
calyx-limb.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 561; Raoul, Choix, 49; Hook. f.
HE ieu. Ze. i. 67: Handb. N.Z. Fle) 3 Bark, Forest Fl. t./58;,
Students’ Fl. 160. M. umbellata, Cav. Jc. iv. 20, t. 337. Agal-
manthus umbellatus, Homb. & Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zél. 78. Mela-
leuca lucida, Forst. Prodr. n. 216.

NortH Istanp: In hilly or mountain districts from Whangarei and
the Great and Little Barrier Islands southwards, but often local. SoutH

Isuanp, SrewarT IsLanp, AUCKLAND IsLANDS: Abundant throughout. Camp-
BELL IsLAND: Rare. Sea-level to 3500 ft. Mouwntain-rata. December—

January.
Wood extremely strong, hard, heavy, and durable; useful for shipbuilding, &c.

3. M. Parkinsonii, Buch. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 339,
t. 28, f. 2.—A much-branched shrub with straggling often prostrate
branches, or a small tree 20-30 ft. high; trunk seldom more than
6-9 in. diam. Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-
late or elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded at the base,
coriaceous, quite glabrous; petioles very short. Flowers bright-
crimson, usually in dense paniculate cymes springing from the
branches below the leaves, but sometimes terminating the branch-
lets as well. Calyx-tube turbinate, glabrous; lobes 5, ovate,
triangular, obtuse. Stamens lin. long. Ovary sunk in the calyx-
tube, 3-celled. Capsule tin. long, coriaceous, broadly campanu-
late, obscurely 5-ribbed, crowned by the persistent cup-shaped
ealyx-limb.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 160.

164 MYRTACE:. [Metrosideros..

SoutH Is~tanpD: Nelson—Wakamarina Ranges, near Collingwood; Ana-
tori Ranges; Heaphy River, W. S. Hayward! J. Dall! Buller Valley, Nine-
mile Creek, R. J. Kingsley! Mount Rochfort, not uncommon, altitude
1000-2500 ft., W. Townson ! Sea-level to 3000 ft. December—January.

A very handsome plant, which has the most restricted range of any of the-
New Zealand species.

4. M. albiflora, Sol. ex Gertn. Fruct. i. 172, t. 34, f. 11.—A
much-branched woody climber, glabrous in all its parts; branchlets
terete, slender, often drooping. Leaves decussate, 14-34 in. long,
elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate, glossy
above, very coriaceous, narrowed at the base into a short stout
petiole. Flowers white, in terminal much-branched paniculate
cymes; pedicels pubescent. Calyx narrow-campanulate or almost
tubular; lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, persistent. Petals exceeding the
calyx-lobes, white, orbicular. Stamens and style filiform, 4-3 in.
long. Ovary adnate to the base of the calyx, 3-celled. Capsule:
4-tin. long, splitting to the base into 3 valves when mature, urceo-
late, globose and 3-lobed below, crowned by the much narrower
tubular calyx, the lobes of which are sharply reflexed at the top.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 67; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 711; Kirk, Students’
Fl.161. M. diffusa, A. Cunn. Precur.n. 560 (not of Smith); Hook.
Ic. Plant. t. 569.

NortH Istanp: Forests from Mongonui and Hokianga southwards to the-
East Cape, but often local. Ascends to 2800 ft. December-—January.

A very handsome species, easily recognised by the large broad leaves and
large panicles of white flowers.

5. M. diffusa, Sm. im Trans. Linn. Soe. iii. (1797) 268.—A tall
and stout woody climber reaching the tops of the highest trees ;.
young branchlets, inflorescence, and calyces pubescent or setose.
Leaves 3-14 in. long, very shortly petioled, elliptic-oblong or ovate-
oblong or ovate, obtuse or subacute, very coriaceous. Flowers very
abundantly produced, bright-crimson, in terminal or rarely axillary
much-branched cymes. Calyx-tube narrow-oblong, suddenly ex-
panded into a broad cup-shaped limb; lobes 5, broadly oblong, per-
sistent. Petals orbicular, shortly clawed ; margins usually fimbriate
or jagged. Ovary wholly adnate to the base of the calyx-tube.
Capsule in. long, globose, rather coriaceous, 3- or 6-ribbed,.
3-celled, loculicidally dehiscing to the base, crowned by the short
cup-shaped calyx-limb.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 67; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 71; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 161.

Norra Istanp: Not uncommon in forests from Mongonui and Ahipara to-
the East Cape and Taranaki. Sea-level to 2000 ft. September—October.

A most brilliant plant when in full bloom, well worthy of cultivation.

6. M. hypericifolia, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 562.—A climbing”
shrub ; branches slender, spreading, obscurely tetragonous, usually
minutely pubescent. Leaves distichous, }-lin. long, oblong-lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute or apiculate or

Metrosideros. | MYRTACE®. 165:

obtuse, rounded at the base, sessile, rather membranous, glabrous
or slightly silky when young. Flowers small, pink or whitish-
pink, in small latera! few-flowered cymes or racemes; pedicels
slender, glabrous or pubescent. Calyx-tube pyriform, suddenly
expanded into a short and broad cup-shaped limb; lobes 5,
ovate-triangular. Petals orbicular, shortly clawed, exceeding the
calyx-lobes. Stamens slender, 4in. long. Ovary wholly adnate
to the base of the calyx-tube. Capsule small, $-t+in. long, glo-
bose, 3-lobed, crowned by the funnel-shaped calyx-limb, loculici-
dally 3-valved to the base.—Raoul, Choix, 49; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 67, t. 16; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 71; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 161.
M. subsimilis, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 361.

NortH anp SourH Istanps, Stewart Istanp: Abundant in forests from
the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. November—January.

The smallest species of the genus. The flowers are occasionally quite
white, and are always produced on the old wood, never terminal.

7. M. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 68.—A slender climb-
ing shrub with numerous very slender leafy terete or obscurely
tetragonous branches; branchlets densely pubescent or setose.
Leaves distichous, often imbricating, sessile or very shortly peti-
oled, +-$in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
rounded at the base, almost membranous, densely pubescent when
young, often becoming almost glabrous when mature. Flowers.
small, pink or whitish, in terminal or lateral trichotomous cymes
which are rarely more than 14in. long; peduncles and pedicels
silky-pubescent. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, much longer than the
ovary, pubescent ; lobes small, narrow-triangular, acute, as long as.
or slightly longer than the small orbicular petals. Ovary wholly
adnate to the base of the calyx-tube. Capsule small, 4-4 in. long,
globose, 3-lobed, crowned by the long funnel-shaped calyx-limb,
loculicidally 3-valved to the base.— Handb. N.Z. Fl. 72; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 162.

Var. pendens, Kirk, /.c.—Branchlets much more slender, almost filiform,

pendulous. Flowers white.—M. pendens, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880)
360.

NortH anp Sour Isrtanps: In forests from the Bay of Islands (Hand-
book) to Nelson and Marlborough, but far from common. December—
January.

Allied to the preceding species, but easily distinguished bythe much more:
slender habit, pubescent branchlets, and by the thinner much more acumi-
nate and usually pubescent leaves. I have seen no specimens from the north of
the Waikato River.

8. M. robusta, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 557.—-A tall and stout
forest-tree, 60-80 or even 100ft. high; trunk irregular, 3-8 ft.
diam. or more; branches spreading, forming a huge rounded head ;
branchlets 4-angled, puberulous. Leaves decussate, 1—1+in. long,
elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous,

166 MYRTACEA. [Metrosideros.

very ‘coriaceous.; petioles short, stout, glabrous or puberulvus.,
Flowers dark-scarlet, very abundantly produced, in broad and
dense terminal many-flowered cymes; peduncles and pedicels
short, stout, pubescent. _ Calyx-tube short, obconic; lobes short
and broad, triangular, Petals exceeding the calyx-lobes, orbicular.
Ovary adnate to the base of the calyx-tube and included within
it during the flowering stage. Capsule small, oblong, +-1in. long,
half-superior, girt round the middle by the rim of the calyx-tube,
the free upper part loculicidally 3-valved.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 68, t. 17; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 72; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 128; Students’
#1. 162. M. florida, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4471 (not of Smith).

Var. retusa, Kirk, 1.c.—Leaves shorter, 4-2in. long, elliptic, rounded at
both ends, retuse.—Two specimens in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium, from Lowry Bay,
Wellington.

NortH AND SoutH Istanps: Abundant in forests from the North Cape south-
wards to Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Rata.
December—January.

A magnificent tree, sometimes reaching a gigantic size, specimens having
been measured with trunks over 20ft. diam. It usually (but not invariably)
commences life as an epiphyte in the upper branches of some tall forest-tree,
sending to the ground aerial roots, which coalesce and form a trunk after the
death of the supporting plant. Terrestrial specimens are frequently seen, but
these either have no trunk at all, keeping during life the habit of a much-
branched bushy shrub, or produce a short, straight trunk of no great size.
The timber is strong, hard, and durable, and is much employed for wheel-
wrigh:s’ work, framework for machinery, wagons, &c., and for shipbuilding.

9. M. tomentosa, 4. fich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 336, t. 37.— Usually
a much-branched tree 30-70ft. high, with a short stout trunk
9-5 ft. diam., and large wide-spreading branches, but sometimes
dwarfed to a few feet in height; branchlets stout, terete, tomen-
tose. Leaves decussate, very variable in size and shape, 1—4in.
long, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate to oblong or broadly oblong,
acute or obtuse, rounded at the base, very thick and coriaceous,
usually clothed with white tomentum beneath, rarely glabrous;
margins flat or recurved ; petioles short, stout. Flowers large, dark-
crimson, in broad terminal many-flowered cymes; peduncles and
pedicels stout, and with the calyces clothed with dense white
tomentum. Calyx-tube obconic; lobes short, deltoid. Petals
oblong, obtuse, exceeding the calyx-tube. Stamens numerous,
14-I4in. long. Ovary 3-celled, adnate to the base of the calyx-
tube, and sunk within it during the flowering stage. Capsule $in.
long, half-superior, woody, tomentose, girt round the middle by the
persistent calyx-limb, the free upper part loculicidally 3-valved.—
A. Cunn. Precur.n. 558; Raoul, Choix, 49; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 68; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 72; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 118; Students’
Fil. 163.

Norru Isuanp: Abundant along the coast from the Three Kings Islands
and the North Cape to Poverty Bay and Urenui (Taranaki). Inland at Lake
Tarawera, Lake Taupo, and Waikaremoana. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Pohu-
tukawa; Christmas-tree. December—January.

.Metrosideros:} MYRTACER. ‘167

' A noble and picturesque tree, very abundant on’ the rocky cliffs and head-
ands of the northern portion of the North Island. Banks and Solander recorded
it from Totaranui (Queen Charlotte Sound) in the South Island; but this ‘is
probably an error. .The wood is largely employed for shipbuilding and other
purposes requiring strength, hardness, and durability.

10. M. villosa, Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ui. (1797) 268.—A
much-branched tree 20-60ft. high, trunk 1-4 ft. diam.; branchlets,
undersurface of leaves, inflorescence, and calyces densely covered
with white tomentum. Leaves decussate, 3-2 in. long, broadly ovate
or broadly oblong, sometimes almost orbicular, obtuse at both ends,
very coriaceous ; margins recurved; petioles short, stout. Flowers
scarlet, in small terminal many-flowered cymes; peduncles and
pedicels short, stout. Calyx-tube broadly obconic ; lobes short,
deltoid, with a gland at the tip. Petals broadly oblong, exceeding
the calyx-lobes. Stamens 3—3in. long. Ovary 3-celled, adnate
to the base of the calyx-tube. Capsule in. long, half-superior,
‘woody, tomentose, girt at the middle by the persistent calyx-lmb,
the free portion loculicidally 3-valved. — Kirk, Students’ Fl. 163.
M. polymorpha, Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 482, t. 85; Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 73; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 119.

KERMADEC Is~AnpDs: Sunday Island, the most abundant tree, ascending to
the tops of the hills, altitude 1700 ft. August—December.

A common plant in many of the Polynesian islands, varying greatly in size,
shape of the leaves, presence or absence of tomentum, &c. The above descrip-
tion refers solely to the Kermadec Island variety.

11. M. scandens, Sol. ex Gerin. Fruct. i. 172, t. 34, f. 10.—A
tall woody climber, reaching the tops of the highest. trees ; branches
numerous, spreading, terete ; branchlets tomentose or setose. Leaves
distichous, sessile, 4-4 in. long, broadly ovate or broadly oblong to
orbicular, obtuse, very coriaceous, glabrous and shining above,
paler, glandular-punctate and often pilose beneath; margims re-
curved. Flowers small, white, in pedunculate 3-flowered cymes
‘crowded towards the ends of the branches, forming a leafy terminal
panicle; peduncles and pedicels pubescent. Calyx-tube short,
broadly turbinate; lobes short and broad, obtuse, persistent.
Petals orbicular, white. Stamens slender, tin. long. Ovary 3-
celled, adnate to the base of the calyx-tube, and sunk in it during
the flowering stage. Capsule globose, 4in. diam.,. half-superior,
girt round the middle by the persistent calyx-limb, the free portion
Joculicidally 3-valved.— Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 69; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 73; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 163. M. perforata, d. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
‘Zel. 334. M. buxifolia, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 556; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 4515. M. vesiculata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 327.
M. tenuifolia, Col. J.c. xxiv. (1892) 386. Melaleuca perforata,
Forst. Prodr. n. 212. Leptospermum perforatum, Vorst. Char.
Gen. 72.

168 MYRTACES. [ Metrosideros.

NortH anp SourH Isuanps: Abundant in forests from the Three Kings
Islands and North Cape to Marlborough and Nelson. Sea-level to 2000 ft.
Aka. January—March.

I have seen no specimens from further south than Marlborough, but it has
been recorded from Banks Peninsula and the Auckland Islands, I believe erro-
neously. Mr. Colenso’s M. tenwifolia, as proved by the type specimens in his
herbarium, is based upon the young plant, which has slender glabrous stems
and almost membranous leaves. His M. vesiculata is a state in which the
glands on the undersurface of the leaves and calyces are more conspicuous than
usual.

3. MYRTUS, Linn.

Shrubs or rarely trees, glabrous or pubescent or tomentose.
Leaves opposite, often coriaceous, pellucid-dotted. Flowers axil-
lary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes. Calyx-tube subglobose or
turbinate; lobes 4-5, usually persistent. Petals 4-5, spreading.
Stamens very numerous, in many series, free, longer than the
petals. Ovary inferior, completely or imperfectly 2-3-celled ;
ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit a globose or ovoid berry,
crowned with the persistent calyx-limb. Seeds few or many, reni-
form or almost globose; testa crustaceous or bony. Embryo
terete, curved or annular; cotyledons small; radicle long.

Species about 100, most of them natives of South America, a few extending
to Mexico and the West Indies. There are also 9 or 10 Australian species, and
1 (the common myrtle) widely spread over southern Europe and western Asia.
The 4 New Zealand species are all endemic.

Leaves 1—-21n. long, tumid between the veins .. -. 1. M. bullata.
Leaves 3-1 in. long, flat an te a 2. M. Ralphii.
Leaves +-4 in., obcordate. Calyx 4-lobed = .. 3. M. obcordata.
Leaves +-4in., obovate. Calyx 5-lobed.. ae .. 4. M. pedunculata.

1. M. bullata, Sol. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 565.—An erect shrub,
usually from 10 to 15 ft., but sometimes taller and becoming a
small tree 20-25 ft. high; branchlets and young leaves tomentose.
Leaves 1-2 in. long, reddish-brown, shortly petioled, broadly ovate or
orbicular-ovate, obtuse or acute or apiculate, coriaceous, the surface
tumid or blistered between the veins. Flowers axillary, solitary,
%in. diam., white. Peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves,
tomentose. Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base; lobes 4, obtuse or
subacute. Petals orbicular, white. Berry 4in. long, broadly ovoid,
dark-red, becoming almost black when fully ripe, 2-celled Seeds
numerous, in 2 series in each cell, reniform; testa bony.—Hook. Ic.
Plant. t. 557 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4809; Raoul, Choix, 49; Hook. f. #1.
Nov..Zel. 1. 70; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 14; Kirk, Forest Fl. %. 131;
Students’ Fl. 164.

NorrH IsLanD: Common in woods from the North Cape to Cook Strait.

Sour IstanpD: Various localities in Marlborough and Nelson, rare. Ascends
to 2000 ft. Ramarama. December—January.

Easily distinguished by the tumid or blistered surface of the leaves, and by
the calyx and petals being covered with minute warts. The peduncles are some-
times 2-flowered.

Myrtus.] MYRTACE, 169

2. M. Ralphii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 329.—An erect branch-
ing shrub 6-15ft. high, rarely taller and becoming a small tree;
branchlets very slender, and with the young leaves sparingly
tomentose. Leaves %-lin. long, usually green, shortly petioled,
ovate or oblong-ovate to orbicular-ovate, obtuse or acute, thinly
coriaceous or almost membranous, the surface flat or very slightly
tumid between the veins. Flowers quite as in M. bullata but
slightly smaller. Berry }-4in. long, broadly ovoid, dark - red,
2-celled. Seeds much fewer than in M. bwllata.—Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 74; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 94; Students’ Fl. 165.

Norra Istanp: From Whangarei to Cook Strait, but often local. Sourn
ania Nelson and Marlborough, rare. Sea-level to 1500 ft. December—
anuary.

Very closely allied to M. bullata, but the leaves are smaller, usually green,
with the surface plane or very slightly tumid; and the berry has fewer seeds

3. M. obcordata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 71.—A much-branched
shrub 5-15 ft. high ; branches slender, spreading, the younger ones
pubescent. Leaves opposite or in opposite fascicles, 1—4in.
long, obcordate, narrowed into a short puberulous petiole, coria-:
ceous, glabrous on both surfaces or slightly silky when young.
Flowers solitary, axillary, +in. diam., white. Peduncles as long
as the leaves, pubescent. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes oblong, acute.
Petals 4, orbicular. Berry +in. long, broadly ovoid, dark-red or
violet, 2-celled. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, reniform; testa bony.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 74; Kirk, Forest Fl.t.70; Students’ Fl.165. Enu-
genia obcordata, Faoul in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. iii. 2 (1844) 122.

NortH AND SoutH Is~Anps: In woods from Whangarei to Foveaux
Strait, but local north of the East Cape. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Rohutu.
December—January.

4. M. pedunculata, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 629, — A
much-branched compact or diffuse shrub 5-15 ft. high; branches
slender, glabrous, 4-angled. Leaves opposite, +-?in. long, obo-
vate or obovate-oblong or oblong-ovate, rounded at the tip, rarely
acute, coriaceous, glabrous, narrowed into short petioles, Flowers
axillary, solitary, +in, diam., white. Peduncles slender, gla-
brous, longer or shorter than the leaves. Calyx glabrous, 5-lobed,
2-bracteolate at the base. Petals 5, rounded. Berry small, tin.
long, broadly ovoid, red or yellowish, 2-celled. Seeds 2-5.—
Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 711; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 74; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 112;
Students’ Fl. 165. Eugenia vitis-idea, Raoul in Ann. Sct. Nat.
Ser. ii. 2 (1844) 122.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps, Srewart Istanp: From Hokianga and the
Bay of Islands southwards, but often local. Sea-level to 2000ft. Rohuwtuw.
December-January.

Closely allied to M. obcordata, but easily recognised by the glabrous branch-
lets, obovate leaves rounded at the tip, and 5-lobed calyx.

170. MYRTACER. (Eugenia,

4. EUGENIA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees, glabrous or rarely tomentose or villous.
Leaves opposite, penniveined. Flowers solitary and axillary, or
in terminal or lateral cymes or pwnicles. Culyx-tube globose to
narrow-turbinate ; lobes 4, rarely 5. Petals the same number as
the calyx-lobes. Stamens numerous, in manv series. Ovary 2- or
rarely 3-celled; style filiform; stigma small; ovules numerous
in each cell. Fruit a berry, rarely dry and fibrous, crowned
by the persistent calyx-limb. Seeds solitary or few, globose or
variously compressed ; testa membranous or cartilaginous. Em-
bryo thick and fleshy; radicle short; cotyledons thick, more or
less united or distinct.

An immense genus of more than 700 species, spread over the tropical and
subtropical regions of both hemispheres. There is little to separa e it from

Myrtus except the thick and fleshy embryo with a short radicle. The single
New Zealand species is endemic.

1. EB. maire, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 564.—A small tree 20-50 ft.
high, perfectly glabrous in all its parts; trunk 1-2ft. diam., with
white bark; branchlets slender, 4-angled. Leaves opposite, 1—2 in.
long, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong,
acute or acuminate, rather membranous, narrowed into short
slender petioles. Flowers 4 in. diam., sometimes almost unisexual,
white, in terminal many-flowered corymbose panicles 14-3 in.
broad; pedicels slender, glabrous. Calyx-tube broadly obconic;
lobes very short, broad, deciduous. Petals orbicular, falling away
early. - Stamens slender, 4-2 in. long. Ovary wholly adnate to the
base of the calyx-tube, 2-celled; ovules numerous. Berry in.
long, ovoid, red, crowned by the persistent calyx-limb, 1-celled.
Seed solitary, large; testa hard, corlaceous.—Ruaoul, Choiw. 49;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 71; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 74; Kirk, Forest
Fil. t. 122; Students’ Fl. 165.

Nortu Isuanp: Swampy forests from the North Cape southwards, abund-
ant. SourH Is~LaANnD: Queen Charlotte Sound and Pelorus Valley, J. Rut-
land. Sea-level to 1500 ft. Maire-tawake. March-May.

Wood hard, dense, and durable; valuable for cabinet-work, turnery, &c.

Orper. XXIX. ONAGRARIEA.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate, simple, entire or toothed, exstipulate. Flowers usually
regular; hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube often elongated, altogether
adnate to the ovary, sometimes produced beyond it; limb of 2-5
valvate lobes. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, inserted at the
top of the calyx-tube, rarely wanting. Stamens as many or twice
as many as the petals, inserted with them. Ovary inferior, usually
2-4-celled; style simple, filiform; stigma capitate or 2—4-lobed ;
ovules usually numerous in each cell, in 1 or 2 series, pendulous or

-Epilobium.] ONAGRARIEA. 171

ascending ; placentas axile. Fruit various, generally a 2—4-celled
capsule with loculicidal or septicidal dehiscence, sometimes a berry,
rarely nut-like. Seeds usually small, sometimes provided with a
tuft of hairs; albumen none, or a thin layer only.

A small order of about 11 genera and 300 species, widely spread in tem:
perate regions, rare in the tropics ; most plentiful in North America, especially
in Mexico. Many of the species have handsome flowers, and are frequently
cultivated in gardens, particularly the genera Godetia, Ginothera, Clarkia, and
Fuchsia, but they have no other economical importance. Of the New Zealand
genera, Hpi/obiwm is universal in cool climates; Fuchsia is confined to South
America with the exception of the New Zealand species.

Herbs. Fruit an elongated capsule. Seeds with a tuft of
hairs a0 i: 26 ge 5 1. EprLopium.
Shrubs or small trees. Fruita berry .. wi .. 2. FucuHsia.

1, EPILOBIUM, Linn.

Herbs ; stems erect or decumbent or creeping, sometimes hard
and almost woody at the base. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire
or toothed. Flowers rosé-coloured or purple or white, solitary in
the upper axils or forming a terminal raceme or spike. Calyx-tube
scarcely produced beyond the ovary, linear, 4-angled or nearly
terete; limb 4-partite, deciduous. Petals 4, obovate or obcordate,
spreading or erect. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate ones shorter.
Ovary inferior, 4-celled; style filiform; stigma clavate or with
.4 spreading or erect lobes.; ovules numerous, 2-seriate, ascending.
Capsule elongate, 4-angled, 4-celled and 4-valved, the valves
separating and curving back from a central seed-bearing axis.
Seeds numerous, broadest above, the summit furnished with a tuft
of long hairs.

A large genus in the temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres ; rare
in the tropics, except on high mountains; more abundant in New Zealand than

in.any other part of the world. Species variously estimated by authors, from
60 to nearly 200.

The species of Epilobiwm are well known to be ‘highly variable in any
country that they inhabit, but in New Zealand the amount of variation is in-
ordinately great, making it difficult to affix limits to many of the species, which
appear to merge gradually into one another. In the arrangement of the New
Zealand forms I have for the most’ part followed Professor’ Haussknecht’s
elaborate and beautifully illustrated monograph, but I have been unable to
accept the whole of the species he has proposed, several of them appearing’ to
‘me to rest on characters much too trivial or inconstant. The b ginner will find
it most difficult to identify any of the species with certainty, and his only safe
course is to collect copious suites of specimens and to defer all attempts to name
them until he has gained a clear idea of the prevalent forms and their characters.

A. Similes. Stems tall, erect, herbaceous, slightly wooly at the base. - Flowers
numerous, towards the ends of the branches.
* Leaves sessile or nearly so.
Tall, often 3ft. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late. Flowers numerous, large, }-?in. diam., white .. 1. EH. pallidiflorum.
Slender, 1-2ft. Leaves distant, ovate-oblong. Flowers
few, large, 4-}.in., white .. ae ate .. 2. EH. chionanthum.

172 ONAGRARIEZ. [Epilobuum.

Stout, 3-2ft. Leaves close-set, ovate or ovate-oblong.

Flowers small, 4-4 in. diam., red oc . 38. E. Billardieri-
Slender, 4-3ft. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. anum,
Flowers small, 4-4 in. diam., purplish Ss -. 4. H. junceum.

** Leaves distinctly petiolate.

Slender, 4-2ft. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, membran-
ous. Flowers 4-+in., white or pink .. oe -. 5. H. pubens.

B. Microphylle. Stems small, slender, herbaceous, creeping below, erect or as-
cending towards the tips. Flowers few, towards the ends of the branches.
* Fruiting peduncles short, seldom exceeding the leaves,

Stems 2-6in., prostrate, matted. Leaves close-set, oblong,
¢+in. Capsule glabrous .. .. 6. H.confertifolium.
Stems 3-10in., ascending. Leaves linear- oblong, coarsely
toothed, blotched, 4-? in. Capsule evenly hoary-pubescent 7. EH. pictum.
** Fruiting peduncles elongated.
+ Leaves comparatively narrow, linear or linear-oblong to oblong.
Stems 1-4in. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, }-}in.

Capsule slender. Peduncles much elongated . 8. E. tenwipes.
Stems 2-6in. Leaves linear-oblong to oblong, 1 in.
Capsule pubescent on the angles : a . 9. H. Hectori.

++ Leaves broad, oblong to Fe or orbicular.

Stems 2-10in., slender, pubescent. Leaves small, 4-4 in.,

broadly oblong to orbicular. Capsule evenly pubescent 10. H. alsinoides.
Stems 6-18in., slender, firm. Leaves ovate - cordate.

Flowers large, tin. diam. Capsule 1-2in. .. - 11. #. chlorefolium.
Stems 6-18in., ‘weak and flaccid. Leaves distant, ovate,

entire or obscurely toothed, almost sessile, membranous 12. E. insulare.
Stems 6-18 in., weak. Leaves distant, orbicular, Tee

toothed, petiolate, membranous ae .. 13. H. rotundifolium.

C. Sparsiflore. Stems small, slender, prostrate and creeping, herbaceous,
Flowers few, in the axils of the intermediate leaves. Capsules long-stalked,

Leaves }-4in., orbicular, sharply toothed, membranous .. 14. EH. linneoides.
Leaves 4-4+in., suborbicular, entire or Chee sinuate,

subcoriaceous aie .. 15. LE. nummularifo-
Leaves ai in., orbicular- oblong, thick and coriaceous, lium.

purplis below se -- 16, EH. purpuratum,
Leaves +-3in., ovate, obscurely toothed. Flowers large,

3-4 in. diam. 5 6 re 26 -. 17. EH. macropus.

D. Dermatophylle. Suffruticulose, usually small, stems hard and woody at the
base. Leaves more or less rigid and coriaceous. Flowers few, terminal
or nearly so.

* Fruiting peduncles elongated.
Much branched, slender, wiry, bifariously pubescent,

3-6in. high. Leaves ovate, petiolate, +2 in. -. 18. H. gracilipes.
Stout, fleshy, prostrate, glabrous, 2-6in. long. Leaves
large, obovate-spathulate, entire, ?-14 in. a .. 19. H. crasswm.

** Fruiting peduncles short.
Stems prostrate or straggling, glabrous, woody at the base,
6-15in. Leaves elliptic, coriaceous and shining, red-
dish, acute, petioled, #-lin. Flowers #-4in. .. 20. EH. brevipes.

Epilobium.,] ONAGRARIEX. 173

Stems decumbent, bifariously pubescent, 4-8in, Leaves

oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, gs glossy, +-? in.

Flowers very large, 134 nee we .. 21. E, vernicosum,
Stems numerous decumbent, 2-8in. Leaves densely

crowded, linear- oblong, coarsely denticulate, 4—$in.

Flowers sessile, large, white, crowded, 4in. Capsules

almost hidden by the leaves . 22. H. pycnostachyum
Stems numerous, rigid, erect, black. Leaves. crowded,

linear-oblong, deeply toothed or almost lobed, 4-2 in.

Flowers small, tin. Capsules glabrous se 23. H.melanocaulon,
Stems numerous, erect, 2-6in., grey with fine pubescence.

Leaves crowded, linear-oblong, coarsely toothed. Cap-

sules suddenly narrowed below the tip, finely pubescent 24. H. rostratwm.
Stems numerous, rigid and wiry, purplish-black, 3-8 in.

Leaves small, uniform, ovate-obicular, entire, $—tin.

Capsules silvery- pubescent on the angles 25. H.microphyllum.
Stems numerous, short, 2-6in. Leaves oblong- ovate,

entire, 4-4 in. Flowers small, 4in. Capsule glabrous 26. H. Krulleanum.
Stems numerous, erect, 6-14in. Leaves oblong or linear-

oblong, obtuse, often reddish, sinuate-denticulate, 4-#in.

Flowers 4-fin. Capsules on short peduncles .. . 27. H. glabellum.
Stems branched, erect, 3-9in. Leaves narrower than i in

HH. glabellum, pale-green. Flowers tin. Capsules on

peduncles that slightly elongate 30 De .. 28. H. nove-zealan-

die.

1. B. pallidiflorum, Sol. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 550.—Stems
leafy, terete, 1-3 ft. high, decumbent and rooting at the base and
emitting numerous stolons, erect above, simple or branched, gla-
brous below, finely puberulous above. Leaves 1-4 in. long, opposite
or the uppermost alternate, often semiamplexicaul, sessile or nearly
so, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, gradually tapering
to an acute point, irregularly denticulate or almost entire, glabrous
or the margins puberulous. Flowers usually numerous towards
the ends of the branches, large, handsome, 2 in. diam., white or pale-
rose. Calyx-lobes half as long as the corolla, lanceolate, acute.
Petals obcordate. Stigma oblong-clavate. Capsules 2-4in. long,
finely and densely hoary-pubescent; peduncles shorter than the
leaves. Seeds minutely papillose.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 61;
Handb. N.Z,. Fl. 81; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 8305; Haussk. Monog.
Epiiob. 292; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 169. E. macranthum, Hook. Ic.
Plant. t. 297.

NortH AnD SouTH Istanps, CHaTHAM Isitanp: Abundant in marshes from

the North Cape to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 1500 ft. November-—
February. Also in Australia and Tasmania.

A very distinct species, readily known by the large size, long acute leaves,
and large white flowers.

2. H. chionanthum, Haussk. in Oestr. Bot. Zeitschr. xxix.
(1879) 149.—Stems slender, 1-2 ft. high, decumbent and stoloni-
ferous at the base, ascending above, simple or rarely branched,
terete, glabrous below, usually thinly puberulous above. Leaves
all opposite except the floral ones, distant, 3-14 in. long, sessile or
nearly so, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute,

“174 ' ONAGRARIEZ. {Epilobium.

pale-green, minutely denticulate, glabrous. Flowers in the axils of
the upper leaves, few (1-6) large, 4-4in. diam., white. Calyx-
segments lanceolate, acute, puberulous. Petals obcordate, much
longer than the calyx. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2—3in. long,
rather stout, puberulous; pedicels about twice as long as the
leaves. Seeds smooth.—-Monog. Epilob. 287, t. 22, f. 92 a, b; Kurk,.
Students’ Fl. 168.

NorrH anp SourH Istanps, CHarHam IsLanps: Abundant in swampy
places from the North Cape to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 1500ft..
November—February.

A well-marked plant, easily recognised by the slender usually simple stems,.
distant pale-green and glabrous leaves, large white flowers, and smooth seeds.

3. BE. Billardierianum, Ser. in D.C. Prodr. ii. 41. — Stems.
stout, leafy, 3-2ft. high, decumbent and woody at the base and
giving off numerous stolons, strict and erect above. simple or
branched, dull-green or reddish, usually with hoary-pubescent lines
decurrent from the leaves. Leaves 3-14 in. long, variable in shape,
ovate or ovate-oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse or rarely subacute,
sessile, lower opposite and often connate at the base, upper
sometimes alternate, glabrous, finely and closely denticulate.
Flowers numerous, small, $-1in. diam., pink, crowded in the
upper axils. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, nearly equalling the
petals. Stigma rounded-clavate. Capsules 1-24in. long, finelv
and evenly hoary-pubescent ; peduncles shorter or slightly longer
than the leaves. Seeds minutely papillose.—Haussk. Monog. Epi-
lob. 293; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 170. EH. tetragonum, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 60; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 80; Benth. Fl. Austral. ri. 305,
not of Linn.

NorrH anp SoutH IsLAnps, Stewart IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Abundant

throughout, ascending to 20060 ft. November—February. Also in Australia
and Tasmania.

The distinctive characters of this species are the robust habit, usually reddish
stems, broad obtuse leaves, and numerous small pinkish flowers; but some.
varieties apprcach H. jwncewm very closely. Professor Haussknecht distin-
guishes two forms: a, simplex, with an unbranched few-flowered stem and
small rather remote oblong leaves narrowed at the base; and 6, major, which
has the stem stouter and branched, and the leaves larger, broader, and cordate
at the base.

4. BE. junceum, Sol. er Forst. Prodr. n. 516.—Stems erect or
ascending from a woody decumbent base, 3-23 ft. high, leafy,
terete, stout or slender, simple or branched, hoary-pubescent
or tomentose or nearly glabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate,
sessile, often crowded, very variable in size, 4-3in. long, oblong-
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, truncate or
mucronate or acute at the apex, denticulate or sinuate-toothed,.
hoary-pubescent or tomentose or almost villous, sometimes gla-
brescent. Flowers usually numerous towards the ends of the
branches, small, purplish, 2-tin. diam.; peduncles longer or
shorter than the leaves. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute. Stigma.

‘Epilobium.| ONAGRARIEE. 175

-clavate. Capsule 14-3 in. long, glabrate or hoary-pubescent or
tomentose ; peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves. Seeds
minutely papillose.—-A. Cunn. Precur. n. 551; Raoul, Choiz, 49;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 60; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 80; Benth. Fl. Aus-
tral. ii. 304; Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 289; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 169.

An exceedingly variable plant, the numerous forms of which may be
grouped in the three following varieties :—

Var. cinereum, Havssk. l.c. 290.—Stems slender, often much branched,
usually more or less covered with fine appressed greyish-white pubescence, rarely
glabrate. Leaves small, often crowded, 4-1in. long, linear-lanceolate, entire or
sparingly denticulate, acute or mucronate, finely ashy-pubescent or glabrate.
Flowers small. Capsules 13-2in. long, slender, hoary-pubescent.—EK. cinereum,
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 330; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 544. E. incanum, virgatum,
and confertum, 4. Cwnn. l.c. nn. 545, 547, 549.

Var. hirtigerum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 60.—Stems tall, strict, erect,
simple or sparingly branched, usually villous with soft spreading hairs mixed
with shorter ones. Leaves 1-24in. long, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, coarsely
-and irregularly denticulate, both surfaces clothed with soft spreading hairs.
Capsules 2-3 in. long, hoary-pubescent or villous.— EK. hirtigerum, A. Cun. L.c.
n. 546; Haussk. l.c. 291.

Var. macrophyllum, Haussk. l.c. 290.—Stems tall, often 3 ft. high, strict,
erect, simple or sparingly branched, glabrous and often reddish below, finely
and sparsely pubescent above. Leaves large, 1-3in. long, lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, rather thin and membranous, sinuate-denticulate, glabrous or the
upper ones thinly puberulous. Capsules 2-3in. long, hoary - pubescent.—
E. erectum, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902) 390.

NorrH anp SourH Isitanps: Abundant from the North Cape to Foveaux
Strait, ascending to 3500!t. October—February. A common Australian
plant.

The extreme states of the above varieties have a very distinct appearance,
and might have been treated as species were they not connected by numerous
intermediate forms, which make it quite impossible to draw strict lines of de-
marcation between them.

5. E. pubens, A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 329, t. 36. — Stems
4-2 ft. high, slender, simple or branched, decumbent and woody
at the base, erect above, terete, uniformly clothed with a short
fine pubescence. Leaves all alternate or the very lowest alone
opposite, 4-14in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or rarely
subacute, narrowed into slender petioles, pubescent on both sur-
faces, membranous, toothed or repand-denticulate. Flowers in the
axils of the upper leaves, numerous, small, tin. diam., white or
pink. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, puberulous. Stigma clavate.
Capsules 1-2 in. long, hoary-pubescent ; peduncles shorter than the
leaves. Seeds minutely papillose.—dA. Cunn. Precur. n. 543 ; Raoul,
‘Choiz, 49; Hook. f. Kl. Nov. Zel. i. 61; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 80;
Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 295; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 170.

Norru anp SoutH IsLanps, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Abundant

from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to nearly 4000 ft. October—
January. Also in Australia, according to Professor Haussknecht.

6. EB. confertifolium, Hook. f. Jc. Plant. t. 685.— Primary
stems 2-6 in. long, creeping and rooting at the nodes, often forming

176 ONAGRARIEX. [Epilobium:

broad matted patches; branches rooting at the base, ascending at
the tips, terete or obscurely tetragonous, usually bifariously pubes-
cent but sometimes obscurely so. Leaves opposite, usually close-.
set, often imbricating, shortly petioled, +4in. long, oblong or ob-
long-obovate or ovate, obtyse, fleshy, glabrous, entire or remotely
obscurely denticulate ; petioles broad, almost sheathing, connate at
the base. Flowers few towards the ends of the branches, almost
sessile, small, 4in. diam. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute. Petals
2-lobed to the middle. Stigma clavate. Capsules +in. long,
strict, perfectly glabrous; peduncles shorter or slightly longer than
the leaves. Seeds minutely papillose.—Fl. Antarct. 1.10; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 78; Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 295; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 171.

Var. tasmanicum.—Pale-green, much more slender. Leaves ovate or
ovate-oblong, on longer petioles, usually more distinctly denticulate.—H. tas-
manicum, Hawssk.l.c. 296, t. 20, f. 84; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 171.

SoutH Istanp: Both varieties not uncommon in mountain districts,
altitude 1500-5500 ft. AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLanps: The typical form.
only, Hooker, Filhol! Kirk! Chapman! AntiropEs Isuanpd: Kirk !

The slender creeping and rooting usually much-branched stems, oblong or
obovate leaves narrowed into short petioles, the few small flowers, and the
glabrous short-stalked capsules are the best marks of this species. Reduced
forms of H. glabeliwm and its allies approach it very closely, but are much less
prostrate and more hard and woody at the base. Professor Haussknecht’s.
E. tasmanicum appears to me to be barely separable even as a variety.

7. H. pictum, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)-538.
—Stems few, slender, 8-10in. high, decumbent and sparingly
branched below, ascending or erect above, terete, finely and evenly
pubescent, especially towards the tips of the branches. Lower
leaves opposite, upper alternate, spreading, remote, 4—#in. long,
linear-oblong to oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, sessile or shortly
petioled, membranous, often blotched with grey, usually sharply
and coarsely remotely denticulate. Flowers 2-6 towards the
tips of the branches, small, pink, }in. diam. Calyx-lobes ovate-
lanceolate, almost equalling the petals. Stigma narrow-clavate.
Capsules 1-14 in. long, slender, densely and evenly hoary-pubescent ;
peduncles short, never exceeding the leaves. Seeds smooth.—
EK. haloragifolium, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 177 (not of A. Cunn.).

SourH Isuanp : Canterbury—Upper Waimakiriri, Kirk! T. F. C.; Craigie-
burn Mountains, Cockayne! Mount Cook District, T. ¥. C. Otago—Not un-
common in the mountain-valleys of the interior, Petrie! 1000-3000 ft.
December—February.

Professor Haussknecht has suggested that this may be identical with Cun-
ningham’s H. haloragifolium (Precur. n. 552), an obscure plant gathered near
the Waikare River, Bay of Islands, and this view has been adopted by Kirk in
the ‘‘ Students’ Flora.’’ But Cunningham’s original description is so short and
incomplete that it might stand for several species, and LH. pictwm has not yet
been found in any locality in the North Island. Hooker referred H. haloragi-
foliwm to EH. alsinoides, a plant not uncommon at the Bay of Islands, and it
appears to me that this reduction is much more likely to prove correct.

Epilobium.] ONAGRARIEZ. 177

8. H. tenuipes, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 59.— Stems short,
slender, 1-4 in. long, decumbent and rooting at the base, ascending
at the tips, bifariously pubescent. Leaves opposite or alternate,
crowded, rigid, erecto-patent, t-}in. long, narrow linear-oblong,.
lower ones obtuse, upper acute, narrowed at the base, glabrous,
remotely denticulate or almost entire. Flowers few, solitary in the
axils of the upper leaves or terminal, small, white, 4 in. diam.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate. Capsules slender, 3-1 in. long,
glabrous or puberulous; peduncles much elongated, very slender,
2-3 in. long, finely pubescent. Seeds smooth.—Haussk. Monog.
Epilob. 297, t. 20, f. 83; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 171. EH. nanum, Col.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 315.

Nort Istanp: Dannevirke (Hawke’s Bay) and head of the Wairarapa
Valley, Colenso! Ruahine Mountains, A. Hamilton! Sourn Iszanp: Not
uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson southwards. December—
January.

A pretty little plant, easily distinguished by the narrow linear-oblong erect.
leaves, very long fruiting peduncles, and smooth seeds. Specimens collected by
Mr. Petrie on Mount Hikurangi (Hast Cape district) have much broader ovate-
oblong leaves, but the long fruiting peduncles and smooth seeds are those of
EH, tenuipes.

9. EB. Hectori, Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 298, t. 19, f. 82.—Stems
slender, branched below, 2-6in. high, decumbent and rooting at
the base and then erect or ascending, pale-green or reddish, terete,
uniformly clothed with short crisp hairs or bifariously pubescent.
Leaves small, opposite, uppermost alternate, crowded or distant,
¢-4 long, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, entire or remotely denti-
culate, usually glabrous. Flowers in the axils of the uppermost
leaves, small, erect, +—jin. diam., white. Calyx-lobes ovate-
lanceolate, acute, shorter than the petals. Stigma clavate. Cap-
sules 4-lin. long, purplish-red, obscurely tetragonous, usually
pubescent on the angles, rarely glabrous; peduncles much longer
than the leaves. Seeds smooth.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 172.

Nort Isutanp: Ruahine Range, Herb. Colenso! SourHIsnanp: Common
in mountain districts from Nelson southwards. Ascends to 3500 ft. De-
cember—February.

Often confounded with LF. alsinoides, from which it is separated by the
much more erect habit, narrower leaves, purplish-red capsules with hairy lines,
and smooth seeds. The capsule of H. alsinoides is always evenly covered with
a grey pubescence.

10. E. alsinoides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 540.—-Stems 4-10 in.
long, pale-green, slender, branched, decumbent or creeping and
rooting at the base, erect or ascending above, terete, pubescent or
more rarely glabrous. Leaves all opposite or the uppermost alone
alternate, very shortly petioled, 1-4in. long, orbicular or orbicular-
ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, rounded at the base, glabrous, entire
or remotely denticulate. Flowers few in the upper axils, small,
erect, tin. diam. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, almost

178 ONAGRARIEZ:. [Epilobium.

equalling the petals. Stigma clavate. Capsules 3-14in. long,
uniformly clothed with pale-grey pubescence; peduncles elongating
much as the fruit ripens, 1-2in. long or more. Seeds papillose.—
Raoul, Choix, 49; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 59; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
79; Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 298, t. 23, f. 97. HE. thymifoliam,
RB. Cunn. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 589; Haussk. l.c. 297.

NortH anpd SourH IsLanps, CHATHAM ISLANDS, STEWART IsLAND, AN-
TrPODES IsLAND: Abundant throughout, ascending to 2800 ft. November—
February.

The small size and slender often prostrate habit, uniform roundish pale-

green leaves, small flowers collected near the ends of the branche-, long
peduncles, and evenly pubescent capsules are the best marks of this common

plant.

11. EB. chloreefolium, Haussk. 1n Oestr. Bot. Zeitschr. xxix.
(1879) 149.—Stems 6-18in. high, stout or slender, usually much
branched at the base but sometimes almost simple, decumbent
or arcuate below, ascending or erect above, terete, glabrous except
two pubescent lines decurrent from the margins of the petioles.
Leaves opposite, remote, 4-in. long, broadly ovate to ovate-
oblong, obtuse or rarely subacute, rounded or slightly cordate at
the base, glabrous or nearly so, remotely denticulate or sinuate-
toothed ; petioles short, broad, pubescent. Flowers in the axils
of the uppermost leaves, rather large, white or rose, 4in. diam.
Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, much shorter than the petals ;
stigma oblong-capitate. Capsules 1—-2in. long, sparsely pubescent ;
peduncles longer than the leaves. Seeds papillose. — Monog.
Eypilob. 299, t. 19, f. 81; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 172. HE. perplexum,
Kirk, t.c. 170.

NortH Is~tanp: Mount Hikurangi, East Cape, Petrie! Lee; Ruahine
Range, Colenso, Petrie! Tararua Mountains, T. P. Arnold! SourH Istanp :
Not uncommon in the mountains from Nelson southwards. 2000-4500 ft.
December—February. —

A well-marked plant, but at the same time a very variable one, especially
in height, degree of branching, size of flowers and capsules, &c. Mr. Kirk’s

E. perplerwm is merely a luxuriant form, and cannot be separated even as a
variety, as the inspection of any large series of specimens will at once show.

12. BE. insulare, Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 300.—Stems 6-18 in.
high, slender, weak and flaccid, sparingly branched, creeping and
rooting at the base, ascending or suberect towards the tips, often
glabrous below, usually thinly pubescent above. Leaves opposite,
the upper alternate, distant, 4-$in. long, ovate or oblong-ovate,
obtuse or subacute, very shortly petioled, thin and membranous,
glabrous or nearly so, entire or obscurely sinuate-toothed. Flowers
in the axils of the uppermost leaves, small, erect, white. Calyx-
lobes oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, shorter than the petals. Stigma
clavate. Capsules 1-2in. long, slender, pubescent or glabrate.
Seeds smooth.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 1738.

; “Epilobium.| ONAGRARIE. 179+

Nort AND SourH Isuanps: Abundant in lowland swamps from Tauranga
’ and the Thames Valley southwards. CHATHAM IsLANDs: Cox and Cockayne !
November—February.

13. BH. rotundifolium, Forst. Prodr. n. 161.— Stems 5-15 in.
‘long, weak, creeping and rooting at the base, usually erect or
ascending above but sometimes altogether prostrate, terete, pubes-
cent or glabrous. Leaves opposite, the uppermost alternate, thin
and membranous, distant, 4—in. long, orbicular or orbicular-
ovate, obtuse, rounded at the base, petiolate, closely and sharply
unequally toothed, glabrous or slightly. puberulous, often reddish
beneath. Flowers in the axils of the uppermost leaves, 4—4in.
'diam., pale-rose or white. Calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute,
shorter than the petals. Stigma narrow-clavate. Capsules about
14in. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; peduncles much
elongated. Seeds papillose.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 326; Raout,
Choiz, 49; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 58; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 79:
Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 299; Kirk, Students’ Fv. 172.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANpbs, Stewart IsLanp, CHaTHAm Isuanps: Abund-
ant in moist places from the North Cape southwards. October—February.

Allied to H. linneoides, but at once recognised by the more erect habit, by
the uppermost leaves being always alternate, and by the terminal inflorescence.
From £. insulare it is separated by the larger rounder sharply toothed petiolate
leaves and papillose seeds.

14. HE. linneoides, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 10, t. 6.— Stems
herbaceous, slender, 2-8in. long, creeping and rooting at the
nodes, usually widely and irregularly branched, perfectly glabrous
or with 2 faint pubescent lines towards the tips of the branches.
Leaves opposite, +-4in. diam., orbicular, petioled, flaccid and mem-
branous, closely and sharply denticulate. Flowers in the axils of
leaves remote from the ends of the branches, white or rose, 4 in.
diam. Calyx lobes lanceolate, shorter than the deeply cleft petals.
Stigma clavate. Capsules 1—2in. long, perfectly glabrous; pe-
duncles usually much elongated, 2-4in. Seeds densely papillose..
—Fl. Nov. Zel.i1.58; Handb. N.4. Fl. 77; Haussk. Monog. Eptlob.
301; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 1738.

Nort Isuanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso; Tararua Range, Buchanan.
SoutH Istanp: Not uncommon in damp mountainous places, chiefly on the
western side. Stewart IsLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS: Most

abundant, descending to sea-level. Antrpoprs Is~tanp: Kirk. MacquaRiz
Istanp: A. Hamilton. Ascends to 4500 ft. November-February.

Approaches very close to EH. rotundifoliwm, but can usually be separated
“by the smaller size, prostrate habit, leaves all opposite and uniform, and by the
flowers being further from the ends of the branches.

15. EH. nummularifolium, 2. Cunn. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 535.
—Stems herbaceous, slender, 2-12 in. long, prostrate and root-
ing at the nodes, much or sparingly branched, often matted,
bifariously pubescent or quite glabrous. Leaves opposite, very
variable in size, $-41in. long, orbicular or orbicular-ovate, rounded.

180 ONAGRARIEZ. [Epilobium.

at the apex, shortly petioled or almost sessile, membranous or fleshy
or subcoriaceous, entire or sinuate-denticulate; margins flat or
slightly recurved. Flowers few, from the axils of leaves remote
from the ends of the branches, very small,}—-+in. diam. Calyx-
lobes ovate-lanceolate, almost equalling the petals, Stigma clavate.
Capsules 2-14in. long, glabrous or pubescent; peduncles much
elongated, slender, 2-4 in. long. Seeds papillose.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Z4el.i.57; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 77; Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 302; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 173.

Var. pedunculare, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 57.—Stems shorter. Leaves
smaller, more closely set, entire or nearly so; petioles shorter. Capsules
glabrous ; peduncles more slender.—E, pedunculare, A. Cwnn. Precur. n. 536.
EK. cespitosum, Haussk. Monog. Hpilob. 301, t. 20, f. 85.

Var. nerterioides, Hook. f. 1.c.—Shorter and usually more densely matted.
Leaves smaller, thick and coriaceous; margins recurved. Capsules glabrous.—
H. nerterioides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 541. EH. pedunculare var. aprica, Haussk.
Monog. Hpilob. 303.

Var. minimum, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 174.—Very small. Stems 4-1in. long.
Leaves close-set, #,in. diam., coriaceous; margins revolute. Capsule short and
stout, }-4 in. long, exceeding the peduncle.

Var. angustum, Cheesem.—Stems 2-4in. long, sparingly branched. Leaves
remote, often deflexed, oblong to linear-oblong, entire or nearly so, hardly
coriaceous. Capsules rather stout, 4-#in. long, glabrous or with a few
scattered hairs; peduncles long. Perhaps a distinct species.
¢ 7 NortH AND SoutH ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Abundant
throughout, ascending to 3000ft. Var. nerterzoides also extends to the Auck-
land Islands and Macquarie Island. Var. minimwm: Bluff Hill and Puysegur
Point, Kirk! Var. angustum: Cass River, near Lake Tekapo (Canterbury),
EEGs

An excessively variable plant. The varieties described above are simply
prevalent forms, and pass into one another by insensible gradations.

16. EH. purpuratum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 77. — Stems
1-4 in. long, branched, prostrate and rooting at the nodes, perfectly
glabrous, purplish-black. Leaves all opposite, crowded, horizon-
tally spreading, +-4in. long, broadly oblong or orbicular-oblong,
obtuse, shortly petioled, thick and coriaceous, entire or obscurely
minutely toothed, purplish below; veins indistinct. Flowers not
seen. Peduncles springing from the axils of the intermediate
leaves, stout, 2in. long. Capsules as long as or shorter than the
peduncles, stout, purplish-black, perfectly glabrous. Seeds papil-
lose.—Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 303; Barbey, Gen. Epilob. t. 18, f. 2;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 174.

Sourn Isnanp: Alps of Otago, altitude 4000-6000 ft., Hector and Buchanan !

Distinguished from all the forms of H. nwmmularifolium by the larger size,
stouter habit, and purplish-black colour. I have only seen three indifferent
specimens.

17. BE. macropus, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 812.—Stems numerous,
slender, branched from the base, 3-9 in. long, decumbent or creep-
ing and rooting below, ascending at the tips, purplish, more or less

Epilobium.] ONAGRARIEZ. 181

bifariously pubescent. Leaves all opposite, somewhat remote,
+-2in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, shortly
petioled, obscurely denticulate or almost entire, perfectly glabrous.
Flowers few, axillary, near or remote from the ends of the branches,
large, white, +4in. diam. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, glabrous,
much shorter than the petals. Stigma shortly clavate, emarginate.
Capsules 1-2 in. long, erect, glabrous; peduncles elongating much
as the fruit ripens, 2-4in. long. Seeds minutely reticulate.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 58; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 78; Haussk. Monog.
Epilob. 309, t. 22, f. 93a; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 179.

NorrH Istanp: Ruahine Range, H. W. Andrews! Petrie! Rangipo Plain,
Petrie! Tararua Mountains and Wainuiomata, Buchanan! SoutH IsLanp:
Abundant in mountain districts throughout. Altitudinal range 1500-4500 ft.
December—March.

The slender glabrous habit, distant ovate leaves, large flowers, and long
fruiting peduncles separate this from all its allies.

18. EB. gracilipes, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 351.
—Stems numerous from a woody base, 3-6in. high, decumbent
below, erect or ascending above, wiry, reddish, bifariously pubes-
cent. Leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, remote, +-2 in.
long, ovate, subacute or obtuse, shortly petiolate, coriaceous, red-
dish below, obscurely and remotely denticulate. Flowers 1-3, soli-
tary in the upper axils, small, white, }in. diam. Calyx-lobes
oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the petals. Stigma obliquely
clavate. Capsules 14-2in. long, slender, glabrous; peduncles
elongating much as the fruit ripens, often over 2in. long. Seeds
minutely papillose.—Students’ Fl. 178.

SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Broken River, J. D. Hnys! Kirk! Craigie-
burn Mountains, Cockayne! Bealey, T.#.C. Westland—Kelly’s Hill, Cock-
-ayne ! 2000-4000 ft. December—February.

A handsome little plant, which approaches #. macropus on the one side and
E, nummularifolium on the other.

19. E. crassum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 11. 328.—Stout, fleshy,
perfectly glabrous, smooth and polished. Stems woody at the
base, prostrate, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 2-6 in. long;
branches short, densely leafy, ascending at the tips. Leaves
opposite, crowded, thick and fleshy, 3-14 in. long, obovate-oblong
or obovate-spathulate, obtuse, gradually narrowed into a long
and broad sheathing petiole, obscurely and remotely denticulate.
Flowers few, in the axils of the upper leaves, rather large, 4 in.
diam. or more, white or rose. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, much
shorter than the petals. Stigma clavate. Capsules stout, erect,
rigid, perfectly glabrous, 14-2 in. long; peduncles longer than the
leaves when fully mature. Seeds minutely papillose. — Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 78; Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 309, t. 22, f. 93a; Barbey,
Gen. Epilob. t. 18, f. 1; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 178.

(182 ONAGRARIBE. [Epilobiwm.

SoutH Is~tanp: Nelson—Wairau Mountains, Travers, T.F'.C.; Mount
Captain, Kirk! ‘Mount Percival, 7’. F.C. Marlborough—Upper Awatere,.
Monro, Sinclair! Otago—Kurow Mountains, Buchanan! Petrie! Alti-
tudinal range 3000-6000 ft.

A remarkably distinct species, in its ordinary state quite unlike any other.
Its nearest ally is H. brevipes, which is a much larger and more erect plant,
‘with shorter elliptic leaves, smaller and more numerous flowers, and much
shorter fruiting peduncles.

20. E. brevipes, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 8328.—Stout, smooth,
‘glossy, reddish-purple. Stems many from a woody rhizome,
6-15 in. high, prostrate or straggling, branched, ascending above,
Pee glabrous, densely leafy. Leaves all opposite, spreading,

3 lin. long, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or sub-
acute, gradually narrowed into a ratber long petiole, coriaceous
and shining, usually reddish, remotely denticulate. Flowers rather
numerous, in the axils of the upper leaves, sessile, +4 in. diam.,
white or rose. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, almost equalling the
petals. Stigma clavate. Capsules 3-1} in. long, slender, glabrous,
exceeding the leaves; peduncles very short, hardly elongating in
fruit. Seeds minutely reticulate-—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 78; Haussk.
Monog. Epilob. 307, t. 21, f. 89; Barbey, Gen. Hpilob. t. 19; Kark,
Students’ Fl. 176.

SoutH Isnanp: Marlborough — Upper Awatere, Monro, Kirk! Taylor's
Pass, Spencer; Mount Fyffe, Cockayne! Kaikoura Mountains, MeDonalid.
Nelson—Hanmer Plains, H. J. Matthews! Gorge of the Conway, Cuckayne !
Canterbury — Mount Torlesse, Enys and Kirk! Cockayne! Altitudinal range
1000-3500 ft. December—February.

21. BE. vernicosum, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)
535.—Stems numerous from a woody rootstock, 4-8in. high, de-
‘cumbent or prostrate at the base, erect or ascending above, terete,
bifariously pubescent. Leaves usually crowded, opposite or the
uppermost alternate, +—# in. long, linear-oblong to oblong or oblong-
ovate, obtuse or subacute, shortly petiolate, coriaceous, very glossy,
usually reddish. obscurely and remotely sinuate - denticulate.
Flowers op 5 towards the tips of the branches, almost sessile, very
large, 1-2 in. diain., pale-rose. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, much
shorter than the broad bilobed petals. Stigma shortly and obliquely
clavate. Capsules (not quite mature) about lin. long, perfectly
glabrous; peduncles apparently short. Seeds smooth (?)— Kirk,
Students’ Fl 176.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau and adjacent mountains,
altitude 3000-5000 ft., 7. F. C., Gibbs! Raglan Mountains and Wairau Gorge,
T. F.C. Otago— Arrowtown, Petrie!

The shining leaves and large rose-coloured flowers, which are produced in
great abundance, make this a very charming plant. The flowers are larger than
those of any other New Zealand species except EH. pallidiflorum.

22. BE. pycnostachyum, Hawssk. in Oestr. Bot. Zevtschr. ae
(1879) 150.—Stems numerous from the top of a woody prostrate

Epilobium.| ONAGRARIES, 183

rhizome, 2-8in. high, decumbent at the base and then erect or
ascending, often reddish, simple or sparingly branched, usually with
2 or 4 pubescent lines. Leaves opposite or the upper ones alter-
nate, densely crowded, ascending, 4—3in. long, narrow-oblong or
oblong-obovate, obtuse or acute, narrowed into a short petiole,
coarsely and remotely denticulate, glabrous or nearly so; lower
ones often much reduced in size. Flowers crowded in the upper
axils, hardly projecting beyond the leaves, large, white, 4in. diam.
Calyx-lobes lanceoiate, acute, much shorter than ‘the petais.
Stigma clavate. Capsules 4—#in. long, sessile or nearly so, stout,
glabrous, rarely exceeding the leaves. Seeds papillose. — Mouog.
Epilob. 306, t. 21, f. 88; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 176.

Sours Isuanp: Nelson —Clarence and Waiau Valleys, Travers! Mount
Oaptain, Kirk! Lake Tennyson, 7’. #.C. Canterbury—-Mount Torlesse, Petrie!
T. F. C.; Craigieburn Mountains, Cockayne! Arthur’s Pass and Upper Wai-

makariri, 7. F. C.; Whitcombe’s Pass, Huast! Otago —Lake District, Hector
and Buchanan. 2000-4500 ft. January—February.

Apparently confined to dry shingle slopes.. A well-marked plant, not easily
confounded with any other. _ The large white flowers are almost hidden by the
1] aves, and the ripe capsules hardly protrude beyond them.

93. EH. melanocaulon, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 813.—Rootstock stout,
hard and woody. Stems numerous, arcuate at the base and
then erect, slender, rigid, wiry, simple, black or purplish-black,
obscurely tetragonous, glabrous except 2 or 4 faint pubescent lines
on ‘the angles. Leaves numerous, usually close-set, opposite or
alternate, +2in. long, uniform, narrow linear-oblong, obtuse or
apiculate, sessile or very shortly petioled, rigid and coriaceous,
usually dark-red, glabrous, deeply and coarsely toothed or almost
lobed. Flowers sessile in the upper axils, small, erect, in. diam.,
white or pink. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter taan
the petals. Stigma shortly clavate. Capsules 4-1 in. long, slender,
purplish-black, glabrous; peduncles very short. Seeds papillose.
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 60; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 80; Haussk. Monog.
Epilob. 307; Kirk, Siudents’ Fl. 177.

Var, polyclonum.—Stems much more slender, branched. Leaves distant,

spreading, not so deeply toothed. Flowers rather smaller.—H. polyclonum,
Haussk. Monog. Hpilob. 308, t. 20, f. 87a; Airk, Students’ Fl. 177.

Norrs IsuanpD: Ruahine Range and mountains near Lake Taupo, Co-
lenso! SoutH IstAnp: Abundant throughout in mountain district-. Var,
polyclonum: Alpine localities in Canterbury and Otago, Travers! Buchanan !
Petrie!

The typical form is one of the most easily recognised species of the genus,
from the prominent characters of the numerous rigid simple purplish-black
stems and small uniform deeply-toothed leaves.

24. BE. rostratum, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z, inst. xxviii. (1896)
534.—Stems numerous from a hard woody rootstock, 2-6 in. high,
decumbent at the base and then erect, simple or branched, terete,
wiry, grey with a short uniform pubescence. Leaves opposite or

ONAGRARIEZH:. [Epilobium.

the upper alternate, crowded, 4-4in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse or
apiculate, coarsely toothed, rigid and coriaceous, glabrous or pu-
bescent near the base, sessile or very shortly petiolate. Flowers
rather numerous in the upper axils, small, erect, tin. diam.
Calyx -lobes ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, almost equalling the
petals. Stigma narrow-clavate. Capsules 3—3in. long, sessile or
very shortly peduncled, stout, curved, suddenly narrowed below
the tip, grooved, finely and closely pubescent. Seeds minutely
papillose.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 177.

SoutH Isranp: Canterbury—Shingly beds of streams, apparently not
uncommon. Upper Waimakariri; Lake Tekapo and Lake Pukaki, T. Ff. C
Otago—Naseby, Black’s, Petrie ! 1000-3000 ft. December—February.

This comes nearest to H. melanocaulon, from which it is distinguished by
its smaller size, paler colour, uniform pubescence, and especially by the short
curved capsules, which are abruptly narrowed towards the tip.

25. BE. microphyllum, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 325, t. 36. —
Stems very numerous from a hard and woody base, much branched
below, 3-8 in. high, shortly decumbent at the base, erect strict and
wiry above, dark purplish-black, bifariously pubescent. Leaves
small, opposite or the upper ones alternate, 4-+in. long, oklong
or ovate-oblong or ovate-orbicular, obtuse, sessile or very shortly
petioled, obscurely denticulate or quite entire, glabrous, coria-
ceous. Flowers few towards the tips of the branches, small,
white or pink, $in. diam. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute,
almost equalling the petals. Stigma clavate. Capsules 4—$in.
long, strict, erect, purplish-black with 4 silvery pubescent lines on
the angles; peduncles very short, hardly exceeding the leaves.
Seeds smooth.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 537; Raoul, Choix, 49; Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 59; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 79; Haussk. Monog. Epilob.
392, +t. 18, f. 79; Kork, Students’ Fl. 178.

NortH Istanp: East Coast and Cape Palliser, Colenso! near Waiapu,
Petrie! ake Waikaremoana, Elsdon Best! Tukituki River, Petrie ! Orongoro-
ngo River, Kirk. Sourn Istanp : Abundant in shingly river-beds in mountain
districts. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Papa-koura. December—February.

A well-known plant, easily recognised by the strict and wiry habit, purplish-
black stems, small uniform leaves, small flowers, and dark-purplish capsules.
with silvery-pubescent angles.

26. BE. Krulleanum, Hauwssk. Monog. Epilob. 305, t. 23, f. 95.—
Stems numerous from a hard and woody base, 2-6in. high,
decumbent below, erect above, strict and wiry, densely leafy,
bifariously pubescent. Leaves opposite or the uppermost alter-
nate, +4 in. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, shortly petioled,
coriaceous, often purplish, entire or very obscurely denticulate.
Flowers few in the upper axils, small, erect, tin. diam. Calyx-
lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, almost equalling the petals. Stigma
clavate. Capsule strict, erect, glabrous, 3-14 in. long; peduncles.
usually shorter than the leaves. Seeds papillose.—Kirk, Students’

Fl. 175:

Epilobium. | ONAGRARIEZ. 185

SoutH Istanp : Nelson-—Hanmer Plains, Kirk! Canterbury—Krull, Haast.
Otago—Mount Earnslaw and the Humboldt Mountains, Cockayne ! 1500-
-3500 ft. December—February.

A very imperfectly understood species, of which much more complete
specimens are required before its exact position can be determined.

97. E. glabellum, Forst. Prodr. n. 160.—Stems 6-14 in. high,
usually numerous from a hard and woody base, decumbent below,
‘strict and erect above, terete or obscurely tetragonous, often red
or purple, glabrous with the exception of 2 or 4 pubescent lines
decurrent from the petioles, simple or branched below, mempiey or
densely leafy. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, 4—? in. long,
ovate or ovate-oblong to narrow-oblong, obtuse, shortly petioled or
almost sessile, perfectly glabrous, usually red or purple, often shin-
ing, from almost membranous to coriaceous, remotely sinuate-den-
ticulate. Flowers in the upper axils, few or many, erect, white or
pink, 4-4in. diam. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous,
shorter than the petals. Stigma rounded-clavate. Capsules 1-2 in.
long, slender, erect, glabrous : peduncles short, seldom much ex-
ceeding the leaves. Seeds papillose.—Hook. f. #. Nov. Zel. i. 59 ;
Handb. N.Z. Fi. 19; Haussk. Monog. Epilob. 304; Kirk, Students’
Fl. 174. E. erubescens, Haussk. l.c. 306, t. 23, f. 98; Kirk, l.c.
175.

Norte Isuanp: Rare and local north of the Kast Cape, common in moun-

tain districts from thence southwards. Sour Istanp: Abundant throughout.
Sea-level to over 5000 ft. December—February.

One of the most variable and puzzling plants in New Zealand; excessively
plentiful in hilly and mountainous districts in the South Island. I have re-
united Professor Haussknecht’s #. erwbescens with it, finding it quite impossible
to lay down a strict line of demarcation between the two plants. The true ZH.
glabellwm is less rigid, with more membranous distantly placed leaves, and the
capsules are longer and shortly stalked. HH. erwbescens has numerous rigid
simple stems, the leaves are crowded and erect, the flowers more numerous, and
the capsules shorter and almost sessile. But intermediate states are plentiful,
and many of them might with equal propriety be placed under either head.

28. EH. novee-zealandiz, Haussk. Monog. Hpilob. 305, t. 20,
f, 86.—Stems 3-9in. high, decumbent or prostrate at the base,
erect or ascending above, branched, usually pale-green, bifariously
pubescent. Leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, 3-1 in.
long, lanceolate or linear-oblong to oblong, obtuse or subacute,
sessile or very shortly petiolate, rather thin, light-green, glabrous,
obscurely and remotely denticulate. Flowers in the axils of the
upper leaves, small, white, }-4+in. diam. Calyx-lobes ovate-
lanceolate, glabrous, shorter than the petals. Stigma shortly
clavate. Capsules 3-14in. long, slender, glabrous; peduncles
usually longer than the leaves when the fruit is mature. Seeds
papillose.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 175. HE. elegans, Petrie in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 425.

Nortn Isuanp: Bay of Islands, Colenso! n. 103, Wilkes (Haussknecht).
‘Sours Istanp: Apparently not uncommon throughout.

186 ONAGRARIES. [Epilobium.

This requires further investigation with more complete material. Some of
the forms included in it by Haussknecht hardly differ from E.-glabellum, except
in the more branching habit, paler colour, and longer stalked capsules, and
would probably ‘be better placed under that species. Others (H. elegans,
Petrie) have the stems simple or branched at the base alone, with much
tee “Gk leaves, larger flowers, and the peduncles elongate considerably in
-fruit

2. FUCHSIA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or opposite or whorled.
Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, rarely in racemes or panicles,
‘usually pendulous, often handsome. Calyx-tube ovoid, produced
above the ovary into a tubular or companulate 4-lobed limb.
‘Petals 4, often smail, rarely wanting, convolute, spreading or
~reflexed. Stamens 8; filaments filiform; anthers linear or oblong.
Ovary 4-celled; style slender, elongated ; stigma capitate, entire or

-4-lobed ; ovules numerous, attached to the inner angle of the cells.
- Berry ovoid or oblong, fleshy, 4-celled, many-seeded.

A beautiful and well-known genus of about 60 species, all of which, with
the exception of the three following, are natives of America, from Mexico to-
Fuegia.

* Flowers pendulous. Petals present, small.

Shrub or tree 10-40 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate .. wt .. 1. F. excorticata.

Small shrub with long straggling branches. Leaves ovate
or orbicular-ovate .. at .. 2. F. Colensoi.

** Flowers erect. Petals wanting.

Stems very slender, trailing. Lxaves small, orbicular-
ovate ae Xe Be ee fe .. 3. EF. procumbens.

1. F. excorticata, Linn. f. Suppl. 217.—A shrub or small
tree 40 ft. high; trunk usually 6-18in. diam., but sometimes reach-
ing 2-3 ft.; bark thin, loose and papery; branches brittle. Leaves
alternate, 2-din. long including the slender petiole, ovate-lanceo-
late or lanceolate, acuminate, entire or obscurely and remotely
toothed, thin and membranous, green above, pale and silvery
beneath. Flowers 3-11in. long, axillary, solitary, pendulous ; pe-
-duncles long, slender. Calyx- tube inflated at the base, then sud-
denly contracted and again expanded into a funnel-shaped tube;
lobes 4, acuminate, spreading. Petals 4, small. Stamens and
style very variable in length. Berry oblong, purplish-black, juicy,
4in. long.—Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 857; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 533 ;
Raoul, Choix, 49; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 56; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
75; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 36, 36a; Students’ Fl. 180. Skinnera ex-
corticata, Forst. Char. Gen. 58; Prodr. n. 163; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Gel. 331.

NortH anp SoutH Isuanps, Stewart Istanp: Abundant from the North

- Cape southwards. Sea-level to over 3000 ft. Native fuchsia; Kotukutuku ;
the fruit Konini. August—December. Joa

Fuchsia.| — ONAGRARIEA). 187

_ The flowers are trimorphic, there being a long-styled form in which the
stamens have short filaments and often abortive anthers, and mid-styled and
short-styled forms in which the stamens have longer filaments and perfect
anthers, the last two apparently graduating into one another. For a detailed
account see a paper by Mr. Kirk in the Transactions of the New Zealand Insti-
tute, vol. xxv., p. 261.

9. F. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 728.—A small shrub
with long straggling branches, sometimes producing slender tlexu-
ous unbranched shoots several feet in length. Leaves alternate,
very variable in size, 4-2 in. long including the petiole, ovate or
orbicular-ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, thin and mem-
branous, entire or obscurely toothed ; petioles often longer than the
blade. Flowers much as in F’. excorticata, but shorter and pro-
portionately broader, and petals smaller.— Kirk, Students’ Ft. 181.

NorvtH aND SoutH IsLaANDSs, STEWART IsLAND: From the Northern Wairoa
River southwards, but often local. Sea-level to 1500 ft. October—February.

A very variable plant, large forms of which almost pass into F’, excorticata.

3. F. procumbens, R. Cunn. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 534.—
Stems very slender, much branched, prostrate and trailing, often
several feet long. Leaves alternate; blade +-%in. long, rounded-
ovate or almost orbicular, cordate at the base, ovscurely sinuate-
toothed, membranous ; petioles very slender, longer than the blade.
Flowers axillary, solitary, erect, 4-2in. long; peduncles short,
i-Zin. Calyx-tube cylindric, without raised ridges, pale-orange ;
lobes sharply reflexed, purple at the tips, green at the base. Petals
wanting. Stamens erect,’ always exserted; filaments slender.
Style longer or shorter than the stamens, or equal to them. Berry
large, oblong or obovoid, 2 in. long, bright-red, glaucous.—Hook. Ic.
Plant. t. 421; Raoul, Choiz, 49; Hook. f. Fl., Nov. Zel. i. 57;
Handb. N.Z. Fi. 76, 728; Bot. Mag. t. 6139; Kirk, Students’ Fl.
181. F. Kirkii, Hook. f. in Ic. Plant. t. 1083.

NorrH Is~tanp: Sandy and rocky places near the sea, rare and local.
North Cape district, J. ddams and T. F. C.; Ahipara, #. J. Matthews!
Matauri, A. Cunningham; Whangaruru, Kirk! Whangarei Heads and near
og led T. F. C.; Cape Colville Peninsula, J. Adams! Great Barrier Island,

irk !

A beautiful and graceful little plant, remarkable for being the only species
known with erect flowers. As in F’. excorticata, the flowers are trimorphic,
In the long-styled form the flowers are smaller and narrower, much less brightly
coloured, the style is exserted far beyond the anthers, the stigma is very large,
and the anthers rather smaller. The mid-styled and short-st,led forms appear
to vary into one another: in the first the style usually equals the anthers, in
the second it is shorter and included within the calyx-tube. The stamens are
of equal length in all the forms.

OrperR XXX. PASSIFLOREA..

Climbing herbs or shrubs, rarely erect. Leaves usually alter-
nate, entireor lobed or palmately divided, stipulate ; petiole generally
provided with giands. Tendrils often present, axillary. Flowers

188 PASSIFLOREZ. [Passiflora..

regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, axillary, solitary or in cymes-
or racemes. Calyx-tube short or long; lobes 4-5, valvate or im-
bricate. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes or wanting, inserted
on the calyx-tube, free or connate. Corona of one or more rows of
filamentous appendages arising from the calyx-tube, rarely wanting.
Stamens 3-5, rarely more, usually springing from the base of the
calyx, but filaments often monadelphous and adnate to the stalk
of the ovary to near the top. Ovary superior, free, elevated on a
stalk (gynophore) or sessile, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas ;
tyles 3-5 or single; ovules numerous, pendulous, anatropous.
Fruit succulent or capsular. Seeds numerous, ovoid or compressed,
often arillate ; albumen fleshy; embryo straight, cotyledons flat.

A small order, chiefly tropical in its distribution, and most abundant in
South America. Genera 18; species about 250. The fruit of several species of
Passiflora (passion-fruit) is valued on account of the cooling and refreshing
pulp surrounding the seeds ; the large-fruited kind, known as grenadilla, being
specially prized. The very different-looking papaw is now everywhere cultivated
in the tropics for its large fruit, which, though insipid, is cooling and antiseptic.
The only genus found in New Zealand (Passiflora) is mainly South American,
but has a few outlying species in Australasia, the Pacific islands, and tropical
Asia.

1. PASSIFLORA, Linn.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves simple or palmately lobed or divided,
often with glands on the undersurface and petiole; tendrils axil-
lary. Flowers axillary, solitary or racemose. Calyx-tube short,
lobes 4-5. Petals 4-5, rarely wanting, inserted on the throat of
the calyx. Corona of one or several rings of coloured filaments
arising from the calyx-tube. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes ;
filaments adnate to the stalk of the ovary; anthers versatile.
Ovary superior, elevated on a long stalk or gynophore, 1-celled ;
styles 3; stigmas capitate. Fruit succulent or pulpy, indehiscent
or obscurely 3-valved.

A large genus of over 120 species, chiefly tropical, and most plentiful in
South America. The New Zealand species is endemic, and constitutes the

section Setrapathea, characterized by the unisexual tetramerous flowers and
ebracteate peduncles.

1. P. tetrandra, Banks and Sol. ex D.C. Prodr. iii. 323.—A
glabrous climber, ascending to the tops of the highest trees; trunk
woody, often 3-4 in. diam.; branches slender, terete. Leaves al-
ternate, petiolate, 1-4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, eglandular, quite entire, smooth and glossy;
tendrils slender, elongated. Flowers unisexual, greenish, }in.
diam., in 2-4-flowered cymes or solitary ; pedicels slender, jointed
about the middle. Calyx-lobes 4, oblong, obtuse. Petals the same
number and about the same size. Corona of numerous yellowish
filaments. Male flowers with 4 stamens; filaments long, diverging.
Females with a stipitate ovary, usually with short barren stamens
at the base ; styles 2 or 3. Fruit nearly globose, orange, 1—14in..

Passiflora. | PASSIFLOREZ. 189

diam. Seeds very numerous, compressed, wrinkled, black.—
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 524; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 73; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 81; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 182. Tetrapathza australis,
Raoul, Choix, t. 27.

NortH AND SoutH Istanps: From the North Cape as far south as Banks
Peninsula, ascending to 2500 ft. Kohia. November—January.

OrperR XXXI. CUCURBITACEZ.

Climbing or prostrate herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate,
usually palmately veined or lobed. Tendrils generally present,
Springing from the sides of the stem near the petioles, simple or
divided. Flowers moncecious or diecious, solitary or in racemes
or panicles. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb campanulate or
rotate or tubular, 3—5-lobed ; lobes imbricate. Petals 3-5, inserted
on the calyx-limb, free or united into a lobed corolla, often con-
fluent with the calyx below. Stamens 3 or 5, inserted on the
calyx-tube; filaments free or connate into a tube or column;
anthers free or united, one 1-celled, the others 2-celled; cells often
long and sinuous. Ovary inferior, usually 1-celled when very
young, with 5 (rarely 4-5) parietal placentas, which thicken and
turn inwards, meeting in the axis, so that the ovary becomes
spuriously 3-6-celled; style simple, entire or 3-fid; ovules 1 or
more to each placenta. Fruit succulent or coriaceous, indehiscent
or bursting irregularly. Seeds usually many, generally flat ; albu-
men wanting; embryo straight, cotyledons large.

A natural and well-defined order, spread over the tropics and warmer por-
tions of the temperate zones, nearly absent in cold climates. Genera about 70;
species nearly 500. The order is mainly important on account of the edible
fruits which many species produce, as the pumpkin, melon, water-melon,
cucumber, &c. Others are acrid and purgative, as colocynth and bryony, and
are used in medicine. ‘The common gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris), the hard-rinded
fruit of which is so extensively used in the tropics for water-vessels, &c., was
introduced into New Zealand by the Maoris, and cultivated by them long before

the advent of Europeans, but is now seldom seen. The sole indigenous genus.
(Sicyos) occurs in America, the Pacific islands, and Australasia.

1. SICYOS, Linn.

Climbing or prostrate herbs. Leaves angular or 3—5-lobed.
Flowers small, moncecious. Male flowers racemose. Calyx-tube
broadly campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-partite.
Stamens connate into a short column; anthers 2-5, sessile at the
top of the column, sinuous; cells confluent. Female flowers capi-
tate on a short peduncle, rarely solitary. Calyx-tube adnate with
the ovary; limb and corolla as in the males. Ovary 1-celled;
style short, 3-fid; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit small, coria-
ceous, dry, indehiscent, covered with barbed spines.

A small genus of about 20 species, mainly from tropical America, but

extending to Australia and the Pacific islands. The single New Zealand
species has the range of the genus.

190. CUCURBITACER. [Steyos.

1. S. angulata, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1013.— Stems trailing or |
‘climbing, usually from 2 ft. to 10ft. long but sometimes much
more, glabrous or more or less scabrid. Leaves on long petioles,
2-6in. diam. or more, ovate-cordate to reniform, palmately ~
-6-T-lobed, the central lobe the longest, membranous, scabrid
with short stiff hairs or almost glabrous; tendrils very long,
branched. Flowers 4+in. diam., greenish; males racemose on a
long peduncle; females often from the same axil, capitate on a
short peduncle. Fruits clustered, $in. long, ovoid, compressed,
densely covered with barbed spines. — Forst. Prodr. n. 363; A.
fitch. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 323; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 72; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 82; Benth. Fl. Austral. in. 322; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 183.
S. australis, Hndl. Prodr. Fl. Norf. 67; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 525.

Kermavec Isxtanps: Abundant, attaining a largesize, WcGillivray, T. F.C.
NortH Isuanp: In various places on the coast, as far south as Hawke’s Bay;
more plentiful on the outlying islands than on the mainland. Sourm Istanp:
Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solander. Mawha. November-—

March. Also in North and South America, Australia, Norfolk Island, Lord ©
Howe Island, and Polynesia.

OrperR XXXII. FICOIDEA.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely undershrubs, of very various —
habit. Leaves opposite or alternate or whorled, simple, often fleshy,
stipules wanting or scarious. Flowers regular, usually herma-
phrodite, solitary or fascicled or cymose. Calyx free or adnate to.
the ovary, 4-d-celled or -partite, imbricate. Petals either narrow ;
and. numerous, or 4—5 and small, or altogether wanting. Stamens
perigynous or rarely hypogynous, few or many ; filaments free or:
connate at the base. Ovary superior or inferior, 2—5-celled ; styles
as many as the cells, free or united at the base; ovules either
solitary in the cells and basal, or numerous and axile. Fruit
generally a capsule with loculicidal or transverse dehiscence, more
rarely drupaceous or separating into 1-seeded cocci. Seeds solitary
or many, usually compressed ; albumen scanty or copious ; embryo
slender, curved round the albumen, terete.

A large order, comprising 22 genera and nearly 500 species, mostly tropical
or sub-tropical, and especially plentiful in South Africa; rare or absent in
cold climates. The properties of the order are unimportant. Many species of
Mesembryanthemum have showy flowers, and are cultivated in gardens; and
Tetrayonia is occasionally used as a pot herb. The remaining genera are mostly

insignificant weeds. Both the New Zealand genera are widely distributed,
although much more numerously represented in South Africa than elsewhere.

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, Linn.

More or less succulent herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually
opposite, thick and fleshy, trigonous or terete or flat. Flowers con-
spicuous, terminating the branches or axillary. Calyx-tube adnate
with the ovary; lobes 5. Petals numerous, linear, in one or
several rows. Stamens numerous, in many rows Ovary inferior,

‘Mesembryanthemum. | ' FICOIDE. 191

with 5 or more cells, rarely 4-célled ; styles as many as the cells,
free or connate at the base, stigmatic on the inner side ; ovules very
‘numerous. Capsule enclosed in the persistent calyx, depressed at
the apex and loculicidally dehiscent, the valves opening in a star-
like manner. Seeds numerous, minute; testa crustaceous.

An enormous South African genus, containing fully 300 species; rare else-

where, although a few species are widely scattered along the shores of many
parts of the world.

Leaves less than lin. long. Flowers #-lin. diam. ;

peduncles usually short : 8 56 .. Ll. WM. australe.
Leaves more than lin. long. Flowers 14in. diam., on
long peduncles sts Cd aye ae .. 2. M, equilaterale,

1. M. australe, Sol. ex Forst. Prodr. n. 523.—Stems: 1-4 ft.
long, prostrate and rooting at the nodes, woody, terete. Leaves
Opposite or in opposite fascicles, connate at the base, 4-1} in. long,
‘linear or linear-oblong, triquetrous, flat above, convex and keeled
beneath, acute or obtuse, thick and fleshy, often glaucous. Flowers
-8-Jin. diam., white or pink; peduncles usually shorter than the
leaves, but sometimes nearly twice their length. Calyx-tube fleshy,
obconic ; lobes 5, 2 of them much longer than the others. Petals
very numerous, spreading. Styles 5-8. Capsule 5-8-celled.—4d.
aan Precur. n. 522; Raoul, Choix, 48; Hook. I ie Nov. -Zel.

76; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 83; Benth. FI. ’ Austral. . 824; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 184.

KERMADEC IsLANDS, NorrtH AND SourH ISLANDS, CHATHAM ISLANDS :

Common everywhere on the coasts. Horokaka. October—March. Also:
abundant in Australia and Tasmania, Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe Island.

2. M. equilaterale, Haw. Misc. Nat. 77.—Stems robust, woody
at the base, prostrate or ascending, sometimes several feet in length;
flowering branches short, suberect. Leaves opposite, stem-clasp-
ing, 1-3in. long, very fleshy, linear, acutely triquetrous, smootn,
equal-sided or laterally compressed. Flowers 14in. diam.; pe-
duncles 1-3in. long, thickened upwards, winged. Calyx-tube
turbinate, $in. long or more; lobes unequal, the 2 larger ones
often as long as the tube. Petals SprERa nS Styles 6-10. Cap-
sule 6-10-celled.— Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 324; Kirk, Students’ F'l.
184.

NortH Isnanp: Coast near Napier; Castle Point, Kirk ! December—

February. A common plant in Australia and Tasmania, also found in Cali-
fornia and Chili.

2, TETRAGONIA, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs. Stems trailing or erect. Leaves alter-
“nate, petiolate, flat but more or less succulent. Flowers axillary,
solitary or few together. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary and
often produced above it, terete or angled; lobes 3-5. Petals
-wanting. Stamens inserted on the calyx-tube, variable in number,
solitary orfewormany. Ovary inferior, 2-8-celled; styles as many

192 FICOIDEX. [| Tetragonia.

as the cells; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous. Fruit inde-
hiscent, globose or obconic, often horned or tuberculate ; endocarp
hard or almost bony ; epicarp coriaceous or fleshy.

A small genus of about 25 species, most of which are natives of South Africa,

a few only being scattered over the coasts of America, Australasia, and parts of
Asia.

Leaves 1-4in. Fruit turbinate, hard, angular, horned
above ne on ae ie ae oe Le Dv expansa:
Leaves #-2in. Fruit globose, succulent, not horned -. 2. 7. trigyna.

1. T.expansa, Murr. in Comm. Gotting. vi. (1783) 18.—A more
or less succulent minutely papillose herb. Stems 1-2 ft. high, de-
cumbent or suberect, glabrous or sparingly puberulous. Leaves
1—4in. long, ovate-rhomboid or triangular, obtuse or subacute, sud-
-denly narrowed into the petiole, quite entire or very obscurely
sinuate. Fiowers small, yellowish, solitary or rarely 2 together,
sessile or on very short peduncles. Calyx-tube broadly turbinate ;
lobes about as long as the tube, broad, obtuse. Stamens 12-20,
irregularly inserted. Ovary 3-8-celled; styles the same number.
Fruit about +in. long, hard and dry, almost turbinate, angular,
usually furnished at the summit with 2-4 prominent teeth or
horns.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 320; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 523;
Raoul, Choiz, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 77; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
84; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 8325; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 185. T. hali-
mifolia, Forst. Prodr. n. 223.

KERMADEC ISLANDS, NorTH AND SoutH ISLANDS, STEWART IsLAND: Not

uncommon along the coasts; seldom found inland. Kokthi. November-—
February.

This has long been cultivated in Europe as an edible plant, under the
name of ‘‘New Zealand spinach.’”’ It is also a native of Australia and Tas-
mania, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island, Japan. and extra-tropical South
America.

2. T. trigyna, Banks and Sol. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
77.—Stems 1-8ft. long, branched, trailing or almost climbing,
terete, woody at the base. Leaves #-2in. long, broadly ovate-
rhomboid or rounded-ovate, obtuse, abruptly narrowed into the
petiole, fleshy, usually covered with transparent papilla. Flowers
small, vellowish, solitary or rarely 2 together; peduncles about as
long as the flower. Ovary 2- rarely 3-celled; styles the same
number as the cells. Fruit tin. diam., subglobose, succulent,
bright-red, obscurely lobed or quite even, not horned. Seeds 1-3.
—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 84; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 185. T. implexicoma
var. chathamica, F’. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 12.

KermabDEc Is~LANDs, NortH AND South IsbLANDs, STEWART ISLAND,
CHATHAM IsLANDS: In many places on the shores, but often local. Noyem-
ber—February.

Easily distinguished from T. expansa by the trailing habit, smaller broader
leaves, and bright-red fleshy fruit. The flowers are often unisexual. It is
probably identical with the Australian and Tasmanian TJ. implexicoma,
Hook. f.

UMBELLIFER. 193

OrperR XXXII]. UMBELLIFERA.

Herbs, very rarely climbing or shrubby, often aromatic when
bruised. Stems often grooved or channelled, solid or hollow.
Leaves alternate, usually much cut and divided but sometimes
simple and entire; petiole dilated and sheathing at the base ;
stipules wanting (except in Hydrocotyle). Flowers small, herma-
phrodite or occasionally polygamous, in terminal or lateral umbels
which are either simple or compound. Umbels usually furnished
at the base with a ring of bracts, those below the primary (or
general) umbel forming the involucre, those below the secondary
(or partial) ones constituting the involucel. Calyx adnate to the
ovary, limb either obsolete or 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted at the
margin of an epigvnous disc, the outer often larger, imbricate or
valvate, usually inflexed at the tip. Stamens 5, epigynous; fila-
ments curved inwards. Disc epigynous, often Y-lobed and con-
fluent with the base of the styles. Ovary inferior, 2-celled;
styles 2, distinct; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit of 2 dry
indehiscent carpels cohering by their inner faces (commissure), when
ripe separating from a filiform central axis (carpophore), from the
top of which they often remain suspended for a time. Hach carpel
(mericarp) generally bears 5 longitudinal ridges, sometimes ex-
panded into wings. In the spaces or furrows between the ridges,
and imbedded in the pericarp, are one or more longitudinal oil-
canals (vitt@). Secondary ridges are also sometimes placed be-
tween the primary ones. Seeds 1 to each carpel, pendulous;
albumen abundant, horny ; embryo minute, next the hilum, radicle
superior.

A very large and extremely distinct order, represented all over the world,
but most plentiful in western Asia, south Hurope, and north Africa; rarer in
the tropics and in the south temperate zone. Genera about 160; species esti-
mated at 1500. The properties of the order are extremely varied. Several
species secrete a poisonous and narcotic acrid sap, as hemlock, fool’s parsley,
water drop-wort, &c. Others are characterized hy the presence of a gum-resin,
as Asafetida and Galbanum. Many species produce aromatic and carminative
fruits, as caraway, coriander, dill, &c. The chief edible species are the carrot
and parsnip, where the roots alone are eaten; and celery, parsley, and fennel,
where the leaves and stems are employed. Of the 11 New Zealand genera,
Aciphylla and Actinotus extend to Australia; Azorella and Oreomyrrhis occur
in South America and the Antarctic islands as well. The remaining 7 are all
widely distributed.

* Umbels simple (sometimes irregularly compound in Azorella).

a. Vitte absent.
Creeping herbs with scarious stipules. Fruit laterally
much compressed .. 1. HyDROCOTYLE,

Tufted or creeping. Fruit hardly compressed, subquadrate 2. AZORELLA.
Leaves and involucres spinous. Umbels contracted into a

compact spike or head .. 93. ERYNGIUM.
Tufted or creeping. oh NATE A 1 celled, “‘Lovuled. Carpel
solitary .. .. 4. ACTINOTUS.

7—FI.

194 ‘UMBELLIFERZ. | Hydrocotyle.

b. Vitte present.

Tufted or diffuse. Leaves much dissected. Fruit nar-
rowed above, nearly terete .. .. 6. OREOMYRRHIS.
Aquatic. Stem creeping. Leaves terete, fistular, septate 7. CRANTZIA.

** Umbels regularly compound. Vittz present (obscure in some). Primary
ridges of the fruit alone conspicuous.

Littoral. Stems decumbent. Involucre wanting. Car-

pels nearly terete .. .. 5. APIUM.
Leaf- segments ending in acicular or spinous points. Um-

bels in erect spikes or panicles .. 8. ACIPHYLLA.
Leaves pinnate or decompound. Umbels terminal. Car-

pels with 3-5 narrow equal wings... . 9. Licusticum.
Leaves pinnate or 1-3-foliolate in the New Zealand

species. Carpels with 2 broad lateral wings .. .. 10. ANGELICA.

*** Umbels regularly mpieeuae pane ridges of the frult prominent,
covered with bristles se E .. 11. Daucus.

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Linn.

Prostrate herbs. Stems long, slender, rooting at the nodes,
often matted. Leaves orbicular or reniform, deeply cordate or
peltate, palmately toothed or lobed or divided, rarely entire, long-
petioled ; stipules small, scarious. Umbels simple, small ; involu-
cral leaves usually inconspicuous or wanting. Flowers small, some-
times unisexual. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Petals entire,
valvate or imbricate. Fruit laterally compressed, with a narrow
commissure ; carpels flat, placed edge to edge, with 1 or more pro-
minent ribs on each face; vitte wanting. Seed straight, laterally
compressed.

A genus of about 80 species, spread over the warm and temperate regions of
the world, but most numerous in the Southern Hemisphere. Of the 9 New
Zealand species 1 has a wide range in tropical and subtropical countries, another

is found in North and South America, 2 occur in Australia, the remainder appear
to be endemic.

Section I. (Euhydrocotyle). Involucral bracts narrow or wnconspicuous or want—
ing. Petals valvate. Carpels without secondary ribs or reticulations.

Leaves deeply 3-7-lobed. Peduncles exceeding the leaves.

Fruits on long slender pedicels - 1: .. 1. H. elongata.
Leaves 3-5-foliolate; leaflets cuneate. Peduncles shorter
than the leaves. Umbels 2-6-flowered 2. H. tripartita.

Leaves 3-7-lobed almost to the base. Umbels 20-40-
flowered ; peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves .. 3. H. dissecta.
Leaves thin, with 5-7shallowlobes. Umbels 3-7-flowered,
sessile or on very short peduncles (sometimes half as
long as the petioles in var. heteromeria) 4. H. americana.
Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves obscurely ‘3-7. lobed.
Umbels 3-8-flowered. Carpels large, flat, with a broad
dorsal wing at ie 3 be
Pilose or nearly glabrous. Leaves obscurely 3-7-lobed.
Umbels 5-12-flowered. Carpels rounded on the dorsal [die.
edge oe Se as oe oe 6. H. nove-zealan-

or

. H. pterocarpa.

Hydrocotyle. | UMBELLIFERA. 195

Hispidly pilose. Leaves sharply 5-7-lobed. |Umbels

10-20-flowered. Carpels acute on the dorsal edge .. %. H. moschata.
Small, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ~5-4in., 5-7-lobed.

Umbels 2-6-flowered. Carpels rounded on the dorsal

edge ee = oa 36 .. 8. H. microphylla.
Section II. ae TInwolucral bracts conspicuous, broad. Petals imbricate.

Carpels with secondary ribs and reticulations.

Leaves fascicled, broadly cordate. Umbels 2-3-flowered.

Carpels large bE Bi Be soos MEL MaSTATICA.

1. H. elongata, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 495.—More or less softly
pilose, rarely almost glabrous. Stems 4-12in. long, very slender,
branched, creeping and rooting at the nodes. Leaves 4-1 in.
‘diam., orbicular-reniform, deeply 3—7-lobed ; lobes rounded, acutely
toothed ; petioles slender, 1-3in. long or inore; stipules small.
Peduncles very slender, exceeding the leaves; umbels 10-30-
flowered. oes minute, on slender pedicels. Fruit small,
brownish, ;4, in. diam., more or less pubescent or bristly; carpels
with one rib on each. face.—Raoul, Chor, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. 1.84; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 85; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 187. H. con-
cinna, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 239. H. echinella, Col.
lie. xx. (1888) 191.

Nort anp SoutH Issanps: Not uncommon from the North Cape south-
wards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. November—March.

A very distinct plant, easily recognised by the large size, softly pilose habit,
deeply lobed leaves, long peduncles, and pedicelled flowers.

2. H. tripartita, R. Br. ex A. Rich. Hydrocot. 69, t. 61, f. 25.
—Usually densely matted, dark-green, smooth and shining, glabrous
or nearly so. Stems branched, filiform, creeping and rooting at the
nodes, 1-4in. long. Leaves coriaceous or fleshy, +-$in. diam.,
3-d-partite to the base ; leaflets cuneate, 2-3-toothed or -lobed at the
tip or quite entire; petioles 4 42 in. long; stipules rather large, entire.
Peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves ; umbels 2—6-flowered.
Flowers small, shortly pedicelled or sessile. Fruit small, rather
turgid, brownish, glabrous. Carpels rounded at the back, convex
on the sides, with one obscure rib on each face.—Hook. f. H'l. Nov.
Zel. i. 83; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 841; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 188.
H. muscosa, &. Br. ex A. Rich. l.c. 68, t. 61, f. 27; Hook f. Handb.
N.Z. Fi. 86.

Var. hydrophila.—Much smaller and more delicate ; stems 4-lin. long.
Leaves 3-tin. diam. ; leaflets minute, entire or with 2-3 shallow crenatures.

Umbels 1-2-flowered. Fruit much smaller, but otherwise as in the type.—
H. hydrophila, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 425.

Norra Istanp: Hawke’s Bay and Tongariro, Colenso! Var. hydrophila:
Lower Waikato River, Carse! Matata (Bay of Plenty), Petrie ! SouTtH
Istanp, STEWART Istanp: Not uncommon in marshy places. Var. hydro-

leon Otago — Tomahawk Lagoon, Petrie! Wickliffe Bay, Bluff, B. C.
ston

196 UMBELLIFERE. [ Hydrocotyle.

The trifoliolate leaves at once separate this from all the other New Zealand
species. Mr. Petrie’s H. hydrophila has no distinguishing characters apart
from its much smaller size. The typical form is also found in Australia and
Tasmania.

3. H. dissecta, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 84.—Small, slender,
matted, more or less hispid-pilose. Stems much branched, creep-
ing and rooting, 3-9in. long. Leaves alternate or in alternate
fascicles, +-lin. diam., orbicular or orbicular-reniform, 3—7-lobed
almost to the base; lobes obovate-cuneate, acutely toothed or
almost laciniate, hairy on both surfaces; petiole $-14in. long.
Peduncles variable in length, $-2in. long, longer or shorter than
the leaves ; umbels 20-40-fiowered. Flowers small, sessile. Fruit
densely crowded, small, red-brown, glabrous; carpels somewhat
turgid, with one obtuse rib on each face; margins acute.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 86; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 188.

Nort Isuanp: Near Maunganui Bluff, Petrie! Northern Wairoa, T. F’. C.;
Whangarei, Carse! Petrie! T. F.C.; Matakana, Kirk! Hunua, Kirk! T. F.C.;
Lower Waikato, Carse! Hawke's Bay, Colenso. SourH Istanp: Marlborough,

Macmahon! near Westport; Townson! Otira Valley and Catlin’s River, Petrie f
Sea-level to 1200 ft. November—February.

A well-marked plant, perhaps more closely allied to H. moschata than to any
other, but differing widely in the deeply and sharply lobed leaves. Mr. Carse
sends a form with proliferous umbels.

4. H. americana, Linn. Sp. Plant. 234.—Small, very slender,
matted, pale-green and glistening, glabrous or with a few loose
hairs on the petioles. Stems 3-6in. long, filiform, much branched.
Leaves very delicate and membranous, +3 in. diam., orbicular-reni-
form, 5-7-lobed: lobes shallow, crenate; petioles 3-13in. long;
stipules small. Umbels small, 3-6-flowered, sessile in the axils of
the leaves or very shortly peduncled. Flowers sessile or nearly so.
Fruit minute, pale yellowish-brown, glabrous, or one or both carpels
more or less hispid; carpels with one rib on each face, margins.
acute.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 82; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 85; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 187.

Var. heteromeria, Kirk, |.c. 188.—Rather larger. Leaves 4-1lin. diam. ;
petioles often 2in. long. Umbels usually shortly peduncled; peduncles some-
times half the length of the petioles. Fruit as in the type.—H. heteromeria,

A. Rich. Hydrocot. 200; A. Cunn. Precur.n. 499; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 82 ;
Handb. N.4. Fl.86. H. nitens, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 386.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps, StEwart Istanp: Not uncommon from the
North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. October—February. The
typical form is also found in North and South America.

5. H. pterocarpa, F’. Muell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1. (1855) 126.
—Smooth, often shining, perfectly glabrous or sparingly pilose.
Stems slender, 6-14in. long, branched, creeping and rooting.
Leaves 4-lin. diam., orbicular-reniform with a narrow or closed
sinus, very thin and membranous, obscurely 3-7-lobed; lobes.

Hydrocotyle. | UMBELLIFERZ. 197

crenate ; petioles slender, 1-4in. long. Peduncles rather slender,
shorter than the leaves; umbels 3-8-flowered. Flowers shortly
pedicelled or almost sessile. Fruit large, flat, broader than long,
notched above and below, often mottled; carpels with one rib on
each face, and with the dorsal edge expanded into a broad wing.—
Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. 1. 158, t. 33; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 86; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ F'l. 188.

Nort AnD Sout Istanps: In lowland swamps from Mongonui to North
Canterbury, but often local. December—February. Also in Victoria and
Tasmania.

6. H. nove-zealandize, D.C. Prodr. iv. 67.—Very variable in
size and habit of growth. Stems 3-12 in. long, much or sparingly
branched, open or matted, creeping and rooting at the nodes, some-
times ascending at the tips, pilose or almost glabrous. Leaves
4-lhin. diam., orbicular-reniform with usually an open sinus,
obscurely 5—9-lobed or -angled; lobes shallow, obscurely and ob-
tusely crenate, rarely more acutely toothed, usually membranous
but sometimes subcoriaceous, sparingly hairy or nearly glabrous ;
petioles 4-3in. long, slender, usually pilose with reversed hairs
above. Peduncles shorter than the leaves; umbels 5—12-flowered.
Flowers shortly pedicelled. Fruit ;4,in. diam., broader than long,
somewhat flattened, glabrous, pale-brown, sometimes mottled ;
carpels rounded at the back, with an indistinct rib or groove on
each face.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 497; Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 83; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 86; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 189.
H. dichondrefolia, A. Cunn. l.c. n. 498. H. intermixta, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 240. H. alsophila, Col. l.c. xviii.
(1886) 261. H. involucrata, Col. l.c. xix. (1887) 262. H. amecena,
Col. l.c. xxi. (1889) 83.

Var. robusta.—Stems stout, suberect above. Fruit large, 4in. broad, tur-
gid ; carpels with a groove on each face.—H. robusta, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 189.

Var. montana, Kirk, l.c.—Stems stout, creeping, densely matted. Leaves
usually with a narrow sinus, coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so, lobes shallow.
Carpels with a groove on each face.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, Stewart Isuanp: Abundant throughout, var.
montana ascending to quite 4,000 ft. Var.robusta : Sandy beaches north of Auck-
land, rare. November—March.

A very yariable plant, but one that can generally be recognised without
much difficulty by the shallow and rounded lobes of the leaves, and by the com-
pressed fruits with thick obtuse margins. I am unable to maintain Mr. Kirk’s
H. robusta as a separate species, the differences between it and the typical state
being of a very trivial character. Closely allied to it is a large-leaved species
gathered by Mr. Cockayne in forests in the Chatham Islands, in which the
leaves are sometimes 2 in. diam.

7. H. moschata, Forst. Prodr. n. 135.—More or less hispid or
pilose, rarely almost glabrous. Stems 2-12 in. long, much branched,
oiten densely matted, creeping and rooting at the nodes. Leaves
g-lin. diam., reniform or orbicular with usually an open sinus,

198 UMBELLIFERZ. [Hydrocotyle.

distinctly 5—7-lobed; lobes sharply toothed, usually hispid on both
surfaces but sometimes glabrescent, firm or almost coriaceous;
petioles rather stout, 1-2 in. long, usually pilose above with reversed
hairs. Peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves; umbels 5—40-
flowered. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Fruits usually densely
crowded, minute, 5-4, in. diam., red-brown; carpels acute at the
back, with an acute keel or ridge on each face.—A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 501; Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 83; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 87; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 189. H. sibthorpioides, Col. in

Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 83.

KeRmMaveEc Isnanps, NortH AND SoutH IsLANDs, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Abun-
dant throughout, ascending to 2000 ft. November—March.

Closely allied to H. nove-zealandia, but separated by the distinctly lobed
leaves, by the lobes being acutely toothed, and by the much smaller crowded
fruits, which are sharply keeled on the back.

8. H. microphylla, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 496.—Glabrous or with
a few loose hairs on the petioles and peduncles. Stems 1-3 in. long,
slender or rather stout at the base, creeping and rooting, often
matted. Leaves ;4-+in. diam., orbicular-reniform with usually a -
closed or narrow sinus, 5—7-lobed ; lobes shallow, rounded, obtusely
crenate ; petiole 41-4in. long; stipules rather large for the size of
the plant. Peduncles variable in length, longer or shorter than the
leaves ; umbels 2-6-flowered. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Fruit
minute, glabrous, ;4,-;in. diam.; carpels rounded at the back,
with an obscure rib or groove on each face.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
1.84; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 87; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 190.

Nort AND SoutH Isuanps, Stewart IsLAND : From Mongonui southwards,
but apparently local. December-February.

Cunningham’s original description is not at all good, and without access to
his specimens I cannot be certain that the plant described above is the same as
his. It differs from H. nove-zealandie in the smaller size, glabrous and more
deeply divided leaves, few-flowered umbels, and smaller fruit. From H. moschata
it is at once removed by the round-edged carpels.

9. H. asiatica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 234.—Very variable in size.
Stems rather stout, much branched, creeping and rooting at the
nodes. Leaves fascicled at the nodes, +-1in. diam., orbicular or
oblong-reniform, cordate or almost truncate at the base, sinuate-
toothed or nearly entire, glabrous or slightly pubescent; petioles
very variable in length, 4-6in. or more, often laxly pubescent
above. Peduncles short, 1-lin. long, rarely more; umbels 2-4-
flowered ; bracts 2-3, broad, ovate. Fruit $-1in. diam. ; carpels
with about 3 stout ribs on each face, but often showing the second-
ary ribs when young, somewhat reticulated, margins obtuse. —
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 502; Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.

Hydrocotyle.| UMBELLIFERS. 199

i. 82; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 86; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 346; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fl. 190. H. cordifolia, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 303. H. uni-
flora, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 239.

NorrH AnD Sout Isztanps, Stewart IstaANpD, CHaTHAmM IsLANDS: Abun-
dant in moist places from the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape south-
wards, ascending to 2500ft. October—March. Also in most tropical and
subtropical countries.

2, AZORELLA, Lam.

Perennial herbs, densely tufted or slender and creeping. Leaves
simple or 3-5-foliolate, all radical, or fascicled at the nodes of creep-
ing stolons, or cauline and densely imbricated. Umbels few- or
many-flowered, simple or irregularly compound; involucral bracts
free or connate. Calyx-teeth prominent, usually small, acute.
Petals obtuse or acute, imbricate. Disc thick, flat, often confluent
with the styles. Fruit but slightly laterally compressed, almost
tetragonous, the sides furrowed at the commissure when mature.
Carpels subterete or dorsally compressed, with 5 more or less
prominent and almost equidistant ribs, the lateral ones not close to
the commissure.

A genus comprising about 40 species, found in Andine and extra-tropical
South America, Australia and Tasmania, the Antarctic islands, and New Zea-
land. With the exception of A. Selago, all the New Zealand species are
endemic.

Section I. (Fragosa). Stems closely compucted, forming rounded pulvinate
masses.

Leaves all cauline, imbricate; blade 3-5-partite .. 1. A. Selago.

Section II. (Schizeleima). Stems tufted, often emitting creeping stolons or leafy
jlowermg branches.
* Leaves simple.

Minute, forming tufts 4-2in. diam. Leaves ze in. diam.,

entire orcrenate .. 2. A. exigua.
Leaves reniform, 4—#in. diam. Stipules entire. Umbels
3-8-flowered. Pedicels shorter than the fruits .. 3. A. reniformis.
Leaves reniform, 4-2in. diam. Stipules ciliate. Umbels
many-flowered. Pedicels longer than the fruits .. 4. A. Haasti.

** Leaves 3-5-foliolate.

Leaves tufted, coriaceous, 4-1din. diam; leaflets 3-5,

deeply crenate-toothed or lobed ; 5. A. Roughit.
Leaves crowded at the nodes of ogee stolons, ‘excessively

coriaceous, #-%in. diam.; leaflets bluntly lobed or

crenate .. 6. A. hydrocoty-
Leaves tufted, pale- -green, membranous, 4-3in. diam. ; loides.

leaflets 3, toothed at the tips 7. A. pallida.
Small, densely matted. Leaves 4-4in. "diam. ; ‘leaflets 3,

entire or obscurely toothed . .. 8. A. nitens.
Creeping. Leaves fascicled at the nodes, membranous,

4-2 in. diam. ; leaflets 3, stalked, obscurely toothed 9. A. trifoliolata.

200 UMBELLIFERZ. [Azorella.

1. A. Selago, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 284, t. 99. — Stems
densely tufted, branched, forming large globular masses 1~4 ft.
diam. or more, quite glabrous. Leaves alternate, imbricate, 1+ in.
long; petiole half the length, very broad, membranous, closely
sheathing the stem ; blade much dilated, broader than long, closely
appressed, concave, coriaceous, 3—d-partite to the middle, upper
surface furnished with several long stiff bristles; Jobes spreading,
oblong, acute or apiculate ; margins quite entire, much thickened.
Umbels almost concealed amongst the uppermost leaves, shortly
pedunculate, 3-flowered. Involucral leaves linear, subacute.
Calyx-teeth acute. Fruits ovoid, terminated by the elongated
styles; carpels slightly compressed, convex on the back, 5-ribbed,
contracted at the commissure.—Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. elxviii. 20;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 191

Macquarik Isuanp: Fraser, Prof. Scott! A. Hamilton! Also in Kerguelen
Island, the Crozets, Marion and Heard I-lands, and Fuegia.

2. A. exigua, Benth. and Hook. f. in Gen. Plant. 1. 875. —
Small, stemless, forming little tufts }-2in. diam. Leaves nu-
merous, crowded at the top of a short and stout rhizome, +-3in.
long; petiole long, stout, sheathing at the base; blade minute,
é-4 In. diam., ovate-orbicular, obscurely 3-lobed or crenate, cordate
or rounded at the base, coriaceous, minutely papillose above ;
margins recurved. Scapes shorter than the leaves, 3—-8-flowered ;
involucral leaves linear, obtuse, rounded at the base. Fruit 4, in.
long, almost tetragonous; carpels 5-ribbed, rounded at the back.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 191. Pozoa exigua, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 87.

SoutH IsuanpD: Otago—Black Peak, Hector and Buchanan! Hector
He and Mount Cardrona, Petrie ! Altitudinal range from 5000 to

A very remarkable little plant, quite unlike any other.

3. A. reniformis, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c. — Bright-green,
rather fleshy, perfectly glabrous. Rhizome slender, creeping, often
emitting short stolons. Leaves tufted, 1-2in. diam., orbicular or
reniform, crenate-lobed, coriaceous or almost membranous; petioles
rather stout, 1-2in. long, sheathing at the base; stipules acute or
acuminate, quite entire. Umbels 3-8-flowered, on rather stout
peduncles much shorter than the leaves; involucral bracts linear,
obtuse, membranous. Fruit fin. long, linear-oblong, tetragonous,
rather longer than its pedicel; carpels obscurely 5-ribbed.—Kirk,,
Students’ Fl. 191. Pozoa reniformis, Hook. f. Fl. Antaret. i. 15,
t.11; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 88.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLanpDs: Hooker, Kirk ! December—January.

Azorella.| UMBELLIFERA. 201

4. A. Haastii, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c.—Exceedingly variable
in size, 1-10in. high. Rhizome stout, branched, with tufts of
radical leaves at the tips, often with prostrate or ascending leafy
and flowering branches. Leaves 4—2in. diam., reniform or orbi-
cular with usually an open sinus, glabrous or sparingly setose,
coriaceous or almost fleshy, bright-green and glossy, crenate-lobed ;
lobes broad, shallow, rounded; margins thickened, almost carti-
laginous ; petioles variable in length, 4-8 in. ; stipules broad, usu-
ally more or less ciliate at the tips. Umbels peduncled, many-
flowered, often 1-3 secondary ones arising from the base of the
primary one and far exceeding it ; floral leaves cuneate, 3-4-toothed
or -lobed ; involucral bracts linear-oblong, obtuse. Pedicels usually
much longer than the oblong tetragonous fruit; carpels obscurely
5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students’ 1.192. Pozoa Haastii, Hook. f. Handb.
N.4. Fil. 88. Pozoa elegans, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891)
386.

NortH Istanp: Ruahine Mountains, 4. Hamilton! Souru Isntanp: Not
uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to Otago, altitude 2000-5000 ft.
December—February.

This varies much in most of its characters, and as a species is doubtfully
distinct from A. reniformis. Ordinarily, however, it can be separated from that
plant by the ciliate stipules, many-flowered umbels, and long fruiting pedicels.
But the stipules are sometimes entire, and dwarf specimens frequently have
short pedicels. Mr. Colenso’s Pozoa elegans (as proved by the type specimens in
his herbarium, labelled in his own handwriting) is founded upon the tips of the
flowering shoots of d. Haastii. He describes the leaves as ‘‘ 2~3-foliolate,”’
having evidently mistaken the approximate floral leaves for parts of a compound
leaf.

5. A. Roughii, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c.—Perfectly glabrous,
smooth and shining. Rhizome stout, branched, terminated by
numerous radical leaves, and usually with prostrate or ascending
leafy flowering branches. Leaves 3-1}in. diam., orbicular or reni-
form, coriaceous, 3—d-foliolate or -partite; leaflets sessile, broadly
obcuneate, deeply crenate-toothed or lobed at the tip; lobes
rounded ; petioles 1-6 in. long; stipules usually laciniate. Flower-
ing shoots often exceeding the leaves; umbels many-flowered,
usually 1-3 secondary ones arising from the base of the primary
and overtopping it; involucral bracts linear-oblong, obtuse. Pedi-
cels usually longer than the linear-oblong fruit; carpels rounded
at the back, 5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 192. Pozoa Roughii,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fi. 89.

SoutH Isnranp: Mountains of Nelson and Marlborough, from Dun Moun-
tain to the Upper Clarence and Waiau, not uncommon. 2500-5000 ft.
December—February.

This has the same habit as A. Haastii, but can always be recognised by the
divided leaves. I have seen no specimens from the south of Lake Tennyson and
the Upper Waiau.

202 UMBELLIFERS. [Azorella.

6. A. hydrocotyloides, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c.—Perfectly gla-
brous, stout, often densely matted. Root long and woody. Stems
creeping and rooting at the nodes and putting up tufts of leaves,
the runners sometimes 6in. long or more. Leaves numerous,
crowded, +-2in. diam., orbicular or orbicular-reniform, very thick
and coriaceous, 3-5-foliolate or -partite; leaflets sessile, sometimes
overlapping, broadly obovate-cuneate, bluntly 3-5-lobed or -crenate
at the tip; margins thickened; petioles stout, 4-ldin. long;
stipules narrow, entire or ciliate. Peduncles variable in length,
solitary from the nodes of the stem or 2-4 at the top of a leaf-
bearing scion. Umbels 4-15-flowered ; involucral bracts linear,
obtuse. Fruit linear-oblong, tetragonous, usually shorter than the
pedicel; carpels 5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 192. Pozoa hydro-
cotyloides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 88.

SourH Istanp: Canterbury — Mount Torlesse, Hnys! Kirk! T. F. C.;
Kowai River, Haast; Broken River, Enys! T. F. C.; Rangitata, Sinclair.
Otago—Kurow Mountains and Mount St. Bathans, Petrie! 2000-4500 ft.
December—February.

The creeping stems and excessively coriaceous leaves are the best marks of
this curious little plant.

7. A. pallida, 7’. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 193. — Pale-green, per-
fectly glabrous, smooth and shining. Rhizome creeping, leafy at
the joints, and emitting creeping stolons. Leaves numerous,
crowded, 4—3in. diam., orbicular or reniform, usually flaccid and
membranous, rarely subcoriaceous, 3-foliolate or rarely 3-partite ;
leaflets obcuneate, 3-6-lobed at the tips; petioles slender, 1-3 in.
long; stipules laciniate. Peduncles usually shorter than the leaves,
either bearing a single terminal umbel with a 3—4-lobed leaf at its
base, or with 2-3 long-stalked secondary umbels springing from the
base of the primary one; sometimes the secondary umbels develop
1-2 tertiary ones in like manner. Umbels 4—12-flowered; invo-
-lucral leaves linear, obtuse. Pedicels longer than the linear-oblong
obtusely 4-angled fruits; carpels 5-ribbed.—Pozoa pallida, Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst: x. (1878) 419.

Sout Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. #7. C.; Lake Rotoiti
and Upper Wairau Valley, Kirk! T. F. C.; Lake Guyon, Kirk! Canterbury—
Pukunui Creek, Kirk! Mount Torlesse, Petrie! Broken River, Hnys and
MNT IPA Ors 1200-4000 ft. December—February.

8. A. nitens, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 270.—
Small, slender, perfectly glabrous, smooth and shining, densely
matted. Rhizomes creeping, much branched and interlaced. Leaves
few, minute, 4-+in. diam., 3-foliolate or 3-partite; leaflets sessile
or shortly stalked, oblong-ovate to linear-obovate, obtuse or acute,
entire or obscurely 2—3-toothed, rather thin, perfectly glabrous;
petioles slender, 3-l4in. long. Peduncles as long or longer than

Azorella. | UMBELLIFER2. 203

the leaves, usually bearing a single terminal 2~3-flowered umbel
with 1 or 2 3-lobed leaves below it, but often a secondary umbel
is developed from the base of the primary one; involucral leaves
linear, acute. Fruits minute, ;,in. long, obtusely tetragonous,
rather turgid, about equalling the pedicels; capsules obscurely
d-ribbed.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 193.

SourH Isuanp: Nelson—Lake Guyon, Kirk! Canterbury—Broken River
basin, Hnys! Kirk! T. F.C. Otago—Lake Te Anau and Clinton Valley, Petrie.
700-3000 ft. December-January.

A very distinct little plant, in habit somewhat agreeing with small forms of
Hydrocotyle tripartita.

9. A. trifoliolata, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c.—Very slender, with
much of the habit and appearance of a Hydrocotyle. Stems fili-
form, branched, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 2-12in. long.
Leaves 2-6 at each node, membranous, glabrous or with a few
scattered hairs, 3-foliolate; leaflets 4-}in. long, shortly stalked
or sessile, obovate-cuneate to flabellate, irregularly 2—6-lobed or
-toothed ; lobes obtuse or apiculate; petioles slender, 1-4 in. long ;
stipules small, ciliate. Peduncles much shorter than the leaves,
usually 2-3 springing from the same point. Umbels 2-8-flowered ;
involucral bracts subulate, ciliate or laciniate. Fruits obtusely
tetragonous, longer than their pedicels; carpels rounded at the
back, 5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 193. Pozoa trifoliolata, Hook.
jf. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 85, t. 18; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 88. P. microdonta,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 387.

NortH anp SourH Istanps: Not uncommon from Hawke’s Bay and
Taranaki southwards. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November-February.

3. ERYNGIUM, Linn.

Perennial herbs. Leaves usually rigid and coriaceous, spinous-
toothed, entire lobed or dissected. Flowers sessile in dense heads,
with a bracteole under each flower, and a whorl of rigid often
spinous-pointed bracts at the base of the head. Calyx-tube clothed
with hyaline scales; teeth rigid, acute. Petals narrow, erect,
deeply notched, with a long inflected point. Fruit ovoid or
obovoid, scarcely compressed, covered with hyaline scales or tu-
bercles; carpels semi-terete, primary ridges obscure, secondary
Wanting ; vittez inconspicuous or absent.

A large genus of over 150 species, spread through most temperate and sub-
tropical regions, but most plentiful in South America and western Asia. The
single species found in New Zealand extends to Australia as well.

1. B. vesiculosum, Lab. Nov. Holl. Pl. i. 73, t. 98.—A harsh
and rigid spinous herb 2-9 in. high, with tufted radical leaves and
prostrate stems much resembling stolons but not rooting. Radical
leaves crowded, rosulate, 3-6 in. long, lanceolate or oblanceolate or
spathulate-lanceolate, deeply toothed or almost pinnatifid, the tect!.

204 UMBELLIFERS. (Eryngium.

spinescent, narrowed into a broad flat petiole. Cauline leaves much
smaller, opposite, cuneate or linear-cuneate, with fewer spinous
teeth. Peduncles radical or from the nodes, }$-2in. long, bearing
a single globose or broadly ovoid head 4-%in. diam. Involucral
bracts linear or lanceolate, rigid and spinous, spreading, far exceed-
ing the flowers. Calyx-tube densely scaly.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 85; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 90; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 370.

NortH AND SoutH IsLanps: On sandy beaches from the East Cape to the

north of Otago, but often local. December—January. Also in Australia
and Tasmania.

4. ACTINOTUS, Labill.

Annual or perennial herbs, erect and branching or low and
densely tufted. Leaves toothed, lobed or ternately divided.
Umbels simple, with an involucre of spreading bracts. Calyx-
limb 5-toothed, rarely inconspicuous. Petals 5, unguiculate or
spathulate or wanting. Ovary 1-celled, l-ovuled; styles 2, often
united at the base. Fruit ovate, ofa single carpel, compressed from
front to back ; ribs 5, often obscure.

A small genus of about 10 species, confined to Australia and New Zealand.
It is remarkable for the 1-celled ovary and single carpel of the fruit.

1. A. novee-zealandiz, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
324.—Small, densely tufted. Stems creeping, interlaced and matted,
forming flat compact patches. Branches villous or shaggy with soft
white hairs. Leaves ;4-4in. long, oblong or oblong-spathulate, nar-
rowed into a long sheathing petiole, quite entire, coriaceous and
fleshy, glandular at the apex, glabrous or with a pencil of hairs at
the tip. Peduncle +—in. long, usually villous with soft spreading
hairs, naked or with a single bract towards the top. Involucral
bracts usually 5, broadly ovate or almost rounded, obtuse. Flowers
4-5. Calyx-limb apparently wanting. Petals absent. Stamens 2.
Carpels somewhat compressed, convex on the outer face, obscurely
ribbed.— Kirk, Students’ Fl.195. A. bellidioides, Benth. Fl. Austral.
ili. 369 (im part). Hemiphues suffocata, Hook. f. in Lond. Journ.
Bot. vi. (1847) 471. H. bellidioides var. suffocata, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm.
i. 158, t. 36a.

Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Mountains near the Heaphy River, Dall! Mount
Rochfort, Rev. Ff. H. Spencer! W. Townson! Otago—Blue Mountains, Petrie !
Longwood Range, Kirk! Srewart Istanp: Apparently not uncommon, Pe-
trie! Thomson! Kirk ! Sea-level to 3500 ft. Also in Tasmania.

5. APIUM, Linn.

Erect or prostrate glabrous herbs. Leaves ternately or pin-
nately divided. Umbels compound, leaf-opposed or terminal. In-
volucral bracts usually wanting. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth ob-
solete. Petals ovate, concave, usually inflected at the tip. Fruit

Apium.] UMBELLIFERE, 205

ovate or broader than long, slightly compressed laterally, con-
stricted at the commissure. Carpels ovoid, with five prominent
obtuse nearly equal ribs. Vittz 1 under each furrow and 2 on
the commissural side.

A genus of about 15 species, widely dispersed in most parts ofthe world. In
addition to the single indigenous species, two others have become naturalised in
New Zealand —the wild celery (A. graveolens, Linn.), which is very closely allied to
A. prostratum, differing chiefly in the erect habit and thinner ribs to the carpels ;
and A. leptophyllum, F. Muell., a common plant in many warm climates, and
which can be recognised by the slender habit and ternately divided leaves with
filiform segments.

1. A. prostratum, Lab. Relat. i. 141.—Very variable in size
and degree of stoutness. Root sometimes as thick as the thumb.
Stems prostrate cr decumbent, more rarely suberect, sometimes
rooting at the base, 6-24in. long or more, stout or slender,
branched, grooved, quite glabrous. Leaves excessively variable,
2-9 in. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate, sometimes trifoliolate ; leaflets
sessile or petioled, 3-partite, the segments broad or narrow, cori-
aceous or membranous, incised or again deeply lobed. Umbels
sessile or very shortly pendunculate; rays 3-15, $-2in. long, each
bearing a secondary umbel of rather small white flowers on slender
pedicels 4in. long. Involucral bracts wanting. Fruit broadly
ovoid, ;4,-;4 in. long; carpels with prominent almost corky ribs;
vittea not very conspicuous.—P/. Nov. Hoil. i. 76, t. 103; Kirk,
Students’ Fi. 196. A. australe, Thouars Fl. Trist. d Acugn. 43;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 86; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 90; Benth. Fi.
Austral. ii. 372. Petroselinum prostratum, D.C. Prodr. iv. 102;
A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 278; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 503.

Var. a.—Stems usually stout. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets cut into numerous
broad-obovate or obcuneate segments.

Var. 6.—Stems usually stout. Leaves pinnate; leaflets cut into numerous
narrow-linear or lanceolate acute segments.—Petroselinum prostratum, D.C.
var. b, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 305.

Var. c, filiforme.— Stems slender, prostrate. Leaves usually 3-foliolate;
leaflets petioled, variously lobed or cut.—A. filiforme, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 819;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i.87; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 90. Petroselinum filiforme, A. Rich.
Fl. Nouv. Zel. 278; A. Cunn. Precwr. n. 504.

Kermapec Is~anps, NorrH anpd SoutH IsnLanps, Stewart IsLanpD:
Common throughout on the shores; the var. filiforme sometimes found inland
as well. November—March. Also in Australia and Tasmania, Antarctic
America, South Africa, and Tristan d’Acunha.

The extreme forms of this variable plant are very dissimilar, but are con-
nected by numerous intermediates.

6. OREOMYRRHIS, Endl.

Perennial herbs, tufted or more rarely diffusely branched,
glabrous pubescent or villous. Leaves pinnately divided or de-
compound. Umbels simple, solitary on a scape or peduncle;

206 UMBELLIFERZ. [Oreomyrrms..

involucral bracts numerous, ovate or lanceolate. Calyx-teeth
obsolete. Petals oblong, acute, with a short incurved tip. Fruit
oblong or linear-oblong, usually tapering to the apex, slightly com-
pressed laterally; carpels subterete, with 5 equal obtuse ribs, the
2 lateral ones close to the commissure. Vittz 1 in each furrow
and 2 on the commissural face. Seed nearly terete, but grooved
on the commissural side.

A genus of 5 or 6 species, all of which are natives of America, from Mexico.
to the Falkland Islands, one of them extending to Australia and New Zealand.

1. O. andicola, Endl. Gen. Plant. 787.—Exceedingly variable
in stature and habit, 2-24in. high, either stemless with radical
leaves and scapes or much branched from the base, with short or
long slender sparingly divided leafy stems, glabrescent or tomentose-
or pilose. Leaves usually numerous, mostly radical, 1-6 in. long,
linear-oblong, pinnate or 2-pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid or variously
toothed or incised. Peduncles several, usually springing from the
rootstocks, but in the branched varieties axillary as well, longer or
shorter than the leaves, glabrescent or pilose, especially towards
the tip, where the hairs are usually reversed. Umbels few- or
many-flowered ; involucral bracts 6-8, ovate to linear. Flowers at
first sessile, but pedicels lengthening as the fruit ripens, often un-
equally so. Fruit linear- or ovate-oblong, glabrous or more or less.
densely pubescent.—Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 288, t. 101; Benth.
Fl. Austral. ii. 377; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 197.

Var. Colensoi, Kirk, l.c. 198.—Leaves all radical, pinnate or 2-pinnate;
leaflets pinnatifid or incised, ultimate segments acute. Scapes numerous,.
simple. — O. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 92; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 91. O.
Haastii, Hook. f. l.c.

Var. rigida, Kirk, l.c.—Stems stout, branched at the base only, 4-8 in.
high. Leaves 2-pinnate, pubescent or tomentose; leaflets pinnatifid or deeply
incised. Scapes stout and rigid, often depressed. Fruits linear.

Var. ramosa, Kirk, l.c.—Stems slender, much branched, often 2 ft. long.
Leaves pinnate; leaflets membranous, distant, the lowest petioled, deeply
3-5-lobed or -partite or again pinnate, ultimate segments obtuse or subacute.
Peduncles axillary, longer or shorter than the leaves, 3—S-flowered; pedicels
unequal, sometimes 2in. long. Fruits glabrous or pubescent.—O. ramosa,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 91. Mr. Kirk’s var. apiculata appears to be a form
of this.

NortH AND SoutH IsLanps, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant from the East
Cape southwards. Sea-level to 4500 ft. November—February. Also in.
Australia and Tasmania and in South America.

I have followed Mr. Bentham and the ‘‘ Index Kewensis’’ in uniting the
three New Zealand species described by Hooker with the American and Aus-
tralian O. andicola. Any large series of specimens will show that the develop-.
ment or non-development of a branched stem, and the amount of pubescence,
which were the characters relied upon for the separation of the species, are in
Oreomyrrhis far too variable and inconstant to be employed for that pur-
pose.

Crantzia.] UMBELLIFERS. 207

7. CRANTZIA, Nutt.

A small creeping herb. Leaves linear, terete or compressed,
undivided, transversely septate. Umbels simple, with minute in-
volucral bracts. Flowers minute. Calyx-teeth small. Petals con-
cave, acute, imbricate in the bud. Fruit ovoid-globose, slightly
flattened laterally. Carpels nearly terete, with 5 ribs separated by
furrows, the lateral ribs forming a thick and corky mass near the
commissure. Vittz 1 under each furrow and 2 at the commissure.

A monotypic genus, found in the United States and Mexico, extra-tropical
and Andine South America, Australia and Tasmania, and New Zealand.

1. C. lineata, Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl. i. 177.—Perfectly gla-
brous. Rhizome slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes,
2-6 in. long or more. Leaves usually tufted at the nodes, variable
in size, $-4in. long, narrow-linear, fistulose, terete or sub-com-
pressed, obtuse at the tip, transversely septate internally. Pe-
duncles axillary, shorter than the leaves, filiform, bearing a single
2-8-flowered umbel. Flowers white. Fruit j,in. long—Hook. f.
Fl. Antarct. ii. 287, t. 100; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 87; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 89;
Benth. Fl. Austral. ui. 874; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 199.

NortH AND SoutH Istanps, Stewart IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS:

Abundant in wet places from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to
2500 ft. November—February.

A very variable little plant. When completely submerged the leaves are
fistulose and terete, softer in texture, and usually much larger; but when
growing in places that are dry for a considerable part of the year the leaves
are often much compressed and minute.

8. ACIPHYLLA, Forst.

Erect and rigid usually spinescent glabrous perennials, often of
large size. Leaves thick and coriaceous, pinnate or 2—3-pinnate,
the rhachis transversely jointed at the insertion of the leaflets, leaf-
segments usually ending in stout rigid spines. Umbels compound,
in the axils of spinescent floral leaves or bracts, usually forming a
more or less dense paniculate or spicate inflorescence; male umbels
much more lax than the females. Flowers unisexual, usually dicw-
cious. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals incurved, rarely with
an inflexed tip. Stylopodia depressed in the male flowers, erect
and conical in the female. Fruit oblong or linear-oblong; carpels
with narrowly winged ridges, usually one 5-winged and the other
4-winged, or both 5-winged or 4-winged, or not rarely one carpel is
3-winged and the other 4-winged. Vitte 1-3 under each furrow
and 2-5 on the commissural face.

A genus confined to New Zealand, with the exception of 2 species found in
the Australian Alps. It is mainly characterized by its remarkably distinct
habit and spinescent leaves and bracts, the flowers and fruit being very similar
to those of Ligusticwum. Two of the species—aA. Colensoi and A. squarrosa—
often form almost impenetrable thickets in subalpine districts.

208 UMBELLIFERZ. [Actphylla. -

A. Leaves rigid and coriaceous, pungent-pointed. Fruit small, p 5-4 in., subterete
or slightly compressed.

* Tall and stout, 2-5ft. or more. Inflorescence a dense linear-oblong
panicle, often several feet in length.

2-8 ft. high. Leaves 1-2-pinnate; leaflets broad, +in.,
excessively rigid and spinous. Middle lobe of bract not

refracted .. .. 1. A. Colensor.
2-6 ft. high. Leaves 9-3. pinnate ; leaflets narrow, 4-hin.

broad. Middle lobe of bract refracted 2. A. squarrosa.
1-3 ft. high. Leaves pinnate; leaflets }-4 in. broad, trans-

versely jointed. Fruit narrow linear-oblong .. .. 3. A. Traversn.

** Small, 4-18in. high, rarely more. Male inflorescence paniculate ; female -
much contracted, almost concealed in the sheaths of the bracts.
4-12in. high. Leaves 1-2-pinnate; leaflets almost squar-
rose, very short, 4-3 in. long, flat, grooved above :
12-24 in. high, polished and shining. Leaves pinnate ;
leaflets 3-9 in. long, 7-4 in. broad ..
10-16 in. high. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets 14 in. long,

4. A. Hookert.
5
a-3i in. broad 6
if

. Lyallii.

3-7 in. high. Leaves trifoliolate or _simple ; leaflets
1-2 in. long, 4-4 in. broad ..

6-12in. high, excessively rigid and coriaceous. Leaves
4-9 in., simple or forked or 3-fid; segments #-3in. broad 8. A. Kirkit.

*** Small, 4-18in. high. Both male and female inflorescence broad and‘
paniculate.

Leaves coriaceous, pinnate or Paes at the base;

A
A

. A. Hectort.
A

. Traillii.

leaflets 4,4 in. broad 5b .. 9. A. Monrot.
Leaves firm but hardly coriaceous, 2- 3. pinnate ; leaflets
3y-ap in. wide se 3° 36 oe .. 10. A: polita.

**«** Small, densely tufted, 3-4in. high. Umbels few, terminal, forming a
globose head.

Leaves densely imbricating, 3-fid Mw ae .. 11. A. Dobsoni.
Leaves densely imbricating, quite entire cfs .. 12. A. simplex.

B. Leaves flaccid. Fruit large, 4-$in. long, oblong, much compressed ; carpels’
broadly 3- or 2-winged.
Stout, 2-3ft. high. Leaves 3-4-pinnate. Inflorescence
loosely paniculate .. js ad as .. 13. A. Dieffenbachii. -

1. A. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 92.—Stem stout,
erect, 2-5 ft. high, 2-3in. diam. at the base, deeply grooved.
Radical leaves numerous, forming a circle of bayonet-like spikes
round the base of the stem, 1-24 ft. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate at
the base, with few secondary leaflets; leaflets 5-15in. long, +
wide or more, narrow-linear, acuminate, terminating in a long and.
stout spine, excessively thick and coriaceous, rigid, striate, margins
rough with minute serrulations ; sheaths broad, sometimes quite
2 in. across, very thick and coriaceous, produced on each side above
into a spinous simple or forked narrow-linear leaflet 2-6 in. long.
Inflorescence a narrow - oblong cylindrical panicle composed of
numerous umbels on branched peduncles springing from the axils.

Aciphylla.] UMBELLIFERZ. 209°

of spinous bracts; male inflorescence much more lax than the
female. Bracts with broad sheaths and a 3-5-partite limb, the-
middle segment much the longest, not refracted. Flowers white:
calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, +-4in. long; carpels usually
one 4-winged the other 3-winged, but sometimes both 4-winged
or both 3-winged. Vittae 2-4 in the interspaces and 5-6 on the
commissural face.—Lindsay, Contr. N.Z. Bot. 49, t.1; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fi. 207. A. squarrosa var. b latifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 88.

Var. conspicua, Kirk, l.c.—Leaf-segments not so rigid, with a broad
orange or red midrib. Bracts bright-orange, often pinnately divided.

Var. maxima, Kirk, l.c.—Taller and stouter. Stem 4-10ft. high, 2-4 in.
diam. at the base. Leaves 14-5ft. long; segments $in. broad or even more,
still more rigid and pungent. Peduncles and pedicels longer. Fruit larger,
# in. long.

NortrH AND SourH IstaAnps: Common in mountain districts from the Kast
Cape to Southland; most abundant between 1000-3000 ft., but ascending to
nearly 5000ft., and occasionally coming down to sea-level. Var. conspicua :
North Island: Locality not stated, Herb. Colenso! Ruahine Mountains, W. I’.
Howlett! South Island: Wangapeka, Kingsley; Mount Murchison, Townson !
Upper Waimakariri, Cockayne! T. F.C. Var. maxima: Mountain districts
from Nelson to Otago, not uncommon. Taramea ; Spaniard. December—
January.

By far the finest species of the genus; easily distinguished from all others by
the large size and broad leaf-segments. The two varieties described above have
a very distinct appearance, but the differences are hardly of specific value.

2. A. squarrosa, Morst. Char. Gen. 136, t. 38.— Stem tall,
stout, erect, 2-6 ft. high, 2-4in. diam. below, deeply grooved, sur-
rounded at the base by the numerous spreading spinous-pointed
leaves. Radical leaves 1-3 ft. long, 2-3-pinnate ; ultimate leaflets
crowded, 6-12 in. long or more, very narrow-linear, 4-1 in. broad,
coriaceous and rigid, deeply striate, gradually narrowed into rigid.
spinous points, margins rough with minute serrulations; sheaths
broad, produced above on each side into a long pinnately divided
spinous leaflet. Inflorescence a dense spike-like panicle composed
of numerous umbels almost concealed in the axils of spinous bracts;
female inflorescence much more contracted than the male. Bracts
with a broad linear-oblong sheath tipped with 3-5 long rigid spines,
the middle one much the longest and usually sharply refracted
when the fruit is mature. Fruit oblong, }-4in. long; carpels
usually one with 4 wings, the other with 3. Vitta 2-3 in the inter-
spaces and 4-6 on the commissural face.—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 607,
608; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 87; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 92. Ligusti-
cum aciphylla, Spreng. in Schultes Syst. Veg. 554. A. Rich. Fl.
Now. Zel. 274; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 505; Raoul, Choix, 46.

Norra anp SoutH Istanps: Abundant from the Hast Cape southwards,

especially in mountain districts. Sea-levei to 3500 ft.. Taramea ; Kurikuri;.
Spear-grass. November—January,

210 UMBELLIFERZ. [Aciphylla.

The very narrow leaflets and numerous bracts with long and narrow spinous
segments, the middle one of which is sharply refracted, easily distinguish this
from all the forms of A. Colensoi. Both species yield an aromatic gum resin,
which was formerly used by the Maoris as a masticatory.

3. A. Traversii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 729.— Stem stout,
erect, 1-3 ft. high, 1-2 in. diameter at the base, grooved, purplish
below. Radical leaves numerous, 6-30in. long, pinnate; leaflets
2-4 pairs, 4-15in. long, $-4in. broad, narrow-linear, pungent-
pointed, coriaceous, striate, conspicuously transversely articulate,
margins smooth or nearly so; petioles 4-10 in. long, sheaths broad,
terminated by 2 short spines above. Bracts with a broad rather
membranous sheath tipped with a simple or 3-fid leaflet; lobes
hardly pungent. Umbels very numerous, solitary or two together
in the axils of the bracts; males on peduncles 1-5 in. long, forming
a rather open panicle; females on much shorter stalks and inflor-
escence much more dense. Flowers often polygamous. Fruit
narrow linear-oblong, 2in. long; carpels one 4-winged and the
other 3-winged. Vitte 1-2 in the interspaces and 3-5 on the
commissural face.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 208. Gingidium Traversii,
F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 18.

CHatHam Isuanps: H. H. Travers, Captain G@. Mair, F. A. D. Cox!
Taramea. November—December.

Closely allied to A. Colensoi, from which it principally differs in the less
rigid and transversely jointed leaf-segments, thinner and scarcely pungent bracts,
and narrower fruit.

4. A. Hookeri, 7. Kirk, Siudents’ Fl. 209. — Erect, 4-12 in.
high. Root long, stout, fusiform. Radical leaves numerous, often
curved outwards at the tip, 2-8in. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate;
primary leaflets 2-5 pairs, crowded or rather remote, 4-14 in. long,
simple or forked or trifid or pinnately divided; segments +—?in.
long, linear, spreading or squarrose, flat, grooved above, rigid and
coriaceous, narrowed into a spinous point. Petiole more than
half the length of the blade, weak and flaccid below, with a
long narrow membranous sheath produced into two short spines
at the top. Male scape short, leafy below; bracts numerous, with
long membranous sheaths and pinnately divided rigid acicular tips,
the lowest sometimes 3in. long. Umbels numerous, compound,
on slender peduncles equalling or shorter than the bract-sheath ;
rays unequal. Female umbels much smaller, densely packed,
forming a narrow contracted panicle; bracts much shorter. Fruit
linear-oblong, tin. long; carpels 4—5-ribbed.

SourH Isntanp: Nelson—Mountains near the source of the Heaphy River,
Dall! Mount Faraday and Mount Buckland (near Westport), W. Townson !
2500-4500 ft. December-—February.

A very singular and distinct species. It can be recognised at once by the
short flat almost squarrose leaf-segments.

Aciphylla.| UMBELLIFERZ. 211

5. A. Lyallii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 92.—EHrect, smooth and
shining. Stems 1-2ft. high or more, 4—-%in. diam. at the base,
deeply grooved. Leaves numerous, 4—12 in. long, pinnate; leaflets
5-9, 3-9 in. long, ;4-+ in. broad, very narrow-linear, acuminate, gra-
dually narrowed into spinous points, rigid and coriaceous, striate;
margins minutely serrulate; sheaths rather narrow, produced at
the top into two long spines. Inflorescence forming a, linear-oblong
spike-like panicle. Bracts with broad sheaths and 3-5 spinous
leaflets. Male umbels on slender peduncles 1-3 in. long; female
on much shorter peduncles, almost concealed in the sheaths of
the bracts. Fruit narrow-oblong, 4in. long; carpels 4-5-winged.
Vittze 1-2 in the interspaces, 2-4 on the commissural face.—
Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 2556; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 209. A.
montana, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 290.

Var. crenulata.—Rather taller, much less rigid and coriaceous. Leaves
sometimes almost flaccid; margins serrulate; midrib often bright-red. In-
florescence more open, with longer and more leafy bracts. Carpels 4-winged, or

one 3-winged.—A. crenulata, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 336;
Kirk, Students’ F'l. 208.

SourH Istanp: The typical form apparently rare. Rangitata Range and:
Ashburnham Glacier, Haast; Mount Ida, Petrie! H. J. Matthews ! Humboldt
Mountains, Cockayne! Var. crenulata: Not uncommon on the central and
western slopes of the Southern Alps, from Mount Arthur, Nelson, to Lake
Wanaka. 3000-5000 ft. December-January.

6. A. Hectori, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 346, t. 27.
—Stem 10-16in. high, stout, deeply grooved. Leaves numerous,.
3-6 in. long, trifoliolate or rarely pinnate with 2 pairs of leaflets ;
leaflets 14-4 in. long, 4-4in. broad, narrow-linear, suddenly nar-
rowed into a spinous point, smooth, rigid and coriaceous, striate :
margins thickened, entire or serrulate; sheaths long, narrow,
produced at the top into 2 very long leaflets almost equalling
the leaves proper. Inflorescence forming a contracted spike-like
panicle 2-5in. long. Male umbels on slender peduncles; female
on much shorter ones, crowded in the axils of the bracts. Bracts
with long narrow sheaths and 3 narrow spinous leaflets. Carpels
linear-oblong, 3-5-winged.

SourH Istanp: Otago—Hector’s Col, near Mount Aspiring, Buchanan ;
Mount Kyeburn, H. J. Matthews ! 4000-5000 ft. January-February.

Mr. Kirk reduced this to A. Lyallii in the ‘‘ Students’ Flora,” but it differs
from that species in the trifoliolate leaves, and in the leaflets at the top of the
leaf-sheath being almost as long as the leaves proper, whereas they do not reach
the base of the lowest pinnule in A. Lyalliit. It is much nearer to A. Traillii
which may be a depauperated state of it. :

7. A. Traillii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 371.—
Simall, 3-7 in. high, clothed below with the bases of the old leaves.
Leaves 2-4 in. long, simple or 3-foliolate, or rarely pinnate with

2 pairs of leaflets and a terminal one ; leaflets 1-3in. long, ,—4 in.

212 UMBELLIFERE. [Acuphylla.

broad, narrow-linear, pungent-pointed, rigid and coriaceous when
dry, striate, margins thickened ; petiole short, sheath narrow, rather
membranous. Scape slender; bracts long, with broad membran-
ous sheaths and a long simple or 3-partite pungent leaflet at the
top. Male umbels distant or crowded, on short peduncles or
almost sessile; females much smaller, concealed in the tumid
sheaths of the bracts. Fruit linear-oblong, ,,-4in. long; carpels
5-ribbed. Vitte 1 or rarely 2 in the interspaces, 2 or 4 on the
commissural face.—Students’ Fl. 210.

SourH Isnanp: Otago—Mount Ida and Mount Kyeburn, Petrie! Srew-
arr Istanp: Mounts Anglem and Rakiahua, Kirk! Goyen! 2000-3500 ft.
December—January.

Not far removed from A. Lyallii, but smaller in all its parts, and with the
leaves simple or 3-foliolate, rarely pinnate. Still more closely allied to A.
Hectori.

8. A. Kirkii, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 214, t. 17.
—Stout, erect, smooth and polished, 6-12in. high. Leaves all
radical, yellowish-brown, 4—9in. long, $+4in. broad or more,
simple or forked or 3-foliolate, excessively thick and coriaceous,
striate, suddenly narrowed into a short spinous point; sheath short
and narrow, jointed at its junction with the blade. Flowering
scape stout, naked below, grooved. Bracts coriaceous, spinous,
simple or 2—-3-partite. Male umbels shortly peduncled; females
almost sessile in the axils of the bracts, crowded, forming a dense
spicate inflorescence 2-3in. long. Fruit linear-oblong, 4in. long ;
carpels 4-5-winged. Vittz 1-2 in the interspaces, 4 on the com-
missural face.—Airk, Students’ Fl. 209.

SourH Isntanp: Otago—Mount Alta, Buchanan! Hector Mountains, hill
near Mount Aspiring, Petrie ! 5000-6000 ft. January.

A very remarkable plant, of which more complete specimens are required to
draw up a good description. My only knowledge of the male flowers is derived
from Mr. Buchanan's plate.

9. A. Monroi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 330.—Stems 4-18 in.
high, densely clothed below with the remains of the old leaves,
smooth and shining. Radical leaves numerous, 3-9in. long, pin-
nate or 2-pinnate below; leaflets 2-6 pairs, 4-2 in. long, j,— in.
wide, linear, pungent, rigid and coriaceous, striate; sheaths long
and narrow, membranous or flaccid, with two subulate leaflets at
the top. Umbels compound, forming an open branched panicle
13-4 in. long. Bracts spreading, sheaths often broad and mem-
branous, tipped by a pinnately divided leaflet. Peduncles of the
male umbels 4-2in. long, females about half the length; rays
numerous, slender, spreading; involucral bracts linear. Fruit
1in. long, linear-oblong; carpels 5-winged or rarely 4-winged.
Vittze 1-2 in the interspaces, 2-4 on the commissural face.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 93; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 210.

Aciphylia.| UMBELLIFERZ. 213

SoutH Istanp: Abundant in mountain districts throughout. 3000-—
6500 ft. December—January.

A variable plant. The leaves are sometimes uniformly 1-pinnate with
rather broad leaflets, at other times 2-pinnate at the base with narrower
leaflets. The female umbels are usually paniculate, but occasionally the
panicle is somewhat contracted, showing an approach to that of A. Lyallit.

10. A. polita, Cheesem.—Stems erect, 3-12in. high, clothed
at the base with the sheaths of the old leaves. Radical leaves
numerous, very slender, firm but hardly coriaceous, 2-6 in. long or
more, 2—3-pinnate; primary divisions 4-6 pairs; ultimate segments
very narrow-linear, almost capillary, not more than ,4, in. broad,
mucronate but hardly pungent; petiole as long as the blade, sheath
broad, membranous, produced at the tip into 2 almost filiform leaf-
lets. Umbels compound, forming a loose open panicle, female
slightly more contracted than the male. Bracts with a broad
sheathing base, tipped with a pinnately divided leaflet. Male
peduncles 4-14 in. long, female 4—-3in. ; involucral bracts subulate-
lanceolate. Pedicels short. Flowers white. Fruit narrow-oblong,
not seen fully ripe, about tin. long.—Ligusticum politum, Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 202.

SourH Is~taAnp: Nelson—Mount Duppa, Macmahon! Ben Nevis, Mount
Starveall, and Mount Luna, Gibbs, Bryant, Kingsley ; Mount Arthur Plateau
and Mount Peel, 7’. #. C.; Mount Lockett, Gibbs! 4000-5500ft. Decem-
ber—January.

Very closely allied to A. Monroi, but much more slender, and with less
coriaceous almost membranous leaves, which are much more finely divided, the
segments being sometimes nearly capillary. Mr. Kirk referred it to Ligusticwm
in the ‘‘ Students’ Flora,’’ but it must certainly remain in the neighbourhood of
A. Monrot.

11. A. Dobsoni, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 93.—Stout, smooth
and shining, forming compact yellowish-brown patches 3-6 in. diam.
Rootstock thick and woody, branched at the top. Leaves all
radical, very numerous, densely imbricated, excessively thick and
coriaceous, 14-3in. long; sheaths 4-ldin. or more, #in. broad;
leaflets 3 at the top of the sheath, about equal, 1-2in. long,
Zin. broad at the base, linear-subulate or dagger-shaped, rigid,
concave, transversely jointed, keeled at the back towards the top,
pungent-pointed. Flowering-stem very stout, almost as thick as
the little finger, grooved. Umbels 4-8, clustered at the top of the
stem, forming a capitate inflorescence; peduncles short, thick.
Fruiting umbels densely packed, forming a rounded head lin. in
diam. or more. Fruit linear-oblong, }in. long; carpels 4—5-winged,
but not seen quite ripe.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 210.

SoutH Is~anp: On shingle-slopes, rare. Canterbury — Mount Dobson,
Dobson and Haast, T. F. C.; mountains above Lake Ohau, Buchanan! Otago
—Near Lake Hawea, Haast; Mount Sc. Bathans, Petrie! 5000-6500 ft.

A most remarkable plant, nowhere plentiful, and seldom seen in flower or
fruit.

214 UMBELLIFERS. [Aciphylla..

12. A. simplex, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 440.—
Very similar to A. Dobsoni, and with precisely the same habit,
but differing in the leaves, which are less coriaceous and quite
entire, 14-3in. long; lower half expanded into a broad sheath;
blade linear-subulate, rigid and coriaceous, concave above, ob-
tusely rounded at the tip with a short pungent mucro, transversely
jointed and often longitudinally grooved, midrib usually evident,
margins thickened. Flowering-stem stout, 14-3 in. long; umbels
and flowers as in A. Dobson. Ripe fruit not seen.—Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fil. 211.

SourH Ispanp: Otago— Mounts Pisa and Cardrona, and the Hector
Mountains, Petrie! 5000-6000 ft. February.

13. A. Dieffenbachii, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 211. —Stem stout,
erect, 2-3 ft. high, 1-l}in. diam. at the base, grooved. Leaves
all radical, 1-2 ft. long, 4-8in. broad, flaccid, grevish-green, 3—4-
pinnate; petiole usually more than half the length, sheath with
two blunt lobes at the top ; blade oblong or ovate-oblong in outline ;
primary pinne 4-5 pairs; segments 14-3 in. long, #4, in. broad,
linear, flat, striate, mucronate. Inflorescence broad, loosely pani-
culate, of numerous pedunculate compound umbels. Bracts with a
broad sheath and rather large pinnatisect lamina. Pedunceles
2-5in. long; rays of the male umbels numerous, slender, of the
females about 6; involucral bracts few, linear-subulate. Fruit
large, 2in. long, Zin. broad, broadly oblong, much dorsally com-
pressed ; carpels one 3-winged and the other 2-winged, rarely both
3-winged. Vitte 1 in each interspace and 2 on the commissural
face. — Ligusticum Dieffenbachii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 729.
Gingidium Dieffenbachii, #’. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 17, t. 1.

CHatHAM IsuANDS: Rare, H. H. Travers! F. A. D. Cox!

The fruit of this is quite unlike that of Aciphylla, Ligqusticum, or Angelica,
to all of which genera it has been referred. Mr. Kirk is probably correct in con-
sidering that it will ultimately form the type of a new genus.

9. LIGUSTICUM, Linn.

Perennial herbs, often large and stout, usually with aromatic or
strong-smelling foliage or roots. Leaves 1—-2—3-pinnate or ternately
divided; rhachis articulated at the insertion of the leaflets. Umbels
compound, rarely simple, usually of many rays; involucral bracts
few or many, sometimes wanting. Flowers white or red, polygam-
ous or dicecious. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals incurved
at the tip. Fruit linear-oblong, oblong, or ovate-oblong; carpels
rounded or dorsally compressed, each with 6 equal narrowly
winged ridges, or one carpel 5-4-winged, the other 4~3-winged.
Vittze usually numerous in the interspaces in the northern species,
seldom more than 1 in each interspace in the southern.

Ligusticum.] UMBELLIFER. 215

A genus of from 30 to 40 species, widely distributed throughout the
Northern Hemisphere, in the Southern Hemisphere confined to New Zealand,
with the exception of a few species found in South America and one in Aus-
tralia. All the New Zealand species are endemic.

A. Leaves 2-8-pinnate or decompound.
* Tall, stout, leafy, 2-4 ft. high or more.
Very tall and stout, 3-6ft. Leaves 2-pinnate; leaflets

ovate-oblong, decurrent at the base; lobes pungent .. 1. L. latifoliwm.
Robust, 2-4 ft. Leaves 2- Samus ultimate segments
linear- subulate, pungent : 50 ae -- &. L. antipodum.

Stems 3-5 ft., without milky juice. Leaves 3-pinnate ;

leaflets ovate ; lobes acute; petioles with a hooded

ligule e ae Be =< re -. 3. L. acutifolium.
Stems 1- 2 tt., with milky juice. Leaves 2-3-pinnate ;

leaflets ovate, cuneate at the base; lobes broad, obtuse ;

petioles without a ligule. oe be -. 4. L. intermedium.
Stems 13-24 ft. Leaves 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets oblong, cut

into narrow obtuse lobes... aie ate 2. oO» . Lyalin.
Stems 1-2ft. Leaves 2-4-pinnate; leaflets cut into

narrow-linear piliferous lobes. Styles slender.. -. 6. L. Haastiz.

** Small, 4-15in. high, rarely taller.
Slender, 5-15in. Leaves flaccid, 2-pinnate; leaflets cut

into filiform hair-pointed lobes. Styles short -. 7. L. brevistyle.
Stout, 5-15in. Leaves coriaceous, 2—3-pinnate; leaflets

cut into linear rigid and pungent ‘lobes 8. L. dissectum.
Very slender, 5-15in. Jeaves membranous, 2— a -ternately

divided ; leaflets few, flat, linear or filiform, acute -. 9. L. filifolium.
Stout, 2-6 in. Leaves deltoid, membranous, 2-ternately

divided ; leaflets cuneate- deltoid, deeply incised 10. L. deltoideum.

Stout, thick, and fleshy, 3-6 in. Leaves few, 2-3- -ternately

multifid. Involucral bracts like the leaves, very large,

overtopping the umbel si ae ae -- ll. L. carnosulum.
‘Slender, spreading, 6-12in. Leaves 1-2-pinnate ; leaflets

distant, cut into narrow-linear acute lobes. Umbels

simple, 6-10-flowered ac a us -. 12. L. patulum.

B. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate.
Stout, 8-24in. Leaflets large, ovate-deltoid, toothed or

lobed ; lobes piliferous : . 13. L. piliferum,
Slender, 2-12in. Leaflets small, corbicular or ‘flabellate,

toothed or incised .. 14. L. aromaticum.
Small, densely tufted, 1-3 in. “Leaves imbricate ; leaflets

palmately 3-6- lobed, bristle-pointed . . 15. L. imbricatum.
Stout, depressed, 3- 4in. Leaflets glaucous, ovate, sharply

toothed or lobed .. - 16. L. Enysiv.

Minute, 4-2in. Leaflets 1- 2 pairs, flabellate, ‘entire or
obscurely crenate - we .. 17. L. flabellatum.

1. L. latifolium, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 94.—Tall, stout,
erect, coriaceous, 3-6ft. high or more. Stem frequently 3-4 in.
diam. at the base, grooved. “Radical leaves 1-2 ft. long, coriaceous,
deep shining green; petioles long, $-1 in. diam. , broadly sheathing
at the base; ‘blade ovate in outline, 2-pinnate primary divisions
2-6 in. long, linear-oblong ; secondary obliquely ovate-oblong with

216 UMBELLIFERZ. [Ligusticum.

broad decurrent bases, unequally 3-5-lobed ; lobes acuminate, with
acicular points and thickened margins; veins reticulate. Bracts
very large, with broad concave bases 2-3 in. diam., and smaller folia-
ceous tips. Umbels numerous, compound, 2-3in. diam., dicecious
or polygamous ; involucral bracts linear, acute. Flowers red. Fruit
din. long; carpels with 5 ridges, rarely with 4 or 3; vitte solitary
under each furrow.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 200. Anisotome latifolia,
Hook. Fl. Antarct. i. 16, t. 8. Calosciadium latifolium, Hdl. ex.
Walp. Ann. ii. 702.

Var. angustatum, Kirk, l.c.—Ultimate segments of the leaves narrower,
fin. wide or less, acicular points longer.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: Abundant in moist places throughout
the group. December-January.

A noble species, said to occasionally reach the height of 6-8 ft.

2. L. antipodum, Homb. and Jacq. ex Dene. Bot. Voy. Astrol.
et Zél. 63, t. 3.—Stems 2-4 ft. high, very stout, deeply furrowed.
Leaves 1-2ft. long, coriaceous; petiole as thick as the thumb,
sheathing at the base; blade oblong, 2-3 pinnate ; ultimate seg-
ments very numerous, rigid, crowded, lin. long, #;—j;,in. broad,
linear-subulate, pungent-pointed. Bracts smaller and narrower
than in L. latifoliwm. Umbels numerous, compound, 2in. diam.,
dicecious or polygamous; involucral bracts narrow-linear. Flowers
red. Fruit in. long, narrow-oblong; carpels one with 5 wings,
the other 3-winged.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 94; Kirk, Students’
Fl. 200. Anisotome antipoda, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 17, t. 9, 10.
Calosciadium antipodum, Hndl. ex Walp. Ann. 11. 702.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES Istanp: Abundant
throughout the group, Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk! December—January.

Almost as fine a plant as the preceding, which is its nearest ally, and from
which it is easily separated by the finely divided leave with numerous linear
segments.

3. L. acutifolium, 7. Kirk in Journ. Bot. (1891) 237.—
Stems 3-5 ft. high, stout, deeply furrowed ; rootstock as thick as
the wrist. Leaves spreading, 2ft. long or more, 6—-9in. broad,
oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-pimnate ; segments broad, acute, sharpl
toothed ; petiole stout, finely grooved, the upper part of the sheath
free, forming a ligule. Flowers not seen. Fruiting umbels 2-24 in.
diam., dense, compound ; rays numerous, about lin. long. Fruit
Lin. long, exceeding the pedicels; carpels one 5-winged, the other
3-winged.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 201.

THe Snares: Not uncommon, Kirk ! December.

My knowledge of this plant is derived from a single imperfect specimen
in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium, and in default of further information I have re-
produced the description given in the ‘‘Students’ Flora.” It is evidently
very close to L. intermedium, but according to Kirk can be distinguished by

the ligulate petiole, acute segments of the leaves, smaller umbels and shorter

fruits, and by the absence of viscid milky juice.

Ingusticum. | UMBELLIFERZ. 217

4. L. intermedium, Hook.f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 94.—Stems rather
stout, 6-24in. high, abounding in viscid milky juice. Leaves
6-20in. long; petiole long, stout, sheathing at the base, with
narrow membranous wings; blade coriaceous, oblong to ovate-
oblong, 2—3-pinnate; primary divisions 5-8 pairs, 2-4in. long;
leaflets 4-14 in. long, rather broad, ovate-triangular, cuneate at the
base, sessile or shortly stalked, unequally cut to the middle or
below it into broad-linear obtuse or subacute lobes. Umbels few
or many, 14-2in. diam., compound, polygamous or dicecious ;
involucral bracts linear-lanceolate. Flowers white. Fruit $—% in.
long, linear-oblong; carpels with 5 narrow wings, or one with 5
and the other with 4 wings.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 201. Anisotome
intermedia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 89.

Var. oblongifolium, Kirk, |.c.—lLeaves narrower, linear-oblong, seldom
more than 2in. broad; segments more numerous, crowded, narrow- linear,
subacute.

Sourn Isuanp: Sounds of the south-west coast of Otago, from Martin’s
Bay to Preservation Inlet and Puysegur Point, Lyall, Buchanan! Kirk!
G. M. Thomson! South-east coast at Catlin’s River and the Nuggets, Petrie!
Srewart Istanp: Not uncommon, Petrie! Kirk! Var. oblongifolwm: Inland
base of the Ruggedy Range, Kirk ! December—January.

5. L. Lyallii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 95.— Usually taller
and stouter than L. intermedium. Stem 14-24 ft. high, 1-2 in.
diam. at the base, purplish, obscurely grooved. Leaves 1-2 ft.
long, linear-oblong, 2-3-pinnate; primary divisions 6-10 pairs,
1-4 in. long, linear-oblong; leaflets crowded, lin. long, oblong-
cuneate, cut to the base into linear obtuse lobes j,in. broad.
Umbels numerous at the top of the stem, compound, many-
flowered ; involucral bracts linear. Fruit 4-}in. long, linear-
oblong, longer than its pedicel; carpels much as in L. interme-
diwm.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 201. Anisotome Lyallii, Hook. f. FI.
Nov. Zel. i. 88.

Soutu Istanp: Sounds of the south-west coast, Lyall, Hector and Bu-
chanan! G. M. Thomson ! December-January.

This only differs from L. intermediwm in the slightly larger size and more
finely divided leaves, and might well be regarded as a variety.

6. L. Haastii, Ff. Muell. ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 95.—
Dark-green, very aromatic. Root stout, tapering, as thick as the
finger. Stems 1-2 ft. high, rather stout, purplish, grooved. Radi-
cal leaves 6—20 in. long; petioles long, grooved, sheathing at the
base ; blade linear-oblong to ovate-oblong, membranous, 2—4-pin-
nate ; primary divisions 8-12 pairs, the lower smaller and remote ;
leaflets $-3in. long, deeply cut into numerous crowded linear

2 4

lobes 4-4in. long, »~,-;;in. wide, with short or long hair-like

points. Cauline leaves or bracts much smaller, with very broad
inflated sheathing petioles. Umbels dicecious, usually numerous,

218 UMBELLIFERZ. [Ligusticum..

1-2 in. diam., compound, the lower ones on long peduncles, form-
ing a terminal open panicle; involucral leaves linear-subulate,
shorter than the rays. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 4—4in.
long; carpels 5-winged.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 201.

SourH IsuanD: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to.

Southland, especially within the influence of the western rainfall. 1500 ft.
to nearly 5000 ft. December-January.

A handsome and graceful plant, easily recognised by the finely divided
membranous leaves with hair-pointed lobes. Mr. Petrie sends a variety from
Mount Tyndall with the lobes almost capillary, with much longer hair-points.

7. L. brevistyle, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 95.—Stems 6-18in.
high, slender, grooved. Radical leaves 4-12 in. long; petiole some-
what rigid, shortly sheathing at the base; limb linear-oblong in
outline, rarely broader and ovate-oblong, 2-3-pinnate; primary
divisions 6-10 pairs ; leaflets cut down to the rhachis into 3-5 dis-
tant very narrow-linear lobes +~-in. long with short acicular tips.
Umbels few, 1-8, loosely panicled, compound, dicecious ; involucral
bracts filiform, shorter than the rays. Fruit on very short pedicels,
oblong, 4-4 in. long; carpels with 5 narrow wings; styles very
short.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 202.

SoutH Isnanp: Canterbury—Upper Waitaki and head of Lake Hawea,.
Haast! Otago—Lake district, Hector and Buchanan! Kurow, Mount Ida,

Cromwell, and other localities in eastern and central Otago, Petrie! 800-
3500 ft. December—January.

Closely related to L. Haastii, but a much smaller and more slender plant,
with more sparingly divided leaves, smaller fruit, and shorter styles.

8. L. dissectum, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 202.—Rather stout,
coriaceous, 5-15in. high. Rootstock thick, covered with the ragged
bases of the old leaves. Radical leaves 3-12in. long, coriaceous but
hardly rigid; petiole half the length or more, with a long and
narrow sheath ; blade ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate;
primary pinne 4-9 pairs, 1-2in. long; secondary closely placed,
ternately or pinnately cut into numerous linear pungent-pointed
segments +-lin. long and about ;4,in. wide. Umbels compound,
few or many in an open branched panicle ; primary rays numerous,
10-20; involucral bracts linear or lanceolate, acuminate. Fruit
linear-oblong, 4 in. long ; carpels 5-winged.

NortH Isntanp: Mount Holdsworth and other high peaks of the Tararua
Range, Buchanan! T,. P. Arnold! W. Townson ! December—February.

An imperfectly known species, perhaps more nearly allied to L. piloferum
than to any other, but differing widely in the much more divided leaves.

9. L. filifolium, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 95.—Slender, grassy,
very aromatic. Stems 6—20in. high, smooth, striate, often much
branched above. Leaves 4-15in. long, thin and often flaccid;
petioles very long, slender, sheathing at the base, sheaths short and
broad, membranous; blade very variable in size and shape, ter-

Ligusticum. | UMBELLIFERZ. 219

nately divided into narrow-linear flat acute segments 4-14 in. long
‘and varying in width from filiform to 4in., the broadest sometimes
toothed or lobed at the tip. Umbels few, compound, dicecious, on
long slender peduncles; rays slender, very unequal, 4—2 in. long;
involucral bracts few, short, subulate-lanceolate. Fruit tin. long,
linear-oblong, compressed; carpels thin, 5-winged, lateral wings
broader than the dorsal.—Kuirk, Students’ Fl. 208.

SoutH Istanp: Mountain districts from Cook Strait to the south of Canter-
bury, not uncommon. 1000-4500 ft. December—January.

10. L. deltoideum, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882)
299.—Small, stout, dark-green and shining, very aromatic, 2-6 in.
high. Rootstock stout, clothed with pale chaffy scales. Leaves
numerous, all radical, membranous, 2—4in. long; petiole half the
length, sheathing at the base; blade broadly deltoid in outline,
ternately or 2-pinnately divided; leaflets 1-tin. long, cuneate-
deltoid, deeply 3-5-lobed; lobes flat, very narrow linear-subulate,
acute or acuminate. Flowering-stems short, seldom exceeding
the leaves. Umbels small, $-lin. diam., compound; rays 4-8,
slender, very unequal; involucral bracts short, linear-subulate.
Flowers white or pink. Ripe fruit not seen.—Kuirk, Students’ Fl.
203.

SourH Is~tanp: Grassy slopes on Mount Arthur, Nelson, altitude 4000-
5500 ft., 7. F. C.; Mount Stokes, Marlborough, Macmahon! December—
-January.

Close to L. filifoliwm. but distinguished by the smaller size, more numerous
leaves with copious divisions, differently shaped leaflets, and short flowering
stems, which rarely exceed the leaves.

11. L. carnosulum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 96. — Small,
3-6 in. high, thick and fleshy, glaucous-green. Root stout, often as
thick as the little finger, tortuous among shingle. Stems usually
short, tapering downwards. Leaves 1-3 near the top of the stem
or from the root, very thick and fleshy ; petiole 3-2 in. long, with a
short broad sheath; biade i-3in. diam., 2-3-ternately multifid,
ultimate segments +—2 in. long, #,-;, in. broad, very narrow linear,
acute or subacute, curved, obscurely jointed on the rhachis. | Umbel
solitary, compound, large for the size of the plant, 14—4 in. diam. ;
involucral bracts about 5, 2-3-ternately divided like the leaves,
overtopping the umbel; rays numerous, rigid, almost woody in
fruit, }-lin. long. Secondary umbels small, concealed among the
bracts of the involucels, which far exceed the small white or pink
almost sessile flowers. Calyx-teeth acute, prominent. Styles
rigid, subulate. Fruit oblong, tin. long; carpels incurved, with 5
low obtuse ridges, commissural face rounded; vitte 1 under each
furrow and 2 on the commissure.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 203.

Sour Isuanp: Bare shinge-slopes on the mountains of Nelson and Canter-
bury, not common. Wairau Gorge, 7. F. C.; Mount Captain, Kirk! Lake

220 UMBELLIFERZ. [Ligusticum.

Tennyson, T. F.C. ; Mount Torlesse, Haast! Petrie! T. F. C.; mountains by
the upper and middle Waimakariri, Enys! Petrie! Cockayne! 3000-6000 ft.
December—February.

A very remarkable plant, which cannot be confounded with any other
found in New Zealand.

12. L. patulum, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 203.—Slender, greyish-
green, 6-12in. high or more. Stems erect or inclined, branched
above, grooved. Radical leaves 2-6 in. long, linear-oblong in out-
line, pinnate or rarely 2-pinnate; leaflets 4-7 pairs, cut down to the
rhachis into narrow-linear acute lobes, which are again toothed or
incised at the tips, rarely entire. Cauline leaves smaller, with
fewer leaflets and narrower lobes. Umbels small, simple in the
very imperfect specimens seen, on slender peduncles, 6—12-flowered ;
involucral bracts linear, with a broad base, usually shorter than
the unequal pedicels. Ripe fruit not seen.

SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Limestone clifis near Burke’s Pass, J. B.
Armstrong! Otago (?) Buchanan !

There is a fragmentary specimen of this species in Mr. Kirk’s herb-
arium, and another (without locality) in Mr. Buchanan’s. The material is far
too incomplete to form the basis of a satisfactory diagnosis; and that given
above will doubtless require amendment when a good series of specimens is ob-
tained.

13. L. piliferum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 96.—Stout, erect,
glaucous-green, very aromatic. Root thick and tapering. Stem
8-24 in. high or more, sparingly branched above, smooth, striate,
purplish below. Leaves 4-16 in. long, very thick and coriaceous ;
petioles stout, sheathing, sheath long and narrow; blade linear or
linear-oblong, pinnate; leaflets 6-12 pairs, 4-lin. long, sessile,
closely placed and often overlapping, deltoid-ovate or deltoid-orbi-
cular, coarsely toothed or 2—3-lobed or pinnatifid; lobes or seg-
ments again toothed, tipped with a stout bristle. Umbels 2-4, on
stout peduncles towards the top of the stem, 2-3 in. diam., com-
pound, dicecious; rays 3-ldin. long, unequal; involucral bracts
linear or lanceolate. Flowers white, rather small. Fruit +in. long,
ovate-oblong ; carpels usually 3- winged.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 204.

Var. a.—Leaflets broad, very coriaceous, usually deeply 3-lobed ; the lobes
broad, toothed.

Var. b, pinnatifidum, Kirk, l.c.—Leaflets longer and narrower, not so
coriaceous, pinuatifidly cut into narrower lobes.

SoutH Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to the
west of Otago. 2500-4500 ft. December—January.

14. L. aromaticum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 96.—Very aro-
matic, variable in size and habit, usually from 4-12 in. high, but
in alpine situations often much dwarfed, matted and depressed,
sometimes barely 2in. high. Root stout, often long and tapering.
Stem simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves all radical,

Lngusticum.| UMBELLIFERS. 221

numerous, 1-6 in. long, coriaceous or almost membranous; petiole
short, stout, broadly sheathing at the base; blade linear, pinnate ;
leaflets 6-12 pairs, +4 in. long, deltoid-ovate or orbicular or broadly
flabellate, more or less toothed or incised, sometimes pinnatifid or
even again pinnate; lobes and teeth usually ending in a short or
long bristle-like point. Umbels small, dicecious, compound, 4-14 in.
diam.; males usually longer and more open than the females; rays
slender, unequal, 4-2 in. long; involucral bracts few, small, linear-
subulate. Fruit linear-oblong, 4in. long; carpels 5-winged.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 204. Anisotome aromatica, Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 89.

Var. incisum, Kirk, l.c.—Larger and more membranous, 12-20in. high.

Leaflets flabellate or rhomboid, 3-partite almost to the base; segments deeply
incised, spreading.

Var. lanuginosum, Kirk, l.c.— Leaf-segments tipped with copious long
snow-white hairs, sometimes almost concealing the leaves.

NortH anp SourH IsLtanps: Abundant in mountain districts from the
East Cape to Foveaux Strait. Altitudinal range 1500-6500 ft. November-—
February. Var. incisum: Broken River, Canterbury, Kirk! Var. lanugino-
sum: Mountains above Lake Tekapo, 7. #. C.; Hector Mountains, Mount
Pisa, Mount Cardrona, and other localities in Central Otago, Petrie !

15. L. imbricatum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 97. — Small,
much branched, densely tufted, forming large flat or convex
patches. Stems stout, 1-3in. long, densely clothed with nu-
merous closely imbricating coriaceous shining leaves. Leaves
4-3in. long; petioles very short, with large broad membranous
sheaths produced upwards into a hooded ligule; blade with a
broad flattened rhachis and 4-8 pairs of closely placed often im-
bricating leaflets; leaflets sessile, palmately 3-6-lobed; lobes ter-
minated by a stout bristle longer than the lobes. Umbels small,
simple or compound, sunk among the leaves; involucral bracts
few, linear-subulate. Fruit broadly ovoid; carpels d5-winged.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 205.

SoutH Istanp: High peaks from Nelson and Marlborough to Southland,
not uncommon. 4000-6500 ft. January—February.

A very remarkable little plant, easily known by its small size, densely tufted
habit, imbricated leaves, short peduncles sunk among the leaves, and broad
fruit.

16. L. Enysii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix (1877) 548.—
Small, stout, depressed, glaucous-green, seldom more than 4 in.
high. Root stout, often very long. Leaves all radical, 14-3 in.
long, spreading or decurved, thick and coriaceous when fresh,
linear or linear-oblong, pinnate; leaflets 3-6 pairs, }-4in. long,
sessile, ovate or ovate-orbicular, sharply toothed or lobed ; lobes
again cut, not piliferous; petioles with very broad short sheaths.
Flowering-stems 2-4 in. long, simple or forked, decumbent. Umbels

222 UMBELLIFER. [ Ligusticwm.

compound ; rays 2-5, slender, spreading, unequal, +-3in. long ;
bracts 2-3, connate almost to the tips into a broad cup-shaped
involucre. Partial umbels 3-6-flowered. Fruit ovoid, }in. long;
-earpels with 5 obscure ridges.—Students’ Fl. 205.

SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Limestone shingle in the Broken River basin,

Enys! Kirk! T. F.C. Otago—Naseby, Petrie ! 1500-2500 ft. Decem-
ber-January.

17. L. flabellatum, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fil. 205. — Minute,
4-l$in. high. Leaves all radical, +-1 in. long, coriaceous, linear,
pinnate ; leaflets 1-3 pairs but sometimes reduced to a single one,
4-4 In. diam., flabellate or orbicular-rhomboid, rounded at the tip,
sessile, entire or minutely sinuate-crenate; margins recurved ;
petioles rather stout, with broad sheathing bases. Umbels small,
‘compound, on short peduncles rarely exceeding the leaves; rays
3-4; general involucre apparently wanting; partial involuere of
3 broad connate bracts open on one side. Fruit broadly oblong
or ovate ; carpels 4- or 5-winged, not seen quite ripe.

Srrewart Is~tanp: Crevices of syenitic rocks near the South Cape, Kirk !

A very curious little plant, nearest to 1. Hnysii, but amply distinct. The
3-lobed partial involucre is quite unlike that of any other New Zealand species.

10. ANGELICA, Linn.

Perennial herbs, often tall and stout, usually erect, rarely
scrambling or subscandent. Leaves pinnate or 2-3-pinnate.
Umbels compound, dicecious or polygamous. Calyx-teeth usually
obsolete, rarely prominent. Petals incurved at the apex. Fruit
ovate or oblong, more or less dorsally flattened with a broad com-
missure; carpels 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs very broad, forming a
wing on each side of the carpel, the 3 dorsal much smaller and
narrower. Vitte 1 or 2 in each furrow, rarely more. Seed much
dorsally compressed, plane or concave on the inner face.

A genus of about 30 species, in the Northern Hemisphere scattered through
North America, Europe, and western Asia, in the Southern Hemisphere re-
stricted to the five following species endemic in New Zealand.

* Herbaceous, erect. Leaves mostly radical.

Tall, stout, 1-2 ft. Leaves pinnate; leaflets many, 1-2in.,
crenate .. ay Bs ot 5a .. 1. A. Gingidium.
Slender, 3-6 in. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets many, pinnatifid . decipiens.
Slender, 3-9in. Leaves 3-foliolate or pinnate ; leaflets
1-2 pairs, rhombeo-orbicular, crenate ae a

bo
bh b

3. A. trifoliolatum,

** Suffruticose, subscandent. Leaves cauline.
Leaves 1-foliolate or 3-foliolate; leaflets small,}-din. .. 4. A. geniculata.
Leaves pinnate; leaflets 2-5 pairs, large, 1-23 in. .. 5. A. rosefolia.

1. A. Gingidium, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 97.—-A stout, erect,
highly aromatic herb, 1-2ft. high. Root thick and fleshy. Stems
itin. diam. at the base, smooth and striate, sparingly branched

Angelica. | UMBELLIFERZ!, 223

above. Radical leaves 6-15in. long, rather fleshy, glaucous, pin-
nate; leaflets 5-10 pairs, close together or the lower rather distant,
1-2 in. long, sessile, obliquely ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, finely
crenate or serrate, rarely lobed, veins finely reticulate; petioles
stout, often longer than the blade, sheath narrow. Umbels few,
compound, 1-3 in. diam.; rays 10-20, slender, spreading; involucre
wanting; partial umbels usually with an involucel of a few linear
bracts. Flowers white. Fruit tin. long, ovate-cordate; carpels
much compressed, with a broad lateral wing on each side, which is
produced downwards at the base; dorsal ribs small; vitte 1 in
each furrow and 2 on the commissural face.—Kirk, Students’ Fl.
212. Anisotome Gingidium, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 89. Ligusti-
cum Gingidium, Forst. Prodr. n.140. Gingidium montanum, Forst.
Char. Gen. 21.

NortH AnD SoutH ISLANDS: From Taupo southwards to Otago; once very
abundant, but as it is everywhere greedily eaten by stock it has become scarce in
many districts. Sea-level to 4000 ft. Aniseed. November-January.

2. A. decipiens, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 98.—Very aromatic,
3-8 in. high. Root stout, thick and woody. Leaves numerous,
spreading, usually all radical, 3-6in. long, pinnate; leaflets 6-10
pairs, +-4in. long, sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong, membranous or
flaccid, irregularly deeply toothed or pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute,
not bristle-pointed ; petioles shorter than the blade, sheath broad.
Flowering-stems several, usually unbranched, equalling or longer
than the leaves. Umbels compound, 4-14in. diam.; rays 4-8,
unequal, 4-1 in. long ; involucral bracts few, ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers small, white. Fruit in. long, oblong, rounded or slightly
cordate at the base; carpels 5-winged, the 2 lateral wings much
wider than the 3 dorsal. Vitte 1 under each furrow and 2 on the
commissural side.—Aciphylla decipiens, Hook. f. and Benth. Gen.
Plant. i. 916. Ligusticum decipiens, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 205.

SoutH Isuanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to
Otago. 2000-6000 ft. December-January.

Closely resembling Ligusticum aromaticum in foliage, but the inflorescence
and fruit are altogether different. Mr. Kirk refers it to Ligusticum ; but all the
fruiting specimens I have seen have the lateral wings of the carpels much wider
than the dorsal.

3. A. trifoliolata, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899)
425.—Slender, perfectly glabrous, 3-9 in. high; stems creeping and
rooting at the base; branches few, spreading. Leaves on rather
long slender petioles, 3-foliolate or pinnate; leaflets few, in 1 or 2
distant pairs, simple or again ternately divided; petiolule slender,
4-lt4 in. long; blade 4in., rhombeo-orbicular or flabellate, cuneate
at the base, crenate-dentate at the rounded tip, rather membran-
ous, glaucous below ; veins reticulated. Umbels small, compound ;
primary rays few, secondary 3-5 ; involucral bracts minute,

224 UMBELLIFERZ. [Angelica.

linear. Flowers small, white; styles rather long, slender, spread-
ing. Fruit + in. long, narrow ovate-cordate; carpels compressed,
with a broad lateral wing on each side, dorsal ribs narrower but
conspicuous. Vitte 1 under each furrow and 2 on the commissural
face.—Ligusticum trifoliolatum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 97; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 206.

SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Swampy ground near the Kowai River, Haast,
Cockayne !

Apparently a very rare and local plant, quite unlike any other species. I
have only seen one rather indifferent specimen.

4. A. geniculata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 98.—Stems 2-5 ft.
long, much branched, scrambling over rocks and shrubs; branches
slender, terete, flexuose; internodes 1-3in. long. Leaves small,
alternate, 1-foliolate, of young plants 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; petiole
slender, +-4 in. long; sheaths broad, produced into 2 blunt lobes
at the top; leaflets -4in. diam., orbicular-ovate or rhomboid or
transversely oblong, often cuneate at the base, rounded at the tip,
obscurely crenate-dentate, rather thin and membranous, finely reti-
culate. Umbels small, terminal and lateral, on short peduncles ;
rays 2-5, very slender, about 4in. long; involucral bracts few,
short, linear-subulate. Flowers small, white; petals inflexed at
the tips. Fruit tin. long, oblong-ovoid, cordate at the base;
carpels much compressed, the lateral wings very broad, pale and
membranous. Vitte 1 under each furrow and 2 on the commis-
sure.—Kirk, Students’ Fj. 213. Anisotome geniculata, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 90, t. 19. Peucedanum geniculatum, Forst. Prodr.
n. 136; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 272; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 507.
Bowlesia geniculata, Spreng. Umbellif. 14, t. 5.

Norty Isuanp: Rare and local. East Cape and interior, Colenso; Port
Nicholson, Buchanan! Paikakariki, H. B. Kirk. Sourn Istanp: Akaroa,
Raoul, Kirk! gorge of the Waimakariri, Cockayne; east coast of Canter-
bury and Otago, Armstrong, Buchanan ! Petrie! G. M. Thomson ! January—
February.

5. A. roszfolia, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 581.—Stems 2-5 ft. long,
much branched, scrambling over rocks or among bushes, hard and
almost woody below, clothed with the persistent sheaths of the old
leaves. Leaves cauline, alternate, 2-5in. long, pinuate ; leaflets
2-5 pairs, 1-24 in. long, opposite, sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong to
ovate-lanceolate, often oblique at the base, acute, finely serrate, sub-
membranous or coriaceous, veins reticulated ; petiole slender, rigid;
sheaths broad, membranous, 2-lobed at the top. Umbels many,
terminal and axillary, compound, 1-3in. diam.; rays numerous,
slender; involucral bracts linear or lanceolate. Flowers white.
Fruit in. long, ovate-cordate ; carpels with broad lateral wings.
Vitte 1 under each furrow and 2 on the commissural face.—
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 98; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 212. Anisotome
rosefolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 90.

Angelica. | UMBELLIFER2. 225

Nortu Istanp: Not uncommon on rocky shores from the Three Kings
Islands to the Hast Cape and Raglan; rare inland, and much less abundant fur-
ther south. Hawke’s Bay, A. Hamilton! Petrie! Ruahine Range, Harding !
Upper Rangitikei, Buchanan! Sour Istanp: Akaroa, Raouwl. Sea-level to
2000 ft. Koherika ; Kohepiro. October-November.

This and the preceding species are anomalous in the order from their sub-
scandent stems. The leaflets are furnished with a pair of minute stipelle at
the base—one on the upper surface, the other below.

11, DAUCUS, Linn.

Annual or biennial herbs, usually hispid. Leaves decompound,
ultimate segments narrow. Umbels compound; rays numerous ;
bracts of the general involucre usually pinnatisect. Flowers white.
Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals often unequal, inflexed at
the tips. Fruit ovoid or oblong, terete or slightly dorsally com-
pressed ; carpels convex, with 5 slender bristly primary ribs,
and 4 winged secondary ones bearing rows of hooked bristles.
Vittee 1 under each secondary rib and 2 on the commissural face.
Seed flattened dorsally.

Species about 35, chiefly found in the temperate portions of the Northern
Hemisphere, and most abundant in the Mediterranean region. The single New
Zealand species is also common in Australia and Tasmania.

1. D. brachiatus, Sieb. in D.C. Prodr. iv. 214.—An erect an-
nual or biennial branching herb, very variable in size, 6-18 in.
high, more or less bristly with short stiff hairs, rarely. almost
glabrous. Leaves flaccid, on long slender petioles, 2-3-pinnate ;
primary leaflets 4-6 pairs; secondary deeply incised or pinnatifid ;
segments small, linear-oblong, minutely mucronulate. Umbels
axillary or terminal, compound; primary rays 4-10, very unequal
in size; involucral bracts entire or pinnately divided. Flowers
small. Fruit ovoid, about $in. long; carpels with the secondary
ridges much the largest, and bearing a single row of purplish
hooked bristles; primary with a double row of finer bristles point-
ing right and left.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 91; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
99; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 376; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 214. Scandix
slochidiata, Labill. Fl. Nov. Holl. i. 75, t. 102.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant in lowland dis-
tricts throughout. October-December.

The allied D. carota, L., the origin of the cultivated carrot, has become
naturalised in several localities in both islands. It can be distinguished from
D. brachiatus by its greater size, broader leaf-segments, and much larger
compact flat-topped umbels.

OrpER XXXIV. ARALIACEA.,

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or very rarely
opposite, simple or digitately or pinnately divided, often large;
stipules adnate to the base of the petiole or wanting. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous or diccious, usually arranged

8—Fl.

226 ARALIACEZS. [Stilbocarpa.

in simple or compound umbels, less often in racemes or panicles.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb truncate or toothed or almost
obsolete. Petals usually 5, seldom 4 or more than 5, valvate or
slightly imbricate. Stamens as many as the petals, and inserted
with them round the margin of an epigynous disc; filaments usually
inflexed. Ovary superior, 2- to many-celled, rarely 1-celled ; styles
as many as the cells, free or connate; ovules solitary, pendulous,
anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent; epicarp usually succu-
lent; cells 2 to many, l-seeded. Seeds pendulous; testa membran-
ous; albumen copious, fleshy; embryo minute, radicle next the
hilum.

An order very closely allied to Umbellifere, principally differing in the
arborescent habit, valvate petals, ovary usually more than 2-celled, and succu-
lent fruit. The species are mainly tropical or subtropical, few of them extend-
ing into the temperate zones. Genera 40; species about 350. The properties
of the order are unimportant. Of the 6 genera found in New Zealand,
Stilbocarpa and Pseudopanax are endemic; Aralia mainly belongs to the
north temperate zone, Meryta and Schefflera are chiefly Polynesian, while
Panaz has a wide range in the Old World.

*The New Zealand species herbaceous, with broad orbicular-reniform
leaves. Petals imbricate.

Fruit globose, cup-shaped or hollowed at the eu .. 1. STILBOCARPA.
Fruit globose, not hollowed at the top . -. 2. ARALTIA.

** Shrubs or trees. Petals valvate. Stamens equal in number to the
petals.

Leaves simple or digitate. Ovary 2-celled, ni al 4-celled.
Styles distinct, recurved at the apex .. -
Leaves simple, very large. Flowers paniculate ..
Leaves digitate. Umbels small, racemed on the branches
of a large spreading panicle .. 5. SCHEFFLERA.
Leaves simple or digitately divided. Ovary usually
5-celled. Styles very short, connate into a cone or
column .. tc =e s- 5. .. 6, PSEUDOPANAX.

. PANAX.
. MerytTa.

He CO

1. STILBOCARPA, A. Gray.

A stout much-branched herb; stem fistulose. Leaves large,
orbicular or reniform, setose; petiole with broad membranous
stipuliform sheaths. Umbels 3 or 4 times compound, forming a
large globose head 6—-9in. diam.; involucral bracts foliaceous.
Flowers polygamous, jointed on the top of the pedicel. Calyx-tube
3-4-grooved ; limb obsolete. Petals 5, obovate, obtuse, imbricate
in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers ovate. Disc fleshy, annular,
3-4-lobed. Ovary 3—4-celled ; styles as many as the cells, recurved.
Fruit globose, depressed and hollow at the summit, obscurely
3-4-grooved, dry and corky, covered with a black and shining
epidermis, 3-4-celled. Seeds as many as the cells.

A monotypic genus, confined to the islands immediately to ind south of

New Zealand. It is chiefly separated from Aralia by the hollow axis of the
fruit, which gives the summit a peculiar cup-shaped appearance.

Stilbocarpa. | ARALIACER, 227

1. S. polaris, A. Gray, Bot. U.S. Expl. Exped. 714.—Forming
large rounded masses 3-5 ft. in diam., more or less bristly in all its
parts. Rhizome prostrate, 2-3 ft. long, thick and fleshy, annulate.
Stems much branched below, stout, 1-14in. diam., grooved, succu-
lent, with a heavy rank smell when bruised. Leaves bright-green,
9-18 in. diam., orbicular-reniform, thick and fleshy, bristly on both
surfaces, plaited or rugose, margins many-lobed and sharply
toothed, veins flabellate ; petiole 12-24 in. long, erect, semi-terete ;
sheath amplexicaul, produced above into a leafy lobed or laciniate
membranous ligule. Umbels large, terminal and axillary, com-
pound. Flowers very numerous, +in. diam., waxy-yellow with a
purplish centre, shining. Fruit the size of a small peppercorn,
globose with a flattened and hollowed apex, black, brilliantly
shining.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 100; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 218.
Aralia polaris, Homb. et Jacq. Voy. aw Pole Sud, Bot. t. 2, Phanerog. ;
Hook. f. Fl. Antarct.i.19; Ic. Plant. t. 747.

AUCKLAND, CAMPBELL, ANTIPODES, AND MAcqQuariE IsLtAnps: Not un-
common. December-January.

2. ARALTA, Linn.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, glabrous or setose or prickly. Leaves
alternate, rarely simple, usually digitate or pinnate or pinnately
decompound. Umbels solitary or in racemes or panicles, rarely
compound ; pedicels usually jointed under the flowers. Flowers
polygamo-moneecious. Calyx-margin truncate or 5-toothed. Pe-
tals 5, slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-d-celled; styles
2-5, free or connate at the base, at length spreading. Fruit
_ 3-6-celled and 3-5-angular, or subglobose and 2-3-celled.

A well-known genus of about 30 species, mainly natives of the Northern
Hemisphere, stretching from Malaya and India to Japan and North America.

1. A. Lyallii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 295.
—A stout herb 1-4ft. high, often forming extensive patches.
Rhizome prostrate or arcuate, creeping. Stems stout, as thick as
the little finger, pilose. Leaves radical, crowded, 6-18in. diam.
or more, orbicular-reniform, lobed and deeply toothed, usually
glabrous and shining above, more or less clothed with soft bristles
beneath; petiole terete, fistulose, with a broad membranous
sheathing ligule at the base. Umbels large, compound, forming
globose masses 6-12in. diam. Flowers moncecious or polyga-
mous, +in. diam., reddish-purple. Calyx-margin truncate. Petals 5,
linear or linear-oblong. ONY 2-celled, crowned by two broad
and fleshy stylopodia; styles 2, free. Fruit globose, din. diam.,
2-celled, black and shining; seeds 1 in each cell.—Students’ Fl. 216.
Stilbocarpa Lyallii, Armst. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 336.

Var. robusta, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 216.—More robust and less pubescent.
Leaves with the teeth "strongly mucronate; petioles plano-convex, solid or
nearly so. Flowers smaller, with yellowish petals.

228 ARALIACEZ. [Aralia.

SourH Isnanp: Coal Island, Preservation Inlet, Kirk! Srmewarr Isuanp
and adjacent islets, Lyall, Petrie! Kirk! Var. robusta: The Snares, Kirk!
Punui. December—February.

Has precisely the habit of Stilbocarpa polaris, and in a flowerless state
may easily be taken for it. The leaves are less fleshy and coriaceous, and want
the bristles on the upper surface; the petioles are terete; the flowers reddish,
with narrower petals; the ovary 2-celled, crowned with the very evident
stylopodia; and the fruit is not hollowed at the apex.

3. PAN AX, Linn.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves simple or more usually
digitately or pinnately divided. Flowers polygamous or dicecious,
jointed at the top of the pedicels, umbellate; umbels simple or
compound, variously arranged. Calyx-limb entire or 5-toothed.
Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 2- or rarely 3-4-celled; styles
free or connate at the base, their tips free, usually recurved. Fruit
compressed or nearly globose, 2—4-celled, exocarp succulent or
coriaceous ; seeds 1 in each cell.

Species between 30 and 40, mainly Australasian, Polynesian, and Malayan,
but extending to central Asia and tropical Africa. The New Zealand species
are all endemic.

* Leaves of both old and young plants simple.

Leaves of young plants narrow-linear, 5-10in. long; of old

plants linear or lanceolate, 2-3in. .. Ses .. 1. P. lineare.
** Leaves of old plants simple ; of young ones 3—5-foliolate.
Leaflets 2-5 in., lanceolate, serrate. Styles2 .. s2 Qe PSUNUDIEd.
Leaflets 2-8 in., oblong-lanceolate, entire. Styles 3-4 .. 3. P. Edgerleyi.
Leaflets small, 4-3in., orbicular or obovate. Styles 2 4. P. anomalum.
*** Leaves of old plants 3-5- or 7-foliolate.
Leaves 3-5-foliolate; petioles not sheathing. Umbels
small. Fruit compressed .. ua uM .. 5. PB. Sinelairi.
Leaves 3-5-foliolate ; petioles sheathing; leaflets sessile,
veins indistinct. Umbels large, compound .. .. 6. P. Colensoi.

Leaves 5-7-foliolate; petioles sheathing; leaflets stalked,
veins obvious. Umbels very large, compound oe

1. P. lineare, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 93.—A small sparingly
branched shrub 5-10 ft. high; branches spreading, stout and woody,
bearing numerous simple or trifid coriaceous scales mixed with the
leaves. Leaves of young trees crowded, ascending, simple, 5-10 in.
long, +4 in. wide, narrow-linear, acute, gradually narrowed into a
short stout petiole, remotely and obscurely sinuate-serrate, exces-
sively thick and coriaceous, midrib and margins thickened. Leaves
of mature trees 2-4 in. long, 4-3 in. wide, linear or linear-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, obscurely serrate, very thick and coriaceous, midrib
and margins thickened ; petiole short, +1 in. long, jointed on to the
branch. Flowers small, dicecious. Umbels usually terminal, but
occasionally axillary as well, compound, shorter than the leaves;
rays 3-7, bracteolate. Ovary 3-5-celled; styles the same number as

7. P. arboreum.

Panaz.| ARALIACE. 229

the cells, connate at the base, free and recurved at the tips. Fruit
broadly ovoid, 3—-5-celled and -seeded.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 101; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 217.

SoutH Isutanp: Subalpine forests from Nelson to Preservation Inlet,

chiefly on the western side of the island. 2500-4000 ft. January—Heb-
ruary.

2. P. simplex, Forst. Prodr. n. 399.—A shrub or small tree
8-25 ft. high, everywhere smooth and glabrous. Leaves excessively
variable, polymorphous; of very young plants either ovate or
broadly ovate, serrate, or 3—8-foliolate with the leaflets deeply
lobed or pinnatifid: both these states are succeeded by 3-foliolate
leaves with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate sharply serrate leaflets.
Leaves of mature trees 1-foliolate, variable in size, 2-5 in. long,
lanceolate to oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, coriaceous and glossy,
acute or acuminate, rarely obtuse, sharply serrate or nearly entire ;
petiole 1-3 in. long, jointed at the top. Umbels small, shorter than
the leaves, axillary or terminal, icregularly compound; secondary
umbels 8-16-flowered, the terminal one usually female, the lateral
male. Flowers small, greenish-white. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2,
free to the base, recurved. Fruit tin. diam., orbicular, compressed ;
seeds 2.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 280, t. 31; A. Cunn. Precur. n.
509; Raoul, Choiw, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 18, t.12; Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 938; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 100; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 106, 107;
Students’ Fl. 217.

Var. quercifolium, Kirk, /.c.—Leaves of mature plants 1-foliolate, 3-5
long, lanceolate, deeply lobulate or pinnatifid.—Forest Fl. t. 106, f. 2.

Var. parvum, Kirk, J.c.—Leaves of mature plants 1-foliolate, ?-lin. long
acute or subacute, crenate or serrate. Umbels few-flowered.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANps, STEWART IsLAND, AUCKLAND IsLANDS: From
the Thames Goldfields southwards, but local north of the East Cape. Var.
quercifoliwm: Canterbury—Upper Waimakariri, Hnys! Var. parvum: Various
localities from Nelson to Stewart Island, Kirk! Petrie! H. J. Matthews!
Ba Me Os Sea-level to over 4000 ft. Haumakaroa. November-January.

3. P. Edgerleyi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 94.—A small graceful
tree 20-40 ft. high; trunk 12-18in. diam. Leaves very aromatic,
bright glossy green, smooth and shining, membranous, dimorphic :
of mature plants 1-foliolate; petiole jointed to the blade, slender,
1-3 in. long; blade 2-8 in., oblong- or obovate-lanceolate to lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate, quite entire: of young plants 3-d-fo-
liolate with the leaflets deeply and irregularly lobed or pinna-
tifid. Umbels small, }-2in. diam., 10-12-flowered, in slender
axillary or lateral panicles 1-2in. long. Flowers small, greenish-
white. Ovary 3-4-celled; styles as many as the cells, connate at
the base. Fruit tin. diam., globose; seeds 3-4.—Handb. N.Z. £7.
101; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 44; Students’ Fl. 217. Raukana Edgerleyi,
Seem. Journ. Bot. iv. (1866) 352.

230 ARALIACEA. [Panaz.

Var. serratum, Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 45.—Leaves of mature plants with the
margins serrated or lobulate.

NortH AND SoutH Isianps, StEwarT Is~tAnp: Not uncommon in hilly
forests from Hokianga southwards. Var. serratwm: Stewart Island, Kirk t
Sea-level to 2500 ft. Raukawa; Koare. January—February.

The Maoris formerly mixed the fragrant leaves with fat or oil, which was
then used for anointing the person.

4. P. anomalum, Hook. in Lond. Jowrn. Bot. ii. (1848) 422,
t. 12.—A much-branched shrub 5-12 ft. high; branches spreading
at right angles, younger ones usually clothed with small bristly
scales. Leaves of young plants 3-foliolate ; petioles long, slender,
winged ; leaflets jointed on to the petiole, stipellate at the base,
elliptic-ovate or orbicular-ovate, sometimes lobed, toothed or crenate,
usually membranous. Leaves of mature plants 1-foliolate; petiole
very short, seldom more than 4 in. long; leaflet 4-2 in. long, orbicu-
lar or oblong-orbicular, rarely narrower and oblong-obovate, rounded
at the tip, obscurely crenate, rather coriaceous, usually with minute
linear stipelle at the base. Umbels small, simple, axillary, 2-8-
flowered ; peduncles very short. Flowers minute, greenish. Ovary
2-celled; styles 2, free. Fruit $+4in. diam., orbicular, much com-
pressed, 2-celled, mottled.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 93; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 101; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 218.

Var. microphyllum, Kirk, I.c.— Smaller and more slender. Leaves
smaller, 4-4in. long, obovate-lanceolate to broadly obovate, sinuate-crenate.—
P. microphyllum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 328.

NortH AND SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon in woods from Mongonui and
Kaitaia southwards, ascending to 2500 ft. Wauwaupaku. December-—
February.

A very curious plant, with the habit of Melicytus micranthus or Melicope
simplex, quite unlike a Panaz. Mr. Colenso’s P. microphyllum is the common
form south of the Waikato, but it differs little from the type.

5. P. Sinclairii, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 103.—A branching
shrub or small tree 6—-15ft. high. Leaves 3-—5-foliolate; petioles
2-3 in. long, slender, not sheathing at the base; leaflets sessile or
very shortly stalked, 1-3in. long, obovate- or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, dull-green, coriaceous, sharply serrate; veins
obscure. Umbels small, unisexual, axillary or terminal, 3-10-
flowered or more, on simple or branched peduncles 1-13 in. long;
pedicels short. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2,
short, recurved. Fruit orbicular, compressed, 2-celled, 4-3 in.
diam.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 219.

NortH Is~tanp: Thames Goldfields, Adams! Te Aroha, Pirongia and
Karioi Mountains, 7’. F. C.; Opepe, Taupo, Kirk! East Cape, Sinclair; Rua-
hine Mountains, Colenso; Mount Egmont, Buchanan! 1. F. C. 1000-
3500 ft. January—February.

Very closely allied to P. simplex, from which it is chiefly separated by the
leaves being 3-5-foliolate, never 1-foliolate.

-Panax.| ARALIACE. 231

6. P. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 94, t. 21.—A glabrous
shrub or small tree, 5-15ft. high; branches stout, spreading.
Leaves 3-5-foliolate ; petioles 2-9in. long, with a stout 2-lobed
sheathing base; leaflets 2-6in., obovate- or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, sessile or shortly petioled, coarsely serrate, thick
and coriaceous, smooth and glossy, veins usually indistinct. Flowers
dicecious. Umbels large, compound, terminal, similar to those of
P. arboreum but smaller and with fewer primary rays ; secondary
rays 4-1 in. long, pedicels short. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, slightly
connate at the base, tips spreading, recurved. Fruit orbicular, Lin.
diam., much compressed, 2-celled, purplish-black.—Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 102; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 218.

NortH anp SoutH IsLAnDs, Stewart Istanp: In hilly or mountainous
districts from the Little Barrier Island and Cape Colville southwards. Usually
from 1500-4500 ft., but descending to sea-level on Stewart Island. December-
February.

Very closely allied to P. arborewm, but the leaves are 3-5-foliolate (not
5—T-foliolate), the leaflets are sessile or nearly so, and the veins are usually in-
distinct.

7. P. arboreum, Forst. Prodr. n. 398.—A small much-branched
round-headed tree 12-25 ft. high ; branches stout, brittle. Leaves
digitately 5—7-foliolate ; petioles stout, 2-10 in. long, with a broad
2-lobed sheath at the base; leaflets 3-7 in., on petioles 4—-1in. long,
broad- or narrow-oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or acute, serrate
or sinuate-serrate, coriaceous, smooth and shining, veins distinct.
Umbels large, terminal, compound, dicecious; primary rays 8-12,
radiating, 2-4 in. long; secondary 10-20, 4-14 in. long, each bear-
ing a 10-15-flowered umbel; pedicels short, slender. Flowers
tin. diam. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, connate at the base, tips
free, recurved. Fruit broader than long, compressed, +—} in. diam.,
purplish-black, 2-celled; seeds 1 in each cell.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv.
Zel. 281; A Cunn. Precur. n. 510; Raoul, Choiz, 46; Hook. in
Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. (1848) 421, t. 11; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 94;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 102; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 219.

Var. leetum, Kirk, |.c.—Leaflets much larger, 7-10in. long, 3-4in. broad,
ah ovate-lanceolate or obovate, abruptly acuminate, coarsely serrate or
aentate,

Kermapec Istanps, NortH anp SoutH Istanps.—Abundant in lowland
districts throughout. Var. letwm; Thames Goldfields, Kirk! T. F.C. Sea-
level to 1500 ft. Whauwhau-paku. June-July.

4, MERYTA, Forst.

Small glabrous trees, usually more or Jess resinous. Leaves
large, alternate, simple, coriaceous. Flowers dicecious, in terminal
panicles. Male flowers: Calyx-limb obsolete or minutely 3-é-
toothed. Petals 4-5, valvate. Stamens 4-5; filaments rather
long; anthers ovate-oblong. Females: Calyx-limb obsolete.
Petals 4-5, small. Ovary 4- to many-celled; styles thick, distinct

232 ARALIACE. [Meryta.

or slightly connate at the base, their tips at length recurved. Fruit
broadly oblong or nearly globose ; endocarp succulent; cells 3-6,
l-seeded. Seeds compressed.

A small genus of from 10 to 15 species, most abundant in New Caledonia,

but extending eastwards to Tahiti and southwards to Norfolk Island and New
Zealand. The single species found in New Zealand is endemic.

1. M. Sinclairii, Seem. in Bonplandia, x. (1862) 295.—A very
handsome round-headed small tree 8-25 ft. high; trunk 6-18in.
diam.; branches stout, brittle. Leaves very large, crowded to-
wards the ends of the branches; petiole stout, 4-15 in. long; blade
10-20in. long or more, oblong-obovate or oblong, obtuse, slightly
cordate at the base, very coriaceous, smooth and shining, strongly
veined ; margins entire, slightly undulate, bordered with a stout
vein. Panicles stout, erect, terminal, 6-18in. long; branches
jointed on the rhachis. Male flowers sessile in clusters of 4-8,
with a broad bract at the base of each cluster. Calyx-limb obso-
lete. Petals 4, ovate-oblong. Stamens 4; filaments slender, ex-
serted. Female flowers irregularly crowded, with a bract at the
base of each. Calyx asin the males. Petals 4—5, ovate-triangular.
Abortive stamens present. Styles 4-5, free to the base. Fruit
4-4 in. long, broadly oblong, succulent, black and shining, 4—5-celled.
Seeds solitary in each cell, compressed, bony.—Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 104; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 121; Students’ Fl. 220. Botrvo-
dendrum Sinelairii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 97.

Nort Istanp: Three Kings Islands, 7. F. C.; Hen and Chickens (Tara-
nga Islands), Hutton and Kirk! T. F.C. Puka. February—May.

The specimens on which Sir Joseph Hooker founded the species were ob-
tained from a solitary tree planted by the Maoris at Paparaumu, in Whangaruru
Harbour; but it is not known in an indigenous state on any part of the main-
land, and must be considered one of the rarest species of the New Zealand fiora.
The Maoris state that it exists on the Poor Knights Islands, between Whangarei
and the Bay of Islands, but I have seen no specimens from thence.

5. SCHEFFLERA, Forst.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, digitately
compound; leaflets serrulate. Flowers polygamous, in small um-
bels arranged in a racemose manner on the branches of a spreading
panicle; pedicels not articulate. Calyx-limb minutely 5-toothed.
Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Disc large, with undulate margins.
Ovary 5-10-celled ; styles the same number as the cells, connate
below, free and spreading above. Fruit subglobose, 5-10-celled ;
exocarp fleshy; seeds 1 in each cell.

In addition to the single New Zealand species, which is endemic, there are
one or two in the Fiji Islands, and several in New Caledonia.

1. S. digitata, Forst. Char. Gen. 46.—A small tree 10-25 ft.
high, with stout spreading branches. Leaves on sheathing petioles
4-9in. long, digitately 7-10-foliolate; leaflets 3-7in., petiolate,

Schefilera.] ARALIACES. 233

oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin and membranous,
finely and sharply serrate, in young plants often irregularly lobu-
late or pinnatifid. Panicles axillary or from the branches
below the leaves, 8-12 in. long; branches numerous, long, spread-
ing at right angles. Flowers small, greenish, }-1in. diam., in
4-8-flowered umbels arranged in a racemose manner along the
branches of the panicle; peduncles z1in. long; pedicels 4in. Fruit
globose, hin. diam., juicy, grooved when dry.—Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 103; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 220. §. Cunninghamii, Mig. in
Linnea, xviii. (1844) 89. Aralia Schettlera, Spreng. Pl. Pugill. i. 28 -
A. fich. Fl. Now. Zel. 283: A. Cunn. Precur. n. 513; Raoul,
Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 95; "t. 29}

NortH anp Soury Istanps: Abundant in woods from the North Cape to

Stewart Island, ascending to nearly 3000 ft. Pate; Patete. February—
March.

6. PSEUDOPANAX, C. Koch.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees. Leaves extremely variable,
simple or digitately compound, those of young plants often widely
different from those of mature trees ; leaflets coriaceous, entire or
more or less toothed or serrate. Flowers dicecious, in racemose or
paniculate umbels. Calyx-limb entire or toothed. Petals 5, valvate.
Stamens 5; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 5-celled ; styles the
same number, very short, connate into a short cone or column.
Fruit fleshy, subglobose, ribbed when dry, 5-celled; seeds 1 in each
cell.

* Leaves of young plants not markedly different from those of old ones.
Bronzy or yellow-green. Leaves 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets

sharply toothed, veined fs 5 dc -- 1. P. discolor,
Dark-green. Leaves 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets entire or
sinuate-serrate, veins obscure 2. P. Lessonii.

Dark-green. Leaves mostly 1-foliolate, with a few 3-folio-
late ones intermixed og ee cap 3. P. Gilliesii.
** Leaves of young plants altogether different from those of old ones.

Leaves of young trees deflexed, with short distant teeth.

Fruit small, tin. diam. 56 ae ne -. 4. P. crassifolium.
Leaves of young trees deflexed, with broad lobulate hooked

teeth. Fruit large, oblong, tin. long ac -. 5. P. ferox.
Leaves of young trees never deflexed. Fruit large, globose,

Zin. diam. on ; : ; 6. P. chathamicum.

1. P. discolor, Cheesem.—A much-branched shrub 6-15 ft. high.
Leaves bronzy or yellow-green, 3-5-foliolate, often with 1-foliolate
leaves intermixed ; petioles slender, 1-3 in. long; leaflets 14-3 in.,

234 ARALIACES. [Pseudopanax.

obovate to obovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed at
the base, acute or acuminate, glossy and coriaceous, sharply ser-
rate. Umbels terminal; male of 4-10 slender rays 2-3 in. long,
bearing numerous racemose flowers on pedicels 4-+in. long;
females (or hermaphrodite?) of much shorter rays 3-2.in. long
terminating in 2-—6-flowered umbellules. Flowers 4in. diam.
Ovary 5-celled; styles 5, connate at the base, very short, tips erect
or slightly recurved. Fruit +in. long, broadly oblong, 5-celled.—
Panax discolor, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. (1871) 178. P. dis-
colorum, Students’ Fl, 219.

Nort Isnanp: Auckland—Whangaroa North, Great Barrier Island, and
Omaha, Kirk! Little Barrier Island, Kirk, Shakespear! T. F'. C.; Thames

Goldfields, Kirk! Adams! T. F. C. Sea-level to 2800 ft. December —
January.

The ovary-cells and styles are very exceptionally less than 5, and the species
certainly falls into Pseudopanax as that genus is characterized in the ‘‘ Genera
Plantarum.’’ Its nearest ally is P. Lessoni.

2. P. Lessonii, C. Koch in Wochenschrift, ii. (1859) 336. — A
glabrous much-branched shrub or small tree 8-—20ft. high;
branches robust. Leaves dark-green, 3-5-foliolate; petioles stout,
2-6in. long, not sheathing at the base; leaflets 1-4in., sessile,
obovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire or sinuate-
serrate, smooth and shining, very thick and coriaceous; veins
indistinct. Umbels terminal, compound; males with 4-8 primary
rays 1-6in. long, each ending in 4-10 secondary rays bearing
numerous racemose flowers; females with shorter and fewer rays
and less numerous flowers, not so conspicuously racemose. Flowers:
tin. diam. Ovary 5-celled; styles 5, very short, connate at the
base, their tips at length recurved. Fruit broadly oblong, in.
long, 5-celled.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 221. Panax Lessonii, D.C.
Prodr. iv. 253; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 102. Cussonia Lessonii,
A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 285, t.32; A. Cunn. Precur.n. 511; Raoul,
Choix, 46. Hedera Lessonii, A. Gray, Bot. U.S. Hapl. Exped. 719.

Nortu Istanp: From the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape to

Poverty Bay, usually near the coast. Houmapara ; Houpara. January—
February.

3. P. Gilliesii, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 221.—A shrub or small
tree 10-15 ft. high; branches slender. Leaves mostly 1-foliolate,
mixed with a few 3-foliolate ones; petiole slender, 3-14in. long;
blade 14-24in., variable in shape, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely sinuate-toothed, rather
coriaceous. Flowers long past in all the specimens seen, but ap-
parently arranged in a racemose manner on numerous terminal
peduncles 2-4in. long; pedicels 4-1lin. Fruit din. long, broadly
oblong, 5-celled ; styles 5, very short, connate, free at the very tip.

Norru Isuanp: Auckland—Whangaroa North, Buchanan! Gillies and Kirk !

T have seen but few specimens of this curious plant, which may be nothing
more than a variety of P. Lessonti.

Pseudopanax. | ARALIACESS. 235

4. P. crassifolium, C. Koch in Wochenschrift, ii. (1859) 336.—
A small round-headed tree 20-50ft. high; trunk naked below,
9-18in. diam. Leaves excessively variable, differing greatly at
various stages of growth, the following being the chief forms:
(1) of seedlings, rhomboid to ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at the base,
coarsely toothed or lobed, membranous ; (2) of young unbranched
plants, deflexed, very narrow linear, 6-36in. long, +-4in. wide,
remotely and acutely toothed, excessively rigid and coriaceous,
dull-green above, often purplish below; (8) in a more advanced
stage, during which the stem commences to branch and flowers
may appear, the leaves are erect or spreading, and may be either
(a) 1-foliolate, 6-12 in. long, }-141in. wide, linear or linear-obovate,
coarsely and acutely toothed, very coriaceous ; or (b) 3-5-foliolate
with sessile leaflets 6-12in. long by 4-in. wide, coarsely and
remotely toothed; (4) in the mature stage the leaves are 1-foliolate,
3-8 in. long, 1-14 in. wide, linear to linear-oblong or linear-obovate,
obtuse or subacute, narrowed into stout petioles 4—1in. long, entire,
sinuate-serrate or coarsely toothed at the tip. Umbels terminal,
compound; primary rays 4-10, 2-3in. long; secondary 4-10,
4-lin. long; flowers racemose or umbelled; pedicels short.
Ovary 5-celled or rarely 4-celled by abortion; styles the same
number as the cells, connate into a cone. Fruit globose, Lin.
diam.—Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 38, 384, 388, 38c, 3838p; Students’ Fl.
9929. Aralia crassifolia, Sol. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 514; Hook. Ic.
Plant. t. 583, 584; Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 96.
Panax crassifolium, Dene. and Planch. in Rev. Hort. (1854) 105;
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 101; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878)
app. xxxili. P. longissimum, Hook. f.l.c. 102. P. coriaceum, Regel
in Gartenfl. (1859) 45. Hedera crassifolia, A. Gray, Bot. U.S. Hxpl.
Haped. 719.

Var. @, unifoliolatum, Kirk, Forest Fl. 61.—Leaves of the third stage
1-foliolate.

Var. 0, trifoliolatum, Kirk, 1.c.—Leaves of the third stage 3—5-foliolate.

NortH AnD Sours Istanps, StHwART IsntaAnD: Var. a abundant from
Auckland southwards; var. b from the North Cape to Hawke’s Bay and Tara-
a Sea-level to 2000 ft. Horoeka; Hohoeka; Lancewood. February-
pri.

Remarkable for its singularly protean foliage. For a detailed account refer-
ence should be made to Kirk’s ‘‘ Forest Flora,’’ pp. 59 to 62; and to a paper

by the same botanist in the ‘Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,’’
vol. x. app. xxxi. |

d. P. ferox, 7. Kirk, Forest Fl. 35, t. 28, 24, 25, 26.—A small
slender tree 12-20 ft. high; trunk 6-12in. diam. Leaves very
variable, but always simple; of seedlings narrow linear-lanceolate ;
of young unbranched plants deflexed, 12-18 in. long, 4-1 in. wide,
narrow-linear, slightly enlarged at the tip, gradually narrowed into
a short stout petiole, excessively thick and coriaceous, rigid, coarsely
and irregularly lobulate-dentate ; teeth large, acute, hooked, almost

236 ARALIACES. [Pseudopanax.

spinous. Leaves of mature plants erect, 3-6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad,
linear-obovate, obtuse or apiculate, gradually narrowed into a short
stout petiole, very thick and coriaceous, entire or obscurely toothed
near the tip. Umbels terminal; males of 6-10 slender rays bearing
numerous racemose flowers; females of much shorter rays ending
in 2-4-flowered umbellules. Stamens usually 4. Ovary 5-celled ;
styles 5, short, connate into a column. Fruit broadly oblong, large,
+ in. diam.—Students’ Fl. 222. Panax ferox, Kirk in Trans. N.Z,
Inst. x. (1878) app. xxxiv. P. crassifolium, Buch. l.c. 1x. (1877).
529, t. 20 (not Dene. and Planch.).

Nort IstanpD: Between Whangape and Hokianga, Kirk! Hast Cape,
Bishop Williams. SourH Isuanp : Nelson—Wairoa, Hector and Kirk! Moutere
and Matukituki, Kuk ; Motueka Valley, 7. #7. C. Canterbury—Lake Forsyth,

Kirk! Otago—Dunedin, Buchanan! Petrie! Otepopo and Lake Wakatipu,
Petrie ! Sea-level to 1500 ft.

Easily distinguished from P. crassifoliwm by the large and broad-hooked
teeth of the defilexed leaves, by the slender racemes of the male flowers, and by
the large fruit.

6. P. chathamicum, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 223.—A small tree
20-25 ft. high ; branches stout. Leaves dimorphic, always simple;
of young unbranched plants never deflexed, 2-6in. long, #-1+in.
broad, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, coarsely or finely
toothed towards the tip, membranous or slightly coriaceous; of
mature plants 5-8 in. long, linear-obovate or oblanceolate, subacute
obtuse or truncate at the apex, gradually narrowed into a short
winged petiole, obscurely sinuate-dentate or with 2-3 coarse teeth
near the apex. Umbels terminal: male very large, of 6-10 primary
rays, each with 5-8 slender secondary ones 2-3 in. long, carrying
crowded racemose flowers often mixed with small umbellules:
female umbels smaller; rays 3-7, slender, 2-4 in. long, terminating
in 6-10-flowered umbellules, with or without afew scattered flowers
below. Stamens usually 4. Ovary 5-celled; styles 5, connate into.
a short truncate column. Fruit nearly globose, large, 4in. diam.,
5-celled, 5-seeded.

CHATHAM IsLanps: Enys! Cox! Hoho. February.

I have seen but few specimens of this, and have consequently availed my-
self largely of Kirk’s description. The absence of deflexed leaves in the young
state, the larger and broader leaves of the mature plant, and the large globose
fruit at once separate it from P. crassifolium and P. ferox.

OrpER XXXV. CORNACEA.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, usually entire ;
stipules wanting. Flowers generally small, regular, hermaphrodite
or unisexual, in axillary or terminal cymes, panicles, or heads.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, limb 4-5-toothed or wanting.
Petals 4-5 or wanting, inserted round the margin of an epigynous
disc, valvate or imbricate. Stamens inserted with the petals and.

Corokia. | CORNACES, 237

equal to them in number, rarely twice as many. Ovary inferior,
1—4-celled, crowned by a fleshy disc; style single (3 in Griselima),
long or short; ovules solitary (rarely 2-3), pendulous from the top
of the cell, anatropous. Fruit usually drupaceous, indehiscent,
1-4-celled, or rarely with 2 pyrenes. Seed pendulous, testa thin ;
albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo axile, radicle superior.

A small order, scattered over the whole world, but chiefly found in the north

temperate zone. Genera 12; species 75. Properties unimportant. Of the 2
New Zealand genera, Corokia is endemic; Griselinia extends to South America.

Hermaphrodite. Leaves narrow, silky-tomentose below .. 1. Coroxkta.
Dicecious. Leaves broad, glabrous Sle 36 .. 2. GRISELINIA,

1. COROKIA, A. Cunn.

Evergreen shrubs; branches straight or tortuous; bark black.
Leaves alternate or fascicled, petiolate, entire. Flowers small,
hermaphrodite, yellow, in axillary or terminal panicles, racemes, or
fascicles. Calyx-tube turbinate; limb 5-lobed, valvate. Petals 5,
valvate, furnished with a simall scale at the base, silky outside.
Stamens 5. Ovary 1—2-celled; style short ; stigma almost capitate,
2-lobed. Drupe ovoid or broadly oblong, crowned by the persistent
calyx-limb, 1—2-celled ; seeds 1 in each cell.

A small genus of 3 species, confined to the New Zealand area.

Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in terminal panicles .. Ll. C. buddleoides.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Flowers in axillary racemes .. 2. C. macrocarpa.
Leaves orbicular or obovate, narrowed into short flat peti-

oles. Flowers in few-flowered fascicles or solitary .. 3. C. Cotoneaster.

1. C. buddleoides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 579.—An erect much-
branched slender shrub 6-12 ft. high; young branchlets, under-
surface of leaves, and inflorescence densely clothed with silvery-
white tomentum. Leaves alternate, shortly petioled, 3-6 in. long,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coriaceous,
dark-green and shining above; veins reticulated. Panicles ter-
minal, leafy at the base. Flowers ++in diam., yellow. Petals
oblong-lanceolate. Drupe oblong, tin. long, dark-red.—Hook. Ic.
Plant. t. 424; Raoul, Choiz, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 98;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 106; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 224.

NortxH Isuanpd: Not uncommon in woods from the North Cape as far
south as the East Cape. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Korokia-taranga. No-
vember—December.

9. C. macrocarpa, 7’. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 224.—An erect shrub
15-20 ft. high; branches stout, spreading; branchlets, leaves be-
neath, and branches of the inflorescence densely covered with
silvery-white tomentum. Leaves alternate, 2-4in. long, oblong-
lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, acute or apiculate, rarely obtuse,
coriaceous, gradually narrowed into rather short petioles. Flowers
tin. diam., yellow, in axillary racemes shorter than the leaves;

238 CORNACES. [Corokia.

pedicels short. Petals lanceolate, acute. Drupe 4in. long,
broadly oblong, dark-red.—C. buddleoides var. b, Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 98; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 106; F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 16.

CuHaTHaM IsnANps: Dieffenbach, H. H. Travers! Captain G. Mair! Cox!
Whakataka ; Hokotaka.

Closely allied to C. buddleoides, but amply distinct in the broader leaves,
axillary racemose flowers, and larger fruit.

3. C. Cotoneaster, Raoul, Choix, 22, t. 20.—A rigid densely
branched shrub 4-8 ft. high; branches tortuous and interlaced ;
bark black; branchlets, under-surface of leaves, and inflorescence
clothed with appressed silvery-white tomentum. Leaves alternate
or in alternate fascicles, 4-lin. long; blade orbicular to obovate or
oblong-ovate, obtuse or emarginate, coriaceous, shining above, sud-
denly narrowed into a broad flat petiole. Flowers small, axillary
and terminal, solitary or 2—4 together ; pedicels short, bracteolate.
Petals narrow linear-oblong, acute. Drupe globose, +in. diam.,
red.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 98; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 106; Kark,
Students’ Fl. 224.

NortH anp SourH Istanps: Not uncommon from the North Cape to
Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November—January.

What may prove to be a fourth species of Corokia has been collected by
myself at Spirits Bay, in the North Cape district. It is a twiggy bush 6-12 ft.
high, with slender branches, not tortuous. Leaves alternate, }-14in. long,
narrow linear-obovate or oblanceolate, narrowed into very short petioles.
Flowers and fruit not seen.

2. GRISELINIA, Forst.

Shrubs or trees; branches terete or angled, transversely scarred
at the nodes. Leaves alternate, often unequal at the base, broad,
very coriaceous; petiole dilated into a short sheath, jointed on the
branch. Flowers small, dicecious, in glabrous or pubescent panicles
or racemes; pedicels jointed. Male flowers: Calyx minute, 5-
toothed. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5. Disc fleshy, penta-
gonous. Females: Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, limb 5-toothed.
Petals valvate or wanting. Rudimentary stamens wanting. Ovary
1-2-celled ; styles 3, very short, subulate, recurved; ovules solitary
in each cell. Fruit a 1- or rarely 2-celled berry, 1-seeded ; seed
oblong, testa membranous.

A small genus of 6 species, 4 of which are natives of Chili, the remaining
2 endemic in New Zealand. The Chinese and Japanese genus Awcwba is very
closely allied.

Leaves large, 3-7in., very unequal at the base. Petals

wanting in the female flowers ne 4c wy. 1. Gllteida.
Leaves smaller, 13-4 in. long, not very unequal at the base.
Petals present in both male and female flowers .. 2. G. littoralis.

1. G. lucida, Forst. Prodr. n. 401.—A stout branching shrub or
small tree 3-25 ft. high, often growing on rocks or epiphytic on the
branches of tall forest trees; bark thick, furrowed. ‘Leaves 3-7 in.

Griselinia. | CORNACE. 239

long, obliquely ovate or oblong, rounded at the tip, very unequal-
sided at the base, bright yellow-green, glossy, very thick and
leathery; petiole short, stout. Panicles axillary or subterminal,
much branched, 3-6in. long; rhachis and pedicels pubescent.
Flowers minute, greenish; females apetalous. Berry iin. long,
fleshy, dark-purple, usually 1-celled. Seed solitary.— A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 639; Raoul, Choiz, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 98;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 105; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 41; Students’ Fl. 225.
Scopolia lucida, Forst. Char. Gen. t. 70.

Nort anp Sours Istanps: Not uncommon in woods from the North Cape
to the Bluff. Puka., October-November.

2. G. littoralis, Raoul, Choi, 22, t. 19.—A round-headed tree
30-50 ft. high; trunk short, irregular, gnarled or twisted, 2-5 ft.
diam. ; bark rough, furrowed. Leaves 1-4in. long, ovate or ob-
long-ovate, rounded at the tip, less unequal-sided at the base
than in G. lucida and sometimes almost symmetrical, pale yel-
lowish-green, thick and coriaceous, veins obscure ; petiole rather
slender, 4-lin. long. Panicles axillary, 1-3in. long, smaller than
in G. lucida and sometimes reduced to a simple raceme; rhachis
and pedicels pubescant. Flowers minute; both male and female
with petals. Berry +in. long, oblong. Seed solitary.— Hook.
j. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 105; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 42; Students’ Fl. 2265.
Pukateria littoralis, Raowl in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. iii. 2 (1844)
120.

NortH AND SourH Isitanps, Stewart IsLAND: From Mount Tutamoe
(Northern Wairoa) and the Little Barrier Island southwards, but rare and
local to the north of the Hast Cape; abundant in the South Island. Sea-
leve] to 3500 ft. Kapuka; Papawmu; Broad-leaf. October-November.

Timber strong, close-grained and durable; frequently used for house-blocks,
fencing-posts, &c.

OrpER XXXVI. CAPRIFOLIACEZ:.

Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs. Leaves
opposite, seldom alternate, simple or rarely pinnate, usually exstipu-
late. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary; limb 3-5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla gamo-
petalous, epigynous, rotate or funnel-shaped or tubular; limb often
irregular or 2-lipped; lobes 4-5, imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens
4-5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternating with its
lobes, equal or unequal. Ovary inferior, 2—5-celled (rarely 1-celled),
usually crowned with an epigynous disc; style long with a capi-
tate stigma, or short and 2—5-lobed; ovules 1 or more in each cell,
pendulous, anatropous. Fruit usually a berry or drupe, rarely a
capsule, 1- or many-seeded. Seeds with copious albumen; embryo
usually minute, radicle superior.

240 CAPRIFOLIACE. [Alsewosmia.

A small order, comprising 14 genera and about 200 species, mostly natives of
the Northern Hemisphere, with few tropical or southern representatives. The
order is of little economical importance, but many of the species are cultivated
in gardens for the beauty or fragrance of their flowers, as the various kinds of
honeysuckles and woodbines, &c. The single New Zealand genus is endemic.

1. ALSEUOSMIA, A. Cunn.

Evergreen shrubs, usually of small size; branchlets slender.
Leaves alternate, petioled, entire or toothed, very variable in shape,
coriaceous or almost membranous; stipules wanting. Flowers axil-
lary, solitary or fascicled, very sweet-scented ; pedicels bracteolate
at the base. Calyx-tube ovoid; limb deeply 4-5-lobed, deciduous.
Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped ; tube long, equal at the base ;
limb of 4-5 spreading lobes; margin of lobes inflexed, toothed or
lobulate. Stamens 4-5, inserted near the mouth of the corolla;
filaments short; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform ;
stigma clavate; ovules numerous in each cell, in a double row on
axile placentas. Berry ovoid or oblong, 2-celled, crimson. Seeds
several in each cell, angular; testa bony.

A small genus of four species, confined to New Zealand, and differing from
the rest of the order in the alternate leaves. The species are exceedingly
variable and difficult of discrimination.

Leaves large, 3-7 in. Flowers 1-14 in. long,usually 5-merous 1. A. macrophylla.
Leaves 1-4in., ovate-oblong to linear-oblong. Flowers

4-3 in., usually 4-merous : 2. A. quercifolia.
Leaves 4-2 in., orbicular to obovate- oblong. Flowers 4-41 in. 3. 4. Banksii.
Leaves 4-3 in., narrow-linear to lanceolate. Flowers 3-3in. 4. A. linariifolia.

1. A. macrophylla, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 494.—A perfectly
glabrous much-branched shrub 4-8 ft. high. Leaves 3-7in. long,
obovate or obovate-lanceolate to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute,
narrowed into a short stout petiole, remotely sinuate-dentate or
nearly entire, rather coriaceous. Flowers solitary or in fascicles of .
2-4, large, 1-14in. long, bright-crimson. Calyx-lobes lanceolate,
acute. Corolla-lobes 5, rarely 4, margins fimbriate or toothed.
Berry oblong, crimson, $-4in. long. —faoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 102, t. 93 : Handb. N.Z. Fl. 109; Kirk, Students’
Fl. 227.

Nortu Isnanp: Abundant in woods from the North Cape to the East Cape,
rare and local further south. SourH Isuanp: Apparently very rare. Marl-

borough, J. Rutland! Collingwood, Dall! Kelly’s Creek, Westland, Cockayne !
Sea-level to 3200 ft. September—November.

A very beautiful and exceedingly fragrant plant, well worthy of general
cultivation. It is easily distinguished from all the other species by the large
flowers.

2. A. quercifolia, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 493.—A small slender
sparingly branched shrub 1-5 ft. high. Leaves excessively vari-
able in size and shape, 1-5 in. long, ovate-oblong, elliptic-oblong,
obovate-lanceolate, or linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, narrowed into

_Alsewosmia. | CAPRIFOLIACE2. 241

a short slender petiole, entire or sinuate-dentate or deeply sinuate-
lobed, almost membranous, sometimes glaucous below. Flowers
solitary or in fascicles of 2-5, 4—$in. long, very slender. Calyx-
lobes triangular, acute. Corolla with a crimson tube and 4-5
greenish or reddish-green acute lobes. Berry 4-14in. diam.,
broadly oblong, red.—Raoul, Choiz, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
Me edando. N24. Fl, 109; Kirk, Students’ Fl..227. A. ilex,
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 492. A. pusilla, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii.
(1885) 241.

NortH Jsranp: From Mongonui and Kaitaia southwards, but often
local. SourH Isnranp: Marlborough—Rai Valley, Rutland; Pelorus Sound,

MacMahon; Mount Stokes, Kirk. Sea-level to 2500 ft. September—
November.

A very variable plant, which in some of its forms comes very near to both
A. Banksu and A. linartifolia. Mr. Colenso’s A. pusilla only differs in its
rather smaller size.

3. A. Banksii, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 489.—A small slender
shrub 1-4 ft. high; branches spreading, younger ones pubescent.
Leaves 4—2in. long, very variable in shape, broadly ovate or or-
bicular to obovate-oblong or obcuneate, narrowed into a rather long
petiole, entire or coarsely toothed or lobed, especially towards the
upper part of the leaf. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, 4-Lin.
long, greenish-yellow, rarely reddish. Berry 4in. diam., globose ;
seeds few, 4-8.—fiaoul, Choiz, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 102,
t. 24; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 110; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 227. A. atriplici-
folia and A. paleeiformis, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 491, 490.

NortH IstaAnp: From Mongonui and Kaitaia southwards to the Auckland
Isthmus, but often rare and local. September—November.

4, A. linariifolia, A. Cunn. Precwr. n. 487.—An erect much-
branched shrub 1-4 ft. high, with slender pubescent branches.
Leaves numerous, crowded, 4—3in. long, ;4,-4in. wide, linear to
linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or subacute, gradually nar-
rowed into a short petiole, quite entire or sinuate-toothed or lobed,
rather membranous. Flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2-5, 4-2 in.
long, greenish-yellow, rarely reddish. Corolla-lobes 4, toothed and
fimbriate. Berry broadly ovoid or turbinate; seeds few.— Raoul,
Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 108, t. 25; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
110; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 227. A. ligustrifolia, A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 488. <A. Hookeria, Col. Hxcur. North Is. 84.

NortH Istanp: From Mongonui and Kaitaia southwards to the Manukau
Harbour, not uncommon. September—November.

A very variable plant. Small forms, with narrow-linear leaves, have much
of the habit and appearance of Pittosporum reflexum ; larger states (A. ligus-
grifolia, A. Cunn.), with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaves, approach
A. quercifolia very closely.

242 RUBIACE. [Coprosma.

Orprr XXXVII. RUBIACEZ.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, rarely climbing. Leaves opposite or
whorled, simple, entire or very rarely toothed or lobed. Stipules
always present, usually interpetiolar, either free or united with the
petioles into a sheath, or connate into a sheath or ring surrounding
the stem within the petioles; in the tribe Galie@ resembling the
leaves, and with them forming a whorl round the branch. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, variously arranged. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary; limb 4—5-toothed or cupular, sometimes
wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular, funnel-shaped, cam-
panulate, or rotate, usually 4—5-lobed; lobes valvate or imbricate
or contorted. Stamens inserted on the tube or mouth of the corolla,
equal in number to its lobes. Ovary inferior, 2—many-celled,
crowned by a fleshy disc ; styles 1 or 2 or more; ovules solitary or
2 or more in each cell. Fruit very various, a drupe or berry or
capsule, or composed of dehiscent or indehiscent cocci. Seeds with
fleshy or horny albumen; embryo straight or curved; radicle
superior or inferior.

One of the largest and best-defined orders in the vegetable kingdom, con-
taining more than 350 genera and 4000 species. With the exception of the tribe
Galie@, which is almost entirely temperate, the species are mainly tropical or
subtropical, and are especially plentiful in the warmer portions of South
America. The medicinal properties of the order are most important. Out of
many excellent drugs yielded by it, quinine and ipecacuanha are the best known
and the most valuable. Among the species used for food the most noteworthy
is the coffee-plant, which is now cultivated in all warm countries, and is of
immense commercial importance. Many ornamental plants belong to the
order, the various kinds of Bowvardia, Gardenia, Ixora, &c., being well-known
examples. Of the 4 New Zealand genera, Coprosma extends to Australia and
Tasmania, the Pacific Islands, New Guinea, and the mountains of Borneo.
Nertera has the same distribution, and is found in South America as well.
The two remaining genera are widely distributed in the north temperate zone.

* Leaves opposite ; stipules interpetiolar. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary in

each cell. Fruit a drupe.

Shrubs or small trees. Flowers unisexual a .. 1. Coprosma.
Slender herbs. Flowers hermaphrodite .. ae .. 2. NERTERA.

** Leaves whorled; stipules apparently wanting. (In reality the whorl
consists of two opposite leaves and several leaf-like stipules). Ovary 2-celled ;
ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit of 2 dry indehiscent cocci. Herbs.

Calyx-limb wanting. Corolla rotate .. or .. 3. GALIUM.
Calyx-limb wanting. Corolla funnel-shaped or campanu-
late ar ee ws os Ae .. 4, ASPERULA,

1. COPROSMA, Forst.

Shrubs or small trees, usually erect, more rarely prostrate or
creeping, often foetid when bruised. Leaves opposite, petiolate or
almost sessile; stipules interpetiolar, acute or acuminate, entire or
denticulate. Flowers dicecious, small and inconspicuous, solitary
or clustered in few- or many-flowered fascicles or cymes. Calyx-

Coprosma. | RUBIACER, 243

limb 4—5-toothed or -lobed or almost truncate, often absent in the
males. Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate, 4-5-lobed or
-partite; lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens usually 4 or 5,
inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments long, filiform ;
anthers exserted, pendulous. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3- or 4-celled ;
styles the same number as the cells, free to the base, filiform, far-
exserted, papillose-hirsute ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a
fleshy oblong or ovoid or globose drupe, with 2 (rarely 4) 1-seeded
plano-convex pyrenes.

A genus of about 60 species, having its headquarters in New Zealand; found
also in Australia and Tasmania and northwards to New Guinea and Borneo ;
also stretching through Polynesia as far as the Sandwich Islands and Juan
Fernandez. In New Zealand it everywhere forms a large proportion of the
shrubby vegetation, and is equally plentiful in lowland forests or subalpine
woods, often forming dense and sometimes almost impenetrable thickets. One
species ascends the mountains to a height of 6000 ft., and reaches as far south as
Macquarie Island, where it is the sole ligneous plant. The species are extremely
variable in habit, foliage, and vegetative characters generally; and, as the
flowers are small and inconspicuous and very uniform in structure throughout
the genus, it is no easy matter to obtain good distinctive characters, even when
dealing with fresh specimens. In the following account I have adhered to the
plan adopted in my monograph of the New Zealand species, published in the
“« Transactions of the New Zealand Institute ” (Vol. xix., pp. 218 to 252), to which
reference should be made for many details which cannot be given here.

In attempting to determine the species of Coprosma really good and well-
selected specimens showing both foliage and flowers are indispensable. Both
sexes should be collected ; and, as important characters are often afforded by the
fruit, it should be obtained also, if possible from the same plant from which the
female flowers were taken, notes being preserved of the shape, size, colour,
and other characters lost in drying. Notes should also be kept of the habit and
amode of growth, some of the closely allied species being easily distinguished by
that alone. As the characters on which the species are founded are to a great
extent comparative, the student must not expect to make much progress until
he has collected a considerable number of the species and carefully compared
one. with another. The small-leaved species included in section B are par-
ticularly difficult to identify until most of them have been studied in detail.

In many of the small-leaved species the flowers are closely invested by one
or more series of connate bracts, each series being composed of a pair of minute
depauperated leaves and their stipules. The upper series usually forms an
unequally 4-toothed cup-shaped involucel, and is easily mistaken for a calyx,
especially in the male flowers, where the true calyx is often entirely wanting.

It is perhaps necessary to state that, with one or two exceptions, I have
examined authentic specimens in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium of the 16 species
described by him in various volumes of the ‘‘ Transactions of the New Zealand
Institute.” They are for the most part absolutely identical with previously
described species, and the remainder differ so very slightly that they cannot be
separated even as varieties.

A. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves large, over lin. in length. Flowers fascicled
on lateral peduncles ; fascicles usually many-flowered.

* Peduncles 1-3in. long (short in C. macrocarpa), trichotomously divided ;
fascicles dense.

Leaves 3-7 in. long, coriaceous. Pedunclesl-1din. Fruit

very large, 3—} in. long ae di ae -. L. C. macrocarpa.
Leayves4-9in.,membranous. Pedunclesl-3in. Fruittin. 2. C. grandifolia.
Leaves 2-5in., coriaceous. Peduncles1-2in. Fruittin. 3. C. lucida.

244 RUBIACE. [Coprosma..

** Peduncles short, seldom over lin. Fascicles dense, many-flowered,
rarely few-flowered.

Subalpine dwarf shrub. Leaves very coriaceous, serrulate.
Fascicles small, 2-5-flowered

Maritime shrub. Branchlets glabrous or nearly 50,
Leaves fleshy, bright-green ; margins recurved

Tree 15-40ft. Branchlets coarsely pubescent. Leaves
13-3 in., oblong or obovate if

Maritime shrub. JBranchlets finely pubescent. Leaves

4. C. serrulata.
5
6
1-2 in., subcoriaceous, oblong, obtuse; margins flat .. 17. C. petiolata.
8
9

. C. Bauer.

. C. chathamica.

Leaves 2-5in., elliptic-oblong, acute, firm, coriaceous.
Drupe orange .. 8. C. robusta.
Leaves 14-2 in., linear or lanceolate, coriaceous. oe
pale and translucent
Leaves 14-3in., ovate- lanceolate to elliptic- ovate, acumi-
nate, membranous, glabrous. Inflorescence lax. .. 10. C. acutifolia.
Leaves 13-4 in., ovate-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate,
membranous ; ‘petioles and midribs hairy. Inflorescence

. C.Cunninghamize

dense S: .. 11. C. tenutfolia.
Tree 15-30 ft. " Leaves ovate- or ¢ orbicular-spathulate, nar-
rowed into winged petioles .. Ste as .. 12. C. arborea.

B. Erect or rarely prostrate shrubs. Leaves small, less than lin. Flowers soli-
tary or in few-flowered fascicles on minute arrested branchlets, which are
often so much reduced that the flowers appear to be axillary.

* Twigs glabrate or puberulous. Leaves spathulate. Drupe globose, black.

Leaves suddenly contracted into a narrow winged petiole
longer than the blade sé i a .. 13. C. spathulata.

** Twigs densely pubescent (except in C. tenwicaulis). Leaves orbicular,
orbicular - spathulate, or broadly oblong (often narrow in C. rhamnoides).
Drupe globose, black or red.

Branches divaricating. Leaves 4-lin., orbicular, cuspi-

date, membranous. Drupe often didymous, din. diam.,

red ye sje Be or .. 14. C. rotundifolia.
Branches fastigiate. Leaves 4-2 in., orbicular-spathulate,

acute, membranous. Drupe 4in. diam., black or nearly

so BY “s ” ts is .. 15. C. areolata.
Branches spreading. Leaves +-4in., orbicular-spathulate,

obtuse, rather coriaceous. Drupe vin. diam., black .. 16. C. tenwicaulis.
Branches spreading, often interlaced. Leaves }-?in.,

variable, orbicular to ovate-oblong or linear-oblong.

Drupe 4 in. diam., red te i ie .. 17. C. rhamnoides.

*** Twigs densely pubescent (except in C. ramulosa). Leaves oblong
linear-oblong, or linear-obovate. Drupe globose.

Leaves }-2 in., oblong to obovate, densely ciliate .. 18. C. ciliata.
Erect, leafy. "Leaves $+ in., obovate or linear-obovate.

Drupe iin, diam., bluish or bluish-violet to black .. 19. C. parviflora.
Prostrate or decumbent, glabrate. Leaves 4in., linear-

obovate. Drupe din. diam., red ts “he .. 20. C. ramulosa.

**** Twigs nearly glabrous. Leaves orbicular to oblong or obovate (spa-
thulate in C. virescens). Drupe oblong, rarely obovoid, usually yellow.

Branches ascending, puberulous. Leaves 4-1lin. long:
obovate or oblong-ovate, coriaceous .. j 21. C. Buchanan.

Coprosma. | RUBIACE, 245:

Branches rigid and interlacing. Leaves 4-2 in., orbicular

or broad-oblong, very coriaceous. Aes tin. long,

broadly oblong as ae .. 22. C. crassifolia.
Branches spreading, often interlaced. Leaves 4-3 in.,

obovate or oblong-spathulate, subcoriaceous. Drupe

4-4 in., oblong or obovoid .. 23. C. rigida.
Branches spreading, interlaced. Leaves 4-tin,, oblong

or linear-oblong, coriaceous. Drupe {in. ‘diam. , obconic

or obcordate : . 24. C. obconica.
Branches spreading. Leaves 138i in., orbicular or broadly

oblong, membranous. Drupe }in. ‘long, 3 yelone ss white 25. C. rubra.
Branches slender, interlacing. Leaves 4-in., ovate-

spathulate, thin. Drupe }+in. long, yellowish-white .. 26. C. virescens.

***** Twios pubescent or puberulous. Leaves linear or narrow-linear-
oblong. Drupe variable.

Prostrate; branches flexuous and interlacing. Leaves

narrow-linear, }-4in., j,in. wide. Drupe globose,

pale-blue .. bt ae ot is .. 27. C. acerosa.
Tall, ‘erect ; branches spreading. Leaves }-4in. long,

linear or linear-oblong. Drupe oblong, 4 in. long, bluish 28. C. propinqua.
Procumbent or suberect. Leaves usually fascicled, 4-1 in.

long, linear, linear-oblong, or linear-obovate .. 20, 29 C. Karki.

C. Hrect or rarely prostrate shrubs. Leaves small, less than 1 in. long (except
in ©. foetidissima and occasionally in C. linariifolia). Flowers terminating
leafy branchlets, always solitary (except the males in C. linariifolia and
sometimes in C. foetidissima).

Erect, slender, glabrate, 6-15 ft. Leaves 4-14 in.,

linear-lanceolate ; stipules long, sheathing. Male flowers

in 3-5-flowered fascicles .. uti bc «- 30. C. linariifolia..
Erect; branches stout, setose. Leaves 4 in., linear-lanceo-
late, ciliate ars ts ye ae .. 81. C. Solandri.

Erect, slender, 6-15ft., intensely foetid when bruised.

Leaves $-2in., oblong or obovate, membranous. Male

flowers sometimes fascicled . . 32. C. fetidissima.
Erect or procumbent, 2-8 ft., not foetid. Leaves 4-11 in.,

linear-obovate or linear-oblong. Flowers solitary on

decurved peduncles .. 6A a .. 33. C. Colensoi.
Prostrate, foetid when bruised. Leaves 4-2 in., linear-

obovate, retuse or sean aie coriaceous; margins

minutely crenulate .. . 34. C. retusa.
Erect, rigid, densely branched. ” Leaves numerous, 4- -2in, is

linear- or oblong-obovate, coriaceous, spreading or

recurved .. ae ae .. 35. C. cuneata.
Erect; branches very slender. Leaves i-4+in., linear-

lanceolate, flat, thin a6 Bc .. 36. C. microcarpa.
Prostrate or procumbent. Leaves 4-4 in., linear-lanceolate,

concave, coriaceous Je ore a .. 37. C. depressa.

D. Stems short, prostrate and rooting, often densely matted. Leaves small.
Flowers terminal, solitary.

Leaves glabrous, linear-oblong to rounded-oblong or obo-

vate. Male corolla large, curved, tubular. paee a

diam. . 38. C. repens.
Leaves hairy, ‘Jinear- oblong or linear- obovate. Male co-

rolla smaller, campanulate above. Drupe 4-4in. diam, 39. C. Petriet.

246 RUBIACEE. [Coprosma.

1. C. macrocarpa, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888)
147.— A robust leafy glossy-green shrub 5-12{t. high, quite
glabrous in all its parts; bark greyish-brown. Leaves large,
3-7 in. long, 14-34 in. broad, ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse
or acute or apiculate, rather suddenly narrowed into a short stout
petiole, coriaceous ; margins slightly thickened; veins conspicuous,
reticulated. Stipules large, on the young leafy shoots often sheath-
ing the branch for some distance. Flowers not seen. Fruit
much the largest of the genus, in fascicles of 3-7 on very short
axillary peduncles, $-lin. long, broadly ovoid or oblong or some-
times nearly orbicular; not seen perfectly ripe.—Kirk, Students’
Fil, 280.

Nortu Isuanp: Hitherto only found on the Three Kings Islands, to the
north-west of Cape Maria van Diemen, 7. FF’. C.

At once distinguished by the large fruit, which is more than twice the size
of that of C. grandifolia, which is its nearest ally. The leaves are almost as
large as those of C. grandifolia, but approach C. robusta in shape and texture,
and dry a brownish-black as in that species.

2. C. grandifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 104.—A large
sparingly branched shrub 8-15 ft. high, with dark-brown bark.
Leaves large, 4-9in. long, obovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, rarely
narrower and elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, membranous,
dull-green, not shining nor glossy ; veins finely reticulated; petioles
rather slender, 3-14in.long. Peduncles 1-3 in. long, trichotomously
divided. Flowers in fascicles at the ends of the divisions of the
peduncle; male fascicles much more dense than the females.
Calyx distinct in both sexes, minute, 4~-5-toothed. Male corolla
Zin. long, funnel-shaped ; female smaller, 1-}in., tubular. Drupe
about 4+in. long, oblong, obtuse, reddish-orange.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
112; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 229; Kirk, Students’
Fl. 231. C. autumnalis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 263.
Ronabea australis, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 265.

NortH AnD SoutH Istanps: Abundant from the Three Kings Islands
and the North Cape to Marlborough and the south-west of Nelson Province.
Sea-level to 2500 ft. Kdnono ; Manono. April-June.

One of the most distinct species of the genus, easily recognised by the large
membranous leaves and well-developed inflorescence.

3. C. lucida, Forst. Prodr. n. 137.—A stout leafy glabrous
shrub -4—15 ft. high. Leaves 2-5 in. long, obovate to oblong-obovate
or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute or apiculate, gradually nar-
rowed into a short stout petiole, coriaceous, shining, yellow-green
when dry. Peduncles 1-2 in. long, trichotomously divided. Flowers
numerous, in fascicles at the ends of the divisions of the peduncle.
Calyx present in both sexes, minutely 4-5-toothed. Male corolla
4in. long, broadly tubular; female shorter and narrower. Drupe
4-1in. long, oblong or oblong-obovoid, reddish-orange.—A. Rich.

Coprosma. | RUBIACEH. 247

Fl. Nowy. Zel. 262; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 470; Raoul, Choix, 46;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 104; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 112; Cheesem. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 2380; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 231.

NortH anp Sourn Isnanps, Stewart Isnanp: Abundant throughout,
ascending to 3200 ft. Karamu. September—November.

Allied to C. grandifolia, which it approaches in the inflorescence, but
easily separated by the smaller coriaceous and glossy obovate leaves.

4. C. serrulata, Hook. f. ex Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii.
(1871) 212.—A robust perfectly glabrous dwarf shrub 1-4 ft. high ;
branches few, spreading; old bark white and papery. Leaves
39 in. long or more, oblong-obovate or broadly obovate or nearly
orbicular, rounded at the apex, obtuse or apiculate, narrowed into
a short broad petiole, thick and coriaceous; margins thickened,
minutely serrulate. Stipules very large, triangular, with toothed
or ciliated margins. Male flowers in 3-7-flowered axillary fascicles.
Calyx wanting. Corolla campanulate, 4—-5-lobed. Females solitary
or in 2-5-flowered fascicles. Calyx-limb obscurely toothed. Corolla
tubular, shortly 3-5-lobed. Drupe 4+-4in., broadly oblong, red-
dish.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1887) 231; Kirk, Students’
Fil. 232.

SoutH Is~tanp: Subalpine localities from Mount Arthur, Nelson, to Dusky

Sound, chiefly on the western side of the mountains. Altitudinal range
2000-4500 ft. November-January.

A very distinct species, differing from all others in the serrulate leaves.

5. C. Baueri, Hndl. Iconog. t. 111.—A shrub or small tree, very
variable in size and mode of growth; in exposed rocky places often
not more than 1-3 ft. high, with almost prostrate branches; in rich
sandy soils sometimes forming a round-topped tree 15-26 ft. high.
Branches stout, glabrous, or the younger ones minutely pubescent.
Leaves bright shining green, almost fleshy, black when dry, 1-3 in.
long, broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse or retuse; margins usually
recurved. Stipules short and broad, minutely toothed. Male
flowers in dense heads on short axillary peduncles. Calyx minute,
cupular, obsoletely 4-toothed. Corolla campanulate, 4-1 in. long,
4-5-lobed. Females in 3—6-flowered heads; peduncles shorter and
more slender than in the males. Calyx-limb minute, truncate or
obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, shortly 4-lobed. Drupe
ovoid, +-4in. long, orange-yellow.—C. Baueriana, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 104; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 112; Cheesem. wn Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xix. (1887) 232; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 62; Students’ Fl. 231.
C. retusa, Hook. f. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. (1844) 415 (not of Petrie).
C. lucida, Hndl. Prod. Fl. Ins. Norf. 60 (non Forst.). C. Stocki,
Barbier in Rev. Hort. Belg. iti. (1877) t. 12.

KERMADEC IsLanps, NoRTH AND SoutTH IsLANDS: Common on sea-cliffs.

and sand-dunes as far south as Marlborough and Greymouth. Angiangi ;
Naupata. September—November.

248 RUBIACEZ. [Coprosma.

Nearest to C. robusta, but distinguished by the more compact habit, glossy
almost fleshy obtuse leaves with recurved margins, smaller heads of flowers, and
rounder fruit.

Mr. Kirk’s variety oblongifolia (Students’ Fl. 232), with densely pubescent
branchlets and small linear-oblong leaves, will probably prove to be a distinct
species.

6. C. chathamica, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiy.
(1902) 317.—A tree 15-40 ft. high, with a trunk sometimes 2 ft.
in diam.; bark greyish-brown; branchlets obscurely tetragonous,
more or less clothed with short stiff greyish hairs. Leaves
14-3in. long, about lin. broad, oblong or obovate-oblong or
obovate, obtuse or subacute, narrowed into a rather slender
petiole, subcoriaceous, dark-green or glossy above, paler beneath,
glabrous except the petioles and a few scattered hairs along the
midrib and margins; veins conspicuously reticulated beneath.
Male flowers not seen. Female flowers in few-flowered fascicles.
Calyx-limb cupular, truncate. Corolla deeply 4-lobed. Drupe
large, oblong-ovoid, rather more than }in. long, yellowish-red.

CHaTHAM IsLANDS: Abundant, H. H. Travers; Captain G. Mair! Cox
and Cockayne !

I have only seen two very imperfect specimens of this, and the above de-
scription is mainly based upon that given by Mr. Cockayne. It was referred to
C. petiolata by Sir J. D. Hooker (Handb., p. 731), but appears to differ in the
very much larger size, the coarser almost shaggy pubescence on the young
branchlets (in C. petiolata the pubescence is very short, fine, and even), and in
the larger leaves.

7. C. petiolata, Hook. f. im Journ. Linn. Soc. i. (1857) 128.—
A shrub or small tree 6-15ft. high; bark pale-grey; branchlets
terete or obscurely tetragonous, uniformly clothed with a fine ashy-
grey pubescence. Leaves 1-2in. long, elliptic-oblong or obovate,
rounded at the apex, narrowed into a short slender petiole, sub-
coriaceous, glabrous or the petiole and veins beneath puberulous ;
margins flat or very slightly recurved. Stipules deltoid, acuminate.
Male flowers in compact rounded heads on short axillary puberulous
peduncles. Calyx-limb obscure. Corolla companulate, +in. long,
deeply 4-lobed. Females in 3-6-flowered fascicles. Calyx cupular
or obscurely toothed. Corolla tubular, 3-5-toothed. Mature fruit
not seen.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 113; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 232.

KeERMADEC Istanps: Abundant throughout the group, McGillivray, T. F.C.

Very closely allied to C. Bauweri, but easily separated by the uniform grey
pubescence of the branchlets, and by the smaller flat leaves with much more
slender petioles. I have seen no specimens from the mainland of New Zealand,
and fear that the locality of ‘‘ maritime rocks south of Castlepoint,” given in the
+« Handbook,”’ is erroneous.

8. C. robusta, Raoul in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. iti. 2 (1844) 121.—
A stout erect glossy-green shrub 5-15 ft. high, perfectly glabrous in
all its parts; bark greyish-brown. Leaves numerous, 14-6 in.
long, elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or rarely obtuse,

Coprosma. | RUBIACES. 249

narrowed into a short stout petiole, coriaceous, dark-green and
shining above, paler beneath; margins sometimes slightly recurved.
Peduncles short, stout, simple or branched, bearing dense many-
flowered glomerules. Male flowers: Calyx minute, cupular, obso-
letely 4—5-toothed or quite truncate. Corolla campanulate, 1+ in.
long, 4—5-lobed. Females: Much smaller, 1-4in. Corolla tubular,
shortly 3-5-lobed. Drupes crowded, oblong to ovoid, ++ in. long,
yellowish- or reddish-orange.—Choix de Plantes, 23, t. 21; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 105; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 113; Cheesem. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 234; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 233. C. coffeeoides,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 87.

Var. angustata, Kirk, l.c.—Leaves smaller, 3-2in. long, }+-3in. broad,
linear-oblong or lanceolate. Includes var. parva, Kirk, l.c.

NortH AnD SovutH Isntanps, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant throughout,
ascending to 2500 ft. Karamu. August—October.

The most generally distributed of all the New Zealand species.

9. ©. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 113.-—-A large
sparingly branched shrub 6-15ft. high; bark pale; branches
ascending. Leaves erect, 4—2in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate,
acute or subacute, gradually narrowed into a short stout petiole,
flat, coriaceous. Flowers sessile in 8-12-flowered glomerules or
terminating short arrested branchlets. Males: Calyx minute,
cupular, truncate or obscurely lobed. Corolla campanulate, $-} in.
long, 4—5-lobed. Females smaller and less numerous. Calyx-
limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 3-5-lobed. Styles very long
and slender. Drupe broadly oblong, in. long, pale and translu-
cent.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 234; Kaork,
Students’ Fl. 233. C. foetidissima, A. Cunn. Precwr. n. 471 in
part (non Forst.).

NortH AND SoutH Istanps, CHATHAM IsLaNnDs: Not uncommon in lowland
districts, especially in rich alluvial soils. Mingimingi. August-September.

Very closely allied to C. robusta, but distinguished by the linear leaves,
fewer flowers, and translucent fruit. Intermediate states are not uncommon,
and are often difficult to place in the absence of fruit.

10. C. acutifolia, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn, Soc. i. (1857) 128.—
A glabrous shrub or small tree 8-20 ft. high; bark pale; branches
slender, spreading. Leaves 14-4in. long, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate to elliptic-ovate, acuminate, narrowed into a slender
petiole +-4 in. long, thin and membranous; veins finely reticulated.
Peduneles slender, longer than the petioles, simple or trichoto-
mously divided; branches ending in little fascicles of 2 or 3 flowers.
Male flowers rather large, tin. long. Calyx minute, cupular.
Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed. Female flowers smaller
and fewer. Calyx-limb with 4-5 linear teeth. Corolla tubular,
3-5-lobed. Drupe oblong, tin. long, reddish-orange.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 114; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 169; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 233.

250 RUBIACEH. [Coprosma.

Kermabec Istanps: Abundant on Sunday or Raoul Island, ascending to
the tops of the hills, alt. 1700 ft., McGillwray, T. F. C. July-August.

A very distinct species, at once recognised by the comparatively narrow
thin and membranous leaves and lax inflorescence.

11. C. tenuifolia, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886)
315.—A sparingly branched shrub 8-15 ft. high, glabrous, or the
petioles and midribs of the young leaves minutely hairy; branches
slender, terete; bark pale. Leaves 14~4 in. long, ovate or oblong-
‘ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
narrowed into slender petioles +—#in. long, thin and membranous
or rarely subcoriaceous, dull brownish-green above, paler below ;
veins conspicuous on both surfaces, finely reticulated. Stipules
rather large, broadly deltoid, margins ciliate when young. Male
flowers crowded in axillary 3—8-flowered fascicles or terminating
arrested branchlets. Calyx apparently wanting. Corolla campanu-
late, 4-5-lobed. Female flowers not seen. Fruit in dense fascicles
of 3-8 on short lateral branchlets, +-4 in. long, ovoid or oblong.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 234.

Nort Isuanp: Te Aroha, Pirongia, and Karioi Mountains, T. F.C. ; Mount
Hikurangi, Adams and Petrie! Lake Waikaremoana, Bishop Williams !
#. Best! Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Mount Egmont Ranges, 7. Ff. C.;
abundant in the Upper Wanganui and Rangitikei Valleys, Kirk! 1000-
-4000 ft.

Distinguished from C. robusta by the membranous pale-brown leaves and
smaller glomerules. From C. acutifolia it is separated by the broader leaves
with coarser venation and by the compact inflorescence.

12. C. arborea, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 420.—A
closely branched round-headed tree 15-30 ft. high; trunk 6-18 in.
diam.; branchlets slender, puberulous towards the tips. Leaves
1-24 in. long, ovate-spathulate or orbicular-spathulate, obtuse or
retuse, suddenly narrowed into winged petioles +~-2in. long, coria-
ceous, yellow-green above, often reddish beneath; veins reticu-
lated; margins flat. Stipules short, deltoid, ciliate when young.
Flowers densely crowded in many-flowered rounded glomerules or
heads, terminating short axillary branchlets or at the ends of
larger shoots. Male flowers: Calyx narrow, deeply divided into
4-5 ciliate lobes. Corolla short, 4in. long, campanulate, deeply
4-5-lobed. Females: Smaller and shorter, in 4-12-flowered
fascicles. Calyx-limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla tubular. Drupes
closely packed, broadly oblong or almost globose, +in. diam.,
colourless and translucent.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix.
(1887) 236; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 132; Students’ Fl. 234.

Nortu Istanp: Not uncommon in woods from the North Cape to the
Lower Waikato. Sea-level to 1500 ft. October-November.

One of the largest species of the genus, and one of the most distinct. The
calyx of the male flowers is better developed and has deeper divisions than in
any other species.

Coprosma. | RUBIACES. 251

13. C. spathulata, A. Cunn. Precwr. n. 479.—A small sparingly
branched shrub 2-5 ft. high, rarely more ; branches slender, young
ones puberulous. Leaves rather distant, variable in size, 4-14 in.
long; blade orbicular or broadly or transversely oblong, obtuse or
retuse or emarginate, suddenly contracted into a narrow winged
petiole longer or shorter than the blade, coriaceous, glossy ; mar-
gins recurved; veins few. Stipules triangular, cuspidate. Flowers
sessile, axillary, solitary or in 2-3-flowered fascicles. Males:
Seated in an involucel composed of a pair of depauperated leaves.
and their stipules, drooping. Calyx deeply 4-5-lobed. Corolla
campanulate, +in. long, 4—d-lobed to the middle, lobes revolute.
Stamens usually 4. Females generally solitary, smaller and nar-
rower than the males. Calyx-limb deeply 4-toothed, teeth acute.
Corolla tubular, deeply 3-4-lobed. Drupe globose or nearly so,
tin. diam., black, very rarely red.—Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 106; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 114; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xix. (1887) 237; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 234.

Nortu Istanp: Abundant in lowland forests from the North Cape to the
Upper Waikato. August-September.

Allied to C. arborea, from which it is easily separated by the small size,,
straggling habit, smaller leaves on longer petioles, fewer flowers, and solitary
black fruit. The leaves are often a bronzy colour, shining and polished on the
upper surface,

14. C. rotundifolia, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 473.—A laxly branched
shrub 4-12 ft. high; branches long and slender, widely spreading,
irregularly and sparsely branched, the young ones densely pubes-
cent or almost villous towards the tips; bark greyish - brown.
Leaves distant, 1-lin. long, usually orbicular, but varying to
broadly oblong or ovate-oblong, cuspidate or abruptly acute, rarely
obtuse, thin and membranous, more or less pubescent and ciliate,
especially on the margins and veins, finely reticulated; petioles
short, villous. Flowers sessile, in axillary few- or many-flowered
fascicles, rarely solitary. Males: Calyx wanting. Corolla 7 in.
long, broadly campanulate, deeply 4-lobed. Female flowers smaller
and narrower. Calyx-limb minutely 4-toothed. Corolla tubular,
3-4-lobed. Drupe globose or broader than long, often didymous,
Zin. diam., red— Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 108;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 114; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887)
937; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 235. C. rufescens, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xviii. (1886) 261.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Abundant in damp forests, by the side of
rivers, &c. Sea-level to 2000 ft. September—October.

The spreading habit, broad membranous leaves, villous branchlets, small
fascicled flowers, and small globose or didymous red drupes are the best marks of
this common species. C. areolata is distinguished by its fastigiate habit,
smaller acute leaves, and black drupe; C. tenuicaulis by being more glabrous,.
by the much smaller leaves, and by the black drupe; while C. rubra is at once

252 : RUBIACES. [Coprosma.

separated by the nearly glabrous branchlets and oblong yellow fruit. The leaves
are often blotched, and are usually more or less deciduous, so that the plant is
often quite bare in spring.

15. C. areolata, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886)
315.—An erect closely branched shrub or small tree 6-15 ft. high ;
branches slender, fastigiate, ultimate pubescent or villous with soft
greyish hairs. Leaves 4-2 in. long, orbicular-spathulate to ovate-
or elliptic-spathulate, acute or apiculate, abruptly narrowed into
short hairy petioles, thin and membranous, flat, glabrous or nearly
so above, usually pubescent on the veins beneath; veins forming
large areoles. Flowers axillary, solitary or in 2—4-flowered fascicles.
Male flowers: True calyx wanting, but one or two calycine invo-
lucels closely invest the base of the corolla. Corolla broadly cam-
panulate, 4in. long, deeply 4-5-lobed. Females: Solitary or 2
together, jin. long. Calyx truncate or obscurely 4-toothed.
Corolla narrow-funnel-shaped, shortly 4-lobed. Drupe globose,
4in. diam., black or nearly so when fully ripe.—Kirk, Students’ Fl.
235. OC. multiflora, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 86.

Nort anp SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon in lowland forests through-
out. Sea-level to 1500 ft. September—October.

The fastigiate habit makes this species easy of recognition. Its nearest ally
is C. tenuicaulis, which is separated by its smaller size, spreading branches,
dark-coloured bark, more glabrous leaves and branchlets, and smaller and more
coriaceous leaves.

16. C. tenuicaulis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 106.—A much-
branched shrub 4-8ft. high; bark purplish-brown; branches
slender, spreading, often interlaced, young ones finely puberulous.
Leaves +-4in. long, rarely more, orbicular- or ovate-spathulate,
rounded at the apex, obtuse or subacute, abruptly narrowed into
a short flat petiole, somewhat coriaceous, flat, glabrous on both
surfaces; veins reticulated in large areoles. Flowers axillary,
solitary or in 2-3-flowered fascicles, involucellate. Males: Calyx
wanting. Corolla campanulate, $—+in. long, 4-d-lobed. Females
smaller and shorter. Calyx-limb truncate. Corolla tubular, 3-5-
lobed. Drupe globose or depressed, }in. diam., shining-black.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 115; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887)
239; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 236.

Var. major, Cheesem. — Leaves much larger and more membranous,
#-14 in. long; blade orbicular, suddenly narrowed into a long flat petiole often

equalling the blade. Flowers and fruit apparently as in the type. Perhaps a
distinct species.

Norru Istanp: Abundant in marshy forests or open turfy swamps from
the North Cape to Hawke’s Bay and Taranaki. Var. major: Lower Waikato,
H. Carse ! Sea-level to 1000 ft. September—October.

17. C. rhamnoides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 474.—A small densely
branched shrub 2-6ft. high; bark reddish-brown, uneven ;
branches numerous, spreading, often rigid and interlaced when

Coprosma. | RUBIACEA). 253

growing in exposed places; young shoots more or less
clothed with a short white pubescence. Leaves +-3in. long,
$+in. broad, very variable in shape and texture, orbicular or
broadly ovate to narrow-oblong, in some varieties with lanceolate
-or linear leaves mixed with the broader ones, rounded retuse or
acute, abruptly narrowed into a very short petiole, coriaceous or
almost membranous, glabrous or puberulous beneath; veins re-
‘ticulated, evident except in the more coriaceous forms. Flowers
axillary, solitary or in 2-3-flowered fascicles, involucellate.
Males: Calyx wanting. Corolla campanulate, j4,in. long, 4-5-
lobed to below the middle, lobes often recurved. Females smaller
-and narrower. Calyx-limb truncate or obsoletely toothed. Corolla
tubular, deeply 4-cleft; lobes narrow, revolute. Drupe globose,
-¢in. diam., usually bright-red or reddish-black, rarely quite black.—
Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 239; Kirk, Students’ Fl.
.236. Two main forms are distinguishable as follows :—

Var. a, vera.—Teaves orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse, often coriaceous.
—C. rhamnoides, A. Cunn.; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 107; Handb. N.Z. FI.

116. C.concinna, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 330. C. orbiculata,
Col. l.c. xxii. (1890) 465.

Var. b, divaricata-—Leaves broadly ovate, oblong-ovate, or oblong, acute
-or subacute, rather thin. Narrower leaves, linear or lanceolate, often mixed
with the broader ones.—C. divaricata, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 476 (not of Hook. f.).
-C. heterophylla, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 263. ? C. gracilis,
A, Cunn. Precur. n. 475.

NortH AnD SoutH Istanps, Stewart Istanp: Abundant throughout,
-ascending to 3000 ft. August-October.

An exceedingly variable and puzzling species, for a fuller account of which
‘reference should be made to my revision of the genus, published in the
“Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,’’ Vol. xix. (p. 239).

18. C. ciliata, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 22.—A much-branched
bush 4—10 ft. high, sometimes forming almost impenetrable thickets;
‘branches stout or slender, lax or dense, young ones villous with
rather rigid hairs; bark pale, almost white. Leaves tufted on
short lateral branchlets, +—-2in. long, oblong or oblong-obovate,
rarely narrower and linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, narrowed
into a very short petiole, flat, rather membranous, under-surface
slightly pubescent, margins and petiole ciliate ; veins obscure, not
reticulated. Stipules broad, acute, villous. Flowers unknown.
Drupe (only a single specimen seen) subglobose, + in. diam., black. —
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 115; Kirk, Students’ Fil. 237.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES Istanp: Abundant, ascend-
ing to 1000 ft.

Apparently closely allied to C. parviflora, but its exact position cannot be
determined until good flowering and fruiting specimens have been obtained.

19. C. parviflora, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 107.—An erect much-
branched leafy shrub 4-15 ft. high; branches stout or siender, often
‘Spreading in a horizontal plane; branchlets densely pubescent or

254 RUBIACER. [Coprosma.

villous ; bark pale-grey. Leaves usually close-set, fascicled on
short lateral branchlets, }-2in. long, obovate or linear-obovate or
linear-oblong, rounded at the top or rarely subacute, narrowed
into a short petiole, coriaceous, glabrous or the petioles and midrib
pubescent; margins flat or slightly recurved; veins not con-
spicuous. Stipules broad, pubescent or villous. Flowers involu-
cellate, solitary or in 2-4-flowered fascicles. Male flowers: Calyx
wanting. Corolla j,in. long, broadly campanulate, 4-5-partite
almost to the base. Females: Calyx-limb minutely 4—5-toothed.
Corolla ;;in., tubular, 4-lobed. Drupe globose, fin. diam.,.
variable in colour, bluish or violet-blue or quite black.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 116; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 241; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 238. C. myrtillifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 21;
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 108.

Var. pilosa.—Much more slender and more sparingly branched. Leaves
broader, thin and membranous; margins and both surfaces ciliate with soft
tawny hairs.

Var. dumosa.—Branches stiff and rigid, often interlacing, villous. Leaves
smaller, 4-4 in. long, narrow linear-oblong, very thick and coriaceous.

NortyH anp SoutH Isntanns, StEwaRT IsLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
Istanps: Abundant throughout, ascending to over 4000 ft. October—
January.

An extremely variable plant, found in many diverse stations ; abundant in
rich alluvial soils in lowland forests, and quite as plentiful in high mountain
valleys or on steep mountain slopes. Its distinguishing characters are the leafy
habit, uniformly pubescent branches, obovate or linear-obovate coriaceous leaves,
and small globose drupes. The varieties described above look distinct in their
extreme forms, but are connected with the type by numerous intermediates.
Var. pilosa approaches very close to C. ciliata, the flowers of which, however,
are quite unknown.

20. C. ramulosa, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895):
405.— A slender much-branched prostrate or decumbent shrub
2-4 ft. high; branches wide-spreading, the younger ones faintly
pubescent; bark pale-brown or grey. Leaves opposite or fascicled
on opposite twigs, +in. long, about in. broad, linear-obovate,
rounded at the apex, narrowed into a short petiole or almost sessile,
coriaceous or almost membranous, margins flat, veins indistinct.
Stipules deltoid, acute, pale-grey or almost white. Male flowers
solitary, terminating short lateral branchlets, involucellate. Calyx
wanting. Corolla +in., campanulate, 4-5-partite. Female flowers
not seen. Drupe globose, 4in. diam., dark-red.—Kirk, Students’
Fl. 236. C. pubens, Petrie, l.c. xxvi. (1894) 267 (not of A. Gray).

Norru Istanp: Mount Hikurangi, Petrie! Mount Egmont, 7. F. C.
SourH Isnanp: Arthur’s Pass and Kelly’s Hill, Petrie! Kirk! Cockayne!
T. F. C.; Broken River, Cockayne ! 2500-5000 ft.

I have not seen good flowering specimens of this. In foliage it approaches
certain states of C. parviflora, and the fruit resembles that of C. rhamnoides ;
but it differs from both in the slender rambling or prostrate habit.

Coprosma. | RUBIACEH. 255

21. C. Buchanani, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892)
424.—A much and closely branched shrub 5-10ft. high; branches
numerous, ascending, younger ones finely pubescent ; bark reddish-
brown. Leaves distant, 4-lin. long, broadly oblong or obovate,
obtuse or minutely apiculate, narrowed into a short pubescent
petiole, rather coriaceous, puberulous and minutely ciliate when
young, margins thickened. Stipules deltoid, acute, minutely
ciliate. Male flowers unknown. Females axillary, solitary or in
2-3-flowered fascicles, involucellate. Calyx-limb minutely 4-—65-
toothed. Corolla narrow-campanulate, 4—5-lobed to the middle ;
segments acute, recurved. Styles stout. Fruit unknown.—

Students’ Fl. 239.

NortH Istanp: Wellington—Near Cape Terawhiti, Buchanan, Kirk !
October.

Apparently a very distinct species, the true affinities of which cannot be
determined until the male flowers and fruit have been observed.

22. C. crassifolia, Col. Excurs. North Is. 75.—A much-
branched rigid shrub 4-12ft. high; branches divaricating, exces-
sively stiff and rigid, often interlaced ; branchlets glabrous or
minutely puberulous; bark reddish-brown or _ greyish-brown,
uneven and fissured on the branches, smoother on the twigs.
Leaves +-3in. long, rarely more, broadly oblong or obovate to
-orbicular, rounded at the tip or retuse, abruptly narrowed into
a very short petiole, usually thick and coriaceous, often glaucous
beneath; margins thickened; veins obscure. Flowers involucellate,
solitary or more rarely in 2-3-flowered fascicles. Male flowers:
Calyx wanting. Corolla 4+in. long, campanulate, 4-partite almost
to the base. Stamens 4. Female flowers: Calyx-limb minute,
truncate or obsoletely toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-4 in. long,
deeply 4-lobed. Drupe +in. long, subglobose or broadly oblong,
yellow, sometimes white and translucent.—Cheesem. wn Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 242; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 238. C. pendula,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 84.

NorrH Aanp SoutH Istanps: From Hokianga southwards to Otago, but
often local. Sea-level to 1200 ft. Septem ber-November.

Best distinguished by the excessively stiff and rigid habit, almost glabrous
branchlets, rounded coriaceous leaves, and subglobose yellow fruit. Mr. Colenso’s
C. pendula has much thinner leaves, but is not otherwise different.

23. C. rigida, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 248.
An erect shrub 5-15 ft. high; branches divaricating, stout or
slender, open or much interlaced, glabrous or the very young twigs
puberulous ; bark reddish- or purplish-brown. Leaves in opposite
pairs on short lateral branchlets, +-2in. long, obovate or oblong-
spathulate, rounded or retuse, gradually narrowed into a short
petiole, coriaceous or almost membranous, quite glabrous; veins

256 RUBIACEH. (| Coprosma..

obscure. Stipules deltoid, glabrous. Flowers involucellate, solitary
or in 2-4-flowered fascicles. Male flowers: Calyx wanting. Corolla.
tin. long, campanulate, 4-5-partite. Females: Calyx - limb
minutely 4-5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-tin., deeply 3-5-lobed.
Drupe +-4in. long, oblong or obovoid, yellow.—Kirk, Students’
Fi. 239. C. divaricata, Hook f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 107 in part (not
of A. Cunn.). C. aurantiaca, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890)
464. C. lentissima, Col. l.c. 465. C. turbinata, Col. l.c. xxiv.
(1892) 389.

NortH AnD SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon in swampy lowland forests..
September—October.

Very close to C. crassifolia, but not so rigid, the leaves narrower and less
coriaceous, and the drupe narrower. Im Mr. Colenso’s herbarium there are
numerous specimens of his three species quoted above. There can be no doubt
whatever that they represent common states of C. rigida, and cannot be
separated even as varieties.

24. C. obconica, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 237.—An erect shrub

margins thickened, recurved; veins obscure. Flowers solitary or
geminate, terminating short arrested branchlets, involucellate, de-
curved. Male flowers: Calyx shortly funnel-shaped, teeth deltoid.
Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, 4-lobed to the middle; lobes ovate,
recurved. Females: Corolla tubular, slightly ventricose at the
base, teeth short, straight. Styles very long. Drupes 4-4in.
diam., broadly obconic or obcordate, yellowish- white, almost
translucent.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Wairoa Gorge, Bryant and Kirk. August.

Iam not acquainted with this, and there are no specimens in Mr. Kirk’s
herbarium. I have consequently reproduced his description in an abbreviated
form.

25. C. rubra, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 269.—
An open or closely branched shrub 5-12 ft. high ; branches slender,
divaricating, glabrous or the very young ones puberulous; bark
reddish-brown. Leaves +-2in. long or more, broadly oblong or
obovate to orbicular, rounded or subacute or apiculate, abruptly
narrowed into long or short ciliolate petioles, rather membranous;
veins obscurely reticulated. Flowers involucellate, solitary or in
2-4-flowered fascicles. Male flowers: Calyx wanting. Corolla 4 in.
long, campanulate, 4-partite. Stamens 4. Females: Calyx-limb-
minutely 4-toothed. Corolla tin. long, tubular, 4-lobed. Drupe
4 in. long, oblong, yellowish-white, translucent.—Cheesem. im
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 248; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 239.
C. divaricata var. latifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 107.

Coprosma. | RUBIACER. 257

Nortu Istanp: Hawke’s Bay, Colenso! Soutu Istanp: Nelson—Wairoa
Gorge, Bryant and Kirk. Otago—Near Dunedin; Catlin’s River, Petrie!
September—November.

Nearest to C. crassifolia, from which it is separated by the less rigid habit,
membranous leaves, and rather smaller flowers.

26. C. virescens, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 426.—
A glabrous much-branched shrub 5-10ft. high; branches very
slender, flexuose, spreading and interlaced; bark pale greyish-
brown. Leaves 4-4in. long, spathulate or oblong - spathulate,
obtuse or subacute, narrowed into a short slender petiole, mem-
branous, quite glabrous; margins flat or slightly undulate. Stipules
acute, ciliolate. Flowers involucellate, solitary or in 2—3-flowered
fascicles. Male flowers: Calyx wanting. Corolla 4 in. long, cam-
panulate, 4-partite almost to the base. Females: Calyx-limb
obsoletely 4-toothed. Corolla shorter and narrower than in the
males, tubular, deeply 4-lobed. Drupe + in. long, oblong, yellowish-
white, translucent.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 244 ;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 240. OC. divaricata var. pallida, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. 107.

Nortu Istanp: Wairarapa and Hawke’s Bay, Colenso! Souru IsnanD:
Pelorus Sound, Rutland! Wairoa Gorge, Bryant and Kirk; Lake Forsyth,
Kirk! various localities in Otago, Petrie! Sea-level to 1500 ft. Septem-
ber—October.

A very distinct species, perhaps more closely allied to C. rwbra than to any
other.

27. C. acerosa, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 477.—A low often exces-
sively branched prostrate or suberect wide-spreading shrub 1-6 ft.
high; branches straight or flexuous or zigzag, often closely inter-
laced, younger ones puberulous; bark yellowish-brown or dark-
brown, often fissured and uneven. Leaves in close or distant
Opposite pairs or fascicles, +-2in. long, about ;4, in. wide, erecto-
patent, very uniform in shape, narrow-linear, obtuse or subacute,
veinless. Flowers axillary, terminating minute arrested branchlets,
involucellate. Males: Solitary or in 2—4-flowered fascicles. Calyx
wanting. Corolla 4in. long, campanulate, 4-partite to below the
middle. Stamens 4. Females solitary. Calyx-limb minutely
4-toothed. Corolla ;4in. long, tubular, 4-lobed. Drupe globose,
variable in size, +4 1n., pale-blue, translucent.—Raoul, Choix, 46;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 109; Handb. N.Z. Hl. 118; Cheesem. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 244; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 240.

Var. a, arenaria, Kirk, l.c. 241.—Yellow-green; branches slender, wide-
spreading, flexuous and interlaced. Leaves close-set, very narrow-linear.

Var. 6, brunnea, Kirk, 1.c.—Dark-brown, branches fewer, short, stout, rigid.
Leaves usually distant, shorter and more coriaceous.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Common
throughout, var. a chiefly on sand-dunes, var. b in hilly or mountain districts,
ascending to 4000 ft. Tatarahake. September-November.

Easily recognised by the peculiar habit, extremely narrow leaves, and sky-
blue drupe.

9—F'.

258 RUBIACES, [ Coprosma.

28. C. propinqua, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 472.—A large branching
shrub or small tree 6-20 ft. high; branches widely divaricating,
young ones puberulous; bark brown or brownish-grey. Leaves
opposite, or i Bpposiic fascicles on short arrested branchlets,
++ in. long, ;4—1n. wide, linear or narrow linear-oblong or narrow
linear: obovate, obtuse or subacute, gradually narrowed into a very
short petiole or sessile, rather coriaceous ; veins obscure. Flowers
solitary or in 2~4-flowered fascicles, each fascicle invested by a
4-toothed cupuliform involucre, and each flower involucellate.
Males: Calyx wanting. Corolla 4in. long, campanulate, 4-5-
partite. Females: Calyx-limb 4-toothed. Corolla +in. long,
tubular, 3-4-lobed. Drupe +4in. long, globose or broadly oblong,
bluish or bluish-black or quite black.—Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f.
fl. Nov. Zel. i. 109; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 116; Cheesem. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887 ) 245 ; Kirk, Students’ Fi. 241. C. alba, Col.
im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 388.

NortH AnD SoutH IsnAnDs, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS:

Abundant throughout in swampy forests or by the side of rivers, &c. Sea-
level to 1500 ft. Mingimingi. September—October.

Allied to C. Cunninghamii, but distinguished by the more spreading habit,
dark bark, smaller narrower leaves, smaller and fewer flowers, and by the drupe
not being white and translucent.

29. C. Kirkii, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 391.—
A much and closely branched procumbent or suberect shrub, often
forming rounded inasses 2-4 ft. high and the same in diam. ; rarely
taller, erect, and loosely spreading. Branches stout, often inter-
laced; branchlets obscurely tetragonous, usually more or less
clothed with short greyish pubescence, rarely almost glabrous.
Leaves opposite or in opposite fascicles, 4-lin. long, linear or
narrow linear-oblong or narrow linear-obovate, obtuse or subacute,
gradually narrowed into a very short petiole, flat, coriaceous or
almost membranous; midrib evident below; lateral veins usu-
ally indistinct. Stipules very short, broad, ciliate. Flowers in
3—6-flowered fascicles on short arrested branchlets, rarely solitary.
Males: Calyx wanting. Corolla 4in. long, broadly campanulate,
4—5-partite. Females smaller and narrower. Calyx-limb minutely
4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, deeply 4-lobed. Drupe (im-
mature) 4in. long, oblong.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 241. Plagianthus
linariifolia, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 394, t. 34, f. 1.

Nort Istanp: Auckland—Tapotopoto Bay, Kirk! coast between Spirits
Bay and the North Cape, 7. F.C.; near Ahipara, R. H. Matthews! T. F.C. ;

South Head of Hokianga Harbour, Kirk! Taranaki—Near Opunake, Kirk !
Hawke’s Bay—Portland Island, Bishop Williams !

It is possible that more species than one may be included in the above
description, but the material at my disposal is insufficient to determine this.
Mr. Kirk’s original specimens from Tapotopoto Bay are from a procumbent
shrub with closely placed fascicled leaves and pubescent branchlets, and my
own, from near the North Cape, agree in habit and the pubescent branches, but
have larger spreading leaves. The Ahipara plant is erect, with lax almost

Coprosma. | RUBIACE. 259

glabrous branchlets, and still larger more distantly placed leaves; and Mr.
Kirk’s Opunake specimens are very similar. Bishop Williams’s specimens, from
Portland Island, are remarkable for the very pale bark and densely tomentose
branchlets, the leaves being broader than the Ahipara specimens. The ripe
fruit is unknown in all the forms, and the Ahipara plant is the only one of which
good flowering specimens have been obtained.

30. C. linariifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 118—A much-
branched shrub or small tree 6-20 ft. high ; trunk sometimes 9 in.
diam.; branches slender, spreading, younger ones puberulous ;
bark dark-grey. Leaves all opposite, 4-14 in. long, 4-4 in. broad,
linear or linear-lanceolate, rarely oblong-lanceolate, acute, suddenly
narrowed into a short slender petiole, flat, coriaceous, blackish when
dry; veins indistinct. Stipules glabrous or puberulous, upper ones
connate into a long sheath; margins usually ciliate. Flowers ter-
ininating leafy branchlets, involucellate. Males in 2-5-flowered
fascicles, fascicles involucellate. Calyx wanting. Corolla 4-4 in.
long, broadly campanulate, 4-5-lobed to the middle; lobes revo-
lute. Females solitary. Calyx-limb with 4-5 large and erect
linear-oblong lobes. Corolla } in. long, tubular, 4-5-lobed. Drupe
4 in. long, broadly oblong, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, at
first pale and translucent, ultimately black.—Cheesem. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 246; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 95; Students’
Fil. 242. C. propinqua var. y, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 109.

NortH and SourH Istanps: Not uncommon from the Thames River
southwards. Sea-level to 3000 ft. October-November.

Easily recognised by the long sheathing stipules. In several respects it
approaches C. propingua and C. Cunninghamii, but is easily distinguished by
the different habit, thinner acute leaves, and by the long calyx-lobes of the
female flowers.

31. C. Solandri, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 522.
—A much-branched shrub; branches stout, rigid, obscurely tetra-
gonous ; branchlets numerous, short, erect; bark whitish, setose.
Leaves erect, loosely imbricating, in. long, ;4, in. broad, linear-
lanceolate, acute or apiculate, very coriaceous; midrib sunken on
both surfaces. Stipules setose, ciliate, loosely sheathing. Flowers
not seen. Drupes solitary, terminal, seated in an involucel com-
posed of two depauperated leaves and their stipules, +in. long,
broadly ovoid, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes.—Students’
Fl. 242.

NortuH Isuanp: Kast Cape district, Banks and Solander.

This was described by Mr. Kirk from some specimens in the set of Banks
and Solander’s plants presented to the colony by the Trustees of the British
Museum. The specimens, with many others, are now missing from the set,
having probably been mislaid at the time of Mr. Kirk’s decease. The species is
apparently closely allied to C. linarwifolia.

32. C. foetidissima, Morst. Char. Gen. 138.—Usually a slender
sparingly branched shrub 6-15 ft. high, but occasionally forming a
small tree 20 ft. high, with a trunk 1 ft.in diam. or more; disgust-

260 RUBIACER. [Coprosma.

ingly foetid when bruised or while being dried. Branches slender,
glabrous, or the very young ones minutely puberulous. Leaves vavri-
able in size and shape, 14-2 in. long, +~?in. broad, usually oblong,
but varying from linear-oblong or -obovate to rounded oblong or
broad-ovate, obtuse or acute or retuse, abruptly narrowed into a
rather long and slender petiole, slightly coriaceous or almost mem-
branous; margins flat; midrib distinct; lateral veins obscure.
Stipules short, cuspidate. Flowers sessile, terminating the branch-
lets. Males solitary or 2-3 together. Calyx often wanting, when
present minute, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla 4—2in. long, cam-
panulate, 4-5-lobed to the middle, rarely 8-10-lobed. Stamens the
same number as the lobes. Females solitary, erect, +-4in. long.
Calyx-limb truncate or obscurely toothed. Corolla tubular, 3-4-
lobed. Drupe 4in. long, oblong or ovoid, red or yellowish-red, some-
times pale and translucent.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 261; A. Cunn.
Precur.n. 471; Raoul, Chow, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct.i. 20, t. 18;
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 105; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 116; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 242.
C. affinis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 21, t. 14. C. repens, A. Rich. FI.
Nouv. Zel. 264 (not Hook. f.). C. pusilla, Forst. Prodr. n. 513.
C. sagittata, Coi. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 270.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDs, CHATHAM ISLANDS, STEWART IsLAND, AUCKLAND

AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: Abundant from the Thames goldfields and Raglan
southwards. Sea-level to 4500 ft. Karamu ; Hupiro. August—October.

Easily distinguished by the oblong leaves, large terminal flowers, and hor-
ribly disagreeable odour when bruised.

33. C. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 117.—A small and
slender erect or rarely procumbent open or closely branched shrub
2-8 ft. high; bark pale-brown or whitish; young branches puberu-
lous. Leaves opposite or fascicled on short lateral twigs, yellowish- -
green, very variable in size and shape, 4-14 in. long, linear-oblong or
linear-obovate to broadly oblong or obovate, rarely narrower and
linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or retuse, narrowed into rather
slender petioles, coriaceous or almost membranous; margins flat, or
recurved in the coriaceous forms; veins indistinct. Flowers ter-
minating the branchlets, solitary on short decurved peduncles, involu-
cellate. Males: Calyx wanting. Corolla tin. long, campanulate,
4-lobed. Females: Calyx-limb minutely 4-toothed. Corolla 4in.
long, tubular, 4-lobed; lobes revolute. Drupe }-+in. long, oblong,
dark-red.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 248; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 248. C. myrtillifolia var. linearis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 108. C. Banksii, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxx. (1898) 433.

Norru Isuanp: Mountainous districts from the Thames goldfields and Te
Aroha southwards; not common. SourH Istanp: Western portion of Nelson
Province and Westland to the West Coast sounds. Stewart Is~anp: Abundant.

Usually from 1500 ft. to 3500ft., but descends to sea-level on Stewart Island.
November—January.

A well-marked species, easily recognised by the terminal solitary flowers on
decurved peduncles.

Coprosma. | RUBIACE). 261

34. C. retusa, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 268.—
A much-branched procumbent shrub; branches short, stout or
slender, straggling; bark pale, marked by two opposite lines of
pubescence interrupted at the nodes. Leaves 4-2 in. long, linear-
obovate or oblong-obovate, retuse or almost 2-lobed at the tip,
gradually narrowed into a short stout petiole, thick and coriaceous,
flat or concave above, midrib usually distinct beneath; margins
thickened and recurved, very minutely crenulate. Stipules broad,
with 3 cartilaginous teeth, ciliate. Flowers solitary, terminating
short leafy branchlets. Males: Calyx wanting. Corolla +-4in.
long, broadly campanulate, 4—5-partite. Females: Calyx-limb with
4-5 subulate teeth. Corolla narrow-campanulate, 4—5-partite ; seg-
ments narrow, revolute. Stvles stout, sometimes 3. Drupe tin.
long, ovoid, yellowish-red.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 2438.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Rochfort, Townson! Westland—Kelly’s
Hill, Petrie ! Arthur’s Pass, Cockayne! 7'. F. C. Southland—Clinton Saddle,
Lake Te Anau, Petrie ! Longwood Range, Kirk! 2000-3500 ft. December—
January.

A very distinct species, easily known by the straggling habit, retuse leaves
with minutely crenulate margins, and rather large terminal flowers. It has the
disagreeable odour of C. fatidissima when bruised.

35. C. cuneata, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 21, t. 15.—A stout erect
or spreading closely branched shrub 2-10 ft. high ; branches woody
and rigid, densely leafy, the younger ones puberulous; bark greyish-
white to dark-brown. Leaves close-set, usually fascicled on short
lateral branchlets, 1—#in. long, ;44+ in. broad, linear- or oblong-
obovate or cuneate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, almost sessile, pa-
tent or recurved, rigid and coriaceous, often concave above, almost
veinless; margins slightly recurved. Stipules short and broad,
usually densely fimbriate or ciliate. Flowers solitary, terminat-
ing the branchlets, sessile, involucellate. Males: Calyx wanting.
Corolla +in. long, campanulate, 4-5-lobed. Females: Calyx-himb
4-5-lobed ; lobes unequal. Corolla 4in. long, 4-lobed to the middle.
Drupe $-1in. diam., globose, red.—F. Nov. Zel. i. 110; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 117; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 249; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 244.

NortH Istanp: Mount Hikurangi, Colenso, Adams and Petrie! Ruahine
Mountains and Lake Taupo, Colenso; Mount Egmont, Dieffenbach, T. F. C.
SoutH IsnAnp, STEwaRT ISLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTI-

PoDES IsnAnps: Abundant in mountain districts. Usually from 2000 ft. to
5000 ft., but descends to sea-level in the Auckland Islands. November-—
January.

A yariable plant, but separated from any other by the densely leafy habit,
coriaceous often recurved linear-obovate or cuneate leaves, broad fimbriate
stipules, and rather large solitary terminal flowers. In alpine localities it is
often dwarfed to a foot or two in height, with rigid and woody interlaced
branches and small excessively coriaceous leaves.

262 RUBIACER. [Coprosma.

36. C. microcarpa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 110.—A leafy
shrub 1-10ft. high; branches slender, close-set, divaricating,
pubescent, lenty 6 bark ee? Leaves in pairs on short lateral
branchlets, +4 in. long, #,—;4, 1m. broad, spreading, linear or linear-
lanceolate, aerihe. flat, veinless, dark- brown when dry, not coria-
ceous ;_ stipules short, ciliate. Flowers minute. Males: Calyx
cup-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 4in. diam.,
4-partite; lobes narrow, acuminate, long. Females: Calyx-limb
short, tubular, 4-toothed. Corolla ;4,in., tubular or _—— shaped,
4-clett + way down. Drupe very ‘small, globose, ;4,in. diam.—
Handb. ‘NZ. Fl.118; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 244. ? C. margarita, Col.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 594.

NortH Istanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Olsen! SourH Isuanp:

Nelson— Upper Maitai Valley, Graham River, 7. #. C. Westland—Ahaura
Plain, Kirk! Canterbury—Oxford Forest, Kirk !

The above description is that given in the ‘‘ Handbook,”’ but without access
to the type specimens, which are in the Kew Herbarium, it is impossible to say
whether the plants from the localities cited are really identical with Hooker’s.
species or not.

37. C. depressa, Col. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 110.—A small
closely branched usually prostrate bush 1-4ft. high; branches
leafy, trailing or prostrate, younger ones puberulous; bark greyish.
Leaves usually in opposite fascicles, 4-4 in. long, +4-;4 in. wide,
linear-lanceolate or narrow linear- oblong, rarely linear - obovate,
acute or obtuse, narrowed into a rather short petiole or almost
sessile, suberect or patent or recurved, rigid and coriaceous, some-
what concave, glabrous or the margins minutely ciliate; veins
indistinct. Stipules short, broad, ciliate. Flowers terminating the
branchlets, solitary, sessile, involucellate. Males: Calyx wanting.
Corolla ;,-4in. long, campanulate, 4-partite. Females: Calyx-
limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, #,in. long, 4-lobed. Drupe 4 in.
diam., glohose, orange-yellow.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 118; Cheesem. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 250; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 245.

Norru Istanp: Lake Taupo and Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Ruapehu,
Kirk ; Rangipo Plain, Petrie! Mount Egmont, 7. F. C. SourH Isnanp:
Mount Arthur Plateau, 7’. #. C.; mountains above the Otira Valley, Petrie!
Arthur’s Pass, Cockayne, T. F. C.; Kurow Mountains, Petrie ! 2500-5000 ft.
December—January.

Very close to C. cuneata, but a much smaller and more slender plant, with
smaller and narrower leaves. It also approaches some states of C. acerosa yar.
brunnea, but that is a stouter and more rigid plant, with dark bark and narrower
leaves.

38. C. repens, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 22, t. 164.—A small
glabrous creeping species, often forming broad matted patches.
Branches 2-18in. long or more, prostrate and rooting, stout or
slender, sometimes almost flaccid; bark greyish. Leaves usually
close-set, rarely distant, $4 in. long, linear-oblong or linear-obovate
to broadly oblong or broadly obovate, obtuse or subacute, narrowed

Coprosma. | RUBIACES. 263

into very short broad petioles or almost sessile, bright-green, coria-
‘ceous, spreading or suberect; margins thickened. Stipules short
and broad, obtuse, glabrous or ciliate. Flowers greenish-white,
solitary, terminal. Males: Large for the size of the plant, 4-3 in.
long. Calyx minute, cupular, 4- or 8-toothed. Corolla tubular,
often curved, 4-—8-toothed or -lobed. Stamens 4-8. Females
smaller, +4in. long. Calyx-limb 4-8-toothed. Corolla tubular,
4-8-lobed to about 4 way down. Styles 2 or 4, rarely 3 or 5.
Drupe globose, }in. diam., red or orange-yellow.— Fl. Nov. Zel.
1.110;, Handb. N.Z. Fl. 119; Cheesem. an Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix.
(1887) 250; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 245. C. pumila, Hook. f. Fl.
Antarct. 11. 543; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 110; Handd. N.Z. Fl. 119.
C. perpusilla, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 466.

NortH anp SoutH Isnuanps, StEwArRT ISLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
IsnAnps, ANTrPODES ISLAND, MaAcqguarrig IsuAND: Abundant in mountain dis-
tricts from the Kast Cape southwards; ascending to 6000ft. on Mount Egmont
and in the Southern Alps, descending to sea-level in the Auckland Islands,
ke. December—January.

Easily distinguished from all other species, except C. Petriei, by the small
size and creeping and matted habit. From C. Petriez it is separated by the
larger and broader always glabrous leaves, much longer tubular male flowers,
and smaller drupe.

39. C. Petriei, Cheesem. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 316.
— Stem prostrate and creeping, usually forming broad matted
patches; branches 6-18 in. long, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves
usually close-set, erecto-patent, ;4-+1in. long, linear-oblong or
linear-obovate, acute or obtuse, narrowed into short petioles or
sessile, often concave, rigid and coriaceous, veinless, glabrous or
sprinkled over with short white hairs on both surfaces. Flowers
solitary, terminating short erect branchlets, involucellate. Males:
Calyx wanting. Corolla 4+—4in. long, tubular at the base, cam-
panulate above, 4-lobed. Females smaller, about } in. long.
Calyx-limb irregularly toothed. Corolla broadly tubular, deeply
4-lobed. Drupe large, globose, $-4in. diam., variable in colour,
dark-purple or bluish-purple, sometimes pale and translucent.—
Kurk, Students’ F'l. 246.

SourH Isntanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to

Foveaux Strait. Descends to sea-level at the mouth of the Waitaki River,
ascends to over 4000 ft. in the Southern Alps. . November—January.

Hasily separated from C. repens by the shape of the male corolla and much
larger drupe.

2. NERTERA, Banks and Sol.

Small slender creeping perennial herbs. Leaves opposite,
glabrous or sparsely pilose. Stipules small, interpetiolar. Flowers
solitary, axillary or terminal, sessile or very shortly pedicelled,
hermaphrodite. Calyx-limb truncate or very obscurely 4-toothed.
Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, 4—5-lobed ; lobes valvate. Stamens

264 RUBIACES. [Nertera.

4 or 5, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments long,
filiform ; anthers large, far-exserted, usually pendulous. Ovary
2-celled ; styles 2, filiform, free nearly to the base, hirsute ; ovules
solitary in each cell. Drupe globose or ovoid, fleshy, containing
2 1-seeded pyrenes.

A small genus of 7 or 8 species, found in Australia and New Zealand, Java,
the Philippine Islands, Andine and Antarctic South America, and Tristan
d’Acunha.

Perfectly glabrous. Leaves broad-ovate 5: -. 1. N. depressa.
Perfectly glabrous. Leaves narrow-ovate Si .. 2, N. Cunning-
ham.

Hairy or villous. Leaves cordate-ovate. Corolla short,

tin. long 3. N. dichondre-
folia.
Hispid. Leaves ovate or oblong. Corolla long, 4-4in.,
tubular de fe He $3 .. 4. N. setulosa.

1. N. depressa, Banks and Sol. ex Gertn. Fruct. i. 124, t. 26.—
A slender glabrous perennial, very variable in size, often forming
broad matted patches; stems 2-12 in. long, creeping and rooting at
the nodes. Leaves +-Zin. long, broadly ovate or almost orbicular,
acute or obtuse, rounded or truncate or almost cordate at the base,
quite glabrous ; petioles equalling the blade or shorter. Stipules
small. Flowers very small and inconspicuous, solitary, terminal,
sessile. Calyx-limb truncate or nearly so. Corolla in. long,
broadly funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Drupe globose or broader than
long, red.—Forst. Prodr. n. 501; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 481; Raoul,
Chow, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 23; Fil. Nov. Zel. i. 112;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 120; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 481; Kirk, Students’
Fil. 246. N. montana, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 595.

Nort Isuanp: Ruahine Range, Colenso. SoutH IsLAND, STEWART ISLAND,

AUCKLAND IsLanps: Abundant throughout, chiefly in mountain districts.
Ascends to 4000 ft. October—January.

Also found in Australia and Tasmania, South America, and Tristan
d’Acunha. The leaves very rarely have a few sparse hairs on the upper surface.

2. N. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 112.—Perfectly
glabrous. Stems much more slender than in N. depressa, almost
filiform, 4-18in. long. Leaves }-4in. long, narrow-ovate, acute,
rounded at the base; petioles about as long as the blade. Stipules
small, acute. Flowers very minute, terminal. Calyx-limb truncate
or obsoletely 4-toothed. Corolla shorter and broader than in N.
depressa, in. long, 4-lobed. Stamens usually erect. Drupe
globose, red, 1 in. diam.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 120; Kirk, Students’ Fl.
247. ?N. papillosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 595.

Norru Isuanp: Mongonui and Kaitaia southwards to Cook Strait, but.
often local. Sourn Istanp: Near Westport, Townson! October—January.

This differs from the preceding species only in the more slender habit,
narrower leaves, and slightly smaller drupe. It is said to occur in the
Philippine Islands.

Nertera.} RUBIACEZ. 265

3. N. dichondreefolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 112, t. 28a.—A
slender creeping herb, often forming extensive matted patches.
Stems 4in. to 2 ft. long, branched, more or less hairy or villous with
soft tawny hairs, rarely nearly glabrous. Leaves with the petioles
4-3 in. long, broadly ovate or almost orbicular, acute or apiculate,
cordate or rounded at the base, membranous, more or less hispid or
hairy above, usually glabrous or nearly so beneath; petiole longer
or shorter than the blade. Stipules acute. Flowers terminal,
sessile. Calyx-limb obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla din. long, funnel-
shaped, 4-lobed. Drupe globose, red, tin. diam.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
120; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 247. N. gracilis, Raoul in Ann. Sci.
Nat. ii. (1844) 121. N. ciliata, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 247. Geophila
dichondrefolia, A. Cwnn. Precur. n. 482.

Norte anp Sour Isnuanps, Stewart IsuaAnp: Abundant from Mongonui
and Kaitaia southwards. Sea-level to nearly 3000 ft. October—December.

Very variable in size, amouni: of hairiness, &c. Small specimens are some-
times almost glabrous, while large laxly branched ones are often copiously
villous. Mr. Kirk’s N. ciliata, which he distinguished by the ciliate leaves
and shorter petioles, appears to me to be a trivial form only.

4. N. setulosa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 112, t. 288.—Very
variable in size, more or less hispid with short stiff hairs. Stems
creeping and rooting, 3-12in. long, putting up numerous leafy
suberect branches 1-6in. high or more. Leaves 4+-3in., broadly
ovate or orbicular to oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, membranous,
laxly clothed with stiff white hairs; margins ciliate; petiole shorter
than the blade. Flowers axillary or terminal, very slender, 4-3 in.
long. Calyx-tube densely hispid; limb unequally 4~-5-toothed.
Corolla very long, tubular, hispid, 4—5-toothed ; teeth erect. Fila-
ments very long, wiry, far-exserted; anthers apiculate, sagittate at
the base. Styles long. Drupe usually dry, 4-4in. long, oblong,
obscurely ribbed, hispid.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 120; Kirk, Students’
Fl. 247. N. pusilla, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 331.

Nortu Isuanp: Auckland—North Cape district, Adams and T. F. C.;
Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews! between Kaihu and Maunganui Bluff, Petrie !
T. W.C.; Patetere Plateau, 7. H. C. Hawke’s Bay—Dannevirke and Norse-
wood, Colenso! Wellington — Wairarapa, Colenso! near Wellington, Kirk !
Sourn Isntanp: Otago—Plentiful, Petrie! Thomson! Srewarr IsLanpD:
Kirk! November-January.

Very distinct from the three preceding species, and at once recognised by
the long tubular corolla. The Australian N. reptans, F. Muell., should probably
be united with it. The flowers are strongly proterogynous and possibly dimor-
phic as well.

3. GALIUM, Linn.

Herbs with slender quadrangular stems. Leaves in whorls of 4
to 8, of which 2 are supposed to be true leaves and the remainder
stipules, although all are precisely similar in size and shape.
Flowers minute, in axillary or terminal cymes. Calyx-limb ob-
solete. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed, rarely 3- or 5-lobed. Stamens 4;

266 RUBIACES. [Galiwm.

filaments short. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, connate at the base ;
stigmas capitate; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit didymous,.
small, dry, indehiscent.

A large genus of over 160 species, found in all temperate regions. Both the
New Zealand species are endemic.

Leaves in whorls of 4, linear-lanceolate Sle .. L. G. tenwicaule.
Leaves in whorls of 4, oblong .. ns Dye .. 2. G. wnbrosum.

1. G. tenuicaule, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 468.—Stems slender,
straggling, branched, 6 in. to 3ft. long, glabrous or slightly scabrid
on the angles. Leaves in rather distant whorls of 4, -#in. long,
linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, awned or acuminate, narrowed
to the base, scabrid on the margins and midrib beneath. Flowers.
minute, white, jin. diam., in 1—4-flowered axillary cymes; pe-
duncles usually longer than the leaves, decurved in fruit. Fruit of
2 minute globose cocci, dark-brown, glabrous.—Raoul, Choix, 46;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 113; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 120; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fl. 249. G. triloba. Col. mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 192.

NortH anp SoutH IstaAnps: Damp places on the margins of woods and
swamps; not uncommon from Ahipara southwards. Sea level to 2500 ft.
December—March.

9. G. umbrosum, Sol. ex Forst. Prodr. n. 500.—Stems 1-10 in.
long, suberect or prostrate, much or sparingly branched, weak or
rather stiff and wiry, glabrous or more or less ciliate on the angles.
Leaves in whorls of 4, 4,-41n. long, broadly oblong or elliptical-
oblong, acuminate or mucronate, marked with pellucid dots when
held between the eye and the light, glabrous or the margins ciliated,
petioles short. Flowers very minute, white; peduncles axillary,
longer than the leaves, usually 1-flowered, more rarely 2- or 3-
flowered. Fruit of 2 minute globose rugulose cocci.—Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 118; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 121; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 249.
G. propinquum, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 469. G. erythrocaulon, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 332.

Nortu anp SourH IsuaAnps: From the North Cape southwards to Foveaux
Strait ; plentiful. Ascends to 3000 ft. December—March.

The European G. Aparine, L., a much larger and coarser species than.
either of the above, with weak straggling or subscandent scabrous stems 2-6 ft.
long, and lanceolate leaves in whorls of 6-8, has become thoroughly established
in many localities in both Islands.

4. ASPERULA, Linn.

Herbs with slender quadrangular stems. Leaves in whorls of
4 to 8, of which 2 are leaves and the remainder stipules, as in
Galium. Flowers minute, solitary or in axillary or terminal
cymes. Calyx-limb wanting. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a dis-
tinct limb and 4 spreading lobes. Stamens 4; anthers exserted..
Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, more or less connate at the base; stigmas.
capitate. Fruit didymous, small, dry, indebiscent.

Asperula.| RUBIACER. 267

A genus comprising about 60 species, found in the temperate and sub-
tropical regions of the Old World, but not extending to America or South Africa.
It only differs from Galiwm in the funnel-shaped corolla. The single New
Zealand species is endemic.

1. A. perpusilla, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 114. —A small
slender decumbent perennial. Stems weak, filiform, branched,
1-3in. high, glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 4, #,-j4in. long,
lanceolate, acuminate, awned, straight or curved, margins usually
ciliate. Flowers minute, white, axillary or terminal, solitary, often
unisexual; males usually pedicelled; females sessile. Calyx-tube
glabrous. Corolla ;,in. diam., campanulate, 4- or rarely 5-partite,
tube very short. Styles united below, their tips free, divergent.
Fruit of 2 globose minutely granulate cocci.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 121;
Kirk, Students’ Fi. 248. A. aristifera, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxi. (1889) 88.

NortH and SourH Istanps, STEWART ISLAND: Not uncommon from the
Lower Waikato southwards, ascending to 3000 ft. November—January.

The corolla-tube is much shorter than is usual in Asperwla, and the species
would almost be better placed in Galiwm.

A. fragrantissima, Armst. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 359, is probably a
form of Galiwm umbrosum.

Orper XXXVIIIl. COMPOSITAL,

Herbs, shrubs, or sinall trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite
or whorled; stipules wanting. Inflorescence composed of one or
many flower-heads (capitula), each consisting of numerous minute
flowers (florets) sessile and densely packed on the enlarged tip of
the flower-stalk (receptacle), surrounded by an involucre of whorled
bracts and resembling a single flower. Heads either solitary and
terminal (rarely axillary) or arranged in corymbose cymes or
panicles, sometimes contracted into clusters or even compound
heads. Involucre of few or many bracts (scales of the involucre)
arranged in one or several rows. Receptacle either naked (no brac-
teoles mixed with the florets) or with bracteoles in the shape of
chaffy scales or bristles (pale@) placed at the outside of most or all
ot the florets, sometimes with the surface pitted or honeycombed.
Florets many or few (very rarely 1), either all of one kind as regards
sex, when the heads are said to be homogamous, or of more than
one kind, when they are called heterogamous. The homogamous
heads either have all their florets tubular and hermaphrodite (dis-
covd) or all ligulate and hermaphrodite (liguliflorous). The hetero-
gamous heads frequently have the central florets tubular and her-
maphrodite or male, and the outer ones ligulate and female or
neuter. The heads are then said to be radiate. The tubular florets
in the centre are called florets of the disc, or simply disc-florets ;
the ligulate ones florets of the ray, or ray-florets. Heterogamous

268 COMPOSITA.

heads are also discoid when the marginal female florets have tubular
corollas instead of ligulate. Calyx superior, adnate to the ovary
and hardly to be distinguished from it ; limb either wanting or com-
posed of scales, bristles, or hairs, and then called pappus. Corolla.
gamopetalous, superior, either tubular or campanulate with 4-6.
valvate lobes, or ligulate with the lobes cohering into a strap-
shaped lamina which spreads to one side. Stamens 4—5, inserted
on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; filaments
usually free; anthers united into a sheath surrounding the style,
cells sometimes produced at the base into bristle-like points or tails.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled; style slender, 2-fid, branches short or long,.
linear, usually semi-terete, furnished with variously placed and
arranged collecting-hairs for sweeping the pollen from the anther-
cells, margins stigmatic ; ovule solitary, erect, anatropous. Fruit a
small dry seed-like nut called an achene, either crowned by the per-
sistent pappus or naked. Seed erect, with a membranous testa;
albumen wanting ; embryo straight, radicle short, inferior.

A vast order, by far the largest of flowering plants, comprising about 800
genera and 10000 species. It is found in every part of the world, from the
equator to the limits of phenogamic vegetation in the arctic and antarctic
regions, and is equally plentiful in lowland districts and in mountainous or
alpine situations. In New Zealand it constitutes rather more than one-seyenth
of the total number of flowering plants, a somewhat large proportion, the ratio
of the whole order to the flowering plants of the world being generally estimated
at about one-tenth. Although so numerous in species, the order is far from
being proportionately important from an economic point of view. Edible
species are singularly few, the chief being the Jerusalem and common artichoke,
lettuce, and chicory. Oils are yielded by the sunflower and by Madia sativa.
The chief medicinal plants are arnica, wormwood, and camomile. Many orna-
mental species are cultivated in gardens, as the various kinds of chrysanthe-
mums, dahlias, cinerarias, asters, sunflowers, zinnias, marigolds, &c.; but on
the whole it must be confessed that the majority of the plants composing the
order present a weedy and unattractive appearance. Of the 26 indigenous genera.
16 are widely spread; 5 extend to Australia alone (Brachycome, Olearia, Cel-.
misia, Raoulia, Craspedia), but of these Celmisia and Raoulia are very feebly
represented outside New Zealand. One genus (Cassinia) reaches South Africa
as well as Australia; one (Abrotanella) occurs in Australia, Tasmania, and
antarctic South America. The three remaining (Plewrophyllum, Haastia,.
Brachyglottis) are endemic. Many weeds of cultivation belonging to the order
have become naturalised in the colony, a list of over 60 species being given in
the appendix. Most of these are from the Northern Hemisphere, and descrip-
tions of nearly all will be found in any British Flora.

Owing principally to the large size and homogeneous character of the order,
very great difficulty has always been experienced in arranging the species in suit-
able genera and tribes, and the classification is still in an unsettled state. As.
there are no important differences in the flower and fruit, it becomes necessary
to use minor characters, such as the shape of the style-branches; the sexual
differences of the florets composing the heads; the shape of the corolla; the
absence or presence of minute tails to the anthers; the various modifications of
the pappus; and the minute differences in the shape and sculpture of the ripe
fruit or achene. Considerable practice is required before these distinctions can
be understood, and a beginner will find it no easy matter to refer the species to.
their proper genera. His best plan will be to induce some friend to name a few
for him, and then to carefully compare these with the specific, generic, and

COMPOSITA. 269

ordinal characters given in this book, or in other works on the flora. By so
doing he will insensibly acquire a practical knowledge of the characters used in
distinguishing the species and genera which will ultimately enable him to
identify them for himself. In using the subjoined key to the New Zealand
genera it must be remembered that the minute differences in the shape of the
style-branches, so largely employed to separate the tribes from one another, can
only be observed in the hermaphrodite florets, the style of the female florets
being very similar throughout the order.

SuBORDER TUBULIFLORA.

Heads with the florets all tubular and hermaphrodite, or with
the marginal ones alone ligulate and female or neuter.

TrisE 1. HUPATORIACE A.

Heads homogamous, florets all tubular, hermaphrodite. Anthers obtuse at
the base. Style-branches long, obtuse, thickened upwards or club-shaped,
equally minutely papillose.

Herb with opposite leaves. Achene 5-angled. Pappus of
5-10 seales or bristles rs A ac .. 1, AGERATUM.
Tripg 2, ASTHEROIDEA.

Heads heterogamous, radiate or discoid, or with the ray deficient and then
homogamous. Anthers nearly entire at the base. Receptacle naked. Style-
branches flattened, produced above the stigmatic margins into a triangular or
lanceolate papillose appendage.

A. Female florets ligulate, forming a more or less conspicuous ray. (Ray absent
in some species of Olearia, and dwarfed in two species of Pleurophyllum.)

* Pappus wanting, or of minute scales or sete.
Herbs. Leaves usually radical. Pappusentirely wanting.

Achene narrowed upwards into a neck or beak 2. LAGENOPHORA.
Herbs. Leaves radical or cauline. Pappus wanting or of
scale-like bristles. Achene not beaked ays .. 3. BRACHYCOME.

** Pappus long, copious.
Shrubs or trees. Scales of the involucre in several series,

margins scarious. Achenes nearly terete He .. 4, OLEARIA.
Herbs. Leaves all radical, large, many-nerved. Heads

numerous, racemed : .. 5. PLEURO-
Usually stemless herbs with radical ‘leaves, ‘but stems PHYLLUM.

sometimes elongated and the leaves cauline. Scapes

simple; heads solitary a .. 6, CELMISIA.
Branched leafy herb. Heads solitary, terminal. Achene

much flattened. Style-branches with subulate tips .. 7. VITTADINIA.

B. Female florets tubular, in many series.

Alpine woolly herbs. Stems czspitose or compacted into
hard rounded masses. Heads broad, sessile .. oo) ee LLAASIITA.

TRIBE 3. INULOIDEA.

Heads heterogamous and discoid (rarely radiate in some foreign genera), or
homogamous through the suppression of the female florets. Anther-cells pro-
duced at the base into filiform tails. Style-branches linear, obtuse, never
ending in an appendage.

270 COMPOSITZ.

A. Female florets tubular, filiform, in from 2 to many series, always outmumn-
bering the hermaphrodite ones.

Herbs. Heads corymbose or clustered, rarely solitary.
Pappus-hairs capillary, not barbellate BS .. 9. GNAPHALIUM.

B. Female florets tubular, filiform, in 1 or 2 series, sometimes altogether
wanting, fewer in number than the hermaphrodite ones (sometimes outnum-
bering the hermaphrodite ones in Raoulia).

Herbs, usually alpine. Stems creeping or czspitose, often

compacted into hard rounded masses. Heads solitary,

small, sessile. Involucral bracts often white and radiating 10. Raou.ta.
Herbs or small shrubs. Heads solitary or corymbose.

Pappus-hairs various, often barbellate. Receptacle

naked a6 11. HELICHRYSUM.
Shrubs with narrow ‘leaves. Heads corymbose. Recep-

tacle narrow; florets few, usually subtended by chaffy

scales Se oe = + a .. 12, Cassrnia.
Herbs. Flower-heads numerous, aggregated into a globose

compound head surrounded by scarious bracts. Female

florets wanting. Receptacle with scales between the

florets a: at oe Set so .. 13. CRASPEDIA.

Trine 4. HELIANTHOIDE.,

Heads heterogamous, usually radiate, rarely discoid, or with the ray deficient
and then homogamous. Receptacle with scales among the florets. Anther-cells
not tailed. Style-branches truncate or furnished with an appendix. Pappus of
stiff awns or short scales, never of capillary bristles.

Involucral bracts in two series: outer narrow, glandular,
spreading ; inner broader, erect, and enclosing the ray-

florets. Pappus wanting .. se .. 14. SIEGESBECKIA.
Involucral bracts in two series, about equal. Pappus of
2-4 stiff awns 31 ie : Be .. 15. BIDENS.

Tripe 5. ANTHEMIDEA.

Heads heterogamous, radiate or discoid ; or with the ray deficient and then
hhomogamous. Involucral bracts dry or scarious at the tips. Receptacle naked
or paleaceous. Anther-cells without tails. Style-branches truncate. Pappus
wanting, or a crown of short scales.

Herbs, usually flaccid or succulent. Heads discoid, pe-
dunculate; female corolla short and broad. Achenes

flattened, often winged . 16. Coruna.
Diffuse or prostrate herb. Heads discoid, sessile, axillary.
Achenes hardly flattened, 3—4-ribbed or -angled .. 17. CENTIPEDA.

Minute alpine herbs. Leaves entire, fleshy. Heads dis-
coid. Female corolla tubular. ‘Achene flattened or

4-angled .. Ai +¢ ss sy! .. 18. ABROTANELLA.

TrIBE 6. SENECIONIDE AS.

Heads heterogamous, radiate or discoid; or with the ray deficient and then
homogamous. Involucral bracts usually in a single row, with a few small ones
at the base. Receptacle usually naked. Anther-cells somotimes sagittate at
the base, but with no true tails. Style-branches truncate or appendiculate.
Pappus of capillary bristles.

Herbs. Heads discoid. Female florets very slender, fili-
form, in 2-3 series .. te +a A .. 19. ERECHTHITEs.

Ageratwm. | COMPOSITH. 271

Shrubs. Female florets ligulate; lamina short, furnished
at the base with 1 or 2 minute lobes. Achenes terete,

papillose .. 3 Pe te .. 20. BRACHYGLOTTIS~-
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Female florets ligulate, never
filiform .. ee ye Ag bc .. 21. SENECIO.

SusporpDER LIGULIFLORAN.

Florets all ligulate and hermaphrodite, and hence homogamous.
Sap milky. Consists of one tribe, CicHORACER.

Herb with radical leaves. Scapes simple, leafless. Pappus

of tapering subulate scales, toothed or plumose above .. 22. MIcROSERIS.
Branched leafy herb. Achene ribbed and transversely
rugose. Pappus soft, plumose . 23. PICRIS:

Herb with radical leaves (the New Zealand species).
Achene terete, ribbed. Pappus of simple capillary
bristles... oH & a x .. 24, CREPIS.
Herbs with radical leaves. Scapes simple, leafless.
Achenes long - beaked. ee of simple capillary

bristles .. 25. TARAXACUM.
Tall leafy succulent ‘herbs. Achene flat, not beaked.
Pappus of simple capillary bristles .. . 26. SoncHUS.

1. AGERATUM, Linn.

Erect herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite or the upper
alternate. Heads usually corymbose, homogamous and discoid.
Involucre campanulate; bracts 2—3-seriate, linear, subequal. Re-
ceptacle flat or nearly so, naked or with deciduous scales among
the florets. Florets all tubular, hermaphrodite, equal; corolla-limb
regularly 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches
elongate, obtuse. Achenes 5-angled. Pappus of 5 free or connate
scales, or of 10-20 narrower ones.

A small genus of about 18 species, confined to America with the exception
of the following one, which is universally spread through all warm regions.

1. A. conyzoides, Linn. Sp. Plant. 839.—A stout erect branch-
ing annual herb 1-3 ft. high, more or less clothed with spreading
hairs. Leaves opposite, 1-3 in. long, +-2in. broad, ovate, obtuse or
subacute, petiolate, crenate or crenate-serrate. Flower-heads small,
tin. diam., in dense terminal corymbs. Involucre nearly glabrous ;
bracts striate, acute, in about 2 rows. Florets numerous, blue or
white. Achenes black, glabrous or slightly hispid. Pappus of
5 awned lanceolate scales.—D.C. Prodr. v. 108; Benth. Fil.
Austral. ii. 462; Cheesem. Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 169; Kirk,
Students’ Fil. 256.

KrRMADEC Istanps: Abundant, 7. F. C., Miss Shakespear! Wild.
Heliotrope.

2, LAGENOPHORA, Cass.

Small perennial herbs. Leaves often all radical. Scapes
slender, unbranched. Heads solitary, small, heterogamous. Invo-
luere short, almost hemispherical; bracts in about two rows, with

272 COMPOSITE. [Lagenophora.

dry or scarious margins. Receptacle convex, naked. Ray-florets
in 1-3 series, female, fertile, ligulate or rarely short and tubular ;
ligule usually white. Disc-florets numerous, hermaphrodite, tubu-
lar, with a broad 5-toothed limb. Anthers obtuse at the base.
Style-branches of the disc-florets long, flattened, with lanceolate or
triangular tips. Achenes compressed, abruptly contracted at the top
into a more or less distinct beak ; those of the disc-florets often
narrower and sterile. Pappus wanting.

A smali genus of about 16 species, mainly found in Australia and New
Zealand, but with outlying species in eastern Asia, the Sandwich Islands, and
extra-tropical South America.

Glabrate or pilose. Leaves mostly radical; petioles slender ;
blade orbicular or broadly oblong. Heads }-3in. diam.
Achenes small, nearly straight es } ib.

Glabrate or pilose, slender. Leaves mostly radical ; petioles
slender ; blade orbicular or obovate. Heads 4-4 in. diam.
Achenes larger, curved or falcate bs St at

Scaberulous. Leaves mostly cauline ; petiolesslender ; blade

1. L. Forsteri.

2. L. petiolata.

oblong-spathulate. Heads 4-3 in. diam. ds .. 3. L. Barker.
Glabrate or pilose. Leaves mostly cauline ; petioles slender ;

blade ovate. Achene oblanceolate ae a: .. 4. L. purpurea.
Softly hirsute. Leaves all radical; petiole broad, flat ; blade

obovate, pinnatifid. Heads }-}in. diam. 5. L. pinnatifida.

Leaves hirsute, all radical; petioles short, broad ; blade
oblong-spathulate. Heads}4+4in. diam. Achene glabrous 6. L. lanata.

L. linearis, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 471, is Brachycome lineata,
Kirk. L. emphysopus, Hook. f., an Australian species, has become naturalised
on Banks Peninsula and near Wellington. It has the habit, fleshy roots, and
hirsute leaves of L. Janata, but can at once be distinguished by the short stout
scapes and almost tubular ray-florets.

1. L. Forsteri, D.C. Prodr. v. 307.—A small daisy-like herb,
either tufted or with creeping and rooting stolons furnished with
tufts of radical leaves at the nodes. Leaves all radical or cauline,
14-2in. long; petiole long, slender; blade 4-lin., orbicular or
orbicular-oblong to obovate, obtuse, narrowed into the petiole,
coarsely crenate-dentate or almost lobed, almost glabrous or more
or less hirsute. Scape 1-6in. long, slender, naked or with 1-3
minute linear bracts. Heads +-4in, diam.; involucral bracts
linear, acute; margins thin, scarious, entire or finely jagged.
Ray-florets numerous; ligules white, revolute. Achenes small,
linear-obovate, straight or very slightly curved, abruptly narrowed
into a short hardly viscid beak; margins thickened.—A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 486; Raoul, Choiz, 45; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 125;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 137; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 256. Calendula pumila,
Forst. Prodr. n. 305. Microcalia australis, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel.
231, t. 30.

KERMADEC IsLANDS, NoRTH AND SouTH IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM

Istanps: Abundant throughout, ascending to 3000 ft. Papataniwhaniwha ;
Native Daisy. October—February.

A variable plant, very closely connected with the three following species.

Lagenophora. | COMPOSITZ. 273

2. L. petiolata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 125.—Habit of
L. Forsteri, but smaller and much more slender. Leaves usually
radical, spreading, 4-14 in. long; petiole slender, hali the length or
more; blade variable in shape, obovate to orbicular, sometimes
broader than long, obtuse, rather thin, acutely coarsely toothed
with the teeth apiculate, more or less hairy on both surfaces, often
purplish beneath. Scape very slender, strict, 2-6in. long, usually
hirsute. Heads small, $-4in. diam.; involucral bracts linear,
acute, often purplish at the tips; margins scarious. Ray-florets
numerous ; ligule very narrow, revolute. Achenes rather longer and
more turgid than in ZL. Forsteri, limear-obovate, curved or falcate,
slightly glandular above, narrowed into a rather long beak ; margins
thickened. — Handb. N.Z. Fl. 187; Kirk, Students’ Fi. 257.
L. strangulata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 471.

Var. minima, Cheesem.—Very small, $-2in. high. Leaves with the petiole
4-lin. long, membranous, dentate, sometimes lobed or pinnate at the base.
Scapes filiform. Heads small.—L. Forsteri var. minima, Kiri, l.c.

NortH AnD SoutH IsLANps, STEWART IsLAND: Not uncommon from the
Upper Thames and Waikato southwards, ascending to 4000 ft. November-
January. Var. minima: Moist rocks by the side of streams; Bay of Islands to
Te Aroha.

Very closely allied to LZ. Forsteri, but separated by the more slender habit,
smaller and thinner leaves, smaller heads with shorter and narrower rays, and
longer and narrower curved achenes. Mr. Kirk places the var. minima under
ZL. Forsteri, but to me it appears much nearer to L. petiolata.

3. L. Barkeri, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 257.—Stems leafy, slender,
erect, 8-9in. high. Leaves cauline, usually gradually diminishing
in size upwards, 1-2in. long; petiole about half the length ; blade
obovate-spathulate to narrow oblong-spathulate, obtuse or sub-
acute, gradually narrowed into the petiole, coarsely crenate-dentate,
scaberulous on both surfaces. Scape shorter or longer than the
leafy part of the stem, scaberulous and pilose. Head 4-1in. diam. ;
involucral bracts linear, acute, thin, often purplish. Ray-florets
numerous; ligules white, revolute. Ripe achenes not seen.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Sphagnum swamps in the Clarence Valley and near
Lake Tennyson, 7. #’. C. Canterbury—-By the .Porter River, Kirk! Craigie-
burn Mountains, Cockayne! Cass River, near Lake Tekapo, 7. F’. C. 1500-
3500 ft. December—January.

Far too closely allied to L. Forster, from which it only differs in the leafy
stems, narrower scaberulous leaves, and (according to Kirk) in the linear short-
beaked achenes.

4. L. purpurea, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 257.—‘ Stems leafy below,
naked above, erect, slender, grooved, 4—6in. high, pubescent or
puberulous. Leaves (including the petiole) 14in. long, membran-
ous, ovate, radical and cauline, rather distant, truncate at the base,
rounded at the apex, serrate or crenate-serrate, teeth apiculate,
pubescent on both surfaces, ciliate, purple beneath. Heads 4-1 in.

274 COMPOSITH. [ Lagenophora..

diam. ; involucral bracts in about 3 rows, linear, acute, with scarious
margins, keeled, midrib distinct, often tipped with purple. Achenes
oblanceolate, compressed, with a rather long beak and thin margins.”

SourH IsLtanp : Otago—Catlin’s River, Kirk !

This appears to be founded on three immature specimens in Mr. Kirk’s
herbarium, and in the absence of additional information I have reproduced his
description. It is probably nothing more than a large state of L. petiolata.

5. L. pinnatifida, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 126.—Softly hairy
or pilose in all its parts. Leaves all radical, spreading, 1-3 in. long,
narrow obovate-oblong or obovate-spathulate, obtuse at the tip,
narrowed into a long broad petiole, membranous, deeply crenate-
lobed or almost pinnatifid; margins ciliate. Scapes 3-10in. long,
slender. Heads +-4in. diam. ; involucral bracts linear, acute, pubes-
cent. Ray-florets numerous; ligules narrow, revolute. Achenes
compressed, obliquely linear-obovate, narrowed to the base, suddenly
contracted at the tip into a short straight neck, more or less glan-
dular-pubescent ; margins thickened.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 187; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 258.

Norty Istanp: Auckland, Sinclair; sandhills near Helensville, 7. F. C. ;
East Cape, Colenso! SoutH Isuanp: Nelson—Wairau Valley, Kirk! T. F. C.;
Marlborough, Rough! Canterbury, Sinclair and Haast; Upper Waimakariri,

T.F.C.; Otago, Lindsay, Buchanan! Petrie! Sea-level to over 2000 ft.
December—January.

6. L. lanata, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 437.—Root- fibres stout,
fleshy, almost tuberous. Leaves numerous, all radical, densely
tufted, 1-14 in. long, oblong- or obovate-spathulate, obtuse or sub-
acute, narrowed into a rather short broad petiole, coriaceous,
coarsely and irregularly crenate-dentate, both surfaces hirsute
or villous with copious soft hairs. Scapes 2~-7in. long, slender,
wiry, erect, glabrous or nearly so, naked or with a few minute
linear bracts. Heads +-4in. diam.; involucral bracts linear,
obtuse or subacute, glabrous, purple- tipped; margins scarious.
Ray - florets numerous; ligules short, revolute. Achenes quite
smooth, slightly faleate, compressed, narrowed at the base, suddenly
contracted at the top into a short curved neck; margins thickened.
—Raoul, Choix, 45; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 126; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 187; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 258.

Norru Isuanp: Dry clay hills from Mongonui southwards to the Auckland
Isthmus ; not common.

Easily distinguished by the hirsute leaves and glabrous scapes and achenes,

3. BRACHYCOME,, Cass.

Small perennial herbs; either tufted with radical leaves and
l-headed scapes, or the stems branched, elongated, and clothed
with alternate cauline leaves. Heads heterogamous, usually
radiate. Involucre hemispherical or nearly so; bracts in about
2 series, with scarious margins. Receptacle convex or conical,

Brachycome.| COMPOSITE. 275

naked. Ray-florets in one series, numerous, female, ligulate. Dise-
florets numerous, hermaphrodite, tubular, limb more or less dilated,
5-toothed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches of the
disc-florets flattened, with lanceolate or triangular tips. Achenes
compressed, with winged margins, or thick and obtusely 4-angled.
Pappus a ring of short scale-like bristles or altogether wanting.

The genus has its headquarters in Australia, where there are nearly
40 species. In addition to those, and the five following found in New Zealand,
there is one from tropical South Africa and another from Assam.

* Stemless. Leaves all radical.

Minute, perfectly glabrous. Leaves narrow-linear, }~1 in.
long. Heads ,in. diam. .. re Se a
Leaves 4-1} in. long, narrow linear-spathulate, closely and
uniformly pinnatifid ae he ae di
Leaves 3-3 in. long, oblong- or obovate-spathulate, rarely
narrower, entire toothed or lobed ef Si .- 3& B. Sinclairii.

1. B. lineata.

2. B. pinnata.

** Stems branched from the base. Leaves radical and cauline.

Stems 2-4in. Leaves few, 4-lin., oblong-spathulate,
unequally 3--8-lobed. Heads 4-+in. .. aia ae
Stems 3-12in. Leaves numerous, 1-3 in., oblong-spathu-
late, coarsely toothed or lobed. Heads din. diam. .. 5. B. Thomsoni.

4. B. odorata.

B. simplicifolia, J. B. Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 338, is quite
unknown to me, and there are no specimens in any public collection in the
colony. It probably does not belong to the genus.

1. B. lineata, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 259.—A minute tufted
plant 4-14in. high, perfectly glabrous in all its parts. Leaves
numerous, all radical, +-lin. long, about ;, in. wide, broadest to-
wards the tip, obtuse or subacute, narrowed to the base, which is
slightly broader and sheathing, flat, quite entire. Scapes 2-5,
slender, strict, naked, elongating in fruit, about twice as long as the
leaves. Heads solitary, small, j,—-;,1in. diam.; involucral bracts
about 8, oblong-ovate, with broad purple scarious margins. Ray-
florets few; ligules short, white, revolute. Achenes very small,
pale, compressed, linear-obovate, obtuse, quite smooth and glabrous.
Pappus wanting.—Lagenophora linearis, Petrie in Trans. N.Z Inst.
xxv. (1893) 271.

SoutH Isnanp: Grassy flats near Lake Te Anau, Petrie! January—Feb-
ruary.

A curious little species, quite unlike any other.

2. B. pinnata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 138.—Rhizome stout,
creeping, branched, ascending at the tips. Leaves radical, 4-14 in.
long, linear or narrow linear-spathulate, deeply and closely pinnati-
fid ; segments broadly oblong or rounded, coriaceous, entire, flat or
concave beneath, glabrous or minutely glandular-pubescent. Scapes
2-6in. long, slender, naked, glandular-pubescent. Heads +in.
diam. ; involucral bracts oblong, pubescent; margins purple, scarious

276 COMPOSITE. (Brachycome..

and often jagged. Achenes obovate, glabrous; margins thickened.
Pappus of very minute scales.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 259. B. radi-
cata var. b, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 127.

SoutH Isntanp: Canterbury Plains— Near Burnham, Kirk! between
Springfield and the Kowai River, 7. #.C. Srewart Isuanp: Lyall (Hand-
book). December—January.

Although this has a very different appearance from the ordinary state of
B. Sinclairvi, some varieties of that plant approach it so closely as to be almost
indistinguishable.

3. B. Sincelairii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 1387.—An exceed-
ingly variable perennial herb 1-12in. high, glabrous or more or
less glandular-pubescent. Rhizome short, stout, branched, ascend-
ing at the tip. Leaves all radical, 4-3 in. long, oblong- or obovate-
spathulate to linear-spathulate, rounded at the tip, gradually
narrowed into a rather broad flat petiole, coriaceous or almost mem-
branous, sometimes slightly fleshy, entire or variously toothed or
lobed or even pinnatifid. Scapes 1 or several, strict, 1-12in. high,
glabrous or more or less glandular, naked or with 1-2 minute linear
bracts. Heads very variable in size, 4—$in. diam.; involucral
bracts oblong to linear, obtuse or subacute, glabrous or glandular-
pubescent; margins thin, purplish or whitish, usually jagged.
Ray-florets numerous; ligules very variable in length. Achenes
much compressed, narrow-obovate, usually glabrous, margins
slightly thickened.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 260.

NortH Isuanp: Mountainous districts from the East Cape southwards, but.
rare and local. SourH Istanp: Abundant in mountain districts throughout.
1000-6000 ft. December—February.

Very variable in the size and shape of the leaves, and in their being entire,
toothed, or lobulate, or even pinnatifid ; but the variations are not constant, and
entire and lobulate leaves can often be found on the same plant. The heads
also vary greatly in size.

4. B. odorata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 138.—Rhizome
stout, creeping, branched, ascending at the tips. Stems 2-4 in.
long, erect or ascending, branched from the base, more or less
pubescent or glandular, as are the leaves, scapes, and involucres.
Leaves few, 4-lin. long, including the slender petiole; blade
oblong- or obovate-spathulate, obtuse, deeply and unequally 3-8-
lobed. Peduncles terminating the branches, 1-3 in. long, rather
slender. Heads 1+-4in. diam.; involucral bracts oblong, obtuse.
Ray-florets with short ligules. Achenes linear-clavate, densely
elandular-pubescent.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 260. B. radicata, Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 127 (im part).

Norru Istanp: Kaweka, Hawke’s Bay, H. Tryon! Patea, Wellington,

Colenso! Roniu.

Of this species there are three specimens in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium, and I
have also seen a single specimen collected by Mr. Tryon. Mr. Colenso states
that the plant was prized by the Maoris on account of its fragrance, and that the
flowers were often strung like daisies and worn round the neck.

Brachycome. | COMPOSITA. 277

5. B. Thomsoni, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 372,
t. 27.—Rhizome stout, creeping, branched. Stems 3-12 in. long,
stout, branched from the base, decumbent or ascending, densely
slandular-pubescent, as are the leaves, scapes, and involueres.
Leaves numerous, radical and cauline, 1-2in. long, oblong- or
obovate-spathulate, obtuse, narrowed into a very broad flat petiole,
coarsely bluntly toothed or lobed or almost pinnatifid. Peduncles
terminating the branches, 3-6in. long or more, stout, somewhat
rigid, naked or with a solitary linear bract. Heads about 4 in.
diam. ; involucral bracts oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, with purple
tips. Ray-florets usually numerous, but sometimes wanting in re-
duced states; rays white, spreading. Achenes_linear-clavate,
densely glandular-pubescent ; margins thickened. Pappus of minute
bristly seales.—Students’ Fl. 260.

Var. membranifolia, Kirk, l.c. 261.—More slender and less branched,
and not so glandular. Leaves 1-3in. long, membranous; petioles longer and
more slender.

Var. polita, Cheesem.—Usually glabrous, except the peduncles. Stems
very slender, simple or sparingly branched, leafy at the base. Leaves 1-3 in.,
very thin and membranous. MHeads rather smaller.—B. polita, Kirk, Students’
Fl, 261.

South Istanp: Otago—Cape Whanbrow, Kirk! Petrie! near Green
Island, Petrie. Stewart IstAanD: Common on the coast, G. M. Thomson!
Petrie! Kirk! Var. membranifolia: Mount Arthur Plateau, Nelson, 7. F. C.
Var. polita: Arthur’s Pass, Kirk! Cockayne ! Sea-level to 4000 ft. De-
cember—January.

A very variable plant, only separated from B, odorata by the much larger
size and coarser habit and larger heads. It has the same strong fragrance.

4. OLEARIA, Mench.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or fascicled,
usually with white or buff tomentum beneath. Heads large or
small, solitary or corymbose or paniculate, radiate or rarely discoid.
Involuere broad or narrow; bracts imbricated in several rows,
margins dry or scarious. Receptacle flat or convex, pitted. Florets
few or many, rarely solitary; ray-florets female, in a single row,
usually ligulate, spreading, rarely slender and filiform or altogether
wanting ; disc-florets hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers.
often acute at the base or with minute tails, rarely obtuse. Style-
branches flattened, with short obtuse or rarely lanceolate append-
ages. Pappus of one or more rows of unequal seabrid bristles,
often thickened at the tips. Achenes ribbed or striate, terete or
slightly compressed.

In addition to the 35 species found in New Zealand, all of which are
endemic, there are about 70 others, confined to Australia and Tasmania with
the exception of 2 recorded from Lord Howe’s Island. The genus is very closely
allied to Aster, with which the late Baron von Mueller proposed to unite it, to-
gether with Celmisia and several other genera.

278 COMPOSITE. [Olearia.

A. Heads large, 1-3in. diam., solitary or racemed.

* Heads radiate, very large, solitary on a long naked peduncle.
Leaves 4-6in. long, oblong or obovate, entire. Heads
2-3 in. diam. Ne ie 4 oe .. 1. O. insignis.
** Heads radiate, solitary on bracteate peduncles (racemed in O. Traillit).
Leaves 14-24in., linear or linear-lanceolate. Peduncle

slender. Rays purple 2. O. semidentata.
Leaves 1-3 in., elliptic - lanceolate to oblong - obovate.
Peduncles slender. Rays purple or white ae 3. O. chathamica.

Leaves 2-4in., obovate-lanceolate. Peduncles stout ;

bracts numerous, short, close-set. Rays white; disc-

florets yellow ye ae ae 36 .. 4. O. operina.
Leaves 3-5in., narrow-lanceolate. Peduncles stout;

bracts saa tone, foliaceous. Rays white; disc-florets

purple .. 5. O. angustifolia.
Leaves 3-6in., lanceolate or * obovate- ees Heads
racemed. Rays white; disc-florets purple .. .. 6. O. Prailin.

*** Heads discoid, racemed.

Leaves 2-6in., obovate or obovate-oblong, acutely serrate 7. O. Colensot.
Leaves 4-8in., orbicular-ovate, doubly crenate .. .. 8. O. Lyall.

B. Heads small, 4-3 in. diam., panicled or corymbose (solitary in O. nummulari-
folia). Hlorets 6-24.

* Leaves opposite.

Leaves 14-23in., oblong. Panicles axillary. Heads dis-

coid a Te a i Ke .. 9. O. Traversii.
Leaves 2-4 in., elliptic-lanceolate. Heads radiate .. 10. O. Buchanan.

** Leaves alternate, large, 14-4 in. long (less in O. swavis), ovate to oblong,
more rarely linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire or toothed or waved.

Leaves 2—-4in., ovate-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, shining

beneath. Florets 6-12 ie 4: .. ll. O. furfuracea.
Dwarf shrub. Leaves 1—2in., oblong. uate, excessively

coriaceous, silvery beneath. Heads4in.diam. Florets

15-20 ae . 12. O. Allomu.
Leaves 13-3 in., broadly ovate, “acute, ‘rather thin, satiny

beneath. Florets 15-20... 13. O. nitida.
Leaves 2-4in., broadly pte, coriaceous, sharply and

coarsely toothed .. .. 14. O. macrodonta.
Leaves 2-4in., linear- oblong” or lanceolate, coriaceous,

spinous- toothed .. 15. O. iletfolia.
Leaves 2-6 in., broadly ovate, “rather thin, toothed, white

with soft tomentum beneath . 16. O. Cunningham
Leaves 14-34in., oblong - lanceolate, acute, ‘obscurely

sinuate-dentate .. .. 17. O. excorticata.
Leaves }-13 in., linear- oblong ¢ or oblong, obtuse, ‘entire or

obscurely sinuate .. bie ae .. 18. O. suavis.

*** Teaves alternate, 3-7 in. long, linear or narrow-linear ; lateral veins con-
spicuous beneath, at right angles to the midrib.

Leaves 3-7 in., 4-lin. broad, linear or narrow-linear, ferru-
ginous beneath ae af .. 19. O. lacunosa.
Leaves 5-6 in., fin. broad, very narrow-linear .. .. 20. O. alpina.

Olearia.| COMPOSITE. 279)

**** Leaves alternate, small, }-1}in. long (longer in O. oleifolia), coria-
ceous, quite entire.

Leaves 4-3in., oboyate-oblong, clothed with soft white

tomentum beneath. Florets 12-20 .. a -. 21. O. moschata.
Leaves 4-1} in., oblong or oblong-oyate. Florets 8-10 .. 22. O. Haastii.
Leaves 1-3 in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Florets 4-8 23. O. oleifolia.
Leaves 4—}in., ovate or orbicular-ovate, excessively thick

and coriaceous. Heads unknown a 42 .. 24. O. coriacea.
Leaves 4-3in., orbicular to oblong. Heads solitary.
Florets 6-12 by ay she Bt: .- 25. O. nwmmulari-
folia.

C. Heads small, 4-4 in. long, narrow, cylindrical, panicled. FHlorets few, 1-5,
rarely more. Leaves large, 14-4in., alternate.

Leaves 13-24 in., elliptic, obtuse, undulate. Florets 3-5.. 26. O. angulata.
Leaves 2-4in., oblong or ovate-oblong, white beneath,

often undulate. Florets 3-6 i .. 27. O. albida,
Leaves 2-4 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, ‘flat. Florets 2-3 28. O. avicennia-
folia.

Leaves 13-3 in., oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, undulate.
Florets never more than one wt we .. 29. O. Forsteri.

D, Heads small, in. long, crowded in axillary sessile glomerules. Leaves small,
alternate or wn alternate fascicles.

Leaves #-14 in., elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate .. .. 80. O. fragrantis-
suma.

EH. Heads small, 4-4 in. long, solitary or fascicled. Leaves opposite or in opposite.
fascicles, small, 4-1} im. long.

Leaves #-13 1n., obovate to linear-obovate, thin, membran-

ous. Heads fascicled on slender pedicels. Florets 20-25 31. O. Hectori.
Leaves 4-lin., linear-spathulate, coriaceous. Heads

fascicled ; pedicels short. Involucre viscid and glandu-

lar. Florets 20-35 . ve ae .. 32. O. odorata.
Leaves 4-lin., linear - spathulate, coriaceous. Heads

fascicled; pedicels slender. Involucre tomentose, not

viscid. Florets 6-8 : .. 33. O. laxiflora.
Leaves }-4in., linear- obovate, white beneath. Heads

solitary or "fascicled, shortly pedicelled or sessile.

Florets 5-12 5 . 34. O. virgata.
Leaves 4-1 in. , linear | or linear- obovate, yellowish beneath.

Heads solitary, terminating short lateral branchlets.

Florets 8-20 ef A on ne .. 30. O. Solandri.

Olearia rigida, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 194; Kirk, Students’ FI.
271, is proved by the type specimen in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium to be Senecio
Bidwillui, Hook. f. Ina similar manner O. xanthophylla, Col. l.c. 193, is shown
to be Cassinia Vawvilliersii, Hook. f.

1. O. insignis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zeil. 11. 331.— A low robust
spreading shrub 1-6it. high, rarely more; branches stout, densely
tomentose. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, 3-7 in.
long, 1-4in. broad, oblong or oblong-ovate or narrow-obovate,
obtuse, equal or unequal at “the base, quite entire, excessively thick
and coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, under-surface thickly

280 COMPOSITH. [Olearia.

clothed with white appressed tomentum, becoming fulvous or red
when dry, veins evident on both surfaces; petiole 4—-2in. long,
stout. Peduncles 1-5 at the ends of the branches, 4-12 in. long,
stout, evenly tomentose, naked or with a few foliaceous bracts im-
mediately below the head. Head large, hemispherical, 2-3 in.
diam.; involucral scales imbricated in many series, tomentose.
Ray - florets very numerous ; ligules narrow, white. Disc-florets
yellow. Pappus of one series of equal scabrid hairs thickened at
the tips. Achenes long and slender, silky.—Handb. N.Z. #1. 126 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 7034; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 266. O. marginata, Col. om
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 321.

SovurH Isuanp: Marlborough, from Blenheim southwards to the Conway
and Mason Rivers. Sea-level to 4000 ft. December—January.

A very handsome and remarkable plant, quite unlike any other species. It
departs widely from the typical Olearias in the large broadly ovoid involucre
with the bracts in very many series, and in the pappus of perfectly equal hairs.

9. O. semidentata, Dene. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 115.—A
small sparingly branched shrub 1-3 it. high; branches slender,
straggling, more or less clothed with white floccose tomentum.
Leaves numerous, close-set, ascending or spreading, 14-24 in. long,
11in. broad, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, gradually
narrowed to a sessile base, somewhat distantly serrate towards the
tip, glabrous above or slightly cottony when young, white with
appressed floccose tomentum beneath. Peduncles crowded towards
the tips of the branches, slender, tomentose, equalling or exceeding
the leaves, clothed with numerous small lanceolate bracts. Heads
solitary, 1-l4in. diam. ; involucral scales in about 3 series, acute,
cobwebby at the tips. Ray-florets ligulate, purple; dise-florets
violet - purple. Achenes linear, grooved, slightly pubescent.—
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 124; Buch. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii.
(1875) 336, t. xiv.; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 264. HEurybia semidentata,
F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 21.

CHaTHAM IsLANDS: Abundant in moist places, near the margin of woods,
&e. Hangatare. November-December. ,

A beautiful little plant, easily recognised by its small size, narrow leaves,
slender peduncles, and purple flowers. I am indebted to Mr. Cockayne for a
very interesting series of specimens showing the range of variation in the size
and shape of the leaves. See his paper on ‘‘ The Plant-covering of Chatham
Island,” Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. 288, for some remarks on the subject.

3. O. chathamica, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (i891)
444.—A rather stout branching shrub 3-6 ft. high; branches,
leaves beneath, and peduncles densely clothed with soft white
tomentum. Leaves 1-3 in. long, $-14in. broad, very variable in
shape, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-ovate or oblong-
obovate, acute, narrowed into a short broad petiole, very thick and
coriaceous, closely serrate with short blunt callous teeth; midrib
aud chief veins usually visible beneath. Peduncles few at the tips

Olearia. | COMPOSIT. 281

of the branches, usually exceeding the leaves; bracts few, linear
or lanceolate. Heads solitary, large, 14-l2in. diam.; involucral
scales more or less concealed with white cobwebby tomentum.
Ray-florets ligulate, white or purplish; disc-florets violet-purple.
Achenes linear, curved, slightly pubescent.—Students’ Fil. 264.
QO. operina, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 731 (im part). O. angusti-
folia, var., Hook. f., ex Buch.in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. (1875) 336, t. 15.

CuatHam Istanps: In swampy places on the higher parts of the island

and on clifis, H. H. Travers! Enys! Cox! Keketerehe. Noyember-
February.

This comes very near to O. operina and O. angustifolia, but is sufficiently
distinct in the broader leaves and more slender peduncles with fewer bracts.

4. O. operina, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 114.—A stout sparingly
branched shrub 6-12 ft. high; branches, leaves beneath, peduncles,
and inflorescence densely clothed with soft white tomentum.
Leaves often crowded at the tips of the branches, spreading, 2—4 in.
long, 4-#in. broad, narrow obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, gradually
narrowed into a short winged petiole, rigid, very thick and coria-
ceous, glabrous above; margins with numerous close blunt teeth
with callous tips. Peduncles crowded at the ends of the branches,
1-3 in. long, stout, densely clothed with numerous closely imbricat-
ing lanceolate or linear obtuse bracts. Heads large, 1-14 in. diam. ;
involucral scales in 2-3 series, tomentose. Ray-florets white; disc-
florets yellow. Achenes +in. long, lear, conspicuously ribbed,
silky.— Handb. N.Z. Fl. 124; Kirk, Students’ Fil. 264. Arnica
operina, Porst. Prodr. n. 299.

Var. robusta, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 265.—Branches short, stout. Leaves
shorter and broader, with more deeply toothed margins. Peduncles shorter and
stouter.

SourH Istanp: Sounds of the south-west coast, from Martin’s Bay to
Preservation Inlet; abundant. December-—January.

5. O. angustifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 115.—A stout
branching shrub or small tree 6-20ft. high; branches, leaves
beneath, and peduncles clothed with soft white tomentum. Leaves
3-6 in. long, 4-2 in. broad, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed
to the base, sessile, extremely rigid and coriaceous, glabrous and
glossy above, irregularly finely crenate-dentate, teeth with hard
callous points; midrib and principal nerves evident below. Pe-
duncles crowded at the ends of the branches, stout, shorter than
the leaves, clothed with laxly imbricating foliaceous bracts, white
beneath. Heads large, 14-2in. diam.; involucral scales in two
series, the outer densely tomentose. Ray-florets white; disc-
florets purple. Achenes linear, grooved, silky.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
124; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 138; Students’ Fl. 265.

SourH Is~tanp: Puysegur Point, Kirk; near the Bluff Hill, Aston.

Stewart Istanp: Sea-coast south of Paterson’s Inlet, Lyall, Kirk! Petrie !’
Thomson ! Titi-a-weka. November—December.

282 COMPOSITA, [Olearia.

A very handsome plant, distinguished from O. operina by the larger size,
narrower and longer leaves with the veins evident beneath, large foliaceous
bracts, and larger heads with deep-purple disc-florets. The flowers are highly
fragrant.

6. O. Traillii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 372.—A
shrub or small tree 10-15 ft. high or more; branches stout, densely
clothed with soft white tomentum. Leaves crowded at the tips of
the branches, spreading, 3-6in. long, 1-14 in. broad, lanceolate or
narrow obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, gradually narrowed into a
short broad petiole, very thick and coriaceous, glabrous above or
slightly cottony when young, clothed with white tomentum beneath ;
margins irregularly doubly crenate-dentate. Racemes terminal,
erect, 4-10in. long, 3-8-headed ; bracts large, leafy, 1-2 in. long;
rhachis, peduncles, and under-surface of bracts white with ap-
pressed tomentum. Heads lin. diam.; involucral scales in 2-3
series, linear, scarious, villous at the tips. Ray-florets shortly
ligulate, white; disc-florets violet-purple. Achenes linear, grooved,
silky.—Forest Fl. t. 142; Students’ Fl. 265.

Stewart Isuanp: Near the sea in the southern part of the island, rare and
local, Kirk ! November—December.

A very fine plant, closely allied to O. Colensoi, but easily separated by the
narrower leaves and rayed flower-heads.

7. O. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 115, t. 29.—A stout
closely branched shrub 4-10ft. high, more rarely forming a small
tree 15-30 ft. or more, with a trunk 12-24 in. diam. Leaves spread-
ing, variable in size and shape, 2-6in. long, obovate or oboyate-
oblong to oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or rarely
obtuse, narrowed into a short stout petiole, excessively thick and
coriaceous, acutely irregularly serrate or doubly serrate, glabrous
and shining above when mature, cottony when young, under-sur-
face clothed with dense white appressed tomentum. Racemes
several at the tips of the branches, tomentose, 3-8in. long, bearing
4-10 pedicelled heads ; bracts loosely placed. Heads 2-lin. diam.,
discoid, dark brownish-purple; involucral scales in 1-2 series,
linear, glabrous or villous at the tips. Florets all tubular ; female
in a single row, corolla usually 3-lobed; hermaphrodite broader,
campanulate above. Achenes grooved, silky.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 124 ;
Kirk, Forest Fl. 102; Students’ Fi. 265.

Norta Isuanp: Mount Hikurangi, Ruahine Mountains, Tararua Moun-
tains, alt. 3000-5500 ft. SourH Ishanp: Common on the mountains on the
western side of the Island, descending to sea-level in the sounds of the south-
west coast. Stewart Istanp: Abundant from sea-level to the tops of the hills.
Tupari. December—January.

A very handsome plant. On the mountains it usually forms a densely
branched shrub, but at low levels on Stewart Island it attains the dimensions
of a small tree.

Olearia. | COMPOSITE. 283:

8. O. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 116.—A_ robust
shrub or small tree, sometimes reaching the height of 30ft.,
with a trunk 18-24in. diam.; branches stout, spreading, densely
tomentose. Leaves 4-8in. long (or more in young plants), elliptic-
ovate or orbicular-ovate, abruptly acuminate, shortly petiolate,
excessively rigid and coriaceous, white with floccose tomentum above
but becoming glabrous when old, under-surface densely clothed with
soft white wool; margins irregularly doubly crenate. Racemes.
terminal, stout, 4-8 in. long; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts clothed
with snow-white wool. Heads large, discoid, 14-14in. diam., dark-
brown; involucral scales numerous, in 4-8 series, linear, villous at
the tips. Achenes densely silky.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 125; Kark,
Students’ Fl. 266. Kurybia Lyalli, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 548.

Tum Snares: Abundant, Kirk! Auoktanp Is~taNps: Apparently rare,
Lyall, Bolton, Kirk !

A magnificent plant, nearly related to O. Colensoi, but at once distinguished
by the open and far more robust habit, larger and broader leaves, which are
tomentose on the upper surface as well as beneath, and by the scales of the
involucre being in several series.

9. O. Buchanani, 7’. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 267.—An erect shrub or
small tree; branchlets as thick as a goose-quill, reddish, glabrous.
Leaves opposite, 2-4 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, gradually
narrowed into a short petiole, quite entire, flat, glabrous above,
clothed with thin appressed whitish tomentum beneath; veins
finely reticulated above, obscure beneath. Heads small, + in. long,
in rather loose branched axillary corymbs about equalling the
leaves ; pedicels slender, pubescent. Involucral scales 8-10, pu-
bescent at the tips. Florets of the ray 3-4, ligulate; of the disc
about 4, campanulate above. Achenes short, grooved, pubescent.

Norts Istanp: Buchanan! The exact locality not known.

Founded on a single specimen in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium stated to have been
collected by Mr. Buchanan in the year 1870 in some locality in the North
Island. It is evidently a distinct species, not closely related to any other.
It and O. Traversii are the only species found in New Zealand with large
opposite leaves.

10. O. Traversii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 731.-—A small tree
15-30 ft. high, with a trunk 1-2 ft. diam.; bark pale, furrowed ;
branches tetragonous, clothed with appressed silky tomentum, as
are the leaves beneath, branches of the inflorescence, and invo-
lucres. Leaves opposite, 14-24in. long, oblong or ovate-oblong
to broadly ovate, acute or apiculate, shortly petiolate, quite en-
tire, flat, glabrous above or slightly silky when young. Panicles
numerous, axillary, much-branched, shorter or longer than the
leaves. Heads numerous, small, +in. long, discoid; scales of the
involucre few, linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute. Florets 5-15;
outer ones female, with a minute tubular corolla with an oblique
mouth ; central hermaphrodite, campanulate above ; style-branches

284 COMPOSIT#. [Olearia.

very short. Pappus l-seriate. Achenes striate, silky.—Kirk,
Forest Fl. t. 834; Students’ Fl. 267. Hurybia Traversii, #. Muell.
Veg. Chath. Is. 19, t. 2.

‘ CuatHAmM IsnANDs: Abundant in woods. Akeake. October-Novem-
er.

A well-marked plant, easily recognised by the opposite leaves, axillary
panicles, and discoid heads.

11. O. furfuracea, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 125.—A much-
branched shrub or small tree 8-20 ft. high ; branches stout, spread-
ing; younger ones terete or grooved, velvety-pubescent. Leaves
alternate, 2-4 in. long, 13-24 in. broad, variable in shape, oblong or
elliptic -oblong to ovate-oblong or broad-ovate, obtuse or rarely
acute, rounded and often unequal at the base, coriaceous, glabrous
above, beneath clothed with densely appressed smooth and silvery
tomentum ; margins flat or undulate, entire or remotely sinuate-
toothed; veins reticulated on both surfaces or obscure beneath ;
petiole stout, 4-lin. long. Corymbs large, much-branched, on long
slender peduncles. Heads very numerous, in. long, narrow-
turbinate ; scales of the involucre in several series, imbricate,
oblong, villous or fimbriate. Florets 5-12; ray-florets 2-5, with
a short broad ray; disc-florets 8-7. Pappus-hairs often thickened
and fimbriate at the tips, outer hairs short. Achenes small, faintly
striate, pubescent.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 267. Hurybia furfuracea,
D.C. Prodr. v. 267; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 117. Haxtonia fur-
furacea, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 440. Shawia furfuracea, Raoul,
Choiz, 45. Aster furfuraceus, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 246.

Nortx Isuanp: Abundant from the North Cape to Hawke’s Bay and Tara-
naki. Wharangipiro ; Akepiro. November—February.

A very common plant to the north of the Hast Cape, varying greatly in the
size, shape, and texture of the leaves, the size of the flower-heads, and the num-
ber of florets. Two forms may perhaps be distinguished, one with broad heads
containing 8-12 florets, the other with much narrower heads and 4 to 8 florets.
To this state Mr. Kirk gives the varietal name of angustata.

12. O. Allomii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii. (1871) 179.—
A dwarf sparingly branched shrub 1-3 ft. high; branches stout, and
with the inflorescence and leaves beneath clothed with smooth and
shining silvery tomentum. Leaves alternate, rather close-set, 1-2 in.
long, #-14 in. wide. oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, obtuse, truncate
or rounded and often unequal at the base, shortly petiolate, exces-
sively thick and coriaceous; veins reticulated above, midrib pro-
minent below. Corymbs longer than the leaves, branched. Heads
large, in. diam., or even more when fully expanded; involucre
broadly turbinate; scales laxly imbricate, tomentose, obtuse.
Florets 15-20; rays about 8. Pappus-hairs unequal. Achenes
grooved, hispid.—-Students’ Fl. 271.

Nort Iszanp: Great Barrier Island, not uncommon, ascending to 2500 ft.,
Kirk ! Noyember—December.

‘Olearia. | COMPOSITA. 285

Differs from O furfwracea in the much smaller size, smaller close-set
excessively rigid and coriaceous leaves, and especially in the much larger heads
with twice the number of florets. I have a plant from Castle Hill, Coromandel,
which resembles it in foliage, but forms a large shrub 12 ft. high. A similar
form has been gathered by Petrie at Mercury Bay. But both of these have
few-flowered heads only slightly larger than those of the typical state of O.
furfwracea, and are best placed under that species.

13. O. nitida, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 125.—A much-branched
shrub 3-12 ft. high, rarely more; branches stout or slender, often
angular. Leaves alternate, variable in size, 14—34in. long, broadly
ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded and often
unequal at the base, coriaceous or almost membranous, clothed
with appressed white and satiny tomentum beneath; margins
distinctly or obscurely sinuate-dentate, rarely entire; petiole
4-lin. long. Corymbs large, rounded, much-branched, very effuse ;
branches slender, silky-pubescent. Heads numerous, 4—}in. long,
-obconic; scales of the involucre laxly imbricating; the outer ovate,
pubescent or villous; the inner linear, fimbriate or sparingly silky.
Florets 15-20; ray-florets 7-10, with a short broad ray. Pappus-
hairs unequal, dirty-white or reddish. Achenes short, broad, silky.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 268. O. populifolia, Col. im Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xvii. (1885) 248. O. suborbiculata, Col. l.c. xviii. (1886)
263. O. erythropappa, Col. l.c. xxii. (1890) 468. O. multiflora, Col.
xxvii. (1895) 387. Hurybia nitida, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 117.
EK. alpina, Lindl. and Paxton, Flow. Gard. ii. 84. Solidago ar-
borescens, Forst. Prodr. n. 298; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 252.
Steiractis arborescens, D.C. Prodr. v. 345. Shawia arborescens,
Raoul, Choix, 45.

Var. cordatifolia, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 268.—Leaves orbicular, cordate at
‘the base, very coriaceous. Heads broadly obconic; involucral scales densely
woolly, inner villous at the tips. Florets about 20; those of the ray with long
-and narrow ligules.

Var. angustifolia, Cheesem.—Leaves 2-34in. long, linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, almost membranous, margins sinuate. Corymbs
lax, much-branched. Heads large, tin. long; rays long and narrow.

Var. capillaris, Kirk, /.c.—Small, stout or slender, densely or sparingly
branched. Leaves small, +-1in. long, ovate or rounded, membranous or sub-
coriaceous, silky above when young. Heads 3-12, in sparingly branched corymbs
longer than the leaves; pedicels very slender; involucral scales glabrate or
‘slightly villous. Florets 8-12.—O. capillaris, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii.
1871) 212.

NortH AND SourH Isuanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon from the
Hast Cape and Taupo southwards. Sea-level to 4000 ft. November—Janu-
ary. Var. cordatifolia: Stewart Island, Kirk! Var. angustifolia: Ohine-
muri Gorge, Thames Valley, 7. #. C., Petrie! Var. capillaris : Mount Egmont,
Adams and J. H.C.; Nelson mountains, H. H. Travers! Dall! source of the
Poulter River (Canterbury), Cockayne !

Perhaps the most variable species of the genus, but generally to be recog-
nised in all its forms by the thin white and peculiarly satiny tomentum on the
under-surface of the leaves.

286 COMPOSITZ. [Olearia.

14. O. macrodonta, Baker in Gard. Chron. (1884) i. 604.—A
shrub or small tree 5-20 ft. high, with a strong musky fragrance ;
branchlets clothed with closely appressed tomentum. Leaves.
alternate, 2-4in. long, 1-14 in. broad, ovate or ovate-oblong to
narrow-oblong, acute or acuminate, rounded or rarely truncate at
the base, rigid and coriaceous, silky above when young but
becoming glabrous when mature, beneath clothed with closely
appressed white tomentum; margins waved, coarsely and sharply
toothed; veins at an obtuse angle to the midrib. Corymbs large,
rounded, much-branched. Heads numerous, 4-tin. long, cam-
panulate ; scales of the involucre few, pubescent or villous. Florets
8-12; ray-florets 3-5, ligules short and narrow; disc-florets 4-7.
Pappus-hairs unequal, dirty-white or reddish. Achenes short,
grooved, pubescent.—Bot. Mag. t. 7065; Kirk, Students’ Fil. 268.
O. dentata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 126 (not of Mench.). Hurybia
dentata var. oblongifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 118.

NortH anp Souru Istanps: In mountain districts from the Hast Cape
and Taupo southwards. 1500-4000 ft. January—February.

A distinct species, at once recognised by the large coarsely toothed leaves.

15. O. ilicifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 126.— Size and
habit of O. macrodonta, and with the same musky fragrance.
Branchlets stout, sometimes almost glabrous. Leaves alternate,
2-4in. long, linear or linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, truncate or more rarely rounded at the base, rigid and
coriaceous, usually clothed with thin yellowish-white tomentum
beneath ; margins much and deeply waved, sharply serrate-dentate,
teeth hard and spinous; veins spreading at right angles. Inflores-
cence and heads much as in O. macrodonta.—Kirk, Students’ F'l.
269. HKurybia dentata var. linearifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 118.
O. multibracteolata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 242.

Var. mollis, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 269.—Young branchlets, inflorescence, and
leaves beneath densely clothed with laxly appressed white or yellowish-white:

tomentum. Leaves rounded at the base, with much smaller, softer, and less.
spinous teeth ; veins more prominent beneath.

NortH AnD SoutH Isutanps, SteEwaRrT IstanpD: In mountain districts from
the Easis Cape and Taupo southwards. Sea-level to 4000 ft. January—
February. Var. mollis: Nelson, Dal]! Teremakau Valley, Westland, Petrie!
Cockayne !

In its ordinary state this has a very different appearance to O. macrodonta,
but intermediates are not uncommon.

16. O. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 126.—A shrub
or small tree 8-25 ft. high; branches, inflorescence, petioles, and
leaves beneath clothed with soft white or buff tomentum. Leaves
alternate, 2-6in. long, very variable in shape, broadly ovate or
elliptical to oblong or linear-oblong, acute or rarely obtuse, rounded
or narrowed at the base; margins irregularly coarsely toothed ;

Olearia. | COMPOSITE. 287

petioles stout or slender, }-1}in. long. Panicles very large, wide-
spreading, much-branched. Heads numerous, +-4in. diam., cam-
panulate; scales of the involucre in several series, lanceolate or

-ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, tomentose or villous or nearly

glabrous. Florets 12-24; ray-florets the most numerous; ligules
short, broad. Pappus-hairs white or reddish, unequal. Achenes

‘quite glabrous or rarely with a few scattered hairs.—Kirk, Forest

Fil. t. 114; Students’ Fl. 269. Hurybia Cunninghamii, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 117, t. 80. Brachyglottis Rani, A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 465.

Var. colorata, Kirk, Students’ F'l. 269.—Leaves narrower, oblong-lanceolate
to lanceolate. Otherwise as in the type.—O. colorata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xii. (1880) 362.

North and SourH Isnanps: Abundant in woods from the North Cape to
Marlborough and Nelson. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Heketara. October-
November.

A very variable plant. The leaves are sometimes coarsely toothed and at
other times almost entire; the involucral scales vary from linear-oblong and
densely tomentose to linear and almost glabrous. Mr. Kirk describes the var.

-colorata as having the scales nearly glabrous, but they are densely tomentose in

Mr. Colenso’s type specimens and in all others that I have seen.

17. O. excorticata, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1874) 241,.—
A small much-branched shrub or smail tree 12-15 ft. high, with a

‘trunk 1 ft. in diam.; bark loose, papery; branchlets grooved, and

with the panicles, petioles, and leaves beneath clothed with dirty-
white or buff tomentum. Leaves alternate, 14-4in. long, 4-1 in.
broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, shortly
petiolate, coriaceous, glabrous and finely reticulated above; lateral
veins spreading, but hardly at right angles; margins flat, obscurely
sinuate-dentate. Panicles longer than the leaves, branched, corym-
bose; pedicels slender, densely tomentose. Heads numerous, small,
~-4in. long; involucre narrow-turbinate ; outer scales small, ovate,
tomentose ; inner linear-oblong, obtuse, villous at the tips. Florets
about 12; ray-florets 5-7. Pappus-hairs slender, in one series.
Achenes grooved, hispid.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 270.

NortH Isuanp: Tararua Mountains, Mitchell! Mount Holdsworth, 7. P.

Arnold! Soutu Isuanp: Mr. H. J. Matthews has sent specimens from a culti-
vated plant raised from seed obtained in the Nelson District.

18. O. suavis, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 409.
—A densely branched shrub or small tree 6-18 ft. high ; branches
stout; branchlets, panicles, and under-surface of leaves clothed
with pale-yellowish or fulvous tomentum. Leaves alternate,
#-14 in. long, 4-3 in. broad, linear-oblong or oblong to ovate, obtuse
at both ends, shortly petiolate, coriaceous or almost membranous,
entire or obscurely sinuate, glabrous above; lateral veins conspi-
cuous beneath, spreading almost at right angles. Panicles much
Jonger than the leaves, slender, corymbose, much-branched ; pedi-

288 COMPOSITH. | Olearia.

cels slender, tomentose. Heads numerous, small, 4—1in. long;
involucre turbinate; scales few, lax, linear-oblong or lanceolate,
pubescent or villous. Florets 6-10; florets of the ray 3-6. Pap-
pus-hairs in one series. Achenes linear, striate, pubescent.—Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 272.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Mountains behind Collingwood, Dall! Mount.
Arthur Plateau, 7. F’. C. 3000 -4500 ft. January.

A well-marked plant, distinguished by the pale fulvous tomentum, oblong
obtuse leaves, and small heads collected in slender much-branched panicles.

19. O. lacunosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 732.—A stout
branching shrub or small tree 5-15 ft. high; branchlets, panicles,
petioles, and leaves beneath densely clothed with pale ferruginous
tomentum. Leaves alternate, 3-7 in. long, 4-1 in. broad, narrow-
linear or linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, acute or acuminate,
shortly petioled, quite entire or obscurely sinuate-toothed, coria-
ceous, glabrous and reticulated above; midrib very stout and
prominent beneath, lateral veins strong, spreading at right angles
and dividing the under-surface into numerous sunken interspaces ;
margins recurved. Panicles towards the tips of the branches,
branched, slender, forming a corymbose mass 4-8in. diam. Heads
numerous, small, £in. diam., on slender pedicels; involucre tur-
binate; scales few, laxly imbricate, tomentose or villous. Florets
small, 8-12, about half of them shortly rayed. Achenes grooved,
silky.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 270.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Heaphy River and mountains at the source of the
Aorere, Dall! source ot the Takaka, Mount Arthur Plateau, Mount Owen,
T. F. C.; Mount Murchison, Townson! Lake Rotoroa, Travers. Canterbury—
Harper’s Pass, Haast; Poulter River, Cockayne! Wesiland—Teremakaw
Valley, Petrie! 3000-4500 ft. January-February.

A well-marked plant, easily known by the large linear leaves clothed with
rusty tomentum beneath, and transversely rugose from the numerous main
veins spreading at right angles to the midrib.

20. O. alpina, buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 215.—A
shrub or small tree 8-12ft. high, with a trunk 6-8in. diam. ;
branches, leaves below, and inflorescence covered with pale-buff or
brown tomentum. Leaves 5-Gin. long, +in. broad, linear, entire ;
midrib very stout, lateral veins close, diverging at right angles,
forming a series of lacune on each side of the midrib. Panicles
large, much-branched. Heads numerous; involucre turbinate.
Flowers not seen. Pappus-hairs reddish.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 270.

Nortx Istanp : Wellington—Tararua Mountains and hills towards Wa-
nganui, Buchanan.

I have seen no specimens of this, and the above description is adapted from
Buchanan’s. It is evidently near to O. lacuwnosa, but appears to have narrower
leaves.

Olearia.| COMPOSITE. 289

21. O. moschata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 127.—A much-
branched shrub 4-12ft. high, with a strong musky fragrance;
branches stout, spreading; branchlets, inflorescence, and leaves
beneath clothed with soft white densely appressed tomentum.
Leaves alternate, close-set, 4-3in. long, obovate-oblong, obtuse,
narrowed into a very short petiole, quite entire, coriaceous, glabrous
or slightly pubescent above, veins altogether concealed below ;
margins flat. Corymbs small, lax or compact, on long axillary
peduncles much exceeding the leaves; pedicels slender, tomentose.
Heads few, tin. long, campanulate or broadly turbinate; scales of
the involucre in few series; the outer short, ovate, obtuse, tomen-
tose; the inner linear-oblong, obtuse, pubescent or nearly glabrous.
Florets 12-20; ray-florets 6-12, rather long. Achenes ribbed, silky.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 271.

SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Arthur’s Pass, Kirk! Upper Rakaia,
Haast! Rangitata Valley, Potts; Mount Cook district, abundant, Haast,
7. H.C.; Lake Ohau, Buchanan! Otago—Lake district, Hector and Buchanan !

Humboldt Mountains, Mount Tyndall, Clinton Saddle, Petrie ! 2000-4500 ft.
January-February.

A distinct species, easily separated from its immediate allies by the small
obovate leaves, soft white tomentum, and broad many-flowered heads.

22. O. Haastii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 126.—A much-
branched shrub 4-8ft. high; branches stout, hoary with white
pubescence. Leaves alternate, crowded, 4-14in. long, oblong or
oblong-ovate to elliptic-oblong, obtuse at both ends, shortly petioled,
very coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, clothed with white
appressed tomentum beneath ; lateral veins obscure, spreading, but
hardly at right angles. Corymbs numerous, lax or compact, on
long naked peduncles much exceeding the leaves. Heads nu-
merous, +tin. long; involucre cylindric; scales imbricated, pale
straw-colour; outer smaller, broadly ovate, slightly pubescent ;
inner much larger, linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly glabrous. Florets
8-10; ray-florets 3-5, short, broad. Achenes narrow, grooved,
pubescent.—-Bot. Mag. t. 6592; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 272.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Kowai River, Petrie! T. F. C.; Upper

Rakaia, Haast; Rangitata Valley, Potts! Ohau Glacier, Haast. 1500-
4500 ft. December—January.

23. O. oleifolia, 7’. Kirk wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 463.—
A much-branched shrub 5-8 ft. high; branches crowded, erect or
ascending; branchlets grooved, hoary with fine appressed pubes-
cence. Leaves alternate, 14-3 in. long, +-4in. wide, lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, erect, acute or subacute, shortly petioled, very
coriaceous, glabrous and finely reticulated above, clothed with
white appressed tomentum beneath; veins obscure. Corymbs
broad, rather lax, on slender naked peduncles much exceeding
the leaves. Heads numerous, +4in. long; involucre cylindric ;

scales imbricate; the outer smaller, slightly tomentose; the inner
10—F 1.

290 COMPOSITE. [Olearia.

longer, linear-oblong, almost glabrous or pubescent at the tips.
Florets 4-8; ray-florets 2-4, short, broad. _Achenes grooved, pubes-
cent.—Students’ Fl. 272. O. angustata, Armst. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xii. (1881) 337.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Ashburton Mountains, Potts! Upper Rangi-

tata, Armstrong! Otago—Resolution Island and Preservation Inlet, Hnys !
1500-3500 ft. January.

Only differs from O. Haastii in the more erect habit and longer and
narrower leaves. Intermediate forms have been collected, but the usual aspect.
of the plant is distinct.

24. O. (?) coriacea, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 276.—A sparingly
branched rigid shrub 6-8 ft. high; branches erect or ascending,
rather stout, pubescent. Leaves alternate, }-2in. long, ovate or
orbicular-ovate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, excessively thick and
coriaceous, glabrous above, white with appressed tomentum
beneath; margins recurved. Flowers not seen, but the peduncles
of the previous year’s inflorescence are about twice as long as the
leaves, and are apparently branched at the top.

SoutH Istanp: Marlborough—Awatere Valley and Mount Fyffe, Kirk !

Apparently a very distinct species, the exact position of which must remain
doubtful until flowering specimens have been obtained.

25. O. nummularifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 127.—A much
and closely branched shrub 2-10 ft. high ; branches stout, woody,
scarred; vounger ones often viscid, more or less clothed with
whitish or yellowish stellate tomentum or almost glabrous. Leaves
alternate, close-set, erect or spreading, 4—4in. long, almost orbi-
cular to broadly oblong or obovate, rounded at the tip, very shortly
petiolate, excessively thick and coriaceous, shining and reticulate
above, clothed with appressed stellate tomentum beneath ; margins
recurved. Heads 4-41n. long, solitary, on axillary peduncles longer
or shorter than the leaves. Involucre narrow-turbinate ; scales in
several series, closely imbricating, tomentose or pubescent or
almost glabrous; outer short and broad; inner linear, obtuse.
Florets 6-12; ray-florets 3-5, rather broad. Achenes pubescent.—
Kirk, Students’ Fil. 273. -O. Hillii, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx.
(1888) 194. Eurybia numnmularifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i, 118.

Var. cymbifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 732.—Leaves spreading or de-
flexed, oblong, obtuse, convex above, margins much revolute all round, hence

boat-shaped with the cavity beneath; more or less clothed with white stellate
tomentum. Heads as in the typical form, but scales usually more tomentose.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Mountain districts from the Hast Cape and
Taupo to Foveaux Strait, but local to the south of Lake Wanaka. Altitudinal
range from 2000 ft. to 4500 ft., but descending to sea-level in Colac Bay, South-
land. Var. cymbifolia: Mountain districts in the South Island, but local ;
most plentiful in Nelson and Marlborough.

A variable plant, especially in the size and shape of the leaves, the extent
to which the leaf-margins are revolute, the size of the heads, and the number
of florets. There is a specimen in Mr. Petrie’s herbarium with the heads col-
lected in 3-5-flowered corymbs.

Olearia. | COMPOSITA. 291

96. O. angulata, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1881) 384.
—A much-branched shrub 8-12 ft. high; branches short, spreading,
grooved, almost hoary. Leaves alternate, 1}—23 in. long, 1 in. broad,
oblong or broadly elliptic, rounded at the apex, truncate at the base,
shortly petioled, coriaceous, clothed with appressed white tomentum
beneath; margins undulate. Panicles spreading, exceeding the
leaves. Heads tin. long; involucral scales laxly imbricating; the
lower farinose; the upper linear, obtuse, ciliate or pubescent.
Florets 3-5. Pappus-hairs unequal. Achenes strigose.—Students’
Fil, 2738.

Nort Isnanp: Spirits Bay, North Cape district, Kirk ! April-May.

This only differs from O. albida in the shorter and broader much more
waved leaves, and, in my opinion, would have been best treated as a form of
that plant.

27. O. albida, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 128.—A small tree
10-20 ft. high; branchlets grooved, more or less hoary with white
tomentum. Leaves alternate, quite entire, 2-4in. long, oblong or
ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, rounded or narrowed at the base,
petiolate, coriaceous, farinose above when young, glabrous when
old, clothed with soft white appressed tomentum beneath ; margins
undulate or nearly flat. Panicles large, broad, with spreading
branches ; pedicels short, tomentose or farinose. Heads numerous,
qin. long, subcylindric; involucral scales imbricate, farinose or to-
mentose; the outer short, obtuse; the inner linear-oblong, often
ciliate. Florets 3-6; ray-florets 1-3. Pappus-hairs unequal,
thickened at the tips. Achenes linear, grooved, pubescent.— Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 273. Hurybia albida, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 118.

Norru Isuanp: North Cape to Taranaki and the East Cape, usually near
the sea, but not common. April-May.

28. O. avicennisefolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fi. 127. — A
small branching tree 8-20 ft. high ; branchlets grooved and angular,
more or less hoary with fine white tomentum. Leaves alternate,
quite entire, 2-4in. long, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
subacute, narrowed into a rather long petiole, coriaceous, glabrous
above, clothed with thin closely appressed white or buff tomentum
beneath ; veins finely reticulated, conspicuous on both surfaces ;
margins flat. Corymbs large, much-branched, long-peduncled,
usually exceeding the leaves. Heads very numerous, small, }—}in.
long, narrow ; involucre cylindric; scales few, imbricate, glabrous
or minutely pubescent. Florets 2 or 3, rarely 4; ray-florets 1 or
rarely 2, sometimes wanting. Pappus-hairs in one series. Achenes
silky.—Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 111; Students’ Fl. 274. Hurybia avi-
cenniefolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 120. Shawia avicenniefolia,
Fiaoul, Choix, 19.

SoutH Isnanp, Stewart Istanp: Abundant throughout, ascending to
3000 ft. Akeake. January-February.

292 COMPOSITE. [Olearia.

29. O. Forsteri, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 127.—A much-
branched shrub or small tree 8-20 ft. high; branchlets grooved and
angular, tomentose. Leaves alternate, 14-3in. long, oblong or
ovate-oblong or broadly ovate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, coriaceous,
glabrous above, clothed with thin closely appressed white tomentum
beneath; veins finely reticulate; margins usually strongly un-
dulate. Corymbs branched, peduncles usually shorter than the
leaves. Heads sessile and fascicled on the branches of the corymb,
small, narrow, 3-1in. long. Involucre cylindric; scales few,
imbricate, glabrous or nearly so; outer small, broadly ovate; inner
much longer, linear- oblong, obtuse. Florets always solitary,
tubular, hermaphrodite. Pappus-hairs numerous, in one series.
Achenes rather broad, pubescent.—Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 187. O.
uniflora, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1888) 469. Eurybia
Forsteri, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 119. Shawia paniculata,
Forst. Char. Gen. 95, t. 48; A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 2438;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 4384; Raoul, Choiz, 18, t. 13; Kirk, Students’
Fil, 277.

Var. elliptica, Kirk, 1.c.—Leaves narrower, linear-oblong or elliptic-oblong.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: From the Kast Cape southwards to Oamaru
and Greymouth; often local, usually near the coast. Sea-level to 1500 ft.
Akiraho. April-May.

The heads never contain more than one floret, which is invariably tubular
and hermaphrodite. On account of the constancy of this character Mr. Kirk
has proposed to revive Forster’s genus Shawia, but, I think, quite unnecessarily.
In O. avicenniefolia the florets are sometimes reduced to 2, and occasionally
there is no ray-floret, thus absolutely bridging over the gap between O. Forsteri
and the remaining Olearie.

30. O. fragrantissima, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891)
398.—An erect much-branched shrub 6-15 ft. high or more; bark
dark red-brown or almost black; branches rigid, flexuous or
zigzag, finely grooved. Leaves distant, alternate, 3-14in. long,
elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong or -ovate, acute, narrowed into
a rather slender petiole, membranous, glabrous above, clothed with
rather lax silky tomentum beneath; margins flat, quite entire.
Inflorescence of alternate sessile glomerules 4—? in. diam., each con-
taining 8-12 nearly sessile heads +in. long, each head with a
woolly bract at its base. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series,
oblong, obtuse, densely woolly. Florets 4-8, yellowish ; ray-florets.
9-5, short and broad. Achenes grooved, silky.—Kirk, Students’ Fl.
274.

Soutu Isnranp: Canterbury—Lake Forsyth, Kirk! Otago—Otago Heads,

Buchanan! Petrie! near Dunedin, Catlin’s River, Petrie! November—
December.

A very distinct species, remarkable for the heads being congested into.
globose fascicles or glomerules. The flowers are deliciously fragrant, smelling
like ripe peaches.

Olearia. | COMPOSIT#. 293

31. O. Hectori, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 128.—An erect
much-branched deciduous shrub 5-15ft. high; branches slender,
grooved, glabrous; bark dark red-brown. Leaves in opposite fas-
cicles, variable in size and shape, #-14in. long, linear-obovate or
linear-spathulate to oblong or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into a
slender petiole, thin and membranous, glabrous above when mature,
silky when young, beneath clothed with thin silvery tomentum ;
margins flat, entire. Heads in opposite fascicles of 2-5; peduncles
4_4 in. long, slender, drooping, silky. Involucre broad and shallow,
cup-shaped; bracts in 2 series, lax, spreading, linear-oblong or
-obovate, obtuse, woolly. Florets 20-25; ray-florets 12-17, small,
with a narrow ray; disc-florets about 8, much larger, mouth funnel-
shaped. Achenes linear-obovoid, grooved, silky.—Kirk, Students’
Fl. 274.

Souru Istanp: Marlborough — Pelorus Sound, Rutland! Canterbury —
Banks Peninsula, J. B. Armstrong. Otago — Lake district, Hector and

Buchanan ; Kaitangata, Catlin’s River, Invercargill, Kawarau Gorge, Matuki-
tuki Valley, Petrie ! Sea-level to 2500 ft. October—November.

32. O. odorata, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 399.—
An erect much-branched shrub 6-12 ft. high; branches divaricat-
ing, stout, terete, grooved. Leaves opposite, usually fascicled,
4-1 in. long, linear-spathulate or linear-obovate, rounded at the tip,
narrowed into very short petioles or almost sessile, coriaceous,
glabrous or silky above, clothed with soft white tomentum beneath ;
margins flat, entire. Heads in opposite fascicles of 2-5 on short
arrested branchlets; peduncles short, stout, silky. Involucre
broadly campanulate; bracts in 3-4 series, linear-oblong, obtuse,
dark-brown, viscid and glandular. Florets numerous, 20-35 ; ray-
florets 8-18, short; corolla of disc-florets viscid and glandular.
Achenes silky.—Kirk, Students’ F'l. 276.

SoutH Is~tanp: Mountain districts in Canterbury, Westland, and Otago;
not uncommon. 1000-3000 ft. January-February.

Closely allied to O. virgata, but distinguished by the terete branchlets,
larger leaves, many-flowered heads, and viscid and glandular involucral bracts.

33. O. laxiflora, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 275.—A large erect
much-branched shrub 6-12 ft. high ; branches slender, divaricating,
sometimes almost pendulous, terete or obscurely tetragonous.
Leaves opposite or in opposite fascicles, 4-1 in. long, narrow linear-
spathulate or linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed into very short
petioles, coriaceous, glabrous above, beneath clothed with closely
appressed white tomentum. Heads numerous, 5-15, in opposite
fascicles on short arrested branchlets ; peduncles slender, 3 in. long,
glabrate or silky. Involucre campanulate ; bracts few, lax, linear-
oblong, villous at the tips. Florets 6-8; ray-florets 3-4, broad.
Achenes grooved, silky.

SoutH Isnanp: Westland—Hokitika, H. Tipler !

294 COMPOSITE. [Olearia.

Very similar to O. odorata in habit and appearance, but the fascicles are
larger and much more lax, the peduncles longer, the involucral bracts not viscid
nor glandular, and the florets much fewer in number. 1 have only seen two
specimens.

34. O. virgata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 128.—An erect much-
branched shrub 4-10 ft. high, often forming dense thickets ; branches
spreading, stout or slender, tetragonous or almost terete, smooth or
grooved, glabrous or pubescent when young; bark dark red-brown.
Leaves opposite or in opposite fascicles, 1-4 in. long, linear-obovate
or linear-spathulate, obtuse, narrowed into a short petiole or sessile,
coriaceous, glabrous or silky above, clothed with white appressed
tomentum beneath. Heads solitary or fascicled, on short arrested
opposite branchlets, shortly pedunculate or almost sessile. In-
volucre broadly turbinate; bracts in about 3 series, linear-oblong,
tomentose or villous or almost glabrous. Florets 5-12; ray-
florets 3-6, short, slender; disc-florets often with villous tips to
the corolla-lobes. Achenes small, linear, glabrous or slightly
pubescent.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 275. O.quinquefida, Col. im Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 596. O. aggregata, Col. l.c. 597. O. par-
vifolia, Col. l.c. 598. Hurvbia virgata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 119.

Var. ramulifiora, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 276.—Leaves in opposite fascicles of
2-6, rather larger, }-?in. long, flat. Heads more numerous, in fascicles of 2-6 ;
peduncles slender, often tin. long or more, silky. Involucres tomentose or
villous. Florets 7-12.—O. ramuliflora, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890)
467.

Var. lineata, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 276.— Branchlets more slender, spreading,
often silky-pubescent. Leaves 3-Idin. long, very narrow-linear, glabrate or
silky above, tomentose beneath; margins much revolute. Heads fascicled ;
peduncles slender, silky. Involucre villous or tomentose. Florets 12-20.

Nort AND SoutH Istanps: From the Thames Valley and Rotorua south-
wards ; not uncommon. Sea-level to 3000 ft. December—January.

35. O. Solandri, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 128.—An erect
much - branched shrub 5-15 ft. high; branches stout, spreading,
angled, often viscid, usually more or less clothed with pale-yellowish
pubescence. Leaves of young plants opposite, +—tin. long, linear-
obovate or -spathulate, narrowed into short petioles, membranous,
flat, white beneath; of mature plants in opposite fascicles, 14in.
long, narrow-linear or linear-obovate, obtuse, narrowed into very
short petioles, coriaceous, glabrous above, beneath clothed with pale-
yellowish tomentum; margins recurved. Heads 4-+in. long,
solitary, sessile, terminating short lateral branchlets. Involucre
narrow-turbinate; scales in 3-4 series, numerous, imbricate, obtuse
or subacute, bright fulvous, pubescent or viscid. Florets 8-20;
ray-florets 5-14, ray short. Achenes grooved, pubescent.—Kork,
Students’ Fl. 276. O. fasciculifolia, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv.
(1893) 3830. O. consimilis, Col. l.c. xxviil. (1896) 596. Eurybia
Solandri, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 119.

Olearia. | COMPOSIT. 295

NortH Isuanp: From the North Cape southwards, plentiful near the
coast. SourH IsnaAnp: D’Urville Island, Bryant ; Queen Charlotte and Pelorus
Sounds, Rutland! MacMahon. Sea-level to 1000 ft. February—May.

5. PLEUROPHYLLUM, Hook. f.

Tall handsome silky robust perennial herbs. Leaves mostly
radical, large, entire, many-nerved. Heads large, racemed at the
top of the stem. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical ;
bracts in 2-3 series, herbaceous. Receptacle flat, pitted. Ray-
florets female, ligulate, in 1-8 series; ligule long or short. Disc-
florets many, regular, tubular, campanulate at the mouth,
4-5-toothed. Anthers shortly and obtusely auricled at the base.
Style-branches of the disc-florets flattened, with lanceolate tips.
Achenes compressed, striated, densely setose. Pappus-hairs in 2-3
series, copious, rigid, scabrid, unequal.

The genus is limited to the three following species, and is confined to the
outlying islands to the south of New Zealand. It is very closely allied to

Celmisia, from which it is separated rather by the very distinct and peculiar
habit than by any structural characters of importance.

Ray-florets with a conspicuous rav. Leaves large,
6-18 in., sessile by a broad base 3 Me sts

Ray-florets short, inconspicuous. Leaves large, 1-4 ft.,
petiolate, green’ above ; 4G St :

Ray-florets short, inconspicuous. Leaves smaller, 6-12 in.,
petiolate, white and silvery on both surfaces .. .. 3, P. Hookert.

1. P. specioswim.

2. BP. criniferum.

1. P. speciosum, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 31, t. 22, 23.—Leaves
chiefly radical, spreading horizontally all round the base of the
stem, 6-18in. long, 4-l0in. broad, broadly ovate or obovate,
sessile by a broad base, thick and coriaceous, quite entire, furnished
with 15-20 stout longitudinal parallel ribs, villous and tomentose
‘beneath, above slightly setose, with the bristles more or less mixed
with moniliform hairs. Cauline leaves few, oblong-lanceolate.
Flowering-stems several, 14-3 ft. high, ending in a raceme of 8-20
heads; bracts numerous, linear. Heads 14-24in. diam.; disc-
florets dark-purple; ray-florets with a conspicuous ligule, light-
purple or almost whitish. Achenes densely silky-strigose. Pappus-
hairs not thickened at the tips—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 129; Kirk wn
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1891) 483; Students’ Fl. 277.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: Abundant from sea-level to nearly
1000 ft. December—January.

A truly noble plant, at once recognised by the large purple heads with
conspicuous spreading rays.

2. P. criniferum, Hook. 7. Fl. Antarct. i. 32, t. 24, 25.—Radical
leaves variable in size and shape, 1-4ft. long, 4-12in. broad,
orbicular-ovate or broadly oblong to ovate-lanceolate or obovate-
lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a sheathing petiole of variable
length, firm but membranous, clothed with thin white tomentum

296 COMPOSITE. [Pleurophyllum.

beneath, above setose with moniliform hairs intermixed; principal
nerves 8-16, parallel, but following the outline of the leaf; margins
remotely and minutely spinulose-serrate. Cauline-leaves smaller
and narrower, sessile, clothed with thin white tomentum on both
surfaces. Flowering-stem stout, 2-6 ft. high ; raceme of 15-30 heads
or more. Heads subglobose, discoid, 1-14in. diam., purple; in-
volucral bracts ovate-lanceolate, margins ciliate. Ray-florets with
a very short and inconspicuous 2-3-fid ligule. Achenes silky-
strigose. Pappus-hairs slightly thickened at the tips.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 129; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 434.
P. Hombronii, Dene. in Voy. Astrol. et Zél. 36. Albinea ori-
segenesa, Homb. ¢ Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zél. 37, t. 4.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES IsLAND: Abundant from
sea-level to over 1000 ft. December—January.

Separated from the preceding by the petiolate leaves and subglobose discoid
heads. Kirk has pointed out that the plate in the ‘‘ Flora Antarctica,’ excellent
in most respects, is faulty in the leaf figured not being that of the present
species, but of P. speciosum.

3. P. Hookeri, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 395
(excl. t. 37).— Leaves all radical, 6-12 in. long, 3-4in. broad, obovate
or oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a short broad
petiole, coriaceous, clothed on both surfaces with rather loose white
and silvery tomentum; principal nerves 8-12, slender; margins
entire or minutely denticulate. Flowering-stems 1-3, 14-2 ft. high,
strict, silky-tomentose, naked below excepting for 1-3 narrow-linear
bracts ; raceme of 12-24 heads. Heads subglobose, discoid, #in.
diam.; involucral bracts narrow -linear, acuminate. Ray- florets
few, with a very short and inconspicuous 2-lobed ligule. Achene
silky. Pappus-hairs hardly thickened above.—Kirk, Students’ Fl.
278. P. Hookerianum, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 435.
P. Gilliesianum, Kirk in Rep. Austral. Assoc. (1891) 220.

AUCKLAND Is~tanps: Kirk! CaMPBELL Is~tAND : Buchanan! Kirk! Mac-
QUARIE IsLAND: Scott, Hamilton! 500-1000 ft. December—January.

Closely allied to the preceding, but sufficiently distinct in the smaller size,
leaves silvery-tomentose on both surfaces, rigid scapes, and smaller heads,

6. CELMISIA, Cass.

Perennial herbs, usually tufted or with a short creeping rhizome,
rarely with a procumbent or suberect branched stem. Leaves all
radical and rosulate, or cauline and densely imbricated, narrowed
into a sheathing base, usually clothed beneath with appressed
white or buff tomentum. Scapes or peduncles long or short, rarely
almost wanting, bracteate. Heads large, solitary, radiate. In-
volucre broadly hemispherical ; bracts imbricated in several or many
series, narrow, pubescent or cottony or glandular. Receptacle flat
or convex, pitted. Ray-florets female, in a single row, ligulate ;

Celmisia.| COMPOSIT A. 297

ligule spreading, flat or revolute, often long, always white. Disc-
florets numerous, hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers usually
sagittate at the base, with short tails. Style-branches flattened,
tipped with long or short appendages. Achenes linear, slightly
compressed or angled, with 1-3 prominent ribs on each side.
Pappus copious, of numerous unequal scabrid bristles.

The genus Celmisia, which is confined to New Zealand, with the exception
of one species found in Australia and Tasmania, forms one of the chief ornaments
of the montane and alpine flora of the colony, the various species usually
composing a large proportion of the vegetation, especially in the South Island,
where the mountain slopes and valleys are often whitened for miles from the
abundance of their large daisy-like flowers. With few exceptions, the species
are exceedingly variable and difficult of discrimination. This is especially
the case with C. longifolia, coriacea, discolor, petiolata, and spectabilis, all of
which run into forms which are easily distinguishable by the eye, and which
to some extent may be permanent, but which it is almost impossible to define in
precise language, and which in most cases are connected by numerous intermedi-
ates. As the flower-heads are very similar throughout the genus, except in size,
the specific characters are almost wholly founded on the vegetative organs. The
size, shape, and texture of the leaves, the nature of the tomentum clothing the
under-surface, the differences in the leaf-sheaths, the length, stoutness, and
indumentum of the scapes, and the peculiarities of the involucral bracts are all
made use of. Of course, these are essentially variable characters, and can only
be safely employed in combination. But in Celmisia, as in other large genera
of the New Zealand flora, the species, such as they are, must be regarded as
founded on an aggregation of several small prevalent characters rather than on
conspicuous and important differences.

A. Suffruticose. Stems woody, branched ; branches elongated. Leaves imbri-
cated along the branches.

Stems 1-4 ft., procumbent or suberect. Leaves spreading,

1-14 in., linear, acute; margins flat 1. C. Walkeri.
Stems 1-3 ft., prostrate. Leaves }-1in., linear- ‘spathulate,
obtuse ; margins revolute 2. C. rupestris.

Stems 6-12 in., slender, sparingly branched. Leaves
laxly imbricating, spreading or reflexed, 4-3? in., lanceo-

late, sparsely clothed with lepidote scales beneath .. 3. C. Gibbsit.
Stems 2-8in., sparingly branched. Leaves erect, }-4in.
long, linear-oblong, white and cottony beneath .. 4. C. ramulosa.

Stems 3-12in., much-branched. Leaves }-4in., linear-
subulate, green on both surfaces, glabrous or glandular 5. C. lateralis.

B. Herbaceous, sometimes woody at the base. Branches short. Leaves
crowded, usually more or less rosulate. Disc-florets yellow, never purple.

* Leaves more or less toothed or serrate, clothed with white or buff
tomentum beneath (glabrate in C. prorepens).

Leaves 6-12in. x 14-24in., lanceolate, acutely serrate,

white beneath. Scape 1-2 ft., with linear bracts .. 6. C. holosericea.
Leaves 4-8in. x 1-2in., obovate- lanceolate, acutely ser-

rate, buff beneath. Scape 6-18 in., with broad leafy

bracts bys 7. C. Dallui.
Leaves 1-5in. x 4-1i in. , obovate- oblong to linear- oblong,

serrulate, buff beneath. Scape 2-10 in., with linear

bracts Au . 8. C. hieracifolia. °
Leaves 14-3 in. x 4- -lin., . linear. oblong to linear- obovate,

green on both surfaces, rugose above be .. 9. C. prorepens.

298 COMPOSITH. [Celmisia.

Leaves 3-7in. x #-14in., linear-oblong, crenate-dentate,
white beneath. Scapes 6-18in. Involucral bracts very

numerous .. . 10. C. densiflora.
Leaves $-23in. x L+in., spathulate to linear, viscid,
coriaceous, white beneath. Scapes slender.. 11. C. discolor.

Leaves 122i in. x 4—-$in., obovate - spathulate, plaited

above, clothed with lax soft white tomentum beneath

or on both surfaces. . 12. C. incana.
Leaves 14-3 in. x 4-lin., oblong to oblong - spathulate,

greenish-grey and plaited above, white beneath; mar-

gins revolute. Scapes with numerous linear bracts .. 13, C. Haastii.
Leaves 3-Sin. x $-1in., linear-oblong or lanceolate, dark-

green above, white beneath, coriaceous. Scape slender,

flexuose, glabrate .. . 14. C. Lindsayi.
Leaves 1-3in. x #-2in., oblong or spathula; e, “dull. green

above, white with thin appressed tomentum beneath or

glabrous, membranous fi = Ne .. 15. C. Sinclair.

** Leaves entire (or if toothed very obscurely so), clothed with white or
buff tomentum beneath (glabrate in C. Mackaut).

+ Leaves 3-16in. x }-24in., oblong or oblong - lanceolate or linear-
oblong, coriaceous or almost membranous, not rigid.

Leaves 6-16 in. x 14-24 in., oblong or oblong - lanceolate,

under-surface with velvety etere ons tomentum ;

sheaths snow-white . 16. C. Traversit.
Leaves 3-9in. x 1-2in., Dvabe: oblong. or oblong, cordate

at the base, under-surface with “red - brown Beg!

tomentum ; sheaths brown or purple.. . 17. C. cordatifolia.
Leaves 4-14in. x ?-2in., oblong to oblong- lanceolate or

linear - oblong, under - ‘surface with appressed white

tomentum or almost glabrous; midrib and petiole

purple oe ne ae .. 18. C. petiolata.
Leaves 3-— 12 1 mba, 3-91} in., oblong to oblong-lanceolate,

under-surface with white satiny tomentum ; sheaths

snow-white oe ee Be .. 19. C. Rutland.
Leaves 3-6in. x Lit in., .., linear-oblong, under-surface with

thick densely matted white or buff woolly tomentum ;

sheaths snow-white 20. C. spectabilis.
Leaves 14-3 in., oblong or linear- oblong, ‘acute at both ends,

under-surface with soft white tomentum ; sheaths

slightly cottony .. af ci a: .. 21. C. dubia.

+t Leaves 6-24 in. x #-4in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous
but not rigid.

Leaves 8-20in. x 14-3in., lanceolate or spathulate-lanceo-

late, under-surface with soft white or buff tomentum.

Achene glabrous .. oe oh a .. 22. C. verbascifolia.
Leaves 6-10in. x 1-2in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,

under-surface with thin whitish tomentum. Achene

silky , oe aE = .. 23. C. Brownit.
Leaves 6-20in. x 2- 4in., lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous

on both surfaces, or very slightly cottony beneath .. 24. C. Mackaui.
Leaves 6-24 in. x 2 —3in., lanceolate, acute, above coated

with a thin pellicle, ‘beneath with Bl ea silvery

tomentum. Achene pilose .. : ate .. 25. C. coriacea.

Celmisia. | COMPOSITAE. 299

+++ Leaves 3-18 in. x 7-3} in., narrow-linear to linear or linear-lanceo-
late or linear-ensiform.

a. Leaves very rigid and coriaceous.

Leaves 6-18in. x }-4in., ensiform, acute, ribbed above, be-

neath with satiny appressed tomentum. Midrib very

stout . 26. C. Armstrongit.
Leaves 6-18in. x 4-3 i in., dagger- shaped, narrowed to an

acuminate rigid tip, upper surface with 2 stout longi-

tudinal plaits, white and Oa beneath ; midrib not

evident .. . 27. C. Petrier.
Leaves 9-18 in. x t4in., narrow- ensiform, tapering into

an almost pungent point, even or finely grooved above,

white beneath i . 28. C. Lyallir.
Leaves 3-5in. x }fin., linear, viscid, grooved on both sur-

faces, white with appressed tomentum beneath. Scape

and involucre viscid ae i: oh: .. 29. C. viscosa.

b. Leaves not rigid, coriaceous or almost membranous.

Leaves 3-12in. x 4-#in., linear - lanceolate, coriaceous,

grooved above, white with appressed tomentum beneath.

Scape stout, and with the involucre woolly and cottony 30. C. Monroi.
Leaves 6-18in. x 4-lin., linear-lanceolate, membranous,

flat above, with soft white tomentum beneath. Scape

slender, and with the involucre glabrate or a OE

cottony ae 31. C. Adamsit.
Leaves 3-18 in. x San, narrow- linear, coriaceous or

membranous; margins recurved or flat. Bigs ara

slender '.. ie ete ae . 32. C. longifolia.

tttt Small species. Leaves 4-3in. x j,-4in. (sometimes 3-4 in. in C.
, linearis), variable in shape.

Leaves 1-4in. x 4-4in., narrow-linear ; margins recurved.

Scape stout, densely woolly . 33. C. linearis.
Leaves 4-lin. x syin., acerose, pungent, silvery beneath.

Scape very slender 34. C. laricifolia.
Leaves 4-lin. x 4-+in., linear - spathulate, silky on both

surfaces. Scape stout, tomentose and villous 35. C. Hectori.
Leaves 1-l4in. x }-+4in., linear-oblong, clothed with long

silky hairs on both surfaces, Scape stout, densely

villous ber 36. C. Macmahoni.
Leaves 4-lin. x 4-tin in., lanceolate, acute, white beneath. 3
Scape slender, glabrate or slightly cottony O€ .. 37. C. parva.

ttttt Small, densely tufted species. Leaves 4-1 in., very narrow-linear,
densely imbricating round the stem and forming a hard rosette. Heads
sessile among the uppermost leaves.

Leaves 4-lin. x ;4in.,linear-subulate. Head3-lin. diam. 38. C. sessiliflora.
Leayes?-4in. x j,in., narrowlinear-subulate. Head}3in. 39. C. argentea.

*** Leaves entire or serrate, perfectly glabrous on both surfaces, or with
minute glandular pubescence only.

Leaves +-%in. x 4-4in., linear-spathulate, obtuse, green
and glabrous, narrowed into short cottony petioles .. 40. C. bellidioides.
Leaves 4-1 in. x }-}in. oorees spathulate, acute, serrate,
glandular-pubescent : a4 As .. 41. C. glandulosa.

300 COMPOSITH. [Celmisia

C. Herbaceous. Leaves rosulate. Disc-florets purple.

Teaves 1-4in. x 4-4in., linear, coriaceous, shining,
glabrous a te aps ae .. 42. C. vernicosa.
Leaves 3-5 in. x 4-2in., lanceolate, grooved and sparingly
tomentose beneath .. a: 8 3 .. 43. C. Campbellensis.

1. C. Walkeri, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 549,
t. 830.—Stem stout, woody, much or sparingly branched, procum-
bent or suberect, 1-4 ft. long; branches spreading, densely leafy.
Leaves very numerous, crowded, with broad imbricating sheathing
bases wider than the blade, 1-14 in. long; blade spreading, linear,
acute, subcoriaceous, glabrous and somewhat viscid above, clothed
with soft white tomentum beneath; margins flat, serrulate.
Peduncles 1-3 near the tips of the branches, 4-8in. long, slender,
glandular-pubescent ; bracts numerous, linear-subulate. Heads
1-1$in. diam.; involucral bracts linear-subulate, pubescent and
glandular, tips recurved. Ray-florets 30-40; ligule narrow, spread-
ing. Achenes linear, silky, with 2-3 obscure ribs on each face.—
Students’ Fl. 280.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Mountains above Arthur’s Pass, 7’. F. C.
Westland—Kelly’s Hill, Petrie! Otago—Mountains near Lake Harris, Kirk!

Mount Alta, Buchanan! Mount Aspiring, Petrie! near Mount Earnslaw,
H. J. Matthews ! 3000-5000 ft. December-February.

A very remarkable plant, easily recognised by the stout branching stem,
densely clothed with imbricating leaves. Its only near ally is the following
Species.

2. C. rupestris, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884)
409.—Stems long, much-branched, stout and woody, prostrate,
scrambling over rocks; branches ascending at the tips, densely
clothed with closely imbricating leaves. Leaves numerous, crowded,
3—lin. long, narrow linear-spathulate, obtuse, gradually narrowed
to the base and then expanded into a broad membranous sheath,
silky above, beneath clothed with soft white tomentum, suberect
when young, patent or deflexed when old; margins strongly revolute.
Peduncles 1 or 2 near the tips of the branches, 3-6 in. long,
glandular-pubescent. Heads about lin. diam.; involucral bracts
numerous, narrow-linear, pubescent and glandular. Ray-florets

numerous, narrow, spreading. Achenes not seen.—Kirk, Students’
HT, Ol,

SourH Is~tanp: Nelson—Ravines on Mount Peel, alt. 4000-5000 ft.,
Jd dg OF

Nearest to C. Walkeri, but distinguished by the smaller size, smaller
narrower and more silky leaves with revolute margins, and by the smaller
heads.

3. C. Gibbsii, Cheesem. n. sp.—Stems slender, woody, sparingly
branched, creeping and rooting at the base, erect or ascending
above ; branches few, short, leafy. Leaves numerous, laxly im-
bricating, spreading or reflexed from an appressed sheathing base,

Celmisia.] COMPOSITA. 301

4-3in. long, »,—}in. broad, linear-lanceolate, tapering from the
base to a rather obtuse or subacute tip, coriaceous, somewhat
rigid, green or glabrous above, beneath and on the sheaths
sparsely covered with minute white lepidote scales; margins
thick, revolute; midrib impressed above, much thickened and
flattened beneath. Peduncles near the ends of the branches,
solitary or more rarely 2 or 3, 14-24in. long, slender, sparsely
glandular-lepidote ; bracts 8-10, small, erect, linear-oblong, obtuse.
Heads 3in. diam.; involucral bracts linear-oblong, acute, more or
less clothed with white glandular scales, inner with a tuft of
cottony hairs at the tip. Ray-florets numerous, spreading.
Achenes grooved, hispid.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Cobb (to the north of the Mount Arthur
Plateau), #. G. Gibbs !

An interesting novelty, quite distinct from the other species of the sec-
tion, and remarkable for the lepidote pubescence on the under-surface of the
leaves, &c.

4. C. ramulosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 733.—Stems woody,
procumbent, branched, 2-8in. long; branches short, ascending or
almost erect. Leaves numerous, densely imbricating, +4 in. long,
linear-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, with broad membranous sheathing
bases, glabrous above, clothed with soft white tomentum beneath ;
margins strongly revolute. Peduncles 1 or rarely 2 at the tips of
the branches, short, slender, $-14in. long, glandular - tomentose ;
bracts 1-3, small, narrow-linear. Heads #-1in. diam.; involucral
bracts linear-oblong, acute, glandular-pubescent. Rays spreading,
narrow. Ripe achenes not seen.—Kzirk, Students’ Fl. 281.

SourH Istanp: Otago—Mount Pisa, Petrie! Mount Cardrona, Goyen ;
Mount Bonpland, H. J. Matthews! mountains above Dusky Sound, Hector
and Buchanan! Reischek! mountains near Lake Hauroto, G. M. Thomson !
3000-6000 ft. January.

A very distinct little plant, much smaller than the preceding, and with
smaller appressed leaves which are white and cottony beneath, and show no
signs of the peculiar lepidote scales of C. Gibbsit.

5. C. lateralis, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 226,
t. 15.—Stems 3-12 in. long or more, slender, procumbent, woody at
the base, much and closely branched, often forming compact
patches ; branches crowded, ascending or suberect. Leaves very
numerous, densely crowded, spreading at the base but usually
incurved at the tips, 1-4 in. long, linear-subulate, acute or apiculate,
flat above but slightly convex beneath, green on both surfaces,
glabrous or glandular-ciliate at the margins and apex, base with a
short and broad membranous slightly cottony sheath. Peduncles
slender, 2-3 in. long, often numerous, terminal and lateral, glandular-
pubescent or cottony ; bracts linear-subulate. Heads 4-3 in. diam. ;

302 GOMPOSITH, [Celmisia.

involucral bracts subulate-lanceolate, acute, glandular and silky,
margins often scarious. Rays numerous, narrow, $in. long.
' Achene linear, silky.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 281.

Var. villosa, Cheesem.—Leaves densely clothed on both surfaces with soft.
spreading glandular hairs.

Sourn Isnanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, Rev. F. H. Spencer! T. F. C.;
mountains near Lake Guyon, H. H. Travers; Mount Rochfort, Townson!
Westland—Mountains near Greymouth, Helms! Var. villosa: Mount Mur-
chison, Buller Valley, Townson ! 3000-4500 ft. December—January.

A very singular species, quite unlike any other.

6. C. holosericea, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 36.—Leaves all
radical, spreading, 6-12 in. long, 14-24 in. broad, lanceolate, oblong-
lanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed
to the base, thinly coriaceous, glabrous above, clothed with thin
appressed white tomentum beneath, midrib and principal veins
distinct on both surfaces; margins flat, distantly acutely serrate ;
petiole broadly sheathing, glabrous, smooth and shining, grooved.
Scapes few, 1-2 ft. long, slender, glabrous; bracts usually several,
1-14 in. long, linear, white beneath. Heads large, 2-3in. diam. or
more; involucral bracts in several series, sometimes lin. long ;
inner narrow-linear, glabrous, usually viscid ; outer broader, lanceo-
late, tomentose on the back. MRay-florets very numerous, with long
narrow ligules. Achene pilose.—fFl. Nov. Zel. i. 121, t. 31;
Handab. N.Z. Fl. 180; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 282. Aster holosericeus,
Forst. Prodr. n. 296; A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 248; A. Cunn. Prodr.
n. 438.

SoutH Istanp: Dusky Bay, Forster, Hector and Buchanan! Jackson’s

Bay, Buchanan! Port Preservation, Lyall; Clinton Saddle and mountains
west of Lake Te Anau, Petrie ! Sea-level to 4000 ft. December—January.

7. C. Dallii, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 355, t. 35.—
Leaves numerous, all radical, spreading, 4—8 in. long, 1-2 in. broad,
narrow obovate-oblong or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute or
apiculate, narrowed to the base and then expanded into a broad
grooved membranous sheathing petiole, coriaceous, glabrous above,
clothed with appressed pale-buff tomentum beneath; margins flat,
sharply minutely serrate. Scapes 1-6, 6-18 in. long, rather stout,
glabrous; bracts usually numerous, large, 1—2 in. long, leafy, clothed
with buff tomentum beneath, usually several are aggregated under
the head, forming a spurious involucre. Heads large, 14-24in.
diam. ; involucral bracts in several series, narrow-linear; inner
cottony, outer slightly tomentose, viscid. Rays numerous, rather
narrow. Achene pilose.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 282.

Soutu Istanp: Nelson—Mountains at the head of the Aorere River, Dall!

Mount Arthur Plateau, Rev. #. H. Spencer! T. F. C.; Mount Rochfort, Spencer
Townson ! 3000-5000 ft. December—January.

A handsome plant, closely allied to C. holosericea, but distinguished by the
smaller size, more coriaceous leaves with buff, not white, tomentum, and especi-
ally by the large leafy bracts.

Celmisia. | COMPOSITH. 303

8. C. hieracifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 124, t. 348.—Stems
short. Leaves 1—din. long, 4-lin. broad, obovate-oblong to linear-
oblong, obtuse or acute, narrowed to the base, coriaceous, obtusely
ecrenate or serrate, glabrous or slightly pubescent above, viscid,
clothed with appressed buff tomentum beneath; sheathing petiole
strongly grooved, short, broad, glabrous. Scapes 2-10in. long,
stout, viscid, usually densely glandular-pubescent; bracts 3-10,
linear, pubescent. Heads #-14in. diam.; involucral bracts linear,
acuminate, viscid and glandular-pubescent ; inner often cottony,
outer recurved at the tips. Rays rather long, numerous. Achene
silky, ribbed, longer than the pappus.-—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 131;
kark, Students’ Fl. 283.

Var. oblonga, Kirk, 1.c.—Much smaller than the type. Leaves 1-24 in.
long, }-4 in. broad, linear-oblong. Scapes 1-3in. high. Heads 4-#in. diam.

SourH Isxtanp: Nelson—Dun Mountain Range, Bidwill, Monro, Sinclair,
T. F.C. Var. oblonga: Mount Arthur and Mount Owen, T. F.C. ; Mount Stokes,
Kirk ! MacMahon! 3500-4500 ft. December-January.

Apparently rare and local. The buff tomentum separates it from all the
allied species except C. Dallii, which differs in its much greater size and broad
leafy bracts.

9. C. prorepens, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 326.
— Stems prostrate, much-branched, often forming large patches,
densely clothed with the remains of the old leaf-sheaths. Leaves
numerous, crowded, green oa both surfaces, 14-3 in. long, $-1 in.
broad, linear-oblong to linear-obovate, acute or subacute, hardly
coriaceous, longitudinally furrowed and wrinkled, viscid, glabrous
on both surfaces or slightly cottony beneath, coarsely serrate, mar-
gins slightly recurved; sheathing petiole short, narrower than the
blade, viscid. Scapes few, 3-Sin. long, slender, viscid, glabrous
or nearly so; bracts several, linear or lanceolate. Heads 1-2 in.
diam. ; involucral bracts subulate-lanceolate, viscid; inner slightly
cottony, with scarious margins; outer shorter and broader, puberu-
lous. Rays long, spreading. Achene silky.—Kirk, Students’ Fl.
283.

SoutH IsnanD: Otago—Upper Waipori, Rock and Pillar Range, Old Man
Range, Petrie ! 2000-4500 ft. December—January.

A well-marked plant, at once recognised by the deeply wrinkled almost
glabrous leaves, green on both surfaces.

10. C. densiflora, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 130. — Leaves
3-7 in. long, 3-14 in. broad, narrow linear-oblong, obtuse or sub-
acute, subcoriaceous, glabrous above, clothed with soft white
tomentum beneath except the prominent midrib; margins flat,
crenate-dentate ; sheathing petiole 1}-34in. long, membranous,
glabrous or the margins slightly cottony. Scapes usually several,
6-18 in. long, stout or slender, glabrous, viscid; bracts few or

304 COMPOSITE. [| Celmisia.

many, linear, 1-2in. long. Heads 1-2in. diam.; involucral
bracts very numerous, in many series, linear-subulate, glabrous or
pubescent, viscid; tips recurved. Rays long and narrow, twisted
when withering. Achene narrow-linear, equalling the pappus,
silky, strongly ribbed.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 282.

Soutu Isnanp: Canterbury — Mountains at the head of Lake Ohau,
Haast! Otago— Lake district, Hector and Buchanan! Kurow and Mount

Ida Ranges, Mount St. Bathans, Mihiwaka, Petrie ! 800-3000 ft. De-
cember—February.

Best recognised by the obtuse linear-oblong crenate-dentate leaves and
numerous involucral bracts and florets. It has been recorded from the Tararua
Range, in the North Island, but I have seen no specimens from thence.

11. ©. discolor, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 123.—Stems branched
below ; branches short or long, prostrate or suberect, usually densely
clothed with the old persistent leaves. Leaves crowded, imbri-
cating, very variable in size and shape, 1-24 in. long, +4 in. wide,
oblong-spathulate to linear, obtuse or acute, entire or serrulate,
very coriaceous to almost membranous, viscid, glabrous or hoary
above, clothed with appressed white tomentum beneath, broad or
narrow at the base, sometimes almost petiolate; sheaths 4-4 as
long as the blade, glabrous. Scapes 1 or several, 2-8in. long, very
slender, viscid and glandular-pubescent; bracts usually several,
linear-subulate. Heads 3-14in. diam.; involucral bracts linear-
subulate, viscid, usually glandular-pubescent, outer with recurved
tips. Rays narrow, spreading. Achene silky.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
131; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 283. Hrigeron nove-zealandiw, Buch. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 287, t. 15.

Sour Is~tanp: Abundant in mountain districts throughout. Altitudinal
range 2500 ft. to 5000 ft. December—February.

One of the most variable species of the genus. Large much-branched states.
approach C. Walkeri; short and broad-leaved forms come very near to C. incana;
and states with large membranous leaves appear to pass directly into C. Sin-
clairi.

12. C. incana, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 123, t. 344.—Rhizome
prostrate; branches short, stout, densely clothed with the old per-
sistent leaves. Leaves numerous, crowded, 1-24in. long, 4-2in.
broad, oblong-spathulate or obovate-spathulate, obtuse or subacute,
coriaceous, entire or minutely serrulate, plaited or furrowed above,
both surfaces or the lower alone thickly coated with lax snow-white
soft tomentum; sheaths 4 as long as the blade, thin and mem-
branous, grooved, glabrous or slightly cottony. Scapes 1-3, stout,
3-9in. high, tomentose; bracts many, linear. Heads 3-14in.
diam.; involucral bracts subulate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
glandular-pubescent and viscid; the outer often recurved. Rays
numerous, spreading. Achene linear, silky, about equalling the
pappus.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 131; Kirk, Students’ Fi. 284. C. ro-
busta, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 215, t. 18.

Celmisia.] COMPOSIT. 305

Var. petiolata, Kirk, l.c.—Smaller in all its parts. Leaves with an oblong
blade suddenly narrowed into a distinct petiole at the top of the expanded
sheath, often quite glabrous above, the tomentum of the under-surface more
silvery and appressed. Heads smaller, $-$in. diam.

Nort Istanp: Summit of Moehau (Cape Colville), ddams! Mount Hiku-
rangi, Colenso, Adams and Petrie! Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Tararua
Mountains, Buchanan. SourH IstAND: Not uncommon on the mountains as
far south as Canterbury and the west of Otago. 2500-5000 ft. December-—
January.

The typical state, with large broad plaited leaves clothed on both surfaces
with snow-white tomentum, has a very distinct appearance; but small forms,
with smaller and narrower leaves almost glabrous above, are difficult to separate
from C. discolor.

13. C. Haastii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 131.—Forming large
patches. Rhizome creeping, putting up short erect branches.
Leaves greenish-grey, 14-3 in. long, 4-1 in. wide, broadly oblong to
oblong-spathulate or narrow obovate-spathulate, obtuse or acute,
narrowed towards the base, subcoriaceous, glabrous and usually
longitudinally plaited above, beneath clothed with thin whitish
tomentum; margins recurved, minutely denticulate; sheaths 4-4
as long as the blade, thin, membranous, glabrous. Scapes usually
several, 2-6in. long, stout, densely tomentose or almost glabrous ;
bracts many, linear, acute or rarely obtuse, tomentose. Heads
1-14 in. diam.; involucral bracts linear, acute or acuminate, mem-
branous, softly tomentose or almost villous. Rays spreading.
Achene linear, glabrous, longer than the pappus.—Kirk, Students’
Fil. 284.

SoutH Jsnanp : Not uncommon in the central and western portions of the

Southern Alps, from the Spencer Mountains southwards. 3000-6000 ft.
December—February.

Well marked by the greenish-grey foliage, stout usually tomentose scapes
with numerous linear bracts, membranous involucral bracts, and glabrous
achene.

14. C. Lindsayi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 132.—Often forming
large rounded masses. Stems stout, woody, prostrate; branches
numerous, decumbent or suberect. Leaves numerous, crowded,
8-8 in. long, 4-lin. broad, linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or
subacute, coriaceous, obscurely and remotely denticulate or quite
entire, glabrous above, clothed with appressed white tomentum
beneath, midrib evident; sheaths broad, glabrous, deeply grooved.
Scapes usually numerous, 2—8in. long, slender, flexuous, glabrous
or pubescent above; bracts linear. Heads 1-2in. diam. ; invo-
lucral bracts linear, acuminate, glabrate or pubescent. Ray-florets
30-40, spreading, rather distant. Tube of the disc-florets some-
what thickened; anther-cells obtuse at the base. Achene linear,
silky. — Lindsay, Contrib. N.Z. Bot. 53, t. 38, f. 1; Bot. Mag.
t. 7134; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 284. Hrigeron Bonplandii, Buch. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 213.

306 COMPOSITH. [Celmisia.

SourH Is~tanpD: Otago—Clifis of the south-east coast, from the Clutha
River to Waikawa, Lindsay, Buchanan! Petrie! Kirk! Mount Bonpland,
Martin ; Lake Harris, H. J. Matthews. January-February.

A handsome species, which succeeds well in cultivation. Mr. Kirk con-
siders that the Mount Bonpland and Lake Harris localities are erroneous.

15. C. Sinclairii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 132. —Stems
branched at the base, prostrate; branches suberect. Leaves
1-3 in. long or more, }+-2in. broad, linear-obovate or obovate-
spathulate to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, membranous or
rarely coriaceous, obscurely toothed, glabrous above, beneath clothed
with thin white appressed tomentum or rarely glabrous on both
surfaces ; midrib evident ; sheaths membranous, glabrous or slightly
cottony. Scapes 1 or more, slender, 3-9in. high; bracts linear,
white beneath. Heads 1-ldin. diam.; involucral bracts linear-
subulate, pubescent and viscid; tips recurved. Ray-florets spread-
ing. Achene silky.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 285.

South Is~tanp: Not uncommon throughout in mountain districts.
Stewart IstanD: Summit of Mount Anglem, Kirk ! Altitudinal range
2500-5000 ft. December—January.

This comes very close to large forms of C. discolor, being only separable
by the larger and much more membranous leaves, which are dull-green above
and clothed with thin tomentum beneath.

16. C. Traversii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 134.—Root stout,
tapering. Leaves 6-16in. long including the petiole, 14-24 in.
broad, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subacute or obtuse, coriaceous,
dark brownish-green and glabrous above except the silky midrib,
under-surface and margins clothed with rich soft and thick velvety
ferruginous tomentum; midrib beneath glabrous, dark - purple ;
petiole from one-half to as long as the blade, purple; upper surface
and sheaths with loose snow-white tomentum. Scapes stout,
8-20 in. long, densely clothed with ferruginous tomentum; bracts
few or many, linear. Heads 1-2 in. diam.; bracts of the involucre
numerous, linear, clothed with ferruginous wool. Rays narrow,
spreading. Achene glabrous.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 285.

SoutH Isnanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, Mount Peel, Raglan Mountains,
T. F. C.; Discovery Peaks, Travers! mountains overlooking the Hanmer
Plains and Upper Clarence Valley, 7’. #'. C.;.Mount Captain and the Upper
Waiau, Kirk ! 3500-5500 ft. December—January.

A magnificent species, remarkable for the bright ferruginous tomentum of
the under-surface of the leaves, the purple midrib, and the snow-white tomen-
tum of the sheaths. I have not seen specimens from the south of Lake Tenny-
son.

17. C. cordatifolia, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 427,
t. 18.—Leaves 2-9 in. long including the petiole, 1-2in. broad ;
blade about half the length, ovate-oblong or oblong, obtuse or sub-

Celmisia. | COMPOSITA. 307

acute, cordate at the base, coriaceous, entire, dull-green and glab-
rous above, plaited, beneath clothed with velvety ferruginous
tomentum ; petiole grooved, expanded into a broad sheath at the
base, villous with brownish tomentum or almost glabrous, some-
times purplish. Scape 6-12in. long, stout, clothed with ferru-
ginous tomentum ; bracts numerous, linear. Heads 14~2 in. diam.;
involucral bracts numerous, villous or almost glabrous. Rays
narrow, ‘Zin. long. Achene linear, glabrous, strongly ribbed, ex-
ceeding the pappus.—C. petiolata var. cordatifolia, Kirk, Students’
Fi. 286.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Starveall, A. McKay! Bryant! Mount
Duppa, Mount Richmond, MacMahon ! January.

In the ‘‘ Students’ Flora” Mr. Kirk has reduced this to C. petiolata, but it
differs from all the forms of that species in the broader coriaceous leaves cordate
at the base, and in the dark ferruginous tomentum. In the texture of the
leaves and their tomentum it approaches C. Traversii, but differs entirely in the
cordate leaf-base, and in the petioles wanting the snow-white tomentum which
is so characteristic a feature of that plant.

18. C. petiolata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 184.— Leaves
4-14in. long including the petiole, 3-2in. wide; blade about half
the length, oblong to linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subacute,
membranous or coriaceous, entire, glabrous or silky above, beneath
clothed with whitish appressed tomentum ; midrib usually glabrous,
purple, veins diverging; petiole purplish, grooved, more or less
loosely tomentose, expanded at the base intoa short sheath. Scapes
usually several, 6-18 in. long, often purplish, tomentose or villous ;
bracts linear. Heads 14-24in. diam.; involucral bracts linear-
subulate, usually densely tomentose. Ray-florets numerous, with
a ligule $in. long. Achene glabrous or nearly so, strongly
ribbed.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 286.

Var. rigida, Kirk, l.c.—Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, coria-
ceous, rigid, tomentum of under-surface white or ferruginous. Head rather
larger, the rays sometimes 1 in. long.

Var. membranacea, Kirk, l.c.— Leaves narrowed at both ends, acute,
membranous, glabrous on both surfaces or nearly so. Scape glabrate or pubes-
cent. Heads rather smaller, involucral bracts glabrate.

Souru Istranp: Not uncommon in the central and western portions of the
Southern Alps, from Lake Tennyson southwards to the west of Otago. Var.
rigida: Stewart Island, Kirk! Var. membranacea: Clarence and Waiau
Valleys, Travers! Kirk! Lyell Mountains, Townson ! 2000-4500 ft. De-
ember-January.

Best distinguished by the almost membranous narrow-oblong leaves, with
purple midribs and long and slender purple petioles.

19. C. Rutlandii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
329.—Leaves 3-12in. long including the petiole, 1-24in. broad,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or apiculate, narrowed into the
petiole, coriaceous, glabrous above or the midrib slightly cottony,

308 COMPOSITE. [Celmisia.

beneath clothed with appressed white satiny tomentum; margins
entire or minutely denticulate, often revolute ; petiole shorter than
the blade or equalling it, broad, grooved, densely clothed with
loose snow-white tomentum. Scapes several, exceeding the leaves,
softly cottony; bracts narrow-linear, purplish, tomentose. Heads
1-12 in. diam. ; involucral bracts linear, acuminate, erect, glabrate
or the outer cottony. Ray-florets numerous. Achenes silky,
strongly grooved.—Students’ Fl. 286.

SourH Istanp: Marlborough—Mount Stokes, Kirk ! MacMahon! De-
cember—January.

A handsome and distinct species, allied to C. petiolata, but differing in the
loose snow-white tomentum of the sheaths, the satiny under-surface of the
leaves, and the thin erect almost glabrous involucral bracts.

20. C. spectabilis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 35.—Often forming
large patches. Stems stout, with the leaf-sheaths 1-2 in. diam.
Leaves very numerous, crowded, rosulate; blade 3-6in. long,
1-in. broad, narrow linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, slightly nar-
rowed towards the base, very thick and coriaceous, glabrous or
with a thin pellicle of silvery hairs above, longitudinally furrowed,
beneath clothed with densely matted pale- buff or white woolly
tomentum; margins recurved, entire or minutely serrulate ; sheaths
usually equalling the blade, membranous, clothed on both surfaces
with loose soft and silky snow-white tomentum. Scapes 1 or
several, stout, much longer than the leaves, densely cottony ;
bracts numerous, linear. Heads about 14dia. diam.; involucral
bracts narrow linear-subulate, woolly or rarely almost glabrate,
outer recurved at the tips. Rays numerous, rather short. Achene
glabrous.—Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 122, t. 83; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 134; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 287. C. ruahinensis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii.
(1895) 388. C. mollis, Cockayne, l.c. xxxi. (1899) 428.

NortH Is~tanp: Mountains of the interior, from Mount Hikurangi and
Lake Taupo southwards. Souru Isuanp: Abundant in mountain districts in

Nelson, Canterbury, and Westland ; rare in Otago. 500-4500 ft. Puhaere-
tatko. December-February.

Well marked by the short narrow rigid leaves, densely clothed beneath
with pale-buff soft and matted not appressed woolly tomentum. Mr. Cockayne’s
C. mollis is a state with the tomentum not nearly so woolly, the hairs being
straighter and more silky.

21. C. dubia, Cheesem. n. sp.—Forming large patches. Stems
rather stout, ++in. diam. with the leaves on. Leaves 14-3in.
long, 4-2 in. broad ; blade oblong or linear-oblong or lanceolate,
acute i both ends, coriaceous, glabrous and furrowed above,
clothed with soft white tomentum beneath, midrib distinct be-
neath ; margins usually recurved, entire or very obscurely serru-
late ; petiole equalling the blade or shorter than it, slender, ex-
panded below into a broad membranous sheath. Scapes 1 or
more, 8-8in. long, rather slender, white with loose cottony

Celmisia. | COMPOSITA, 309

tomentum ; bracts 4-6, linear or linear-spathulate. Heads about
in. diam. ; involucral bracts numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate,
acute, scarious, shining, sparingly cottony or almost glabrate. Rays
numerous, spreading. Achene glabrous.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Rochfort, Mount Frederic, and other lo-
calities near Westport, Townson ! 2000-3000 ft. January—March.

A puzzling plant, which seems nearer to C. spectabilis than to any other
species, although very different in appearance. In some respects it approaches
C. parva, which, however, is a much smaller and more slender plant, with an
almost filiform and nearly glabrous scape, and with much smaller heads and
hispid achenes.

22. C. verbascifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 121.—A large
handsome species. Root stout, as thick as the thumb. Leaves
8-20 in. long or more including the petiole, 14~3in. broad, lanceo-
late to oblong-lanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed
into the petiole, coriaceous, glabrous or slightly cottony above but
with woolly margins, beneath clothed with soft white or buff to-
mentum, entire or very obscurely serrulate; petiole as long as the
blade, narrow, broader and sheathing at the base, grooved, densely
woolly or almost glabrous. Scapes longer than the leaves, densely
woolly; bracts numerous, linear or linear-spathulate, tomentose,
the lowest sometimes 4in. long. Heads about 4in. diam.; in-
volucral bracts narrow-linear, densely and softly woolly. Ray-
florets slender; tube of corolla of disc-florets thickened below.
Achene linear, glabrous, hardly equalling the pappus. — Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 1382; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 285.

SoutH Is~tanp: Otago— Milford Sound and Port Preservation, Lyall
(Handbook) ; Waitaki Valley, Horse Ranges, Flag Swamp, Macrae’s, Petrie !
Kirk ! Sea-level to 2000 ft. December—February.

I have seen no specimens from the localities where the species was originally
discovered by Lyall, and it is quite possible that the plant from the Waitaki
Valley, &c., on which the above description is founded, may not be the same.
It has been reported from Campbell Island, but I think erroneously.

23. C. Brownii, F. &. Chapm. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890)
444.—lLeaves 6-10in. long including the petiole, 1-2in. broad,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, gradually narrowed into the
petiole, coriaceous, quite entire or very obscurely denticulate,
glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, beneath clothed with rather
thin white or greyish-white tomentum; petiole shorter than the
blade, tomentose. Scapes 6-14 in. long or more, tomentose; bracts
linear, obtuse, almost villous. Heads 1-2in. diam.; involucral
bracts linear-subulate, villous towards the tips. Rays numerous,
narrow, spreading. Achene sparingly silky. — Kirk, Students’ Fl.
286.

Souru Isuanp : Otago—Mystery Pass, between Lake Manapouri and Smith
Sound, Chapman ; Clinton Valley, Lake Te Anau, Petrie !

310 COMPOSITH. [Celmisia.

Of this I have only seen a single leaf from Mr. Chapman’s type, and a
specimen of what appears to be the same collected by Mr. Petrie in the
Clinton Valley. Further material is required to prepare a_ satisfactory
description. It appears to differ from C. verbascifolia in the smaller size,
thinner and more appressed tomentum, and much less woolly scapes, bracts,
and involucres. A plant gathered by Mr. Cockayne on the Humboldt Moun-
tains seems to be intermediate between the two species. ;

24. C. Mackaui, Raoul, Choiz Pl. Nouv. Zel. 19, t. 14.—
Leaves 6—-20in. long, 2-4in. broad, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
gradually narrowed to the base, quite entire, membranous, glabrous
on both surfaces when mature or slightly cottony at the base,
often rather glaucous beneath ; petiole broad, grooved, sheathing at
the base, usually cottony on the inner surface. Scapes 12-24in.
high, stout, glabrous or sparingly cottony; bracts numerous,
lanceolate, acuminate, sheathing at the base. Heads about 2 in.
diam.; involucral bracts numerous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
membranous, glabrous. Rays long and narrow. Disc-florets very
numerous ; corolla thickened at the base. Achene linear, glabrous,
strongly ribbed.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 122; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
133; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 287. C. coriacea, Raoul, Ann. Sci. Nat.
1844, 119 (non Hook. f.).

SourH Isztanp: Marlborough—-Mount Fyffe, H. B. Kirk (leaves only).
Canterbui y — Rocky places near Akaroa, Raoul; Mount Herbert, W. Gray!
January—February.

A very distinct species, remarkable for the long acuminate leaves green
and glabrous on both surfaces, the large heads, and herbaceous acuminate
involucral bracts.

25. C. coriacea, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 836.—Leaves 8-24 in.
long or more, #-3in. broad, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or
linear-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, coriaceous, upper
surface longitudinally furrowed or almost plicate and covered with
a delicate silvery pellicle, beneath clothed with appressed white
and silvery tomentum; margins entire or very obscurely ser-
rulate; sheaths short, broad, grooved, densely clothed with soft
cottony or woolly tomentum. Scapes stout, 1-3ft. high, densely
woolly or cottony; bracts numerous, linear, erect, cottony.
Head 14-3in. diam. or more; involucral bracts numerous, linear-
subulate, cottony or almost glabrate. Rays very numerous, spread-
ing, 14in. long; tube of corolla more or less pubescent. Achene
linear, compressed, grooved, pubescent. — Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 121,
t. 32; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 182; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 287. C. Martini,
Buch. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 218. C. flaccida, Cockayne
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 422. Aster coriaceus, Forst.
Prodr. nu. 297; A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 250; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 439.

Nort Isnanp: Tararua Mountains, Buchanan. SourH Istanp: Abund-
ant in mountain districts. Altitudinal range 1500-4500 ft. Cotton-plant ;
Leather-plant. December—February.

Celmisia.] COMPOSIT2. 311

A truly noble plant, probably the finest species of the genus. In its most
luxuriant state it has a short stout stem which with the old leaf-sheaths is
sometimes as thick as the wrist, and is crowned with numerous spreading and
erect lanceolate leaves, from among which arise one or several stout scapes,
bearing heads sometimes more than 3in. diam., with long and narrow rays.
This passes by almost imperceptible gradations into smaller varieties with
narrower often less coriaceous leaves and smaller heads, with shorter and pro-
portionately broader rays. It is difficult to find distinguishing characters
between some of these forms and C. Monroi and other species. In cultivation it
varies still more largely, and often produces branched scapes, a peculiarity quite
unknown in any Celmisia in the wild state, so far as my own observations go.
Some of the cultivated races appear to be permanent, and Mr. Kirk has briefly
characterized the following in his ‘‘ Students’ Flora’’: (1) foliosa, with crowded
foliaceous bracts sometimes Gin. long; (2) corymbifera, with branched scapes,
the heads forming an open corymb; and (3) ensata, which has ensiform leaves
8-12in. long and din. wide, and an irregularly branched scape. Mr. H. J.
Matthews informs me that the last form, which has a very distinct appearance,
occurs in a wild condition near Lake Harris, Otago, but I have only seen cul-
tivated specimens.

26. C. Armstrongii, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894)
969.—Stems short, stout, with the leaf-sheaths sometimes as thick
as the wrist, crowned with numerous radiating leaves. Leaves
6-18in. long or more, +~$in. broad, linear-ensiform, gradually
tapering from below the middle to the acute apex, slightly nar-
rowed below, rigidly coriaceous, upper surface longitudinally ribbed
and covered with a delicate silvery pellicle, beneath clothed with
smooth and satiny appressed tomentum, except the very stout and
prominent midrib; margins recurved when dry; sheaths long,
broader than the blade, clothed with snow-white cottony tomen-
tum. Scapes usually several, as long as or longer than the leaves,
rather slender, white and cottony; bracts numerous, linear. Head
J-14in. diam.; involucral bracts linear-subulate, rather rigid,
glabrous or cottony on the margins, tips recurved. Rays narrow.
Achene linear, grooved, pubescent.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 290.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Heaphy River, Dall! mountains near Westport,
Townson! Westland—Arthur’s Pass, Armstrong! Kirk! Cockayne! T. F. C.;
Kelly’s Hill, Petrie! 2500-4500 ft. December—January.

Distinguished from C. Lyallii by the broader perfectly straight leaves with
a stout midrib and satiny appressed tomentum. From C. Monroi it isseparated
by the more rigid ribbed and pointed leaves and almost glabrous heads.

27. C. Petriei, Cheesem. n. sp.Apparently a stout tufted
plant. Leaves 8-18in. long or more, 4-$in. broad, dagger-
shaped, narrowed into an acuminate rigid and almost pungent
point, contracted just above the top of the sheath, strict, erect,
rigidly coriaceous, above perfectly glabrous and when dry marked
with a stout longitudinal ridge or plait on each side of the middle
of the leaf, beneath clothed with silvery - white appressed satiny
tomentum and with two grooves answering to the ridges of the
upper surface; midrib not evident on either surface; margins con-
spicuously recurved towards the tip of the leaf, less so or almost

312 COMPOSITH. [Celmisia.

flat elsewhere; sheaths 14-3in. long, broader than the blade,
deeply grooved, more or less covered with thin cottony tomentum.
Scape 12-18in. long, stout, densely cottony; bracts numerous,
narrow-linear, the lower often 2-3in. long. Head 14 in. diam. or
more; involucral bracts subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, chaffy and
rather rigid, glabrate or the outer somewhat cottony, often re-
curved. Achene hispid.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Clinton Saddle, Lake Te Anau, Petrie! Humboldt
Mountains, H. J. Matthews !

A remarkable plant, of which I have seen only very imperfect specimens.
The straight dagger-shaped leaves, with their two longitudinal plaits and rigid
acuminate points, are quite unlike those of any other species.

28. C. Lyallii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 133.—Stem short, stout,
crowned with a dense tuft of crowded radiating leaves. Leaves
9-18in. long or more, +4in. broad, narrow-ensiform, straight or
slightly curved, gradually tapering from the base to the rigid
almost pungent tip, rigidly coriaceous, glabrous and smooth and
even above, beneath strongly grooved and clothed with thin ap-
pressed tomentum or almost glabrous; margins quite entire;
sheaths broader than the blade, thin, grooved, clothed with snow-
white tomentum. Scapes 1 or several, longer or shorter than the
leaves, rather slender, white with cottony tomentum ; bracts linear.
Head 1-2in. diam.; involucral bracts subulate-lanceolate, rigid,
glabrate or the margins cottony, tips recurved. Rays rather short,
narrow. Achene linear, hispidulous, longer than the pappus.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 290.

Var. pseudo-Lyallii.— Leaves not so rigid, grooved and plaited above,
beneath clothed with thick soft tomentum, which usually conceals both yeins
and midrib. Heads more cottony. Achene nearly glabrous.

SoutH Jstanp: Common in mountainous districts throughout. 1000-
4500 ft. December-January.

One of the most distinct species of the genus, easily recognised by the
narrow tapering rigid leaves, with almost pungent tips.

29. C. viscosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 133.—More or less
viscid in all its parts. Stem branched ; branches short, stout, with
the old sheaths 1-14 in. diam. Leaves numerous, crowded, erect,
3-5in. long, $in. broad, linear, obtuse or acute, viscid, very thick
and coriaceous, rigid, longitudinally grooved on both surfaces,
glabrous or hoary above, beneath white or grey with appressed
tomentum; sheaths about lin. long, broader than the blade,
glabrous, brown. Scapes usually several, much longer than the
leaves, 6-12 in. long, stout, pubescent and viscid; bracts numerous,
linear. Head 14in. diam.; involucral bracts numerous, linear-
subulate, densely woolly and tomentose, viscid. Rays short,
spreading. Achene linear, silky.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 290.

Celmisia. | COMPOSIT2. 318

SoutH Istanp: Not uncommon in alpine localities from the Wairau Valley
southwards. 4000-6500 ft. January.

A very distinct plant, well marked by the short and narrow erect grooved
and viscid leaves, with glabrous sheaths,

30. C. Monroi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 1383.—Leaves 3-12 in.
long, 4-2 in. broad, narrow linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute
or subacute, strict, coriaceous, longitudinally grooved or plaited
above and covered with a delicate pellicle of silvery hairs, beneath
clothed with appressed white tomentum, often wrinkled in parallel
lines when dry; margins recurved; sheaths short, densely clothed
with snow-white tomentum. Scapes 1 or several, 8-16in. long,
stout, woolly and cottony ; bracts numerous, linear. Head 1-2 in.
diam.; involucral bracts numerous, linear-subulate, usually more
or less woolly and cottony. Rays numerous, 3—#in. long; tube of
corolla glabrous. Achene hispidulous.—Bot. Mag. t. 7496; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 288.

SoutH Isntanp: Marlborough—Upton Downs, Awatere, Monro! Canter-
bury— Mount Cook district, Haast, T. F. C.; Hopkins River, Haast.
1500-4500 ft. December—January.

The above description is based upon one of Monro’s original specimens from
the Upton Downs, now in Mr. Petrie’s herbarium, and on others which almost
exactly match it collected by myself in the Mount Cook district. Most of the
specimens referred to C. Monroi in New Zealand collections are nothing more
than small forms of O. coriacea ; but it may be distinguished from all such by
the narrower and more rigid leaves, which are usually conspicuously furrowed
on both surfaces, and by the smaller heads with shorter broader rays, and by
the glabrous corolla-tube. The plant figured in the ‘‘ Botanical Magazine’’ has
broader softer leaves than Monro’s specimen.

31. C. Adamsii, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 329.—
Leaves 6-18in. long including the sheaths, 4-lin. broad, narrow
linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, narrowed into
an evident petiole at the top of the sheath, membranous, glabrous
above, beneath clothed with soft white tomentum except the
evident midrib; margins minutely denticulate, flat or slightly re-
curved; sheaths thin and membranous, grooved, sparingly cottony
or almost glabrous. Scapes equalling or exceeding the leaves,
slender, sometimes flexuose, thinly clothed with cottony tomen-
tum; bracts short, linear. Head 1—-14in. diam.; involucral bracts
subulate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous or cottony. Rays few, spread-
ing. Achene glabrous.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 288.

Var. rugulosa, Cheesem.—Shorter and stouter. eaves more coriaceous,
wrinkled above ; sheaths more cottony. Scapes stouter, densely cottony.

Norty Isuanp:; Auckland - Castle Rock, Coromandel, 7. F. C.; Table
Mountain (Whakairi) and other hills between the Thames and Tairua, Adams !
1. F.C. Var. rugulosa: Mount Manaia and hills to the north of Whangarei
Harbour, Kirk! T. F.C. December—January.

314 COMPOSITE. [Celmisia.

Most nearly allied to C. longifolia, from which it is separated by the
broader and flatter membranous leaves. Mr. Kirk placed my variety rugulosa
under C. Monroi, from which it differs markedly in the much less rigid habit,
spreading thinner leaves, shorter cauline bracts, nearly glabrous involucre, and
fewer rays. It is much nearer to C. Adamsiv.

32. C. longifolia, Cass. i Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxvii. 259 —Very vari-
able in size and degree of robustness. Leaves few or many, 1-18 in.
long, j;-4in. broad, narrow- linear or narrow linear - lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, membranous or somewhat coriaceous but never
rigid, upper surface glabrous or silvery, furrowed or wrinkled or
nearly smooth, beneath clothed with white silvery tomentum ;
margins usually much revolute but sometimes almost flat; midrib
distinct beneath; sheaths variable in length, broader than the
blade, membranous, white and cottony or almost glabrous. Scapes
equalling or exceeding the leaves, slender, cottony ; bracts few or
many, linear. Head 4-14 in. diam.; involucral bracts linear-subu-
late, glabrous or cottony, often blackish at the tips. Rays few or
many, narrow. Achene linear, glabrous or rarely silky.— Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 134; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 489; Kirk, Students’
Fil. 288. C. gracilenta, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 35; Fl. Nov. Zel.
1.122. Aster Celmisia, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 84.

Var. gracilenta, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 289.—Leaves slender, usually erect,
narrow-linear, margins revolute to the midrib. Scape slender. Head about
1 in. diam.—C. gracilenta, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 35.

Var. major.—Leaves broader, spreading or recurved, narrow linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate; margins more or less revolute. Scape stout. Head 1-14 in.
diam.—C. gracilenta var. b, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 123. CC. longifolia vars
major and asteliefolia, Kirk, Students’ Fl. L.c.

Var. graminifolia, Kirk, l.c.—Leaves very slender, linear-elongate, mem-
branous, often flaccid, acute; margins flat or nearly so. Scape very slender,
often nearly glabrous. Head 4-lin. diam., glabrate or slightly cottony.—C.
graminifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 35. C. setacea, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxi. (1889) 88.

Var. alpina, Kirk, l.c.—Small. Rootstock stout, branched. Leaves 1-2 in.
long, »j, in. broad; margins slightly revolute; sheaths nearly glabrous. Scape
slender, strict, 1-3 in. long. Head 4-?in. diam., glabrous or nearly so.

Nortu AND SoutH IsLanps, Stewart IsuaAND: From the Bay of Islands and
the Great Barrier Island southwards, but rare and local to the north of the Upper
Thames and Waikato. Sea-level to nearly 6000 ft. November—January.

The most widely distributed and variable species of the genus, found in all
soils and situations. It is the only species that extends beyond the colony, being
not uncommon in the Australian Alpsand in Tasmania. The varieties character-
ized above are merely prevalent forms, and are connected by numerous inter-
mediates.

33. C. linearis, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1881) 337.—
Stems branched at the base; branches short, stout. Leaves
numerous, densely crowded, 1-5in. long, 1-1in. broad, narrow-
linear, acute, not pungent, coriaceous, longitudinally grooved and
covered with a pellicle of silvery hairs above, clothed with white

Celmisia. | COMPOSITA. 315

tomentum beneath ; margins strongly recurved; sheaths from
4 to 4 the length of the blade, rather broad, thin and membranous,
cottony on the back. Scape stout, variable in length, 1-10 in. high,
cottony or tomentose; bracts few or many, linear-subulate with
a broad sheathing base. Head lin. diam.; involucral bracts
lanceolate - subulate, outer tomentose or cottony, inner nearly
glabrous. Rays short. Achene silky.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 289.

SoutH Istanp : Nelson—Summit of Mount Arthur, 7. #. C. Canterbury—
Armstrong ; Mount Cook district, 7’. #. C. Otago—Maungatua, Petrie !
Stewart Isuanp: Fraser Peaks, Petrie and Thomson! Mount Anglem, Rakia-
hua, Taylor’s Lookout, Kirk! 1000-6000 ft. December—January.

Most of the Stewart Island specimens have longer and narrower leaves, with
much more revolute margins, the tomentum is thinner aud more appressed, and
the scape is longer. Those from Mount Arthur have flatter leaves tapering from
the base, the tomentum is buff-coloured and much looser, and the scape is
shorter and densely woolly. It is possible that more species than one are
included under the description, but the material is not sufficient to prove this.

34. C. laricifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 331.—Stems pros-
trate or decumbent, much-branched at the base; branches 1-3 in.
long, densely leafy. Leaves numerous, crowded, erect or recurved,
4] in. long, ,,in. broad, very narrow-linear or acerose, pungent,
glabrous or slightly silky above, clothed with silvery tomentum
beneath ; margins strongly recurved; sheaths much broader than
the blade, membranous, cottony or almost glabrous. Scape 2-4 in.
long, very slender, glabrate or cottony; bracts few, very small.
Head 4in. diam.; involucral bracts few, erect, linear-subulate,
eottony. Rays few, short. Achene hispid.i—Handb. N.Z. #1.
135; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 289.

SoutH Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts throughout. 3000-
6000 ft. December—January.

The small size and very narrow acerose leaves are excellent distinguishing
characters.

35. C. Hectori, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 135.—Stems pros-
trate, branched, often woody at the base; branches densely tufted.
Leaves numerous, crowded, imbricate, 4-lin. long, ++ in. broad,
linear-spathulate or linear-obovate, obtuse or subacute, gradually
narrowed below, coriaceous, silky or clothed with a silvery pellicle
above, covered with appressed silky tomentum beneath, margins
recurved ; sheaths slightly expanded, cottony or nearly glabrous.
Seapes stout, 2-4in. long, tomentose and villous; bracts usually
numerous, linear. Heads 2-lin. diam.; involucral bracts few,
linear, acute, pubescent. avs rather short, broad. Achene silky.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 291. .

Norru Isnanp: Tararua Range, Budden. South Island: Can‘erbury—
Mount Brewster, Haast; Mount Cook district, Divon! T. F.C. Otago —

316 COMPOSITE. [ Celmtsia.

Mount Alta, Hector and Buchanan ! Hector Mountains, Humboldt Mountains,
Mount Tyndall, the Remarkables, Petrie! Mount Earnslaw, H. J. Matthews.
4500-6500 ft. January-February.

Apparently a very distinct species, at once recognised by the small densely
imbricated linear-obovate leaves and rather large heads.

36. C. Macmahoni, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
327.—Tufted, forming small patches. Leaves numerous, crowded,
rosulate, 1-14 in. long including the sheath, linear-oblong, acute or
subacute, thick and coriaceous, densely clothed on both surfaces.
with long white or buff silky hairs, 5-7-nerved beneath, margins.
flat ; sheaths short, about as broad as the blade, glabrous above,
with silky hairs beneath. Scapes stout, 3-5in. long, densely
villous with long silky hairs; bracts very numerous, narrow-linear.
Head 3-1 in. diam.; involucral bracts numerous, linear, acute or
acuminate, outer villous, inner hispid with short brownish hairs.
Rays short, broad. Achene hispid.—Students’ Fl. 291.

SourH Isnanp: Marlborough — Mount Stokes, alt. 3800ft., rare, Mac-
Mahon ! January.

A beautiful little plant, apparently with a very restricted distribution.
I have seen no specimens except those gathered by Mr. MacMahon.

37. C. parva, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 328.—
Small, densely tufted, seldom more than 2-3in. high. Leaves
numerous, spreading; blade 4-lin. long, }-+in. broad, linear-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or narrow-oblong, acute, narrowed
into a rather slender petiole and then expanded into a membranous
cottony sheath as long as the blade, subcoriaceous, glabrous and
often reticulated above, beneath clothed with white appressed
tomentum ; midrib usually evident; margins flat or slightly revo-
lute, distinctly denticulate. Scape 14-3in. high, very slender,
glabrate or slightly cottony; bracts 2-3, small, narrow-linear,
sheathing and dilated at the base. Head 4-2 in. diam. ; involucral
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, scarious, often reddish at the tips,
glabrate or the outer slightly pilose. Rays narrow. Achene hispid.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 291.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mountains at the source of the Heaphy River,
Dall! December—January.

A very curious little plant. Mr. Dall’s specimens are the only ones I have
seen.

838. C. sessiliflora, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 135.—Much-
branched at the base ; each branch clothed with densely imbricating
leaves, and forming a hard rosette 1-14in. diam., the rosettes.
usually compacted into broad flat patches 2-3in.’ thick. Leaves
very numerous, greenish-grey, most densely crowded, 4-1 in. long,
about ;4, in. broad, narrow-linear or linear-subulate, obtuse or sub-
acute, strict, rigid and coriaceous, hoary or silky on both surfaces,

Celmisia. | COMPOSITS. 317

flat above, convex on the back; sheath usually longer and broader
than the blade, membranous, silky or villous. Head sunk among
the leaves at the tip of the branch, very rarely exserted, $~1 in.
diam. ; involucral bracts few, linear-subulate, scarious, cottony or
the inner glabrate. Rays few, narrow, spreading. Achene silky.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 292.

SourH Isnanp: Abundant in mountain districts throughout. SrewartT

Isuanp: Summit of Mount Anglem, Kirk! 2500-5500 ft. December—
January.

One of the most distinct species of the genus, often forming extensive
carpets in open places on the mountains, easily recognised from a distance by
the peculiar greenish-grey colour. Mr. Kirk’s var. pedwncwlata is only a form in
which the peduncle elongates after flowering.

39. C. argentea, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 292.—Habit of C.
sessiliflora, but more slender and much more branched; branches
longer, 2-5in., erect, +-4in. diam. Leaves numerous, crowded,
» yg in. wide,
linear-subulate, acute or subacute, coriaceous, flat or concave
above, rounded on the back; sheaths longer and much broader than
the blade, membranous, clothed with “long silky hairs on the
margins and back but often nearly glabrous in front. Head ++ in.
diam., deeply sunk among the ieaves at the tip of the branch ;
involueral bracts few, linear, glabrate or slightly silky. Rays few,
short. Achene silky.—C. sessiliflora var. minor, Petrie in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 359.

SourH Is~tanp; Otago—Summit of Maungatua, Petrie! Srmwart IsLAND:

Mount Anglem, Rakiahua, Smith’s Lookout, Kirk ! 500-3500 ft. Decem-
ber—January.

Closely allied to C. sessiliflora, but I think distinct.

40. C. bellidioides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 135.—Rootstock
much-branched, prostrate; branches numerous, much- divided,
creeping and rooting at the base, erect at the tips. Leaves
usually close - set, spreading, 1-2 2 in. long, }1in. broad, linear-
oblong or linear-spathulate, obtuse, gradually “narrowed into rather
short cottony petioles, coriaceous, veinless, green and glabrous on
both surfaces; margins flat, entire or obscurely toothed. Scapes
from near the tips of the branches, slender, 1—2in. long, glabrous
or slightly cottony; bracts numerous, leafy. Head in. diam. ;
involucral bracts few, narrow linear-oblong, acute or subacute,
green with usually purple margins, glabrous. Rays numerous,
spreading. Achene densely silky.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 292.

SourH Istanp: Mountain districts from Nelson to the south of Otago, but

often local. Usually on wet rocks or on shingle through which water flows.
2000-5000 ft. December—January.

A very distinct species, at once recognised by the glabrous branching habit,
linear-spathulate green and almost fleshy leaves, and numerous leafy bracts.

318 COMPOSITH. [ Celmisia.

41. C. glandulosa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 124.—Stem
rather stout, sending out creeping and rooting leafy stolons.
Leaves few, rosulate, 3-14in. long, 1-4in. broad, ovate- or
oblong-spathulate or obovate, acute or apiculate, narrowed into
a winged petiole, acutely serrate or dentate, membranous, green
on both surfaces, glabrous or more usually covered with minute
glandular pubescence, veins reticulated ; petioles expanded into a
short sheath; margins often ciliate. Scape slender, 2-5 in. long,
glandular-pubescent ; bracts few, linear, acuminate. Head 4-2in.
diam. ; involucral bracts in 2-8 rows, linear-subulate, erect or the
outer recurved, glanduiar-pubescent, often ciliate at the tips. Rays
few or many, spreading. Achene silky.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 135;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 293. C. membranacea, Col. in. Trans. N.Z.
inst. xxii. (1890) 470.

Norty Istanp: Tongariro, Colenso! H. Hill! Rangipo Plain, G. Mair!
Kirk! Petrie! Sours Istanp: Not rare in mountain districts from Nelson

to the west of Otago, usually in peaty swamps. 1500-4500 ft December—
January.

42. C. vernicosa, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 34, t. 26, 2/.—Per-
fectly glabrous, leafy, densely tufted. Leaves very numerous, most
densely crowded, rosulate, spreading, 1-4 in. long, $+ in. broad,
linear, straight or curved, obtuse or subacute, in small specimens
oiten knobbed at the tip, rigid and coriaceous, polished andgshining,
entire or obscurely toothed, flat or convex above, margins recurved,
midrib prominent beneath; sheath short, broad. Scapes usually
numerous, 1—9in. high, rather stout, often flexuose, clothed with
leafy coriaceous bracts. Head 1-14 in. diam.; involucral bracts
linear, erect, margins often ciliate. Rays numerous, white, rather
broad, spreading. Disc-florets purple ; corolla-tube pilose. Achene
hispid.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 1386; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 293.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS: Abundant from sea-level to over
1200 ft. November—December.

An exceedingly handsome plant, of which a beautiful plate is given in the
‘‘ Flora Antarctica.’’ It and the following species are the only ones with purple
‘disc-florets.

43. C. Campbellensis, Chapm. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii.
(1891) 407.—Leaves rosulate, 3-6 in. long, 4-3 in. broad, lanceolate
or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, gradually narrowed to a
short broad sheathing base, hardly coriaceous, glabrous above and
longitudinally furrowed, sparingly tomentose and with prominent
longitudinal ribs beneath ; margins flat, finely and sharply serrate.
Scapes 6-10in. high, sparingly tomentose; bracts numerous,
linear, sheathing at the base. Head 14-2in. diam.; involucral
bracts linear, acute, glabrate or sparingly cottony, midrib evident.
Rays spreading, white. Disc-florets purple; corolla-tube pilose.
Achene hispid.—C. Chapmani, Kirk in Gard. Chron. ix. (1§91) 731,
fig. 146; Students’ Fl. 293.

Celmisia. | COMPOSIT. 319

CAMPBELL ISLAND: Perseverance Harbour, rare, Chapman, Kirk !

The flower-heads closely resemble those of C. vernicosa, but the leaves are
altogether different. I have only seen one poor specimen. Mr. Chapman’s
name has one month’s priority of publication over Mr. Kirk’s.

7. VITTADINIA, A. Rich.

Branched perennial herbs or small undershrubs, usually woody
at the base. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed or lobed. Heads
rather small, solitary and terminating the branches or forming loose
terminal corymbs. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate; bracts
in few series, imbricate, narrow, acute; margins scarious. Recep-
tacle pitted, without scales. Ray-florets all female, numerous,
crowded, ligulate. Disc-florets hermaphrodite, tubular, dilated
upwards, usually 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-
branches narrow, somewhat flattened, with subulate tips. Achenes
usually narrow, compressed, with or without ribs. Pappus copious,
of numerous unequal capillary bristles.

A small genus of 8 or 10 species, found in Australia, Tasmania, New
Caledonia, the Sandwich Islands, and extra-tropical South America.

1. V. australis, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 251.—A small much-
branched herb 4—12in. high, hard and woody at the base; branches
numerous, decumbent or suberect, usually more or less hispid-
pubescent or glandular, rarely almost glabrous. Leaves 4-4 in.
long, obovate-spathulate to linear-cuneate, entire or 38—5-toothed or
-lobed at the tip, narrowed into a broad flat petiole, hispid or
pubescent. Heads solitary on short peduncles terminating the
branches; involucral bracts few, in 2-3 series, linear-subulate,
acute, erect, hispid or pubescent. Ray-florets in one series, usually
exceeding the pappus, narrow, white, spreading. Disc-florets
narrow, slender, longer than the involucre. Achene linear, com-
pressed, obtuse at the tip, narrowed to the base, pubescent, usually
with 5-8 striz on each face. Pappus exceeding the achene.—
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 441; Raoul, Choix, 45; Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 136; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 490; Kirk, Students’ FI.
294. Hurybiopsis australis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 125.

NortH anp Sour Isnanps: From the Great Barrier Island and Wha-
ngarei southwards, but local to the north of the Hast Cape. Sea-level to
3000 ft. November—January.

Also found in Australia and Tasmania, where it runs into numerous
varieties, some of which differ widely from the type, and may prove to be
distinct species. Of these var. dissecta (Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 491) has become
naturalised near Nelson. It can be distinguished by the leaves being pin-
natifid, with the segments again lobed, and by the purple ray-florets. ‘Two
other closely allied forms (var. linearis and var. erecta, Kirk, ‘‘ Students’ Flora,”’
295), with linear or linear-spathulate leaves 3-14 in. long and purple rays, have
ae themselves in the interior of Otago and elsewhere in the South
sland.

320 COMPOSITZ:. [Haastia.

8. HAASTIA, Hook. f.

Densely or laxly tufted perennial herbs, often forming large
rounded or amorphous masses in alpine localities; root stout,
branched, often very long; branches hard and woody, altogether
concealed by the persistent leaves. Heads large, solitary at the
tips of the branches, sessile and sunk among the uppermost leaves.
Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate ; bracts in about
two series, linear, with scarious tips, the inner usually narrower,
almost glabrous, the outer broader, densely woolly. Receptacle
flat, papillose. Outer florets numerous, female, in 2 or several
series; corolla very short, slender, narrow-tubular, minutely 5-
toothed ; style-branches long, far-exserted. Disc-florets numerous,
hermaphrodite, funnel-shaped, 5-toothed; style-branches not so
long. Achene linear-oblong, glabrous, subterete, smooth or ob-
scurely grooved. Pappus- hairs of one series of numerous rather
rigid bristles, thickened at the tips.

A very remarkable and distinct genus, confined to New Zealand.

Forming compact pulvinate masses. Leaves most densely

imbricate, broadly obcuneate, crenulate at the tip .. 1. H. pulvinaris.
Laxly branched, rufous or fulvous. Leaves loosely im-

bricated, obovate-spathulate, sharply recurved. Heads

4-3 in. es ays Ac BE Be .. 2. Hy recurva.
Laxly branched, whitish or pale fulvous. Leaves loosely

imbricated, oblong-obovate, flat, suberect. Heads

Z-ltin. .. 3n At Ae 54 .. 3. A. Simclari.
Small, densely tufted, fulvous. Leaves densely imbricated,
obovate-cuneate, clothed with long straight hairs .. 4. H. Greeni.

1. H. pulvinaris, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 156.—Forming
large rounded or amorphous cushion-like masses 3-6 ft. diam. or
more. Root long, stout, branched. Branches numerous, densely
compacted, with the persistent leaves 2in. diam. Leaves spread-
ing, most closely imbricated, thickly clothed with pale fulvous wool,
especially towards the tips, ++ in. long, broadly obcuneate, gradu-
ally narrowed to a broad sessile base, membranous below, tip
thickened and provided on the upper surface with numerous fleshy
projections, giving it a crenulate appearance, 3-veined when the
wool is removed, veins anastomosing above. Head 4in. diam. ; in-
volucral bracts in 1-2 series, narrow-linear, free. Achene linear-
oblong, glabrous, not ribbed. Pappus- hairs free at the base.—
Ic. Plant. t. 1003; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 295.

South Istanp: Nelson—Summit of Gordon’s Nob, 7. F. C.; mountains
above the Wairau Gorge, Sinclair, T. F. C.; Discovery Peaks, Travers; Mount
Captain, Kirk! T. F.C.; Lake Tennyson, 7. F.C. Marlborough—Mount
Mouatt, Awatere, Sinclair, Kirk ! Kaikoura Mountains, Buchanan ! 4000-
6500 ft. Vegetable sheep. December—January.

Oue of the most remarkable plants known. The branches are everywhere
covered and altogether concealed by the densely imbricated woolly leaves, and
are so closely compacted that it is impossible to thrust the finger in between. In

Haastia.] COMPOSITE. 321

fact, the whole plant has the appearance of a woolly cushion marked with
mamillated projections corresponding to the tips of the branches, The flower-
heads are sunk in the top of these projections, and are almost hidden by the
woolly hairs of the leaves. For a detailed account of the vegetative organs of
the plant, and its minute anatomy, reference should be made to a paper by
Miss E. Low in the Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxii. 150.

2. H. recurva, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 156. — Forming
laxly branched masses 3-9in. broad, everywhere covered with
soft dense fulvous or rufous wool; branches spreading, open, with
the leaves 3-2in. diam. Leaves laxly imbricating, 4—?in. long,
obovate or obovate-spathulate, sharply recurved about the middle ;
the lower half loosely sheathing the branch, thin and membranous,
veined, clothed with long woolly hairs; the upper half thicker, with
the superior surface much puckered and wrinkled, with correspond-
ing reticulations beneath, both surfaces covered with densely com-
pacted wool. Heads 4-2in. diam. ; involucral bracts in one series,
linear, erect, densely woolly on the outside, glabrous within.
Achene glabrous, not ribbed. Pappus-hairs free or very obscurely
connate at the base.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 296.

SoutH Isntanp: Nelson—Mount Peel, 7. 7. C.; Wairau Gorge, Sinclair
T. F. C.; Discovery Peaks, Travers ; Clarence Valley, 7. #. C. Marlborough
—Kaikoura Mountains, Buchanan! Canterbury—Mount Torlesse and moun-
tains of the Broken River basin, Haast, Enys! Petrie! Cockayne! T. F.C. ;

Mount White, Armstrong! Usually on dry shingle slopes. 4000-6500 ft.
December—January.

3. H. Sinclairii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 156.— Loosely
tufted, much or sparingly branched, often simple. Branches de-
cumbent or suberect, 3-9in. long. Leaves erect or rarely spread-
ing, laxly imbricating, 4-3 in. long, oblong - obovate or rounded-
obovate, flat, everywhere densely clothed with white or pale ful-
vous wool, thin and membranous towards the base, 5—7-veined
when the wool is removed, upper portion thicker and slightly
rugose. Heads large, 3-14 in. diam.; involucral bracts in 2 series,
with scarious tips, linear or linear-obovate, outer densely woolly,
the inner nearly glabrous. Achene linear- oblong, smooth and
glabrous, not ribbed. Pappus-hairs free to the base.—Ic. Plant.
t. 1008; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 296. H. montana, Buch. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 215.

SoutH Istanp: Not uncommon on dry shingle slopes in alpine localities
from Nelson to the west of Otago. 4000-6500 ft. December—January.

Allied to the preceding, but distinguishable by the less-branched habit, paler
wool, flat leaves, and larger heads.

4. H. Greenii, Hook. f. ex T. Kirk Students’ Fil. 296. —
‘Densely tufted, about 2in. high; stems with the leaves 4 in.
diam. Leaves densely imbricating all round the stem, +in. long,
obovate-cuneate, rounded at the tip, thickly clothed on both sur-
faces with long straight hairs which meet beyond the margin and

completely hide the leaves. Flowers unknown.”
11—Fi.

322 COMPOSITE. [Haastia.

Sour IsuanpD: Canterbury—Mount Cook, alt. 6500 ft., Rev. W. S. Green.

This is quite unknown to me, and in the absence of additional information
I have reproduced Mr. Kirk’s description. It was discovered during the Rev.
W.S. Green’s adventurous ascent of Mount Cook, and has not since been met
with.

9. GNAPHALIUM, Linn.

Hoary or woolly annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate,
quite entire. Heads rather small, corymbose or fascicled or soli-
tary, heterogamous and discoid. Involucre ovoid or campanulate ;
bracts imbricate in several series, more or less scarious, the inner
sometimes with white spreading tips. Receptacle naked or pitted.
Florets of the circumference all female, in 2 or more rows,
numerous, filiform, minutely 3—4-toothed. Disc - florets herma-
phrodite, fewer in number, tubular with a funnel-shaped 5-toothed
mouth. Anthers sagittate at the base, produced into fine tails.
Style-branches of the disc-florets nearly terete, truncate or capitate.
Achenes oblong or obovoid, not ribbed. Pappus-hairs in one series,
slender or thickened at the tip, caducous, often connate at the base.

A large genus, spread over the whole world, hardly distinguishable from
Helichrysum and others except, by the more numerous female flowers. Of the
New Zealand species two are widely distributed in many countries, two others
extend to Australia, the remainder are endemic.

A. Inner involucral bracts white and radiating. Heads corymbose.

Stems robust. Leaves 2-4in. x +-?in., oblong-lanceolate,
3-nerved beneath. Heads }in. diam. .. 1. G. Lyall.
Stems slender, prostrate or decumbent. Leaves 3-lin.,
obovate-spathulate, faintly 3-nerved above. Heads

4—lin. diam. an e ve ye .. 2. G, trinerve.
Stems slender. Leaves 1-24in. x }-Ain., linear-lanceo-
late. Heads Jin. diam. .. Ae Se .. 3. G. Keriense.

Stems branched, slender, rigid. Leaves 4-1} in.
qo-s'y in., narrow-linear, margins recurved. Heads4in. 4. G. subrigidwm.

B. Inner involucral bracts not white and radiating.
* Heads solitary, terminal.

Small, 1-4in. high, simple or branched below. Leaves
4-2in., linear-obovate, white on both surfaces. Head
4 in. diam. 5. G. Traversit.

Small, 1-2in. high, ‘solitary | or tufted. Leaves 4-1in.,

linear- spathulate, white beneath. Heads jin. diam. 6. G. paludosum.
Small, stems short, tufted. Leaves imbricate, 4in., linear,
silky on both surfaces. Head din. diam. Sh .. 7. G. nitidulum.
** Heads numerous, corymbose, ebracteate.
Stems 3-18in. Leaves 1-3 in., linear or linear-spathulate,
white and woolly on both surfaces .. ee .. 8. G. luteo-album.

*** Heads compacted into a dense glomerule, with linear bracts at the base.

Annual, stems 6-20 in., branched, erect, leafy. Glomerules

4-1in. diam. a is sf .. 9. G. japonicum.
Perennial, with creeping stolons. Stems 3-12 in., simple.

Leaves mostly radical. Glomerules smaller .. .. 10. G. collinum.

Gnaphalium.] COMPOSITZ, 323

1. G. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 137.— Stems 1-2 ft. high,
stout, branched, decumbent or prostrate at the woody base, then
erect, cottony above. Leaves close-set or the upper remote,
spreading, 2-4in. long, }~?in. broad, narrow oblong-lanceolate or
narrow obovate-lanceolate, acute, gradually narrowed to a sessile
base, membranous, glabrous above, beneath clothed with thinly ap-
pressed white tomentum and distinctly 3-nerved. Heads rather
large, in. diam., disposed in many - flowered terminal corymbs
2-4in. across; pedicels cottony. Involucral bracts numerous,
scarious, white, radiating, with short woolly claws. Female florets
very numerous, disc-florets much fewer. Achene linear-oblong,
smooth, glabrous. Pappus-hairs few, very slender.—Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 152; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 297. G. adherens, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 244.

Norte IstanpD: Ruahine Range, Colenso! Andrew, Howlett! Murimotu
and Moawhango, Petrie! Rimutaka Range, Kirk! SourH Is~tanp: Not un-
common along the western side from Collingwood to the Otira Gorge and south-
wards to Milford Sound. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November—January.

A handsome plant, in its usual state at once recognised by the large size,
broad distinctly 3-nerved leaves, and large heads. But small states with
narrower leaves and smaller heads are difficult to separate from G. Keriense, and
there is little doubt that the two species pass into one another. In both
G, Lyallti and Keriense the disc-florets are frequently sterile, showing a tendency
in the heads to become unisexual.

2. G. trinerve, Forst. Prodr. n. 289.—Stems 1-2 ft. long,
rather slender, sparingly branched, prostrate or decumbent, glabrate
below, more or less white and cottony above. Leaves distant,
spreading or deflexed, 4-1 in. long, obovate-lanceolate or spathulate,
broadest towards the tip, acute or apiculate, gradually narrowed to
a broad base, glabrous above and faintly 3-nerved, white with
appressed wool beneath. Heads in corymbs of 3 to 10 or solitary,
terminating the branches, which are produced into slender cottony
bracteate peduncles, $-%in. diam. Involucral bracts numerous,
white, radiating, the outer woolly at the base. Achene linear-
oblong, glabrous. Pappus-hairs few, slender.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 239; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 455; Raoul, Choiw, 45; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 188; Handb. N.Z. Fl. i. 153; Kirk, Students’
Fil, 297.

Nort Istanp: Rimutaka Range, Kirk! SourH Istanp: West coast of

Nelson to Westland and Milford Sound, south and east coasts of Otago; not
uncommon. Sea-level to 2000 ft. November—December.

Closely allied to the preceding, but sufficiently characterized by the more
slender stems, shorter obovate-spathulate leaves, which are seldom 3-nerved
beneath, and by the bracteate peduncles.

3. G. Keriense, 4A. Cunn. Precur. n. 454.—Stems short or
long, prostrate or decumbent, with numerous erect or ascending
leafy branches 3-9in. long, cottony above. Leaves spreading,

324 COMPOSITE. [Gnaphalium.

4-21 in. long, $4in. broad, narrow linear-lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate, acute, gradually narrowed to
the base, glabrous above, beneath white with appressed cottony
tomentum but with the midrib evident, rarely faintly 3-nerved.
Heads small, 4in. diam., in many-flowered corymbs terminating
the branches, which are produced into leafy or bracteate cottony
peduncles. Involucral bracts numerous, white, radiating; outer
cottony at the base. Achene minute, glabrous. Pappus-hairs
few, very slender.—Raoul, Choix, 45; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 138 ;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 153; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 298. G. novee-zealandie,
Sch. Bip. in Bot. Zeit. ii. (1845) 171. Helichrysum micranthum,
A. Cunn. ex D.C. Prodr. vi. 189.

NortH Istanp: Abundant by the sides of streams, &c., from Mongonui to
Cook Strait. Souru Istanp: Nelson, Travers; Wangapeka Valley, 7. #. C.;
Dusky Bay, Lyall. Sea-level to 2000 ft. October-December.

4. G. subrigidum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 245.—
Stems usually much branched, sometimes almost bushy, erect or
decumbent at the base, woody, 9-20in. long; branches slender,
brittle, somewhat rigid, glabrous or Conary at the tips. Leaves
close-set, spreading, 4-l}in. long, ~,-;;im. broad, very narrow-
linear or narrow linear- spathulate, acute or apiculate, stiff and
coriaceous, glabrous above, white with appressed tomentum be-
neath, but with the midrib evident; margins recurved. Heads
very numerous, 4—4in. diam., in broad many-flowered corymbs
at the ends of the branches ; pedicels usually very slender, almost
capillary, white and cottony. Involucral bracts white and ra-
diating. Achene and pappus as in G. Keriense.—G. Keriense var.
linifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 188; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 153;
Kirk, Students’ Fil. 298. ;

Nortu Istanp: Dry rocky banks from the East Cape and Taupo to
Wanganui; not uncommon. Sea-level to 2000 ft. October-December.

This has generally been treated as a variety of G. Keriense, from which it
differs in the more rigid erect and bushy habit, much narrower stiff and
coriaceous leaves with recurved margins, and almost capillary pedicels. It
deviates quite as much from G. Keriense as Lyallii and trinerve do, and for the
sake of consistency should be considered as distinct, unless the four species a are
merged into one.

5. G. Traversii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 154.—A dwarf tuited
perennial herb 1-4 in. high, simple or branched below, sometimes
forming small patches. Leaves radical, petiolate, +-2in. long,
linear-spathulate or linear-obovate, clothed on both surfaces with
soft cottony wool, petiole long or short. Scapes erect, variable in
length, $-3in., white with cottony wool; bracts 1-3, linear. Head
solitary, terminal, 4in. diam.; involucral bracts in about 3 series,
erect, linear, obtuse, pale brownish-yellow, scarious and hyaline,
shining; outer shorter and broader, cottony at the base. Female

Gnaphaliwm.] COMPOSITE. 325

florets very numerous, with a few hermaphrodite ones in the
centre. Achene puberulous or glabrous. Pappus-hairs copious,
very fine, connate at the base.—Benth. Fl. Austral. iti. 655 ;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 299.

Var. Mackayi, T. Kirk, /.c—Much branched, densely tufted, forming close
matted patches. Leaves imbricated on the short branches, heads smaller,
sessile or on short scapes. Involucral bracts not so numerous, acute.—Raoulia
Mackayi, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 354, t. 34, f. 2.

SoutH Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to
Foveaux Strait. 1500-5500 ft. December—February. Also in Australia.

A variable plant. The most developed form is almost simple, with long
radical leaves and long and slender scapes; but it passes by almost imper-
ceptible gradations into the extreme state of var. Mackayi, which forms broad
much-branched patches, with short imbricated leaves and sessile heads.

6. G. paludosum, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 441.
—Very slender, solitary or tufted, 1-2in. high. Leaves all radical,
petiolate, 4+-14in. long, narrow linear-spathulate ; blade half the
length or nearly so, acute or subacute, rather membranous, glabrous
or slightly silky above, beneath clothed with white appressed
tomentum; midrib prominent; margins flat or slightly recurved.
Scapes few, hardly exceeding the leaves in the flowering stage, but
elongating in fruit, very slender, almost capillary, cottony; bracts
few, small, linear. Head solitary, terminal, tin. diam.; involucral
bracts few, scarious, pale and glistening, darker at the tips, inner
linear, glabrous. Female florets very numerous. Achene linear-
oblong, papillose. Pappus-hairs very delicate, connate at the base.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl, 299. G. minutulum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxii. (1890) 472.

NorrH Is~anp: Base of Tongariro, Hill! Rangipo Plains and Ruahine
Mountains, Petrie! Sourn Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts,
usually in peaty swamps, from Nelson to Otago. 1000-4000 ft. December—
January.

Closely allied to G. Traversii, but easily separated by the smaller size and
more slender habit, thinner leaves glabrous on the upper surface, smaller heads,
and fewer involucral bracts with dark tips. The type specimens of Mr. Colenso’s
G. minutulum are identical with Mr. Petrie’s plant.

7. G. nitidulum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 154.—“ A small
densely tufted species, covered with appressed silky shining yellow-
ish tomentum. Leaves closely imbricated at their bases, above
spreading, flat, tin. long, linear, obtuse; lower 4 membranous,
glabrous, upper 2 densely silky. Heads terminal, solitary, large,
4in. broad, on very short slender peduncles; involucral scales in 2
series, erect, linear, hyaline, shining, with pale erect tips; florets not
seen.’’—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 299.

Sour Isuanp: ‘‘ Nelson Mountains, Sinclair; Clarence and Wairau Val-
leys, alt. 3500 ft., Travers.”

326 COMPOSITZ. [Gnaphalium.

This plant has apparently not been collected since its original discovery
nearly fifty years ago. Not having seen specimens, I have reproduced Hooker’s
description.

8. G. luteo-album, Zinn. Sp. Plant. 851.—Annual or rarely
biennial, clothed in all its parts with soft white woolly tomentum.
Stems erect, ascending or decumbent, simple or branched at tlie
base, 3-18in. high. Lower leaves often petiolate, 1-3 in. long,
linear or linear-spathulate to obovate-spathulate, obtuse or acute;
upper smaller. sessile, linear or lanceolate, acute. Heads +in.
diam., pale-yellow or brownish-yellow, glistening, in dense ebrac-
teate clusters arranged in a corymbose manner at the ends of the
branches. Involucre almost globose; bracts erect, oblong, obtuse,
scarious, tips incurved. Female florets exceedingly numerous;
hermaphrodite ones: few. Achene minutely papillose.—d. Rich.
Fil. Now. Zel. 236; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 450; Raoul, Choim, 45;
Hook. f. Fi. Nov. Zel. 188; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 154; Kirk, Students’
Fl. 298.

KermapEec Is~tanps, NortH and SoutH IsbLANDs, STEWART ISLAND,
CHATHAM IsnANDs, AUCKLAND IsLANDs: Abundant tnroughout from sea-level to
fully 3000 ft. November—March.

A common plant in almost all warm and many temperate countries.

9.G. japonicum, Thunb. Fil. Jap. 311.— Annual, erect,
6-20in. high. Stems often woody at the base, branched, more or
less white and cottony. leaves scattered, 1-4in. long, oblong-
spathulate or linear-spathulate to linear-lanceolate, the lower often
petiolate, acute, glabrous above or nearly so, cottony-white beneath.
Heads small, 44+ in. long, compacted into dense globose clusters or
compound heads 4-1 in. diain., which either terminate the branches
or are axillary, and are surrounded by 3-6 linear spreading floral
leaves. Involucral bracts scarious, hyaline, erect, obtuse or the
inner acute. Female florets very numerous; hermaphrodite ones
few, sometimes solitary. Achene slightly compressed, glabrous.
Pappus-hairs very slender, hardly connate at the base.—Benth. Fl.
Austral. i. 653; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 300. G. involucratum, Forst.
Prodr. n. 291; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 241; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 453; Raoul, Choix, 45; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 189; Handb.
N.4. Fl. 155. G. virgatum, Banks and Sol. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel, 1. 1389. G. lanatum, Forst. Prodr. n. 290; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 452. G. Cunninghamii, D.C. Prodr. vi. 235.

KermapEec Is~anps, NortH and SoutH Isntanps, STEWART ISLAND,
CuHatHAM Is~taAnDs: Abundant throughout from sea-level to 2500 ft. No-
vember—January.

Found also in Norfolk Island, Lord Howe’s Island, Australia and Tasmania)
and northwards to the Malay Archipelago, China, and Japan.

Gnaphaliwm. |] COMPOSITH. 327

10. G. collinum, Lab. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 44, t. 189.--A tufted
perennial herb 3-12in. high, usually with creeping and rooting
stolons and slender erect cottony stems. Leaves mostly radical,
very variable in size, 4-3 in. long, lanceolate-spathulate or oblong-
spathulate, acute or obtuse, petiolate, white and cottony on both
surfaces or glabrate above; cauline leaves much smaller and nar-
rower, linear - spathulate, sessile. Heads small, compacted into
dense clusters or compound heads similar to those of G. japonicum,
but smaller and not so compact, and with fewer smaller subtending
floral leaves. Involucres broader than in G. japonicum; bracts
linear-oblong, obtuse, scarious and hyaline. Florets and achenes
as in G. japonicum.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 189; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 155; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 654; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 300.
G. simplex, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 237; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 451.

Var. obscurum, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 300.—Forming grey matted patches
seldom more than lin. high. Leaves 4-3 in., linear, glabrate above, grey with
appressed tomentum beneath. Scape leafy or almost wanting. Heads in
terminal fascicles of 2-4 or solitary. Involucral bracts 3-10, linear, obtuse.

Var. monocephalum, Kirk, 1.c.—Very small. Leaves all radical, 4in.
long, linear, obtuse or acute. Head solitary, sessile or on a slender filiform
scape 3-1 in. high.

KERMADEC IsLANDS, NorTtTH AND SoutTH Ispanps, SteEwarr ISLAND,
CHATHAM JsnANDS: Plentiful from sea-level to 4500 ft. November—March.
The two varieties not uncommon on the mountains of the South Island.

Luxuriant forms of this are best distinguished from G. japonicum by being
perennial, by the creeping stolons, smaller glomerules with fewer floral leaves,
and by the broader inyolucres. It is also a native of Australia and Tasmania.

10. RAOULTA, Hook. f.

Perennial herbs, usually of small size, either densely tufted and
compacted or creeping and matted. Leaves small, alternate, entire,
often closely imbricated. Heads small, solitary, terminal, sessile or
nearly so, heterogamous and discoid. Involucre oblong, campanu-
late or hemispherical ; bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, the inner ones
often with white radiating tips. Receptacle narrow, flat or convex,
naked. Florets of the circumference in 1 or 2 rows, female,
filiform, 2—3-toothed. Disc-florets hermaphrodite, tubular with a
funnel-shaped 5-toothed mouth. Anthers sagittate at the base,
produced into fine tails. Style-branches nearly terete, truncate or
subeapitate. Achenes oblong. Pappus-hairs in one or several
series, slender or thickened at the tip.

A genus founded more upon habit than upon really good and distinctive
characters. It may be said to be intermediate between the Hugnaphaliee and
Helichrysee, the female and disc florets being often nearly equal in number. It
is easily divided into two sections by the remarkable differences between the
pappus-hairs, which may ultimately, when the Gnaphalioid Composite are
thoroughly worked out, be found sufficient to constitute separate genera. Several
of the species are difficult of discrimination, and require further examination,

328 COMPOSIT. {Raoulia.

this being specially the case with those to which, on account of the remarkable
habit, the popular name of vegetable sheep has been applied. It is quite
possible that several species are confounded under R. eximia and allied forms.
All the New Zealand species are endemic, and in addition there are one or two
found in Australia and Tasmania.

A. Leptopappus. Pappus-hairs in several series, copious, very slender, not

thickened upwards.
* Inner involucral bracts without white radiating tips.

Leaves ;4,in., erect or recurved, resale wre obtuse, white
and silvery, Florets 12-20 . :

Leaves ;;in., spreading or recurved, linear- ‘oblong < or
spathulate, acute or apiculate, glabrate or tomentose.
Florets 10-16 -

Leaves +; in., erecto-patent, ovate-subulate from a broad
base, glabrate. Florets 4-8 :

Leaves 4-+in., spreading and recurved, linear,
grey with silky tomentum; margins involute.
15-20 Ai ve ar Ae :

obtuse,
Florets

* Inner involucral bracts with white radiating tips.

Stems slender, forming loose patches. Leaves laxly
imbricate, mae RE eee glabrous or
nearly so ..

Stems stout, matted. Leaves ‘closely imbricate, erecto-
patent, linear- oblong, silky or glabrate :

Stems stout, matted. Leaves closely imbricate, spreading
and recurved, obovate-spathulate, densely tomentose

B. Imbricaria.
* Inner involucral bracts without white radiating tips.

Leaves spreading, glabrous, rigid, subulate

Forming hard compact masses. Leaves most densely i im-
bricate, linear-obovate, upper 4 with a dense tuft of
hairs concealing the leaf i af “) a3

Forming broad patches. Leaves ovate, obtuse, clothed
with silvery tomentum, grooved on the back when dry .

** Inner involucral bracts with white radiating tips.

Stems tufted, often simple. Leaves 4-+in., ovate-subu-
late, silvery. Heads large, 4-2 in. ..
Stems laxly branched. Leaves 4-4 in., recurved, obovate-

spathulate. Heads}in. Florets 30-50 ye
Forming compact masses. Leaves densely imbricate, ob-
ovate-spathulate, upper part clothed on both surfaces
with dense straight hairs concealing the leaf . :
Forming compact masses. Leaves densely imbricate, ob-
ovate-spathulate, upper part clothed on both surfaces
with dense straight hairs concealing the leaf, but ex-
treme tip naked. Florets red 5
Forming compact masses, Leaves densely ‘imbricate,
broadly cuneate or flabellate, truncate, tip of upper sur-
face clothed with straight dense halts beneath glabrous
and corrugated he ne : ats 4c

5.
6.
7.

Be

Li,
a 12,

Seelst:

14.

15.

. R. australis.

. RK. tenwicaulis.

. KR. Haastiz.

. R. Monroi.

R. glabra.
R. subsericea.

R. Parkit.

Pappus-hairs in one series, few, rigid, thickened upwards.

. R. subulata.

R. exinia.

. R. Hector,

BR. grandiflora.

. R. Petriensis.

R.mammillaris.

R. rubra.

R. Buchanani.

Raoula.} COMPOSITE. 329

Forming compact greenish masses. Leaves densely im-

bricate, linear-oblong, truncate, tip of upper surface

clothed with straight dense hairs, naked beneath -- 16. BR. Goyent.
Forming compact patches. Leaves densely imbricate,

erecto-patent, tips clothed on both surfaces with ap-

pressed silky tomentum cls “ : .. 17. BR. bryoides.

1. R. australis, Hook. f. ex Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 20, t. 15.
—Forming broad flat patches. Stems 1-6in. long, much inter-
laced, prostrate and rooting; branches numerous, closely packed,
short, erect, $-l}in. high. Leaves laxly or densely imbricated,
erect or spreading or recurved, ;,-4in. long, linear- or obovate-
spathulate to rounded spathulate, obtuse at the tip, concave, more
or less clothed on both surfaces with white or yellowish tomen-
tum, especially towards the tip. Heads $-}in. long; involucral
bracts in 2-3 series; outer spathulate, tomentose ; inner linear,
obtuse, scarious, shining, pale-yellow. Florets from 12 to 20 or
more, the females equalling or exceeding the hermaphrodite ones
in number. Achene glabrous or minutely pubescent. Pappus-
hairs very numerous, extremely slender, not thickened at the tips.
—Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 185; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 148; Kirk, Students’ Fl.
302. R. Mackayi, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 354, t. 34,
f.2. R. albosericea, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 195.

Var. apice-nigra, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 302.—Leaves more densely tomen-

tose, white with soft woolly hairs. Outer involucral bracts black at the tips.—
R. apice-nigra, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi, (1879) 464.

Var. lutescens, Kirk, l.c.—Smaller. Leaves densely imbricating, shorter,
sy-zy in. long. Heads smaller; involucral bracts bright-yellow.

NortH Istanp: From the East Cape and the Upper Thames Valley
southwards, but often local. SoutH Isuanp: Abundant throughout. Stewart
Is~tanp: Mason Bay, Kirk! Sea-level to 5500 ft. December—January,

A very variable plant, especially in the size and shape of the leaves, and
the extent to which they are clothed with white tomentum. Mr. Colenso
describes his R. albosericea as having few florets and few pappus-hairs; but the
specimens in his herbarium are long past flowering, and have evidently lost
most of the florets and much of the pappus, and apparently do not differ from
the type in any essential character.

9. R. tenuicaulis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 135, t. 36a.—-
Stems slender, prostrate and creeping, much and laxly branched,
1-10in. long; branches ascending at me tips. Leaves laxly
imbricating, spreading or recurved, 7-74 in. long, linear-oblong
or lanceolate-spathulate, or on luxuriant shoots obovate-spathu-
late, acuminate or apiculate, concave, more or less clothed with
greyish appressed tomentum or almost glabrous. Heads 3-1 in.
long; involucral bracts in 3 series; outer tomentose or glabrate,
acute; inner scarious, with brown acute or obtuse tips. Florets
from 10 to 16, the females about equalling the hermaphro-
dite ones in number. Achene glabrate or puberulous. Pappus-
hairs copious, very slender.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 148; Kirk, Bee

Fl, 302.

330 COMPOSITA. { Raoulia.

Var. pusilla, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 302.—Smaller, glabrous or nearly so,
much more closely branched; branches 4-}in. high. Leaves j,—7, in., linear,
acute, concave. Female florets almost twice as numerous as the hermaphrodite
ones.

Norru anp SourH IsntAnps: Not uncommon from the Thames goldfields
southwards, usually on gravelly or sandy river-beds. Var. pusilla: Rimutaka
Range, Kirk! mountains flanking the Wairau Valley, T. F. C. Sea-level to
5000 ft. December-January.

Easily distinguished by the slender habit, narrow acute or apiculate leaves
with greyish tomentum, and brown-tipped involucral bracts.

3. R. Haastii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. fi. 148.—Glabrous or
nearly so, forming small dense patches. Stems short, rather stout,
prostrate ; branches numerous, closely packed, 4-1 in. high, rarely
more. Leaves densely imbricated, erecto-patent, ;, in. long, with
a broad membranous sheathing base and much narrower ovyate-
subulate coriaceous tip, concave, quite glabrous or obscurely silky
or woolly. Heads 4in. long; involucral bracts in 2-3 series,
scarious, linear, obtuse, not brown at the tips. Florets few, 4 to 8;
2-4 of them female. Achene puberulous. Pappus-hairs copious,
slender, not thickened above.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 302.

SoutH Isntanp: Nelson—Waiau Valley, Sinclair, Travers; Amuri, Kirk !
Clarence Valley, 7. #. C. Canterbury—Kowai River, Haast! Upper Waimaka-
riri and Broken River, Kirk! T. F.C. Otago—Kyeburn Crossing, Maniototo
County, Petrie! 1000-3000 ft. November—December.

Separated from R. tenwicaulis by the shorter leaves with broad bases and
ovate-subulate tips, and by the narrower few-flowered heads.

4. R. Monroi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 148.—Stems wiry,
creeping, much interlaced, forming broad patches; rootlets long,
filiform ; branches slender, ascending, silky, 1-2in. high or more.
Leaves laxly or densely imbricate, rarely distant, spreading and
recurved, +1 in. long, linear or linear-spathulate, obtuse, uniformly
clothed on both surfaces with greyish-white appressed tomentum ;
margins incurved. Heads narrow, ¢in. long; involucral bracts in
3-4 series; the outer oblong, tomentose; the inner longer and
narrower, scarious, with brown obtuse tips. Florets from 15 to 20,
the females the most numerous. Achene oblong, puberulous.
Pappus-hairs copious, slender, not thickened at the tips.—Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 303.

SoutH Isnanp: Not uncommon in dry gravelly and sandy places in Marl-
borough, Canterbury, and Otago. Sea-level to 3500 ft. © November—January.

Easily recognised by the uniform greyish-whits colour, linear spreading and
recurved leaves, and narrow heads with brown-tipped involucral scales.

5. R. glabra, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 135.—Stems long,
slender, prostrate, much branched, forming lax patches 3-24 in.
acypss; branches ascending, 1-3in. long. Leaves pale yellow-

Raoulia. | COMPOSITA. ¢ 331

green, laxly imbricated or somewhat remote, spreading or erecto-
patent, }-1 in. long, linear-ligulate or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse,
flat or nearly so, 1-nerved, glabrous or slightly silky, sometimes
with a minute pencil of hairs atthe tip. Heads rather large, +4 in.
diam. ; involucral bracts in 3-4 series; outer green, ovate-oblong,
acuminate; inner longer, linear-oblong, with white radiating tips.
Florets numerous, 30-50; female in 2 series, rather less in number
than the hermaphrodite ones. Achene puberulous. Pappus-hairs
copious, soft, not thickened at the tips—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 149;
Kork, Students’ Fl. 303.

Nort IstanpD: Tararua and Rimutaka Mountains, descending almost to
sea-level to the north of Cape Palliser. Sourn Istanp: Abundant throughout
in mountain districts. Ascends to 4000 ft. December—January.

6. R. subsericea, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 186.—Stouter than
fi. glabra, and more closely branched, forming smaller and more
compact patches with shorter erect branches. Leaves rather
longer and broader than in R&. glabra, closely imbricated, 4-1 in.
iong, linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, flat or nearly so, usually
sparingly clothed with thin silvery tomentum or rarely almost
glabrous. Heads rather larger, $in. diam.; involucral bracts
broader, the innermost with larger and more conspicuous white
radiating tips. Florets similar to those of R. glabra, but fewer in
number. Achene glabrous. Pappus-hairs copious, soft, slightly
thickened at the tips.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 150; Kirk, Students’ Fl.
303.

SoutH Is~tanpD: Abundant in mountain districts throughout. 1000-
4500 ft. December—January.

Very closely allied to R. glabra, but generally recognised without difficulty
by the more compact habit, silky leaves, rather larger heads with more con-
spicuous white tips to the inner involucral bracts, and by the pappus-hairs being
slightly thickened above.

7. R. Parkii, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 355, t. 34,
f. 3.-—Stems 1-6in. long, prostrate, creeping and rooting, often
densely matted and forming large patches ; branches short, erect
or ascending, 4-lin. long. Leaves closely imbricated, spreading
and recurved, ;4,tin. long, obovate-spathulate, obtuse, clothed
with white or buff woolly appressed tomentum except towards the
base, which is usually glabrous. Heads 1-4in. diam., sessile
among the terminal leaves; involucral bracts in 2-3 series; the
outer short, tomentose on the outside; the inner longer, linear-
oblong, obtuse, with white radiating tips. Florets 15-25, the
females about equal to the hermaphrodite ones in number.
Achene puberulous. Pappus-hairs slightly thickened at the tips.

SoutH Isnanp: Canterbury — Mount Dobson, Lake Tekapo, Mount
Ollivier, 7. F. C. Otago—Mount Alta, Buchanan! Lake Wanaka, Hector
Mountains, Old Man Range, Ida Valley, and elsewhere in Central Otago,
Petrie ! 2500-5500 ft. December-—January.

*%

332 COMPOSITH. [Raoulia.

Mr. Petrie’s specimens and my own agree with Mr. Buchanan’s figure, and
exactly match a specimen which he gave me from Mount Alta, the original
locality. In Mr. Kirk’s herbarium it is placed under Helichrysum Youngit ;
but that species differs widely in the larger leaves clothed with softer tomen-
tum, much larger heads with very much longer acute inner involucral bracts,
and in the more numerous florets.

8. R. subulata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 149.—A small densely
tufted species forming moss-like patches 1-3in. diam., perfectly
glabrous in all its parts; branches 4-1 in. high. Leaves very closely
imbricated, suberect or patent, $4 1n. long, subulate, acuminate,
l-nerved. Heads din. diam. ; involucral bracts in 2-3 series, linear.
oblong, scarious, acute, not white nor radiating. Receptacle convex,
hispid. Florets 18-25, the females usually rather fewer in number
than the hermaphrodite ones. Achene silky. Pappus-hairs some-
what rigid, thickened at the tips.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 304.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mountains above the Wairau Gorge, Sinclair,
1T’. F. C. Canterbury—Mountains above Arthur’s Pass, 7. ¥. C.; Rangitata
Valley, Armstrong! Otago—Lake district, Hector and Buchanan! Hector
Mountains, Mount Pisa, Mount Tyndall, Petrie ! 4000-6500 ft. December-—
January.

A well-marked species, not closely related to any other.

9. R. eximia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 149.—Forming large
rounded or amorphous densely compacted masses from 2-3 in. to
several feet long, and sometimes over 2 ft. high. Root stout, woody ;
branches short, with the leaves $in. diam. Leaves most densely
packed, imbricated all round the branch in many series, $-1 in. long,
linear-obovate or linear-cuneate, rounded at the tip, membranous,
bearing on both surfaces towards the tip a dense tuft of straight
white hairs which project beyond the leaf and entirely conceal it.
On the back of the leaf the hairs often extend half-way down the
leaf or more, but on the upper surface the lower two-thirds is usually
quite glabrous. Heads numerous, small, sunk among the leaves at
the tips of the branches; involucral bracts in 2 series, narrow-
linear, scarious, with a tuft of hairs above the middle, not white at
the tips. Florets 8-12 or more, the hermaphrodite ones more
numerous than the female. Achene clothed with long silky hairs,
and with a thickened areole at the base. Pappus-hairs few, rigid.
thickened at the tip.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 304.

SourH Isntanp: Nelson—Mount Peel, 7. F. C. Canterbury—Mount Tor-
lesse, Haast, Kirk! Hnys! Petrie! Cockayne! T.F.C.; Mount Dobson,
Haast, T. F. C.; Mount Cook district, 7. F. C. Otago—Lake district,
Buchanan! Mount Ida Range, Petrie ! 4000-6000 ft. December—January.

A most remarkable plant. It is probably not uncommon in alpine situations
all along the eastern side of the Southern Alps from Nelson to Otago, but I have
only quoted those localities from whence I have seen flowering specimens. Ina
barren state itis very easy to confound it with R. mammuillaris.

Raoulia.| COMPOSITH. 333

There are several forms closely related to R. eximia respecting which
further information ismuch wanted. Mr. Townson sends a variety from Mount
Frederic, near Westport, remarkable for the branches being quite flat at the
tips, and so closely compacted that the tips show on the even surface of the
hummock like mosaic. On the other hand, specimens collected by myself in the
Mount Cook district are much less dense, the tips of the branches forming
conspicuous mammillary knobs. I have seen no specimens of Mr. Kirk’s var.
lata, apparently distinguished by the broader and shorter less closely imbricate
leaves. Nor are there any specimens in his herbarium of &. Brownit, Kirk,
provisionally separated from R. eximia on account of the linear-oblong acute

leaves.

10. R. Hectori, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 149.—Often forming
broad dense patches. Stems prostrate, much branched, 1-3 in.
long ; branches 3—2 in. high, close-set, erect or ascending. Leaves
closely imbricated, erecto- patent, 4,4 in. long, broadly ovate, ob-
tuse, upper half thick and coriaceous and clothed with appressed
silvery tomentum, lower half membranous, glabrous, back longi-
tudinally grooved when dry. Heads small, tin. diam., sunk
amongst the terminal leaves; involucral bracts in 2 series, linear-
oblong, scarious, subacute, glabrous, not white at the tips. Florets
10-18; female 3-6. Achene glabrous or nearly so. Pappus-
hairs few, rigid, thickened at the tips.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 304.

Var. mollis, Buch. ex Kirk, Students’ Fl. 305.—Smaller and not so rigid.
Leaves not so closely imbricated, broader and softer, cottony at the base, not so
silvery at the tip. Heads smaller. Florets 6-10. Achenes glabrous. Perhaps

a distinct species.

SourtH Istanp : Canterbury—Mount Dobson Range, T. #'. C. Otago—Lake
district, Hector and Buchanan! Mount St. Bathans, Hector Mountains,
Mount Pisa, Ben Lomond, Petrie! 4000-6500 ft. |December-January.
Var. mollis: Mount St. Bathans, Petrie !

11. R. grandiflora, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 136, t. 374.—Stems
4-2 in. long, tufted, simple or branched at the base, stout, 44+ in.
diam. with the leaves, erect or curved; rootslongand wiry. Leaves
imbricated all round the stem, 4-4in. long, ovate- or lanceolate-
subulate, gradually tapering to a subacute tip, rigid, striate on the
back, clothed with silvery appressed tomentum, loosely cottony
towards the base. Heads large, $-2in. diam., sunk among the
terminal leaves; involucral bracts in about 2 series; the outer
few, short, scarious; inner linear, obtuse, spreading, with long
white radiating tips; receptacle small, convex, hispid. TF lorets
25-40, about one-third female, narrow, the rest hermaphrodite.
Achene silky. Pappus-hairs rather slender, thickened at the tips.
—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 150; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 305.

North anp Souru Isntanps: Frequent in mountain districts from the

East Cape and Taupo to Foveaux Strait. 3000-6000 ft. December-
January.

This has a different habit to any of the other species included in the genus,
and would be far more appropriately placed in Helichrysum.

334 COMPOSITA. [Raoulia.

12. R. Petriensis, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 549.
—Usually forming Jaxly branched patches. Stems 2-6 in. long, ©
prostrate or suberect; branches numerous, ascending or erect,
viscid, with the leaves 4-1in. diam. Leaves laxly imbricating,
1-1in. long, obovate-spathulate ; base erect, membranous, loosely
cottony ; tip spreading or recurved, rounded, coriaceous, clothed
with densely felted shining tomentum. Heads iin. diam., sessile
among the terminal leaves; involucral bracts in 2 series, linear,
scarious, obtuse, the inner with short white radiating tips. Florets
30-50 ; female very slender, filiform, 8-15. Achene glabrous or
puberulous. Pappus-hairs thickened at the tips. — Students’ Fl.
305.

Soutu Isnanp: Canterbury — Mount Dobson Range, 7. F. C. Otago—
Mount Ida and Mount St. Bathans, Petrie ! 3500-5500 ft. December-—
January.

A remarkably distinct species, at once recognised by the loosely tufted habit,
long slender branches, spreading and recurved leaves, and numerous florets.

13. R. mammillaris, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 150.—Forming
hard compact masses similar in size and aspect to those of Ff. exi-
mia. Branches short, stout, with the leaves quite +in. diam.
Leaves most densely Baase imbricated all round the branches in
many series, spreading, ;4—4in. long, obovate-cuneate or spathu-
late, rounded or almost truncate at the tip, membranous, glabrous
or nearly so in the lower half, in the upper half clothed on both
surfaces with a dense tuft of straight hairs which project just
beyond the tip and conceal the leaf. Heads 1—+in. diam., sunk
among the leaves at the tips of the branches; involucral bracts in
about 2 series, the inner linear-oblong, scarious, with conspicuous
white obtuse or subacute radiating tips. Florets 10-12, the her-
maphrodite ones more numerous than the females. Achene clothed
with long silky hairs, and with a thickened areole at the base.
Pappus-hairs few, rigid, thickened at the tips.—Kirk, Students’ FI.
306.

SourH Isnanp: Nelson—Mount Starveall, Bryant (‘‘ Students’ Flora ’’).
Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Haast (Handbook). Otago—Alps of the Lake dis-
trict, Buchanan! 4000-6000 ft. Vegetable sheep.

The conspicuous white radiating tips to the inner involucral bracts distin-
guish this at a glance from &#. exinvia, but in the absence of flowers it is by no
means easy to separate the two species The leaves of R. mammillaris, how-
ever, are shorter and broader, with shorter hairs which do not project so far
beyond the tip of the leaf asin R. eximia. The only specimens I have seen are
Mr. Buchanan’s, which are in full flower, and unmistakable. The Mount Starve-
all locality is given on the authority of Mr. Kirk, but there are no specimens
from thence in his herbarium.

14. R. rubra, Buch. m Trans. N.Z, inst. xiv. (1882) 350, t. 30,
f. 2.—Forming hard compact masses 6-12in. diam. and 4—8in.
high; branches with the leaves 34-4in. diam. Leaves closely

FRaoulra.] COMPOSIT2. 335

packed, imbricated in many series, }-}in. long, broadly obovate-
spathulate or cuneate, rounded or almost truncate at the tip, mem-
branous, upper part clothed on both surfaces with long straight
hairs which project beyond the leaf, but the extreme tip naked on
both sides though concealed by the hairs, lower portion of the leaf
glabrous on both surfaces. Heads small, ;4,in. diam., sunk among
the terminal leaves; involucral bracts numerous, linear, obtuse,
glabrous, the inner with short white radiating tips. Florets 10-14;
corolla dark-crimson. Achene clothed with long silky hairs.
Pappus-hairs few, rigid, thickened at the tips——Kirk, Students’ Fl.
305.

NortH Isnanp: Mount Holdsworth, Tararua Range, alt. 4500 ft., Buw-
chanan! T. P. Arnold! January.

I have only seen very imperfect specimens of this, and the above description
is mainly founded on that originally published by Buchanan. Its nearest ally
appears to be &. mammillaris.

15. R. Buchanani, 7’. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 307. — Apparently
forming hard compact masses. Branches short, stout, with the
leaves on $in. diam. Leaves closely packed, imbricated in several
series, 44in. long and almost as broad at the tip, broadly cu-
neate, truncate, membranous; upper surface with the lower two-
thirds quite glabrous, above that clothed with straight hairs which
project just beyond the tip, forming a kind of fringe; under-
surface with the lower half loosely cottony, the upper half gla-
brous, more or less corrugated or wrinkled. Heads unknown.

SoutH Isuanp: Otago—Mount Alta, Buchanan!

A very remarkable plant, the exact position of which must remain doubtful
until the flowers have been observed. It is probably nearest to P. Goyeni.
The leaves differ from those of any other species in the broad truncate tips
densely hairy above, but glabrous and wrinkled beneath.

16. R. Goyeni, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 373.—
Forming hard compact greenish masses from a few inches to 2 or
3 ft. long, but rarely more than 6 or 8in. high. Branches very
short, closely compacted and often subangular from mutual pres-
sure, with the leaves 4-tin. diam. Leaves very closely packed,
densely imbricated in many series, 4-4in. long, linear-oblong,
sessile by a broad base, rather wider and truncate at the tip,
glabrous beneath, on the upper surface bearing near the tip a
dense tuft of straight white hairs slightly longer than the leaf, the
extreme upper margin naked although concealed by the hairs.
Heads small, deeply sunk among the leaves at the tips of the
branches ; involucral bracts in 2 series; the outer linear-spathulate,
scarious, bearing a tuft of hairs at the tip; the inner linear,
scarious, obtuse, some of them with short hardly radiating white
tips. Florets few. Achene hispid, with a thickened areole.
Pappus-hairs few, thickened upwards.—Students’ Fl. 306.

336 COMPOSITE. [Raoulia.

Stewart IsuanpD: Rakiahua, P. Goyen! Kirk! Smith’s Lookout and
Mount Anglem, Kirk ! 1000-3300 ft.

17. R. bryoides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 332.—Forming hard
and dense convex patches 2-8in. diam. Lower portion of the
stem hard and woody, roots long and stringy. Branches short,
stout, with the leaves 4-1in. diam. Leaves very closely packed,
imbricated in several series all round the branch, erecto-patent,
qo-4 in. long, narrow obovate-spathulate or rhomboid-spathulate,
subacute or obtuse; lower two-thirds glabrous or slightly
woolly, upper one-third about triangular, coriaceous, clothed
on both surfaces with closely felted silky hairs which do not
conceal the shape of the leaf, and with a tuft of cottony wool
on each side. Heads 4-41in. diam., sunk among the terminal
leaves; involucral bracts in 2-3 series, linear-oblong, scarious,
acute, inner with white radiating tips. Florets 8-14, the her-
maphrodite ones more numerous than the females. Achene with
long silky hairs and a thickened areole at the base. Pappus-hairs
few, rigid, thickened at the tips—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 150; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 307.

Sout Istanp: Common on the mountains of Nelson and Marlborough.
Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Cockayne! Black Range, T. F'. C.; Craigieburn
Mountains, Petrie! Otago—Mount Pisa and the Hector Mountains, /’etrie /
3500-6500 ft. December—January.

Easily distinguished from R. eximia, ER. mammillaris, &c., by the hairs
on the leaves not enveloping them so as to conceal their shape.

11. HELICHRYSUM, Vaill.

Herbs or small shrubs, very variable in habit, often woolly or
tomentose. Leaves alternate or the lower rarely opposite, quite
entire. Heads solitary or corymbose, heterogamous and discoid or
homogamous through the suppression of the female florets. Invo-
luere from cylindrical to broadly hemispherical; bracts in several
series, with or without white or colourea spreading petal-like sca-
rious tips. Receptacle flat or convex, naked or pitted. Female
florets exterior, few, sometimes altogether wanting, filiform, mi-
nutely 2-3-toothed. Disc-florets hermaphrodite, numerous, tubular
with a funnel-shaped 5-toothed mouth. Anthers sagittate at the
base, produced into fine tails. Style-branches of the disc-florets
almost terete, truncate or subcapitate. Achenes small, terete,
5-angled or compressed. Pappus-hairs in one series (rarely in
several series), free or connate below, simple or barbellate or plu-
mose above.

A very large and heteromorphous genus, found in most parts of the world,
and especially plentiful in South Africa and Australia. It has been united with
Gnaphalium by many authors, but can usually be distinguished by the her-

maphrodite florets being always much more numerous than the female ones.
All the New Zealand species are endemic.

Helichrysum. | COMPOSITH. 337

A. Xerochlena. Herbs. Involucre broad, hemispherical, the outer bracts broad,
sessile, passing gradually into the inner ones, which have linear claws and
white (or colowred) radiating tips. (The white tips are wanting in H. fili-
caule and H. Loganii.)

Stems 6-18 in., slender, prostrate. Leaves glabrous above.
Heads solitary, large, 4-2in. diam. .. 1. H. bellidioides.

Stems 12-24in., slender, prostrate, Leaves glabrous above.
Heads corymbose, din. diam. ;

Stems 3-10in., filiform, erect. Leaves glabrous above.
Heads solitary, }-1 in. ; involucral bracts without white

to

H, Purdiei.

radiating tips : 3. H. filicaule.
Stems 2—4in., tufted, ‘ascending. Leaves woolly on both
surfaces. Heads corymbose, fin. diam. 4. H. Sinclairii.

Small, densely matted, 4-1} in. high. Leaves closely im-

bricate, woolly on both surfaces. Heads solitary, large,

4-4 in. diam. 36 oe -. 0. H. Youngit.
Small, densely tufted, 1-2in. Leaves closely imbricate,

white and silvery on both surfaces. Heads fascicled,

4-4 in. diam. 3s ee .. 6. H. fasciculatum.
Small, forming compact patches. Leaves densely imbri-

cate, tips clothed with long straight hairs. Heads sunk

among the terminal leaves ; involucral bracts not white

and radiating 5 ae ay oe -. 7... Loganii.

B. Leontopodioides. Herbs. Heads small, in dense terminal cymes subtended
by broad spreading floral leaves.

Leaves 4—$in., linear-oblong, tips erect : .. 8. H. Leontopodium
Leaves +-4in., oblong- spathulate, tips recurved .. 9. H. grandiceps.

C. Ozothamnus. Shrubs, often of small size. Heads small, cymose or solitary,
Involucral bracts not white or radiating, or very obscurely so.

* Heads in corymbose cymes.

Leaves ovate or orbicular, petiolate 5c at .. 10. H. glomeratum.
Leaves lanceolate, petiolate .. C3 a .. 11. A. lanceolatum.

** Heads solitary. Leaves densely imbricate, closely appressed to the
branch.

Branchlets slender. Leaves in about 6 series, te qo in.,

linear, silky or hoary .. 12. H. depressum.
Branchlets ~,-}in. Leaves in 1 about 4 series, toi in.

polished and keeled on the back i .. 13. H. microphyllaum
Branchlets 4-4in. Leaves in about 6 series, gy-fin.,

polished and keeled on the back ae .. 14. H. Selago,
Branchlets stout, }in. Leaves in many series, 1tin.,

polished and convex on the back Lg Ac .. 15. H. coralloides.

*** Heads solitary. Leaves closely imbricate, tips spreading and recurved.

Leaves in several series, gin., onlenes: ae on both
surfaces .. ad : : .. 16. A. pauciflorum.

1. H. bellidioides, Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 1911.—Stems slender,
prostrate, much branched, almost woody at the base, 6-18 in. long ;
branches numerous, erect or ascending, leafy. Leaves loosely
imbricate or almost distant, spreading or recurved, +-3in. long,
obovate-spathulate or obovate-oblong, obtuse or apiculate, flat,

338 COMPOSITE. [Helichrysum.

1-nerved, upper surface slightly cottony or glabrous, beneath clothed
with cottony appressed tomentum. Heads solitary, tin. diam. or
more, on bracteate cottony peduncles 1—5in. long terminating the
branches ; involucral bracts in many series, linear-ligulate, }-2 in.
long, with scarious tomentose claws and long white radiating tips.
Receptacle convex or almost conical. Florets very numerous;
females few, in 1 or 2 series. Achene glabrous, with a thickened
areole at the base. Pappus-hairs few, slender.—A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 449; Raoul, Choix, 45; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 308. Gnaphalium
bellidioides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.1387; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 152.
Xeranthemum bellidioides, Forst. Prodr. n. 293; A. Rich. FI.
Nouv. Zel. 242.

Var. prostratum, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 309.—Similar to the type, but heads
sessile at the tips of the branches.—H. prostratum, Hook. f. Wl. Antarct. i.
30, t. 21. Gnaphalium prostratum, Hook f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 137; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 152.

NortH anp SoutH IsnuANDs, CHATHAM ISLANDS, STEWART IsLAND, AUCK-
LAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES ISLAND: Abundant in mountain
districts from the East Cape and Taupo southwards. Sea-level to 5000 ft.
November—February. Var: prostratuwm: Sparingly found in both North and
South Islands, more abundant in the Auckland and Campbell Islands.

A common plant. I quite agree with Mr. Kirk in considering H. prostratum
to be a variety only, and there is no difficulty in collecting passage-forms from
no peduncles to very long bracteate ones. ButIdo not find the conical recep-
tacle to be peculiar to var. prostratwm.

2. H. Purdiei, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 440.
—Stems slender, wiry, prostrate, spreading, much branched, woody
at the base, 1-2 ft. long; branches white and tomentose at the tips.
Leaves distant, spreading, +-4in. long, obovate-spathulate, rounded
at the tip and minutely apiculate, flat, rather membranous, pubes-
cent or almost glabrous above, beneath clothed with laxly ap-
pressed greyish-white tomentum. Heads }in. diam., in corymbs
of 8 to 6 terminating the branchlets ; peduncles and pedicels short,
slender, tomentose. Involucral bracts in several series; the outer
very short, obtuse, brown and scarious; the inner linear-oblong
with short white radiating tips. Florets very numerous; females
few, in 1-2 series Achene glabrous, with a thickened areole at the
base. Pappus-hairs few, slender, barbellate above.—Kirk, Students’
Fl, 309.

Sour Isnanp: Otago—Dunedin Harbour, rare, A. C. Purdie! Petrie!
Aston ! November—December.

3. H. filicaule, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 140, t. 368.—Rhizome
long, wiry, creeping, putting up numerous very slender simple or
rarely branched erect cottony stems 3-10in. high. Leaves distant,
1-1in. long, obovate-oblong or narrow-oblong, obtuse or apiculate,
glabrous or slightly cottony above, beneath clothed with white
cottony tomentum. Heads solitary, terminal on long filiform

Helichrysum. | COMPOSIT. 339

peduncles, 4in. diam. ; involucral bracts in about 4 series; the
outer shorter, oblong, obtuse, cottony at the base; inner longer,
linear-oblong or linear, acute, scarious. Receptacle small, convex.
Florets numerous; females few, in 1 series. Achene obscurely
papillose or puberulous. Pappus-hairs very slender. — Kirk,
Students’ Flora, 309. Gnaphalium filicaule, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 158.

NortH AND SoutH ISLANDS, CHATHAM ISLANDS, STEWART IsLAND: Not

uncommon in dry grassy places from Rotorua southwards. Sea-level to
4000 ft. December—February.
4. H. Sinclairii, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 153. — ‘A small

subalpine species; stems and branches ascending, leafy, 2—4 in.
high. Leaves close-set, spreading, +-4in. long, }in. broad, linear-
oblong or obovate-spathulate, obtuse, densely covered with pale
cottony tomentum on both surfaces. Heads +in. diam., in nu-
merous rounded terminal dense corymbs 4-1 in. across; peduncles
and pedicels short, densely cottony; outer scales of involucre
cottony, inner shortly radiating ; female florets in 1 series ; pappus
of few stout hairs, thickened towards the tip. Achene glabrous.’’—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 309.

SourH Isnranp: Marlborough— Upper Awatere Valley, Sinclair (Hand-
book).

This has not been observed since its first discovery, nearly fifty years ago.
Not having seen specimens, I have reproduced Hooker’s description. He com-
pares it with the Tasmanian Haoulia catipes (Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 206, t. 58),
but states that the leaves are smaller, the heads not half the size, and much
more numerous.

5. H. Youngii, Handb. N.Z. Fl. 152.—Densely tufted, form-
ing broad soft patches #-14in. high; branches stout, erect, with
the leaves 4in. diam. Leaves densely imbricate, erecto-patent or
spreading, {+ in. long, obovate-oblong, obtuse, sessile by a broad
base, densely clothed on both surfaces with soft white or buff
cottony tomentum. Heads 4-4in. diam., sessile amongst the ter-
minal leaves; involucral bracts in about 3 series; the outer shorter,
woolly and tomentose at the base; the inner longer, linear-oblong,
acute, with white radiating tips almost equalling the scarious claw,
and much exceeding the florets. Florets numerous, 50-70; about
20-30 females, in 2 series. Achene pubescent. Pappus-hairs few,
rigid, brittle, slightly thickened above.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 310.

SoutH [stanp: Canterbury—Mount Torlesse and Mount Cook, Haast!
T.F.C. Otago—Lake Hawea, Haast; Lake Wanaka, Buchanan! Mount Pisa,
Mount Cardrona, Hector Mountains, Petrie ! 4500-6500 ft. January.

This differs from Helichrysum in habit and in the numerous female florets,
and would perhaps be more appropriately placed in Raoulia, of which it has the
pappus-hairs of the section Imbricaria. In Mr. Kirk’s herbarium it is mixed
with Raoulia Parkii, the distinguishing characters of which have already been
pointed out under the genus Raouwlia.

340 COMPOSITE. | Helichrysum.

6. H. fasciculatum, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 529,
t. 19.— Densely tufted, much branched below, forming small
patches 1-2in. high; branches with the leaves 4in. diam. or
more. Leaves closely imbricated, erect or spreading at the tips,
1-4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate or narrow obovate-lanceolate, acute,
narrowed towards the base, clothed on both surfaces with white
silvery tomentum, which becomes loose and cottony towards the
base, grooved beneath. Heads in fascicles of 2-4 at the tips of
the branches, sessile, 4-4in. diam.; involucral bracts in 3 series,
scarious, linear-oblong, obtuse, tomentose on the back, the imner
with white radiating tips. Receptacle narrow, hispid. Florets
12-20; female few, in 1 series. Achene silky, with a thickened
areole at the base. Pappus-hairs few, slightly thickened above.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 310.

Nort Istanp: Tararua Mountains, H. H. Travers! SoutH IsnLAnpD:
Nelson—Mount Starveall, Bryant (‘‘Students’ Flora’’). 4000-5000 ft. De-
cember—January.

I have seen very imperfect specimens of this, which is evidently a very dis-
tinct species. The silvery foliage is much like that of Raouwlia grandiflora.

7. H. Loganii, T. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 310. — ‘‘ Forming pul-
vinate masses 6-12 in. diam. Branches slender, woody at the
base, with the leaves 1—3in. diam., the whole plant clothed with
soft white or greenish-white wool. Leaves densely imbricating,
1in. long, obovate or obovate-oblong, rounded at the tip or sub-
acute, membranous, 3-nerved, tips recurved, clothed with long soft
hairs, which are restricted to a dense tuft above projecting beyond
the margin. Heads 4—3in. diam.; involucral bracts in 3 series,
oblong, mostly obtuse, the outer villous, the inner broader, gla-
brate, scarious, pale, not radiating. Achene compressed, covered
with long silky hairs. Pappus-hairs barbellate, irregularly thick-
ened towards the apex.’’—Haastia Loganii, Buch. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xiv. (1882) 350, t. 30, f. 3.

Sourn IstaAnp: Mount Holdsworth, Tararua Range, Buchanan! T. P.
Arnold ! 4000-5000 ft.

The above description is Mr. Kirk’s. I much regret that I have had no
opportunity of examining good specimens, particularly as an old and very im-
perfect fragment in Mr. Buchanan’s herbarium seems to show that the heads
are fascicled, and not solitary, as might be supposed from the original description

and plate.

8. H. Leontopodium, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 141, t. 37B.—
Stems much branched, decumbent and woody at the base, erect or
ascending at the tips, 2-8 in. high. Leaves densely imbricate, erect
or rarely patent, 4-$in. long, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, clothed on both surfaces with appressed shining silvery
tomentum, striate when dry. Peduncles stout, terminating the
branches, more or less densely clothed with imbricating bracts.

Helichrysum. | COMPOSIT. 341

Heads 8-15 together, congested into a dense bracteate glomerule
4-lin. diam. ; each head about in. across; bracts 10-20, spread-
ing, +-$in. long, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, most
densely woolly. Involucral bracts in 2 series, linear-lanceolate,
woolly on the back, erect, scarious, shining. Florets numerous;
females few, in 1 series. Achene silky. Pappus-hairs few, stout,
scabrid, slightly thickened above.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 313. Gna-
phalium Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 154.

Norra Isztanp: Mount Hikurangi (Hast Cape), Colenso! Adams and
Petrie! Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Petrie! Hill! Tongariro, Hill !
Tararua Range, H. H. Travers! Budden. Sourn Isutanp: Nelson—Raglan
Range and mountains above the Wairau Gorge, 7. #.C.; Tarndale, Sinclair ;
mountains above the Rainbow River, Bryant. 4000-6000 ft. January—
February.

A beautiful little plant, with precisely the aspect of the edelweiss of the
European Alps (Leontopodiwm alpinum), but with flower-heads of different
structure.

9. H. grandiceps, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 154.—Densely
tufted. Stems much branched, decumbent and woody at the base,
2-8in. high; branches ascending or erect. Leaves densely im-
bricate, spreading or recurved, +—4in. long, oblong- or obovate-
spathulate, obtuse, flat or concave, clothed on both surfaces with
appressed silvery tomentum. Peduncles composed of the elongated
tips of the branches, leafy throughout, but the leaves usually not so
closely imbricate. Heads congested into a terminal bracteate
glomerule surrounded by leafy bracts, as in H. Leontopodium, but
bracts rather shorter and broader. Involucral bracts in 2 series,
linear, tomentose on the back, with brown scarious tips. Florets
numerous ; females few, in 1 series. Achene silky. Pappus-hairs
few, rather stout, thickened above.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 313.

SoutH Isnanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to
Otago. 2500-5000 ft. December—January.

Allied to H. Leontopodium, but amply distinct in the shorter and broader
usually recurved leaves, more densely leafy peduncles, shorter and broader
bracts, and smaller glomerules.

10. H. glomeratum, Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. ii. 311.—
A much-branched shrub 3-8ft. high; branches spreading, slen-
der, flexuous, grooved, tomentose above. Leaves alternate, very
variable in size, +14 in. long, orbicular or broadly ovate or ovate-
spathulate, obtuse or minutely apiculate, suddenly narrowed into
a short slender petiole, quite entire, flat ; upper surface glabrous,
minutely reticulate; beneath clothed with white cottony tomentum.
Heads in terminal or lateral sessile or stalked subglobose corymbs,
small, j4,in. diam. Involucral bracts few, in about 3 series,
oblong, obtuse, scarious, woolly at the base. Florets 8-12,
2 or 3 of them female. Achene puberulous, with a thickened

342 COMPOSIT. [Helichrysum.

areole at the base. Pappus-hairs thickened at the tips.—Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 311. Ozothamnus glomeratus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 1383; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 146, Swammerdammia glomerata,
Raoul, Choix, 20, t. 16.

NortH anp SoutH Isxtanps : Not uncommon from the North Cape south-
wards. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November—January.

11. H. lanceolatum, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 311.—Altogether
similar to H. glomeratum, but leaves 1-14 in. long, lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or subacute, narrowed into a short winged
petiole, glabrous above, beneath clothed with white appressed
tomentum; margins flat or slightly undulate. Heads, florets, and
achenes precisely as in 4. glomeratwm.—Ozothamnus lanceolatus,
Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ti. (1870) 88.

NortH Istanp: Mountains near Hokianga, Buchanan! alt. 2000 ft.

Probably only a narrow-leaved variety of the preceding. I have seen no
specimens except Mr. Buchanan’s.

12. H. depressum, Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. ii. 311.—
A suberect or rarely prostrate much-branched bush 1-5 ft. high,
hoary in all its parts with appressed greyish-white tomentum ;
branches spreading, rigid and wiry, often tortuous. Leaves minute,
closely appressed to the branch, laxly imbricating, ~,—,,in. long,
linear, obtuse, concave and loosely woolly on the inner face, silky
or woolly on the back. Heads small, }in. diam., solitary, sessile
at the tips of the branchlets ; involucral bracts few, linear, scarious,
acute or acuminate, rarely obtuse, glabrate or cottony at the base.
Florets 8-12; females few, 2-3. Achene glabrous or puberulous.
Pappus-hairs in several series, copious, slender.— Kirk, Students’
Fl. 311. Ozothamnus depressus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 134,
t. 358; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 146.

Norty Istanp: Hawke’s Bay—Tukituki River, Petrie! SourH Isntanp:
Not uncommon throughout, usually on shingly river-beds. 1000-4000 ft.
December—February.

13. H. microphyllum, Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. ii. 311.—
A small depressed much-branched shrub 6-15 in. high; branchlets
slender, crowded, tomentose, with the leaves ;,-tin. diam. Leaves
minute, closely appressed to the branch, densely and almost quadri-
fariously imbricating, ;,—,in. long, ovate or triangular, obtuse,
thick and coriaceous, concave and densely woolly on the inner face,
green and polished and obscurely keeled on the back. Heads
terminal, solitary, sessile, turbinate, 4-1 in. diam.; involucral
bracts in about 3 series, linear-oblong, obtuse, scarious. Florets
20-25; female few, in 1 series. Achene pubescent. Pappus-hairs
few, not thickened at the tip.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 312. Ozotham-
nus microphyllus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 134, t. 354; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 146.

Helichrysum. | COMPOSITE. 343

SoutH Isztanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts throughout.
1500-4000 ft. January—March.

The usual state of this can be recognised by the slender branches and minute
almost quadrifariously arranged leaves, but stouter specimens are difficult to
separate from the next species.

14. H. Selago, Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. ii. 8311.—A
small much-branched shrub 6-15in. high; branchlets stout, crowded,
with the leaves 4-1 in. diam. Leaves minute, closely appressed to
the branch, densely imbricating in about 5 or 6 series, ;,-¢in.
long, ovate-triangular, obtuse or subacute, thick and coriaceous in
the upper part, membranous below, concave and woolly on the
inner face, polished and obtusely keeled on the back. Heads
terminal, solitary, sessile, }in. diam. ; involucral bracts in 3 series,
linear-oblong ; the outer obtuse, tomentose at the base ; the inner
subacute, coriaceous below, with short scarious spreading tips.
Florets 35-45; females few, in 1 series. Achene puberulous.
Pappus-hairs few, not thickened at the tips.—Kirk, Students’ F'.
312. Ozothamnus Selago, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 332; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 147.

Var. tomentosum.—Leaves oblong, subacute, almost concealed by fulvous
woolly tomentum. Heads not seen. Perhaps a distinct species.

SourH Is~tanp: Nelson—Wairau Gorge, T. Ff. C.; Clarence Valley, Kirk !
T. F. C. Marlborough—Kaikoura Mountains, Monro, Buchanan! Awatere
Valley, Kirk. Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Carrington ; Rangitata, Armstrong.
Var. tomentosum: Mount Dobson, 7. F’. C. 2000 — 4500 ft. December-—
January.

Very closely allied to H. microphyllwm, and only to be distinguished by the
stouter branches, 6-ranked leaves, larger heads, and more numerous florets.
Intermediates which might almost be referred to either species are not infre-
quently seen.

15. H. coralloides, Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. ii. 311.—
A short stout much-branched shrub 4—12in. high, hard and woody
below; branches spreading, cylindrical, 4 in. diam., densely tomen-
tose between the leaves, which resemble tubercles on their surface.
Leaves closely appressed to the branch, imbricated in many series,
41+ in. long, oblong, obtuse, very thick and coriaceous towards the
tip, membranous below, inner face concave and densely clothed with
long woolly tomentum, back convex or obscurely keeled, glabrous
and polished. Heads }4-4in. diam., terminal, solitary, sunk
amongst the uppermost leaves; involucral bracts in about 3 series,
linear-oblong, rigid and cartilaginous at the base; tips thinner,
scarious, often recurved. Florets numerous; female few, in one
series. Achene pubescent. Pappus-hairs few, stout, slightly
thickened above.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 312. Ozothamunus coral-
loides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 83832; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 147.

344 COMPOSIT. (Helichrysum.

SourH Isnanp: Marlborough—Kaikoura Mountains, Monro, Buchanan !
Upper Awatere, Sinclair! Medway Creek, Kirk! Palmer River, Cockayne!
Nelson—Western slopes of Mount Percival, T. F. C. 3000-5000 ft.

A most remarkable plant.

16. H. pauciflorum, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1898)
351.—A small much-branched greyish-white plant, with a hard
and woody base. Stems 3-8 in. high, decumbent below, erect or
ascending at the tips; branches stout, with the leaves }-4 in. diam.
Leaves densely imbricate in several series, 4in. long, oblong or
oblong-spathulate, obtuse or subacute, erect or spreading at the
tips, sessile by a broad base, both surfaces densely clothed with
greyish-white tomentum. Heads in. diam., solitary, sessile at the
tips of the branches and almost hidden by the leaves ; involucral
bracts in 2 series, lanceolate, acute, scarious, silky at the base on
the outside. Florets few, 10-16, of which 3-6 are females. Achene
clothed with long silky hairs, and with a thickened areole at the
base. Pappus-hairs few, thickened upwards.—Students’ Fl. 313.

SourH Isnanp: Canterbury—Craigieburn Mountains, Cockayne! Petrie!
Candlestick Mountains, Cockayne ! 3000-5000 ft.

A curious species, with a close superficial resemblance in habit and foliage
to H. grandiceps, but with an altogether different inflorescence.

12. CASSINIA, R. Br.

Shrubs or very rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads
small, numerous, in terminal corymbs or panicles, discoid, homo-
gamous in most of the species, but usually heterogamous in those
found in New Zealand. Involucre oblong or ovoid; bracts in
several series, imbricate, scarious; the inner with short white radi-
ating tips. Receptacle narrow, with scarious chaffy scales among
the florets. Florets few, in the majority of the species all herma-
phrodite, tubular, 5-toothed ; but in the New Zealand species 1 or
2 of the outer ones are female, filiform, minutely toothed. Anthers
sagittate at the base, usually produced into slender tails. Style-
branches of the hermaphrodite florets terete, truncate. Achenes
small, angled or almost terete. Pappus-hairs in 1 series, slender,
free or connate at the base.

A small genus of about 20 species, confined to Australia, New Zealand, and
South Africa. The New Zealand species are all endemic, and with 1 or 2 from
South Africa constitute the subgenus Rhynea, characterized by the inner inyo-
lucral bracts having short white radiating tips, and by the heads usually having

1 or 2 female florets. The species are very closely allied, and are by no means
easy to discriminate.

* Receptacle with numerous scales among the florets.

Leaves 4-2 in., linear-obovate, white beneath .. .. 1. C. retorta.
Leaves ;,-3in., linear or linear-spathulate, white or yel-
lowish beneath ot oe 0 oc e-
Leaves }-+4 in., linear-obovate or linear-oblong, glutinous,
fulvous or whitish beneath .. a = 2%

2. C. leptophylila.

3. C. Vauvilliersii.

Cassinia. | COMPOSITE. 345

** Receptacle with few or no scales among the florets.

Leaves }-4 in., linear-spathulate, white beneath .. 4. C. amena.
Leaves 4-tin., linear or narrow linear-spathulate, glu-
tinous, fulyous beneath 5 +e is -. o. C. fulonda.

1. C. retorta, A. Cunn. ex D.C. Prodr. vi. 154.—A much or
sparingly branched heath-like shrub 4-15 ft. high ; branches stout,
spreading, clothed with white tomentum. Leaves numerous, small,
crowded, spreading and recurved, 4-4in. long, linear-obovate or
linear-oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, narrowed into a very short
petiole, coriaceous, glabrous or hoary above, beneath clothed with
dense white tomentum; margins recurved. Heads numerous, in
small terminal corvmbs, shortly pedicelled, turbinate, +in. long;
involucral bracts in several series; the outer shorter, ovate-oblong,
tomentose; inner linear-oblong, with short white obtuse radiating
tips. Receptacle with many white-tipped scales similar to the
inner involucral bracts. Florets 6-20. Achenes glabrous, striate.
Pappus-hairs slender.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 132; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 145; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 314.

Nortu IstanD: Common as far south as the East Cape, usually near the
coast, on sand-dunes, &c. November-February.

2. C. leptophylla, f. Br. an Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. (1817) 126.
—Much like C. retorta in habit and general appearance, but
branches more slender. Leaves smaller, crowded, erect or spread-
ing or recurved, ;4,—-4in. long, narrow-linear or linear-spathulate,
obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous above, clothed with white or yellowish
tomentum beneath ; margins recurved. Heads numerous, in small
terminal corymbs, very shortly pedicelled, narrow-turbinate, 4 in.
long ; involucral bracts in several series; the outer broader and
shorter, glabrous or nearly so; inner linear, obtuse, with short
white radiating tips. Receptacle with white-tipped scales sub-
tending the florets. Florets 6-12. Achene and pappus as in
C. retorta.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 447 (in part); Raoul, Choix, 45 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.182; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 145; Kirk, Students’
Fi. 314. C. spathulata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 472.
Calea leptophylla, Forst. Prodr. n. 287.

Norry anp SoutH Is~tanps: Not uncommon from the East Cape south-
wards to Marlborough and Nelson. Tauhinu-korokio ; Cottonwood. De-
cember—February.

Very close to the preceding, but differing in the more slender habit, smaller
and narrower leaves, and smaller and narrower glabrate heads. Mr. Colenso’s
C. spathulata does not seem to me to be even entitled to varietal rank,

3. C. Vauvilliersii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 183.—An erect

closely branched shrub 2--6ft. high; branches stout, erect or
spreading, often glutinous, grooved, and with the leaves beneath
densely clothed with fulvous or whitish tomentum. Leaves numer-

346 COMPOSIT#. [Cassima.

ous, close-set, erect or spreading, +4in. long or more, linear-
obovate or linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed into a short broad
petiole or sessile, coriaceous, glabrous and usually glutinous above,
fulvous or white and strongly costate beneath; margins recurved.
Heads very numerous, in terminal rounded corymbs, shortly pedi-
celled, turbinate, 4-4 in. long; involucral bracts in several series ;
the outer shorter, ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, tomentose or
glabrate, often reddish towards the tips; inner linear-oblong, with
short white obtuse radiating tips. Scales among the florets numer-
ous. Florets 8-15. Pappus-hairs thickened at the tips.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 145; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 315. Ozothamnus Vauvilliersii,
Homb. et Jacq. Bot. Voy. Astrol. et Zél. 38, t. 5; Hook. f. Fl.
Antarct.i. 29. Olearia xanthophylla, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx.
(1888) 193.

Var. rubra,—Involucral bracts red, glabrous.—-C. rubra, Buch. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 216; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 315.

Var. albida, Kirk, 1.c.— Branchlets and leaves beneath clothed with
whitish tomentum. Leaves linear-spathulate, strongly costate beneath.

NortH anp SoutH IsLtanps, Stewart IsLAND, AUCKLAND IsLANDS: Not
uncommon from the Hast Cape and Taupo southwards. Sea-level to 4500 ft.
December—January.

A very variable plant. I am unable to maintain Buchanan’s C. rubra as a
species.

4. C. amoena, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 391.
—A small round-topped densely branched shrub 1-2 ft. high ;
branches stout, furrowed, the younger ones clothed with greyish-
white tomentum. Leaves close-set, spreading or suberect, +? in.
long, narrow linear-obovate or linear-spathulate, obtuse, narrowed
into a short petiole, coriaceous, glabrous above, clothed with dense
white tomentum beneath; margins recurved. Heads numerous, in
rounded terminal corymbs, narrow turbinate, shortly pedicelled,
4-4 in. long; involucral bracts in several series ; the outer shorter,
ovate-oblong, obtuse, tomentose; the inner linear-oblong, with
short white radiating tips. Florets few, 4-6; scales of the recep-
tacle usually absent or rarely 1 or 2 present. Achene silky, with a
thickened areole at the base. Pappus-hairs thickened at the tips.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 315.

NortH Istanp: Cliffs near the North Cape, 7. F. C. December-—
January.

A pretty little plant, with much of the aspect of C. Vawvilliersit var.
albida, but easily distinguished by the smaller size, narrower heads, fewer
florets, and almost total absence of the receptacular scales.

5. C. fulvida, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 145.—A slender erect
much-branched shrub 2-6 ft. high ; branches glutinous, clothed with
fulvous tomentum. Leaves close-set, spreading or suberect, §—-41n.

Cassinia. | COMPOSIT. 347

long, linear or narrow linear-spathulate or linear-obovate, obtuse,
narrowed to the base, coriaceous, glabrous and subviscid above,
beneath clothed with fulvous tomentum ; margins recurved. Heads
very numerous, in terminal rounded corymbs, shortly pedicelled,
cylindrical, 4in. long; involucral bracts few, in several series ;
outer shorcer, pubescent or glabrate ; inner with short white
radiating tips. Scales among the florets wanting or 1 or 2 only.
Florets few, 5-8. Achene pubescent. Pappus-hairs few, thickened
above.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 316. C. leptophylla var. y, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 133.

Var. linearis, Kirk, l.c.— Leaves rather distant, +4 in. long, very narrow,
narrow-linear or linear-lanceolate, clothed with white tomentum beneath.
Florets 4-6.

NortH anp SourH IsnANps, STEWART IsLAND: Not uncommon from
Opotiki and Rotorua southwards. Sea-level to 3500 ft. December—Feb-
ruary. Var. linearis: Near Dunedin, dston! H. J. Matthews!

Very close to some forms of C. leptophuylla, and only to be distinguished by
the more fulvous viscid tomentum, fewer florets, and by the paucity or total
absence of the scales among the florets.

13. CRASPEDIA, Forst.

Perennial herbs, usually more or less silky or woolly, rarely
almost glabrous. Leaves radical or alternate, entire. Heads homo-
gamous and discoid, small, numerous, sessile or nearly so, crowded
together into a dense globose or ovoid glomerule or compound
head, which is surrounded by scarious bracts forming a general
involucre. Involucre of the partial heads of several scarious
hyaline bracts, without radiating tips. Receptacle small, with
hyaline scales similar to the involucral bracts at the base of each
fioret. Florets 3-8, all hermaphrodite, tubular with a campanu-
late 5-toothed limb. Anthers sagittate at the base, more or less
distinctly tailed. Style-branches almost terete, truncate at the
tip. Achenes small, compressed, silky. Pappus-hairs in 1 series,
plumose, free or connate at the base.

A small genus of 5 or 6 species, confined to New Zealand, Australia, and
Tasmania. The New Zealand species has the range of the genus.

1. C. uniflora, Forst. Prodr. n. 306.—A very variable stout or
slender unbranched herb 4-20 in. high, silky, cottony or woolly, or
nearly glabrous. Leaves nearly all radical, 1-8 in. long, obovate-
oblong to spathulate or spathulate-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed
into a short broad petiole, usually but not always fringed with
white tomentum, often slightly viscid; cauline leaves smaller and
narrower, the upper reduced to distant bracts. Compound head
or glomerule solitary, terminal, 1-2 in. diam., globose or nearly so ;
bracts 4-10, ovate, herbaceous with a scarious margin, shorter
than the head. Partial heads 3-8-flowered; involucral bracts ob-

348 COMPOSITE. [Craspedia.

long or linear-oblong, thin and hyaline. Achene silky. Pappus-
hairs plumose, as long as the florets.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 245 ;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 446; Raoul, Choiz, 45; Kirk, Students’ Fl.
316. OC. fimbriata, D.C. Prodr. vi. 152; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
181; Handb. N.Z. Fi. 144. OC. Richea, Cass. in Dict. Set. Nat.
x1. 3538; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 579. Staehelina fimbriata, Forst.
ex D.C. Prodr. vi. 153.

Var. robusta, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 131.—Stout. Leaves obovate-spa-
thulate, subacute, narrowed into a broad flat petiole, sparsely hispid or glabrate,
without white cottony margins. Scape leafy. Compound head large, 1-2in.
diam.—C. uniflora var. pedicellata, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 317.

Var. minor; Hook. f. l.c.—Small, slender, 6-12in. high, rarely more.
Leaves spathulate, membranous, glabrous or sparsely hispid, sometimes with
raised viscid points, usually without white cottony margins. Compound head
small, }-4 in. diam.—C. viscosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 333.

Var. lanata, Hook. f. l.c.—Everywhere clothed with dense shaggy snow-
white wool.—C. alpina, Backh. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 119;
Hook. f. Handb, N.Z. Fil. 144.

NortH AnD SoutH IsLANpDs, STEWART IsLAND: Abundant from the Hast
Cape and Taupo southwards. Sea-level to 5000 ft. December—February.

A most variable plant. The three varieties described above look very dis-
tinct in their extreme forms, but are connected with the ordinary state of the
species by numerous intermediates.

14. SIEGESBECKIA, Linn.

Glandular-pubescent herbs with opposite leaves. Heads rather
small, in leafy panicles, heterogamous, subradiate. Involucre
campanulate or heinispherical; bracts few, in about 2 rows,
herbaceous, glandular-hispid; the outer spathulate, spreading ;
inner erect, concave, enclosing the ray-florets. Receptacle small,
paleaceous ; scales membranous, concave, often enclosing the florets.
Ray-florets in 1 series, female, tube short, limb 2-3-fid. Dise-
florets hermaphrodite, tubular with a campanulate d-toothed mouth.
Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite
florets short, flattened, usually obtuse. Achenes obovoid-oblong,
not compressed, usually curved. Pappus wanting.

Species probably not more than 2, the one found in New Zealand an almost
cosmopolitan weed in warm climates, the other confined to Peru.

1. S. orientalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 900.—A sparingly branched
erect annual 1-3 ft. high, with spreading opposite lower branches,
more or less pubescent in all its parts. Leaves 1—4in. long, tri-
angular-ovate, the upper narrower aud oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
cuneate at the base, petiolate, membranous, irregularly toothed or
lobed or almost entire. Heads +-4in. diam., yellow; outer in-
volucral bracts usually longer than the inner, covered with gland-
bearing hairs. Florets small, the rays very short. Outer achenes
rough.—Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 535 ; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 317.

Stegesbeckia. | COMPOSITE. 349

Kermapec Isianps, NortH Istanp: In various ijocalities as far south as the
East Cape, but not common ; usually near the coast. Punawaru. January—
March.

This was treated as a naturalised plant by Hooker, but as it was collected
by Banks and Solander during Cook’s first voyage its nativity is unquestionable.

15. BIDENS, Tourn.

Annual or perennial usually erect herbs. Leaves opposite,
toothed or incised or pinnately divided. Heads corymbosely
panicled or subsolitary, on long peduncles, heterogamous and
radiate, or homogamous and discoid. Involucre campanulate or
hemispherical; bracts in about 2 series, connate at the base, the
outer herbaceous, the inner membranous. Receptacle flat or con-
vex, paleaceous. Ray-florets when present female or neuter; ligule
white or vellow, spreading. Disc-florets hermaphrodite, tubular,
5-toothed. Anthers usually obtuse at the base. Style-branches of
the hermaphrodite florets hairy above, with a long or short subulate
point. Achene broad and compressed or slender and tetragonous,
often narrowed at the tip. Pappus of 2—4 rigid retrorsely hispid
bristles.

A large genus of over 100 species, widely spread in tropical regions, but most

plentiful in America. The single New Zealand species is a common weed in all
warm countries and many temperate ones.

1. B. pilosa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 832.—An erect glabrous or pubes-
cent herb 1-3 ft. high; branches angular, grooved. Leaves very
variable, simple or pinnate; segments 3 or 5, stalked, 2-2 in. long,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate or rarely
lobed, thin and membranous. Heads few, terminal on long
slender peduncles, yellow, 4-4in. diam.; involucral bracts about
tin. long. Ray-florets few and short, often entirely wanting.
Achenes black, slender, 4-angled, striate, crowned with 2 or 4
barbed awns.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 235; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 442; Raoul, Choiz, 45; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 188; Benth.
Fl. Austral. in. 543; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 318. B. aurantiacus,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 388.

Kermabec Is~tanps, Nortu Istanp : Not uncommon as far south as the
East Cape. November—March.

16. COTULA, Tourn.

Creeping or tufted perennial or annual herbs, usually of small
size, often aromatic. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid or pinnatisect,
rarely entire or toothed. Heads small, peduncled, heterogamous
and discoid or rarely homogamous through the suppression of the
female florets, sometimes diccious. Involucre hemispheric or
campanulate ; bracts in about 2 series, membranous or herbaceous ;
margins often scarious. Receptacle flat or convex or conical,

350 COMPOSITA. [Cotula.

without scales. Female florets exterior, in 1 or 2 series, fertile ;
corolla broad or conic or wanting. Dise-florets hermaphrodite or
often male; corolla regular, tube slender or stout and 2-winged,
limb 4-toothed. Anthers obtuse at the base, entire. Style-
branches of the disc-florets truncate or obtuse, sometimes undi-
vided. Achenes compressed, sometimes winged. Pappus wanting.

A genus of 50 or 60 species, scattered widely over the world in both tem-
perate and tropical regions. Several of the New Zealand species are difficult of

discrimination, and require further study with more copious suites of speci-
mens.

A. Kucotula. Receptacle flat or convex. Female florets without any corolla.
Achenes of the female florets stipitate, in a single row.
Stout, glabrous, 2-10in. high. Leaves lanceolate, 4-2 in.,
variously toothed or lobed. Heads yellow, 4-4in. diam. 1. C. coronopifolia.
B. Strongylosperma. Receptacle flat or convex. Female florets without any
corolla. <Achenes of the female florets in several rows.

Slender, diffuse, silky. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate.
Heads small, 4-4 in. diam. ¥ ob -. 2. C. australis.

C. Leptinella. Receptacle convex or conical. Female florets in 1 or several
series; corolla always present, usually inflated at the base.

* Heads bisexual.

Stout, fleshy. Leaves 4-lin., much divided. Peduncles
leafy. Heads black or dark-brown. Florets tubular or

cylindric, rugose ae = - a .. 3. C. atrata.
Stout, softly woolly. Leaves 2-6in., Are nEOOS ETE

Heads 4-3 in. diam.; florets eglandular we 4. C. plumosa.
Stout, woolly. Leaves rather fleshy, 1-3in., pinnate or

pinnatifid. Heads +4 in. ; florets glandular A: 5. C. lanata.
Stout, silky. Leaves 2-5in., pinnatifid. Heads kin. ;

florets eglandular, females in many rows = 6. C. Muelleri.

Slender, silky or glabrate. Leaves membranous, 1- 3 in.,

pinnatifid. Heads 4in.; florets ene females in

1 row 3 .. ‘tC. Pract.
Small, silky, densely matted ; stems 131 in. Leaves 4-1 in.,

pinnatifid. Heads almost sessile, ;4,-4 in. diam. ; female

florets in 1-2 series ae 5A <= -. 8. C. Mamototo.
Stems long, slender, creeping. Leaves membranous,

4-2in., pinnatifid; segments broad, deeply toothed.

Peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves. Heads

4-4 in. diam. ; female florets numerous, in 3-4 series .. 9. C. minor.
Stems slender, wiry. Leaves +in., aaa Heads
7p in. diam. : . 16. C. filiformis.

Stems rather stout. Leaves pubescent, 4-141 in., pinna-

tifid; segments narrow, incised. Peduncles much

longer than the leaves. Heads }-}+in.; female florets

in 3-4 series : . 11. C. Haasti.
Stems stout, wiry. Leaves rigid, pectinately pinnatifid :

segments entire. Peduncles much longer than the

leaves. Heads 34in. ; female florets in 83-4 series .. 12. C. pectinata.
Minute, tufted. Leaves imbricate, 4-4+in., cut straight

down from the tip into 5-7 subulate lobes. Heads small,

nearly sessile, fin. diam. .. ii ae .. 13. C. Goyent.

Cotula.] COMPOSITE. 351

Stems stout, 6-12in. long. Leaves 3-2in., obovate-
spathulate, crenately 3-5-toothed at the tip. Peduncles

short. Heads }in. diam.; female florets in many
series ae se 36 .. 14. C. Featherstonit.

** Heads unisexual.

Leaves 3-13 in., linear-spathulate, quite eutire. Peduncles
9-4in., bracteate. Heads }-tin. BP .. 15. C. linearifolia.
Leaves 3-ldin., pinnatifidly cut into 5-8 linear entire
segments. Peduncles 1-4in., bracteate. Heads }~?in.
diam. fe So 6 a 36 a
Slender, wiry, silky. Leaves }-lin., silky on both sur-
faces, deeply pinnatifid. Peduncles short, stout, ebrac-
teate. Heads 4-4in.; females the largest .. .. 17. C. perpusilla.
Slender, creeping, 4-12in. long. Leaves membranous, ;
1-2in., deeply pinnatifid, segments incised. Peduncles
1-3in., ebracteate. Heads }-hin.; females the largest 18. C. squalida.
Stout or slender. Leaves 4-2in., obovate or spathulate,
crenate or lobulate, pinnatifid below. Peduncles longer
or shorter than the leaves. Heads 4-4in.; females the
largest = 38 oe 3: . 19. C. dioica.

16. C. pyrethrifolia.

1. C. coronopifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 892.—Perfectly glabrous,
smooth and succulent. Stems creeping and rooting below, ascend-
ing at the tips, branched, 2-10in. high. Leaves scattered, dilated
and clasping the stem at the base, 4-2in. long, linear-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or lobed or pinnatifid or entire.
Heads bright-yellow, #+-4in. diam., on long slender axillary
peduncles exceeding the leaves; involucral bracts linear-oblong,
obtuse, membranous. Receptacle slightly convex. Female florets
in 1 series, on slender flattened pedicels; corolla wanting; ovary
winged, notched at the top; style short, seated inthe notch. Dise-
florets on much shorter pedicels, very numerous ; corolla tubular,
more or less dilated at the base, 4-toothed at the tip. Achenes of
the female florets oblong, compressed, with a broad spongy wing ;
those of the disc-florets smaller, with a much narrower wing.—
Forst. Prodr. n. 300; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 235; A. Cunn.
Precur. nu. 448; Raoul, Choiz, 45; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 127;
Sie N.Z. Fl. 141; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 549; Kirk, Students’

1. 322.

Var. integrifolia, Kirk, l.c.—Stems small, 1-2in., almost simple. Leaves
linear, entire, obtuse. Peduncle terminal, slender. Head small, {—}in. diam.—
C. integrifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. 1. 192, t. 50B.

Nortu anp Sours Isuanps, Stewart Is~Lanp, CHATHAM IsLAND: Not
uncommon in wet places in lowland districts. October—February.

Widely spread through the south temperate zone ; also foundin some parts
of Kurope and North America, but probably naturalised only.

2. C. australis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 128.—A slender much-
branched flaccid herb 2-6in. high; branches spreading, prostrate
or suberect, more or less clothed with long lax hairs or almost

352 COMPOSITE. [Cotula.

glabrous. Leaves 4-lin. long, oblong in outline, membranous,
deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid ; ultimate segments linear, entire,
acute or mucronate. Heads ;4—tin. diam., on long slender
peduncles ; involucral bracts in 2 series, linear-oblong, obtuse.
Female florets numerous, in 3 series, on slender pedicels ; corolla
wanting. Disc-florets comparatively few, subsessile; corolla tubu-
lar, dilated at the base, 4-toothed at the tip. Achenes of the
female florets obovate, with a broad thick wing, glandular on both
faces; those of the disc-florets much smaller, glabrous, hardly
winged.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 141; Fl. Tasm. i. 191, t. 50a ; Benth.
Fl. Austral. ii. 550; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 322. C. venosa, Col. a
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 388. Strongylosperma australe,
Less. Syn. Comp. 261.

KERMADEC Is~ANDS, NortH AND SovutH IsLANDS, CHATHAM ISLANDS :
Abundant in lowland districts. September—March.

Also found in Australia, Tasmania, and Tristan d’Acunha ; and perhaps not
really different from a South African plant.

3. C. atrata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 142.—Rhizome stout,
creeping, tortuous; roots long and stringy. Stems 1-6in. high,
erect or ascending, stout, leafy, densely pubescent. Leaves
4-14 in. long, thick and fleshy, pubescent on both surfaces ; petiole
broad, flat, sheathing at the base; blade linear-oblong or linear-
obovate in outline, pinnatifid ; segments close-set, entire or toothed
or again pinnatifid; cauline leaves smaller, pinnatifid or lobed.
Heads subglobose, 4—#in. diam., black or brownish-yellow; involu-
cral bracts in 2-4 series, linear-obovate, entire or pinnatifid, shorter
than the florets or equalling them. Female florets in 3-6 series ;
corolla cylindric, rugose, 3-4-toothed. Disc-florets with a long
rugose tube and narrow funnel-shaped 4-toothed limb. _ Achenes
linear-oblong or linear-obovoid, rugose.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 323.

SoutH Istanp: Dry shingle slopes in alpine localities, Nelson to Otago; not
uncommon. 3500-6500 ft. January—February.

Easily recognised by the greyish-green foliage and almost black heads. It
is a variable plant in the size of the heads, length of the involucral bracts, and
in their being sometimes entire, sometimes pinnatifid.

4. C. plumosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 141.—A large densely
tufted aromatic species, often forming broad soft patches, every-
where clothed with long villous hairs. Stems short, stout, creeping.
Leaves on long slender petioles 3-6 in. iong; blade 2-6in., oblong
in outline, flaccid and membranous, finely 3-4-pinnatifid ; primary
divisions close-set, linear-oblong, recurved, 2-pinnatifid on the upper
side; ultimate segments +in. long, linear, toothed on one side.
Peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves, usually with a linear
entire or pinnatifid bract about the middle. Head 4~-4in. diam. ;
involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series, broadly oblong, with broad

Cotula. | COMPOSITE. 353

purplish-black margins. Receptacle conical. Female florets in
9-3 series, shortly pedicelled; corolla compressed, swollen at the
base, contracted towards the mouth, unequally 4-toothed. Disc-
florets funnel-shaped, 5-toothed. Achenes of the female florets
obovoid ; those of the disc-florets minute, abortive.—Kirk, Students’
Fl. 323. Leptinella plumosa, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 26, t. 20.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsuANDS: Hooker! Kirk! Chapman! AntTI-
PopES Istanp: Kirk! Macquarie Istanp: Scott, A. Hamilton. December-
January.

A very handsome species, easily recognised by the large pale-green feathery
foliage. It is also found in Kerguelen Island and the Crozets.

5. C. lanata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 141.—Stems stout,
prostrate and rooting below, ascending at the tips, branched,
3-12in. long, densely clothed with white woolly hairs or
glabrate. Leaves 1-3in. long, woolly or glabrate, rather thick,
with broad sheathing petioles; blade oblong in outline, pinnate
or pinnatifid; pinne close-set, curved, 3—5-toothed or -lobed along
the upper edge, minutely glandular. Peduncles terminal, shorter
than the leaves, stout, woolly. Heads +-1in. diam.; involucral
bracts in several series, broadly oblong, obtuse, green. Florets all
studded with pellucid conglobate glands; females ovate-oblong,
broadest at the base, narrow at the mouth and minutely
4-toothed ; disc-florets narrow funnel-shaped, 5-toothed. Achenes
of the female florets obovate, compressed; those of the disc-
florets minute, abortive. — Kirk, Students’ Fl. 323. Leptinella
lanata, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 25, t. 19. Li. propinqua, Hook. /.
Le. 27.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IstanDs: Hooker, Kirk ! Chapman! Decem-
ber-January.

Distinguished from the preceding by the smaller size, stouter habit, leaves
not so finely cut, smaller heads, and glandular florets.

6. C. Muelleri, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 324.—Stems long, rather
stout, creeping and rooting, branched, sparingly villous towards
the tips; branches ascending. Leaves 2-5 in. long; petiole 3~2 in.,
sheathing at the base; blade 1-8 in., linear-obovate, membranous,
glabraite or slightly silky, gland-dotted, deeply pinnatifid; segments
oblong, closely toothed or lobed, teeth acute. Peduncles 1-3 in.
long, usually shorter than the leaves, pubescent. Heads +in.
diam, ; involucral bracts in about 3 series, oblong-ovate, obtuse or
subacute, membranous. Female florets in many rows, usually
more numerous than the disc-florets; corolla short, ovoid, not
glandular. Disc-florets larger; corolla tubular, 4-toothed; style
undivided. Achenes of the female florets clavate, tetragonous.—

Leptinella potentillina, F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 28, t. 6.
12—FI.

354 COMPOSITE. [Cotula.

CuHaTHam I[stanps: Not uncommon in moist places, H. H. Travers!
Einys! Cockayne and Cox !

This was apparently referred to C. lanata by Sir J. D. Hooker (Handb.,
p. 733), but it differs from that plant in being much less woolly, in the
larger leaves with broader toothed segments, longer peduncles, and glandless
florets.

7. C. Traillii, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 324.—Stems slender,
creeping and rooting, 3-12 in. long, silky towards the tips. Leaves
1-8in.; petiole slender, sheathing at the base; blade linear-obo-
vate, membranous, glabrate or with scattered lax hairs on both
surfaces, deeply pinnatifid; segments close-set, broadly oblong,
toothed on the upper margin and round the apex, teeth apicu-
late or hair-tipped. Peduncles axillary, pubescent, usually shorter
than the leaves. Heads tin. diam., involucral bracts in 2-3
series, orbicular-ovate, membranous, with scarious purplish mar-
gins. Female florets few, in 1 series, shortly stipitate; corolla
ovoid, compressed. Disc-florets very numerous, funnel-shaped,
4-lobed; style undivided, with a discoid stigma. Achenes of the
female florets broadly ovoid or almost orbicular, turgid, 3-winged.

Stewart Isuanp: Chiefly on sand-dunes, Kirk ! December—February.

Very closely allied to C. Muelleri, of which it may bea variety. The habit
is the same, and the leaves can only be distinguished by the smaller size and
apiculate segments. But the heads are markedly different in the few female
florets, which are in one row only, and have much broader achenes.

8. C. Maniototo, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 362.—
Small, densely matted, forming broad greyish patches; everywhere
covered with long silky hairs. Stems 4-3in. long, creeping and
rooting; branches very short, leafy. Leaves numerous, silky on
both surfaces, dilated and sheathing at the base, 44 in. long, linear-
oblong, deeply pinnatifid; segments narrow-linear. acute. Heads
terminating the branches, almost sessile, minute, ~,-41in. diam. ;
involucral bracts in 2 series, broadly oblong or obovate, obtuse,
silky on the outside, membranous. Female florets in 1 or 2 series ;
corolla narrow-tubular, almost filiform, with a 2-lipped mouth;
style exserted, 2-fid. Disc-florets much larger; corolla funnel-
shaped with a long tube, 4—5-toothed; anthers and style exserted.
Achenes of the female florets oblong, smooth and turgid, hardl
winged; those of the disc-florets minute, abortive.—Kirk, Students’
Fl. 323.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Lake Lyndon, Enys! Kirk! T. F.C. ; Lake
Tekapo, 7. #. C. Otago—Kakanui, Maniototo Plain, Nevis Valley, Moss-
burn, Lake Te Anau, Petrie! Buchanan ! Sea-level to 3000 ft. January—
February.

A very distinct little plant, probably common throughout the South Island.

9. ©. minor, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 142.—Stems slender,
creeping, branched, 2-12 in. long or more, glabrous or silky at the

Cotula.| COMPOSITE. 355

tips. Leaves alternate on slender creeping runners or fascicled on
short lateral branchlets, thin and membranous, glabrous or slightly
silky, 4-2 in. long, linear-oblong or linear-obovate in outline, pin-
natifid almost to the base; segments close-set or the lower distant,
oblong or obovoid, recurved, deeply and acutely toothed on both
edges or on the upper only. Peduncles slender, naked, shorter or
longer than the leaves. Heads small, 4-Lin. diam.; involucral
bracts few, 8-12, broadly oblong or orbicular, usually with broad
purplish margins. Female florets in 3-4 series; corolla inflated,
broadly ovoid, with a narrow 2-3-toothed mouth. Disc-florets fewer
in number, funnel-shaped, 4-toothed. Achenes of the female florets
obovoid, glandular.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 324. Leptinella minor,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 129. Soliva tenella, A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 445.

NortH AND SourH IsLuanps: Not uncommon from the North Cape south-
wards. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November—January.

10. C. filiformis, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 142.—“ A very
slender rigid creeping plant, glabrous or pilose. Leaves minute,
+in. long, oblong, pinnatifid, segments subulate. Scapes filiform,
lin. long, naked. Heads minute, ;4,in. diam.; involucral scales
6-8, orbicular, with purple edges; receptacle conical; ray-florets
about 20; corolla short, compressed, inflated, very broad- oblong,
2-lobed above; achene obconic, glandular; disc-florets funnel-
shaped, 4-lobed; lobes glandular.’”’—Kurk, Students’ Fl. 325.

Soutu Isnanp: ‘‘ Canterbury Plains, amongst grass, Haast.’’

This does not seem to have been collected since its original discovery, more
than forty years ago. Not having seen specimens, I have reproduced Hooker’s
description.

1l. C. Haastii, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 325.—Stems rather short,
stout, creeping, branched, 1-6 in. long or more, pubescent. Leaves
3-14 in. long, pubescent on both surfaces, gland-dotted, linear-
oblong or linear-obovate, deeply pinnatifid or almost pinnate; seg-
ments narrow-oblong, recurved, entire or deeply toothed or incised,
teeth often confined to the upper margin. Peduncles slender, pubes-
cent, much longer than the leaves. Heads 4-1 in. diam.; involucral
bracts in 2-3 series, broadly oblong, obtuse, with broad purple tips.
Receptacle convex. Female florets in 3-4 series; corolla short,
ovoid, compressed. Disc-florets very numerous, funnel-shaped,
with 4 short and broad teeth. Achene oblong-obovoid, obscurely
angled, glandular.

SoutH Isnanp: Canterbury Plains, Haast! Petrie; Banks Peninsula,
Haast! Kirk! Cockayne ! Sea-level to 2500 ft. December—January.

Closely allied to C. pectinata, but the leaves are broader, with the segments
deeply toothed or incised.

356 COMPOSITH. [Cotula.

12. C. pectinata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 142.—Stems 1-6 in.
long, creeping and rooting, rather stout, wiry, woolly or glabrate,
often putting out silky runners. Leaves few, scattered, rigid,
glabrous or silky, 3-14 in. long, linear-oblong in outline, pectinately
pinnatifid; segments short, subulate, entire. Peduncles slender,
naked or rarely with a minute bract about the middle, 1-3 in. long,
exceeding the leaves. Heads 3—+in. diam., involucral bracts in
2-3 series, broadly oblong, pubescent, purplish; margins jagged.
Female florets in several series ; corolla ovoid, compressed, minutely
2-4-toothed at the narrow mouth. Disc-florets funnel-shaped,
4-toothed. Achene narrow-obovoid, compressed and slightly winged.
—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 325.

Var. sericea, Kirk, l.c. 326.—Smaller and more compactly branched,
everywhere clothed with long dense silky hairs. Peduncles shorter and stouter,
3-lin. long. Heads fin. diam. Perhaps a distinct species.

Soutu Istanp: Nelson—Clarence Valley, T. F. C.; Mount Captain, Kirk !
Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Haast! mountains above the Broken River,
Einys! Kirk! T. F.C. Otago—Lake district, Hector and Buchanan ! common
in mountain districts, Petrie! Var. sericea: Old Man Range and Mount
Cardrona, Petrie! Ben Lomond, Cockayne ! Altitudinal range from 1500 to
6000 ft. December—January.

13. C. Goyeni, Petrie im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 295.—
A small tufted species. Stems 1-3 in. long, creeping and rooting,
rauch branched ; branches short, ascending at the tips, with the
leaves in. diam. Leaves alternate, imbricate, appressed to the
branch, 3—-1in. long; lower half broad, membranous, glabrous or
more or less pubescent, sheathing at the base; upper half cut
straight down into 5-7 linear-subulate erect lobes. Heads terminal,
minute, tin. diam., on short woolly peduncles rarely exceeding the
leaves ; involucral bracts in 1 or 2 series, ovate-oblong, with scarious
purple margins. Female florets few, in 1 series ; corolla ovoid,
compressed, narrowed at the mouth. Disc-florets numerous,
funnel-shaped. Mature achenes not seen.—Kirk, Students’ Fl.
326.

Var. pinnatisecta, Kirk, l.c.—Leaves pinnatifid, clothed with silky hairs.

SourH Istanp: Otago—Mount Pisa and the Hector Mountains, Petrie!
5000-6000 ft. January—February.

A curious little plant, perhaps nearest to C. pectinata. The leaves closely
resemble those of Azorella Selago.

14. C. Featherstonii, F. Muwell. ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 733.—Stems 6-12in. long or more, rather stout, prostrate or
decumbent at the base, ascending above, much branched, leafy,
clothed with short soft pubescence. Leaves alternate, #2 in. long,
obovate-spathulate or oblong-spathulate, gradually narrowed to a
sessile base, crenately 3- or 5-toothed at the tip or entire, flat,
fleshy, finely and softly pubescent on both surfaces. Peduneles

Cotula. | COMPOSITA, 357

axillary and terminal, $-lin. long. Heads 4in. diam., yellow ;
involueral bracts 10-15, in about 2 series; outer ovate-lanceolate,
inner broadly oblong. Female florets in many series; corolla
ovoid or conical, swollen at the base, obscurely toothed at the
contracted mouth. Disc-florets numerous, tubular, 4- toothed.
Achenes narrow -obovoid, prominently costate, glandular.—Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 326. Leptinella Featherstonii, F'. Muell. Veg. Chath.
Is. 27, t. 5.

CHATHAM IsLAND: Usually near the coast, H. H. Travers! Cockayne and
Cox !

A yery remarkable species, quite unlike any other.

15. C. linearifolia, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883)
299.—Small, dark-green, rather thick and fleshy, aromatic, spar-
ingly pilose. Stems prostrate, branched, ascending at the tips.
Leaves alternate, 4-1}in. long, narrow-linear or linear-spathulate,
obtuse, gradually narrowed to the sheathing base, quite entire,
coriaceous, gland-dotted. Peduncles 2-4in. long, slender, ter-
minal, with 4-8 small linear bracts. Heads unisexual, 1-+in.
diam.; involucral bracts in about 3 series, linear-oblong, obtuse,
with purplish scarious margins. Receptacle convex. Florets
studded with transparent glands; female corolla swollen at the
base, obscurely tetragonous, narrowed above, minutely 4-toothed ;
corolla of the males smaller and more slender, narrow funnel-
shaped, 4-lobed. Achene linear-obovoid, compressed.—Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fl. 326.

Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Mountains flanking the Wairau Valley, 7. F. C.
3000-4500 ft. December—January.

Distinguished from C. pyrethrifolia by the entire leaves. In outward ap-
pearance it closely resembles Abrotanella linearis.

16. C. pyrethrifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 142.—Stout,
rather fleshy, aromatic, glabrous or sparingly pilose. Rhizome
creeping, often branched; stems prostrate or decumbent at the
base, ascending at the tips. Leaves alternate, fleshy or coriaceous,
4-l4in. long; petiole usually half the length, sheathing at the
base; blade pinnatifidly cut into 5-8 alternate narrow-linear to
linear-oblong obtuse segments ;4—+in. long. Peduncles variable
in length, 4—-4in., with 1 or several linear bracts. Heads uni-
sexual, large, 4-3in. diam. ; involucral bracts in 2-3 series, linear-
oblong, obtuse, herbaceous, with purplish scarious margins.
Receptacle convex. Florets glandular; corolla of the females
inflated and truncate at the base, 4-toothed at the mouth; of
the males funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Achene narrow-obovoid.—Kirk,
Swudents’ Fl. 327.

SoutH Istanp: Abundant in mountain districts in Nelson, Marlborough,
and Canterbury, rare and local in Otago. 2500-6000 ft. December-—
February.

358 COMPOSITE. [Cotula.

17. C. perpusilla, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 143.—Often form-
ing broad patches, more or less silky in all its parts. Rhizome
much branched, creeping, rigid and wiry, 2-9in. long or more;
branchlets short, erect, leafy. Leaves tufted, silky on both sur-
faces, +-lin. long, linear-oblong or linear-obovate, deeply pinnati-
fid; segments close-set, sometimes slightly recurved, deeply serrate
on the upper edge or entire. Peduncles short, stout, rigid, silky,
4+-3in. long. Heads unisexual; males }-1in. diam.; involucral
bracts in 1 or 2 series, broadly oblong, silky, with broad purple
scarious margins. Florets numerous, eglandular, funnel-shaped.
Female heads larger, +4 in. diam.; involucral bracts in 3-4 series,
larger and broader than in the males, incurved over the florets and
often concealing them. Florets numerous; corolla ovoid, inflated
at the base, contracted at the minutely toothed mouth. Achenes
somewhat curved, rounded on the back or obscurely trigonous.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 327. Leptinella pusilla, Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 129.

Norru Istanp: East Cape and Hawke’s Bay, Colenso! SoutH IsLanp:
Not uncommon throughout. Sea-level to 4500 ft. November-February.

18. C. squalida, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 143.—Stems long,
slender, creeping, branched, 4-12in. long or more, silky or pilose ;
branchlets short, erect. Leaves 1-2 in. long, linear-obovate in out-
line, petiolate, flaccid and membranous, more or less pilose with
long soft hairs, deeply pinnatifid; segments rather lax, recurved,
deeply incised along the upper margin or more rarely along both
margins. Peduncles 1-3 in. long, slender, naked, silky. Heads
unisexual; males $-4tin. diam.; involucral bracts few, in 2 series,
broadly oblong-obovate, silky, with broad purplish scarious margins.
Florets numerous, eglandular, funnel-shaped. Female heads larger,
11 in. diam.; involucral bracts in 3-4 series, broad, rounded, silky,
purplish, usually incurved over the florets and concealing them.
Florets numerous; corolla ovoid, inflated at the base, much con-
tracted at the mouth, minutely 4-toothed. Achene curved, rounded
at the back, almost trigonous.— Kirk, Students’ Fl.328. Leptinella

squalida, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 129.

Norru Istanp: Bay of Plenty, Petrie! Hast Cape and Hawke’s Bay,
Colenso! Mount Hikurangi, Adams and Petrie ! Mount Egmont ranges, T. F’. C-.
SoutH Istanp : Not uncommon from Nelson to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to
4000 ft. December—February.

Closely allied to C. perpusilla, but distinguished by the greater size, soft

flaccid leaves with deeply incised segments, and by the larger pistillate heads,
which have the involucral bracts so much incurved as to completely hide the

florets.

19. C. dioica, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 143.—Stems creeping,
rather stout or slender, glabrous or slightly hairy, 3-12 in. long.
Leaves tufted or solitary, membranous, often flaccid, petiolate,

Cotula. | COMPOSITH#. 359

4-2 in. long, linear-obovate or spathulate, obtuse, crenate-serrate or
lobulate or semipinnatifid, often deeply pinnatifid or pinnate at the
base, lobes or segments entire or the upper margins more or less
deeply toothed or incised. Peduncles axillary, longer or shorter
than the leaves, naked, pubescent. Heads unisexual; males 1-1in.
diam. ; involucral bracts few, in 2 series, oblong - orbicular, pu-
bescent, with broad purple scarious margins. Florets numerous,
eglandular, funnel-shaped. Female heads larger, }-1in. diam. or
more; inyolucral bracts more numerous, imbricated in 8 or 4 series,
incurved. Florets many; corolla ovoid-conie, inflated at the base,
narrowed and minutely toothed at the mouth. Achene obovoid,
curved, rounded at the back.—Kuirk, Students’ Fl. 328. Leptinella
dioica, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 129.

NorrH AND SourH Isnanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon from the
Great Barrier Island and the Kaipara Harbour southwards; most plentiful near
the sea, but ascending to 3000 ft. November—February.

A most puzzling plant, exceedingly variable in the size of the leaves and the
extent to which they are toothed or divided, and also varying much in the size
of the flower-heads, Mr. Kirk divided it into three species; but these are
clearly connected by intermediate forms, and cannot always be distinguished by
the descriptions he has given. The following are the chief varieties, but it
must be borne in mind that the characters used to separate them are purely
arbitrary.

Var. a.—Leaves 1-2in., obovate-spathulate, membranous, flaccid, toothed
or lobulate above, pinnatifid below, segments entire or toothed. Abundant.

Var. crenatifolia, Kirk, Students’ Fl.—Leaves 3-3 in., oblong-spathulate,
membranous, crenate-toothed, with a few deeper divisions at the base of the
leaf. Mountain swamps in the South Island.

Var. rotundata.—More robust, hairy. Leaves 4-1} in., orbicular-spathu-
late, toothed above, usually lobulate or pinnatifid below.—Cliffs between the
Manukau and Kaipara Harbours, “’. #’. C.; East Coast, Colenso !

Var. pulchella.—Slender. Leaves 4-23 in., linear-oblong or linear-obovate,
membranous but firm, pinnatifid, often pinnate at the base. Often difficult to
separate from var. a, but leaves usually narrower and more deeply divided.—
C. pulchella, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 328. Swamps in the South Island, Stewart
Island.

Var. obscura. — Very small, #-lin. long. Leaves few, 4-4in., oblong-
lanceolate or linear-oblong, lobed or pinnatifid, lobes 3 or 4 on each side.
Heads small, 4-4 in. diam.—C. obscura, Kirk, l.c. 327. Swamps at Woodend,
Southland, Kirk !

17. CENTIPEDA, Lou.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or coarsely -
toothed. Heads small, sessile on the branches or racemose, hetero-
gamous and discoid. Involucre hemispherical ; bracts in 2 series,
subequal, margins scarious. Receptacle flat or convex, naked.
Female florets exterior, in several rows, fertile; corolla minute,
tubular, obscurely lobed. Disc-florets few, hermaphrodite, cam-

360 COMPOSITH. [Centipeda.

panulate, 4-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches of
the disc-florets short, truncate. Achenes scarcely compressed,
obtusely 3-4-ribbed or -angled. Pappus wanting.

A small genus of 4 species, 3 of which are Asiatic or Australasian, the fourth
South American. It is closely allied to Cotula, but differs in the inflorescence
and in the tubular corollas of the female florets. The New Zealand species
extends to Australia, the Pacific islands, and eastern tropical Asia.

1. C. orbicularis, Lowr. Fl. Cochinch. ii. 493.—A strong-smel-
ling prostrate or suberect much-branched glabrous or sparsely
woolly annual ; stems 3-9 in. long, spreading from the root. Leaves
$-2 in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, narrowed
at the base, sparingly irregularly toothed or almost pinnatifid,
glabrous or rarely hairy. Heads }+in. diam., globose, solitary,
axillary, sessile or rarely on very short peduncles; involucral
bracts broadly oblong, membranous. Female florets very nu-
merous ; corolla minute, 4-lobed. Disc-florets few; corolla cam-
panulate. Achenes tetragonous, slightly hairy.—Kuirk, Students’
Fil. 329. Myriogyne minuta, Less. in Linnea, vi. (1831) 219; 4.
Cunn. Precur. n. 444; Raoul, Choix, 45; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
1.130; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 553. Cotula minuta, Forst. Prodr.
n. 301; Ad. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 235; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 144.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon from the North Cape to
Central Otago. Sea-level to 2000 ft. January-March.

18s. ABROTANELLA, Cass.

Glabrous perennial herbs, always of small size, often moss-like.
Leaves alternate, imbricate, quite entire. Heads small, solitary or
crowded in little terminal corymbs, heterogamous and discoid.
Involucre campanulate ; bracts few, in about 2 series, nearly equal
or the outer shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Female florets
exterior, in 1 series, tubular, 3—4-toothed, fertile. Disc- florets
hermaphrodite or male, tubular, 4-toothed. _ Anthers obtuse or
shortly pointed at the base. Style-branches of the disc-florets very
short, truncate. Achenes 4-angled or -ribbed, clavate, terete or
compressed. Pappus wanting.

A small genus of about 14 species, most abundant in New Zealand, but also
found in Australia and Tasmania, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands. One
species has also been described from Rodriguez. All the New Zealand species
are endemic.

* Heads several in a small terminal cluster.

Leaves 4-1in., linear-spathulate. Heads on a short leafy
peduncle. Achenes obovoid or tetragonous.. .. 1. A. spathulata.
Leaves 4-4 in., narrow ovate or lanceolate. Heads almost
hidden among the upper leaves. Achenes with 4 short

horns Ags 2. A. rosulata.

Abrotanella.| COMPOSITE. 361

** Heads solitary.

Loosely tufted. Leaves 4-3in., linear. Scape slender,
bracteate, 4-3in. Achenes clavate .. “ie .. 3. A. linearis.
Forming broad flat patches. Leaves 4-in., linear or
linear-spathulate. Scapes}-}in. .. ai mie
Forming soft rounded patches. Leaves }-4in., linear-
subulate, broadest at the base. Achenes linear-clavate,
4-ribbed .. fi 3b bE 55 ui
Densely tufted, 3-lin. high. Leaves narrow-linear, re-
curved. Achenes linear-clavate, 4-angled c ore
Very minute. Stems 4-}in. Leaves +in., linear-oblong,
truncate, margins thickened. Achenes setose, with 4
long bristles fe $0 a He .. 7. A. muscosa.

1. A. spathulata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 1389.—Stems short,
loosely tufted, 1-3in. long, branched, creeping at the base, erect
above. Leaves crowded, spreading, 3—lin. long, ,,-}in. broad,
narrow linear-spathulate, acute or obtuse, narrowed to the base,
3-7-nerved, flat. coriaceous. Heads about +in. long, in a small
terminal corymb either raised on a short leafy peduncle or almost
hidden amongst the upper leaves; involucral bracts 8-12, oblong,
with 3 translucent nerves. Florets 8-12; disc-florets with a
4-angled corolla with 4 short erect teeth; corolla of the females
tubular with a globose base and 4 short spreading teeth. Achenes
of the female florets obovoid, compressed, with 3 cellular ribs ; of
the dise-florets tetragonous.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 330. Trineuron
spathulatum, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 24, t. 17.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS: Peaty soil on the hills, 500-2000 ft.,
Hooker, Kirk ! Buchanan ! January—February.

2. A. rosulata, Hook. f. Handd. N.Z. Fl. 189.—A_ small
much-branched densely tufted little plant $-l4in. high. Leaves
closely imbricate, spreading or recurved, the upper rosulate, 4-4 in.
long, narrow ovate or lanceolate, acute, rigid and coriaceous, con-
cave above, nerved beneath. Heads ;}, in. long, in terminal clusters
of 3-6 amongst the upper leaves; involucral bracts 8-10, linear-
oblong, coriaceous, nerved. Florets 8-10; disc-florets with a
4-angled corolla with 4 short erect teeth; corolla of the female
florets tubular with 4 spreading teeth. Achene oblong-obovoid,
4-angled, the angles produced upwards into short horns.—K7rk,
Students’ Fl. 331. Ceratella rosulata, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1. 26,
t. 18.

CAMPBELL IsLAND: In crevices of rocks, rare, Hooker, Kirk ! 1000-
1400 ft. January—February.

4. A. c@spitosa.

5. A wmconspicua.

or)

. A. pusilla.

A harsh and rigid little plant, easily distinguished from the other species
by the short horns to the achenes.

3. A. linearis, Bergg. in Minnesk. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund. viii.
(1877) 14, t. 3, f. 28-88.—Rhizome creeping, branched. Stems
slender, tufted, leafy at the base, 1-4in. high. Leaves radical,

362 COMPOSIT#. [Abrotanella.

numerous, spreading, 4—3in. long, linear, often curved, obtuse,
coriaceous, more or less pilose towards the sheathing base. Scapes
slender, 4-3in. high, sometimes forked, with 2-5 linear obtuse
bracts. Heads usually solitary, 4-Lin. diam.; involucral bracts
8-14, linear-oblong, subacute, 3-nerved. Florets 20-24; females
swollen at the base, deeply 4-lobed; disc-florets larger, tubular,
with 4 short erect teeth. Achenes clavate, obtusely 4-gonous.—
Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 420; Students’ Fl. 331.

SoutH IsLaAnp: Not uncommon on the mountains from Nelson to Foyveaux
Strait ; most plentiful on the western side of the central range; altitudinal range
from 2500 to 4500ft. Srewart Istanp: Not uncommon. Sea-level to
2500 ft. December-January.

4. A. ceespitosa, Petrie ex T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv.
(1892) 420.—A small densely tufted moss-like plant, often forming
broad flat patches; stems seldom more than 4in. high. Leaves
numerous, spreading or recurved, 41-4 in. long, linear or linear-
spathulate, obtuse, sheathing at the base, rather fleshy, flat or
slightly concave, margins scarious when young. Scapes very
short, often almost wanting; bracts 1 or 2, linear. Heads soli-
tary, ;;in. diam.; involucral bracts about 8, linear-oblong,
3-nerved. Florets 6-8, precisely similar to those of A. linearis.

Achenes clavate, obscurely tetragonous.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 331.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, Mount Owen, 7. F.C. Can-
terbury—Mountains above the Broken River, Craigieburn Mountains, Petrie !
T. F.C. Otago—Clarke’s Diggings, Mount Ida, Mount Kyeburn, Petrie!
3000-6000 ft. - December—January.

Probably only an alpine state of A linearis.

5. A. inconspicua, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 140.—A densely
tufted moss-like plant, forming soft rounded patches; stems 4-2 in.
long, densely leafy. Leaves numerous, spreading or ascending,
1-1 in. long, linear-subulate, broad and membranous at the base,
with ciliate margins, gradually tapering to a subacute thick and
fleshy tip, rigid when dry. Head solitary, +,4in. diam., sunk
amongst the uppermost leaves; involucral bracts limear-oblong,
obtuse, 3-nerved. Florets 15-20; females narrow-tubular, slightly
swollen at the base, lobes 4, spreading; disc-florets larger, between
funnel-shaped and tubular, with 5 short erect lobes. Achene
linear-clavate, 4-ribbed.—Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882)
354, t. 34, f.1; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 331.

Souru Istanp: Otago—Mount Alta, Hector and Buchanan ! Black Peak,
A. McKay! common on all the higher mountains of the interior, Petrie!
4000-6000 ft. December—January.

6. A. pusilla, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 139.—A minute tuited
moss-like plant. Stems slender, wiry, leafy, $-lin. long, emitting
long fibrous roots. Leaves crowded, spreading or recurved, 4in.

Abrotanelila.] COMPOSITE. 363

long, narrow-linear, acute, curved, rigid, coriaceous, flat above,
midrib prominent beneath. Head solitary, j,in. diam., sunk
amongst the uppermost leaves; involucral bracts linear, obtuse,
coriaceous, nerved. Style of the disc-florets bifid. Achenes of the
female florets linear-clavate, 4-angled.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 332.
Trineuron pusillum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 181.

Norru Istanp: Snowy places on the Ruahine Mountains, Colenso !

This species has not been collected since its original discovery, more than
fifty years ago. I have only seen a fragment of one of the type specimens, and
the above description is based upon that given by Hooker.

7. A. muscosa, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 422,
t. 36.—Stems very minute, +—+in. high, either solitary or forming
dense patches 4—-lin. diam. Leaves closely imbricating, erect,
4-1in. long, linear or linear-oblong, truncate or retuse at the tip;
upper half excessively coriaceous and rigid, somewhat concave,
margins much thickened and cartilaginous; lower half mem-
branous, sheathing. Heads minute, solitary, concealed amongst
the uppermost leaves ; involucral bracts 5, oblong, obtuse or acute
or apiculate, nerveless or nearly so. Florets 4-8; females narrow,
cylindrical, obscurely toothed at the mouth; disc-florets tubular,
4-toothed. Achenes oblong, truncate above, setose, obscurely
tetragonous, with a long bristle at each angle.— Students’ Fl. 332.

StEwart Istanp: Summit of Rakiahua, 2300 ft., Kirk ! January.

A very remarkable little plant, closely allied to A. emarginata, Cass., from
the Falkland Islands. It is one of the smallest flowering plants in the colony,
and in a barren state might easily be mistaken for a Brywm or Tortula.

19. KRECHTITES, Rafin.

Erect annualj or perennial herbs, cottony or glabrous. Leaves
alternate, toothed or lobed or pinnately divided, rarely entire.
Heads narrow, in terminal corymbs, heterogamous and discoid.
Involucre cylindric; bracts in 1 series, linear, equal, appressed,
sometimes with a few small ones at the base. Receptacle flat,
naked. Female florets in 2-3 rows at the circumference, very
slender, filiform, minutely 3—5-toothed. Disc-florets hermaphro-
dite, fewer in number than the females, tubular with a broad
5-toothed mouth. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches
of the disc-florets elongated, truncate at the tip. Achenes linear-
oblong. obtuse or contracted towards the apex, striate or angular.
Pappus-hairs in many series, copious, soft, excessively slender.

A genus of about 15 species, mainly Australasian and South American ; but
one species is found in North America, and another in Java, Three of the New
Zealand species extend to Australia and Tasmania; the remaining three are
endemic,

364 COMPOSITH. [Hrechtites.

* Involucral bracts 8-10.

Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves membranous, usually re-
gularly denticulate HF f. on .. 1. E.prenanthoides.

** Tnvolucral bracts 10-14.

Cottony or woolly. Leaves linear-oblong, lobed or pin-

natifid oe ae ais .. 2. H. arguta.
Scabrid with short white hairs. Leaves linear-oblong,
lobed or pinnatifid . es 3. E. scaberula.

White with cottony tomentum. Leaves linear- ‘elongate,
entire or minutely remotely toothed; margins revolute 4. H. quadriden-

tata.
Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves erect, lower oblong or
linear-oblong, upper linear, entire or denticulate .. 5. H. diversifolia.
Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves spreading, membranous,
pinnatifid or pinnate with a large terminal segment .. 6. H. glabrescens.

1. HE. prenanthoides, D.C. Prodr. vi. 296.—A tall erect
annual or biennial herb 1-4ft. high, simple or branched above,
glabrous or slightly hairy. Leaves rather distant, 2-6in. long
or more, linear-oblong to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
lower petiolate, upper sessile with broad toothed auricles, mem-
branous, regularly or irregularly closely and finely denticulate,
rarely lobed. Corymbs very large, terminal, 6-12in. across or
more; pedicels slender, +4in. long. Heads quite glabrous, din.
long; involucral bracts 8-10, narrow- linear, green with white
margins. Florets 18-22; females more numerous than the her-
maphrodite. Achenes linear-oblong, grooved, hairy, surmounted
by a callous ring surrounding the base of the pappus. — Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 141; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 156; Benth. Fi.
Austral. iii. 658; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 333. Senecio prenanthoides,
A. Rich. Sert. Astrol. 96. S. heterophyllus, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxvii. (1895) 389.

NortrH anp SourH Isnanps, Stewart IstAND, CHAaTHAM ISLAND: From
Ahipara and Mongonui southwards, but rare and local to the north of the
Thames Valley. Sea-level to 3000 ft. October—January. Also in Aus-
tralia and Tasmania.

2. B. arguta, D.C. Prodr. vi. 296.—A coarse erect annual
herb 1-3 ft. high; stem stout, grooved, branched above, more or
less cottony or woolly, rarely almost glabrous. Leaves 2-4 in.
long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, lower usually
contracted into a petiole, upper sessile with a broad toothed stem-
clasping base, coriaceous, coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed
or pinnatifid, lobes sinuate-dentate, upper surface glabrous or cob-
webby, beneath more or less clothed with loose white cottony
tomentum. Corymbs terminal, dense; pedicels slender, cottony.
Heads +in. long; involucral bracts 12- 14, usually with a few
minute ones at the base, narrow linéar-lanecolate: woolly below.
Florets 30-40; females much the most numerous. Achenes linear-

Erechtites.| COMPOSITH. 365

oblong, grooved, hairy, crowned by a callous ring.—Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 142; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 157; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii.
659; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 334. Senecio argutus, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 258; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 466; Raoul, Choix, 45.

Norty Aanp SoutH Isnanps, StrEwart Istanp: Abundant from the Three
Kings Islands and the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2500 ft. No-
vember—February. Also in Australia and Tasmania.

A common plant, varying much in stature, degree of pubescence, and the
extent to which the leaves are toothed or divided.

3. E. scaberula, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 157.—A slender erect
annual 1-2ft. high; stem grooved, simple or branched above,
rough with short white hispid hairs. Leaves 1-3 in. long, linear-
oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, lower petiolate, upper sessile
with small stem-clasping auricles, coarsely and irregularly toothed
or pinnatifid, lobes acute, again sharply toothed, both surfaces
rough with short hispid hairs. Corymbs terminal, lax; pedicels
slender, glabrous. Heads +in. long; involucral bracts about 12,
glabrous, subulate- lanceolate, acuminate, tips often recurved.
Florets 20-30; females the more numerous. Achenes linear-ob-
long, grooved, hispid, crowned by a small callous ring.—Azrk,
Students’ Fl. 334. HH. hispidula, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 142
(not of D.C.). EH. pumila, Avmst. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
338. Senecio hispidulus, A. Cunn. Precur.n. 462 (not of A. Rich.).

NortH AND SoutH Isnanps, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM IsLAND: Not
uncommon from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 1500 ft. No-
vember—February.

4. EH. quadridentata, D.C. Prodr. vi. 295.—An erect hero
1-3 ft. high, usually much branched from a hard and woody base,
everywhere more or less clothed with white cottony tomentum.
Leaves 2-6 in. long, linear-elongate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
lower sometimes petiolate, upper sessile, with or without small
auricles at the base, entire or with a few distant teeth; margins re-
volute. Corymbs terminal, broad, lax. Heads +in. long, involucral
bracts 12-14, narrow linear - lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or
cottony, usually with a few minute ones at the base. Florets
about 30, females the more numerous. Achenes linear-oblong,
grooved and angled, hairy, abruptly contracted towards the tip,
crowned by a callous ring.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 142; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 157; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 660; Kirk, Students’ Fl.
3384. Senecio quadridentatus, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 48, t. 194;
A. Cunn, Precur. n. 461; Raoul, Choix, 45.

NortH anp SourH Isnanps, CHaTHAmM IsnAND: Abundant from the
Three Kings Islands and the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 3500 ft.
November-January. Also in Australia and Tasmania.

366 COMPOSITE. [Erechtites.

5. BE. diversifolia, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 324.
—A slender erect annual herb 1-23 ft. high. Stems grooved,
glabrous or slightly cottony, simple or branched above. Leaves
erect, 2-4in. long; lower oblong or linear-oblong, narrowed into
long petioles, obtuse, rather membranous, glabrous above, often
puberulous beneath, entire or remotely and minutely denticulate ;
upper narrower, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile or nearly
so, not auricled, glabrous or slightly cottony. Corymbs laxly and
irregularly branched; pedicels slender, bracteate. Heads in.
long; involucral bracts 12-14, linear-lanceolate, acute. Florets
30-40 ; females much the most numerous. Achenes linear-oblong,
grooved, hispid, crowned with a callous ring.—Kuirk, Students’ Fl.
335.

Nortu Isutanp: Swamps at Karioi, base of Ruapehu, Petrie! SovuruH
IsLanD: Canterbury—Broken River Basin and Mount Cook, T. #. C. Otago—
Common in the interior, Petrie! Bluff Hill, Hnys. Stewart Is~tanp: Kirk.
Sea-level to 3000 ft. December—January.

Best distinguished by the almost glabrous habit and erect nearly entire
membranous leaves.

6. E. glabrescens, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1878) 550.—
A slender- erect annual 1-3ft. high; stem grooved, simple or
branched above, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves very variable in
size and shape, 3-6in. long, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, deeply
pinnatifid with the segments irregularly sinuate-dentate, or pinnate
with a large terminal leaflet and few or many much smaller lateral
ones, lower petiolate, upper sessile with broad toothed auricles,
membranous, often purple beneath, glabrous or nearly so. Corymbs
lax. Heads tin. long; involucral bracts 10-12, lnear, acuminate,
green with white margins. Florets 20-30; females the most
numerous. Achenes longer than any other New Zealand species,
4-1in. long, pale, linear, glabrous, obscurely grooved, attenuated
above, crowned with a callous rmg.—Students’ Fl. 335.

NortH IsxtanpD: Hrewhon, Upper Rangitikei, Petrie! Sourn Istanp,
Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts throughout. Ascends
to 4500 ft., descends to sea-level in Stewart Island. January-February.

20. BRACHYGLOTTIS, Forst.

Shrubs or small trees. Branches stout, spreading, densely
clothed with white tomentum, as are the leaves beneath and
branches of the inflorescence. Leaves large, irregularly lobed or
sinuate. Heads small, very numerous, crowded in large much-
branched terminal panicles, heterogamous, obscurely radiate. In-
volucre narrow ; bracts in 1 series, linear, scarious, shining, usu-
ally with minute subulate scales at the base. Receptacle small,
foveolate. Florets of the circumference female, irregularly lobed or

Brachyglottis.| COMPOSIT#. 367

2-lipped ; outer lobe or ligule broad, inner small, narrow, revolute.
Disc-florets hermaphrodite, tubular with a campanulate 5-toothed
mouth. Anthers obtuse at the base, entire. Style-branches of the
hermaphrodite florets truncate, papillose at the tips. Achenes
terete or obscurely angled, papillose. Pappus-hairs copious, in
1 series.

A small genus of two (or more probably one) species, confined to New Zea-
land. It differs from Senecio in habit, in the shape of the female corolla, and in

the papillose achenes.

Leaves dull. Involucres whitish, shining A .. L. B. repanda.
Leayes larger, glossy. Involucres purplish, hardly shining 2. B. Rangiora.

1. B. repanda, Forst. Char. Gen. 46, t. 40.—A shrub or small
tree 8-20 ft. high; branches stout, brittle, densely clothed with
soft white tomentum. Leaves 4-12 in. long including the petiole,
broadly oblong or ovate-oblong, irregularly lobed or sinuate, mem-
branous, dull-green and glabrous above, clothed with milk-white
tomentum beneath; petiole stout, 1-3in. long. Panicles large, ex-
ceeding the leaves, often drooping. Heads small, 4 in. long; bracts
linear-oblong, whitish, shining. Florets 10-12; female florets with
the outer lip lobed or entire.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 463; Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 163; Kirk, Students’ Fil. 336. Senecio Forster,
‘Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 148, t. 40. Cineraria repanda, Forst.
Prodr. n. 295; A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 255.

Nortu anp SoutH Isntanps: Abundant from the North Cape as far south
as Kaikoura and Greymouth. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Pukapuka; Wharangi-
tawhito. August—October.

A common plant in the northern portion of the colony. It is said to be
poisonous to cattle and horses.

2. B. Rangiora, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 3857.—
Very similar to the preceding, but rather smaller, seldom more than
12 or 14 ft. high, with stouter branches and larger leaves. Leaves
6-15 in. long including the petiole, more coriaceous and glossy,
sometimes unequal at the base; petiole longer and stouter, 3-5 in.
long. Involucral bracts purplish, hardly shining. Female florets
with the outer ligule entire.—Kirk, Students’ Fl. 336.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps: Shores of Cook Strait, Buchanan! Kirk ;
Westport, Dr. Gaze! Greymouth, Helms ! Rangiora. July-September.

I consider this to be a trivial variety of B. repanda, from which it differs in
no important character. But as both Kirk and Buchanan treated it as a dis-
tinct species, and as they were supported by the late Dr. Mantell, who had it in
cultivation for many years, I have retained it for the present. It appears to
keep its characters, such as they are, under cultivation.

368 COMPOSITE. [ Senecio.

21. SENECIO, Linn.

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees of exceedingly various habit,
glabrous or pubescent or more or less woolly or tomentose. Leaves
alternate, entire or variously divided. Heads solitary or corymbose
or paniculate, heterogamous and radiate or homogamous and dis-
coid. Involucre from cylindrical to hemispherical; bracts in 1 or 2
series, nearly equal, erect, free or connate below, usually with a
few much shorter ones at the base. Receptacle flat or convex,
naked, pitted or fimbrillate. Florets of the circumference female,
ligulate, sometimes sterile or wanting. Disc-florets hermaphrodite,
tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse at the base or minutely tailed.
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite florets recurved, their tips
truncate or penicillate. Achenes subterete, usually ribbed or
striate. Pappus-hairs copious, soft, white, smooth or scabrid or
barbellate.

The largest genus of Composite, if not of flowering plants generally,
probably containing fully 1,000 species. It is found in all parts of the world,
stretching from the equator to the limits of phenogamic vegetation in both the
arctic and antarctic regions, but is most abundant in temperate and moun-
tainous districts. Few of the species have wide ranges, and many have a very
restricted distribution. Of the 30 found in New Zealand, one extends to Aus-
tralia, the rest are all endemic. The herbaceous species are exceedingly variable,
and some of them difficult to determine; but the shrubby varieties are remark-
ably distinct. Some of them, such as S. Hectori and S. Kirkii, must be ranked
amongst the most beautiful members of the flora.

A. Perennial or rarely annual herbs.

* Herbs with broad radical leaves and naked simple or branched scapes. In-
volucral bracts in 2 series.

Leaves 1-6in., broadly oblong, cordate at the base, rugose
and bristly above, white and tomentose beneath. Scape
glandular-tomentose 1. S. lagopus.
Leaves #-4in., broadly oblong ‘to linear- oblong, “narrowed
at the base, rugose and bristly above, glabrate beneath.

Scape cottony 2. S, bellidioides.
Leaves 2-6 in., broadly oblong, ‘both surfaces clothed with
snow-white tomentum A 3. S. Haastit.

Leaves 3-6in., broadly oblong or orbicular- oblong, upper
surface silky or villous, not bristly, under-surface white
and tomentose fi te Po std .. 4. S. saxifragoides.

** Herb with an erect leafy stem, corsmbose above. Involucral bracts
in 2 series.

Leaves 2-10in., linear. Heads large, with long spread-
ing rays.. ats che 3: of .. 5. S&S. Lyaliu.

*** Herbs with branched leafy stems. Heads corymbose. Involucral
bracts in 1 series.

Stems stout, fistulose, 1-2ft. Leaves 2-5in., deeply
pinnatifid, rather fleshy, mealy - tomentose beneath.
Heads corymbose, 4-4 in. diam., rays wanting .. 6. S. antipodum.

Senecio. | COMPOSIT:.

Glabrous or pubescent. Stems stout or slender, 1-2 ft.
Leaves 1-2in., toothed or lobed or pinnatifid, rather
fleshy. Heads 4-$in. diam., rays usually present :

Everywhere glaucous. Stems numerous, 1-3 ft. Leaves
2-4 in., obovate - spathulate, sinuate - ‘toothed. Heads

in. diam., radiate 8.
Tall, erect, much branched, glabrous, 2 2- “4 ft. high. Leaves
2-81 in., ovate- oblong, membranous, toothed or lobed or
pinnatifid. Heads 4-3in., radiate 9.
Tall, stout, erect, glabrous, 9-5 ft. Leaves 2-5 in. , oblong
or linear- oblong, coriaceous, often glaucous, sinuate.
dentate. Heads }-4in., radiate , id.
Brect, branched, 1-2ft., clothed with white cobwebby
tomentum. Leaves 1-4i in., oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
toothed or lobed or pinnatifid. Heads 4-4 in., radiate.. 11.
B. Shrubs or smail trees.
* Heads radiate, rays white.
Thinly tomentose. Leaves 6—-12in., oblong-lanceolate or
oblong-ovate, acutely toothed, with a few small pinne
at the base. Heads large, 1— 2in. diam. : 12.
Perfectly glabrous. Leaves 2—5in., lanceolate ‘to broad-
obovate, rather fleshy, entire or sinuate-dentate. Heads
large, 3-2 in. diam.. as oP 2. Bp ale};
Tomentose and glandular. Leaves 3-7in., oblong-lanceo-
late, coarsely dentate, white and silky beneath. Heads
small, Jin. diam. Big ae 5 ley,
** Heads radiate, rays yellow.
Climbing; branches flexuose, slender. Leaves 1-2in.,
orbicular, toothed. Heads tin. diam. a ae le
Erect, bushy, 2-6ft. Leaves 1-2in., oblong, crenate-
toothed. Heads din. diam... a i vo HD:
Shrub or small tree, 6-20ft. Leaves 2-4in., elliptic-
lanceolate or -oblong, entire, fulvous beneath. Heads
4-$in.; rays broad.. Ee ne He a5) UT
Shrub or small tree, 6-25 ft. Leaves 3-7 in., lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, entire, white beneath. Heads $-?in.,
rays narrow, contorted : 18.
Diffuse shrub, 1-4 ft. Leaves 1- 3in., ‘elliptic. lanceolate,
acute at both ends, entire, white beneath. Panicle
narrow, lax. Heads few, #in. diam. = + 0G 9:
Spreading shrub, 2-8 ft. Leaves 14-34 in., oblong-ovate,
entire, softly cottony beneath. Corymb broad, dense.
Heads numerous, #-1in. diam. : 20.
Compact shrub 2-4 ft. Leaves #14 in., oblong ¢ or t obovate,
obscurely crenulate, white beneath. Racemes few.
flowered. Heads ?-lin. diam. 5: a N44 OTe
Much-branched shrub 2-6ft. Leaves 4-1jin., narrow
oblong-obovate, wrinkled and crenate, white beneath.
Corymbs many-flowered. Heads 4-3 in. diam. 22.
Small shrub 3-14ft. Leaves viscid, 1-23 in., oblong-
lanceolate, fiat. Corymb dense, leafy, tomentose. Heads
4-4 in. diam. 4c 5t as S025.
Robust much-branched shrub 3-5ft. Leaves 1-2 in.,
oblong, excessively viscid and coriaceous; margins
recurved. Corymb lax, eupocy viscid. Heads ?in.
diam. : ~. : : be ». 24,

“1

re

SS

S.

Oe Se

S.

369

lautus.

. glaucophyllus.

. latifolius.

. Banksii.

. Colensoi.

. Hectori.

. Kirkit.

myrianthos.

sciadophilus.

. perdiciordes,

. Auntii.

. Stewartia.

. laxifolius.

. Greyii.

compactus.

. Monrot.

revolutus.

. Adamsii.

370 COMPOSITA. [ Senecio.

Much-branched shrub 1-2ft. Leaves 1 x j4in., narrow-
linear; margins revolute to the midrib. Head 1in.
diam., solitary ona leafy peduncle .. #8 af

Closely branched shrub 4-10 ft. Leaves 44in., linear-
oblong. Head solitary, sessile, tin. diam. .. .. 26. S. cassimoides.

25. S. bifistulosus.

*** Fleads discoid ; ray wanting.

Branching shrub 4-10ft. Leaves 2-6in., obovate or
oblong-lanceolate, tomentose beneath. Panicle large.
Heads 4in. diam. ae ni a0 3

Shrub or small tree 6-30ft. Leaves 2—5in., orbicular or
nearly so. Panicleslarge. Heads fin. diam. .. 28. S. rotundifolius.

Small compact shrub 1-3 ft. Leaves 4-2in., oblong, very
era riane Corymbs usually dense. Heads }-4in.

iam. sa be ae 3h 46 nf

Slender glabrous shrub 1-4 ft. ; young branchlets glutinous.
Leaves 14-3 in., obovate-spathulate, veined. Corymbs
lax. Heads4-din. diam. .. 36 4c .. 30. S. geminatus.

27. S. eleagnifolius.

29. S. Bidwillit.

S. Pottsvi, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 290, is quite unknown to
me, and there are no specimens in any colonial herbaria. It is described as
a small slender suffruticose species with decumbent flexuose branches 3-6 in.
long, the branches, petioles, and leaves beneath clothed with loose white cottony
tomentum. Leaves petiolate, 4-lin. long, ovate or spathulate, glabrous above,
crenate. Heads solitary, 4in. long, on slender bracteate peduncles; inyolucral
bracts 15-20, linear, obtuse, cottony.—Mount Jollie, Rangitata district, alt.
4500 ft.

S. dimorphocarpos, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 316, is S. jacobea,
Linn., the common ragwort of the Northern Hemisphere, which has become
naturalised in many districts in both the North and South Islands. It is a tall
almost glabrous perennial 2-4 ft. high, with irregularly pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid
leaves 2-6in. long, a dense corymb of rather large heads 2-1 in. diam., bright-
yellow rays, and glabrous ribbed achenes.

S. areolatus, Col. l.c. 317, is S. sylvaticus, Linn., another common northern
plant which has become established in New Zealand. An annual slightly
glandular-pubescent herb 1-3 ft. high, with irregularly pinnatifid leaves 1-3 in.
long, loose corymbs of small heads 4in. diam., with very short revolute rays
and silky ribbed achenes.

Several other species of Senecio have become naturalised, the most widely
distributed being S. vulgaris, Linn., the common groundsel, which can be
recognised by its small size, 6-12in. high, succulent grooved stems often
branched from the base, irregularly pinnatifid or toothed leaves, small cylindric
heads with the florets all tubular and hermaphrodite, and an involucre of about
20 equal bracts.

1. S. lagopus, Raoul in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. ii. 2 (1844) 119,
t. 18.—Rootstock stout, densely clothed at the top with long
brownish silky wool. Leaves all radical, crowded, spreading ; blade
1-5 in. long, broadly oblong, rounded at the tip, usually cordate at
the base, margins entire or crenulate, upper surface rugose, covered
with short stiff bristles, beneath densely clothed with white tomen-
tum; petioles 4-4in. long, stout or slender, densely villous. Pe-
duncles or scapes 1-12 in. high, simple or much branched, pubescent
and glandular-pilose ; bracts few, small, obtuse. Heads 1 to many,

Senecio. | COMPOSITE. 371

4-1in. diam., yellow ; involucral bracts glandular and tomentose.
Rays }-4in. long, spreading. Achenes linear, glabrous.—Choi«,
Set. 17; Hook.f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 143; Handb. N.Z. Fl 158 -
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 338.

NortH AnD SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon from Taupo and the Ruahine
Mountains to the south of Canterbury. Sea-level to 4500 ft. November-
January.

2. S. bellidioides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 144.—Very similar
to S. lagopus, but smaller and more slender. Leaves al] radical,
spreading ; blade #-4 in. long, broadly oblong to linear-oblong, ob-
tuse or subacute, rounded or slightly cordate at the base or narrowed
into the petiole, membranous or subcoriaceous, entire or crenulate,
upper surface rugose or almost flat, more or less covered with short
stiff bristles, beneath glabrate or sparingly clothed with white or
brownish tomentum ; petioles long or short, usually woolly. Scapes
1-12 in. high, simple or branched, cottony or glandular-pubescent,
rarely glabrate ; bracts few, small, acute. Heads 1 to many, $-1in.
diam.; involucral bracts tomentose or glabrate. Achenes linear,
glabrous. — Handb. N.Z. Fl. 159; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 338. S.
Traversii, F. Muell. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. vii. (1861) 154.

Var. glabratus, Kirk, 1.c.—Leaves broadly oblong, glabrous beneath, spar-
ingly setose above.

Var. angustatus, Kirk, |.c.—Leaves linear-oblong, apex rounded or sub-
acute.

SoutH Isnanp, SrHwart IJIs~tanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts
throughout. 2000-5000 ft. December-February.

This appears to pass into S. lagopus, but in its usual state can generally be
distinguished by the smaller size and more membranous leaves, which are often
quite glabrous beneath, seldom white and cottony.

3. S. Haastii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 159.—Rootstock stout
or slender, more or less clothed at the top with soft whitish wool.
Leaves all radical; blade 2-5 in. long, broadly oblong or orbicular-
oblong, obtuse at the tip, rounded or slightly cordate at the base,
subcoriaceous, obscurely crenulate, both surfaces covered with soft
white lax or appressed tomentum, or the upper surface hoary-
tomentose or almost glabrate ; petioles slender, 2-6in. long, white
and cottony. Scapes slender, 5-15in. high, simple or branched,
cottony and slightly glandular; pedicels long, slender; bracts few,
linear or linear-obovate. Heads 1-8, 2-14 in. diam.; involucral
bracts linear-oblong. subacute, white and cottony. Achenes narrow-
linear, glabrous.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 339.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Clarence Valley, 7. F. C. Canterbury—Broken
River, Hnys! Kirk! T. F. C.; Mount Cook district, Haast! T. F. C.; shores
of Lake Ohau and source of the Ahuriri, Haast. Otago—Lake Hawea, Haast;
not uncommon in the interior, Hector and Buchanan! Petrie ! 1500-4000 ft.
December—January.

372 COMPOSITA. [ Senecio.

4, S. saxifragoides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 144.—Rootstock
short, stout, as thick as the thumb, densely shaggy with soft
brownish wool. Leaves all radical, spreading ; blade 3-6 in. long,
broadly oblong or orbicular, obtuse at the tip, rounded or slightly
cordate at the base, sometimes oblique, thick and coriaceous, entire
or crenulate, upper surface silky or villous, not bristly, becoming
glabrate when old; under-surface densely clothed with white woolly
tomentum ; petioles stout, 1-4 in. long, woolly or villous. Scapes
stout, 2-12in. high, simple or branched, densely covered with white
or purplish glandular tomentum; bracts linear or linear-oblong.
Heads 2-8, 3-14 in. diam.; involucral bracts linear, acute, thickly
tomentose. Achenes linear, glabrous. — Handb. N.Z. Fl. 159;
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 339.

SoutH Istanp: Port Lyttelton and other localities on Banks Peninsula, not
uncommon. January—March.

A handsome species, separated from large states of S. lagopus, some of which
approach it very closely, by the much stouter habit, more copious villous hairs,
and larger thicker leaves, which are silky above and never show the stout bristly
hairs so characteristic of S. lagopus and bellidioides.

5. S. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 146.—A leafy herb 1-2 ft.
high or more, usually glandular-pubescent or almost villous, rarely
glabrate. Rootstock thick, crowned with long silky hairs. Stem
stout or slender, simple, erect. terminating in a broad corymb of
many flower-heads. Leaves numerous, quite entire; lower 2-10 in.
long, ;#4,-+in. broad, linear or narrow-linear, acute or acuminate,
contracted or petiolate above the sheathing villous base, 1—5-nerved ;
cauline gradually becoming smaller, sessile, amplexicaul, tapering
from the base to the apex. Corymbs usually large and broad;
peduncles 1-5in. long, slender, simple, bracteate. Heads large,
1-21 in. diam. ; involucral bracts in 1 series, linear, pubescent or
glabrate. Ray-florets 4-lin. long, yellow, spreading. Achenes
linear, silky, ribbed. Pappus-hairs unequal, rigid, scabrid. —
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 160; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 339.

Var. scorzonerioides, Kirk, l.c. 340.—Glandular-pubescent. Stems more
robust. Leaves shorter and broader, 2-8 in. long, #~#in. broad, linear-lanceolate
or lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-nerved. Heads larger; rays vary-
ing in colour from yellow or salmon-coloured to pure white.—S. scorzonerioides,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i, 146.

SoutH Istanp, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts
throughout. Descends to sea-level in Stewart Island, ascends to quite 5000 ft.
in Nelson and Canterbury. December-February.

An exceedingly handsome plant, forming one of the chief ornaments of the
subalpine flora of the South Island.

6. S. antipodus, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 341.—An erect much-
branched annual or biennial herb 1-2ft. high; stems _ stout,

fistulose, 2-4in. diam.; branches spreading, grooved. Leaves

Senecio. | COMPOSITE. 373

membranous, rather succulent, 2-5in. long, lower narrowed into a
petiole, upper sessile with broad amplexicaul auricles, deeply and
irregularly pinnatifid; segments few, 1—2in. long, acute, toothed
or lobed or almost pinnatifid, glabrous above, mealy-tomentose
beneath. Corymbs terminal ; peduncles slender, bracteate. Heads
numerous, discoid, 44in. diam.; involucre broad, campanulate ;
bracts about 20, in 1 series, linear-lanceolate, acute, 2-ribbed,
margins scarious. Florets all hermaphrodite, very numerous,
funnel-shaped. Achenes linear - oblong, grooved, glabrous or mi-
nutely puberulous.

AntipopEs Isntanp: Kirk! January—February.

A yery distinct species, quite unlike any other found in New Zealand. Kirk
compares it with the Fuegian S. candidans, but that has ovate leaves with
crenate-toothed margins.

7. S.lautus, Yorst. Prodr. n. 538.—-An exceedingly variable much
or sparingly branched glabrous or pubescent annual or biennial
herb 6-24in. high; stems stout or slender, erect or decumbent or
almost prostrate, grooved, flexuose. Leaves 1—-2in. long, linear or
linear-lanceolate, more rarely broader and lanceolate or linear-
oblong to oblong, either narrowed into a petiole or dilated with
stem-clasping auricles at the base, entire or remotely toothed or
lobed or pinnatifid ; lobes narrow or broad. Heads in few- or many-
flowered corymbs, 4—2in. diam., campanulate; involucral bracts
herbaceous, linear, acute, pubescent at the tips, usually prominently
2-ribbed ; outer bracts few, small. Ray-florets 10-15, with spread-
ing or revolute ligules, rarely absent. Disc-florets numerous,
scarcely longer than the involucre. Achenes linear, grooved,
pubescent or nearly glabrous. Pappus-hairs copious, soft, white.—
A. Fach. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 257; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 457; Raoul,
Choix, 45; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 145; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 160;
Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 667 ; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 341. S. neglectus,
A. fitch. l.c. 258. 8. angustifolius, Forst. Prodr.n. 539.

Kermapec Is~anps, NortH anp SoutH Istanps, STewarrT ISLAND,
CHATHAM Is~tAND: Abundant near the sea, not so common inland. Sea-
level to 4500 ft. October—March.

This is a widely diffused plant in Australia and Tasmania as well as New
Zealand, and is everywhere exceedingly variable, not a few forms having been
described as distinct species. The chief varieties found in New Zealand may
be briefly characterized as follows, but it must be borne in mind that inter-
mediates are not uncommon ;—

Var. a.—Much branched, erect or decumbent. Leaves deeply pinnatifid ;
segments long and narrow, often again toothed, rarely short and broad.
Heads 4-4in. diam., radiate.—Usually near the coast, but occasionally found
inland. Mr. Kirk’s variety carnosulus is probably a form of this.

Var. montanus.—Sparingly branched or quite simple, erect. Leaves oblong

to lanceolate or spathulate, entire or toothed or shortly pinnatifid. Heads

—3in. diam., radiate ; rays often revolute.—A common mountain plant in both
the North and South Islands.

374 COMPOSITE, [ Senecio.

Var. discoideus.—Sparingly branched, prostrate or decumbent, rarely
erect. Leaves very fleshy, obovate or spathulate, coarsely toothed or lobed,
sometimes pinnatifid below. Heads large, $-$in. diam.; rays wanting.—
Mountain districts in the South Island.

Var. radiolatus, Kirk, Students’ Fl. 341.—More or less pubescent. Lower
leaves broad, membranous, narrowed into slender petioles, toothed or lobed or
pinnatifid; upper sessile, auricled at the base. Heads 3-4 in., radiate; rays
short, broad. Achenes very mucilaginous when soaked in warm water.—
S. radiolatus, F’. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 24, t. 4. Chatham Islands, H. H.
Travers! Cox and Cockayne !

8. S. glaucophyllus, Cheesem. wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii.
(1896) 5386.—Smooth and glaucous, perfectly glabrous, 1-3 ft. high.
Rootstock stout, woody. Stems numerous, strongly grooved,
simple or sparingly branched, naked at the base or with minute
scale-like leaves only, leafy above. Leaves 2-4in. long, $-lin.
wide, oblanceolate or oblong-obovate or obovate-spathulate, obtuse
or subacute, gradually narrowed into broad flat petioles, not dilated
nor sheathing at the base, irregularly sinuate-dentate or serrate,
rather thin, very glaucous; margins somewhat thickened. Upper
leaves narrower, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, serrate, gradually
passing into narrow-linear entire bracts. Heads several in a loose
terminal corymb, broadly campanulate, 4in. diam.; involucral
bracts linear, acuminate, 2-ribbed, glabrous or pilose at the tips.
Ray-florets about 15; disc-florets numerous. Achenes not seen.—
Kirk, Students’ Fl. 345.

SourH Is~tanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, on limestone rocks, alt. 4000 ft.,
PAH Ct January.

A very curious plant, its bushy mode of growth and glaucous leaves giving
it a very different appearance to any of its allies. The stems appear to die down
to the root in winter, a fresh crop appearing in the following spring. My
specimens are in young flower only, and the above description may require
modification when more perfect examples have been obtained.

9. S. latifolius, Banks and Sol. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
145.—A tall erect much-branched glabrous herb 2-4 ft. high; stems
flexuous, grooved. Leaves membranous, 2-8 in. long, very variable
in shape; lower on long winged petioles with or without small
toothed auricles at the base, blade broadly oblong or ovate-oblong to
linear-oblong, toothed or lobulate or irregularly lyrate-pinnatifid ;
upper sessile, ovate-oblong to linear-oblong, coarsely toothed or
lobed, often contracted below the middle and then expanding into
broad toothed auricles; uppermost leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,
serrate or dentate. Corymbs broad, lax, much branched; branches
slender. Heads very numerous, 4—3in. diam.; involucral bracts
in 1 series, linear, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent. Ray-florets
12-20; ligule narrow, spreading. Disc-florets 30-40. Achenes
linear, grooved, hispidulous. Pappus-hairs soft, copious, white.—
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 159; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 341.

Senecio. ] COMPOSITA, 375»

Var. rufiglandulosus, Kirk, l.c.—Glandular-pubescent or glabrate. Leaves
coarsely and sharply irregularly doubly dentate or serrate, sometimes lobed at
the base. Corymbs very large. Achenes densely pubescent.—S. rufiglandulosus,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 599.

Var. sinuatifolius, Kirk, 1.c.—Stems slender, flexuose. Leaves distant,
ovate-oblong, sinuate, not toothed. Corymbs small; heads few.

Nortu Istanp: From the Paparata Valley and Waikato River southwards,
but rare and local to the north of the Hast Cape. SourH Isnanp: Western
part of the Nelson Provincial District and Westland, not uncommon as far south
as Ross. Sea-level to 3500 ft. November—February.

10. S. Banksii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 146.—An erect stout
or slender perfectly glabrous branched herb 2-4 ft. high or more;
stems flexuose, grooved. Leaves 2-5in. long, 1-2in. broad,
broadly oblong or ovate-oblong to linear-oblong, acute or subacute,
sessile with broad auricled amplexicaul bases, coriaceous or almost
membranous, shining, often glaucous, coarsely and irregularly
sinuate-serrate or dentate; veins reticulated, often prominent
beneath; uppermost leaves smaller and narrower, lanceolate or
linear. Corymbs broad, lax. Heads numerous, campanulate,
444 in. broad ; involucral bracts linear-oblong, acuminate, pubescent
at the tips. Ray-florets 10-12; ligules short, revolute. Achenes
linear, grooved, pubescent.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 134; Kirk, Students’
Fil. 342. S$. odoratus, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 160 (not of Horne-
mann). S. pumiceus, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 89;
Kirk, Students’ Fi. 3438.

Var. angustatus.—Much less robust and more rigid, glabrous or sparingly
clothed with short scabrid hairs. Leaves 14-3in. long, }-?in. broad, lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, acute, all sessile or the lower sometimes petiolate,
coriaceous, sharply and irregularly sinuate-serrate; veins usually prominent
beneath.—S. Banksii var. scabrosus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 147. S. pumiceus
var. avgustatus, Kirk, Students’ Hl. 343.

NortH Istanp: Mokohinou Island, Herb. Col. Mus.! Mercury Bay,
Banks and Solander ; East Cape Island, Ross ; Anaura and Tolago Bay, Banks
and Solander, Adams and Petrie! near Table Cape, A. Hamilton! between
Tolago Bay and Gisborne, Colenso. Var. angustatus: Hast Cape, A. Hamilton ;
Karangahake Cliffs, Lake Taupo, 7. #. C. Sea-level to 1500ft. | December-
January.

Mr. Kirk limits S. Banksi to a form with more decidedly flexuous stems and
rather membranous glaucous leaves, keeping up Colenso’s S. pwmiceus for the
reception of those states with stouter and straighter stems and more coriaceous
leaves. But a series of the Tolago Bay plant, which is that collected by Banks
and Solander, shows that this distinction cannot possibly be maintained, some
of the specimens exactly matching the types of S. pwmicews in Mr. Colenso’s
herbarium, while others show a regular gradation to more slender and membran-
ous forms. An examination of the ripe achenes of both varieties also proves
that the supposed difference in size and shape does not exist.

11. S. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fi. Nov. Zel. i. 147.—An erect much
or sparingly branched herb 10—20in. high, more or less clothed
with white cobwebby tomentum. Stems woody at the base,

376 COMPOSITH. [ Senecio.

flexuose, grooved. Leaves very variable, 1-4in. long, 4-14in.
broad, broadly oblong or obovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acute,
sessile with broad amplexicaul bases or petiolate with auricles at
the base of the petioles, coriaceous; margins sinuate-dentate or
serrate or deeply irregularly lobulate or pinnatifid, hoary or cob-
webby on both surfaces or on the lower surface only. Corymbs
terminal, usually lax. Heads few or many, 3-4in. diam., cam-
panulate ; involucral bracts linear-oblong, acute or acuminate.
Rays short, revolute. Achenes slender, grooved, silky or hispid.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 160; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 342.

Nort Isuanp: Usually on cliffs near the sea. Bay of Islands, Colenso ;
East Cape, Colenso; Napier, Bishop Williams! A. Hamilton! Cape Kid-
nappers, Colenso, Kirk! Waipawa, Petrie! Patangata, T’ryon ! November-—
January.

12. S. Hectori, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. v. (1873) 348; vi. t. 23.
—An erect branching shrub 6-12 ft. high; branches stout, spread-
ing, tomentose. Leaves crowded near the tips of the branches,
6-12 in. long, 2-4in. broad, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate
or narrow oblong-ovate, acute, narrowed to the base, membranous,
scaberulous above, thinly clothed with white cottony tomentum
beneath, acutely toothed, pinnatifid or pinnate for a short distance
at the very base ; petiole very short. Corymbs large, lax, terminal,
much branched, often 1 ft. or more across; peduncles and pedicels
clothed with short stiff glandular pubescence. Heads large, 1-2 in.
diam., broadly campanulate; involucral bracts in 2 series, outer
lanceolate, inner broader and oblong-lanceolate, acute; margins
broad, membranous. Ray-florets 8-12; ligules broad, spreading,
white. Disc-florets numerous. Achenes linear, grooved, glabrous.
Pappus-hairs rigid, scabrid.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 344.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Collingwood, Hector, Travers; between Takaka
and Riwaka,. Kirk ; sources of the Takaka, Upper Motueka and its tributaries,
T. F. C.; Upper Buller Valley, McGregor, Hector! Kirk! Westland—Valley
of the Grey, Kirk. 250 to 3500 ft. December—February.

One of the finest species of the genus, well marked off from any other by a
small portion of the very base of the leaf being pinnatifid or pinnate, all the
remainder being dentate. The heads are sometimes as much as 23 in. diam.

13. S. Kirkii, Hook. f. ex T. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 344.—An erect
perfectly smooth and glabrous branching shrub 6-12 ft. high;
branches stout, brittle. Leaves very variable in size and shape,
2-5 in. long, 4-2 in. broad, lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate to oblong-
ovate or rhomboid-ovate, acute or obtuse, entire or sinuate-dentate,
rather fleshy, narrowed intoa short slender petiole or cuneate at the
base. Corymbs large, often much branched, 4-12 in. diam. or more ;
branches spreading; lower bracts foliaceous. Heads numerous,
large, campanulate, 14-2in. diam.; involucral bracts in 2 series,
linear-oblong, acute, margins membranous. Ray-florets few; ligules

Senecio. | COMPOSIT#. 377

long, white, spreading, ?-lin. long. Disc-florets with a campanu-
late 5-toothed limb. Achenes linear, grooved, glabrous, slightly ex-
panded and thickened at the tip. Pappus-hairs rigid, scabrid.—
S. glastifolius, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 147, t.39; Handb. N.Z.
Fi. 161 (not of Linn. f.). Solidago arborescens, A. Cunn. Prodr. n.
435 (not of Forst.).

Norrx Istanp : Common in hilly and wooded districts from the North Cape
to Wellington. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

A very remarkable and beautiful species. The flower-heads are often so
abundantly produced as to conceal the leaves, the multitude of snow-white rays
then rendering the plant conspicuous from afar. In the northern forests it is
often epiphytic on the distorted trunks of the rata (Metrosideros robusta).

14. S. myrianthos, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. (1875)
348.—A small sparingly branched shrub 3-12 ft. high ; bark black ;
branches slender, when young clothed with thin buff tomentum.
Leaves 3-7 in. long, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, usually unequal and often slightly cordate at the base,
sharply and coarsely doubly dentate, thin and membranous, glabrous
above when mature, beneath clothed with silvery-white appressed
tomentum, veins reticulated ; petioles slender, 1-2 in. long. Panicles
large, terminal, often more than 2 ft. long; peduncles and pedicels
slender, everywhere densely covered with short spreading purplish-
brown glandular hairs; lower bracts often foliaceous, upper subu-
late. Heads numerous, 4in. long, obconic; involucral bracts about
8, linear-oblong, obtuse, membranous, glabrous or nearly so. Ray-
florets 4-6, white; ligules very short and broad, fin. long. Disc-
florets about 6; limb narrow-campanulate, 5-toothed. Achenes
oblong, grooved, minutely hispidulous. Pappus-hairs in 1 series,
minutely scabrid.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 346. S. Cheesemanii, Hook.
f. m Ic. Plant. t. 1201.

Nortu Isuanp: Ravines on the Cape Colville Peninsula, from Coromandel
to Tairua and Waitekauri, 7’. 7. C., Adams! Sea-level to 750 ft. Novem-
ber—December.

A handsome and distinct species, well characterized by the membranous
leaves, large elongated panicles, and small white ray-florets. The flowers are
deliciously sweet-scented.

15. S. sciadophilus, Raoul in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. iii. 2 (1844)
119.—A slender climbing shrub 3-15 ft. high ; branches flexuose,
often pendent, striate, clothed with short pubescence. Leaves
distant, spreading, 1-2in. long; blade about half the length, orbi-
cular or orbicular-ovate, coarsely toothed, membranous, clothed on
both surfaces with short scattered hairs or glabrate ; veins reticu-
lated. Heads 4in. diam., in few-flowered axillary or terminal
corymbs, often forming an elongated terminal panicle; pedicels
slender, pubescent. Involucre campanulate; bracts few, 6-8,
linear-oblong, subacute ; margins scarious. Ray-florets 4-7; ligule

378 COMPOSIT2. [ Senecio.

tin. long, yellow, revolute. Disc-florets 6-10; limb broadly cam-
panulate, deeply 5-lobed. Achenes grooved, glabrous or sparingly
hispidulous. Pappus-hairs in several series, rigid, minutely den-
ticulate.—Choix, 21, t. 18; Hook. f. Fi. Nov. Zel. 1.150; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 161; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 345.

Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Riwaka, Rev. F. H. Spencer; Wairoa Gorge,
Bryant. Canterbury—Akaroa, Raoul; Alford Forest, J. D. Enys! Peel
Forest, W. Barker. Otago—Not uncommon in the vicinity of Dunedin,
G. M. Thomson! Petrie! Sea-level to 2000 ft. January-April.

16. S. perdicioides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 149.—A smaill
round-topped branching shrub 2-6ft. high; branches slender,
grooved, pubescent, scarred where the leaves have fallen away.
Leaves 1-2in. long, oblong or elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong,
obtuse, membranous, crenate-serrate or dentate, quite glabrous;
veins reticulated ; petioles slender. Corymbs leafy, terminating the
branches ; pedicels slender, pubescent. Heads turbinate, + in. long;
involucral bracts about 5, oblong, obtuse, with broad scarious
margins. Ray-florets 2 or 3, rarely more, yellow; ligule oblong,
spreading. Disc-florets 4-8; limb funnel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed.
Achenes oblong, grooved, glabrous or nearly so. Pappus-hairs in
2 series, rigid, minutely scabrid.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 161; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 345. S. multinerve, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv.
(1893) 330. §. distinctus, Col. l.c. xxvii. (1895) 390.

Norru Isuanp: From Hicks Bay and the East Cape to Mahia Peninsula ;
not uncommon. Raukumara. November—January.

17. S. Huntii, 7. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 23, t. 3—A shrub or
small round-headed tree 6-20 ft. high, usually more or less glandu-
lar-pubescent and viscid in all its parts; branchlets marked with
the scars of the fallen leaves. Leaves crowded, 2-4in. long,
elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong to linear-obovate, obtuse or
acute, narrowed to a sessile base, entire, glabrous or nearly so
above, usually clothed with thin fulvous tomentum beneath ; margins
flat or subrevolute ; midrib prominent beneath. Panicle terminal,
large, dense, much branched, 3-5in. broad; pedicels slender,
densely glandular-hirsute. Heaas 4-2in. diam.; involucral bracts
about 12, linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, membranous, glandular,
villous at the tips. Ray-florets 15-20, yellow; ligule broad, re-
volute. Disc-florets numerous ; limb campanulate, 5-lobed. Achenes
oblong, grooved, glabrous. Pappus-hairs in 2 series. slender,
scabrid.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 734; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 346.

CHatHam Is~tanps: Not uncommon, H. H. Travers, Mair! Cox!
Cockayne ! Rautin. December-February.

18. S. Stewartize, Armst. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 339.—
A shrub or small tree 6—25 ft. high ; trunk 8-24 in. diam. ; branches
spreading, marked with the scars of the fallen leaves. Leaves

Senecio. | COMPOSITAE. 379

crowded at the ends of the branches, 3-7 in. long, lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed to a broad sessile
base, quite entire, subcoriaceous, glabrous above, clothed with thin
appressed white tomentum beneath ; veins reticulated. Panicles ter-
minal, erect, 4-9 in. long ; peduncles and pedicels densely glandular-
pubescent, lower bracts foliaceous. Heads numerous, 4-}in.
diam.; involucral bracts about 12, linear-oblong, obtuse, glandular-
pubescent. Ray-florets 12-15, yellow; ligules narrow, contorted.
Dise-florets 20-30; limb campanulate, 5-lobed. Achenes oblong,
grooved, glabrous. Pappus-hairs dirty-white, short, scabrid.—S.
Muelleri, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 360; Students’ Fl.

346.

HEREKOPERE ISLAND (in Foveaux Strait): C. Traill, Kirk! Tue SNARES:
Kirk ! December—January.

This is clearly identical with Armstrong’s S. Stewarti@, a name which has
two years’ priority over the S. Mwellert of Kirk. It is very closely allied to the
preceding species, but the leaves are more acuminate, and the tomentum of tha
under-surface is whiter, while the narrow contorted rays are quite unlike the
short broad ones of S. Hunti.

19. S. laxifolius, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii. (1870) 89.—
A small diffusely branched shrub 1-4 ft. high; branchlets, leaves
beneath, and inflorescence densely clothed with white cottony
tomentum. Leaves usually close-set, on slender petioles 4-1} in.
long; blade 1-2}in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute at both ends, glabrous above or slightly cottony
when young, coriaceous, quite entire. Panicle terminal, long and
narrow, lax ; peduncles and pedicels slender, cottony ; lower bracts
foliaceous. Heads 2in. diam., broad-campanulate; involucral
bracts 12-15, linear-oblong, acute, tomentose, with broad scarious
margins. Ray-florets 12-15, long and narrow, yellow. Disc-
florets numerous. Achenes oblong, grooved, glabrous. — Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 347.

SoutH Isztanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur and Mount Owen, T. F. C.;
Wairau Gorge, Bryant, T. F. C.; Spencer Mountains, Gibbs; Discovery
Peaks, Travers! Fowler’s Pass, Kirk! 2500-3000 ft. December-—Feb-
ruary.

20. S. Greyii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 148, t. 38.—A small
spreading shrub 2-8ft. high; branches stout, woody, terete ;
branchlets, under-surface of leaves, and petioles densely clothed
with appressed soft white tomentum. Leaves on slender petioles
t_14in. long; blade 14-34in., oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse,
rounded and often unequal at the base, coriaceous, quite entire,
upper surface glabrous except a cottony line at the margin; midrib
prominent beneath. Corymbs large, terminal, 2-5in. broad, much
branched; peduncles and pedicels glandular-pubescent; bracts
numerous, the lower ones foliaceous; the upper narrower, lanceo-

380 COMPOSITH. [Senecto.

late or linear. Heads campanulate, $-1in. diam.; involucral bracts
about 15, linear or linear-oblong, membranous, acute, glandular-
pubescent. Ray-florets 12-15, yellow; ligules spreading, 4-4 in.
long. Disc-florets numerous; limb campanulate, 5-lobed. Achenes
linear, densely silky. Pappus-hairs in several series, white, rigid,
scabrid.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 161; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 347.

Norru Istanp: Wellington—From the Pahau River to Cape Palliser; rare
and local. Sea-level to 1500 ft.

A handsome species, nearest to S. laxifolius, but at once separated by the
larger obtuse leaves, dense corymbs, glandular-pubescent involucral bracts, and
silky achenes.

_ 21. S.compactus, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 395.—
A small much-branched compact shrub 2-3 ft. high and 3-6 it.
diam. ; branches, petioles, leaves beneath, and inflorescence densely
clothed with appressed snow-white tomentum. Leaves on slender
petioles +-4in. long; blade #-14in., obovate or oblong-obovate,
obtuse, rounded or narrowed at the base, coriaceous, glabrous above
except a cottony line at the margin, obscurely crenulate or sinuate.
Heads broadly campanulate, 3-1 in. diam., in 4-8-flowered terminal
leafy racemes; involucral bracts about 12, linear, acute, densely
tomentose. Ray-florets about 12, yellow; ligules broad, spreading.
Disc-florets very numerous; limb funnel-shaped, 5-toothed. Achenes
linear, grooved, silky. Pappus-hairs white, minutely scabrid.—
Students’ Fl. 349.

Nortu Istsnp: Wellington—Limestone clifis near Castlepoint, Kirk !
January—February.

Closely allied to S. Monroi, but differing in the larger broader leaves with
smoother and whiter tomentum beneath, narrow few-flowered inflorescence, and
the white cottony tomentum of the pedicels and involucral bracts.

22. S. Monroi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 333.— A much-
branched woody shrub 2-6 ft. high; branchlets, petioles, and
leaves beneath clothed with appressed whitish tomentum. Leaves
shortly petioled, $-1$in. long, narrow-oblong or oblong-obovate,
obtuse, narrowed into the petiole, coriaceous, glabrous above ;
margins wrinkled and crenate. Corymbs terminal, lax, leafy,
slightly viscid; peduncles clothed with white tomentum ; pedicels
slender, glandular-pubescent. Heads numerous, broadly turbinate,
4-2 in. diam. ; involucral bracts 10-15, linear, acute, membranous,
glandular-pubescent. Ray-florets 10-15, yellow ; ligules } in. long,
broad, revolute. Disc-florets numerous; limb funnel-shaped, 4-
toothed. Achenes linear, grooved, hispid with short white hairs.
Pappus-hairs white, slender, minutely scabrid.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
162; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 348.

SourH Is~tanp: Nelson—Wangapeka, Kingsley! Jollie’s Pass, T. F. C.
Marliorough—Not uncommon from the Awatere to the Conway River.
1000-4500 ft. December-—January.

Senecio. | COMPOSITE. 381

23. S. revolutus, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 348.—A small robust
shrub 6-20 in. high; branches stout, often decumbent at the base,
suberect above. Leaves viscid, on petioles 1—-%in. long; blade
1-24 in., oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong,
obtuse, narrowed into the petiole, quite entire, coriaceous, glabrous
and reticulated above, beneath clothed with pale-buff or white ap-
pressed viscid tomentum. Corymb terminal, dense, about 2 in.
diam., on a long and stout peduncle clothed with ascending linear-
oblong foliaceous bracts; peduncle and pedicels tomentose. Heads
5-15, campanulate, }-?in. diam.; involucral bracts lnear, acute,
tomentose and viscid. Ray-florets 10-15, yellow; ligules broad,
revolute. Disc-florets numerous; limb campanulate, 5-toothed.
Achenes linear-oblong, grooved, glabrous.—S. robustus, Buch. im
Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1874) 248 (not of Sch. Bipont.).

SourH IsLanp: Otago—Ben Lomond, Mount Bonpland, and other high
peaks to the west, Petrie! mountains above Lake Harris, Kirk! Mount
Eglinton, Morton ! 3000-4500 ft. January—March.

24. S. Adamsii, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)
536.—A small robust much-branched shrub 3-dft. high; young
branches, leaves, and inflorescence excessively viscid. Leaves
shortly petiolate, 1-2in. long, oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse,
quite entire, extremely thick and coriaceous, glabrous above,
beneath covered, except the midrib, with dense white or pale-buff
closely appressed tomentum; margins revolute. Corymbs terminal,
few-flowered, laxly branched; peduncles and pedicels nearly gla-
brous but excessively viscid; bracts varying from oblong to linear-
spathulate. Heads 5-15, broadly campanulate, #in. diam. ; invo-
lucral bracts linear, obtuse, almost glabrous except a tuft of woolly
hairs at the tip. Ray-florets 10-15, yellow; lgules +in. long,
spreading. Disc-florets numerous; limb 5-toothed. Achenes gla-
brous or pubescent. Pappus-hairs white, slender, scabrid.—Kzrk,
Students’ Fl. 348. $8. pachyphyllus, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xvi. (1884) 410 (not of Remy ex C. Gay).

Nort Istanp: Mount Holdsworth, Tararua Range, W. Townson! SoutH
Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur and Mount Peel, 7. #.C.; Mount Rintoul
and Ben Nevis, Gibbs, Bryant; Mount Duppa, J. Macmahon ! 3500-
5500 ft. January—February.

Distinguished from S. revolutus by the much more coriaceous leaves, with
the midrib prominent beneath, narrow laxly branched corymbs, and by the
peduncles, pedicels, and involucral bracts being nearly glabrous.

25. S. bifistulosus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 144.--A small
much-branched shrub 1-2 ft. high; branches decumbent at the
base, erect above; bark pale, closely marked with the scars of the
fallen leaves. Leaves crowded at the tips of the branches, spread-
ing, lin. long, #4;in. broad, narrow-linear, subacute, coriaceous,
grooved above, beneath with the margins revolute to the midrib, a

382 COMPOSITE. [ Senecio.

narrow woolly border showing on each side of the line of junction,
the rounded edge of the leaf constricted here and there, and hence
appearing crenate. Peduncles terminating the branchlets, 2-4 in.
long, clothed with numerous leafy bracts. Heads solitary, 1+ in.
diam.; involucral bracts few, broad, herbaceous, woolly on the back.
Achenes linear-oblong, glabrous, obscurely ribbed. Pappus white,
soft.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 161; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 344.

SoutH Isuanp: Dusky Bay, Lyall, Hector and Buchanan ! 1500-3000 ft.

Two specimens in Mr. Buchanan’s herbarium are all I have seen of this
curious and most distinct species.

26. S. cassinioides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 163.—An erect
much-branched shrub 4-10ft. high; bark deciduous, loose and
papery ; branches numerous, crowded, spreading, brittle, tomen-
tose above. Leaves loosely imbricating, 4+in. long, linear or
linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, sessile, coriaceous, entire, gla-
brous above, beneath clothed with appressed whitish-yellow tomen-
tum. Heads solitary, sessile, terminating the branches, } in. diam. ;
involucral bracts 8-10, linear-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, tomentose,
the inner with broad scarious margins. Florets 12-20; ray-florets
4-6, with a broad and short revolute ligule; disc-florets broadly
campanulate, deeply 5-lobed. Achenes linear, grooved, glabrous,
expanded into a cup-shaped border at the tip. Pappus-hairs white,
rigid, scabrid.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 351.

Soury Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to north-
west Otago. 2000-4000 ft. January—February.

-
A singular species, quite unlike any other. It has much of the habit of
Cassinia Vauvilliersii, but is a larger plant, with more numerous crowded
branchlets and different tomentum.

27. S. eleagnifolius, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 150, t. 41.—A
stout or slender spreading shrub 4-10ft. high; branches grooved,
and with the petioles, under-surface of the leaves, and inflorescence
densely clothed with pale-buff tomentum. Leaves on grooved
petioles 3-14in. long; blade 2-5in., obovate or ovate - oblong or
elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous,
glabrous and shining above, midrib and principal veins usually
evident. Panicles terminal, stout, branched; pedicels densely to-
mentose. Heads +in. diam., campanulate or obconic, discoid; in-
volucral bracts 9-12, linear-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, very densely
woolly. Female florets often wanting; when present 1-3, small,
tubular with the mouth minutely toothed. Disc-florets numerous,
with a narrow-campanulate 5-toothed limb. Achenes linear, grooved,
hispid. Pappus-hairs dirty-white, rigid, scabrid—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
162; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 349.

Senecio. | COMPOSITE. 383

Var. Buchanani, Kirk, l.c.— Smaller, densely branched, 3-4ft. high.
Leaves broadly oblong, 1-2in. long. Panicle reduced to a short raceme.—S.
Buchanani, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 339.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, StBwaRt IsLAnD: Not uncommon in moun-

tainous localities from the Kast Cape and Taupo southwards. Ascends to
4500 ft., descends to sea-level in Otago and Stewart Island. December-
January.

98. S. rotundifolius, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 149.—A stout
branching shrub or small tree 6-30ft. high; bark thin, smooth;
branches grooved, and with the petioles, leaves beneath, and
inflorescence densely clothed with pale-buff tomentum. Leaves on
stout grooved petioles 1-3 in. long; blade 2—5in. diam., orbicular or
broadly oblong, unequal or rounded or slightly cordate at the base,
very thick and coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, quite entire.
Panicle terminal, corymbosely branched; pedicels stout. Heads
numerous, +in. diam., campanulate, discoid; involucral bracts
9-12, linear-oblong, very coriaceous, densely woolly. Female
florets 1-4, small, narrow-tubular with a minutely toothed mouth.
Disc-florets numerous, with a campanulate 5-toothed limb. Achenes
grooved, hispid. Pappus-hairs rigid, scabrid.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
162; Kirk, Porest Fl. t. 116; Students’ Fl. 349. Brachyglottis
rotundifolia, Forst. Char. Gen. 92; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 464.
Cineraria rotundifolia, Forst. Prodr. n. 294; A. Rich. Fl. Nowv.
Zel. 254.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Near Westport, W. Townson! Westland and
Otago—F'rom Jackson’s Bay to Milford Sound and Foveaux Strait, Lyall, Hector
and Buchanan! Kirk! Srewarr Istanp: Petrie! Kirk! Sea-level to
3500 ft. Puheritaiko. December—January.

_ 29. S. Bidwillii, Hook. 7. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 150.—A small stout
much or sparingly branched shrub 1-5it. high; branches, peti-
oles, leaves beneath, and inflorescence densely clothed with ap-
pressed whitish or pale-buff tomentum. Leaves 4-2in. long,
broadly oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded or narrowed
at the base, excessively thick and coriaceous, glabrous and shining
above, with reticulated venation; margins often tomentose; peti-
oles §—#in., stout, articulated to the branch. Corymbs terminal,
stout, branched, 1-3in. long. Heads few or many, +-}in. diam.,
campanulate, discoid; involucral bracts 8-12, linear, very thick
and coriaceous, densely woolly. Female florets 3-5, tubular,
mouth minutely toothed. Disc-florets numerous, with a 5-toothed
campanulate limb. Achenes linear, grooved, glabrous. Pappus-
hairs white, rigid, scabrid.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 162; Kirk, Students’
fl. 350. Olearia rigida, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 194.

Var. Viridis.—Rather taller and not so stout. Leaves 14-3in. long, ob-
long-obovate, narrowed to the base, not so coriaceous; petioles 4-lin. long.
Corymbs larger, 3-6in. long. Heads much as in the type.—S. viridis, Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 350.

384 COMPOSITE. [ Senecio.

Nortu Istanp: Not uncommon on the mountains from the Hast Cape
and Taupo southwards. Soutu IsuaAnpD: Var. viridis: Mountains of Nelson,
Marlborough and Canterbury, from Mount Arthur to the Rakaia Valley.
2500-5000 ft. December—January.

Mr. Kirk has described the South Island plant as a distinct species under
the name of S. viridis. It is somewhat larger in all its parts, but differs in no
essential character, and is far better regarded as a variety only. Specimens of
S. Bidwillii collected at the foot of Ruapehu by the Rey. F. H. Spencer almost
match others gathered in the South Island by myself.

30. S. geminatus, 7. Kirk, Students’ Fl. 350.—A small spreading
shrub 1-4 ft. high; perfectly glabrous in all its parts, but the young
branchlets, leaves, and involucres glutinous; branches slender,
angled, grooved. Leaves 14-3in. long, 4-lin. broad, obovate-
lanceolate or obovate-spathulate, acute or subacute, gradually
narrowed to a sessile and decurrent base, serrate, subcoriaceous ;
veins thin, subflabellate. Corymbs terminal, lax, leafy at the base ;
peduncles slender, usually forked, with sparse linear bracts above. -
Heads few, 4-4in. diam., discoid and homogamous; involucral
bracts about 8, in 1 series, shorter than the florets, linear-oblong,
obtuse, coriaceous, with broad membranous ciliolate margins. Re-
ceptacle flat, alveolate. Florets 12-15, all tubular and hermaphro-
dite ; limb campanulate, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens exserted; an-
thers not tailed. Achenes linear-oblong or linear-obovoid, narrowed
at both ends, grooved, glabrous. Pappus-hairs in 1 series, rigid,
scabrid. — Traversia baccharoides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 164;
Ic. Plant. t. 1002.

SoutH Isntanp: Mountains of Nelson, Marlborough, and Canterbury; not
uncommon from Mount Arthur to the Upper Waimakariri. 1500-4500 ft.
January—February.

Avery remarkable species, with a more rigid pappus than is usual in Senecvo,
and in other respects resembling the Juan Fernandez genera Balbisia and
Robinsonia. Sir J. D. Hooker created the genus Tvraversia for its reception,
but in the ‘‘ Genera Plantarum ”’ it was reduced to Senecio.

22. MICROSERIS, Don.

Annual or perennial glabrous herbs. Leaves chiefly radical,
entire or toothed or pinnatifid. Scapes long, leafless, single-headed.
Heads homogamous. Involucre oblong or cylindric; bracts in
about 2 series, with a few short imbricate ones below. Recep-
tacle flat, without scales. Florets all ligulate, yellow. Achenes
narrow, attenuate at the base, cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus of few
or several linear flat scales tapering into simple or plumose bristles.

A genus of 16 or 18 species, all western North American except one from
Chili and another from Australia and New Zealand.

1. M. Forsteri, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 151.—A perfectly
glabrous perennial herb; roots thick and fleshy, almost tuberous,

Microseris. | COMPOSITE. 385

juice milky. Leaves all radical, very variable in size, 2-10 in. long,
narrow-linear to lanceolate, flaccid, entire or irregularly toothed or
pinnatifid; the lobes narrow, distant, spreading. Scapes usually
exceeding the leaves, rarely shorter, sometimes puberulous above.
Heads solitary, 4-3 in. long; involucral bracts linear, acute, rather
fleshy, with membranous borders. Florets longer than the invo-
lucre. Achenes linear, deeply grooved. Pappus - bristles slightly
dilated below, serrulate or shortly plumose.— Fl. Tasm. i. 226,
t. 66; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 164; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 676; Kirk,
Students’ Fl. 356. M. pygmea, Raoul, Choix, 45 (not of Hook.
and Arn.). Scorzonera scapigera, Forst. Proir. 5384; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 430.

NortTH AND SoutH IsLANDS: From the Middle Waikato and Rotorua south-
wards ; plentiful. Sea-level to 4000 ft. December—February.

23. PICRIS, Linn.

Erect branched hispid herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate
‘or radical, entire or toothed or pinnatifid. Heads corymbose, yel-
low, homogamous. Involucre urceolate or campanulate, inner
bracts in 1 series, subequal; outer in several series, narrow, her-
baceous; or the outermost broad and foliaceous. Receptacle flat,
naked. Florets all ligulate. Anthers sagittate at the base, acute or
setaceous. Achenes linear or oblong, more or less incurved, sub-
terete or angled, 5-10-ribbed with the ribs transversely rugose,
narrowed above or distinctly beaked. Pappus copious, of 2
series of soft hairs; inner broad at the base, plumose; outer fewer
slender.

Species about 24, mainly natives of Europe and temperate Asia, the New
Zealand species widely spread in most temperate and subtropical countries.

1. P. hieracioides, Linn. Sp. Plant. 792.—A biennial herb
1-3 ft. high, more or less hispid with simple or barbed hairs ; stem
corymbosely branched above. Leaves 3-6in. long, linear-oblong,
lanceolate or linear, sinuate-toothed, the lower ones tapering into
a petiole, the upper smaller and narrower, sessile, stem-clasping.
Peduncles long, slender. Heads 3-lin. diam.; involucral bracts
hispid and pubescent. Achenes red-brown, narrow-ellipsoid, taper-
ing into a short beak, very strongly transversely ribbed. Pappus-
hairs deciduous, soft, white, plumose.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 482 ;
Faoul, Choiz, 45; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 151; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 165; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 678; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 367.
P. attenuata, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 433.

Norrx Istanp: Not uncommon from the North Cape to the Upper Thames
and Waikato. Sour Istanp: Nelson—Foxhill, 7. F.C. Canterbury—Broken
River basin, T. Ff. C. Sea-level to 2500 ft. August-December.

13—Fl.

386 COMPOSITA. [Crepis.

24. CREPIS, Linn.

Annual or perennial branched or rarely scapigerous herbs,
juice milky. Leaves radical or alternate, entire or toothed or pin-
natifid. Heads peduncled, solitary or panicled or corymbose, yellow
or red, homogamous. Involucre campanulate or cylindric; bracts
many, linear, equal, with a few smaller ones at their base. Recep-
tacle flat or slightly concave, naked or fimbrillate. Florets all ligu-
late. Achenes linear-oblong, 10-20-ribbed, narrowed or beaked at
the tip. Pappus short or long, usually copious ; hairs soft, white,
simple.

A large genus, containing about 130 species, most abundant in the tem-
perate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, but extending also into subtropical
districts. The single New Zealand species is a somewhat anomalous member

of the genus ; it was referred to Hieracitwm by Banks and Solander, to Crepis by
Hooker, and to Sonchus in the ‘‘ Genera Plantarum.”’

1. C. novee-zealandiz, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 164.—A
small scapigerous herb 2-8 in. high, either glabrous or the invo-
lucres and scapes, rarely the leaves, white and tomentose; root
stout, fleshy. Leaves all radical, spreading, crowded, glaucous,
2-6in. long, narrow linear-oblong or linear-obovate, deeply and
unequally lobed or pinnatifid, the terminal segment large, rounded,
lateral much smaller, entire or toothed. Scape slender, longer than
the leaves, glabrous or tomentose, often studded with black glan-
dular hairs. Head solitary, 4-1 in. diam. ; involucral bracts broad-
est at the base, gradually narrowed into obtuse black tips, glabrous
or cottony and sparsely covered with black glandular hairs. Achene
linear-oblong, glabrous, compressed, ribbed. Pappus-hairs copious,
very soft, white.—Lindsay, Contr. N.Z. Bot. 54,t.3; Kirk, Stu-
dents’ Fl. 359.

SourH Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts on the east side of
the island. Sea-level to 3000 ft. January—February.

25. TARAXACUM, Linn.

Scapigerous perennial herbs with milky juice. Leaves all.
radical, entire or sinuate- or runcinate-pinnatifid. Heads solitary on:
leafless scapes, yellow, homogamous. Involucre campanulate or
oblong ; bracts herbaceous; inner in 1 series, equal, erect; outer
in several series, smaller, often recurved. Receptacle flat, naked.
Florets all ligulate. Anthers sagittate at the base, not tailed.
Achenes oblong or fusiform, terete or angled or compressed,
ribbed, muricate, attenuate at the base, above narrowed into a
long and slender beak. Pappus-hairs copious, in many series,
simple, white.

A small genus, widely spread in the temperate regions of both hemispheres.
The New Zealand species has the range of the genus.

Taraxacum. | COMPOSITE. 387

1. T. officinale, Wigg. Prim. Fil. Holsat. 56.— Root long,
stout, black. Leaves very variable, 2-6in. long, oblanceolate or
_linear - obovate or spathulate, sinuate - toothed or runcinate - pin-
natifid, with broad triangular lobes pointing downwards, terminal
lobe larger, usually rounded. Scapes 2-8in. high. Head 4-14 in.
diam. Involucre campanulate ; inner bracts linear, often thickened
towards the tip; outer shorter and broader, erect or reflexed.
Achenes narrow-obovoid, ribbed, the ribs muricate above the middle,
beak long, equalling or exceeding the achene itself.— Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 152; Kirk, Students’ Fl. 361. T. dens leonis, Desf.
Fi. Atlant. ii. 228; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 165.

NortH anp SourH Istanps: Not uncommon throughout, ascending to
4000 ft. Dandelion. November-—February.

A very variable plant. The large lowland forms, common in pastures or in
rich cultivated soils, are probably introduced; but the small mountain state,
with small leaves, slender scapes sometimes barely 2in. high, and heads
4-2in. diam., is certainly indigenous, as it was collected by Banks and
Solander.

26. SONCHUS, Tourn.

Erect leafy annual or perennial succulent herbs, juice milky.
Leaves alternate or radical, entire or toothed or pinnatifid ; cauline
often amplexicaul. Heads peduncled, in terminal irregularly
branched corymbs or panicles, homogamous. Involucre ovoid,
usually becoming conical after flowering; bracts imbricated in
several series, the outer smaller. Receptacle flat, naked. Florets
all ligulate. Anthers shortly tailed at the base. Achenes ovoid or
ellipsoid, more or less compressed, ribbed and often transversely
rugose, not beaked. Pappus-hairs copious, in many series, soft,
white, simple. ;

Species from 24 to 28, mostly natives of the temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere ; a few spread over the whole world, but probably natural-

ised in many districts. One of the New Zealand species is endemic, the two
others are cosmopolitan.

* Annual.

Upper leaves amplexicaul, with rounded auricles.
Achenes longitudinally ribbed, not transversely

wrinkled .. ae 16 af ae .. i. S.asper.
Upper leaves amplexicaul, with acute auricles. Achenes
longitudinally ribbed and transversely wrinkled .. 2. S. oleraceus.

** Perennial,

Leaves large, 1-23 ft. long. Heads 1-1din. diam., pur-

plish ; pedicels cottony 3. S. grandifolius.

1. S. asper, Hill, Herb. Brit. i. 47.—A tall succulent annual
herb 2-3 ft. high, with a hollow grooved stem, glabrous or sparsely
glandular above. Leaves lanceolate, entire or toothed or pinnatifid ;

388 COMPOSIT#S. [Sonchus.

margins waved or crisped, spinous-toothed; lower ones petiolate,
upper semi-amplexicaul with rounded auricles. Heads #-lin.
diam., crowded in a short corymbose panicle, sometimes almost um-_
bellate. Involucre glabrous, bracts acute. Achenes oblong, com-
pressed, longitudinally ribbed but not marked with transverse
wrinkles or asperities.— Kirk, Students’ Fl. 362. 8. oleraceus
var. B, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 153; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 166.

Var. littoralis, Kirk im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 265.—Often biennial
or perennial. Stems rather stout, 1-2ft. high, sparingly branched; root thick
and fleshy. Leaves mostly radical, spreading, 3-7in. long, linear-oblong or
linear-obovate, obtuse or acute, finely or coarsely toothed, rather thick, almost.
fleshy ; cauline leaves few, acute, amplexicaul. Outer involucral bracts obtuse,
inner acute. Achenes longitudinally ribbed, glabrous.—Students' #1 362.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDs, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abund-
ant throughout, from the North Cape southwards; the variety littoralis con-
fined to maritime cliffs. Sow-thistle; Rauroroa; Tawheke; Puwha.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

As this was collected by Banks and Solander it must be regarded as indi-
genous. The variety littoralis is a very curious form, and may be entitled to
rank as a species.

2. S. oleraceus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 794.—A tall erect annual
herb 2-3 it. high, glabrous or sparsely glandular above. Leaves
lanceolate, entire or toothed or pinnatifid; margins flat or nearly
so, not crisped ; lower ones petiolate, upper semi-amplexicaul with
sagittate acute auricles. Heads #-lin. diam., crowded in a short
corymbose panicle, often subumbellate. Involucres glabrous or
shghtly cottony at the base, sometimes with a few glandular hairs.
Achenes linear-oblong, compressed, longitudinally grooved and
conspicuously transversely wrinkled.—S. oleraceus var. a, Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 153; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 166; Kirk, Students’ Fi.
362.

Kermapec Istanps, NortH aNnpD SovutH IsLAnps, Stewart ISLAND,
CHATHAM Is~LANDS: Abundant throughout. Sow-thistle ; Pororua; Rawriki.
Flowers from spring to autumn. Perhaps not truly native.

i

3. S. grandifolius, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 266.
—Rootstock stout, fleshy, creeping, sometimes 24in. diam. Stem
tall, robust, succulent, corymbosely branched above, 2—5ft. high.
Radical leaves 1-24 ft. long, 4-8in. broad; petioles 6-9in., stout,
dilated at the base but not amplexicaul; blade oblong or ovate-
oblong, irregularly pinnatifid or pinnate ; segments 4-6 pairs, broad,
overlapping, coarsely doubly serrate or dentate, almost spinous-
toothed, subcoriaceous, scabrid above, veins finely reticulate.
Upper cauline leaves sessile by a broad base. Heads large, 1-14 in.
diam.; pedicels clothed with white cottony wool. Involucral
bracts in 3-4 series, broadest at the base, gradually tapering into.

Sonchus. | COMPOSIT2. 389

blunt points, the outer with a row of short spines down the median
line. Florets numerous, purplish. Achenes large, broad, spongy,
with 3-6 longitudinal ribs; margins broad.—Students’ Fl. 362.

CuatHam Istanps: Enys! Cox! January—February.

A very handsome and distinct species, endemic in the Chatham Islands.

OrprerR XXXIX. STYLIDIEA.

Herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves alternate, scattered or
densely imbricate, entire; stipules wanting. Flowers hermaphro-
dite or unisexual, irregular or almost regular. Calyx adnate to the
ovary; lobes usually 5, free or connate into two lips. Corolla
gamopetalous, d-lobed ; the lobes subregular and equal in the New
Zealand genera, but in the bulk of the order the lowest lobe is
smaller and narrower and recurved, and is known as the labellum.
Stamens 2; filaments united with the style into a column; anthers
sessile at the top of the column. Ovary inferior, more or less com-
pletely 2-celled, usually crowned with 1 or 2 fleshy glands. Stigma
at the apex of the column, entire or 2-lobed, hidden between the
anthers or protruding from between them. Ovules numerous in
each cell, attached to the dissepiment or to a central axis, anatro-
pous. Fruit a 1—2-celled capsule, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds
numerous or few by abortion, minute; albumen fleshy ; embryo
very minute, next the hilum.

A small order, comprising 5 genera and about 110 species, mainly confined
to Australia, 97 species being endemic therein. Of the 3 New Zealand genera,
Oreostylidiwm is endemic; Phyllachne extends to antarctic South America;
while Horstera has a single species in Tasmania in addition to the 3 New Zea-
land ones.

A. Stems densely matted, forming hard bright-green convex patches. Capsule

turbinate.
Leaves densely imbricated. Flowers sessile among the
leaves at the tips of the branches 5c ae .. 1. PHYLLACHNE.

B. Stems not forming compact patches. Capsule ovoid or oblong,

Stems short. Leaves tufted, squarrose, subulate. Scapes
shorter than the leaves. Calyx 2-lipped si as

Stems slender, branched. Scapeslong. Calyx 5-6-lobed,
not bilabiate Ms ae .

2. OREOSTYLIDIUM.

3. FORSTERA.

1. PHYLLACHNE, Forst.

Densely tufted perfectly glabrous moss-like plants, forming hard
and compact flat or convex masses in alpine localities. Leaves
small, closely imbricating. Flowers sessile among the leaves
at the tips of the branches, monecious or polygamo-diccious.
Calyx-tube obconic ; lobes 5-9, equal or slightly unequal. Corolla
almost regular; tube short; limb spreading, with 4-9 subequal

390 STYLIDIER. [Phyllachne.

lobes, often glandular at the base. Column short, straight, erect.
Epigynous glands 2, semi-lunar. Ovary obovoid-turbinate, broad at
the top, imperfectly 2-celled at the base. Capsule small, turbinate,
flattened at the summit, coriaceous, indehiscent. Seeds numerous,
obovoid.

The genus differs from Forstera mainly in habit and in the turbinate capsule.
In addition to the three species found in New Zealand there is another in
Fuegia. The New Zealand forms are much too closely allied, and should
probably be treated as varieties of P. clavigera. They were separated mainly on
account of differences in the width of the leaves and length of the column,
but these characters break down when a large series of specimens is under
examination.

Leaves linear, broad at the base. Column scarcely

exserted .. te .. 1. PB. clavigera.
Leaves shorter, broadly ovate at the base. Column much

exserted .. za .. 2. P. Colensoi.
Leaves linear, not broad at the base. Column included or

scarcely exserted .. bic 4 ye .. 3. P. rbbra.

1. P. clavigera, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 40.—Stems short,
1-24in. long, most densely compacted, leafy throughout. Leaves
erect, imbricated in very many series, 4in. long, linear-oblong with
a dilated base, concave in front, convex at the back, very thick ana
coriaceous, quite entire; tips obtuse, thickened and knobbed, a
glandular pore on the back just below the apex. Flowers white,
+-1in. diam. Calyx-lobes 5-6, linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla-lobes
5-7, obovate, those of the male flowers without glands at the base
or with very indistinct ones, the females or hermaphrodites with
conspicuous linear glands. Column stout, erect, slightly exserted.
Anthers narrow-reniform. Stigmas of the female flowers large,
plumose-papillose ; of the males or hermaphrodites smaller, smooth,
almost hidden between the anthers. Capsule turbinate, ultimately
opening by the falling-away of the top. Seeds 6-8.—Helophyllum
clavigerum, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl.167. Forstera clavigera, Hook.
f. Fl. Antarct. i. 38, t. 28. F. aretriastrifolia, Homb. ¢ Jacq. Bot.
Voy. Astrol. et. Zél. t. 16c.

SoutH Is~tanpD: Various localities in the Alps of Canterbury and Otago,
apparently not common; altitude 4000-6000ft. AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
Istanps: Abundant on the hills; 500-1250 ft. December—March.

For a full account of this singular plant reference should be made to the
detailed description and excellent plate given in the ‘‘ Flora Antarctica.’

2. P. Colensoi, Berggren in Minnesk. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund.
(1877) 11.—Habit and appearance of P. clavigera, but leaves shorter
and broader, often broadly ovate at the base. Flowers rather
smaller ; column much longer and more slender, far exserted beyond
the corolla in the usual state. — Helophyllum Colensoi, Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 168. H. muscoides, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxvi. (1894) 318. Forstera clavigera, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 155
(not of Fl. Antarct.).

Phyllachne. | STYLIDIBA. 391

Var. Haastii,— Upper half of leaf narrower, semiterete, not thickened at the
tip.—P. Haastii, Berggr. in Journ. Bot. ix. n.s. (1880) 104. P. Colensoi, Berggr.
in Minnesk. Fisiog. Salisk. Lund. (1877) t. 3, £. 1 to 27.

Noxrs anp SoutH Isnanps, Stewart IstanD: From Hikurangi, Tongariro,
and Mount Egmont southwards, an abundant alpine plant. 3000-6000 ft.
December-February.

This appears to pass imperceptibly into P. clavigera, and should be regarded
as a variety of that species.

3. P. rubra, Cheesem.—Stems shorter than in P. clavigera,
4-lin. high, densely tufted, frequently bare of leaves below. Leaves
erect, very densely imbricated, linear, not dilated at the base or very
obscurely so, very thick and coriaceous ; tips much thickened, form-
ing a large globose knob. Flowers 4-1 in. diam., white, but becom-
ing dark-red when dry. Corolla-lobes 5-7, unequal. Column
stout, included or slightly exserted. —Helophyllum rubrum, Hook.
jf. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 168; Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 351,

t. 31, f. 2.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Mount Aspiring Range, Buchanan and McKay !
Mount Arnould and the Hector Mountains, Petrie ! 4500-6000 ft. January—
March.

This is evidently close to P. clavigera, but the large globose knobs at the
tips of the leaves give it a distinct appearance.

2. OREOSTYLIDIUM, Berger.

A small stemless perennial herb. Leaves numerous, all radi-
eal. Scape short, 1- flowered. Calyx more or less evidently
2-lipped ; lower lip 2-fid, upper lip 3-fid. Corolla almost regular,
campanulate, deeply 5-lobed; the lobes equal in size, irregularly
spreading. Column short, straight, erect, much shorter than the
corolla-lobes; anthers didymous, 4-celled and 4-lobed ; lobes ulti-
mately spreading; stigma placed between the anthers, 2-lobed,
lobes spreading and deflexed. Ovary 2-celled or 1-celled by im-
perfection of the dissepiment; ovules numerous, attached to the
centre of the dissepiment. Capsule coriaceous, indehiscent or
tardily rupturing, more or less completely 2-celled. Seeds nu-
merous, Obovoid; testa lax, cellular.

A monotypic genus confined to New Zealand. It differs from Stylidiwm
in the corolla-iobes being equal in size, in the short erect column, and in the
indehiscent fruit.

1. O. subulatum, Berggr. in Minnesk. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund.
Gacinan vii. 1, t. 1.—Small, densely tufted. Rootstock short,
often emitting stolons ; roots long, fibrous. Leaves spreading and
recurved, 4-14 in. long, linear-subulate, mucronate or almost
pungent, rigid when dry, concave above, slightly convex beneath,
quite glabrous; margins entire. Scape much shorter than the

392 STYLIDIED. [Oreostylidiwm.

leaves, stout, and with the calyx glandular- pubescent. Flower
small, tin. diam. Calyx-lobes variable in depth. Corolla-lobes
oblong, obtuse. Capsule 4+in. long, ovoid-oblong, almost woody.
_O. affine, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 197. Stylidium(?)
subulatum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 168. Phyllachne (Forstera)
subulata, Ff. Muell. in Journ. Bot. 1878, 174.

Nortu Isuanp: Base of Tongariro, Berggren, Kirk! Ruahine Mountains,
H. Tryon! Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Not uncommon in mountain districts, |
travers, Haast, Buchanan! T. #.C.; Mount Rochfort, Townson! Otago—
Wet peaty localities in the east and south, Berggren, Kirk! Petrie! Buchanan.
STEWART IsLAND: Petrie! Kirk! Sea-level to 4000 ft. December—March.

3. FORSTERA, Linn. f.

Glabrous perennial herbs. Steins simple or branched, erect or
decumbent. Leaves small, entire, densely or laxly imbricating,
spreading or recurved. Peduncles terminal, slender, 1-flowered or
more rarely 2-5-flowered. Flowers white, erect or nodding, some-
times unisexual. Calyx-tube ovoid; lobes 5 or 6, equal or nearly
so. Corolla almost regular; tube short; limb campanulate, with
5-9 nearly equal lobes; throat naked or glandular. Column short,
erect. Ovary oblong or ovoid, imperfectly 2-celled at the base.
Capsule 1-celled, somewhat membranous, opening at the apex.
Seeds numerous, elliptical or fusiform; testa lax, produced at each
end.

In addition to the three species described below, which are confined to New
Zealand, there is another from the mountains of Tasmania.

Leaves 4-}1n., imbricate, recurved, sessile, obovate-

spathulate ; midrib broad and thick, cuneate .. .. 1. F. sedifolia.
Leaves +-41n., close-set, spreading and recurved, sessile,

obovate or linear-obovate ; midrib indistinct .. .. 2. BF. Bidwillii.
Leaves }+-in., lax, erect or spreading, shortly petioled,

oblong- obovate ; midrib obsolete we : .. 3 FH. tenella.

1. F. sedifolia, Linn. f. Suppl. 407.—Stems 2-12 in. long, stout
or slender, simple or sparingly divided, rarely much branched, erect
or decumbent at the base, densely leafy throughout. Leaves closely
imbricating, spreading and recurved, sessile by a broad base, $+ in.
long, obovate-spathulate or oblong-spathulate, obtuse, very thick
and coriaceous, shining, often reddish-brown, nerveless above,
midrib thickened and almost cuneate beneath ; margins broad,
cartilaginous. Peduncle slender, strict, 2-4in. long, 1—2-flowered.
Flowers very variable in size, +-3in. diam. or more. Bracts 2-3,
oblong, obtuse. Calyx-lobes 6, linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube
very short ; lobes 6, linear-oblong, obtuse, each with 2 linear glands
at the base. Column short; anthers 2, sessile at the top of the
column, transverse, reniform; stigma 2-lobed, the lobes spreading
between the anthers, papillose. Epigynous glands 2, narrow-
clavate. Capsule oblong-clavate.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 229; A.

Forstera. | STYLIDIE®. 393

Cunn. Precur. n. 427; Raoul, Choix, 45; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 154; Handb. N.Z. Ft. 166; Berggr. in Minnesk. Fisiog. Sallsk.
Lund, (1877) n. viii. 9, t. 2, f. 20. Phyllachne sedifolia, F. Muell.
Fragm. viii. 40.

Var. oculata.—F lowers much larger, 4—} in., usually with a dark eye.

SourH Isnanp, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon on the higher moun-
tains, chiefly in the central and western districts. Var. ocwlata: Mount Roch-
fort, near Westport, W. Townson! Humboldt Mountains, Cockayne! Clinton
Saddle, Petrie ! Frazer Peaks (Stewart Island), “’omson and Petrie ! Alti-
tudinal range, 2000-5000 ft. December—March.

Best distinguished by the short and broad very coriaceous recurved leaves,
with a broad and thick cuneate midrib beneath.

2. F. Bidwillii, Hook. f. Hl. Nov. Zel. i. 155.—Stems 2-8 in.
long, rather stout, usually branched above, decumbent or rooting
below, lower part naked and scarred, often reddish, upper portion
leafy. Leaves numerous, close-set, spreading and often recurved,
4-tin. long, obovate or linear-obovate to linear-oblong, obtuse or
subacute, coriaceous, not shining, green, nerveless above, midrib
very indistinct beneath; margins cartilaginous, flat or recurved.
Peduncle 2—4in. long, 1--3-flowered. Flowers much as in F’., sedt-
folia, but smaller, +4 in. aiam., rarely more. Corolla-lobes shorter
and broader, linear glands at the base of the lobes more conspicuous.
Epigynous glands subulate. Capsule oblong-clavate. — Handb.
W.4. Fl. 167; Berggr. ic. t. 2, f. 1 to 19. F. truncatella, Col.
im t7ans., N.4. Inst. xx. (1888) 196. FF. major, Col, l.c. xxxi.
(1899) 272.

NortH AND SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon in mountain districts from
Hikurangi, Tongariro, and Mount Egmont to the south of Otago. 2500—
6000 ft. December—March.

Closely allied to the preceding, but perhaps sufficiently distinct in the longer
and more laxly placed less coriaceous leaves, which have a very indistinct midrib
beneath. Berggren’s figure is by no means characteristic of the usual state of
the species.

3. F. tenella, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 155.—Very closely allied
to F. Badwillu, and probably a mere variety of that plant, but more
slender and less branched, with much fewer laxly placed leaves.
Leaves erect or spreading, seldom recurved, }-4in. long or more,
narrow oblong-obovate, obtuse or subacute, narrowed into a short
petiole, dark-green and veinless above, midrib obsolete beneath,
hardly coriaceous ; margins flat or recurved. Flowers similar to
those of #’. Bidwillii, but rather narrower. Capsule narrow-clavate.
—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 167; Berggr. l.c. t. 2, £. 21 to 39.

Nortu ann Souru Istanps: Mountain districts from the Ruahine Range
southwards ; not uncommon. 1500-4500 ft. December—March.

394 GOODENOVIE2. [Sellvera.

OrpvEr XL. GOODENOVIE.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or radical, rarely opposite ;
stipules wanting. Flowers hermaphrodite, irregular or rarely
regular, axillary or terminal, solitary or in spikes or racemes or
panicles. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, limb of 4 persistent
lobes or obsolete. Corolla gamopetalous, usually irregular, 5-lobed,
often split to the base at the back. Stamens 56, alternate with the
lobes of the corolla and inserted at its base; anthers free or rarely
connate into a ring surrounding the style. Ovary inferior or nearly
so, 1-2-celled; style simple, with a cup-shaped or 2-lipped expan-
sion which encloses the stigma, and is called the indusium; ovules
1 or 2 or more in each cell, erect or ascending. Fruit an indehis-
cent drupe or nut or a 2-4-valved capsule. Seeds albuminous;
embryo axile, radicle next the hilum.

An order containing 12 genera and about 200 species, nearly the whole of
which are confined to Australia, a few species of Scevola extending to the

Pacific islands and the coasts of tropical Asia and Africa, and one species of
Selliera to South America. The order has no important properties.

Creeping fleshy herb. Leaves linear - spathulate, entire.

Berry many-seeded. . re -. ‘1. SELLIPRA.
The New Zealand species a diffuse or procumbent under-
shrub. Drupe 2-celled, with one seed in each cell .. 2. SCHVOLA.

1. SELLIERA, Cav.

Small glabrous creeping and rooting perennial herbs. Leaves
alternate or fascicled at the nodes, entire. Flowers axillary, sessile
or pedunculate. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb 5-lobed or
-partite. Corolla oblique, split to the base at the back; limb of 5
nearly equal lobes, at length digitately spreading; the margins
inflexed or winged. Stamens 5, epigynous; anthers free. Ovary
inferior, more or less completely 2-celled; ovules numerous in
each cell. Style undivided ; stigma short, truncate, enclosed within
the cup-shaped indusium. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds
usually numerous, compressed or irregularly shaped.

A small genus of two species, one of which is coafined to Western Aus-
tralia ; the other occurs in Australia, Tasmania, and Chili, as well as in New
Zealand.

1. S. radicans, Cav. Ic. v. 49, t. 474.-A glabrous creeping and
rooting perennial; stems 1-10in. iong, usually matted and inter-
laced, forming broad flat patches. Leaves variable in size, $—4in.
long, linear-spathulate to oblong-spathulate or obovate-spathulate,
obtuse, narrowed into a long petiole, quite entire, nerveless, very
thick and fleshy. Peduncles axillary, 1- or rarely 2-flowered,
shorter than the leaves, with 2 subulate bracts above the middle.
Flowers white, 4in. long. Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear.
Corolla-lobes ovate, acute, not winged. Fruit fleshy, ovoid or
obovoid, about tin. long. Seeds compressed, orbicular, narrowly

Selivera. | GOODENOVIB2. 395

winged.— Handb. N.Z. Fl. 173; Fl. Tasm. i. 231; Benth. Fi.
Austral. iv. 82. 38. fasciculata, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii.
(1871) 211. S. microphylla, Col. J.c. xxii. (1890) 473. Goodenia
repens, Labili. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 53, t. 76; A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel.
998; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 428; Raoul, Choix, 45; Hook. f. Fi.
Nov. Zel. i. 156.

NortH and SoutH Isnanps, Stewart IstanD: Common in muddy or
sandy or rocky places near the sea. Inland by the margins of the larger lakes,
&c., ascending to over 2500ft. at the base of Ruapehu. Novem ber—February.

For notes on the fertilisation, see a paper by myself in the Trans. N.Z.
Inst. ix. p. 542.

2. SCABVOLA, Linn.

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely oppo-
site, entire or toothed. Flowers axillary, solitary or in small
cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb short, 5-partite or
cupular, sometimes obsolete. Corolla oblique, split to the base
at the back; lobes 5, nearly equal, at length digitately spreading.
Stamens 5; anthers free. Ovary inferior or the summit free,
2-celled; ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Style undivided ;
stigma truncate or 2-lobed, enclosed in the cup-shaped indusium.
Fruit indehiscent, exocarp succulent or thin and membranous, en-
docarp woody or bony or rarely crustaceous. Seeds solitary in
each cell.

A large genus of 60 or 70 species, over 50 of which are confined to Australia.
The remainder are scattered through the Pacific is]Jands and along the coasts of
tropical Asia, one extending to tropical Africa and the West Indies. The single
species found in New Zealand is endemic.

1. S. gracilis, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. (1857) 129.—
A procumbent undershrub 2-4 ft. high; branches long, spreading,
and withthe leaves clothed with silky hairs; axils of the leaves
densely villous. Leaves alternate, 1-3 in. long, obovate-lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate-dentate, narrowed into a rather
long petiole. Flowers ? in. long, axillary, solitary, sessile or shortly
peduncled, white with a yellow eye, sweet-scented; bracts 2,
rarely 4, linear -lanceolate. Calyx cupular, indistinctly lobed.
Corolla with a short villous tube and 5 narrow segments, mu-
cronate at the tips. Stamens equal, shorter than the corolla-tube.
Style pilose; indusium deeply cup-shaped, margins fringed. Fruit
not seen.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 178.

Kerrmapec Istanps: Abundant on cliffs near the sea, McGillivray, Shake-
spear! T. F.C. July-December.

Hooker describes the calyx as having 3 subulate lobes and 2 shorter inter-
mediate ones, but in my own specimens and Mr. Shakespear's it is invariably
cupular and very indistinctly lobed.

396 CAMPANULACE. [Colensoa.

OrpER XLI. CAMPANULACEZ.

Herbs or shrubs, usually with milky juice. Leaves alternate,
seldom opposite, entire or toothed, rarely lobed or dissected ; sti-
pules wanting. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, regular
or irregular. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb 4—6- usually
5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, regular or irregular and
split to the base at the back, 4-6-lobed; lobes valvate, often in-
duplicate. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate
with them, epigynous or more rarely inserted on the tube of the
corolla ; anthers free or united into a tube. Ovary inferior, rarely
semi-superior, 2—5-celled; style single; stigmatic lobes as many as
cells to the ovary; ovules numerous, anatropous, placentas in the
inner angles of the cells. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds nu-
merous, small; albumen fleshy; embryo straight, axile; radicle
next the hilum.

A large order, perhaps most abundant in the temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere, but extending through the tropics, plentiful in South
Africa, and present in fair numbers in other portions of the south temperate
zone. Genera 55; species about 1000. Asa whole, the order is characterized by
the presence of acrid and poisonous qualities, and many of the species are
highly dangerous. Few possess any economic importance, but many kinds of
Campanula and Lobelia are cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their flowers.
Of the New Zealand genera, Lobelia and Wahlenbergia are widely distributed ;
Pratia is confined to the south temperate zone; Isotoma is chiefly Australian ;
while Colensoa is endemic.

Trise 1. LOBELIEA.
Corolla irregular, 2-lipped. Anthers cohering.

Tall herb. Flowers in racemes. Fruit an indehiscent
berry oc ote te Be xe .. 1, CoLENsoa.
Creeping herbs. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruit an
indehiscent berry .. ic Ss te ot
Herbs. Corolla split to the base at the back. Stamens
free from the corolla-tube. Fruit a capsule, 2-valved at
thetip .. 5 ae be =. .. 93. LOBELIA.
Herbs. Corolla not split to the base; stamens affixed to
the tube. Fruit a capsule, 2-valved at the tip .. 4. Isotoma.

2. PRATTA.

TRIBE 2, CAMPANULE.

Corolla regular. Anthers free.

Herbs. Corolla campanulate. Capsule 2-3-valved at the
tip oe 56 ae 5: . 5, WAHLENBERGIA.
1. COLENSOA, Hook.

A tall erect leafy herb, often woody at the base. Leaves large,
alternate, doubly serrate. Flowers large, in terminal racemes.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, limb 5-partite. Corolla oblique,
curved, split to the base at the back, 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 linear
acute lobes, lower of 3 oblong spreading ones. Stamens exserted ;
filaments pubescent, free for the greater part of their length;
anthers cohering into a tube, pilose on the connective and at the

‘Colensoa. | CAMPANULACES. 397

tips. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; ovules numerous, attached to broad
peltate placentas; style long; stigma 2-lobed, lobes large, oblong,
spreading. Berry globose, thinly fleshy, crowned by the persistent
calyx-lobes, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, subglobose, tuberculate.

A genus of a single species, endemic in the northern portion of the North
Island. Itis very closely allied to Pratia, differing chiefly in the tall erect
habit, in the racemose inflorescence, and in the large stigmatic lobes.

1. C. physaloides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 157. — Stem
flexuose, smooth, sparingly branched, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves on
slender petioles 2-5in. long; blade 3-7in. long, ovate, acute,
unequally doubly serrate, thin and membranous, conspicuously
veined, glabrous or with a few sparse soft hairs. Racemes ter-
minal, 5-15-flowered, shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender,
bracteolate at the base. Corolla 14-2 in. long, pale-blue, pubescent.
Berry $in. diam., bluish, coriaceous.— Handb. N.Z. Fl. 170; Bot.
Mag. t. 6864. Lobelia physaloides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 425;
Faoul, Choiz, 45; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 555, 556.

NorrH Istanp: From the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape south-
wards to the Bay of Islands, not common, 4. Cunningham, Colenso! &c.; Sail
Rock (off Whangarei Harbour), Miss Shakespear! Oru. December—March.

2. PRATIA, Gaud.

Slender prostrate or creeping herbs, rarely ascending or erect.
Leaves alternate, toothed. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers
rather small, often unisexual. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary,
limb 5-partite. Corolla oblique, split to the base at the back,
2-lipped ; upper lip 2-partite, lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Sta-
minal tube free from the corolla or nearly so; anthers coher-
ing, 2 lower tipped with short bristles, 3 upper naked. Ovary
2-celled; ovules numerous; stigma 2-lobed or emarginate. Berry
globose or obovoid, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, inde-
hiscent. Seeds numerous, minute.

A small genus of 16 or 18 species, having its headquarters in Australia, but
extending northwards to the Himalaya Mountains and eastwards to New Zea-
land and temperate South America. It only differs from Lobelia in the in-
dehiscent more or less succulent fruit.

Stems usually long. Leaves 4-4in., orbicular or obovate,
obtusely toothed te Bi as af
Stems short, densely matted. Leaves ;4,-,,in., oblong,
deeply toothed : ats 2 ae be
Stems stout, matted. Leaves 4-4in., coarsely sharply
toothed, coriaceous. Corolla-tube cylindrical, swollen
below oe “fs : ae AE -- 3. P. macrodon.

1. P. angulata, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 48.—A very variable
slender creeping or prostrate much-branched perennial herb, gla-
brous or rarely slightly pubescent ; stems 2-12in. long, branches
often ascending at the tips. Leaves. shortly petiolate, 4-}in. long

1. P. angulata.

2. P. perpusilla.

398 CAMPANULACEZ. [Pratia.

orbicular or ovate-oblong to obovate, obtusely sinuate-dentate,
membranous or rather fleshy. Peduncles variable in length, $4 in.,
slender, erect. Flowers 4—2in. long, white with purple streaks.
Calyx-tube oblong ; lobes narrow-triangular. Corolla-tube short,
the 3 lower lobes spreading, the 2 upper rather smaller and
narrower, ascending. Anthers glabrous, the 2 lower ones tipped
with minute bristles. Berry globose or broadly ovoid, 4+ in.
diam., purplish-red. Seeds numerous.—Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 157;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 172. Lobelia angulata, Forst. Prod. n. 309;
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 227; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 422; Raoul,
Choiz, 45. LL. littoralis, R. Cunn. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 423. LL.
rugulosa, R. Grah. in Edinb. N. Phil. Jowrn. (Oct.—Dec., 1829)
186.

Var. arenaria, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 157.—Leaves larger, 4—-$in. diam.,.
obscurely toothed. Peduncles very short.—P. arenaria, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i.
41, t. 29.

NorrtH AND SoutH IsLanDs, STEWART IsLAND: Common in damp situations
throughout, ascending to 4500ft. Var. arenaria: AUCKLAND IsLANDS and
ANTIPODES ISLAND, also in the extreme south of the South Island. Novem-
ber—February.

2. P. perpusilla, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 172.—A minute
creeping and rooting perennial herb, forming matted patches 1—4 in.
diam.; stems branched, wiry, stout for the size of the plant.
Leaves minute, sessile or nearly so, +,-;4,in. long, oblong or

clothed with short bristly hairs. Flowers +in. long, on short
axillary peduncles or almost sessile. Calyx-tube short, usually
hairy; lobes subulate-lanceolate, recurved. Corolla-lobes narrow,
almost equal, acute, the 2 upper ones ascending. Anthers glabrous
or with a few scattered hairs on the back, the 2 lower tipped with
a minute bristle. Fruit not seen.—Lobelia perpusilla, Hook. f. #1.
Nov. Zel. i. 158.

NortH Isntanp: Lower Waikato, H. Carse! Lake Whangape, 7. F. C. ;
outlet of Lake Taupo, Petrie! Lake Waikaremoana, A. Hamilton! Hawke’s
Bay, Colenso! Bishop Williams! near Opunake, 7. Kirk ! Novem ber-
January.

Probably not uncommon, but easily overlooked. I have seen no specimens
from the South Island. In the absence of fruit it is impossible to be certain of
the genus, but the habit is more that of Pratia than of Lobelia.

3. P. macrodon, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 172.—A small per-
fectly glabrous rather fleshy creeping and rooting perennial herb ;
stems stout, branched, 1-41in. long, often forming matted patches.
Leaves very shortly petioled or almost sessile, 1-4 in. long, broadly
obovate or orbicular or broader than long, cuneate at the base,
deeply and coarsely 4-8-toothed, thick and coriaceous, quite.

Pratia. | CAMPANULACES. 399

glabrous. Flowers on very short axillary peduncles or almost
sessile, large, }-in. long, pale-yellow, sweet-scented. Calyx- -tube
broadly curbinate : lobes narrow-triangular. Corolla 4-4in. long ;
tube very long, cylindrical, swollen at the base; lobes short,
spreading or recurved. Anthers glabrous, the 2 lower each tipped
with a flat rigid bristle with some smaller ones at its base. Berry
globose, ++ in. diam. Seeds very numerous, minute.

SourtH Istanp : Nelson—Gordon’s Nob, Raglan Mountains, Wairau Gorge,
1. F. C.; Acheron and Clarence Valleys, Travers; Mount Murchison, W.
Townson! Mount Percival, 7. ff. C. Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Haast !
Enys! Petrie! T. F. C.; mountains at the head of the Broken River, Hnys !
Arthur’s Pass and Waimakariri Glacier, Kirk! T. F.C. Otago—Mount Car-
drona and the Hector Mountains, Petrie ! 3000-5500 ft. December—
February.

A very distinct species, at once recognised by the long cylindrical corolla-
tube.

3. LOBELIA, Linn.

Herbs of very various habit, or (in species not found in New
Zealand) rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed, seldom entire.
Flowers axillary and solitary, or in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary; limb 5-partite. Corolla oblique, split to the
base at the back, 2-lipped; upper lip 2-partite, usually erect, lower
3-lobed, spreading. Staminal tube free from the corolla or rarely
adnate to it at the very base; anthers connate, all or the 2 lower
only tipped with bristles. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous; style
filiform ; stigma shortly bifid, often surrounded by a ring of hairs.
Capsule 2-celled, opening loculicidally within the calyx-lobes into
2 valves. Seeds usually numerous, minute.

A large genus of over 200 species, rare in Kurope and Western Asia, abund-
ant in most other regions except the very coldest.

Stems 6-18 in., erect or decumbent. Leaves linear to obo-

vate. Capsule linear-clavate . . 1. L. anceps.
Stems 1-6 in., creeping and rooting. Leaves 4-ti in., obo-

vate to orbicular, sinuate-dentate. Capsule pate

obovoid .. 2. L. linneoides.
Stems 2-5 in., tortuous among shingle. Leaves 4- -lin.,

orbicular- obovate, deeply toothed or lobed. Capsule

large, broadly ovoid be .. 3. L. Roughii.

1. L. anceps, Linn. f. Suppl. 395.—An erect or decumbent
much or sparingly branched leafy herb, everywhere perfectly
glabrous. Stems 6-18 in. long, flattened or angular or trigonous,
sometimes winged. Leaves very variable in shape and size, 1-3 in.
long, the lower ones usually linear-obovate or obovate, gradually
narrowed into decurrent petioles, the upper lanceolate or ligulate,
gradually passing into the floral leaves, which are smaller, ‘sessile
and linear, all sparingly toothed or nearly entire. Flowers small,
on short axillary peduncles. Calyx-tube cylindrical, much longer

400 CAMPANULACEZ. (Lobelia.

than the short triangular lobes. Corolla pale-blue, +in. long.
Capsule elongated, 44in. long, linear-clavate.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 158; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 171; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 128.
L. alata, Labill. Pil. Nov. Holl. i. 51, t. 72; A. Rich. Fl, Now.
Gel. 227; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 421; Raoul, Choix, 44.

KERMADEC Is~ANDS, NorTH aND SoutH Isnanps, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Common in lowland districts as far south as Oamaru and Okarito. Novem-
ber—March.

A yery variable plant. Maritime specimens usually have larger, broader,
and more succulent leaves than those found inland, and often present a very dis-
tinct appearance.

2. L. linneeoides, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891)
405.—A small creeping and rooting perennial herb; stems slender,
glabrous, sparingly branched, 1-6in. long. Leaves very shortly
petiolate or almost sessile, 4+in. diam., orbicular or ovate-orbi-
cular, coarsely sinuate-dentate, rather thick and coriaceous, often
purplish beneath, glabrous or with minute bristly hairs above.
Peduncles slender, erect, axillary, 1- flowered, 14—-24in. long.
Flowers 3-4in. long. Calyx-lobes small, narrow-triangular, #4, in.
long. Corolla #in. long, the lower lobes obovate, apiculate; the
upper narrower, linear-oblong, acute. Anthers glabrous, the 2
lower ones tipped with minute flat bristles. Capsule +-4in. long,
narrow obovoid-oblong, straight. Seeds small, smooth.—-Pratia(?)
linnzoides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 172.

SourH Isuanp : Canterbury—Ashburton Mountains, T. H. Potts! Macaulay
River, Haast ; Lake Ohau, Buchanan! Otago—Lindis Pass,- Hector and
Buchanan; Mount Cardrona, Mount Pisa, Hector Mountains, Mount Tyndall,
Mount Bonpland, &c., Petrie ! 2500-4500 ft. December—February.

3. L. Roughii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 171—A small perfectly
glabrous perennial herb 2-5in. high, full of white acrid fluid.
Stems very slender, creeping, branched, tortuous among shingle ;
branches short, leafy at the tips. Leaves alternate, 4-lin. long;
blade broadly oblong or obovate to orbicular, narrowed into a broad
flat petiole, coarsely and deeply toothed or lobed with a rounded
sinus between the teeth, thick and coriaceous; main veins 5-7,
spreading from the base of the leaf. Peduncles stout, erect,
axillary, 1-flowered; at first shorter than the leaves, but lengthen-
ing as the fruit ripens, and sometimes reaching 2in. or more.
Flowers 4in. long. Calyx globose ; lobes linear, obtuse, coriaceous,
lengthening as the fruitripens. Corolla equalling the calyx-lobes, 3-
lipped ; the two dorsal petals (upper lip) being free from one another
to the base; lower lip 3-lobed about 4+ way down. Anthers
glabrous. Capsule 4—4in. long, broadly ovoid, coriaceous. Seeds
very numerous.—Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 347, t. 28,
ripe

Lobelia.) CAMPANULACES. 401

Souru Isnanp: Shingle slopes on the mountains, not common. Nelson—
Dun Mountain, Rough ; Wairau Gorge, Travers, T. F. C.; Waiau Valley,
Travers. Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Petrie! T. F. C.; mountains near the
Broken River, Enys! 7. #'. C.; Mount Dobson, 7. #. C.; mountains at the
head of Lake Ohau, Buchanan! Otago—Mount Ida, Mount St. Bathans,
Mount Kyeburn, Petrie ! 3000-6000 ft. December—March.

A most distinct species, quite unlike any other. It is remarkable for the
corolla being twice split to the base at the back, so that the flower is 3-lipped.

4. ISOTOMA, Lindl.

Herbs of various habit. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed or
pinnatifid. Flowers axillary or in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary; limb 5-partite. Corolla-tube cylindrical,
entire or very shortly slit on the upper side; limb spreading, with
5 nearly equal lobes. Stamens inserted about the middle of the
corolla-tube; filaments connate above; anthers similar to those
of Lobelia, the 2 lower ones tipped with one or several short
bristles, the 3 upper naked. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous ;
stigma shortly 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved
within the calyx-lobes. Seeds numerous.

A small genus of 6 or 8 species, most of them natives of Australia. It
differs from Lobelia in the corolla-tube not being split to the base at the back,
and in the stamens being affixed to the middle of the tube. The single species
found in New Zealand is plentiful in south-east Australia and Tasmania.

1. I. fluviatilis, /’. Muell. ex Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 1386.—A
small slender creeping and rooting perennial herb, often forming
matted patches, glabrous or slightly pubescent; stems 1-4 in. long.
Leaves shortly petiolate, +4in. long, oblong or obovate-oblong to
linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, entire or sinuate-dentate, rather
thin and membranous. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, longer than
the leaves. Flowers pale-blue, -4in. long. Calyx-lobes subulate-
lanceolate. Corolla-tube not split at the back, longer than the
calyx-lobes ; lobes linear-oblong, spreading. Stamens attached to
the corolla-tube about the middle; the 2 lower anthers each tipped
with a rigid bristle. Capsule oblong, 4in. long. Seeds smooth.—
Lobelia fluviatilis, &. Br. Prodr. 563; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 238,
t. 70.

Sours Istanp: Nelson—Lower portion of the Buller Valley and marshy
places near Westport, W. Townson! Mokohinou River, Rev. F. H. Spencer !
Canterbury—Broken River basin, Hnys! Kirk! T. F.C.; Lake Tekapo, 7. F. C.
Otago—Macrae’s, Petrie ! Sea-level to 3000 ft. December—February.

Probably an abundant mountain plant. In the absence of fruit it has been
for many years confused with small forms of Pratia angulata, both in my own
herbarium and in Kirk’s and Petrie’s, although the entire corolla-tube and

epicorolline stamens ought to have been sufficient to indicate its proper posi-
tion.

5. WAHLENBERGIA, Schrad.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or rarely oppo-
site. Peduncles terminal or axillary, often forming leafy panicles.

402 CAMPANULACEZ. | Wahlenbergia.

Flowers usually blue or white. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ;
limb 5-partite, rarely 3-4- or 6-7-partite. Corolla regular, cam-
panulate or more or less tubular at the base ; lobes as many as the
divisions of the calyx, valvate. Stamens free from the corolla;
filaments often dilated at the base; anthers oblong, free. Ovary
2-5-celled; ovules numerous; style cylindric; stigma 2-5-fid.
Capsule 2-5-celled, opening loculicidally within the calyx-lobes
with 2-5 valves. Seeds numerous, small.

A large genus of about 80 species, most numerous in South Africa, but not
uncommon in other parts of the Southern Hemisphere ; rare in the tropics or in
the north temperate zone.

Annual. Stems leafy, usually branched. Leaves never

rosulate. Corolla 5-lobed, much longer than the calyx 1. W. gracilis.
Perennial. Leaves rosulate or crowded on the short stems.

Corolla 5-lobed, much longer than the calyx .. . 2. W. saxicola.
Perennial. Leaves crowded, spathulate, with thick white

cartilaginous margins. Corolla 5-partite nearly to the

base, altogether included within the calyx-lobes .. 3. W. cartilaginea.

1. W. gracilis, A. D.C. Monog. Camp. 142.—An exgeedingly
variable annual or rarely perennial herb. Stems slender, angled,
3-24 in. long, erect or decumbent at the base, simple or branched,
glabrous or more or less hispid with stiff white hairs. Lower leaves
34-2 in. long, obovate or spathulate to lanceolate or linear, often
narrowed into a more or less distinct petiole, entire or sinuate-
toothed; margins often cartilaginous; upper leaves smaller and
narrower, sometimes almost subulate, sessile, entire or sinuate.
Peduncles slender, terminating the branches, very variable in
length. Flowers +-4 in. long, dark or pale blue, sometimes almost
white. Calyx-tube from ovoid to narrow-obconic; lobes 3-5, linear
from a triangular base. Corolla variable in size, campanulate,
3-5-lobed. Capsule +4 in. long, oblong or obconic, narrowed into
the peduncle. Seeds ellipsoid, compressed, smooth. — A. ich.
Fl. Nouv. Zel. 225; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 420; Raoul, Choix, 44;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 159; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 169; Benth. Fl.
Austral. iv. 187. Campanula gracilis, Forst. Prodr. n. 84.

KerMADEC Is~LanDs, NorTtTH aND SourH IsLaANnDs, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Common throughout, ascending to 4000 ft. November—February. Also in
Australia and Tasmania, eastern Asia, and southern Africa.

Several varieties have been named, but they run so much into one another
that it is hardly possible to satisfactorily define them.

2. W. saxicola, A. D.C. Monog. Camp. 144.—A small perfectly
glabrous perennial herb 2-12in. high, either simple or with a
branched rootstock putting up few or many short erect stems,
usually leafy at the base only. Leaves rosulate or crowded on
the short stems, 4-14 in. long, from narrow-obovate to oblanceolate
or almost linear, obtuse or acute, narrowed into a short petiole,

Wahlenbergia. | CAMPANULACE. 403:

entire or obscurely toothed or crenate, in alpine specimens often
thick and coriaceous; margins sometimes white and cartilaginous.
Peduncles leafless, 1-flowered, 2-Sin. high. Flowers variable in
size, 4-lin. diam., white or pale-blue. Calyx-tube obconic; lobes.
ovate-subulate, shorter than the corolla-tube. Corolla campanu-
late, 5-lobed, straight or slightly oblique. Anthers short, linear-
oblong, 1 or 2 of them tipped with a short point. Capsule obconic
or turbinate, 2—3-celled. Seeds numerous, compressed, smooth.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 160; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 170; Fl. Tasm.
i, 239, t. 71; Bot. Mag. t. 6613; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 138.
W. albomarginata, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 818. W. pygmea, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 273. Streleskia montana, Hook. f.
in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 266. Campanula saxicola,
&. Br. Prodr. 561.

Var. congesta.—Stems creeping, much branched and interlaced, forming
densely matted patches several inches in diam. Leaves 4-1 in. long, orbicular-
or oblong-spathulate, suddenly narrowed into a petiole often longer than the
blade. Peduncles short, ?-2in. long. Flowers 4-4 in. diam., pale-blue. Cap-
sule globose, +4 in. diam.

NortH aNnp SourH Is~anps, Stewart Isuanp: Abundant in hilly and
mountainous situations from the Hast Cape and Taupo southwards. Var. con-
gesta: Cape Fouiwind, near Westport, W. Townson! Sea-level to 6000 ft.
December—February.

Almost as variable as the preceding. There are two chief forms, one rather
larger, with broad thinnish leaves, a long peduncle, and handsome large white
flowers; the other smaller, with usually narrower and more coriaceous leaves
and smaller blue flowers. Mr. Townson’s plant from Cape Foulwind, which
forms broad densely matted patches in sandy soil, has a very distinct appear-
ance, and almost deserves specific rank.

3. W. cartilaginea, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 170.—A small
glabrous or pubescent perennial herb 1-4in. high. Leaves mostly
radical, 4-lin. long, broadly spathulate, obtuse, very thick and
coriaceous; margins much thickened, entire, white, cartilaginous ;
petioles broad and flat, thickly coriaceous. Peduncles short, stout,
erect, naked or with 1 or 2 leaves, sometimes forked. Flower large
for the size of the plant, }-%in. diam., sweet-scented. Calyx-tube
short, almost globose; lobes large, linear-oblong, with thick white
cartilaginous margins. Corolla shorter than the calyx-lobes and
included within them, broad, 5-partite almost to the base. Capsule
turbinate.

Sour Isnanp: Nelson—Wairau Gorge, Rough! Kirk! Tarndale, Sin-
clair! Clarence and Wairau Valleys, Travers. 3500-6000 ft. January.

A very remarkable species, easily distinguished by the broad and thick
cartilaginous margins to the leaves, large calyx-lobes, and small deeply divided:
corolla, which is altogether included within the calyx. It is apparently rare and:
local, and I have only seen very indifferent specimens.

404 ERICACES. [ Gaultheria.

OrpER XLII. BRICACEA.

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes low and creeping. Leaves
usually alternate, sometimes opposite or whorled, rigid, simple,
entire or serrate; stipules wanting. Flowers regular, hermaphro-
dite. Calyx inferior, 4-5-toothed or -cleft. Corolla gamopetalous,
hypogynous, regular, often campanulate or urceolate, 4-5-toothed
or -lobed (in some exotic genera divided into 4-8 free petals).
Stamens usually double the number of the corolla-lobes, rarely the
same number, hypogynous or-sometimes adnate to the base of the
corolla; filaments free; anthers 2-celled, opening by terminal
pores or slits, often furnished with appendages. Ovary superior,
4_5-celled; style simple, terminal; stigma capitate, entire or
shortly lobed; ovules usually many, attached to the inner angle of
the cell or pendulous from the top of the angle. Fruit a capsule or
berry, sometimes enclosed in the enlarged and succulent calyx
(Gaultheria). Seeds usually numerous, small; albumen fleshy ;
embryo straight, axile.

,

A large order, widely spread over the whole world, especially in temperate and
cool regions, but singularly rare in Australia and New Zealand, where its place
is taken by the allied family Hpacridee. In the tropics it is principally found on
high mountains. Genera between 50 and 60; species not far from 1200. The
properties of the order are unimportant, but it contains some of the most
beautiful shrubs cultivated in gardens, as the various kinds of Rhododendron,
Azalea, Erica, Arbutus, &c. Of the two genera found in New Zealand, Gaul-
theria has a wide range in Asia and America, and is also found in Australia ;
Pernettya is principally South American, but occurs in Tasmania as well.

Fruit dry, capsular, usually enclosed in the enlarged and

succulent calyx & .. 1. GAULTHERIA.
Fruit a berry, calyx Boa a at its base, but not fleshy nor
enlarged .. 3 36 a .. 2, PERNETTYA.

1. GAULTHERIA, Kahn.

Erect or procumbent shrubs, often hispid or strigose. Leaves
persistent, alternate, usually serrate or serrulate, coriaceous.
Flowers small, racemose or axillary and solitary. Calyx 5-lobed
or -partite, in fruit usually enlarged and more or less succulent
and coloured. Corolla urceolate or campanulate, 5-lobed; lobes
imbricate, spreading or recurved. Stamens 10, included within
the corolla-tube ; filaments more or less dilated; anthers 2-celled,
each cell opening by a terminal or oblique pore and tipped
with 2 erect awns. Ovary 5-celled, with several ovules in each
cell; style cylindric; stigma simple. Capsule 5-celled, loculicidally
5-valved, included in the usually enlarged and succalent calyx.
Seeds numerous, minute, subglobose or obtusely angled.

A genus of nearly 100 species, mainly American, stretching from Oregon to
Cape Horn, a few found in Australia and New Zealand, some in India and the
Malay Archipelago, and one in Japan. In the New Zealand species the calyx is
sometimes enlarged and succulent and sometimes dry and unaltered when the

Gaultheria. | ERICACER. 405

fruit is ripe, and occasionally the capsule may be slightly succulent, thus break-
ing down the distinction between Pernettya and Gaultheria. One of the species
extends to Tasmania, the remainder are endemic.

* Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary, the tips of the branches sometimes
forming leafy racemes

Stems erect or prostrate. Leaves very variable, orbicular
tolinear-oblong .. He Ve, 3 e
Stems slender, flexuous, often intertwined. Leaves linear-
lanceolate .. <5 a Be My; .. 2. G. perplexa.

1. G. antipoda.

** Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate to broad-oblong ae -< o G. 7Upestris.
Leaves ovate oblong, cordate at the base re .. 4. G. fagifolia.

*** Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary and terminal often compound
racemes.

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, sessile.. 5. G. oppositifolia.

1. G. antipoda, forst. Prodr. n. 196.—An erect or prostrate
much or sparingly branched rigid shrub, very variable in size and
habit, on the mountains frequently only a few inches high, in
lowland situations 2-4ft. or more. Branches stout, sometimes
glabrous, but usually more or less clothed with blackish or yellow-
brown bristles intermixed with a short and fine white pubescence.
Leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, variable in size, in large-leaved
forms 4-2in., in dwarfed mountain states 4-lin., orbicular or
broadly oblong to oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; obtuse or
acute, bluntly serrate, very thick and coriaceous, conspicuously
veined, glabrous except the petioles, which are hispid-pubescent.
Flowers small, white or red, axillary and solitary, often crowded
at the ends of the branches, which thus form leafy racemes ;
peduncles short, curved, bracteolate, pubescent. Calyx 5- or
rarely 6-lobed; lobes ovate-oblong, acute. Corolla ;4—tin. long.
Capsule usually included in the enlarged and succulent calyx-lobes,
forming a red or white globose berry-like fruit $in. diam., but
frequently the lobes remain dry and unaltered.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 211, t. 28; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 417; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 161; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 174.

Var. erecta.—Hrect, much branched. Leaves large, 4-3in., broadly ob-
long or orbicular.—G. epiphyta, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 474.

Var. fluviatilis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 161.—Erect, virgately branched.
Leaves large, 4-2 in., oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate. Flowers small, almost
racemed, on longer and more slender pedicels.—G. fluviatilis, A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 419.

Var. depressa, Hook. f. l.c.—Depressed or prostrate ; branches creeping and
rooting at the base, clothed with fulvous bristles. Leaves +-4in., orbicular to
elliptical or oblong. Flowers axillary. Berry large, 3-3 in. diam.—F'l. Tasm. i.
241, t. 73a. G. depressa, Hook. f. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 267.

406 ERICACE), [Gaultheria.

Var. microphylla, Hook, f. l.c.—Small, prostrate, sparingly branched.
Leaves 4-Jin. long, ovate to linear-lanceolate.—Pernettya macrostigma, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 92.

NortH aND SoutH IsnLanps, STEWART IsuAND: The first two varieties
abundant throughout, the second two in mountain districts from the East Cape
southwards. Sea-level to 6000 ft.

A variable plant in most of its characters, particularly in the fruiting calyx,
which may be greatly enlarged, highly coloured, and succulent, or may remain
dry and unaltered. Both succulent and dry calyces may be found on the same
branch. The variety depressa is also found on the Tasmanian mountains.

2. G. perplexa, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 538.
(name only).—A small suberect or prostrate bush 1-3 ft. high, rarely
more; branches flexuous, often much and closely interlaced ; bark
dark red-brown ; branchlets clothed with short white pubescence
intermixed with long erect or spreading yellow - brown bristles.
Leaves alternate, spreading, very shortly petiolate, +-3in. long,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or linear, often curved, acute or
acuminate, serrate, the teeth usually bristle-pointed, thick and
coriaceous, quite glabrous. Flowers small, solitary and axillary,
often crowded at the ends of the branches; peduncles short,
bracteolate, curved. Calyx - lobes minutely ciliolate. Corolla
broadly urceolate, jin. long. Capsule usually included in the
enlarged and fleshy calyx-lobes, forming a berry-like fruit din. in
diam., but frequently the calyx remains dry and unchanged.—
G. antipoda var. ciliata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 161; Handb. N.Z.

Fil. 175.

NortH AND SoutTH Istanps, Stewart Istanp : Not uncommon in hilly and
mountainous districts from Lake Taupo southwards. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

A very puzzling plant, in its usual state presenting a most distinct appear-
ance, but there are intermediate forms which connect it with the variety

microphylla of G. antipoda. ’

3. G. rupestris, &. Br. Prodr. 559.—An erect or more rarely
procumbent or prostrate much-branched shrub varying in height
from afew inches to 3 or 4ft., sometimes attaining 5 to 6ft. or
more; branches stout, glabrous or slightly pubescent, occasionally
setose. Leaves close-set, alternate, shortly petiolate, very variable
in size and shape, 4-2in. long, from oblong or elliptic-lanceolate to
oblong or oblong-ovate or almost orbicular, acute or obtuse, crenu-
late or serrulate, very thick and coriaceous, reticulated on both
surfaces, often shining above, quite glabrous. Racemes axillary and
terminal, often crowded towards the ends of the branches, simple or
branched, few- or many-flowered, -2in. long; pedicels longer or
shorter than the bracteoles. Flowers white. Calyx-lobes ovate,
acute, ciliolate, usually remaining unaltered in fruit, although
baccate specimens are not uncommon.—dA. Cunn. Precur. n. 418;
Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 161, t. 42; Handb.

Gaultheria.| ERICACEA). 407

weet. 175. G. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel: i. 162.” G.
divergens, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 198. G. subcorym-
bosa, Col. l.c. xxii. (1890) 476. G. glandulosa, Col. l.c. xxviii.
(1896) 600. G. calycina, Col. l.e. xxxi. (1899) 274. Andromeda
rupestris, Forst. Prodr. n. 195; A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 208, t. 27.

A highly variable plant, the numerous forms of which are best arranged
under two heads, as under :—

Var. lanceolata.—Leaves large, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate,
acute, branches glabrous or more or less pubescent or setose.

Var. parvifolia.—Leaves smaller and broader, oblong or oblong-ovate to
orbicular-ovate ; branches glabrous or rarely pubescent.

NortH AND SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon in hilly and mountainous
districts from the Thames goldfields southwards. Sea-level to 5000 ft. No-
vember-—February.

_ Some forms of this come very close to G. antipoda in foliage, but can
always be distinguished by the truly racemose inflorescence.

4. G. fagifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 162.—An erect much-
branched shrub 4-5it. high; branches spreading or ascending,
rigid, younger ones more or less setose. Leaves alternate or sub-
opposite, shortly petiolate, 4-lin. long, oblong or ovate-oblong to
broadly ovate, acute or subacute, cordate at the base, crenate-
serrate, very thick and coriaceous, both surfaces finely reticulated,
quite glabrous. Racemes axillary and terminal, 4-2in. long, some-
times compound. Flowers white. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, re-

maining unaltered in all the fruiting specimens I have seen.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 175.

Norra Istanp: Near Rotorua, Rev. Ff. H. Spencer ! Rotokakahi, G. Muir !
Motukino, near Lake Taupo, Colenso! Kirk! 1000-2000 ft. January.

This appears to me to be a mere form of G. rupestris verging towards
G. oppositifolia, or possibly a hybrid between the two plants.

5. G. oppositifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 162, t. 43.—A
much-branched shrub 2-8 ft. high; branches spreading, glabrous
or sparingly setose. Leaves opposite, sessile or nearly so, some-
times stem-clasping, 14-24 in. long or more, ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute or obtuse, cordate at the base, crenate-serrate, very thick and
coriaceous, both surfaces finely reticulated, glabrous or sparingly
minutely setulose. Racemes axillary and terminal, the latter often
compound, forming broad terminal panicles 2-4 in. long, with oppo-
site spreading branches. Flowers very numerous, white, about
¢in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, acute, remaining un-
altered in all the fruiting specimens I have seen. Capsule dry.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 175. G. multibracteolata, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxiv. (1892) 389.

408 ERICACER. [Gaultheria..

Nort Isnanp: Abundant from Matamata, in the Upper Thames Valley,
to Rotorua, the Upper Waikato, and Taupo, Capt. G. Mair! Kirk! Petrie!
T. F. C.; cliffs between Hawke’s Bay and Taupo, Colenso ; Hast Cape, between
Whangaparaoa and Hicks Bay, Bishop Williams! near Wanganui, H. C.
Field! 500-3500 ft. November—January.

A very handsome plant, easily recognised by the large opposite leaves,
which are sessile and cordate at the base, and by the usually panicled racemes.

2, PERNETTYA, Gaud.

Glabrous or hispid rigid shrubs, usually of small size. Leaves
small, alternate, shortly petiolate, penniveined, serrate. Flowers
small, axillary and solitary or racemose. Calyx 5-partite, not en-
larged and succulent in fruit. Corolla urceolate or almost globose,
shortly 5-lobed ; lobes recurved. Stamens 10, included within the
corolla-tube ; filaments dilated at the base; anthers 2-celled, dehis-
cing by a large terminal pore, cells each with 2 erect awns.
Ovary 5-lobed and 5-celled; ovules several in each cell; style
cylindrical; stigma simple. Berry globose, 5-celled. Seeds nu-
merous, minute, compressed.

A genus comprising about 15 species, all American except the one described
below and a closely allied one from the mountains of Tasmania.

Pernettya macrostigma, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 92, is shown by
the type specimens in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium to be Gaultheria antipoda var.
microphylla. In like manner, P. polyphylla, Col. l.c. xxxi. (1899) 274, is iden-
tical with Pentachondra pumila.

1. P. nana, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 389.—A
small creeping densely matted little shrub; branches short, ascend-
ing, 4-3 in. high, rarely more, minutely puberulous towards the tips.
Leaves very shortly petiolate, 4+in. long, oblong-lanceolate to
oblong, acute or subacute, very thick and coriaceous, glabrous or
very minutely puberulous, entire or with 2-3 indistinct teeth on
each side. Flowers 2-4 near the tips of the branches, solitary,
axillary, about 4 in. long; peduncles short, 2-3-bracteolate. Calyx-
lobes ovate-triangular, acute, ciliolate. Corolla broadly urceolate.
Stamens reaching above the base of the corolla-lobes; filaments.
4 or 5 times as long as the anthers, gradually dilated downwards.
Anthers oblong, each cell tipped with 2 short bristles. Style
cylindrical, equalling the stamens in length; stigma minutely
5-toothed. Berry globose-depressed, seated in the persistent calyx,
which is sometimes slightly enlarged and fleshy.—P. tasmaniea,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 176, but not of Fl. Tasm. i. 242, t. 73, B.
P. tasmanica var. neo-zealandica, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii.
(1895) 351.

SourH Isnanp: Canterbury—By the Porter River and in other places in
the Broken River basin, Hnys! Kirk! T. F. C.; Southern Alps, J. F.
Armstrong! Mount Cook district, Swter! 7. F. C.; Hopkins River, Haast.
Otago—Hector Mountains and Mount Bonpland, Petrie ! 2000-5000 ft.
December—February.

Pernetitya. | ERICACES. 409

This was referred to P. tasmanica by Hooker, but it appears to constantly
differ from that plant in the rather broader leaves, acute triangular calyx-lobes,
longer filaments, which equal or exceed the style in length, and especially in the
anther-cells having 2 minute awns at the tip, in this respect agreeing with the

American species of the genus.

OrpER XLII] BPACRIDEA.

Shrubs or rarely small trees. Leaves alternate, seldom opposite,
often crowded or imbricate, rigid, entire or sometimes serrulate,
often longitudinally nerved; stipules wanting. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite, axillary or terminal, solitary or in spikes or racemes.
Calyx inferior, 4—5-partite, or of 4-5 free sepals ; divisions persistent,
coriaceous, striate, imbricate. Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous,
4—5-lobed or -partite., Stamens 4-5, hypogynous or inserted on the
tube or throat of the corolla; anthers 1-celled, opening longitudi-
nally for their whole length. Disc surrounding the base of the
ovary, cup-shaped or annular, 5-lobed or of 5 separate scales.
Ovary superior, 1-10-celled but usually 5-celled; style simple,
stigma usually capitate; ovules 1 or many in each cell, anatropous.
Fruit either a drupe with 2-5 1-seeded pyrenes or a many-seeded
capsule with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds small, albuminous;
embryo straight, axile, radicle next the hilum.

A small order, mainly separated from Hricacee by the 1-celled anthers with
longitudinal dehiscence. It is almost wholly confined to Australia and New
Zealand, a few species only being found in the Pacific islands and the Malay
Archipelago, and one in temperate South America. Genera 26; species about
325. The properties of the order are unimportant, but many of the species are
well worth cultivation from the beauty of their flowers. All the New Zealand
genera are found in Australia.

* Ovules solitary in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a drupe.

Fruit with 5 distinct pyrenes .. a af .. 1. PENTACHONDRA.
Fruit with a 5-celled hard endocarp. Pedicels with

numerous imbricating bracts 5 2. CYATHODES.
Pedicels with few bracts 3. LrucoPpocon.
** Ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit a capsule.
Leaves usually petiolate, not sheathing. Bracts numerous,
imbricate, passing into the calyx nt AS .. 4. HPAcRIS.
Leaves petiolate, not sheathing. Bracts few, deciduous .. 5. ARCHERIA.
Leaves narrow, with broad sheathing bases ard .. 6, DRACOPHYLLUM.

1. PENTACHONDRA, RB. Br.

Spreading or prostrate shrubs. Leaves usually crowded, ovate-
oblong or linear, striate. Flowers solitary or few together at the
tips of the branches, axillary, on short peduncles. Bracts several,
small, the uppermost with the rudiment of a second flower ;
bracteoles appressed to the calyx. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube
very short; lobes 5, revolute or recurved, bearded inside. Stamens

410 EPACRIDEZ. [Pentachondra..

5, filaments inserted near the top of the corolla-tube, long or short ;
anthers exserted or included. Hypogynous scales free or connate.
Ovary 5-celled ; style long or short ; stigma small ; ovules solitary,
pendulous from the top of the cell. Fruit a baccate drupe with 5
(or more) distinct 1-seeded pyrenes or nuts, sometimes fewer by
abortion.

A small genus of 4 or 5 species, confined to the mountains of Australia,
Tasmania, and New Zealand. The single New Zealand species has the range of
the genus.

1. P. pumila, &. Br. Prodr. 549.—A much and closely branched
dwarf shrub 2-6in. high; stems stout, woody, procumbent ;
branches ascending, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves numerous,
crowded, suberect, $-1in. long, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or
with a callous tip, glossy, concave above, 8—-7-nerved beneath ;
margins finely ciliolate. Flowers almost sessile, solitary at the tips.
of the branchlets, about din. long, white or red. Bracts several,
sinall, obtuse; bracteoles much shorter than the calyx. Sepals
obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube cylindrical, much longer than the
calyx; lobes short, recurved, bearded within. Berry rather large,
$-41n. diam., globose or broadly pyriform, red; pyrenes quite
free, varying in number from 5 to 10, but usually 8.—A. Rich. Fl.
Now. Zel. 217; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 410; Raoul, Choia, 44;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 166; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 178; Benth.
Fl. Austral. wv. 164. P. rubra, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii.
(1896) 601. P. polyphylla, Col. l.c. xxxi. (1899) 274. Trochocarpa.
nove-zealandie, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 602.
Epacris pumila, Forst. Prodr. n. 70.

NortH anp SourH Isuanps, STEWART Istanp: Abundant in hilly and
mountainous districts from Cape Colville and the East Cape southwards.
Chiefly found between 2000 ft. and 5000 ft., but descends to sea-level on Stewart
Island. December-February.

2. CYATHODES, Labill.

Shrubs, sometimes tall and erect, sometimes low-growing and
diffuse or prostrate. Leaves scattered or imbricate, flat or convex,
striate, often white beneath. Flowers small, axillary and solitary,
on short peduncles; bracts several, imbricating, the uppermost
larger and almost concealing the calyx. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-
tube usually longer than the calyx, rarely shorter; lobes 5, spread-
ing or recurved, glabrous or bearded inside. Stamens 5, inserted
near the top of the corolla-tube; filaments short, filiform or
thickened ; anthers oblong or linear, wholly or partly included in
the corolla-tube or in the erect base of the lobes. Hypogynous dise.
cup-shaped or annular, or of 5 free scales. Ovary 3-8d-celled (rarely
8-10-celled) ; style filiform; stigma small; ovules solitary, pen-
dulous from the top of the cells. Fruit a baccate drupe; mesocarp
fleshy ; endocarp bony, 3-5-celled ; cells 1-seeded.

Cyathodes.] EPACRIDEZE. 411

A small genus of about 15 species, scattered through Australia and Tas-
mania, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands. One of the New Zealand species
extends to Australia, the others are endemic.

* Corolla-lobes not bearded inside.

A large erect shrub. Leaves }-4in., narrow-linear, with
rigid pungent points at Sc ot a
A large erect shrub. Leaves 3-3in., linear-oblong, sub-
acute, not pungent.. Rs a dye .. 2. C. robusta.
Small, spreading, prostrate. Leaves 4-tin., linear, ob-
tuse, spreading a a6 ie Me

1. C. acerosa.

co

. C. empetrifolia.
** Corolla-lobes densely bearded within.

Sparingly branched, 4-18 in. high. Leaves }-4 in., linear-

oblong, obtuse. Flowers in 3-5-flowered racemes .. 4, C. Colensot.
Densely tufted, 2-5in. Leaves 4-}in., linear-oblong, api-
culate. Flowers solitary .. “We se .- 5. C. pumila.

1. C. acerosa, R. Br. Prodr. 539.—An erect or rarely decumb-
-ent branching shrub 4-15 ft. high cr more; bark black; branches
woody, spreading. Leaves spreading or reflexed, }-3in. long,
acerose, linear or subulate-lanceolate, rigid, pungent - pointed,
glaucous beneath, with from 3 to 7 parallel veins, the outer of
which often branch towards the margin of the leaf; margins often
recurved and ciliate. Flowers minute, ;4, in. long, solitary and ax-
illary towards the tips of the branches ; peduncles short, recurved,
clothed with imbricating obtuse bracts. Calyx-lobes obtuse.
Corolla-tube not much longer than the calyx; lobes spreading,
acute, usually glabrous within. Stamens with very short filaments ;
anthers half-exserted. Drupe variable in size, 44 in. diam., globose,
succulent, white or red.—A. Ounn. Precur. n. 407; Raoul, Choi,
44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 163; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 176;
Benth. Fl. Austrai.iv. 170; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 108. C. articulata,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 600. Leucopogon Forsteri,
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 216. Epacris juniperina, Forst. Prodr.
mn 71.

Var. a.—Leaves rather shorter and broader, with shorter pungent points ;
lateral veins often branching outwards.

Var. oxycedrus-—Leaves usually longer and narrower, with longer pungent
points; veins all unbranched.—C. oxycedrus, R. Br. Prodr. 540.

NorrH anp SoutH Isuanps, StEwaRT IsuaAnpD: Abundant from the North
Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2500ft. Mingimingz. August-November.

2. C. robusta, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 177.—Habit of
C. acerosa, but much stouter. Leaves spreading, 4—#in. long,
11in. broad, narrow linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or
subacute and callous at the tip, rigid and coriaceous, 5-11-nerved
beneath, the nerves often branching on the outer side; margins
usually recurved. Flowers fin. long, solitary and axillary, more
abundantly produced than in VU. acerosa ; peduncles curved, clothed

412 _ EPACRIDER, [ Cyathodes.

with numerous broad obtuse imbricating bracts. Corolla-tube
hardly longer than the calyx-lobes, its divisions glabrous within.
Berry large, globose, 4-4in. diam.—C. acerosa var. latitoiia,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 163; F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 43.

CHATHAM IsLANDS: Apparently not uncommon, Dieffenbach, H. H. Travers !
Capt. G. Mair! Cockayne and Cox ! Rutitira.

Distinguished from C. acerosa, to which it is closely allied, by the larger
broader leaves, which are not at all pungent, but end in obtuse callous tips, and
by the larger fruit.

3. C. empetrifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 164.—A small de-
pressed or prostrate heath-like shrub, with slender wiry tomentose
oranches 4-18in. jong, ascending at the tips. Leaves numerous,
uniform, erect or ascending when young, spreading or reflexed when
old, 4-Lin. long, linear, obtuse, convex above, glaucous beneath,
glabrous or pubescent or hoary; margins recurved, ciliate. Flowers
small, axillary or terminal, solitary or 2-4 clustered at the top of
the peduncle. Peduncle short, curved, clothed with imbricating
ovate obtuse bracts. Calyx-lobes short, ovate, ciliate. Corolla-tube
about as long as the calyx; lobes 5, ovate-lanceolate, acute, gla-
brous. Drupe small, ovoid, ;4,in. long, 3-5-celled.—Handb. N.Z.
Fl.177. Androstoma empetrifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Antaret. i. 44, t. 30.

NortH AND SoutH ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
IstaANnps : Abundant in hilly and mountainous districts from Cape Colville and
Rotorua southwards. Ascends to 4500ft.; descends to sea-level in Stewart
Island and in the Auckland Islands. November—January.

4. ©. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 177.—Stems stout,
decumbent or prostrate below; branches 4-18in. high, erect or
ascending, leafy, pubescent at the tips. Leaves erect or erecto-
patent, +-4in. long, linear-oblong or narrow obovate-oblong, obtuse
or shortly mucronate, glabrous, convex above, glaucous beneath,
with 3 or 5 stout parallel veins, the outer of which often branch
towards the edge of the leaf; margins often dilated and membranous
towards the tip of the leaf, finely ciliolate. Flowers in 3-5-flowered
short and stout terminal racemes ; bracts 2 or 3, broadly ovate, ob-
tuse. Calyx-lobes concave, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube longer
than the calyx; lobes densely bearded within. Drupe globose, tin.
diam., white or red.—Leucopogon Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 165.

Norru Istanp: Lake Taupo, Tongariro, and Ruapehu, Colenso! Capt. G.
Mai! H. Hill! WRuahine Range, Colenso! SourH Isnanp: Not uncommon
on the mountains of Nelson and Canterbury, rare and local in Otago. 2000-
5000 ft. December—January.

This was originally placed in Lewcopogon, and in many of its characters it
approaches that genus, although the habit is that of Cyathodes.

Cyathodes.| EPACRIDEZ. 413

5. C. pumila, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 735.—A small de-
pressed densely tufted little plant 2-5in. high; stems prostrate,
with numerous suberect or ascending leafy branches. Leaves im-
bricate, erect and incurved when dry, shortly petiolate, $-}in.
long, linear-oblong, apiculate, glabrous, flat above, glaucous beneath,
with a stout midrib and often a lateral vein on each side as well;
margins thickened towards the base of the leaf, broad and thin at
the tip. Flowers minute, axillary, solitary ; peduncles clothed with
numerous imbricating broad concave bracts. Calyx-lobes broadly
oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube cylindrical, much longer
than the calyx; lobes 5, acute, densely bearded within. Stamens
included. Style short, minutely 5-toothed at the tip. Drupe rather
large, $-1in. diam., globose, 5-celled.

Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, 7. F.C. Marlborough—Mount
Stokes, J. H. Macmahon! Canterbury—Hurunui Mountains, Travers! West-
land—Kelly’s Hill, Cockayne! Otago—Summit of Maungatua, B. C. Aston!
2500-5000 ft.

A curious little plant. It is often mistaken for Pentachondra pumila, and
is probably not uncommen throughout the mountainous districts of the South
Island.

3. LEUCOPOGON, R. Br.

Erect or prostrate shrubs, or rarely small trees. Leaves scat-
tered or imbricate, sessile or petiolate, striate. Flowers small,
white or pink, in axillary or terminal spikes or racemes, sometimes
solitary, but the rhachis always ending in the rudiment of an addi-
tional flower. Bracts few, usually placed close below the calyx.
Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped or campanulate,
lobes 5, spreading or recurved, usually densely bearded within.
Stamens 5, inserted near the top of the corolla-tube; filaments
short, filiform; anthers wholly or partly included in the corolla-
tube or in the erect base of the lobes. Ovary 2-3-5-celled; style
short or long; stigma small; ovules solitary, pendulous from the
top of the cell. Fruit a baccate drupe; mesocarp fleshy ; endocarp
2-5-celled ; cells 1-seeded.

A large Australian genus of more than 120 species, in addition to which
there are a few from the Malay Archipelago and the Pacific islands, and three
from New Zealand, two of which are also Australian.

A shrub 5-15 ft. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowerssmall,
in drooping spikes .. nt

ay as - 1. L. fasciculatus.
A shrub 4-8ft. Leaves oblanceolate. Flowers small, in

crowded erect spikes ae is as siipy pals ageERtGILel.
Small, 2-8in. Leaves obovate-oblong, with pungent tips.
Flowers large, solitary aa We Ae te 6s WG, Hraserz.

1. L. fasciculatus, 4. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 215.—A branching
shrub or small tree 5-15 ft. high or more; bark black; branches
slender, spreading, pubescent at the tips. Leaves very variable in
size and shape, flat, spreading, 4-lin. long, linear or linear-

414 EPACRIDEZE. [Leucopogon.

lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or acumi-
nate or almost pungent, rarely obtuse, sessile, glabrous, 3—7-nerved ;
margins minutely denticulate or ciliolate. Flowers minute,
greenish-white, in 6—12-flowered axillary or terminal drooping
spikes shorter or longer than the leaves. Bracts and calyx-lobes
obtuse, striate, margins ciliolate. Corolla-lobes ovate-triangular,
acute. Drupe small, $-1in. long, oblong, red.—A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 408; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 164; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 177. lL. brevibarbis, Sich. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxii.
(1859) 1.14. Epacris fasciculata, Forst. Prodr. n. 72,

Nort anp SoutH Istanps: Abundant from the North Cape as far south
as Canterbury. Sea-level to 3500 ft. Mingimingi. September—No-
vember.

Mr. Buchanan has recorded this in his florula of Otago (Trans. N.Z. Inst.,
vol. i.), but I have seen no specimens from thence, and it 1s not mentioned in
either Petrie’s or Kirk’s lists.

2. L. Richei, &. Br. Prodr. 541.—A slender erect much-
branched shrub 4-6 ft. high or more; branches glabrous or slightly
puberulous, often fascicled. Leaves 4-1 in. long, linear-lanceolate
or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed to a sessile base,
convex, glaucous beneath, with 3-5 faint nerves; margins re-
curved. Flowers small, tin. diam , white, in subterminal short
and dense many-flowered spikes. Bracts striate, barely half the
length of the calyx. Calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube
short, not equalling the calyx; lobes linear-oblong, densely bearded
within. Drupe broadly ovoid, 3-5-celled.—F. Muell. Veg. Chath.
Is. 45; Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 735; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 186.

CuatHAM Is~tanps: Not uncommon in sandy soil near the sea, Travers !
Capt. G. Mair! Miss Seddon ! Cockayne and Cox !

This is a common plant in extra-tropical Australia and Tasmania, but so far
has been found nowhere in the New Zealand area except in the Chatham
Islands.

3. L. Fraseri, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 409.—A small shrubby
plant 2-6 in. high, rarely more, branching from the base; branches
decumbent below, erect or ascending above, often curved, leafy,
glabrous or minutely puberulous towards the tips. Leaves erect,
close-set, imbricating, 44 in. long, obovate-oblong or linear-oblong,
suddenly contracted into a fine rigid pungent point, glabrous and
shining above, finely nerved beneath, the nerves branching out-
wards; margins thin, scarious, cartilaginous, finely ciliolate.
Flowers axillary and solitary, sessile, large for the size of the plant,
4-tin. long, sweet-scented. Bracts minute, broad, apiculate.
Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla-tube cylindrical, more than twice as long
as the calyx; lobes short, acute, densely bearded within. Drupe
large, tin. long or more, broadly oblong, yellowish-orange.—Hook.

Leucopogon. | EPACRIDE. 415

f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 165; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 178; Benth. Fl. Austral.
ivy. 218. lL. nesophilus, D.C. Prodr. vii. 752. Li. Bellignianus,
Raoul, Choix, 18, t. 12.

NortH anp SoutH Isntanps, Stewart IstanD: Abundant in dry heathy
places throughout, ascending to 4500 ft. Totara. September—January.

Also in Australia and Tasmania. The drupe is juicy, sweetish, and edible.

4. EPACRIS, Forst.

Usually erect rigid heath-like shrubs. Leaves sessile or shortly
petioled, crowded or imbricated, articulated on the branch, never
sheathing. Flowers solitary and axillary, often extending along
the branches for a considerable distance, sessile or shortly pe-
duncled, white or red. Bracts numerous, imbricating, clothing the
peduncle and concealing the base of the calyx. Calyx 5-partite ;
corolla-tube cylindric or campanulate; lobes 5, imbricate, spread-
ing. Stamens 5; filaments short, adnate to the corolla - tube;
anthers affixed above the middle, wholly or partly included in the
corolla-tube. Hypogynous disc of 5 free or rarely connate scales.
Ovary 5-celled; ovules numerous, attached to a central placenta.
Capsule 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds numerous.

A genus comprising 25 species, all of which are confined to Australia and
Tasmania, except the two found in New Zealand, both of which are endemic.

Erect, 2-8ft. high. Leaves 4-4in., rhomboid - ovate,
usually acuminate. Bracts very numerous, acute .. 1. E. paucifiora.
Erect or decumbent, 1-4 ft. Leaves 1-4 in., broadly ellip-

tical, obtuse. Bractsfew, obtuse .. : 2. H. alpina.

1, EB. paucifiora, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 213, t. 29.—A
slender erect shrub, usually from 38 to 6ft. high, but occasionally
attaining 8-10 ft. or more, sometimes reduced to a few inches;
branches often fascicled, erect, leafy, virgate, puberulous at the
tips. Leaves suberect, imbricating, 14+in. long, ovate or rhom-
boid - ovate or oblong - obovate, suddenly narrowed into a biuntly
acuminate point, shortly petiolate, concave, very thick and coria-
ceous, veinless, glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers small, white,
copiously produced towards the tips of the branches. Peduncles
shorter than the leaves, entirely concealed by numerous imbricating
ovate acute bracts, the uppermost of which closely invest the calyx.
Corolla-tube hardly longer than the calyx ; lobes spreading, broadly
oblong, obtuse. Capsule small.—A. Cunn. Precur.n. 411. Raoul,
Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 166; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 179.

Var. Sinclairii.—Leaves obtuse, not narrowed into acuminate points.—
E. Sinelairii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 179.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Open clay hills from the North Cape to Col-
lingwood and Westport, but rare and local south of the Waikato and Thames
Rivers. Sea-level to 2000ft. Flowers most of the year. Var. Sinclairii:
Great Barrier Island, Sinclair! Kirk !

416 EPACRIDE. [Epacris.

E. Sinclairti differs from EH. pauciflora in no respect except that the leaves
are not narrowed into short acuminate points. But the amount of acumina-
tion is so variable in Z. pauciflora, the points being longer and sharper in young
plants, and shorter and broader or almost absent in old ones, that I can enter-
tain no doubt as to the specific identity of the two plants.

2. H. alpina, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 166.—A small erect or
spreading rarely decumbent much-branched shrub 1-4 ft. high,
seldom more; branches twiggy, densely leafy, puberulous at the
tips. Leaves suberect or spreading, small, 4-1in. long, broadly
elliptical or broadly ovate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, very thick and
coriaceous, quite glabrous, concave, veinless. Flowers small, white,
numerous towards the tips of the branches. Peduncles short;
bracts few, 5-6, broad, obtuse. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Corolla much
asin H. pauciflora, but smaller.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 179. 4. affinis,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 199.

Norty Isianp: Vicinity of Lake Taupo, Colenso, T. F.C. ; Tongariro and
Ruapehu, Kirk! Hill! Rev. F. H. Spencer! Ruahine Range, H. Tryon!
Kaweka Range, Petrie! SourH Istanp: Nelson—Ngakawau, Rev. F. H.
Spencer ; Mount Owen and Buller Valley, W. Townson! 7. F.C. Westland—
Denniston, J. Cafin! Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast (Handbook).
1000-4000 ft. December—January.

Closely allied to H. pauciflora, but distinguished by the smaller size and
more spreading habit, smaller obtuse leaves, and fewer obtuse bracts.

Three Australian species of Hpacris (E. purpurascens, R. Br., E. pulchella,
Cav., and EL. microphylla, R. Br.) have become plentifully naturalised in open
‘‘tea-tree country’’ in several localities near the Manukau Harbour in the
vicinity of Papakura and Drury (Auckland District). The first-mentioned was
originally discovered by the late Dr. Sinclair and General Bolton nearly fifty
years ago, and was included by Sir J. D. Hooker in both the ‘‘ Flora Nove-
Zealandiz ”’ and the Handbook, although he expressed the opinion that it was
probably introduced. The two others were first noticed by Mr. A. T. Urquhart
(see Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. 364, and xxviii. 20). All three species belong to the
division of the genus which has the corolla-tube shorter or barely longer than
the calyx, and all three have broad acuminate leaves, cordate at the base.
E. purpurascens can be distinguished by the large leaves with long pungent
points and rather large pale-pink flowers, which are usually most abundantly

produced. :

5. ARCHERIA, Hook. f.

Much-branched erect or spreading shrubs. Leaves flat. Flowers
white or pink, in few-flowered terminal racemes. Bracts caducous.
Calyx of 5 almost free sepals. Corolla-tube rather broad, ventricose-
cylindrical or almost campanulate; lobes 5, short, spreading or
recurved, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5, affixed to the throat of
the corolla; filaments very short; anthers broad, attached about
the middle. Hypogynous disc short, cupular or of 5 free scales.
Ovary 5-celled and deeply 5-lobed; style columnar, inserted in a
broad depression at the top of the ovary; stigma dilated, more or
less distinctly 5-lobed; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule
5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds numerous.

Archerva. | EPACRIDEX. 417

A small genus of 5 species, confined to New Zealand and Tasmania. It
differs from Hpacris mainly in habit, in the deciduous bracts, and in the posi-
tion of the style.

Leaves 1-14 in., obovate-oblong ae a -. lL. A. racemosa.
Leaves 4—?in., lanceolate 6 as at «=» 2 A. Traversvi.

1. A. racemosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 180.— An erect
much-branched shrub 6-15 it. high; bark black; branches spread-
ing. Leaves scattered at intervals so as to appear almost
whorled, spreading, 1-1} in. long, 4-4in. broad, obovate-oblong or
elliptic- -oblong, acute, sometimes ‘almost pungent, narrowed into
a verv short petiole or almost sessile, flat, rigid and coriaceous ;
yeins reticulated. Racemes terminating the branches, solitary
or 2-3 together, 1—2in. long, 10-26- flowered ; rhachis pubescent ;
pedicels short, stout, curved. Bracts coloured, caducous ; a large
leaf-like one at the base of each pedicel, and 2 smaller and
narrower ones just below the flower. Sepals oblong-lanceolate ;
margins membranous, ciliolate. Corolla tin. long, pink; tube
short and broad; lobes short, spreading, ovate-triangular, obtuse.
Style short, stout. Capsule small, clobose, Lin. diam. —Hpacris
racemosa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 167.

Nortu Istanp: Great aeniee Island, Sinclair, Kirk ! Little Barrier Island,
Shakespear! T. F.C.; Thames goldfields, Kirk, Adams! T. #.C.; Kast Cape
district, Bishop Williams ! 500-2800 ft. January—February.

The large concave bracts entirely hide the young racemes, but fall off as soon
as the flowers commence to expand.

2. A. Traversii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 180.—A large much-
branched shrub 6-15 ft. high ; bark dark-brown ; branches spreading.
Leaves scattered, spreading, 3-3 1n. long, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acute, thick and coriaceous, quite glabrous, smooth and
shining above, midrib distinct beneath ; margins recurved, often
ciliolate. eeonies terminal, 4-1 in. long, eLisdoweredt: rhachis
and pedicels pubescent. Bracts oblong, membranous, caducous,
falling away as soon as the flowers commence to open. Sepals
oblong, obtuse, striate; margins membranous, ciliolate. Corolla
$-tin. long, campanulate, reddish ; lobes short, spreading.
Style very short, stout. Capsule minute, depressed, ;4,in. diam.

Var. australis, Hook. f. l.c. 735.—Stouter. Leaves longer and broader,

$-?in., elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse or subacure. Flowers rather
longer.

SoutH Isntanp: Nelson—Aorere Valley, Travers; Mount Arthur Plateau,
T. F. C.; Brunner Range, Townson! Canterbury and Westland—Bealey Gorge
and Arthur’s Pass, Kirk! Cockayne! T. F. C.; Browning’s Pass, Haast!
Rangitaipo, Petrie! Otago—Lake Wanaka, Buchanan! Clinton Valley,
Reece and Hollyford Valleys, Petrie! Var. australis: Common in the sounds
of the south-west of Otago, Hector and Buchanan! StHwart Isuanp: Mount
Anglem, Kirk ! Sea-level to 4000 ft. January—Hebruary.

14—Fl.

418 EPACRIDEZ. [Dracophyllum.

6. DRACOPHYLLUM, Labill.

Erect or prostrate shrubs, or more rarely small trees; branches
ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves. Leaves crowded at the
ends of the branches or imbricate along them, broad and sheathing
at the base, above that suddenly contracted into a very narrow
linear rigid or grassy usually concave blade. Flowers small, white
or red, in terminal or lateral panicles or racemes or spikes, rarely
solitary. Sepals 5, ovate or lanceolate, persistent. Corolla
cylindric or campanulate; lobes 5, spreading, imbricate, often in-
curved at the tips. Stamens hypogynous, or the filaments adnate
to the corolla-tube ; anthers usually included in the tube, attached
at or near the middle. Hypogynous scales 5, free. Ovary 5-celled ;
style inserted in a depression at the top of the ovary; stigma small,
or larger and 5-lobed; ovules numerous, attached to a decurved
placenta in the inner angle of the cell. Capsule 5-celled, locu-
licidally 5-valved. Seeds numerous.

In addition to the 18 species found in New Zealand, all of which are
endemic, there are 10 in Australia and Tasmania, and 5 in New Caledonia.
The student will find the species exceedingly difficult of discrimination, espe-
cially those of section B, where they appear to pass into one another by small
gradations, and where the chief distinctive characters available are the highly
variable ones of size, habit, and foliage.

A. Flowers panicled. Calyx smail, much shorter than the corolla-tube, and
always much less than the ripe capsule.

Shrub or small tree 8-20ft. high. Leaves 10-18in.,

1-1} in. wide at the base.’ Panicle terminal, 6-18 in.

long. Flowers }in. diam. Capsules ,in. .. .. 1. D. latifolium.
Similar to the preceding but much stouter. Leaves

10-24 in., 1-2in. wide. Panicles denser. Capsules

larger, rin. diam. .. 2. D. Traversi.
Shrub 10-20 ft. high. Leaves 6-12 in. Vine wide at the

base. Panicles small, lateral below the leaves, drooping,

2-3in. long. Flowers 4in. long : . 8. D. Townsont.
Small much-branched shrub, stem often ‘decumbent below.

Leaves 3-8 in. long. Panicles lateral, drooping, 3-6 in.

long. Flowers large, 4 in. long Gi Be .. 4. D. Menziesit.
Small much-branched shrub. Leaves 14-4 in. long.
Panicles terminal, 14-4in. long. Flowers 4-}in. .. 5. D. strictwm.

B, Flowers in spikelike racemes or solitary. Calyx almost equaliing the
corolla-tube or longer than it, always completely enclosing the rupe capsule.

* Flowers in spike-like racemes.

Shrub 4-15ft. Leaves patent and recurved, 14-5 in.

long. Racemes lateral, 4-8-flowered.. 6. D. Sinclairit.
Shrub 1-3ft. Leaves patent and recurved, 3 4 -ihin. long,

obtuse. Flowers in terminal bracteate spikes 7. D. recurvum.
Leaves erect, 3-10in. long, sheathing base 4-3 in. broad.

Racemes 6-15-flowered 8. D. longifoliwm.

Leaves erect, 1-5in. long, sheathing base a din. wide,

truncate or auricled at the tip. Racemes 4-12-flowered 9. D. Urvilleanwm.
Leaves in many series, erect and appressed, very stout,

polished, glabrous, #-1in. long. Racemes 3-6-flowered 10. D. Pearsoni.

Dracophyllum. | EPACRIDEZ. 419

Leaves erect, 3-3in. long, silky-pubescent above, margins

ciliate with copious white hairs. Racemes 3-6-flowered 11. D. scopariwms
Very slender. Jueaves small, erect, 4-lin. long. Ra-

cemes 2-5-flowered Ete = Be .. 12. D. subulatum.
Stout, spreading, much branched. Leaves spreading,

1-24 in. long, 4-4in. broad at the base, gradually taper-

ing, evenly pubescent on both surfaces. Racemes

3-5-flowered “ie St ot 56 .. 13. D. pubescens.

** Flowers usually solitary.

Decumbent. Leaves spreading, 3}-2in. long, din. broad
at the base, gradually tapering, glaucous, glabrous.
Flowers lateral, solitary 53 by aA Stel Da Karkay

Erect. Leaves 4-2in. long (2-4in. in var. aciculari-
folium); blade ;,-7, in. broad, pungent. Flowers
lateral =F he ae ae ac .. 15. D. uniflorum.

Depressed or prostrate, rarely suberect. Leaves +-lin.,
obtuse. Flowers usually terminating short lateral
branchlets as a. ar oe .. 16. D. rosmarini-

folium.

Small, prostrate, laxly or closely branched. Leaves imbri-
cate, 4-+in. long, linear-subulate from a broad ovate
base. Flower terminal ae Ae be .. 17. D. prostratum.

Small, forming densely compacted tufts a few inches
across. Leaves closely imbricate, ;4-}in. long, tips

subulate, usually obtuse 18. D. muscoides.

1. D. latifolium, A. Cuwnn. Precur. n. 412.—A shrub or small
tree 8-20ft. high or more, with a trunk 4-12in. diam.; young
plants forming slender erect unbranched rods with a tuft of grassy
leaves at the top; old ones much branched, the branches often
whorled, curving outwards and then ascending, giving the tree a
eandelabrum-like appearance, closely ringed with the scars of the
fallen leaves. Leaves crowded at the tips of the branches, squar-
rose, spreading and recurved, 10—24 in. long, 1-14 in. broad at the
dilated sheathing base, gradually tapering into very long slender
points, quite glabrous, coriaceous, striate, concave or rarely nearly
flat, margins very minutely serrulate. Panicle terminal, 6-18 in.
long, much and closely branched, linear-oblong, erect in flower,
inclined in fruit, rhachis and pedicels densely pubescent. Flowers
crowded, very numerous, shortly pedicelled, $in. diam., reddish.
Calyx very small, not + the length of the corolla; sepals broadly
ovate, acute or obtuse, striate. Corolla campanulate, lobes rather
longer than the tube, oblong, obtuse, sharplv recurved. Anthers
large, oblong, exserted. Capsule small, jin. diam., depresso-
globose —Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 167; Handb.
N.Z. Fi. 181; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 123. D. recurvatum, Col. an
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 92.

Norte Istanp : Common in hilly forests from the North Cape to Hawke’s
Bay and Taranaki. Sour Isnanp: Nelson and Westland, from Collingwood
as far south as Charleston. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Newmet. January—
February.

420 EPACRIDEZ. [ Dracophyllum.

9. D. Traversii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 736.— Very
closely allied to D. latifolawm, but a larger and much more
robust plant, sometimes 30ft. high, with a trunk 2ft. in diam.
Leaves 1-2ft. long, 1-2in. broad at the base, gradually tapering
into long almost filiform points, rigid and coriaceous, slightly
concave, striated, margins smooth and entire or very obscurely
serrulate. Panicle terminal, strict, linear-oblong, much and very
closely and densely branched’; rhachis and pedicels stout, pubes-
cent. Flowers much as in D. latifoliwm, but rather larger.
Capsule larger and on stouter pedicels, $in. diam.

Sourn Isnranp: Nelson and Westland—Not uncommon in subalpine locali-
ties from Collingwood and the Mount Arthur Plateau to the Haast River and
Jackson’s Bay. 2500-4500 ft. January—February.

By far the finest species of the genus. Although very different in appear-
ance from D. latifoliuwm it is difficult to point out any character of importance
to separate it from that plant apart from the increased size and stoutness,
the more rigid leaves, denser panicles, and rather larger capsules. A state
of D. latifoliwm, not uncommon on high peaks in the Auckland District,
approaches it in foliage and in inflorescence, but not in habit.

3. D. Townsoni, Cheesem. n. sp.—A large branching shrub
12-20 ft. high; branches stout, ringed with the scars of the fallen
leaves. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, very similar
to those of D. latifoluwm but smaller, 6-12 in. long, L4i in. broad
at the dilated sheathing base, very gradually narrowed into fine
slender points, rigid and coriaceous, concave, striate, margins
minutely serrulate. Panicles small, lateral below the leaves,
much curved and drooping, 2—3in. long, rather closely branched.
Flowers crowded, very shortly pedicelled or almost sessile on the
branches of the panicle, about tin. long. Calyx small, but almost
as long as the tube of the corolla; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse,
striate. Corolla campanulate, lobed nearly half-way down; lobes
oblong, obtuse, sharply reflexed. Anthers exserted. Capsule
small, }in. diam., depresso-globose.

Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Vicinity of Westport, Townson !

This has the peculiar lateral drooping panicle of D. Menziesii, but is a
much larger plant, with longer and proportionately narrower more grassy leaves.
The corolla is markedly different, being not half the size, and deeply lobed nearly
half-way down, with the lobes sharply reflexed. In D. Menzies, in addition to
the much larger corolla, the lobes are very small, not one-quarter the length of
the tube.

4. D. Menziesii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 168.
branched shrub, often reduced to a foot or two in height; branches
very robust, naked, ringed with the scars of the “fallen leaves.
Leaves crowded near the ends of the branches, like those of
D. latifolium but much smaller, spreading and recurved: 3-8 in.
long, $—2in. broad at the base, gradually tapering to a fine point,
slightly concave, rigid and coriaceous, striate; margins cartil-

Dracophylium.] EPACRIDEZ:. 421

aginous, closely and minutely serrulate. Panicles lateral from
below the leaves, 3-5in. long, sparingly branched and often re-
duced to a simple raceme, drooping; rhachis and pedicels pubes-
cent. Flowers large, waxy-white, 4in. long, on short curved
pedicels. Calyx small, not + as long as the corolla; sepals
broadly ovate, subacute, striate. Corolla large, campanulate, tube
three or four times as long as the calyx; lobes very short, re-
curved. Anthers included. Capsule depresso - globose, 4-2 in.
diam.—Handb. N.Z. Fil. 181.

Sourn Is~tanp: Canterbury-—Ashburton Mountains, Potts! (flowers not
seen). Otago—Lake district, Buchanan! mountains above Lake Harris, Kirk !
mountains to the west of Lakes Wakatipu and Te Anau, Petrie! Humboldt
Mountains, Cockayne! Dusky Bay, Menzies, Reischek! Port Preservation,
Lyall. Stewart IsuaAnp: Mount Anglem, Kirk! Ascends to 4500 ft.,
descends almost to sea. level in Dusky Sound. December—February.

An exceedingly distinct species, with the largest flowers of the genus.
Alpine specimens are sometimes only 1-2 ft. high, with few very stout naked
branches bearing a globose head of squarrose leaves.

5. D. strictum, Hook. 7. Fl. Antarct. i. 48.—A much-branched
shrub; branches bare below, ringed with the scars of the fallen
leaves. Leaves erect or spreading, variable in size, 14~4 in. long,
¢-4in: wide at the sheathing base, which is not conspicuously
broader than the blade, gradually tapering into a rigidly acuminate
or pungent point, flat or slightly concave, somewhat glaucous, coria-
ceous. margins minutely serrulate. Panicles terminal, 14—4 in.
long, narrow, erect or curved or cernuous; rhachis and pedicels
glabrous or puberulous. Bracts caducous. Flowers rather nu-
merous, 4—tin. long, shortly pedicelled, white. Calyx small,
about 4 the length of the corolla; sepals broadly ovate, acute,
finely ciliolate. Corolla narrow-campanulate ; lobes short, broadly
triangular, with inflexed margins. Anthers included; filaments
rather long. Capsule depresso-globose, small, #4, in. diam.— Fi.
Nov. Zel. 1. 168; Handb. N.Z. Fi. 181. D. affine, Hook. f. Fi.
Antarct. 1.48; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 168. D. imbricatum, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 331.

NortH anp SourtH Isnanps: From the Thames River to the south of
Otago, not common. In the South Island mainly found on the western side
of the island. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Totorowhiti. November—March.

Very variable in the size of the leaves. On young plants or on vigorous
shoots they are frequently 4-5 in. long and proportionately broad; vut on old
plants or in exposed situations they are often reduced to 14 in. or less.

6. D. Sinclairii, Cheesem. — A tall erect branching shrub,
usually 4-8fs. high, rarely taller and forming a small tree
12-20ft. in height; bark brownish-black. Leaves spreading and
recurved, suberect when young, often clothing the branches for
a considerable length, 14—din. long, 4-4in. wide at the sheathing
base, which is not truncate nor auricled and not very much wider

422 EPACRIDEZ. [Dracophyllum.

than the blade, gradually narrowed into long acuminate points,
coriaceous or somewhat grassy, concave ; margins finely serrulate,
ciliolate at the base. Racemes lateral, 1—2in. long, 4-8-flowered,
usually fascicled along the branches some distance below the tip.
Bracts persistent, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers +in. long,
white. Sepals almost equalling the corolla, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate. Anthers included. Style short, stout. Capsule small,
concealed by the persistent sepals.—D. squarrosum, Hook. f. Fl.
Antarct. i. 48. (not of R. Br.); Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 169; Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 181.

Norts Istanp: From the North Cape as far as the Hast Cape, but often
local, usually near the sea. Ascends to 2500ft. Flowers most of the year.

Hooker’s name is most appropriate; but unfortunately it is preoccupied by
an Australian species (D. squarrosum, R. Br. Prodr. 556). This was made the
type of the genus Sphenotoma by Don, but was reunited with Dracophyllum by
Bentham in the ‘‘ Flora Australiensis.’’

7. D. recurvum, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 50.—A small rather
stout much-branched shrub 6in. to 2ft. or 3ft. high; bark
blackish-brown ; branches naked, ringed with the scars of the fallen
leaves. Leaves crowded at the tips of the branches, spreading
and recurved, 4-ldin. long; sheathing base membranous, ++ in.
broad, ciliolate, suddenly narrowed into a rigid and coriaceous
linear-subulate usually much recurved lamina, which is concave on
the upper surface and almost keeled: beneath, tip obtuse, margins
minutely serrulate. Flowers +in. long, in short and stout terminal
bracteate spikes 4+-lin. long; bracts numerous. large, persistent,
almost concealing the flowers, base broad and foliaceous, tip short,
subulate. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, almost as long as the
corolla-tube, ciliolate. Corolla narrow-campanulate; lobes short,
ovate - triangular, acute. Anthers included. Style very short.
Capsule small, $in. long, shorter than the sepals.—/f/l. Nov. Zel.
i,171; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 181. D. rubrum, Col. in Transs NZ.
Inst. xx. (1888) 200. D. tenuicaulis, Col. l.c. xxii. (1890) 476. D.
brachyphyllum and D. varium, Col. l.c. xxviii. (1896) 602, 604.
D. brachycladum, Col. l.c. xxxi. (1899) 275.

- NortH Istanp: Mount Hikurangi, East Cape district, Colenso! Tonga-
riro and Ruapehu, Bidwill, Captain G. Mair, Kirk, and others; Ruahine Range,
Colenso! H. Hill! Petrie! 2500-4500 ft.

Easily distinguished by the small size, recurved leaves, and short dense
terminal spikes with foliaceous bracts. I have examined the type specimens of
Mr. Colenso’s new species preserved in his herbarium, but fail to see how they
can be separated even as varieties.

8. D. longifolium, FR. Br. Prodr. 556.— Very variable in
stature, sometimes a shrub from 4 to 8ft. high, at others
forming a small tree 12 to 25ift. with a trunk 6-1din.
diam.; bark black; branches slender, erect, naked below. Leaves

Dracophyllum.] EPACRIDEZ. 423

crowded at the tips of the branches, erect, or spreading when
young, strict, 3-10 in. long, narrow linear-subulate ; sheathing base
4-2 in. long and as wide, brown, striate, margins scarious, ciliate ;
blade $-+in. broad at the base, gradually tapering into a long
acuminate pungent tip, concave, rigid and coriaceous, striate, often
pubescent above, margins entire or minutely serrulate. Racemes
terminal on short lateral branchlets or rarely ending the main
branches, strict, erect or inclined, 14—24in. long, 6—15-flowered.
Bracts numerous, a large foliaceous one at the base of each pedicel
and 2-4 equalling the calyx at the base of each flower. Flowers
white, }1in. long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate, almost
equalling the corolla-tube. Corolla campanulate; lobes ovate-
triangular, inflexed at the tip. Anthers included. Capsule 4 in.
diam., enclosed within the persistent sepals.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv.
Gel. 219; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 413; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl.
Antarct. 1. 45, t. 31, 32; Fi. Nov. Zet. 1.169; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 182 ;
Kirk, Forest Fi.t. 109. D. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 169.
Epacris longifolia, Forst. Prodr. n. 68.

Norra [stanp: Hast Cape district, Bishop Williams ! Adams and Petrie!
Ruahine Mountains, A. Hamilton! Tararua Mountains, J. Buchanan! SovutH
IstanD: Not uncommon in mountain districts throughout. Srewarr IsnanpD:
Abundant, Petrie! G.M.Thomson! Kirk! AtcKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS:
Forming a considerable proportion of the ligneous vegetation, Hooker, Kirk !
F. R. Chapman ! Sea-level to 4000 ft. Inanga; Grass-tree. Novem-
ber—March.

A very variable plant. In its extreme state, which is best seen in the
sounds of the south-west coast of Otago, in Stewart Island, and in the Auckland
Islands, it forms a tree sometimes 30 ft. in height, with leaves often a foot in
length; but in open mountain districts in the South Island it is rarely more
than a few feet high, with much shorter and narrower leaves. This form is
difficult to separate from some varieties of D. Urvilleanwm ; in fact, there does
not appear to be any strict line of demarcation between the two species.

9. D. Urvilleanum, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 221.— A much
or sparingly branched shrub 4-8 ft. high; branches slender, erect ;
bark black or dark chestnut-brown. Leaves very variable, slender,
often flexuous, erect, 1-5in. long; sheathing base }-1in. broad,
brown, striate, membranous, truncate or auricled at the tip, mar-
gins scarious, ciliate; blade very narrow, j~,—;in. broad at the
base, coriaceous, concave or canaliculate above, triquetrous or
nearly so at the tip, margins minutely denticulate. Racemes on
short lateral branchlets, rarely ending the main branches, strict,
erect, }-l}in. long, 4-12-flowered. Flowers small, white or red,
4+ in. long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, as long as or
longer than the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes rather narrow. An-
thers included. Capsule 4-4in. diam., enclosed within the per-
sistent sepals.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 182.

Var. a.—Branches long, slender; bark black. Leaves rather short, 1-24 in.
long, concave above. Racemes 3-6-flowered, lateral, often crowded along the

424 EPACRIDEX [Dracophyllum.

branches for some distance below the tips. Flowers rather small, narrow.—
D. Urvilleanum, A. Rich.; A. Cunn. Precwr.n. 415; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook.
f. Fl. Antarct. i. 49; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 169.

Var. filifolium.—Branches long, slender; bark black or chestnut-brown.
Leaves long, 24-5in., very narrow, often flexuose, canaliculate above.—D. fili-
folium, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 169. OD. setifolium, Stchegel. in Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mosc. xxxii. (1859) i. 23. D. virgatum and D. heterophyllum, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 605, (?)D. pungens, Col. l.c. 602.

Var. Lessonianum.—Branches stouter. Leaves 14-3in. long, strict, flat
above, convex beneath. Racemes 6-12-flowered; flowers usually larger. — D.
Lessonianum, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 223; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 416; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 170. Some forms of this approach D. longifoliwm very closely.

Var. montanum.—Smaller and stouter, often densely branched. Leaves
#2 in. long, erect or spreading, broad at the base and gradually narrowed into
the sheath, which is not auricled above. Flowers in stout terminal or lateral
spike-like racemes 4-1in. long; bracts broad, concave. This is allied to D. sco-
pariwm, and was included in it by Hooker, but the leaves are quite glabrous.

NortH AnD SoutH IsLanps, StEwART IsLAND: Var. a. abundant on dry
hills from the North Cape to Nelson; var. filifoliwm, from the Bay of Islands to
Wellington, ascending to 4500 ft. on Mount Egmont and the Ruahine Moun-
tains, &c.; var. Lessonianwm, from Rotorua southwards to Stewart Island,
usually in mountain districts; var. montanwm, Mount Hikurangi, Tongariro
and Ruapehu, Ruahine Mountains, Tararua Mountains, and apparently not un-
common in the mountains of the South Island, from 2500 ft. to 4500 ft.

At first sight the extreme forms of this look very distinct, but they are con-
nected by so many transitional stages that I think Sir J. D. Hooker was right in
referring them to a single species.

10. D. Pearsoni, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 223.—
Apparently a stout erect much-branched shrub; branches with the
leaves on nearly $in. diam. Leaves numerous, close-set, densely
imbricating, erect and appressed to the branch, #-1in. long;
sheathing base din. wide, not auricled nor truncate\at the tip,
margins ciliate; blade ,j,in. wide at the base, linear-subulate,
pungent, rounded on the back, flat or convex in front, smooth and
polished, glabrous, margins minutely denticulate. Flowers small,
4in. long, in dense 3-6-flowered spike-like racemes 4-3in. long.
Sepals ovate, acuminate, rather shorter than the corolia-tube,
margins ciliate. Corolla-lobes ovate-triangular, acute. Capsule
obovoid, included within the persistent calyx-lobes.

SrEwarr Isntanp: Mount Anglem and Smith’s Lookout, Kirk! locality
doubtful, Pearson !

This appears to differ from D. Urvilleanwm in the more numerous densely
imbricating closely appressed leaves, but further specimens may prove it to be a
form of that plant.

11. D. scoparium, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 46.—A shrub or
small tree, sometimes 20ft. high or more; bark dark chestnut-
brown ; branches dense, erect. Leaves crowded at the tips of the
branches, strict, erect, $-3in. long; sheathing base $+ in. broad,

Dracophytiwm. | EPACRIDEA. 495

not auricled nor truncate, margins scarious, ciliate with copious
white hairs; blade 5—;; in. wide at the base, gradually tapering
upwards, rigid and coriaceous, upper surface more or less silky-
pubescent, concave or nearly flat, lower glabrous, convex or almost
keeled towards the tip, margins ciliate ‘with white hairs for their
whole length. Flowers white, about +in. long, in dense 3-6-
flowered spike-like racemes 4—#in. long. Bracts broadly ovate,
acuminate, silky within, margins ciliate. Sepals ovate, acuminate,
ciliate, about equalling the corolla-tube Corolla-lobes short,
triangular, acute. Capsule broadly obovate, included within the
persistent calyx-lobes.—f'l. Nov. Zel. 1.170. D. Urvilleanum var.
scoparium, Handb. N.Z. Fl. 182 (in part).

Var. major.—Taller and stouter, often 20-30ft. high when fully adult.
Leaves of mature plants 14-3in., margins more copiously ciliate; of young
plants or of the lower branches of old ones 6-9 in. long or more, 4—$in. wide,
fiat, ciliate, gradually tapering into long acuminate points. Racemes 4— 8.
flowered ; flowers rather larger. Bracts and calyx-lobes often silky on the
back.— D. latifolium var. ciliolatum, Hook. f. Handb. N.4Z. Fl. 736 (young
plant). D. arboreum, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902) 318.

Var. paludosum.~— Smaller, 3-6ft. high when adult, and often flowering
when less than 6in. Leaves 1-13 in., not longer and wider in the young state.
Racemes short, 2—4-flowered; flowers rather smaller.—D. rosmarinifolium,
Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. (1875) 338 (not of Forst.). D. paludosum,
Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxivy. (1902) 318.

CAMPBELL IsLAND: Near the sea, not common, Hooker, Kirk! CHATHAM
IstanDs: Var. major and paludosum not uncommon, the latter chiefly in swamps,
Dieffenbach, H. H. Travers! Hnys! Cox and Cockayne !

Closely allied to D. Urvilleanwm, to which it was reduced by Sir J. D.
Hooker in the Handbook, but constantly differing in the conspicuously
ciliate margins of the leaves, which are also silky-pubescent on the upper surface.
The leaf-sheaths are also never auricled or truncate, asin D. Urvilleanwm, but
are simply rounded at the top, passing more gradually into the blade. My two
varieties major and paludoswm are both treated as distinct species by Mr.
Cockayne. It is possible that he may be correct with respect to var. major,
which differs not only inits much larger size, but also in the very distinct leaves of
the juvenile stage. But the leaves and flowers of the mature stage are in both
varieties so very similar to those of the original Campbell Island plant that 1
hesitate to separate either of them.

12. D. subulatum, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 50.—An erect shrub
2-6 ft. high, with long slender twiggy branches leafy at the tips;
bark dark red-brown or almost black. Leaves small, strict or
flexuose, 4-1 in. long, rarely more; sheathing base rz10! a broad,
truncate or auricled at the tip; blade very narrow, 34-5 in. wide
at the base, pungent, rigid and coriaceous, concave or flat above,
convex beneath, triquetrous at the tip, glabrous on the margins,
most ely serrulate. Leaves of young plants larger, some-
times #14 in. long by ;4,in. wide at the base, spreading or recurved.
Racemes ‘small, lateral, often crowded along the branches, 2-6-
flowered. Flowers small, zo-b in. long. Bracts with broadly

426 EPACRIDEZ. [Dracophyllum.

ovate sheathing bases and erect subulate tips. Sepals usually ex-
ceeding the corolla-tube.—fV. Nov. Zel. i. 171; Handb. N.Z. FI.
182.

NorrH Istanp: From Rotorua and the Upper Thames Valley to Taupo,
Ruapehu, and the Ruahine Mountains. 350 to 3500ft. Monoao. No-
vember—March.

Hasily recognised by its small size and erect slender habit, short very narrow
leaves, and small flowers.

13. D. pubescens, Cheesem. n. sp.—A small densely branched
woody shrub; branches stout, often decumbent below, erect or
ascending above ; bark dark reddish-brown or almost black. Leaves
crowded, spreading or erecto-patent, 1-24in. long, 3-4 in. broad at
the sheathing base, which 1s net much broader than the biade,
gradually narrowed to an acuminate and pungent point, coriaceous,
concave in front, rounded on the back, glaucous, striate, minutely
and evenly pubescent on both surfaces, sometimes becoming almost
glabrous when old. Flowers about +in. long, in 3-5-flowered spikes
terminating short lateral branchlets. Bracts ovate, acuminate ;
margins ciliate. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
equalling the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes triangular, acute. Capsule
obovoid, included within the persistent calyx-lobes.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Mountains near Westport, Townson ! 1500-
2500 ft.

Habit of D. Kirkii, Berggren, but a larger and stouter and more copiously
branched plant, with the leaves finely and equally pubescent on both surfaces,
and with the flowers in 3-5-flowered spikes, not solitary. ‘I'he leaves are very
similar in shape to those of small specimens of D. strictum, and are quite
different to those of D. Urvilleanwm, D. scopariwm, and their allies.

14. D. Kirkii, Berggren in Journ. Bot. xviii. (1880) 104. — A
small depressed woody shrub; branches very stout, 6-18in. long,
prostrate or decumbent, suberect at the tips; bark reddish-brown.
Leaves crowded, spreading or suberect, ?-2in. long, 4in. wide at the
sheathing base, which is not conspicuously broader than the blade,
gradually narrowed into an acuminate pungent point, coriaceous,
more or less concave, glaucous, quite glabrous, striate ; margins very
minutely serrulate. Flowers solitary, lateral, 4 in. long, shortly
pedicelled. Bracts 2-3, sheathing, the tips often exceeding the
flower. Sepals ovate, acuminate, shorter than the corolla-tube,
margins minutely ciliate. Corolla-lobes ovate-triangular, acute.
Anthers included. , Capsule broadly obovoid, $1in. diam., enclosed in
the persistent calyx-lobes—D. uniflorum, Berggr. wm Muinneskr.
Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund. (1877) 15, t. 4, f. 1-11 (not of Hook. f.).

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Lake Tennyson, 7. F. C. Canterbury—Mount
Torlesse, Berggren; Arthur’s Pass, Kirk! Cockayne! T. F'. C.; Waimakariri
Glacier, 7'. 7. C.; Ashburton Mountains, Potts ! Mount Cook district, T. F. C.
Westland—Kelly’s Hill, Petrie ! 2500-4500 ft. December—February.

Dracophylium.] EPACRIDEH. 427

A very distinct species. The leaves are quite unlike those of any other
species belonging to the same section of the genus, having the sheathing bases
not much wider than the blade; but they much resemble those of D. strictwm,
in the section with panicled inflorescence. Its only near allyis D. pubescens,
which differs in the pubescent leaves and 3-5-flowered spikes.

15. D. uniflorum, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 182.—A stout
erect shrub 3-6it. high; bark dark-brown or almost black. Leaves
crowded at the tips of the branches, erect, strict or flexuous, 4-2 in.
long; sheathing base ;4-4in. broad, rounded at the tip but not
auricled, margins ciliate; blade ,-;, in. broad at the base, rigid,
coriaceous, pungent, semiterete below, triquetrous above, margin
most minutely serrulate. Flowers solitary, lateral, +4 in. long,
shortly pedicelled. Bracts 3-6, with broad sheathing bases, tips
pungent, often exceeding the flower. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute,
as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes ovate-triangular, acute.
Capsule broadly obovoid, enclosed in the persistent calvx-lobes.—
D. acerosum, Berggr. in Minnesk. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund. (1877) 15.

Var. acicularifolium.—Leaves much longer, 2-4in., narrowed into long
acicular points; sheaths broader, auricled at the tips.

Var. virgatum.—Whole plant purplish-brown. Branches long, very
slender, sparingly leafy. Leaves small, }$in. long. Bracts with pale
membranous margins.

SourH Isnanp: Abundant in mountain districts from Nelson to Foveaux
Straits. Var. acicwlarifoliwnm: Broken River basin, and other localities in the
mountains of Canterbury, Kirk! Hnys! T. F.C. Var. virgatum: Westland—
Near Kumara, Kirk! Denniston, J. Caffin! 2000-4500 ft. December-
March.

16. D. rosmarinifolium, &. Sr. Prodr. 556.—A depressed or
prostrate, rarely suberect, much-branched rigid woody shrub 3-12 in.
high; branches stout, spreading, leafy at the tips. Leaves erect or
spreading, rigid, straight or curved, }-2in. long; sheathing base
short, in. wide; blade 4, in. wide at the base, very thick and cori-
aceous, convex at the back, flat or concave in front, tip trigonous,
obtuse or rarely subacute, margins entire or very minutely scabrid.
Flowers solitary, terminating the branchlets and often confined to
the lateral ones, $in. long. Bracts numerous, with broad sheathing
bases and subulate tips. Sepals ovate, acute, about as long as the
corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes ovate, acute.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel.
220; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 414; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. 1.171; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 183. Epacris rosmarinifolia, Forst.
Prodr. n. 67.

Var. politum.—Stems long and creeping or short and tufted, sometimes
forming compact masses. Leaves numerous, densely imbricated in many series,
erect and appressed to the branch, }+in. long, red-brown, convex and smooth
and polished on the back, concave in front, tips very obtuse. Flowers almost
hidden by the leaves.

428 EPACRIDE. [Dracophyllum.

NortH Isnanp: Tararua Range, Buchanan! SourH Isuanp, STEWART
IsLAND: Common in mountain districts throughout. Var. politum: Maunga-
tua, near Dunedin, Petrie! Mount Anglem and Smith’s Lookout (Stewart
Island), Kirk ! 2500-5500 ft. December—March.

17. D. prostratum, 7. Kirkin Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1881)384.
—A small prostrate species ; stems 3-12 in. long, sometimes slender
and sparingly divided, sometimes robust and copiously branched,
but the branches never so closely compacted as in D. muscotdes.
Leaves imbricating, erect, incurved when dry, 4+ in. long; sheath-
ing base short, with broad thin margins, narrowed into a limear-
subulate blade, which is obtuse or subacute at the tip, coriaceous,
convex at the back, flat or slightly concave in front, curved, margins
minutely serrulate. Flowers solitary, terminating the branches,
Zin. long, white. Sepals ovate, subacute, rather shorter than the
corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes broadly ovate-triangular.

SoutH Isuanp: Otago--Mountains above Lake Harris; Longwood Range,
Kirk ! Maungatua, Clinton Valley, and Blue Mountains, Petrie! 1000-4000 ft.

Differs from D. muscoides in the larger size and much more lax habit, andin
the longer leaves, which are not so closely imbricated ; but some of Mr. Petrie’s
specimens are almost intermediate.

18. D. muscoides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 183.— A small
densely tufted rigid little plant, forming rounded masses a few
inches in diameter; branches short, densely packed, clothed with
minute closely imbricating leaves. Leaves ;4—+in. long, very thick
and coriaceous, rigid, concave; sheathing base about half the
length, broadly ovate, margins thin; tip short, subulate, polished,
semiterete, obtuse or more rarely subacute. Flower solitary, ter-
minal, din. long, white. Sepals ovate, subacute, as long as the
corolla. Corolla-tube short and broad, cylindrical; lobes very
broad, obtuse or subacute. ;

SourH Isnanp: Otago—Mount Alta and Hector’s Col, Buchanan! Old
Man Range, Hector Mountains, Mount Pisa, Mount St. Bathan’s, Petrie!
4000-6000 ft.

In the Index Kewensis this is referred to the Tasmanian D. minimum; but,
judging from a scrap of that species received from the late Baron Mueller, it
differs in the more rigid habit and shorter and more closely imbricated leaves,
which are also thicker and not nearly so acute.

Orpver XLIV. PRIMULACE..

Perennial or more rarely annual herbs. Leaves all radical, or
cauline, andif so, opposite or alternate or whorled ; stipules wanting.
Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Calyx usually inferior (hali-
superior in Samolus), 4—9-lobed or -partite. Corolla gamopetalous,
with as many lobes as divisions of the calyx, lobes imbricate or
contorted. Stamens equal in number to the corolla-lobes and

Samolus. | PRIMULACE2. 429

opposite to them, sometimes alternating with staminodia, inserted
in the tube or at the base of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, introrse.
Ovary superior (inferior in Samolus), 1-celled ; style short or long,
stigma usually capitate; ovules 2 or more, attached to a free
central placenta. Fruit a 1-celled capsule, 2-6-valved or dehiscing
transversely. Seeds 2 to many, minute, angular; albumen fleshy
or horny ; embryo small, transverse.

A small order, comprising 20 genera and 250 species; widely spread, but
most plentiful on the mountains of the north temperate zone, rare in the tropics,
the southern species comparatively few. The properties of the order are
insignificant ; but it includes many well-known garden-plants, as the primrose,
oxlip, auricula, Chinese primrose, cyclamen, &c. The sole New Zealand genus
is best represented in the Southern Hemisphere, but one of the species is
almost cosmopolitan.

1. SAMOLUS, Tourn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white,
in terminal racemes or corymbs. Calyx half-superior, 5-fid, per-
sistent. Corolla perigynous, subcampanulate ; tube short; limb
5-lobed or -partite. Stamens 56, affixed to the corolla-tube, alter-
nating with as many staminodes; filaments very short. Ovary
globose, adnate to the calyx-tube, the tip free; style short; ovules
numerous, anatropous. Capsule globose or ovoid, half-inferior, the
iree part 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, orbicular or
angled ; embryo transverse; hilum basilar.

Species 8, one of them almost cosmopolitan, most of the rest inhabiting
various parts of the Southern Hemisphere.

1. S. repens, Pers. Syn. i.171.—A glabrous perennial herb; stems
4-12 in. long, erect, ascending, or prostrate from a tufted rootstock,
often emitting creeping and rooting stolons from the base. Leaves
fleshy, yery variable in size and shape, ~-lin. long, obovate or
linear-obovate to linear-spathulate or linear, the lower ones usually
broader and petiolate, the upper smaller and narrower and often
sessile. Flowers about +in. diam., axillary or in few-flowered
terminal racemes ; pedicels longer than the leaves. Calyx-tube
adnate to about the middle of the ovary, lobes acute. Corolla
broad, the tube usually about as long as the calyx-lobes. Capsule
broadly ovoid, 4-1 in. diam.—F’. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 34; Benth.
Fl. Austral. iv. 271. S. littoralis, R. Br. Prodr. 428; A. Rich. FI.
Nouv. Zel. 185; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 872; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 207; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 185. Sheffieldia repens,
Forst. Char. Gen. 18; Prodr. n. 67.

KmrMapec Istanps, NortH AND SoutH IsLANDs, STEWART ISLAND,
CuHatHAmM Isnanps, AUCKLAND Is~ANDS: Common along the coast, in salt
marshes and on rocks. November—January. Also in Australia and Tas-
mania and New Caledonia.

430 MYRSINEZ. [ Myrsine.

Orper XLY. MYRSINEA.

Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves alternate, undivided,
generally provided with pellucid glandular dots; stipules wanting.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx usually
inferior, 4—6-lobed or -partite, segments often ciliate. Corolla
gamopetalous (rarely polypetalous), segments (or petals) 4-6, con-
torted or imbricated. Stamens opposite to the corolla-lobes and
equal to them in number, free or adnate to the tube. Anthers
oblong, 2-celled, sometimes coherent. Ovary usually superior,
l-celled ; style single, stigma generally capitate; ovules few or
many, inserted on a free central placenta. Fruit a one- to several-
seeded drupe or berry. Seeds roundish or angular; albumen
copious, sometimes pitted or ruminate; embryo usually trans-
verse.

An order of considerable size (according to the most recent enumeration
including over 30 genera and 900 species), widely spread over the warm regions
of the globe, rare or absent in temperate climates, except in New Zealand.
Economic properties unimportant. The single genus found in New Zealand has
a wide range in the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. MYRSING, Linn.

Small trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, entire or rarely
toothed. Flowers small, polygamous or often dicecious, in sessile
or stalked axillary fascicles or umbels or sometimes solitary ;
usually springing trom the nodes on the old wood below the leaves.
Calyx small, 4-5-fid, persistent. Corolla 4—5-partite or of 4-5 distinet
petals ; segments imbricate or rarely valvate, spreading or recurved.
Stamens 4—5, inserted near the base of the corolla, filaments short.
Ovary superior, l-celled; style short or altogether absent; stigma
capitate or lobed or fringed ; ovules few, sunk in a fleshy placenta.
Fruit small, globose, drupaceous, dry or fleshy. Seed solitary,
usually surrounded by the remains of the placenta ; albumen horny ;
embryo elongated, often curved.

Taken in the sense of the ‘‘ Genera Plantarum’”’ this is a genus of from 120
to 150 species, most of them natives of tropical Asia, Africa, and America; with
comparatively few species in extra-tropical Asia and Africa, in Australia,
New Zealand, and Polynesia; the 8 species found in New Zealand being all
endemic. In Carl Mez’s recent monograph of the order, published in ‘‘ Das
Pflanzenreich,’’ the New Zealand forms are referred to the genera Swttonia
and Rapanea, the first comprising those with absolutely free petals, the second
those in which the corolla is more or less gamopetalous. But in the three
species which Mez places in Rapanea one has the petals absolutely free, and in
the two others they only cohere very slightly at the base. Without expressing
any opinion as to how far it may be advisable to dismember the original genus
Myrsine, I certainly think that the New Zealand species form a natural group,
and are best kept together. If it is necessary to separate them from Myrsine,
the characters of Swttonia should be enlarged so as to take in the whole of
them.

Myrsine.| MYRSINEZ. 431

A. Petals united at the base (often very slightly in M. salicina).

Leaves 1-941 in. long; <a al or obovate- oblong wey

acute 1. M. kermadec-

ensis.
Leaves 3-7 in. long, linear or linear-oblong ig .. 2. M. salicina.

B. Petals quite free.
Tree 10-20ft. Leaves 1—-2in., oblong or obovate, rather

thin, margins undulate. Fruit tin. diam. .. 3. M. Urvillet.
Tree 10-20ft. Leaves 1- -2}in., obovate, coriaceous, mar-

gins flat. Fascicles many- flowered. Fruit t-4in. diam. 4. M. chathamica.
Shrub 8-15 ft. ; branches stout, pubescent. Leaves 4—-?in.,

narrow-obovate, coriaceous. Flowers solitary or few to-

gether, almost sessile ar oe Xe ae On Ue Comi.
Shrub 8-15ft.; branches slender, glabrous. Leaves

#-1fin., obovate, rather thin. Flowers in 2-5-flowered

fascicles ; pedicels slender, distinct .. 6. M. montana.
Shrub 4-12 ft.; branches spreading, tortuous and inter-

laced. Leaves #+41n., broadly obovate or obcordate,

retuse or 2-lobed .. ie .. 7. M. dwaricata.
Trailing or prostrate shrub 4-18 in. long. Leaves small,
4-4 in., broadly oblong or orbicular .. Ah -. 8. MW. nummularia

M. brachyclada, Colenso in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 478, is a small
state of Aristotelia fruticosa.

1. M. kermadecensis, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv.
(1892) 410.—A small glabrous tree 8-l5ft. high; bark rough,
blackish-brown. Leaves 14-24 in. long, elliptic- oblong or obovate-
oblong, acute or obtuse, narrowed into” petioles 4-4+in. long, entire,
coriaceous, glandular-dotted, veins copiously reticulated, margins
slightly recurved. Flowers in many-flowered fascicles on the old
wood neta the leaves, small, ,,—-in. diam., unisexual; pedicels
short, $-tin. long. Calyx minute, 4-5- lobed : lobes short, broad.
Gorslla’ Givided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 ovate acute lobes,
which are fringed on the margins. Anthers nearly as large as the
lobes. Female flowers not seen. Fruit globose, fe _tin. diam.,
black when fully ripe, 1-seeded.—Rapanea kermadecensis, Mez
in Pflanzenreich, Heft 9, 371.

KerMADEC Isnanps: Sunday Island, abundant throughout, 7. F. C.
Sea-level to 1500 ft. August.

This and the following are the only New Zealand species in which the
petals cohere at the base.

2. M. salicina, Heward wm Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. i. (1842)
283, im note.—A small tree 15-30 ft. high, perfectly glabrous in all
its parts; bark black or dark-red; branches usually leafy at the
tips only. Leaves spreading, 3-7in. long, 4-3 in. broad, linear or
linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed into a short stout petiole, quite
entire, marked with oblong pellucid glands, veined, margins flat.
Flowers in dense many-flowered fascicles on the branches below

432 ; MYRSINE®. [Myrsine.

the leaves, hermaphrodite, ,4in. diam. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes
rounded, ciliate. Petals 5, oblong, revolute, cohering at the base.
Stamens 4, affixed to the base of the petals. Drupe oblong, 4in.
long, red, 1- or rarely 2-seeded.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 184;
Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 15. Suttonia salicina, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1.
52; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 172, t. 44. Rapanea salicina, Mez in Pflan-
zenreich, Heft 9, 370.

NortH anp SourH Is~tanps: Not uncommon in woods from the North

Cape to Marlborough and Westland. Sea-level to 2800 ft. Toro. Sep-
tember—December.

Wood dark-red, prettily marked; often employed by cabinetmakers for
inlaying.

3. M. Urvillei, A. D.C. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. (1834) 105.—
A small closely branched tree 10-20 ft. high; bark dark-brown or
black, red on the young branches. Leaves alternate, spreading,
1-2in. long, oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, shortly petiolate,
thinly coriaceous, glabrous or the midrib puberulous above, veined,
dotted with rounded pellucid glands, margins strongly undulate.
Flowers crowded in fascicles on the branches below the leaves or
axillary, small, .-;4, in. diam., whitish, unisexual; pedicels short.
Calyx small, 4-lobed; lobes sometimes wanting. Petals 4, quite
free, revolute. Male flowers with 4 stamens and an abortive
ovary; anthers as large or larger than the petals. Female flowers
much smaller; anthers smailer, empty. Ovary with a large
sessile fringed stigma. Fruit small, rounded, $in. diam., black
when fully ripe.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 405; Raoul, Choix, 44;
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 184; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 16. M. Richard-
iana, Endl. in Ann. Wien. Mus. 1. (1836) 171. Rapanea Urvillei,
Mez im Pflanzenreich, Heft 9,371. Suttonia australis, A. Rich. Fl.
Nouv. Zel. 249, t. 38; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 172.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANnps, STEWART IsLaAND: Abundant in woods from
the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Mapau; Tipau.
March-April.

4. M. chathamica, F’. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 38, t. 7—A small
tree 10-20 ft. high with dark bark; branches stout, the ultimate
ones pubescent with short stiff hairs. Leaves 1—-24in. long, obo-
vate, obtuse or emarginate at the tip, narrowed into a short stout
petiole, entire, thick and coriaceous, glabrous or pubescent along
the midrib, flat, glandular-dotted, veins reticulated on both sur-
faces. Flowers in many-flowered fascicles on the branches below
the leaves or occasionally axillary, small, 4,in. diam., unisexual ;
pedicels 44in. long, rather stout. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes deltoid,
ciliolate. Petals 4, quite free, oblong, obtuse, fimbriate, densely
studded with reddish glands. Anthers almost as large as the
petals. Ovary l-celled; stigma sessile, capitate. Fruit globose,
4-1in. diam., purplish, 1-seeded.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 736.
Suttonia zhathamica, Mez in Pflanzenreich, Heft 9, 333.

Myrsine.} MYRSINEZ. 433

CuatHam Isuanps: Abundant in woods, H. H. Travers ! Cox and Cockayne !
Srpwarr Isuanp: Not common, G. M. Thomson, Kirk ! August-September.

5. M. Coxii, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902) 318.
—A closely branched shrub 8-16 ft. high ; bark rough, dark-brown ;
ultimate branchlets more or less pubescent with short stiff white
hairs. Leaves alternate or crowded on short lateral branchlets,
4-4 in. long, narrow obovate, obtuse or emarginate, gradually nar-
rowed into a short petiole, entire, coriaceous, glandular-dotted,
veins finely reticulated on both surfaces; margins flat, ciliated
when young. Flowers in fascicles of 2 or 3 on the branches below
the leaves, rarely solitary in the axils of the leaves, small, almost
sessile but the pedicels lengthening in fruit. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes
deltoid, ciliate. Petals 4, quite free, obovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate,
marked with reddish glands. Anthers almost as large as the petals.
Stigma sessile, capitate. Fruit about + in. diam., globose, purplish,
l-seeded.—Suttonia Coxiu, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxv.
(1903) 359.

CHarHam IsLanps: Not uncommon in swampy forests, Cox and Cockayne !
July—August.

Closely allied to the preceding, but distinguished by the smaller size,
smaller and proportionately narrower leaves, few-flowered fascicles, and almost
sessile flowers. Mr. Cockayne informs me that it has creeping underground
stems, which at intervals put up erect branches.

6. M. montana, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 184.—A pertectly
glabrous shrub or small tree 8—-l5it. high; bark dark red-brown.
Leaves alternate, #14 in. long, narrow-obovate, obtuse or emargin-
ate, gradually narrowed into a short slender petiole, coriaceous or
almost membranous, quite glabrous, glandular-dotted, veins reticu-
lated on both surfaces, cuticie beneath sometimes loose and
wrinkled when dry; margins fiat or slightly recurved, sometimes
obscurely sinuate towards the tip. Flowers in 2~-5-flowered
fascicles on the branches below the leaves, rarely solitary, small,
sin. diam., unisexual; pedicels rather slender, about 41in. long.
Calyx 4-lobed; lobes oblong, rounded. Petals 4, quite free, obovate-
oblong, obtuse, revolute, ciliate. Anthers nearly as large as the
lobes. Female flowers not seen. Fruit globose, .,in. diam.—M.
neo-zealandensis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 479. Sut-
tonia montana, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 334; Mez in Pflanzen-
reich, Heft 9, 334. S. neo-zealandensis, Mez, l.c.

NorruIsutanp: Ruahine Range and Hawke’s Bay, Colenso! Sour Isnanp:
Marlborough—Mount Stokes, McMahon! Nelson—Maitai Valley, T. F. C.;
near Westport, W. Townson ! Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Mez keeps up M. neo-zealandensis as a distinct species, but an examination
of the type specimens in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium has convinced me that it
cannot be retained even as a variety.

434 MYRSINEA, [Myrsine,

7. M. divaricata, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 406.—A much-branched
shrub 4—12ft. high, with the habit of a small-leaved Coprosma ;
bark rough, dark-brown; branches spreading, rigid, interlaced, often
detlexed at the tips; branchlets usually pubescent. Leaves alter-
nate or fascicled on short lateral branchlets, small, spreading,
+4 in. long, broadly obovate or obcordate, obtuse or retuse or 2-lobed
at the tip, narrowed into a short petiole, coriaceous, glabrous,
glandular-dotted, veins reticulated on both surfaces, cuticle often
wrinkled beneath when dry; margins flat or slightly recurved,
ciliate when young. Flowers in few-flowered fascicles or solitary,
minute, ~,-,,in. diam. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes ovate, obtuse.
Petals 4 (rarely 5), quite free, obovate, revolute. Anthers almost
as large as the petals. Style short; stigma capitate, lobed or
crenate. Fruit depressed - globose, +in. diam., purplish.— Raoul,
Choiz, 44; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 184. M. pendula, Col. i.
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 94. Suttonia divaricata, Hook. f. Fl.
Antarct. i. 51, t. 84; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 173; Mez in Pflanzenreich,
Heft 9, 334.

NorrH AND SoutH ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
Isuanps: From Kaitaia and Mongonui southwards, but local to the north of the
Waikato River. Sea-level to 4000 ft. August-October.

A very variable plant, but easily recognised by its mode of growth, which
much resembles that of a small-leaved Coprosma.

8. M. nummularia, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 184.—A very
small prostrate or trailing shrub, with slender straggling branches
4-18in. long; bark dark red-brown. Leaves small, spreading,
i-1in. long, broadly oblong or obovate to orbicular, obtuse or
minutely apiculate, shortly petiolate, coriaceous, glabrous, finely
reticulated above, often wrinkled beneath, dotted with numerous
rounded pellucid glands; margins slightly recurved, ciliate when
young. Flowers minute, solitary or in fascicles of 2 or 3, axillary
or on the branches below the leaves. Calyx very small, 4-lobed;
lobes ovate, obtuse. Petals 4, quite free, obovate, concave, ciliate.
Anthers almost as large as the petals. Female flowers smaller
than the males. Ovary conical, narrowed above; stigma large,
irregularly lobed or expanded. Fruit globose, 44 in. diam., bluish-
purple.—Suttonia nummularia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 178, t. 46;
Mez in Pflanzenreich, Hett 9, 338.

Nort Is~tanp: Ruapehu, Petrie! Rev. F. H. Spencer! Ruahine Range
and Lake Rotoatara, Colenso! Upper Rangitikei, Buchanan! SourH IsLanD:
Mountainous districts from Nelson to Foveaux Strait, but not very common.
SrEWaRT Is~tAND: Mount Anglem, Kirk ! 2000-5000 ft. December-—

January.

Orper XLVI. SAPOTACEA..
Trees or shrubs, often with milky juice. Leaves alternate,
coriaceous, entire; stipules usually wanting. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite or occasionally polygamous, axillary, solitary or

Stderoxylon. | SAPOTACER. 435

clustered. Calyx inferior, 4—8-lobed or -partite ; lobes imbricate.
Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, tube short, lobes as many or
9-4 times as many as the divisions of the calyx. Stamens inserted
on the tube of the corolla and opposite to the lobes, either as many
or twice as many as the lobes, sometimes alternating with stamin-
odia. Ovary superior, 2—-8-celled; style simple, straight; stigma
punctiform, simple or lobed; ovules solitary in each cell, attached
to the inner angle. Fruit a 1- to many-celled berry, frequently
1-celled and i-seeded by abortion. Seeds often with the testa
erustaceous and shining; albumen present or wanting; embryo
straight, radicle inferior.

A small order, widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres, but
almost unknown in temperate regions. Genera 25; species not far from 350,
many of them imperfectly known. ‘The order includes several species useful to
man, the most important being the Malayan Isonandra gutta, which produces
gutta-percha. The star-apple (Chrysophyllum Cainita) and the African butter-
tree (Bassia Parkw) are edible species, and there are several others not so
well known. The New Zealand genus is widely spread in tropical countries.

1. SIDEROXYLON, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves alternate,
coriaceous, exstipulate. Flowers usually small, in axillary fascicles,
sessile or pedicelled. Calyx-segments 5, much imbricated, sub-
equal. Corolla subcampanulate ; lobes 5, imbricated. Stamens 5,
affixed to the throat of the corolla and opposite to the lobes; fila-
ments short or long; anthers ovate or lanceolate. Staminodia 5,
alternating with the stamens. Ovary glabrous or villous,-5- or
rarely 2—4-celled; style cylindric, short or long. Berry ovoid or
globose; seeds often solitary by abortion, sometimes 2-5, usually
oblong, compressed; testa hard, crustaceous or bony; albumen
fleshy ; cotyledons flat, broad, often foliaceous ; radicle short.

Species about 80, chiefly found in the tropical regions of both hemispheres.

1. S.costatum, Ff’. Muell. First Census Austral. Pl. 92.—A hand-
some closely branched tree 20-40fc. high; trunk 1-3 ft. diam. ;
branchlets clothed with appressed pubescence. Leaves 2-4 in.
long, elliptic-obovate or oblong-obovate, obtuse, narrowed into
petioles $+-4in. long, quite entire, coriaceous, shining, glabrous
except the petiole and midrib, which are finely puberulous, primary
veins parallel, diverging from the midrib almost at right angles.
Flowers axillary or from the nodes below the leaves, solitary or
2 together, small, 4-4in. diam., polygamous; peduncles stout,
curved, +-4in. long. Calyx-segments 4 or 5, broadly oblong or
ovate, concave, ciliate. Corolla slightly exceeding the calyx,
4—5-partite to below the middle. Stamens as many as the corolla-
segments ; filaments short, thick. Staminodia subulate. Ovary
4-5-celled. Berry large, lin. long, broadly oblong or obovoid.
Seeds 1 to 4, but usually 2 or 3, almost as long as the fruit, smooth

436 SAPOTACE. [Stderoxylon.

and polished, bony, elliptical, curved.— Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 133.
Sapota costata, dA. D.C. im D.C. Prodr. viii. 175; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 174; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 186. Achras costata, Hndl. Prodr.
Fl. Ins. Norfl. 49; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 404; Raoul, Choia, 44.
A. novo-zealandica, F’. Muell. Fragm. ix. 72.

Norru Istanp: Islands and rocky headlands from the North Cape to the
Hast Cape and Tolago Bay, not common. Ascends to 1500ft. on the Little
Barrier Island. Tawapou.

Also on Norfolk Island, where the flowers are said to be uniformly penta-
merous, while in New Zealand they are chiefly tetramerous, especially the
females. The wood is hard, white, and durable; and the bony seeds were for-
merly used for necklaces by the Maoris.

Ornprr XLVI] OLEACEA.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves opposite, very rarely
alternate, simple or 3-foliolate or pinnate, entire or toothed; stipules
wanting. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, usually in
axillary or terminal cymes or panicles or racemes, rarely clustered.
Calyx inferior, usually small; limb 4—5-toothed or -lobed or wanting.
Corolla hypogynous, gamopetalous and 4-5-partite, or of 4 free
petals, sometimes wanting (always so in the New Zealand species).
Stamens 2, inserted on the corolla or hypogynous ; filaments usually
short; anthers large, 2-celled. Ovary superior, 2-ceiled; style
short or long; stigma entire or lobed; ovules usually 2 in each
cell, seldom more, attached to the inner angle. Fruit a drupe or
berry, or a 2-valved loculicidal capsule, 2-celled, or by abortion
1-celled. Seeds solitary or 2 in each cell, erect or pendulous ;
albumen present or absent; embryo straight, radicle inferior or
superior.

An order of about 20 genera and almost 300 species, widely spread through
most temperate and tropical regions. From an economical point of view it is
chiefly important from including the well-known olive, which yields the most
valuable of vegetable oils. The various kinds of jasmines and the lilac are
common garden-plants belonging to the order. The New Zealand genus is
mainly found in the north temperate zone, but also occurs in South Africa,
Norfolk Island, and Australia.

1. OLEA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or rarely toothed.
Flowers small, hermaphrodite or unisexual, in axillary or terminal
panicles. Calyx small, 4-toothed or -lobed. Corolla with a short
tube and 4 induplicate-valvate lobes, wanting in the New Zealand
species. Stamens 2, rarely 4, epipetalous or hypogynous ; filaments
short; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigma obtuse,
capitate or 2-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or laterally
attached. Fruit a drupe; endocarp bony or crustaceous. Seeds
solitary or rarely 2; albumen fleshy; radicle superior.

Olea. | OLEACEA. 437

A genus of about 35 species, scattered through the temperate and tropical
regions of the Old World. The New Zealand species constitute the section
Gymnelea, characterized by the absence of the corolla, and by the stamens being
hypogynous.

* Leaves of young plants broader than those of the adult.

Leaves of adult trees 1$-3in. x 1-1} in., elliptic-oblong.
Racemes glabrous hs oF ak .. 1. O. apetala.

** Leaves of young plants narrower than those of the adult.

Leaves 3-Gin. x 3-13, lanceolate to ovate - lanceolate.

Racemes stout, pubescent, 8—18-flowered Fy .. 2. O. Cunninghamit.
Leaves 2-4in. X 4-#in., lanceolate. Racemes slender,

glabrous or nearly so, 6-12-flowered .. ie .. 3. O. lanceolata.
Leaves 14-34in. x }-4in., linear or linear-lanceolate.

Racemes slender, glabrous, 5—-10-flowered Ne .. 4. O. montana.

1. O. apetala, Vahl Symb. Bot. iu. 38.—A much-branched
diceecious shrub or small tree 8-20ft. high, everywhere perfectly
glabrous ; bark greyish-brown, thick and furrowed ; branches
spreading, often tortuous. Leaves very variable, in young plants
larger and broader, 3-5in. long, 2-3in. broad, broadly oblong
or ovate, subacute; of adult trees 14-3in. long, 1-14in. broad,
elliptic-oblong or elliptic - ovate, acute or acuminate, shortly
petiolate, coriaceous, glossy, both surfaces slightly rough to the
touch, quite entire, midrib prominent. Racemes axillary or on
the branches below the leaves, glabrous, 1-l4in. long, 10-18-
flowered; pedicels slender. Flowers minute, ;4,in. diam., females
alone seen. Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals wanting. Ovary 2-
celled ; stigma large, 2-lobed ; lobes spreading. Drupe oblong,
tin. long, red.—Hndl. Prodr. Fl. Ins. Norf. 56; Kirk in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. ii. 165; Forest Fl. t. 27, 28.

Norrx Isuanp : Whangarei Heads, Buchanan! T. F. C.; Taranga Islands
(Hen and Chickens), Great and Little Barrier Islands, Kirk! T. F. C.; Fanal
Island, Miss Shakespear! Cuvier Island, T. F’. C.

I have followed Kirk in identifying this with the Norfolk Island plant
described by Endlicher, but I have had no opportunity of comparing the two.

2. O. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 175.—A lofty
dicecious forest-tree 30-60 or even 70 ft. high, with a trunk 2-5 ft.
diam. ; young branchlets pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, very vari-
able ; of young plants long and narrow, 6-10in. long, 4-2in.
broad, narrow linear, acute; of adult trees 3-6in. long, 2-13 in.
broad, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
subacute, shortly petiolate, glabrous, slightly rough on both sur-
faces; veins impressed above, somewhat obscure, midrib pro-
minent beneath. Racemes 4-lin. long, stout, densely pubescent,
8-18-flowered ; pedicels short, stout; bracts ovate, concave, de-
ciduous. Flowers minute, apetalous. Calyx unequally 4-lobed.
Male flowers with 2 large exserted anthers and an abortive ovary ;

438 OLEACE. [Olea.

females with 2 sessile empty anthers and an oblong-ovoid ovary
with a large 2-lobed stigma. Drupe $-2in. long, ovoid, 1- or
rarely 2-seeded, red.cHandb. N.Z. Fl. 186; Kirk, Forest Fl.
t. 59, 59a, 59b. O. apetala, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 403 (not of Vahl).

Nort Istanp: Forests from the North Cape to Cook Strait, not common
north of the Waikato River. Sourn Isuanp: Marlborough, extremely rare ;
Pelorus Sound, Kaikoura, Conway River, J. Rutland! Sea-level to 2500 ft.
Maire; Maire-rau-nui; Black-maire. October—November.

Wood dark-brown, often streaked with black; very hard, dense, and heavy ;
serviceable for any purpose requiring great strength and durability.

3. O. lanceolata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 176.—A closely
branched round -headed dicecious tree 20—50ift. high; trunk
1-3 ft. diam.; branches more slender than in O. Cunninghamu,
often with white bark. Leaves coriaceous, smooth and glossy; of
young trees 3-6in. long, narrow-linear, acuminate; of adult plants
9-4 in., linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
shortly petiolate, glabrous, veins usually prominent on both surfaces.
Racemes 4-2 in. long, very slender, glabrous or nearly so, 6-12-
flowered; pedicels long, slender. Flowers minute, apetalous.
Calyx unequally 4-loved. Male flowers with 2 or 4 large exserted
anthers. Drupe about $in. long, ovoid, red or orange.—Handb.

N.Z. Fl. 187; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 60, 61.

Norru Isuanp: Abundant in woods from the North Cape to Cook Strait.
Sours Isuanp: Vicinity of Nelson, Wairoa Valley, Kirk! YT. F.C.; Kaituna
and Rai Valley, J. Rutland ! Sea-level to 2000 ft. Maire; White-maire.
November—January.

Very close to the preceding, from which it differs in the smaller size and
more slender habit, smaller and smoother leaves, and especially in the smaller
and much more slender almost glabrous racemes. The wood is very similar to
that of O. Cunninghamii, and equally durable.

4. O. montana, Hook. f.. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 176, t. 46 a and B.—A
much-branched round-headed dicecious tree, 20-50 ft. high or more ;
trunk rather slender, 1—2ft. diam.; bark greyish-brown ; branches
slender, the younger ones pubescent at the tips. Leaves of young
plants 3-6in. long, 4-+in. broad, narrow-linear; of adult trees
14-34in. long, }-4in. broad, linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or
acute, very shortly petioled, coriaceous, glabrous, shining; veins
very obscure. Racemes axillary or on the branches below the
leaves, slender, glabrous, 5-10-flowered ; pedicels slender. Flowers
minute, apetalous. Calyx unequally 4-lobed; lobes broad, obtuse.
Drupe +-4in. long, narrow-ovoid, red.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 187;
Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 29, 30.

Norru Isptanp: Forests from Whangaroa and Hokianga southwards to
Cook Strait, but rare north of the Upper Waikato. SourtH Is~anp: Marl-
borough—Rai Valley, J. Rutland! Nelson—Near Brightwater, Kirk! Sea-
level to 2500 ft. Orooro; Narrow-leaved Maire. November—January.

Parsonsia. | APOCYNACE. 439

OrpErR XLVIII. APOCYNACEZ.

Erect or climbing shrubs, rarely trees or herbs, juice often
milky. Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, simple
and entire; stipules wanting. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite,
usually in axillary or terminal cymes. Calyx inferior, 4-lobed or
-partite; lobes imbricate, often glandular at the base. Corolla
gamopetalous, hypogynous, funnel- or salver-shaped; tube often
hairy or scaly within; lobes 5, rarely 4, spreading, usually con-
torted in the bud. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted on the tube of the
corolla; filaments short; anthers often sagittate, either free or
connate and adhering to the stigma; pollen granular. Ovary
superior, usually composed of 2 carpels connate only by their
styles, but in one tribe the carpels are wholly combined into a
2-celled ovary with axile piacentas or into a 1-celled ovary with
2 parietal placentas; ovules 2 or several or many; style single or
separated at the base only, thickened above; stigma entire or 2-fid,
often constricted in the middie. Fruit generally of 2 follicles open-
ing along the inner edge, sometimes a drupe or berry. Seeds
various, often with a tuft of silky hairs; albumen generally present ;
embryo straight, radicle usually superior.

A large order, abundantly represented in the tropics of both hemispheres,
less plentiful in extra-tropical warm regions, and decidedly rare in the temperate
zones. Genera about 100; species under 1000. The order includes many
poisonous plants, some (as the ordeal-tree of Madagascar, Tanghinia venenifera)
being exceedingly virulent. Others are employed medicinally as drastic purga-
tives or febrifuges. A few species yield indiarubber, but on the whole the
family is not of much economic importance. The flowers are often of consider-
able beauty, and many genera are cultivated in gardens or greenhouses. The
single New Zealand genus extends through Australia to India and Ceylon.

1. PARSONSIA, R. Br.

Twining shrubs, with long slender branched stems, often woody
below. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, in terminal or axillary
corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-partite, naked or glandular within or
furnished with 5 scales. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube short, cylin-
drical or nearly globular, throat naked; lobes 5, spreading, the
edges overlapping to the right. Stamens inserted about the middle
of the corolla-tube or below it; filaments often twisted; anthers
included or exserted, cohering in a cone or ring round the stigma,
cells produced into 2 rigid empty basal lobes. Hypogynous
scales 5. Ovary 2-celled; style slender ; ovules numerous in each
cell. Fruit elongated, cylindric, of 2 coherent follicles which ulti-
mately more or less separate from one another. Seeds linear or
oblong, numerous, with a tuft of long silky hairs at the tip.

A small genus of about 12 species, found in tropical Asia, the Malay Archi-
pelago, Australia, and New Zealand. Both the New Zealand species are
endemic.

440 APOCYNACES. [Parsonsia.

Flowers tin. long. Calyx 4 as long as the corolla-tube.

Anthers included .. ae as ts .. 1. P. heterophylla.
Flowers tin. long. Calyx about as long as the corolia-
tube. Anthers exserted Ee ne Ah .. 2. P. capsularis.

1. P. heterophylla, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 402.—A tall and
slender branching climber, often ascending trees to a considerable
height; stems tough and pliant, in old specimens woody towards
the base; young branchlets terete, more or less pubescent. Leaves
extraordinarily variable in size and shape; of young plants 1—din.
long, narrow-linear, linear- or oblong-spathulate, or linear-oblong,
entire or irregularly sinuate or provided with 2-4 rounded lobes on
each side, sometimes linear and expanding at the tip into an oblong
or rounded blade; of mature plants 14-34in. long, usually from
ovate or oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic - lanceolate,
sometimes obovate, more rarely narrower and lanceolate or linear,
acute, petiolate, coriaceous, deep shining green above, paler be-
neath, veins transverse. Cymes large, many-flowered, 14-4 in.
long, terminal and axillary. Flowers white, sweet-scented, + in.
long. Calyx-lobes about 4+ as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla
with a long tube often inflated below the throat; lobes much
shorter than the tube. Anthers included within the corolla-tube.
Capsule 3-6 in. long, terete, acute.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 181.
P. albiflora, Raoul, Choix, 17. Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 187.
P. variabilis, Lindl. 1 Journ. Hort. Soc. v. (1850) 196. P. maero-
carpa, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 331.

NortH anp SourH Isranps: Abundant from the Three Kings Islands and
the North Cape to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Kaiku ; Kai-
whiria. November—March.

I have restored Cunningham’s name for this species, it having at least five
years’ priority over that of Raoul.

2. P. capsularis, &. Br. mm Mem. Wern. Soc. i. (1809) 65.—
Habit of P. heterophylla, but smaller and more slender. Leaves
equally variable, of young plants ?-3in. long, narrow-linear or
lanceolate to spathulate, entire or sinuate or irregularly lobed; of
adult plants varying from extremely narrow-linear, 1-4 in. long by
sometimes barely ;4,in. broad, to oblong or oblong -lanceolate,
1-24in. long by 4-2 in. broad, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous ;
margins usually entire. Cymes few or many-flowered, axillary
and terminal, usually shorter than the leaves. Flowers small, ~
tin. long. Calyx-lobes equalling the corolla-tube or very little
shorter. Corolla campanulate, tube short; lobes revolute, as long
as the tube. Anthers exserted.—dA. D.C. in D.C. Prodr. viii. 401
(in part) ; Raoul, Chow,17; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i.180. P. rosea,
Raoul, l.c. 16; Hook. f. l.c.; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 188. P. Forsteri,
G. Don. Gen. Syst. iv. 79. P. ochracea, Col. m Trans. N.Z.
inst. xxii. (1890) 480. Periploca capsularis, Forst. Prodr. n. 126;

A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 205.

Parsonsia. | APOCYNACE. 441

Norru anp SoutH IsLANDS: From the North Cape to Foveaux Strait, not
uncommon. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Aka-kiore. November—March.

Easily separated from the preceding by the smaller campanulate flowers
with a short tube and exserted anthers. Forster’s diagnosis, and A. Richard’s
description, drawn up from some of Forster’s own specimens, prove beyond
doubt that this species is the original Periploca capsularis. There seems to be
no sufficient reason for sinking the specific name in favour of the much later
one bestowed by Raoul.

Orper XLIX. LOGANIACEAS.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite, usually connected by
interpetiolar stipules or by a raised line, simple, entire or toothed.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual by abortion. Calyx
inferior, 4—5-lobed or -partite; lobes valvate or imbricate or con-
torted. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alter-
nate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence.
Ovary superior, 2-celled or rarely 3-5-celled ; style simple; stigma
capitate or 2-lobed ; ovules 1 or more in each cell. Fruit a 2-celled
capsule with septicidal dehiscence or an indehiscent berry. Seeds
1 or more to each cell ; albumen copious; embryo straight, long or
short.

Distribution chiefly tropica! and subtropical, with a few species in tem-
perate North America and in the south temperate zone. Genera 30; species
about 350. The order must be considered a dangerous one, including a large
proportion of highly poisonous plants. Strychnine is obtained from the seed of
Strychnos nwx-vomica, 2 common Indian tree; and a substance called curare,
derived from the bark of two species of Strychnos, is used by the South American
Indians to poison their arrows.

Herbs. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla-lobes valvate. Cap-

sule didymous, truncate or 2-lobed .. She .. 1. MrrrasacmMeE.
Herbs or shrubs. Flowers 5-merous. Oorolla-lobes im-

bricate. Capsule ovoid or oblong... aes .. 2. LOGANTA.
Shrubs. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla-lobes contorted.

Placentas forming a pulpy mass enclosing the seeds .. 3. GmNIOSTOMA.

1. MITRASACME, Labill.

Herbs, generally of small size. Leaves opposite, entire, usually
connected by a transverse stipular line or short sheath. Flowers
small, either solitary in the upper axils or in clusters or irregular
umbels. Calyx campanulate, 4-partite or rarely 2-partite. Corolla
campanulate or salver-shaped ; lobes 4, valvate. Stamens 4, affixed
to the corolla-tube; filaments usually short ; anthers included or
rarely exserted. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, usually connate at first,
but separating from the base upwards as the flowering advances ;

_ stigma capitate or 2-lobed; ovules numerous in each cell, affixed to
peltate placentas. Capsule subglobose or ovoid or compressed,
truncate or 2-lobed or almost 2-horned at the tip, opening along the
inner margin of the carpels. Seeds numerous, subglobose or com-
pressed; testa smooth, reticulate.

442 LOGANIACEZ. | Mitrasacme.

A genus of about 30 species, chiefly Australian, but extending northwards
into tropical Asia and southwards to New Zealand.

Leaves linear-oblong, ending in a stout bristle .. .. 1. M. nove - zea-
landie.
Leaves narrow-obovate, obtuse te a3 .. 2. M. montana.

_ M. Hookeri, M. Cheesemanii, and M. Petriei, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
Xiv. (1882) 348, 349, are species of Veronica, and will be found described under
that genus.

l. M. novee-zealandiz, Hook.f. Handb. N.Z. fi. 737.—A small
moss-like densely tufted perfectly glabrous herb, forming rounded
patches an inch or two in diameter; branches short, slender,
densely compacted. Leaves connate at the base, densely im-
bricated, j4-41in. long, linear-oblong, suddenly narrowed at the
tip into a stout bristle, quite entire, rather coriaceous, concave,
nerveless ; margins conspicuously thickened. Flowers solitary,
terminal, minute, almost concealed by the leaves. Calyx-segments
like the leaves. Corolla short and broad; lobes 4, short, obtuse.
Stamens 4; filaments very short; anthers broadly obiong,
didymous, included. Styles short, free. Capsule oblong, coria-
ceous, 2-valved at the tip, the valves pointing outwards.

Sour Isuanp: Canterbury—Hill’s Peak, Cockayne! Otago—Dusky Bay,
on the mountains, Hector aud Buchanan. Srewart Istanp: Frazer Peaks,
Rakiahua, Smith’s Lookout, Kirk ! 800-4500 ft.

Mr. Cockayne’s specimens have narrower leaves with shorter bristle-poiuts,
and may prove to be a distinct species.

2. M. montana, Hook. 7. Fi. Tasm. i. 274, t. 88 C, var. Helmsii,
T. Kirkwn Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 445, t. 32.— A small perfectly
glabrous perennial herb, forming depressed matted patches 1-3 in.
diam. Stems slender, 1-2in. high; branches weak, straggling.
Leaves crowded towards the tips of the branches, opposite, $-4 in.
long, obovate or obovate-oblong, narrowed into short flat petioles or
rarely sessile, quite entire, glabrous, rather thick and fleshy, vein-
less, margins flat. Flowers solitary, terminal, sessile, almost con-
cealed by the leaves. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments equal,
lanceolate, acute. Corolla-tube broad; lobes short, acute, not one-
half the length of the tube. Anthers nearly sessile on the throat of
the corolla, broadly ovate. Ovary ovoid; styles 2, quite free but
connivent. Capsule small, compressed, 2-lobed, the outer angles
produced into curved beaks.

SoutH Istanp: Westland—Paparoa Range, alt. 3000 ft., 2. Helms!

This appears to differ from the type, which is a native of Tasmania, in the
more slender habit, usually petiolate leaves, terminal sessile flowers, and 2-lobed
capsule. It will probably prove to be a distinct species.

Logania.| LOGANIACEZ:. 443

2. LOGANTA, R. Br.

Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, usually
connected by a transverse raised stipular line or short sheath,
rarely with minute setaceous stipules. Flowers small, often uni-
sexual, in terminal or axillary cymes or solitary. Calyx 5-partite.
Corolla campanulate or with a cylindrical tube ; lobes 5, rarely 4,
spreading, imbricate. Stamens 6, rarely 4, inserted on the corolla-
tube ; filaments filiform; anthers included or exserted. Ovary 2-
celled ; style simple; stigma capitate or oblong; ovules usually
several in each cell. Capsule oblong-ovoid or globose, obtuse or
shortly acuminate, septicidally 2-valved, valves 2-fid, at length
separating from the placentas. Seeds ovoid or more or less peltate.

Species 18, all confined to Australia except the following one, which is
very imperfectly known, and may not belong to the genus. JL. tetragona,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 188, and JL. ciliolata, Hook. f. l.c. 737, have been
proved to be species of Veronica, and are now known as V. dasyphylla and
V. Gilliesiana, Kirk. LZ. Armstrongii, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882)
347, t 28, f. 3, is Veronica uniflora, Kirk, which see.

1. L. depressa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 177.—‘‘ A prostrate
rigid woody shrub ; branches densely interlaced, puberulous. Leaves
4-1in. long, coriaceous, veinless, linear-obovate or oblong, obtuse.
Flowers minute, axillary, pedicelled, bracteate, solitary or in 3—6-
flowered panicles. male only seen. Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate.
Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx: lobes rounded. Filaments
slender ; anthers large, 2-cleft for half-way up. Ovary imperfect
in my specimens (which are probably unisexual); style short,
clavate; stigma oblong, thick. Fruit unknown.’’—Handb. N.Z.
Fi. 188.

‘“‘NortH IstANnp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso. Very closely allied to
the L. fasciculata, F. Muell., of the Australian Alps. Habit of an alpine
Coprosma.”’

This is unknown to me, not having been collected since its discovery more
than fifty years ago. I have consequently reproduced the description given by
Hooker in the Handbook. Mr. N. EH. Brown, who at my request has
examined the type specimen in the Kew Herbarium, says, ‘‘This appears
to be a true Logania, but the specimen has male flowers only, which have
a regular 5-lobed corolla bearded at the throat and 5 stamens alternating with
the corolla-lobes, affixed near the base of the corolla-tube ; filaments filiform ;
anthers slightly exserted.”’

3. GENIOSTOMA, Forst.

Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, connected by a transverse
line or short sheath. Flowers small, in opposite axillary cymes or
clusters. Calyx 5-partite; segments acute. Corolla canmpanulate
or almost rotate; lobes 5, spreading, imbricate, usually contorted
in the bud. Stamens 5, affixed to the tube or throat of the corolla ;
filaments short; anthers included or exserted. Ovary 2-celled;

444 LOGANIACER. [Gemostoma.

style simple ; stigma capitate or oblong; ovules numerous in each
cell. Capsule globose or oblong, septicidally 2-valved; valves
separating from the consolidated placentas and axis. Seeds nu-
merous, small, enveloped by the persistent placentas.

Species about 20, ranging from Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Malay
Archipelago to Australia, the Pacific islands, and New Zealand. The single
species found in New Zealand is endemic.

1. G. ligustrifolium, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 401.—A periectly
glabrous much-branched shrub 4-12ft. high; branches slender,
terete. Leaves 14-3in. long, ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
shortly petiolate, membranous, quite entire, paler beneath, veins
conspicuous. Flowers in short axillary corymbs or fascicles, $4 in.
diam., greenish-white; pedicels bracteolate. Calyx-lobes ovate,
acuminate, ciliolate. Corolla rotate-campanulate ; tube short ;
lobes spreading or reflexed, bearded within. Ovary subglobose ;
style very short; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule +in. diam., subglobose,
mucronate, splitting into 2 boat-shaped valves. Seeds numerous ;
testa brown, pitted.—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 480; Raoul, Choi, 44;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 177; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 189. G. rupesire,
A. hich. Fl. Nowy. Zel. 207 (not of Forst.).

Var. major, Cheesem.—Leaves larger, 24-5 in. long.

Var. crassum, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 392.—Leaves
smaller and broader, 3-%in. long by 4-2in. broad, broadly ovate or orbicular-
ovate, subacute, rather thick and fleshy when fresh.

NortuH Isnanp: Abundant in lowland situations from the North Cape to
Cook Strait. SoutH IstaAnp: Marlborough, Buchanan. Hangehange.
September-November. Var. major: Three Kings Islands, abundant, 7. F. C.
Var. crassum: Cliffs near the North Cape, rare, 7. F. C.

Orver L. GENTIANEA.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, usually glabrous and
bitter. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, nearly always
simple and entire ; stipules wanting. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite,
solitary or cymose. Calyx inferior, 4—5-lobed or -partite, lobes im-
bricate. Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, 4—d-lobed or -partite,
lobes twisted to the right (valvate in Liparophyllum). Stamens 4-0,
inserted on the throat or tube of the corolla and alternate with its
lobes; filaments filiform or dilated at the base; anthers 2-celled,
introrse. Ovary superior, 1-celled, or 2-celled by the meeting of 2
intruded parietal placentas; style single, short or long; stigma
entire or 2-lobed or 2-lamellate; ovules numerous in each eell.
Fruit a 1- or 2-celled capsule with septicidal dehiscence, rarely
fleshy or indehiscent. Seeds numerous, small; albumen copious,
fleshy ; embryo minute.

Sebea.| GENTIANES. 445

A large and very natural order, found nearly all over the world, but most
abundant in the mountainous regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Genera
about 50; species estimated at 500, almost without exception possessing bitter
and tonic properties. The yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea) produces gentian-
root, one of the earliest-known medicines, and still frequently used. Other
species of Gentiana and of the allied genera Hrythrea, Chlora, Frasera,
Sabbatia, &c., have very similar qualities. Of the 3 genera found in New
Zealand, Gentiana has the range of the whole order ; Sebea occurs in Australia,
eastern ‘Asia, and South Africa; while Liparophyllum is sounast to Tasmania
and New Zealand.

* Leaves opposite. Corolla-lobes contorted in bud.

Flowers small. Corolla cylindric; lobes spreading.

Ovary 2-celled. Style deciduous : .. 1, SEBaA,
Flowers large. Corolla campanulate ¢ or rotate. Ovary
1-celled. Style persistent .. ue We .. 2. GENTIANA.

** Leaves alternate or tufted. Corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate.

Small herb with linear tufted leaves. Fruit fleshy .. 3. LIPAROPHYLLUM.

1. SEBABA, R. Br.

Hrect glabrous annual herbs. Leaves sinall, opposite, sessile.
Flowers small, yellow, in terminal dichotomous cymes. Calyx
4-5-partite; segments often keeled or winged. Corolla - tube
eylindric ; lobes 4-5, spreading, contorted in the bud. Stamens
4-5, affixed to the throat or tube of the cor olla ; filaments short ;
anthers oblong, introrse, straight or recurved at the tips. Ovary
completely 2-celled, placentas large, adnate to the septum; style
filiform ; stigma clavate or capitate. Capsule globose or ovoid,
septicidally 2-valved. Seeds numerous, minute; testa reticulated.

A genus comprising about 20 species, found in tropical and southern Africa,
Madagascar, the Himalayas, Australia, and New Zealand. The single New
Zealand species is also Australian.

1. S. ovata, &. Br. Prodr. 452.— A simple or sparingly
branched annual herb 4-8in. high; stems 4-angled. Leaves few,
in distant pairs, sessile, }-}in. long, broadly ovate or orbicular-
ovate. obtuse or subacute. Flowers small, + in. long, pale-yellow,
in a terminal dichotomous cyme, with a flower in each axil. Calyx-
segments 5, ovate-lanceolate, acute, keeled. Corolla with a long
straight tube and 5 short lobes which are twisted after flowering.
Anthers linear- oblong, with a gland at the tip. Style short.
Capsule oblong. — Hook. Ve ate Nov. Zel. i. WSs Hands NZ. FT.
191; Benth. Fi. Austral. iv. 371. S. gracilis, A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 400; Raoul, Chor, 44.

Norts Isnanp: Bogs at Mangamuka, Hokianga, R. Cunningham ; Hawke's
Bay, Colenso ! Hamilton ! Tryon! SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Near Christ-
church, Armstrong ; Port Cooper, Lyall; Lake Ellesmere and other localities
on the Canterbury Plains, Kirk! Otago—Buchanan! Apparently a rare and
local plant in New Zealand, but common in many parts of Australia.

446 GENTIANEZ. [Gentiana.

2. GENTIANA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers axillary
and terminal, solitary or cymose, usually conspicuous. Calyx tubu
lar or cup-shaped, 5- or rarely 4-lobed. Corolla subrotate or cam-
panulate or tubular or funnel-shaped ; lobes 5-4, in species not found .
in New Zealand often with folds between the lobes. Stamens 5-4,
inserted on the corolla-tube, included; anthers oblong or ovate.
Ovary l1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas; style short or almost
wanting ; stigmas 2, persistent, recurved ; ovules numerous. Cap-
sule stalked or sessile, ellipsoid to narrow-oblong, 2-valved to the
base. Seeds small, globose or oblong.

A large and beautiful genus, probably including not far from 250 well-
ascertained species. It is niost abundant in the temperate and alpine regions
of the Northern Hemisphere, exiends along the chain of the Andes throughout
South America, is sparingly found in Australia and Tasmania, and is plentiful in
New Zealand, except in the northern half of the North Island. The species are
in all countries highly variable and difficult of discrimination, but nowhere more
so than in New Zealand, where they are peculiarly unstable, presenting a be-
wildering multitude of closely allied forms, to arrange which systematically is
a most perplexing task. The late Baron Mueller solved all difficulties by
uniting the whole of the Australian and New Zealand species, together with
several from South America, under Forster’s G. sazosa; but this extreme
view has not received the sanction of any other botanist of repute, and is
entirely repudiated by New Zealand workers. Since the publication of the
Handbook the only attempt that has been made to deal with the New Zea-
land forms as a whole is Mr. Kirk’s ‘‘ Revision’? (Transactions N.Z. Inst.
XXvii. 330), in which 10 species are admitted. In the following arrangement I
have increased this number to 16, in several cases unwillingly. but there is
really little choice between giving the rank of species to a considerable number
of closely allied forms or of reducing the whole of them to two or three com-
prehensive aggregates. In the latter case it would be necessary to distinguish
the forms as varieties, which is practically the same arrangement under a dif-
ferent name. Owing to their extreme variability, the student will find it
difficult to identify the species until he has collected a large series of specimens
from widely separated localities, and has thus become acquainted with the
range and trend of variation. I have to acknowledge the valued aid afforded by
Mr. N. E. Brown, who has kindly compared many of my specimens with those
at Kew and in the British Museum Herbarium.

A. Annual, dwarf, 1-8 in. high. Flowers solitary at the tips of the branches.
Calyz-lobes broadly ovate.

Stems simple or sparingly branched. Leaves mostly
cauline, 4-4in. long. Flowers}4in.diam. .. .. 1. G. filtpes.

B. Perennial, dwarf, 1-4in. high. Flowers solitary, terminating naked scapes.
Calyx-lobes linear-subulate.

Stems densely tufted. Leaves all radical, narrow-linear,
4-3in. Flowers 4in. diam. 2s ae .. 2. G. lineata.

C. Annual, slender, 3-14in. high. Leaves mostly cauline. Flowers 4-4in. diam.
Calyz-lobes linear-subulate.

Stems weak, sparingly branched. Leaves oblong-spathu-
late, thin .. i ow ae = .. 3. G. Grisebachu.

Gentiana. | GENTIANES. 447

D. Perennial, rarely annual, erect. Radical leaves usually rosulate, crowded ;
cauline few, in distant pairs, sessile. Flowers large, ?in. diam. or more,
in terminal cymes or umbels, rarely solitary.

Annual. Flowering stems 6-12in., sometimes with de-
* cumbent branches from the base. Radical leaves
1fin., ovate or broadly oblong,membranous. F'lowers
rather small, in involucrate umbels .. : 4. G. chathamica.
Usually perennial. Flowering stems single or more rarely
branched from the base, stout, erect, 6-20 in. Leaves
yellow-green when dry; radical 1-4 in., linear- or oblong-
spathulate; cauline 1-2 distant pairs, pneore GRP es
Calyx short os 5. G. corymbifera.
Perennial. Flowering stems usually cingle, very slender,
6-20in. Leaves black when dry; radical 4-1 in., ovate-
lanceolate ; cauline 2-5 remote pairs .. Si .. 6. G. Townsoni.
Flowering stems usually single, often tall and stout,
10-24in. Radical leaves #-14}in., obovate -spathulate ;
cauline broadly ovate, often cordate at the base .. 7. G. montana.
Flowering stems one or several, often decumbent below,
5-20in. Radical leaves 1-3 in., oblong - spathulate,
cauline 1-5 opposite pairs. Flowers in lax corymbose

cymes orumbels .. 56 ae ne .. 8. G. patula.
Flowering stems several, short. 1-6in. Radical leaves

4-l4in., spathulate or linear-spathulate. Flowers in

2-6-flowered cymes or solitary 9. G. bellidifolia.

Flowering stems excessively branched from the base, often
forming rounded masses 2-6in. diam. Radical leaves
1-3 in., oblong- or obovate-spathulate. Flowers in dense
corymbose cvmes .. oe He oe .. 10. G. divisa.

EB. Annual, erect. Radical leaves numerous, rosulate, obovate-spathulate ;
cauline few, petiolate. Flowers in 2-5-flowered wmvolucrate umbels.

Flowering stems several, 4-10in. Flowers small, 4-4 in.
diam. Calyx equalling the corolla or nearly so .. 11. G. Spencerv.

FF. Prostrate or decumbent or swberect, leafy. Leaves spathulate; cauline nu-
merous, petiolate. Hlowers in few-flowered cymes or clustered at the ends
of the branches.

Perennial, prostrate at the base. Leaves ?~12 in., linear-

spathulate, long-petioled. Calyx much shorter than the

corolla; lobes recurved at the tip .. Ms .. 12. G. saxosa.
Perennial, prostrate at the base, 4-14in. Leaves 4-13 in.,

obovate - spathulate, fleshy, shining. eae almost

equalling the corolla; lobes not recurved é .. 13. G. cerina.
Annual, ascending or erect, 1-4in. Leaves 4-1in., linear-
oblong. Calyx almost equalling the corolla .. .. 14. G. concinna.

G. Stout, erect, 3-10 in. high, fastigiately branched, densely leafy. Flowers
small, 4in. long, almost hidden by the cauline leaves and bracts.

Annual. Radical leaves 1-2 in., oblong or oblong-spathu-

late os ae Se ey i .. 15. G. antarctica.
Perennial. Radical leaves ?-1}in., lingulate or linear-

spathulate 50 ah Ay id .. 16. G. antipoda.

448 GENTIANEZ. [Gentiana.

1. G. filipes, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1896) 536.—
A small annual herb 1-3 in. high; stems slender, erect, simple or
branched from the base, sparingly leafy. Leaves mostly cauline,
few, small, 4tin. long, oblong- or obovate-spathulate, obtuse or
subacute, sessile or the lower ones narrowed into short flat petioles."
Flowers solitary, terminating the branches, large for the size of the
plant, tin. diam., white. Calyx broad, tube 4in. long; lobes +in.,
broadly ovate, acute. Corolla subrotate, divided about 4-way
down; lobes ovate, subacute. Stamens more than 4 as long as
the corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary linear-obovoid.

SourH Is~tanp: Nelson—Slopes of Mount Arthur, 4000-5000 ft., 7. F.C.
January.

2. G. lineata, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 334,
t. 27.—A small densely tuited perennial herb 2-4 in. high, often
forming a compact sward; rootstock branched above. Leaves all
radical or crowded on very short branches, erect, $-?in. long,
#:-;1; in. broad, linear or narrow linear-spathulate, acute or obtuse,
sradually narrowed into a slender flat petiole, sheathing at the
base. Scapes 1-3 in. long, slender, wiry, erect, naked or with 1 or
2 pairs of linear leaves at the very base. Flower solitary, $4 in.
long. Calyx-tube =, in. long; lobes 53, in., linear-subulate, tapering
to an acute or almost acuminate tip. Corolla narrow-campanulate,
cut down 2 of the way to the base into 5 ovate acute lobes.
Stamens 2 as long as the corolla.

SourH Istanp: Otago—Crest of the Longwood Range, Kirk! Blue Moun-
tains, Petrie! Srmwart IsuaAnp: Exact locality not stated, Petrie ! Sea-
level to 3500 ft. January—March.

A curious little plant, easily recognised by the peculiar habit, very narrow
leaves, and naked scapes bearing a rather large solitary flower.

3. G. Grisebachii, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 636.—A
slender much or sparingly branched annual herb; root weak, often
filiform ; stems branching from the base, very slender, decumbent
or suberect, 3-14 in. long, rarely more. Lower leaves narrowed into
slender petioles as long or longer than the blade, 4—1in. long,
spathulate or oblong-spathulate, rather thin and membranous,
obtuse ; cauline usually smaller, remote, sessile or shortly petio-
late, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute. Flowers few or
many, terminal and solitary at the tips of the branches, rather
small, 4-2in. long, white. Calyx divided $-way down or more,
often somewhat angled at the base; lobes linear or linear-subulate,
acuminate, midrib distinct. Corolla narrow-campanulate, divided
more than 4-way down; lobes narrow-ovate or oblong, acute.
Stamens about two-thirds the length of the corolla. Ovary linear-
oblong, often shortly stipitate.—G. montana, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 178; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 190 (not of Forst.).

Gentiana. } GENTIANE®. 449

Var. novze-zealandiz.—Smaller and more slender, 1-5in. high. Leaves
[Sag long, oblong- or ovate-spathulate. Flowers smaller. G. nove-zealan-
ie, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 290.

Norru Isptanp: Base of Tongariro, Bidwill; Ruapehu, H. Hill! Kai-
manawa Mountains, Tryon! Ruahine Range, Colenso! Tryon! Mount Eg-
mont, Petrie! Tararua Mountains, Buchanan! SourH Isuanp, STEWART
IsuAnD : In various localities from Nelson southwards, but often local. Sea-
level to 3500ft. December—February.

This was reduced to Forster’s G. montana by Sir J. D. Hooker; but Mr.
N. E. Brown, who has recently done me the service of examining Forster’s
types preserved in the British Museum and at Kew, informs me that it is quite
distinct, and in no way resembles G. montana. It may be recognised by the
usually much-branched slender and wiry sparingly leafy stems, small rather
thin leaves, small flowers terminal and solitary on the branches. and linear-subu-
late calyx-lobes.

4. G. chathamica, Cheesem. n. sp.—Annual, 6—-12in. high;
main stem stout or slender, erect, with or without several shorter
and weaker branches springing from the base and usually decum-
bent below. Radical leaves variable in size, 3-14 1n. long, narrowed
into short petioles or almost sessile, ovate-spathulate or oblong-
spathulate to broadly oblong, obtuse, rather thin; cauline 1 or
2 pairs, ovate or oblong, sessile with a broad often almost cordate
base. Flowers small, 4-4in. long, white, sometimes veined with
pink, arranged in several 3-12-flowered umbels terminating the
stem and its branches, each umbel with an involucre of 3-5
whorled bracts; pedicels usually longer than the bracts. Calyx
about three-quarters the length of the corolla, divided about three-
quarters way down; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla narrow-
campanulate, divided two-thirds way down; lobes oblong or oblong-
obovate, rounded at the tip. Ovarv linear-oblong, sessile.—
G. pleurogynoides var. umbellata, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii.

(1895) 335.

CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant in wet places, Travers! Miss Seddon! Cox
and Cockayne !

I consider this to be a very distinct species, to be recognised without any
difficulty by the peculiar habit, small and broad thin leaves, and small umbel-
late flowers, with a deeply divided calyx and corolla. A specimen collected by
Mr. Buchanan at the Lindis Pass, Otago, and another gathered by Mr. H. B.
Kirk on D’Urville Island may belong to the same species, but they are far more
copiously branched and have much longer leaves, and are best held over until
more complete material is obtained.

5. G. corymbifera, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
336.—Usually perennial, but often dying after flowering. Root
stout, long and tapering. Stems simple or rarely branched from
the base, stout, erect, terete, 6-20in. high. Radical leaves nu-
merous, rosulate, 1-4 in. long, +-2in. broad, narrow oblong-spathu-
late or lanceolate-spathulate, obtuse or acute, narrowed into a short

or long petiole, blade often channelled above, 1—3-nerved, coria-
5B)

450 GENTIANEZ. [Gentiana.

ceous, rather thick and fleshy when fresh. Cauline leaves one or
two pairs, seldom more, #-2in. long, linear-lanceolate or linear-
oblong, sessile. Flowers large, $—#in. diam., white, in large com-
pact terminal umbels or cymes 2-6in. diam. or more; pedicels
slender. Calyx short, often less than one-half the length of the
corolla, campanulate, divided from 4 to 4 wav down, rarely more ;
lobes lanceolate- deltoid, acute or acuminate. Corolla divided about
two-thirds way down; lobes broadly oblong, rounded at the tip.
Ovary stipitate.—G. saxosa var. y, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 191.
G. pleurogynoides var. rigida, Kirk. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii.
(1895) 335.

SourH Istanp: Mountain districts from Nelson to Otago, abundant.
1000-4000 ft. January—March.

A very handsome plant, in its ordinary state well distinguished by the
stout usually simple and almost naked stems, long and narrow crowded rosu-
late radical leaves, aud dense cymes or umbels of large white flowers, the
calyx of which is broad and short, with lanceolate-deltoid acute lobes. Mr.
Brown informs me that it corresponds with the G. suxzosa var. y of the Hand-
book, and I suspect that it also includes a part of the G. plewrogynoides of
the same work. At any rate, it is the plant which New Zealand botanists have
been accustomed to call G. pleurogynoides. The true G. plewrogynoides was
founded on Tasmanian specimens, and has not yet been satisfactorily matched
with any New Zealand plant.

6. G. Townsoni, Cheesem. n. sp.— Perennial; root slender,
woody, often branched at the top. Flowering stems usually single,
rarely 2 or 3 from the root or branched from the base, erect,
slender, wiry, 6-20in. high. Leaves almost black when dry;
radical very numerous, crowded at the base of the stem, spreading
or ascending, small for the size of the plant, 4-14in. long, ++ in.
broad, ovate-lanceolate or trowel-shaped to linear-lanceolate, nar-
rowed into a rather slender petiole, coriaceous or almost fleshy,
subacute or obtuse. Cauline leaves in 2-5 remote pairs, ascending,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, subacute. Flowers white,
large, 2in. diam. or more, in 5-12-flowered terminal cyines or
umbels ; pedicels slender; bracts usually whorled. Calyx about
half the length of the corolla, cut about three-quarters way down ;
lobes lanceolate, acute. Corolla deeply divided; lobes broadly
oblong, rounded at the tip.—G. saxosa var. pleurogynoides, Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 178, im part. G. pleurogynoides, Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 190, in part (not of Griseb.).

South Isutanp: Nelson— Bidwill (n. 67 in Herb. Kew, fide N. EH.
Brown); coast ranges near Westport, Mount Frederic, Mount Rochfort, Mount
Buckland, &c., Townson! Sounds of the south-west coast of Otago, Lyall (fide
N. E. Brown). 1000-4000 ft. January—March.

A very beautiful plant, easily recognised by the tall slender strict stems,
small uniform crowded leaves, which are almost black when dry, remote ascend-
ing cauline leaves, and rather dense umbels of large flowers. I have seen no
specimens but Mr. Townson’s, from which the above description is drawn up;

Gentiana. | GENTIANES. 451

but Mr. Brown informs me that specimens collected by Bidwill and Lyull are in
the Kew Herbarium, and that together with another form with long leaves it
makes up the principal part of the G. plewrogynoides of the Handbook (but not
of Grisebach). This long-leaved plant Mr. Brown is inclined to unite with
G. Townsoni, but for the present I have placed it in my G. patula.

7. G. montana, forst. Prodr. n. 133.—Perennial; rootstock
stout and woody, often branched at the top. Flowering stems one
or several, simple, terete, very tall and stout, 10—24in. high.
Radical leaves usually very numerous, densely crowded, spreading,
8_I1in. long, 4-3 in. ‘broad, broadly obovate-spathulate, rounded at
the tip or subacute, eradually narrowed into a broad flat petiole,
3-5-nerved, coriaceous, rather thick and fleshy when fresh. Cauline
leaves in 2-6 opposite pairs, sessile, broadly ovate or oblong,
3-d-nerved or in large specimens 7-nerved, acute or subacute,
often cordate at the base. Flowers very large, white, often #-1 in.
diam., in broad many-flowered umbels or cymes 2-4 in. across ;
pedicels long, slender ; bracts broad, usually whorled. Calyx from
one-half to nearly two-thirds the length of the corolla, cut three-
quarters way down; lobes lanceolate, acute. Corolla deeply
divided ; lobes broadly oblong or obovate, rounded at the tip.—
A. Fach. Fl. Now. Zel. 203; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 399 (but nor
of Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 178, nor of Handb. N.Z. Fl. 190).

Var. stolonifera.—Much more slender, 8-16in. high; stem with long
creeping stolons at the base. Radical leaves 1-3 in. long, oblong- or elliptical-
spathulate, rather thin ; petiole more slender, as long as the blade. Flowers
fewer, 3—} in. diam., white with purple streaks.

SoutrH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Frederic, Mount Rochfort, Mount Buck-
land, and other peaks on the coast ranges near Westport, abundant, W. Town-
son! Otago—Dusky Sound, Forster, Anderson, Lyall. 2000-4000 ft.
January—March.

At the time of the publication of the Flora and Handbook there was no
authentic specimen of G. montana at Kew, and Forster’s original diagnosis
is so short and scanty that the position of the species was quite conjectural.
Hooker applied the name to the slender annual plant with linear-subulate
calyx-lobes originally described by him in the ‘‘Icones Plantarum” as
G. Grisebachii, and for many years this determination was acquiesced in by New
Zealand botanists. But a set of Forster’s plants now exists at Kew, and another
in*the British Museum Herbarium. Mr. N. E. Brown, who has critically
examined for me the New Zealand Gentians preserved in both collections,
informs me that Forster’s types of G. montana represent an altogether different
plant to G. Grisebachii, but that they agree with specimens collected in Dusky
Sound by Anderson during Cook’s third voyage, and subsequently in the same
locality by Lyall. Iam indebted to Mr. Brown for tracings of Forster’s two
specimens, which appear to be the only ones extant in England, and also of three
of Lyall’s. Forster’s are far from good; but Lyall’s correspond so closely with
a plant collected on the coast ranges near Westport by Townson that I can
hardly doubt their being identical, although the Westport specimens are rather
larger and stouter. Both agree in the numerous crowded obovate-spathulate
radical leaves, and the short and broad cauline leaves, which are sessile and
cordate at the base, and the inflorescence is practically the same. And both
agree fairly well with the description given in A. Richard’s ‘‘ Flore de la

452 GENTIANE®. [Gentiana,

Nouvelle Zélande,’’ which is professedly taken from Forster’s manuscripts.
Probably the species will be found in suitable localities along the whole of the
western coast, from the Karamea River and Westport to Dusky Sound.

8. G. patula, Cheesem. n. sp.— Usually perennial; root stout
or slender. Stems one or several from the root, often decumbent
at the base, erect above, simple or branched, 5-20in. high.
Radical leaves usually numerous, 1-3 in. long, oblong - spathulate
or lanceolate-spathulate, rarely broader and ovate-spathulate, acute
or obtuse, coriaceous or slightly membranous. Cauline leaves in
1-5 opposite pairs, oblong or linear-oblong or lanceolate, sessile.
Flowers large, 3-1in. diain., white, in few- or many-flowered ter-
minal umbels or corymbose cymes. Calyx divided nearly three-
quarters way down; lobes linear-oblong, acute or obtuse. Corolla
deeply divided; lobes oblong or broadly oblong, rounded at the
tip. — G. saxosa var. b, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 191. G.
bellidifolia var. patula, Kirk wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
336.

NortH Isnanp: Tararua Range, Townson! Sourn Istanp: Abundant in
mountain districts throughout. 1000-4000 ft. January—March.

I have much hesitation in advancing this as a distinct species. What may
be regarded as the typical state has a stout fusiform root often shortly branched
at the top, each branch bearing a crown of oblong-spathulate radical leave and
a flowering stem 6-18in. high. Dwarf specimens are undistinguishable from
G. bellidifolia ; but usually the stems are much taller, giving the plant quite a
different appearance, and the flowers are much more numerous. Other states
approach G. montana, G. corymbifera, and G. Townsoni; and small copiously
branched forms appear to pass into G. divisa.

9. G. bellidifolia, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 635. —
Perennial; variable in size and habit, the typical form with a
stout fusiform root crowned with numerous short densely com-
pacted stems, the flowering ones few or many, 1-6in. high.
Radical leaves numerous, crowded, rosulate, $-14 in. long, spathu-
late or linear -spathulate, obtuse, narrowed into a short petiole,
coriaceous or fleshy, nerves usually indistinct. Cauline leaves few,
distant, linear-oblong to linear-obovate, obtuse, sessile, often re-
curved. Flowers large, white, 2-$in. diam. or even ore, ter-
minal, solitary or in 2-6-flowered cymes. Calyx one-half the
length of the corolla or shorter; lobes linear - oblong to elliptic-
ovate, subacute. Corolla divided three-quarters way down ; lobes
obovate - oblong, rounded at the tip. Ovary shortly stipitate. —
Kirk wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 336. G. saxosa var. a,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 191 (not of Forst.).

NortH anp SourH Isuanps: Not uncommon in mountain districts from

the Hast Cape, Taupo, and Mount Egmont to Foveaux Strait. 1500-5500 ft.
January—March.

A beautiful little plant. The plate in the ‘‘ Icones Plantarum’’ represents
a@ somewhat small state, with solitary flowers, but it is otherwise an excellent
representation of the species. It appears to pass gradually into both G. patwla
and G. divisa.

Gentiana. | GENTIANE. 453

10. G. divisa, Cheesem. n. sp.— Stems slender, erect, exces-
sively branched from the base, often forming hemispherical masses
2-6 in. diam. Radical leaves very numerous, rosulate, 1-3 in. long,
oblong- or obovate-spathulate, rounded at the tip, gradually nar-
rowed into broad flat petioles, usually rather thin and membranous,
3-5-nerved. Cauline leaves similar but smaller and on shorter
petioles or the uppermost sessile. Flowers very numerous, in
dense or lax corymbose cymes, sometimes almost concealing the
leaves, about #in. diam., white. Calyx rather more than one-half
the length of the corolla, divided three-quarters of the way down or
more; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute. Corolla deeply
divided ; lobes oblong, rounded at the tip.—G. bellidioides, var.
divisa and var. vacillata, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
337.

Var. magnifica.—Forming compact globose masses 3-9 in. diam., so densely
covered with flowers as to resemble large snow-balls. Radical leaves much
more coriaceous than in the type. Flowers large, 3-lin. diam. Calyx three-

quarters the length of the corolla. Corolla-lobes broadly oblong, rounded.—
G. bellidioides vay. magnifica, Kirk, l.c.

SoutH Is~LAND: In various localities in mountain districts from Nelson to
Otago, but not common. 500-3500 ft. Var. magnifica: Slopes of Mount
Captain, Nelson, alt. 4500 ft., Kirk !

This is so distinct in habit from all the forms of G. bellidifolia and
G. patula that I feel compelled to grant specific rank to it.

11. G. Spenceri, 7. Kirk wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
335.—Annual; stems few or many from the root, slender, erect,
4-10in. high. Radical leaves numerous, rosulate, 1-2 in. long,
broadly ovate- or obovate-spathulate, rounded at the tip, narrowed
into a broad petiole as long or longer than the blade, 3- or rarely
d-nerved ; cauline few, rather narrower and with shorter petioles.
Flowers 44 in. long, white or white streaked with purple veins, in
dense 5—12-flowered umbels, each stem usually with a terminal
umbel and 2 lateral ones springing trom a pair of leaves half-way
down; umbels surrounded by a whorl of 5-7 oblong-spathulate
leaves overtopping the flowers and forming a kind of involucre;
pedicels short. Calyx cut down almost to the base ; lobes linear,
acute. Corolla hardly longer than the calyx, divided about ?-way
down ; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—-Cobb Valley (near Mount Peel), #. G. Gibbs !
mountains near Westport Rev. H. H. Spencer! Townson! Mount Frederic,
Mount Buckland, Townson ! 1500-3500 ft. January—February.

I am indebted to Mr. Townson for excellent specimens of this, which ap-
pears to be a perfectly distinct species, at once recognised by the involucrate
umbels and small flowers, the corolla of which is hardly longer than the calyx.
sea is usually only one pair of cauline leaves besides those forming the
involucre.

454 GENTIANES, [Gentiana.

12. G. saxosa, Forst.in Act. Holm. (1777) 183, t. 5.—Perennial.
Stems stout, usually much branched, prostrate or decumbent
below, ascending or suberect at the tips, 3-6 in. long. Radical leaves
numerous, crowded, spreading, 3-1$in. long, spathulate or linear-
spathulate, obtuse, narrowed into slender petioles as long or
longer than the blade, fleshy, nerveless; cauline similar but
smaller and on shorter petioles, close together or distant.
Flowers terminal, solitary or in 2-—5-flowered cymes at the
tips of the branches, large, white, }-3in. long. Calyx smail,
broad, about as long as the corolla, divided nearly ?-way down ;
lobes linear or linear-ligulate, obtuse or subacute, recurved at the
tips. Corolla often nearly #in. diam., broadly campanulate or
subrotate, divided rather more than 4-way down; lobes oblong,
obtuse.—Prodr. n. 1382; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 202; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 398; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 178,
and Handb. N.Z. Fl. 190 (in part); Kirk im Trans. N.Z. Inst.
XXvil. (1895) 338. G. saxosa var. recurvata, Kirk im Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xvii. (1885) 224. G. Hookeri, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xii. (1881) 340, 7m part (not of Grisebach).

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Coast near Charleston, Townson! Westland—
Near Hokitika, Helms! Otago—Dusky Sound, on rocks washed by the sea,
Forster, Menzies; Bluff Hill, Capt. F. W. Hutton! Kirk ! Cockayne! Colac Bay
and Fortrose, B. C. Aston! Catlin’s River, Petrie ! islands in Foveaux Strait,
Kirk! Srewarr Istanp: The Neck, Petrie! various stations on the coast,
Kirk ! Sea-level to 800 ft. January—April.

Purely littoral, and confined to rocky shores or sand-hills exposed to salt
spray. Its distinguishing characters lie in the usually prostrate or decumbent
habit, rather fleshy long-petioled leaves, short and broad deeply divided calyx,
with the lobes recurved at the tips. Im the Handbook it is merged with
G. bellidifolia and other mountain species, with which it does not:seem to have
any very close affinity, its nearest ally, as Mr. Kirk has pointed out, being
undoubtedly G. cerina.

13. G. cerina, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 54, t. 36.—Perennial.
Stems usually numerous, much branched, stout, prostrate or decum-
bent at the base, ascending or suberect at the tips, leafy throughout
or naked below, 4-14in. long. Leaves 4-14in. long, obovate-
spathulate or oblong-spathulate, obtuse, narrowed into a broad
flat petiole, thick and coriaceous or fleshy, smooth and shining,
3-nerved ; cauline similar but smaller and with shorter petioles.
Flowers on slender pedicels or almost sessile, crowded towards the
ends of the branches, sometimes corymbose, }—2in. long, white or
white streaked with red and purple. Calyx about + shorter than
the corolla or almost equalling it, divided ?-way down; lobes
oblong or oblong-spathulate, obtuse, sometimes slightly recurved at
the tip. Corolla broadly rotate-campanulate ; lobes oblong, obtuse.
—Handb. N.Z. Fil. 191; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
338. G. Campbellii, Homb. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, 22, t. 31c.

Gentiana. | GENTIANE. 455

Var. suberecta, Kirk, l.c. 339.—Stems more slender, suberect, decumbent
at the base, 6-18in. high. Cauline leaves more remote. Flowers in rather lax
corymbs, usually on long pedicels. Calyx-lobes broadly oblong.

AUCKLAND Is~uANDS: Not uncommon from sea-level to nearly 1900 ft.,
Hooker! Kirk! Chapman !

A remarkably brilliant plant, well figured in the ‘“‘ Flora Antarctica.’

14. G. concinna, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 53, t. 35.—Usually
annual. Stems short, slender, much branched from the base,
erect or ascending, 1-4 in. high; branches crowded, leafy. Leaves
close-set, 4-lin. long, oblong-spathulate or linear-oblong, obtuse,
gradually narrowed into a broad flat petiole, spreading or recurved,
coriaceous; cauline similar but smaller. Flowers in the axils
of the upper leaves, often very numerous, sessile or shortly
peduncled, about 4+in. long, white streaked with red or purple or
altogether red. Calyx 4 shorter than the corolla, divided 3-way
down ; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla rotate-campanulate ;
lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 190. G. cerina
var. concinna, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 339.

AUCKLAND IsLANDS: Not uncommon, Hooker, Kirk! Chapman!

A charming little plant, very closely allied to G. cerina, from which it is
mainly separated by being annual, by the more erect mode of growth, and by the
smaller size of all its parts. According to Mr. Kirk, it is usually found growing
on the surface of the huge masses of ‘7ichocolea tomentella and other Hepatice
which often carpet the ground in sheltered places in the Auckland Islands.

15. G. antarctica, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1899)
339.—Annual; whole plant very minutely verrucose. Stems stout,
erect, simple or branched, densely leafy throughout, 3-10 in. high.
Radical leaves numerous, spreading all round, 1—2in. long; blade
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, 3-5-nerved, membranous when dry,
narrowed into a petiole of about equal length ; cauline leaves rather
smaller, with shorter petioles. Flowers small, about 4in. long,
crowded on short axillary leafy branchlets shorter than the sub-
tending leaves, each flower in the axil of a floral leaf exceeding it
in length ; pedicels short, slender. Calyx equalling the corolla or
nearly so, divided almost to the base; lobes linear or ligulate,
obtuse. Corolla divided about 2-way down; lobes linear-oblong,
obtuse or subacute. Ovary minutely verrucose.—G. concinna var.
robusta, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1. 53.

Var. imbricata, Kirk, l.c. 340.—Rigid, erect, 1-3 in. high. Leaves smaller,
closely imbricating, ovate or ovate-spathulate, not verrucose, coriaceous, margins
thickened. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves; corolla longer
than the calyx.

CAMPBELL ISLAND: Hooker, Kirk !

Apparently a very distinct species. Mr. Kirk remarks that it is easily
recognised by the pale greenish colour, the minutely verrucose surface of all its

456 GENTIANEZ. [Gentiana

parts, and the slender excessively branched inflorescence, the flowers being
almost hidden amongst the crowded leaves and bracts. It is sometimes reduced
to a broad rosette of leaves with a short spike-like cluster of densely crowded
flowers.

16. G. antipoda, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvu. (1895) 340.—
Perennial; whole plant very minutely verrucose. Stems numerous,
stout, decumbent below, erect above, 3-10 in. high. Leaves #-14in.
long, linear-spathulate or lingulate, obtuse, narrowed into a rather
long flat petiole; lower crowded, often spreading or recurved ;
upper more remote, smaller and with shorter petioles, ascending or
erect. Flowers small, ++in. long, white or white streaked with
red, usually numerous on slender erect axillary branchlets, each
flower in the axil of a linear bract, but sometimes the flowers are
solitary in the axils of the cauline leaves. Calyx slightly shorter
than the corolla, divided almost to the base ; lobes linear-lanceolate,
acute. Corolla very thin, divided about 2-way down; lobes linear-
oblong.

AntTriIpopEs Isnanp: Abundant, Kirk !

Perhaps too close to the preceding, from which it mainly differs in the
more numerous stems aud narrower lingulate leaves. Mr. Kirk distinguished
two forms, one with yellowish stems and white flowers, the other with reddish
stems and flowers streaked with red.

It should be remarked that both this species and G. antarctica occasionally
produce much smaller flowers which have smaller almost sessile anthers and
ovaries with fewer ovules. Probably these flowers are cleistogamic, but my
specimens are not sufficiently good to determine this.

3. LIPAROPHYLLUM, Hook. f.

A small creeping herb. Leaves linear, tufted, entire. Peduncles
solitary, terminal, 1-flowered. Flowers small, white. Calyx
deeply 5-partite; segments linear. Corolla subrotate, deeply
5-lobed; lobes with broad thin margins, induplicate-valvate.
Stamens 5; filaments short, broad; anthers oblong. Ovary
1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas; style very short ; stigma broadly
2-lamellate. Fruit globose, fleshy or succulent, indehiscent. Seeds
numerous ; testa crustaceous.

A monotypic genus, confined to New Zealand and Tasmania.

1. L. Gunnii, Hook. f. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847)
472.—Small, perfectly glabrous. Rhizome 3-9in. long, stout,
creeping, branched, emitting long thick rootlets. Leaves tufted,
4-lin. long, narrow-linear or linear-spathulate, obtuse, thick and
fleshy, with a broad membranous sheathing base, quite entire.
Peduncles stout, much shorter than the leaves. Flowers small,
iin. diam. Calyx almost equalling the corolla; segments linear,
fleshy, acute. Corolla divided 2-way down ; lobes ovate, 3-nerved,
margins undulate. Stamens inserted just below the sinus of the

Liparophyllum. | GENTIANE. 457

lobes. Ovary broadly ovoid or almost globose; ovules numerous.
Fruit globose, about +in. diam. Seeds orbicular, somewhat com-
pressed.— Fl. Tasm. i 973, t. 87; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 381;
Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) BO4.

Sourn IstAnp: Nelson—Mount Rochfort and other mountains near West-
port, Dr. Gaze! W. Townson! Otago—Longwood Range, Kirk! Srewarr
Isnanp: Muddy flats at Port Pegasus and Paterson’s Inlet, Petrie! G. M,
Thomson! Kirk ! Sea-level to 3500 ft.

A curious little plant, probably not uncommon in mountain bogs on the
west side of the South Island.

Orver LI. BORAGINACEA:.

Annual or perennial herbs or more rarely trees or shrubs,
usually rough with coarse hairs. Leaves alternate, seldom oppo-
site, simple, entire or toothed ; stipules wanting. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite, usually arranged in one-sided simple or forked
gyrate spikes or racemes (in reality scorpioid *cymes), rarely soli-
tary. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or -partite, persistent. Corolla gamo-
petalous, hypogynous; throat often closed with hairs or scales ;
lobes usually 5, seldom 4, imbricate. Stamens the same number as
the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the
tube or throat of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise.
Ovary superior, deeply 4-lobed and 4-celled in the majority of the
species and in all those found in New Zealand, sometimes entire or
2-lobed ; style from between the ovary-lobes or terminal; stigma
capitate or 2-lobed ; ovules solitary in each cell, ascending. Fruit
usually composed of 4 indehiscent nutlets or pyrenes, rarely dru-
paceous. Seed erect or oblique, testa membranous; albumen
copious or scanty or wanting; embryo straight or curved, radicle
superior.

A large and widely distributed order, found in all parts of the world, the
herbaceous genera most abundant in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in
south Hurope and the Levant; the shrubby and arborescent ones mainly tropi-
cal. Genera about 70; species estimated at 1200. The properties of the order
are unimportant. Some of the species are mucilaginous and emollient, and
have been used in medicine. The roots of others, such as Anchusa (alkanet),
yield a red dye. The heliotrope, forget-me-not, and many others are cultivated
for ornament. Of the three indigenous genera, Myosotis has a wide range in
temperate climates ; the remaining two are endemic.

* Calyx and corolla 5-lobed.

Leaves alternate. Racemes bractless. Nuts small,

smooth and polished, on a flat receptacle 54 . 1. Myosoris.
Leaves chiefly radical, large and broad. Nuts large, with

broad wings, attached to a central conical receptacle .. 2. Myosoripium.

** Calyx and corolla 4-lobed.

Small intricately branched herb, Leaves opposite .. 93. TETRACHONDRA.

458 BORAGINACEH. [Myosotis.

1. MYOSOTIS, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually more or less hispid. Leaves
alternate, entire, radical petioled, cauline sessile. Flowers small,
blue or white or yellow, in scorpioid simple or branched racemes
destitute of bracts, or in the axils of the upper leaves, rarely
solitary and terminal. Calyx 5-lobed or -partite; lobes narrow.
hardly altered in fruit. Corolla with a cylindrical tube partly
closed with 5 small scales in the throat; limb spreading, 5-lobed ;
lobes contorted in the bud. Stamens 34, affixed to the corolla-tube,
included or exserted; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary deeply
4-lobed ; style filiform. Nutlets 4, ovoid-oblong, smooth and shin-
ing, attached by a small basal area.

A well-known genus of nearly 50 species, plentiful in the temperate regions
of the Northern Hemisphere and in New Zealand, rare elsewhere. One of the
New Zealand species extends to Australia, the rest are endemic.

I have followed the ‘‘ Genera Plantarum’’ and Engler and Prantl’s Pflan-
zenfamilien in reducing Hxarrhena to a section of Myosotis. Its distinguishing
characters lie in the usually large campanulate corolla, the stamens inserted
high up the corolla-tube between the scales, so that the anthers are altogether
above the level of the scales and exserted beyond the tube, and in the filaments
being usually (but not invariably) longer than the anthers. But M. albo-sericea
and M. Goyeni have the corolla of Hxarrhena with the stamens of Myosotis, and
a variety of WM. capitata has the anthers exserted beyond the tube; while the
position of the stamens on the corolla-tube varies in both Myosotis and Hxar-
rhena.

The student must bear in mind that several species greatly resemble one
another in habit and foliage, although widely different in the flowers. This is
specially the case with M. Forsteri, a true Myosotis, and M. petiolata, an un-
doubted Exarrhena. M. capitata, M. explanata, M. concinna, and M. mac-
rantha are all very near to one another in size, habit, and foliage, and all have
unlike flowers.

Section I.(Eumyosotis). Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments shorter
than the anthers, which are included in the tube, their tips not exceeding
the corolla-scales.

* Flowers solitary, sessile, terminal. Leaves small, imbricate.

Small, densely tufted, 2-6in. diam. Leaves +in., linear-

oblong : 1. M. uniflora. .
Small, densely tufted, 2-4in, diam. Leaves hota in.,
obovate- spathulate .. : oe : 2. M. pulvinaris.

** Flowers solitary and axillary.

Small, densely tufted, 1-3in. diam. Leaves crowded.

Flowers few, large, 4in. long, corolla-tube twice as long

as the calyx - 38. M. Cheesemanit.
Prostrate or decumbent, leafy, 1-6 in. long. Leaves often

distichous. Flowers minute, zt in. long . 4, M. antarctica.
Prostrate or decumbent, leafy, 1-2in. long. Flowers

rather large, +-4in. long. Anthers very long narrow-

linear Be Bc ae ‘ie : .. 5. M. decora.

-

Myosotis. | BORAGINACES. 459

*** Blowers in terminal racemes without bracts, or the lower flowers alone

axillary.
Slender, erect, densely hispid, 6-16in. high. Racemes

elongated ; pedicels short, erect. Nutlets ovoid, black 6. M. australis.
Slender, weak, diffuse, 6- 18 in. long. Racemes elongated,

the lower flowers axillary ; pedicels Ar gst parse:

Nutlets broadly ovoid, pale es 7. M. Forstevi.
Stout, erect, 6-14 in. hich. Leaves coriaceous. “Racemes

short, stout, capitate. Flowers blue or white, 4-}in.

diam. Calyx small, tin. long ag ee .. 8 M. capitata.
Stout, erect, 6-12in. high. Leaves submembranous,

sparsely hispid. Racemes short, stout, capitate.

Flowers 2in. diam., large, white. Calyx 4in.long .. 9. M. explanata.
Short, stout, densely hispid, 2-6in. high. Leaves linear-

spathulate. Racemes short, capitate. Flowers }-{in.

long, lemon-yellow. Filaments very short, the es, of

the anthers just above the scales An 10. M. Traversi.
Size and habit of M. Traversti, but leaves rather 1 narrower.

Racemes capitate. Flowers }in., white. Filaments

as long as the anthers, which are wholly above the scales 11. M. angustata.
Slender, 3-6in. high, silvery-white with appressed silky

hairs. Racemes long, slender. Flowers bright-yellow,

kin. long. Corolla campanulate, with a short tube and

broad limb 12. M. albo-sericea.
Slender, 4-10 in. high, hispid with short white RES

Racemes long, slender. Flowers pale-yellow or white,

large, 3-2in. long. Corolla campanulate, tube shorter

than the limb oe né a3 oe .. 13. M. Goyen.

Section II. (Exarrhena). Stamens usually inserted between the corolla-scales ;
filaments longer than the anthers, which always reach beyond the corolla-
tube, and sometimes exceed the lobes.

Flaccid, prostrate or decumbent. Leaves on slender

petioles; blade orbicular or obovate, 4-lin. long.

Flowers small, solitary and axillary, AoE long.

Corolla-tube shorter than the limb .. 14. M. spathulata.
Slender, diffuse, 4-14in. high. Leaves on slender

petioles; blade rounded-oblong, 3-2in. Racemes long,

slender. Flowers }-4in. diam. Corolla-tube much

shorter than the limb ae 5h ty .. 15. M., petiolata.
Slender, 6-12in. high. Leaves membranous, sparsely

hispid. Racemes long, simple. Flowers 4-4in. long.

Corolla Garpapulate tube (pone shorter than the

limb Ae 30 .. 16. M. laeta.
Rather stout, 3-9 in. high. " Leaves 1-24in., linear-

obovate or obovate-spathulate, coriaceous, hispid on

both surfaces. Racemes many-flowered. Flowers large,

white, in. diam. .. 17. M. amabilis,
Small, stout, 2-3 in. high. Leaves 4-3 in., oblong- spathu-

late, hispid and hoary on both surfaces. Racemes few-

flowered. Flowers small .. . 18. M. saxosa.
Small, rather slender, 2-6 in. high. Leaves 2-25 in., lanceo-

late- to obovate- spathulate, hispid on both surfaces or

almost glabrous beneath. Racemes many-flowered.

Flowers yellow, 4-4 in. long o- .. 19. M. Monroi.
Stout, 2-6in. high. Leaves 1-14 in., “ oblong-spathulate,

sparingly hispid. Flowers }in. long. Corolla funnel-

shaped, tube longer than the limb .. s+ .. 20. M. Lyallu.

460 BORAGINACE. | Myosotis.

Erect, silky with appressed hairs, 6-14 in. high. Leaves

2-4in., lanceolate - spathulate. Flowers numerous,

crowded, bright-yellow, 4-3in. long. Corolla broadly

funnel-shaped, tube broad, shorter than the limb .. 21. M. concinna.
Hispid with spreading or appressed hairs, 6-14 in. high.

Leaves 2-6in., lanceolate-spathulate. Flowers large,

crowded, brownish-orange, %-lin. long. Corolla-tube

twice as long as the limb a 3c .. 22. M. macrantha.

1. M. uniflora, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 192.—A small much
and closely branched densely tufted perennial herb, forming
rounded patches 2-6 in. diam., everywhere clothed with appressed
rigid white hairs, giving the whole plant a greyish-white appear-
ance; root woody, tortuous; branches densely leafy. Leaves
closely imbricated, erect, + in. long, linear-oblong or linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse or subacute, dilated at the base, almost glabrous above.
Flowers solitary, terminal, almost sessile, about +in. long, yellow-
ish-white. Calyx-lobes linear-oblong, acute, clothed with straight
rigid hairs. Corolla-tube cylindrical, twice as long as the calyx,
throat with 5 emarginate scales; limb flat, spreading; lobes 4,
short, rounded. Stamens 5; filaments very short; anthers linear-
oblong, included, their tips just above the level of the corolla-scales.
Nuts ovoid, acute.

SoutH Isuanp: Canterbury—Sources of the Waimakariri, Hnys! T. F. C.;
Rangitata Valley, Armstrong! W. W. Smith! Wilberforce River, Haast!
Tasman Valley, 7’. F. C.; Hopkins River, Haast. 2500-4000 ft. Decem-
ber—February.

A very curious little plant. The M. uniflora of Buchanan (Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xiv. t. 33, f. 1) appears to me to be referable to the next species.

2. M. pulvinaris, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 193.—A small
much-branched densely tufted perennial herb, forming soft rounded
cushions 2—4 in. diam., more or less clothed with soft white hairs ;
branches short, densely compacted. Leaves most densely imbri-
cated all round the branches, erect, closely overlapping, $—+in.
long, broadly obovate or obovate-spathulate, rounded at the tip,
slightly narrowed to a broad sessile base, rather membranous, both
surfaces clothed with long soft hairs or the lower half glabrous.
Flowers white, solitary, terminal, almost sessile, about +in. long.
Calyx-lobes linear, acute, densely clothed with long straight hairs.
Corolla-tube about twice as long as the calyx, throat with 5 scales ;
lobes 5, short, rounded, spreading. Stamens included, the tips of
the anthers slightly above the level of the corolla-seales. Nuts
ovoid, acute.—Buch. m Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) t. xxxiii. f. 2.
M. Hectori, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 193; Buch. l.c. t. xxxii. f. 3.

SourH IsLanp: Canterbury—Locality not stated, J. F. Armstrong! Otago
—Mount Alta, Hector and Buchanan! Mount Pisa, Old Man Range, Hector
Mountains, Mount Cardrona, and other high peaks to the west and north-west,
Petrie! 4500-6500 ft. January—March.

Myosotis.| BORAGINACES. 461

Very variable in the shape and texture of the leaves and the extent to which
they are covered with hairs. M. Hectori only differs in the rather broader and
shorter leaves, and passes so insensibly into the type that it cannot be retained
even as a variety.

3. M. Cheesemanii, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886)
296.—A small perennial herb forming tufts 1-3in. diam., more or
less clothed in all its parts with long soft white hairs. Stems
several from the root, 1-14 in. long, spreading or ascending, densely
leafy. Lower leaves ++in. long, obovate -spathulate, usually
rounded at the tip, narrowed into a broad membranous almost
glabrous 3-nerved base, upper portion coriaceous, hispid on both
surfaces, margins ciliate with long hairs; cauline leaves smaller and
narrower, more acute. Flowers 1—4 towards the tips of the branches,
solitary, axillary, 4in. long, white, sweet-scented. Calyx clothed
with long straight hairs, 5-lobed to the middle; lobes lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, erect, acute. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, almost
twice as long as the calyx, throat with 5 lunate glands; lobes
spreading, short, broad, rounded. Stamens included; filaments
very short; the tips of the anthers equalling or slightly overtopping
the corolla-scales. Nutlets narrow-ovoid, dark-brown, polished,
acute.

Souts Isuanp: Otago—Mount Pisa and the Hector Mountains, on shingle
slopes, Petrie ! 4500-6000 ft.

A yery pretty and distinct little species. In some respects it is allied to
M. Traversiz, but it is much smaller and more densely tufted, and the flowers
are axillary, not racemose.

4. M. antarctica, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 57, t. 38.—Annual or
perennial, more or less clothed in all its parts with spreading or
appressed stiff white hairs. Stems numerous from the root, pro-
Strate or decumbent, ascending at the tips, 1-6in. long, usually
densely leafy. Radical leaves +-lin. long, narrow obovate-spathu-
late or oblong-spathulate, obtuse or apiculate, sessile or narrowed
into a petiole oi variable length, membranous or rather coriaceous ;
cauline smaller, sessile, often distichous. Flowers solitary and
axillary, sessile or nearly so, minute, 4-3 in. long, white or yellow
or blue. Calyx cut nearly half-way down, hispid with long straight
hairs; lobes linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla-
tube cylindric, variable in length, in some forms barely exceeding
the calyx, in others almost twice as long, throat with 5 scales ;
lobes very short, rounded. Stamens included; anther-tips usually
reaching to the level of the corolla-scales. Fruiting calyx enlarged,
open. Nutlets ovoid, acute, compressed, shining, black or nearly
so.— Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 201; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 193. M. pygmea,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 384. M. Traillii, Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 373.

462 BORAGINACE. [Myosotis.

NortH anD SourH Isnanps, Stewart IsLaAND, CAMPBELL IsLAND: Not
uncommon from the Auckland Isthmus southwards, usually in dry rocky
places. Sea-level to 4500 ft. November—February.

An extremely variable little plant. Specimens from dry alpine localities are
often densely tufted, almost pulvinate, and are usually clothed with long villous
hairs. On the other hand, I have specimens from shaded places near the
Waimakariri Glacier with slender prostrate sparingly leafy stems 6 in. long, with
radical leaves 2in. long. Mr. Kirk’s subspecies Tvaillii does not seem to me to
differ in any essential particular.

5. M. decora, T. Kirk, MSS.— Perennial; hoary in all its parts
with appressed rigid white hairs. Stems 1-2 in. long, prostrate or
decumbent, suberect at the tips, leafy throughout. Radical leaves
numerous, spreading, 4-11 1n. long, linear-oblong or linear-spathu-
late, acute, narrowed into a short broad petiole, coriaceous, both
surfaces clothed with appressed stiff hairs; cauline much smaller,
the’ upper ones sessile. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper
leaves, white, +-4in. long, pedicels short. Calyx densely hispid
with stiff white hairs, 4-lobed to the middle; lobes linear, acute.
Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, throat with 5 scales; limb
broad, with 5 rounded lobes. Stamens with very short filaments ;
anthers very long, linear, their tips projecting considerably above
the level of the corolla-scales. Style long, slender. Nutlets oblong,
smooth and polished, black.—Exarrhena Colensoi, Kirk m Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 351 (an part).

SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Limestone rocks in the Broken River basin,
Enys! Kirk! Cockayne! T. F.C. 2000-3500 ft. December—January.

A curious little plant, remarkable for the large linear anthers, the tips of
which stand up considerably above the corolla-scales.

6. M. australis, h. Br. Prodr. 495.—An erect densely hispid
perennial herb 6-16in. high; stems usually branched from the
base, slender or rather stout, sparingly leafy. Radical leaves
32in. long, oblong-spathulate or linear-spathulate, obtuse, nar-
rowed into long petioles, rather coriaceous, hispid on both surfaces ;
cauline distant, smaller and shorter, sessile, linear-oblong or linear-
spathulate. Racemes elongated, many - flowered, hispid with
spreading straight or hooked hairs. Flowers yellow or white,
1tin. long; pedicels very short. Calyx densely hispid with
spreading hooked hairs, divided #-way down or more ; lobes linear-
lanceolate, acute. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, exceeding the calyx;
throat with 5 scales; lobes short, rounded. Stamens included ;
anther-tips about level with the corolla-scales. Style shorter than
the calyx or very slightly exceeding it. Nutlets narrow-ovoid,
polished and shining, black when fully ripe.— Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 201; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 193; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 405.

Var. conspicua.—F lowers larger, 4-4in. long, }in. diam., campanulate.
Style considerably longer than the calyx.

Myosotis. | BORAGINACEZ. 463

NortH Istanp: Hawke’s Bay—Kaweka Mountain, H. Tryon. Soutu
Istanp: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 4000 ft. December—Feb-
ruary.

Closely allied to M. Forsteri, but easily distinguished by the more erect
habit, more hispid stems and leaves and calyces, shorter and more erect pedicels,
usually yellow flowers, and narrower black nutlets. It is a common Australian
plant. .

7. M. Forsteri, Lehm. Asperif. 95.—Usually perennial. Stems
branched from the root, decumbent or almost prostrate below,
ascending or suberect above, slender, flaccid, leafy, 6-18 in. long,
more or less hispid or pilose with soft white hairs. Lower leaves
on long slender petioles 4-2in. long; blade $-14in., oblong or
orbicular-oblong, obtuse or apiculate, rather membranous, both
surfaces hispidulous. Racemes elongated, very many-flowered ; the
‘lower flowers often axillary; fruiting pedicels equalling the calyx
or longer than it, spreading. Flowers about +in. long, white or
white with a yellow eye. Calyx campanulate, hispid with spread-
ing hooked hairs, 5-lobed to the middle; lobes linear-oblong, acute.
Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, slightly exceeding the calyx, throat
with 5 scales; lobes short, rounded. Anthers included, their tips
equalling the corolla-scales. Nutlets broadly ovoid or almost
orbicular, pale-brown, shining. —D.C. Prodr. x. 110; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 398; Raoul, Choiz, 48; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 200;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 194. M. spathulata, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 198
(non Forst.). M. Hamiltoni, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888)
201. M. polyantha and M. tenuifolia, Col. l.c. xxxi. (1899) 275,
276. (2?) M. venosa, Col. l.c. xxviii. (1896) 606.

NortH AND SoutH Istanps : Not uncommon from the Bay of Islands to the
south-west of Otago. Sea-level to 3500 ft. October—February.

8. M. capitata, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 56, t. 37.—Perennial ;
clothed in all its parts with soft spreading scarcely hispid hairs ;
rootstock long; stems one or several from the root, stout, ascend-
ing, simple, leafy. Radical leaves numerous, spreading, 14—4in.
long, linear-obovate or linear-oblong or spathulate, obtuse, narrowed
into a short broad petiole, clothed with soft spreading or appressed
hairs above, much less hairy beneath; cauline smaller, the upper
ones sessile. Racemes short, stout, simple or branched, usually
forming a dense many-flowered head. Flowers }in. long, 4—+in.
diam., shortly pediceiled, blue. Calyx hispid with appressed
straight hairs, 5-lobed 3-way down; lobes linear, obtuse. Corolla-
tube 4 longer than the calyx, cylindrical, throat with 5 scales ;
limb flat, spreading, with 5 rounded lobes. Stamens included ; fila-
ments very short; anther-tips just above the level of the scales.
Style long, slender. Nutlets ovoid, smooth and shining, black.—
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 200; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 194.

464 BORAGINACE. [Myosotis.

Var. albiflora, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 340.—Stouter and
coarser than the type, 6-18 in. high, more copiously hairy. Radical leaves 3-6in.
long, on rather longer petioles, thicker, often somewhat fleshy ; cauline narrower.
Flowers white. Stamens on filaments almost as long as the anthers; anthers
altogether above the level of the corolla-scales.—M. capitata swb. sp. albida,
Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 224.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—(var. albiflora) Clifis on the east and south coasts,
rare, Lindsay, Buchanan! Petrie! Srewart IsLAND AND THE SNARES: (var.
albiflora) Plentiful on the coast, Rev. Mr. Stack, Petrie! Kirk! AucKLAND
AND CAMPBELL Is~ANDS: The typical form not uncommon, Sir J. D. Hooker,
Kirk ! December—February.

I have seen no specimens of the typical form save from the Auckland and
Campbell Islands, but a blue-flowered state is said to occur on cliffs near
Dunedin which may be referable to it. The variety albiflora approaches
Hearrhena in the stamens, but the filaments do not exceed the anthers.

9. M. explanata, Cheesem. n. sp.—Perennial; clothed in ail its.
parts with short hardly rigid spreading white hairs; rootstock long,
stout ; stems usually numerous, simple, decumbent below, ascend-
ing or suberect above, leafy, 6-12in. high. Radical leaves nu-
merous, 2—4in. long, linear-obovate or oblong-spathulate or linear-
spathulate, obtuse or rarely subacute, narrowed into rather long
broad petioles, membranous, uniformly but rather sparsely clothed
on both surfaces with short soft white hairs; cauline smaller,
sessile, linear-oblong or lanceolate. Racemes short, simple or
branched, many-flowered, in the early flowering stage forming
dense heads. Flowers large, $in. long, 4-2in. diam., pure white,
very shortly pedicelled. Calyx rather more than +in. long, hispid
with straight or curved hairs; lobes linear, obtuse. Corolla-tube
slightly longer than the calyx, slender, cylindrical, throat with
5 scales; limb broad, flat, spreading, with 45 rounded lobes.
Stamens included; filaments very short; anther-tips level with
the corolla-scales. Style long, slender. Nutlets narrow-oblong,
obtuse, shining, black.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury — Mountains above Arthur’s Pass, 7. F. C.,
Cockayne! Walker’s Pass, Cockayne. 3000-4500 ft. January.

A very handsome plant. It differs from the typical state of M. capitata in
the large pure white flowers (which are quite twice the size of those of
M. capitata), in the large calyx, and in the more membranous less hairy leaves.
M. capitata var. albiflora recedes in its larger size and coarser habit, and parti-
cularly in the anthers, which are altogether above the level of the corolla-scales,
whereas they are always below in M. explanata.

10. M. Traversii, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 194.—Perennial,
much branched from the base, 2-6in. high; everywhere densely
hispid with erect or spreading straight or hooked stiff white hairs ;
rootstock long, stout; stems erect or ascending, stout, leafy.
Radical leaves 1-1}in. long, 4-}in. broad, linear-spathulate, ob-
tuse, narrowed into short petioles, coriaceous, both surfaces rough
and hispid; cauline numerous, linear - oblong, sessile, erect.

Myosotis. | BORAGINACE. 465

Racemes many-flowered, short, simple or branched, capitate, very
densely hispid. Flowers 4-4in. long, sessile or nearly so, lemon-
yellow, sweet-scented. Calyx densely hispid with straight or
hooked hairs, deeply d-lobed; lobes linear, acute. Corolla-tube
1 longer than the calyx, narrow funnel-shaped, throat with 5 scales;
lobes short, rounded. Stamens included; filaments very short;
anthers with their tips just above the level of the scales. Style
slender, almost equalling the corolla. Nutlets narrow-ovoid, ob-
tuse, polished and shining, brownish-black.

SourH Isuanp: Bare shingle slopes on the higher mountains, not un-
common in Nelson, Canterbury, and Westland, less abundant in Otago. 2500-
6000 ft. December—February.

A well-marked plant, whose nearest ally is the following species.

11. M. angustata, Cheesem. n. sp.—Size, habit, and general
appearance of M. T’raversw, and like it everywhere densely hispid
with straight or hooked stiff white hairs. Leaves usually narrower,
4-14 in. long, $-4in. broad, narrow linear-spathulate, obtuse or
subacute, gradually narrowed towards the base. Racemes many-
flowered, short, simple or branched, when young forming a
capitate head to the branches, very densely hispid. Flowers about
4 in. long, sessile or nearly so, white. Calyx densely hispid with
straight or hooked hairs, divided about two-thirds way down; lobes
linear, erect, acute. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, cylindri-
cal, throat with 5 scales; lobes short, rounded. Stamens with
filaments as long as the anthers, so placed that the anthers are
wholly above the level of the scales, their tips reaching half-way up
the corolla-lobes. Style slender, exceeding the corolla. Ripe fruit
not seen.

SoutH IstaAnp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau and Raglan Mountains,
Hdd (Oi 3500-4500 ft. January.

I advance this as a distinct species with much hesitation, for at first sight
there is little to separate it from M. Traversti except the slightly narrower
leaves and white flowers. But the position of the anthers is altogether
different, for in M. Traversii the filaments are excessively short, and the tips
of the anthers are only just above the level of the scales, whereas in the present
plant the filaments equal the anthers, which are altogether above the level
of the scales. Technically, it should be placed in the section Hxarrhena, but I
am unwilling to remove it from the vicinity of M. Traversii.

12. M. albo-sericea, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 738.— Peren-
nial ; everywhere silvery white with closely appressed silky hairs ;
rootstock stout, woody, clothed with the remains of the old leaves ;
flowering stems one or several, rather slender, 3-6 in. high. Radi-
cal leaves very numerous, densely tufted, $-lin. long, tin.
wide, narrow linear-spathulate, acute, gradually narrowed into a
petiole longer than the blade, coriaceous, uniformly silky on both
surfaces; cauline few, distant, }-$ in. long, linear-oblong or lanceo-

466 BORAGINACES. [Myosotis.

late. Racemes slender, many - flowered, naked. Flowers rather
large, 4in. long or more, bright sulphur- yellow; pedicels very
short. Calyx small, about + the length of the corolla, clothed with
appressed silky hairs; lobes linear, acute. Corolla broadly funnel-
shaped or almost campanulate, tube short, broad above, with 5
scales in the throat; limb large, with rounded lobes. Stamens
included, the tips of the anthers reaching the corolla-scales. Style
long, almost equalling the corolla. Nutlets ovoid, pale greyish-
brown.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Hills near Cromwell, Clutha River, Hector and
Buchanan! Petrie! 800-1500 ft.

A curious and distinct species, only known from one locality, where it is
fast becoming exceedingly rare.

13. M. Goyeni, Petrie wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 400.—
Perennial; everywhere clothed with short rigid appressed white
hairs, giving the whole plant a greyish appearance. Rootstock
stout, woody; flowering stems one or several, decumbent at the
base, ascending or erect at the tips, slender, branched, 4—10in.
long. Radical leaves numerous, tufted, 14-3 in. long, ++ in. broad,
linear-spathulate, acute, gradually narrowed into a slender petiole
much longer than the blade, coriaceous, uniformly hispid on both
surfaces ; cauline smaller and on shorter petioles, the upper sessile.
Racemes slender, naked, many - flowered. Flowers large, 4—$ in.
long, pale-yellow or white with a yellow centre, almost sessile or
on very short pedicels. Calyx small, 4 as long as the corolla,
deeply 5-lobed; lobes linear-subulate, acute. Corolla broadly
funnel - shaped; tube short, broad above, with 5 scales at the
throat; limb large, with short rounded lobes. Stamens included,
the tips of the anthers reaching the corolla-scales. Style slender,
3 the length of the corolla. Nutlets ovoid, brownish.

Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Mount Percival, Hanmer, 7. #7. C. Otago—
Arrowtown, Cardrona Valley, Lake Hawea, Petrie! 1000-4000 ft. No-
vember—January.

Very near to M. albo-sericea, but a much larger plant, with longer branched
stems, greyish (not silvery-white) pubescence, and larger flowers, which are often
quite white.

14. M. spathulata, Forst. Prodr. n. 62.—Pilose or hispid in all
its parts. Stems usually many from the root, branched, prostrate,
ascending at the tips, slender, flaccid, sparingly leafy, 3-16in.
long. Leaves on long or short petioles; blade 4-lin. long,
orbicular or broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse or apiculate, mem-
branous, hispidulous on both surfaces; cauline smaller and on
shorter petioles. Flowers small, $in. long, white with a yellow
eye, solitary, axillary or springing from the branches below the
leaves. Calyx hispid with long straight hairs, cut ?-way down;

Myosotis.| BORAGINACES. | 467

lobes linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube short,
hardly exceeding the calyx, throat naked or furnished with 5 scales,
limb equalling the tube or slightly longer than it. Stamens in-
serted on the corolla-tube; filaments longer than the anthers,
sometimes elongated; anthers altogether above the level of the
scales and frequently reaching #-way up the corolla-lobes. Nutlets
ovoid, pale-brown, smooth and shining, much compressed, mar-
gins thin.—D.C. Prodr. x. 112; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 201;
Handb. N.Z. Fi. 193. Anchusa spathulata, &. Br. ex Rem. and
Schult. Syst. iv. 100; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 392; Raoul, Chow, 43.

Norte anp Sour Isxtanps: Moist lowland stations from the Three Kings
Islands southwards, not common. CHATHAM IsLANDS: Cox and Cockayne !
November—January.

A very variable plant. Small states sometimes have the throat of the
corolla either without scales or with very obscure ones. This character was
used by De Candolle to constitute his subgenus Gymnomyosotis, but there is a
gradual transition from flowers without scales to others in which they are as
well developed as in other species of the genus, and looking at the fact that the
filaments are at least longer than the anthers it seems best to place the species
in the subgenus Hxarrhena, and in the neighbourhood of M. petiolata.

Some specimens collected by Petrie at Inch-Clutha (Otago) and by Kirk at
Winton (Southland) have precisely the habit of M. spathulata, and the calyx and
fruit are the same. But the flowers are rather smaller, the throat of the corolla
is furnished with evident scales, and the filaments are shorter than the anthers,
so that the latter are entirely included in the corolla-tube, their tips not reach-

ing the level of the scales. This form will probably prove to be a distinct
species.

15. M. petiolata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 202.—Perennial ;
sparsely clothed with short white scabrid hairs ; rootstock long,
stout or slender; stems usually numerous, decumbent or prostrate
at the base, then ascending, slender, sparingly leafy, 4-14 in. long.
Radical and lower cauline leaves on long slender petioles 4-3 in.
long; blade 2-2in., broadly elliptic-oblong or elliptic-obovate,
apiculate or rounded or retuse at the tip, thin and membranous, both
surfaces slightly scabrid; upper cauline sessile, broadly obovate-
spathulate. Racemes long, slender, many-flowered, simple or
forked. Flowers 4-+in. diam., white or white with a yellow eye;
pedicels rather long, slender, spreading. Calyx clothed with
straight appressed hairs, d-lobed almost to the base; lobes linear,
acute. Corolla broad, campanulate; tube very short, with 5 scales
at the throat; limb several times longer than the tube, deeply
d-lobed ; lobes oblong, spreading. Stamens with long and slender
filaments; anthers far exserted beyond the tube, almost reaching
the top of the corolla-lobes. Nutlets broadly ovoid, polished and
shining, dark red-brown or black.—-Exarrhena petiolata, Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 195.

Norrx Istanp: Cliffs north of the Manukau Harbour, 7. F. C.; East
Cape, Bishop Williams ! Hawke’s Bay and Cape Turnagain, Colenso! Patangata,

468 BORAGINACER. | Myosotis.

Tryon; near Mount Egmont, Buchanan ; Ruahine Mountains, H. Hill. Souru
Istanp: Nelson— Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. F. C. Sea-level to 3000 ft.
November—January.

In habit and foliage this closely resembles large states of M. Forsteri, but
the flowers are altogether unlike.

16. M. laeta, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 236.
—Perennial ; sparingly clothed with short white hispid hairs.
Flowering stems one or few from the root, slender, erect, sparingly
leafy, 6-12in. high. Radical leaves 1-3in. long, rarely more,
oblong-spathulate or narrow obovate-spathulate, obtuse or
acute, gradually narrowed into rather long petioles, mem-
branous, both surfaces sparingly hispid; cauline few, linear-
oblong or lanceolate, sessile, acute. Racemes elongate, simple,
many-flowered ; pedicels slender. Flowers 4-4in. long, yellow
or white with a vellow eye. Calyx hispid with straight or
hooked white hairs, 5-partite #-wav down ; lobes lmear, acute.
Corolla campanulate ; tube short, throat with 5 scales; limb large,
with 5 short rounded lobes. Stamens with long slender filaments ;
anthers reaching almost to the top of the corolla-lobes. Style
exserted. Nutlets ovoid, pale-brown.

Nortu Istanp: Hawke’s Bay, H. Tryon! Sourn Isnanp : Nelson—
Mountains flanking the Wairau Valley, 7. F.C. Marlborough—Kaikoura
Mountains, Buchanan ! Canterbury—Ashburton Mountains, Potts ! 1500-
4000 ft. December—February.

In the shape of the corolla this much resembles M. Goyeni; but the
anthers are on long slender filaments, and are exserted far beyond the corolla-
tube, almost reaching the top of the lobes.

17. M. amabilis, Cheesem. 1. sp.— Perennial; everywhere
densely clothed with soft white hairs; rootstock stout; flowering
stems usually several, rather stout, decumbent at the base, erect
above, leafy, 83-9in. high. Radical leaves numerous, 1-24 in. long,
linear-obovate or obovate-spathulate, obtuse, narrowed into rather
long broad petioles, coriaceous, equally hoary on both surfaces with
short soft white hairs; cauline smaller, sessile, oblong-lanceolate or
linear-oblong, acute. Racemes pedunculate, simple or forked, at
first short and capitate, but lengthening as the flowering advances,
many-flowered. Flowers large, white, }~in. long, $in. diam.,
very shortly pedicelled. Calyx 4in. long, densely hispid with soft
white hairs, lobed about two-thirds way down; lobes lanceolate,
acute. Corolla large, campanulate or broadly funnel-shaped; tube
exceeding the calyx, with 5 rather narrow scales at the mouth;
limb large, with 5 rounded veined lobes. Stamens attached above
the level of the scales; filaments nearly twice the length of the
anthers, which reach more than half-way up the corolla-lobes.
Ripe fruit not seen.

Myosotas. | BORAGINACES. 469

Norru Isuanp: Auckland—Summit of Mount Hikurangi, Hast Cape dis-
trict, altitude 5000 ft., Petrie and Adams ! January.

Evidently a very handsome plant. In habit and foliage it much resembles
my M. explanata, but is smaller and stouter, with more copious hairs, and the
flowers are altogether different in structure. Mr. Brown, who has compared
specimens with the types at Kew, remarks that ‘‘it differs from the type of
M. saxosa in its larger habit, larger leaves (which are nearly 2 diameters larger
than those of M. saxosa and have a different undersurface), and the calyx is also
narrower and less erect. It is more like M. Lyallii, but the flowers are more
numerous and denser, and the leaves are hairy all over beneath, whilst in
M. Lyallii it is only on the midrib that they are hairy beneath.’’

18. M. saxosa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 202.— Perennial,
small, stout, leafy, very densely hispid with rather long soft white
hairs. Flowering stems decumbent at the base, ascending above,
2-3in. high. Leaves 4—-3in. long, linear-spathulate, subacute or
apiculate, on broad petioles. Racemes pedunculate, few-flowered ;
flowers crowded, shortly pedicellate. Calyx nearly tin. long,
deeply 5-partite; lobes linear. Corolla funnel-shaped ; throat with
®) scales. Anthers slightly exserted.—Exarrhena saxosa, Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fi. 196, so far as the North Island specimens are
concerned. H. Colensoi, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
301 (an part).

Nortn Isuanp: Hawke’s Bay—Crags at Titiokura, Colenso.

Apparently this has not been gathered since its discovery by Colenso, more
than sixty years ago, for the Nelson plant united with it in the Handbook has
proved to be distinct. Not having seen specimens, I am unable to do more
than to reproduce in its chief features Hooker’s original description given in the
Flora. Mr. N. E. Brown remarks ‘‘ that the only species resembling it at Kew
are M. Cheesemanii, Petrie, and M. Traversii, Hook. f., from both of which it is
quite distinct.’’

19. M. Monroi, Cheesem. n. sp.—Perennial; more or less hispid
with short stiff white hairs. Flowering stems several from the
root, slender, decumbent below, erect or ascending above, 2-6 in.
high. Radical leaves numerous, 3—2in. long, narrow obovate-
spathulate or lanceolate-spathulate, obtuse or subacute, narrowed
into a rather long slender petiole, hispid with short stiff white hairs
on the upper surface, more sparingly so beneath and sometimes
glabrous except the midrib; cauline smaller and narrower, lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile. Racemes pedunculate,
simple or forked, many-flowered. Flowers yellow, +-+in. long,
shortly pedicelled. Calyx hispid with stiff white hairs, deeply
lobed; lobes erect, linear, acute. Corolla funnel-shaped; tube
cylindric, rather longer than the calyx, throat with 5 scales; limb
spreading, shortly lobed; lobes broad, rounded. Stamens inserted
between the corolla-scales; filaments twice the length of the
anthers, which usually overtop the corolla-lobes. Ripe fruit not
seen.—M. saxosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 196 (in part).

470 BORAGINACE. [Myosotis.

SoutH Isztanp: Nelson—Dun Mountain, Monro, Travers! Buchanan!
Kingsley! T. F. C.; Red Hills (Wairau Valley), 7. F. C. 3000-4500 ft.
December—February.

In the Handbook this was confused with M. saxosa. I have long been
convinced of its distinctness; and Mr. N. E. Brown, who has kindly compared
my specimens with the type of M. saxosa, informs me that the two are in
reality very different.

20. M. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 202.—‘‘ A rather short
and stout tufted perennial, slightly hispid with appressed hairs.
Stems several from the root, erect or ascending, rather stout,
2-6in. high. Leaves: radical oblong-spathulate or obovate-ianceo-
late, subacute, 1-14 in. long, narrowed into rather slender petioles ;
cauline narrow linear-oblong or oblong-spathulate, all slightly
hispidulous on both surfaces with appressed hairs. Racemes short,
simple or forked. Flowers very shortly pedicelled. Calyx tin.
long, hispid with appressed or patent, simple and hooked bristles.
Corolla ++in. long; tube cylindric, longer than the calyx; lobes
short, rounded. Stamens with long slender filaments; anthers
linear. Nuts broadly ovate or orbicular, very black and shining.”’
—Exarrhena Lyallii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 196. ?? Myosotis
(Exarrhena) oreophila, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii (1896)
039,

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Milford Sound, Lyall. ‘‘ Habit of a small speci-
men of M. capitata, but the flower is very different. I have but two specimens.”’

I am unacquainted with this, which apparently has not been gathered since
its original discovery by Dr. Lyall, and in the absence of any additional in-
formation I have reproduced Sir J. D. Hooker’s description.

21. M. concinna, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 235.
—Perennial; everywhere clothed with fine closely appressed soft
silky hairs; rootstock rather long, stout. Flowering stems
numerous, rather slender, ascending or erect, leafy, 6-14 in. high.
Radical leaves numerous, 2—4 in. long, linear- or lanceolate-spathu-
late to narrow oblong-spathulate, acute or obtuse, gradually nar-
rowed into long rather slender petioles, both surfaces uniformly
clothed with soft silky appressed hairs, midrib usually distinct;
cauline oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sessile, acute. Racemes
many-flowered, simple or forked, at first short and almost capitate,
but elongating as the flowering advances. Flowers large, crowded,
12 in. long, bright pale-yellow or more rarely white with a yellow
eye, Sweet-scented, pedicellate. Calyx covered with appressed
silky hairs, 5-partite; lobes linear - lanceolate, obtuse. Corolla
broadly funnel-shaped; tube short, hardly exceeding the calyx,
throat with 5 scales; lmb large, rather longer than the tube,
deeply lobed; lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute. Stamens with
very slender elongated filaments; anthers exserted beyond the
corolla-lobes. Nutlets ovoid, red-brown, but not seen quite ripe.

Myosotis. | BORAGINACES. 471

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Limestone rocks on Mount Owen; Mount Arthur,
PHC. 3500-4500 ft. January.

Habit of M. macrantha, but at once distinguished by the more silky indu-
mentum, colour of the flowers, and particularly by the shape of the corolla,
which has a short tube and large deeply divided limb, whereas in M. macrantha
the tube is very long and the divisions of the limb comparatively shallow. The
filaments are also much longer than in M. macrantha.

22. M. macrantha, Hook. f. ¢ Benth. Gen. Plant. ii. 859.—
Perennial; more or less densely clothed with soft spreading or
appressed hairs; rootstock stout ; flowering stems numerous, ascend-
ing, rather stout, leafy, 6-14in. high. Radical leaves 2-6 in. long,
lanceolate-spathulate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute,
narrowed into rather long broad petioles, both surfaces clothed with
rather soft appressed hairs; cauline linear-oblong, sessile or the
lower alone shortly petioled. Racemes many-flowered, simple or
branched, short in the flowering stage but elongating in fruit, densely
softly hispid. Flowers large, crowded, 32—lin. long, brownish-
orange. deliciously sweet-scented; pedicels very short. Calyx
hispid with straight or hooked hairs, 5-lobed 3-way down; lobes
linear, obtuse or subacute. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube long and
slender, twice the length of the calvx, throat with 5 scales; limb
with 5 oblong obtuse lobes. Stamens with filaments as long as or
rather longer than the anthers; anthers wholly above the level of
the scales. Style slender, longer than the corolla. Nutlets linear-
oblong, shining, black.—Hxarrhena macrantha, Hook. f. Handb.
NZ PY. 195.

Var. pulchra.—Similar in size and habit, but more diffuse and less hispid.
Leaves thinner and more membranous, sometimes almost glabrous beneath.
Corolla 3-3in. long; tube much broader, almost campanulate, scales wanting
in all the flowers examined. Filaments shorter than the anthers; anthers just
reaching the sinus between the corolla-lobes.

SourH Istanp: Subalpine localities from Nelson to the south-west of Otago;
not uncommon, especially in the central and western portions of the Southern
Alps. 2000-5000 ft. December-February.

A remarkably handsome plant. The filaments are never much longer than
the anthers, and in var. pulchra are nearly as short as in the typical species

of Myosotis, but as they are inserted high up the tube the anthers reach well up
the corolla-limb.

2. MYOSOTIDIUM, Hook.

A stout succulent herb, 1-3ft. high. Radical leaves large,
broadly ovate-cordate or almost reniform ; cauline sessile. Flowers
blue, in dense corymbose cymes. Calyx deeply 5-partite. Corolla-
tube short, throat with 5 protuberances; limb subrotate; lobes 5,
spreading, obtuse, imbricate. Stamens 5, affixed to the tube of the
corolla; filaments very short; anthers included. Ovary 4-lobed ;

472 BORAGINACEZ. [Myosotidiwm.

style very short, thick; stigma capitate. Fruit large, thick and
spongy, pyramidal, 4-angled, composed of 4 coriaceous winged
nutlets adhering to a central column.

A very remarkable monotypic genus confined to the Clatham Islands.

1. M. nobile, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5137.—Perennial, stout,
pilose ; rootstock long, thick, cylindrical. Radical leaves crowded,
6-12in. long, broadly ovate-cordate or reniform, petioled, very
thick and fleshy, bright-green and glabrous, strongly nerved;
cauline few, broadly ovate or oblong, sessile. Cymes dense, sub-
globose, 8-6 in. diam., many-flowered. Flowers 4in. diam., dark-
blue in the centre, fading towards the outside, scentless ; pedicels
11in. long. Calyx-lobes broadly oblong, obtuse, more or less
hispid with short appressed hairs. Corolla rotate; tube short ;
limb spreading, lobes rounded. Fruit 4—#in. diam.—Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. #i. 196; F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 32; Buch. mn
Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. (1875) t. 12.

CuatTHAm IsLANDS: Sandy soil near the sea, Travers! Enys! Chatham
Tslands Lily.

A noble plant, once very abundant on the coast-line of the Chatham Islands,

* but now fast becoming rare in a wild state.

3. TETRACHONDRA, Petrie.

A small creeping densely matted perennial herb, glabrous or
nearly so. Leaves small, all opposite, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, quite
entire; petioles broad, connate at the base. Flowers terminating
short axillary branchlets, minute, solitary, tetramerous. Calyx
persistent, deeply 4-fid; segments ovate, obtuse. Corolla slightly
longer than the calyx, subrotate; tube very short, naked ; limb with
4 ovate lobes imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted at the base
of the sinus between the corolla-lobes ; filaments as long or rather
longer than the anthers; anthers 2-celled, small, rounded, dorsi-
fixed. Ovary 4-partite to the base; style erect from between the
lobes, twice as long as the ovary; stigmasmall. Nutlets 4, attached
by a small base, rounded at the back and top, setulose, longer than
the persistent calyx and style. Seed erect, alouminous; embryo
cylindrical, almost as long as the albumen; cotyledons equalling
the radicle.

1. T. Hamiltonii, Petrie in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 2250.—Forming
densely matted patches several inches in diameter. Leaves 4-7,
in. long, rather fleshy, obscurely dotted. Flowers minute, jin.
diam.—Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 269. Tillza Hamiltonii,
Kirk ex W. S. Hamilton in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 292.

Soutn Isntanp: Otago—Lowlands in the south and east. Between the Lee
Stream and Taieri; Hindon; Waipahi; Invercargill, Petrie! Makarewa River,
W. S. Hamulton ! Sea-level to 1800 ft.

Tetrachondra. | BORAGINACEZ. 473

‘

A remarkable little plant, the systematic position of which is very doubtful.
It was originally placed in Tillea by Kirk, and no doubt there is considerable
outward similarity with that genus, although it differs fundamentally in the
gamopetalous corolla, the 4-lobed ovary, and the simple imbedded style. Prof.
Oliver, no doubt influenced by the 4-lobed ovary, transferred it to the Bora-
ginacee, although he points out (‘‘Icones Plantarum,’’ t. 2250) that it departs
from the characters of the order in the opposite leaves connate at the base, and
in the albuminous seeds. Dr. Hans Hallier, in an interesting paper printed in
the ‘‘ Berichten der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft ’’ for 1902, suggests
that it should be considered an anomalous member of the Scrophularinee, and
that its nearest ally is the section Pygmea of Veronica. A study of the early
development of the corolla would probably either prove or disprove this view.

Orper LIL. CONVOLVULACESA.

Herbs or shrubs, frequently twining, often with milky juice.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, wanting in Cuscuta. Flowers re-
gular, usually hermaphrodite, axillary, solitary or cymose, often
large and showy. Calyx inferior, persistent, usually of 5 distinct
imbricated sepals. Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, campanu-
late or funnel-shaped or rotate, limb shortly or deeply 5-lobed or
almost entire, often plaited and contorted in bud. Stamens 5,
inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes;
anthers oblong, opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, usually sur-
rounded by an annular disc, 2—4-celled, rarely 1-celled, sometimes
divided into 2-4 distinct carpels; style single or 2; stigma capitate
or 2-lobed or branched ; ovules usually 2 in each cell or carpel,
erect, anatropous. Fruit a 1—4-celled capsule, 2-4-valved or burst-
ing transversely or irregularly, rarely succulent and indehiscent.
Seeds erect; albumen scanty or wanting; embryo curved, coty-
ledons broad, much folded and crumpled (in Cuscuta the embryo is
spiral and undivided).

A moderately large order, widely spread over the whole world, but most
plentiful in warm or tropical climates. Genera 32; species about 800. As a
rule, the roots abound in a milky and acrid juice, which is often strongly purga-
tive and used in medicine, as jalap and scammony. In some species the roots
are inert and edible, as the common sweet potato, so largely cultivated in all warm
countries. Many species of Ipomea and allied genera are grown for the sake
of their large and showy flowers. All the New Zealand genera have a wide range.

* Leafy plants, twining or prostrate.

+ Corolla plaited. Style single.

Ovary 2-4-celled. Stigma capitate, or lobes globose -. J. Tromaa.
Ovary imperfectly 2-celled. Stigmas 2, oblong, flat.
Bracts large, enclosing the calyx : oe .. 2, CALYSTEGTA.
Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 2, linear, flat. Bracts small or
wanting .. “3 : oe AS .. 3. CONVOLVULUS.
tt Corolla rotate. Styles 2
Ovary of 2 separate carpels .. 50 ote -. 4, DICHONDRA.

** Leafless twining parasites.

Corolla small, campanulate .. a8 ste . CuscuTa.

Or

474 CONVOLVULACER. (Ipomen.

1. IPOM@EA, Linn.

Twining or prostrate herbs, rarely suberect. Leaves alternate,
entire or lobed or divided. Flowers usually large and handsome,
axillary, solitary or cymose. Sepals broad or narrow, equal or un-
equal, erect in fruit or rarely spreading. Corolla campanulate or
funnel-shaped ; tube long or short; limb entire or 5-angled, more
rarely slightly 5-lobed. Stamens included or exserted, often un-
equal ; filaments filiform or dilated at the base; anthers oblong or
linear, ultimately twisted or straight. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled,
rarely 4-celled and 4-ovuled or 3-celled and 6-ovuled; style fili-
forin ; stigma entire and capitate, or shortly 2-lobed with globular
lobes. Capsule globose or ovoid, 4- or rarely 2-3-valved. Seeds
as many as the ovules or fewer, glabrous or pubescent.

Taken in a wide sense, this is a genus of between 300 and 400 species,
spread through all warm climates. Both the New Zealand species have a wide
range in tropical countries.

Leaves digitately divided Ac Bs Be .. 1. I. palmata.
Leaves obtusely 2-lobed, thick and fleshy aie .. 2. I. biloba.

The kumara or sweet potato (Ipomea batatas, Lamk. ; Convolvulus cliryso-
rhizus, Forst.) was introduced by the Maoris from Polynesia when they first
colonised New Zealand, and constituted their chief vegetable food when the
country became known to Europeans. It is still extensively grown, but has no
elaim to be included among the indigenous species.

1. I. palmata, Porsh. Fl. Egypt. drab. 43.—A slender glabrous
twiner ; stems many feet in length, the old ones more or less tuber-
culate. Leaves 1-3 in. diam., digitately divided almost to the base ;
lobes 5-7, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, entire
or the outer ones irregularly lobed, rather membranous. Peduneles
erect, 1-2in. long, 1-3-flowered. Sepals 1-4 in. long, ovate. obtuse
or subacute. Corolla large, 2-3 in. diam., pale-purple with a darker
centre. Capsule nearly in. diam., ovoid-globose, glabrous, 2-celled.
Seeds 2-4, villous.—Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 415. I. pendula, &. Br.
Prodr. 486; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 396; Ruoul, Choiw, 44; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 184. 1. tuberculata, Rem. and Schultes Syst. iv.
208; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 199.

KERMADEC IstaNps: Sunday Island, not uncommon on the cliffs, 7. #’. C.
Nort Istanp: Sea-cliffs from the North Cape to the Bay of Islands and
Hokianga. December—April.

An abundant plant in the tropics of both hemispheres, attaining its
southern limit in New Zealand.

2. I. biloba, Forsk. Fl. Egypt. Arab. 44.—Pertfectly glabrous ;
stems prostrate or trailing, sometimes 40 ft. long. Leaves on
petioles 1-4 in. long; blade often broader than long, 1—4 in. across,
orbicular or broadly obovate or oblong, emarginate or shortly and
obtusely 2-lobed, thick and fleshy, prominently veined. Peduncles

Ipomeea. | CONVOLVULACEZ:. 475

about as long as the leaves, 1-3-flowered. Sepals ovate, obtuse.
Corolla 1-2in. diam., broadly epee Tale with a somewhat
tubular base, purplish or pink. Capsule $—in. long, ovoid-globose,
coriaceous, 2-celled. Seeds large, hairy. Sachi pes-capre, Roth. Nov.
Sp. Plant. 109; Benth. Fi. Austral. iv. 419; Cheesem. in Trans.
NS. Inst. xx. (1888) 171.

KerMmapec IstaAnps: Sunday Island, abundant in the sandy bays and on
some of the cliffs, 7. #. C. Plentiful on all tropical shores.

2. CALYSTEGIA, R. Br.

Prostrate or twining herbs, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
alternate, entire or rarely palmately lobed. Peduncles axillary,
1-flowered ; bracts 2, large, persistent, enclosing the calyx. Flowers
usually large. Sepals equal or the inner slightly smaller. Corolla
campanulate or funnel-shaped; limb plaited, 5-angled or obscurely
5-lobed. Stamens included; filaments dilated at the base; anthers
oblong. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled, 4-ovuled; style
filiform; stigmas 2, ovate or oblong, flattened. Capsule sub-
globose, usually 1-celled. Seeds glabrous.

A small genus of 7 or 8 species, scattered through the warm and temperate
regions of both hemispheres. Of the 4 New Zealand species 2 are found in
most extra-tropical countries, one extends to Australia, and the remaining one
to South America and the Island of Masafuera.

* Flowers large, 1-3 in. diam.

Leaves 2-5 in., oblong-sagittate, sinus at the base narrow,

deep ‘ a “ee ns ot :. IL. C. sepium.
Leaves 4-12 in., ovate-cordate or deltoid, OMe
sinus at the base broad, shallow aif . 2. C. tuguriorum.

Stems short, prostrate. Leaves 4-2in. across, broader
than long, Atle ae sinus at the base broad,
shallow .. : Ae Re .. 38. C. Soldanella.

** Flowers small, din. diam.

Leaves sagittate, basal lobes narrow, acute, diverging .. 4. C. marginata.

1. C. sepium, R&. Br. Prodr. 483.— Rhizome long, slender,
extensively creeping underground. Stems slender, twining, 3-6 ft.
long. Leaves alternate, variable in size and shape, 2—din. long,
oblong-sagittate or hastate, acute or acuminate, rarely obtuse, cor-
date at the base with the lobes angular or truncate or rounded,
membranous, glabrous or rarely slightly pubescent. Peduncles
solitary, 1-flowered, angled or inargined, often exceeding the leaves ;
bracts large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, enclosing the calyx. Sepals
subequal, ovate-lanceolate. Corolla large, 14-3 in. diam., white or
pink. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Capsule din. diam., globose,
apiculate. Seeds smooth.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 394; Raoul, Chow,
44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 183. Convolvulus sepium, Linn. Sp.
Plant. 153; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 197.

476 CONVOLVULACEZ. [Caiystequ.

KERMADEC IsLANDS, NortH anpd SourH Isnanps: Abundant in lowland
situations as far south as Canterbury, apparently local in Otago. Pohue ;
Panahe ; Bindweed. November—March.

Widely dispersed in most temperate ccuntries, and everywhere highly
variable.

2. C. tuguriorum, &. Br. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zei. 1. 188,
t. 47.—Stems slender, prostrate or climbing, often clothing shrubs
or trees to a considerable height, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves
4-l1fin. long, broadly ovate-cordate or deltoid, acute or obtusely
acuminate, entire or sinuate or angled, sinus at the base broad and
shallow, glabrous, membranous. Peduncles usually longer than the
leaves, terete or margined ; bracts ovate-cordate or orbicular, apicu-
late, equalling the calyx and enclosing it. Sepals subequal, broadly
ovate. Corolla large, 1-2in. diam., white. Ovary incompletely
2-celled. Capsule 4+in. long, broadly ovoid, apiculate. Seeds
yellowish-red. — Convolvulus tuguriorum, Forst. Prodr. n. 74;
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 198. C. truneatella, Col. i Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxi. (1889) 95.

NortH anp SoutH Isntanps, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant from the
Three Kings Islands and the North Cape to Foveaux Strait. December-
February.

According to Sir J. D. Hooker, this is also found in Valdivia and Chiloe, and
Mr. Hemsley (Bot. ‘‘ Challenger ’’ Exped.) has recorded it from the Island of
Masafuera.

3. C. Soldanella, &. Br. Prodr. 483.—Rhizome long, creeping
underground. Stems rather stout, 6-18in. long, rarely more, pro-
strate and trailing, not twining, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves on
petioles 1-3 in. long; blade 4—-2in. diam., usually broader than long,
reniform or broadly rounded-cordate, obtuse or apiculate, entire or
sinuate, thick and fleshy, sinus at the base broad and shallow.
Peduneles solitary, 1-flowered, as long or longer than the leaves;
bracts ovate-cordate, obtuse, rather shorter than the calyx. Sepals
subequal, broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla large, 1-14 in. diam., pink
or purplish. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Capsule large, broadly
ovoid, apiculate. Seeds blackish-brown.—A. Hich. Fl. Nouv. Zel.
200; A. Cunn. Precur. nu. 395; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 183. Convolvulus Soldanella, Linn. Sp. Plant. 159;
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 198.

KprMmapeEc Isuanps, NortH anp SoutH IsLanps, Stewart Is~aNnD, CHat-
HAM IsLANDS: Not uncommon on sandy shores throughout; inland on sandy
beaches at Lake l'aupo, &c. November—March.

Easily distinguished by the short uniformly prostrate stems, fleshy reniform
leaves, and large black seeds. It is a common plant on maritime sands on
almost all temperate shores.

Calystegia. | CONVOLVULACES. 477

4. C. marginata, #. Br. Prodr. 484.— Rhizome creeping ;
stems slender, twining, quite glabrous, 2—dft. long. Leaves on
petioles 1-2in. long; blade 1-3 in.. sagittate, acute or acuminate,
membranous ; the basal lobes long, acute, diverging, often toothed
or lobed. Peduncles usually shorter than the petioles, margined ;
bracts rounded-ovate, longer than the calyx. Sepals subequal,
broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla small, $in. diam., white. Ovary
imperfectly 2-celled. Capsule globose; seeds usually 4.— Hook. f.
Fil. Nov. Zel. i. 184, t. 48. Convolvulus marginatus, Spreng. Syst.
1. 608; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 198; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 430.

NortH Isnuanp: Rare and local. Near Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews ! between
Mongonui and Whangaroa, 7. F. C.; Whangarei and Owai, Colenso ; Maunga-
tapere, H. Carse! Paparoa, Omaha, and Thames, Kirk ! Sea-level to 500 ft.
December—March. Also in Eastern Australia.

3. CONVOLVULUS, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs, erect or prostrate or climbing. Leaves
entire or toothed or lobed. Peduncies axillary, 1- or many-flowered ;
bracts usually narrow or small. Sepals subequal or the inner
narrower. Corolla campanulate; limb plaited, 5-angled or ob-
scurely 5-lobed. Stamens included; filaments filiform, dilated at
the base; anthersoblong. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; style filiform ;
stigmas 2, distinct, oblong or linear. Capsule globose, 2-celled,
4-valved or splitting irregularly. Seeds glabrous.

A large genus of about 160 species, abundant in most subtropical or tem-
perate countries, Jess plentiful in the tropics. The single New Zealand species
is also found in Australia.

1. ©. erubescens, Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 1067. — Perennial ;
usually more or less silky-pubescent, rarely almost glabrous. Root-
stock stout, creeping; stems few or many, slender, prostrate and
trailing, variable in length, 2-12in. long or more. Leaves petio-
late, very variable in size and shape; the lower ones with a blade
$+? in. long, oblong-cordate or hastate, obtuse, quite entire or sinu-
ate; in large specimens gradually passing into much narrower acute
or acuminate upper ones, with diverging entire or irregularly toothed
basal auricies; in sinall specimens the narrow cauline leaves are
often wanting. Peduncles as long as the leaves or nearly so,
1-flowered, with 2 subulate bracts some distance below the calyx.
Sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, silky. Corolla variable in size, $2 in.
diam., white. Capsule +-4in. diam., globose, 2-celled. Seeds 4,
rough, brownish-black.— Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 185; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 198; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 429.

Nort Isranp: Hawke’s Bay—Patangata, H. Tryon! Wellington—Pal-
liser Bay, Colenso, Buchanan. Sovutu Isuanp: Marlborough—Waihopai River,
Munro; Kaikoura Mountains, Buchanan! Canterbury—Port Cooper, Lyall;

478 CONVOLVULACES. [Convolvulus.

Canterbury Plains, Armstrong! Kirk! Mackenzie Plains and Lake Tekapo,
DAP: C. Otago—Not uncommon in the central and eastern districts, Buchanan!
Petrie ! Sea-level to 3000ft. December—March.

A remarkably variable little plant, closely allied to the common C. arven
sis, L., of the Northern Hemisphere.

4. DICHONDRA, Forst.

Small prostrate or creeping perennial herbs. Leaves orbicular-
cordate or reniform, entire. Flowers small, solitary, axillary.
Sepals subequal, distinct to the base. Corolla broadly campanu-
late, deeply 5-lobed; lobes induplicate. Stamens shorter than the
corolla; filaments filiform; anthers small. Ovary of 2 distinct
lobes or carpels, each 1-celled with a basal style and 1 or 2 ovules.
Capsules 2, membranous, erect, 1- or rarely 2-seeded, indehiscent
or bursting irregularly.

A small genus of 4 or 5 species, widely spread in tropical and subtropical
countries.

Leaves }-lin. diam. Corolla shorter than the calyx or
barely equalling it .. .. IL. D. repens.
Leaves 4-}in. diam. Corolla much longer than the calyx 2. D. brevifolia.

1. D. repens, Forst. Char. Gen. 39, t. 20.—A small silky-pubes-
cent creeping herb; stems slender, 2-12in. long, rooting at the
nodes, branched, often forming broad matted patches. Leaves
alternate or tufted at the nodes, usually on long petioles; blade
#-1lin. diam., reniform, emarginate or rounded at the apex, silky
on both surfaces. Peduncles as long or longer than the peti-
oles. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, about 4in. diam. Sepals
obovate, silky. Corolla about equalling the sepals, rarely slightly
longer. Capsules enclosed in the persistent calyx and shorter than
it.—Forst. Prodr. n. 184: A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 201; A. Cunn..
Precur. n. 397; Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 185;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 199; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 438.

NortH AnD SoutH Isnanps, CHATHAM IsnLANDs: Abundant from the:
North Cape to Otago. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Spring and early summer.

A widely spread plant in the tropical and subtropical districts of both hemi-
~pheres, extending northwards to the United States on one side and China on the
other.

2. D. brevifolia, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii. (1871) 208.—
Much smaller and more densely matted than D. repens, often form-
ing a compact turf. Leaves on short stout petioles ; blade +in.
diam., orbicular-oblong or reniform, emarginate or rounded at the
apex, cordate at the base, rather thick, silky on both surfaces or
alinost glabrous. Peduneles stout, erect, usually longer than the
leaves. Flowers larger than in D. repens, +in. diam., yellowish.

Dichondra. | CONVOLVULACES. 479

Sepals obovate, silky. Corolla much longer than the sepals, some-
times twice as long. Ripe capsules about equalling the calyx.—
D. repens var. brevifolia, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. app. Xxxvii.

NortH anp SoutH IsLANDS, StEwarT IsutAND: Not uncommon through-
out, ascending to 3000 ft. November—January.

I retain this as a species with considerable hesitation, but it appears to
constantly differ from reduced states of D. repens, which it otherwise much
resembles, in the larger flowers with the corolla always much longer than the
calyx.

5. CUSCUTA, Linn.

Leafless usually annual herbs, germinating in the soil but not
rooting in it, producing filiform branched stems which twine round
herbs or shrubs and become parasitic by means of suckers which
penetrate the bark, the lower portion of the stem then dying away.
Flowers small, usually whitish, in dense or open cymose fascicles,
sessile or shortly pedicelled. Sepals 5 or 4, distinct or connate at
the base. Corolla campanulate or urceolate or ovoid; lobes 5-4,
short, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-4, inserted on the throat of
the corolla, above a ring of many scale-like lacerate appendages.
Ovary globose, 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; styles 1 or 2, persistent; stigmas
capitate or filiform. Capsule 1—4-seeded, membranous, dry or
succulent, circumscissile or bursting irregularly. Seeds glabrous,
albuminous; embryo long and slender, spirally coiled; cotyledons
wanting or obscure.

A very remarkable genus, comprising about 90 species, spread through most
‘tropical and temperate countries. Some of them, such as the clover dodder,
C. epithymum var. trifolu, are dangerous pests to cultivated crops. The single

New Zealand species is very imperfectly known, and may not be truly indi-
genous.

1. C. densiflora, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 186.—Stems slender,
densely matted and twisting together, as thick as stout thread.
Flowers crowded in short densely congested 6-10-flowered racemes
4+ in. long. Calyx shortly 5-lobed; lobes oblong, obtuse. Corolla
4in. long, subcampanulate, marked with transparent oil-glands ;
lobes 5, short, rounded, recurved. Scales broadly oblong, obtuse,
fimbriated, united at their bases by a thin membrane. Filaments

longer than the anthers. Styles 2, rather long; stigmas capitate.
—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 199.

SoutH Is~tanpd: Marlborough—Port Underwood, Lyall.

I have seen no specimens of this, and the above diagnosis has been drawn
up from those given by Hooker in the Flora and the Handbook. According
to Hooker, Dr. Engelmann, who examined the type at Kew, reported that it
hardly differs from the South American C. racemosa, Martius, a species*which
was introduced into Europe many years ago, and caused much damage to crops
of lucerne. It subsequently appeared in fields of lucerne in California. Mr.
Kirk (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. 182) records the occurrence of the same plant (under
the synonym of C. hassiaca, Pfeiff.) in lucerne-fields in Canterbury, but there
‘are no specimens in his herbarium.

480 CONVOLVULACEH. [Cuscuta.

C. nove-zealandia, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1889) 183 (name only).
—After a careful examination of the type specimens in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium, I
have no hesitation in referring this to the northern C. epithymum, Linn., which
has been observed in many localities in the colony, and which often associates
itself with the indigenous vegetation.

Orpver LIII. SOLANACEA.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees. Leaves alternate, often in
unequally placed pairs, but never truly opposite, entire or lobed
or pinnate; stipules wanting. Flowers regular or occasionally
slightly irregular, hermaphrodite, solitary or cvmose; bracts want-
ing. Calyx inferior, persistent, 4—5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla
gamopetalous, hypogynous, 4—5-toothed or -lobed, campanulate or
funnel-shaped or rotate, often plicate. Stamens 4-5, inserted on
the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers free
or conniving, dehiscing lengthwise or by apical pores. Ovary
superior, 2-celled, rarely incompletely 4-celled; style terminal,
simple ; stigma entire or 2-lobed; ovules numerous, amphitropous,
on prominent peltate placentas attached to the middle of the
septum. Fruit a berry or capsule, usuaily 2-celled, many-seeded.
Seeds small, compressed or reniform; albumen copious; embryo
terete, curved or almost spiral, radicle next the hilum.

A large and widely diffused family, most numerous in the tropics, but ex-
tending northwards and southwards into most temperate regions. Genera
between 60 and 70; species variously estimated, probably considerably over
1000. The order must be considered a dangerous one, from the large number
of species containing narcotic and poisonous principles, as the deadly night-
shade, henbane, tobacco, stramonium, &c. A few species are simply tonic and
bitter, while others are pungent and stimulant, as the various kinds of capsi-
cums. But, notwithstanding the generally suspicious character of the order,
it nevertheless furnishes one of the chief articles of vegetable food in the potato,
and also includes the tomato, egg-plant, and cape gooseberry. Among garden
plants the genera Petunia, Salpiglossis, Cestrum, and Datwra are the most
noteworthy. The sole New Zealand genus is almost cosmopolitan.

1. SOLANUM. Linn.

Herbs or shrubs or small trees, unarmed or spinous. Leaves
alternate, often in pairs, a smaller one being developed in the axil of
the larger one, entire or irregularly toothed or divided. Flowers
solitary or more frequently in short racemes or cymes, lateral or
terminal. Calyx 5-10-lobed or -partite. Corolla rotate or shortly
campanulate; tube short; limb 5-10-lobed, plaited. Stamens 34,
inserted on the throat of the corolla, exserted; filaments short ;
anthers oblong or linear, erect and connivent imto a cone around
the style, opening by 2 terminal pores. Ovary 2-celled, rarely
3-4-celled ; style simple; stigma small; ovules numerous. Fruit
a small or large 2-celled many-seeded berry. Seeds numerous,
discoid or reniform.

Solanum. | SOLANAC 2. 481

An immense genus, abundant in all tropical countries and especially so
in tropical America, rarer in temperate regions. Species probably over 800.

Herbaceous, 1-3 ft. vie Leaves ovate. Flowers small,

3-4 in. diam. -. 1. S. nigrum.
Shrubby, 4-8 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, often aa creet
fid. Flowers large, # in. diam. .. 2. S. aviculare.

S. sodom@um, Linn., a spinous species with stellate pubescence, pinnati-
fid leaves, and rather large globose yellow berries, has become naturalised in
many localities between the North Cape and Tauranga. So also has S. awricu-
latum, Ait., an unarmed densely woolly species with large leaves furnished with
a pair of roundish auricles near the base of the petioles. The common potato
(S. tuberosum, Linn.) often lingers for a time in places where it has been
cultivated.

1. S. nigrum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 186.—Erect, herbaceous from a
somewhat woody base, glabrous or pubescent, 1-3 ft. high ; branches
‘spreading, angular, the angles sometimes minutely tuberculate.
Leaves on slender petioles; blade 14-3in. long, ovate or ovate-
rhomboid, acute or acuminate, narrowed into the petiole, entire or
coarsely and irregularly toothed, membranous. Flowers small,
white, drooping, 4 in. diam., in small umbellate 5-8-flowered cymes ;
peduncles slender, supra- -axillary. Calyx 5-lobed to the middle.
Corolla deeply 5- lobed. Berry +-4 in. diam., globose, black or red.
Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. “Nov. Zel. i. 189; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
200 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 446.

Kermapsec Istanps, NortH anp SoutH IsLANDS, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Not uncommon as far south as central Otago. Sea-level to 2000 ft. A
common weed in almost all parts of the world.

2. S. aviculare, Forst. Prodr. n. 107.—A leafy unarmed soft-
wooded bush or shrub 4-8 ft. high, perfectly glabrous in all its parts ;
branches spreading, smooth or marked with raised lines decurrent
from the petioles. Leaves alternate, petiolate, very variable in size
and shape, 4-12 in. long or even more, lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late and entire, or irregularly pinnatifidly lobed with 1-3 spreading
lanceolate acute lobes on each side, membranous, glabrous, main
veins spreading at right angles. Cymes 1-3 in the axils of the
upper leaves or lateral, shorter than the leaves, few- or many-
flowered. Flowers 3-lin. diam., purplish or white. Calyx-lobes
short, broad, obtuse. Corolla shortly and broadly 5-lobed. Fila-
ments as long as or longer than the anthers; anthers oblong,
spreading, opening at the tips by transverse slits which are usually
continued down the sides. Berry broadly ovoid, 2-1 in. long,
drooping, yellowish.— A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. i. 1938; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 182; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 200; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv
447. S. laciniatum, Azt. Hort. Kew, ed. 1, 247; A. Cunn. Precur.

n. 386; Raoul, Choiz, 43.
16—F I.

482 SOLANACEZS. (Solanum.

KermaDEc Isnanps, NortH AND SoutH Istanps, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Abundant in lowland districts as far south as Foveaux Strait. Poporo ;
Poroporo; Kohoho. Flowers most of the year.

Also common in many parts of Australia and Tasmania, and in Norfolk
Island. The fruit is edible, and was made into jam by the early colonists.

Orver LIV. SCROPHULARINEZ.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees. Lower leaves usually
opposite, upper alternate, or all opposite or all alternate ; stipules
wanting. Flowers generally irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx in-
ferior, persistent, 4—5-toothed or -lobed, sometimes of 5 free sepals.
Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, commonly 2-lipped but some-
times almost regular, 4—5-lobed ; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens
inserted on the tube of the corolla, either 2, or 4 in 2 pairs, 2 long
and 2 short (didynamous), sometimes the rudiment of a fifth stamen
is present or rarely all five are present and perfect ; anthers 1-2-
celled, cells distinct or confluent. Ovary superior, 2-celled ; style
simple; stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2-lamellate; ovules usually nu-
merous in each cell, anatropous or amphitropous, placentas affixed
to the septum. Fruit a 2-celled many-seeded capsule, rarely an in-
dehiscent berry. Seeds small, generally numerous, various in form ;
albumen fleshy, seldom wanting; embryo straight or rarely curved.

A large order, scattered over the whole world, but far better represented in
temperate regions or in mountainous districts than in very warm climates.
Genera about 160; species estimated at 2000. The medicinal properties of the
order are very various. A few species are purgative, others are astringent or
tonic, a far greater number are acrid and bitter or even poisonous. The fox-
glove (Digitalis) is the only one largely used medicinally, although many others
are occasionally employed. The family contains many handsome garden-plants,
especially of the genera Calceolaria, Antirrhinum, Pentstemon, Mimulus, Digi-
talis, and Veronica. Of the 11 genera found in New Zealand, 2, Anagosperma
and Siphonidium, are endemic; Calceolaria occurs elsewhere only in South
America; Ourisia is also mainly South American, but extends to ‘Tasmania
as well; Glossostigma is confined to Australia and New Zealand. The remaining
6 have a wide distribution in both temperate and tropical regions.

A. Antirrhinide. Upper lip (or two wpper lobes) of the corolla always outside
the others in bud.

* Stamens 2.

Calyx 4-partite. Corolla 2-lipped, lips inflated .. .. 1. CancrouaRia.
Calyx 5-partite. Corolla 2-lipped, lips not inflated .. 4, GRATIOLA.

** Stamens 4.

Flowers axillary in the New Zealand species. Calyx
5-angled and -toothed. Corolla 2-lipped. Stigma 2-

lamellate .. as oe a ar .- 2. Mimvutus.
Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx 5-partite, not angled.

Corolla 2-lipped. Stigma 2-lamellate wh .. 3. Magus.
Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Corolla

nearly regular. Stigma spathulate ue .. 5. GLOSSOSTIGMA.
Flowers axillary. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate.

Stigma clavate ou 56 He .. 6. LIMOSELEA.

Calceolaria. | SCROPHULARINE. 483

B. Rhinanthideex. Under-lip or lateral lobes of the corolla covering the wpper
in bud.

* Stamens 2.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite, often imbricate and
quadrifarious in the New Zealand species. Corolla
rotate or tube short ; limb 4-lobed or rarely 5-lobed .. 7%. VERONICA.

** Stamens 4.
Corolla 5-lobed, campanulate or nearly so, tube short.

Stigma capitate . . ve 20 .. 8. OURISIA.
Corolla 2-lipped, tube short. ‘Ovary usually with several

ovules in each cell, rarely reduced to two oe .. 9. HKUPHRASIA.
Corolla 2-lipped, tube long. Ovary with one ovule in each

cell .. 10. ANAGOSPERMA.
Corolla 2- lipped, tube. exceedingly long, gibbous, upper lip

entire. Stigma 2-lobed ; .. 11. SrpHonrprium.

1. CALCEOLARIA, Linn.

Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely
alternate. Flowers in axillary or terminal few- or many-flowered
cymes or panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx inferior or slightly ad-
herent to the base of the ovary, 4-partite; segments valvate.
Corolla-tube very short or almost wanting; limb 2-lipped; lips
nearly equal and both inflated in the New Zealand species, but in
the majority of the American ones the upper lip is small, rounded,
and entire, and the lower large, much inflated, and slipper-shaped.
Stamens 2, lateral, affixed near the base of the corolla; anthers
2-celled. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in each cell; style
simple; stigma minute. Capsule ovoid-conic, septicidally 2-valved ;
valves 2-fid. Seeds numerous, striate.

A large genus of about 135 species, with the exception of the two species

found in New Zealand purely American, stretching along the chain of the
Andes from the Straits of Magellan to Colombia and Mexico.

Stems erect. Leaves ovate, 1-3in. long. Panicles

usually many-flowered - 1. C. Sinclairn.
Stems creeping. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, 4-1i in.
long. Panicle 1-5-flowered . oe : .. 2. C. repens.

1. C. Sineclairii, Hook, Ic. Plant. t. 561.—More or less glandu-
lar-pubescent in all its parts. Stems slender, erect, laxly branched,
6-18in. high. Leaves opposite, on slender petioles 1-3in. long ;
blade 1-3in., ovate or elliptic-ovate, obtuse or subacute, obliquely
rounded or almost cordate at the base, coarsely crenate-toothed or
-lobed, the lobes again toothed, membranous, pubescent on both
surfaces, paler below. Panicles terminal, branched, few- or many-
flowered ; pedicels slender. Flowers small, }-1 in. diam., white or
yellow spotted with purple. Pes lobes small, deltoid, acute.
Corolla pubescent, divided about 1-way down into 2 nearly equal
concave lips, the upper lip but slightly smaller. Stamens on very

484 SCROPHULARINES. [Calceolaria.

short filaments; anthers orbicular. Capsule }in. long.—Raoul,
Choiz, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 187; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 201;
Bot. Mag. t. 6597. C. albula and C. Sturmii, Col. in Trams. N.Z.
Inst. xxvii. (1895) 391, 392.

Norty Istanp: Hicks Bay and the Hast Cape to Hawke’s Bay and the
Ruahine Mountains, Sinclair, Colenso! Bishop Williams! Adams and Petrie!
&e. November-February.

2. C. repens, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 187.—A slender much-
branched creeping and rooting pubescent herb, stems 4-12 in. long ;
branches very slender, prostrate or ascending, sparingly leafy.
Leaves opposite, on long slender petioles; blade 4-14 in. long,
broadly oblong or ovate to orbicular, coarsely and irregularly
doubly toothed or crenate, very thin and membranous, sparingly
pubescent on both surfaces. Panicles terminal, small, 1-5-flowered;
pedicels almost filiform. Flowers about +in. diam., white spotted
with purple. Calyx adherent to the ovary at the base; lobes ovate,
acute. Corolla divided about half-way down into two nearly equal
concave entire lips, upper lip slightly smaller. Capsule ovoid-
conic, membranous.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 202.

Nort Isuanp: East Cape and Poverty Bay, Bishop Williams! ravines at
the base of the Ruahine Range, Colenso! Mount Egmont, Buchanan! source
of the Patea River, 7’. F. C.; Rimutaka Range, Kirk! Wainuiomata, 7. P.
Arnold. SournH Isptanp: Nelson—Cedar Creek and valley of the Lyell,
W. Townson! Westland—Otira and Teremakau Valleys, Petrie! Cockayne!
250-2000 ft. December—February.

2. MIMULUS, Linn.

Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed.
Flowers solitary and axillary, or the upper ones sometimes forming
a terminal raceme. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-angled,
5-toothed. Corolla tubular at the base, 2-lipped above; upper lip
erect or spreading, 2-lobed; lower spreading, 3-lobed; throat
usually with two protuberances. Stamens 4, didynamous; an-
thers all perfect, 2-celled ; cells divergent, often confluent at the
top. Style slender; stigma of 2 flat iamine. Capsule loculi-
cidally dehiscent, valves usually splitting away from a central
column which bears the placentas. Seeds small, numerous.

A genus of about 50 species, most numerous in western America, found more
sparingly in eastern and tropical Asia, South Africa, and Australia; not known
in Europe in the wild state. The single New Zealand species extends to Aus-
tralia and Tasmania.

M. repens, &. Br. Prodr. 439.—Perfectly glabrous. Stems
stout, succulent, creeping and rooting at the joints; branches pros-
trate or ascending or erect, 1-5 in. long. Leaves opposite, sessile,
often stem-clasping, 44+ in. long, broadly ovate to oblong, obtuse,
quite entire, thick and succulent, pitted when dry. Flowers few,

Mimulus.} SCROPHULARINES. 485

axillary and solitary; peduncles stout, usually shorter than the
leaves. Calyx broadly funnel-shaped or almost obconic, truncate
at the mouth, minutely toothed. Corolla variable in size, +4in.
diam., white with a yellow throat; tube dilated upwards, much
longer than the calyx; lobes broad, rounded. Capsule broadly
oblong, obtuse, enclosed in the calyx, about tin. long.—Hook. f.
Fil. Nov. Zel. i. 188; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 202; Bot. Mag. t. 5423;
Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 482. M. Colensoi, Kirk in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. iii. (1871) 179.

NortH AND SoutH Is~anps: Salt marshes from the North Cape to the
south of Otago, not common. November-January.

Mr. Kirk’s M. Colensoi is a form with erect sparingly divided branches, but
it does not otherwise differ fromthe type. The species is common in many parts
of Australia and Tasmania.

3. MAZUS, Lour.

Small herbs, often prostrate and creeping. Lower leaves op-
posite or rosulate, upper ones when present often alternate.
Flowers in terminal subsecund racemes or solitary. Calyx cam-
panulate, 5-partite, not angled. Corolla-tube short; upper lip
erect, 2-fid; lower larger, spreading, 3-fid; throat with 2 pro-
tuberances. Stamens 4, didynamous; anther-cells divergent, often
confluent at the tip. Style slender; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule
loculicidally dehiscent, valves entire. Seeds numerous, very
minute, ovoid.

A small genus of 6 or 7 species, extending northwards through Australia to
the Malay Archipelago, India, and China. One of the New Zealand species is
found in Australia and Tasmania, and is very closely allied to the Indian
M.rugosus ; the other is endemic.

Slender. Leaves 3-3 in., linear-obovate or obovate-spathu-

late, membranous. Flowers small, about+in. long .. 1. M. pumulio.
Stout. Leaves 4-2 in., obovate or oblong. Flowers large,
2in. long .. ¥, a, 23 Y .. 2. M. radicans.

1. M. pumilio, £. Br. Prodr. 439.--A small perennial herb with
a creeping underground stem, putting up short leafy branches.
Leaves close together, forming an erect tuft, variable in size, 3-3 in.
long including the petiole, obovate-spathulate, obtuse, gradually
narrowed into the petiole, membranous, entire or irregularly
sinuate-toothed, glabrous or sparingly pilose. Peduncles slender,
usually exceeding the leaves, 1-6-flowered ; pedicels long, each with
a linear-setaceous bract. Calyx narrow-campanulate; lobes nar-
row, acute. Corolla +-3in. long, white or blueish-white with a
yellow centre; tube exceeding the calyx; lobes broad, rounded.
Capsule included in the persistent calyx.—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 567 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 189; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 202; Benth. Fl.
Austral. iv. 484.

486 SCROPHULARINEZ:. { Mazus.

NortH Isuanp;: Auckland — Ahipara, 7. #’. C.; Matapouri, Colenso f
Lower Waikato, 7. F. C., Petrie! Carse! Thames River, Adams; Hast
Cape, Bishop Williams! Wellington —- Manawatu River, Colenso! Otaki,
Buchanan! Pencarrow Lagoon, Kirk! SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Banks.
Peninsula, Lyall; Canterbury Plains, Haast! Arnistrong. November-—
February.

2. M. radicans, Cheesem.—Stems creeping and rooting at the
joints, often subterranean, putting up short erect leafy branches
1-3 in. high. Leaves close together, spreading, petiolate, }-2 in.
long including the petiole, obovate or linear-obovate, obtuse, gradu-
ally narrowed into the petiole, entire or very obscurely sinuate,
pilose or almost glabrous. Peduncle terminal, 1-3-flowered, usually
longer than the leaves; pedicels with 1 or 2 linear-subulate bracts.
Flowers large, 4-in. long, white with a yellow centre. Calyx
campanulate, 5-cleft, not angled, pilose with jointed hairs. Corolla-
tube much exceeding the calyx; upper lip erect; lower lip much
larger, spreading. Capsule + in. long, ovoid, enclosed in the persist-
ent calyx.— Mimulus radicans, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 188 ;.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 202.

NortH Isuanp: Wellington—Head of the Wairarapa Valley and Tararua

Mountains, Colenso! Buchanan! SoutH Isuanp: Not uncommon throughout
in wet places in mountain districts. 500-3500 ft. November—February.

Imperfect specimens of this were described by Sir J. D. Hooker as a
Mimulus. It has, however, the habit, inflorescence, and calyx of Mazus, and:
I have consequently transferred it to that genus.

5. GRATIOLA, Linn.

Herbs, glabrous or glandular- pubescent. Leaves opposite,
entire or toothed. Flowers axillary and solitary, 2-bracteolate.
Calyx deeply 5-partite; segments nearly equal. Corolla - tube
cylindric; lips spreading, upper entire or 2-fid, lower 3-fid. Per-
fect stamens 2, included ; anther-cells distinct, parallel; staminodia
or barren stamens 2, filiform, sometimes wanting. Style filiform ;
stigma dilated and deflexed, entire or 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid,
loculicidally or septicidally dehiscent, 4-valved, valves separating
from a columnar placentiferous axis. Seeds numerous, small, re-
ticulate.

A genus consisting of about 25 species, scattered over the temperate and
subtropical portions of both hemispheres. One of the New Zealand species

has a wide range in Australia and extra-tropical South America; the other
extends to Victoria and Tasmania alone.

Suberect, usually glabrous. Leaves }-} in. long -- 1. G. peruviana.
Procumbent, usually glandular-pilose. Leaves§4in. .. 2. G. nana.

1. G. peruviana, Linn. Sp. Plant. 17.—Stems stout, glabrous
or slightly viscid-pubescent, laxly branched, ascending or suberect
from a decumbent or almost prostrate base, 3-12in. high. Leaves.
opposite, sessile, +? in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate or oblong, dis-

Gratiola. | SCROPHULARINEX. 487

tantly and sometimes obscurely serrate, usually 3-nerved. Flowers
in the axils of the leaves; peduncles very short, sometimes almost
wanting. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla 4-4 in.
long, white or yellowish-white with a yellow throat, the lips broad,
much shorter than the tube. Anthers connivent; cells transverse,
parallel. Staminodia filiform, elongated. Capsule ovoid-globose,
Lin. long, membranous.—Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 493. G. sexden-
tata, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 383; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 189; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 203. G. latifolia, R. Br.
Prodr. 435; Kirk wn Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii. (1871) 165. G. glan-
dulifera, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 245.

NortH Istanp: Common in lowland swamps throughout. Souru Isuanp:
Nelson—Buller Valley; Charleston, Townson! Otago—Lake Te Anau, Petrie.
Sea-level to 1500 ft. November-February.

Also common in Australia and Tasmania, and in many parts of extra-
tropical South America.

2. G. nana, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 404.—Stems procumbent
or creeping, much branched, often matted, 2-8in. long, usually
more or less clothed with jointed glandular hairs, but sometimes
almost glabrous; branches ascending at the tips. Leaves sessile or
very shortly petiolate, 4-tin. long, broad or narrow-oblong or
obovate, obtuse or subacute, narrowed at the base, obtusely toothed,
glabrous or glandular-pilose. Flowers few, on short peduncles.
Calyx glandular-pilose ; segments often toothed. Corolla 4-4 in.
long, white or white with pinkish veins, throat yellow; lobes short,
rounded. Anthers connivent; cells transverse, parallel. Stami-
nodia filiform, elongated. Capsule broadly ovoid.—Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 203; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 493. G. pubescens, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. 1. 189 (not of R. Br.). G. concinna, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xix. (1887) 264.

Norru Isuanp: Auckland—Bay of Islands, R. Cunningham (Handbook) ;
swamps between the Manukau Harbour and Waikato River, Carse! Hawke’s
Bay—Norsewood, Colenso! Taranaki—Ngaire Swamp, Kirk! Sours Isuanp:
From Nelson to Southland, but not common. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Novem-
ber-February.

Apparently a variable little plant. South Island specimens are stouter and
more densely leafy, and have larger flowers than those from the North Island.
Also found in Victoria and Tasmania.

5. GLOSSOSTIGMA, Arn.

Very small perfectly glabrous creeping and rooting herbs.
Leaves opposite or fascicled at the nodes, quite entire. Flowers
minute, axillary, solitary, ebracteolate. Calyx campanulate, shortly
and obtusely 3-4-lobed. Corolla-tube short; lobes 5, nearly equal.
Stamens 2 or 4, affixed to the corolla-tube; filaments filiform;
anther-cells diverging at the base, confluent at the top. Ovary
perfectly or imperfectly 2-celled; style short, dilated upwards into

488 SCROPHULARINES. [Glossostigma.

a broad and thin spoon-shaped stigmatic lamina which usually
curves over the stamens. Capsule globular or ovoid, included in the
persistent calyx, loculicidally 2-valved; valves entire, separating
from a central placentiferous axis. Seeds small, ovoid.

In addition to the two species found in New Zealand, one of which extends

to Australia, there are two others in Australia, one of them found also in tropical
Asia and Africa.

Forming broad matted patches. Leaves 4-}in., linear-

obovate. Flowers 4-4 in. diam. Stamens 4 -. 1. G. elatinoides.
Minute, very slender, matted. Leaves ;,-Zin., linear or

narrow linear-spathulate. Flowers very minute, Ho in.

diam. Stamens 2 aa a we .. 2. G. submersum.

1. G. elatinoides, Benth. in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 189.—
A small creeping intricately branched moss- like plant, forming
dense matted patches 2-6in. across or more; stems slender,
ee at the nodes, rarely suberect at the tips. Leaves oppo-
site, 1-1 in. long, linear- spathulate or linear-obovate, obtuse, gradu-
ally narrowed into a petiole equalling the blade. Peduncle at
first shorter a “8 leaves, but often elongating after flowering.
Flowers minute, ;4,-4 in. diam., white. Calyx with 4 short obtuse
lobes. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx ; lobes rounded, obtuse,
fringed with minute cilia. Stamens 4, included. Style short ;
stigma very large, spoon-shaped, irritable. Capsule small, ovoid-
globose.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 203; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv.
502. Tricholoma elatinoides, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 426. Lobelia
submersa, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 424.

NortH aNnD SoutH Is~anps, STEWART Is~LAND: Abundant in lakes and
marshes from the North Cape southwards, often entirely submerged. Sea-
level to 2500 ft. November-February.

Also found in south-eastern Australia and Tasmania. For an account of
the fertilisation, see a paper by myself in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. 353.

2. G. submersum, Petrie mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891)
401.— A minute very slender intricately branched plant, forming
small but dense matted patches ; a os and rooting at the
nodes. Leaves opposite or fascicled, 4,-4 in. long, linear or narrow
linear-spathulate, quite entire, gradually narrowed into a petiole
equalling the blade or rather shorter than it. Peduncles ee
axillary, about as long as the leaves. Flowers very minute, 5, in.
diam. Calyx obtusely 3-lobed. Corolla small, not much eee
than the calyx; lobes short, rounded. Stamens 2, included.
Capsule not exceeding the calyx, globose, #4; in. diam.

SourH Istanp : Otago—Tidal shores of Lake Waihola, usually submerged at
high water, Petrie !

A very curious little plant, apparently closely allied to the Queensland
G. spathulatum, Arn., but my flowering specimens are insufficient for a proper
comparison.

Limoselila.] SCROPHULARINES. 489

6. LIMOSELLA, Linn,

Small tufted creeping glabrous marsh or aquatic plants.
Leaves opposite or fascicled at the nodes, rarely alternate on
barren shoots, long-petioled, linear or spathulate, quite entire.
Flowers minute, axillary, solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed
or -lobed. Corolla campanulate or almost rotate ; tube short ;
lobes 5, nearly equal. Stamens 4; filaments filiform ; anther-cells
confluent. Ovary 2-celled at the base ; style short ; stigma clavate
or subeapitate. Capsule obscurely dehiscent or septicidally
9-valved; valves thin, membranous. Seeds numerous, small,
ovoid, transversely rugulose.

A genus comprising 6 or 7 species, found in most parts of the world.

Leaves 4-14 in. long; lamina not much broader than the
petiole. Flowers pedicelled ; corolla and capsule longer
than the calyx : Pic 5: a 45

Leaves 2-5in. long; lamina ovate, suddenly contracted
into the slender petiole. Flowers sessile; corolla and
capsule shorter than the calyx ie Hic .. 2. L. Curdieana.

1. L. tenwifolia.

1. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. ii. 43.—Annual or peren-
nial, creeping and tufted, often forming patches 1-2 in. diam. or
more. Leaves densely fascicled, 4-14 in. long, rarely more, narrow-
linear or linear-subulate, often with little or no distinction between
petiole and blade, but sometimes dilated towards the tip and be-
coming narrow linear-spathulate. Flowers minute, in. diam.,
axillary, on very short pedicels. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rather
longer than the calyx; lobes ovate-oblong. Capsule ovoid-globose,
exceeding the calyx when mature.—L. australis, R. Br. Prodr. 448.
L, aquatica var. tenuifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 190; Handb.
N.Z. Fil. 204. L. ciliata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 96.

Norte anp SourH Istanps: Common in wet places throughout. Sea-
level to 3000 ft. November-February.

Often considered to be a variety of the widely diffused L. aquatica, Linn..,
but the leaves have not the conspicuous lamina of that species, and the whole
plant is usually much smaller. It also occurs in Australia and Tasmania, in
temperate North and South America, and in some parts of Europe.

2. L. Curdieana, F'. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral. ix. 166.—
A perennial herb with tufts of radical leaves, emitting short thick
stolons terminating in other tufts, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves
numerous; petiole 2-4in. long or more, filiform, terete, dilated
towards the base; blade 1-3 in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse,
suddenly contracted into the petiole, rather thin; main veins 3-5,
parallel, with reticulating veinlets between. Flowers crowded at
the bases of the petioles, sessile, minute. Calyx in. long or less,

tipped with 5 minute teeth. Corolla altogether included in the

490 SCROPHULARINEZ.. [ Limosella.

calyx, shortly 5-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube.
Style short; stigma capitate. Capsule included within the per-
sistent calyx, 4-4 in. diam., globose, rupturing irregularly. Seeds.
very numerous ; testa reticulated.

SourH Istanp: Otago—Watery places in the Manuherikia Valley, Petrie.
Also in Australia.

A very curious plant, differing from all states of L. aquatica in the sessile
flowers, included corolla, and capsule shorter than the calyx. I have seen no
specimens except Mr. Petrie’s, the flowers of which appear to be cleistogamic.

7. VERONICA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees. Leaves opposite or rarely
the cauline alternate, often connate at the base, large or small and
scale-like, spreading or appressed, often closely quadrifariously
imbricate. Flowers in bracteate axillary or terminal racemes, more
rarely in spikes or panicles or corymbs, sometimes solitary in the
axils of the leaves or terminal. Calyx usually 4-partite, rarely 3- or
5-partite. Corolla-tube longer or shorter than the calyx, sometimes.
very short; limb spreading, usually 4-lobed, sometimes 5-lobed,
seldom 3- or 6-lobed; lobes unequal or rarely equal, imbricate in
the bud, the lateral ones or one of them outside. Stamens 2,
very rarely 4 or 5; filaments long or short, inserted on the corolla-
tube; anther-cells diverging or parallel, confluent at the tip.
Ovary small, 2-celled; style slender; ovules few or many in each
cell. Capsule 2-celled, compressed or turgid, grooved on each side,
either septicidally dehiscent with the placentas separating, or
loculicidal with the valves remaining attached to the undivided
placental column or separating from it. Seeds few or many, ovate
or orbicular, compressed, attached by the inner flat surface.

A genus of nearly 200 species, most abundant in New Zealand and in the
temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, rare and almost absent in the
tropics. In New Zealand it is by far the largest genus of flowering-plants, and
in montane or subalpine districts forms a conspicuous portion of the vegetation.
Many of the species are singularly beautiful in form, foliage, and flower; and
from that reason, and from the ease with which they can be cultivated, a con-
siderable number have become well established in gardens throughout the
colony andin Europe. Of the 84 species admitted in this book, all but three are
endemic. These are V. elliptica, which is found in the Falkland Islands,
Fuegia, and South Chili; V. plebeia, which is not uncommon in east Australia;
and V. Anagallis, which has a wide distribution in the north temperate zone.
But the last is probably an introduction. The distribution of the species within
the colony is peculiar. Fourteen are confined to the North Island, and no less
than 55 to the South Island, while only 11 species are found in both Islands.
Three are endemic in the Chatham Islands, and one in the Auckland and Camp--
bell Islands. Of the 84 species, 49 are purely montane or alpine, not one of
them descending below 1000 ft. altitude; 13 are both lowland and montane;
12 are purely lowland, but do not evince any special predilection for the sea-
coast; while 10 are never seen far from the sea.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 491

Veronica presents great difficulties to the systematist. Many of the species
are singularly protean in habit, foliage, and inflorescence, varying so much in
appearance that it is no easy matter to fix their real limits. Intermediate
forms are numerous, connecting species that would otherwise appear most
distinct, and in not a few cases these intermediates blend so freely into one
another that an apparently continuous series of forms is produced, while several
species hybridise so readily in cultivation that the supposition at once arises
that natural hybrids may also occur. So great has been the difficulty in
‘deciding what are the limits of the species, and in properly characterizing them,
that the late Baron Mueller, in his little book on the vegetation of the Chatham
Islands, boldly proposed to solve the question by referring no less than 13 of the
species considered to be distinct by Hooker to a collective species to which he
gave the new name of V. Forsteri! It is hardly necessary to say that this
extreme view has not received the sanction of any botanist familiar with the

vegetation of the colony.

Two papers of considerable importance dealing with the New Zealand
species have appeared since the publication of the Handbook. ‘The first is
Mr. Armstrong’s ‘‘ Synopsis of the New Zealand Species of Veronica ’’ (Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xiii. 344). This is mainly based on observations made during the
author’s explorations in the Alps of Canterbury, and on the study of the fine
collection of living plants which he had amassed in the Christchurch Botanical
Gardens. It contains descriptions of a considerable number of new species, and
many observations of value. Unfortunately, Mr. Armstrong did not distribute
types of his new species, so that in some cases their identification is uncertain.
The second is Mr. Kirk’s ‘‘ Notes on certain Veronicas” (Trans. N.Z. Inst.
XXvVili. 515). In this Mr. Kirk transfers to the genus those species which had
been erroneously placed in Logania and Mitrasacme by previous authors.
Descriptions are also given of five or six new forms, in addition to much new
matter bearing on the geographical distribution, &c., of the species already
known. Another contribution of considerable value consists of the coloured
drawings and descriptions published from time to time by Sir J. D. Hooker in
the Botanical Magazine. Altogether, about 20 species have been beautifully
illustrated and described by him, the value of the descriptions being enhanced
by the critical notes which accompany them. Since the publication of the
Handbook, too, the important fact has been made known by Kirk and others
that the whole of the species with minute scale-like leaves (answering to Sec-
tion III. of the following conspectus) have dimorphic foliage, the leaves of
the young state being widely different from those of the mature plant. It has
also been shown that these early leaves are often produced by reversion on old
specimens, especially when cultivated in a cool and moist situation. The
student will find the early leaves of several species fully described in the excel-
lent series of papers on the ‘‘ Seedling Forms of New Zealand Phznogams,”’’
contributed by Mr. Cockayne to the recent volumes of the Transactions of the
New Zealand Institute.

: I have followed the ‘‘ Genera Plantarum’’ and Engler and Prantl’s
‘* Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien’’ in reducing Hooker’s genus Pygmea to
Veronica, the differences of a 5- or 6-lobed corolla and leaves not quadrifariously
arranged hardly being of generic importance, especially now that it is known
that several true Veronicas have a 5-lobed corolla. The arrangement and limita-
tion of the species, and the preparation of the necessary diagnoses, has proved to
be a most difficult and perplexing task, and I am far from satisfied with the
result. But, imperfect though it may be, it represents many months’ assiduous
study, and the examination of some thousands of specimens, and is, at any rate,
an honest effort to clear away some of the difficulties which have hitherto
impeded the study of the genus. I have to acknowledge the great assistance
rendered to me by Mr. N. E. Brown, of the Kew Herbarium, in comparing sets
of my specimens with the types preserved at Kew, and for many full and valuable
notes thereon.

492 SCROPHULARINEZ. [ Veronica.

Students using the conspectus should bear in mind that the charac-
ters employed are in many cases arbitrary ones selected to show how the
dominant forms of a certain species differ from those of another species, and
do not always include the entire range of variation of a species. Plants like
V. salicifolia, macrocarpa, parviflora, Traversvi, buxifolia, pingufolia, &c.,
which run into numberless varieties, are probably quite incapable of rigid
definition.

It should be mentioned that several species from the Northern Hemisphere
have become naturalised in New Zealand, the most abundant being V. serpylli-
folia, V. arvensis, V. agrestis, and V. persica. Descriptions of these will be
found in any British Flora.

Division I., Hess. Capsule turgid or dorsally compressed, the sep-
tum across the broadest diameter. Erect or decumbent shrubs
from a few inches to 12 or 15 ft. high, more rarely becoming small
trees 20-25 ft. high. Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes, more
rarely corymbose, very rarely solitary.

Suppivision A. Leaves quite entire (sometimes minutely
incised in V. salictfolia, amabilis, diosmefolia, Colensor, and
others ; occasionally toothed in V. Haastz).

Section I. Large shrubs or small trees. Leaves 1-6in. long, broad or narrow,

lax, spreading, not imbricating. Racemes simple, longer than the leaves.
many-flowered.

* Leaves obovate to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, usually more than 4 in.
broad (sometimes less in V. divergens, ligustrifolia, and chathamica).

Leaves 2-4 x 1-1#in., obovate, obtuse, dark-green. Ra-
cemes not much longer than the leaves, broad and
dense. Flowers large, }-4in. diam. Capsule }-+in.,
twice as long as the calyx a6 = im

Leaves 2-4 x 4-lin., linear-oblong, fleshy, pale-green.
Racemes 3-5in. Flowers4in. diam. Capsule 4-}in.,
nearly thrice as long as the calyx

Leaves 14-2 x 4-2in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
fleshy. Racemes 14-2}in. Flowers tin. diam. Capsule
4 in., twice as long as the calyx Re : a=
Leaves 13-3 x 3-14 in., obovate-oblong to linear-oblong.
Racemes 2-5in., often curved, very dense. Flowers
¢+4in. diam. Capsule }in., nearly twice as long as the
calyx = dc ot 50 fe se
Leaves #-14 x $-4in., oblong or elliptic-oblong. Racemes
2-3 in., dense-flowered. Flowers Zin. diam. Calyx-seg-
ments ovate-oblong, equalling the short corolla-tube.
Capsule 4 in., elliptic, twice as long as the calyx .. 5. V. divergens.
Leaves 1-2 x $-4in., linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse or subacute. Racemes 2-3in., lax. Flowers

1. V. speciosa.

2. V. Dieffenbachiz..

3. V. Barkeri.

4. V. macroura.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINE.

i tin. diam. Calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute,

onger than the short and broad corolla-tube. Capsule
din. . . a= oe “ ar

Leaves 14-3 x 4-4in., aBione. lanceolate, pubescent with
short soft hairs. Other characters as in V. salicifolia .

Leaves 2-6 x 4-2in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, seat
glabrous. Racemes 3-10 in. Flowers 4 in. diam. Corolla-
tube longer than the calyx. Capsule 4-Ain., ovate,
acute, scarcely twice the length of the calyx ..

Leaves 3-4 x }-1}in., oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, ie
acute. Racemes 3-6in. Flowers din. diam. Capsule
4in., suborbicular, obtuse, twice as long as the calyx ..

Leaves 3-6 x 4-lin., lanceolate, acute. Racemes 3-7 in.
Flowers large, +4in. diam. Capsule large, }+in.,
ovate, acute, thrice as long as the calyx bre

Leaves 1-3 x 4-1in., elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic- aHienes
acute. Racemes 2-41 in., lax. Flowers large, 4in.
diam., white. Calyx- segments acute. cause ¢in.,
twice as long as the calyx .. at

Leaves 14-24 x #-1in., oblong or elliptic: Shion margins
and midrib and branchlets pubescent. Racemes short,
stout, 2-24in. Flowers large, 4in. diam., bluish-
white. Capsule +in., twice as long as the calyx

Prostrate or trailing. Leaves 4-14 x +#in., obovate-
oblong to elliptic-oblong, obtuse. Racemes ‘short and
dense, obtuse. Flowers 4—+in. diam. Capsule twice as
long as the calyx .. i ne af RA

493

6. V. ligustrifolia.

7. V. pubescens.

8. V. salicifolia.

9. V. rotundata.

- 10. V. macrocarpa.

11. V. amabilis.

. 12. V. Lewisir.

13. V. chathamica.

** Leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate or narrow linear-oblong, never more

than 4 in. broad.

Small shrub. Leaves 2-3 x 4-+in., linear-lanceolate,
obtuse, flat. Racemes 2-4in. Calyx-segments long,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, exceeding the short and broad
corolla-tube A .

Large spreading fara. ewer 14- 3h x 4+ in., narrow-
linear or linear-lanceolate, often deflexed. ’Racemes
2-5in., longer than the leaves. Flowers 4in. diam.
Calyx-segments small, oblong, obtuse, one-third the
length of the narrow corolla-tube

Large shrub or small tree, 6-20 ft. Leaves 1- 22 » x 44 in.,
linear-lanceolate, acute. Racemes equalling the leaves,
dense-flowered. Flowers jin. diam. Calyx- -segments
broadly oblong, obtuse, half the me of the broad
corolla-tube. Capsule din. .. ;

Leaves 3-13 x 3-4 in., linear-oblong, abeueey flat. Race-
mes 2-4in., much longer than the leaves. Flowers

—tin. diam. Calyx-segments small, oblong, obtuse,
about half the length of the corolla- tube. Capsule 4in.,
broadly oblong vs :

Leaves 1-24 x 1-Hin., lanceolate, acute, flat. Race-
mes 3-5in., much longer than the leaves. Flowers
4+ in. diam. Calyx-segments short, obtuse, not much
shorter than the corolla-tube. Capsule din. long,
broadly oblong ae 56 4° 36 -

. 14. V. acutiflora.

. 15. V. angustifolia.

. 16. V. parviflora.

. 17. V. leiophylia.

. 18. V. gracillima.

494 SCROPHULARINES. [ Veronica.

Section II. Large or small shrubs, erect or decumbent below. Leaves 3-1} in.
long, usually close-set, often imbricate, flat or concave or keeled. acemes
or spikes usually short, simple or corymbosely branched, often crowded
towards the ends of the branches.

* Flowers racemose; racemes more or less corymbosely branched, rarely
simple.

Leaves $-13 x 4-4in., oblong- obovate, flat or nearly

so, glaucous. Racemes corymbosely branched, 3-1} in.

long. Flowers tin. diam., lavender-blue. Calyx. seg-

ments ovate, acute. Corolla-tube half as long again as

the calyx. Capsule more than twice as long as the

calyx 19. V. insularis.
Leaves 4-3 x }in., elliptic - oblong, acute, flat or nearly

80. Racemes much branched, forming a terminal panicle

2in. diam. Flowers +4in. diam., white. Calyx-seg-

ments narrow-ovate, acute. Corolla. tube slightly longer

than the calyx . 20. V. venustula.
Leaves 4-1 x }-{in., linear- oblong, rigid, acute, keeled.

Racemes about lin., much corymbosely branched.

Calyx usually 3-partite; segments obtuse. Corolla-

tube not much longer than the calyx. Capsule 4in.,

twice as long as the calyx .. 21. V. diosmefolia.
Leaves 4-1 x 4-}in., lanceolate or linear- oblong, acute,

flat or slightly keeled. Racemes 1-2i in., much corym-

bosely divided. Calyx 4-partite; segments acute. Corolla-

tube twice as long as the calyx. Capsule 4 in. 22. V. Menztesii.
Leaves #-14 x 4-41n., linear-oblong, acute, flat, glaucous,

margins often incised. Racemes exceeding the leaves,

sparingly divided, rarely simple. Calyx-segments

ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla-tube shorter than the

calyx . 23. V. Colensoi.
Leaves 4-2 x 4- hin., Ae " linear- oblong or narrow obovate-

oblong, acute, keeled, rigid, glaucous. Racemes short,

equalling the leaves, trifurcate. Calyx-segments oblong,

obtuse. Corolla-tube nearly twice as long as the calyx.

Capsule 4-4 in. . 24, V. rigidula.
Leaves 4-1 x +-4in., long- petioled, linear-obovate to linear-

oblong, obtuse, flat, glaucous. Racemes trifurcate.

Calyx-segments oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube half as long

again as the calyx. Capsule }in. long, broadly oblong
Leaves 4-2 x 4-4in., ovate-oblong or obovate-oblong, closely

imbricate, rigid, keeled. Racemes $#-l}in., corym-

bosely branched. Calyx-segments oblong, obtuse.

Corolla-tube less than twice as long as the calyx .. 26. V. levis.

bo

5. V. rupicola.

** Flowers racemose ; racemes simple, rarely branched.

Leaves 4-1} x 3-4 in., elliptic-oblong, apiculate, petiolate.

Branchlets and margins of leaves hoary. Racemes

1-1} in. long. Flowers large, white, in. diam. or more,

sweet-scented. Dapstile 3-4 in. . 27. V. elliptica.
Leaves #-14 x 4-3in., oblong or elliptic- oblong, obtuse,

flat. Racemes 2-4 in. long, dense. Flowers large,

white or purplish, 4in. diam. Calyx-segments oblong,

obtuse. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx .. 28. V. Matthewsi,

Veronica. | SOROPHULARINE.

Leaves 4-$in., elliptic-ovate, margins red. Racemes
2-3in. long. Flowers large, pale violet-blue, 4-2 in.
diam. Calyx- ene acute, equalling the short co-

rolla-tube . . 29,

Leaves 4-$ x i din., " ovate-lanceolate to narrow elliptic.
oblong, acute, flat, glaucous. Racemes #-14in. long.
Flowers white, tin. diam. Calyx-segments broadly

ovate, almost as long as the corolla-tube ee 30.

Leaves 4-1 x 4-tin., elliptic-oblong or elliptic- lanceolate,
acute, keeled or flat, often close-set. Racemes 1-3 in. long.
Flowers white, jin. diam. Calyx-segments broadly ob-
long, obtuse, corolla-tube nearly twice as long as the

495

V. Balfouriana.

V. Darwiniana.

calyx (longer in var. elegans) . 31. V. Traversii.

Leaves $-1} x 4-4in., lanceolate, acute or subacute, flat.
Racemes 1-2 in. long. Calyx-segments ovate- lanceolate,
acute. Corolla-tube scarcely longer than the aalyR 3

limb longer than the tube .. . 32. V. subalpina.

Leaves +-3 x 4-4in., obovate-oblong, flat, obtuse or apicu-
late, often distichous. Racemes 4-I} in. Calyx-seg-
ments oblong, obtuse, equalling the corolla-tube. Cap-

sule twice as long as the calyx or more .. 33. V. vernicosa.

Leaves 7-1 x +-4in., narrow - obovate, obtuse, flat or
nearly so. Racemes 1-2 in., lax. Calyx-segments ovate-
oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube aiigntly, longer than the

calyx 34.

Leaves 3-1 x pay in., " obovate- ‘oblong or elliptic- oblong,
obtuse or subacute, slightly concave, usually close-set.
Racemes 1-14 in. long. Calyx-segments oblong-ovate,

obtuse. Corolla-tube scarcely longer than the calyx .. 35.

Leaves 4-2 x }+-4in., oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse,
fiat, glaucous beneath, black when dry ; branchlets pubes-
cent. Racemes 4-lin. Flowers #-4in., white. Calyx-
segments ovate-oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube as long as

the calyx .. ae fe dic o¢ Yo Bley

*** Blowers spicate (often racemose in V. decumbens).

V. obovata.

V. monticola.

V. Cockayniana.

Spikes usually

simple. Leaves close-set, imbricate, concave, rounded or keeled at the back.

Leaves 4-$ x +-1in., obovate-oblong, closely imbricate,
keeled, truncate or subcordate at the base. Spikes
crowded at the ends of the branches; bracts large,

coriaceous Ss is a ae eile

Leaves 4-3 x 1-tin., linear - oblong, keeled. Spikes
crowded, forming a short terminal panicle. Corolla
often 3- lobed, the auticous lobe either suppressed or Nery

small 5 = Bish

Leaves 4-3 x i in. , oblong- obovate, flat or slightly con-
cave, Margins bright- -red. Racemes short, dense. Calyx-
segments ovate, acute. Corolla-tube twice as long as

the calyx. Capsule ovate, acute, glabrous... 39.

Leaves 4-3 x }-4in., ovate, margins fringed with long
soft hairs. Racemes slightly longer than the leaves,
densely villous. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute.

Corolla-tube nearly twice as long as the calyx .. 40.

Leaves 4-3 x }-2in., broadly obovate or suborbicular,
deeply concave, glaucous, nerveless. Spikes crowded,
short, stout, dense. Calyx-segments obtuse, equalling

the corolla-tube. Capsule ovate, acute, glabrous aes

V. buxifolia,

V. anomala,

V. decumbens.

V. Gibbsit.

V. carnosula.

496 SCROPHULARINES. [ Veronica.

Leaves 4-1} x 4-#in., cordate or semiamplexicaul, deeply

concave, glaucous, nerveless. Spikes 1-14in. long,

dense. Calyx-segments obtuse, equalling the corolla-tube.

Capsule oblong, obtuse, pubescent = 42. V.amplexicaulis.
Leaves 4-3 x 4-4in., obovate-oblong or suborbicular,

deeply concave, glaucous, nerveless. Spikes short, dense.

Calyx - segments obtuse, equalling the corolla -tube.

Capsule oblong or obovate, obtuse, pubescent .. 43. V. pinguifolia.
Leaves 4-4 x 4-4in., broadly oblong or suborbicular,

concave, nerveless, very coriaceous. Spikes short, dense,

villous. Calyx-segments obtuse, exceeding the corolla-

tube. Capsule oblong, obtuse, pubescent Be, . 44. V. Buchanani.
Leaves 4-41in., obovate-oblong to lanceolate, usually lax,

glaucous, obtusely keeled. Spikes 4- -1 in. , villous.

Calyx-segments ovate, acute, exceeding the corolla-tube.

Capsule ovate, acute, glabrous or pubescent .. .. 45. V. pimeleoides.

Section III. Small shrubs, erect or decumbent or prostrate. Leaves dimorphic ;
of mature plants small, short and thick, densely quadrifariously imbricated
or rarely in distant pairs; of young plants larger, spreading, entire or
irregularly lobulate or pinnatifid. Flowers crowded near the tips of the
branches or in subterminal 2-4-flowered abbreviated spikes.

* Prostrate or decumbent, rarely erect. Flowers in 2-4-flowered abbreviated
spikes near the ends of the branches and distinct from them.

Laxly branched, 3-12 in. long; branches }4in. diam.

Leaves 4-4in., erecto-patent, ads Sonne obtuse,

margins strongly ciliate-denticulate .. 46. V. Gilliesiana.
Much and closely branched, 3-9in. diam. ; " branches

qa-zy in. diam., tetragonous with the faces concave.

Leaves most densely quadrifarious, ~,-7,in., ovate or

narrow-deltoid, narrowed to a subacute point .. .. 47. V. tetrasticha.
Much and closely branched, 3-9 in. diam. ; branches ;; in.

broad, tetragonous with the faces flat. Leaves most

densely quadrifarious, ;4,--;1, in. long, broadly ml, bh

acute sie ote 46 Ss . 48. V. quadrifaria.

** Erect or spreading or rarely decumbent. Flowers 3-8 near the ends of
the branches, forming small terminal’heads; bracts similar to the leaves or
broader.

+ Leaves densely imbricate with the opposite pairs connate and ap-
pressed, concealing the branch and giving it somewhat of the appearance
of whipcord.

Prostrate, forming patches 6-18in. across; branches
7y-iy in. diam., obtusely tetragonous. Leaves densely
quadrifarious, ema: in. long, broadly ovate-deltoid,

obtuse, tumid 49. V. tumida,
Stout, erect ; branches tetragonous, wo- tin. diam. Leaves
tow in. long, deltoid-ovate, obtuse .. . 50. V. tetragona.

Stout, erect; branches tetragonous, qo—4 in. diam. Leaves

ta- “3, in. long, broadly deltoid-ovate, suddenly narrowed

into a short obtuse cusp . . 51. V. lycopodioides.
Stout, erect; branchlets terete or obscurely tetragonous,

4-4 in. diam., blackish-brown when dry. Leaves connate

into a closely appressed ring 7, in. long, orbicular-oblong,

obtuse oe oe +e ve 5 -. 52. V. Hectorv.

Veronica. ] SCROPHULARINES. 497

Stout, erect or decumbent; branches terete or obscurely

tetragonous, Zy—zp in. diam.., blackish-brown when dry.

Leaves connate into a closely atin ring ;, in. long,

tips obtuse or subacute : 53. V. coarctata.
Strict, erect; branchlets terete, See in. diam. ce yellow-

green when dry. Leaves connate into a closely ap-

pressed ring ;4—7; in. long, subacute or truncate at the

tip . 54. V. salicornioides.
Spreading, much branched ; ‘branches often ‘flabellate :

branchlets terete, slender, #;-;; in. diam. Leaves con-

nate into an obconic sheath or ring ;y in. long loosely

investing the branch, and which is open at the top and

truncate or nearly so - 55. V. Armstrongii.
me! or decumbent ; branchlets terete, very slender,

dyin. diam. Leaves connate into a narrow sheath

7y-h in. long, lower part adnate to the branch, upper part

free and slightly expanded .. 5c Sc .. 56. V. propinqua.

+} Leaves in remote decussate pairs.

Branchlets slender, 3 in. diam, Leaves minute, so aaa
or patent, #.—-7 in. long oe Be . 57. V. cupressoides.

Section IV. Small decumbent or prostrate shrubs ; branches short, ascending.
Leaves small, $-2in. long. Flowers in ter minal oblong or ovoid heads
continuous with the branch. Corolla-tube long and narrow; limb small.

Leaves densely imbricated, fleshy when fresh, erect or

spreading, not keeled ; .. 58. V. Haastit.
Leaves densely imbricated, spreading and recurved, coria-

ceous, sharply keeled 59. V. epacridea.
Leaves not imbricated, spreading, oblong, flat. Bracts

very numerous, crowded, linear ; .. 60. V. Petriez.

Section V. Small prostrate woody plants 2-6in. long. Leaves closely quadri-
fariously imbricate, rigidly coriaceous, py- in. long. Flowers large, +-4 in.
diam., solitary and terminal, pentamerous.

Branches fin. diam. Leaves oblong-obovate, 4-3 in. long.

Calyx hispid below 61. V. dasyphylla.
Branches fin. diam. Leaves oblong, Per in, long.
Calyx hispid throughout. Ovary villous at the tip .. 62. V. uniflora.

Suppivision B. Leaves crenate-toothed or serrate (obscurely
toothed or entire in V. erecta).

* Flowers racemose.

Rigid, sparingly branched. Leaves 4-lin., narrow-

obovate. Racemes short, 5-8-flowered. Flowers 4-

merous, large, white, 3 in. diam. é . 63. V. macrantha.
Much branched. Leaves 3-14 in. , linear- oblong, margined

with white down. Racemes long, many-flowered.

Flowers 5-merous, bright-blue, 4-4in. diam. .. . 64. V. Benthami.
Sparingly branched, erect. Leaves #-lin., oblong- lanceo-

late, entire or obscurely toothed. Racemes long, 3-4 in.,

strict. Flowers small, din. diam. .. ays . 65. V. erecta.

498 SCROPHULARINEX. [ Veromea.

** Flowers sessile in branched panicles or corymbs.

Laxly branched, 1-3ft. high. Leaves 1-2in., broadly
ovate. Panicle terminal, slender, much branched,

6-12in. long. Flowers}in. diam. .. 66. V. Hulkeana,
Decumbent below, 4-8in. high. Leaves 4-1 in in. |, broadly
ovate. Flowers in a dense corymb 1-2 in. across 67. V. Lavaudiana.

Decumbent or erect, 4-12in. high. Leaves }-3in. , oblong-
spathulate. Flowers in lateral and terminal clusters,
often forming a close terminal panicle Ac .. 68. V. Raouli.

Division II., Pyamea. Capsule turgid, the septum across the
broadest diameter. Small depressed pulvinate herbs. Leaves
minute, densely imbricated all round the branches. Flowers
sonlary and terminal. Corolla-limb 5-lobed or rarely abnormally
6-lobed.

Leaves ;,in., linear-oblong, margins and both surfaces

above the middle hoary with long white hairs . .. 69. V. pulvinaris.
Leaves ;4-4in., rhomboid-obovate, margins and back
above the middle hispid, rarely almost glabrous -» 70. V. Thomsoni.

Leaves 3-4in., broadly obovate-spathulate, coriaceous,
margins ciliate with long stiff hairs, both surfaces
glabrous .. Ne Ms Ae ate -. 71. V. ciliolata.

Division III., Huveronica. Capsule laterally compressed, the sep-
tum across the narrowest diameter. Perennial herbs, sometimes
woody at the base. Stems prostrate or decumbent or suberect.
Leaves toothed or serrate, rarely entire. Flowers in aaillary
racemes or solitary. Corolla-tube short.

* Flowers racemose.

Stems woody, much branched, 6-12in. high ; branches

slender. Leaves 4-{in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire

or toothed. Racemes short, crowded at the tips of the

branches. . 72. V. loganioides.
Stems procumbent and ascending, diffusely ‘branched,

2-9in. long. Leaves 4-lin., linear, obtuse, entire .. 73. V. linifolia.
Stems prostrate below, erect above, ‘simple or sparingly

branched, 6-24 in. long. Leaves }4in,, lanceolate to

ovate, serrate. Racemes 3-9 in. long . 74. V. catarracte.
Stems prostrate and rooting, diffusely branched, 3-181 in.

long. Leaves }-#in., ovate or oblong, serrate, glabrous.

Racemes slender, glabrous or nearly so . 75. V. Lyalli.
Stems prostrate and rooting, much branched, 3- 10in.

long. Leaves minute, ~-}in., with 1 or 2 teeth on

each side. Peduncle long, strict, erect - 16. V. Bidwillii.
Stems stout, prostrate, 3-10in. long. ‘Leaves "crowded,

3-4 in., ovate, serrate, usually pubescent on both sur-

faces. Raceme very stout, densely glandular- onan

4-8-flowered. Capsule broadly oblong .. 17. V. Hookeriana.
Stems rather slender, prostrate, 3-6 in. long. Leaves

in., ovate, serrate, glabrous. Racemes rather
slender, pubescent, many-flowered. Capsule oblong .. 78. V. Olsens.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 499

Stems tufted and prostrate, much branched, 3-6 in. long.
Leaves 4-4in., ovate- or deltoid-spathulaie, crenate-
lobed, glandular- pubescent; petioles long. Racemes
very short 36 5 4c ae .. 79. V. spathulata.

Stems prostrate, elongated, 1-3 ft. long. Leaves petiolate ;
lamina }-lin., ovate-deltoid, coarsely toothed. Ra-
cemes lateral, short, 2-5 in. long o% i .. 80. V. plebeia.

Stems suberect, glabrous, 6-18in. high. Leaves 1-3in.,
linear-oblong, serrate, sessile. Racemes 4-10in. long,

many-flowered 81. V. Anagallis.

** Flowers solitary.

Stems prostrate, 6-12in. long; branchlets erect. Leaves
4++in., oblong or obovate, toothed or entire. Flowers
$4 in. diam. fe Sr Se ne -- 82. V. Muelleri.
Densely tufted, forming rounded patches 2-5in. across.
Leaves 4-3in., narrow - obovate, coarsely toothed.
Flowers 4in. diam. Calyx-segments toothed .. .. 83. V. Cheesemanii.
‘Creeping, matted. Leaves minute, ;1,-;4, in., ovate, entire.
Flowers +4 in. diam. 52. as wd . 84. V. canescens.

V. carnea, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 357, is a garden-plant
of unknown origin, and has never been found in the wild state. It is probably
a hybrid. V. macrocaiyx and V. rugulosella, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv.
(1892) 391, and V. oligantha, Col. l.c. xxv. (1893) 333, are proved by the
types in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium to be nothing more than slight varieties of the
naturalised V. serpyllifolia, Linn. Similarly, V. longiracemosa, Col. l.c. xx.
(1888) 203, and V. hirsuta, Col. l.c. xxiv. (1892) 393, are V. arvensis, Linn. ;
and V. areolata, Col. l.c. 392, is V. persica, Poir (V. Buxbawmii, Ten), both
Species being now naturalised throughout the colony. In the absence of
authentic specimens, I have been unable to precisely identify V. Rakaiensis,
Armstr. i.c. xiii. (1881) 356, and V. polyphylla, Col. l.c. xxxi. (1899) 277.

1. V. speciosa, &. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. sub. t. 3461.—A stout
glabrous shrub 2-5it. high with numerous spreading leafy
branches ; branchlets thick, angled, -4in. diam. Leaves spread-
ing, sessile or on very short thick petioles, 2-4in. long, 1-13 in.
broad, obovate or obovate-oblong, rounded at the tip, truncate or
slightly cordate at the base or narrowed into the petiole, thick and
coriaceous, dark-green and glossy, midrib downy above, lateral
veins obsolete, margins entire. Racemes axillary and opposite,
near the tips of the branches, not much longer than the leaves,
very stout and dense-flowered, sometimes exceeding lin. diam. ;
rhachis puberulous; pedicels short, spreading. Flowers large,
4in. diam., dark reddish-purple or violet-purple. Calyx 4-partite ;
segments ovate, subacute or obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube broad,
funnel-shaped, half as long again as the calyx ; limb 4-lobed ; lobes
oblong, obtuse, the dorsal lobe rather larger than the lateral,
anterior the smallest. Capsule }-$in. long, ovate, compressed,
more than twice as long as the calyx.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 373;
Fiaoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 191; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 206; Bot. Mag. t. 4057; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii.
(1881) 351. V. Kermesina, Loud. Encyc. Pl. 1546.

500 SCROPHULARINES. [ Veronica.

Var. brevifolia, Cheesem.—Leaves smaller and narrower, 1-24 in. long by
4-}in. broad, oblong-obovate to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute. Racemes
and flowers smaller. :

Nortu Istanp: North Cape (var. brevifolia), T. fF. C.; south head of
Hokianga Harbour, R. Cunningham, Kirk! Maunganui Bluff, Petrie! Urenui
(Taranaki), 7. #. C.; Port Nicholson, Lyall. SoutH Istanp: Marlborough—
Ship Cove, Lyall; Pelorus Sound, J. Rutland ! November—March.

A remarkably rare and local species, confined to cliffs nxar the sea. All the
wild specimens that I have seen have the flowers dark reddish-purple, but in
cultivation they frequently become violet-purple. It hybridises freely with
V. salicifolia, macrocarpa, elliptica, and probably other species, and several of
the hybrids have become common garden-plants.

2. V. Dieffenbachii, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 459.—A robust
much-branched shrub ; branches widely divaricating, 2-5 ft. long or
more; branchlets stout, green, terete, 4-+in. diam., glabrous or
puberulous. Leaves spreading, often recurved, sessile and semi-
amplexicaul, 2-4in. long, 4-1 in. broad, linear-oblong, rarely broader
and almost oblong, acute or subacute, coriaceous or almost fleshy,
pale-green, midrib stout, prominent beneath, lateral veins very
indistinct, margins slightly recurved when fresh. Racemes pedun-
culate, suberect, exceeding the leaves, 24-5 in. long, #-lin. diam.,
dense-flowered; rhachis stout; pedicels spreading, ,-41in. long,
with a minute subulate bract at the base. Flowers tin. diam.,
usually lilac-purple. Calyx small, 4-partite; segments ovate-
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliolate. Corolla-tube funnel-
shaped, exceeding the calyx ; limb 4-lobed; dorsal and lateral lobes
broadly oblong, anterior narrower. Capsule 1-4in. long, ovate,
acute, glabrous, about 24 times as long as the calyx.—Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 191; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 206; Bot. Mag. t. 7656; Armstr.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
XXvili. (1896) 531 ; Gard. Chron. 11. (1898) p. 154, t.41. V. Forsteri,
F. Muell. Veg. Chat. Is. 46 (im part).

CHATHAM IsLANDS: Apparently not uncommon, Dieffenbach, H. H. Travers
Enys! Cox and Cockayne !

In cultivation this puts out numerous stout almost horizontal branches close
to the ground, so that a single plant occupies quite a large space without rising to
a greater height than 3ft. or 4ft.; but Mr. Cockayne informs me that this pecu-
liarity is not so noticeable in the wild state. I am also indebted to him for a
series of specimens showing a considerable range of variation in the size and
shape of the leaves and their texture, the length of the raceme, size of the
flowers, &c., apparently accompanied by slight differences in the mode of growth.
It seems doubtful whether the whole of these are referable to V. Dieffenbachi,
but the question is one that cannot be settled without much more ample material
than I possess.

3. V. Barkeri, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 421.
—A stout branching shrub; branches erect, not divaricating, terete,
the younger ones brownish-purple. Leaves spreading, sessile, 2 in.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 501

long, 4-2 in. broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or sub-
acute, narrowed towards the base, thick and fleshy, pale dull-green,
midrib scarcely prominent beneath. Racemes opposite near the
ends of the branches, about as long as the leaves, dense-flowered ;
rhachis and pedicels pubescent; bracts subulate, half as long as the
pedicels. Flowers 4-4in. diam., pale-lilac. Calyx small, deeply
4-partite; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla-tube slightly
longer than the calyx; limb spreading, 4-lobed; dorsal and lateral
lobes subequal, broadly oblong, obtuse, anterior lobe smaller.. Cap-
sule 4in. long, ovate, acute, about twice as long as the calyx.

CuarHam Isuanps: Barker, Cockayne !

I fear that this is much too close to V. Dieffenbachi, but my specimens are
very indifferent. According to Mr. Cockayne, it differs ‘‘in its erect not spread-
ing habit, smaller leaves, shorter racemes, in its extremely pubescent style, and
in the midrib not conspicuously raised.’’

4. V. macroura, Hook. f. ex Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 549.—
A much-branched glabrous shrub 1-5 ft. high ; branches rather stout,
spreading, terete. Leaves spreading, sessile or very shortly petio-
late, 1-3 in. long, 4-1} in. broad, obovate-oblong to obovate-lanceo-
late or linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, hardly coriaceous, flat,
glabrous or the margins minutely pubescent. Racemes longer than
the leaves, 2-4 in. long, 4—$in. diam., often curved, very densely
many-flowered; rhachis and pedicels finely pubescent, the latter
slender, spreading or subsecund, often pendulous in fruit. Flowers
small, densely compacted, 4-4in. diam., white or pale bluish-
white. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments narrow-oblong, acute,
finely pubescent, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube slender, exceeding
the calyx ; limb small, with narrow-oblong obtuse lobes. Capsules
densely crowded, usually pendulous, small, ovate, compressed,
4-1 in. long, scarcely twice as long as the calyx.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Gel. i. 191; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 207; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii.
(1881) 351; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 531.

Var. Cookiana, Cheesem.—Stouter and more robust. Leaves larger,
2-34in. long, 1}-1#in. broad, oblong or oblong-ovate, broad at the base,
pubescent on the margins and sometimes on the midrib beneath. Racemes
3-6 in. long, conspicuously curved. Calyx more pubescent.—V. Cookiana, Col.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 201.

Var. dubia, Cheesem.—Smaller; branches very diffuse, often procumbent.
Leaves smaller and broader, 1-2in. long, 3-lin. broad, broadly obovate to
elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, subcoriaceous, glabrous except the margins,
which are edged with a white pubescent line. Racemes smaller, 14-2} in. long,

not so dense. Flowers rather larger, in. diam. Calyx conspicuously ciliate.
Capsules 2 in. long.

Norrtu Istanp: Whangarei, Colenso (Handbook); Hast Cape district, from
Hicks Bay to Mahia Peninsula, Colenso! Bishop Williams! H. Hill! Cook
Strait, Colenso (Handbook). Var. Cookiana: Table Cape, H. Hill! Var.
dubia: Coast north of the Manukau Harbour, 7’. F’. C.

502 SCROPHULARINEZ. [ Veronica.

Best recognised by the dense curved racemes, small flowers, narrow corolla-
lobes, and small densely compacted capsules. It is a purely littoral plant,
abundant on cliffs near the sea in the East Cape district, but has not been seen
at Whangarei or Cook Strait of late years. The South Island locality of Tarn-
dale, ascribed to it in the Handbook, is almost certainly erroneous.

5. V. divergens, Cheesem.n. sp.— A much-branched shrub
2-5 ft. high; branches stout, spreading, the younger ones pube-
rulous. Leaves spreading, sessile or very shortly petiolate, 3-1} in.
long, +-4in. broad, oblong or linear-oblong to elliptic-oblong or
-ovate, acute or obtuse, narrowed at the base, flat, coriaceous, quite
glabrous, midrib distinct on both surfaces, margins entire. Racemes
axillary and opposite near the tips of the branches, stout, peduncled,
2-3 in. long or more, dense-flowered; rhachis pubescent; pedicels
as long as the calyx; bracts equalling the pedicels or rather shorter.
Flowers 1-+in. diam., white. Calyx 4-partite; segments oblong-
ovate, obtuse or acute, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube short and
broad, not exceeding the calyx ; limb longer than the tube, 4-lobed ;
lobes broadly oblong, obtuse, the anterior one narrower. Stamens
exserted. Capsule iin. long, broadly elliptic-oblong, subacute,
compressed, glabrous, twice as long as the calyx.

SoutH Isnanp: Nelson—Coast near Brighton, to the south of Westport,
Townson !

Although unwilling to create new species in a genus like Veronica, I feel com-
pelled to assign specific rank to this, which appears to be well characterized by
the small oblong or elliptic-oblong flat spreading leaves, dense racemes, very
short and broad corolla-tube, and broadly oblong subacute capsule. In some
respects it approaches V. macroura var. dubia, but its nearest ally is probably
VY. salicifolia var. Kirku.

6. V. ligustrifolia, A. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. sub t. 3461.—A
small laxly branched glabrous shrub 1-3 ft. high, rarely more ; bark
greyish-brown; branchlets slender, twiggy, terete. Leaves spread-
ing, sessile or nearly so, 1-2in. long, rarely more, +-4in. broad,
oblong or linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or sub-
acute or more rarely acute, flat, quite entire. Racemes near the
tips of the branches, 2-3 in. long, slender, rather lax-flowered ;
rhachis, pedicels, and bracts puberulous or almost glabrate. Flowers
rather small, white, 1+in. diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; seg-
ments ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous or the margins minutely
ciliolate. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, shorter than the calyx;
limb longer than the tube, spreading, 4-lobed; lobes acute.
Capsule +in. long, ovate, acute, compressed, hardly twice as long
as the calyx.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 375; Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x.
460; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 192, and Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 208 (in part only).

Norru Isxtanp: Auckland—North Cape district, J. Adams and T. F. C. ;
Bay of Islands, Cunningham, Colenso, and others; Whangarei, T. F. C.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINE 2. 903:

The plant herein described is the original V. ligustrifolia of A. Cunning-
ham, and of Bentham in De Candolle’s Prodromus. It by no means corre-
sponds with the ligustrifolia of Hooker, who included in the term Bentham’s.
V. acutiflora and my leiophylla, and possibly other plants. As a species it
comes nearest to V. salicifolia, differing in the smaller size, paler bark, and
more twiggy habit, in the much smaller and more obtuse leaves, in the lax-
flowered racemes, in the acute and almost glabrous calyx-segments, and in the
short broad tube of the corolla and its acute spreading lobes. I am indebted to.
Mr. N. E. Brown for comparing my North Cape specimens with Cunningham’s

type.

7. V. pubescens, Banks and Sol. ex Benth. in D.C. Prodr.
x. 460.—A slender diffusely branched shrub 4-6 ft. high; branches.
terete, the younger ones villous with soft spreading white hairs.
Leaves spreading or suberect, shortly petiolate, 14-3in. long,
4-2in. broad, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute, narrowed
towards the base, quite entire, midrib and margins and the whole
of the under-surface villous with short soft white hairs. Racemes.
axillary, 2-4in. long, 4in. diam., rather slender, many-flowered ;
rhachis, pedicels, and calyx densely villous. Flowers small, 44 in.
diam. Calyx 4-partite ; segments oblong - lanceolate, acute.
Corolla-tube slender, longer than the calyx; limb with 4 rather
narrow oblong lobes. Capsule ovate, acute, glabrous, nearly twice
as long as the calyx.— Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 193; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 208; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351.

NortH Is~anp: Auckland—Mercury Bay, Banks and Solander; Shoe
Island (off Tairua Harbour) and Cabbage Bay, Adams !

Very near to V. salicifolia var. stricta, but at once separated by the copious
hairs on the young shoots, margins and midribs of the leaves, and inflorescence.
Mr. N. E. Brown informs me that Mr. Adams’s specimens correspond precisely
with Banks and Solander’s type. Both Bentham and Hooker describe the
plant as being ‘‘everywhere covered with red-brown hairs,’’ but on the upper:
surface of the leaves the hairs are confined to the midrib and margins.

8. V. salicifolia, Forst. Prodr.n.11.—An erect much-branched
glabrous shrub 3-10{ft. high, more rarely taller and reaching
12-15 ft., with a trunk Qin. diam.; branchlets slender, terete,
glabrous or the younger ones minutely puberulous. Leaves sessile
or nearly so, spreading, 2-6in. long, }-2in. broad, lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually
narrowed at the base, entire or with a few obscure incisions, rather
thin, pale-green, glabrous or slightly downy on the midrib and
margins, margins flat, midrib usually prominent beneath, especially
towards the base of the leaf. Racemes slender, longer than the
leaves, 3-10 in. long, very many-flowered; rhachis, pedicels, and
bracts pubescent or almost glabrate; pedicels slender, variable in
length. Flowers $-tin. diam., white with a pale-lilac tinge to pale
bluish-purple, rarely quite white. Calyx 4-partite; segments
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute or subacute,.

504 SCROPHULARINEZ. [ Veronica.

glabrate or more or less pubescent. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped,
from half as long again to twice as long as the calyx; limb 4-lobed,
lobes oblong, obtuse. Capsule 4-1in. long, broadly ovate, acute,
compressed, from half as long again to twice as long as the calyx.—
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 186; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 374; Benth. m.
D.C. Prodr. x. 459; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel i.
191; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 207. V. Lindleyana, Part. Mag. Bot. xii.
(1846) 247. V. Parkinsoniana, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi.
(1889) 97.

Var. stricta, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 191.—Racemes, pedicels, and calyx-
segments much more hairy, sometimes almost villous. Capsule smaller, more
acute.—V. stricta, Banks and Sol. ex Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 459.

Var. gigantea, Cheesem.---Forming a small round-headed tree 15-25 ft. high ;
trunk distinct. Leaves 2-4in. long, 4-3in. broad, lanceolate, acute; margins
ciliolate. Racemes shorter than the leaves or barely equalling them. Flowers
white, 4-3in. diam. Corolla-tube very short, hardly longer than the calyx. —
V. gigantea, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902) 319.

Var. Kirkii, Cheesem.—A shrub 6-12ft. high; branches robust, dark-
brown, polished. Leaves smaller, #-13in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
coriaceous. Racemes 4-8in. long. Flowers white, tin. diam. Capsule
broadly ovate, acute, hoary-pubescent, 4in. long.—V. Kirkii, Armstr. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 356.

KERMADEC IsLANDS: Leaves broader and thinner ; racemes shorter than the
leaves; calyx-segments almost equalling the capsule—perhaps a distinct species,
but specimens very imperfect. NortH AND SourH IsLtAnpDs, Stewart ISLAND :
The typical form and var. stricta abundant throughout. Var. gigantea:
CuatHAm Istanps, H. H. Travers, Cox and Cockayne! Var. Kirkiw: Canter-
bury, Upper Rangitata Valley, Armstrong! Sea-level to 3500 ft. | Koromiko.
December—March.

The most widely distributed of the New Zealand species, and one of the
most variable. In addition to the varieties characterized above, the student will
find numerous forms which appear to connect it with V. macroura, Dieffen-
bachti, macrocarpa, ligustrifolia, and others. In cultivation it hybridizes freely
with most of the allied species, and several of the hybrids are now common in
gardens, especially V. Andersoni (Lindl. d Paxt. Flow. Gard. ii. 3) the result of
a cross with V. speciosa.

Y. V. rotundata, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 530.
—A laxly branched shrub 2-6 ft. high; branches terete, glabrous.
Leaves spreading, sessile or very shortly petioled, 3-4in. long by
3-14 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, subacute,
hardly coriaceous, flat, veins obscure. Racemes usually longer
than the leaves, 3-6in. long, lin. diam., densely many-flowered ;
rhachis and pedicels puberulous. Flowers large, tin. diam., violet-
purple or lilac. Calyx 4-partite; segments oblong-ovate, acute or
subacute. Corolla-tube short and broad, hardly equalling the
spreading 4-lobed limb. Stamens long, far exserted. Capsule
about 41n. long, suborbicular, compressed, obtuse, about twice as
long as the calyx.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 505

Nortu Isnanp: Vicinity of Wellington, Kirk! Souru Isnanp: Canter.
bury—Southbridge, Kirk ! July-September,

Nearest to V. macrocarpa, but separated from it, and from all the large-
leaved species, by the almost orbicular capsule rounded at the tip. The leaves
are also broader and more obtuse than in any of the forms of V. macrocarpa.

10. V. macrocarpa, Vahl. Symb. Bot. iii. 4.—An erect branch-
ing shrub 4-8ft. high; branchlets rather stout, terete, glabrous.
Leaves sessile or very shortly petioled, spreading, 3-6in. long,
4-lin. broad, narrow oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acute, rather coriaceous, dark-green, smooth and gla-
brous, flat, veins obscure. Racemes usually rather longer than the
leaves, 3-7in. long, many-flowered, cylindrical, acute, sometimes
attenuate at the tip; rhachis and pedicels glabrate or puberulous.
Flowers large, white, +4 in. diam. or even more. Calyx 4-partite ;
segments oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube broad, about twice
as long as the calyx; limb 4-lobed; lobes oblong, obtuse. Stamens
very long, far-exserted. Capsule large, +4 in. long, ovate, com-
pressed, acute, three times as long as the calyx.—A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 376; Kaoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 192; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 207; Armstr. mn Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351; Kirk
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 529.

Var. latisepala, Cheesem.—Habit and foliage of the type, but racemes
usually shorter than the leaves; flowers and capsules often secund. Calyx-
segments rather broader. Flowers deep-violet.—V. latisepala, Kirk in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 530.

Var. affinis, Cheesem.—Leaves smaller, 2-4in. long. Racemes shorter,
3-5in.; flowers smaller, white. Capsules 3—}in., twice as long as the calyx.
Apparently a passage-form into V. salicifolia.

Var. crassifolia, Cheesem.—Leaves smaller and narrower, 2-3 in. long by
4-4 in. broad, linear-lanceolate, very thick and coriaceous, rigid when dry.
Racemes equalling the leaves or longer than them, glabrate. Flowers not seen.
Calyx-segments oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute. Capsule
4-4 in., ovate, acute, twice as long as the calyx. Perhaps a distinct species.

NorrtuH Istanp: From Hokianga and Mongonui southwards to Poverty Bay
and Taranaki, not uncommon. SovutH IstaAnp: Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks
and Solander. Var. latisepala: Great and Little Barrier Islands, Whangarei
Heads, Kirk! T. F.C. Var. crassifolia: Nelson, between Karamea and West-
port, W. Townson ! Sea-level to 4000 ft. August-—November.

The typical state of this, with large somewhat coriaceous leaves, long
racemes of large white flowers, and very large acute capsules, is a most striking
plant, and can be recognised at a glance. But there are many intermediates
between it and V. salicifolia which are difficult to place, and the one which
I have called var. afinis might be referred to either species. Mr. Kirk’s
V. latisepala, which I have had repeated opportunities of studying at the Little
Barrier Island, does not differ from the type except in the violet flowers and
shorter often secund racemes, and is best treated as a variety. Mr. Townson’s plant
from Karamea, which I have called var. crassifolia, differs markedly in the
smaller and narrower much more coriaceous and rigid leaves, and in the acute
calyx-segments, and may prove to be a separate species. -

506 SCROPHULARINE). [ Veronica.

11. V. amabilis, Cheesem. n. sp.—A tall branching shrub 6-15 ft.
high or even more; branches rather slender, terete, quite glabrous
or the younger ones minutely puberulous. Leaves spreading,
shortly petiolate, 2-4in. long, 3-lin. broad, oblong-lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, firm but hardly coriaceous,
flat, smooth and glabrous, midrib obscurely puberulous above,
margins entire. Racemes axillary and opposite near the tips of
the branches, 4-6 in. long, slender, lax-flowered, usually attenuate
at the tip; pedicels slender, the lower ones often 4in. long or
more. Flowers large, 4 in. diam., white. Calyx deeply 4-partite ;
segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliolate. Corolla-tube
short and broad, equalling the calyx or rather longer than it; limb
4-lobed; lobes oblong, obtuse. Capsule din. long, ovate, acute,
twice as long as the calyx.—V. salicifolia var. gracilis, T. Kark,
Forest Fl. t. 120.

Var. blanda, Cheesem.—Apparently a closely branched shrub. Leaves
rather close-set, spreading, often distinctly petiolate, 1-24in. long, 3—in.
broad, elliptic-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, coriaceous, flat,
glabrous or puberulous on the margins and midrib above; margins thickened,
entire or remotely notched. Racemes 2-3in. long, often lin. broad, dense- or
lax-flowered. Flowers large, white, }-4in. diam. Calyx-segments acute. Ripe
‘capsules not seen.

SoutH Isnuanp: Otago—Bluff Hill, Kirk! Var. blanda: Port Chalmers,
Petrie! Preservation Inlet, Kirk! Srmwarr Istanp: Port William, Lyall ;
Paterson’s Inlet, G. M. Thomson! Ruapuke Island, H. J. Matthews !

The plant from the Bluff Hill, which I have taken for the type of the
Species, was referred by Mr. Kirk to V. salicifolia, from which it appears to me
to differ altogether in the broader and shorter leaves, more lax-flowered racemes,
longer pedicels, much larger flowers, acute calyx-segments, shorter and broader
corolla-tube, and larger capsule. It is much nearer V. macrocarpa, but the
leaves are shorter and broader, the racemes laxer, and the calyx-segments acute.
Var. blanda has still shorter and broader leaves, with the margins often thick-
ened and peculiarly notched, and the racemes are shorter and denser, but the
flowers are very similar. Mr. N. E. Brown informs me that Lyall’s Port
William specimens, mentioned in the Handbook under V. macrocarpa and
V. ligustrifolia, are both referable to it.

12. V. Lewisii, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
357. — A handsome closely branched erect shrub 3-6 ft. high ;
branches stout, terete, clothed with short and fine greyish-white
pubescence. Leaves pale-green, spreading, shortly petiolate,
14-24 in. long, 3-1in. broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute or
subacute, rounded or truncate or subcordate at the base, coriaceous,
glabrous above, midrib often puberulous beneath, margins edged
with a soff white pubescent line. Racemes near the tips of the
branches, short and stout, 2-24 in. long, lin. diam., dense-flowered ;
rhachis, pedicels, and bracts finely pubescent. Flowers large, $ in.
diam. or even more, pale-blue. Calyx 4-partite; segments ovate-

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINEZ. 507

oblong, acute, ciliolate. Corolla with a short and broad funnel-
shaped tube and large spreading 4-lobed limb; dorsal and lateral
lobes subequal, anterior rather smaller. Capsule +in. long, ovate,
acute, compressed, about twice as long as the calyx.

SournH Istanp: Canterbury—Downs near the sea in the south of the
province, Armstrong! near Timaru, Buchanan!

Easily distinguished by the softly pubescent branches, pale-green leaves with
a pubescent margin, and short broad racemes with very large flowers.

13. V. chathamica, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. (1875)
338, t. 13, f. 1.—A prostrate or trailing shrub, with much-branched
stems 6-18in. long; branches numerous, terete, sparingly softly
pubescent or almost glabrous. Leaves usually close-set, spread-
ing, sessile or very shortly petiolate, 4-1 in. long, elliptic or elliptic-
oblong, obtuse or subacute, flat, subcoriaceous, glabrous or nearly
so. Racemes several towards the tips of the branches, peduncled ;
flowering portion 4-1 in. long and almost as broad, broadly oblong,
obtuse. dense-flowered ; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts pubescent, the
latter equalling or exceeding the pedicels. Flowers 4-4 in. diamn.,
purple. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Corolla-tube short, not much longer than the calyx; limb 4-lobed ;
dorsal and lateral lobes nearly equal, anterior smaller. Capsule
about tin. long, ovate, subacute, compressed, about twice as long as
the calyx.—Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351; Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 528.

Var. Coxiana, Cheesem.—Branches stouter, suberect. Leaves rather larger
and more distant, 1-1}in. long, obovate-oblong or elliptical, rounded at the
apex, almost membranous, softly pubescent on both surfaces. Corolla-tube
rather longer.—V. Coxiana, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 529.

CHATHAM Isnanps: Not uncommon on rocks near the sea, H. H. Travers !
F. A.D. Cox! L. Cockayne !

A well-marked species, easily recognised by the trailing or prostrate habit
and short broad very obtuse racemes. Mr. Kirk distinguished his V. Coxiana
mainly by the softer and more herbaceous habit and more pubescent leaves and
branches, characters which entirely break down when a large suite of specimens
is examined.

14. V. acutiflora, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 460.—A small erect
sparingly branched shrub; branches slender, terete, glabrous or
the ultimate ones very minutely puberulous. Leaves sessile,
spreading, 2-3 in. long, 4-+in. broad, linear-lanceolate, narrowed
to an obtuse tip, flat or nearly so, quite smooth and glabrous or
the midrib puberulous above, margins entire. Racemes opposite
and axillary near the tips of the branches, 2-4 in. long, slender,
lax-flowered ; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts pubescent or glabrate ;
pedicels slender, the lowest in. long. Flowers 4-1in. diam.
Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments long, ovate-lanceolate, acute,

508 SCROPHULARINE. [ Verontca.

pubescent or glabrate. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, short and
broad, not nearly equalling the calyx; limb deeply 4-lobed ; lobes
longer than the tube, oblong, acute or subacute. Capsule +in.
long, ovate-oblong, acute, about twice as long as the calyx.—
V. ligustrifolia var. acutiflora, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 192.

Nortx Istanp: Auckland—Kerikeri Falls (Bay of Islands), Cunningham,
Colenso! Kirk !

My knowledge of this is confined to a few specimens in Mr. Colenso’s
herbarium and two or three in Mr. Kirk’s. Mr. Colenso’s specimens have the
pedicels and calyces nearly glabrate; in Mr. Kirk’s they are softly pubescent.
Mr. N. E. Brown informs me that they differ from the typical acutifiora in the
rather shorter leaves, smaller flowers, and shorter calyx-segments; but I have
little doubt but that they belong to that species. V. acutiflora is nearest to
V. ligustrifolia, but is at once separated by the much narrower and longer leaves
and different calyx.

15. V. angustifolia, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 187.—An erect
much-branched glabrous shrub 5-8ft. high; branches slender,
erect, naked below, bark often purplish-brown. Leaves sessile,
spreading or deflexed, 14-34 in. long, 44in. broad, narrow-linear
or narrow linear-lanceolate, often falcate, acute, dark-green and
channelled above, paler and keeled beneath, quite glabrous, margins
entire. Racemes numerous near the tips of the branches, opposite
and axillary, erect or spreading, longer than the leaves, 2-5 in. long,
slender, tapering, usually rather lax-flowered; rhachis, pedicels,
and bracts pubescent; pedicels short, slender. Flowers rather
small, 4in. diam., pale-lilac. Calyx very small, deeply 4-partite ;
segments oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla-tube tubular, 2 or 3 times
as long as the calyx; limb 4-lobed; lobes broadly oblong, obtuse.
Capsule about 4in. long, ovate, acute, compressed, about twice as
long as the calyx.—Raoul, Choix, 43. V. squalida, Kirk in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 528. V. parviflora var. angustifolia, Hook.
jf. i Bot. Mag. t. 5965.

Nort Isuanp: Hawke’s Bay, Colenso! H. Hill! Sourn Istanp: Nelson
and Marlborough, abundant, D’ Urville, Buchanan! Travers! Kirk! T. F. C.,
&e. December-February.

Very near to V. parviflora, and chiefly separated by the smaller size, longer
and often drooping leaves, longer and more lax-flowered racemes, and longer
corolla-tube. Hooker’s plate in the Botanical Magazine is excellent.

16. V. parviflora, Vahl. Symb. Bot. iii. 4—A much-branched
shrub or small tree 6-20ft. high, with a rounded dome-shaped
head; trunk sometimes 2 ft. diam. at the base; branches slender,
twiggy, ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves. Leaves sessile,
spreading or suberect, 1-24in. long, 14 in. broad, narrow linear-
lanceolate, acute, almost flat or channelled above, keeled beneath,
quite smooth, margins entire. Racemes near the tips of the

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 509

branches, 1-3 in. long, equalling the leaves or only slightly longer
than them, dense-flowered ; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts pubescent ;
pedicels short, rather stout. Flowers small, tin. diam., white
with a lilac tinge. Calyx short and broad, deeply 4-partite; seg-
ments broadly oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped,
about half as long again as the calyx, seldom more; limb 4-lobed ;
lobes about as long as the tube, broadly oblong or almost orbicular,
obtuse. Capsule about din. long, ovate, acute, about twice as long
as the calyx.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 378 ; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 192, and Handb. N.Z. Fl. 207 (in part only) ;
Armsir. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351; Kirk in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxviii. (1896) 526. V. stenophylla, Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. ii.
760. V. arborea, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1874) 242.

NortH Istanp: Auckland— Whangarei Heads and Taranga Islands,
7’. F. C.; Great Barrier Island, Kirk! East Cape district, Kirk. Hawke’s
Bay, Colenso! Wellington—Cape Terawhiti and hills near Wellington, Bu-
chanan! Kirk! SovutH Istanp: Marlborough — Queen Charlotte Sound,
Banks and Solander. December-February. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

There is some little doubt as to the plant that Vahl described as V. parvifloras
but it is probably identical with the V. floribunda of Banks and Solander’s
manuscripts and the V. arborea of Buchanan. It is chiefly characterized by
its large size—sometimes considerably over 25 ft.— small linear-lanceolate leaves,
small dense racemes usually not much exceeding the leaves, and short and
broad corolla-tube. In the Flora and in the Handbook it is united with
V. angustifolia, A. Rich, which I take to be quite distinct.

17. V. leiophylla, Cheesem. n. sp.—A large spreading perfectly
glabrous shrub 4-12 ft. high ; branches terete. Leaves spreading,
sessile or very shortly petiolate, 3-14in. long, 4-4 in. broad, linear-
oblong or narrow oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, flat, smooth,
coriaceous, glabrous or the midrib obscurely puberulous above.
Racemes towards the tips of the branches, much longer than the
leaves, 2-4in long, slender; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts puberulous ;
pedicels longer than the calyx. Flowers rather densely placed,
tin. diam. by tin. long or more. Calyx small, 4-partite; seg-
ments oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube about twice as long as the
calyx ; limb equalling or shorter than the tube, 4-lobed; lobes
oblong, obtuse, the anterior one rather narrower. Capsule 4 in.
long, broadly oblong, subacute, compressed, glabrous, nearly three
times as long as the calyx.—V. parviflora var. phillyrezfolia, Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 192.

Sout Is~tanp: Apparently not uncommon throughout, from Nelson to
Otago. Sea-level to 3000 ft. December—February.

This appears to me to be a perfectly distinct species, easily distinguished
from V. parviflora, under which it was placed by Hooker, by the flat linear-
oblong usually obtuse leaves and much larger flowers and capsules. I suspect
that Kirk’s V. parviflora var. strictissima, of which I have only seen two im-

510 SCROPHULARINE. [ Veronica..

mature specimens, is simply a state with more acute leaves and strict suberect
racemes. Ii is frequently named V. Traversii in gardens, but is altogether
unlike what I take to be the typical state of that species.

18. V. gracillima, Cheesem. n. sp.—A much-branched glabrous
shrub; branches spreading, terete. Leaves spreading, sessile or
nearly so, 1-24in. long, tin. broad, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate,
gradually tapering to an acute or acuminate apex, flat, coriaceous,
glabrous or puberulous on the midrib above. Racemes numerous
towards the tips of the branches, exceeding the leaves, 3-5 in. long,
slender ; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts puberulous; pedicels slender,.
longer or shorter than the calyx. Flowers rather densely placed,
large, tin. diam. by almost tin. long. Calyx 4-partite ; segments
oblong-ovate, subacute or obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube funnel-
shaped, shorter than the limb and often barely exceeding the calyx ;
limb large, 4-lobed; dorsal and lateral lobes about equal, oblong,
obtuse ; anterior lobe narrow, linear-oblong, acute. Capsule +in.
long, broadly oblong, acute, compressed, glabrous, more than
double the length of the calyx.—V. ligustrifolia var. gracillima, Kirk
“an Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 527.

SoutH IstanpD: Nelson—Abundant in the vicinity of Westport, Dr. Gaze !
W. Townson !

This differs from V. acwtiflora in the larger size, longer and more dense-
flowered racemes, and especially in the short obtuse or subacute calyx-segments,
which are altogether unlike the lanceolate acute or acuminate calyx-segments.
of acwtiflora. It agrees with acuwtiflora in the short corolla-tube and large
deeply divided limb. From V. parviflora it is at once separated by the larger
flowers and differently shaped corolla.

19. V. insularis, Cheesem. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897)
392.—A small erect or decumbent robust shrub 1-3ft. high;
branches stout, spreading, ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves,
pubescent towards the tips. Leaves close-set, spreading or sub-
erect, sessile or very shortly petiolate, }-1}in. long, +-4in. broad,
elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovate, subacute or obtusely mucronate,
quite entire, very coriaceous, flat or slightly keeled, often glaucous,
midrib prominent beneath, margins thickened. Racemes corym-
bosely branched, peduncled, 3-14in. long, many-flowered, in
opposite pairs near the tips of the branches; rhachis and pedicels
puberulous; bracts rather large. Flowers jin. diam., pale
lavender-blue. Calyx short and broad, 4-partite ; segments. broadly
ovate, acute, ciliolate. Corolla-tube broad, about half as long again
as the calyx; limb 4-lobed. Capsule ovoid, turgid, acute, rather
more than twice as long as the calyx.

Norrtu Istanp: Three Kings Islands, rocky places on both the Great King
and the Western King, but not common, 7. F. C. November—December.

Veronica. ] SCROPHULARINES. 511

This has the corymbose inflorescence of V. diosmefolia, but differs alto-
gether in the stout spreading or decumbent habit, much larger broader leaves,
and in the calyx and corolla.

20. V. venustula, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
393.—A small compact bushy shrub 6-9 in. high ; branchlets short,
numerous. Leaves close-set, decussate, spreading, shortly petio-
late, 4-in. long, }in. broad, oblong or elliptic-ovate, acute,
coriaceous, flat or slightly concave, not keeled, dark-green and
glabrous; midrib prominent beneath, excurrent; margins entire.
Racemes terminal, much branched, forming a terminal many-
flowered corymb 2in. diam,; pedicels slender, puberulous ; bracts
lanceolate, acute, equalling the pedicels. Flowers white, +—4 in.
diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, rather longer than the calyx;
limb 4-lobed; lobes subequal, broadly ovate, obtuse. Capsule
din. long, broadly ellipsoid, obtuse, more than twice as long as
the calyx.

Nort IstanD: Hawke’s Bay—Hastern side of the Ruahine Range, County
of Waipawa, A. Olsen!

Of this species I have only seen two small scraps, but these both agree in
the very distinct character of the inflorescence, which forms a dense terminal
corymb similar to that of V. diosmefolia, from which plant it differs totally in
the leaves, calyx, and corolla. Mr. N. E. Brown, who has examined some speci-
mens forwarded to Kew by Colenso, also states that it is ‘‘a very distinct
species near to V. diosmefolia.” It is curious that so far it has escaped the
notice of any collector except Mr. Olsen.

21. V. diosmeefolia, R. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. sub. t. 3461.—A
small much-branched shrub, usually from 2-5 ft. high, but some-
times attaining a height of 15ft., with a slender trunk 4-6 in.
diam.; branches glabrous or puberulous, ringed with the scars of
the fallen leaves. Leaves close-set, spreading or suberect, shortly
petioled, 3-1 in. long, 4-1 in. broad, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late to elliptic-oblong, straight or slightly falcate, acute, entire or
with 2—4 minute incisions on each side near the apex, coriaceous,
dark-green above, paler and often slightly keeled by the midrib
beneath, veinless. Racemes about lin. long, peduncled, corym-
bosely branched, usually near the tips of the branches, but some-
times lateral; rhachis and pedicels slender, puberulous; bracts
shorter than the pedicels. Flowers about + in. diam., white or pale
lavender-blue. Calyx usually 3-partite with the upper segment
broader and 2-fid, rarely equally 4-partite. | Corolla-tube short,
funnel-shaped, not much longer than the calyx; limb 4-lobed, the
posticous lobe the largest. Capsule 4 in. long, ovoid, turgid, about
twice as long as the calyx.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 381; Raoul, Chow,
43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 193; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 209; Armstr.

512 SCROPHULARINEZ. [ Veronica.

ain Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351. V. diosmefolia var. trisepala,
Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 525; Hook. f. Bot. Mag.
t. 7539. V. trisepala, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 324.

NortH Isntanp: Auckland—In various localities from the North Cape to
Whangarei, but far from common. Hawke’s Bay—North end of Te Kaweka
Mountain, A. Hamilton !

The distinguishing characters of this well-known species are the narrow
acute leaves, truly corymbose inflorescence, usually 3-partite calyx with obtuse
segments, and comparatively short corolla-tube. Its nearest ally is V. Menziesit,
which is separated mainly by the equally 4-partite calyx with acute segments,
long corolla-tube, and larger capsules. Mr. Kirk has divided it into 2 varieties ;
one, which he considered to be the typical state, with rather broader and shorter
entire leaves and a 4-partite calyx; the other, which answers to the V. trisepala
of Colenso, and which he called var. trisepala, with narrower incised leaves and
a 3-partite calyx. But entire or incised leaves occur in both forms, so that the
difference between the two varieties really consists in the number of calyx-
segments alone, or rather in the extent to which the two upper sepals are united.
It seems hardly worth while keeping up a distinction founded on such a slight
character, but if it is setained the form with a 3-partite calyx should be con-
sidered as the type, seeing that it extends through the whole range of the
species, whereas the form with the calyx 4-partite is rare in the wild state.
Cunningham does not mention the number of calyx-segments in the original
description, but both Bentham (D.C. Prodr. x. 460) and Hooker (FI. Nov.
Zel. i. 193) give the number as 3.

22. V. Menziesii, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 461.—A compact
perfectly glabrous shrub 3-8ft. high; branches terete, leafy.
Leaves usually rather close - set, shortly petiolate, suberect or
spreading, $—-lin. long, }-+in. broad, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceo-
late or linear-oblong, acute, rigid, coriaceous, flat or slightly keeled
beneath. Racemes crowded near the tips of the branches, 1-2 in.
long, peduneled, corymbosely branched, very rarely simple, erect
or erecto-patent ; rhachis slender, puberulous; pedicels variable
in length. Flowers white or pale-lilac, +-+in. diam. Calyx
deeply 4-partite ; segments ovate-oblong, subacute or obtuse, cilio-
late. Corolla-tube nearly twice as long as the calyx, funnel-
shaped; lobes oblong, obtuse or subacute, the anterior one nar-
rower than the rest. Capsule ovoid, acute, more than twice as
long as the calyx.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 193. V. Colensoi,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 209 (in part only).

Var. divaricata, Cheesem.— More sparingly branched; the branches
slender, spreading. Leaves narrower, lanceolate, acute, often falcate, spread-
ing or deflexed, not so closely placed nor so coriaceous'as in the type. Racemes
copiously corymbosely branched. Calyx-segments narrower, ovate-lanceolate,
acute. Has much of the habit and general appearance of V. diosmefolia, but
differs markedly in the longer corolla-tube and narrower acute calyx-segments.

SourH Isxtanp: Marlborough—Pelorus and Tinline Valleys, J. H. Mac-
maion! Nelson, Bidwill! Maitai Valley, Kirk! T. F. C.; Lake Rotoiti,
Monro, T. F. C.; Hanmer Plains, 7. Ff. C.; Clarence Valley, Kirk! Otago—

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINE. 513

Dusky Bay, Menzies. Sea-level to 3000 ft. December-February. Vat.
divaricata: Not uncommon in the Pelorus and Rai Valleys, Marlborough,
Macmahon !

V. Menziesii was founded by Bentham on specimens collected by Menzies in
Dusky Bay in 1791. In the Flora Hooker united Menzies’s plant with
another gathered by Bidwill in the vicinity of Nelson; but in the Handbook he
referred Menzies’s specimens to V. elliptica, and associated Bidwill’s specimens
with a plant gathered on the Ruahine Mountains by Colenso, and with others
collected in various localities in the South Island by Sinclair, Travers, and
Haast, giving the name of Colensoi to the species thus described But as
Colenso’s plant was described as having simple racemes and glaucous leaves,
while Bidwill’s (judging from a specimen in my possession) had compound
racemes and dark-green leaves, this arrangement did not appear at all satisfac-
tory. At my request Mr. N. E. Brown has carefully examined the types in the
Kew Herbarium, aid reports that Menzies’s and Bidwill’s specimens undoubtedly
belong to one and the same species, and that Hooker was in error in referring the
former to V. elliptica. He further states that Colenso’s Ruahine Mountain plant
is totally different, and is the species subsequently described by Colenso under
the name of V. Hillu. Under these circumstances, the name of V. Menziesit
must be restored, the species being characterized by the narrow acute rigid
leaves, corymbosely branched racemes, 4-partite calyx with subacute segments,
and a corolla-tube almost twice as long as the calyx. Its nearest ally is V. diosme-
folia, to which my var. divaricata is very close indeed. A plant collected by
Petrie at the foot of Ruapehu, and by Messrs. Hill and Andrew on the Ruahine
Range, is doubtfully referred to V. Menziesii for the present, but the specimens
are not sufficient for precise determination.

23. V. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 209, as regards the
North Island specimens only.—A small erect or spreading perfectly
glabrous shrub 9-18 in. high; branches leafy above, ringed with
the scars of the fallen leaves below. Leaves rather close-set, sub-
erect or spreading, sessile or narrowed into a very short broad
petiole, $-14 in. long, 4-4 in. broad, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, acute or subacute, entire or remotely incised, coriaceous, flat
or nearly so, dark-green above, glaucous beneath; midrib stout,
prominent beneath. Racemes few near the tips of the branches,
slightly exceeding the leaves, slender, peduncled, simple or spar-
ingly branched, many-flowered; rhachis slender, puberulous or
glabrate ; bracts exceeding the short pedicels. Flowers white, + in.
diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Corolla-tube broadly funnel-shaped, shorter than the calyx; limb
rather longer than the tube, 4-lobed; lobes spreading or reflexed,
narrow-ovate, subacute. Stamens short, not exceeding the corolla-
lobes. Capsule narrow-ovate, acute, compressed, about twice as
long as the calyx.—V. Hillii, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1896)
606; Kirk, l.c. 524.

North Istanp: Hawke’s Bay—By the Ngaruroro River at Kuripapango ;
between the Rangitikei ford and Erewhon, H. Hill! A. Hamilton! D. Petrie!
Ruahine Mountains, Colenso. SoutH IsLaANnD: Otago, locality not stated,
Buchanan !

17—FI.

514 SCROPHULARINEZ,. [ Veronica.

The V. Colensoz of the Handbook, as already stated, was based upon a mixture
consisting of specimens collected on the Ruahine Mountains by Colenso, on
V. Menziesi, and two or three other species. If the name is to be retained at
all, it should clearly be restricted to Colenso’s plant, which Mr. N. E. Brown
informs me is identical with that subsequently described by Colenso under the
name of V. Hillii. It can be distinguished by the small size, glaucous leaves,
slender simple or sparingly branched racemes, narrow acute calyx-segments, and
short corolla-tube. The V. Colensoi of the Botanical Magazine (t. 7296) is quite
a different plant, but I have seen no specimens, and it does not seem to be
known except in cultivation in England.

24. V. rigidula, Cheesem. n. sp.— A small much-branched
erect perfectly glabrous shrub 6-24 in. high, rarely more; branches
stout, erect, scarred, almost black, leafy at the tips. Leaves close-
set, almost imbricating, suberect or rarely spreading, petiolate,
4-3 in. long, 1+ in. broad, linear-oblong or narrow obovate-oblong,
acute or subacute, very thick and coriaceous, rigid, dark-green and
concave above, glaucous and keeled by the thick and prominent
midrib beneath; margins thickened, entire. Racemes or spikes
2—4 near the tips of the branches, about equalling the leaves, usually
branched, dense-flowered; rhachis stout, pubescent; pedicels
wanting or the lower flowers very shortly stalked; bracts ovate-
oblong, obtuse, almost as long as the calyx. Flowers small, white,
tin. diam. Calyx 4-partite; segments oblong, obtuse, ciliolate.
Corolla-tube tubular, nearly twice as long as the calyx ; limb rather
short, not equalling the tube; lobes subequal, oblong, obtuse.
Stamens slightly exceeding the corolla. Capsule small, 3—tin.
long, ovoid-oblong, acute or subacute, barely twice as long as the
calyx.

SoutH Is~tanp: Marlborough—Pelorus and Rai Valleys (on rocks by the
side of streams), Mount Duppa, Maungatapu, J. H. Macmahon! Nelson—
Wairau Gorge, 7. F. C. Sea-level to 4000 ft. December—February.

Apparently a very distinct little plant. It has somewhat of the habit and
general appearance of the V. Colensoi of this work (V. Hiuilliz, Colenso), but in
reality differs altogether in the smaller and closer-set petiolate suberect keeled
leaves, shorter and stouter dense-flowered racemes, smaller flowers, obtuse
calyx-segments, and longer corolla-tube with a shorter limb.

25. V. rupicola, Cheesem. n. sp.Au erect sparingly branched
shrub 1-4 ft. high; branches stout, erect or spreading, glabrous or
the younger ones faintly bifariously pubescent. Leaves not very
close-set, spreading, petiolate, 4-lin. long, ++4in. broad, linear-
oblong or elliptic-oblong or linear-obovate, obtuse or subacute,
gradually narrowed into the rather long petiole, flat or slightly
concave, coriaceous, glaucous when fresh, quite entire, midrib
prominent beneath. Racemes or spikes lateral or towards the tips
of the branches, much exceeding the leaves, 1-2 in. long, peduncled,
usually trichotomous, very rarely simple; rhachis stout, strict,

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINE. 515

puberulous or almost glabrate; pedicels wanting or the lower
flowers alone shortly stalked; bracts oblong-ovate, obtuse, large,
often exceeding the calyx. Flowers crowded on the branches
of the raceme, about tin. diam. Calyx 4-partite; segments
oblong, obtuse, with pale membranous ciliolate margins. Corolla-
tube about half as long again as the calyx; limb equalling the tube
or nearly so; lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute. Capsule
broadly oblong, obtuse or subacute, about +in. long, not twice the
length of the calyx.

Sours Istanp: Marlborough—-Awatere Valley, Sinclair! Kaikoura Moun-
tains, Buchanan! gorge of the Conway River, Cockayne !

A well-marked plant, easily recognised by the peculiar habit, spreading and
long-petioled linear-obovate glaucous leaves, trichotomous racemes much longer
than the leaves, almost sessile flowers, and large bracts. Its nearest ally is
probably V. Colensoz.

26. V. levis, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 461.—A small perfectly
glabrous densely branched shrub 1-5 ft. high; branches stout, erect,
densely leafy above, below ringed with the scars of the fallen
leaves; bark black. Leaves decussate, close-set, erect and ap-
pressed, rarely further apart and spreading, 4—2in. long, 4—#in.
broad, ovate-oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or acute or apicu-
late, abruptly narrowed into a short thick petiole, very thick
and coriaceous, rigid, concave above, keeled at the back ;
midrib stout, prominent beneath, usually excurrent at the tip;
margins entire. Racemes 2-4 near the ends of the branch-
lets, corymbosely branched, rarely simple, 3-14 in. long, dense-
flowered; rhachis stout, pubescent; bracts small, oblong-ovate,
coriaceous, usually exceeding the lower pedicels. Flowers white,
t+in. diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments oblong or oblong-
ovate, obtuse. Corolla-tube rather broad, less than twice as
long as the calyx; segments oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse. Cap-
sule ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, about twice as long as the calyx.
—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 194; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 209; Armstr. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351. (?)V. azurea, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 277.

NortH Isnanp: Mount Hikurangi, Adams and Petrie! Mount Egmont,
T. F.C. Tongariro, Bidwill, Capt. G. Mair! Ruapehu, H. Tryon! A. Hill!
Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! H. Hill! A. Hamilton! Tararua Mountains,
Buchanan! SoutH Istanp: Marlborough — Mount Duppa, Macmahon!
2500-5000 ft. December--February.

The typical state of this is distinguished by the close-set imbricating and
More or less appressed leaves, which are keeled at the back, but not truncate or
subcordate at the base as in V. bua«ifolia, and by the usually corymbosely
branched racemes. This latter peculiarity, Mr. N. HK. Brown assures me, is well
shown by the type specimens at Kew. It has been recorded from many districts
in the South Island, from Nelson to Otago, but I have not seen any specimens
that satisfactorily match those from the North Island. Most are referable to

516 SCROPHULARINES. [ Veronica.

Armstrong’s V. monticola, which is a larger plant, with larger laxer foliage, and
longer always simple racemes. Others correspond with the V. Cockayniana of
this work, which has flatter and more obtuse glaucous leaves, black when dry,
simple very pubescent racemes, and larger flowers. States of V. Traversw, with
more closely placed leaves than usual, have also had the name of V. levis applied
to them.

27. V. elliptica, Forst. Prodr. n. 10.—A copiously branched
shrub or small tree 5-20 ft. high ; branches terete, rmged with the
scars of the fallen leaves, the younger ones more or less hoary
with short soft white hairs, which are often arranged in two
opposite lines. Leaves petiolate, close-set, horiz: tally spread-
ing, uniform, 4-ltin. long, 4-4in. broad, ellip .c-oblong or
obovate-oblong, apiculate, slightly truncate at the base, pale-
green, coriaceous, nerveless, margins edged with a white
pubescent line, midrib prominent beneath; petioles short, erect
and appressed to the branch. Racemes numerous near the
tips of the branches, short, 1-14in. long, erect, glabrous or
nearly so, laxly 4-12-flowered ; pedicels slender, each with a small
lanceolate bract at the base. Flowers large, +-2in. diam., white or
white with purple lines, sweet-scented. Calyx }4+in. long, 4-par-
tite; segments ovate, acute or acuminate. Corolla-tube slightly
longer than the calyx; limb large, 4-lobed; lobes spreading, ovate.
Capsule +in. long, broadly ovate, acute, twice as long as the calyx.—
A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 189; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 379; Raoul,
Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 58; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 198;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 209; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
351; Kirk wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. 526. V. decussata, Azt.
Hort. Kew, i. 20; Bot. Mag. t. 242.

Var. odora, Cheesem.—Smaller, 2-4 ft. high, sparingly fastigiately branched.
Leaves smaller and more closely placed, horizontally spreading, 4-2in. long,
about }in. broad, elliptic-ovate, rigid, somewhat concave. Flowers large,
white, 4in. diam., very sweet-scented. Calyx-segments obtuse.—V. odora, Hook.
jf. #l. Antarct. i. 62, t. 41.

SoutH Istanp: Western coast from West Wanganui and Cape Foulwind
southwards; east and southern coasts of Otago. CHATHAM IsuaANDS: H. H.
Travers! Capt.G. Mair! Svrewarr Istanpd: Not uncommon on the coast, also
on the islands in Foveaux Strait and on The Snares. AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
[Isnanps: Abundant. Var. odora: Auckland Islands, in woods near the sea,
not uncommon, Sir J. D. Hooker. December—January.

A most distinct species, easily recognised by the pale-green elliptic apicu-
late petiolate leaves, and very large white flowers. It is also a native of the
Falkland Islands, Fuegia, and South Chili. I have ventured to refer to it the
V. odora of Hook. f., a plant which is only known by the description and plate
in the ‘‘Flora Antarctica.’”’ In the Handbook Hooker reduced it to V. buaz-
folia, a view which was also adopted by Kirk (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. 524).
But judging from the description and plate, for I have seen no authentic speci-
mens, it cannot possibly be placed with that plant, which differs altogether in
habit, in the smaller densely imbricated shining leaves, in the shorter racemes
with large concave bracts, and in the smaller flowers, which I have never

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 517

observed to be fragrant. On the other hand, it agrees with V. elliptica in habit,
in the shape of the leaves, in the crowded terminal racemes, and in the large
white fragrant flowers, differing mainly in the smaller size and more rigid con-
cave leaves. Mr. N. H. Brown, who has kindly examined the types for me,
states that the plant is quite distinct from V. bweifolia, and in his opinion
should be regarded as a distinct species endemic in the Auckland Islands.

28. V. Matthewsii, Cheesem. n. sp.—An erect glabrous shrub
9-4 ft. high or more; branches stout, terete, often purplish-red
when young. Leaves close-set, sessile, suberect or spreading,
3-j4in. long, +-2 in. broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or sub-
acute, rounded at the base, thick and coriaceous, flat, quite entire.
Racemes near the tips of the branches or rarely lateral, large,
2-4 in. long including the stout naked peduncle, obtuse or tapering,
densely many-flowered; rhachis stout, pubescent; pedicels very
short, stout; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse.
Flowers large, +-}in. diam. or more, white or purplish. Calyx
deeply 4-partite; segments oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, often
with purplish margins. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx;
limb spreading, 4-lobed; lobes subequal, broadly oblong, rounded
at the tip. Ovary pubescent at the tip. Capsule +in. long,
elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute, about twice as long as the
calyx.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Southern Alps, Haast! Armstrong! Otago—
Milford Sound, Hnys! Humboldt Mountains, H. J. Matthews !

A handsome plant, often cultivated in gardens in the South Island as a
variety of V. Traversti, but a much stouter plant with a different habit of
growth, and with thicker and more coriaceous oblong obtuse leaves, and larger
and stouter racemes with much larger flowers. It is nearer to V. Balfowriana,
but that species has smaller leaves, acute calyx-segments, and a corolla-tube
hardly longer than the calyx.

29. V. Balfouriana, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7556.—‘‘ An erect
glabrous shrub 3ft. high, with dark-brown bark and suberect
flexuous purplish-brown or reddish branches. Leaves subsessile,
4-3 in. long, in loosely approximate pairs, spreading and decurved,
elliptic-ovate, obtuse or subacute, quite entire, coriaceous, bright
pale- green and shining above, with narrow red-brown margins.
Racemes opposite, axillary from the base of the last year’s shoots,
2-3 in. long, erecto- patent, very many-flowered, peduncle stout,
flowers crowded ; pedicels about as long as the calyx, puberulous ;
bracts ovate, obtuse or acute, about as long as the pedicel. Sepals
about +in. long, acute, ciliolate. Corolla pale violet-blue, 4in.
diam., tube as long as the sepals; lobes rounded, three upper sub-
equal, the lower narrower. Stamens as long as the corolla-lobes or
shorter ; anthers red-brown, bases of cells rounded. Capsule ellip-
soid, about one-third longer than the sepals or less.”

short corolla tube. and in the shorter and broader
capsule. I have seem mo specimens, and have consequently reproduced the
original deseription.

tally spreading i—3 in ¢. it in. broad. ovate-lanceolaie or narrow

i 2. 2cuie, ick and coriaceous, glaucous on both
surfaces. slighily comeave above. not Keeled beneath: marems
entire, minutely — when young. Racemes 2-4 near the ups
of the branches, 2-14in- long, dense-Howered, tapering to the tip;

and broad. about as long as the calyx, throai pul within ;
lobes longer than the tube, broadly oblong, obtuse. Ovary pubes-
cent or glabrous. Capsule ovate, acuie. - More than

Istasp- Sess -- Seems 7 eames the’ ia.
barn Cockaynz !

tapering
Coteus plant has rather small<r and narrower leaves than Colemso’s type,
bus otherwise there is little difference between tham.

31. V. Traversii, Hook. 7, Handb. N_Z. Fi 208 (em part) —

A small perfectly glabrous shrub, usually forming a round compact
bush 2-5 it diam; branches terete, densely clothed with decussate

Came agge 8 chamnclied slow sai eesti ia

margins
slightly longer to nearly twice as long as the calyz; limb 4£-lobed ;

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 519

lobes subequal, oblong, obtuse. Capsule elliptic-ovate, acute, com-
pressed, twice as long as the calyx.—Bot. Mag. t. 6390, and t. 7296,
{.5; Masters in Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 1046; Armstr. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351.

Var. fallax, Cheesem.—Not so closely branched, often reddish-brown when
fresh. Leaves more laxly placed, sessile, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, flat or nearly so. Racemes lax-flowered; pedicels very short.
Corolla-tube short, only slightly exceeding the calyx.

Var. elegans, Cheesem.—Branches slender. Leaves more laxly placed
spreading, narrow linear-oblong, flat. Racemes oblong, obtuse ; pedicels long,
slender. Calyx small. Corolla-tube long, narrow, two or three times the length
of the calyx.

SourH Istanp: Abundant in mountain districts from Nelson to Otago.
500-3500 ft. December—February.

There is much confusion as to the limits of this species. The description
given in the Handbook evidently includes more species than one; but without
an examination of the material which Hooker had before him it is not easy
to decide which should be taken as the type. 1 have selected the plant
figured in the Botanical Magazine (t. 6390), which is also identical with
that described by Dr. Masters in the Gardeners’ Chronicle. It appears to
have been included in the original description, has a wide distribution
in the South Island, and is the form usually cultivated under the name of
V. Traversii; but I am unable to say whether it was actually collected
by Travers. On the other hand, Mr. N. E. Brown, who has lately ex-
amined the whole of the New Zealand Veronice in the Kew Herbarium, is of
Opinion that my var. elegans should be regarded as the type. It was collected
by both Travers and Haast, but seems to be a local plant, all the specimens I
have seen having come from the Canterbury Provincial District. It differs con-
spicuously from the Botanical Magazine plant in the long and slender corolla-
tube, in that and other respects approaching V. leiophylla. Probably the two
plants are distinct, but I hesitate to describe them as such until more con-
clusive evidence has been obtained.

32. V. subalpina, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899)
420.—A much-branched erect shrub 5-6 ft. high; branches suberect
or spreading, terete, glabrous or the younger ones minutely puberu-
lous, leafy above, below ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves.
Leaves spreading, sessile, #-14 in. long, 4-4 in. broad, lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, broadest below the middle, acute or subacute,
subcoriaceous, pale glistening green, slightly concave above when
fresh, flat when dry, margins entire. Racemes 2-4 near the tips
of the branches, equalling the leaves or longer than them, 1—2 in.
long, simple, dense- or lax-flowered; rhachis slender, puberulous ;
lower pedicels slender, usually exceeding the calyx; bracts small.
Calyx deeply 4-partite ; segments ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong,
acute, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube short and broad, hardly
exceeding the calyx; limb longer than the tube, 4-lobed; lobes
oblong, obtuse. Capsule }in. long, ovate, acute, compressed, about
twice as long as the calyx.

SoutH Isnanp: Nelson—Clarence Valley, Kirk! T. ¥.C.; Lake Tennyson,
T. F..C. Canterbury—Arthur’s Pass and Upper Waimakariri, Hnys! Kirk!

520 SCROPHULARINEZ. [Veromeca.

T. F. C.; Rakaia Valley, Haast! Mount Cook district, 7’. F.C. Westland—
Kelly’s Hill, Jackson’s, &c., Petrie! Cockayne! Otago—Hector and Buchanan ;
Lake Harris, Kirk! Clinton Valley, Petrie ! 2500-4500 ft. December—

March.

Very close to V. Traversii, but I think sufficiently distinct in the different
habit, flatter lanceolate leaves, which taper from below the middle to an acute
or subacute apex, acute calyx-lobes, and short and broad corolla-tube. Mr.N. E.
Brown informs me that specimens collected by Haast and Hector and Buchanan,
exist in the Kew Herbarium, but were referred to V. Traversii by Hooker.

33. V. vernicosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 208.—A small
usually rather stout erect or decumbent shrub 1-3 ft. high ; branches.
spreading, often in the same plane, pubescent at the tips or almost
glabrous. Leaves close-set, decussately inserted but often becom-
ing almost distichous from the twisting of the petioles, spreading,
petiolate, 1-2in. long, 4-4in. broad, obovate or obovate-oblong,
obtuse or apiculate, suddenly contracted into the short petiole, coria-
ceous, flat or slightly concave; midrib impressed above, thick and
prominent beneath, excurrent ; margins entire, sometimes ciliolate
when young. Racemes few or many near the tips of the branches,
4-l1i in. long, simple, usually dense-flowered but sometimes lax ;
rhachis, pedicels, and bracts pubescent ; pedicels variable in length,
sometimes almost wanting, at other times equalling the bracts.
Flowers white, +-4in. diam. Calyx 4-partite; segments oblong,
obtuse ; margins usually pale, membranous, ciliolate. Corolla-tube
short and broad, usually about as long as the calyx, rarely slightly
exceeding it; limb 4-lobed, longer than the tube; lobes spreading,
ovate-oblong, obtuse. Capsule ovate, acute, compressed, glabrous,
rather more than twice as long as the calyx.—Kirk m Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxviii. (1896) 526. V. canterburiensis, Armstr. im Trans. N.Z.

Inst. xii. (1881) 355.

Var. gracilis, Cheesem.—Much more slender and more sparingly branched ;
branches widely divaricating. Leaves distichously spreading, narrower and less.
coriaceous than in the type, linear-obovate or linear-oblong to oblong-obovate,
obtuse or subacute. Racemes 1-4 near the tips of the branches, 1-2 in. long,
very slender and lax-flowered ; pedicels longer. Capsule narrow-ovate, acute.

Var. multiflora, Cheesem.—Racemes very numerous, forming a crowded
mass near the tips of the branches, slender, tapering, many-flowered.—
(2)V. Grayi, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 354.

SoutH Istanp: Mountain districts in Nelson, Marlborough, Canterbury, and.
Westland, not uncommon. Sea-level to 4500 ft. December—February.

A well-marked species, recognised without much difficulty by the spreading
habit and numerous short and broad leaves, which, although decussately inserted,
usually spread in a more or less distichous manner through a twist in the petiole.
In the typical state the racemes are generally numerous and rather short and
dense-flowered ; but in var. gracilis, which is a shade-form most common by the
side of streams at low elevations, the racemes are usually fewer and much more
slender and lax-flowered. Var. multiflora I have only seen in cultivation. It is
known in gardens as V. Grayi, but I am not quite sure that it is the plant de-
scribed by Armstrong under that name. Armstrong described his V. canter-

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 521

buriensis as having membranous leaves and the racemes in pairs at the end of
the branches, so that probably he had var. gracilis in mind when he described
the species; but for many years he applied the name to the typical form in the
Botanical Gardens at Christchurch.

34. V. obovata, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 502.—
An erect sparingly branched glabrous shrub 4-6 ft. high ; branches
stout, erect, ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves. Leaves
shortly petioled, erect or suberect, laxly imbricating, 3-1 in. long,
itin. broad, narrow-obovate, obtuse, gradually narrowed into the
short broad flat petiole, slightly concave when fresh, thick and
coriaceous, margins entire. Racemes 2 or 3 near the tips of the
branches, 1-2 in. long, slender, erect, lax-flowered ; rhachis puberu-
lous; pedicels short ; bracts small, ovate, acute. Flowers white,
tin. diam. Calyx 4-partite; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse.
Corolla-tube short and broad, hardly longer than the calyx ; limb
4-jobed ; lobes spreading, oblong, obtuse. Ripe capsules not seen.

Soutu Istanp: Canterbury—Broken River, Kirk ! Mount Cook district,
T. F.C. Otago—Upper Hawea, Petrie! Mount Karnslaw, Cockayne ! 2000-
4500 ft.

The above description is based on Kirk’s type specimens from the Broken
River. My own specimens from the Mount Cook district, and Petrie’s and
‘Cockayne's from Otago, have rather smaller and less obovate leaves and longer
racemes, and may be referable to V. monticola, if, indeed, the two species should
not be combined.

30. V. monticola, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1881)
304.— A much-branched glabrous shrub 2-5 ft. high; branches
erect or spreading, densely leafy above, ringed with the scars of
the fallen leaves below; bark brown. Leaves close-set, more or
less imbricate, suberect or spreading, 3-lin. long, 14in. broad,
obovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute, narrowed
into a very short thick petiole, thick and coriaceous, slightly con-
cave above, somewhat rounded but not keeled beneath; midrib
impressed beneath when dry. Racemes near the tips of the
branches, longer than the leaves, 1-ldin. long, dense - flowered ;
rhachis puberulous; pedicels very short, stout; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, subacute. Flowers white, +in. diam. Calyx deeply 4-par-
tite; segments oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute. Corolla - tube
short and broad, barely longer than the calyx; limb 4-lobed; lobes
ovate, spreading. Capsule ovate-oblong, acute, about twice as long
as the calyx.

SourH Istanp: Mountain districts from Nelson to Otago, not uncommon.
2000-4500 ft. December-February.

This is the plant to which the name of levis is usually applied in the
South Island, but I believe erroneously, the true Jevis having smaller and
more rigid keeled leaves and a corymbose inflorescence. It agrees with an
authentic specimen of V. monticola in Kirk’s herbarium, but differs in several

522 SCROPHULARINE. [ Veronica.

respects from Armstrong’s original description. Kirk’s V. obovata only differs
in the more truly obovate leaves, and I have little doubt that it will ulti-
mately be merged with that species.

36. V. Cockayniana, Cheesem. n. sp.— A small densely
branched shrub 2-4 ft. high; branches rather stout, densely leafy
above, conspicuously marked with the scars of the fallen leaves
below; younger ones more or less bifariously pubescent. Leaves
close-set, decussate, suberect or spreading, shortly petiolate, uni-
form in size and shape, 4—2in. long, 1+in. broad, oblong or
elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, flat or slightly concave,
thick and coriaceous, often black on the upper surface when dry,
glaucous beneath; midrib puberulous above, thick and prominent
beneath; margins entire. Racemes 2-4 near the tips of the
branches, rather longer than the leaves, 4—-lin. long, simple,
usually lax - flowered; rhachis, pedicels, and bracts pubescent.
Flowers white, +-tin. diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments
ovate-oblong, obtuse ; margins pale, membranous, ciliolate. Corolla-
tube short and broad, equalling the calyx or slightly longer ; limb.
4-lobed ; lobes longer than the tube, broad, rounded, veined. Cap-
sule tin. long, ovate, acute, twice as long as the calyx.

SoutH Isuanp: Nelson—Mount Lyell and Mount Murchison, Townson !

near Reefton, R. W. Raithby! Otago—Humboldt Mountains, Cockayne !
Clinton Valley, Petrie ! 2000-4500 ft. December—February.

I look upon this as a perfectly distinct species, perhaps nearest to V. levis,
but easily distinguished by the pubescent branchlets, flatter and more spreading
leaves glaucous beneath, by the simple lax-flowered racemes, and larger flowers
with very short broad tube and broad rounded lobes. The blackish colour of
the leaves when dried is very peculiar.

37. V. buxifolia, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 462.—A stout erect
much or sparingly branched perfectly glabrous shrub 1-5 ft. high;
branches strict, densely leafy, below closely ringed with the scars
of the fallen leaves. Leaves closely imbricate, 4-4 in. long, 44 in.
broad, broadly oblong-obovate, obtuse or subacute, suddenly trun-
cate or cordate above the very short thick petiole, concave, keeled
by the prominent midrib, rigid, very coriaceous, dark-green and
polished above, paler and usually minutely dotted beneath, quite
glabrous, entire. Spikes in the axils of the upper leaves, }-lin.
long, dense-flowered, often very numerous and crowded, forming
a corymbose head to the branches; rhachis puberulous; bracts
large, ovate, concave, coriaceous, equalling the calyx or sometimes
exceeding it. Flowers sessile, white, }+in. diam. Calyx 4-partite ;
segments coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube equal-
ling the calyx or rather longer than it; limb 4-lobed; dorsal and
lateral lobes broad, rounded; anticous narrower and subacute.
Capsule broadly oblong, obtuse, compressed, almost twice as long
as the calyx.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 194; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 210;
Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 350; Kirk in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxviii. (1896) 528.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 523

Var. patens, Cheesem. — Leaves spreading. Spikes more numerous.
Flowers rather larger.—V. buxifolia var. odora, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxviii. (1896) 524 (but not V. odora, Hook. f.)

Norru Isuanp: High mountains of the interior, from Hikurangi, Tonga-
riro, and Mount Egmont southwards to the Tararua Range. Souru IsuaND:
Abundant in mountain districts throughout. Var. patens: Plentiful from
Nelson to Foveaux Strait. Srewart Istanp: Not uncommon. Usually
from 2000 ft. to 4000 ft., but descends to sea-level in Stewart Island. Decem-
ber—March.

An abundaut plant in mountain districts, recognised without any difficulty
by the stout erect rigid habit, dark-green closely imbricated keeled leaves, which
are conspicuously truncate or subcordate at the base, and by the usually
numerous short spikes massed into a compact terminal inflorescence. Mr.
Kirk considered my var. patens to be identical with V. odora, Hook f., which
Hooker had reduced to V. buxifolia in the Handbook; but Mr. N. KE. Brown,
who has kindly examined the types of V. odora for me, states that this view is
altogether incorrect. I refer V. odora to V. elliptica.

38. V. anomala, Armsir. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. 1v. (1872) 291.
—An erect perfectly glabrous much-branched shrub 3-6 ft. high ;
branches long, slender, fastigiate, leafy, purplish towards the tips.
Leaves spreading, sessile or nearly so, 4-$in. long, $-1in. broad,
linear-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, keeled, coriaceous,
dark-green and shining above, paler beneath, midrib obscure. Spikes
crowded together at the tips of the branches, 5-10-flowered, forming
a short terminal panicle ; rhachis puberulous; bracts ovate, acute,
coriaceous, as long as the calyx. Flowers sessile, white or pale-
pink, +-4in. diam. Calyx 3-partite with one of the segments broader
and emarginate or 2-lobed, more rarely 4-partite; segments linear-
oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube slender, tubular, about twice as long
as the calyx; limb either 3-lobed with the anticous lobe entirely
suppressed, or 4-lobed with the anticous lobe small and narrow-
linear ; the dorsal and lateral lobes oblong, obtuse. Capsule ovate-
oblong, obtuse, glabrous, half as long again as the calyx.—Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 355 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7360.

SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Rakaia Valley, Mount Peel, Mount Cook,
Armstrong ! 3000-4000 ft. December—February.

A very handsome and attractive species. Its nearest ally is V. buxifolia var.
patens, narrow-leaved states of which approach it very closely. Sir J.D. Hooker
remarks that in England he has never seen cultivated specimens with the
anticous lobe of the corolla entirely suppressed, although it is always much
smaller and narrower than the other three. In New Zealand cultivated speci-
mens are variable in this respect. Usually some of the flowers want the anticous
lobe and others possess it, but it is easy to find plants in which it is either always
absent or always present. The few wild specimens that I have seen have no
trace of the anticous lobe; but I suspect that a larger series would show that it
is frequently developed.

39. V. decumbens, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
302.—A small decumbent much-branched shrub 1-3 ft. high;
branches spreading, purplish-black, bifariously pubescent. Leaves

524 SCROPHULARINE. [ Veronica.

close-set or rather distant, spreading, shortly petiolate, 4-2in. long,
4tin. broad, oblong-obovate or elliptic-oblong or narrow oblong-
ovate, subacute or obtuse, coriaceous when dry, almost fleshy when
fresh, quite glabrous, flat or slightly concave, dark-green with bright-
red margins. Racemes 2-4 near the tips of the branches, equalling
the leaves or slightly longer than them, shortly peduncled, dense-
flowered; rhachis pubescent ; pedicels very short, sometimes almost
wanting; bracts small, much shorter than the calyx. Flowers
white, +in. diam. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments ovate, acute,
margins minutely ciliolate. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx
or rather longer ; limb 4-lobed; lobes broadly oblong, obtuse, the
anterior one narrower. Capsule ovate, acute, compressed, glabrous,
twice as long as the calyx.

SourH Isnanp: Mountains of Nelson, Marlborough, and North Canter-
bury, not uncommon. 1500-4500 ft. December—February.

A very beautiful little plant, well marked off from all its allies by the
polished purplish-black branchlets, almost flat green leaves with red margins,
shortly pedicellate flowers, small bracts, long corolla-tube, and short limb.
Mr. Armstrong’s description is by no means good; but there is no question as to
the identity of the plant.

40. V. Gibbsii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 524. —
A sparingly branched shrub 9-18 in. high; branches as stout as a.
goose-quill, ringed with the scars of the fallenleaves. Leaves decus-
sate, close-set, imbricating, erect or spreading, sessile, -3in. long,
itin. broad, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse, coriaceous,
glaucous, often tinged with purplish-red, glabrous except the
margins, which are fringed with long soft white hairs. Spikes 2-4
near the tips of the branches, peduncled, longer than the leaves,
dense-flowered ; rhachis and bracts villous with soit white hairs ;
bracts lanceolate, acute, exceeding the calyx. Flowers 1 in. diam.,
white, sessile or the lower ones very shortly pedicelled. Calyx
4-partite; segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, margins
villous. Corolla-tube narrow, about twice as long as the calyx;
limb 4-lobed; lobes ovate, acute. Style glabrous or sparingly
villous near the base. Capsule narrow-ovate, acute, compressed,
about twice as long as the calyx.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson — Mount Rintoul and Ben Nevis, alt. 3000-4000 ft.,
F.. G. Gibbs !

A distinct species, nearest to V. carnosula, but at once separated by the less.
concave and more acute leaves with conspicuously villous margins, acuminate
bracts, and narrow acute calyx-segments.

41. V. carnosula, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 210.—A much-
branched erect or decumbent woody shrub 6in. to 3ft. high; branches
stout, spreading, ringed with the scars of the fallenleaves, the younger
ones pubescent towards the tips. Leaves closely imbricating,
spreading or erect, sessile, 4-in. long, +2in broad, broadly

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINE®. 525

obovate or almost orbicular, obtuse, very coriaceous, concave,
not keeled, quite glabrous, nerveless or the midrib very obscure,
glaucous; margins smooth and even. Spikes crowded near the
ends of the branches, often forming a dense terminal head, short,
stout, very dense-flowered; peduncle, rhachis, and bracts pubes-
cent or almost villous ; bracts equalling the calyx, ciliolate. Flowers
about tin. diam., sessile, white. Calyx 4-partite; segments erect,
ovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly ciliate. Corolla-tube equalling the
calyx or rather shorter than it; limb 4-lobed. Ovary and style
glabrous. Capsule 4-4 in. long, ovate, acute, glabrous, compressed,
about twice as long as the calyx.—Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xiii. (1881) 350. V. levis var. carnosula, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.

194.

Sourn Istanp: Mountain districts from Nelson to Otago, but apparently
not so abundant as V. pinguifolia. 2500-4500 ft. December-March.

Very closely allied to V. pinguifolia, differing mainly in the rather larger
ovate-acute glabrous capsule. The capsule of V. pinguwifolia is obovate-oblong,
rounded or emarginate at the tip, and more or less pubescent.

42. V. amplexicaulis, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
302.—An erect or decumbent shrub 1-3 ft. high; branches stout,
spreading, ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves; branchlets
terete, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves decussate, imbricate, sub-
erect or spreading, sessile, 4-lin. long, 4-2in. broad, broadly
oblong or elliptic-oblong, rounded at the tip, subcordate and almost
amplexicaul at the base, very coriaceous, glaucous, concave, nerve-
less, not keeled: margins smooth and even. Spikes 2-4 near the
tips of the branches, 1-l4in. long, stout, oblong, very dense-
flowered. simple or trifurcate ; peduncles stout, exceeding the leaves,
and with the rhachis pubescent with soft spreading hairs; bracts
large, equalling the calyx, broadly oblong, concave, obtuse, margins
ciliate. Flowers white, +in. diam., sessile. Calyx 4-partite;
segments erect, oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla-tube about the
length of the calyx; limb 4-lobed; dorsal lobe the broadest, erect ;
the other three narrow-oblong, obtuse, spreading or decurved.
Ovary pubescent. Capsule oblong, rounded at the tip, pubescent,
about half as long again as the calyx.— Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7370.

Soutu Isnanp: Canterbury—Upper Rangitata, Armstrong !

Closely related to V. pinguifolia, from which it differs in the larger leaves,
which are cordate and semiamplexicaul at the base, and in the larger and
often branched spikes. Mr. Armstrong describes the corolla-tube as ‘‘long,”’
but it barely equals the calyx in all the specimens I have seen, including
an authentic one from him.

43. V. pinguifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 210.—An erect
or decumbent much-branched glaucous shrub 6in. to 4it. high;
branches stout, spreading, ringed with the scars of the fallen
leaves, the younger ones bifariously pubescent. Leaves closely

526 SCROPHULARINES. [ Veronica.

imbricating, spreading or erecto-patent, sessile, +-?in. long, 4-4 in.
broad, broad or narrow obovate-oblong to broadly oblong or sub-
orbicular, obtuse, narrowed to a broad base, concave above, rounded
at the back, very coriaceous or almost fleshy, quite glabrous, nerve-
less, glaucous, margins often edged with red. Spikes crowded
near the tips of the branches, short, stout, dense-flowered, ex-
ceeding the leaves; peduncle and rhachis pubescent; bracts
oblong, concave, as long as the calyx. Flowers white, ++in.
diam., sessile. Calyx 4-partite ; segments erect, oblong, obtuse,
puberulous, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube short, not exceeding
the calyx; limb 4-lobed; lobes ovate-oblong or broadly oblong, ob-
tuse, the anterior one narrower than the others. Ovary pubescent ;
style usually villous towards the base. Capsule oblong or obovate,
obtuse, rounded at the tip, pubescent, from half as long again to
nearly twice as long as the calyx.—Bot. Mag. t. 6147; Armstr. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 350. V. carnosula, Hook. f. im Bot.
Mag. t. 6587 (not of Handb. N.Z. Fl. 210).

Sout Isuanp: Mountains of Nelson, Marlborough, Canterbury, and Otago,
abundant. 2500-4500 ft. December-February.

A very variable plant, especially in size and mode of growth, and in the size,
shape, and colour of the leaves. Its nearest allies are V. carnosula and
V. amplexicaulis, the first of which differs in the glabrous ovary and acute
capsule, the latter in the larger leaves subcordate at the base, and larger
often branched spikes. Small states, with smaller and narrower and more
rigid leaves, approach var. major of V. Buchanani. From the other species
of the section it is at once removed by the deeply concave obtuse leaves
rounded (not keeled) at the back.

44. V. Buchanani, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 211.—A small
woody shrub 4-12in. high, much branched from the base ; branches
stout, terete, spreading or decumbent, sometimes tortuous, closely
ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves; bark black; branch-
lets usually pubescent at the tips. Leaves decussate, closely
imbricate, sessile by a broad base, suberect or spreading, rarely
deflexed, 4+ in. long and almost as broad, broadly oblong or alinost
orbicular, obtuse or more rarely subacute, very thick and coriaceous,
concave, rarely obscurely keeled, nerveless, quite glabrous. Spikes
2-4 near the tips of the branches, short and stout but much
longer than the leaves, oblong, dense-flowered, shortly peduacled ;
peduncle and rhachis villous-pubescent; bracts large, concave,
ciliate, equalling the calyx or exceeding it. Flowers #in. diam.,
white, sessile. Calyx 4-partite; segments erect, oblong, obtuse,
ciliolate. Corolla-tube short, included in the calyx or barely equal-
ling it; limb 4-lobed; lobes broadly oblong, obtuse. Ovary and
style pubescent. Capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx, oblong
or oblong-obovate, obtuse, pubescent.—Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xiii. (1881) 350; Kirk, l.c. xxviii. (1896) 523.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINE. 527

Var. maior, C/eesem.—Taller and stouter. Leaves larger, spreading, +-} in.
long, obovate or obovate-oblong, narrowed to the base, midrib often distinct
beneath. Spikes larger, lin. long; peduncle and rhachis densely villous. Style
conspicuously villous.

Var. exigua, Cheesem.—Branches numerous, twiggy. Leaves narrower,
$+tin., oblong-ovate, subacute, obscurely keeled. Spikes small, 4 in. long, few-
flowered.

Sours Isxtanp: Canterbury—Mount Cook district (var. major and exigua),
T. F.C. Otago—Mount Alta, Buchanan! Mount Arnould, Petrie! Mount Kye-
burn (var. major), Petrie! H. J. Matthews! 3000-6000 ft. December-
February.

Also a very variable plant. The extreme state, represented by Buchanan’s
Mount Alta specimens, is easily recognised by the small uniform close-set almost
orbicular spreading leaves and capitate spikes; but larger forms approach
V. pingwifolia so closely that it is difficult to draw a line of demarcation between
the two species. My var. major might be referred to either.

45. V. pimeleoides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 195.—A small
much-branched prostrate or suberect shrubby plant 3-18 in. high;
branches rather slender, straggling, pubescent or almost villous,
rarely glabrous. Leaves usually rather laxly placed, rarely close-
set, spreading or suberect, sessile, 1-4 in. long, obovate-oblong or
ovate-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous,
glaucous, obtusely keeled. Spikes near the tips of the branches,
peduncled, exceeding the leaves, $-lin. long; rhachis villous-
pubescent; bracts large, almost or quite equalling the calyx,
ciliate. Flowers +in. diam., dark purplish-blue, sessile. Calyx
4-partite ; segments ovate, acute, ciliate. Corolla-tube very short,
not equalling the calyx; limb broad, spreading, 4-lobed; lobes
broad, obtuse, the anterior one narrower than the others. Capsule
din. long, ovate, acute, turgid, glabrous or slightly pubescent, twice
as long as the calyx.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 211; Armstr. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 350.

Var. glauco-czrulea, Cheesem. — Larger and stouter, more intensely
glaucous. Leaves 4-3in. long, obovate or obovate-oblong, shortly petiolate.
Flowers dark-blue or purple. V. glauco-cerulea, Armstr. l.c. 353.

Var. minor, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 738.—Smaller, 1-4in. high, spar-
ingly branched. Leaves smaller and narrower, }-} in. long, lanceolate to oblong-
ovate, usually acute. Spikes small, few-flowered.

Soura Isnanp: Mountains of Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago, not un-
common in dry places. 1000-3500 ft. November—January.

Well marked by the small size, prostrate or straggling habit, small glaucous
leaves, villous spikes, and purplish-blue flowers.

46. V. Gilliesiana, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)
519.—Stems prostrate or decumbent, much branched, 3-12 in.
long; branches spreading or suberect, densely leafy, tetragonous,
with the leaves on }-4in. diam., bright-green when fresh, black
when dry. Leaves densely imbricating, opposite pairs connate by

528 SCROPHULARINEZ. [ Verontea.

the dilated bases, spreading above, 4—1+in. long, linear or lineayr-
oblong, obtuse and tumid at the tip, deeply concave in front, convex
on the back, rather fleshy ; margins ciliate-denticulate along their
whole length. Leaves of young plants linear, irregularly lobulate
or pinnatifid, glabrous. Flowers small, white, 4+in. diam.,
usually arranged in axillary 2-4-flowered spikes near the tips of the
branches, the spikes often forming a subcapitate head, more
rarely the flowers are solitary and axillary. Calyx deeply 4-partite ;
segments linear-oblong, obtuse, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube
short; lobes 4, spreading, orbicular-oblong, obtuse, almost equal,
but the dorsal one slightly broader and the anticous one slightly
narrower than the others. Stamens 2 or very rarely 4; filaments
very short, altogether included. Style included. Capsule exceeding
the calyx, ovoid-oblong, subcompressed, seated within a cupular
dise.—Logania ciliolata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 737. Mitrasacme
Hookeri, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 348, t. 29, f. 1.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur and Mount Owen, TZ. F. C.;
Mount Mantell, Mount Buckland, W. Townson! Mount Franklin, F'. G. Gibbs!
Mount Percival, 7. F. C.; Amuri, Kirk! Canterbury—Arthur’s Pass and
Waimakariri Glacier, Kirk! T. F.C., Cockayne ! Browning’s Pass and Rangitata
Valley, Haast ! Mount Cook district, 7. F. C. Westland—Kelly’s Hill, Petrie!
Mount Alexander, Cockayne! Otago—Mount Alta, Buchanan ! 3000-5500 ft.
December—March.

A very remarkable and distinct species, quite unlike any other.

47. V. tetrasticha, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 212.—A small
much-branched shrub forming depressed patches 4-12in. diam. ;
branches very numerous, decumbent below, erect or spreading
above; branchlets acutely tetragonous with the faces more or
less concave, with the leaves on ;4,-4,in. diam., black when dry.
Leaves most densely quadrifariously imbricated, opposite pairs
connate at the base and forming a short ring clasping the branch,
spreading above, ;,—-;,1in. long, ovate-deltoid, narrowed into a
short subacute tip, thick and coriaceous, concave in front, rounded
or flat on the back, not keeled; margins ciliolate. Leaves of young
plants linear-spathulate, flat, spreading, ciliolate and sparsely
hispid. Flowers in short 2—4-flowered spikes near the ends of the
branchlets, small, 4-tin. diam., white; rhachis and peduncle
villous. Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments linear-oblong, obtuse.
Corolla-tube short ; limb with four equal spreading rounded lobes.
Stamens 2, at first included, but the filaments lengthen before the
flower withers. Ovary seated in a cupular disc. Capsule twice as
iong as the calyx, obovoid, compressed, obtuse.—Armstr. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351; Kirk, l.c. xxviii. (1896) 521; Cockayne,
l.c. xxxi. (1899) 377 (development of seedling).

SoutH Isxtanp: Nelson—Wairau Mountains, Travers, T. F. C.; Mount
Captain, Kirk! Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Cockayne! Black Range, Enys !
Kirk! T. F. C., Petrie! Cockayne! Hopkins River, Haast. 3000-6000 ft.
December—March.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINE®. 529

A well-marked plant, the only near ally of which is the following species,
which may prove to be a form of it.

48. V. quadrifaria, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)
521.—Habit, size, and general appearance of V. tetrasticha, but the
branchlets are more slender and wiry, about 4, in. diam. with the
leaves on, tetragonous with the faces flat, not concave. Leaves
most densely quadrifariously imbricated, opposite pairs very shortly
connate at the base and forming a ring clasping the branch, closely
appressed, ;4,-7;in. long, broadly triangular, acute or subacute,
coriaceous, concave in front, rounded on the back, not keeled;
margins ciliolate towards the base or throughout their whole length.
Flowers small, white, ;4,in. diam., arranged in very short axillary
2-4-flowered spikes, the spikes usually capitate at the tip of the
branchlets. Calyx 4-partite almost to the base; segments linear-
oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube short, equalling the calyx ;
lobes 4, rounded, spreading. Stamens 2; filaments short. Ovary
seated in a cupular disc. Capsule twice as long as the calyx,
oblong-obovoid, compressed, obtuse. — Mitrasacme Cheesemanii,
Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 348, t. 29, f. 2.

SourH Is~tanp: Nelson— Mount Percival, T. F. C.; Mount Charon,
Cockayne! Canterbury-- Mount Dobson, 7. #. C. Otago— Mount Alta,
Buchanan ! 3500-6000 ft. December—March.

Very near to the preceding, from which it differs in the more slender
branchlets, which are tetragonous with almost flat sides, not concave; and in
the smaller leaves, which are more closely appressed, and are broadly triangular
with straight edges. In /. tetrasticha the leaves are rather suddenly narrowed
above the broad base, so that the margin is curved, not straight. The flowers
and capsules are also smaller than in V. tetrasticha.

49. V. tumida, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)
521.— A prostrate or decumbent much-branched plant forming
broad depressed patches 6-18in. diam. ; branches very numerous,
obtusely tetragonous, with the leaves on ;4,4,in. diam., black
when dry. Leaves densely imbricated, opposite pairs connate at
the base, ~;—,, in. long, broadly ovate-deltoid, tumid, obtuse,
concave in front, rounded or obtusely keeled at the back, margins
ciliolate. Flowers in 2-4 flowered abbreviated spikes at the ends of
the branchlets, small, {-% in. diam., white. Calyx deeply 4-partite :
segments linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube short; limb
with 4 nearly equal spreading oblong obtuse lobes. Stamens 2,
included ; anthers almost as long as the filaments. Ovary seated
in a cupular disc. Capsule exceeding the calyx, subcompressed.
hroadly oblong, obtuse.

SourH IsLanp : Nelson—Gordon’s Nob and St. Arnaud Mountains, Monro,
T. F.C. ; Mount Rintoul and Ben Nevis, #’. G. Gibbs ! Mount Starveall, W. H.
Bryant! Mount Richmond, J. H. Macmahon! Otago—Herb. Buchanan !
(exact locality not stated). 3000-5000 ft. December-February.

530 SCROPHULARINEX. [ Veronica.

Nearest to V. tetrasticha, from which it is separated without any difficulty
by the obtusely tetragonous branchlets, tumid obtuse leaves, and broader shorter
capsule. Mr. N. EH. Brown informs me that the specimens quoted in the
Handbook under V. tetragona from Gordon’s Nob (Monro) and Waiau-au
Valley (Travers) in reality belong to this species. ‘

50. V. tetragona, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 580.—A small usually
erect much-branched shrub 6in. to 3ft. high; stems ringed with
the scars of the fallen pede branches stout, rigid, erect, obtusely
4-angled when adult, 4,4 in. ‘diam. Leaves most densely quadri-
Bey imbricated, erect, opposite pairs connate at the base,
gaa in. long, broadly deltoid- ovate, obtuse, keeled at the back,
very thick and coriaceous, smooth and shining, margins and base
usually ciliolate or woolly. Flowers 3-8, sessile side the upper-
most leaves and forming small terminal heads, 4 44 in. diam., white.
Bracts conspicuously furrowed, woolly at the base. Calyx- -segments
unequal, linear-oblong, obtuse, furrowed. Corolla 4-lobed; lobes
spreading, dorsal the largest, obovate, entire or emarginate, anticous
the smallest, narrow-oblong. Capsule broadly oblong, subacute,
compressed, exceeding the calyx.—Raoul, Choiz, 43; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel.i. 194; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 211; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xiii. (1881) 351. V. subsimilis, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst.
XXxi. (1899) 278.

NortH Istanp: Mountain districts from Mount Hikurangi and Tongariro

southwards to the Tararua Range, abundant. 2000-5500 ft. December-—
February.

A very remarkable species. Flowerless specimens so closely resemble a
Podocarpus or Dacrydium that Sir W. J. Hooker had a plate prepared for the
‘‘Tcones Plantarum’’ under the name of Podocarpus Dieffenbachii. I have
seen no specimens from the South Island, and it is now quite certain that most
(if not all) of the South Island localities assigned to the species in the
Handbook belong to other species.

51. V. lycopodioides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 211.—A stout
much-branched shrub 1-4 it. high; branches rigid, erect, clothed
with densely imbricating leaves, acutely or obtusely 4-angled when
adult, bin. diam. Leaves dimorphic, the adult state most
densely (nates ee Le the opposite pairs connate at
the base, ;4,—745 in. long, 754 in. broad, very broadly ovate-deltoid,
concave in front, keeled on the back, suddenly narrowed into a
stout obtuse cusp or point, very coriaceous, smooth or more or less
distinctly grooved on the back, margins glabrous or ciliolate.
lueaves of young plants (frequently found by reversion on older
ones as well) twice as long as the mature ones, spreading, linear-
subulate with a broad base, entire or more frequently irregularly
lobed or almost pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers crowded at the tips
of the branches, forming small terminal heads, }in. diam., white.
Bracts furrowed, ciliolate. Calyx-segments unequal, oblong.
Corolla-tube about equal to the calyx; lobes 4, spreading, the

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 531

dorsal one the largest. Capsule broadly oblong, subcompressed,
exceeding the calyx.—Bot. Mag. t. 7338; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xiii. (1881) 351.

Sour Istanp: Not uncommon in subalpine localities throughout.
2500-5500 ft. December—February.

Very closely allied to V. tetragona, from which it can only be distinguished
by the more acutely 4-angled branches and rather broader leaves, which are
suddenly narrowed into a bluntish cusp or point.

52. V. Hectori, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 212.—A small robust
much-branched shrub 6-30in. high; stem woody, terete, closely
ringed by the scars of the fallen leaves; branches terete or very
obscurely tetragonous, stout, rigid, erect, $-tin. diam., blackish-
brown when dry. Leaves densely imbricated, opposite pairs
connate to the middle or higher and forming a closely appressed
ring surrounding the branch (sometimes slightly open at the
mouth), ;—4 in. long, broader than long, broadly orbicular-oblong,
obtuse, concave in front, rounded and polished at the back, not
keeled, extremely thick and coriaceous, margins of the younger
leaves often ciliolate. Leaves of young plants not seen. Flowers
axillary, crowded at the tips of the branchlets, forming small
terminal heads, about }in. diam., white. Calyx-segments linear-
oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx ;
lobes oblong, obtuse, dorsal one the largest. Capsule exceeding the
calyx, broadly oblong, subcompressed, obtuse.—Bot. Mag. t. 7415 ;
Armstr. mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 352.

SourH Isuanp: Canterbury—Southern Alps, Haast, Armstrong; Mount
Cook district, T. 7. C. Otago—Mount Alta, Hector and Buchanan! Mount
Tyndall and the Hector Mountains, Petrie! Humboldt Mountains, Cockayne !
Mount Harnslaw, H. J. Matthews ! 3500-6000 ft. January—March.

Most nearly allied to V. lycopodioides, but recognised without any difficulty
by the terete branchlets, and by the leaves being connate to above the middle,
and obtuse, not pointed. The much stouter branchlets at once separate it from
V. salicornioides and V. Armstrongit.

d3. V. coarctata, Cheesem. n. sp. — A small stout much-
branched shrub 1-3 it. high; branches close, spreading; branchlets
numerous, rather stout, ;4;-;, in. diam, terete or obscurely tetra-
gonous, densely clothed with appressed imbricating leaves, blackish
when dry. Leaves of mature plants densely imbricating, about
goin. long, the opposite pairs connate to above the middle into
a ring or sheath closely appressed to the branch, obtuse or subacute,
thick and coriaceous, smooth and polished on the back; margins
usually ciliolate. Leaves of young plants not seen. Flowers
4-4 In. diam., white, from 4 to 8 near the tips of the branchlets,
forming small terminal heads; bracts broad, ciliolate. Calyx
short ; segments oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube included in
the calyx; lobes spreading, the dorsal one the largest. Capsule
about 4 in. long, nearly twice as long as the calyx, ovoid, obtuse.

532 SCROPHULARINEZ. | Veronica.

SourH Isuanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur and Mount Owen, 7’. F’. C.; Mount
Owen and Brunner Range, Townson ! 3500-5000 ft. January—March,

I describe this as a new species with some hesitation. It appears to be
intermediate in characters between V. Hectori and V. Armstrongii, but is much
more slender and more copiously branched than the first, and from the latter it
differs in being stouter, and in the shorter and broader tightly appressed leaves,
which do not form the lax obconic sheaths so characteristic of V. Armstrongii.

54. V. salicornioides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 212.—A small
much-branched shrub 1-3{ft. high; branches strict, erect, terete,
clothed with imbricating leaves, j,-;4 1m. diam., yellowish-brown
when dry. Leaves most densely imbricated and appressed to the
branch, opposite pairs connate to considerably above the middle
and forming a ring surrounding the branch, ;.—;4 in. long, subacute
or almost truncate, concave in front, rounded at the back; margins
usually ciliolate. Leaves of young plants not seen. Flowers 4-8
towards the tips of the branchlets. forming small terminal heads ;
rhachis villous. Bracts short and broad, ciliolate. Calyx-segments
oblong, obtuse, margins ciliolate. Corolla white, }in. diam.; tube
short; limb 4-lobed, lobes spreading. Capsule longer than the
calyx, subcompressed, oblong, obtuse, glabrous.—Armstr. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 352; N. H. Brown in Gard. Chron. (1888)

vol. i. p. 20, f. 3.

Souru Istanp: Nelson—Cobb Valley, #. G. Gibbs! Wairau Mountains,
Rough, Travers; Wairau Gorge, T. #'.C.; Mount Charon (Hanmer), Cockayne !
Canterbury—Rangitata Valley, Haast, Armstrong. 2500-5000 ft. January—

March.

This has been much misunderstood, the name having been erroneously
applied, both in England and in the colony, to the plant described herein as
V. propinqua, from which it differs in the more erect habit, in the stouter strict
branches, and in the more closely placed broader and shorter leaves.

55. V. Armstrongii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879)
464.—A small much-branched shrub 1-3 ft. high ; branches spread-
ing, often flabellate; branchlets very numerous, slender, terete,
clothed with appressed imbricating leaves, j,-;, in. diam. Leaves
of mature plants closely imbricating, appressed but not very closely
so, about ;4,in. long, opposite pairs connate for the greater part of
their length, forming a sheath investing the branch which is wider
at the top than the base, and thus almost obconic in shape, truncate
or nearly so at the apex, tumid and coriaceous, smooth and rounded
on the back, margins usually ciliolate. Leaves of young plants
(frequently produced by reversion on old ones as well) spreading,
z+ in. long, linear, acute, flat, entire or irregularly lobulate.
Flowers 4-1 in. diam., white, 4-8 or more towards the tips of the
branchlets, forming small terminal heads; rhachis villous. Calyx-
segments unequal, oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. | Corolla-tube short,
about equalling the calyx; lobes spreading. Capsule jin. long,

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINER. 533:

about twice as long as the calyx, oblong-ovoid, compressed, obtuse
or slightly retuse.—Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1881) 352;
Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 396, t. 28, 29.

Sour Istanp: Mountain districts from Nelson to Otago, but not common.
2000-5000 ft. December—February.

Closely allied to V. Hectori and V. salicornioides, from both of which it differs
in the more spreading and much more copiously branched habit, and especially
in the leaves, which are connate into an almost obconic sheath which is free
from the branch at the tip, and truncate, or nearly so.

56. V. propinqua, Cheesem. n.sp.—A small much-branched shrub
1-3 ft. high; branches spreading, sometimes decumbent or tortuous ;
branchlets numerous, slender, about j,in. diam. Leaves of
mature plants densely imbricated, the opposite pairs connate for the
greater part of their length, each pair forming aclosed sheath round
the branch ;4,-+4 in. long, the lower part of which is adnate to the
branch, the upper part free and somewhat expanded, the free tips
of the leaves very short, obtusely triangular, thick and coriaceous ;
margins ciliolate. Leaves of young plants free, linear or spathulate,
entire or irregularly lobulate-pinnatifid. Flowers 4-4+in. diam.,
white, 4-8 near the tips of the branchlets, forming small terminal
heads ; rhachis villous. Calyx small; segments linear-oblong, obtuse,
ciliolate. Corolla-tube about equalling the calyx; lobes spreading,
unequal, the dorsal the largest. Capsule nearly twice as long as
the calyx, about jin. long, ovoid, compressed, obtuse.—Y. sali-
cornioides, Hort.(not of Hook. f.). | V. cupressoides var. variabilis,
N. E. Brown in Gard. Chron. (1888) vol. i. 20, f. 5 (exclude F).

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Upper Waipori and Maungatua, Petrie! Mount
Ida and Mount Bonpland, H. J. Matthews ! 2500-5000 ft. December-
February.

This has been cultivated in gardens for many years under the name of VV.
salicornioides, from which, however, it is altogether distinct, as was first pointed
out by Mr. N. EK. Brown in the Gardeners’ Chronicle. It was referred by Mr.
Brown to V. cupressoides, but it differs from that plant in size, mode of growth,
leaves, and in the flowers and capsule, and Mr. Brown now agrees with me in
considering it to be a distinct species. Its nearest affinity is with V.
Armstrongii, but the branches are much more slender, and the leaves smaller:
and narrower.

57. V. cupressoides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 212.—A much
and closely branched round-topped shrub 3-6ft. high; branches.
divaricating ; branchlets numerous, green, very slender, 1, in. diam.
or less, terete, very minutely puberulous or glabrous, clothed with
decussate scale-like leaves resembling those of a cypress. Leaves
of mature plants in rather remote pairs, considerably shorter than
the internodes, .4,-;1; in. long, not broader than the branch, ovate-
oblong, obtuse, opposite pairs connate at the base, appressed or
patent, rather fleshy, glabrous or minutely ciliolate. Leaves of
young plants (often produced by reversion on the branches of old

534 SCROPHULARINES. [ Veronica.

ones) ;4,-}in. long, linear-oblong to oblong or oblong-spathulate,
acute, narrowed into short free petioles, entire or irregularly lobulate
or pinnatifid. Flowers small, 4-4in. diam., pale bluish-purple or
rarely white, sessile or nearly so, 3-8 near the tips of the branchlets,
forming small terminal heads. Calyx unequally 4-lobed; lobes
short, oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube very short; lobes spreading,
dorsal the largest, oblong-obovate, anticous the smallest, linear-
oblong. Capsule small, ;5in. long, about twice as long as the
calyx, linear-obovoid or narrow cuneate-obovoid, retuse at the tip.—
Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 351; N. H. Brown wm Gard.
Chron. (1888) vol. i. 20, t. 4 and 6; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii.
(1896) 520.

SoutH Isuanp: Nelson—Upper Wairau Valley, Sinclair, T. F'. C.; Lake
‘Nennyson, 7’. F. C.; Fowler’s Pass and Stanley River, Kirk! Waiau Valley,
Travers! Canterbury—Broken River basin, Hnys! Kirk! T. F. C.; Harper’s
Pass and Ashburton Valley, Haast! Otago—Lindis Pass and Lake district,

Hector and Buchanan! Lammerlaw Hills, Petrie ! 2000-4500 ft. Decem-
ber—February.

A very remarkable species, easily distinguished by its cypress-like appearance,
very slender branchlets, small scale-like leaves in remote pairs, and small narrow
obovoid capsules.

58. V. Haastii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 213.—A prostrate or
decumbent much or sparingly branched glabrous shrub, black when
dry ; stems woody, tortuous, 4-12in. long; branches ascending,
densely uniformly leafy, obscurely tetragonous, 4—3in. diam. with
the leaves on. Leaves closely quadrifariously imbricated, opposite
pars connate at the very base, spreading or suberect, +4 in. long,
broadly oblong to obovate, obtuse, concave in front, not keeled at
the back, fleshy when fresh, extremely coriaceous and rigid when
dry; margins ciliate at the very base. Flowers small, white, most
densely compacted in terminal ovoid heads 4-14 in. long, formed of
numerous reduced spikes in the axils of leafy bracts. Bracts
oblong or ovate-oblong, about equalling the calyx. Calyx
4-partite; segments linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube longer
than the limb, rather shorter than the calyx; limb exserted, $in.
diam., 4-lobed; lobes ovate, subacute. Capsule about equalling
the calyx, ovoid-oblong, acute.—Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii.
(1881) 350.

Var. macrocalyx.—Much more copiously branched, prostrate and trailing,
brown when dry. Leaves 4—-%in. long, obovate or broadly obovate-spathulate,
obtuse, bright-green and fleshy when fresh. Bracts lanceolate or linear, acute.
Calyx-segments linear, obtuse or subacute, almost equalling the corolla.

Corolla-tube longer than the narrow limb.—V. macrocalyx, Armstr. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 383.

SourH Isnanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, 7. F. C. Canterbury—Mount
Torlesse and Mount Dobson, Haast, T. F'. C.; mountains above the Broken River,
Hnys! T. F. C.; Mount Darwin and Mount Cook, Haast. Var. macrocalys :
Mount Rolleston and Waimakariri Glacier, Armstrong! 1. F. C., Cockayne !
Rangitata Valley, Armstrong. 3500-6500 ft. December-February.

Veromea. | SCROPHULARINES. 535

A well-marked species. The var. macrocalyx principally differs in its more
branched and trailing habit, longer and narrower leaves, which are not so
coriaceous when dry, longer and narrower bracts and calyx-segments, and
shorter narrower corolla. Mr. N. E. Brown is inclined to treat it as a distinct
species, but it appears to me to be connected with the type by intermediate
forms.

59. V. epacridea, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 213.—A small
much-branched prostrate or decumbent rigid shrub; stems woody,
tortuous, 3-12in. long; branches curved, ascending at the tips,
densely leafy, obscurely tetragonous, +-$in. diam. with the leaves
on, glabrous or pubescent above. Leaves closely quadrifariously
imbricated, opposite pairs connate at the base, spreading and re-
curved, $-tin. long, broadly oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or
subacute, concave in front, keeled at the back, rigid, very coria-
ceous; margins usually red, thickened, ciliate towards the base.
Flowers small, white, densely packed in terminal ovoid heads
4-lin. long, formed of numerous reduced spikes in the axils of
leafy bracts. Bracts obovate or ovate to linear-obovate, ciliate.
Calyx deeply 4-partite, segments unequal, linear-oblong, obtuse,
ciliate. Corolla-tube long, narrow, equalling the calyx; limb
small, fin. diam., 4-lobed; lobes ovate, acute, spreading or re-
curved. Capsule small, ovoid- oblong, exceeding the calyx.—
Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1881) 350; Cockayne in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 380 (development of seedling).

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Gordon’s Nob, Mount Arthur and Mount Peel,
mountains above the Wairau Gorge, 7. F. C.; Tarndale, Sinclair; mountains
flanking the Clarence and Waiau Valleys, Travers, Kirk! T. F.C. Canter-
bury — Mount Torlesse and Broken River Basin, Hnys! Kirk! Cockayne!
T. #.C.; Ashburton Valley, Godley Glacier, Mount Darwin, Haast; Mount
Dobson, 7. #7. C. Otago—Mount Arnould, Petrie ! 3000-6500 ft. Decem-
ber—February. ;

Very close to V. Haastii, and there are forms which are quite intermediate,
but in the usual state it is easily separated by the smaller size, sharply recurved
leaves, and ciliate bracts and calyx-segments.

60. V. Petriei, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)
517.—A decumbent or prostrate sparingly branched woody little
plant; branches ascending, 3-6in. long. Leaves not close-set,
spreading, +-4in. long, oblong or linear-oblong, rounded at the
apex, narrowed into a short broad petiole, flat, slightly coriaceous,
glabrous or the margins minutely glandular-ciliate ; the opposite
petioles connate at the base and forming a short sheath clasp-
ing the branch. Flowering branches clothed with numerous erect
linear or linear-lanceolate foliaceous obtuse bracts, each branch
ending in a narrow-oblong many-flowered spiciform head 4-14 in.
long. Flowers small, 4-1in. diam., solitary and sessile in the
axils of the bracts, which slightly exceed the calyx. Calyx
deeply 4-5-partite; segments very unequal in size, linear, ob-
tuse, minutely ciliate. Corolla hardly exceeding the calyx; tube

536 SCROPHULARINES. [| Veronica.

cylindrical, longer than the limb, which is 4-lobed, the lobes spread-
ing or reflexed. Stamens included. Capsule small, oblong, turgid.
—Mitrasacme Petriei, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 349,
$i. HO Sands

SoutH Isnanp: Otago—Mount Bonpland, Petrie ! Bold Peak, near Kinloch,
B. C. Aston !

A most distinct little plant, not nearly allied to any other. The crowded
linear bracts are a very remarkable character.

61. V. dasyphylla, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)
519.—A prostrate rigidly coriaceous woody little plant. Stems
much branched, 2-6in. long; branches short, 1-2in. high, ascend-
ing or erect, pubescent, densely leafy, tetragonous, 4 in. diam. with
the leaves on. Leaves closely quadrifariously imbricate, opposite
pairs connate at the base and forming a short ring clasping the
stem, spreading above, $-}in. long, oblong or oblong-obovate, ob-
tuse, very coriaceous, concave in front, rounded or obscurely keeled
at the back; margins ciliate towards the base, cartilaginous above.
Flowers large, 1-4 in. diam., solitary at the tips of the branchlets,
sessile. Calyx 5-partite; segments oblong, obtuse, hispid-pubes-
cent towards the base, margins ciliate. Corolla-tube short, broad ;
limb with 5 large rounded spreading lobes. Stamens 2; filaments
short ; anthers large, included. Ovary seatedinacupular disc. Cap-
sule altogether included in the calyx, oblong, turgid, coriaceous,
4-valved.—Logania tetragona, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 188, 737;
Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 347, t. 28, f. 2.

Sour Isuanp: Otago—Lake district, Mount Alta, sounds of the West
Coast, Buchanan! Old Man Range, Mount Pisa, Ben Lomond, Mount Bonp-
land, Petrie! Mount Kyeburn, B. C. Aston! 3500-6000 ft.

A very peculiar species, remarkable for the large terminal flower and
5-lobed calyx and corolla. Sir J. D. Hooker gives the number of stamens as 5,
but all the flowers that I have examined are diandrous, and Kirk and Buchanan
make the same statement.

62. V. uniflora, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 522.
—A small rigid prostrate little plant, much and closely branched ;
branches ascending or erect, $-14 in. long, tetragonous, 4in. diam.
with the leaves on. Leaves densely quadrifariously imbricated,
opposite pairs connate at the base, ovate-oblong, obtuse, very cori-
aceous, concave, margins ciliate below. Flowers solitary, terminal,
tin. diam. Calyx 5-partite; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, hispid-
glandular throughout. Corolla 5-lobed ; lobes rounded, spreading.
Stamens 2, included. Ovary villous at the top. Capsule included
in the calyx.—Logania Armstrongii, Buch. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv.
(1882) 347, t. 28, f. 3.

SoutH Isnanp: Otago—Hector’s Col, Mount Aspiring, Buchanan and
McKay! 5000 ft.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINEZ. 537

Probably only a small state of V. dasyphylla, but I retain it until further
specimens can be examined. Buchanan’s drawing of it is by no means good,
the branches not being nearly so acutely tetragonous as shown by him. I have
only seen one indifferent specimen. :

63. V. macrantha, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 213.—A short
stout sparingly branched erect shrub 1-2 ft. high; branches erect
or spreading, rigid, terete or obscurely tetragonous, glabrous or
faintly puberulous above. Leaves 4~-1in. long, obovate-lanceolate
to obovate or broadly oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, narrowed into
a short stout petiole, obtusely serrate, very thick and corfaceous,
smooth, flat, glossy, margins thickened. Racemes few or many,
axillary, 3—-8-flowered; peduncle slender, usually longer than the
leaves; bracts narrow-lanceolate. Flowers large, 2in. diam., pure
white; pedicels shorter than the calyx. Calyx deeply 4-partite ;
segments lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, }—-in. long. Corolla-
tube short; lobes 4, broad, rounded. Capsule broadly ovoid, acute,
equalling or slightly exceeding the calyx-segments.—Armstr. wm

Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 350.

SoutH Istanp: Alpine grassy slopes from Mount Arthur (Nelson) to Lake
Te Anau (Otago), chiefly in the central chain of mountains. 2500-5000 ft.
December—February.

One of the most distinct species of the genus, easily recognised by the
sparingly branched rigid habit, very coriaceous toothed leaves, and large pure-
white flowers. Specimens from Mount Arthur and other parts of the Nelson
District have shorter broader leaves, more numerous racemes, and smaller
flowers than is usual in Canterbury and Otago, and may be distinguished as
yar. brachyphylia.

64. V. Benthami, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 60, t. 39, 40.—An
erect branching shrub 2-4 ft. high; branches stout, ringed with
the scars of the fallen leaves, naked below, leafy above, younger
ones bifariously pubescent. Leaves crowded towards the ends of
the branches, sessile, opposite pairs connate at the very base,
4-14 in. long, linear-oblong to obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed
to the base, flat, coriaceous, veinless, entire or with a few coarse
serratures above the middle, margins with a line of white down.
Racemes terminating the branches, elongated, 14-3 in. long, many-
flowered, clothed with numerous leafy imbricating bracts 1+ in.
long. Flowers pedicelled, not exceeding the bracts, 14+ in. diam.,
bright-blue. Calyx deeply 5-partite; segments unequal, oblong-
spathulate, margined with white down. Corolla-tube shorter than
the calyx; limb 5-lobed, more rarely 3-6-lobed; lobes obovate,
obtuse. Stamens 2, rarely 3, short, included. Capsule broadly
ovoid, acute, about as long as the calyx.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 214;
Armstr. wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1881) 350. V. finaustrina,
Homb. and Jacq. Voy. aw Pole Sud, Dicot. t. 9, fig. y.

AUCKLAND AND CaMpBELL IsLANDS: Rocky places, abundant, Sir J. De
Hooker, Kirk! Chapman! H. J. Matthews ! December—F'ebruary.

538 SCROPHULARINEZ. [ Veronica.

A very distinct and beautiful plant, excellently figured in the ‘‘ Flora
Antarctica.’’ As pointed out by Hooker, abnormal flowers are frequently seen
in which the corolla is 6-lobed, with 3 stamens and a 3-celled ovary. Other
flowers have a 3-lobed corolla, but with the usual number of stamens and a
2-celled ovary.

65. V. erecta, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896)
517.—A sparingly branched shrub 6-18in. high; branches few,
slender, strict, erect, terete, sparingly leafy, puberulous above.
Leaves in distant pairs, spreading, sessile, #-lin. long, oblong-
lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or obscurely toothed,
subcoriaceous, margins minutely puberulous or ciliate. Racemes
2-6, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, 3-4 in. long, strict,
erect, naked below; rhachis pubescent, as are the bracts and short
pedicels. Flowers about +in. diam., often obscurely fascicled or
whorled.. Calyx deeply 4-partite: segments ovate-oblong, acute,
ciliate. Corolla-tube short and broad, shorter than the large
spreading limb; lobes 4, broadly ovate, acute. Stamens long,
exserted; anthers large, broadly ovate. Immature capsule ex-
ceeding the calyx, compressed, oblong, acute.

Sourn Isnanp: Otago—Said to have been collected on Mount Bonpland,
but exact locality doubtful.

A species founded on cultivated specimens sent to Mr. Kirk by the late
Mr. Martin, of the Fairfield Gardens, near Dunedin. It does not seem to be
closely allied to any other New Zealand species, and its strict erect habit and
elongated racemes give it a very peculiar appearance. For the present I place
it near to V. Hulkeana, but more specimens are required before its exact posi-
tion can be determined.

66. V. Hulkeana, F’. Muell. ex Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 213.
—A slender erect laxly branched shrub 1-3 ft. high; branches
spreading, sparingly leafy, terete, puberulous above. Leaves in
remote pairs, spreading, 1—2 in. long, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate,
obtuse or acute, obtusely or acutely coarsely serrate. rather fleshy
when fresh, dark-green and shining, petiole +-4in. long. Panicle
slender, terminal, much branched, 6-12in. long by 2-6 in. broad,
finely pubescent; branches opposite, the lower ones again com-
pound; bracts minute, in. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, ciliate.
Flowers very numerous, small, sessile, 4+in. diam., pale-lilac.
Calyx rather narrow, 4-partite; segments ovate, obtuse, ciliate.
Corolla tube very short; lobes 4, rounded. Stamens 2; anthers
broadly ovate, yellow. Capsule small, oblong, obtuse, twice as long
as the calyx. Bot. Mag. t.5484; Armstr. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii.
(1881) 350.

Var. Oblonga, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 518.—Leaves
narrow-oblong, 1—3 in. long including the petiole.

Var. Fairfieldii, 7. Kirk, 1.c.—Smallerand stouter. Leaves smaller, seldom
more than 1 in. long, crenate-dentate, with reddish margins. Panicle shorter
and broader. Calyx-segments narrower, linear-oblong, pubescent. — V. Fair-
fieldii, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7323.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINEZ:. 539

Soutn IsnaANnp: Marlborough—Lower Wairau, Travers, Monro; Macrae’s
Run, Monro; Awatere Valley, MacMahon! Kirk! Kaikoura Mountains,
Sinclair, Buchanan! Kirk! Canterbury — Hills in the northern part of the
province, Armstrong! Var. oblonga: Marlborough —Awatere Valley, Kirk!
J. H. MacMahon! Mount Fyffe, Cockayne! Sea-level to 3000 ft. November-
December.

A handsome species, better known in cultivation than in a wild state. Mr.
H. J. Matthews informs me that the var. Fairfieldii, which was described as a
distinct species by Hooker, originally appeared in the Fairfield Gardens, near
Dunedin, where many species of Veronica are cultivated, and has never been
found in a wild state. It is probably a hybrid between V. Hulkeana and
V. Lavaudiana.

67. V. Lavaudiana, Raoul, Choia Pl. Nouv. Z%el. 16, t. 10.—
A small sparingly branched shrub 3-9in. high; branches rather
stout, decumbent at the base, then erect, leafy, terete, glabrous
below. puberulous above. Leaves rather crowded, spreading, 4-1 in.
long, broadly obovate or obovate-spathulate, rounded at the tip,
gradually narrowed into a short stout petiole, crenate-serrate, very
coriaceous, dark-green usually margined with red. Spikes short,
4-3in. long, arranged in a broad hemispherical many-flowered
corymb sometimes 2in. diam. or more; peduncle rather long,
erect, and with the pedicels glandular-pubescent ; bracts ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, pilose and ciliate. Flowers small, sessile, +-41n.
diam. Calyx 4-partite; segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
pubescent. Corolla-tube rather longer than the calyx; lobes 4,
spreading, unequal, obtuse. Capsule exceeding the calyx, oblong,
obtuse, pubescent.—Hook. f. Hl. Nov. Zel. i. 195; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 214; Bot. Mag. t. 7210; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii.
(1881) 350.

SoutH Isnanp: Canterbury—Abundant in rocky places on Banks Penin-
sula, Raowl, Lyall, &c.; river-beds of the Canterbury Plains, rare, Lyall,
Travers, Armstrong ! Sea-level to 2500 ft. November—December.

68. V. Raoulii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 214.—A stout much-
branched woody little shrub 4-12in. high; branches often pro-
cumbent below, terete, ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves,
leafy above, pubescent. Leaves spreading or suberect, 4—} in. long,
oblong-spathulate, obtuse or acute, gradually narrowed into a
rather long petiole, crenate-serrate, very thick and coriaceous,
yellow-green, flat, veinless. Spikes very short, either arranged in a
broad terminal panicle or corymb 1-2 in. across, or forming smaller
lateral corymbs or heads; peduncles and pedicels puberulous ;
bracts ovate, ciliolate. Flowers small. sessile, 4-1in. diam.
Calyx 4—partite ; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-
tube short ; lobes 4, broadly oblong, rounded. Capsule exceeding
the calyx, oblong, obtuse.—Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
350 ; Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 3879 (development
of seedling).

540 SCROPHULARINEX, [ Veronica.

SourH Isntanp: Nelson—Upper Wairau, Travers, Monro; Upper Clarence,
Jollies’ Pass, Jack’s Pass, &c., 7. F. C.; Waiau Valley, Kirk! Canterbury—
Banks Peninsula, Raoul, Armstrong! Kowai River, Haast, Petrie! Broken
River basin, Hnys! Kirk! Cockayne! T. F. C. 500-3500 ft. October-
November.

69. V. pulvinaris, Hook. f. and Benth. Gen. Plant. ii. 964.—A
small densely tufted hoary moss-like plant, forming soft rounded
cushions 1-3in. diam.; branches closely compacted, fin. diam.
Leaves very densely imbricate, =, in. long, linear-oblong or linear-
spathulate, obtuse or subacute, not coriaceous, quite entire, the mar-
gins and both surfaces above the middle hispid with copious long
white hairs. Flowers terminal, solitary, very shortly pedicelled, about
xin. long, white. Calyx deeply 5-partite; segments linear, ciliate.
Corolla salver-shaped ; tube narrow, slightly longer than the calyx ;
limb flat, spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens included; filaments very
short. Ovary pilose at the tip. Capsule not seen.—Pygmea
pulvinaris, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 217; Ic. Plant. t. 1047; Buch.
im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 352, t. 32, f. 2.

SourH IstanD: Mountains of Nelson, Marlborough, and Canterbury, abund-
ant. 3500-6500 ft.

This and the two following species differ from Veronica in the 5- or 6-partite
corolla and in the leaves not being quadrifariously arranged, and constituted
the genus Pygmea of the Handbook. In the ‘‘Genera Plantarum ”’ the
genus was reduced to a section of Veronica, and this view has also been followed
by Wettstein in ‘‘ Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien.”

70. V. Thomsoni, Cheesem.—Very similar in most respects to
V. pulvinaris, but rather larger and stouter. Leaves very densely
imbricate, ,in. long, rhomboid-obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse
or subacute, somewhat thick and fleshy towards the tip, mem-
branous towards the base, quite entire, usually copiously hispid on
the margins and back above the middle, upper surface often
glabrous. Flowers solitary, terminal, rather larger than in V. pul-
vinarts. Calyx deeply 5-partite; segments linear, obtuse, ciliate.
Corolla-tube much longer than the calyx ; limb spreading, 5-lobed.
Stamens included; filaments very short. Ovary pilose at the tip.
Capsule narrowly obcordate, turgid, about as long as the calyx.—
Pygmea Thomsoni, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 353,
#, 32, f.3.

Var. glabra.—Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs on the margins of the
leaves.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Mount Alta, Buchanan and McKay! Kurow
Mountains, Mount St, Bathan’s, Mount Pisa, Petrie ! 4500-6500 ft.

Very near to V. pulvinaris, but the leaves are broader and the corolla
larger, with a much longer tube. It is easily confounded with Myosotis
pulvinaris.

71. V. ciliolata, Hook. 7. and Benth. Gen. Plant. 11. 964.—
A small densely tufted moss-like plant, forming rounded cushions

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINEX. 541

1-3in. diam.; branches rather stout, 4-lin. high, rarely more,
with the leaves on 4-4in. diam. Leaves densely imbricate, ¢ in.
long, broadly obovate-spathulate, rounded at the tip, coriaceous,
quite entire, both surfaces glabrous or nearly so, margins ciliate
from below the middle with long stiff white hairs. Flowers
solitary, terminal, sessile or nearly so, #,-}in. long, white. Calyx
deeply 5-partite; segments linear-spathulate, ciliate. Corolla
salver-shaped; tube cylindrical, rather longer than the calyx;
limb flat, spreading, 5- or rarely 6-lobed; lobes oblong, obtuse.
Stamens usually included; filaments short; anthers large. Ovary
glabrous. Capsule not seen.—Pygmea ciliolata, Hook. f. Handb.
N.4. Fl. 217; Ic. Plant. t. 1047; Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv.

(1882) 352, t. 32, f. 1.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Discovery Peaks, 7'’avers. Canterbury—Hopkins
River, Haast. Otago—Mount Alta and Hector’s Col, Buchanan ! 5000-
6500 ft.

Distinguished from the two preceding by the stouter branches and more
coriaceous broader leaves, ciliate on the margins only. When dry the margins
of the eaves are incurved, the hairs all pointing inwards.

72. V. loganioides, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 359,
—A dwarf shrub 6-14 in. high; stems woody, decumbent at the
base, erect above; branches numerous, slender, terete, leafy above,
ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves below, pubescent or
almost villous with lax soft greyish-white hairs. Leaves decussate,
in rather close-set opposite pairs, erecto-patent, sessile, 1-1 in.
long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or sometimes with one or two
small teeth on each side, dull-green, coriaceous, keeled. Racemes
near the tips of the branches, forming a small corymb-like head,
short, few-flowered, rhachis and pedicels pubescent or almost
villous. Flowers tin. diam., white or white with pink veins.
Calyx deeply 4-partite; segments ovate-oblong, acute, ciliolate.
Corolla-tube broad and short, not equalling the calyx; limb
4-lobed; dorsal and lateral lobes subequal, orbicular - oblong,
obtuse ; anticous lobe narrower, oblong. Capsule elliptical-oblong,
didymous, turgid, notched at the tip, rather shorter than the calyx.
—AHook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7404.

Sourn Isnanp: Canterbury—Rangitata Valley, Armstrong! Clyde Valley,
W. Gray. :

A very remarkable plant, of dubious affinity, quite unlike any other. Mr.
Kirk has pointed out that the capsule is didymous, with the septum across the
narrowest diameter; and the short tube of the corolla and large rounded lobes
also show a relationship to the herbaceous section of the genus. But the habit
of the plant, with its woody stems and small close-set leaves, is nearer that of
the section including V. lycopodioides and its allies. Mr. Armstrong’s original
description is by no means characteristic of the specimens cultivated by him in
the Christchurch Botanical Gardens.

542 SCROPHULARINE. [ Veronica.

73. V. linifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 214.—A small much
and diffusely branched procumbent herb; branches slender, often
rooting below, ascending at the tips, terete, glabrous, 2-9 in. long or
more. Leaves numerous, closely placed, spreading, 4-1 in. long,
75-3 in. broad, linear, obtuse at the tip, narrowed into a rather long
broad petiole, flat, subcoriaceous, quite entire; margins of petiole
ciliate. Racemes 1-3 towards the ends of the branches, 1—2in.
long, slender, naked below, 2-5-flowered ; bracts $-4 in. long, linear,
obtuse ; pedicels long, +-lin., slender, curved. Flowers large,
4-4 in. diam., white or pale-rose. Calyx din. long, deeply 4-partite ;
segments linear- oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube very short; limb
broad, spreading, 4-lobed; lobes broad, rounded, veined. Stamens
equalling the corolla-lobes. Capsule broadly obcordate, rather
shorter than the calyx.—drmstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
349.

SoutH Isuanp: Nelson—Mount Owen, W. Townson! Mount Franklin,
Park; Lake Tennyson, 7. #. C. Canterbury—-Broken River, Petrie! Craigie-
burn Mountains, Cockayne; Upper Waimakariri, Hnys! T. #. C.; Ashburton
Mountains, Potts! Clyde Glacier and Mount Darwin, Haast. Westland—
Otira Valley, T. F. C.; Okarito, A. Hamilton. Otago—Lake Wanaka,
Buchanan! mountains near Arrowtown, Petrie ! 1500-4500 ft. December-
January.

A very distinct and well-marked plant.

74. V. catarractee, Yorst. Prodr. n. 9.—Stems slender, terete,
sparingly branched, suberect, or prostrate below and then ascend-
ing, 6-24 in. Jong, glabrous or bifariously pubescent, woody at the
base. Leaves rather distant, shortly petiolate, spreading, 1—4 in.
long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely and
sharply serrate, coriaceous or submembranous, flat, 1-nerved, paler
beneath. Racemes few or many towards the tips of the branches,
solitary and axillary, slender, curved or erect, 3-9 in. long, many-
flowered ; pedicels slender, puberulous, 4-1 in. long; bracts linear-
subulate. Flowers 4-3 in. diam., white or pale-rose. Calyx deeply
4-partite; segments ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute or
acuminate. Corolla with a very short tube and 4 rounded spread-
ing lobes. Capsule broadly oblong, turgid, emarginate or almost
2-lobed, usually about 4 longer than the calyx.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 189; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 380; Raoul, Choix, 48; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 195; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 216. V. irrigans, Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii. (1870) 94.

Var. lanceolata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 195.—Stems shorter and more

slender. Leaves 4-1}in. long, ,-4in. broad, linear or narrow linear-lanceolate.
—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 216. YV. lanceolata, Benth. in. D.C. Prodr. x. 462.

Var. diffusa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 216.—Procumbent, diffusely
branched. Leaves 3$-14in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute. Calyx-segments
ovate, acute.—V. diffusa, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 645; Fl. Nov. Zel.i.195.

NortH anp SourH Isnanps: From the Thames goldfields to the south of
Otago, but often local. Most plentiful on the west coast of the South Island.
Sea-level to 3000 ft. November-January.

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 543

An exceedingly variable plant. Forster’s type, judging from the description
given by A. Richard, is a rather small-leaved state, with lanceolate leaves 1-2 in.
long; and according to Mr. N. EK. Brown corresponds to the var. minor of the
“« Plora Novee-Zealandix.’’ But it passes insensibly into a much more luxuriant
state, with leaves sometimes over 4in. long, and with longer racemes. This
again varies into var. lanceolata, Mr. Kirk’s V. irrigans being about half-way
between the two. Var. diffusa is also connected by numerous intermediates.

75. V. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 196.—Stems slender,
prostrate and rooting, much and diffusely branched, 3-18 in. long,
more rarely suberect from a prostrate base; branches terete, usually
bifariously pubescent, sometimes conspicuously so, rarely almost
glabrous. Leaves shortly petioled, spreading, +—4in. long, broadly
ovate or almost orbicular to oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, with
2 or 3 coarse blunt serratures on each side, thick and coriaceous,
glabrous, often reddish on the midrib beneath and on the petiole.
Racemes several, few- or many-flowered, on slender erect peduncles
2-6 in. long usually springing from near the ends of the branches
but sometimes lateral, glabrous or more or less pubescent ; pedicels
slender, the lowest 4 in. long or more. Flowers 4in. diam., white
with pink veins. Calyx deeply 4-partite ; segments ovate-oblong,
acute, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube very short; limb broad,
spreading, with 4 rounded lobes. Stamens shorter than the corolla-
lobes. Capsule broadly obovate-oblong, turgid, 2-lobed or emargin-
ate, exceeding the calyx.—_Handb. N.Z. Fil. 215; Armstr. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst, xiii. (1881) 349.

Var. suberecta, Cheesem.—Stem woody at the base ; branches slender, wiry,
erect or suberect. Leaves usually narrower, oblong or obovate-oblong, with
coarser and more numerous teeth, sometimes almost lobed.--V. Lyallii var. B,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 196.

Norra Istanp: Ruahine and Tararua Mountains, apparently not common.
Soutu Istanp: Hilly or mountainous districts, abundant, especially on the west
side of the Island. Sea-level to 4500 ft. November—March.

A very variable little plant, but on the whole recognised without much aifii-
culty by the prostrate and diffusely branched mode of growth, small broad
glabrous leaves, and slender many-flowered racemes of rather large flowers.
V. catarracte is a much taller and more erect plant, with much longer and nar-
rower leaves and Jarger flowers. V. Bidwiliii differs in its smaller leaves and
longer strict racemes. V. Olseni is smaller and stouter, with more of the habit
of V. Hookeriana, and has more pubescent racemes and fewer flowers; while
V. Hookeriana is separated by the stouter and more rigid habit, pubescent leaves,
and much stouter glandular-pubescent raceme with fewer white flowers. The
V. Lyallai of the Botanical Magazine (t. 6456) seems to me to be quite
different from the true Lyallii in the greater size, erect habit, larger ovate acute
leaves, and larger flowers, and probably represents a distinct species intermediate
between V. Lyallii and V. catarracte, but I have seen no specimens.

76. V. Bidwillii, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 814.—Stems slender, pro-
strate and rooting, much branched, woody at the base, 3-12 in. long ;
branches creeping, often matted, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves
rather distant, shortly petioled or almost sessile, minute, #,—}in.

544 SCROPHULARINES. | Veronica.

long, broadly oblong or obovate, obtuse, with 1 or 2 deep notches
on each side or entire, thick and coriaceous, black when dry.
Peduncles axillary, remote from the ends of the branches, very
long, 3-9 in., slender, strict, erect, glabrous or puberulous, few- or
many-flowered ; pedicels slender, erect, ++4in. long; bracts small,
oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse. Flowers about in. diam.
Calyx 4-partite ; segments ovate or oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube
very short; limb with four spreading rounded lobes. Stamens
shorter than the corolla-lobes. Capsule broadly oblong, retuse,
exceeding the calyx.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 196; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 215; Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 349.

SoutH Isuanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts as far south as
central Otago, usually on shingle-beds by the sides of streams, ascending to
4000 ft. November—February.

A much more prostrate plant than V. Lyallii, with smaller leaves which
usually have only one or two serratures on each side, and with very long strict
peduncles.

77. V. Hookeriana, Walp. Rep. iii. 341.—A small stout much
or sparingly branched prostrate herb 3-10in. long; branches short,
stout, ascending, leafy, glandular-pubescent. Leaves crowded, very
shortly petiolate, spreading, }-4in. long, broadly ovate or oblong-
ovate, obtuse, coarsely and obtuselv crenate, thick and coriaceous,
rigid, often black when dry, pubescent on both surfaces or glabrous
above. Peduncles usually several, lateral or near the tips of the
branches, 1-2in. long, stout, erect, densely pubescent, bearing a
4-8-flowered corymbose raceme at the top; bracts, pedicels, and
calyces densely glandular-pubescent. Flowers }-+in. diam., white
or white streaked with pink. Calyx 4-partite; segments ovate,
obtuse. Corolla-tube very short; limb broad, spreading, 4-lobed ;
lobes rounded. Stamens rather shorter than the lobes. Cap-
sule broadly oblong, about one-third longer than the calyx when
mature.—V. nivea, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 640 (not of Lindl.). V.niva-
lis, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 477; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 196;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 215. V. compacta, Col. mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx.
(1888) 202.

Norro Is~tanp: Tongariro and Ngauruhoe, Bidwill, Hill! Ruapehu,
Kirk! Rev. F. H. Spencer! Petrie! 3000-5000 ft.

The usual state of this plant is excellently figured in the ‘‘ Icones Plan-
tarum.”’ Its distinguishing characters are the stout habit, rather large closely
placed almost sessile rigid and coriaceous leaves, stout glandular-pubescent
peduncles, and short corymbose racemes of rather large flowers.

78. V. Olseni, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 607.—
Stems prostrate, sparingly branched; branches short, rooting at
the nodes, densely pubescent with short spreading hairs. Leaves
shortly petioled, rather close-set, spreading, +4in. long, broadly
ovate or almost orbicular, obtuse, deeply and coarsely serrate,

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 545

thick and coriaceous, glabrous, dark-green. Racemes many-
flowered, on strict erect densely pubescent lateral peduncles 3-5 in.
long; pedicels 4-4 in. long, slender. Flowers }-4in. diam., white
with pink veins. Calyx deeply 4-partite ; segments broadly ovate,
obtuse, margins ciliolate. Corolla-tube very short, limb with 4
rounded spreading lobes. Stamens shorter than the corolla-lobes.
Capsule broadly oblong, turgid, emarginate, one-third as long
again as the calyx.

Norrx Istanp: Ruahine Range, Colenso! Olsen! Petrie! 2000-4000 ft.
December—March.

I retain this as a species for the present, although far from satisfied as
to its distinctness from V. Hookeriana, from which it differs mainly in the more
slender mode of growth, glabrous leaves, more slender and less pubescent many-
flowered racemes, and in the narrower capsule. It is apparently intermediate
between V. Hookeriana and V. Lyallii.

79. V. spathulata, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 477.— A small
prostrate excessively branched pubescent little plant, forming dense
patches 3-9in. across; branches short, stout, ascending, leaty,
clothed with crisped white hairs. Leaves crowded, spreading,
petiolate, 4-4in. long including the petiole, ovate-spathulate or
deltoid-spathulate, obtuse, coarsely crenate or crenate-lobed, thick
and coriaceous, black when dry, more or less hairy on both sur-
faces ; petiole about as long as the blade, broad, channelled.
Peduncles near the tips of the branches, short, stout, pubescent,
equalling the leaves or nearly twice as long as them, 2—5-flowered ;
bracts foliaceous, and with the pedicels and calyces densely
pubescent. Flowers +in. diam., white. Calyx 4-partite ; segments
oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube short; limb broad,
4-lobed, lobes rounded. Stamens 2, shorter than the corolla-lobes.
Capsule equalling or slightly exceeding the calyx, broadly obcordate,
pubescent.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 197; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 216;
Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 349. V. vulcanica, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 203. V. subrosulata, Col. l.c. xxxi.
(1899) 278.

Nortu Isuanp: Tongariro, Bidwill; Ruapehu, V'ryon! Hill! Petrie!
Rev. F. H. Spencer! Ruahine Mountains, Hill ! 3000-6000 ft.

Nearest to V. Hookeriana, but more depressed and much more branched,
leaves spathulate on longer petioles, peduncles much shorter, and capsule
broader and obcordate.

50. V. plebeia, R. Br. Prodr. 435.—Stems slender, leafy, pro-
strate and rooting, much and diffusely branched, elongated, 1-3 ft.
long, usually minutely pubescent. Leaves on rather long petioles ;
blade $-lin. long, broadly ovate or deltoid, obtuse or subacute,
cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely and irregularly acutely
toothed, 3-nerved, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Racemes lateral,
axillary, pedunculate, 2-5in. long, slender, loosely 5—10-flowered ;

18—FI.

546 SCROPHULARINES. [ Veronica

pedicels spreading, 4-4in. long; bracts linear-obovate. Flowers
small, tin. diam. Calyx 4- partite; segments obovate - oblong,
obtuse or subacute, enlarging in fruit. Corolla-tube very short;
limb with 4 rounded lobes. Stamens shorter than the corolla-
lobes. Capsule transversly oblong or orbicular, compressed, slightly
emarginate, altogether included in the enlarged calyx.—Benth. Fl.
Austral. iv. 510. V. elongata, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 478; Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 197; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 216. V. calycina, A.
Cunn. Precur. n. 382 (not of fh. Br.).

Norrs Istanp.—In lowland situations from the North Cape to the Thames
River, rare and local,

81. V. Anagallis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 12.—Stems stout, succulent,
glabrous, decumbent at the base, then erect, simple or sparingly
branched, 6-18in. high. Leaves sessile and semiamplexicaul,
1-3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, subacute or obtuse,
often cordate at the base, more or less serrate or almost entire,
membranous when dry. Racemes numerous towards the ends of
the branches, axillary, suberect, 4-10in. long, many- flowered ;
bracts small, linear or lanceolate. Flowers small, + in. diam.,
pale- blue or almost white. Calyx 4-partite; segments ovate-
oblong, obtuse or subacute. Corolla-tube very short; limb 4-lobed,
spreading. Capsule broadly oblong, notched, shorter than the
calyx.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 197; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 216.

Nortu Istanp: Hawke’s Bay, watery places, Colenso !

This has not been observed since its original discovery by Mr. Colenso, more
than fifty years ago. Although a widely distributed plant in the Northern
Hemisphere it is unknown in the southern, except in South Africa, where it is
supposed to be an introduction, and in New Zealand. Possibly Mr. Colenso’s
specimens were introduced as well; but if so, it is remarkable that the plant
should have apparently disappeared.

82. V. Muelleri, Buch. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 351,
t. 32.—Stems prostrate or rooting, branched, 6-18 in. long, putting
up numerous short suberect branchlets 4-2in. long. Leaves
crowded towards the tips of the branchlets, spreading, petioled,
411in. long, linear-obovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire or with
1 or 2 coarse notches on each side, coriaceous, glabrous or the
petioles ciliate on the margins. Flowers solitary and axillary at
the tips of the branches, almost hidden by the leaves, sessile or
shortly pedicelled, $in. diam. Calyx 4-partite ; segments linear-
obovate, obtuse. Corolla-tube rather long, exceeding the calyx;
limb spreading, 4-lobed. Stamens shorter than the corolla-lobes.
Capsule equalling the calyx or rather shorter than it, transversely
oblong, didymous.

SourH Istanp: Otago —Hector’s Col, Mount Aspiring Range, alt. 5000ft.,
Buchanan and McKay !

Veronica. | SCROPHULARINES. 547

Of this I have only seen two very indifferent specimens in Mr. Buchanan's
herbarium, both long past flower. It is clearly a very distinct species, and, if
Mr. Buchanan’s plate is correct, differs widely from all the New Zealand species
belonging to the section with didymous capsules in the elongated tube of the
corolla.

83. V. Cheesemanii, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 1366a.—
Small, greyish-green, densely tufted, forming rounded cushions
2-5in. diam., pubescent in all its parts; branches slender, closely
compacted. Leaves spreading, 4-4in. long, narrow - obovate,
obtuse, coarsely and obtusely toothed or lobed, puberulous on
both surfaces, narrowed into a long or short broad petiole.
Flowers solitary and axillary, subsessile, small, white, } in. diam.
Calyx deeply 4-partite, segments linear-spathulate, spreading,
coarsely toothed towards the tip. “Corolla slightly longer than
the calyx; tube very short; limb with 4 obovate emarginate
lobes. Stamens shorter than the corolla-lobes. Ovary broadly
ovoid, hispid. Capsule shorter than the calyx, broadly didymous,
slightly compressed, hispid, 4-valved to the base.—Cheesem. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 299.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Summit of Gordon’s Nob and the Raglan Moun-

tains, 7. #. C.; Mount Starveall, #. G. Gibbs! Canterbury—Shingle-slopes
near the source of the Otira River, T. F’. C., Cockayne ! 3500-5500 ft.

A peculiar little plant, with much of the aspect of a small Huphrasia.

84. V. canescens, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877)
503, t. 19.—A small creeping and rooting herb with intricately
branched stems 1-4 in. long, often forming broad matted patches,
everywhere hispid with greyish-white hairs. Leaves minute,
spreading, shortly petioled or subsessile, 4-4, in. long, obtuse,
entire, more or less densely clothed on both surfaces with curved
hispid hairs. Flowers solitary and axillary, large for the size of
the plant, ++ in. diam., pale-blue; peduncles short, slender, + in.
long, with two hispid bracts below the middle. Calyx 4—5-partite ;
segments linear-oblong, hispid. Corolla-tube very short; limb
spreading, 4-lobed ; lobes unequal, oblong, often emarginate. Cap-
sule small, broadly oblong, slightly compressed, retuse, altogether
included in the calyx.—Tvans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 516.

SoutH Is~tanp: Canterbury—Lake Forsyth, Kirk! Lake Ellesmere, Arm-
strong; Lake Lyndon, Hnys! Kirk! T. F. C.; Mackenzie Plains, Lakes
Tekapo and Pukaki, 7. F. C. Otago—Near Oamaru, Buchanan! central
Otago, plentiful, Petrie! Wycliffe Bay, near Dunedin, B. C. Aston! Sea-
level to 3000 ft. December—March.

Usually found on the dried-up margins of lakes and pools. It is probably
not uncommon in suitable localities on the eastern side of the South Island, but
is easily overlooked, except when in flower.

8. OURISIA, Comm.

Perennial herbs, erect or decumbent or more or less prostrate.
Leaves opposite, mostly radical, entire or more usually crenate.

548 SCROPHULARINES. [Ourisia.

Flowers axillary and solitary, or racemose or subumbelled on a
scapiform peduncle. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-partite. Corolla more or
less oblique or curved; tube long or short; lobes 5, spreading,
imbricate in the bud, one of the lateral ones on the outside.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; filaments short; anthers reni-
form, the cells diverging at the base, confluent at the tip. Ovary
2- celled ; style filiform ; stigma capitate ; ovules numerous in each
cell. Capsule 2- celled, turgid or sub-compressed, grooved on each
side, loculicidally 2-valved, the placentas attached to the middle of
the valves. Seeds numerous; testa loose, reticulate.

A handsome genus of about 20 species, confined to Andine South America,
New Zealand, and Tasmania. All the New Zealand species are endemic.

A. Hrect or decumbent at the very base. Leaves all radical. (Stems often
creeping in O. sessilifolia).

Stout, glabrous or nearly so, 9-24in. high. Leaves cori-

aceous, long-petioled. Upper bracts whorled. Flowers

3-lin. diam. 1. O. macrocarpa.
More slender, pubescent or pilose, 6~24 in. high. Leaves

submembranous, long- nenoled. Upper bracts whorled.

Flowers 4-3 in. diam. 2. O. macrophylla.
Small, slender, pubescent, 2-9 in. high. " Leaves submem-

branous, long- petioled. Upper bracts in pairs, rarely

in threes. Flowers 4-%in. diam. . 3. O. Colensoi.
Stout, most densely glandular-hairy, 2- Gin. high. Leaves

obovate, narrowed into short broad petioles. Bracts in

pairs. Flowers in. diam. .. De Ae .. 4. O. sessilifolia.

B. Creeping, often matted or cespitose. Leaves close-set along the creeping stem,
usually distichous.

Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves #-1}in., ovate-spathulate,

thickly coriaceous, crenate. Flowers ?-lin.diam. .. 5. O. Cockayniana.
Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 4-4 in., obovate-spathulate,

thickly coriaceous, entire or with 2-3 deep notches .. 6. O. c@spitosa.
Leaves 4-2 in., upper surface densely glandular-pubescent.

Peduncles and bracts sparingly pubescent ae .. 1%. O. prorepens.
Leaves }-#in., margins ciliate with long jointed hairs.

Peduncles and bracts thickly glandular-pubescent .. 8. O. glandulosa,

1. O. macrocarpa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 198.—Stems stout,
erect from a short thick creeping rhizome, 9-24 in. high, purplish
below, glabrous or with faint hairy lines decurrent from the bases
of the bracts. Radical leaves numerous, on stout petioles 2-6in.
long; blade 1-din., ovate-oblong to broadly oblong or orbicular,
obtuse or subacute, cuneate at the base or narrowed into the
petiole, crenate, dark-green above, paler beneath, very thick and
coriaceous, quite glabrous except the margins towards the base,
which are ciliate. Flowering-stem very stout. Cauline leaves 1 or
2 pairs, ovate or oblong, almost connate at the base, sessile.
Inflorescence of 4-8 superposed whorls of pedicelled flowers.
Bracts 3-6 in a whorl, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous,

’
Ourisia. | SCROPHULARINEX. 549

crenate. Flowers large, 3-1 in. diam., white ; pedicels 1-3 in. long.
Calyx deeply 5-partite; segments in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse,
coriaceous, glabrous or the margins alone ciliate. Corolla-tube
short and broad, villous within; lobes obovate, retuse. Capsule
41-tin. long, ovoid-oblong.—Handb. N.Z. Fil. 218. O. calycina,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 97.

SourH IsnaAnp: Nelson—Mount Franklin, Park. Canterbury—Arthur’s
Pass, Kirk! T. F.C.; Ashburton Mountains, 7. H. Potts! Mount Cook
district, 7. F.C. Westland — Kelly’s Hill, Rangitaipo, Petrie! Franz Joseph
Glacier, Haast. Otago—Sounds of the south-west coast, Lyall, Buchanan !
Clinton Valley, Petrie ! Sea-level to 3500 ft. November—January.

The finest species of the genus. It is allied to the following, but is easily
separated by the much stouter and more coriaceous habit, by being nearly
glabrous, and by the larger flowers and capsules.

2. O. macrophylla, Hook. Ic. Piant. t. 545, 546.—Erect from
a short stout decumbent rhizome, 6—24in. high, more or less
pubescent or pilose with soft spreading hairs, rarely almost gla-
brous. Radical leaves variable in size and shape, on long petioles ;
petioles 1-6in. long, stout or slender, sheathing at the base; blade
1-5 in., ovate or ovate-oblong to orbicular-oblong, obtuse, oblique
and cordate or cuneate at the base, crenate, rather thin and mem-
branous, sparsely pubescent or almost glabrous. Flowering-stem
erect, rather stout or slender. Cauline leaves 1 or rarely 2 pairs,
ovate, sessile. Inflorescence of 3-7 superposed whorls of pedicel-
late flowers, in small varieties sometimes reduced to a few-flowered
terminal umbel. Bracts 3-8 in a whorl, linear-oblong or linear-
obovate to linear, crenate. Flowers large, $-2in. diam., white or
white with purplish streaks; pedicels 4-2in. long, slender, erect.
Calyx deeply 5-partite ; segments tin. long, lanceolate or linear,
glandular-hairy. Corolla-tube slightly curved, villous within; lobes
obovate, retuse. Capsule +in. long, ovoid-oblong, turgid, mem-
branous.—Hook. f. Fil. Nov. Zel. 1. 197; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 218.
O. robusta, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1886) 246.

NorrH anp Souty Isuanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon in damp
mountainous localities from Moehau (Cape Colville) southwards. Sea level to
4500 ft. November-—January.

In its fully developed state this is an exceedingly handsome plant. It is
perhaps nowhere more abundant than on Mount Egmont, where it was origin-
ally discovered by Dieffenbach.

3. O. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 218. — Rhizome
slender, creeping ; stems erect, 2-9 in. high, pilose with soft spread-
ing hairs. Leaves all radical, on slender petioles 4-lin. long;
blade about the same length, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, sub-
cordate or cuneate at the base, crenate, rather membranous,
sparsely glandular-hairy on both surfaces or almost glabrous.
Flowering-stem or scape 1-8-flowered ; bracts in pairs or rarely in

550 SCROPHULARINE. | Ourtsia.

threes, linear-oblong, crenate. Flowers 4in. diam., white; pedi-
cels +-lin. long. Calyx 5-partite; segments linear, glandular-
pubescent. Corolla-tube short, curved; lobes obovate, retuse.
Capsule broadly oblong, turgid.

NortH AnD Sout Istanps: Mountainous districts from Lake Taupo and
the Ruahine Mountains southwards. 1500-3500 ft. December-January.

Probably only a reduced state of O. macrophylla.

4. O. sessilifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 218.—Rhizome
stout or slender, creeping and rooting, branched, glandular-hairy
above. Leaves all radical, spreading and appressed to the surface
of the ground, 1-2in. long, broadly ovate- or obovate-spathulate,
obtuse, suddenly narrowed into broad short petioles, crenate,
scarcely coriaceous, pale-green, upper surface and margins densely
villous with glandular hairs, under-surface not so thickly clothed
but rarely glabrate. Peduncle stout, 2-6in. high, 2-8-flowered,
most densely villous, as are the bracts, pedicels, and calyces.
Bracts obovate or oblong, crenate ; pedicels short, stout. Flowers
large, $in. diam., white shading into purple at the base. Calyx
4in. long, 5-partite; segments linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube
broad; lobes large, rounded, retuse at the tip. Capsule ovate-
oblong, not seen quite ripe.

Sout Isnanp: Marlborough—Kaikoura Mountains, Buchanan! Nelson
—Mount Buckland, W. Townson! Canterbury, Westland, and Otago—Not un-
common on the higher mountains of the dividing-range. Srmwart Isnanp:
Summit of Mount Anglem, Kirk ! 3500-6500 ft. December—February.

This can hardly be described as erect, the leafy part of the stem being some-
times elongated and creeping. There seems to be two forms—one large and
stout, very densely villous and with large flowers; the other smaller, with
darker green leaves which are not so hairy, and with fewer smaller flowers.

5. O. Cockayniana, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897)
426.—Forming large matted patches. Stems 3-6in. long or more,
branched, rather stout, creeping and rooting, glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves in close-set opposite pairs, spreading and recurved, 3-14 in.
long, ovate or ovate-spathulate, obtuse, suddenly narrowed into
rather long sheathing petioles, crenate, bright-green above, often
purplish below, coriaceous, glabrous or the margins of the petioles
ciliate. Peduncles stout, erect, purplish, 3-6 in. high, 3-6-flowered,
glabrous or nearly so. lBracts rather large, narrow obovate-
spathulate, crenate, margins sometimes ciliate towards the base;
pedicels slender, 1-14in. long. Flowers large, #-1 in. diam., white.
Calyx 4in. long, 5-partite ; segments oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube
broad, rather longer than the calyx ; lobes broadly oblong, retuse.
Ripe capsules not seen.

Ourisia. | SCROPHULARINE®. ddl

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury — Arthur’s Pass and source of the Poulter
River, Cockayne! Westland—Source of the Otira, Kelly’s Hill, Mount Alex-
ander, Cockayne! Otago—Cosmos Peaks, Lake Wakatipu, H. J. Matthews !
3000-4500 ft. December—January.

Allied to O. c@spitosa, but distinguished by the larger size, much larger
ovate-spathulate long-petioled leaves, and larger flowers.

6. O. ceespitosa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 198.—Forming broad
matted patches. Stems often much branched, 2-6 in. long or more,
creeping and rooting, stout or rather slender, leafy, glabrous or
sparingly pilose or tomentose; branches short, ascending. Leaves
close-set, spreading and recurved, usually distichous, 4-4 in. long,
obovate-spathulate, obtuse, narrowed into a short broad sheathing
petiole or almost sessile, coriaceous or almost fleshy, bright-green,
glabrous or the margins of the petioles ciliate, entire or more
usually with 1-3 deep notches or crenatures. Peduncles strict,
erect, 1-3 in. long, 1-5-flowered, glabrous, as are the bracts, pedicels,
and calyces. Bracts 1 or 2 pairs, similar to the leaves; pedicels
slender. Flowers 4—2in. diam., white. Calyx + in. long, 5-partite;
segments oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, often dilated at the tip.
Corolla-tube broad, rather longer than the calyx; lobes broad,
rounded. Capsule +in. long, ovate-oblong.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 219.

Var. gracilis, Hook. f. l.c. 738.—Much more slender. Leaves smaller,
z)-4 in. long. Peduncles slender, 1-2-flowered ; bracts small. Flowers smaller,
4-4in. diam. Calyx-segments linear-oblong.

Nort Istanp: Summit of Mount Hikurangi, Adams and Petrie! Rua-
hine Mountains, Colenso! Petrie! Tararua Mountains, T. P. Arnold! W.
Yownson! SoutH Istanp: Not uncommon in mountainous localities from
Nelson to Otago. Stewart Isztanp: Summit of Mount Anglem, Kirk!
3000-6500 ft. December-—February.

A pretty little plant, easily recognised by the matted habit, small bright-
green almost glabrous leaves, and glabrous peduncle, bracts, and calyces.

7. O. prorepens, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 272.—
Stems rather slender, branched, creeping and rooting, 2-4 in. long,
glandular-hairy. Leaves close-set, spreading, distichous, $—3 in.
long, obovate, rounded at the tip, narrowed into a broad thin
petiole at the base, crenate, densely glandular-pilose above, almost
glabrate with the veins conspicuous beneath. Peduncles erect,
2-4in. high, sparingly glandular-pubescent, 3-6-flowered. Bracts
1 or 2 pairs, similar to the leaves, nearly glabrous; pedicels slender.
Flowers large, 2in. diam., white. Calyx about +in. long, 5-partite;
segments oblong, obtuse, sparingly glandular-pubescent. Corolla-
tube longer than the calyx; lobes broad, rounded. Ripe capsules
not seen.

Souru Istanp: Otago—Mount Bonpland, Petrie! Mount Kyeburn, H. J.
Matthews ! 4000-5000 ft.

552 SCROPHULARINES,. [Ourisim.

A puzzling plant, agreeing in some of its characters with O. sessilifolia,
O. glandulosa, and O. cespitosa, but which cannot be satisfactorily placed with:
any of the three.

8. O. glandulosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 219.—Forming
broad patches. Stems stout, branched, creeping and rooting,
glabrous or nearly so, 2-6in. long. Leaves close-set, imbricating,.
usually distichous, spreading or recurved, +~-$in. long, obovate-
spathulate, rounded at the tip, gradually narrowed into a short
broad petiole or sessile, entire or obscurely crenate, thick and cori-
aceous, margins densely ciliate with long jointed hairs, upper
surface glandular-pilose towards the tip, under-surface glabrous,
veined. Peduncles stout, erect, 1-3 in. long, 1-6-flowered, thickly
covered with spreading glandular hairs, as are the bracts, pedicels,
and calyces. Bracts 1 to 3 pairs, similar to the leaves; pedicels.
slender. Flowers 4—-3in. diam., white. Calyx +-4in. long, 5-par-
tite; segments oblong, obtuse. Corolia-tube short and broad ;
lobes obovate, rounded at the tip. Capsule nearly 4in. long, ovoid,
acute, equalling the calyx-segments.

SourH Istanp: Otago—Mount Alta, Buchanan! Kurow Mountains,
Dunstan Mountains, Mount Cardrona, Mount St. Bathan’s, Petrie ! 3500-
6000 ft. November—January.

9. EUPHRASIA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, more or less parasitic. Leaves
opposite, toothed or laciniate or palmately 3-5-fid, on the flowering
branches often insensibly passing into leafy bracts. Flowers in
terminal spikes or racemes, or few towards the tips of the branches.
Calyx tubular or campanulate, 4-lobed; lobes equal or connate in
pairs. Corolla-tube narrow below, dilated above; limb 2-lipped ;
upper lip erect, concave, 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4,
didynamous, converging beneath the upper lip; amnther-cells dis-
tinct, parallel, equally or unequally mucronate at the base. Style
pilose ; stigma capitate. Capsule oblong or oblong-orbicular, com-
pressed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds usually numerous, pendu-
lous, oblong, longitudinally grooved.

A genus found in the temperate regions of both hemispheres. The species
are extremely variable and difficult to characterize, and are variously estimated
at from 20 to 80, according to the different views of authors. I have to express
my indebtedness to Dr. R. von Wettstein’s elaborate monograph for much
information respecting the New Zealand forms, all of which are endemic.

* Ovary with several ovules’in each cell.

Perennial, erect, 6-30in. high, much branched. Leaves

narrowed into a distinct petiole, margins flat. Flowers

numerous, large, 4-in. long . 1. EH. cuneaia.
Perennial, usually erect, 3-8in. high, sparingly “branched.

Leaves close- set, not ‘narrowed into a distinct petiole,

margins recurved. Flowers large, 4$—$in. long .. 2. H. Monro.

Huphrasia.| SCROPHULARINE. 553

Annual, or the rootstock alone perennial, erect or de-
cumbent, slender, 1-4 in. high. Leaves distant, sessile,
margins recurved. Flowers large, 4-$ in. long 3. E. revoluta.

Annual, erect, sparingly branched, 1-4 in. high. Leaves
remote, ovate, toothed. Flowers ai in. long, yellow .. 4. H. Cockayniana.

Annual, erect or decumbent, much or sparingly branched,
1-4 in. high. Leaves remote, ovate, toothed. Flowers

+ in. long, white .. os Ae se .. 5. EH. zealandica.

cr

** Ovary with only 2 ovules in each cell.

Annual, slender, much branched from the base, 1-3in.

high. Leaves with 2-4 obtuse teeth. Flowers 44 in.

long ; peduncles long, slender 6. EH. Cheesemanit.
Annual, branched from the base, 4- Li in. high; "pranches

weak, not rooting. Leaves deeply 5-lobed. Flowers fin.

long, almost sessile, tube of corolla short i 7. HE. Dyeri.
Perennial, very slender, creeping and rooting, 1-41 in.

long. Leaves remote, minute, deeply 3-lobed. Flowers

axillary, peduncled, 4-4 in. long ; tube of corollalong .. 8. H. repens.

1. BH. cuneata, orst. Prodr. n. 234.—Perennial, 6-30 in. high
or even more; stems erect or decumbent, firm, sometimes almost
woody at the base, usually much branched and often excessively
so, rarely simple; branches slender, virgate, leafy, bie nls or
rarely almost glabrous. Leaves variable in size and shape, 4-3 in.
long, broad or narrow obovate-cuneate, rounded at the tip, narrowed
at the base into a distinct petiole of variable length, coriaceous,
glabrous, with 1-3 more or less distinct notches on each side,
rarely entire; margins flat, not recurved. Flowers usually very
numerous, in large specimens from the repeated branching of the
flowering stems and the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts
forming a quasi-paniculate inflorescence, in smaller forms spicate ;
peduncles shorter than the calyx. Calyx small, narrow, 4-lobed ;
lobes obtuse, shorter than the tube. Corolla large, $-2in. long,
white with a yellow eye, sometimes with purplish streaks, pilose
externally ; upper lip 2-lobed, lobes emarginate ; lower lip 3-lobed.
Capsule linear-cuneate, emarginate, hairy or at length glabrous,
exceeding the calyx. Seeds numerous, elongate.—A. ich. FI.
Nouv. Zel. 191; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 384; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook.
j. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 199; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 219; Wettst. Monog.
Huphr. 247, t. v. f. 8369-874, and t. xiv. f.1. EH. tricolor, Col. on
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 264.

Nort Istanp: From the Hast Cape and Taupo southwards to Cook Strait,
not uncommon. SovurH Istanp: Has been recorded from several stations from
Nelson to Otago, but I have seen no specimens which I can refer to it. Sea-
level to 4500ft. December—March.

A distinct species, well marked by the large size, much-branched perennial
habit, cuneate leaves narrowed into a distinct petiole, large pedicelled flowers,
and long narrow capsule. There seems to be two main varieties—one tall and
slender, with numerous leafy branches, narrow long-petioled leaves, and copious
inflorescence ; the other, which is principally montane or subalpine, and which

504 SCROPHULARINEZ. [Huphrasia.

corresponds to Colenso’s H. tricolor, is not so much branched, the leaves are
shorter and broader, on shorter petioles, and the flowers are spicate along the
upper part of the branches. It might be distinguished as var. tricolor.

2. E. Monroi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 220.—Perennial, some-
times woody at the very base; stems erect or decumbent below, 3-8 in.
high, leafy above, sparingly branched, faintly bifariously pubescent.
Leaves rather close-set, spreading, 14+ in. long, obovate or obovate-
spathulate, obtuse, narrowed to the base but not evidently petiolate,
coriaceous, glabrous, furnished with one or two short obtuse teeth on
each side, margins thick, recurved. Flowers in short few-flowered
leafy spikes towards the ends of the branches, sessile or very shortly
peduncled ; bracts similar to the leaves. Calyx 4-lobed ; lobes short,
thick, obtuse or subacute, margins recurved. Corolla $—2in. long;
tube funnel-shaped, exceeding the calyx; upper lip bilobed, lower
lip trilobed; lobes retuse. Capsule obovate, retuse, equalling the
calyx or slightly longer than it.—Wettst. Monog. Huphr. 248, t. v.
f. 375-382, and t. xiv. f. 2.

SourH Isntanp: Not uncommon on the mountains of Nelson and Marl-
borough. Canterbury—Hurunui Mountains, Travers; Southern Alps, Sinclair
and Haast (Handbook). 3000-5000 ft. December—March.

Very closely allied to H. cuneata, but a smaller much more sparingly
branched plant, with close-set uniform leaves not obviously petiolate and with the
margins recurved. It is also without the copious branched inflorescence of the
typical state of H. cuneata, the flowers being few towards the tips of the
branches. It should be mentioned that in both H. cuneata and EH. Monroi it is
only a part of the plant which is perennial, the flower-bearing branchlets perish-
ing during winter, their places being taken by new shoots produced during the
following season.

3. HB. revoluta, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 199.—Annual, or some-
times the rootstock perennial. Stems 1-4 in. high, very slender,
much or sparingly branched from the base, often creeping and put-
ting up few or many ascending branchlets, more or less glandular-
pubescent. Leaves in rather distant pairs, sessile, very variable in
size, the lowest usually the smallest, 44 in. long, obovate-cuneate,
obtuse or subacute, narrowed to the base, furnished with 1-3 teeth
on each side, glandular-pubescent or glabrous, margins zevolute.
Flowers few towards the tips of the branches, large, $—-3in. diam. ;
peduncles shorter or longer than the leaves. Calyx shortly 4-lobed ;
lobes triangular, acute, much shorter than the tube. Corolla-tube
funnel-shaped, exceeding the calyx; limb spreading; upper lip
2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes deeply emarginate. Capsule
oblong, obtuse ; seeds numerous in each cell.—Handb. N.Z. Fi.
220; Wettst. Monog. Huphr. 266, t. xiv. f. 8.

Nortu Istanp: Mount Hikurangi, S. Dodgshun; Ruahine Mountains,
Colenso! H. Hill! Petrie! Ruapehu, H. Mili! Sourn Isuanp: Not un-
common in mountain districts throughout. 2500-5500 ft. December—
March.

Euphrasia.| SCROPHULARINER. 555

An exceedingly variable plant, best distinguished from the two following by
the different habit, much larger flowers and usually longer peduncles.

4. BH. Cockayniana, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894)
269.— Annual. Stems slender, erect, 2-din. high, sparingly
branched from the base; branches ascending, more or less clothed
with short crisp glandular pubescence. Leaves in remote opposite
pairs, }-4in. long, ovate or rhomboid-ovate, subacute, cuneate at
the base, furnished with 2-3 rather large teeth on each side,
both surfaces more or less glandular-pubescent, margins reflexed.
Flowers few towards the tips of the branches, sessile or very
shortly peduncled, nearly $in. long, bright-yellow. Calyx oblong-
campanulate, 4-lobed to the middle, lobes subacute. Corolla-tube
longer than the calyx; upper lip 2-lobed, lobes entire ; lower lip
3-lobed, lobes emarginate. Capsule broadly oblong, included in
the enlarged calyx, glabrous or nearly so.—E. Berggreni, Wettst.
Monog. Euphr. 265, f. 4, 5.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury and Westland—Arthur’s Pass, Berggren, Kirk !
Cockayne! T. F. C.; Kelly’s Hill, Petrie! 3000-4500 ft. December-—

March.

The only species yet recognised in New Zealand with the flowers wholly
yellow. Except in the colour of the flowers and in the larger corolla it hardly
differs from some states of HE. zealandica.

5. BH. zealandica, Wetist. Monog. Huphr. 264, t. vi. f. 480-435,
and t. xiv. f. 10.—Annual. Stems slender, erect, 1-4in. high,
much or sparingly branched from the base, or in depauperated
specimens simple, more or less bifariously pubescent with short
crisp white hairs; branches spreading or ascending, sometimes
prostrate. Leaves in distant opposite pairs, sessile, 4-tin. long,
ovate, obtuse or subacute, cuneate at the base, furnished with 2—4
rather large teeth on each side, both surfaces glandular-pubescent,
margins reflexed. Flowers few towards the tips of the branches,
sessile or very shortly pedicelled, }+4in. long, white; peduncles
elongating in fruit. Calyx oblong-campanulate, 4-lobed ; lobes
usually shorter than the tube. Corolla-tube scarcely longer than
the calyx ; upper lip short, arched, 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed ;
all the lobes entire. Capsule broad, almost orbicular, scarcely
exceeding the enlarged calyx; seeds several in each cell.—
HK. antaretica, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 199; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
220 (not of Benth.). EH. pygmea, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi.

(1889) 279.
Norra Isianp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Tryon! Olsen! Upper

Wairarapa, Buchanan. SourH IstanpD: Not uncommon in mountain districts
throughout. 2000-6000 ft. December—March.

Distinguished from EH. revoluta by the different habit, much more con-
‘spicuously toothed leaves, and much smaller flowers; from EH. Cockayniana by

556 SCROPHULARINER. [Euphrasia.

the smaller flowers, which are never altogether yellow; and from H. Cheesemanui
by the almost sessile flowers, shorter and narrower corolla, and especially by
the numerous ovules.

6. EH. Cheesemanii, Wetist. wm Osterr. Bot. Zeit. (1900) 381,
f. 1-5.—A slender annual herb 14-24in. high, much branched
from the base; branches spreading or ascending, minutely pubes-
cent. Leaves small, sessile, shorter than the internodes, ++ in.
long, ovate or obovate-cuneate, obtuse, more or less clothed with
short crisp glandular pubescence, margins with 2-4 obtuse teeth on
each side. Flowers axillary towards the tips of the branches, rather
remote, large for the size of the plant, 4+ in. long; peduncles long,
slender, }-2in. long. Calyx campanulate, shortly 4-lobed; lobes
obtuse, sparsely glandular- pubescent. Corolla broadly funnel-
shaped ; tube much longer than the calyx; upper lip short, 2-lobed;
lower lip 3-lobed; lobes obtuse. Ovary pubescent, with 2 super-
posed ovules in each cell. Capsule obovate, compressed, slightly
longer than the calyx.

South Isntanp: Nelson— Mount Arthur Plateau and Mount Owen,
T. F. C.; Mount Mantell and Brunner Range, W. Townson! 3500-5000 ft.
December—February.

This has much of the appearance of H. zealandica, but can be distinguished
by the longer peduncles, fruiting-calyx not conspicuously enlarged, longer and
narrower corolla, and by the ovary having only 2 ovules in each cell.

7. E. Dyeri, Wettst. Monog. Euphr. 267, f. 6, 7—A minute
delicate annual herb 4-ldin. high, branched from the base;
branches weak, spreading, not rooting. Leaves in opposite pairs,
zo-4 in. long, broadly obovate in outline or broader than long,
deeply 5-lobed or more rarely 3-lobed; lobes flat, erect, acute,
minutely setulose on the margins. Flowers axillary, solitary, + in.
long; peduncles usually short but sometimes equalling the leaves.
Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed half-way down; lobes flat, acute,
minutely setulose. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, sometimes
2 as long again, curved below; limb with the upper lip short,
broad, concave, shortly 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Anthers co-
hering. Ovary pubescent ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Cap-
sule obovate-oblong, compressed, shorter than the calyx.

Soutu Istanp: Otago—Mount Kyeburn, Mount Buster, Petrie! summit
of Maungatua, B. C. Aston! Stewart Istanp: Near Port Pegasus, Kirk!
500-4500 ft.

8. BE. repens, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 200.—A minute very
slender creeping and rooting glabrous or puberulous herb;
branches prostrate, almost filiform, 1-4in. long, rooting at the
nodes. Leaves minute, in rather remote pairs, sessile, 4,4, in.
long, cuneate, deeply 3-lobed; lobes flat, acute, erect. Flowers.
axillary and solitary, erect, large for the size of the plant, $4 in.

Euphrasia.| SCROPHULARINEA, 557

long; peduncles slender, exceeding the leaves, sometimes + in. long.
Calyx 4-lobed to about 4-way down; lobes flat, erect, acute.
Corolla-tube slender, curved, more than twice as long as the calyx ;
upper lip short, broad, shortly 2-lobed ; lower lip 3-lobed. Anthers
glabrous or nearly so. Ovary pubescent; ovules 2 in each cell,
pendulous. Ripe capsules not seen.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 221;
Wettst. Monog. Huphr. 253.

SourH Isnanp: Otago—Bluff Island, }#Zyall; mouth of the Oreti River,
Kirk!
A very remarkable little plant, distinguished from the preceding by the

creeping and rooting habit, smaller remote 3-lobed leaves, longer and narrower
flowers on longer peduncles, and shorter calyx-lobes.

10. ANAGOSPERMA, Wettst.

A small creeping intricately branched herb. Leaves opposite,
entire or 3-lobed. Flowers solitary and axillary, erect, shortl
peduncled. Calyx oblong-campanulate, 5-lobed to the middle;
lobes equal, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla-tube excessively long
and slender, 1-2 in. long, narrow at the base, gradually expanded
above ; limb short, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, obcordate, shortly
2-lobed; lower lip rather shorter, spreading or deflexed, 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers large, almost as long as the
lower lip of the corolla, mucronate at the base. Ovary small,
broadly ovoid, 2-celled; ovules solitary, pendulous from the top of
the cell. Style slender; stigma circinately incurved. Capsule
broadly obcuneate, much broader than long, loculicidally dehiscent,
compressed. Seeds one in each cell, large, oblong, pendulous.

A very remarkable monotypic genus, confined to New Zealand. It is
closely allied to Huphrasia, but differs in the extraordinary length of the
corolla-tube, in the solitary ovules, and in the broad obcuneate capsule.

1. A. dispermum, JWettst. in Deutsch. Bot. Ges. xiii (1895) 24”.
—Stems very slender, weak, procumbent and matted, 2-4 in. long.
sparsely glandular-pubescent. Leavesin rather reinote pairs, sessile
or nearly so, 4-+ in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to
the base, entire or deeply 3-lobed, 3-nerved, glabrous or glandular-
pubescent. Flowers on short curved peduncles, erect. Corolla
about 4—-2in. long when first expanded, but elongating as the
flowering advances and often becoming 2 in. long, very many times
longer than the small calyx. Capsule 4-$in. long, very much
broader than long.—Euphrasia longiflora, Kirk in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xi. (1879) 440, not of Vahl. EH. (Anagosperma) disperma,
Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 1283; Kirk, l.c. xii. (1880) 396, t. 14.

SoutaH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Rochfort and other mountains near
Westport, Rev. F. H. Spencer! Dr. Gaze! W. Townson! Westland—Paparoa
Range, R. Helms! Ahaura Plain, Lake Brunner, Teremakau Paddock, Kirk!
Okarito, A. Hamilton ! 250-3500 ft. January-March.

558 SCROPHULARINEX. [Siphonidiwm.

11. SIPHONIDIUM, Armstr.

‘« Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx campanu-
late, deeply 4-toothed, much wrinkled when dry; teeth with narrow
acuminate points. Corolla funnel-shaped with an exceedingly
slender curved tube 3in. long, dilated upwards, swollen or
slightly spurred about three-fourths of the way up at the com-
mencement of the broadest part; throat campanulate ; limb
2-lipped, upper lip of one narrow erect or suberect concave lobe ;
lower lip of three nearly equal spreading rounded lobes, throat not
tumid but having a few scattered hairs. Stamens 4, didynamous,
inserted on the throat, included, the two lower the longest. Anthers
2-celled, introrse. Style extremely slender, a little longer than
the stamens, with a 2-lobed stigma. Ovary superior. Capsule 2-
celled, loculicidal, included within the calyx. Seeds minute (cap-
sule immature).”

1. S. longiflorum, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
341.—‘‘ A small creeping or trailing herb. Branches clothed with
scattered spreading hairs. Leaves opposite, +in. long, entire,
linear-lanceolate, rarely ovate, acuminate, obscurely 3-nerved,
pubescent or glabrous, shortly petiolate. Flowers solitary, axillary,
very shortly peduncled, not bracteate. Corolla pubescent, pale-
blue(?) with darker veins.”

SourH Isuanp: Karamea, west coast of Nelson, Rev F. H. Spencer.

This is unknown to me, and in the absence of further information I have
reproduced Mr. Armstrong’s original description. It agrees in so many points
with the characters of Anagosperma that the suspicion arises that the two plants
may prove identical. But if Mr. Armstrong’s description is correct it differs in
the longer corolla-tube, the entire upper lip, and 2-lobed stigma. Mr. Arm-
strong does not mention the number of ovules.

Orper LV. LENTIBULARIE~.

Herbs, either aquatic or growing in wet soil. Leaves in the
terrestrial species radical, few or rosulate, entire; in the aquatic
species more or less scattered, capillary and multifid. Flowers
irregular, hermaphrodite, either solitary or several on a scapiform
peduncle. Calyx inferior, 2-lipped or 4—5-partite. Corolla gamo-
petalous, hypogynous, irregular, the tube usually produced into a
spur or pouch, the limb 2-lipped, upper lip entire or 2-lobed, lower
lip 3-5-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube ;
filaments usually broad, arched; anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior,
globose, l-celled; style short and thick; stigma 2-lobed; ovules
numerous, on a free central placenta. Fruit a capsule, either
bursting irregularly or 2-4-valved. Seeds numerous, small ;
albumen wanting ; embryo either undivided or with very short
cotyledons.

Utricularia. | LENTIBULARIEX. 559

A small but very distinct order, comprising 4 genera and about 250 species.
It is remarkable on account of the roots or leaves often being provided with small
bladder-like appendages, which catch minute aquatic animals. The single
genus found in New Zealand is almost world-wide in its distribution.

1. UTRICULARIA, Linn.

Slender herbs, floating or terrestrial. Leaves of the terrestrial
species all radical, inconspicuous or fugacious; of the floating
species scattered, multifid with capillary segments, furnished with
floating bladders. Peduncles or scapes radical or axillary, either
1-flowered or bearing a few- or many-flowered raceme or spike.
Calyx 2-partite; segments entire or nearly so, often enlarged in
fruit. Corolla spurred at the base, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, entire
or 2-lobed; lower lip larger, spreading, 3-6-lobed, with a palate
projecting into the throat and almost closing the flower. Stamens
2; filaments incurved. Style short; stigma unequally 2-lobed.
Capsule globose or nearly so, 2-valved or bursting irregularly.
Seeds many.

A large genus of world-wide distribution, the species probably numbering
close upon 200. With the exception of U. monanthos, which extends to
Tasmania, all the New Zealand species are endemic. They are also very
imperfectly known, and require a careful study from fresh specimens.

A, Stems floating. Leaves submerged, multifid; segments capillary.

Stems often several feet in length; branches with the
leaves on 14-3 in. across ae oh ff}

Stems 2-6in. long; branches with the leaves on fin.
across Ne Sc ek te Ae oe) 25 Oe Mannie

1. U. protrusa.

B. Plants stemless, growing in bogs or wet soil. Leaves all radical, few, small,
narrow-linear, entire. .

Flowers pale-purple. Upper lip of corolla not 2-lobed ;

lamina of lower lip broad, entire; spur short, obtuse .. 3. U. nove-zealan-

die.

Flowers white. Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed ; lamina of

lower lip broad, entire; spur long, acute, minutely

2-horned at the tip .. a: 3¢ He .. 4. U. delicatula.
Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed; lamina of lower lip 3-lobed 5. U. Colemnsov.
Flowers dark violet-purple. Upper lip of corolla cuneate,

retuse ; lamina of lower lip very broad; spur short .. 6. U. monanthos.

1. U. protrusa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 206.—Stems floating
in still water, branched, often extending to a length of several
feet, slender, filiform. Leaves numerous, all submerged, spreading,
pinnately multipartite; segments many, filiform; bladders nume-
rous, about fin. long, obliquely ovoid, shortly pedicelled, attached
near the base of the segments. ‘‘ Scape stout, erect, 2—4-flowered.
Sepals oblong. Corolla yellow; upper lip 3-lobed ; lower broader,
subquadrate, its disc protruded, margins recurved. Spur short,
obtuse.” —Handb. N.Z. Fl. 222.

560 LENTIBULARIBS. [ Utricularta.

Nort Istanp: Auckland—Lake Tongonge, near Ahipara, R. H. Matthews!
Lake Waihi, Waikato, Kirk! T. F.C.; Bay of Plenty, Colenso.

I have taken the description of the inflorescence, &c., from the Handbook,
the plant occurring in Lakes Waihi and Tongonge not being known in a
flowering state. It may not be identical with Hooker’s U. protrusa, the
type specimens of which have been unfortunately lost.

2. U. Mairii, Cheesem. n. sp.—Stems floating in still water,
sparingly branched, 2-6in. long, stouter than in the preceding
species. Leaves numerous, all submerged, spreading, about in.
long, pinnately divided into numerous capillary segments; seg-
ments broader than in U. protrusa ; bladders numerous, about +4, in.
long, attached to the segments. Flowers not seen.

NortH Isptanp: Auckland—Lake Rotomahana, Kirk and Captaim G.
Mair! (1872).

This is certainly distinct from the Lake Waihi and Lake Tongonge plant,
which has stems several feet in length, and the branches of which, with the
spreading leaves, are from 14-3 in. across. In U. Mairii the stems are much
shorter and stouter, and the branches with the leaves on are only about 4 in.
across. Which of the two plants corresponds to Hooker’s U. protrusa can only
be determined when flowering specimens are obtained. U. Mairii was de-
stroyed in the Rotomahana locality by the eruption of 1886, but it probably
occurs in some of the lakes in the Rotorua district.

3. U. novee-zealandize, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 206.—Stemless.
Roots slender, creeping, bearing numerous shortly pedicelled
bladders about 4in. diam. when fully grown. Leaves 1-38, all
radical, often disappearing at the time of flowering, +-2in. long,
rarely more, very narrow-linear or linear-spathulate, quite entire,
rather fleshy, 1l-nerved. Scape or peduncle very slender, variable
in length, 3-9 in. high or more, simple, erect, 1-4-flowered; bracts
small, opposite or in threes. Flowers shortly pedicelled, }+in.
long, pale-purple with a yellow eye. Upper calyx-segment orbi-
cular or nearly so, rounded or slightly retuse at the tip; lower
rather smaller, concave, 2-lobed. Upper lip of the corolla much
the smaller, narrow cuneate-oblong, constricted below the middle,
truncate or nearly so at the tip; Jower lip with a broad horizontal
almost semicircular lamina about 4 in. diam., margin entire; palate
with three raised ridges, each with a central groove; spur short,
broad, obtuse. Capsule membranous, globose, 4in. diam. —
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 222. U. subsimilis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xvi. (1884) 334.

Norrtu Istanp: Auckland—Lake Ohia (near Mongonui), 7. F. C.; Great
Barrier Island, Kirk! near Helensville, W. T. Ball ! near Waiuku, H. Carse !
Waihi, Petrie ! Lake Taupo, A. Hamilton! Taranaki—Ngaire Swamp, T. F.C.
Wellington—Palliser Bay, Colenso. SourH Isnanp: Canterbury Plains, Arm-
strong. November-January.

Probably not uncommon in peaty swamps throughout the North Island,
but easily overlooked.

Utricularia.) LENTIBULARIES. 561

4. U. delicatula, Cheesem. n. sp.—Habit of U. nove-zealandie,
but much smaller, the scape seldom more than 3in. high. Leaves
1 or 2 or wanting, narrow-linear or narrow linear-spathulate, quite
entire. Scape 1-3in. high, slender, wiry, erect, 1-3-flowered ;
bracts very small. Flowers shortly pedicelled, about +in. long,
white with a faint yellow eye. Calyx-segments almost equal, sub-
orbicular, concave. Upper lip of corolla the smaller, linear-oblong,
two-lobed at the tip; lower lip with a horizontally spreading
lamina which is quite entire, not 3-lobed; palate very obscurely
thickened or quite plane; spur longer than in U. nove-zealandie,
minutely 2-horned at the tip. Capsule globose, membranous, about
tin. diam.

North Istanp: Auckland—Near Kaitaia, 7. F. C.; near Waiuku, H.
Carse! swamps near Ohaupo (Waikato), 7. F. C. November—January.

This differs from U. nove-zealandié in the smaller size, in the upper lip of
the corolla being 2-lobed, and in the longer spur, which is minutely 2-horned
at the tip. From U. Colensoi it is at once separated by the entire lower lip.

5. U. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 206.— Altogether like
U. nove-zealandie but with the upper lip of the corolla linear-
oblong, 2-lobed ; lower broadly cuneate, 3-lobed, middle lobe retuse,
dise with 3 gibbous prominences.’’—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 223. (2) U.
vulcanica, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 318.

NortH Is~tanp: East Coast, Colenso (Handbook).

This does not seem to have been collected since its first discovery more than
fifty years ago, unless Colenso’s U. vulcanica be the same species. Mr. Colenso
describes his plant as having a 3-lobed lower lip, but he also states that the upper
lip is ‘‘subovate, obtuse,’ which is at variance with Hooker’s description. Un-
fortunately, the type specimens of both species have been lost, so that no com-
parison can now be made.

6. U. monanthos, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 299.—A minute stemless
herb. Roots or rhizome very slender, bearing several subglobose
compressed bladders ;+,-;,in. diam. Leaves few, all radical, 4-1in.
long, narrow linear-spathulate, petiolate, quite entire. Scape
slender, simple, erect, 3-4 in. high, 1- or rarely 2-flowered. Flowers
large for the size of the plant, 4in. diam. or more, dark violet-purple
with a yellow eye. Calyx-segments oblong, obtuse. Upper lip oi
corolla much the smaller, broadly cuneate, retuse ; lower lip ex-
panded into a broad semicircular horizontally spreading lamina ;
palate glandular; spur short, obtuse. Capsule globose, mem-
branous.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 222.

Norn Istanp: Rangipo Plain, near Ruapehu, Petrie! Sours Isxanp,
STEWART Is~tanpD: Not uncommon in peat-bogs in mountainous localities.
Sea-level to 3500 ft. December—March.

Easily recognised by the large dark-purple flowers. For a description of the
bladders, and for some notes on the fertilisation, see Mr. G. M. Thomson’s
paper on the fertilisation of New Zealand flowering-plants (Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xiil. 278).

562 GESNERACER. [Rhabdothamnus

Orper LVI. GESNERACEZ.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves generally opposite or whorled, simple,
entire or toothed; stipules wanting. Flowers usually irregular,
hermaphrodite, in axillary or terminal racemes or cymes, or soli-
tary. Calyx inferior or semi-superior, 5-partite ; segments valvate.
Corolla gamopetalous, usually irregular; tube long or short ; limb
more or less oblique, lobes 4-5, imbricate. Stamens 2 or 4, inserted
on the tube of the corolla; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior or
more rarely inferior, 1-celled; style linear; stigma capitate or
2-lobed ; ovules many, anatropous, on two opposite entire or bifid
parietal placentas. Fruit capsular or berried, dehiscent or inde-
hiscent. Seeds numerous, small; albumen present or absent;
embryo straight.

A tolerably large order, almost wholly confined to tropical regions. Genera
70; species under 800. The order includes many handsome greenhouse plants,
especially of the genera Gloxinia and Achimenes, but otherwise its economic
properties are unimportant. The single New Zealand genus is endemic.

1. RHABDOTHAMNUS, A. Cunn.

A much-branched shrub; branches spreading, scabrid-pubescent.
Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary. Calyx free, deeply
5-fid ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla-tube sub-campanulate ;
limb obscurely 2-lipped ; lobes 5, rounded, spreading, nearly equal.
Stamens 4 with the rudiment of a fifth, inserted on the corolla-
tube below the middle; filaments long, linear, arched; anthers
cohering at the apex in a cruciate manner; cells distinct, parallel.
Disc small, obscure, annular. Ovary superior, ovoid; style fili-
form; stigma 2-lobed; ovules numerous, on thick and prominent
2-lobed placentas. Capsule ovoid, acuminate, coriaceous, 2-valved ;
valves 2-fid, separating from the placentas. Seeds numerous,
minute, ovoid.

A monotypic genus confined to the North Island of New Zealand. It is

closely allied to the New Caledonian Coronanthera and the Lord Howe Island
Negria. :

1. R. Solandri, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 385. — Slender, much
branched, 2-5 ft. high; branches opposite, terete, everywhere rough
with short stiff greyish pubescence. Leaves on slender petioles ;
blade variable in size,. usually 4-lin. long, but sometimes over
2in., broadly ovate or orbicular, coarsely toothed, both surfaces
rough with short scabrid hairs, dull-green. Flowers handsome,
3-1in. long, orange with red stripes; peduncles slender, 4~14 in.
long. Capsule +4 in. long, included within the persistent calyx.—
Raoul, Choix, 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 186; Handb. N.Z. FI.
221; C. B. Clarke in D.C. Monog. Phan. v. 166, t. 17. RB. sea-
brosus, Steud. Nom. ed 2, ii. 443. Columnea scabrosa, Sol. ex D.C.
Prodr. ix. 277.

Rhabdothamnus.] GESNERACE, 563

Nortx Istanp: Lowland districts from the North Cape southwards to
Wellington, but rare and local to the south of the Auckland Province. Sea-
level to 2000 ft. Waiuatua ; Matata. Flowers most of the year.

For an account of the fertilisation, see a paper by Mr, Petrie in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. vol. xxxv. p. 321.

Orper LVII. MYOPORINEA..

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or scattered, rarely opposite,
simple, entire or toothed; stipules wanting. Flowers hermaphro-
dite, irregular or almost regular. Calyx inferior, persistent, 5-
partite or 5-fid. Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, 5 - lobed;
lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely 5-6, inserted at
the base of the corolla-tube; anthers introrse, cells confluent.
Ovary superior, not lobed, normally 2-celled with 2 (rarely more)
pendulous ovules in each cell, but sometimes the cells are more or
less completely divided into 2, with a single ovule in each cell, or
very rarely the cells may be as many as 5-10; style terminal ;
stigma small, entire or emarginate. Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent,
succulent or almost dry, 2-4-celled, rarely more-celled. Seeds
solitary in each cell; albumen scanty, fleshy; embryo straight ;
radicle superior, next the hilum.

A small order, almost confined to Australia, a few species only being found
in the Pacific islands, the Malay Archipelago, and South Africa, and one mono-

typic genus in the West Indies. Genera 5; species about 90. The properties
of the order are unimportant.

1. MYOPORUM, Banks and Sol.

Shrubs or small trees, glabrous or the branchlets glutinous.
Leaves alternate, entire or serrate, studded with pellucid glands.
Flowers small, axillary, solitary or fascicled. Calyx 5-lobed or
-partite, not enlarged after flowering. Corolla campanulate; tube
short ; limb 5d-lobed, lobes subequal or the iowest rather larger.
Stamens 4, rarely 5 or 6, nearly equal, included or shortly exserted.
Ovary ovoid, 2—4-celled, very rarely 5-10-celled, with 1 ovule in
each cell, rarely 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Drupe ovoid
or subglobose, more or less succulent.

A genus of about 25 species, mostly Australian, the rest scattered through
the Pacific islands, the Malay Archipelago, China and Japan, and Mauritius.
The single New Zealand species is endemic, but is very closely allied to some
from the Pacific islands.

1. M. letum, Forst. Prodr. n. 238.—A shrub or small tree
8-25 ft. high; trunk 9-18in. diam.; bark brown, thick and fur-
rowed; branches spreading, viscid at the tips. Leaves 14—4in.
long, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or obovate, acute or acuminate,
narrowed into petioles 4-lin. long, serrulate above the middle,
bright-green, quite glabrous, almost fleshy, veins inconspicuous.
Flowers in axillary fascicles of 2-6, small, about 4in. diam., white

564 MYOPORINEX. [Myoporum.

spotted with purple; peduncles 4-2in. long. Calyx-segments.
lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla campanulate ; lobes rounded, villous
within. Stamens 4, scarcely exserted. Ovary 4-celled. Drupe
11 in. long, oblong, succulent, reddish-purple.—A. Rich. Fl. Now.
Zel. 195; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 387; Raoul, Choiz, 43; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 204; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 225; Kirk, Forest Fi. t. 124.
Citharexylum perforatum, Forst. Prodr. sub. n. 238.

KERMADEC IsLANDS, NoRTH AND SoutH IsLANDS, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Not
uncommon in lowland districts as far south as Otago, chiefly near the coast.
Ngaio. October-January.

The wood is said to be durable, and is sometimes used for cabinetwork ;
and an infusion of the leaves has been used as a wash to prevent the bites of
mosquitoes.

Orper LVIII. VERBENACES..

Herbs or shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, very
rarely alternate, usually simple (digitate in Vitex); stipules want-
ing. Flowers generally hermaphrodite, irregular or rarely regular.
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4—5-toothed. Corolla gamopetalous,
hypogynous; limb 2-lipped or equal, 4-5-lobed, lobes imbricate.
Stamens usually 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla ;
anthers 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Ovary superior, entire or
shortly 4-lobed, 2—4-celled; style terminal, simple; stigma entire
or 2-lobed; ovules solitary or 2 collateral in each cell, erect or
ascending. Fruit drupaceous or almost capsular, 2-—4-celled
(1-celled in Avicennia), indehiscent or the whole fruit or the endo-
carp alone separating into 2-4 pyrenes. Seeds solitary in each
cell, usually erect or ascending; albumen present or wanting;
embryo straight, radicle inferior.

A moderately large order, most abundant in the tropics or warm temperate
regions of both hemispheres; a few species extend both north and south
into cool climates. Genera 60 or thereabouts; species estimated at 700.
Bitter or astringent properties predominate in the order, but these can hardly
be said to be of medicinal importance. The teak (Tectona grandis), the timber
of which is so largely employed for shipbuilding, is the species of most economic
importance. The genera Verbena, Lantana, and Clerodendron contain several
well-known garden-plants. Of the New Zealand genera, Tewcridiwm is endemic ;
Vitex is found in nearly all warm countries; while Avicennia is widely spread op
most tropical shores.

Tree. Leaves digitate. Corolla 2-lipped. Fruit a fleshy

drupe s se ac se 3 ole, is / VED
Slender shrub. Leaves small, entire. Corolla 2-lipped.

Fruit separating into 4 pyrenes as ye :
Maritime shrub. Leaves entire. Corolla regular. Fruit

capsular .. a ye Sc $e .. 93. AVICENNIA.

1. VITEX, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitately 3-5-foliolate, very
rarely simple. Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles.

2, TEUCRIDIUM.

Vitex.| VERBENACEZ!. 565

Calyx 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-tube short; limb oblique,
2-lipped; lobes 5, the lowest one usually larger than the rest.
Stamens 4, didynamous, usually exserted; anther-cells distinct.
Ovary 2—4-celled ; ovules solitary or 2 in each cell; style filiform,
shortly 2-lobed. Drupe globose or obovoid, more or less succulent ;
endocarp bony, usually 4-celled. Seeds obovate or oblong, albumen
wanting.

A large genus of about 70 species, scattered through most tropical and sub-

tropical regions, rare or absent in temperate climates. The New Zealand
species is endemic.

1. V. lucens, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 525.—
A large handsome tree 40-60 ft. high, with a massive trunk 2-5 ft.
diam., and a large crown of spreading branches; branchlets tetra-
gonous, glabrous. Leaves on long stout petioles 3-5 in. long ;
leaflets 3-5, shortly petioled, 2-5 in. long, elliptic-oblong or obovate,
abruptly acute or almost acuminate, entire, quite glabrous, dark-
green and glossy. Flowers abundantly produced, dull-red, about
lin. long, arranged in 4-15-flowered dichotomously branched
axillary panicles. Calyx short, cup-shaped, truncate or obscurely
5-toothed. Corolla pubescent, 2-lipped ; upper lip arched, entire or
bifid; lower lip deflexed, 3-lobed. Drupe subglobose, bright-red,
2-3in. diam.; endocarp bony, 4-celled; seeds seldom more than
1 or 2.—Y. littoralis, A. Cuwnn. Precur. n. 390 (not of Decaisne) ;
Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 419, 420; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 203; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 223; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 105.

Nortu Istanp: Abundant from the North Cape to the Waikato and Upper
Thames, then sparingly southwards to Mahia Peninsula and Cape Egmont.
Sea-level to 2500 ft. Puriri; Kauere. June—October.

A well-known tree, producing the most valuable hardwood in the colony, ex-
tensively used for all purposes requiring great strength and durability, as rail-
way-sleepers, the framework of bridges, piles, house-blocks, &c. Also greatly
employed for furniture and cabinetwork, and quite equal in figure and general
appearance to the best Italian or American walnut.

2. TEUCRIDIUM, Hook. t.

A much-branched shrub; branchlets slender, 4-angled. Leaves
small, opposite, petiolate, entire. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx
broadly campanulate, 5-lobed; lobes acute. Corolla-tube short;
limb oblique, spreading, 2-lipped, 5-lobed; the lower lobe the
largest. Stamens 4, didynamous, attached to the base of the
corolla-tube, far exserted ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary villous at the
tip, 4-lobed, imperfectly 4-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous ;
style slender, arcuate, 2-fid; branches subulate, shortly stigmatose.
Fruit small, sunk in the persistent calyx, 4-lobed to the middle,
ultimately splitting into 4 hispid pyrenes. Seed solitary in each
pyrene, laterally affixed ; albumen wanting ; cotyledons large.

566 VERBENACEE, [Teucridiwm.

A peculiar monotypic genus confined to New Zealand. Although allied to
Vitex, it has the anomalous character of a 4-lobed ovary, thus showing an
approach to the Labiate.

1. T. parvifolium, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 203, t. 49.—An
erect much-branched shrub 2-5 ft. high ; branches slender, twiggy,
more or less pubescent. Leaves rather distant, petiolate ; blade
1_tin. long, ovate or orbicular-ovate or ovate-spathulate, obtuse,
membranous ; petioles short, equalling the blade. Flowers about
tin. long; peduncles short, 2-bracteolate. Calyx-lobes subulate.
Corolla bluish, hairy. Fruiting-calyx +in. diam.—Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 224,

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Lowland districts from Whangaroa North to
Otago, rare and local. October—January.

3. AVICENNIA, Linn.

Littoral shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, quite entire,
coriaceous. Flowers in contracted pedunculate cymes in the axils
of the upper leaves or in trichotomous corymbs at the ends of
the branches. Calyx short, 5-partite, unchanged in fruit. Corolla-
tube short and broad ; limb of 4 or 5 nearly equal spreading lobes.
Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short;
anthers shortly exserted, ovate, cells parallel. Ovary imperfectly
4-celled by a 4-winged central column ; ovules 4, pendulous between
the wings of the column; style usually short, bifid. Capsule broad,
compressed, coriaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seed solitary, erect,
consisting of a large embryo with the usual integuments very feebly
developed ; cotyledons large, folded longitudinaliy; radicle inferior,
villous; plumule conspicuous, germinating before the fall of the
fruit.

A genus comprising 2 or 3 very closely related species, widely spread along
the shores of most tropical or subtropical countries.

1. A. officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 110.—A shrub or small tree
from 8 or 4 ft. to 15 or 25 ft. high or even more; roots putting up a
multitude of stout asparagus-like suckers; branches spreading, the
younger ones pubescent. Leaves 2-4in. long, ovate or elliptic-
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, usually acute, narrowed into a short
petiole, glabrous above and black when dry, hoary with a short
dense pubescence beneath. Cymes contracted into small heads on
erect angular peduncles. Flowers small, about +in. diam. Bracts
and calyx-segments densely silky-tomentose. Corolla 4-lobed ;
lobes coriaceous, ovate, acute, silky externally. Ovary hairy.
Capsule large, about 1in. diam,—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 224;
Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 69; Kirk, Horest Fl. t. 180. A. tomentosa,
Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 25; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 389 ; Raoul, Choix,
43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 204. A. resinifera, Forst. Pl. Escul.
72; Prodr. n. 246; A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 195.

Avicennia. | VERBENACE. 567

Nort Isnanp: Muddy creeks and estuaries from the North Cape to
Opotiki on the East Coast and Kawhia on the west. Manawa ; Mangrove.

The Chatham Islands locality quoted in the Handbook on the authority
of Dieffenbach is certainly erroneous. Probably he mistook flowerless speci-
mens of Olearia Traversii for it. Forster’s name of A. resinifera was applied
under the supposition that it produced a gum-resin which was eaten by the
Maoris. This mistake doubtless originated through drifted pieces of kauri-gum
(which was formerly used by the Maoris as a masticatory) having been picked
up on some beach amongst the roots of Avicennia.

Orper LIX. LABIATAE,

Herbs or shrubs, the stems and branches usually quadrangular.
Leaves opposite or whorled, frequently replete with glands con-
taining an aromatic volatile oil; stipules wanting. Flowers her-
maphrodite, irregular, solitary or in small axillary opposite cymes
or clusters which are often aggregated into terminal spikes or
racemes. Calyx inferior, persistent, 4—5-toothed or -cleft, or. 2-
lipped. Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous; limb more or less
2-lipped, rarely equal; lobes 4-5, imbricate. Stamens inserted
on the corolla-tube, usually 4 and then often didynamous, some-
times 2 only; anther-cells separate or confluent. Ovary superior,
of 2 connate deeply 2-lobed carpels and hence 4-partite, 4-celled ;
style simple, proceeding from between the lobes of the ovary ;
stigma usually 2-fid; ovules solitary in each cell, erect, anatro-
pous. Fruit enclosed in the persistent calyx, of 4 1-seeded nutlets.
Seeds small, erect; albumen wanting or nearly so; radicle next the
hilum.

A very large and exceedingly natural family, quite cosmopolitan in its
distribution, but most abundant in the warm-temperate portion of the Northern
Hemisphere. Genera close upon 150 ; species not far from 2600. Most of the
species are strongly aromatic, and have stimulating or tonic properties. Some
are used as condiments, as thyme, spearmint, sage, marjoram, sweet basil,
&c. The essential oils obtained from peppermint, lavender, rosemary, and other
species are used medicinally. Many brilliant garden-plants belong to the
order, especially of the genus Salvia. The meagre representation of the
family in New Zealand is one of the chief peculiarities of the Flora. Only
2 genera occur, both of which have a wide distribution in temperate and
warm regions. On the other hand, many species of northern origin have
become naturalised since the commencement of European settlement, as will
be seen on reference to the list of introduced plants given in the appendix.

Calyx 10-nerved. Corolla almost regular, lobes flat. Sta-
mens 4, equal, erect Ba as a ac
Calyx 2-lipped, closing over the fruit. Corolla 2-lipped.
Stamens 4, didynamous bo Ae ag

1. Menta.

2. SCUTELLARIA.

1. MENTHA, Linn.

Strong-scented perennial herbs; rootstock creeping, stoloniferous.
Leaves opposite. Flowers small, often axillary and solitary in the
New Zealand species, but in others frequently arranged in many-
flowered whorls or clusters, which are often aggregated into terminal

568 LABIATH. [ Mentha.

spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed, throat naked or
villous. Corolla-tube short, not exceeding the calyx ; limb 4-lobed ;
lobes nearly equal or the upper one broader. Stamens 4, equal,
erect, distant ; filaments glabrous; anther-cells 2, parallel. Style
shortly bifid. Nutlets dry, ovoid, smooth, not bordered.

A widely spread genus, most abundant in Europe and northern Asia, where
the species are highly variable and difficult of discrimination. The single New
Zealand species is found nowhere else. Several of the European species have
established themselves as weeds or garden-escapes, especially the pennyroyal
(M. pulegium), corn-mint (M. arvensis), peppermint (M. piperita), and spear-
mint ( M. viridis}. Descriptions of these will be found in any English Flora.

1. M. Cunninghamii, Benth. in D.C. Prodr. xii. 174.—A fragrant
perennial herb. Rhizome slender, wiry, prostrate, much branched.
often matted; stems numerous from the rhizome, diffusely
branched, pubescent, 2-12in. long. Leaves shortly petiolate or
nearly sessile, 1-4in. long, broadly ovate or almost orbicular,
obtuse, entire or with an obscure notch on each side, glandular-
dotted. Flowers small, white, axillary, usually solitary but some-
times 2-3 in each axil; peduncles slender, variable in length.
Calyx about $in. long, tubular-campanulate, densely hairy; teeth
villous within. Corolla-lobes almost equal, flat, spreading, upper
one shortly bifid. Stamens equalling the corolla or slightly ex-
serted. — Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 205; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 225.
M. consimilis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 264. Micro-
meria Cunninghamii, Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. 730; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 391; Raoul, Choi, 438.

Norts anp SoutH Isnanps, CHATHAM Is~tANDS: Abundant throughout, in
rather dry open grassy places. Sea-level to 4500 ft.

2. SCUTELLARIA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary or
in pairs, axillary or in terminal racemes or spikes. Calyx campanu-
late, 2-lipped ; lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper one bearing on
its back a broad concave deciduous scale. Corolla-tube long,
dilated above; limb 2-lipped, the upper one concave, entire or
emarginate, the lower convex, dilated, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didy-
namous; anthers conniving in pairs, ciliate, lower 1l-celled, upper
2-celled. Upper lobe of the style very short. Nutlets small,
granular-tuberculate or smooth.

A large genus of about 100 species, found in most parts of the world, but
most abundant in America. The New Zealand species is endemic, but is
closely allied to the Australian S. hwmilis, R. Br.

1. S. novee-zealandize, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 335.—Stems
slender, creeping and rooting at the base, erect or ascending above,
sparingly branched, sparsely pilose or almost glabrous, 5-15 in. high.
Leaves in distant pairs, on slender petioles 4-$in. long; blade

Scutellaria. | LABIATAs. 569

i4in., from ovate or ovate-oblong to orbicular or reniform,
3-5-lobed or -crenate or quite entire. Flowers }-1in. long, white,
solitary in the axils of the upper leaves; peduncles usually longer
than the calyx, often secund. Calyx short, minutely pubescent ;
lips obtuse, rounded ; scale at first shorter than the upper lip, but
becoming much larger in fruit. Corolla pubescent, about twice as
long as the calyx; lower lip rather longer than the upper one;
lobes obtuse. Anthers glabrous.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 226. 8. humilis,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 205 (not of RB. Br.).

SourH Isnanp: Nelson—Maitai Valley and other localities near Nelson,
T. F. C.; Foxhill, Bidwill, Monro, T. F.C. Marlborough—Pelorus and Tinline
Valleys, MacMahon!

Apparently a rare and local plant. It has been recorded from Banks
Peninsula and Flagstaff Hill, near Dunedin, but I believe erroneously.

Orper LX. PLANTAGINE A.

Perennial or annual usually stemless herbs. Leaves generally
radical, tufted or spreading, simple, flat, nerved. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual, often dimorphic, generally in
spikes terminating naked axillary scapes. Calyx inferior, persistent,
deeply 4-partite, imbricate. Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous,
scarious ; tube cylindric; limb with 4 spreading lobes with incurved
margins. Stamens 4, rarely fewer, inserted on the tube of the
corolla and alternate with its lobes; filaments usually long,
capillary, exserted; anthers large, versatile. Ovary superior,
2-4-celled; style filiform, with two lines of stigmatic papilla ;
ovules few or many affixed to the septum, or solitary and basal in
each cell. Fruit a 1—4-celled capsule with transverse dehiscence.
Seeds usually peltate; albumen fleshy; embryo cylindric, radicle
inferior.

A small and very distinct order, widely spread over the globe, but most
abundant in temperate regions. Genera 3; species variously estimated, from 60

to over 200. The properties of the order are unimportant, and the species are
mostly of unattractive appearance.

PLANTAGO, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves all radical and rosulate, or
rarely (in species not found in New Zealand) cauline and opposite
or alternate. Scapes from the axils of the leaves, bearing at the top
a few- or many-flowered spike of small greenish flowers. Flowers
hermaphrodite, often dimorphic. Calyx-segments subequal. Corolla .
scarious, persistent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of
the corolla at or above the middle. Ovary 2-celled or spuriously
3—4-celled ; ovules 1 to many in each cell. Capsule membranous,
2-celled or by abortion 1-celled, dehiscence circumscissile. Seeds
laterally attached.

570 PLANTAGINEE { Plantago.

The genus includes the whole order except the monotypic genera Littorella
and Bougeria, and has a world-wide distribution. With the exception of
P. Brownii, which extends to Australia, allthe New Zealand species are endemic.
Several species from the Northern Hemisphere have become naturalised, the most
abundant being P. major, Linn, and P. lanceolata, Linn.

* Scapes many-flowered.

Leaves 2-4 in., ovate or obovate. Spikes 2-6in. Capsule

2-seeded .. oF B. 3 sed .. 1. P. aucklandica.
Leaves 2-10in., lanceolate. Spikes 4-lin. Bracts and
calyx-segments glabrous. Capsule 4-seeded .. .. 2. P. Raouln.

Leaves 1-5in., oblong-lanceolate. Spikes}-lin. Bracts

and calyx-segments pilose and ciliate 3. P. spathulate.

** Scapes few-flowered. Plants small; leaves }~2 in. long.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or sparsely pilose.
Scape 1-8-flowered. Calyx-segments obtuse, glabrous.
Capsule 8-seeded .. ae ie Je .. 4, P. Brownii.
Leaves oblong-spathulate, densely clothed with tortuous
woolly hairs. Scape 1-5-flowered. Calyx-segments sub-
acute. Capsule 12-15-seeded a0 40 A
Leaves linear or lanceolate, densely villous at the base.
Scape 1-flowered. Calyx-segments very minute, obtuse.
Corolla-lobes and stamens often 3. Capsule 20-30-seeded 6, P. triandra.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, villous at the base. Scape 1-
flowered. Calyx-segments acute, more than half as long
as the capsule am os te 5c .. 7. P. uniflora.

5. P. lanigera.

1. P. aucklandica, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 64, t. 42.—Rhizome
stout, often as thick as the thumb, 3-4in. long, sometimes elon-
gated above the ground, rarely branched at the top. Leaves all
radical, densely crowded, 2-4 in. long, elliptic-obovate to obovate-
lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, gradually narrowed into a short
broad petiole, glabrous, fleshy, 7-10-nerved, remotely and obscurely
sinuate-dentate ; petioles villous at the very base with iong soft
brown hairs. Scapes numerous, stout, pilose or pubescent, much
longer than the leaves. Spikes 2-6in. long; flowers small, sessile,
densely packed above the middle of the spike, laxly placed towards
the base. Bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, glabrous, rather
shorter than the calyx ; corolla-lobes elliptic-oblong, acute, patent
or reflexed. Capsule ovoid, about twice as long as the calyx, 2-
seeded.—Handb. N.Z. Fil. 228.

AUCKLAND IsLANDs: Not uncommon on the hills, alt, 1000ft., Sir J. D.
Hooker, Kirk! F. R. Chapman!

A very distinct species, with something of the habit of the European
P. media, Linn.

2. P. Raoulii, Decne. in D.C. Prodr. xiii. i. 703.—Rootstock
short, stout. Leaves numerous, all radical, erect or rosulate,
2-10in. long, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, subacute,
narrowed into a rather long broad petiole, irregularly sinuate-
toothed or quite entire, 3-5-nerved, more or less pilose or almost

Plantago.| PLANTAGINES. 571

hispid ; petioles villous at the base with long brown silky hairs.
Scapes longer than the leaves, few or many, slender, strict, pilose,
terminating in a rather dense spike 4-lin. long. Bracts orbicular,
obtuse, glabrous, broadly margined. Calyx-segments broadly
ovate, with a thick fleshy keel and broad membranous margins,
glabrous. Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx, lobes very
small. Capsule twice as long as the calyx, conic, acute; seeds
usually 4.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 208; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 228.
P. varia, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 370. (not of R. Br.); Raoul, Chorz,
44. P. dasyphylla, Col. in. Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 393.

Norte anpD SoutH Isnanps, StEwart IstAND: Common throughout, on
moist banks, &c. Sea-level to 3500 ft. Flowers throughout the spring and
summer.

Very closely allied to the Australian P. varia, which has become sparingly
naturalised in the colony, but the spike is shorter and more glabrous, and the
flowers are smaller.

3. P. spathulata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 208.—Rootstock
short, stout. Leaves numerous, all radical, spreading, rosulate,
very variable in size and shape, 1-d in. long, obovate-spathulate to
oblong-spathulate or lanceolate-spathulate, obtuse or subacute,
narrowed into rather long broad petioles, rather thick and fleshy,
entire or more usually irregularly sinuate-toothed, sometimes
almost pinnatifid, sparingly pilose or almost glabrate; petioles
villous at the base. Scapes usually numerous, longer than the
leaves, slender, villous or pilose; spike oblong, obtuse, densely
many-flowered, +-lin. long. Bracts and calyx-segments broadly
ovate, acute, with a thick fleshy centre, pilose and ciliate. Corolla-
lobes ovate, acute. Capsule not much longer than the calyx,
broadly oblong, apiculate. Seeds 3 or 4.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 227.

NortH Istanp: Hast Cape district, Bishop Williams, Adams and Petrie!
Hawke’s Bay and coast between Castlepoint and Cape Palliser, Colenso !
SourH Istanp: Not uncommon throughout. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

Easily distinguished from P. Raouwlw by the shorter and broader more
rosulate leaves, shorter scapes, pilose and ciliate bracts and calyx-segments, and
shorter and broader capsule.

4. P. Brownii, Rapin in Mem. Soc. Linn. Par, vi. (1827) 485.
—Small, tufted, rather fleshy. Rhizome short, stout, woolly
amongst the leaves or quite glabrous. Leaves very numerous, all
radical, spreading, rosulate, 4-2in. long, oblong-lanceolate or
spathulate, acute or obtuse, narrowed into a broad petiole, more
or less sinuate-toothed or entire, rather thick and fleshy, glabrous
or pilose with scattered jointed hairs. Scapes many, variable in
length, equalling the leaves or much longer than them, pilose or
glabrous. Flowers small, usually from 2 to 5, but in depauperated
Specimens the spike is often reduced to a single flower, and in
large specimens the flowers may be as many as 6-8. Bracts and

572 PLANTAGINEZ. [Plantago.

calyx-segments broadly ovate, concave, obtuse or subacute, gla-
brous or sparingly pilose, keel thick, fleshy, margins scarious.
Corolla-tube equalling the calyx, lobes ovate, acute, spreading or
deflexed. Capsule small, ovoid, exceeding the calyx, 2-celled.
Seeds usually 4 in each cell.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 227; Benth. Fl.
Austral. v. 141. P. carnosa, R. Br. Prodr. 425 (not of Lam.) ;
Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 65, t. 43; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 207. P. picta,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 481.

Norra Istanp: Mount Hikurangi, Petrie! TRuahine Range, Colenso,
Petrie! Mount Egmont, Buchanan! T. F. C.; Tararua Range, Buchanan !
SoutH Isnanp, StEwarRT Is~tanp, AUCKLAND Is~anDs: Not uncommon in
mountain districts. Sea-level to 5500 ft. Also in Victoria and Tasmania.

The Auckland Island plant is almost glabrous, and has much more fleshy
and more deeply toothed leaves, and the spikes are usually larger. It may be
distinct from the North and South Island mountain-plant, but both forms
require a careful study in the field. Mr. Colenso’s P. picta, founded on a single
specimen collected by Mr. H. Hill on a small island near to Gable-end Foreland
(East Cape district), appears to be referable to P. Brownii, but the specimen is
very imperfect.

5. P. lanigera, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 227.—A_ small
depressed species. Rootstock short, stout. Leaves numerous, all
radical, spreading, forming flat rosettes 1-2in. across, $-lin. long,
oblong-spathulate, obtuse or subacute, narrowed into a broad flat
petiole, entire or obscurely sinuate-dentate, rather thick and fleshy,
upper surface densely woolly with dirty white tortuous jointed
hairs, under-surface woolly or almost glabrous. Scapes numerous,
erect or inclined, at first much shorter than the leaves, but elongait-
ing as the fruit ripens, stout, densely tomentose. Spike short,
1—5-flowered ; flowers small, crowded. Bracts and calyx-segments
broadly ovate, subacute, glabrous, keel dark, thick and fleshy.
Corolla-tube equalling the calyx; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Capsule exceeding the calyx, broadly oblong, obtuse, 2-celled.
Seeds 6 or 7 in each cell.

Var. Petrieii—Larger; leaves often 2in. long, thinner, upper surface
sparingly pilose with jointed hairs, glabrous or nearly so beneath, margins
ciliate. Scapes longer, usually exceeding the leaves. Perhaps a distinct
species,

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mountains above the Clarence Valley, T. F. C.
Canterbury—Armstrong. Otago—Lake district, Hector and Buchanan! Old
Man Range, Hector Mountains, Mount Pisa, Mount Cardrona, Petrie! 4000-
6000 ft. Var. Petriet: Mount Kyeburn, alt. 3500ft., Petrie!

The ordinary state of the species is easily recognised by the copious matted
jointed hairs on the leaves, short densely tomentose scapes, and oblong obtuse
many-seeded capsule.

6. P. triandra, Berggr. in Minneskr. Frsiog. Sailsk. Lund. (1877)
16, t. 4, f. 12-33.—Rootstock short, stout, crown densely clothed
with long red-brown silky wool, rarely almost glabrous. Leaves nu-

Plantago.| PLANTAGINER. 573

merous, all radical, spreading, forming flat rosettes 1-3 in. across,
4-2 in. long, linear or lanceolate, acute, narrowed into broad flat
petioles, entire or more usually sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, rather
thick or almost membranous, more or less pubescent with jointed
hairs on the upper surface, the hairs sometimes arranged in trans-
verse bands across the leaf, under-surface usually glabrous. Scapes
very short in the flowering stage, concealed amongst the wool at
the base of the leaves, often but not always elongating in fruit and
attaining half the length of the leaves or even more, 1- or very
rarely 2-flowered. Bract minute, ovate, obtuse. Calyx-segments
3 or 4, ovate, obtuse, very small, many times less than the ovary.
Corolla-tube elongated, twice the length of the ovary, limb with
38 or 4 linear-oblong acute lobes. Stamens usually 3, some-
times 4. Capsule oblong, obtuse. Seeds numerous, angled, 20-30.
—P. Hamiltoni, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 465.

SoutH Isnanp, Stewart Isuanp: Margins of lakes and wet ground from
Westport and Malborough southwards, not uncommon. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

A very curious little plant. It varies considerably in the amount of the
silky wool at the base of the leaves and in the hairiness of the leaves themselves,
lowland specimens being often nearly glabrous. The length of the fruiting-
scape is a very uncertain character ; on the same plant it may either elongate or
remain unaltered.

7. P. uniflora, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 207.—‘* Stems short,
stout, +in. high, tufted (?), villous at the crown. Leaves few,
4-14 in. long, narrow-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or quite entire,
glabrous, villous at the base; nerve 1, obscure. Scape slender, as
long as the leaves, 1-flowered, hairy. Sepals linear-oblong, acute,
longer than the lower half of the capsule.’’—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 227.

NortH Isnanp: Top of the Ruahine Range, Colenso. ‘‘ Very near to
P. Brownti, of which it may be a variety, but the leaves are narrower, scapes
more slender, flowers solitary, and sepals narrower and more acute. My speci-
mens are indifferent and past flower.”’

I have quoted Hooker’s description and remarks, the plant not having been
observed since its first discovery. It is probably nearer to P. triandra than to
P. Brownii, but the calyx-segments are apparently different.

Orper LXI. NYCTAGINEA..

Herbs or shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or less frequently
alternate, simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite or
unisexual, often involucrate, usualiy arranged in cymose panicles.
Perianth inferior, petaloid, monophyllous; tube persistent and
enveloping the fruit; limb with 3-5-plicate lobes. Stamens vari-
able in number (1-30), usually 6-10, hypogynous ; filaments often
unequal, inflexed in bud; anthers didymous. Ovary superior,
1-celled ; style simple, terminal; stigma small, entire or multifid ;

O74 NYCTAGINEZ. [Pisonia.

ovule solitary, basilar, erect. Fruit a utricle with a membranous
pericarp, firmly enclosed in the thickened or hardened base of. the
perianth-tube, which falls off with it. Seed erect, with a thin
adherent testa; albumen farinaceous or fleshy; embryo with
foliaceous cotyledons usually wrapped round the albumen, radicle
inferior.

A small order, of no economical importance, with the exception of 2 or 3
wide-ranging genera almost wholly confined to tropical America. Genera 23;

species about 200. The single New Zealand genus is distributed over the shores
of most tropical countries.

1. PISONTA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, usually unarmed, rarely spinous. Leaves oppo-
site or scattered. Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite, small,
2-3-bracteolate at the base, usually arranged in lax or dense
cymose panicles. Perianth of the male flowers funnel-shaped or
almost campanulate, of the females tubular, sometimes swollen at
the base ; limb 5-toothed ; teeth short, induplicate-valvate, erect or
patent. Stamens 6-10; filaments unequal, connate at the base
into a tube or ring; anthers oblong or didymous, exserted or
included. Ovary elongated, narrowed into a slender included or
exserted style; stigma obliquely capitate or dilated, often fimbriate.
Fruiting perianth elongated or oblong, 5-ribbed or cylindrical,
smooth or glandular-muricate, usually viscid, firmly enclosing the
membranous utricle. Seed solitary, oblong, longitudinally grooved ;
embryo straight, the cotyledons convolute, enclosing the scanty
albumen.

A large genus in tropical and subtropical America, with a few species in
southern Asia, Australia, Polynesia, and the Mascarene Islands. The New
Zealand species occurs in Norfolk Island and Australia, and may possibly have
a wider range.

1. P. Brunoniana, Hdl. Prodr. F'l. Norfl. 43.—A glabrous shrub
or small tree, usually 12-20ft. high, but sometimes attaining
35 ft. with a trunk 2ft. in diam.; wood soft, brittle. Leaves
usually opposite, but often irregularly alternate or sometimes
approximate in threes, petiolate, 4-15 in. long, oblong to
ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute, quite entire,
membranous and flaccid when young, but becoming firm in age.
Cymes much branched, terminal, many - flowered. Flowers
usually hermaphrodite, but sometimes the stamens are abortive.
Perianth Lin. long, greenish, glabrous or puberulous, funnel-
shaped with a campanulate mouth. Stamens 6-8; anthers.
equalling the perianth or slightly exserted. Fruit 1-14in. long,
linear, narrowed above, 5-ribbed ; ribs minutely papillose, extremely
viscid.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 229; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 280; Kirk,
Forest Fl. t. 140. P. Sinclairii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 209, t. 50.
P. Mooreiana, F’. Muell. Fragm. i. 20.

Pisonia. | NYOCTAGINES. 575

KerMADEC Isnanps: Not uncommon, 7. F. C. Nort Istaxp: Three
Kings Islands, 7. F'. C.; Whangape Harbour, Berggren, McLennan! between
Whangarei and Ngunguru, Colenso ! Henand Chickens Islands, Kirk! T. F.C. ;
Great Barrier Island, Arid Island, Kirk! Little Barrier Island, Cuvier Island,
T. F. C.; Cabbage Bay, Adams! East Cape, Bishop Williams ! Sea-level
to 500 ft. Parapara. Flowers most of the year.

Also found in Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, and
Queensland. The fruits are so excessively viscid that small birds, such as the
white-eye (Zosterops) and fantail (Rhipidwra), are often caught and glued down
by the feathers, and fail to free themselves.

Orpver LXII. ILLECEBRACEA.

Annual or perennial often tufted herbs. Leaves opposite or
alternate, simple; stipules scarious (wanting in Scleranthus).
Flowers usually hermaphrodite, regular, inconspicuous. Perianth
(calyx) inferior, herbaceous or coriaceous, persistent and often
hardened in fruit; lobes 4-5, imbricate. Petals usually wanting.
Stamens hypogynous or perigynous, as many as the perianth-lobes
and opposite to them or fewer by abortion, sometimes a single one
only ; filaments short, subulate; anthers small, didymous. Ovary
superior, ovoid, 1-celled; style terminal, 2-3-fid; ovule solitary,
erect or pendulous from a basal funicle. Fruit a utricle enclosed in
the persistent perianth. Seed with farinaceous albumen; embryo
usually annular.

A small order, found in most parts of the world, mainly composed of weedy
inconspicuous plants of no economic value. Genera 17; species about 90. The
New Zealand genus is found in the temperate regions of both hemispheres.

1. SCLERANTHUS, Linn.

Small rigid usually densely tufted annual or perennial herbs.
Leaves opposite, connate at the base, subulate, often serrulate ;
stipules wanting. Flowers small, green, axillary, solitary or 2
together, or in little cymes or fascicles. Perianth funnel-shaped or
urceolate or turbinate, 4—5-toothed or-lobed. Stamens 1, 2, 5, or 10,
inserted on the throat of the perianth; filaments subulate; anthers
didymous. Ovary ovoid; styles 2, distinct; stigmas capitellate,
Fruit a membranous utricle enclosed in the persistent and hardened
perianth. Seed lenticular; testa smooth; embryo annular.

_ Species about 12, scattered through Europe, temperate and subtropical
Asia, Africa, and Australasia. The single New Zealand species is also found in
Australia.

1. S. biflorus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 74.—A small densely
branched glabrous or minutely pubescent perennial herb, usually
forming compact cushions 1-4in. diam. or more, rarely laxly
branched with the stems creeping and elongating to 6in. Leaves

crowded and imbricating, rarely remote, ;,-;,in. long, narrow-

576 ILLECEBRACEZ. [Scleranthus.

linear, acute, concave, minutely serrulate, coriaceous. Peduncles
axillary, solitary, very short in the flowering stage, but lengthening
in fruit and overtopping the leaves. Flowers minute, in pairs or
more rarely solitary at the top of the peduncle, sessile within 4
minute concave bracts placed crosswise. Perianth 4-lobed. Stamen
1, inserted on an annular membrane near the mouth of the
perianth. Fruiting perianth about =, in. long, hard, ovoid at the
base ; lobes erect. Utricle membranous, included.—Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 234; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 259. Mniarum biflorum, Forst.
Char. Gen. 2, t.1; Prodr.n.6; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 319; A.
Cunn. Precur. n. 368; Raoul, Choix, 48. M. fasciculatum, Raoul,
l.c. (not of R. Br.). Ditoca muscosa, Banks ex Gaertn. Fruct. ii.
196, t. 126.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Abundant throughout, from the Three Kings
Islands and the North Cape to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 4000 ft.

Orper LXITI. AMARANTACEA.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple and
entire, exstipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, usually
regular, generally arranged in spikes or cymes or clusters, each
flower seated within 2 scarious bracteoles and subtended by a
larger scarious bract. Perianth inferior, persistent, rigid and
scarious, often coloured, of 4-5 free or slightly connate segments,
imbricate in bud. Stamens hypogynous, 4-5, seldom fewer, oppo-
site to the sepals; filaments free or connate, or united with inter-
vening staminodia into a cup-shaped ring; anthers 1- or 2-celled.
Ovary superior, 1-celled; style long or short, simple or divided into
2-3 branches or separate styles; ovules 1 or more, attached to a
slender basal funicle. Fruit usually a membranous utricle, rarely a
capsule or berry, enclosed or resting upon the persistent perianth.
Seeds 1 or more, usually compressed, vertical; albumen farina-
ceous; embryo annular or curved.

A moderate order, comprising 48 genera and nearly 500 species, most
plentiful in tropical or warm countries, absent in cold climates or on the tops of
high mountains. Some species of Amarantus and Celosia (cockscomb) are often
cultivated in gardens, but as a whole the order is composed of weedy unattrac-
tive plants possessing no useful properties. The only New Zealand genus is
found in all warm countries.

1, ALTERNANTHERA, Forsk.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually prostrate or decumbent,
rarely erect, glabrous or more or less pubescent or tomentose.
Leaves opposite. Flowers small, whitish, capitate; heads sessile
in the axils of the leaves, often clustered. Perianth 5-partite; seg-
ments unequal, the anterior and 2 posterior flattened, the 2 lateral
innermost, concave. Stamens 2-5; filaments short, connate at the

Alternanthera. | AMARANTACES. yas

base into a membranous cup, with or without intervening stami-
nodia; anthers 1-celled. Ovary orbicular or obovoid; style short
or almost wanting; stigma capitellate or rarely 2-fid; ovule soli-
tary, pendulous from an elongated basal funicle. Utricle com-
pressed, ovoid or orbicular or obcordate ; margins often thickened
or winged. Seed vertical, lenticular; testa coriaceous.

A small genus of 16 or 18 species, mainly tropical or subtropical, most
abundant in America. The New Zealand species is a common weed in warm
countries.

1. A. sessilis, &. Br. Prodr. 417.—A prostrate or decumbent
herb. Stems numerous from the root, branched, creeping and
rooting, sometimes ascending at the tips, 4-18in. long, glabrous or
with 2 opposite pubescent lines. Leaves variable in size, $-3 in.
long, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse or
acute, narrowed to the base, entire or obscurely denticulate, glabrous
or pubescent in the axils. Flowers aggregated in dense axillary
clusters +-1in. diam. minute, whitish, about ;,in. long. Perianth-
segments glabrous, rigid, acute. Stamens 2-3. Utricle broadly
obcordate, with broad corky wings.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 212;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 234. A. denticulata, R. Br. Prodr. 417; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 367; Raoul, Choiz, 43; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 249.

Nort Isuanp: Marshy places from the North Cape southwards to Rotorua
and Hawke’s Bay, rare and local to the south of Auckland. Sea-level to
1000 ft.

Orper LXIV. CHENOPODIACE.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, usually succulent ana
fleshy, sometimes covered with a mealy scurf. Leaves alternate or
very rarely opposite, simple, sometimes wanting, exstipulate.
Flowers small, regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, often dimor-
phic, variously disposed but usually sessile and clustered, clusters
often aggregated into dense or interrupted spikes or panicles.
Bracts often wanting, when present herbaceous, not scarious.
Perianth inferior, 3—5-lobed or -cleft, herbaceous, persistent, imbri-
cate. Stamens 4-5, rarely fewer, hypogynous or perigynous ; fila-
ments subulate or filiform; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior,
1-celled ; style-branches 2-3, either free or united at the base; ovule
solitary, basal or lateral, amphitropous. Fruit usually a utricle,
rarely a berry, enclosed .in the persistent perianth, which is often
enlarged or fleshy. Seed horizontal or vertical, testa crustaceous ;
albumen present and farinaceous or wanting; embryo curved or
annular or spiral.

A widely spread order, found in all climates, but most plentiful in mari-
time or saline localities. Genera 80; species between 500 and 600, often
difficult of discrimination. The order includes the sugar-beet and mangold,
two plants of great commercial importance ; also the garden-beet, the spinach,

19—F.

578 CHENOPODIACE. [Rhagodia..

and orache. Many of the species are common weeds of cultivation, and several
of these have become naturalised in New Zealand. Of the 6 indigenous
genera, 5 are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates, the remaining
one (Rhagodia) is confined to Australia and New Zealand.

A. Stems leafy, not jointed. Stamens 3-5.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth hardly en-
larged in fruit. Fruit a berry. Embryo annular .. 1. RHaGopia.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth hardly enlarged

in fruit. Fruit a dry utricle. Embryo annular .. 2. CHENOPODIUM.
Flowers unisexual ; females enclosed within 2 bracts which

are much enlarged i in fruit. Embryo annular 3. ATRIPLEX.
Leaves fleshy, semiterete. Perianth simply enlarged and

fleshy in fruit. Embryo spiral : 5. Suapa.
Leaves fleshy, pungent-pointed. Perianth enlarged and

winged in fruit. Embryo spiral 5c 4c .. 6. SALSOLA.
B. Stems jointed, leafless. Stamens 1 or 2.
Flowers sunk in cavities between the joints fs .. 4. SALICORNIA.

1. RHAGODIA, R. Br.

Shrubs or more rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or subopposite,
sessile or petiolate. Flowers small, hermaphrodite or moncecious,
rarely dicecious, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, in axillary
clusters or in terminal spikes or panicles; bracts wanting.
Perianth 5-lobed or -partite; segments obtuse, concave, hardly
enlarged in fruit. Stamens 5 or fewer, inserted at the base of the
perianth ; filaments subulate, flattened. Ovary subglobose; styles
2 or very rarely 3, linear or subulate. Fruit a small globose or
depressed-globose berry, free from the perianth. Seed horizontal,
flattened; testa crustaceous; embryo annular, surrounding the
copious mealy albumen.

A small genus of 11 species, all Australian, but one of them found in New
Zealand as well.

1. R. nutans, R. Br. Prodr. 408.—A much-branched prostrate
or procumbent herb, green or the young leaves and branches more
or less clothed with white mealy tomentum; stems 9-24 in. long,
usually hard and woody at the base. Leaves opposite and alter-
nate, petiolate, +-lin. long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate or
hastate, acute, cuneate or truncate or cordate at the base, entire,
rather thin. Flowers minute, polygamous or dicecious, arranged
in short loose-flowered spikes or panicles in the upper axils or ter-
minating the branches. Perianth-segments ovate, obtuse, mealy-
tomentose. Male flowers usually with 3 stamens; female flowers
with 1 or 2 abortive stamens. Ovary depressed-globose; styles 2.
Fruit globose, fleshy, bright-red, tin. diam.—Benth. Fl. Austral.
v. 156; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 408.

Bhagodia.] CHENOPODIACES, 579

KerMabeEc Isntanps, NortH Istanp: Rocky places near the sea, not un-
‘common. Also plentiful in east Australia, from Queensland southwards.

Closely resembles Chenopodium triandrum in habit and foliage, and is
easily mistaken for it in the absence of fruit. It probably occurs in the South
Island, but I have seen no specimens from thence.

* 2g, CHENOPODIUM, Linn.

Annual or perennial erect or prostrate herbs, rarely woody at
the base, mealy or glandular-pubescent, seldom glabrous. Leaves
alternate, entire or lobed or toothed. Flowers minute, greenish,
usually hermaphrodite, sessile in clusters; clusters axillary or in
terminal spikes or panicles. Perianth 5-partite, rarely 3—4-partite ;
segments obtuse, incurved and concave, not at all or very slightly
altered in fruit. Stamens 5 or fewer; filaments filiform or flat-
tened, sometimes connate at the base. Ovary depressed or ovoid,
styles 2-3, free or united at the base. Fruit an ovoid or depressed
membranous utricle, wholly or partially included in the persistent
perianth. Seed horizontal or vertical; testa crustaceous ; embryo
annular, enclosing the copious mealy albumen.

A widely distributed genus of from 50 to 60 species, most abundant in
temperate climates. Of those described below, three are common in many
parts of the world as weeds of cultivation or wayside plants, and may not be
true natives of New Zealand.

* Seed horizontal (rarely vertical in C. glawcum).

Intensely fcetid, prostrate or decumbent, mealy-pulveru-
lent. Leaves 4-3 in., triangular-ha-tate, entire. Flowers
in small dense axillary clusters’ , 1. C. detestans.
Prostrate or trailing, often glaucous, mealy- pulverulent.
Leaves }-lin., triangular- oblong or hastate, entire.
Flowers in lax axillary or terminal spikes or panicles
Prostrate, fleshy. Leaves 4-14in., oblong or deltoid,
sinuate-lobed, mealy beneath. Flowers in aaTlay or
terminal spikes os qe poa ©
Erect or spreading, green or " slightly mealy. Leaves
$-14in., triangular or rhomboid, toothed or lobed.
Flowers in axillary or terminal pikes or panicles .. 4. C. urbicwm.
Erect, aromatic, glandular-pubescent, not mealy. Leaves
1-4 in., ovate-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed. Flowers very
numerous, in slender axillary spikes .. +: .. 5. C. ambrosioides.

i)
Q

. triandrum.

~

. glaucwm.

** Seed vertical.

Glandular-pubescent. Stems 6-18in., decumbent below,

erect above. Leaves }-$in., oblong, sinuate-lobed or

pinnatifid. Flowers in dense axillary fascicles . 6. C. carinatum.
Small, glandular- pubescent, much branched, prostrate,

2-6in. long. Leaves ~-4in., broadly oblong or orbi-

cular, obscurely sinuate. Flowers in axillary glomerules 17. C. pusillwn.

1. C. detestans, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 550.—
A much-branched prostrate or decumbent herb, more or less clothed
with a whitish granular meal, and with a strong and offensive

580 CHENOPODIACES, [ Chenopodiwm.

odour of stale fish; branches numerous from the root, slender,
spreading, 6-18 in. long. Leaves on slender petioles; blade 4-4in.
long, rarely more, triangular-hastate or rhomboid-ovate, acute,
cuneate at the base, entire or with a single tooth on each side.
Flowers small, abundantly produced, in dense oblong or globose
axillary fascicles, often becoming leafy spikes at the tips of the
branches. Perianth-segments 4 or 5, oblong, obtuse, membranous,
not completely concealing the fruit. Stamens usually 4. Utricle
small, horizontal, depressed, brownish-black, minutely punctulate.

Sourn Isntanp: Canterbury—Broken River Basin, Hnys! Kirk! T. F.C. ;
Lake Coleridge, Hnys! Otago—Lakes Wanaka and Hawea, Kirk! Petrie!
Maniototo Plain, Cromwell, and other localities in the north and central por-
tions of the province, Petrie ! 1000-3000 ft. January—March.

Closely allied to the northern C. vulvaria, Linn., but a smaller plant with
smaller often hastate leaves, and with the flowers in dense globose fascicles.

2. C. triandrum, Forst. Prodr. n. 129.—A much-branched pro-
strate or trailing herb, pale-green, glabrous or more or less mealy-
tomentose ; stems slender, 6-18 in. long, sometimes almost woody at
the base. Leaves opposite or alternate, peviolate, +-lin. long, very
variable in shape, broadly oblong or orbicular to broadly triangular-
hastate, obtuse or rounded at the tip, cuneate or rounded or truncate
at the base, thin and membranous, green and glabrous or slightly
mealy ; petioles slender. Flowers very minute, farinose, in axillary
or terminal lax-flowered spikes or panicles. Perianth-segments 4,
oblong, obtuse. Stamens 2-4. Styles 2-3. Ultricle depressed,
more or jess covered by the persistent perianth. Seed horizontal,
minutely punctate, adherent to the utricle—A. ich. Fl. Nowv. Zel.
180; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 361; Raoul, Choiw, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 212; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 230.

NoRTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS: From the North Cape southwards to Foveaux
Strait, not uncommon near the sea, rare and local inland. November-—
March.

3. C. glaucum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 220.—A much-branched pro-
strate fleshy and succulent annual herb; branches widely spread-
ing, flaccid, glabrous, striate, 4-18 in. long, rarely ascending at the
tips. Leaves petiolate, the lower ones 4-l4in. long, oblong-
lanceolate to ovate-oblong or rhomboid, usually obtuse at the tip,
cuneate at the base, coarsely and angularly sinuate - toothed or
-lobed, fleshy when fresh, thin when dry, green and glabrous above,
white with mealy down beneath; upper ones smaller and narrower
and more entire. Flowers small, in little clusters arranged in
simple or compound axillary or terminal spikes, which are usually
more or less farinose. Fruiting-perianth 3-5-partite ; segments
short, obtuse, appressed to the fruit but not altogether concealing
it. Seed horizontal or occasionally vertical, smooth, margins obtuse.

Chenopodium. | CHENOPODIACEZ!. 581

A. Cunn. Precur. n. 363; Raoul. Choiz, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 218; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 230; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 161. C. am-
biguum, &. Br. Prodr. 407.

North anp Sour Isnanps, Stewart Isnanp: Common throughout in
muddy or sandy places near the sea, also occasionally found in saline localities
inland. November—March.

Also occurs in Australia and Tasmania, and common in many parts of
Europe and temperate Asia, &c. The New Zealand and Australian plant is
sometimes kept as a separate variety or species (C. ambiguum, R. Br.), but the
differences appear to be slight and inconstant.

4. C.urbicum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 218.—A coarse erect or spread-
ing branching herb 1-2 ft. high or more, green and glabrous or
rarely slightly mealy; stem angled, grooved. Lower leaves on
slender petioles $-1in. long; blade #-14in., triangular or rhombic-
ovate, coarsely and irregularly toothed and lobed, rather thin,
green on both surfaces, veined; upper smaller, narrower, more
acute. Flowers small, in little clusters arranged in dense leafless
axillary spikes, or in terminal panicles which are leafy below.
Stamens 5, exserted. Styles short. Fruiting-perianth ;4 in. diam. ;
segments obtuse, not completely covering the utricle. Seed hori-
zontal, much depressed, minutely punctulate, margins obtuse.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 2138; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 230.

NortH Istanp: Hast Coast, Colenso! Has also appeared as a naturalised
plant near Wellington. SourH Istanp: Not uncommon, especially in South
Canterbury and Otago. Sea-level to 1000 ft. December—March.

A common Huropean weed, which has become naturalised in North America
and some other countries. It is probably not a true native of New Zealand.

5. C. ambrosioides, Linn. Sp. Plant. 219.—An erect much-
branched strong-smelling glandular annual herb 1-3ft. high;
branches slender, strict, leafy. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1-4 in.
long, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
cuneate at the base, coarsely sinuate-toothed or -lobed, membranous,
glabrous or pubescent, green, not mealy; upper ones gradually
smaller, linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so. Flowers exceedingly
numerous, very minute, in little clusters in slender axillary often
elongated spikes, frequently so copiously produced as to render the
upper portion of the plant a large leafy panicle. Stamens 6.
Styles 3-4, elongate. Fruiting-perianth about in. diam., segments
closed over the fruit and completely enclosing it. Seed horizontal
or rarely vertical, smooth, polished, shining, margins obtuse.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 213; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 230; Benth. Fil.
Austral. v. 162.

Nortu Isuanpd: Warm lowland stations from the North Cape to Taranaki

and Hawke’s Bay, not common. Has also appeared as a naturalised plant near
Wellington. December—April.

582 CHENOPODIACEZ. [| Chenopodium.

Easily distinguished by the erect glabrous habit, strong aromatic smell, large
comparatively narrow leaves, and long slender spikes of very small flowers. It
is widely distributed in many warm climates.

6. C. carinatum, #. Br. Prodr. 407._-A much-branched strong-
smelling glandular-pubescent herb; stems usually decumbent at
the base, erect or ascending above, 6-18in. long. Leaves on
slender petioles; blade variable in size, +-?in. long or more,
oblong-lanceolate to oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, cuneate at the
base, sinuate-lobed or -pinnatifid, rather thick, both surfaces rough
with glandular pubescence. Flowers small, very copiously pro-
duced, in dense glomerules occupying almost all the axils, some-
times elongated into short leafy spikes. Perianth-segments 5, erect,
incurved over the fruit, more or less glandular-pubescent. Stamen
usually 1. Utricle small, compressed, erect, the pericarp adherent
to the seed.— Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 213; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 231;
Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 162. C. botrys, A. Cunn. Precwr. n. 362
(not of LIinn.). Blitum carinatum and B. glandulosum, Mog. in
D.C. Prodr. xiii. ti. 81, 82.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Warm dry soils from the North Cape to
central Otago, rare and local. December—March.

A common Australian plant. It was collected at the Bay of Islands
by Cunningham, and may be truly native in the North Auckland peninsula.
Elsewhere it is doubtless naturalised.

7. C. pusillum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 231.—A much-
branched decumbent or prostrate glandular-pubescent little plant ;
branches spreading on all sides, 2-6in. long, slender, leafy, as-
cending at the tips. Leaves on slender petioles; blade very vari-
able in size, 4-1 in. diam. or more, broadly oblong to ovate-oblong
or orbicular, rounded at the tip, quite entire or obscurely sinuate,
rather thin, both surfaces glandular-pubescent, veins prominent
beneath. Flowers very minute, in small and dense few- or many-
flowered axillary glomerules. Perianth-segments usually 4, erect,
linear-oblong, concave, membranous, pubescent, incurved over the
fruit but not completely concealing it. Stamen usually 1. Utricle
small, erect, ovate, compressed, the pericarp not adhering to the
seed.—C. pumilio, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 214 (not of &. Br.).

NorrH Istanp: Sandy shores of the Hast Coast and Lake Taupo,
Colenso! SoutH Istanp: Near Nelson, Captain #'. W. Hutton! Lake Lyndon
(Canterbury), Hnys! Kirk! T. F.C. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

I have had no opportunity of comparing this with the closely allied
C. pumilio, R. Br., from Australia According to Hooker, it is mainly dis-
tinguished by the membranous perianth-segments.

3. ATRIPLEX, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, usually more or less mealy or scurfy-tomen-
tose. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite. Flowers unisexual,
usually in clusters arranged in simple or panicled spikes, the
sexes distinct or mixed in the clusters. Male flowers ebracte-

Atriplex. | CHENOPODIACES. 583

ate. Perianth 3-5-partite; segments oblong or obovate, obtuse.
Stamens 3-5. Female flowers 2-bracteate; bracts small at first,
erect and appressed, distinct or more or less connate, enlarged in
fruit and forming a variously shaped 2-valved covering to the
utricle. Perianth wanting or very rarely of 2-5 hyaline segments.
Ovary small; styles 2, filiform. ‘Utriclé entirely concealed within
the base of the oreatly enlarged and thickened bracts ; pericarp
thin, membranous. Seed compressed, vertical or very rarely
horizontal; testa thin, crustaceous or coriaceous ; embryo annular,
surrounding the copious mealy albumen.

A large genus of about 120 species, widely spread through most parts of
the globe, but chiefly along sea-coasts or in saline localities. One of the
New Zealand species is a weed of probably northern origin, two others are
found in Australia, the fourth is endemic.

Erect branching shrub 1-4 ft. high, white with scurfy

tomentum. Leaves 1-2in., ap entire. Fruiting-

bracts 4 in., ovate-rhomboid di .. 1. A. cinerea.
Erect or diffuse annual 1-2 ft. high, green or sparingly

mealy. Leaves 1-3 in., lanceolate to. deltoid, entire or

toothed. Fruiting-bracts 4-1 in., ovate-rhomboid .. 2. A. patula.
Prostrate, much branched, 3-9 in. diam., white with scurfy

tomentum. Leaves 4-4in., oblong to orbicular, entire

or sinuate. Fruiting- bracts ovoid, very minute . 3. A. Buchanan.
Prostrate, glabrous, fleshy, clothed with watery papillee,

6-18 in. long. Leaves }-?in., oblong, entire or toothed.

Fruiting- bracts urceolate. Utricle transverse to the

bracts, not parallel ae iis ne .. 4. A. Billardieri.

1. A. cinerea, Poir. Hncycl. Suppl. i. 471.—A small branching
shrub 1-4 ft. high, clothed in all its parts with densely appressed
white or grey scurfy tomentum ; stem woody; branches stout, angled,
leafy. Leaves 1-2in. long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse,
narrowed into a short petiole, quite entire, midrib prominent be-
neath. Flowers dicecious or almost so; males in dense many-
flowered simple or branched oblong spikes, which are often panicled
at the ends of the branches. Females in small axillary clusters on
the female plant, with occasionally 1 or 2 solitary in the axils of the
upper leaves of the male plant. Fruiting-bracts greatly enlarged,
about tin. long, broadly ovate-rhomboid, ‘subacute ; dise thick and
corky, swollen over the utricle, smooth or rarely tuberculate ;
margins thin. Utricle compressed, at the base of the bracts.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 214; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 232; Benth. Fl.
Austral. v. 171.

NortH Istanp: Wellington—Sandy shores of Palliser Bay, Colenso!
SourH Istanp: Vicinity of Nelson, P. Lawson! Also recorded from Canter-
bury, but I have seen no specimens from thence.

A common plant in many parts of Australia and Tasmania, and very closely
allied to the Huropean and African 4. Halimus, Linn.

584 CHENOPODIACES. ‘ [Atroplex.

2. A. patula, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1053.—A very variable erect or
decumbent or prostrate annual herb 1-2 ft. high, green and smooth,
or sparingly mealy-white. Leaves petiolate, 1-3in. long, lanceo-
late to broadly triangular-hastate, acute or obtuse, entire or coarsely
sinuate-toothed ; the uppermost often smaller and linear, the lowest
sometimes opposite. Flowers small, moncecious, in clusters ar-
ranged in rather slender spikes, often forming narrow terminal
panicles; the male and female flowers mixed or occasionally some
of the females form separate axillary clusters. Male perianth small,
5-partite. Fruiting-bracts ovate-rhomboid or deltoid, acute, the
disc smooth or tubercled ; margins toothed or entire.—Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Gel. i. 215; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 932: Benth. Pl Austra
v. 173.

NortH Aanp SourH Isutanps: Not uncommon in brackish-water swamps
and other places near the sea from the Thames River southwards. December-—
March.

Now plentiful in almost all temperate parts of the world, either native or
naturalised. How far it is indigenous in Australia and New Zealand is now

very difficult to determine. The broad-leaved form known as var. hastata is the
one most generally seen, but the more slender var. littoralis is also met with.

3. A. Buchanani, 7. Kirk, MSS.—An excessively branched
prostrate herb, forming broad depressed greyish-white patches
8-9 in. across; stem woody at the base; branchlets slender, wiry,
terete. Leaves shortly petiolate or almost sessile, $+4in. long,
oblong or oblong-ovate to suborbicular, rounded at the tip, quite
entire, both surfaces densely clothed with white scurfy tomentum.
Flowers minute, moncecious. Males in few-flowered clusters in the
axils of the upper leaves or terminal, sometimes solitary. Perianth
densely farinose, 5-partite ; segments oblong, obtuse, incurved at
the tip. Stamens 5, exserted; filaments filiform. Females solitary
or in clusters of 2-5 in the lower axils, occasionally a few females
at the base of the male clusters. Fruiting-bracts connate into an
ovoid or almost urceolate 2-lipped cup. Utricle suborbicular, com-
pressed, sunk within the base of the bracts. — Chenopodium
Buchanani, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1898) 447, t. 32, f. 1.

Norru Istanp: Sea-cliffs near Wellington, Buchanan! Kirk! Sovutx
IstanD: Marlborough—The Brothers Rocks, Robson! Canterbury—Near the
mouth of the Rangitata, Hnys! Otago—Green Island and cliffs on the Kast
Coast, Petrie! saline places in the interior, Maniototo Plains, Ida Valley, Crom-
well, Petrie! Centre Island (Foveaux Strait), Kirk ! Sea-level to 1800 ft.
December—March.

A distinct little species. Someimmature specimens in Mr. Kirk’s herbarium
from Cargill Cliffs, near Dunedin, are more sparingly branched and have much
larger leaves, and may form a separate variety.

4. A. Billardieri, Hook. 7. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 215.—A much-
branched glabrous and succulent prostrate herb, everywhere covered
with shining watery papille ; branches 6-18 in. long, spreading on

Atriplex. } CHENOPODIACE. 585

all sides. Leaves shortly petiolate, }-$in. long, oblong or obovate,
obtuse, entire or sinuate-toothed, very thick and fleshy. Flowers
small, moncecious. Males fascicled at the tips of the branches,
ebracteate. Perianth 5-partite ; segments oblong, obtuse. Stamens
5, exserted; filaments filiform, connate at the very base. Females
solitary or 2 together in the axils of the cauline leaves, minute,
sessile. Fruiting-bracts combined into a shortly 2-lipped fleshy
urceolate cup. Perianth wanting. Styles 2, filiform. Utricle
included within the bracts, orbicular, compressed, its edges opposite
to the bracts, not parallel, as is usual in the genus; pericarp very
thin. Seed red-brown.—-Fl. Tasm. i. 315, t. 95; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
232; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 180. A. erystallina, Hook. f. in Hook.
Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 279. Theleophyton Billardieri,
Mog. in D.C. Prodr. xiii. 11. 115.

Norru Is~uanp: On sandy beaches, rare and local. Auckland—North Cape,
Buchanan! Takou Bay, T. F’. C.; Whangaruru, Colenso; Great Barrier Island,
Omaha, Kirk ! between Tauranga and Maketu, Rev. FW. H. Spencer! Anaura
Bay (East Cape), Bishop Williams! Stewart Is~tanp: Paterson’s Inlet,
Petrie! Kirk! CuatHam Istanps: Buchanan. December—April.

A very remarkable species, differing from all others in the fruit being placed
transversely to the bracts, not parallel. It is also found in Victoria and Tas-
mania.

4. SALICORNIA, Linn.

Annual or perennial leafless herbs, sometimes woody at the
base. Stems cylindric, jointed, very succulent ; branches opposite.
Flowers minute, hermaphrodite or polygamous, sunk in cavities
between the successive joints of the branches towards their tips,
3-7 together, free or connate at the base. Perianth obpyramidal,
fleshy, flat at the top or rarely contracted ; mouth 3-4-toothed.
Stamens 1-2; anthers large, exserted, didymous. Ovary ovoid,
narrowed above; styles 2, subulate, papillose. Utricle included in
the spongy perianth, membranous, ovoid or oblong. Seed erect,
oblong or obovoid; testa thinly coriaceous or crustaceous, hispid
with hooked hairs; albumen wanting; embryo folded, radicle in-
terior.

A small genus of about 8 species, found on most temperate or tropical sea-

shores, and occasionally in saline places inland. The single New Zealand species
also occurs in Australia and Tasmania.

1. S. australis, Soland. ex Forst. Prodr. nu. 489.—Stems pro-
cumbent or almost prostrate below, sometimes woody at the base,
3-12in. long; branches numerous, jointed, ascending or erect.
Joints +4in. long, }$-1in. diam., terete below, usually faintly
compressed above, shortly 2-lobed at the tip, with a narrow thin
and membranous margin. Spikes terminating the branches and
rather thicker than them, 4—2in. long, the joints short, broader

than long. Flowers frequently polygamous, 5-7 together on each

586 CHENOPODIACE. [Salicorma.

side of the branch at the top of the joints, packed side by side in
a cavity between the joint and the one above, forming an almost
complete ring round the branch. Perianth very thick and fleshy,
broad and flat and almost quadrangular at the top, narrower at
the immersed base; mouth almost closed. Stamen usually one.
Utricle obliquely ovoid, membranous. Seed nearly orbicular,
slightly compressed ; testa crustaceous, minutely hispid; embryo
with thick plano-convex cotyledons and an incumbent terete
radicle.—Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 205; S. indica, Rk. Br. Prodr. 411
(not of Willd.); A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 182; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 866; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 216; Handb.
N.Z. Fil. 233. S. quinqueflora, Bunge. ex Ung. Sternb. Vers. Syst.
Salic. 59.

Nort anp SoutH Isntanps, CHatHAm Istanps: Abundant along the shores
throughout. Flowers through the summer and autumn.

5. SUASDA, Forsk.

Glabrous herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, fleshy, thick
or terete, entire. Flowers minute, sessile or nearly so, axillary,
solitary or clustered, usually hermaphrodite ; bracts and bracteoles
minute, scarious. Perianth short, fleshy, 5-lobed or -partite ; lobes
or segments equal or unequal, without appendages or more or less
carinate or crested or slightly winged, enclosing the fruit. Sta-
mens 5, short. Styles 2-5, short, subulate, recurved. Utricle
included in the perianth, membranous or spongy ; pericarp thin,
usually free from the seed. Seed horizontal, vertical or oblique ;
testa crustaceous or coriaceous; albumen wanting or scanty ;
embryo flat, spirally rolled.

A widely distributed genus of about 40 species, usually found on sea-shores
or in saline places. The single species found in New Zealand has a wide range
in most temperate and tropical countries.

1. S. maritima, Dum. Fl. Belg. 22.—A much-branched
glabrous erect or diffuse herb, varying in height from a few inches
to nearly 2ft.; stem often hard and almost woody at the base.
Leaves sessile, 14in. long or more, linear, semi-terete or almost
cylindric, acute or obtuse, thick and succulent. Flowers small,
greenish, solitary or 2-4 together in the axils of the leaves, each
flower usually with 1 bract and 2 bracteoles. Fruiting-perianth
depressed, about ;4,in. diam., 5-lobed; lobes ovate-rounded, ap-
pressed to the utricle. Utricle membranous. Seed horizontal or
very rarely vertical, dark red-brown, shining.—Raoul, Choir, 43 ;
Hook. f. #l. Nov. Zel. i. 214; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 231; Benth. Fl.
Austral. v. 206. Chenopodium maritimum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 221;
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 181; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 364. Salsola
fruticosa, Forst. Prodr. n. 131 (not of Linn.).

Sueda. | CHENOPODIACES). 587

NortH AND SoutH IstaAnps: Not uncommon in salt marshes from the
North Cape to Foveaux Strait. December—March.

The Australian and New Zealand plant is sometimes separated from the
northern form under the name of S. australis, Moq., on account of its more
suffrutescent habit, but it is very variable in this respect.

6. SALSOLA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs; branches not jointed. Leaves alternate,
sessile, narrow-linear or terete, often pungent. Flowers small,
solitary or fascicled, axillary, hermaphrodite, 2-bracteolate.
Perianth 4—5-partite ; segments concave, thickened down the back,
enlarged in fruit and furnished with a horizontal wing or pro-
tuberance, completely enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5, rarely
fewer. Styles 2-3, subulate, erect or recurved. Utricle ovoid or
orbicular; pericarp fleshy or membranous, not adherent to the
seed. Seed usually horizontal, orbicular; testa membranous ;
albumen wanting; embryo spirally coiled.

Species estimated at about 40, widely spread in saline localities, but mainly
in temperate regions.

1. S. Kali, Linn. Sp. Plant. 222.—A rigid procumbent or
diffusely branched herb 6-18in. high; stem stout, grooved and
angled, scabrid-pubescent or almost glabrous; branches spreading,
often striped. Leaves spreading and recurved, variable in size,
4-lin. long or more, ovate-subulate with a rigid pungent point,
sheathing at the base, thick and fleshy, semi-terete ; the upper-
most shorter and broader, almost triangular. Flowers solitary and
sessile in the axils of the leaves, sometimes appearing clustered
from the reduction of axillary flowering-branches, each flower with
2 opposite bracteoles; floral leaves and bracteoles all pungent.
Fruiting-perianth about +in. diam., shorter than the bracteoles,
5-partite ; segments rigid and cartilaginous at the base, furnished
above with 5 broad spreading scarious wings.—Benth. Fl. Austra.
vy. 207. 5S. australis, &. Br. Prodr. 411; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.
216; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 232.

Norra anp Sours Is~tanps: Not uncommon on sandy shores from the
North Cape southwards, but probably introduced. December—March.

A widely dispersed plant in most temperate and tropical regions, but of very
doubtful nativity in New Zealand. It is a true native of Australia, however.

Orpver LXV. POLYGONACEA.

Herbs or shrubs or woody climbers. Leaves alternate or rarely
opposite, simple, entire or serrulate. Stipules thin, scarious or
membranous, forming a sheath round the stem. Flowers small,
regular, usually hermaphrodite, herbaceous or coloured, often
jointed on the pedicel, clustered in the axils of the leaves or in

588 POLYGONACE. [Polygonum.

spikes or racemes, often forming terminal panicles. Perianth
inferior, persistent; segments 3-6, free or connate at the base,
imbricate. Stamens 5-9, rar ely more or less, hypogynous or perigy-
nous ; filaments capillary or subulate, free or connate at the base;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, compressed or 3-gonous ; styles
1-3; ovule solitary, basal, orthotropous. Fruit a small hard inde-
hiscent trigonous or compressed nut, usually enclosed in the per-
sistent perianth. Seed erect, testa membranous; albumen copious,
farinaceous ; embryo variable in position, radicle superior.

A rather large order, spread over the whole world, but most abundant in the
north temperate zone. Genera 30; species over 600. The roots of many species
are nauseous and purgative, the medicinal rhubarb being a well-known instance.
On the other hand, the stems and leaves are frequently acid and refreshing, as
the garden- rhubarb and the common sorrel. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum) is the
only edible plant of any consequence. Of the 3 New Zealand genera, Muehlen-

beckia extends to Australia and South America; the remaining 2 are widely
distributed in both hemispheres.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, not suc-

culent in fruit 46 Be 5: .. 1. PoLyGonum.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, the 3 inner

enlarging and closing over the fruit, not succulent .. 2. RUMEX.
Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 5, enlarged and

succulent in fruit .. ie a fs .. 3. MUEHLENBECKIA.

1. POLYGONUM, Linn.

Herbs, rarely shrubby at the base. Leaves alternate; stipules
membranous, usually tubular and closely sheathing the stem.
Flowers small, hermaphrodite, clustered; clusters either axillary
or in racemes or spikes or panicles; bracts and bracteoles mem-
branous, ochreate; pedicels usually jcinted. Perianth 5-partite,
green or coloured ; segments equal or the 2 or 3 outer ones the
largest. Stamens 5-8. Ovary compressed or 3-gonous; styles 2
or 8, free or connate at the base; stigmas usually capitellate.
Nuts compressed or 3-gonous, included in the persistent peri-
anth. Seed albuminous; embryo excentric or lateral; radicle long,
superior.

A large and almost cosmopolitan genus, including over 150 species. The
three found in New Zealand are all widely distributed.

* Stems prostrate. Flowers in axillary clusters.

Stems long, wiry, sparingly branched. Perianth 4 in. long.

Nut minutely striate or punctate - . 1. P. aviculare.
Stems short, compactly branched. Perianth hi in. long.
Nut smooth and polished .. ‘ .. 2. P. plebeium.

** Stems erect or ascending above. Flowers in slender terminal spikes.
Leaves 2-5in., lanceolate. Stipules ciliate and pilose.
Spikes very slender, 1-2 in. long oe sc .. 3. P. serrulatum.

For references to several introduced species of Polygonwm, see the list of
naturalised plants appended to this work.

Polygonum. | POLYGONACE. 589

1. P. aviculare, Linn. Sp. Plant. 362.—A glabrous rigid and
wiry prostrate annual, much branched from the base; branches
4-2 ft. long, straggling, grooved, leafy throughout. Leaves scat-
tered, sessile or shortly petioled, 4-lin. long or more, linear-
oblong to lanceolate or lmear-lanceolate, rarely broader and elliptic-
oblong, acute or obtuse, veins indistinct beneath, margins flat or
recurved ; stipules brown or reddish near the base, silvery-white
above, scarious, lacerate to below the middle. Flowers small,
z~o-# in. long, solitary or in clusters of 2-4 in the axils of nearly
all the leaves, very shortly pedicelled. Perianth-segments oblong,
obtuse, with a green centre and broad white margins. Nut ovoid,
obtusely 3-gonous, very minutely striate or punctate.—Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 210; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 235; Benth. Fl. Austral.
v. 267.

NortH AnD SoutH IsLANDs: Roadsides and waste places from the North
Cape to Foveaux Strait. Most probably an immigrant. Sea-level to 2500 ft,
Knot-grass ; Makakaka. November—March.

It is highly doubtful if this is indigenous anywhere outside Europe and
northern Asia, although its present distribution is almost cosmopolitan. So far
as its occurrence in New Zealand is concerned, I should certainly have relegated
it to the list of naturalised plants had it not been for the positive opinion
expressed in favour of its nativity by the late Mr. Kirk. Those interested in
the subject should read the papers by Kirk and Travers printed in Vols. iv. and v.
of the Trans. N.Z. Institute.

2..P. plebeium, &. Br. Prodr. 420.—Habit of P. aviculare, but
smaller and more compactly branched. Stems prostrate, glabrous
or minutely scaberulous, 4-12in. long, rarely more; branches
slender, grooved. Leaves more closely placed than in P. aviculare,
4_tin. long, linear to linear-oblong, rarely linear-spathulate, obtuse
or subacute, midrib evident, margins flat or recurved ; stipules
short, hyaline, lacerate to the middle. Flowers small, 4-4, in.
long, solitary or in clusters of 2—5 in the axils of most of the leaves ;
pedicels short. Nut smaller than in P. aviculare, rhomboid, ob-
tusely 3-gonous, smooth and shining.—Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 267.
P. Dryandri, Spreng. Syst. u. 255; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 210.
P. aviculare var. Dryandri, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 236.

NorRTH AND SoutH Is~tanps: From the Great Barrier Island and the East
Cape southwards to the Bluff, but local in the North Island, most abundant in
Canterbury and Otago. Sea-level to 3000 ft. November—March.

Very closely allied to P. aviculare, but apparently sufficiently distinct in the
smaller size and more compact havit, smaller flowers, and smaller shining and
polished nut. A common plant in Australia, tropical Asia, and some parts of
Africa.

3. P. serrulatum, Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 14.—Stems slender,
herbaceous, sparingly branched, prostrate and rooting below,
ascending or erect above, glabrous, 9-24in. long or more. Leaves
shortly petiolate, 2-5in. long, lanceolate or linear - lanceolate,

590 POLYGONACEH. [Polygonum.

acuminate, narrowed to a rounded or subcordate base, mem-
branous, glabrous or strigose on the midrib beneath, margins.
serrulate ; stipules long, closely sheathing, ciliate and pilose with
long erect hairs. Spikes terminal, very slender, simple or sparingly
branched, 1-2in. long; bracts narrow-turbinate, truncate, margins
ciliate. Flowers 2-3 to each bract, small, reddish, ;,in. long.
Perianth-segments oblong, obtuse, glabrous and eglandular. Sta-
mens 5 or 6. Style-branches 2, rarely 3. Nut plano-convex with
obtuse margins, rarely trigonous, smooth and shining.—P. minus.
var. decipiens, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 235. P. prostratum,
A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. 177 (not of BR. Br.) ; A. Cunn. Precur. n.
358; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 209.

NortH AND SoutH Is~anps, CHatuAm Is~LANDS: Abundant along the sides.
of rivers or in lowland swamps from the North Cape to Canterbury. Tutu-
Nawar. November—March.

A widely distributed plant, ranging through south Europe, western Asia,
Africa, and Australia. It differs from P. minus in the larger size, the more
slender and much more erect habit, and in the longer and more ciliate stipules.

2, RUMEX, Linn.

Perennial or annual herbs, very rarely shrubby. Leaves all
radical or radical and cauline, often cordate or hastate at the base,
entire or toothed or almost pinnatifid. Flowers hermaphrodite or
less commonly unisexual, small, green, in axillary clusters or whorls,
often forming simple or panicled racemes. Perianth-segments 6,
the 3 inner enlarging and closing over the fruit, margins entire or
toothed, midrib often tubercled. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-gonous;
styles short, filiform; stigmas fimbriate. Nut 3-gonous, included
in the enlarged inner perianth-segments, angles acute. Embryo
lateral.

A large genus of over 100 species, found in all temperate and many tropical
countries, and including several common weeds of cultivation. Both the New
Zealand species are endemic.

Flowering - stems much divaricately branched, 6-18 in.

high. Inner perianth-segments without tubercles, reti-

culate, margins usually with long curved spines .. 1. R. flexwosus.
Flowering -stems short, stout, depressed, 2-6in. high.

Inner perianth-segments tubercled ; margins ‘entire or

with 1 or 2 short teeth ee af a .. 2. BR. neglectus.

Several species of Rwmex from the Northern Hemisphere have been intro-
duced into the colony, and are now widely diffused, the most abundant being
the English ‘‘ docks” R. obtusifolius,*R. crispus, and R. viridis; and the
‘¢sheeps’ sorrel’’ R. acetosella. Descriptions of these will be found in any
English Flora.

1. R. flexuosus, Sol. ex Forst. Prodr. n. 515.—A glabrous
perennial herb with a diffusely branched stem 6-18 in. high ;
branches slender, grooved, flexuous, divaricate. Leaves chiefly

Rumen. | POLYGONACES. 591

radical, variable in size, 3-12in. long, linear or linear-oblong,
acute or obtuse, cuneate or truncate or cordate at the base, rarely
expanded or subhastate; margins flat or waved. Panicle at first
open, but in an advanced fruiting stage the branches are often
numerous, spreading and intricate; whorls remote, 4—12-flowered,
the lower ones leafy; peduncles jointed near the base, curved,
deflexed. Inner segments of the fruiting-perianth about ~, in.
long, rhomboid, narrowed into a long acuminate tip, reticulated,
without tubercles; margins entire or more usually furnished with
1-4 hooked spines on each side.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 211;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 237. A. Cunninghamii, Metssn. in D.C. Prodr.
xiv. 62. R. Brownianus, 4. Cunn. Precur. n. 360 (not of Camp.) ;
Raoul, Choix, 42.

KermapbeEc Istanps, NortH anp SoutH Isxanps: Abundant throughout.
Sea-level to 4000 ft. December—March.

Very closely allied to the Australian R. Brownii, to which it was referred
by Allan Cunningham, and from which it differs mainly in the more diffusely
branched habit.

2. R. neglectus, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 498.
—A glabrous perennial herb 2-6in. high; rootstock long, stout,
often branched above. Leaves rosulate, 1-3 in. long, linear-oblong,
obtuse, truncate or cuneate at the base, margins crenate-undulate ;
petiole almost as long as the blade. Flowering-stem short, stout,
depressed, simple or with 1-2 branches from the base; dense-
flowered or rarely elongated with the whorls interrupted ; peduncles
usually deflexed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruiting-perianth sub-
campanulate, about 4in. long, thickened at the base; outer seg-
ments oblong, obtuse, equalling the tube; inner rather longer,
lanceolate, acute, with a tubercle on the midrib and lL or 2 short
teeth on each side.—Oliver in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 1245. RB. cunei-
folius var. alismeefolius, Hook. f. Hl. Antarct. i. 67.

Norru Istanp: Pebbly beaches near Wellington, Kirk! SourH Isuanp :
Canterbury — Armstrong. Otago— Dusky Bay, Buchanan! Port Molyneux,
Catlin River, the Bluff, Petrie! Srmwart Istanp: Paterson’s Inlet, Petrie !
AUCKLAND IsLANps: Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk ! November—March.

3. MUEHLENBECKIA, Meissn.

Large or small shrubs or undershrubs, often climbing, some-
times prostrate or diffusely spreading. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
large or small, sometimes wanting; stipules short, loosely sheath-
ing. Flowers polygamous or diccious, small, whitish, fascicled
within small sheathing bracts; fascicles axillary or arranged in
axillary or terminal spikes, racemes, or panicles. Perianth deeply
5-partite ; segments equal or the outer ones rather larger, often
becoming white and succulent in fruit. Stamens 8, rarely fewer,
affixed to the base of the perianth; filaments filiform; anthers

592 POLYGONACEX. [Muehlenbeckia.

ovate, in the female flowers’ reduced to short and thick staminodia
or altogether wanting. Ovary 3-gonous, in the male flowers small
and rudimentary; styles 3, short; stigmas usually fimbriate. Nut
obtusely or acutely 3-gonous, enclosed in the usually more or less
succulent perianth.

A small genus of about 15 species, found in Australia, New Zealand, the
Pacific islands, and extra-tropical and Andine South America. Of the four
species described below, one is found in Australia and another in Norfolk
Island, the remaining two are endemic.

Leaves 1-3in., broad-ovate, acuminate, membranous.

Flowers in much-branched panicles .. st .. 1. M. australis.
Leaves #-#in., broadly oblong or orbicular. Flowers in

spikes, rarely panicled be fe .. 2. M. complexa.
Leaves 7,4 in., ovate-oblong or orbicular. Flowers axil-

lary, solitary or 2 together .. ap .. 3. MW. axillaris.
Leaves wanting or if present linear. Male flowers in lax

spikes; females in few-flowered fascicles 5 .. 4. M. ephedrioides.

1. M. australis, Meissn. Gen. Comm. 227.—A much-branched
climber, covering shrubs or small trees, or trailing over cliffs or
rocks ; trunk stout, woody, sometimes 3 in. diam.; bark greyish;
branches numerous, flexuous and interlaced, the younger ones
grooved and angled, glabrous or faintly scaberulous. Leaves petio-
late, 1-3 in. long, ovate or orbicular-oblong, apiculate or acuminate,
rarely obtuse, cordate or truncate at the base, thin and membran-
ous, quite glabrous, usually entire, but sometimes panduriform or
3-lobed, margins undulate-crisped; petioles 4-lin. long; stipules
deciduous. Panicles large, axillary and terminal, much branched,
14-3 in. long or more. Flowers about 4in. diam., greenish, dice-
cious; males with 8 stamens and the rudiment of an ovary ; females
with 8 blunt staminodia and a short triquetrous ovary; stigmas.
broad, fimbriate. Fruiting-perianth closed over the fruit, slightly
succulent or almost herbaceous. Nut black, shining, 3-angled and
3-grooved, angles often twisted.—M. adpressa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 236 (not of Meissn). Polygonum australe, A. Rich. Fl. Now.
Zel. 178; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 355; Raoul, Choiz, 42. P. adpres-
sum, A. Cunn. l.c. un. 356 (not of Labill.). Coccoloba australis,
Forst. Prodr. n. 176.

NortH anp SoutH IsLAnps, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Com-
mon from the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape southwards. Sea-
level to 2000 ft. November—April.

Also found in Norfolk Island, and very closely allied to the Australian
M. adpressa, Meissn.

2. M. complexa, Meissn. Gen. Comm. 227.— Forming dense
thick and elastic prostrate masses many feet in diam., or climbing
over bushes or rocks. Stems slender, tough and woody, much
interlaced ; branches very numerous, flexuous, terete, the ultimate
ones pubescent with short stiff hairs; bark dark red-brown.

Muehlenbeckia. | POLYGONACEA. 593

Leaves petiolate, exceedingly variable in size and shape, even on
the same plant, 4—$in. long or more, broadly oblong or obovate or
orbicular, rounded or retuse: at the tip, rarely subacute, cordate or
truncate or rounded at the base, often contracted in the middle,
sometimes 3-lobed, quite smooth, glabrous or the petiole puberulous,
coriaceous or almost membranous, margins even, entire; stipules
deciduous. Spikes axillary and terminal, jong or short, simple or
compound, glabrous or puberulous, sometimes reduced to 2 or 3
flowers, at other times forming a panicle 1-1$in. long or more.
Flowers small, dicecious. Stamens 8. Stigmas very broad, fimbriate.
Fruiting-perianth much enlarged, often +4in. diam., succulent,
waxy-white, forming a fleshy cup surrounding the fruit, in some
varieties unaltered and herbaceous. Nut black, shining, deeply
triquetrous.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 236. M. microphyila, Col.
m Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 204. M. paucifolia, M. trilobata,
and M. truncata, Col. l.c. xxi. (1889) 99-101. Polygonum com-
plexum, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 357; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. fet.
Nov. Zel. i. 210.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Abundant throughout, ascending to 2000it.
Pohuehue. November—April.

Varying much in the size and shape of the leaves, the degree of development
of the spikes, and the extent to which the perianth enlarges and becomes fleshy
in fruit. Mr. Colenso made no less than 4 species, based mainly on varia-
tions in the above characters, but his own specimens show how inconstant
these distinctions are, and how little they can be relied upon.

3. M. axillaris, Walp. Ann. 1. 552.—A small much-branched
prostrate or diffuse shrubby plant, usually forming densely matted
patches 3-12in. diam., but sometimes open and straggling; stems
and branches woody; branchlets puberulous. Leaves on rather
long petioles, small, ;—3in. long, broadly oblong or ovate-oblong
or almost orbicular, obtuse or retuse, rounded at the base, flat,
quite glabrous, dotted beneath. Flowers small, solitary or 2
together in the axils of the leaves, or the males rarely forming short
few-flowered spikes at the ends of the branchlets; pedicels slender.
Stigmas fimbriate. Perianth succulent in fruit or almost unaltered.
Nut triquetrous with obtuse angles, black, smooth and shining,
rather longer than the perianth.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 236:
Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 275. M. hypogea, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxi. (1889) 98. Polygonum axillare, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 211.

Nortu Isuanp: Mountain districts in the interior, from Taupo and the
East Cape southwards. SourH IsLanp: Common in mountain districts
throughout. Sea-level to 4500 ft. December—March.

Also found in Tasmania and Australia, and reported from Lord Howe
Island.

4. M. ephedrioides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 211.—A much-
branched prostrate shrub; stems 9-36 in. long or more, rigid and
wiry, deeply grooved, leafless and rush-like or sparingly leafy ;

594 POLYGONACEZ. [Muehlenbeckia.

branchlets often scaberulous. Leaves when present few and scat-
tered, petiolate or almost sessile, 4-1 in. long, linear or linear-lanceo- ;
late, often dilated or almost hastate at the base, acute or obtuse,
glabrous, sometimes scaberulous on the midrib beneath; stipules
short, obliquely truncate. Flowers small, polygamous; those on
the male plant in lax axillary simple or branched glabrous spikes,
often with a few female flowers intermixed; on the female plant in
few-flowered fascicles or short dense spikes, usually with 1 or two
male flowers mixed with the females. Stigmas fimbriate. Perianth
succulent or remaining unaltered in fruit. Nut exceeding the peri-
anth, black, smooth and shining, triquetrous with the angles obtuse.
—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 237.

Var. muricatula.—Smailler and much more slender, branchlets often almost
filiform. Leaves usually present, 4-4 in. long, linear. Perianth-segments mem-
branous in fruit.—M. muricatula, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst, xxii. (1890) 482
(perhaps a distinct species).

Nort Istanp: Hawke’s Bay—Near the sea, Colenso! A. Hamilton! Upper
Rangitikei, Bishop Williams, Petrie! Sour Is~tanp: Marlborough — Near
Blenheim, Buchanan! Kirk! Canterbury—Waipara, Haast! Otago—Lower
Waitaki, Hector and Buchanan; Kurow, Awamoko, Roxburgh, Petrie! Var.
muricatula : North Island—Lake Taupo, Tryon! Ruapehu, H. Hill! Waipawa,
A. Hanulton ! Sea-level to 3000 ft. December—March.

Easily recognised by the prostrate rush-like stems, which are often entirely
leafless.

Orper LXVI. PIPERACE:.

Herbs or shrubs, often aromatic and stimulating. Leaves alter-
nate or opposite or whorled, simple, entire; stipules wanting, or
2 connate, or adnate to the petiole. Flowers minute, hermaphrodite
or unisexual, crowded on axillary or terminal catkin-like spikes,
each subtended by a sessile or stipitate bract. Perianth wanting.
Stamens 2 or more, hypogynous; filaments very short; anthers
often jointed on the filaments, cells 2 or confluent. Ovary (except
in the tribe Sawruree, which does not occur in New Zealand) 1-celled,
with a single orthotropous ovule; style wanting or very short ;
stigmas 1-6, various in shape. Fruit a small indehiscent berry.
Seed solitary, globose or ovoid or oblong; aibumen copious, farina-
ceous ; embryo very minute, enclosed in a sac at the apex of the
seed.

A large order, with some trifling exceptions confined to tropical and sub-
tropical regions, and far more abundant in tropical America than anywhere else.
Genera 8; species given at 1000, but probably overestimated. Aromatic and
stimulating properties prevail through the greater part of the order. The
common pepper has been used as a spice since the times of Alexander, and other
species of Piper can be similarly employed. The use of the betel (Piper betel) as
a masticatory is well known, also that of the kava (Piper methysticum) to prepare
an intoxicating drink. The two New Zealand genera are the largest in the order,
and have the widest range.

Piper.| PIPERACER. 595

Usually shrubby. Anther-cells 2, distinct. Stigmas 2-4 1. Pripmr.
Small fleshy herbs. Anther-cells confluent. Stigmas
usually penicillate. Fruit very small! 30 .. 2, PEPEROMIA.

1. PIPER, Linn.

Shrubs or rarely small trees or tall herbs ; branches often jointed
and swollen at the nodes. Leaves alternate, entire, equal or un-
equal at the base; stipules often adnate to the petiole. Spikes
slender, solitary and leaf-opposed, or solitary or 2-3 together in the
axils, sometimes umbelled on a common peduncle. Flowers dic-
cious or hermaphrodite, minute, closely packed, each one situated in
the axil of a peltate or cupular or adnate bract, with or without
lateral bracteoles. Perianth wanting. Stamens 1-4; filaments
short; anthers 2-celled, the cells often placed back to back, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, l-celled; stigmas 2-5, distinct ;
ovule solitary, erect. Berry small, ovoid or globose. Seed with a
membranous testa; albumen hard.

One of the largest genera of the vegetable kingdom, containing more than
500 described species ; found in all tropical countries, and specially plentiful in
tropical South America.

1. P. excelsum, Forst. Prodr. n. 20.—An aromatic perfectly
glabrous densely branched shrub or small tree 8-20ft. high ;
branches smooth, flexuose, jointed and .swollen at the nodes.
Leaves petiolate, 2-5 in. long including the petiole, orbicular-cordate
or broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate at the base or some-
times truncate or rounded, 7-nerved from the base, smooth and
glabrous’ on both surfaces, yellowish-green ; petioles 4-14in. long,
lower portion broadly winged on each side by the adnate stipules.
Spikes unisexual, solitary or binate, terminating short peduncles or
branchlets springing from the axils of the leaves, slender, strict,
erect, 1-3in. long. Flowers minute, very densely packed, the
bract orbicular-peltate, sessile. Stamens 2 or rarely 3. Stigmas 3
or rarely 4. Berries densely compacted, small, yellow, broadly
obovoid, angled, succulent.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 8356; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 323; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 228;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 254; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 204. Macropiper
excelsum, Mig. Syst. Pip. 221; F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 48.

Var. major.— Leaves larger, 4-Sin. long, usually 9-nerved. Spikes longer,
sometimes 6in. Approaches P. latifoliwn, Forst.

Kermapec [suanps: Var. major abundant, McGillivray, T. F. C. Norra
IsLaAND: Var. major plentiful on the Three Kings Islands, the ordinary form
common from thence southwards. SoutH Isnanp: In lowland districts from
Nelson and Marlborough to Banks Peninsula and Okarito, usually near the coast.
CHATHAM IsLANDS: Not uncommon, Travers! Cox! Kawakawa. Flowers
most of the year.

Plentiful in Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island, also recorded from
Tahiti and others of the Pacific islands. The fruit and leaves are aromatic and
stimulating, and a decoction of the latter has been used for toothache.

596 PIPERACEH. [| Peperomia.

2. PEPEROMIA, Ruiz and Pavon.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually succulent. Leaves alternate
or opposite or whorled, fleshy or more rarely membranous, often
pellucid- dotted; stipules wanting. Spikes slender, terminal or
axillary or leaf-opposed, solitary or fascicled. Flowers hermaphro-
dite, minute, sessile or sunk in the rhachis of the spike, bracteate ;
the bract frequently peltate. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2; fila-
ments very short ; anther-cells confluent. Ovary sessile, obtuse or
acute, l-celled; stigma usually penicillate; ovule solitary, erect.
Fruit minute, indehiscent ; seed with a membranous testa.

A large genus of about 400 species, widely spread in almost all tropical
regions, but most plentiful in South America.

Leaves in whorls of 4, coriaceous when dry. Spikes ter-

minal : se of ae -- -. 1. P. reflexa.
Leaves alternate, thin and membranous when dry.
Spikes terminal and axillary ois o .. 2. P. Endlicheri.

1. P. reflexa, A. Dietr. Sp. Plant. i. 180.—Small, succulent,
erect or spreading, much branched from the base, 4—9in. high ;
branches deeply grooved when dry, pubescent at the nodes. Leaves
in whorls of 8 or 4, rarely opposite, shortly petiolate or almost
sessile, +4 in. long, elliptic-rhomboidal or almost orbicular, obtuse,
fleshy when fresh, coriaceous when dry, dark-green above, paler
beneath, minutely punctate, young leaves beneath and petioles
finely pubescent, veins obscure. Spikes slender, terminal, peduncu-
late, 2-14 in. long, dense-flowered ; peduncle and rhachis pubescent.
Bract orbicular-peltate, almost sessile. Ovary partly immersed in
the rhachis, ovate, acute; stigma capitellate. Berry exserted,
ovoid, reddish, , in. long.— Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 206. P. nove-
zealandie, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvu. (1895) 394. Piper

emulum, Hndl. Prodr. Fl. Norfl. 36.
NortH Isuanp: Woods near the Kast Cape, H. Hill!

I have only seen indifferent specimens of this, but there can be no doubt ot
its identity with P. reflewa, a plant found in most tropical countries, and which
is common in some parts of Australia, also in Lord Howe Island and Norfolk

Island.

2. P. Endlicheri, Mig. Syst. Pip. 102.—A small glabrous suc-
culent herb 6-12in. high; stems sparingly branched, prostrate and
rooting at the base, ascending or erect above. Leaves alternate,
shortly petiolate, }-14in. long, broadly obovate or elliptic-oblong,
sometimes almost orbicular, rounded at the tip or rarely subacute,
3-nerved at the base, glabrous, very thick and fleshy when fresh,
thin and often almost pellucid when dry. Spikes terminal and
axillary, solitary, peduncled, 1-2in. long. Bract orbicular-peltate.
Ovary partly immersed; stigma discoid. Berry exserted or im-

Peperomia. | PIPERACEE. 597

mersed at the base.—P. Urvilleana, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 356;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 324; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 228; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 254. Piper simplex, Endl. Prodr.
Fl. Norfl. 37.

KeRMADEC Isnanps, NortH Istanp: On rocks and trees in damp shady
places as far south as Taranaki and the northern portion of the Wellington Pro-
vince. Flowers most of the year.

Also found in Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. I suspect that
Colenso’s P. muricatulata (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 393) is a large-leaved
state, but there are no specimens in his herbarium, and it is impossible to be
sure from the description alone.

Orpver LVI. CHLORANTHACEA.

Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, generally aromatic. Leaves oppo-
site, usually toothed, petioles often connate at the base; stipules
small, subulate. Flowers small, unisexual, in terminal or axillary
spikes or panicles. Perianth wanting (rarely present in the female
flowers). Stamens either 1 or 3 connate; filaments short and
thick; anthers 2-celled, or when there are 3 the lateral 1-celled.
Ovary 1-celled; stigma either sessile or style very short ; ovule soli-
tary, orthotropous, pendulous from the top of the cell. Fruit a
small globose or ovoid drupe. Seed pendulous; testa membranous;
albumen copious, fleshy; embryo minute, remote from the hilum,
radicle inferior.

A small and unimportant order, comprising 3 genera and 25 species, mostly
tropical or subtropical.

1. ASCARINA, Forst.

Aromatic shrubs or small trees; branchlets jointed at the nodes.
Leaves opposite, serrate, penniveined ; petioles connate at the base
into a short sheath; stipules small, subulate. Flowers minute,
dicecious, arranged in simple or branched spikes. Perianth want-
ing in both sexes. Male flowers: Stamen solitary; anther sessile,
linear-oblong, cylindric, 2-celled ; cells parallel, dehiscing longitudi-
nally. Female flowers: Ovary naked, ovoid or subglobose; stigma
sessile, truncate. Drupe small, putamen fragile.

A small genus of three species, all very closely allied, found in New Zealand
and the Pacific islands from New Caledonia eastwards to Tahiti.

Leaves 2-4in., ovate- or Mariani yr acuminate.

Anthers fin. long .. 1. A. lanceolata.
Leaves 1-2in., elliptic- oblong or obovate- oblong, obtuse
or acute. Anthers ;, in. long a a «» 2. A. lucida.

1. A. lanceolata, Hook. f. in Jowrn. Linn. Soc. (1856) 127.—A
perfectly glabrous bushy shrub or small tree 6-15 ft. high, rarely
more; branches dark purplish-red, striate when dry. Leaves
9-4 in. long including the petiole, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-

598 CHLORANTHACEZ. [Ascarina.

late, acuminate, narrowed into the petiole, dark - green and
glossy above, paler beneath; margins coarsely serrate, the teeth
often curved and acute; petioles 4-$in. long. Spikes closely
branched in a racemiform manner, 1-2in. long; branches oppo-
site, springing from the axils of a pair of connate bracts. Male
flowers alone seen, rather closely placed, each one in the axil of
a broadly ovate acute bract, and with a smaller bracteole on each
side. Anther sessile, 4in. long, linear-oblong, cylindric; con-
nective thick, produced at the tip into a minute usually recurved
apiculus.

KERMADEC IsLANDS: Sunday Island, not uncommon on the hills, McGilliv-
TOY sila Nee August-September.

This was reduced to A. lucida in the Handbook, but appears to be
sufficiently distinct in the larger and narrower more acuminate leaves, and
larger anthers. The same species, or a very close ally, is found in Fiji, Samoa,
and Rarotonga.

2. A. lucida, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 228.—A perfectly gla-
brous closely branched shrub or small tree 10-25 ft. high, with a
trunk 6-12in. diam.; branches slender, terete, striate when dry,
dark purplish-red. Leaves 1-2in. long including the petiole,
obovate-ovlong to elliptic-oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or acute,
cuneate at the base, dark-green and glossy above, often glaucous
beneath, margins coarsely and often obtusely serrate; petioles din.
long. Spikes laxly branched in a racemiform manner, the females
more slender and more sparingly divided than the males; branches
opposite, pendulous. Flowers minute, alternate, each one in the
axil of a broadly ovate acute bract with a smaller bracteole on each
side. Anther sessile, oblong, ;4,in. long. Female flowers some-
times 2 or 3 together. Ovary broadly ovoid; stigma very broad,
truncate. Ripe fruit not seen. — Handb. N.Z. Fl. 253. A. rubri-
caulis, Solms in D.C. Prodr. xvi. 1, 478 (in part).

Nort Istanp: Auckland — Hokianga, Buchanan; Bay of Islands, Kirk ;
Whangarei, H. Carse, T. F. C.; Little Barrier Island, 7’. #.C.; Coromandel,
Petrie! Waitakarei Ranges, T. F. C.; near Waihi, Petrie! Taranaki—Mount
Egmont, Buchanan. Wellington — Wairarapa Valley, Colenso! SoutH
IstanD: Marlborough—Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solander; Kene-
peru, J. Rutland! Nelson—Cape Foulwind, W. Townson! Westland—R.
Helms. Otago—Common in the sounds of the south-west coast, Hector!
Preservation Inlet, Kirk! Stewart Isuanp: C. Traiil. Sea-level to 2500 ft.
September—November.

Although this extends through almost the whole length of the colony it is
remarkably local, rarely occurring in any quantity. It is perhaps more abund-
ant in the south-west of Otago than in any other locality.

Orver LXVIII. MONIMIACE A.
Trees or shrubs, often aromatic. Leaves opposite, rarely alter-
nate, simple; stipules wanting. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite
or unisexual, usually in short cymes or racemes. Perianth inferior,

Hedycarya. | MONIMIACEZ). 599

globose, hemispherical or subcampanulate, limb 4-16 - toothed.
Stamens usually indefinite, in one or many series on a disc lining
the perianth-tube, all fertile or some reduced to staminodia; fila-
ments short; anthers 2-celled, opening by slits or valves. Carpeis
usually many, rarely solitary, free, sessile on the base or sides of
the perianth-tube, 1-celled; style long or short; stigma small;
ovule solitary, erect or pendulous. Fruit of several (rarely only
one) drupes or achenes, resting on the expanded receptacle or
enclosed within the enlarged perianth. Seed solitary, testa mem-
branous; albumen fleshy; embryo variable, radicle inferior or
superior.

A small order, best represented in tropical South America, but also found
in tropical Asia, the Mascarene Islands, Australia, and Polynesia. Genera 22;
species estimated at 150. Of the 2 New Zealand genera, Hedycarya is found
in Australasia and the Pacific islands, while Lawrelia is confined to South
America and New Zealand.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovule pendulous.

Drupes stipitate .. te se 3 .. 1. Hepycarya.
Anthers opening by ascending valves. Ovule erect.
Achenes with plumose styles A: de .. 2, LAURELIa.

1. HEDYCARYA, Forst.

Small trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed.
Flowers dicecious, in axillary cymes or racemes. Male flowers:
Perianth broad, cup-shaped; segments 5-10, inflexed, more or
less connate at the base. Stamens numerous, covering almost
the whole of the disc; filaments very short or almost wanting;
anthers 2-celled, dehiscing by introrse or lateral slits. Female
flowers: Perianth similar to that of the males, but rather smaller.
Staminodia wanting. Carpels numerous, covering the whole disc,
sessile, terminated by a thick conical style; ovule pendulous,
anatropous. Fruit of few or several drupes crowded on the top
of the disc-shaped receptacle. Seed pendulous; albumen copious ;
embryo axile, radicle superior.

A genus of 8 or 10 species, one of which is endemic in New Zealand, and
another in Australia, the remainder being natives of New Caledonia, Fiji,
Samoa, and Tonga.

1. H. arborea, fForst. Char. Gen. 128, t. 64.—A small tree
20-40 ft. high with a trunk 9-20in. diam. or more; bark dark-
brown ; branches ascending, pubescent at the tips. Leaves oppo-
site, petiolate, 2-5in. long including the petiole, linear-oblong to
obovate-oblong or obovate, acute or obtuse, distantly coarsely ser-
rate or rarely entire, coriaceous, dark-green above, paler beneath,
glabrous or more or less pubescent, especially on the petiole and
midrib beneath. Racemes axillary, often corymbosely branched,
shorter than the leaves; pedicels variable in length, pubescent.

600 MONIMIACEZ. [Hedycarya.

Male perianth 4—-41in. diam., saucer-shaped, pubescent. Stamens
very numerous ; anthers sessile, pubescent along the back. Female
perianth tin. across. Carpels 8-20. Drupes 4-10, crowded, stipi-
tate, 4in. long, oblong, obtuse, bright-red, succulent; endocarp
hard, crustaceous.—H. dentata, Forst. Prodr. n. 8379; A. Rich. Fl.
Now. Zel. 354; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 3386; Raoui, Choix, 30, t. 30;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 219; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 240; Kirk, Forest
Fl. t. 110. H. scabra, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 337. GZanthoxylum
nove-zealandiz, A. Rich. Hl. Nouv. Zel. 291, t. 33.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Abundant in woods from the Three Kings
Islands and the North Cape to Banks Peninsula and Milford Sound. Sea-
level to 2500 ft. Porokaiwhirt. October—November.

The specific name arborea was applied in J. and G. Forster’s ‘‘ Characteres
Generum,”’ published in 1776, and must therefore take precedence over that of
dentata, published by G. Forster in the ‘‘ Prodromus”’ in 1786.

2. LAURELIA, Juss.

Tall aromatic forest-trees. Leaves opposite, coriaceous. Flowers
dicecious or polygamous, in axillary cymes or racemes. Male
flowers: Perianth-tube short, campanulate ; lobes 5-12, in 2 or 3
series, subequal or the outer shorter. Stamens 6-12; filaments
short. 2-glandular at the base; anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 up-
turned valves. Female flowers (or hermaphrodite): Perianth elon-
gating after fertilisation, narrow-urceolate or tubular, ultimately
3-5-cleft. Stamens reduced to scales, or the outer series alone per-
fect. Carpels numerous, fusiform, pilose, narrowed into long plu-
mose styles; ovule solitary, erect, anatropous. Achenes small,
densely pilose, included in the enlarged perianth. Seed albuminous;
embryo small, radicle inferior.

Besides the New Zealand species, which is endemic, there is a second found

in Chili. The genus is very closely allied to the Australian Atherosperma,
which principally differs in the flowers being seated within 2 cymbiform bracts.

1. L. novee-zealandize, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 354.—A tall forest-
tree, often attaining a height of 80 to 100 or even 120ft.; trunk
4-6 ft. diam., usually with radiating buttresses at the base; bark
pale, almost white; branchlets opposite, tetragonous, the younger
ones faintly pubescent. Leaves opposite, petiolate, 14-3 in. long,
oblong or elliptic-oblong or obovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base,
coarsely and bluntly serrate, coriaceous, dark-green and glossy above,
paler beneath, glabrous or silky-pubescent when young. Flowers
small, 4-1 in. diam., polygamo-dicecious, in axillary racemes 4-1 in.
long; pedicels silky, as is the perianth externally. Male perianth
shallow, 5-6-partite almost to the base; stamens about 12.
Female (or hermaphrodite) perianth with a swollen tube contracted
above; segments of the limb short, spreading. Stamens either all
reduced to erect scales, or some or all of the outer row perfect.

Laurelia. | MONIMIACEZ:. 601

Carpels numerous; styles long, silky. Fruiting-perianth much
enlarged and elongated, often quite Lin. long, narrow-urceolate,
splitting irregularly into 3-5 valves. Achenes 6--12, narrowed into
long plumose styles.—Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
218; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 71. Atherosperma nove-zealandie,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 240.

Norra Isuanp: Abundant in swampy forests. SourH IstanD: Various
localities in Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland, rare and local, Sea-level to
2000 ft. Pukatea. October-November.

The wood is pale-brown, often prettily clouded with darker brown. It is
strong and tough, and does not readily split, so that it is occasionally used for
boat-building, «nd more rarely for cabinetwork. The leaves aud young branches
are aromatic when bruised.

Orper LXIX. LAURINEA.

Trees or shrubs, often aromatic. (Cassytha is a leafless parasitic
climber.) Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, usually simple and
entire, often gland-dotted; stipules wanting. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite or unisexual, generally small, usually in axillary
cymes or panicles or clusters. Perianth inferior, herbaceous or
coloured, deeply cut into 4-8 (usually 6) imbricate segments.
Stamens usually twice the number of the perianth-segments, in-
serted in 2-3 series on the perianth-tube, all fertile or some reduced
to staminodia; filaments flattened, naked or provided with 2 glands
at the base; anther-cells 2-4, opening by upturned valves. Ovary
free, 1-celled; style simple, terminal; stigma capitate, entire or
lobed; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a drupe or
berry, rarely dry, free or enclosed in the perianth. Seed solitary,
pendulous; albumen wanting; embryo with large plano-convex
cotyledons, radicle minute, superior.

An important order, having its headquarters in tropical America and Asia,
less common in tropical Africa or in Australia and the Pacific islands, while few
species penetrate into either the north or south temperate zones. Genera 35 ;
species approaching 900. Tue order inciudes many useful plants, the chief
of which are the camphor laurel, cinnamon, alligator pear, sassafras, &c.
The timber of not a few species is highly valued on account of its toughness
and fine and solid grain. The three New Zealand genera are all widely
diffused in tropical regions.

Trees. Flowers hermaphrodite, panicled. Three inner

anthers extrorse .. ts a2 .. 1. BEILSCHMIEDIA.
Trees. Flowers dicecious, umbellate; umbels involucrate.

Anthers all introrse A af ae BS ee 4o gl Uneasy: o7 NG
Leafless parasitic twining herbs of 0 .. 3. CASSYTHA.

1. BEILSCHMIEDIA, Nees.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, penninerved.
Flowers small, hermaphrodite, panicled or fascicled. Perianth-tube
short; limb with 6 subequal segments. Perfect stamens 9 in 3

602 LAURINEZ:. [ Betlschmiedia.

series; the 2 outer series with introrse anthers and eglandular
filaments : the third series with extrorse anthers and filaments
2- clandular at the base; an inner fourth series of 3 staminodia
present. Ovary not immersed in the perianth-tube, the perianth
ultimately wholly deciduous. Fruit an oblong or ovoid or globose
berry.

A small genus, comprising about 20 species, scattered through tropical Asia
and Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and tropical America. The two species

found in New Zealand are endemic. Hooker’s genus Nesodaphne, which was
formed for their reception, is now merged with Beilschmiedia.

Branches stout, clothed with red-brown tomentum. Leaves

obovate .. Bs .. 1. B. Tarai.
Branches slender, glabrous or ‘nearly so. Leaves lanceo.
late : .. 2. B. Tawa.

1. B. Tarairi, Benth. and Hook. f. ex T. Kirk Forest Fl. t.43.—
A tall evergreen tree 50-70 ft. high, with a straight erect trunk
14-3 ft. diam.: bark dark-brown, amok and even; young branches,
petioles, veins of the leaves beneath, upper surface of young leaves,
and branches of the inflorescence densely clothed with red-brown
velvety tomentum. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 3-6in. long, obo-
vate-oblong or broadly oblong, obtuse, quite entire, coriaceous,
glabrous above when mature with impressed veins, glaucous and
finely pubescent beneath with prominent veins; petioles about $in
long. Panicles axillary, shorter than the leaves, 14-24 in. long;
branches spreading. Flowers small, 4in. diam.; pedicels short;
bracts linear, obtuse, caducous. Berry 1-14 in. long, ovoid, dark-
purple.—Nesodaphne Tarairi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 217; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 238. Laurus Tarairi, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 351; Raoul,
Choix, 42.

Nort Is~uanp: In forests from the North Cape to the Hast Cape and

Raglan, but local to the south of Auckland. Sea-level to 1200 ft. Tarairi.
October-December.

One of the handsomest trees in the colony, and one of the most distinct in
general appearance. The wood is light, close-grained, and easily worked, but is
unfortunately wanting in strength and durability.

2. B. Tawa, Hook. f. and Benth. ex T. Kirk Forest Fl. t. 126.—
A tall forest-tree 40-80 ft. high, with a trunk 1-4 ft. in diam.; bark
thin, smooth, dark brownish-black; branches slender, silky when
young. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 2-4 in. long, usually lanceolate,
but often broader and oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute,
quite entire, very finely reticulate on both surfaces, often glaucous
beneath ; petioles +4in. long. Panicles slender, glabrous, 13-3 in.
long ; branches lax, elongate. Flowers minute, hardly § in. “diam.
Berry rather smaller than in the preceding species, about 1 in. long,
ovoid, dark-purple.—Nesodaphne Tawa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.
217; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 239. Laurus Tawa, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 352;
Raoul, Choix, 42. L. Victoriana, Col. ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.
239.

Beilschmiedia.} LAURINEZ. 603

Norru Isuanp : Abundant in forests throughout. Soutu Istanp: Nelson
and Marlborough—In various localities on the shores of Cook Strait. Sea-
level to 2500 ft. Tawa. November—December.

A well-known tree, in many portions of the North Island constituting the
largest portion of the forest. The wood is white, straight in the grain,
easily worked, and is largely used for buckets, tubs, casks, &c. The plum-like
fruit was formerly collected by the Maoris for food, the pulpy portion being
eaten in the raw state, and the kernel after prolonged steaming.

2. LITSAA, Lam.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, penni-
nerved or triplinerved ; leaf-buds naked or scaly. Flowers dicecious,
in 4-6- or rarely many-flowered umbels ; umbels axillary or fascicled
or racemose, each one enclosed before the expansion of the flowers
within a globose involucre ; involucral scales 4—6, broad, concave.
Perianth-tube ovoid or campanulate or scarcely conspicuous ; limb
with 4-6 segments, rarely more or fewer. Male flowers: Stamens
usually 9-12; the filaments of the inner row or all glandular at the
base ; anthers all introrse, 4-celled. Ovary rudimentary. Female
flowers: Staminodia present. Ovary oblong or ovoid, narrowed
into the style; stigma usually dilated and irregularly lobed. Fruit
a more or less succulent berry, seated on the usually enlarged
perianth-tube.

Species about 150, most abundant in tropical and eastern Asia, the

Malayan and Pacific islands, and Australia, rare in Africa and America. The
single species found in New Zealand is endemic therein.

1. L. calicaris, Benth. and Hook. f. ex T. Kirk Forest Fl.
t. 10.—A perfectly glabrous closely branched leafy tree 30-40 ft.
high, with a trunk 14-24 ft. diam; bark dark greyish - brown.
Leaves alternate, petiolate, 2-5in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong,
obtuse or narrowed into an obtuse point, quite entire, firm but
hardly coriaceous, often glaucous beneath; petioles $-lin. long.
Flowers often very abundantiy produced, in 4—5-flowered involucrate
umbels arranged in short axillary racemes. Involucral leaves
ustially 4. Pedicels short, silky. Perianth-segments 5-8, oblong
or ovate, obtuse. Stamens about 12; filaments slender, all with
2 stipitate glands near the base. Female flowers rather smaller
and less numerous than the males. Staminodia flattened, each
2-glandular near the base. Ovary ovoid; stigma dilated, irregularly
3-lobed. Berry oblong-ovoid, #in. long, reddish, seated in a flat
cup-shaped disc composed of the enlarged perianth-tube.—Tetran-
thera calicaris, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 216; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 288.
T. Tangao, R. Cunn. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 353. Laurus calicaris,
Sol. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 353; Raoul, Choix, 42.

Nortx Istanp: Not uncommon in forests from the North Cape southwards

to Rotorua and the East Cape. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Mangeao; Tangeao.
September—October.

Wood strong, tough, and elastic, suitable for all classes of coopers’ or
wheelwrights’ work, for ships’ blocks, &c.

604 LAURINEZ:. [Cassytha.

3. CASSYTHA, Linn.

Leafless twining parasites, attaching themselves to living shrubs
or trees by means of small suckers; stems terete, wiry or filiform.
Leaves replaced by minute scales. Flowers small, hermaphrodite,
in spikes or heads or racemes, each flower 3-bracteolate. Perianth-
tube turbinate or ovoid; segments of the limb 6, the 3 outer
much smaller. Perfect stamens usually 9 in 3 series; the two
outer series either all perfect or rarely the second series reduced to
staminodia; anthers introrse; filaments eglandular; the third series
all perfect with extrorse anthers, the filaments 2-glandular at the
base ; an inner fourth series of 3 staminodia present. Ovary almost
free from the perianth at the time of flowering; stigma small.
Fruit altogether enclosed in the enlarged and succulent perianth-
tube, crowned by the persistent limb. Seed with a membranous
testa. Embryo with thick fleshy cotyledons, which are distinct in
the young state, but confluent when mature.

A yery remarkable genus of parasitic plants with the habit of Cuscuta.
Species about 15, 1 of which is very widely distributed, 1 or 2 are found in
South Africa, and 1 in Borneo; the remainder are all Australian, 1 of them
being the same as the New Zealand species.

1. C. paniculata, &. Br. Prodr. 404.—Stems pale yellow-green,
much branched, several feet in length, covering small shrubs with
dense interwoven masses; branches ;4,in. diam., glabrous or
minutely silky at the very tips; scales minute, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, membranous. Spikes numerous, often branched,
4-2in. long. Flowers minute, distant, sessile. about ;4,in. diam.
Perianth glabrous; the 3 outer segments very small; the inner
obtuse. Stamens 9, ail perfect. Ovary glabrous. Fruit globose,
about the size of a pea, enclosed in the enlarged and succulent
perianth-tube, obscurely 6-ribbed or quite smooth.—Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 218; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 239; Benth. Fl. Austral. v.
le

NortH Isuanp: Extreme northern peninsula, from the North Cape to
Ahipara and Mongonui, abundant. December—March.

OrperR LXX. PROTEACE.

Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs. Leaves usually alternate, very
rarely opposite or whorled, generally hard and coriaceous, entire or
toothed or variously divided; stipules wanting. Flowers usually
hermaphrodite, inflorescence various. Perianth inferior, regular or
irregular; segments 4, valvate, at first cohering into a cylindric
tube, at length separating and becoming revolute. Stamens 4,
inserted on the perianth-segments and opposite to them ; filaments
short; anthers erect, adnate, 2-celled, introrse. Hypogynous
glands 4, alternating with the stamens. Ovary superior, 1-celled,
often oblique ; style terminal, variously thickened and enlarged at

Persooma. | PROTEACES:, 605

the top; stigma terminal or lateral; ovules solitary or geminate or
many. Fruit either an indehiscent nut or drupe, or a dehiscent
coriaceous or woody follicle, more rarely a 2-valved capsule. Seeds
exalbuminous; embryo straight, with fleshy cotyledons, radicle
inferior.

A large and well-marked order, chiefly found in Australia and South Africa,
but extending to the Pacific islands and tropical Asia on the one side and South
America on the other; absent in Europe, North Asia, and North America.
Genera about 50; species estimated at 950. Several species are cultivated for
ornamental purposes, but few possess any useful properties. Of the two
indigenous genera, Knightia has 2 species in New Caledonia, while Persoonia is
largely developed in Australia. The meagre representation of the order in
New Zealand, compared with its abundance in Australia, is a very curious
and almost inexplicable feature of the flora.

Small spreading tree. Leaves entire. Fruit fleshy .. 1, PERSOONIA.
Tall fastigiate tree. Leaves serrate. Fruit a woody
follicle ate ae oe ac 36 .. 2. KNIGHTIA.

1. PERSOONIA, smith.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves entire, alternate or sometimes
almost whorled. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, yellowish or white,
solitary and axillary, or in axillary or terminal racemes. Perianth
regular, constricted above the base or cylindrical; segments ulti-
mately separating to the base or nearly so, upper portion revolute.
Stamens affixed at or below the middle of the perianth-segments ;
filaments short; anthers usually all perfect, oblong or linear.
Hypogynous scales 4, small. Ovary stipitate; style short and
thick, or elongated and filiform; stigma terminal; ovules 2 or
rarely 1, orthotropous, pendulous from the top of the cell. Fruit a
drupe, either 1-celled and 1-seeded, or obliquely 2-celled and 2-
seeded ; exocarp more or less succulent; endocarp thick and hard.

Species about 60, all confined to Australia except the present one, which is
endemic in the North Island of New Zealand.

1. P. Toru, 4A. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. sub t. 3513.—A handsome
closely branched tree 15 to 30 or 40 ft. high; trunk 6-18 in. diam. ;
branchlets woody, terete, glabrous or the younger ones minutely
puberulous. Leaves alternate, 4-8 in. long, narrow linear-lanceo-
late, acute or apiculate or rarely obtuse, gradually narrowed into a
short petiole, quite entire, very thick and coriaceous, glabrous,
smooth and polished on both surfaces, veins very obscure.
Racemes axillary, strict, erect, 6-12-flowered, everywhere clothed
with ferruginous pubescence. Perianth yellowish-brown, shortly
pedicelled, +-4+in. long, pubescent externally. Ovary almost
sessile, glabrous; style short, thick, not reaching the anthers;
stigma oblique. Drupe oblong, reddish, 4-2 in. long, 1- or 2-celled,
with a single seed in each cell.—P. Tora, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 349 ;
Raoul, Choiz, 42. P. Toro, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 219; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 241; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 74.

606 PROTEACE. [Persoonia.

Nort Isuanp: Not uncommon in woods from the North Cape to Rotorua
and the Hast Cape. Sea-level to 2800 ft. Toru; Toro. October—
November.

The specific name was given as ‘‘ Toru’’ in Cunningham’s original descrip-
tion in the ‘‘ Botanical Magazine,’’ and according to Mr. Colenso this is the
proper spelling of the Maori name. It was, however, changed to ‘‘Tora’”’ in
Cunningham’s subsequently published ‘‘ Precursor,” and was again altered to
‘“‘Toro”’ by Sir J. D. Hooker. The wood is dark-red and prettily figured, and is
occasionally used for inlaying and ornamental cabinetwork.

2, KNIGHTIA, Rk. Br.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, coarsely toothed
or entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular, arranged in axillary or
terminal dense-flowered racemes; pedicels in pairs. Perianth
cylindrical; the segments at first cohering by their margins, but
ultimately separating and revolute to the base. Stamens affixed
above the middle of the segments; filaments very short; anthers
long, linear, acute. Hypogynous glands 4, distinct. Ovary sessile,
1-celled; style long, straight, lnear-clavate; ovules 4. Follicles
coriaceous, l-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds winged at the top.

A small genus of 3 species, the typical one confined to New Zealand. The
remaining two are natives of New Caledonia, and form the subgenus Hucarpha,
characterized by the large deciduous bracts.

1. K. excelsa, &. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. x. (1810) 194, t. 2.—
A tall slender tapering tree 60-90 it. high, witb the narrow fastigiate
mode of growth of a Lombardy poplar; trunk 2-4 ft. diam.; bark
dark-brown or almost black; branches erect, the younger’ ones
angled and clothed with rusty brown pubescence. Leaves of
mature trees 4—-6in. long, linear-oblong or narrow obovate-oblong,
obtuse, coarsely and bluntly toothed, very coriaceous, hard, rigid,
almost woody, pubescent when young, quite glabrous when old;
leaves of young trees not so coriaceous, longer and narrower,
4-10 in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate, often acute, more acutely
serrate. Racemes lateral, sessile, 2-4in. long; peduncles and
perianth densely clothed with bright red-brown velvety tomentum.
Flowers in pairs on short pediceis, densely crowded, 1-14 in. long.
Perianth cylindric, swollen above ; segments separating to the base
and coiling up into a twisted mass. Ovary tomentose; style
1-1+in. long, stout, erect, clavate above. Follicles 14in. long,
pubescent, tapering into the persistent style, ultimately splitting
into 2 boat-shaped valves.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 350; Raoul, Choiz,
42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 219; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 241; Kark,
Forest Fi. t. 35.

Nortu IsLanpd : Common in woods throughout. SoutH Isuanp: Southern
shores of Cook Strait, Croixelles Harbour, Kirk; Pelorus Sound, Buchanan,
J. Rutland ! Sea-level to 2800 ft. Honeysuckle; Rewarewa. |November—
December.

Knightia. | PROTEACEZ:. 607

A tall handsome tree, easily distinguished by its fastigiate mode of growth.
The wood is beautifully variegated, reddish on a light-brown ground, and is
much used for inlaying and cabinetwork, ornamental turnery, &c. For an
account of the fertilisation of the flowers, see a paper by myself in Vol. IT. of
the Journal of the Australasian Association.

Orper LXXI. THYMELAACEA.

Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, inner bark tough and stringy.
Leaves opposite or alternate, simple and entire; stipules wanting.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual. in axillary or
terminal heads or clusters, racemes or spikes, rarely solitary.
Perianth inferior, gamophyllous, tubular or campanulate, often
swollen at the base; throat usually furnished with scales or glands ;
limb with 4-5 imbricate lobes. Stamens as many or twice as many
as the corolla-lobes (in Pimelea 2 only) inserted on the perianth-
tube ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled or rarely 2-celled ;
style short or long, terminal or lateral; stigma capitate ; ovules
solitary or 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit indehiscent,
a drupe or nut or berry. Seed pendulous, testa thin or crustaceous ;
albumen fleshy or wanting; embryo straight, cotyledons fleshy,
radicle superior.

An order of moderate size, scattered over most parts of the world. Genera
nearly 40, species estimated at 360. Many of the species are more or less acrid
and caustic, as the spurge-laurel and mezereum, both of which are used in
medicine. The roots of several furnish a yellow dye, and the tough inner bark
of others is employed for cordage. Lagetta lintearia yields the well-known
lace-bark, Several species of Daphne and Pimelea are well-known garden-
plants. Of the 2 New Zealand genera, Pimelea is found elsewhere only in
Australia, where it is largely developed; Drapetes has a wider range, extending
to Australia and Borneo on one side and South America on the other.

No scales within the perianth. Stamens 2 as .. 1. PIMELEA.
Seales of the perianth 4 or 8. Stamens 4 oF .. 2. DRAPETES.

1. PIMELEA, Banks and Solander.

Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate, usually small. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-dicecious,
usually terminal and capitate. Perianth-tube cylindrical; limb
spreading, rarely erect, 4-lobed; throat without scales but some-
times thickened or folded. Stamens 2, inserted on the throat of the
perianth opposite the 2 outer lobes; filaments slender; anthers
introrse. Hypogynous disc wanting. Ovary 1l-celled; style
elongated ; stigma capitate ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit small,
drupaceous, included in the base of the perianth; epicarp dry or
fleshy ; endocarp crustaceous. Seed pendulous, with a membranous
testa ; albumen scanty or copious.

A very natural and distinct genus of over 80 species, confined to Australia
and New Zealand. The 12 species found in New Zealand are all endemic, with
the exception of P. longifolia, which is said to occur in Lord Howe Island.

Several of them are exceedingly variable, and appear to be connected by inter-
mediate forms, making their proper definition a matter of great difficulty. This.

608 THYMELHACER. [Pumelea.

is specially the case with P. virgata, P. levigata, P. Urvilleana, and P. Lyall,
the numerous forms of which require a careful study in the field before their
proper position can be determined.

The flowers of Pimelea are usually described as hermaphrodite. But all the
New Zealand species are functionally dicecious, or occasionally polygamo-
dicecious. The male flowers are the most numerous and the most conspicuous.
The stamens have long slender filaments, so that the anthers either reach the
top of the perianth-lobes or are slightly exserted; and the style with its com-
paratively small stigma is always included within the perianth. I have never
seen fruit in this form, and believe that the pistil is quite functionless. The
female flowers are smaller, often swollen at the base, although narrower above.
The anthers are small, almost sessile, and are usually devoid of pollen. The
ovary is large, with a short style and large capitate stigma, which is conspicu-
ously exserted when the flower is mature. Pollen is sometimes present in this
form, but in the majority of cases the flowers are strictly female.

A. Hrect shrubs. Branches and leaves usually glabrous.

Leaves 1-3 in., broad or narrow lanceolate, flat. Flowers

Zin. long .. a6 #4 ae be .. 1. P. longifolia.
Leaves 4-$in., cs tae or linear - oblong, often keeled.

Flowers 4-3 in. -. 2. P. Gnidia.
Leaves 4-tin., oblong or obovate- -oblong, obtuse. Flowers

4-4 in. a Be ee ws ae .. 3. P. Traversu.

B. Erect or rarely procumbent shrubs. Branches pubescent or villous with
silky hairs. ‘

Leaves 4-4 in., quadrifariously imbricate, phous. or elliptic,

keeled, glabrous ; floral often larger .. 4. P. buxifolia.
Leaves per in., not imbricate, linear- lanceolate, flat, silky

beneath .. 5. P. virgata.
Leaves #-14in., in distant pairs, broadly lanceolate, silky

beneath .. Bi = ae a .. 6. P. Haasim.
Leaves 4-3in., opposite and decussate, oblong or elliptic,

under-surface clothed with appressed white silky hairs 7. P.arenaria.

C. Prostrate or procumbent or rarely erect shrubs. Branches pubescent or
villous with silky hairs.

Branches grey, pubescent or villous or glabrate. Leaves
75-4 in., linear - oblong to obovate - oblong, usually

glabrous M52 “fe 5% .. 8. P. laevigata.
Branches with soft villous hairs. Leaves $- in., opigaee
obtuse, glabrous... 9. P. Urvilleana.

Branches tortuous, sparingly silky. Leaves yin., narrow
linear-lanceolate, surfaces glabrous, margins and apices

ciliate ie ee ot % 5 .. 10. P. Suteri.
Branches silky. Leaves 4-}in., linear-oblong to elliptic-
oblong, silky rg. ae .. 11. P. Lyatin.

Branches densely silky - villous. Leaves 4-4 in., linear-
oblong to elliptic-oblong, very densely silky-villous on
both surfaces : 32 3 aie .. 12. P.sericeo-villosa.

P. polycephala, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 487, a small densely
branched species with something of the appearance of a dwarf specimen of
P. Travers, differs from all the known New Zealand species in the coloured and
membranous floral leaves. But the type specimen in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium
is a mere fragment in very bad condition, and until better specimens are
obtained it is quite impossible to be sure of the relationships of the plant.

Pimelea. | THYMELHACHER. 609

1. P. longifolia, Banks and Sol. ex Wikstr. in Vet. Akad.
Handl. Stockh. (1818) 280.—A small erect much-branched shrub
2-5 ft. high, perfectly glabrous except the inflorescence and some-
times a minute tuft of hairs at the tips of the young leaves; bark
dark reddish-brown. Leaves crowded, opposite, spreading or sub-
erect, 1-3in. long, }-2in. broad, oblong- or elliptic-lanceolate to
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a very short petiole,
coriaceous, flat, smooth, midrib and lateral veins distinct beneath ;
floral leaves similar or slightly broader. Flowers in compact
many - flowered heads terminating the branches, sessile, sweet-
scented, white or white tinged with rose, polygamo - dicecious.
Receptacle villous. Perianth densely silky - villous; males the
largest, 4—2in. long, with exserted anthers on slender filaments
and a rather short style with small capitate stigma. Females
smaller and narrower; anthers smaller, on short filaments, usually
without pollen; style longer, with a larger capitate and papillose
stigma. Fruit dry with a membranous epicarp, included in the
swollen base of the perianth.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 220; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 242; Benth. Fi. Austral. vi. 7. Passerina longifolia,
Thunb. Mus. Nat. Acad. Upsal. xiii. 106.

Var. lanceolata. — Leaves narrower, 1-2in. long, 4-+in. broad, linear-
lanceolate. Flowers smaller.—P. lanceolata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii.
(1890) 483 (male). BP. similis, Col. l.c. (female). P. angulata, Col. i.c. xviii.
(1886) 265 (a form with occasionally 3 or 4 stamens).

NorrH IsnAnp: Not uncommon throughout. SourH Isuanp: Nelson—
From Collingwood southwards to Westport. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Taranga.
October-December.

2. P. Gnidia, Willd. Sp. Plant. i. 50.—A stout erect much-
branched shrub 1-5 ft. high, glabrous except the inflorescence and
sometimes a tuft of silky hairs in the axils of the leaves; bark
dark reddish-brown. Leaves close-set, opposite, shortly petioled,
4-in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, usually
acute at both ends, rigid and coriaceous, often slightly keeled by
the prominent midrib, veinless, margins usually slightly thickened ;
floral similar or rather broader. Flowers in compact many-
flowered heads terminating the branches, sessile, white or pale-
rose, polygamo-diccious. Perianth densely silky-villous, 4—4 in.
long. Anthers exserted. Style slender; stigma capitate, exserted.
Fruit dry.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 171; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 348 ;
Raoul, Choiz, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 221; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 248. Banksia Gnidia, Forst. Char. Gen. 8, t. 4. Passerina
Gnidia, Forst. Prodr.n. 170. Cookia Gnidia, Gmel. Syst. i. 24.

Var. pulchella.—Robust. Leaves larger, 3-lin. long, elliptic-lanceolate
or linear-obovate, acute or obtuse, not keeled, lateral veins often evident. Heads
larger with more numerous flowers. Flowers almost as large as those of
P. longifolia. Intermediate between P. Gnidia and P. longifolia, and with
equal claims to be referred to either species.

20—FI.

610 THYMELHACESR. [Pimelea.

North Isptanp: Ruahine Range, Colenso (Handbook). SourH IsmAND:
Marlborough and Nelson—Mount Stokes, J.H. Macmahon! Torrent Bay, Sandy
Bay, Kingsley! Maitai Valley, Mount Owen, Wangapeka, 7. F.C.; Mount
Rochfort, W. Townson! Otago—Dusky Bay, Forster, Menzies, Hnys! Sea-
level to 4000 ft. December—January.

Very close to P. buxifolia, but always to be distinguished by the glabrous
branches.

3. P. Traversii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 243. —A small
very stout usually erect densely branched shrub 6-24 in. high;
branches stout, often tortuous, prominently tubercled at the in-
sertion of the fallen leaves, glabrous or slightly pubescent, usually
with a tuft of silky hairs in the axils of the leaves ; bark blackish-
brown. Leaves closely quadrifariously imbricated, sessile, 4-4 in.
long, oblong or obovate-oblong to suborbicular, obtuse, thick and
coriaceous, quite glabrous, midrib evident or obscure, veinless,
margins often edged with red; floral leaves larger and broader, often
twice or thrice as large, sometimes drying a peculiar verdigris-
green. Flowers numerous, densely capitate, white or pinkish-
white, polygamo-dicecious. Perianth densely silky-villous, +4 in.
long, the females shorter and broader than the males. Anthers in
the male flowers almost reaching the top of the lobes, in the female
flowers small and empty and on very short filaments. Ripe fruit
not seen.

Soutu Isntanp: Marlborough — Kaikoura Mountains, Monro, Buchanan !
Nelson—Mount Percival and Clarence Valley, 7. #. C. Canterbury—Hurunui
Mountains, Travers; Upper Waimakariri, Kirk ! Ashburton Mountains, Potts !
Rangitata Valley, Armstrong! Mount Dobson, 7. F.C. Otago—Mount St.
Bathan’s, Mount Ida, Petrie ! 2000-4500 ft. December-February.

In its ordinary state a distinct little species, easily recognised by
the very robust habit, stout scarred and usually glabrous branches, small
broad leaves, and numerous rather large flowers. Diffuse or almost prostrate
forms, with slightly pubescent branches, show an approach to P. levigata.

4. P. buxifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 243.—A small
‘stout erect compactly branched shrub 1-5 ft. high ; branches stout,
densely clothed with coarse short greyish hairs; bark brownish-
black, muricated. Leaves quadrifariously imbricated, shortly
petioled, }+~#in. long, oblong-ovate or elliptic-oblong, acute or ob-
tuse, coriaceous, glabrous, keeled, much wrinkled beneath, lateral
‘veins conspicuous or obsolete, often verdigris-green when dry ; floral
leaves usually larger and broader. Flowers numerous, densely
capitate, white or pink, polygamo-dicecious. Perianth silky-
villous, +4in. long; females shorter and broader. Anthers in
the male flowers on long filaments, almost reaching the top of
the perianth-lobes; in the females minute, empty. Ripe fruit not
seen.—P. stylosa, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 205. P.
subsimilis, Col. l.c. xxviii. (1896) 609. P. montana, Col. /.c. xxxi.
(1899) 279.

Pimelea. | THYMELH ACER. 611

Nortu Istanp: Mountains near the head of the Tairua River, J. Adams !
Mount Hikurangi, S. Dodgshun, Adams and Petrie! Tongariro and Ruapehu,
Colenso, Captain G. Mair! H. Hill! Rev. F. H. Spencer! Ruahine Mountains,
Colenso, Petrie! A. Hamilton! H. Hill! Kaweka Mountain, Colenso ! 1500-
4500 ft. December—March.

Very close to P. Gnidia, but easily distinguished by the branches being
hirsute with coarse hairs. Hooker mentions the ‘‘ evident lateral nerves’’ of
the leaves as a good character, but I find that the leaves frequently have the
veins very obscure.

3). P. virgata, Vahl. Enum. i. 306.—A slender erect much-
branched shrub 1-4ft. high; branches long, slender, virgate,
slightly ringed with the scars of the fallen leaves, younger ones
more or less clothed with appressed silky hairs. Leaves spread-
ing, close together or remote, not imbricate, almost sessile, 4-1 in.
long, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not coriaceous, flat,
nerveless, usually glabrous above, pilose with appressed silky hairs.
beneath ; floral leaves similar or occasionally larger and ovate-lanceo-
late. Flowers in compact 6-12-flowered heads at the tips of the
branches, sometimes becoming axillary by the rapid growth of leafy
shoots springing from beneath the heads. Perianth ++ in. long,
densely silky-villous; tube swollen at the base; lobes ovate, obtuse.
Fruit usually baccate, white, ovoid-oblong, 4—4in. long, often hairy
at the tip.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 173; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 345 ;
Raoul, Choiw, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 220; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
243. P. pilosa, Willd. Sp. Plant. i. 50. P. dichotoma, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 485. Passerina pilosa, Linn. f.
Suppl. 226; Forst. Prodr. n. 171.

NortH AnD SourH Isntanps: From the Three Kings Islands and the
North Cape to Nelson and Marlborough. Sea-level to 2000 ft. September—
December.

A common plant in the northern portion of the colony, well marked by the
slender habit and rather lax lanceolate spreading leaves.

6. P. Haastii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 396. —
“A strict low-growing shrub 6-10 in. high; branches few (?), very
slender, white with silky hairs. Leaves in distant pairs, petioled,
ascending, narrow-lanceolate, #-14in. long, acute, hairy below or
nearly glabrous, margins recurved ; floral leaves similar. Flowers
5-8 in a head, very small; perianth swollen below, silky; lobes
narrow, spreading. Filaments short. Style equalling the perianth-
tube. Fruit not seen.”

SoutH Isnanp: Alps of Canterbury, Haast, Armstrong !

Of this species I have only seen a single very fragmentary specimen in
Mr. Kirk’s herbarium, and have consequently quoted the original description.
It appears to differ little from P. virgata, except in the more slender habit and
distant rather longer and broader leaves.

612 THYMELHACER. | Pimelea.

7. P. arenaria, A. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. t. 3270.—An erect or
spreading rarely procumbent shrub 9-30in. high; branches stout,
strict, erect or ascending, simple or dichotomously or corymbosely
branched above, densely clothed with long silvery white appressed
silky hairs. Leaves opposite and decussate, close-set or remote,
not usually imbricating, spreading or deflexed, +4 in. long, elliptic-
oblong to broadly oblong-ovate or almost orbicular, obtuse or sub-
acute, flat, coriaceous, veinless, glabrous or sparsely pilose above,
densely clothed with shining silky appressed hairs beneath; floral
leaves rather larger and broader. Flowers in compact 5-18-
flowered heads at the tips of the branches, white, polygamo-
dicecious. Perianth shaggy with white silky hairs, }-}in. long;
tube short ; lobes oblong, obtuse ; females smaller, with a broader
base. Anthers oblong. Fruit baccate, rather large-——Precur. n.
347; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 221; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 244. Passerina villosa, Thunb. in Mus. Acad. Upsal. xiii. 106.
Gymnococea arenaria, Fisch. and Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. x.
(1845) 47.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps, CHaTHAM IsLANDS: Abundant on sand-dunes
on all the coasts. Aute-taranga ; Toroheke. November—March.

A most beautiful plant, at once recognised by the copious white silky hairs
on the branches and under-surface of the leayes. According to Mr. Colenso, the
berries were formerly eaten by the Natives, who also used the inner bark of the
branches for preparing cloth-like strips for fastening up their hair.

8. P. levigata, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 186, t. 39, f. 1.—A small pro-
strate or suberect much-branched shrub; branches scarred, stout or
slender, long or short, from 4 or 6in. to 2 ft. long ; the younger ones
usually more or less pubescent or sometimes glabrate, seldom white
with villous hairs as in P. Urvilleana ; bark dark-brown or reddish-
brown. Leaves sometimes crowded and quadrifariously imbricate,
at other times laxly placed, erect or spreading or deflexed, 4,4 in.
long, lanceolate or linear-oblong to elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong,
obtuse or acute, flat or concave, nerveless or the midrib prominent
beneath, usually glabrous on both surfaces; floral leaves rather
larger and broader. Flowers in few- or many-flowered heads ~
at the tips of the branches, small, white, polygamo-dicecious.
Perianth }—+in. long, more or less silky-villous or pilose, the
females smaller and narrower than the males. Fruit usually
baccate, white, ovoid, acute.—P. prostrata, Willd. Sp. Plant. i. 51;
A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 174; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 346; Raoul,
Chow, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 220; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 244.
P. rugulosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 102. P. micro-
phylla, P. bicolor, and P. heterophylla, Col. l.c. xxii. (1890) 484—
486. Passcrina prostrata, Yorst. Prodr.n. 172. Cookia prostrata,
Gmel. Syst. 24.

Pimelea.] THYMELHIACEA. 613

Var. erecta.—Stems stout, erect or suberect. Heads usually many-flowered.

Var. repens.—Stems more slender, procumbent or prostrate, often very
diffusely branched. Flowers fewer and smaller.

Var. alpina.— Stems stout, suberect or spreading, branches tortuous,
scarred, often nearly glabrous.

NorrH anp SourHIsnanps: From the Three Kings Islands and the North
Cape southwards to the Bluff, abundant. Sea-level to 4500ft. October—
March.

An almost polymorphous plant, the various forms of which are much in need
of careful study and comparison.

9. P. Urvilleana, 4. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 175.—A small widely
spreading rather laxly branched procumbent shrub; branches
4-18in. long, scarred, the younger ones white with copious short
appressed silky hairs. Leaves close-set, usually quadrifariously im-
bricating, spreading or deflexed, 4—+in. long, linear-oblong to oblong
or oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, thick and coriaceous, concave,
nerveless, usually glabrous on both surfaces; floral leaves usually
larger and broader. Flowers in 4—8-flowered heads at the tips of
the branches, small, white. Perianth 4—1in. long, villous with
long white hairs ; lobes equalling the tube, broadly oblong, obtuse.
Fruit baccate, white.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 348; Raoul, Choix, 42;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 221; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 244. P. prostrata
var. Urvilleana, Meisn. in D.C. Prodr. xiv. 517. Gymnococca
microcarpa, Fisch. and Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. x. (1845) 47.

NortH Istanp: Usually near the sea. Bay of Islands, Cunningham ;
Whangarei Heads, Great Barrier Island, Kirk ! Little Barrier Island, 7. F. C.;
vicinity of Auckland, Colonel Haultain! Taranaki, Dieffenbach. Soutu
Isutanp: Nelson—Tiasman Bay, D’ Urville. October—March.

A very imperfectly understood species, apparently only differing from states
of P. levigata in the copious snow-white hairs on the young branches.

10. P. Suteri, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 259.—
A small much-branched shrub 4-12 in. high; branches spreading or
suberect, often tortuous; the younger ones sparingly pilose with
rather long straight silky hairs; bark dark red-brown or black.
Leaves crowded, shortly petiolate or nearly sessile, erecto-patent,
about tin. long, narrow linear-lanceolate, subacute, coriaceous,
concave above, both surfaces glabrous or rarely with a few lax
hairs, margins and apices ciliated with long straight hairs. Flowers
in 4—8-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, white, polygamo-
dicecious. Perianth 4—1in. long, villous with white hairs. Fruit
baccate, red, ovoid, acute, hairy at the tip. -

SoutH IsuanpD: Nelson—Dun Mountain Range, W. T. L. Travers! P.
Lawson! RB. J. Kingsley! 2000-3500 ft.

A peculiar little plant, closely related to P. Lyallii and P. levigata, but
differing from both in the narrower leaves, with ciliate margins and apices.

614 THYMELHACER. [Pimelea,

11. P. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 222—A small stout
prostrate or suberect much-branched shrub 6-18 in. high; branches
sometimes long, spreading or trailing, at other times shorter,
ascending or erect ; the younger ones more or less silky-pilose with
appressed hairs, rarely almost glabrous; bark dark red-brown.
Leaves usually close-set, erect or patent, +4 in. long, linear-oblong
or elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, concave, nerve-
less, glabrous above or nearly so, silky with long hairs beneath or
almost glabrate; floral leaves similar to the others. Flowers in
4-12-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, white. Perianth
about +in. long, densely silky-villous; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse.
Anthers short, oblong.—Handb. N.Z. Fl, 245.

Var. sericea.— Usually erect. Branchlets and leaves on both surfaces
densely clothed with long silky appressed hairs, the leaves usually larger and
broader.

Norrs Istanp: Ruahine Range, Colenso! Tryon! A. Hamilton! Var.
sericea: Ruahine Range, Colenso! Hawke’s Bay, A. Hamilton! SourHIsLanp,
StEewaRrr IstaAnD: The typical form abundant in mountain districts throughout.
Var. sericea: Kurow and other places in the Waitaki Valley, Buchanan !
Petrie! Clutha Valley, Petrie! Crown Range, Cardrona, Kirk ! Usually
from 2000 to 4500ft., but descends to sea-level in the south of Otago and on
Stewart Island. December-—March,

An exceedingly variable plant. Slender erect forms approach P. virgata,
others with smaller almost glabrous leaves seem to pass into P. levigata, while
the extreme state of var. sericea has much of the appearance of P. arenaria.
Var. sericea is referred to P. virgata in Kirk’s herbarium, but I think it is
better placed under P. Lyallii.

12. P. sericeo-villosa, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 245.—A much-
branched prostrate shrub, forming compact depressed patches
3-18in. across, everywhere densely villous with long pale silky
hairs ; branchlets short, stout, densely leafly. Leaves crowded,
closely imbricating, erect, -+in. long, linear-oblong or elliptic-
oblong, obtuse or acute, concave, both surfaces villous with long
straight hairs, which usually completely conceal the leaf. Flowers
in 2-6-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, white. Perianth
4-t in. long, densely silky-villous ; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse.

SournH Is~tanp: Marlborough—Monro; Mount Duppa, Macmahon! Nel-
son — Wairau Mountains, Travers; Jollie’s Pass, Haast! T. F.C.; Upper
Clarence Valley, T. F.C. Canterbury—Lake Tekapo and Mackenzie Plains,
T. F. C. Otago—Waitaki Valley, Hector and Buchanan! Clutha Valley, from
Cromwell to Lake Wanaka and Lake Hawea, Petrie ! 500-3500 ft. De-
cember-March.

Differs from P. Lyallii in its more completely prostrate and often densely
compacted habit, and in the far more copious covering of long straight silky
hairs.

Drapetes. | THYMELMACE. 615

2. DRAPETES, Banks.

Small prostrate spreading or densely tufted shrubby plants.
Leaves small, alternate, imbricate, concave. Flowers hermaphro-
dite or polygamo-diccious, sessile in small terminal heads.
Perianth tubular or funnel-shaped ; lobes 4, spreading; throat usu-
ally furnished with 1 or 2 scales opposite each lobe, rarely naked.
Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the perianth and alternate with
its lobes; filaments short, filiform; anthers oblong. Hypogynous
scales wanting. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; style long; stigma capi-
tate ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit a smalldrupe; epicarp thin,
fleshy; endocarp crustaceous. Seed pendulous, cotyledons broad,
thick.

A small genus of 5 species, found in Fuegia, New Zealand, Australia, New
‘Guinea, and Borneo. The New Zealand species are endemic.

Branches glabrous or slightly villous. Leaves ;4-}in.,
linear or linear-ligulate. Male perianth funnel-shaped.
Scales 4, entire or 2-lobed, or 8 in very closely approxi-
mate pairs ba oh an uM 4

Branches densely villous. Leaves 4-} in., linear-subulate,
broadest at the base. Male perianth funnel-shaped.

1. D. Dieffenbachir.

Scales 8, in distinct pairs ae a6 .. 4. D, villosa.
Branches closely compacted. Leaves ;4,-;,in., ovate-

oblong, subacute. Male perianth almost campanulate.

Scales 8, in distinct pairs .. Be Ate BS BD aaah

Fruiting specimens of a Drapetes found on Mount Sinclair, Banks Penin-
sula, have been identified by Dr. Berggren with the Australian and Tasmanian
D. tasmanica, Hook. f., but I have seen no specimens. According to Bentham,
it is very close to D. Dieffenbachit, principally differing in the smaller and more
hairy perianth, the lobes of which are as long as the tube.

1. D. Dieffenbachii, Hook. in Lond. Jowrn. Bot. ii. (1848)
497, t. 17.—A small creeping and rooting much-branched plant ;
stems woody at the base, 3-12in. long; branches stout or slender,
scarred, ascending at the tips, glabrous or slightly villous with
short white hairs. Leaves usually close-set and imbricating, but
sometimes distant on barren shoots, suberect, often incurved at
the tips, #,—4 1m. long, linear or linear-lingulate, obtuse, concave in
front, convex on the back, grooved or striate or almost smooth,
glabrous or nearly so when old, but the upper half of the margins
and the apex ciliate when young. Flowers small, polygamo-
dicecious, in 3-8-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, sunk
amongst the uppermost leaves. Male perianth about 4in. long,
funnel-shaped, the lobes about + the length of the tube. Scales
very variable, sometimes a single entire one at the base of each
lobe, but more often the scale is 2-lobed or divided to the base
into 2 distinct but closely approximate scales. Stamens with long
slender filaments, the anthers almost reaching the top of the lobes.
Ovary and style very small, abortive. Female (or hermaphrodite)
perianth smaller and broader. Anthers much smaller, usually

616 THYMELHACE. [Drapetes..

empty, on shorter filaments. Ovary large, densely villous at the
tip; style long; stigma capitate, exserted. Fruit small, ovoid.—
Fiaoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 222; Handb. N.Z. FI.
245. D. macrantha, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 487.
Kelleria Dieffenbachii, Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. 61; Meisn. in D.C.
Prodr. xiv. 566.

Var. laxa.—Pale-green, more laxly branched. Leaves larger, spreading or
ascending, 4-1tin. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, rather thin, almost flat, con-
spicuously nerved, ciliate on the margins and back. Heads 3-8-flowered.
Perianth-lobes almost equalling the tube; scales 8, small. Perhaps a distinct
species.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, STEWART ISLAND: Common in mountain dis-
tricts from Moehau (Cape Colville) and Hikurangi southwards. Var. laxa:
Ruahine Mountains, H. Tryon! Nelson—Mountains flanking the Wairau
Valley, T. #. C.; Mount Murchison, Townson ! 2000-4500 ft. December-—
March.

A very variable plant, which does not seem to be separated by any definite
characters from the following species. The var. lawa may prove distinct, but it
requires further study with a larger suite of specimens than has yet been
obtained.

2. D. villosa, Cheesem.—Very similar in most of its characters
to D. Dieffenbachu, but usually a more robust plant, with the
‘branchlets more or less villous with greyish hairs, and with slightly
larger leaves that are somewhat broader at the base, and have the
margins and frequently the back ciliate to the base. Flowers in
3-4-flowered heads at the tips of the branches, similar to those
of D. Dieffenbachi, but the glands always 8.—Kelleria villosa,
Berggren in Minnesk. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund. (1877) 18, t. 5, f. 1-15.

Var. multiflora.—Leaves longer, strict, ascending, 4-+in. long, narrow
linear-lanceolate, tapering from the base to an obtuse tip, slightly convex on the
back, conspicuously 5-nerved; margins ciliate with long straight hairs and
with a pencil of hairs at the apex. Flowers in 5-12-flowered heads at the tips
of the branches. Glands 8, very small.

SourH Istanp: Mountain districts in Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago, ap-
parently not uncommon. Var. multiflora: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau,
T. F. C.; Mount Faraday, Townson! Canterbury—Candlestick Mountains,
Cockayne! Mount Torlesse, T. F. C. Westland — Kelly’s Hill, Petrie!
2500-4500 ft. December—March.

Not at all a satisfactory species. The var. multiflora agrees in the villous
branches, but differs in a marked degree in the longer, strict, strongly nerved
leaves, and more numerous flowers. All the forms of villosa and Dieffenbachit
are much in need of a careful revision.

3. D. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 336.—A compactly
branched moss-like plant, usually forming dense patches 1—4in.
diam. ; branches short, erect or ascending. Leaves very densely
imbricate, usually erect, ,,-;,in. long, narrow-ovate or ovate-
oblong or ovate-subulate, broadest at the base and then tapering
gradually to an acute or subacute tip, convex and smooth on the

Drapetes.| THYMELH ACER. 617

back, not prominently nerved, apex and margins ciliate. Flowers
small, polygamo-dicecious, solitary or 2-3 together at the tips of
the branches. Male perianth 4-4 in. long, broadly funnel-shaped
or almost campanulate ; lobes about as long as the tube, oblong-
ovate, each with 2 glands at the base. Stamens with slender
filaments ; anthers almost reaching the top of the lobes. Ovary
small, with a very short style. Female perianth (or hermaphro-
dite) smaller and rather broader, ~,-;4in. long. Anthers very
small, usually empty, on very short filaments. Ovary ciliate at
the top; style long, stout; stigma capitate, exserted. — Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 246. D. muscosa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 223 (not
Lam.). Kelleria Dieffenbachii var. Lyallii, Meisn. in D.C. Prodr.
xiv. 566.

SoutH Isntanp: Nelson—Wairau Gorge, 7. F’. C.; Mount Owen, 7. F. C.;
Waiau Valley, Travers. Canterbury—Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast,
Armstrong. Otago—Lake district, Hector and Buchanan! Dunstan Moun-
tains, Hector Mountains, Mount Pisa, Mount Cardrona, &c., Petrie! SrewarRtT
IstanD: Lyall, Kirk! 4000-6500 ft. December—March.

A well-marked species, at once recognised by the compact habit, small
ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaves, and broad almost campanulate perianth.

Orpver LXXII. LORANTHACEA.

Parasitic shrubs. Leaves opposite or alfernate, simple and
entire, coriaceous, sometimes reduced to scales or wanting ; stipules
absent. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, axillary or
terminal, solitary or in racemes or spikes or fascicles, usually with a
bract on each pedicel and 2 bracteoles below each flower. Perianth
double, outer adnate to the ovary, limb short or barely evident,
truncate or 4—6-toothed ; inner 3-6-lobed, lobes free or united into
a tube, valvate. Stamens as many as the divisions of the perianth,
usually inserted on them ; filaments short or long; anthers introrse,

2-celled. Ovary inferior, l-celled; style short or long; stigma

simple; ovule solitary, erect, adnate to the walls of the ovary.
Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe, pericarp usually viscid. Seed
generally albuminous ; embryo straight, axile, radicle superior.

An order comprising 13 genera and about 500 species, chiefly found in the
tropical or warm regions of both hemispheres, with comparatively few species in
the temperate zones. The order has no important. properties or economic value,
and the common mistletoe is the only species of any repute. Of the 3 New
Zealand genera, Tupeia is endemic ; the remaining two are widely distributed in
both temperate and tropical climates.

Leafy. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth double. An-
thers opening lengthwise 3 Se st

Leafy. Flowers dicecious. Perianth single. Anthers on
slender filaments, opening lengthwise a ;

The New Zealand species leafless. Flowers dicecious.
Perianth single Anthers sessile, opening by several
pores ic dt0 50 565 SO sie NAO

1. LORANTHUS.

2. TUPEIA.

618 LORANTHACEA:. (Loranthus.

1, LORANTHUS, Linn.

Parasitic shrubs. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, entire,
coriaceous. Flowers hermaphrodite, often highly coloured, yellow
or orange or red, rarely white or greenish, in axillary racemes
or cymes, rarely solitary. Perianth double; outer (calyx) adnate
to the ovary; limb short, truncate or 4—6-toothed; inner (co-
rolla) tubular, of 4-6 free or more or less connate petals, their
tips ultimately spreading or reflexed. Stamens as many as the
petals and inserted on them; filaments distinct; anthers adnate or
versatile. Ovary inferior; style filiform ; stigma terminal. Fruit a
berry.

A large genus of about 350 species, abundant in the tropics, but rare in
temperate regions. The New Zealand species are all endemic.

A, Anthers continuous with the filament, not versatile.
* Petals free to the base.

Flowers small, greenish, }in. long, in small trichotomous

panicles... .. 1. L. miecranthus.
Flowers 1 in. long, axillary, solitary or 2 wi together .. 2. L. tetrapetalus.
Flowers 13-2 in. long, in 3-9-flowered racemes .. .. 3. L. Colensoi.

** Petals united to the middle or nearly so (sometimes dorsally split to the
base in L. Adamsu).

Flowers 14-2 in. tong, 2%0 4 at the re of a short axillary

peduncle 5 4. L. Adamsii
Flowers 3—?in. long, in 10- 15-flowered racemes te .. O. DL. flavidus
B. Anthers not continuous with the filament, versatile.
Flowers lin. long, in axillary trichotomous panicles .. 6. L. tenuiflorus.

1. L. micranthus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 100.—A pertectly
glabrous bushy shrub 2-5 ft. high; branches terete, the younger
ones flattened and 2-edged. Leaves opposite, 14— 3 in. long, oblong
or elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovate, rounded at the tip, narrowed
into a stout petiole about 4 in. long, thick and coriaceous, veins.
very obscure. Panicles small, 4-$in. long, axillary, tricho-
tomously branched, many-flowered; branches slender, divari-
cating. Flowers minute, greenish, tin. long. Calyx-tube cylin-
drical; limb very minute, truncate. Corolla of 4 linear-oblong
spreading petals, free to the base. Anthers small, oblong, basi-
fixed. Style stout, short, suddenly twisted up and down at the
middle; stigma lateral, capitate. Berry bright-yellow, oblong,
viscid, in. long.—Handb. N.Z. Fil. 107. Viscum antarcticum,
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 483 (not of Forst.).

NorrH and SoutH Is~anps: Abundant in lowland districts throughout.
Sea-level to 2000 ft. October—November.

Hasily distinguished by its small green flowers. Parasitic on Coprosma,
Melicope, Leptospermum, &c.

Loranthus.| LORANTHACES). 619

2. L. tetrapetalus, Forst. Prodr. n. 156.—A bushy shrub
3-6 ft. high; stems usually numerous from the base, often ad-
hering to the host for a considerable distance ; branches spreading,
terete, greyish; branchlets compressed, glabrous or minutely pu-
bescent. Leaves opposite and decussate, $-14in. long, elliptic-
oblong or ovate-oblong, rounded at the tip, narrowed into a short
petiole at the base, very thick and coriaceous, pale yellowish-
green when fresh, reddish when dry, midrib and veins obscure.
Flowers bright-red, either solitary or 2-4 together in the axils
of the leaves, erect; peduncles short, stout. Calyx-limb cupular,
obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla about 1 in. long, swollen and 4-angled
at the base, terete above, ultimately splitting to the base into
4 linear petals, which are erect below, but reflexed at the tip.
Anthers narrow-linear, basifixed. Style equalling the corolla;
stigma capitate.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 268; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 486; Raoul, Chow, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 99; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 107. i. decussatus, 7. Kirk in Trans: N.Z. Inst. iii.
(1871) 162. lL. punctatus, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 323.

NortH anpD SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon from the Little Barrier
Island and Cape Colville to the south-west of Otago. 500-4000 ft. Novem-
ber-January.

In the southern portion of the colony this is usually parasitic on Fagus,
in the north on Quintinia. Through a curious misconception, Mr. Kirk applied
the name of tetrapetalus to the plant now known as LZ. Adamsii, and described
the true tetrapetalus as a distinct species under the name of L. decussatus.

3. L. Colensoi, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 633.—A large
much-branched perfectly glabrous bush; branchlets terete. Leaves
opposite, 14~-3in. long, broadly oblong or obovate or almost orbi-
cular, obtuse, narrowed into a stout petiole 4-2in. long, very thick
and coriaceous, veinless or the veins very obscure. Peduncles
stout, axillary, $-lin. long, 3-9-flowered. Flowers sessile, op-
posite, large, scarlet, 14-2in. long; a small deciduous leaf-like
bract at the base of each flower; bracteoles wanting. Calyx-limb
prominent, cupular, truncate or obscurely sinuate. Corolla terete
or nearly so in bud, swollen at the base and towards the tip, splitting
into 4 linear petals free to the base. Anthers very narrow-linear,
basifixed. Style straight, equalling the corolla.—Raoul, Choir, 42 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 99; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 107.

Nort Istanp: Lake Waikaremoana, parasitic on Metrosideros tomentosa,
Colenso! Mount Hikurangi and other places in the East Cape district, Adams
and Petrie, Bishop Williams! various localities in Wellington Province,
Buchanan ! SoutH Isnuanp: Not uncommon in wooded districts throughout.
Sea-level to 2000 ft. December—January.

A very handsome species. It is usually parasitic on Fagus, but has also
been noticed on Pittosporwm and Metrosideros.

620 LORANTHACES. [ Loranthus.

4. L. Adamsii, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 296.—
A perfectly glabrous bush 2-4 ft. high; branchlets terete. Leaves
opposite, 14-24in. long, broadly oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse,
narrowed into a short stout petiole or almost sessile, very thick
and coriaceous, veins hardly visible, margins slightly recurved.
Peduncles very short, axillary, each bearing 2-4 sessile flowers; a
small concave bract and 2 bracteoles at the base of each flower.
Flowers rather large, 14-2in. long, reddish, more or less tinged
with yellowish-green. Calyx-limb short, with 4 minute triangular
teeth. Corolla narrow at the base, swollen in the middle, and then
contracted just below the limb; lobes 4, separating about +-way
down, reflexed, but the corolla often splits dorsally to the base, the
lobes then all turning one way. Anthers narrow-linear, basifixed,.
tips acute. Style equalling the corolla; stigma capitate.

NortH Istanp: Auckland—Thames goldfields, Adams! T. F. C. ; Hunua,
Kirk ! September-October.

The foliage of this almost precisely matches that of L. Colensoi, but the
flowers are very different. Parasitic on Coprosma, Myrsine, and Melicope.

5. L, flavidus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 100, t. 27.—A sparingly
branched glabrous shrub 1-3 ft. high ; branches spreading. Leaves
opposite, 1-24in. long, linear-oblong, usually rounded at the tip,
rarely apiculate, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, flat,
very coriaceous, veins inconspicuous, or 3-5 diverging from the
base; margins thickened and very minutely crenulate when
dry, often red when fresh. Racemes axillary, 10—16-flowered,
spreading or drooping, 3-2 in. long; peduncle slender, tetragonous ;
pedicels opposite and decussate, about 4in. long; bracts obsolete.
Flowers 4-2 in. long, orange-yellow. Calyx-limb minute, cupular,
truncate. Corolla slender, swollen above the base; petals united
almost to the middle, upper part sharply reflexed, linear-spathulate.
Anthers small, linear-oblong. Style rather longer than the corolla;
stigma large, capitate—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 107. L. polychroa, Col.
mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 241.

NortH anp SourH Isxtanps: Not uncommon in Fagus forests from the

Ruahine Mountains and Mount Egmont southwards. Sea-level to 2500 ft.
December—February.

Usually parasitic on the various species of Fagus.

6. L. tenuiflorus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 100.—A small gla-
brous shrub ; branches slender, terete. Leaves opposite, 1-14 in.
long, obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed into short
slender petioles, veins few, slender. Flowers about lin. long,
in axillary trichotomous puberulous panicles; peduncles and
pedicels slender, divaricating, about }in. long. Corolla slender,
terete, curved; petals very narrow, united 3-way up, but perhaps
ultimately separating. Anthers oblong, versatile. Style slender;
stigma simple.-—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 107.

Loranthus. | LORANTHACES. 621

Norrx Istanp: Locality unknown.

Founded upon a single specimen in the Kew Herbarium, the exact locality
of which is not known. It is evidently a most distinct species, differing from
all others found in New Zealand in the many-flowered trichotomous panicles.
The anthers are not fully described by Hooker, but in the ‘‘ Genera Plantarum’’
the species is referred to the subgenus Phrygilanthus (now often kept as a
distinct genus), in which they are versatile.

2, TUPEIA, Cham. et. Schl.

A parasitic shrub; branches terete, jointed. Leaves opposite or
alternate, flat, broad or narrow. Flowers dicecious, in small
axillary and terminal panicles. Perianth-tube of the male flowers
very small, of the female flowers adnate to the ovary; limb
4-partite, rarely 5-partite. Stamens in the male flowers affixed
to the base of the segments; filaments long, filiform; anthers
ovate-oblong. Ovary in the female flowers inferior, ovoid; style
short and thick; stigma obtuse. [Fruit a subglobose 1-seeded
berry; mesocarp succulent and viscid. Seed globose; albumen
copious, fleshy ; embryo almost terete.

The genus is limited to a single species, endemic in New Zealand.

1. T. antarctica, Cham. and Schi. im Linnea, iii. (1828) 203.—
A small branching shrub 2-3 ft. high ; bark pale; branchlets finely
pubescent. Leaves very variable in size and shape, $—24 in. long,
from broad ovate-rhomboid to elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate, acute
or obtuse, narrowed into short petioles, pale-green, rather thin;
veins faint but evident, anastomosing. -Panicles shorter than the
leaves, 6—-12-flowered ; peduncles and pedicels slender, pubescent.
Flowers small, in. diam., greenish-yellow, often very abundantly
produced. Segments of the male perianth linear-oblong or oblong-
spathulate, of the female narrower and more acute. Stigma large,
globular, obscurely lobed. Berry about +in. diam., white or pink
spotted with darker pink, pulp extremely viscid.—Hook. f. Fi.
Nov. Zel. i. 101, t. 26; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 108. T. Cunninghamii,
Mig. in Linnea, xviii. (1844) 85. T. pubigera, Mig. l.c. 86. T.
undulata, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 329. Viscum
antarcticum, Forst. Prodr. u. 370; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 269 ;
Raoul, Choiz, 42. V. pubigerum, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 484.

Nort anp Souru IsnaAnps: Not uncommon in wooded districts through-
out. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Pirita, October--December.

A most variable plant. Parasitic on Panax, Pittosporum, Carpodetus,
Melicope, Myrsine, &c., and occasionally on Loranthus tetrapetalus and L.

micranthus.

3. VISCUM, Linn.

Parasitic shrubs; branches opposite, often dichotomous. Leaves
opposite or nqne. Flowers dicecious or moncecious, very small,

622 LORANTHACEX. [ Viscum.

solitary or fascicled in the axils of the leaves or at the nodes of the
branches, rarely terminal. Perianth-tube of the male flowers very
short and solid, of the females adnate to the ovary; limb 3-4-
partite. Anthers as many as the perianth-segments and sessile on
them, broadly ovate or oblong, opening by pores on the inner side.
Ovary inferior; stigma large, pulvinate, sessile or nearly so. Fruit
a 1-seeded berry, usually crowned by the remains of the perianth-
segments; mesocarp succulent and viscid. Albumen copious,
fleshy ; embryos 1 or 2 in each seed.

About 30 species are known, widely spread through the tropical and
temperate regions of the Old World.

Joints flat, broadly obovate, 4-4in. long, 4-4in. broad.
Flowers spicate, the spikes in lateral pairs and 1-3

terminal .. .. Ll. V. Lindsayi.
Joints flat, linear- spathulate, Pee in. long, xo- kin. broad.

Flowers spicate, the spikes always solitary .. .. 2. V. clavatum.
Joints terete, ~,-}in. long, in. broad. Flowers sessile,

in whorls between the joints sc ae .. 3. V.salicornioides.

1. V. Lindsayi, Oliver ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 108.—A
small succulent perfectly glabrous sparingly branched leafless little
plant 2-6in. high; branches opposite, divaricate, jointed; joints
much flattened, +-4in. long, 4-4in. broad, broadly obovate to
obovate-spathulate, coriaceous, dark-oreen, often punctate. Spikes
usually 2 (rarely 4) to each node and 1 to 3 at the top of the
terminal joint, about +in. long, jointed, the tip of each successive
joint expanded and enclosing a whorl of 6-10 closely packed flowers.
Flowers very minute, dicecious; the males pyriform, of 3 fleshy
perianth-segments, each bearing a sessile anther on its inner face ;
the females of an ovoid ovary crowned by 3-4 perianth-lobes. Fruit
obovoid, jin. long, tipped by the persistent perianth -lobes. —
Lindsay, Contr. N.Z. Bot. 52, t. 2.

Nortu Istanp: Hawke’s Bay—Norsewood, Colenso! Patangata, Tryon !
Soutu Istanp: Marlborough—Pelorus Sound, Macmahon! Canterbury—Near
Christchurch, Armstrong. Otago—Vicinity of Dunedin, Lindsay, Buchanan !
Petrie! Winton, Kirk! October—February.

Parasitic on Sophora, Melicope, Myrtus, Metrosideros, Coprosma, Myr-
sine, &e.

2. V. clavatum, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 429,
t. 37.—Very closely allied to V. Lindsayi, and perhaps only a
variety, but a smaller plant, seldom more than 2 in. high, with the
etnse of the stem much narrower, linear-spathulate, ++in. long,
#5-hin. broad. Spikes apparently always solitary, either terminal
or from the nodes. Male flowers not seen, but female flowers
and fruit quite like those of V. Lindsay.

SoutH Isuanp : Canterbury—Castle Hill Basin, 2000-3000 ft., Hnys ! Kirk!
pA opin 6 2

Paragitic on Avristotelia fruticosa, Discaria, and Coprosmdy

Viscum. | LORANTHACES. 623

3. V. salicornioides, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 485.—A small tufted
perfectly glabrous much-branched leafless species 2-4in. high;
branches opposite, rather succulent, terete, Jointed ; joints #,—4 in.
long, j,in. broad, terete or obscurely flattened, expanded at the
tip. Flowers very minute, dicecious, 4-8 together at the nodes,
forming a ring round the branch, partly concealed by the expanded
tip of the joints. Male flowers much the smallest; perianth-seg-
ments 3, triangular, each bearing a sessile anther on its inner face.
Female flowers more numerous; ovary ovoid, crowned by 3 very
minute perianth-lobes. Fruit jin. long, ellipsoid, tipped by the
persistent perianth-segments.—Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel.i. 101; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 108.

Nortu anp SoutH Istanps: From Mongonui and Kaitaia southwards to
Dunedin, but often local. Sea-level to 1500 ft.

Usually parasitic on Leptospermum, but also seen on Gaultheria and:
Dracophyllum.

Orper LXXIIl. SANTALACEA,

Trees or shrubs or herbs, often parasitic on the roots of other
plants. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple and entire, sometimes
reduced to minute scales or altogether wanting; stipules absent.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, usually small and.
greenish, solitary or in axillary or terminal cymes or spikes.
Perianth superior or inferior, 3-6-lobed or -partite; lobes valvate,.
often hairy behind the anthers. Stamens 3-6, inserted on the
perianth-lobes and opposite to them; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
inferior, rarely superior, 1-celled; style short; stigma capitate or
3—4-lobed ; ovules 2-3, pendulous from a central column. Fruit an
indehiscent nut or drupe. Seed solitary, globose or ovoid; albu-
men copious, fleshy ; embryo usually small, terete, radicle superior.

An order of moderate size, widely dispersed in both temperate and tropical
regions. Genera 28; species not much exceeding 200. The only species of
much economic value is Santalum albwm, which yields the well-known sandal-
wood. Both the New Zealand genera are found in Australia, and Haxocarpus
extends also to the Pacific islands, Malay Archipelago, and Madagascar.

Leafy. Perianth superior. Flowers in axillary cymes .. 1. FUSANUS.
Leafiess. Perianth inferior. Flowers in axillary spikes.. 2. Exocarpus.

1. FUSANUS, R. Br.

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate.
Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual by abortion, in axillary or
terminal racemes or fascicles. Perianth-tube turbinate, adnate to
the ovary and produced above it into a projecting rim; segments
4-6, each furnished with a tuft of hairs at the base. Stamens 4-6,
affixed to the base of the perianth-segments and shorter than them ;
anthers ovate, dehiscing longitudinally. Disc lining the projecting

624 SANTALACEA. [Husanus.

part of the perianth-tube. Ovary inferior; style short, conic ;
stigma small, 2-4-lobed; ovules 2-4. Fruit a globose or turbinate
drupe crowned at the summit by the annular scar of the perianth-
segments ; exocarp more or less fleshy ; endocarp hard, often rugose.
Embryo linear, in the centre of the albumen.

A small ’genus of 5 species, all Australian except the one found in New
Zealand.

1. F. Cunninghamii, Benth. and Hook. f. ex T. Kirk, Forest
Fl. t. 75, 76.—A small slender tree 10-25 ft. high; trunk seldom
more than 9 in. diam.; bark grey. Leaves alternate or more rarely
opposite, extremely variable in shape, 2-5 in. long, }-11n. broad,
linear-lanceolate or lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong
or obovate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into short petioles, quite
entire, dark-green and glossy, veined, minutely punctate. Inflores-
cence axillary, of few- or many-flowered racemes or cymes, rarely
reduced to few-flowered fascicles. Flowers small, 4-+in. diam.,
brownish - green, hermaphrodite or unisexual by abortion, the
females the smallest. Perianth-tube hemispherical; segments
4-6, triangular, deciduous, each with a tuft of yellowish hairs at
the base. Stamens the same number as the perianth-segments ;
filaments short, slender. Disc 4-6-lobed. Stigma 2-4-lobed.
Drupe 4-4in. long, narrow-turbinate, bright-red, crowned with
the annular scar of the perianth-segments.—Santalum Cunning-
hamii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 223; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 247. 5.
Mida, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 5638, 575; Raoul, Chota, 42. Mida
salicifolia, M. eucalyptoides, and M. myrtifolia, A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 340, 341, 342.

NortH Istanp: Lowland forests from the North Cape to Cook Strait, but
local to the south of Rotorua. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Maire; New Zealand
Sandal-wood. September—October.

This differs from the Australian species of the genus in the alternate leaves,
axillary inflorescence, and turbinate fruit. Cunningham constituted a separate
genus for it under the name of Mida, and divided it into 3 species based upon
the greater or lesser breadth of the leaves. But as leaves of all intermediate
shapes can easily be found, and sometimes occur on the same branch, it is
impossible to separate his species even as varieties. The wood is hard and
dense, very strong and durable, and is occasionally used for ornamental turnery,
inlaying, é&c.

2. EXOCARPUS, Labill.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, often
reduced to minute scales. Flowers minute, hermaphrodite or
unisexual by abortion, in small axillary spikes or fascicles, each
flower sessile or nearly so in a notch of the rhachis or axillary to a
minute scale-like bract. Perianth inferior, divided to the base into
4-6 valvate segments. Stamens the same number as the perianth-seg-
ments and inserted near their base; filaments very short and broad ;

Hxocarpus. | SANTALACE. 625

anthers adnate, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Dise flat, thick,
sinuately 4-6-lobed. Ovary superior, fleshy, conic; stigma small,
‘sessile, entire or obscurely lobed. Fruit a nut or drupe seated on
the enlarged and often succulent and coloured pedicel. Seed erect ;
testa thin ; albumen copious; embryo minute, cylindric.

Species 16, 9 of which are found in Australia, one of them extending to the
Malay Archipelago. The remaining 7 are found in Lord Howe Island, Norfolk
Island, New Zealand, the Sandwich Islands, and Madagascar.

1. BE. Bidwillii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 223, t. 52.—A small
much-branched rigid procumbent shrub 6-24in. high; branches
ascending, short, stiff, terete, deeply furrowed. Leaves reduced
to minute triangular scales, alternate, persistent. Flowers minute,
arranged in short and stout 4-10-flowered spikes springing from the
axils of the scale-like leaves; rhachis pubescent, excavated at the
insertion of each flower; bract minute. Perianth-segments usually
5, but sometimes 4 or 6. Stamens the same number; filaments
short. Nut oblong, black, about 4in. long, peduncle much enlarged
and thickened, often red and succulent, the perianth-segments per-
sistent under the fruit.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 246.

Sourn Istanp: Not uncommon in the mountains of Nelson, Marlborough,
Canterbury, and northern Otago. 1000-4000 ft. December-February.

Orper LXXIV. BALANOPHORE®.

Low-growing fleshy leafless or scaly root-parasites. Stem reduced
toa tuberous globular or misshapen often lobed rhizome. Peduncles
short or long, thick, naked or clothed with scattered or imbricate
seales. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, minute, crowded in
spadix-like heads at the top of the peduncles. Male flowers :
Perianth wanting or of 3-6 valvate lobes. Stamens 1-3, rarely
more; filaments free or connate into a tube or column; anthers
2-many-celled. Female flowers: Perianth wanting or adnate to
the ovary; limb absent or minutely toothed. Ovary ovoid or
globose, 1-3-celled; styles 1-2, long or short or almost absent ;
stigmas simple or capitellate, sometimes sessile and discoid ; ovules
solitary in each cell, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a minute
crustaceous or coriaceous 1-seeded utricle or nut. Seed adherent
to the pericarp, albuminous; embryo most minute.

A small but very remarkable order of fleshy root-parasites, chiefly tropical
in its distribution, but nowhere plentiful. Genera, 14; species, 35.

1. DACTYLANTHUS, Hook. f.

A root-parasite. Rhizome usually subterranean, perennial, hard
and woody, rounded or amorphous, often irregularly lobed, surface
rough with small tubercles or warts. Flowering-stems or peduncles
annual, numerous, crowded, clavate, clothed throughout with im-

626 BALANOPHORESS. | Dactylanthus.

bricate ovate or oblong brownish scales, the upper of which are
larger and more closely placed, surrounding the spadices. Spadices
numerous at the ends of the peduncles, slender, erect, cylindrical or
slightly fusiform. Flowers very minute, densely packed, moncecious
or dicecious. Male flowers: Perianth wanting or of 2 minute subu-
late processes. Stamens 1 or 2; filaments very short; anthers
didymous, 2-celled. Female flowers: Perianth adnate to the
ovary; limb of 2 or 3 erect subulate segments. Ovary stipitate,
ovoid-oblong, 1-celled; style long, filiform ; stigma terminal; oyule
solitary, apparently pendulous. Fruit minute, crustaceous.

A very distinct monotypic genus, not closely allied to any other, confined to.
New Zealand.

1. D. Taylori, Hook. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. (1859) 425, t. 75.
—Rhizome stout, varying in size according to the age of the plant,
1-12 in. diam. or more. Flowering-stems 2-6 in. high, $1 in. diam.,
fleshy when young. Scales from + to din. long at the base of the
peduncle, larger above, frequently lin. Spadices almost concealed
by the upper scales, 10-30 together or more, #-l4in. long. Flowers
rather loosely placed towards the base of the spadix, very densely
packed elsewhere.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 255; Kirk m Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxvii. (1896) 498.

NorrH Isuanp: Auckland—Plateau between Hokianga and the Northern
Wairoa, P. Bedlington ! from Port Charles to Cape Colville, H. Nairn! Thames
goldfields, Kirk ; East Cape district, H. Hill! Opepe (near Lake Taupo), H.
Hill! T. F.C. Hawke’s Bay—Tarawera and Nuhaka, A. Hamilton ; Hawkston,
F. Hutchinson! Taranaki—W. HW. Skinner. Wellington—Waitotara, J. R.
Annabell! Upper Rangitikei, J. P. Marshall; Upper Wanganui, Rev. R.
Taylor, H. C. Field. Sea-level to 3500ft. Pwa-reinga. February—Mar ch.

Although I have seen a large number of specimens of this singular plant,
few of them are in a satisfactory state, and the structure of both flowers and
fruit should be worked out anew from fresh examples. Hooker describes the
flowers as dicecious, but Mr. Hill assures me that both male and female
peduncles frequently arise from the same rhizome. On the other hand, Mr. F.
Hutchinson writes that the seeming mixture of sexes is due to the almost com-
plete fusion of separate rhizomes growing close together. I possess a peduncle
in which the lower flowers of all the spadices are female, and the upper ones.
male; but this is probably an uncommon variation. Some observers have
doubted the invariable parasitism of the plant, but all the rhizomes I have seen
are organically connected with the root on which they were growing, although
the point of attachment is sometimes small, the rhizome wrapping over and
enclosing the root, but remaining free from it for a considerable distance. The
host is usually Schefflera digitata; but Panax arboreum, Myrsine Urviilei,
Pittosporum, and Fagus are all frequently attacked.

OrpER LXXV. KBUPHORBIACEZ.

Herbs or shrubs or trees of exceedingly various habit ; juice milky,
acrid. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, often stipulate. Flowers
usually small, unisexual (in Huphorbia reduced to single naked
stamens surrounding a solitary pistil and enclosed within a calyx-

Euphorbia. | EUPHORBIACEZ. 627

like inyolucre). Perianth generally simple and calycine, but often
wanting, rarely double, the inner of 4-5 minute petals. Stamens 1
to many; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, of 3 (rarely 2 or more
than 3) united carpels; styles as many as the carpels, free or
united, entire or divided; ovules 1 or 2 to each carpel, pendulous
from the inner angle of the cell. Fruit either a capsule of 2-valved
1-2-seeded cocci separating from a persistent axis, or a 1-3-celled
drupe, or of 1 or more combined nuts. Seed laterally attached at
or above the middle of the cell; embryo straight, in the axis of
fleshy albumen, cotyledons flat, radicle superior.

‘A large order, of about 200 genera and 3000 species, most abundant in the
tropics, rare in very cold climates. Many species are poisonous, and a con-
siderable number yield medicinal products, as castor-oil, croton-oil, gum
euphorbium, &c. Others afford a wholesome food, as the manioc and tapioca.
Of the 4 genera found in New Zealand, one (Huphorbia) has a worldwide
distribution ; another (Poranthera) is found elsewhere only in Australia. The
two remaining (Alewrites and Homalanthus) have their headquarters in the
Pacific islands, but extend northwards to China and the Malay Archipelago.

* Flowers without a perianth, several males and one
female in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre .. .. 1. HUPHORBIA.

** Flowers provided with a perianth.

Low-growing herbs. Flowers in terminal racemes or
heads. Anthers opening by pores 3% ;
Trees with digitately lobed or veined leaves. Flowers in
terminal cymes. Fruit large, somewhat fleshy, with
1-3 large oily seeds 3c sc Ne ;

Trees. Flowers in slender racemes; males numerous,
females few at the base of the raceme. Fruit cap-
sular Ae

2, PORANTHERA,
3. ALEURITES.

4, HoMALANTHUS.

1. HUPHORBIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs abounding in milky juice. Inflorescence of
numerous males and a single female flower crowded in a small
cup-shaped 4-5-lobed calyx-like involucre, the lobes usually alter-
pating with as many fleshy glands, which often possess a white or
coloured spreading limb. Male flowers consisting of a pedicelled
stamen without floral envelopes of any kind; anther-cells globose.
Female flower central in the involucre, of a long-pedicelled 3-celled
ovary, also without floral envelopes; styles 3; ovules solitary in
each cell. Capsule 3-lobed, splitting into 3 2-valved cocci, which
fall away from a persistent axis.

A vast genus of worldwide distribution, very feebly represented in New
Zealand. There are probably more than 600 species, of very diversified habit
and characters. Several species from the Northern Hemisphere are naturalised
in New Zealand, the most common being the milkweed, H. Peplus, a small
glabrous annual branched from the base, with thin obovate entire leaves, an
umbel of 2-3 repeatedly divided rays, smooth capsules, and pitted seeds.

628 EUPHORBIACER. [Huphorbia.

1. B. glauca, Forst. Prodr. n. 208.—A tall stout perfectly
glabrous smooth and glaucous herb 1-3 ft. high. Stems from a
creeping rhizome, erect, terete, lower portion marked with the scars
of the fallen leaves, leafy above, umbellately branched at the top.
Leaves crowded, 1-4 in. long, linear- or lanceolate-obovate to oblong-
obovate, obtuse or mucronate, sessile, quite entire. Umbels broad ;
rays 5-6, each once or twice forked; floral leaves much broader
than the cauline, broadly oblong. Involucres almost concealed by
the floral leaves, shortly pedicelled, campanulate, +in. diam. ;
glands 4-5, dark-purple, crescent-shaped. Capsule nearly as large
as a pea, pendulous, globose, quite smooth and glabrous. Seeds
smooth, greyish.—A. fiich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 352; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 8389; Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 227; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 248.

NortH anp SourH IsLanps: Common along the shores from the North
Cape to the south of Otago. Waiuatwa. October—February. Also
found in Norfolk Island.

2. PORANTHERA, Rudge.

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base.
Leaves narrow, alternate, stipulate. Flowers racemose or subum-
bellate at the tips of the branches, or solitary in the axils of the
upper leaves, moncecious or dicecious. Male flowers: Calyx deeply
divided into 5 segments imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, small,
sometimes wanting; anthers 4-celled, cells free, opening by ter-
minal pores. Rudimentary ovary of 3 clavate bodies. Female
flowers: Calyx and petals of the males. Stamens wanting. Ovary
broad, 3-celled; styles 3, each divided into 2 linear branches ;
ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule depressed, globose, splitting into 3
2-valved cocci. Seeds reticulate; embryo terete, curved, cotyle-
dons not broader than the radicle.

A small genus of 6 species, 5 of which are Australian, 1 of them extending:
to New Zealand. The remaining species is endemic in New Zealand.

Siender, diffusely branched. Leaves flat or nearly so.

Flowers in terminal racemes Ec ae .. 1. P. microphylla.
Compactly branched. Leaves with the margins revolute
to the middle. Flowers solitary in the upper axils .. 2. P. alpina.

1. P. microphylla, Brong. in Dup. Voy. Cog. Bot. 218, t. 50B.—
A slender perfectly glabrous herb; branches diffuse, 6-9 in. long,
prostrate at the base, ascending at the tips. Leaves opposite or
alternate, 1-4 in. long, linear-obovate or spathulate, obtuse, gradu-
ally narrowed into a rather long petiole; margins flat or very
slightly recurved. Flowers minute, greenish-white, in terminal
bracteate racemes; bracts linear-subulate, lower ones exceeding
the flowers. Petals linear, usually present in both sexes. Capsule
membranous, depressed. Seeds small, brown, granulate.—Benth.
Fl. Austral. vi. 56; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 482.

Poranthera. | EUPHORBIACE). 629

SoutH Isntanp: Nelson—Fagus forest in the Maitai Valley, 7. Ff. C.,
Kingsley !_ Marlborough—Pelorus and Tinline Valleys, abundant, Macmahon !
December—February.

Widely distributed in Australia and Tasmania,

2. P. alpina, Cheesem. mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 300.—
Perfectly glabrous, 2-5in. high; branches numerous, decumbent or
suberect, usually densely compacted and interlaced, rarely open,
scarred, often somewhat woody at the base. Leaves all uniform,
opposite, crowded, sessile or very shortly petiolate, {-+in. long,
linear-oblong, obtuse, quite entire, smooth and veinless above ;
margins revolute, concealing the whole of the under-surface except
the very thick and prominent midrib; stipules rather large, trian-

ular. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, forming

short leafy heads, minute, greenish-white, dicecious; peduncles
shorter than the leaves. Petals wanting in both sexes. Sepals 5,
oblong, obtuse. Stamens shorter than the sepals ; filaments slender.
Ovary subglobose, 6-lobed, 3-celled. Capsule globose-depressed.
—Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 1366.

SoutH Is~tanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, Mount Owen, 7’. F.C.; Mount
Murchison, Townson ! 3000-5000 ft. December—January.

3. ALEURITES, Forst.

Trees with stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
large, entire or 3-7-lobed. Flowers in terminal cymes, monecious.
Male flowers: Calyx splitting into 2-3 valvate segments. Petals 5,
longer than the calyx. Stamens 8-20, on a central receptacle,
5 outer opposite the petals, alternating with 5small glands; anthers
adnate, cells parallel. Female flowers: Calyx and petals of the
males. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5, bifid; ovules 1 in each cell.
Fruit large, drupaceous; exocarp somewhat fleshy; endocarp
1-5-celled. Seeds large; testa thick, woody; cotyledons broad,
flat.

A small genus of 3 species, natives of eastern Asia and the Pacific islands.

1. A. moluccana, Willd. Sp. Plant. iv. 590.— A handsome
spreading tree 30-40 ft. high or more; young leaves and branches
more or less clothed with pale or ferruginous stellate pubescence,
almost glabrous when old. Leaves crowded towards the ends of the
branches, 4-9in. long, very variable in shape, ovate-lanceolate to
broadly rhomboid-ovate, obtuse or acute, entire or 3—5- or 7T-lobed.
Cymes broad, much branched, tomentose; pedicels short. Flowers
numerous, white. Calyx very small, tomentose. Petals about
iin. long, obovate, bearded at the base. Stamens 15-20; filaments
short, hairy. Female flowers fewer and smaller than the males.
Fruit 2in. diam., smooth, fleshy; seeds 1-2, rarely 3; testa rugose.
—Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 128; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx.
(1888) 172. A. triloba, Forst. Char. Gen. 112, t. 56.

630 EUPHORBIACE. [Alewrites.

KeRMADEC Is~uANDS: Sunday Island, not uncommon on the northern and
eastern sides of the island, 7. F’. C. Candle-nut.

Widely distributed in the Pacific islands and tropical Asia, also extensively
planted and naturalised in hot countries. The seeds or ‘‘nuts’’ contain an
excellent oil, so that in many parts of Polynesia they are strung on sticks and
used as candles, whence the English name of ‘‘ candle-nut.”

4, HOMALANTHUS, A. Juss.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
broad, entire, often glaucous; stipules deciduous. Flowers in ter-
minal racemes, small, apetalous, moncecious. Male flowers: Very
numerous, occupying all the upper portion of the raceme. Calyx of
1 or 2 minute flat appressed sepals. Stamens 6-50; filaments very
short; anther-cells distinct, divaricate, longitudinally 2 - valved.
Female flowers: Few or solitary at the base of the raceme. Calyx
2-3-partite. Ovary 2-3-celled; styles 2-3, linear, entire; ovules
1 in each cell. Capsule didymous or trigonous, fleshy, indehiscent
or splitting into 2-3 2-valved cocci. Seeds with a fleshy aril.

Species 7-8, scattered through the Pacific islands, Australia, and the Malay
Archipelago.

1. H. polyandrus, Cheesem.— A handsome slender tree
10-25 ft. high, everywhere perfectly glabrous; branches brittle,
terete, marked with the prominent scars of the fallen leaves.
Leaves in young plants 3-12 in. diam., in old much smaller, 2—4 in.
long, broadly triangular-ovate or rhomboid-orbicular, acute, mem-
branous, somewhat undulate, glaucous beneath; petiole as long or
longer than the blade; stipules #in. or more. Racemes slender,
erect, 4-8in. long. Male flowers: Very numerous, rather loosely
placed, jin. diam.; bracts minute, 1-2-glandular at the base.
Stamens about 40, very short, closely packed in a globose head.
Female flowers: 1 to 4 at the base of the raceme, on long slender
pedicels, drooping. Capsule 4—2in., trigonous, 3-celled, splitting
into 8 cocci. Seed enveloped in a yellowish aril, frequently per-
sistent on the axis of the fruit.— H. nutans, Hook. f. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. i. 127 (not of Guill.). Carumbium polyandrum, Hook, f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 248; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 172.

Kermaprec Istanps: Sunday Island, plentiful; Macaulay Island, a few
plants in the crater-basin, 7. #'. C. Flowers most of the year.

Endemic, but very closely allied to the Polynesian H. pedicellatus, Benth.
(Carumbium nutans, Muell. Arg.), principally differing in the larger number of
stamens.

OrvER LXXVI. URTICACEA.
Herbs or shrubs or trees, of very diversified habit and foliage.
Leaves alternate or opposite, entire or toothed or more rarely
divided; stipules present. Flowers unisexual, small and incon-

Paratrophis. | URTICACE. 631

spicuous, cymose or fascicled or capitate, rarely solitary, some-
times crowded on a variously shaped receptacle with or without an
involucre. Perianth simple, herbaceous, of 1-5 equal or unequal
lobes or segments, imbricate or valvate in bud, in the female
flowers often smaller and with fewer segments, rarely absent.
Stamens generally the same number as the divisions of the perianth
and opposite to them; filaments short and erect, or longer and
then inflexed in bud, sometimes elastic ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing
lengthwise. Ovary superior, or rarely more or less inferior, 1-
celled ; style terminal or lateral, simple or 2-partite with stigmatose
branches, or reduced to a sessile fringed or plumose stigma ; ovule
solitary. Fruit simple, a small drupe or berry or achene, or (in
genera not found in New Zealand) compound and composed of a
confluent mass of the fruits and perianths of several or many
flowers. Seed erect or pendulous; albumen present or more gene-
rally wanting ; embryo straight or curved, radicle superior.

In the circumscription of this order I have followed the ‘‘ Genera Plan-
tarum,’’ but by many authors it is split up into 3 or 4, only 2 of which, how-
ever, are represented in New Zealand. Taken in the broad sense, it is a most
important and widely spread family, found in all parts of the world, but most
abundant in warm or tropical regions. The genera are over 100, and the
species may be fairly estimated at 1500. It includes a large number of useful
plants, only a few of which can be mentioned here. Of edible species, the fig,
mulberry, and bread-fruit are the most important. Of fibre-plants, the common
hemp, the paper-mulberry, and the rhea (Behmeria nivea). Several species of
Ficus, and notably F'. elastica, yield indiarubber. Ficus indica is the well-
known banyan. The upas-tree (Antiaris toxicaria) is highly poisonous. Of the
6 indigenous genera, Urtica and Parietaria are widely spread in most temperate
and tropical climates; Hlatostema and Behmeria are mainly tropical;
Paratrophis extends to the Pacific islands and Malay Archipelago; while
Australina is found in Australia and South Africa.

* Trees with milky sap. Flcwers spiked. Fruit dru-

paceous ; ovule pendulous 1, PARATROPHIS.

** Sap watery. Flowers solitary or glomerate or cymose. Ovule erect.

Herbs with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite. Female
perianth 4-partite .. Sc or Hf x
Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers crowded on a fleshy
discoid receptacle oe He Ss as
Trees. Leaves 3-nerved. Female perianth tubular,
enclosing the fruit .. iN of Ne Ag)
Herbs, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate. Flowers
in involucrate clusters. Female perianth tubular.
Stigma tufted aus is sf as
Herbs, without stinging hairs. Leavesalternate. Flowers
not involucrate. Female perianth tubular. Stigma
linear st if. ae “3 a3 .. 6. AUSTRALINA.

1 PARATROPHIS, Blume,

Trees with milky juice. Leaves alternate, shortly petiolate,
crenate or almost entire, penninerved; stipules small, lateral,
caducous. Flowers dicecious, in axillary or rarely terminal soli-

2. Urtica.
3. HLATOSTEMA,

4. BQ®HMERIA.

5. PARIETARIA,

632 URTICACE. [Paratropis.

tary or geminate spikes. Male flowers: Numerous, usually closely
placed. Perianth small, 4-partite; segments broad, obtuse, con-
cave, imbricate. Stamens 4; filaments inflexed in bud; anthers
didymous, 2-celled. Rudimentary ovary turbinate. Female flowers:
Few and lax, or numerous and dense. Perianth very small,
4-partite ; segments unequal, closely imbricate. Ovary straight,
sessile, exserted, 1-celled; style deeply 2-partite ; ovule solitary,
pendulous. Fruit drupaceous, seated on the slightly enlarged
persistent perianth, globose or ovoid, tipped by the short style;
exocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp crustaceous. Seed subglobose ;
albumen scanty ; cotyledons broad, foliaceous, conduplicate.

A small genus of 6 species, 3 of which are found in New Zealand, 2 in the
Pacific islands, and 1 in the Philippines.

Leaves 4-1din. Female spikes +-3in., 3-8-flowered.

Drupes 1-3 ripening on each spike, 4 in. diam. .. 1. P. heterophylla.
Leaves 14-34in. Female spikes }-lin., 8—25-flowered.

Drupes usually many ripening on each spike, fin. diam. 2. P. Banksit.
Leaves 4-8in., entire. Female spikes 2-4in., many-

flowered ; flowers in 2 rows on each side of the rhachis.

Drupe fin. diam. .. ae : .. 3. P. Smithit.

1. P. heterophylla, 6/. Mus. Bot. Lug Bat. ii. 81.—A tree
15-40 ft. high, with a trunk 9-24 in. diam.; bark a9 or almost
white, rough with raised lenticels ; branches numerous, crowded,
glabrous or pubescent; those of young plants long and slender,
flexuous, often interlaced, pubescent or setose at the tips, bark
dark-brown. Leaves of young plants remote, +—$in. long, broadly
obovate to oblong-obovate, acute or obtuse, cuneate at the base,
rather membranous, glabrous or pubescent, See, often irregularly
lobed or almost pinnatifid; of mature trees 4-14 in. long, oblong-
ovate or oblong-obovate to elliptic, obtuse or acute, crenate or
crenate-dentate, coriaceous, dark-green, prominently reticulate.
Male spikes 4-1 in. long, shortly pedunculate, cylindric. Flowers
closely packed, minute, sessile, intermixed with peltate scales.
Perianth-segments rounded, margins ciliate. Stamens exserted.
Female spikes + 4in. long, 3-8-flowered. Flowers lax, very
minute, intermixed with peltate scales. Perianth-segments ap-
pressed to the ovary, the 2 outer rather smaller. Drupe globose,
small, red, tin. diam., usually 1 and seldom as many as 3 ripening
on each spike.—Epicarpurus microphyllus, Raoul, Chor, 14, t. 9;
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 251. Taxotrophis microphylla, F’. Muell.
Fragm. Phyt. Austr. vi. 193. Trophis opaca, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
1. 224 (im part).

Norte AND SourH IstaANDs: Not uncommon in lowland forests through-
out. Turepo ; Milk-tree. October—February.

Abounding in milky sap, which is said to be palatable. The wood is dense
and heavy, but not durable. The spikes are often diseased, and converted into
large much-branched panicles densely clothed with small imbricating bracts,
the flowers being altogether aborted.

Paratrophis. | URTICACE. 633

9. P. Banksii, Cheesem. n. sp.—A small tree 15-25ft. high,
glabrous or the young branches pubescent; bark brown. Leaves
usually close-set, spreading, 14-34 in. long, ovate-oblong or elliptic-
oblong, obtuse or acute, coriaceous, glabrous, obtusely crenate or
crenate-dentate, veins finely reticulate. Spikes solitary or gemi-
nate or rarely 3 together, axillary, rarely terminal, pedunculate.
Males 1-2in. long, cylindrical, densely many-flowered ; flowers
intermixed with peltate scales. Perianth rather larger than in
P. heterophylla. Female spikes 4—1in. long; flowers 8-25 or more,
distichous, rhachis compressed. Drupe broadly ovoid, red, +in.
diam., always several and often many ripening on each spike.—
P. heterophylla var. elliptica, Kirk im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897)
500, t. 46. Trophis opaca, Banks and Sol. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
1, 224.

Nort Isuanp: Usually near the sea. Bay of Islands, Colenso! Wha-
ngarei Heads and Hen and Chickens Islands, 7. #'. C.; Great Barrier Island,
Omaha, Kirk! Cuvier Island, 7. F. C.; Cabbage Bay, Adams! East Cape
district, Banks and Solander, Bishop Williams! Petrie! Cook Strait, Kirk !
Stephen Island, H. H. Travers ! November-—February.

I advance this as a distinct species with considerable hesitation; but the
much larger leaves, longer spikes, more numerous female flowers, and much
larger and more numerous drupes are prominent characters, and although
intermediates exist between it and P. heterophylla the two plants appear to be
too wide apart to be treated as a single species.

3. P. Smithii, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 148.—
A perfectly glabrous shrub or small tree 6-15 ft. high, with copious
milky juice; branches long, slender, straggling, often flexuous and
interlaced ; bark dark-brown, rough with raised lenticels. Leaves
4-8in. long, ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or obtusely
acuminate, rounded or obliquely cordate at the base, quite entire,
dark-green, coriaceous; veins conspicuous, reticulated ; stipules
lanceolate, caducous. Spikes solitary or geminate, axillary or from
the branches below the leaves, 2-5in. long. Males cylindric,
densely many-flowered; flowers intermixed with peltate scales.
Perianth 4in. diam.; segments rounded, spreading, pubescent
externally. Females many-flowered, the flowers minute, densely
packed in 2 irregular rows on each side of the flattened rhachis,
intermixed with peltate scales. Perianth-segments rounded, obtuse,
closely appressed to the ovary, the 2 outer rather smaller than the
others. Ovary conic, exserted. Style deeply 2-partite. Drupe
globose, bright-red, $in. diam.

Nortu Isuanp: Three Kings Islands, abundant, 7. F.C.
Easily recognised by the large entire leaves and long many-flowered female

spikes, with the flowers distichously arranged in 2 rows on each side of the
rhachis.

634 URTICACER. [Urtica,

2. URTICA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs, more or less armed
with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, toothed or lobed,
3—-T-nerved ; stipules lateral, free or connate. Flowers small, green,
moncecious or dicecious, in clusters arranged in axillary simple or
branched racemes or panicles. Male flowers: Perianth deeply 4-
partite ; segments ovate or rounded, concave. Stamens 4, inflexed
in bud. Rudimentary ovary cupuliform. Female flowers: Perianth
deeply 4-partite; the 2 outer segments smaller than the inner.
Ovary straight, ovoid; stigma sessile or nearly so, penicillate ;
ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous. Achene ovoid or oblong, com-
pressed, enclosed in the persistent perianth. Seed erect; albumen
scanty; cotyledons rounded.

Species 30 to 35, widely spread in the temperate and subtropical regions
of both hemispheres, rarer in the tropics. One of the New Zealand species
extends to Australia, the remaining three are endemic.

Shrubby, 3-10ft. high. Stinging hairs copious, long,

rigid. Leaves 2-5 in., narrow ovate-triangular to lanceo-

late.. au BY 36 Bi a Pe al OP ei rare.
Herbaceous, stout, 1-3ft. high, glabrous or nearly so.

Stinging hairs few, weak. Leaves 3-6in., ovate- or

orbicular-cordate .. ye 4A 5: -. 2. U. australis.
Herbaceous, stout, 1ft. high, pubescent with greyish-
white hairs. Leaves 2-3in., broadly ovate .. .. 3. U. Aucklandica.

Herbaceous, slender, 1-2ft. high, glabrous. Stinging
hairs few or many, weak. Leaves 3-23in., ovate-
deltoid to lanceolate nc a Bye .. 4. U. wnetsa.

1. U. ferox, Forst. Prodr. n. 346.—A slender much-branched
shrub, sometimes 6-10ft. high with a woody trunk 3-4in. diam.
at the base, but usually from 2 to 5it.; stinging hairs copious, long,
rigid, +in. long; branchlets, petioles, and under-surface of leaves
more or less finely pubescent. Leaves on long slender petioles;
blade 2-5in. long, narrow ovate-triangular to lanceolate-triangular,
acuminate, broadest at the base which is truncate or rounded or
cordate and often lobed or hastate, thin and membranous; margins
deeply and coarsely toothed, the teeth ending in a long rigid
bristle; stipules interpetiolar, entire. Flowers dicecious, in axillary
racemiform panicles 1-2in. long. Perianth densely pubescent,
females smaller than the males. Nut ovoid, compressed, about
gin. long. — A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 354; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 333; Raoul, Choiw, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 225; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 251.

NortH AND SourH Isnanps: Lowland districts from the Hast Cape and
Kawhia southwards to eastern Otago, not common. Sea-level to 1000 ft.
Tree-nettle ; Ongaonga. August-December.

A very distinct species, easily recognised by the large size, woody stems,
and copious stipitate stinging hairs.

Urtica. | URTICACER. 635

2. U. australis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 68.—Stems 1-8 ft. high,
erect or decumbent at the base, stout, succulent, glabrous or
sparingly clothed with short white hairs ; stinging hairs few, weak,
chiefly clustered at the nodes. Leaves opposite, the upper some-
times ternate; blade 3-6in. long or even more, broadly ovate-
or orbicular-cordate, acute, coarsely toothed or crenate, rather
fleshy, 5—7-nerved, glabrous or sparsely pubescent or setose ; petiole
stout, 1-4 in. long ; stipules interpetiolar, large, bifid. Racemes or
panicles simple or branched, axillary, longer or shorter than the
petioles, the lower male and the upper female, but both sexes occa-
sionally mixed in the same panicle. Male perianth about ; in.
diam., glabrous or nearly so; female rather smaller. Nut ovoid,
compressed, smooth, rather shorter than the persistent perianth. a
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 225; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 251.

Nortu Istanp: ‘‘Southern extreme, Bidwill’’ (Handbook). CHaTHAM
Istanps: H. H. Travers! Cox and Cockayne! Stmnwart Istanp: Not seen
on the main island, but not uncommon on Dog Island and other small islands
in Foveaux Strait, Kirk! AntrpopEs IsLanp: Kirk! AUCKLAND ISLANDS:
Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk ! December—March.

Remarkable for its stout succulent habit and large leaves. Although
reported from the North Island in the Handbook, on the authority of
Bidwill, of late years no New Zealand botanist has met with it on any part
of the mainland of either the North or South Island.

3. U. Aucklandica, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 68.—A rigid herb,
everywhere pubescent with short greyish-white hairs. Stems stout,
erect, angled, about 1 ft. high; stinging hairs few, chiefly clustered
at the thickened nodes. Leaves opposite, spreading, 2-3 in. long,
14-24 in. broad, broadly ovate, acute, usually cordate at the base,
rather coriaceous, many-nerved, coarsely serrate or dentate ; petioles
stout, 4-lin. long; stipules rather large, interpetiolar, 2-fid or
2-partite. Male flowers alone seen, in short axillary spikes.
Perianth-segments 4, rounded, concave, setose on the back. Sta-
mens 4; filaments short.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 252.

AUCKLAND Is~Anps: Near the sea-beach at the margin of woods, rare, Sir
J. D. Hooker.

I have seen no specimens of this, and the above description has been com-
piled from that given in the ‘‘ Flora Antarctica.’’ It appears to be very close to
U. australis, differing chiefly in the smaller size and more rigid habit, and in the
dense greyish-white pubescence.

4. U. incisa, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iv. 224. — Stems slender,
erect or decumbent at the base, much or sparingly branched or
simple, sparsely clothed with weak stinging hairs but otherwise
glabrous, 1-2 it. high, rarely more. Leaves on long slender petioles,
very variable in size and shape; blade 1-91 in, long, broadly
ovate-deltoid to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cordate or truncate
or cuneate at the base, deeply and acutely toothed, membranous ;

636 URTICACEH. | Urtaca.

stinging hairs few, weak. Spikes or racemes single or geminate in
the axils of the upper leaves, often branched, longer or shorter than
the petioles, the lower male and the upper female, or inflorescence
altogether dicecious. Male perianth ;4; in. diam., glabrous or nearly
so; female perianth much smaller when in flower but enlarging as
the fruit ripens. Nut ovoid, compressed, rather longer than the
persistent slightly enlarged perianth.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. FI.
251; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 190. U. lucifuga, Hook. f. in. Hook.
Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 285; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 225.

Var. linearifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 225.—Leaves very narrow-linear,
1-34 in. long, 4-din. wide. Spikes shorter, sometimes reduced to axillary
glomerules.

NortH Anp SourtH Isuanps: Not uncommon in shaded places, from the
North Cape to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 4000 ft. Flowers spring and
summer,

Also common in Australia and Tasmania, and very near to the northern
U. dioica (which is sparingly naturalised in New Zealand), principally differing
in the more slender habit, in not being conspicuously pubescent between the
stinging hairs, and in the usually shorter spikes.

3. ELATOSTEMA, Forst.

Herbs, sometimes woody at the base. Leaves distichous,
alternate, or if opposite one of each pair much smaller than the
other, sessile or nearly so, oblique and unequal-sided; stipules
lateral or intrapetiolar. Flowers very minute, densely crowded in
axillary sessile or peduncled unisexual usually involucrate re-
ceptacles ; involucral bracts broadly oblong or ovate, nearly free
or confluent below. Male flowers: Perianth 4-5-partite ; segments
membranous or hyaline, often spurred or tubercled on the back.
Stamens 4-5, inflexed in bud. Rudimentary ovary minute. Fe-
male flowers: Perianth of 3-5 very minute segments or altogether
wanting. Stamens imperfect. Ovary straight; stigma sessile,
penicillate; ovule erect. Achene minute, compressed, ovoid or
ellipsoid, smooth or rarely ribbed. Seed erect; albumen usually
wanting ; cotyledons ovate.

About 50 species are known, for the most part natives of tropical Asia and
Africa, but the genus extends northwards to Japan, and southwards to New
Zealand.

1. HE. rugosum, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 335.—Stems stout, suc-
culent, decumbent or prostrate and rooting at the base, erect
above, sparingly branched, 1-5ft. high. Leaves alternate, 4-10 in.
long, obovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, curved, unequal-
sided, auricled and semi-amplexicaul at the sessile base, sharply
serrate, membranous, rugose, pubescent with minute rigid hairs
on both surfaces; stipules lanceolate, membranous, deciduous.
Receptacles moncecious, solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile
or shortly pedunculate, depressed-hemispherical, often lobed, ++ in.

Elatostema. | URTICACEA). 637

diam. Males: Bracts broad, glabrous or puberulous. Flowers
very numerous, pedicelled, hidden among the broad membranous
bracteoles. Perianth 4- partite; segments abruptly acuminate,
hyaline. Females with the bracts narrower and more pubescent.
Bracteoles linear -spathulate, ciliate. Flowers almost sessile;
perianth very minute, of 4 hyaline segments. Stigma penicillate.
Achene minute, ovoid, smooth.—-Raoul, Choiw, 42; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 227; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 258.

Nort Istanp: Damp shaded ravines from the North Cape southwards to
the middle of Wellington Province, but local to the south of the Waikato River.
Sea-level to 2000 ft. Parataniwha. Flowers spring and summer.

The heads or receptacles are usually described as unisexual, but it is not
uncommon to find both sexes mixed in the same head.

4. BOSHMERIA, Jacq.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, toothed,
3-nerved ; stipules usually free, deciduous. Flowers moneecious or
dicecious, in small globose glomerules ; glomerules axillary, either
solitary or spiked or racemed or panicled. Male flowers: Perianth
3-5-lobed or -partite; segments valvate. Stamens 3-5, inflexed in
bud. Rudimentary ovary clavate or globose. Female flowers:
Perianth tubular, compressed or ventricose, mouth often contracted,
2-4-toothed. Ovary included, sessile or stipitate; stigma filiform,
persistent ; ovule solitary, erect. Achene closely invested by the
persistent perianth, crustaceous. Seed albuminous ; cotyledons
ovate or elliptic.

Species about 50, widely spread through the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. B. dealbata, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 410.
—A small tree 8-25ft. high; branches terete, pubescent with
minute appressed hairs. Leaves alternate, 3-6in. long, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, rarely slightly
cordate, obtusely serrate, prominently 3-nerved and with the
secondary veins also strongly marked, green and glabrous and
rugulose above, white and hoary beneath; petioles stout, #-2 in.
long, grooved on the upper surface. Flowers minute, in small
axillary sessile glomerules, which are either unisexual or androgy-
nous. Male flowers: Perianth deeply 4-partite; segments oblong-
ovate, acuminate, clothed with erect hairs. Stamens exserted.
Females: Perianth tubular, dilated below, contracted at the
2-toothed mouth. Stigma exserted, long, filiform, hirsute. Fruit-
ing - perianth much compressed, broadly winged. Achene very
minute, ovoid, quite smooth.

KmrMapDec Istanps: Sunday Island, not uncommon at low elevations.
Flowers most of the year.

Nearly intermediate in characters between the Norfork Island B. australis
-and the Lord Howe Island B. calophieba, but apparently distinct from both.

638 URTICACER, (Parietarww

5. PARIETARIA, Tourn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, quite
entire, 3-nerved ; stipules wanting. Flowers polygamous, in axillary
cymes or glomerules, sessile, bracteate. Male flowers (often
hermaphrodite): Perianth deeply 3—4-partite; segments valvate.
Stamens 3-4, inflexed in bud. Female flowers: Perianth tubular
at the base, 3-4-lobed. Ovary free within the perianth; stigma
recurved, penicillate ; ovule solitary, erect. Achene enclosed in the
variously enlarged persistent perianth, crustaceous. Seed albumin-
ous ; cotyledons oblong or ovate.

A small genus of 7 or 8 species, generally distributed in both temperate and
tropical regions. The single New Zealand species has almost the range of the
genus.

1. P. debilis, Forst. Prodr. n. 387.—A slender flaccid more or
less pubescent diffusely branched annual herb 6-18in. high.
Leaves on long slender petioles; blade 4-14 in. long, broadly
ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, thin and
membranous, quite entire, green on both surfaces, 3-nerved from
the base. Cymes 3-7-flowered, almost contracted into sessile
clusters ; bracts linear, shortly united at the base. Hermaphro-
dite (or male) flowers usually in the fork of the cyme; perianth
almost unchanged in fruit. Female flowers lateral; perianth evi-
dently enlarged in fruit. Achene very minute, dark-brown, quite
smooth.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 354; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 226;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 252; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 188. Urtica debilis,
Endl. Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. 37; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 334; Raoul,
Choix, 42.

KERMADEC IsLANDS, NortH AND SoutH Istanps: Abundant as far south
as middle Otago. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Flowers spring and summer.

6. AUSTRALINA, Gaud.

Diffuse or creeping annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alter-
nate, petiolate, crenate-toothed or almost entire; stipules lateral,
free. Flowers monecious, in few-flowered axillary glomerules ;
glomerules unisexual or androgynous. Male flowers: 1-8 together
at the summit of a common peduncle. Perianth irregularly bila-
biate, the outer lip inflexed in bud. Stamen solitary. Rudi-
mentary ovary wanting. Female flowers solitary or few together,
sessile. Perianth ovoid-tubular, mouth contracted and obscurely
toothed. Ovary free within the perianth ; stigma linear, villous ;
ovule erect from the base. Achene enclosed in the persistent
perianth; pericarp thin, shining. Seed with scanty albumen;
cotyledons ovate.

A small genus of 6 species, 2 found in Australia, 1 of them extending to.
New Zealand, and 4 natives of South Africa and Abyssinia.

Australina. | URTICACES, 639

1. A. pusilla, Gaud. im Freyc. Voy. Bot. 505.—Stems very
slender, creeping and rooting, much and often intricately
branched, 3-12 in. long, more or less pubescent. Leaves 4-4 in.
long, broadly ovate or orbicular or broader than long, rounded
at the tip, cuneate or almost truncate at the base, obtusely cre-
nate, thin and membranous, pubescent on both surfaces; petiole
as long or longer than the blade. Male flowers 2-3 together or
solitary; peduncle variable in length, sometimes exceeding the
petiole. Perianth irregularly bilabiate, green, membranous, hispid.
Stamen large, exserted. Female flowers solitary or 2-3 together,
each on a very short peduncle or sessile, in the same or in a
different axil to the male inflorescence. Perianth very minute,
flask-shaped, 2-3-toothed at the constricted mouth. Style exserted,
villous.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 252; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 189. A.
nove-zealandiw, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 226. A. hispidula, Col.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 266.

Norte AND SoutH Is~tanps: Dark shaded woods from Hokianga and the
Bay of Islands to Foveaux Strait, but often very local. Sea-level to 1000 ft.

Orper LXXVII. CUPULIFERA.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, penninerved, entire or
toothed or lobed, never compound; stipules present, free, often
caducous. Flowers usually monecious. Males in erect or pen-
‘dulous spikes (catkins) sometimes shortened into globular or capi-
tate clusters. Perianth of 1-5 free or connate segments or want-
ing. Stamens 2-20, inserted on a torus or at the base of the
perianth-segments ; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. Female
flowers less numerous than the males, solitary or in few-flowered
‘catkins or clusters, often surrounded by scales or bracts which are
frequently united into an entire or lobed involucre. Perianth
adnate to the ovary or wanting, limb minute, annular or toothed.
Ovary inferior, 2-6-celled ; styles as many as the cells, stigmatic in
the upper part; ovules 1 or % in each cell, pendulous, anatropous.
Fruit a nut, enclosed or seated within the persistent and hardened
enlarged involucre. Seed usually solitary in each nut; albumen
wanting ; embryo with large and fleshy cotyledons, radicle supe-
rior.

An important order, including 10 genera and about 400 species, for the
most part confined to the Northern Hemisphere, and most abundant in the
temperate zone, extending southwards to the mountains of the Malay Archi-
pelago and Central America and Colombia, a very few species of one genus
alone found in the south temperate zone. The order includes the oak, chest-
‘nut, beech, hazel, hornbeam, birch, &c., and produces some of the most durable
and valuable woods known. The single New Zealand genus occurs in the
temperate regions of both hemispheres,

640 CUPULIFERZ. [Hagus.

1, FAGUS, Linn.

Trees or rarely shrubs. Leaves evergreen or deciduous ; stipules
caducous. Flowers moncecious. Males: In pendulous few- or
many - flowered heads or solitary; bracts scale- like, caducous.
Perianth campanulate, 4-6-lobed; lobes imbricate. Stamens 8-16
or more; filaments filiform, exserted; anthers oblong, obtuse or
sagittate at the base, loculicidally dehiscent. Females: Minute,
2-4 sessile within a 4-lobed involucre composed of numerous scales
grown together at the base. Perianth-tube trigonous, adnate to
the ovary; limb shortly 3-5-lobed. Ovary inferior, 3-celled;
styles 3, linear; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous from the top.
Fruiting involucres enlarged and hardened, more or less clothed
externally with scales or prickles, ultimately splitting almost to the
base into 4 (rarely 3) valves. Nuts enclosed within the involucre,
trigonous, 3-celled; cells 1-seeded. Seed pendulous; cotyledons
plaited.

A genus of about 18 species, found in the temperate and colder regions of
both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is now often divided into
two separate genera: one, Fagus proper, including the beeches of the Northern
Hemisphere, which have comparatively large leaves, many-flowered male heads
or catkins, and large fruiting involucres; the other, Nothofagus, comprising the
species from the Southern Hemisphere, in all of which the leaves are small, the
male heads 1-3-flowered, and the fruiting involucres very small indeed.

A. Fruiting twolucres clothed with recurved linear processes.
Leaves 4-4 in., ovate-rhomboid, coriaceous, doubly crenate 1. F. Menziesu.

B. Fruiting involucres with flat transverse lamella.
Leaves 3-14 in., broadly ovate, obtuse, thin, veined, pubes-

cent, deeply serrate ae Ac a6 5° 2. FS fasea:
Leaves ?-lin., oblong, apiculate, entire or obscurely

toothed towards the tip ‘5S 3. F. apiculata.
Leaves 3—} in., ovate, acute, entire, glabrous above, fulvous

beneath. Involucre 4-valved : 4. F. Blairii.
Leaves }-#in., oblong, obtuse, entire, elabrous above,

white beneath. Involucre 3-valved .. 5. F. Solandri.

Leaves 4-2in., ovate, acute, rounded or cordate at the
base, glabrous above, white ‘beneath. Involucre 3-valved 6. F. cliffortioides.

1. F. Menziesii, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 652.—A tall
forest-tree 60-80 ft. or even 100ft. high; trunk 2-5 ft. diam. or
more; bark white and silvery, especially in young trees; branchlets
clothed with fulvous pubescence. Leaves evergreen, shortly petio-
late, 44in. long, broadly ovate-deltoid or rhomboid or almost
orbicular, obtuse, shortly unequally cuneate at the base, thick
and coriaceous, rigid, glabrous except the petiole, irregularly
doubly crenate; margins thickened; stipules membranous, red-
dish, pubescent. Male flowers solitary, on short curved peduncles
in the lower axils of the branchlets. Perianth 4—6-lobed. Stamens.
6-12. Female involucres in the upper axils, 2-3-flowered. Fruit-
ing involucres ++ in. long, faintly pubescent ; lobes with 5-7 trans-

Fagus.| CUPULIFERZ. 641:

verse rows of recurved linear processes tipped with an obtuse gland.
Nuts puberulous, 3- or more rarely 2-winged, wings produced
upwards into sharp flat points.—Haoul, Choir, 42; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 229; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 249; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 89.
Nothofagus Menziesii, Oerst. am Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. v. ix. (1878)
359.

NorrH Istanp: Mountain forests from the Thames goldfields southwards,
but rare and local to the north of the Hast Cape. Souru Isuanp: Billy and
mountain forests from Nelson to Foveaux Strait, most plentiful on the west

side of the island. Sea-level to 3500 ft. Tawhai; Tawar; Silver-birch ;
Red-birch. + November-January.

Easily distinguished by the rigid doubly toothed leaves and recurved
glandular processes on the fruiting involucres. The wood is dark-red, strong
and compact, and easily worked, but is not durable when exposed to the
weather. It has been recommended for furniture, tubs and buckets, wine-
casks, &c., but is not largely used at the present time.

It is worth remarking that the tips of the branches are sometimes diseased
and conyerted into much-branched paniculate masses clothed with fulvous
imbricating scales, closely resembling a paniculate inflorescence in young bud.
On the under-surface of the leaves, at the junction of the main veins with
the midrib, there are usually 1-3 curious fringed pits or domatia, very similar
to those on the leaves of certain Coprosmas.

2. F. fusca, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 631.—A noble forest-
tree 60-100 ft. high; trunk 4-8ft.diam.; bark dark-brown or
black in old plants, deeply furrowed, smooth and greyish-white on
young trees ; branchlets and petioles pubescent. Leaves evergreen,
petiolate, 3-14 in. long, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or
rarely acute, cuneate at the base, rather thin but firm, pubescent
above and glandular beneath when young, glabrous when old,
deeply and sharply serrate, veins conspicuous; stipules linear-
oblong, caducous. Male flowers 2-3 at the end of a short curved
axillary peduncle or more rarely solitary, drooping. Perianth
5-toothed, membranous, pubescent. Stamens 8-16. Female
involucres solitary in the upper axils, 2—3-flowered. Fruiting in-
volucres 4-4 in. long, ovoid-globose, viscid-pubescent, 4-lobed ; lobes
furnished at the back with 3-5 transverse lamelle with entire or
fringed margins. Nuts pubescent, 2-3-winged, wings produced
upwards into entire or toothed peints.—Raoul, Choix, 42; Hook.
jf. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 229; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 249; Kirk, Forest Fl.
t. 90. Nothofagus fusca, Oerst. im Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. v. ix. (1878)
305.

Var. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 229.—Leaves more coriaceous,
teeth smaller, obtuse.—Jc. Plant. t. 630; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 90, f. 2. F.
truncata, Col.im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 280.

Nortx Istanp: In forests from Mongonui and Kaitaia southwards, but
local to the north of the Kast Cape. Souru Istanp: From Nelson to Foveaux
Strait, but rare in Canterbury and eastern Otago. Sea-level to 3500 ft.
Tawhai ; Tawhai-rau-nui; Black-birch ; Red-birch. October—December.

21—FI.

642 CUPULIFER. (Fagus.

A magnificent tree, undoubtedly the finest representative of the genus in
New Zealand, and well marked off by the comparatively thin veined leaves
with sharply toothed margins. Wood dark-red, strong and compact, more
durable than that of the other species, and frequently used for wharves, bridges,
fencing-posts, &ec.

3. F. apiculata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 335,—A
tall handsome tree 40 ft. high or more; trunk 2 ft. diam.; bark
pale, smooth; branchlets pubescent. Leaves petiolate, $-1 in. long,
oblong or ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, apiculate, cuneate at the
base, rather thin, glabrous, quite entire or minutely or,irregularly
crenulate, veins not very conspicuous ; stipules membranous,
linear-oblong. Male flowers 1 or rarely 2 at the end of a short
axillary peduncle, drooping. Perianth campanulate, membranous,
5-toothed. Stamens 8-14. Female involueres solitary in the axils
of the leaves above the male inflorescence, 2—3-flowered. Fruiting
involucres +-4in. long, narrow-ovoid, pubescent, 4-lobed ; lobes
with 2-4 transverse lamelle. Nuts pubescent, 2-3-winged, wings
produced upwards into entire points.— Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 135.

Var. dubia.—Leaves more coriaceous, oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse or

rarely apiculate, slightly pubescent beneath, upper half obscurely toothed or
sinuate.—F’. fusca, var. dubia and var. obsoleta, Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 91.

Norru Isutanp: Hawke’s Bay—Forests near Dannevirke and Norsewood,
Colenso! Var. dubia: Mungaroa and other localities near Wellington, Kirk !
November—December.

Very closely related to F. fusca, but I think sufficiently distinct in the
smaller and narrower leaves which in the typical form are distinctly apiculate
and either quite entire or very minutely crenulate, and in the smaller and
narrower involucres. Var. dubia was placed under F’. fusca by Kirk, and it
certainly approaches var. Colensoi of that species; but, on the whole, appears
to be nearer to F’. apiculata.

4, F. Blairii, T. Kork in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 297.—A
tall tree 40-60 ft. high ; trunk 2-3 ft. diam.; branchlets and petioles
pubescent. Leaves petiolate, spreading, 2-2in. long, 4-4in. broad,
ovate, acute or apiculate, rounded at the base, quite entire, cori-
aceous, glabrous above, beneath clothed with fulvous appressed
tomentum. Flowers not seen. Fruiting involucre ++in. long,
ovoid, glabrous, 4-lobed; lobes with 3-4 membranous transverse
lamella. Nuts 3-winged, broad at the base, narrowed above.—
Forest Fl. t. 57.

NorrH Isuanp: Forests near the source of the Wanganui River, Kirk!
‘Sourn Isutanp: Nelson—Wairau Valley, Buller Valley, Little Grey River, Kirk!
Otago—-Five-fingers Plain, W. N. Blair; Martin’s Bay, Buchanan; Lake
Wakatipu, Valley of the Dart, Kirk ! 1000-2500 ft.

An imperfectly known plant, apparently differing from F’. Solandri in the
broader ovate apiculate leaves, fulvous pubescence, and 4-valved fruiting invo-
lucre. Some specimens without flower or fruit, collected by Petrie near Arrow-
town, Otago, agree with F’. Blairii in the thick fulvous pubescence on the under-
surface of the leaves, but the leaves are more oblong and obscurely toothed or
sinuate, much as in F’. apiculata var. dubia.

Fagus 4 CUPULIFERA. 643

5. F. Solandri, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 639.—A lofty
forest-tree 40-80ft. high; trunk 2-5ft. diam.; bark black and
furrowed on old trees, pale and smooth on young ones ; eecie
closely pubescent. Leaves evergreen, shortly petiolate, 1-3in.
long, linear-oblong to elliptic- oblong, obtuse, cuneate and usually
unequal-sided at the base, quite entire, coriaceous, glabrous and
reticulated above, clothed with appressed greyish- white pubescence
beneath, margins recurved ; stipules membranous, caducous. Male
flowers axillary, either solitary or 2-3 on a short common peduncle.
Perianth broad and shallow, cup-shaped, shortly 4—5-toothed.
Stamens 8-15. Female involucres solitary in the upper axils,
sessile, 2-3-flowered. Fruiting involucres +in. long, ovoid, glabrous
or pubescent, usually 3-lobed ; lobes with three membranous trans-
verse lamelle. Nuts 2—3-winged, broad at the base, narrowed
above.—faoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 230; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 250; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 56. Nothofagus Solanderi, Oerst.
im Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. v. ix. (1873) 355.

NortH snp SourH Isnanps: Forests from the Kast Cape to the south of
Otago, usually in hilly or mountain districts. Sea-level to 2500ft. | Ta-
whai; Tawhai-rauriki ; Black-birch ; White-birch. November—December.

Wood pale-red, often streaked with black, not durable unless taken from
fully mature trees. Young trees often have the leaves distichously arranged,
with the under-surface glabrous or nearly so.

6. F. cliffortioides, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 673 and
t. 8168.—A small tree, usually from 20ft. to 40 ft. high, rarely
more, with a trunk 1-2 ft. diam., in alpine localities often dwarfed
into a much-branched bush 5-12 ft. high. Branches spreading,
often distichous, especially in young trees; branchlets densely
pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, distichous, 1-2in. long,
ovate-oblong or ovate or ovate-orbicular, acute or subacute, rarely
obtuse, always broadest at the unequally rounded or almost cordate
base, quite entire, very coriaceous, glabrous and reticulated above,.
more or less clothed with greyish-white appressed hairs beneath ;
margins thickened, often recurved ; stipules membranous, caducous.
Male flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs on very short peduncles,
often very abundantly produced. fPerianth broad, cup-shaped,
shortly 4-5-toothed. Stamens 8-15. Female involucres solitary
and sessile in the upper axils, 2-3-flowered. Fruiting involucres
$-tin. long, ovoid, pubescent, 3-lobed; lobes with two or three
transverse fringed lamelle. Nuts 2-3-winged, ovoid, acute.—
Fiaoul, Choix, 42; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 2830; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
250; Kirk, Forest Fl. tt. 101, 101a. Nothofagus cliffortioides,
Oerst. in Vidensk. Selisk. Skr. v. ix. (1873) 355.

Nortu Istanp: Mountain districts from the East Cape and Tongariro
southwards. SourH Istanp: Abundant in the mountains throughout, usually
forming the greater portion of the subalpine forests. Altitudinal range from
2000 ft. to 4500 ft., but descending to sea-level in the sounds on the south-west

coast of Otago. Tawhai-rauriki ; Mountain Beech or Birch. Decem ber-
January.

644 CUPULIFERZ. [Fagus.

Closely allied to 7’. Solandri, but much smaller, with the leaves truly ovate,
broadest at the base, and usually acute at the tip. Wood very similar to that
of F. Solandri.

Orper LXXVIII. CONIFERAS,

Resinous trees or shrubs, almost always evergreen. Leaves
opposite or whorled or alternate, solitary or fascicled within mem-
branous sheaths, rigid, subulate or linear or scale-like, rarely broad
and flat. Flowers moncecious or dicecious; males usually solitary,
catkin-like, deciduous; females often cone-like. Perianth always
wanting in both sexes. Male flowers reduced to the stamens only,
which are usually numerous; filaments connate into an oblong or
cylindrical central axis (staminal column); anthers placed around
the axis, stipitate or sessile; cells 2 or more, either adnate to the
back of the connective, or pendulous from its scale-like or peltate
summit. Female flowers of one or more erect or reversed naked
ovules, without ovary style or stigma, sessile on a scale (open car-
pellary leaf or carpidium) which is free or adnate to a bract; scales
rarely solitary, usually several or many, in the latter case forming:a
cone or head. Fruit composed of the enlarged hardened or succu-
lent scales or bracts, between which the seeds are hidden ; or the
mature seed may be exserted beyond the unchanged or fleshy scales
or bracts. Seeds winged or wingless ; testa thick or thin, membran-
ous or crustaceous or fleshy ; albumen copious, fleshy or farinaceous ;
embryo straight, axile, cotyledons 2 or more, radicle terete.

A large and important order, almost worldwide in its distribution, but most
abundant in the temperate part of the Northern Hemisphere; rare in the tropics,
except on high mountains ; fairly well represented in the south temperate zone,
Genera 33; species about 350. Many of the species yield valuable timber.
Pines, firs, larches, cedars, cypresses in the Northern Hemisphere ; the kauri,
totara, rimu, Huon pine, &c., in the Southern, are well-known timber-trees, of
great economic and commercial value. The mammoth tree of California
(Sequoia gigantea) is probably the largest known tree. One has been measured
400 ft. high, with a trunk 116 ft. in circumference. The resinous products of the
order are also of great importance. The most valuable are tar, turpentine, pitch,
and kauri-gum. The 5 genera found in New Zealand are all widely distributed
in the Southern Hemisphere, and one of them (Podocarpus) advances as far
north as China and Japan.

A. Female flowers cone-like. Seeds concealed by the overlapping scales of the
cone.

Leaves large, flat, oblong. Cones large, 2-3in. diam. ;

scales and seeds many os ae i .. 1. AGATHIs.
Leaves small, scale-like. Cones small; scales 4-6; seeds
2-4 me ae ay ae ans .. 2. LiBocEDRUS.

B. Female flowers not cone-like. Seed nut-like, exserted beyond the unchanged
or enlarged and fleshy scales.

Leaves small, linear and flat or scale-like. Peduncle of
fruit, together with the bracts, usually fleshy and en-

larged. Ovule reversed oe oc A 3. PoDOCARPUS.

Agathis. | CONIFER. 645

Leaves usually dimorphic, of mature trees small and scale-

like. Peduncle of fruit dry or fleshy. Ovule at first

reversed but ultimately erect. Seed seated in a mem-

branous or fleshy aril . 4. DacRYDIUM.
Branchlets expanded into broad and flat coriaceous leaf-

like cladodes. True leaves reduced to minute scales.

Ovule erect ne as ae ae .. 5, PHYLLOCLADUS.

’ 1, AGATHIS, Salisb.

Evergreen moncecious or dicecious trees, often of great size.
Leaves subopposite or alternate, broad, flat, coriaceous ; nerves
parallel. Male flowers solitary, axillary, peduncled ; peduncle fur-
nished with imbricate scales at the top. Anthers densely spirally
arranged on a cylindrical column ; cells 5-15, pendulous from the
top of a rigid stipes. Female cones terminating short branchlets,
broadly ovoid or globose; scales densely spirally arranged, tips
broad. Ovules solitary or rarely 2 at the base of each scale and
adnate to it, reversed. Mature cone globose or nearly so; scales
closely imbricating and appressed, broad, flattened, hard bu,
scarcely woody. Seeds 1 to each scale, very rarely 2, reversedt
compressed, ovate or oblong; testa thin, produced into a mem-
branous wing ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons 2.

A genus of 6 or 7 species of timber-trees, ranging through the Malay
Archipelago, north-east Australia, the Pacific islands, and New Zealand. The
New Zealand species is endemic, although stated by Parlatore (D.C. Prodr.
xvi. 2, 376) and Hichler (Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien ii. 1, 67) to occur in
‘Australia.

1. A. australis, Salish. in Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. (1807) 312.—
A lofty forest-tree, with a straight columnar trunk and rounded
somewhat bushy head, highly resiniferous in all its parts, usually
ranging from 80 to 100 ft. high, with a trunk 4-10 ft. diam., but
attaining an extreme height of 150 ft., with a trunk 15-22 ft. diam. ;
bark glaucous-grey, deciduous, falling off in large flat flakes.
Leaves subopposite or alternate, sessile, very thick and coriaceous ;
ot young trees lanceolate, 2-4in. long, +-4in. broad, gradually
passing into those of mature trees, which are 3-14 in. long, linear-
oblong or narrow obovate-oblong, obtuse. Blac oe Panicdcionat
males #-14in. long, cylindrical. Female cones obovoid in the
flowering stage, becoming almost spherical when ripe, erect, 2—3 in.
diam. ; scales broad, flat, rather thin, falling away from the axis at
maturity. Seeds 1 to each scale, ovate, compressed, winged.—
Kirk, Forest Fl. tt. 79 to 81. Dammara australis, Lamb. Pin.
ed. 1.2,14; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 325; Raowl, Choix, 41; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 231; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 256. Podocarpus zamiz-
folius, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 360.

Nort Isuanp: Abundant in forests from the North Cape to Tauranga and
Kawhia. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Kauri, of the resin kapia.

646 CONIFERZ. [Agathis.

The kauri-pine, too well known to require any detailed account. Timber
not excelled by any other for the variety of uses for which it is adapted, and
remarkable for its strength, durability, and the ease with which it is worked. The
resin, or ‘‘ kauri-gum,’’ so important for varnish-making, is still dug in large
quantities on the sites of previous forests, or obtained from those still living.

2, LIBOCEDRUS, Endl.

Usually tall trees. Leaves opposite, small and scale-like’ quad-
rifariously imbricate, either all equal and decussate, or flattened
on the branchlets, the lateral larger and keeled, those on the upper
and lower faces of the branchlets smaller and flat. Flowers
moncecious or dicecious; males terminal, solitary, oblong or ovoid
or almost globose, consisting of a staminal column sessile within
the uppermost leaves and bearing several or many decussately
placed anthers; connective scale-like, ovate, subpeltate; anther-
cells usually 4, pendulous. Female cones oblong or ovoid, terminat-
ing short branchlets ; scales 4 or 6, decussately opposite, the lowest
pair smallest and sterile, the second pair with 2 erect collateral
ovules at the base of each scale, the third pair when present sterile
and connate. Scales of the mature cones persistent, gaping, in-
durated, mucronate or horned at the back towards the tip.
Seeds solitary or rarely 2 at the base of each fertile scale, com-
pressed, unequally winged.

A small genus of 9 species, with a very singular distribution, 1 being found
in California, 2 in Chili, 2 in New Zealand, and 1 each in New Caledonia, New
Guinea, China, and Japan.

Branchlets of mature trees more or less compressed, not

tetragonous. Cones din. long .. 1. L. Domana.
Branchlets of mature trees always tetragonous. Cones
4-tin. long 3¢ xe Se se .. 2 L. Bidwilli.

1. L. Doniana, Endl. Syn. Conif. 43.—A tall forest-tree 30 to
70 ft. high or more, with a narrow tapering head; trunk 2-4 ft.
diam.; bark stringy, falling off in long ribbons. Branchlets dis-
tichous; of young trees vertical, much flattened and compressed,
11in. broad; of old trees horizontal, less compressed, but not
obviously tetragonous, ~4-4in. broad. Leaves quadrifarious, the
lateral larger, especially on young trees, where they are often +in.
long, sheathing and connate at the base, spreading, acute; those on
the upper and lower faces of the branchlets ;,—,4,in. long, tri-
angular, appressed to the branch. Male flowers about +in. long,
hardly broader than the branch; anthers 8-12; connective thin,
ovate, subpeltate. Female cones ovoid, about 4in. long, woody;
scales 4, spreading, each with a sharp curved spine at the back.
Seeds 2 to each cone.—Hanab. N.Z. Fl. 256; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 82.
Thuya Doniana, Hook. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. (1842) 571; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 231. Dacrydium plumosum, D. Don. in Lamb. Pin.
ed. 1. App. 143; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 330.

Libocedrus. | CONIFER. 647

Nort Isianp: In forests from Mongonui southwards to Hawke’s Bay and
Taranaki, but often rare and local. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Kawaka; New
Zealand Arbor-vita.

Wood dark-red, beautifully grained, said to be durable, but on account of
its scarcity little used. Very young seedlings have narrow linear-subulate
leaves spreading on all sides, but these soon pass into the quadrifarious stage.

2. L. Bidwillii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 257.—Very similar
to L. Doniana, but usually smaller, seldom more than 50 ft. high,
with a trunk 14-3 ft. diam., in subalpine or cool peaty localities
often reduced to a fastigiate bush or small tree 10-20 ft. high.
Branchlets of young trees closely resembling those of L. Doniana,
but rather narrower; of mature trees tetragonous, ;4,—, in. diam.,
densely clothed with almost uniform triangular acute closely
appressed leaves. Female cones like those of Z. Doniana, but
smaller, +-4in. long.—Kirk, Forest Fb. t. 83.

Nort anp SoutH Isnanps: From Te Aroha Mountain and Mount Egmont

southwards to Foyveaux Strait, not uncommon in hilly or mountain forests.
800-4000 ft. Pahautea; Cedar.

Often confounded with the previous species, but the obviously tetragonous
branchlets of the mature tree, with almost uniform leaves, are characteristic and
readily distinguish it. Wood soft, red, straight in the grain, easily split, and
apparently of great durability, but of low specific gravity and somewhat brittle.

3. PODOCARPUS, L’Herit.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, scattered or
imbricate or distichous, very diverse in size and shape. Flowers
dicecious or rarely moncecious ; males solitary or in fascicles of 2-5,
or laxly spicate along an elongated rhachis, usually stipitate, the
stipes furnished with imbricate bracts. Staminal column elongate,
cylindric ; anthers sessile, densely spirally crowded ; cells 2, parallel,
dehiscing longitudinally ; connective usually prolonged into a short
claw. Female flowers solitary or occasionally geminate, very rarely
spicate ; bracts or scales few, adnate with the rhachis into a swollen
fleshy or succulent peduncle or ‘receptacle’; ovuliferous scale
springing from the receptacle, ovoid, fleshy, bearing a single reversed
ovule. Seeds globose or ovoid, seated on the enlarged receptacle,
drupaceous or nut-like. Cotyledons 2.

About 60 species are known, scattered through the tropical and subtropical
regions of the Old World, from Japan and China southwards to New Zealand
and South Africa, also in most parts of South America; wanting in Europe,
North America, North Africa, and western Asia. The New Zealand species are
all endemic.

A. Flowers axillary.
* Male flowers solitary or 2-4 at the tip of a common peduncle.

Tree 40-100 ft.; bark thick. Leaves 3-1in., linear, rigid
and coriaceous, pungent. Male flowers subsessile. Nut
small, obtuse As be. ae be Yo ees Totarar

648 CONIFER. [Podocarpus.

Tree 25-60 ft.; bark thin, papery. Leaves 3-1} in., linear,
rigid and coriaceous, pungent. Male flowers evidently
stalked. Nut acute oe ae 4 .. 2. P. Haliu,

Erect shrub 3-10 ft.; branchesslender. Leaves lax, 4-1 in.
long, narrow-linear, pungent, thin .. as a

Diffuse or prostrate shrub 2-8 ft.; branches stout. Leaves
close-set, 4-%in., linear-oblong, obtuse, thick and
coriaceous.. se oC Bie Sc -. 4 P. mals.

Tree 50-80 ft. Leaves distichous, 4-3 in., linear, acute,
faleate. Fruit large, broadly oblong, succulent, ? in.
long ; a = — ae -

3. P. acutifolius..

5. P. ferrugineus.
** Male flowers numerous, spiked.

Tree 40-80 ft. Leaves distichous, 44 in., linear, obtuse.
Fruit globose, succulent, +4 in. diam. ete .. 6. P. spicatus.

B. Flowers terminating the branchlets.

Tree 80-120ft. Leaves of young trees distichous, fin. ; of
mature plants imbricate all round, +,-4in., subulate-
lanceolate, acuminate oe 4c 4 .. 7. PB. dacrydioides.

1. P. Totara, D. Don. in Lamb. Pin. ed. ii. (1832) 189.— A
lofty forest-tree 40-S80ft. or even 100ft. high; trunk 2-6 ft.
diam.; bark thick, furrowed, stringy and papery, capable of re-
moval in large sheets. Leaves dull brownish-green, spreading on
all sides or obscurely distichous, 4—lin. long, linear, straight or
shghtly falcate, acute, pungent, rigid and coriaceous, midrib
obscure. Flowers dicecious. Males 4—%in. long, stout, obtuse,
axillary, solitary or 2-3 together at the top of a very short stout
peduncle or almost sessile ; each flower with 4 bracts at the base.
Anthers numerous, crowded; connective toothed at the tip.
Female flowers axillary, solitary or geminate at the top of a
short swollen peduncle. Fruit ovoid-oblong, rounded at the tip;
peduncle usually much enlarged, red, succulent ; but occasionally
dry and shrivelled.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 328; Raoul, Choix, 41;
Hook. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 572, t. 19; Hook. f.. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 233; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 258; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 115. Pilger,
Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 84. P. Bidwillii, Howbrenk ex Endl. Conf.
213. P. Cunninghamii, Col. Visit to Ruahine Range, 58.

NorrH AND SouTH IsLAND : Common in forests from the North Cape to the
south-east of Otago. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Totara.

A magnificent tree, scarcely less valuable than the kauri; but, unlike it,
generally distributed throughout the colony. Wood red, straight - grained,
compact, extremely durable, much used for all kinds of building purposes and
constructive works. From its power of resisting the attacks of the teredo it is
particularly valuable for the piles of wharves, &c. The huge war-canoes of the
Maoris, which were often over 80 ft. in length, were carved from the trunks of
totara-trees, and it was also the favourite timber for their carved houses.

2. P. Hallii, T. Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 9, 94.— Very closely
allied to P. Totara, and perhaps a mere variety, but smaller, 25—
60 ft. high; trunk rarely exceeding 3ft. diam. ; bark thin, papery ;

Podocarpus. | CONIFER. 649

branches of young trees weak, slender. Leaves of young plants
usually distichous, spreading, 1-14 in. long, narrow linear-lanceo-
late; of mature trees inserted all round the branches, close-
set, ¢-lin. long, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, pungent, rigid
and coriaceous, midrib somewhat prominent beneath. Flowers
dicecious. Male flowers as in P. Totara, but usually solitary
and distinctly peduncled. Female flowers frequently geminate
on the short peduncle. Fruit narrow-ovoid, pointed; peduncle
usually enlarged and succulent.—P. Totara var. Hallii, Pilger,
Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 84.

NortH AnD SoutH Isnanps, Stewart IsuanD: In forests from Kaitaia and
Mongonui southwards, not uncommon. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

Iam very doubtful as to this being more than a variety of P. Totara, which
is the view held by Dr. Pilger. Young plants are easily distinguished by the
weak and often flexuous branches and larger leaves; but it must be confessed
that the mature foliage so closely resembles that of P. Totara that it is often
difficult to separate the two plants by that character alone. The thin papery
bark is, however, unmistakable. I fear that the shape of the fruit and the
length of the peduncle of the male flower are subject to variation. The wood is
similar to that of P. Totara, but is said to be inferior in durability. Mr. Kirk
suggests that Colenso’s P. Cunninghamii may be identical with P. Hallii ;
but the type specimen in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium appears to be P. Totara.

3. P. acutifolius, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 370,
t. 26.— An erect much-branched shrub 3-10ft. high; branches
slender, erect. Leaves usually rather lax, spreading, 4-1 in. long,
linear, straight, acuminate and pungent, sessile or nearly so, green,
coriaceous ; midrib indistinct ; margins slightly recurved. Flowers
dicecious. Males 1-4 in. long, solitary or in fascicles of 2-4 at the
top of an erect peduncle about 4in. long, each flower with 4 scarious
acuminate bracts at its base, forming a quasi involucre at the top
of the peduncle. Anthers numerous, closely packed; connective
obtuse. Female flowers minute, axillary, solitary or very rarely
geminate at the top of a short swollen peduncle. Fruit small,
ovoid, seated on the enlarged and fleshy bright-red peduncle.—
Forest Fl. t. 39; Pilger, Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 84.

SoutH Isxuanp: Marlborough—Rutland! Mount Duppa, Macmahon!
-Nelson—-Lake Rotoiti and upper part of the Buller Valley, Kirk! JT. F.C. ;
Hope Valley, 7. F. C. 1500-3000 ft.

Allied to P. nivalis, but at once recognised by the erect slender habit and
narrow pungent leaves. From P. Totara it is separated by the small size, much
more slender habit, and narrower thinner leaves.

4. P. nivalis, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 582.— A much-branched
erect or prostrate shrub 2-8 ft. high; branches wide-spreading,
often rooting at the base. Leaves close-set, sessile, not distichous,
spreading or recurved, +—2 in. long, linear to linear-oblong or narrow
linear-obovate, obtuse, apiculate, narrowed to the base, very thick
and coriaceous, midrib prominent beneath, margins thickened.
Flowers dicecious. Males axillary, solitary or 2-4 at the top of

650 CONIFER, [Podocarpus.

a slender peduncle, variable in length, very slender, +-lin. long.
Anthers very numerous, often laxly placed; connective obtuse.
Female flowers solitary, axillary, seated on the top of a short
swollen peduncle. Fruit a small oblong-ovoid nut; peduncle much
enlarged, fleshy and succulent, bright-red, usually with 2 acute
projections at the top (adnate bracts), 1 on each side of the nut.—
Faoul, Choiz, 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 232; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
257; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 40; Prlger, Pflanzenretch, iv. 5, 86.
P. montanus, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 395.

NorrH snp SourH Istanps: Subalpine localities from the summit of
see ie (Cape Colville) and Hikurangi southwards, not uncommon. 2000-
5500 ft.

5. P. ferrugineus, D. Don. in Lamb. Gen. Pinet. ed. ii. (1832)
189.—A tall forest-tree 50-80 ft. high with a rather narrow round-
topped head; trunk 1-3 ft. diam.; bark greyish-brown or almost.
black, scaling off in large flakes. Leaves distichous, close-set,
spreading, 4—? in. long, linear, falcate, acute or subacute, 1-nerved,
margins recurved, red-brown when dry; those of young plants
longer, narrower, and more acute. Flowers dicecious. Males.
axillary, solitary, sessile, cylindric, equalling or rather longer than
the leaves. Anthers numerous, closely packed; connective obtuse.
Female flowers solitary or very rarely geminate at the top of a
curved peduncle clothed with minute scale-like bracts. Fruit
large, broadly oblong, drupaceous, ? in. long, reddish-purple with
a glaucous bloom, top of the peduncle not enlarged nor succulent.—
A. Cunn. Precur.n.327; Raoul, Chovx, 41; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 542 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 232; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 257; Kirk, Forest
Fi. t. 84; Palger, Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 66.

NortH AND SoutH Isianps, Stewart Istanp: Abundant in forests.
throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Miro; Toromiro; Black-pine.

Wood strong, hard and compact, straight-grained, not durable in exposed

situations. The fleshy drupes form the chief food of the wood-pigeon during
the winter months.

6. P..spicatus, #&. Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 40.—A tall
round-headed forest-tree 40-80ft. high; branches numerous,
crowded, erect; trunk 2-4 ft. diam.; bark black or bluish-black,
scaling off in large flakes. Young plants with long slender flexuous
and pendulous branches, clothed towards the tips with reddish-
brown leaves. Leaves of mature plants distichous, +-3in. long,
linear, straight or slightly falcate, obtuse or apiculate, coriaceous,
green above, glaucous beneath. Flowers dicecious. Males numerous,
4_1in. long, linear, obtuse, horizontal, arranged in axillary spikes.
Authers closely packed ; connective ovate, acute. Female flowers.
in 3-8-flowered spikes. Fruit black or nearly so, globose, succulent,
4-1in. diam.; fleshy receptacle wanting.—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 543 ;.

4 3

Raoul, Choix, 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 232; Handb. N.Z. Fl.

Podocarpus. | CONIFER. 651

958; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 4, 5; Pilger, Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 68.
P. Matai, Lamb. ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 741. Dacrydium
taxifolium, Banks and Soland. ex Lamb. Pin. ed. ii. 119. D. Mai,
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 329. Prumnopitys spicata, Kent im Veitch
Man. Conif. ed. 11. 157.

Nort AnD SoutH Isnanps, StpwaRt IstAND: Not uncommon in forests
from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Matai; Mai;
Black-pine.

A very distinct species, at once recognised by the spicate flowers and globose
fruit. Wood brownish, hard, heavy, close-grained, of great strength and dura-

bility. This and the preceding differ from the remaining New Zealand species
in wanting the succulent receptacle to the fruit.

7. P. dacrydioides, A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. O00; tS SA
lofty tree 80-100it. or 120ft. high, in swampy localities often
growing gregariously and forming dense forests ; trunk 2-5 ft. diam.
Leaves of two forms: those of young trees distichous, }—+ in.
long, linear, faleate, upturned and acuminate at the tip, decurrent
at the base, flat, nerveless; of mature trees inserted all round
the branch and appressed to it, imbricated, #,-$in. long, subu-
late-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Flowers dicecious. Males
solitary, terminal, 3-+in. long; anthers crowded; connective
ovate, acute. Female flowers minute, solitary, terminating the
branchlets ; peduncle and bracts swollen. Fruit a black ovoid
nut about +in. long, seated on the greatly enlarged bright-red
succulent peduncle.— Raoul, Choi, 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 2338; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 258; Kirk, Forest Fil. t. 31, 32; Pulger,
Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 57. P. thuyoides, Rk. Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav.
Rar. 41. Dacrydium excelsum, D. Don. in Lamb. Pin. ed. ii. App.
D. ferrugineum, Van Houtte ex Gord. Pin. 590. D. thuyoides,
Banks and Sol. ex Carr. Conif. 479.

NorrH anp SourH Istanps, Stewart Isptanp: In lowland forests from
the North Cape southwards, abundant. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Kahikatea ;
Kahika ; White-pine.

One of the tallest trees in the colony, said to occasionally attain the height
of 150ft. The wood is white or pale-yellow, tough and compact, straight-
grained, and easily worked, but unfortunately not durable when in contact
with the ground or where regularly exposed to damp. It is very suitable for
inside work of all kinds, but is liable to the attacks of a small boring beetle.

4. DACRYDIUM, Solana.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually dimorphic; of old trees small
and scale-like, closely imbricate; of young trees or of the lower
branches of old ones longer and narrower, spreading, linear or linear-
subulate. Flowers dicecious or more rarely moncecious. Males soli-
tary at the tips of the branchlets and sessile amongst the uppermost
leaves. Staminal column oblong or cylindrical; anthers sessile,
spirally imbricate ; cells 2, globose, contiguous, deflexed ; connec-
tive prolonged into a terminal claw or spur. Female flowers at or

652 CONIFERZ. [Dacrydium.

near the tips of the branchlets, the bracts hardly differing from the
foliage leaves. Ovuliferous scale free, at length exceeding the
bract ; ovule solitary, at first more or less reversed, at length erect.
Seeds ovoid, nut-like, seated within a membranous or fleshy cup-
shaped aril. Cotyledons 2.

About 16 species are known, natives of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Aus-

tralia and Tasmania, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and Chili. All the species
found in New Zealand are endemic,

A. Leaves of young plants spreading, linear, flat, abruptly passing imto the
smaller mature scale-like leaves. Nuts 1-5 together.

Height 50-80 ft. Leaves of young trees 1-1} in., shortly
petiolate. Mature branchlets nearly terete. Nuts

1-5, usually 3-4... is Fe es oe) LDDs) Karka.
Height 15-30ft. Leaves of young trees 4—3in., shortly

petiolate. Mature branchlets tetragonous, stout.

Nuts 1-2 .. A ac tc Ae .. 2. D. biforme.
Height 2-10ft. Leaves of young trees }-4in., sessile.

Mature branchlets tetragonous. Nuts1-2 .. .. 3. D. Bidwitlii.

B. Leaves of very young plants spreading, linear, terete, passing by gradual
transitions into the mature scale-like imbricating leaves. Nuts usually
solitary.

Height 60-100ft.; branchlets pendulous. Leaves of
mature plants ;,-tin., subulate, trigonous. Receptacle
below the female flower often fleshy .. ve oh

Height 20-40 ft.; branchlets not pendulous. Leaves of
young trees (second stage) trigonous, not distichous.
Mature branchlets ;,in. diam.; leaves ~,—1, in. long,
obtuse. Nuts solitary ; aril short : ac 48

Height 20-50ft., branchlets not pendulous. Leaves of
young trees (second stage) flat, triangular, decurrent,
often distichous. Mature branchlets ;4—; in. diam. ;
leaves #)-jyin. long, subacute. Nuts often 2; aril
large, sometimes reaching the middle of the nut .. 6. D. Colensot,

Prostrate, 3-18 in. long; branches straggling. Leaves of
mature plants either spreading, 4{—,in. long, or im-
bricating, s—s5 in. is 3c *s

1. D. Kirkii, F. Muell. ex Parl. in D.C. Prodr. xvi. ii. 495.—A
tall tree 50-80 ft. high; trunk 2-3 ft. diam.; bark greyish-brown ;
lower branches spreading, upper more erect. Leaves of two forms :
those of young trees and on the lower branches of old ones large,
erecto-patent, 1-14 in. long, linear, subacute, narrowed into a very
short twisted petiole, flat, pale-green, coriaceous ; midrib distinct ;
margins slightly cartilaginous. Leaves of the upper and fertile:
branches small and scale-like, densely quadrifariously imbricate
and appressed to the almost terete branchlets, #,-4 in. long, ovate-
rhomboid, obtuse, thick and coriaceous, obtusely keeled on the
back; margins thin, membranous. Flowers dicecious. Males soli-
tary, terminal, sessile, }+in. long. Females at the tips of the
branchlets, forming a short oblong head ++4in. long. Nuts 1-8.

4, D. cupressinum.

5. D. intermedium.

7. D. laxifolium.

Dacrydium. | CONIFER. 653

(usually 3-4), oblong, obtuse, compressed, striate, about 4 in. long. —
Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 390, t.19; Forest Fl. t. 97;
Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 1219; Pulger in Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 46.

Nort Isuanp: In forests from Hokianga to the Manukau Harbour, rare
and local. Whangaroa, Hector and Buchanan! between Hokianga and the
Northern Wairoa, Petrie! between the Bay of Islands and Whangarei, R. Mair!
T. F.C.; Great Barrier Island, Kirk! Titirangi (near Auckland), 7. F.C.
Sea-level to 2000 ft. Monoao.

A handsome tree, distinguished from its immediate allies by the large size,
the large leaves of the young trees and lower branches of the old ones, the
almost terete fertile branchlets, and the usually numerous nuts. The transition
from the long linear leaves of the young state to the small scale-like leaves of
the old plant is most abrupt. Both forms can often be found on the same
branch. The wood is pale brownish-red, strong and compact, and exceedingly
durable.

2. D. biforme, Pilger in Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 45.—A small tree
15-30 ft. or 40ft. high, in alpine localities often dwarfed to a
few feet; trunk short, 1-2ft. diam.; bark dark-brown ; branches
stout, clothed with the persistent and indurated leaves; mature
branchlets tetragonous. Leaves of two forms; those of young
plants and on the lower branches of old ones spreading, $-$in.
long, #,-;4,in. broad, linear, acute, narrowed into a very short
broad often twisted petiole, flat, coriaceous ; midrib distinct.
Leaves of old or fertile branchlets small and scale-like, densely
quadrifariously imbricate and closely appressed, 34-7; in. long,
triangular or rhomboid-triangular, obtuse, very thick and coriaceous,
stoutly and prominently keeled on the back. Flowers diccious.
Males solitary, terminal, sessile, about 4in. long; anthers 4-6;
connective ovate, obtuse. Female flowers near the tips of the
branchlets. Nuts 1-2 (usually solitary), oblong, obtuse, striate,
compressed, about ;1, in. long.—D. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 234, and Handb. N.Z. Fl. 259 (not of Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 548) ; Kirk
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 890; Forest Fl. t.96. Podocarpus(?)
biformis, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 544.

Norte Istanp: Mountain districts from Tongariro and the Ruahine
Mountains southwards, not common. SoutH Isuanp, Stewart Isnanp: Not
uncommon in mountain forests throughout. Usually from 2000 to 4500 ft.,.
but descends to sea-level in the south-west of Otago and on Stewart Island.
Yellow-pine ; Tar-wood.

This is for the most part the D. Colensoi of the Flora and the Hand-
book ; but, as shown elsewhere, not the plant originally described under that
name by Sir W. J. Hooker.

3. D. Bidwillii, Hook. f. ex T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x.
(1878) 888.—A closely branched erect or prostrate shrub 2-10 ft.
high ; lower branches spreading, sometimes reclinate and rooting ;
upper more erect, frequently giving a pyramidal form to the plant ;
trunk short, 3-9in. diam. Leaves of two forms; those of young
plants and on the lower branches of old ones spreading, crowded,

654 CONIFER. [Dacrydium.

4itin. long, linear, obtuse, sessile by a comparatively broad base,
flat, coriaceous; midrib usually distinct. Leaves on the upper and
fertile branches small and scale-like, densely quadrifariously ap-
pressed, =, in. long, triangular, obtuse, very thick and coria-
ceous. Flowers diccious. Males solitary, terminal, sessile, +,—4 in.
long. Female flowers near the tips of the branchlets. Nuts 1 or
2, small, striate, compressed, obtuse, about 4, in. long.—Forest FI.
t. 837; Pulger in Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 46.

Var. a, erecta, Kirk.—Main branches ascending or erect, giving the plant
.a pyramidal or almost fastigiate outline.

Var. b, reclinata, Kirk.—Main branches prostrate or horizontal.

Norra Isnuanp: Summit of Moehau (Cape Colville), Adams! Ruahine
Mountains, Colenso! lake Rotoaira, Tryon! Ruapehu, Rev. F. H. Spencer!
SoutH Isuanp, SrEwart Is~taAnpD: Not uncommon in subalpine localities
throughout. Usually from 2000-4500 ft., but descending to sea-level in Stewart
Island.

A near ally of D. biforme, principally differing in the smaller size and
remarkably distinct habit, in the smaller linear leaves, which are sessile by
a broad base, and in the more slender branchlets and smaller nut. When seen
growing it is distinguished without any difficulty, but dried specimens not
showing the linear leaves are easily confounded with slender states of
D, biforme.

4. D. cupressinum, Soland. ex Forst. Pl. Hscul. 80.—A tall
forest-tree 60-80ft. or even 100ft. high, with a comparatively
small round-topped head when mature, but pyramidal when young,
with very long pale-green pendulous branches ; trunk 2-5 ft. diam. ;
bark dark-brown, scaling off in large flakes. Leaves imbricating
all round the branch ; of young trees lax, ascending, 4-4+in. long,
linear - subulate, acute, almost acerose, decurrent at the base;
gradually passing into those of the mature trees, which are much
‘smaller and more closely set and more appressed to the branch,
;,-+ in. long, linear, acute, trigonous, keeled at the back. Flowers
dicecious. Males solitary or rarely 2 together at the tips of the
branchlets, oblong ; connective broadly ovate, acuminate. Female
flowers solitary on the curved tips of the branchlets. Nut ovoid,
barely compressed, about $in. long, seated within a cup-shaped
aril; receptacle and bracts sometimes enlarged, fleshy and coloured,
at other times remaining dry and unaltered.—A. Rach. Fl. Nowv.
Zel. 361; A. Cunn. Precur. nu. 332; Raoul, Choix, 41; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 233; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 258; Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 18-22 ;
Pilger in Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 53. Thalamia cupressina, Spreng.
Syst. iii. 890.

Nort AND SouTH IsnANpDs, Stewart Istanp: Abundant in forests through-
out. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Rimu ; Red-pine.

A well-known tree, the young state of which, with its graceful shape and
pale-green pendent branches, is perhaps as beautiful and attractive as any tree

Dacrydium. | CONIFER. 655:

in New Zealand. The wood is deep-red, strong, hard, and heavy, but often
twisted in the grain. It is largely used for building purposes of all kinds and for
the manufacture of furniture, but is not nearly as durable as either kauri or

totara.

5. D. intermedium, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878)
386, t. 20.—A small tree 20-40 ft. high or more; branches spread-
ing; trunk 1-2 ft. diam., rarely more; bark brownish-grey. Leaves:
of very young plants lax, spreading, ++in. long, narrow linear-
subulate, acute, curved, terete ; gradually passing into the leaves of
young trees, which are closer-set, squayrose or erecto-patent, 4-1 in.
long, broadly subulate, trigonous, acute. These again pass by im-
perceptible transitions into those of mature trees, which are densely
quadrifariously imbricate and appressed to the branch, ;4—4, in.
long, ovate-triangular or rhomboid, obtuse, keeled, very thick and
coriaceous. Flowers dicecious or rarely moneecious. Males usually
abundantly produced, solitary, terminal, sessile, about +in. long;
anthers numerous; connective broadly triangular, acute. Female
flowers solitary at the tips of the branchlets. Nut oblong, obtuse
or apiculate, faintly striate, not compressed, 4-4 in. long, enclosed
at the base in a short cup-shaped aril.—VForest Fl. t. 86; Pilger in

Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 51.

NortH Is~tanp: Between the Bay of Islands and Whangarei, R. Mair!
Great Barrier Island, Kirk ! from Cape Colville to the Thames goldfields and
Te Aroha, Kirk ! Adams! T.F.C.; from Lake Taupo to the Ruahine Mountains.
and the Tararua Range, Colenso! Tryon! Mair! A. Hamilton! Souru Isuanp,.
Stewart IsuanD: Not uncommon in mountain forests, chiefly on the western
side of the island. Sea-level to 4000 ft. Mountain-pine ; Yellow Silver-pine.

Wood reddish-yellow, highly resinous and very inflammable, of great
strength and durability; largely used in Westland (together with D. Colensoi),
for railway-sleepers, telegraph-poles, &c.

6. D. Colensoi, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 548 (not of Hook. f.).—A
small tree 20-40 ft. high or more, very similar in mode of growth
to D. intermedium, but rather taller and more conical, with a
straighter and cleaner trunk; branchlets more slender, often
flexuous, j,—;4,1n. diam. Leaves of very young plants lax, spread-
ing, +4 in. long, narrow linear-subulate, terete, decurrent at the
base; gradually passing into the leaves of young trees, which are:
more closely set, 4-4 in. long, lanceolate or narrow - triangular,.
acute, falcate, flat, decurrent at the base, often more or less spreading
in one plane, giving the branchlets a distichous appearance. These:
pass by insensible gradations into those of mature trees, which
are small and scale-like, densely quadrifariously imbricate and
appressed to the branch, ;4,-;4, in. long, rhomboid, obtuse or sub-
acute, thick and coriaceous, keeled, apex often incurved. Flowers
dicecious. Males solitary, terminal, sessile, 4-4in. long; anthers
numerous ; connective broad, triangular, acute. Female flowers at
the tips of the branchlets. Nuts 1 or 2, oblong, obtuse, not com-

656 CONIFERZ. [Dacrydium.

pressed, about 4, in. long, enclosed for 4 of their length or more in
a lax cup-shaped aril.— Pilger in Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 51. OD.
Westlandicum, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 387, t. 18;
Forest Fl. t. 85; Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 1218.

Nortu Istanp: Between Mongonui and Kaitaia, Carse! Whangaroa,
Hector ! between the Bay of Islands and Whangarei, Colenso; Great Barrier
Island, Kirk! Waimarino Forest, Kirk! SourH Istanp: Not uncommon
along the West Coast from Collingwood to Martin’s Bay, Kirk! Spencer!
Townson! Brame! Helms! &e. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Silver-pine ;
Monoao.

Very close to the preceding ;e but the leaves of the young trees are much
flatter, more decurrent, and often distichous ; the mature leaves are smaller and
the branchlets more slender; and the nuts are smaller, often 2 together, and
are enclosed sometimes almost as far as the middle in the unusually well-
developed aril. The wood is yellowish- white, straight-grained, strong and
compact, very durable. It is exported from Westland to all parts of the colony
for railway-sleepers, and has been used with good results for the framework of
bridges, wharves, &c.

D. Colensoi is a species which has been much misunderstood. By nearly
all writers the name has been applied to the mountain-plant originally described
by Sir W. J. Hooker in the ‘‘ Icones Plantarum”’ (t. 544) as Podocarpus(?) biformis,
the Dacrydium biforme of this work, although the two species are in reality
totally different. The mistake appears to have originated in the ‘‘ Flora Nove
Zealandiz,” where Sir J. D. Hooker quoted Podocarpus(?) biformis as a syno-
nym of D. Colensoi. His description is based entirely on D. biforme, and
the localities given (Dusky Bay, Menzies; Tongariro and Ruahine Mountains,
Colenso; mountains near Nelson, Bidwill) all unquestionably refer to the same
plant. It is curious that, although the original plate of D. Colensoi is cited in
the Flora, no reference is given to the locality in which the species was first
discovered. From a letter of Mr. Colenso’s sent with the type specimens, and
published in the London Journal of Botany (Vol. i. p. 301), this appears to have
been the rough forest country between Whangarei and the Bay of Islands—a
station quite 250 miles to the north of the northern limit of D. biforme. Early
in the preparation of this work a comparison of the original descriptions and
figures convinced me that, although the plate of Podocarpus(?) biformis was
a very faithful representation of the plant to which all New Zealand botanists,
following the example of Sir J. D. Hooker, at that time assigned the name of
Colensoi, it by no means corresponded with the original plate of D. Colensot.
Not only did the two plants differ in a marked degree in habit and foliage, but
the figures given of the fruit of D. Colensoi were so unlike that of D. biforme as
to make their specific distinctness beyond all doubt. It therefore became
necessary to restore Podocarpus(?) biformis to the rank of a species under the
name of D. biforme. Further study of the original plate of D. Colensoi made it
clear that two subsequently described species—D. intermedium and D. West-
landicum—were evidently close allies, intermediwm so far as the foliage was
concerned, Westlandicum with respect to the fruit. Under these circumstances
I applied to Kew with the object of having these two plants compared with the
type specimens, but, unfortunately, it was found that the latter were no longer
in the herbarium. About this time Dr. Pilger, of Berlin, took up the study of
the Taxace@ for ‘‘ Das Pflanzenreich.’’ Fortunately he found one of Colenso’s
original specimens in the Imperial Herbarium at Vienna. He has thus been
able to compare it with the other New Zealand species, and has satisfied him-
self that it is identical with D. Westiandicum. I willingly accept this determi-
nation, although D. Westlandicum usually has much more slender branches
than those figured in the original plate. I am also glad to take this opportunity
of referring New Zealand students to Dr. Pilger’s memoir, which contains
carefully prepared descriptions of the whole of the New Zealand Taxads, and
much valuable information respecting them.

Dacrydium.| CONIFERS. 657

7. D. laxifolium, Hook. f. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iv.
(1845) 143.—A small prostrate shrub with very slender trailing
branches 3-24 in. long; rarely suberect, and reaching a height of
2ft. Leaves of young plants lax, spreading, 4-1 in. long, narrow-

Flowers dicecious or moncecious. Males solitary, terminal, sessile,
++in. long. Female flowers solitary and terminal. Nut small,
erect, oblong, obtuse with a small curved apiculus, about fin. long;
receptacle sometimes dry, sometimes swollen and succulent. — Jc.
Plant. t. 825; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 234; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 259; Kirk
m Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 388; Forest Fl. t. 87; Pilger in
Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 50.

NorrH Isnanp: Tongariro, Bidwill, Hector! T. F. C.; Ruapehu, Rev.
Ff. H. Spencer! Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! H. Hill! Hamilton! Sours
IstanpD, Srewart IsnanD: Common in mountain districts throughout.
Usually between 2500ft. and 4000ft., but descends to sea-level in Stewart
Island.

A very remarkable little species, probably the smallest known pine.
Fruiting specimens can often be seen barely 3in. in diameter, although the
usual size of the plant is more. The minute imbricated leaves are often
entirely wanting, even in old plants; at other times both imbricated and
‘spreading leaves occur on the same branch,

5. PHYLLOCLADUS, L. ©. Rich.

Trees or shrubs; branches often whorled; branchlets flattened
and expanded into rigid and coriaceous toothed or lobed leaf-like
cladodia. True leaves reduced to linear scales. Flowers mone-
cious or dicecious. Males fascicled at the tips of the branchlets,
catkin-like, peduncled ; each peduncle arising from the axil of a
leafy bract. Staminal column oblong or cylindrical; anthers
numerous, densely spirally imbricate, 2-celled; connective pro-
longed into an acute claw. Female flowers sessile on the margins
of the cladodia or on peduncle-like divisions of the cladodia. Ovuli-
ferous scales 1 or several, thick and fleshy, free. Ovule solitary,
erect. Seeds erect, ovoid or oblong, compressed, protruding from
the enlarged and fleshy scales, each seated within a cup-shaped
aril. Cotyledons 2.

Besides the 3 species found in New Zealand, there is one in Tasmania,
another in Borneo, and a sixth in New Guinea and the Philippine Islands. The
genus is remarkable for the flattened cladodes or leaf-like branchlets, which take
the place of the true leaves, these last being reduced to linear deciduous scales.
The New Zealand species have been excellently described and figured by Mr.
Kirk in Vol. x. of the ‘‘ Transactions of the New Zealand Institute’ and in his
*« Forest Flora.”

658 CONIFER. [Phyllocladus..

* Cladodes pinnately arranged.

Tree 50-70 ft. Cladodes 4-lin. Female flowers on the

margins of the cladodes i. a8 oe .. 1 P. trichoma-
noides.
Tree 25-40ft. Cladodes 1-24in. Female flowers pe-
duncled on the rhachis below the cladodes .. 2. P. glaucus.
** Cladodes simple.
Shrub or tree 5-25ft. Cladodes 4-lin. Female flowers
on the margins of the cladodes near the base .. .. 3. P. alpinus.

1. P. trichomanoides, D. Don. in Lamb. Pin. ed. ii. App. —
A tall graceful tree 50-70 ft. high; trunk 1-3 ft. diam.; branches.
whorled, slender, spreading. Cladodes or flattened leaf-like branch-
lets alternate and distichous on whorled rhachises 1-3 in. long,.
each rhachis and its cladodes resembling a pinnate leaf; each
cladode 4-lin. long, obliquely cuneate or rhomboid, thick and
coriaceous, lobed or pinnatifid, the lobes truncate or erose ; veins
spreading. Leaves of seedling plants $-$in. long, narrow-linear,.
soon deciduous ; of older plants reduced to minute subulate scales at
the base of the rhachises of the cladodes or of the cladodes them-
selves. Flowers monecious. Males in fascicles of 5-10 at the tips.
of the branchlets, $-4in. long. Females on the margins of modified
cladodes at the tips of the branchlets, cladodes much reduced in.
size, often little more than a peduncle, each flower in the axil of a.
minute subulate bract. Nuts solitary, compressed, half exserted
beyond the thickened and fleshy scales; aril cupular, with an
irregularly crenulate margin.— A. Cunn. Precur. n. 326; Raoul,
Choiz, 41; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 549, 550, 551; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 235; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 259; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
x. (1878) 881; Forest Fl. t. 6,7; Pilger im Pflanzenreich, iv. 5, 97.
P. rhomboidalis, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 363 (not of L. C. Rich.).

NortH Istanp: In forests from the North Cape to Taranaki and Hawke’s
Bay, not uncommon, Sourn Is~tAnpD: Northern portions of Nelson and
Marlborough, advancing along the West Coast as far south as Westport.
Sea-level to 2500 ft. Tanekaha ; Toatoa; Celery-leaved Pine.

Wood white, close-grained, free from knots and other defects, very service-
able for sleepers, piles, the timbers of bridges, and probably for general building
purposes. Bark often used for tanning, and by the Maoris for the preparation of
a red dye.

2. P. glaucus, Carr. Trait. Gen. Conif. 502.—A small hand-
some tapering tree 25-40 ft. high; branches stout, whorled; trunk
12-18 in. diam., rarely more. Cladodes or flattened leaf-like branch-
lets alternate and distichous on a rhachis 4-12in. long, glaucous.
when young, 1-24in. long, rhomboid or obliquely ovate-cuneate,
extremely coriaceous, deeply or coarsely toothed or lobed, lobes
obtuse or acute. True leaves on seedling plants 4-1 in. long, linear,

\
\

Phyllocladus.] CONIFERS. 659

obtuse, membranous; on mature plants chiefly developed at the
base of the young rhachises and falling away very early. Flowers
dicecious or moneecious. Males very numerous, in fascicles of 10-20
at the tips of the branches, $-1 in. long, on stout peduncles of equal
length. Female flowers forming globose heads terminating short
stout distichous peduncles (modified cladodes) springing from the
rhachis below the cladodes ; fully ripe heads $in. long. Nuts 8-20,
compressed, about tin. long, half exserted beyond the thickened
scales; aril cupular. — Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. i. (1868) 149;
x. (1878) 380; Forest Fl. t. 98, 99; Pulger in Pflanzenreich, iv.

0, 95.

Norto Istanp: Between Whangape and Hokianga, Kirk! between
Hokianga and the Northern Wairoa, Petrie! Puhipuhi Forest, R. Mair!

‘Great Barrier Island, Omaha, Kirk! Waitakarei Ranges, T. F. C.; from Cape

Colville to the Thames goldfields and Te Aroha, Kirk! Adams! T. F. C.
Wairoa South, Kirk! near Titiraupenga, T. Ff. C. Sea-level to 2000 ft.
Toatoa.

A very distinct species, quite the most handsome of the New Zealand

“‘Taxads, and easily recognised by the robust branches, very large cladodes, and

large female flowers. Carriére’s description, founded on garden specimens of
doubtful origin cultivated in France, hardly agrees with wild specimens, but
‘probably refers to the same species.

3. P. alpinus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 235, t. 53.—A shrub or
small tree, usually from 8 ft. to 25ft. high, but in exposed alpine
localities often reduced to a bush of 3-6ft.; branches numerous,
short, stout, spreading; trunk short, 6-l4in. diam. Cladodes

‘simple, crowded, spreading, 4-14 in. long, variable in shape, linear-

oblong to oblong-rhomboid, obtuse or acute, very coriaceous,

glaucous, lobed or pinnatifid, lobes usually obtuse. True leaves on

seedling plants linear, +-4in. long. Flowers monecious. Males
in fascicles of 2-5 at the tips of the branchlets, +-tin. long;
peduncles short, sometimes almost wanting. Females forming
globose heads towards the base of the cladodes or on the margins
-of modified ones. Fully ripe heads about }in. diam. ; scales fleshy,
bright-red. Nuts small, compressed, exserted beyond the scales; aril
eupular, margin irregularly lobulate.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 260; Kirk
am Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 382; Forest Fl. t. 100; Pilger in
Pflanzenreich, iv. 5,98. BP. trichomanoides var. alpinus, Parl. in
D.C. Prodr. xvi. 2, 498.

NortH anp SoutH IsuAnps: In subalpine and mountain forests from
Cape Colville and Te Aroha to Foveaux Strait, abundant. Usually from
1500 ft. to 5000 ft., but descends to sea-level in Westland and in the south of
Otago. Mountain Toatoa.

Very closely allied to the Tasmanian P, rhomboidalis, L. C. Rich. (P.
aspleniifolius, Hook. f.), principally differing in the position of the female
flowers. It is a very important constituent of the subalpine forests of the South

aes particularly at high altitudes.

660 ORCHIDER.

OrperR LXXIX. ORCHIDESA,.

Herbs, either terrestrial and tuberous-rooted, with annual
herbaceous stems; or epiphytes with creeping rhizomes emitting
fibrous or fleshy roots and bearing simple or branched leafy stems
often thickened into pseudobulbs. Flowers hermaphrodite, soli-
tary or in spikes or racemes or panicles, often large and showy.
Perianth superior, irregular, of 6 free or more or less combined
segments, in 2 series; the 3 outer (sepals) all similar or the
dorsal one larger and more concave than the 2 lateral which are
always alike; the 3 inner (petals) always dissimilar (except in
Thelymitra), the 2 lateral alike, but the third (called the lip, or
labellum) usually exceedingly different, often spurred, lobed, fringed,
or furnished with glands or other appendages. Stamens and style
confluent into a fleshy variously shaped central body facing the lip,
called the column; anther usually solitary (2 in Cypripedium),
placed on the front, top, or back of the column, and either free
or adnate to it, persistent or deciduous, usually 2-celled; pollen
granular or waxy, usually cohering in each cell into 1, 2, or 4 pairs
of pollen-masses (pollinia), which are either free or attached, directly
or by a caudicle, to a gland on the apex of the stigma (rostellum).
Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovules numerous, on 3 parietal placentas ;
stigma a viscid depression towards the top or on the front of the
column, below the anther, facing the lp, upper margin often pro-
duced into a beak or point called the rostellum. Fruit a 1-celled
3-valved capsule; seeds numerous, very minute; testa loose, reticu-
late; albumen wanting; embryo solid, fleshy.

A very extensive and distinct family, found in almost all parts of the world,
but rare or absent in extreme northern or southern latitudes, and on the tops of
high alpine mountains. Most of the species found in temperate countries are
terrestrial; but in the tropics the greater number are epiphytes, growing upon
the branches or trunks of trees or on rocks. The genera are estimated at 340,
the species at 5000. Notwithstanding the great extent of the order, it is
singularly deficient in useful plants. The only one possessing any commercial
importance is vanilla, the scented pods of which are used for flavouring delicate
dishes or liqueurs. The great beauty and singularity of the flowers of many of
the tropical species have caused them to be extensively cultivated in hothouses,
and probably over 2000 distinct species are now grown by European horti-
culturists.

The close affinity existing between the flora of New Zealand and that of
Australia is nowhere better shown than in the Orchidee. Out of 21 genera.
found in New Zealand, 19 occur in Australia as well, and 8 are absolutely con-
fined to the two countries, while several others have a very limited additional
range. The only genera with a wide distribution are Dendrobium, Bulbophyllum,
and Spiranthes. Earina, which does not occur in Australia, is found in the
Pacific islands, while Townsonia is endemic.

A. Epiphytes with creeping rhizomes, perennial stems, and evergreen leaves.
Poilinia waxy, free or attached by caudicles to the rostellum.

* Pollinia free.
The New Zealand species with slender much-branched
stems, no pseudobulbs and axillary flowers. Lateral
sepals and lip adnate to the base of the column .. 1, DENDROBIUM,

ORCHIDEX. 661

The New Zealand species forming small matted patches

on the trunks of trees, furnished with pseudobulbs.

Flowers on a scape rising from the base of the pseudo.

bulb. Lip jointed on to the base of the column, mobile 2. BuLnBopHynLuM.
Stems leafy, unbranched. Flowers in terminal panicles.

Lateral sepals free. Lip 3-lobed ae 0 .. 93. KARINA.

** Pollinia attached to the rostellum by a caudicle.

Stems short, leavesfew. Flowers small, in lateral racemes.
Lip 3-lobed “F An ae me -. 4, SARCOCHILUS.

B. Terrestrial, with tuberous roots and annual stems. Pollinia granular or
powdery.
* Leaves long, very narrow-linear, flat or terete.
a. Leaves more than one.

Flowers numerous, on a spirally twisted spike. Dorsal

sepal and petals connivent into a hood. Lip undivided 5, Sprranruus.
Flowers several, spicate. Dorsal sepal broad, hooded;

lateral linear or filiform, erect. Lip 3-lobed .. 7. ORTHOCERAS.

b. Leaf solitary.

Sepals, petals, and lip all similar in shape, petaloid.
Column very short, not attached to the lip at the

base avs He 66 6 .. 6, THELYMITRA.
Dorsal sepal concave. ’ Petals much smaller. Surface of
lip covered with long hairs. Column very short .. 14, CaLocHILus.

Dorsal sepal concave. Lip uppermost, undivided, usually
with an adnate gland on the disc. Column es short,

with two lateral erect appendages... 9. PRASOPHYLLUM.
Dorsal sepal concave. Lip below, entire or 2-lobed.
Column very short .. 8. Microris.

Sepals and petals all linear. “Lip uppermost, articulate,

clawed ; lamina Bae? irritable and mobile. Column

long, winged j oe re at .. 10. CALEANA.
Sepals and petals narrow. Lip entire or 3-lobed, not

jointed or irritable, disc with glandular processes,

margin often fringed. Column long, winged above .. 16. CALADENIA.

** Leaves shorter, two or several, oblong or lanceolate or linear.

Leaves numerous; radical broad, sometimes wanting ;

cauline narrow. Flowers hood-shaped, green. Lateral

sepals united at the base. Lip narrow, irritable, with a

basal appendage... dec ne .. 11. PrERostytris,
Leaves 2-3, lanceolate. Upper sepal broad, concave;

lateral narrow. Lip broad, papillose or ridged. Column

not winged .. 15, LYPERANTHUS,
Leaves 2, radical, oblong. Upper sepal broad, “concave ;

lateral narrow-linear. Lip broad, with raised glands on

.the disc. Column winged, wings produced into 2 erect

lobes at the top ae ae Si at .. 17. CHILOGLOTTIS.

*** Leaf solitary, broad.

Flower solitary, large, purple. Upper sepal broad, con-
cave; lateral and petals long and filiform or minute.
Lip large, broad, involute. Column very short .. 20, CORYSANTHES,

662 ORCHIDE.

Flower solitary. Upper sepal narrow, concave; lateral
and petals lanceolate. Lip 3-lobed; disc with raised
glands. Column long, winged above; wing produced
upwards into 2 toothed lobes ge ev . 18. ADENOCHILUS.
Flowers 1 or 2. Upper sepal broad, concave; lateral
lanceolate. Petals minute. Lip broad, undivided ;
disc smooth. Column long, equally winged, wings not

produced upwards .. ie 5 x .. 19. TOWNSONTA.
Flowers several. Sepals and petals narrow, acuminate.
Lip spreading, broad, concave. Column long .. .. 12. ACIANTHUS.

Flowers 2-3. Sepals and petals linear, obtuse. Lip
spreading, narrow, flat. Column long, winged above.. 13. CyRrosTyYLis.

**** Tieafless. Stem tall, with brown sheathing scales.
Sepals and petals united into a 5-lobed ventricose tube .. 21, GAsTRODIA.

The above clavis is purely artificial, and is solely intended to facilitate the
determination of the genera. The following arrangement, which is adapted
from Hooker and Bentham’s ‘‘Genera Plantarum” and Engler’s ‘‘ Pflanzen-
familien,’’ is more natural and shows the sequence adopted in this work :—

Tribe I, EpIDENDRE®.—Anther lid-like, usually deciduous; cells parallel, dis-
tinct. Pollinia waxy, 1-4 in each cell, free, or those of each cell connected
by a viscid appendage, not attached by their bases or by a caudicle to the
rostellum.

1. DENDROBIUM. 2. BULBOPHYLLUM. 3. HARINA.

Tribe II. VANDEa.—Anther lid-like, usually deciduous, resting on the rostel-
lum; cells usually confluent. Pollinia waxy, usually 2 or 4 in superposed
pairs, attached singly or in pairs to a gland or process of the rostellum,
which comes away with them when they are removed.

4, SARCOCHILUS.

Tribe III. Nsnorrima:.—Anther lid-like or erect and persistent; cells distinct,
parallel. Pollinia granular or powdery.

Subtribe 1. Spiranthee.
5, SPIRANTHES.

Subtribe 2. Thelymitree.
6. THELYMITRA.

Subtribe 3. Diuridee.
7. OrnrHoceRAS. 8. Microris. 9. PRASOPHYLLUM.

Subtribe 4. Pterostylidee.
10. CALEANA. 11. PTEROSTYLIS.

Subtribe 5. Caladenie.

12. ActanrHus. 13. Cyrtostynis. 14. CaLocuinus. 15. LypERANTHUS. 16.
CALADENIA. 17. CHILOGLOTTIS. 18. ADENOcHILUS. 19. ToWNSONTA.
Subtribe 6. Pogoniee.

20. CORYSANTHES.

Subtribe 7. Gastrodiece.
21. GASTRODIA.

Dendrobium. | ORCHIDES. 663:

1. DENDROBIUM, Swartz.

Epiphytes. Stems long and branching, or short and simple and
thick, sometimes reduced to pseudobulbs. Leaves coriaceous or
fleshy, never plaited. Flowers often large and handsome, rarely
small. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones dilated at the base,
and obliquely adnate to the foot of the column, forming a short
spur or pouch. Petals about as long as the upper sepal. Lip
contracted at the base and adnate to the produced foot of the
column, rarely clawed, usually 3-lobed; lateral lobes embracing
the column or spreading; middle lobe broad or narrow, spread-
ing or recurved ; disc often lamellate. Column short, produced
at the base, winged or angled or toothed at the top. Anther
terminal, lid-like, 2-celled; pollinia 4, free, compressed, in col-
lateral pairs in each cell.

A large genus of about 300 species, most abundant in the Malay Archipelago,
but extending as far north as Japan, and southwards through Australia and

Polynesia to New Zealand. The single species found in New Zealand is endemic,
but is closely allied to the Polynesian D. biflorwm, Swartz.

1, D. Cunninghamii, Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub. t. 1756.—Stems
usually much branched, slender, rigid, wiry, terete, polished, 1-4 ft.
long; usually pendulous, but small specimens growing on rocks or
in exposed places are often erect. Leaves numerous, distichous,
alternate, 3-2in. long, 4-4in. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid
and coriaceous, striate and more or less conspicuously 3-nerved ;
sheaths truncate, grooved and transversely corrugated. Peduncles
shorter or longer than the leaves, usually 1-3-flowered, rarely
3-6-flowered; pedicels slender; bracts short. Flowers #in.
diam., white and pink. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute ;
lateral rather larger, broader at the base. Petals about equalling
the sepals, oblong, obtuse. Lip attached by a short claw to the
foot of the column, 3-lobed; lateral lobes small, ascending ; middle
lobe spreading, large, almost as broad as long; margins undulate ;
dise with 4 or 5 thin lamelle. Capsule oblong, 4in. long.—A.
Cunn. Precur. n. 316; Raoul, Chow, 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 240; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 262. D. biflorum, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 167, t. 26 (nct of Swartz). D. Lessonii, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xv. (1888) 326.

NortH anD SoutH Isnanps, STEWART Istanp: Lowland districts from
the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. December-February.

For some notes on the fertilisation, see a paper by Mr. G. M. Thomson in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. 419. I cannot separate Mr. Colenso’s D. Lessonii from
the ordinary state of the plant, even as a variety.

2, BULBOPHYLLUM, Thouars.
Epiphytes. Rhizome creeping, often matted, usually more or
less clothed with scarious sheathing scales. Pseudobulbs sessile in
the axils of the scales, each crowned with 1 or rarely 2 leaves.

664 ORCHIDEH. (Bulbophyllum.

Flowers small or large, solitary, spiked or racemed on a peduncle
arising from the base of the pseudobulbs. Sepals nearly equal, the
lateral ones adnate to the foot of the column. Petals usually
smaller than the sepals. Lip contracted at the base and jointed on
to the produced foot of the column, usually small and recurved,
generally mobile. Column short, erect, produced at the base, often
2-aristate at the top. Anther terminal, lid-like, 2-celled; pollinia 4
(rarely 2), free, in pairs in each cell.

A genus of nearly 100 species, with its chief centre of distribution in
tropical Asia, but also found in tropical Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and
sparingly in South America.

Leaves 4-lin. Peduncles 2-4-flowered. Lip orange-red... 1. B. twberculatum.
Leaves }+-4in. Flowers solitary. Lip white .. .. 2 B. pygmeum.

1. B. tuberculatum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 336,
and xxii. (1890) 488.—Forming densely matted patches on the trunks
or branches of trees. Pseudobulbs +tin. long, broadly oblong or
nearly orbicular, almost smooth and unwrinkled when fresh, deeply
rugose when dry, more or less clothed with white bullate scales.
Leaves solitary on the pseudobulbs, 4-lin. long, linear-oblong,
acute at both ends, thick and fleshy, slightly concave above, midrib
prominent beneath, striate, under-surface with minute whitish dots.
Peduncles very slender, almost filiform, $—-?in. long, 2—4—flowered ;
pedicels short; bracts minute. Flowers 4in. long, white with a
bright reddish-orange lip. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, subacute ;
lateral larger, triangular, broad at the base. Petals triangular,
much smaller than the sepals. Lip almost as long as the sepals,
hinged on to the produced base of the column; lamina oblong-ovate
or subhastate, truncate at the base, concave, very thick and fleshy,
lower part of disc with 2 minute raised ridges. Column very short,
stout, 2-winged at the top. Capsule broadly oblong, 4in. long.—
B. exiguum, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 397 (not of F.
Muell.).

NortH Isnanp: Auckland—Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews! Lower Waikato,
Carse! Kast Cape district, Kirk. Hawke’s Bay—Petane, A. Hamilton! Wel-
lington—Palmerston North, 4. Hamilton! Souru Istanp: Nelson—Colling-
wood, Dail! April-May.

A charming little plant. It was referred by Mr. Buchanan to the Australian
B. exiguum, and no doubt is closely allied to it, principally differing in the
smaller size and more compact habit, shorter peduncles, shorter and broader
sepals and petals, and broader and thicker bright orange-red lip.

2. B. pygmeeum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 58.—Minute, form-
ing densely matted carpets on the trunks of trees or on rocks.
Pseudobulbs 4-4 in. diam., globose or globose-depressed, glabrous,
much wrinkled when dry. Leaves solitary on the pseudobulbs,
springing from a minute circular sheath, +4 in. long, linear-oblong,
obtuse, very thick and coriaceous, grooved down the middle and

:

Bulbophylium.] ORCHIDES. 665

minutely echinulate above, naked and longitudinally nerved beneath.
Peduncles solitary from the base of the pseudobulbs, very short,
4+in. long, 1-flowered; bract minute. Flowers very minute,
whitish. Upper sepal narrow-ovate, acute; lateral rather larger,
broadly triangular. Petals shorter than the sepals, oblong, sub-
acute. Lip clawed on to the projecting foot of the column; claw
long; lamina ovate, obtuse, thickened, disc with indistinct ridges.
Ovary broadly oblong, gibbous, minutely echinulate.—A. Cunn.
Precur. 0. 317; Raoul, Choir, 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 240;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 263. 3B. ichthyostomum, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxvi. (1894) 319. Dendrobium pygmeum, Smith in Rees
Cyclop. xi. n. 27.

NortH AND SoutH IstAnps: From the North Cape to Otago; in the South
Island chiefly on the western side. Sea-level to1500ft. November—February.

Ido not see upon what grounds Mr. Colenso has separated his B. ichthyo-
stomum. The type specimens in his herbarium appear to me to be typical
B. pygmeum.

3. EARINA, Lindl.

Epiphytes. Stems tufted, simple, compressed; pseudobulbs.
wanting. Leaves distichous, alternate, narrow-linear. Flowers
rather small, in terminal simple or branched bracteate racemiform
panicles. Sepals about equal, spreading, free. Petals similar to
the sepals. lip affixed to the base of the column or its slightly
produced foot, 3-lobed; lateral lobes small or large; middle lobe
broad, entire or emarginate or 2-lobed. Column short, stout, some-
times produced at the base. Anther terminal, lid-like, 2-celled ;
pollinia 4, waxy, aggregated in pairs in each cell, free or cohering
at the base by a short viscid appendage. Capsule oblong.

Besides the two species found in New Zealand, which are endemic, there
are four others from the Pacific islands.

Slender. Panicles slender; flowers remote. Lip deeply
3-lobed ; disc eglandular ty ae oe
Stout. Panicles stiff; flowers close. Lip very obscurely
3-lobed ; disc with 2 ridges .. ae Sic ac

1. H. mucronata.
2. H. suaveolens.

1. E. mucronata, Lindl. in Bot. eg. sub. t. 1699.—Rhizome
creeping. Stems numerous, 1-3 ft. long, slender, simple, pendulous
or rarely erect, smooth, compressed and 2-edged, spotted. Leaves
3-6in. long, 4-4in. broad, narrow-linear, acuminate, flat, smooth,
thin but coriaceous, very finely striate. Panicle terminal, slender,
sparingly branched, 2—5in. long, many-flowered ; bracts clasping,
striate. Flowers rather distant, sessile, tin. diam. Sepals and
petals linear-oblong, spreading, obtuse, pale-yellow. Lip darker
yellow with a brownish-orange spot at the base, deeply 3-lobed ;
middle lobe broader than long, again divaricately 2-lobed; disc
eglandular. Column short, stout. Pollinia attached at the base
to a short caudicle. Capsule oblong, tin. long.—A. Cunn. Precur.

666 ORCHIDER. (Harima.

n. 315; Raoul, Choiz, 41; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 481; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 239; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 262. HE. quadrilobata, Col. m
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 325.

NortH AND SoutH Isnanps, SrEwaRt IsuaND, CHaTHAM IsLANDS: Not
uncommon in lowland districts throughout. Sea-level to 2000 ft. October-
December.

2. H. suaveolens, Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1843) Misc. 61.—Stems
stout, erect or pendulous, slightly compressed, 6-18in. high.
Leaves 2-4 in. long, 1-4 in. broad, narrow-linear or narrow linear-
lanceolate, acute, rigid, coriaceous, striate, midrib evident. Panicle
terminal, stiff, 2-41n. long, many-flowered; branches numerous,
close-set; bracts sheathing, striate. Flowers sessile, much closer
together than in H. mucronata, }-4in. diam., waxy-white with a
yellow centre, very fragrant. Sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse. Petals
rather broader, obovate, narrowed at the base. lip erect at
the base and then bent outwards, broad, concave, very obscurely
8-lobed, disc with 2 crescent-shaped glands towards the base,
margins undulate. Column short, stout. -Pollinia pyriform, at-
tached to a short caudicle at the base.—H. autumnalis, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 239; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 262. E. alba, Col. mm Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 267. Epidendrum autumnale, Forst. Prodr.
n. 319. Cymbidium autumnale, Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal. vi.
(1799) 72; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 169.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, STEWART IsLAND: Not uncommon in low-
land forests from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. March-
June.

A handsome species, easily distinguished from H. mucronata by the shorter
and stouter habit, more rigid leaves, denser panicles, waxy-white flowers, and
almost entire lip, which has two raised ridges near the base. Mr. Colenso
apparently published his H. alba under the supposition that H. swaveolens has
no glands on the lip, but they are always present. Some notes on the fertilisa-
tion are given by Mr. G. M. Thomson in the Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. 418.

4. SARCOCHILUS, R. Br.

Epiphytes. Stems short, rarely long; pseudobulbs wanting.
Leaves distichous, flat, oblong or linear, coriaceous or fleshy.
Flowers racemose or spicate ; peduncles lateral. Sepals spreading,
almost equal, free; the lateral ones often broader at the base and
adnate to the produced foot of the column. Petals similar to the
sepals or narrower. Lip attached to the base of the column, usually
3-lobed ; lateral lobes small or large, fleshy or petaloid ; middle lobe
often greatly reduced; disc usually with callosities. Column erect,
semiterete, not winged, produced at the base. Anther terminal,
lid-like, 2-celled; pollinia 2, or 4 more or less connate in pairs,
waxy, attached by a strap-shaped caudicle to the rostellum.
‘Capsule linear or linear-oblong.

Sarcochilus. | ORCHIDEZ. 667

A genus of about 30 species, most of them from India, the Malay Archi-
pelago, and Australia; a few from the Pacific islands, and one from New
Zealand.

1. S.adversus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 241.—Roots numerous,
long, wiry, terete. Stems short, 1-3 in. long, concealed by the im-
bricated sheathing bases of the leaves. Leaves few, distichous,
spreading, 1-24in. long, 4—?in. broad, linear-oblong to elliptic-
oblong, obtuse or subacute, jointed above the sheathing base, thick
and coriaceous, dark-green, often spotted with purple. Peduncles
1-4 from the axils of the lower leaves, slender, strict, 1-24 in. long,
5-15-flowered ; pedicels slender, erect ; bracts small, broadly ovate.
Flowers small, 4-tin. diam, green spotted with purple. Sepals
oblong-ovate, obtuse. Petals similar but slightly narrower. Lip
as broad as long, obscurely 3-lobed, very concave, with a fleshy
gland on each side; tip obtuse, somewhat hooded. Column very
short, stout. Capsule linear-oblong, 4-4 in. long.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
263. S. breviscapa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 332.

Norts anp Soury Isnanps, Srfwart IsLnAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Low-
land districts from the North Cape southwards, not common. October-
November.

5. SPIRANTHES, L. C. Rich.

Terrestrial herbs, with fibrous or tuberous roots. Stems leafy
or sometimes leafless at the time of flowering. Flowers small,
spirally arranged in a terminal spike. Sepals subequal; the dorsal
one erect, more or less connivent with the petals into a hood;
lateral free, erect or spreading. Lip sessile or clawed, concave,
closely embracing the column at its broad base, often spreading and
dilated at the tip; disc usually with tubercles or lamelle near
the base. Column short, terete. Anther erect, ovate or oblong,
2-celled ; pollinia after dehiscence pendulous from the gland of the
rostellum.

A genus of about 80 species, generally dispersed through most temperate or
tropical regions.

1. S. australis, Lindl.in Bot. Reg. t. 823.—Root of several stout
and fleshy almost tuberous fibres. Stem variable in size, 6—20in.
high, stout or slender, glabrous or nearly so below the inflorescence.
Lower leaves varying from 2 to 6, 2-6in. long, narrow-linear or
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sheathing at the base; upper ones
reduced to sheathing scales. Spike slender, 2-6in. long or more,
spirally twisted, glandular-pubescent. Flowers numerous, small,
sessile, close-set or rather distant, j,-4 in. long, rose-pink or white ;
bracts ovate, acuminate, usually as long as the flowers. Upper
sepal oblong, obtuse, connivent with the petals into a hood; lateral
free, acute. Lip broadly oblong, concave; the lower part embracing
the column and bearing a small rounded gland on each side at the

668 ORCHIDEA. [Spiranthes.

base; upper part spreading and thickened; margins usually much
erisped. Ovary glandular.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 15; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 272; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 314. §. novee-zealandie, Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i, 243.

Norra Istanp: Auckland—Near Ohora, 7. F'. C.; Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews !
Great Barrier Island, Kirk; near Auckland, 7. Ff. C.; Upper Waikato, Colenso ;
Rotorua, 7. 7. C. Taranaki—Swamps near New Plymouth; Ngaire Swamp,
T. F.C. SoutH Isnanp: Okarito, A. Hamilton. Sea-level to 1500 ft. Janu-
ary—February.

Also found in Australia, and in many parts of tropical and temperate Asia.

6. THELYMITRA, Forst.

Terrestrial herbs, usually glabrous. Root of oblong or ovoid
tubers. Leaf solitary, linear or lanceolate, often thick and fleshy
but not terete; empty sheathing bracts 1 or 2 along the stem.
Flowers few or many in a terminal racéme, sometimes reduced to
one. Sepals and petals similar and equal or nearly so, spreading.
Lip similar to the petals, quite free from the column at the base.
Column short, erect, broadly 2-winged ; the wings either produced
behind the anther with a variously lobed or fringed or rarely entire
margin, or with 2 prominent lateral lobes as long or longer than
the anther; at the base the wings extend between the column and
the lip and are united. Anther in front of the produced wing of the
column or between its lateral lobes, erect, 2-celled; connective
often produced ; pollinia 2 in each cell, friable.

A genus of probably over 30 species, mostly natives of Australia and New
Zealand, one species only being found in New Caledonia, and two in the Malay
Archipelago. It is remarkable from the lip being quite ‘free from the column
and resembling the petals and sepals, so that the perianth has little of the
irregular appearance of an orchid, but rather resembles that of an Ixia or
Sisyrinchium. The New Zealand species are much alike in habit and general
appearance, and in most cases cannot be distinguished from one another when
out of flower, or when dried. Even when in the flowering state they require
careful study before their differential characters can be understood. The fol-
lowing analysis is in several respects imperfect, but is the best that I can
offer in the present state of our knowledge. I have in my herbarium specimens
of at least three additional forms, but they cannot be safely described until more
complete material is available.

A, Cucullaria. Colwmn-wing extending behind the anther and usually over-
topping it, hood-shaped, variously lobed or fringed, the lateral lobes tipped
with a dense brush of cilia.

Column-wing with 3 short denticulate or fimbriate lobes at

the back between the lateral lobes .. nt .. 1. T. iatoides.
Column-wing with a broad entire or emarginate lobe
between the lateral lobes, which are shorter thanit .. 2. TJ. longifolia.

Column-wing with a truncate or bifid scarcely hood-
shaped lobe between the lateral lobes, which are longer
thanit .. a4 so ‘e Pt Se

Column-wing with a hood-shaped lobe between the lateral
lobes, which are much longer than it. Sepals and petals
linear-oblong Le - H. ee

3. T. intermedia.

4. T. Colensot.

Thelymitra. | ORCHIDEZ. 669

B. Macdonaldia. Colwmn-wing extending behind the anther but shorter than it
and not hood-shaped, variously lobed or crenate or fimbriate.

Tall, slender, 9-18in. high. Flowers 3-8, large, ?—-lin.

diam., blue-purple .. BE Kt .. 5. LT. pulchella.
Flexuous and wiry, 4-10in. _ high. Flowers 1-3, 4in.
diam., flesh-coloured ai: se .. 6. 7. imberbdis.

C. Biaurella. Colwmn-wing not extending behind the anther, but with 2 pro-
minent erect lateral lobes.

Flowers 3-6. Lateral lobes of the one eae exceeding

the short broad anther é0 so le I BORO.
Flowers 1-4. Lateral lobes of the column- wing not so

long as the rather narrow anther we Hs .. 8 TZ. undflora.

T. concinna and T. nervosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 207, and
T. fimbriata, |.c. xxii. (1890) 490, are unknown to me.

1. T. ixioides, Swz. in Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. xxi. (1800)
928, t.3.—Stem slender, 9-18in. high. Leaf rather long but shorter
than the stem, narrow-linear, thick, channelled in front. Flowers
2-8 or more in a raceme 2-6in. long, rather large, 2-1 in. diam.
‘Sepals, petals, and lip broadly oblong or elliptic- oblong, obtuse or sub-
acute. Column short, stout, not half as long as the perianth ; the
broad wing continued behind the anther and “overtopping it, 3-lobed
at the back and with a lateral lobe on each side at the front angle;
lateral lobes the highest, pointing forwards and upwards, linear,
tipped with a small dense tuft of cilia; the 3 intermediate lobes
broader and shorter, truncate, denticulate or crenate, the middle
one usually crested on the back. Anther rather narrow, pointed,
much longer than the rostellum.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. ia be 1OBBe
Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 317; Fitzgerald, Austral. Orchid. ii. pt. 3;
Berggr. in Minneskr. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund. (1877) 22.

Norra Isuanp: Auckland — Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews! Whangaroa,
Petrie! Bay of Islands, Berggren; Te Aroha and Rotorua, Petrie! (specimens
‘not in a fit state for accurate determination, but apparently the same). Sep-
tember—November. Also in Australia.

2. T. longifolia, Forst. Char. Gen. 98, t. 49.—Very variable in
‘size and degree of robustness, stout or slender, 3-18in. high. ‘Leaf
short or long, often overtopping the flowers in short-stemmed speci-
mens, narrow-linear or linear-lanceolate, varying in breadth from
4 to2 in. or even more, flat or involute, thick and coriaceous or fleshy,
grooved and nerved. Flowers 2-16 in a raceme 1-6in. long or
sometimes solitary, variable in size, 3-2in. diam., colour varying
from white to pink or blue. Sepals and petals oblong-ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; lip usually broader and more
obtuse. Column short, stout; the wing continued behind the
anther and much longer than it, 3-lobed; the middle lobe the
highest, broad, rounded, hood-shaped and projecting forwards over
the anther, emarginate or shallowly 2-lobed, margins smooth,

670 ORCHIDEZ. [Thelymitra..

entire; lateral lobes short, linear, terminated by a dense brush
of white cilia. Anther much exceeding the rostellum.—Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 270; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 319; Fttzgerald,
Austral. Orch. i. pt. 6. T. Forsteri, Swz. in Vet. Akad. Handl.
Stockh. xxi. (1800) 228; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 165, t. 25, f. 25.
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 809; Raoul, Choix, 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 243. T. stenopetala, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 69. 'T. nemoralis.
and T. purpureo-fusca, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 249.
T. alba, Col. l.c. xviii. (1886) 272. T. cornuta, Col. l.c. xx. (1888):
206.

NortH anp SoutH IsLanps, Stewart IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, AUCK-
LAND IstaNps: Abundant from the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape
southwards. Sea-level to 4000 ft. Makaika. November—December..
Also in Australia and Tasmania.

Found in all soils and situations (except in the dense forest) and correspond-
ingly variable. Its best distinguishing character is the large middle lobe of the
column-wing, which forms a smooth rounded hood projecting over the anther
and usually overtopping the lateral lobes, which are most densely ciliate at the
tips. For an account of the fertilisation, see a paper by myself in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xiii. 291.

3. T. intermedia, Berggr. in Minneskr. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund.
(1877) 21, t. 5, f. 21-24.—Size and habit altogether that of slender
forms of TJ. longifolia, and flowers similar in general appearance.
Column-wing continued behind the anther and 3-lobed as in
T. longifolia; but the intermediate lobe is much shorter, so that
the tip of the anther is exserted beyond it, and the anterior angle
on each side is incurved and acute; the lateral lobes longer, erect,
exceeding the intermediate lobe, terminated by a much smaller and
less dense tuft of cilia.

NorruH Istanp: Bay of Islands, Berggren.

I only know this through Dr. Berggren’s figure and description. It may be
the same as the following, but that is a question that can only be settled by
actual comparison of the types.

4. T. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 271.—*‘ Very slender,
8-12in. high. Leaf very narrow-linear, flexuous. Flowers 1-38,
yellowish, on slender pedicels, in. broad. Sepals and petals very
narrow, linear-oblong, acute. Column very short; appendages very
long, subulate, erect, plumose at the tip. Anther with a long
point.” —T. pauciflora, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 244 (not of &. Br.)..

NorrtH Istanp: Colenso (Handbook).

I have seen no specimens that I can refer to this, and in the absence of any
additional information have reproduced the description given in the Handbook.

5. T. pulchella, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 244.— Stem tall,
slender, often flexuous, 9-18in. high or even more. Leaf shorter
than the stem, long, linear, fleshy, grooved and channelled; empty

‘Thelymitra.] ORCHIDES. 671

bracts 2 or 3, sheathing. Flowers 3-8 in a raceme from 2 in. to
6in. long, large, handsome, blue - purple, ?-lin. diam. Sepals,
petals, and lip broadly oblong or obovate, obtuse. Column less than
half as long as the perianth, the wing continued behind the anther
but much shorter than it, 3-lobed; middle lobe short and broad,
-emarginate or truncate; lateral lobes much longer than the middle
lobe and almost equalling the anther, erect, lanceolate, acuminate,
coarsely toothed. Anther broad, connective produced into a stout
horn-like point.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 271.

Nort Isnanp: Clay hills from the North Cape to the Waikato River, not
‘uncommon. November—December.

A well-marked species, easily distinguished by the large blue-purple flowers,
‘broad obtuse sepals and petals, long erect coarsely jagged (not ciliate) lateral
‘lobes of the column-wing, and broad and short middle lobe, which is much lower
than the anther. I have seen no South Island specimens, and suspect that
Monro’s and Lyall’s plants, mentioned by Hooker in the Handbook, are nothing
*more than large states of 7’. wniflora.

6. T. imberbis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 244.—Stem slender,
‘wiry, often flexuous, 4-12in. high. Leaf much shorter than the
‘stem, narrow-linear, flexuous, thick and fleshy, grooved in front.
Flowers 1-3, rarely more, short and broad, cup-shaped, 4in. diam.,
‘flesh-coloured. Sepals and petals 4in. long, broadly oblong or
obovate-oblong, obtuse or apiculate. Column less than half as long
as the perianth; the wing continued behind the anther but shorter
ithan it, 3-lobed; middle lobe broad, truncate or obscurely 2-lobed,
‘minutely warted on the back, margin thick, entire; lateral lobes
longer, pointing forwards and upwards, triangular, acute, irregularly
denticulate, without cilia. Anther large, connective produced into
-a blunt point much exceeding the column-wing.—Handb. N.Z. Fi.
“271.

NortH Istanp: Clay hills from the North Cape to Rotorua, not un-
-common. Sea-level to 1500 ft. October-November.

In the original description the flowers are said to be yellow, but they are
flesh-coloured in all the specimens I have seen. It is probably identical with the
Australian 7’. carnea, R. Br.

7. T. venosa, R. Br. Prodr. 314.— Stem stout or slender,
‘9-18 in. high or more. Leaf shorter than the stem, narrow-linear,
thick, channelled. Flowers 3-6, large, handsome, purplish-blue,
lin. diam. Sepals and petals din. long, oblong or elliptic-oblong,
obtuse or minutely apiculate, conspicuously veined; lip obovate,
-obtuse. Column short, stout, not half the length of the perianth ;
wing not continued behind the anther but with 2 erect lateral lobes
which exceed the anther, lobes narrow-triangular, 1—2-toothed near
the tip, which is usually twisted inwards. Anther rather short,
ovate, connective narrowed into a short bifid beak not so long as
the lateral lobes.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 323. Epiblema grandi-
florum, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 357 (not of A. Br.).

672 ORCHIDEZ. [ Thelymitra..

Norru Isnanp: Auckland—Swamps in the Upper Waikato, 7. F. C.;
Omatangi, near Lake Taupo, Berggren! Taranaki—Ngaire Swamp, 7. #. C.
Wellington—Mungaroa Swamp, Tvavers, Kirk !

Very near to 7. wniflora in the structure of the flower, but a taller and
stouter plant, with numerous larger flowers, and with the lateral lobes of the
column exceeding the anther. The late Mr. Buchanan informed me that it was.
the plant he referred to Hpiblema in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. It probably occurs
in the South Island, but I have seen no specimens from thence. It is found in.
several localities in New South Wales.

8. T. uniflora, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 70.— Stem slender,
6-12in. high or more. Leaf much shorter than the stem, very
narrow-linear, channelled. Flowers 1-4, large, handsome, blue-
purple, ?in. diam. Sepals and petals obovate-oblong, obtuse or
apiculate, veined; lip broader, obovate. Column short and stout,
less than half the length of the perianth; wing reduced to 2 linear-
triangular lateral lobes not connected by a rim or crest behind the
anther, tip obscurely notched, usually twisted inwards. Anther
large, broadly ovate, the connective produced into a bifid beak
which overtops the column-lobes.—Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 244; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 271.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps, Stewart IstAnp, AUCKLAND IsLANDS: From
Rotorua southwards, chiefly in upland districts. Sea-level to 3500 ft. De-
cember—January.

The name wniflora is misleading, as the flowers are often more than one.
It is very closely allied to the Tasmanian 7. cyanea, Lindl., and may prove-
identical with it.

7, ORTHOCERAS, R. Br.

Glabrous terrestrial herbs. Root of 1 or 2 ovoid tubers and
numerous fleshy fibres. Leaves few, near the base of the stem,
narrow-linear. Flowers rather large, sessile in a lax spike ; bracts
sheathing, acute. Upper sepal erect, incurved, deeply concave ;
lateral longer, narrow - linear or almost filiform, terete, erect.
Petals short, erect, narrow, flat. Lip affixed to the base of the
column, spreading, 3-lobed; lateral lobes broad; middle lobe
large, ovate ; disc with a thick callus. Column short, stout, upper
part with 2 lateral] erect lobes equalling the anther. Anther large,
erect or slightly incurved, 2-celled ; pollinia powdery.

One species only is known, found in both Australia and New Zealand.

1. O. strictum, FR. Br. Prodr. 317.—Stem stout or slender,
rigid, erect, wiry, 9-24in. high. Leaves several near the base of
the stem, sheathing, 2-9in. long, linear or almost filiform, chan-
nelled, margins involute; above the leaves there are usually 2 or 3
long sheaths with short erect lamine. Spike 1-9in. long, 3-12-
flowered; flowers rather lax, green, greenish-purple or brownish-
purple; bracts acuminate, the lower ones usually exceeding the

Orthoceras.] ORCHIDES. 673

ovary. Upper sepal $-4in. long, when spread out almost orbicular,
much incurved, deeply concave; lateral filiform, erect or diverging,
4-1 in. long. Petals thin, notched at the tip. Lip spreading or
deflexed; lateral lobes broad, oblique; middle lobe much larger,
ovate ; disc with a large variously shaped callus.—A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 310; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 332; Fitzgerald, Austral. Orch. i. pt. 3.
O. Solandri, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 512; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
943; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 273. O.rubrum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xvili. (1886) 273. O. caput-serpentis, Col. /.c. xxii. (1890) 490.
Diuris nove-zealandie, A. Rich. Fv. Nouv. Zel. 163, t. 25, f. 1.

Nort Isuanp: Dry hills from the North Cape southwards, not uncommon.
SourH Istanp: Various localities in the Nelson Provincial District, Bidwill,
Kirk! T. F.C. Sea-level to 2500 ft. December—January.

8. MICROTIS, R. Br.

Glabrous terrestrial herbs; root of rounded tubers on fleshy
fibres. Leaf solitary, long, narrow, terete, opened out near the
stem and then continuous with the closed sheath. Flowers small,
green, numerous, densely spicate, usually spreading or reflexed.
Upper sepal erect, broad, concave, incurved; lateral lanceolate or
oblong, spreading or recurved. Petals similar to the lateral sepals
or smaller. Lip sessile at the base of the column, spreading,
oblong, obtuse, truncate or 2-lobed, usually with calli near the base.
Column very short, almost terete, upper part with 2 auricles or
wings. Anther terminal, erect, 2-ceiled; pollinia 4, powdery.

The genus consists of 6 species inhabiting Australia, one of them extending
to New Zealand. A seventh species has also been described from the Malay
Archipelago. The genus has the habit and general appearance of Prasophyllum,
but differs in the flowers not being reversed, and in the auricles of the column.

1. M. porrifolia, &. Br. Prodr. 320.—Very variable in size,
degree of robustness, and number of flowers. Stems stout or
slender, 3-24in. high. Leaf terete, fistular, exceeding the spike or
shorter than it. Spike 4-6in. long ; flowers few or many, close-
set or rather distant, pane green, pedicels short; bracts small.
Upper sepal broadly ovate, acute, deeply concave; lateral oblong,
defiexed. Petals shorter, spreading. Lip horizontal or deflexe:,
oblong, obtuse or 2-lobed; margins much crisped; dise with 2 calli
at the base and usually with an irregularly shaped tubercle or
swelling near the tip. Column very short, stout; upper part with
2 small auricles. Pollinia attached to a very short caudicle.—
Hook f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 245; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 266; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vi. 347; Fitzgerald, Austral. Orch. ii. pt. 1. M. Banks,
A. Cunn. Bot. Mag. sub. t. 3377; Precur. n. 311; Raoul, Choiz,
41. M. longifolia, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 247.
M. papillosa, Col. l.c. xviii. (1886) 269. Epipactis porrifolia, Swz.
im Vet. Acad. Stockh. (1800) 233. Ophrys unifolia, Forst. Prodr.
no. dll.

22—F'l.

674 ORCHIDEZ. [Microtis.

KermapDec Isnanps, NortH AND SoutH IsLANDs, STEWART ISLAND,
CHaTHAM Is~ANDS: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 2500 ft. October—

December.

There appear to be differences in the shape and size of the calli on the lip,
the shape of its extremity, and the extent to which the margin is crisped. The
fertilisation has been described by Thomson in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. 422.

9. PRASOPHYLLUM, R. Br.

Terrestrial glabrous herbs. Root of globose or ovoid tubers.
Leaf solitary; sheath usually long; lamina terete, long or short,
sometimes reduced to a short erect point. Flowers small, sessile in
a lax or dense spike, reversed so that the lip is uppermost, usually
abruptly bent at the top of the ovary and consequently spreading or
reflexed. Upper sepal (inferior by the reversion of the flower)
lanceolate or oblong, concave, usually arched over the column ;
lateral (superior) as long or rather longer, lanceolate or linear, free
or more or less connate. Petals equalling the sepals or shorter,
lanceolate or linear. Lip superior, sessile or shortly clawed, or
sessile on the produced foot of the column, usually erect at the base
and concave, spreading or recurved above, ovate or lanceolate, un-
divided; margins entire or undulate; disc with an adnate plate or
longitudinally thickened along the median line. Column very
short, not winged, but furnished with 2 erect lateral lobes; rostel-
lum usually long, erect. Anther erect, placed behind the rostellum
which often exceeds it, 2-celled; pollinia attached by a linear
caudicle to the rostellum.

Species about 30, all confined to Australia, with the exception of one from
New Caledonia and four from New Zealand, two of which seem to be the same
as Australian species. The genus is closely allied to Microtis, but is at once
distinguished by the reversed flowers and large lateral lobes to the column.

A, Kuprasophyllum. Lip sessile at the base of the column. Perianth 4-4 in.
long. ;

Tall, 1-3 ft. high. Flowers }4in. Lip large, with a con-
spicuous recurved lamina; adnate plate not nearly
reaching the tip ae ae ae ac

Smaller, 4-12in. Flowers jin. Lip shorter, with a
eeu recurved lip; adnate plate extending almost to
the tip. Be x ef sf 3

1. P. patens.

2. P. Colensot.

B. Genoplesium. Leaf reduced to a sheathing bract just under the spike. Lip
articulated on toa flat ribband-like projection from the base of the column,
usually mobile. Flowers very small, yy in. long.

Perianth pointing downwards, green. Lateral sepals
ovate-lanceolate, not tipped with a gland. Lip oblong 3. P. pumilum.
Perianth horizontal, reddish. Lateral sepals narrow-
lanceolate, acuminate, tipped by a minute gland. Lip
lanceolate .. ate As ae Sis .. 4. P. rufum.

Prasophyllum.| ORCHIDES, 675

1. P. patens, Ff. Br. Prodr. 318.—Stem stout or slender, 1-3 ft.
high. Leaf sheathing the stem half-way up or rather more, the
lamina shorter or longer than the spike. Spike rather lax, 2-5 in.
long, many-flowered ; bracts small, broad, obtuse. Flowers +4 in.
long, pale yellowish-green or whitish, sweet-scented. Ovary obo-
void. Upper sepal ovate, acute, concave; lateral rather longer,
lanceolate, quite free. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse. Lip sessile,
as long as the sepals, erect at the base and then suddenly reflexed
between the laterai sepals; adnate plate narrower than the disc
and not extending much further up than the flexure of the lip;
margins broad, thin, undulate. Column short; lateral lobes linear-
oblong, obtuse, almost as long as the narrow erect rostellum, entire.
Anther large, pointed, not quite equalling the rostellum.— Hook. f.
Fl, Tasm. 1. 11, t. 111; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 339.

Nortu Isuanp: Auckland—Swamps at Maungatapere, Whangarei, Carse !
Great Barrier Island, Kirk! Taranaki—Ngaire Swamp, abundant, 7. F. C.
December—January.

Easily distinguished from P. Colensoi by the much greater size, larger paler
flowers, and longer lip, which has a much more conspicuous recurved lamina,
the adnate plate not extending to the tip. The lateral lobes of the column are
also much longer. It agrees well with Australian specimens of P. patens, except
that the spike is usually denser.

2. P. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 241.—Stem stout or
slender, erect, 4-14 in. high. Leaf sheathing the stem for three-
quarters its length or even more; lamina shorter than the spike or
equalling it. Spike 1-3 in. long, many-flowered ; bracts as short as
the pedicel, broad, obtuse. Flowers about 4 in. long, dull-green or
greenish-brown, slightly fragrant; ovary obovoid, gibbous. Upper
sepal ovate-oblong, acute, concave; lateral rather longer, connate at
the very base, lanceolate, acute, curved backwards. Petals linear-
oblong, obtuse. Lip shorter than the sepals, sessile, ovate, tip
acuminate, shortly recurved, adnate plate extending almost to the
tip, margins undulate. Column very short, lateral lobes broadly
notched, shorter than the rostellum. Anther broad, obtuse, not
equalling the rostellum.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 272. (?) P. pauciflorum,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 273.

Norte anD SoutH IstanDs, Stewart IsuaAnp, ANTIPODES IsLAND: From
the North Cape southwards, but rare and local to the north of Lake Taupo.
Sea-level to 4500 ft. November—January.

A most abundant subalpine plant all through the mountains of the South
Island. For some remarks on the fertilisation, see a paper by Mr. Thomson in
the Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. 425.

3. P. pumilum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 242.—Very slender,
6-16 in. high. Stem with a lacerated fibrous sheath at the base.
Leaf reduced to a sheathing bract near the spike; lamina 4-1 in.
long, erect, usually reaching about half-way up the spike. Spike

676 ORCHIDEA. [Prasophyllum.

dense, few- or many-flowered, 4-14 in. long. Flowers minute, the
perianth about 51, in. long, curved, pointing downwards, greenish.
Upper sepal ovate, acuminate, concave; lateral rather longer, free,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals the same shape as the lateral
sepals, but shorter, and with the tips almost aristate. Lip articu-
late on a flat ribband-like projection from the foot of the column,
mobile, oblong, acute, truncate at the base, not ciliate, disc almost
wholly occupied by a thick adnate plate, which is obscurely
3-grooved towards the base. Column short, the lateral lobes
broad, obliquely truncate and irregularly 2—3-notched at the tip.
Auther large, apiculate, overtopping the small rostellum.—Handb.
N.Z. Fi. 273.

Nortu Isuanp: Auckland—Dry hills from the North Cape to tae Middle
Waikato, not common. April-June.

4. P. rufum, &. Br. Prodr. 319.—Very similar in size and
habit to P. pumilum, and like it with the leaf reduced to a sheath-
ing bract just below the spike, the lamina very short and subulate.
Spike few- or many-flowered, 4-3in. long. Flowers still more
minute than in P. punulum, the perianth about 4,12. long, hori-
zontal, reddish or yellowish. Upper sepal ovate, acuminate, con-
cave ; the lateral much longer, quite free, lanceolate, acuminate,
the points tipped with a small gland. Petals small, lanceolate,
shorter than the upper sepal. lLabellum articulate on a flat rib-
band-like projection from the foot of the column, mobile, lanceolate,
acute, truncate at the base, adnate plate occupying most of the
disc, thickest along the margins. Column very short, the lobes
rather narrow, 2-toothed at the tip. Anuther large, apiculate, over-
topping the small rostelluu.— Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 344; Fitz-
gerald, Austral. Orch. ii. pt. 4. P. nudum, Hook. f. Fil. Nov.
Zel. 1 242; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 272. P. tunicatum, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 242. (2?) P. variegatum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx.
(1888) 208.

Nortu Istanp: ‘‘Te Hawara, Port Nicholson, and Lake Taupo, Colenso ”

(Handbook). Sourn Isnanp: Marlborough — Port Underwood and Keneperu,
. Macmahon !

The above description is drawn up from Mr. Macmahon’s specimens, which
correspond fairly well with the plate of P. rufum given by Mr. Fitzgerald in
his “‘ Australian Orchids.’’ It is distinguished from the preceding species by
the smaller horizontal usually reddish flowers, narrower lateral sepals tipped by
a minute gland, much narrower lip, the adnate plate on which is thickest on
the edges, and in the narrower latera! lobes of the column.

10. CALEANA, R. Br.

Glabrous terrestrial herbs. Root of small rounded tubers on
fleshy fibres. Leaf solitary, linear or lanceolate or oblong. Flowers
solitary or 2-4 in a terminal raceme; bracts acute. Sepals and
petals subequal, all linear; the upper sepal erect, the lateral sepals
and petals spreading or deflexed (but the position apparently re-

Caleana.] ORCHIDE. 677

versed through the ovary being recurved). Lip uppermost, jointed
on to the base of the column or to a projection from it, mobile ;
claw linear, incurved; lamina ovate or oblong, peltate, undivided,
entire, smooth or tuberculate. Column elongate, sometimes pro-
duced at the foot, broadly winged throughout its whole length,
concave. Anther terminal, erect, 2-celled; pollinia 2-partite,
granular.

A small genus of 4 species, all of them natives of Australia, 1 extending to
New Zealand.

1. C. minor, f. Br. Prodr. 329.—Stem slender, wiry, almost
filiform, 2-S8in. high, usually tinged with red. Leaf radical, about
half as long as the stem, rather fleshy, channelled. Flowers 1-4,
about #in. long including the ovary, greenish tinged with red,
reversed; pedicels +-}in.; bracts minute, acute. Sepals and
petals narrow-linear, slightly dilated above the middle, nearly
equal; upper sepal attached just above the top of the ovary, the
lateral affixed to the basal projection of the column. Lip upper-
most, very remarkable in shape; the lower portion claw-like and
articulated on to the basal projection of the column; the upper
part expanded into a broad lamina which is peltately attached to
the claw ; lamina convex above and covered with close-set reddish
tubercles, which are largest towards the margins, under-surface
smooth, concave. Column rather long, with a broad basal pro-
jection, broadly winged all round, concave, forming a horizontally
placed cup or pouch.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892)
411; Kirk, l.c. 425; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 366.

NortH Isnanp: Auckland—Kaitaia, A. H. Matthews! Rotorua, Rev.
F. H. Spencer! Waiotapu, H. J. Matthews ! December—January.

A most remarkable little plant. The column is horizontally placed, form-
ing a broad pouch; the lamina of the lip, when at rest, is elevated by the
slender elastic claw, and swings directly above it. When an insect alights on
the lamina it overbalances, shutting up the insect within the concavity of the
column. For a full account of the fertilisation of the genus, reference should be
made to Mr. Fitzgerald’s magnificent work on Australian Orchids (Vol. i. pt. 6).

11. PTEROSTYLIS, R. Br.

Terrestrial leafy herbs. Root of small rounded tubers on long
fleshy fibres. Leaves radical and cauline, either all similar or the
radical broader and ovate or oblong, often subrosulate; the cauline
lanceolate or linear or reduced to sheathing bracts. Flowers large
or small, greenish, usually solitary, rarely several in a terminal
raceme. Upper sepal erect, incurved, concave, conniving with the
petals and forming a broad boat-shaped hood (galea). Lateral
sepals adnate at the base to the foot of the column, more or less
connate into an erect or recurved 2-lobed lower lip; the lobes often
drawn out into long acuminate points. Petals lanceolate, falcate.

678 ORCHIDES. [Pterostylis.

Lip attached by a short claw to the basal projection of the column,
mobile ; lamina linear or oblong, produced at the base above the
claw into a long or short usually curved appendage. Column
elongated, incurved, furnished on each side of the rostellum with a
quadrangular or hatchet-shaped membranous wing, the base pro-
duced into a horizontal projection. Stigma on the face of the
column below the wings, oblong. Anther terminal, erect, 2-celled ;
pollinia 4, granular, free.

About 40 species are known. Of the 11 found in New Zealand, 2 are com-
mon Australian plants, the others are endemic. The remainder of the genus is
Australian, with the exception of one species in New Caledonia. The mode of
fertilisation is most curious, and is well worth an attentive study. The upper
sepal and petals connive, and form a hood, at the back of which the column is
situated. The irritable lip hangs out of the entrance to the flower, and forms a
convenient landing-place for insects. When touched by an insect it springs up,
carrying the insect with it, and imprisoning it within the flower. The insect can
only escape by crawling up the column and passing between the two membranous
projecting wings, emerging directly in front of the anther. In doing this, it is
first smeared with viscid matter from the projecting rostellum, and then drags
away the pollinia, which can hardly fail to adhere to its sticky body. When
visiting another flower, it must pass over the stigma before escaping, and is
almost certain to leave some of the pollinia on its viscid surface. For a fuller
account, see a paper by myself in Trans. N.Z. Inst. v. 352.

A, Antennea. Lower lip erect, its lobes narrowed into long points embracing
the galea.

*No broad radical leaves. Cauline leaves linear, grass-like, sheathing the
whole stem,

Tall, 6-18in. Leaves }4in. broad. Flower large, 2-3 in.

long; sepals and Shy produced into long filiform

points 3 . 1. P. Banksn-
Short, stout, 4-10 in. "Leaves 4-Zin. broad. Flower small,

Z-1f in. long ; sepals and petals with short subulate

points - 2. P. australis.
Slender, 4— 10i in. Leaves ue in. broad. Flower small,

+-# in. long; sepals and petals with short subulate points 3. P. graminea.

** Radical leaves broad, oblong to ovate or orbicular, few or numerous and
rosulate. Cauline leaves narrow, often reduced to sheathing bracts.

Slender, 4-12in. Lower leaves 3-1}in., oblong; cauline

2-5, lanceolate, flat. Flower ?-ldin.; galea not de-

curved : Fie Af ae .. 4, P. micromega.
Stout or slender, 6-12in. Lower leaves large, 14-34 in.,

broadly oblong; cauline few, large, flat. Flower

1-13 in., galea much decurved at the tip Ap 5. P. Oliveri.
Stout, glabrous, 2-8in. Lower leaves subrosulate, 1-131 in. 5

elliptic- oblong ; cauline of 1 or 2 sheathing bracts. Flower

2in.; galea arched but not decurved . 6. P. foliata,
Small. 2-3in. Lower leaves 2 or 3, large, 3- 2 in., broadly
oblong ; cauline wanting. Flower 4-3 in. a 7. P. venosa.

Slender, glabrous, 2-8in. Lower leaves long- petioled ;

blade +-4in., ovate; cauline narrow, flat. Flower 3-lin. 8. P. trullifolia.
Puberulous, 2-6in. Lower leaves short- petioled; blade

small, ovate ; cauline of 2-4 sheathing bracts. Flowers

4-4 in. ve ae se is 56 .. 9. P. puberula.

Pierostylis. | ORCHIDE. 679

B. Catochilus. Lower lip reflexed. Basal appendage of lip entire, obtuse.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flower solitary, large, 3—lin.
long ; lip filiform, clothed with golden-yellow hairs .. 10. P. barbata.
Leaves ovate. Flowers 2-8, small, tin. long; lip oblong,
obtuse, glabrous... ce a a .. 11. P. mutica.

1. P. Banksii, R. Br. ex A. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. t. 3172.—Tall,
slender, leafy, grassy, 6-18in. high. Lower leaves reduced to
scarious sheathing scales; cauline numerous, sheathing the whole
stem, usually overtopping the flower but often shorter than it,
3-14in. long, +-4in. broad, narrow linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
pale-green. Flower solitary, large, 2-3 in. long including the tails
to the lateral sepals, green, often streaked with red or reddish-
brown. Galea erect at the base and then curved forwards; upper
sepal produced into a long caudate often filiform point; petals also
caudate-acuminate or shortly filiform, but always much shorter
than the upper sepal. Lower lip with the entire part broadly
cuneate, the free lobes gradually narrowed into long filiform erect
tails 1-2in. long. Lip narrow linear-oblong, obtuse, its tip slightly
exserted ; basal appendage curved, repeatedly divided and penicil-
late at the tip. Column slender, more than half the length of the
galea, upper lobe of wings with an erect subulate tooth at the outer
angle; lower lobe narrow-oblong, obtuse.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 313;
Raoul, Choix, 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 248; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
268. P. emarginata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 328. P.
patens, Col. l.c. xvii. (1886) 270. BP. speciosa, Col. l.c. xxii. (1890)
488. PP. auriculata, Col. J.c. 489. BP. subsimilis, Col. l.c. xxviii.
(1896) 611.

NortH AND SoutH Isnanps, STEWART IsLaAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abund-
ant in shaded places from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 3500 ft.
October—November.

The most widely spread of the New Zealand species. It varies much in
size and degree of robustness, the size of the flower, and in the length of the
filiform tails to the sepals and petals, &c. Mr. Colenso has made no less than
5 species based upon what appear to me to be exceedingly slight and inconstant
differences. After a careful study of his descriptions and specimens I must
confess my inability to distinguish any of them, even as varieties.

2. P. australis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 248.— Habit of
P. Banksw but shorter, 4-10 in. high, rarely more. Leaves shorter
and broader, seldom overtopping the flower, }—-%in. broad, linear-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Flower small, 3-14 in. long, in-
cluding the points of the sepals. Galea much as in P. Banksv,
but the upper sepal and petals are not produced into filiform points.
Lower lip with the free lobes narrowed into short subulate erect
points not exceeding the galea in length. Lip and column as in
P. Banksw.—P. Banksii var. b, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 268.

680 ORCHIDE. [Pterostylis.

SourH Istanp: In various localities from Nelson to the south of Otago,
but not common. Stewart Is~taAnD, CHaTHAM IsLANDs: Abundant, Lyall,
Kirk! H. H, Travers, F. A. D. Cox! &e. Noyember-January.

No doubt very closely allied to P. Banksii, and to some extent connected
with it by intermediate forms. But if it be merged with that species, then for
the sake of consistency P. graminea should also be included, for it occupies just
the same position on one side of P. Banksii that P. australis does cn the other.
It seems preferable to treat both as distinct though closely related species.

3. P. graminea, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 248.—Habit of
P. Banksw, but smaller and much more slender, 4-10in. high.
Leaves overtopping the flower or shorter than it, 1-din. long,
4-1in. broad, narrow-linear or narrow linear-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate. Flower small, }—?in. long, including the points of the
sepals. Galea as in P. Banks, but the upper sepal and petals,
although acuminate, are not produced into filiform points or into
very short ones. Lower lip with the free lobes narrowed into subu-
late or shortly filiform erect points almost equalling the galea.
Lip and column as in P. Banksw.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 268.

NortTH AND SouTH IsLANDS, STEWART IsLAND: Not uncommon in shaded
places in lowland districts from the North Cape southwards. September—
November.

Differs from P. Banksii in the smaller size, narrower leaves, and smaller
flower with very short tails to the sepals.

4. P. micromega, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 248.—Slender,
glabrous, 4-12in. high. Lower leaves 4-14 in. long, +-4in. broad,
ovate-oblong to linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute,
sessile or petiolate; cauline 2-5, smaller and narrower, sessile,
flat, sheathing at the base, acute or acuminate. Flower large,
solitary, erect, 2-l4in. long. Galea erect at the base, then
incurved, tip horizontal or nearly so; upper sepal narrow,
acuminate; petals slightly shorter, broad, falcate, acuminate.
Lower lip with the entire part cuneate, the free lobes very
gradually narrowed into long filiform points embracing the
galea, often quite lin. long. Lip narrow-linear, its tip exserted ;
basal appendage curved, penicillate. Column about half as long as
the galea, upper lobe of wing with an erect subulate tooth, lower
lobe oblong, obtuse.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 268. BP. polyphylla, Col. i
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 489.

NortrH Isuanp: Auckland—Swamps near Lake Taupo, Tryon ! near Tonga-
riro, H. Hill! Wellington—Murimotu, Petrie! Karioi, A. Hamilton! swamps
in the Wairarapa district, Colenso! Taranaki—Ngaire Swamp, 1’. F’. C. De-
cember—January.

Best known by the slender habit, usually few radical leaves, numerous
rather small flat cauline leaves, and large flower not decurved at the tip.

5. P. Oliveri, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi, (1894) 270.—
Stout or slender, leafy, glabrous, 6-12in. high. Lower leaves

Pterostylis.| ORCHIDE®. 681

few, large, 14-34 in. long, ?-1 in. broad, oblong-ovate or elliptic-ob-
long to oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a short broad petiole
or almost sessile, thin and membranous, veins reticulated; cauline
leaves 2 or 3, almost as long but narrower, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, flat, spreading, sheathing at the
base. Flowers large, solitary or very rarely two, 1-11in. long.
Galea bent forwards from above the base and then curved sharply
downwards so that the point often reaches the ovary; upper sepal
produced into a long acuminate point; petals much shorter, falcate,
acuminate. Lower lip with the entire part broadly cuneate, the
free lobes gradually narrowed into long filiform points embracing
the galea and sometimes 1$in. long. Lip narrow-linear, obtuse;
basal appendage short, curved, penicillate. Column slender, not
half the length of the galea; wings with a short upper lobe
bearing an erect subulate tooth at the outer angle, lower lobe very
long, linear-oblong, obtuse.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. #. C. Canterbury—
Bealey, Kirk! Waimakariri Glacier, T. F.C. Westland —Kelly’s Creek,
Petrie! Otira Gorge, Cockayne! T. F. C. 1000 — 4000 ft. December-—
January.

Very close to P. micromega, but stouter, with much larger radical and
-cauline leaves, and with the flower very conspicuously decurved.

6. P. foliata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 249.—Rather stout,
glabrous, 2-8in. high. Lower leaves 2-5, subrosulate, sessile or
petioled, 1-1$in. long, elliptic-oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse or
acute, veins reticulated; cauline leaves reduced to 1 or 2 large
sheathing erect lanceolate bracts 3-lin. long. Flower solitary,
erect, 3in. long. Galea erect at the base, curved forwards at the
tip; upper sepal acute or acuminate ; petals falcate, obtuse or sub-
acute. Lower lip with the entire part short, broadly cuneate, the
free lobes gradually narrowed into rather short filiform points
embracing the galea but not much exceeding it. Lip linear-oblong,
flat, obtuse; basal appendage short, curved, penicillate at the tip.
Column not half the length of the galea, upper lobe of wing with a
subulate tooth ; lower lobe linear-oblong, obtuse.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
268.

NortH Isntanp: Ruahine Mountains and Cape Palliser, Colenso; Pata-
ngata, Tryon! Soutna IsuanpD: Marlborough, Kirk! Otago — Buchanan !
Signal Hill, Millburn, Tuapeka, Petrie ! Sea-level to 2500 ft. December-—
January.

Differs from P. micromega in the stouter habit, larger more reticulate and
often decidedly rosulate radical leaves, cauline leaves reduced to sheathing bracts,
smalier flowers with shorter points to the lateral sepals, and broader shorter lip.

7. P. venosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 610.—
Small, perfectly glabrous, 2-3in. high. Leaves 2 or 3 near the
base of the stem, large for the size of the plant, 2-2 in. long, broadly

682 ORCHIDEH, [Pterostyls.

oblong to oblong-ovate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute, thin
and membranous, veins conspicuously reticulated ; cauline leaves
wanting. Scape short; flower solitary, $-%in. long. Galea erect
at the base, sharply curved forwards towards the tip; upper sepal
acute or acuminate; petals broadly falcate, acute. Lower lip
broadly cuneate, the free lobes narrowed into filiform points ex-
ceeding the galea, sometimes recurved at the tips. Lip lanceolate,
narrowed to a blunt point, rather thick, grooved, purplish ; basal
appendage penicillate at the tip. Column barely half as long as the
galea, upper lobe of wing with an erect subulate point ; lower lobe
oblong, obtuse.—(?) P. trifolia, Col. l.c. xxxi. (1899) 281.

NortH Is~tanp: Ruahine Mountains, Olsen! Sovutru“Istanp: Nelson —
Mount Frederic, near Westport, Townson ! 2000-3500 ft.

So far as can be ascertained from the limited amount of material available,
this is separated from P. foliata by the smaller size and proportionately larger
leaves, the short scape, which wants the large sheathing bracts of P. foliata,
the more sharply curved and more acute galea, and differently shaped lip.

8. P. trullifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 249.—Stem slender,
glabrous, 2-6in. high, seldom more. Radical leaves often wanting
in flowering specimens or 1-4, in flowerless ones more numerous
and subrosulate, petiolate; blade +4in. long, broadly ovate or
orbicular-cordate or trowel-shaped, acute or obtuse; petiole as long
or longer than the blade. Cauline leaves or bracts 3-5, flat,
spreading, 4-lin. long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, the lower sometimes broader and petiolate. Flower
solitary, 4-lin. long. Galea erect at the base and then gradually
curved forwards; upper sepal lanceolate, acuminate; petals as
broad, falcate, acuminate. Lower lip broadly cuneate, the lobes
long and filiform, embracing the upper sepal and exceeding it. Lip.
linear, glabrous, obtuse, its tip exserted; basal appendage linear,
much curved, penicillate at the tip. Column less than half the
length of the galea; wings with a small triangular upper lobe or
tooth; lower lobe oblong, obtuse-——Handb. N.Z. Fil. 269. P.
rubella, Col. in. Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 271.

Norru Isuanp: Lowland districts from the North Cape to Wellington,
apparently rare and local to the south of the Hast Cape. SourH IsLANpD:
Marlborough—Mount Peter, J. Macmahon !

9. P. puberula, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 249.—Stem slender,.
puberulous, especially below, 2-4in. high. Leaves all radical,
crowded in a rosette at the base of the stem, small, shortly petiolate,
4-4 in. including the petiole, ovate or ovate-cordate, acute; bracts
on the stem above the leaves 2-4, sheathing, erect, lanceolate,
acuminate. Flower solitary, erect, in. long. Galea erect, shortly
and abruptly incurved towards the tip, the upper sepal acute, the
petals as long or rather longer, obtuse. Lateral sepals united for
nearly half their length into a narrow almost quadrangular lamina,

Pterostylis.| ORCHIDEA.

the lobes filiform, erect, separated by a broad truncate sinus which
bears a small inflexed tooth in the middle. Lip linear-oblong,
obtuse, its tip barely exserted; basal appendage linear, curved,
penicillate at the tip. Column about half the length of the galea,
the wings with a small erect triangular upper lobe or tooth, the
lower lobe linear-oblong, obtuse.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 269.

NortuH Isnranp: Auckland—Clay hills from the Kaipara Harbour south-
wards to the Thames and Middle Waikato, not common. SourH Isnanp:
Nelson—Vicinity of Westport, Vownson ! September—October.

A distinct little plant, well marked by the puberulous stems, small rosulate
leaves, the short blunt curved tip to the galea, and comparatively short filiform
points to the lateral sepals.

10. P. barbata, Lindl. Swan River App. 53.—Stem stout or
slender, glabrous, 4-8in. high. Leaves radical, crowded at the
base of the stem, often rosulate, erect, sessile, +-in. long, ovate-
lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Stem above the
leaves with 2-5 large loosely sheathing erect empty bracts.
Flower solitary, #-lin. long. Galea erect, incurved at the tip,
oblong ; upper sepal and petals both produced into short subulate
points, the latter very narrow. Lower lip linear, deflexed, 2-lobed
about half-way down, the lobes very narrow, acute or obtuse. Lip
4—3 in. long, filiform, terete, exserted, pendulous, fringed with long
golden yellow hairs and terminated by a large capitate or irregularly
lobed purple gland ; appendix very short, curved, penicillate at the
tip. Column slender, erect; the wings each with a long erect
subulate tooth on the front angle, the lower lobe narrow, ciliate.—
Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 362. P. squamata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
249; Fil. Tasm. i. 20, t. 116; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 269 (not of R. Br.).

Norta Isnanp: Auckland—Exact locality not stated, Sinclair! near
Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews! Lower Thames Valley, from Kopu to Puriri and
Kerikeri, Adams! between Mercer and Miranda, 7. #. C.; Tirau and other
localities in the Upper Thames Valley, 7. F. C. October-November.

A yery remarkable little plant, at once recognised by the filiform exserted
lip, plumose with bright-yellow hairs. It isa common Tasmanian plant, and is
also found in South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales.

11. P. mutica, &. Br. Prodr. 328.—Rather stout, 2-5 in. high.
Leaves radical, forming a rosette at the base of the stem, some-
times withering at the flowering season, shortly petiolate, 4—3in.
long, ovate, acute, veins reticulated. Stem with 2-5 large sheath-
ing bracts above the leaves. Raceme 2—8-flowered; flowers small,
about +in. long, greenish-brown. Galea very broad, much in-
curved, obtuse or subacute at the tip. Lower lip small, reflexed,
concave, nearly orbicular when spread out, 2-lobed almost to the
middle. Lip on a very short flat claw, lamina broadly oblong,
obtuse ; appendage broad at the base, short and thick, entire,
rounded or emarginate at the tip. Column erect; wings broad,

684 ORCHIDE. [Pterostylis.

the lower lobe or auricle broad, obtuse.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 21,
t. 1174; Benth. Fi. Austral. vi. 362; Fitzgerald, Austral. Orch. i.
pt. 2; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 300. P. tristis,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 271.

NortH Istanp: Hawke’s Bay—Waipawa River, H. Hill! Souru Isbanp:
Canterbury— Lake Lyndon and Lake Grassmere, J. W. Hnys! Otago—Lee
Stream, Sydney Fulton! Horse Range, Naseby, St. Bathan’s, Cambrian’s,
Petrie ! Sea-level to 2500 ft. November—January.

An abundant Australian plant, ranging from Queensland to Tasmania.

12. ACIANTHUS, R. Br.

Small tender terrestrial herbs. Root of rounded tubers at the
end of long fleshy fibres. Leaf solitary, sessile, cordate. Flowers
few or many in a raceme, rarely solitary; bracts usually small.
Upper sepal erect or curved over the column, concave, rather
narrow, acute or acuminate; lateral sepals narrower, often almost
filiform, erect or spreading. Petals shorter than the sepals, subu-
late-lanceolate. Lip equalling the petals, sessile or nearly so,
undivided, base with 2 adnate calli, dise smooth or papillose.
Column elongated, erect or incurved, semiterete or winged; stigma
cup-shaped, placed under the rostellum. Anther terminal, erect,
2-celled; pollinia 2 or 4 in each cell, granular.

A genus comprising 7 species: 4 in Australia, 2 in New Caledonia, and 1 in
New Zealand.

1. A. Sinclairii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 245.—Stems slender,
sometimes almost filiform, 1-6in. high. Leaf near the base or
almost half-way up the stem, sessile, 4-l4in. long, broadly ovate-
cordate, acute or acuminate, deeply bilobed at the base, mem-
branous, often purple beneath, veins reticulated. Flowers 2-12,
shortly pedicelled, +in. diam., green; bracts ovate, acute, the
lowest sometimes foliaceous. Upper sepal ovate-oblong, aristate,
3-nerved ; lateral sepals and petals subulate-lanceolate, acuminate.
Lip horizontal or deflexed, ovate-lanceolate, concave, base with
2 large calli, tip thickened and studded with minute fleshy papillee.
Column arched over the lip, much thickened and expanded towards
the tip. Pollinia 2 in each anther-cell, deeply bilobed.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 264.

KerrMADEC Is~tAnDs, NortH Istanp: Abundant in lowland districts through-
out. SourH IsxtaAnp: Marlborough—Pelorus Sound, J. Maemahon! Nelson—
Dun Mountain, Kirk! near Westport, W. Townson! CHatTHAM Is~taNDS: Abund-
ant, #. A. D. Cox! Miss Seddon ! Sea-level to 2500 ft. May-August.

For an account of the fertilisation, see a paper by myself in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. vii. 349.

Cyrtostylis. | ORCHIDES. 685

13. CYRTOSTYLIS, R. Br.

Small delicate terrestrial herbs. Root of rounded tubers on long
fleshy fibres. Leaf solitary, sessile, oblong to orbicular. Flowers
few in a terminal raceme, often reduced to one; bracts small.
Upper sepal linear or linear-lanceolate, erect or incurved, concave ;
lateral sepals and petals narrow-linear, spreading or deflexed. Lip
horizontally spreading from the base of the column, undivided,
oblong, flat, entire; base with 2 calli, produced into raised lines for
some distance along the lamina. Column elongated, incurved,
winged on each side towards the summit; stigma cup-shaped,
placed just under the rosteilum. Anther terminal, erect, 2-celled ;
pollinia 2 in each cell, faleate or lobed.

A genus of 2 closely allied species, one found in New Zealand, the other in
Australia,

1. C. oblonga, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 246.—Stems very
slender, glabrous, 1-4in. high. Leaf towards the base of the stem,
sessile, spreading, 4-14 in. long, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or
subacute, cordate or rounded at the base, thin and membranous,
flat, obscurely 3—-5-nerved. Flowers solitary or in a 2-5-flowered
raceme, greenish, 4in. diam.; bracts small, ovate-lanceolate.
Upper sepal narrow linear-obovate, erect; lateral sepals and petals
narrow-linear, acute, spreading or deflexed. Lip as long as the
sepals, linear-oblong, obtuse. Column slender, about 2 the length
of the upper sepal. Pollinia 2 in each anther-cell, oblong-falcate.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 264.

Var. rotundifolia.— Altogether like thetype, but the leaf is orbicular-
cordate, 4-ldin. diam.—C. rotundifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 246; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 264. C. macrophylla, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. l.c.

Norts Istanp: Not uncommon from the North Cape southwards. SourH
Istanp: Marlborough—Pelorus Sound, J. Rutland, J. Macmahon! Nelson—
Buller Valley, 7. #. C. Canterbury—Banks Peninsula, Armstrong; Broken
River, J. D. inys! T. F.C. Sea-level to 2500 ft. August-October.

I have been compelled to sink C. rotundifolia as a species. It differs in no
respect except in the width «f the leaf, and in several localities I have observed
the two forms growing intermixed and gradually passing into each other.

14, CALOCHILUS, R. Br.

Glabrous terrestrial herbs. Root of oblong tubers. Leaves 1 or
rarely 2 near the base of the stem, narrow-linear; usually there
are 1 or 2 foliaceous sheathing bracts higher up. Flowers few in a
terminal raceme, rather large, handsome; pedicels short; lower
bract usually exceeding the ovary. Sepals almost equal, free; upper
erect, broad, concave; lateral spreading. Petals smaller, broadly
faleate. Lip as long or longer than the sepals, sessile, spreading or
pendulous, undivided, the margins and whole surface except the
narrow flexuous tip densely fringed with long hairs. Column short,

686 ORCHIDES. [Calochilus.

broadly winged; stigma broad, placed under the erect rostellum.
Anther large, terminal, erect or incumbent, obtuse or pointed,
2-celled ; pollinia granulayr.

A genus of 3 very closely related species, all natives of Australia, 2 of them
extending to New Zealand as well.

Anther long, rostrate. Column-wing with a gland on

each side near the base just within the front margin .. 1. C. campestris.
Anther short, obtuse. Column-wing without any gland,

but 2 small erect lamelle on each side of the base of the

lip oe Ae ae Sr 4. .. 2. C. paludosus.

1. C. campestris, R. Br. Prodr. 320.—Stem stout, 6-18 in.
high. Leaf usually solitary, rarely 2, much shorter than the stem,
narrow-linear, thick, channelled; cauline leaves or bracts 1 or 2,
sheathing. Flowers 2-8, greenish-purple; pedicels $-lin. long;
bracts acuminate. Upper sepal 4-4in. long, broadly ovate,
acute, concave ; lateral narrower. Petals shorter, broadly oblong,
faleate, veined. Lip 4-%in. long; margins and upper surface
except the slender flexuous tip covered with long reddish-purple
hairs or fimbriz, which are longest on the upper part of the lip,
and shortest near the base, where they are reduced to clavate calli;
usually there is a narrow strip across the very base of the lip which
is smooth and bare. Column-wings dilated in front and produced
into a rounded lobe on each side, on the inner face of which is a
conspicuous gland. Anther long, triangular, rostrate.—Benth. FI.
Austral. vi. 315; Fitzgerald, Austral. Orch. i. pt. 4; Kirk m Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 427.

NortH Isnanp: Auckland—Rotorua, Rev. F. H. Spencer! Petrie! No-
vember—December.

This doubtless has as wide a range as the following species, but so far I
have seen no specimens except from Rotorua. These exactly match the plate
in Fitzgerald’s Australian Orchids, with the exception that the fimbrie on the
lip never show any trace of blue, but are always red.

2. C. paludosus, &. Br. Prodr. 320.—Very similar in habit and
appearance to C. campestris, but usually (though not always) more
slender, with a rather longer and narrower leaf. Flowers seldom
more than 4. Sepals and petals much as in C. campestris. Lip
longer, the surface and margins with long red fimbriz, the linear
bare tip longer, and the base with a thin longitudinal raised plate
on each side. Column-wing dilated in front and produced into a
rounded lobe on each side, not furnished with a gland on the inner
face. Anther short, as broad as long, obtuse, neither acuminate
nor rostrate.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vi.316; Fitzgerald, Austral. Orch.
i. pt. 4; Buch. m Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 240.

NortH Istanp: Auckland — Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews! Aponga (near
Whangarei), 4. Thompson! Rotorua, Petrie! Souru Istanp : Nelson—Vicinity
of Collingwood, H. H. Travers! near Westport, W. Townson !

Lyperanthus.] ORCHIDES. 687

15. LYPERANTHUS, R. Br.

Terrestrial herbs, often black when dry. Stems rather stout.
Leaves 1-3, sheathing at the base, broad or narrow. Flowers in a
terminal raceme or spike, sometimes solitary; bracts large, sheath-
ing. Upper sepal erect, incurved, broad, concave; lateral narrow,
spreading or defiexed. Petals similar to the lateral sepals. Lip
shorter than the sepals, with a broad erect claw sometimes dilated
into small lateral lobes; lamina or middle lobe ovate or lanceolate,
entire; disc with ridges or small calli. Column erect or incurved,
not winged ; stigma placed under the rostellum. Anther terminal,
erect, 2-celled; pollinia 4, narrow, subterete, granular.

A somewhat ill-defined genus of 6 species, 4 of which are found in Australia,
1 in New Caledonia, and the remaining one in New Zealand.

1. L. antarcticus, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 544.— Stems
rather stout, 3-Sin. high. Leaves 1-3, sheathing at the base,
1-24in. long, the upper smaller, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, rather coriaceous; veins numerous, parallel. Flowers 1-3,
greenish, horizontal or nearly so, 4-4 in. long; bracts large, cucul-
late, sheathing, in. long. Upper sepal large, broad, curved over
the column, hooded, acute; lateral sepals and petals linear-subu-
late, acute. Lip with a very short claw; lamina ovate-oblong,
obtuse or subacute, margins thick, disc with 5 or 6 slender longi-
tudinal lamelle. Column short, stout, curved.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
270.

SourH Isuanp: Subalpine localities from Collingwood and the Spenser
Mountains southwards, but not common. Stewart Isuanp: Kirk! Avucx-
LAND Isuanps: Le Guillon, Bolton, Kirk ! 2500 ft. to 4000 ft., descending
to sea-level in Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands. December—Feb-
ruary.

The upper sepal is much broader and more hooded than in any other species
of the genus, the sepals and petals are less spreading, and the column shorter
and broader.

16. CALADENTA, R. Br.

Slender terrestrial herbs, usually more or less pilose or villous,
rarely glabrous. Root of small rounded tubers terminating fleshy
fibres. Leaf solitary from near the base of the stem, linear or
lanceolate, more rarely broader and oblong-lanceolate or oblong.
Flowers on an erect slender scape, solitary or in few-flowered
racemes ; bracts small. Upper sepal erect or incurved, narrow,
concave ; lateral flat, spreading, or rarely all alike and spreading.
Petals narrow, erect or spreading. Lip clawed on to the base of
the column, undivided or 3-lobed, the lateral lobes when present
erect, the middle lobe spreading or reflexed, the margins often
toothed or fimbriate, the disc usually studded with linear or
clavate sessile or stipitate calli. Column rather long, erect or
incurved, more or less 2-winged above; stigma broad, prominent.
Anther erect, terminal, 2-celled; pollinia granular.

688 ORCHIDEZ. | Caladema.

About 30 species are known, all confined to Australia except the three fol-
lowing, which are endemic in New Zealand.

Slender. Leaf solitary, linear, ;4.-4in. broad. Scape

slender. Flower}4+in. diam. Lip 3-lobed .. 1. C. minor.
Rather stout. Leaf solitary, linear, 44 in. broad. Scape

stout. Flower 4-1lin. diam. Lip 3-lobed .. 2. C. Lyall.
Rather stout. Leaves 2, oblong or lanceolate. Flower

3in. diam. Lip undivided .. 3h Bie .. 3. C. bifolia.

1. C. minor, Hook. f. Fi. Nov. Zel. i. 247, t. 568.—Stems very
slender, 3-10in. high, rarely more, glandular-pilose with spread-
ing hairs. Leaf from near ibe base of the stem and always
shorter than it, 1-8in. long, 4-4 in. broad, very narrow-linear, flat,
striate, ciliate or pilose. Flower solitary or rarely 2, pink, about
din. diam. Sepals subequal, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or
subacute ; upper sepal erect; lateral spreading or deflexed. Petals
similar to the sepals. spreading. Lip shorter than the sepals,
broad, 3-lobed; lateral lobes large, oblong, obtuse, erect, usually
marked with transverse purplish bands; middle lobe lanceolate-
deltoid, acuminate, reflexed, margins fringed with linear calli; disc
with 2 continuous rows of bright-yellow stipitate calli. Column
elongate, as long as the lip, incurved, broadly winged. Anther
apiculate.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 267. OC. variegata, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xvii. (1885) 248.

Var. exigua,—Stem shorter and still more slender, almost filiform, 24in.
high. Sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate. Middle lobe of lip with a
single marginal gland on each side; disc with 2 rows of calli as in the type.
Perhaps a distinct species.

NorrtH anp SourH Is~taAnps: From the North Cape to Otago, not un-
common. Sea-level to 2000 ft. September — December. Var. exigua:
K xitaia (Mongonui County), R. H. Matthews !

2. C. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 247.— Rather stout,
4-12 in. high, pilose with long soft hairs. Leaf from near the base
of the stem and much shorter than it, }1+in. broad, narrow-linear,
rather thick, channelled, sparingly pilose on the margins and under-
surface. Scape stout, with a sheathing bract about the muddle,
1-2-flowered. Flower large, }-lin. diam. Upper sepal 4-3in.
long, obovate-oblong, erect or incurved, concave; lateral elliptic-
oblong. Petals similar to the lateral sepals. Lip about half as
long as the lateral sepals, 3-lobed; lateral lobes broad, jagged at
the tip, often banded with purple; middle lobe small, recurved ;
disc with 4 rows of stipitate calli. Column rather long, broadly
winged, incurved; anther shortly apiculate-—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 267.

SoutH IsLAnp, Stewart IsLaAnpD, AUCKLAND IsLANDS.—Not uncommon in

subalpine localities. Usually from 2500 ft. to 5000 ft., but descends to sea-
level in the Auckland Islands. December—January.

A handsome little plant, much more robust than C. minor, and with much
larger flowers.

‘Caladenia. | ORCHIDES. 689

3. C. bifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 247.—Stout or slender,
glandular-pubescent, 3-9 in. high. Leaves two together towards
the base of the stem, spreading, 1—24in. long, variable in shape,
one usually much broader than the other, ovate or oblong to ovate-
lanceolate or lanceolate, acute, sparingly glandular - pubescent,
margins ciliate. Scape 1-flowered, with a sheathing bract a little
distance below the flower. Flower white with a tinge of pink,
nearly lin. diam. when fully expanded. Upper sepal narrow-
oblong, obtuse, erect, concave; lateral spreading, linear-lanceolate.
Petals shorter and narrower. Lip sessile by a narrow base, spread-
ing, orbicular-obovate, rounded at the tip, undivided, margin entire ;
disc with two almost continuous lines of yellow calli extending from
the middle to the base. Column elongate, incurved, 2-winged,
wings not produced behind the anther.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.
267. C. macrophylla, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 396.
Chiloglottis Traversii, F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 51.

NortH AND SoutH IstaAnps, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, AUCK-
LAND IsuANDs: Not uncommon in upland districts from Lake Taupo and Mount
Egmont southwards. Ascends to 4500 ft., descends to sea-level in the extreme
south and in the outlying islands. December—January.

A curious plant, the genus of which is doubtful. It was referred to Chilog-
lottis by Mueller, and certainly is allied to it in habit, but it wants the essential
character of the wings of the column produced into 2 lobes behind the anther.
‘On the whole I think it is best retained in Caludenia.

17. CHILOGLOTTIS, B. Br.

Terrestrial herbs, with small underground tubers. Leaves 2,
radical or nearly so, oblong or linear-oblong. Seape 1-flowered,
with a solitary bract below the flower. Upper sepal erect, incurved,
coneave, narrowed at the base; lateral narrow-linear or terete,
spreading or reflexed. Petals lanceolate, faleate. Lip attached to
the base of the column by a short or long claw, ovate or obovate,
undivided ; dise with variously arranged calli. Coiumn elongated,
incurved, winged; wings produced at the top into 2 erect lobes
often equalling the anther. Stigma placed just under the rostel-
lum. Anther terminal, erect, 2-celled; pollinia 4, granular.

A small genus of 7 species, 6 of which are natives of Australia, one of them
extending to New Zealand, the remaining one confined to New Zealand. The
genus differs from Caladenia principally in the 2-leaved stem and in the wing of
the column extending behind the anther. Caladenia bifolia has the habit of
Chiloglottis, but the column-wing is that of Caladenia, in which genus I have
retained it.

Stout, upper sepal broad ovate-lanceolate ; lateral sepals

and petals erect. Lip very shortly clawed, trowel-shaped 1. C. cornuwta.
Slender. Upper sepal linear-spathulate. Petals deflexed.

Lip with 1 very long narrow claw, lamina rhomboid .. 2. C. formicifera.

690 ORCHIDES. [Chiloglottis..

1. C. cornuta, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 69.—Usually rather
stout, perfectly glabrous, 2-5in. high. Leaves 2, close together,
petiolate, spreading, 1-3 in. long, 4-lin. broad, oblong or linear-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute, flat, rather fleshy
when fresh ; veins parallel, connected by transverse veinlets. Scape
very short at first, but lengthening as the flower withers and some-
times 4-8in. long in fruit, 1-flowered or very rarely 2-flowered ;
bract sheathing. Flower about 4 in. diam., green, sometimes spotted
with purple. Upper sepal broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
erect. Lateral sepals placed in front of the lip, linear-lanceolate.
Petals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, erect. Lip triangular-cordate or
trowel-shaped, acute, concave; disc with 3 large stalked rounded
calli near the base, 2 linear ones on each side higher up, and
83 smaller rounded ones between them. Column curved forwards,
winged; the wings expanded above and produced upwards into.
2 lobes exceeding the anther.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 269.

NortH anp SoutH Is~tanps, CHATHAM IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, ANTI-
PODES IsLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL Is~LANDS: Moist shaded places from.
Kaitaia and Mongonui southwards, not common. Sea-level to 3000 ft.
October-December.

The calli on the labellum probably vary in number and shape, judging from
Hooker’s description in ‘‘ Flora Antarctica.”

2. C. formicifera, Fitzgerald, Austral. Orch. i. 3 (1877).—
Slender, delicate, 2-3in. high. Leaves 2, close together, sessile,
spreading, 1-2 in. long, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
thin and membranous, margins often undulate when fresh; veins
parallel, connected by transverse veinlets. Scape 2-3 in. high,
1-flowered ; bract near the top, sheathing. Flower about 4in.
long. Upper sepal linear-spathulate, erect, acuminate; lateral
about the same length, linear, acuminate. Petals linear-lanceolate,
abruptly deflexed, about as long as the sepals. Lip horizontal or
ascending, contracted below into a long and narrow claw, above.
suddenly expanded intoa short and broad spoon-shaped or rhomboid
lamina, the tip of which is usually reflexed; disc with numerous
calli, the largest of which is placed at the base, and projects from it,
with a kind of double head, towards the column ; in front of this is.
a large flat heart-shaped gland, and rows of smaller calli reach the
apex of the lip. Column arched forward, broadly winged. —
Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiii. (1901) 312.

Norts Isuanp: Auckland—Kaitaia (Mongonui County), R. H. Matthews!
September-October.

A very remarkable little plant, previously known only from eastern Aus-
tralia. Mr. Matthews’s specimens agree in all respects with Mr. Fitzgerald’s
beautiful plate.

Adenochilus. | ORCHIDES. 691

1s. ADENOCHILUS, Hook. t.

Slender terrestrial herbs. Leaf solitary, placed near the middle
of the stem, ovate. Peduncle slender, 1-flowered, with 1 or 2
sheathing bracts between the flower and the leaf, the upper of
which sometimes bears in its axil the minute rudiment of a second
flower. Flower small. Upper sepal erect, incurved, concave or
almost galeate; lateral lanceolate, placed under the lip. Petals
linear-lanceolate, almost equalling the sepals. Lip shortly clawed
on to the base of the column, 3-lobed; lateral lobes large,
erect; middle lobe smaller, caudate, reflexed; disc and middle
lobe with several rows of small stalked calli. Column slender,
curved, winged; wings produced upwards into 2 toothed lobes.
Stigma prominent, placed just under the rostellum. Anther
terminal, erect, 2-celled; pollinia 4 in each cell, granular.

The genus is limited to two species: one endemic in New Zealand, the
other (A. Nortoni, Fitzgerald) in Australia. It is closely allied to both Caladenia
and Chiloglottis, differing from the former in the wing of the column extending
behind the anther, and from the latter in the solitary leaf and glandular-
pubescent perianth.

1. A. gracilis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 246, t. 564.—Stem
slender, glabrous, 5-10in. high. Leaf sessile half-way up the
stem, 4—1 in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, membranous, veins
reticulated. Flower about $in. diam., more or less finely glandular-
pubescent. Ovary narrow, cylindrical, $-$in. long. Upper sepal
adnate to the back of the column towards the base, acuminate ;
lateral sepals and petals subsimilar, erect, acuminate. Lip much
shorter than the sepals and petals and almost concealed by them ;
middle lobe much smaller than the lateral, caudate, reflexed ; calli
numerous, stipitate, yellow. Column broadly winged for its whole
length, wings produced upwards behind the anther into two broad
toothed lobes.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 265.

NortH Istanp: Forests near Lake Waikaremoana, Colenso ! SouTtH
Istanp: Nelson—Near Foxhill, P. Lawson! Buller Valley, 7. F. C.; Mount
Owen, Townson! Otago—Mount Maungatua, forests to the west of Lake Te
Anau, Petrie! near Lake Hauroto, G. M. Thomson ! 500-2500 ft. Novem-
ber—January.

19. TOWNSONIA, n. gen.

A small slender terrestrial herb. Root of creeping fleshy
caudicles thickened here and there into small tubers. Radical
leaves 1-3 from the caudicles, rarely at the base of the flowering-
stem, petiolate, ovate-orbicular. Cauline leaf or empty bract soll-
tary half-way up the stem, sessile, ovate, acute, often much
reduced in size. Flowers 1 or 2, small; perianth horizontal or
deflexed. Upper sepal much incurved, broad, concave, almost
galeate ; lateral placed in front of the lip, lanceolate, margins in-
volute. Petals minute, erect. Lip clawed on to the base of the

692 ORCHIDEZ. [| Townsonia.

column; lamina erect, undivided, broadly ovate-rhomboid, sub-
cordate at the base, entire, margins involute and clasping the
column towards the base; disc smooth, without calli or ridges, or
with an obscure thickening on each side near the base. Column
rather shorter than the lip, erect, broadly and equally winged from
the base; wings not continued upwards behind the anther.
Stigma prominent, placed just under the small rostellum. Anther
terminal, erect, 2-celled ; pollinia free, granular.

A very curious little plant. It is clearly allied to Adenochilus, of which it
has the habit, but differs in the smooth undivided Jip, minute petals, and in the
column-wings not being produced upwards behind the anther. The smooth
undivided lip also separates it from Chiloglottis, Caladenia, Burnettia, aud
other allied genera. Believing it to form the type of a new genus, I have much
pleasure in dedicating it to its discoverer, Mr. W. Townson, of Westport, to-
whom I am much indebted for specimens and information respecting the
botany of the north-western portion of the South Island.

1. T. deflexa, Cheesem.—Very slender, 3-6in. high. Radical
leaves on slender petioles 4-14in. long; blade +4in., broadly
oblong or orbicular-ovate, obtuse or apiculate, rounded or subcordate
at the base, thin and membranous, veins reticulated. Cauline leaf
ovate, acute, often very small and scale-like. Flowers small, 1+ in.
long, greenish.

Souru Isuanp: Ne’son—Vicinity of Westport, Townson! November-
December.

20. CORYSANTHES, R. Br.

Dwarf very delicate succulent terrestrial herbs. Root of small
rounded tubers on fleshy caudicles. Leaf solitary, ovate-cordate or
orbicular or reniform. Flower solitary, large for the size of the
plant, at first almost sessile on the leaf, but peduncle elongating
considerably in fruit. Upper sepal large, erect and incurved,.
helmet-shaped ; lateral free, small and linear, or long and filiform.
Petals similar to the lateral sepals but smaller, sometimes wanting.
Lip large, the lower portion tubular, the margins meeting behind
the column and enclosing it; base with a rounded auricle on
each side of the column or with a hollow conical spur; upper part
truncate or expanded into a broad abruptly reflexed limb; mar-
gins entire or denticulate or fimbriate. Column short, straight,
2-winged at the top; stigma broad, placed just under the rostellum.
Anther large, terminal, erect, 2-celled; pollinia 4, powdery, free.

A very curious genius of about 16 species, found in Malaya, Australia, and
New Zealand, the species of each country being endemic.

A. Lip produced downwards into 2 conical spurs at the base. Lateral sepals:
and petals minute.

Leaf $-4 in., sessile, ovate-cordate af és .. Ll. C. Cheesemanit.

Corysanthes. | ORCHIDE. 693:

B. Lip with 2 rounded orifices at the base. Lateral sepals and petals filiform,
longer than the lip (except in C. Matthewsii).

Leaf 3-1lin., sessile, ovate- or orbicular-cordate. Lateral
sepals and petals about half as long as the lip. Lip

truncate, entire or minutely denticulate 2. C. Matthewsit.
Leaf 3-1} in., sessile, ovate-oblong, rounded or “cordate at
the base. Lip truncate, coarsely toothed or fimbriate.. 3. C. oblonga.

Leaf 4-2 in., sessile, oblong- ovate, acuminate. Upper

sepal acuminate. Hp bent forwards and downwards,

acuminate. 4. C. rivularis.
Leaf 4-1} in., "sessile or shortly petiolate, broadly oblong

or orbicular, apiculate. Upper sepal acute. Lip ab-

ruptly reflexed and expanded, apex acute 3 5. C. rotundifolia.
Leaf }-2in., petiolate, orbicular or reniform, 3-lobed at

the tip. Upper sepal obtuse. Lip eps pemexce and

expanded, apex rounded : 6. C. triloba.
Large and stout, 2-Sin. high. " Leaf on a Aiiolc 3- 3in,

long; lamina 4-3in., broadly oblong or orbicular.

Upper sepal acute. Lip large, abruptly reflexed and

much expanded a ns 5c a -. 1. C. macrantha.

1. C. Cheesemanii, Hook. /. ex ty Kirk i Trans. N.Z. Inst.
iii. (1871) 180.—A very small SDE E $-1in. high when in flower,
rarely more. Leai sessile, +4 in. long, ovate-cordate or orbicular-
cordate, apiculate, membranous, veins conspicuous when dry.
Flower sessile or shortly peduncled, about in. long, dull-purple ;
bract short, sheathing. Upper sepal very “large, helmet- shaped,
curved over the lp, obtuse. Lateral sepals minute, subulate, erect,
placed between the basal spurs of the lip. Petals frequently want-
ing, when present very minute, deflexed, placed under or behind
the basal spurs of the lip. Lip very large, tubular, the margins
involute and meeting behind the column and enclosing it, the base
produced downwards on each side into a short conical spur; the
mouth expanded and abruptly recurved ; margins entire. Column
short, stout, erect, with a large fleshy gland at the base. Anther
terminal, very large. Capsule 4 yin. long, linear-oblong, elevated on

the greatly elongated peduncle, “which is sometimes over 6 in. long.
—Ic. Plant. t. 1120.

Nort Istanp: Auckland—Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews! vicinity of Auck-
land, 7. #. C. Souru Isuanp: Near Westport, W. Townson ! June-July.

A very curious little plant, probably not uncommon, but easily overlooked,
from its small size and early flowering-period. It is very closely allied to the
Australian C. bicalcarata, and may prove identical with it.

2. C. Matthewsii, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899)
351.—Small, delicate, ¢-1}in. high. Leaf sessile, 4-Lin. long,
ovate-cordate or orbicular-cordate, acute or obtuse, membranous.
when dry, showing 1 or 2 circular veins on each side of the midrib
connected by transverse veinlets. Flower shortly peduncled, avout
in. long, horizontal or drooping, purplish-green; bract sinall,
erect. Upper sepal very narrow at the base, broadened above and

694 ORCHIDES. [Corysanthes.

hood-shaped, arched over the lip. Lateral sepals and petals small,
linear-subulate, seldom more than 4 as long as the lp. Lip large,
involute, the margins meeting behind the column and enclosing it,
orbicular-cordate when spread out; base with a rounded auricle on
each side ; apex truncate, entire or very slightly denticulate ; disc
with a thickened patch covered with deflexed hairs. Column short,
stout, curved, swollen in front at the base.

Norts Istanp: Auckland—Kaitaia (Mongonui County), R. H. Matthews !
July-August.

Clearly allied to C. oblonga, but the flower is larger, the lateral sepals and
petals much reduced in size, the upper sepal narrower at the base and more
hood-shaped at the top, and the margin of the lip is not coarsely fringed.

3. C. oblonga, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 266.—Variable in size,
12in. high. Leaf sessile, #-l}in. long, ovate-oblong, apiculate,
rounded or cordate at the base, thin and membranous, conspicu-
ously veined when dry. Flowers small, shortly peduncled, solitary
or very rarely two together, about +in. long, reddish-purple ; bract
rather large, sometimes foliaceous, erect. Upper sepal narrow,
concave, oblong when spread out, obtuse or apiculate, arched over
the lip. Lateral sepals and petals filiform, +?in. long. Lip
involute, the margins meeting behind the column and enclosing it,
broadly semicordate when spread out ; base with a rounded auricle
or orifice on each side; apex truncate, coarsely toothed or fimbriate,
centre of disc with minute dentiform papille. Column short, stout,
curved to the front, with a swelling at the base.—Nematoceras
oblonga, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 250, t. 57B.

NorrH anp SoutH IsLANDS, STEWART IsLAND: Not uncommon on moist
shaded banks from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Sep-
tember—November.

4, C. rivularis, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 266.—Very delicate
and membranous, 1-24 in. high. Leaf sessile, $2 in. long, ovate or
oblong-ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate or almost 2-lobed at the
base, very thin and membranous, veins conspicuous, reticulated.
Flower shortly pedunculate or sessile between the lobes of the leaf,
4-Lin. long; bract narrow, acuminate. Upper sepal narrow, con-
cave, arched over the lip, gradually tapering into a long filiform
point. Lateral sepals and petals filiform, 1—2in. long, the petals
usually exceeding the sepals. Lip involute, the margins meeting
behind the column and enclosing it, broadly ovate-cordate when
spread out; base with a rounded auricle or orifice on each side;
upper portion curved forwards and downwards, acuminate or apicu-
late, margins undulate, entire. Column very short, stout, erect.—
Nematoceras rivularis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 251.

NortH anp SoutH Isuanps, Stewart IstAnpD: In damp wooded ravines
from the North Cape southwards, but often local. Sea-level to 2000 ft.
September—November.

Corysanthes. ] ORCHIDEH. 695

A very remarkable and distinct species, easily recognised by the thin acumi-
nate leaf, very long filiform petals and lateral sepals, by the filiform point to the
upper sepal, and acuminate lip.

5. C. rotundifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 266.—Variable in
size, 4-2in. high. Leaf sessile or shortly petiolate, 4-14 in. long,
broadly oblong or orbicular, tip rounded and apiculate, deeply cordate
or 2-lobed at the base, rather fleshy, membranous when dry, veins
reticulated. Peduncle at first very short, but elongating as the
flower withers. Flower 4in. long, dull-purple or purplish-green ;
bract short. Upper sepal narrow, concave, arched over the lip,
acuminate. Lateral sepals and petals filiform, 1-l4in. long. Lip
tubular below, the margins meeting behind the column and enclos-
ing it, base with a rounded auricle on each side; upper part
abruptly recurved and expanded, tip acute, margins very minutely
denticulate. Column short, stout, bent backwards.—C. orbiculata,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 389. Nematoceras rotundi-
folia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 251.

NortH AND SoutH ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
Isntanps: Moist wooded ravines throughout, but often local. Sea-level to
2500 ft. September—December.

This may not be the C. rotundifolia of the Handbook, which is described
as having a truncate lip. It differs from C. rivularis in the more coriaceous
leaf, with a rounded tip, in the upper sepal not being produced into a filiform
point, and in the broader reflexed portion of the lip. From small forms of
C. macrantha it is best distinguished by the almost sessile leaf and much smaller
lip with an acute or acuminate tip. Mr. R. H. Matthews sends me specimens
from Kaitaia with the leaves deeply lobed on each side, so as to be almost.
panduriform.

6. C. triloba, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 265.—Rather stout,
variable in size. Leaf on a petiole 4-2in. long; blade 4~-1Lin.
diam., reniform or orbicular, more or less distinctly 3-lobed at the
tip, middle lobe acute, cordate at the base, fleshy when fresh, mem-
branous when dry. -Pedunele at first short, but elongating as the
flower withers, and in fruit often 4-8 in. long. Flower 4-4 in. long,
dull-purple ; bract rather small. Upper sepal narrow at the base,
dilated above, obovate-spathulate when spread out, arched over the
lip, concave, obtuse at the tip. Lateral sepals and petals filiform,
erect, #-2in. long. Lip involute, tubular below, the margins
meeting behind the column and enclosing it, and with a rounded
auricle or orifice at the base on each side; upper part abruptly
reflexed and much expanded laterally and downwards, forming a
broad saucer-like entrance to the flower; margins erose or nearly
entire. Column short, stout, bent backwards.—C. hypogexa, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 336. Nematoceras triloba, Hook. f.
Fil. Nov. Zet. i, 250.

NortH AnD SoutH Isnanps, STEwART Isuanp: Shaded places from the
North Cape southwards, but often local. Sea-level to 2000 ft. July—Sep-
tember.

696 ORCHIDES. , [Corysanthes.

7. CG. macrantha, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 266.—Much larger
than the other species, 2-8in. high or more. Leaf on a petiole
4-3in. long; lamina 3-2in. diam., broadly oblong or orbicular,
obtuse or apiculate or rarely 3-lobed at the tip, cordate or 2-lobed
at the base, thick and fleshy when fresh, thin and membranous
when dry, veins finely reticulate. Peduncle from the base of the
petiole, at first short, but elongating as the flower withers, often
4-10in. long in fruit. Flower large, 4-lin. long, dark-purple;
bract small. Upper sepal narrow, concave, arched over the lip,
somewhat expanded above, acute or acuminate. Lateral sepals
and petals filiform, 1-2in. long. Lip large, tubular below, the
margins meeting behind the column and enclosing it, base with a
rounded auricle on each side, upper part abruptly recurved and
much expanded all round, margins undulate, minutely erose or:
denticulate. Column short, stout, bent backwards.—C. papillosa,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 337. Nematoceras macrantha,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 229, t. 57a.

NortH AND SoutH Isnanps, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, AUCKLAND
AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: Not uncommon in damp shaded places throughout.
Sea-level to 2500 ft. Octob2r—December.

Closely allied to C. triloba, but much larger, the leaves rarely 3-lobed at
the tip, the upper sepal acute or acuminate, and the lip larger. Both it and
C. triloba frequently have the peduncle bent backwards, so that the flower lies
with the upper sepal undermost and the lip above.

91. GASTRODIA. R. Br.

Leafless terrestrial brownish herbs. Root long, tuberous,
usuaily parasitic on the roots of other plants. Stem simple, erect,
furnished with lax sheathing scales. Flowers in a terminal raceme.
Sepals and petals connate into a ventricose 5-lobed tube more or
less slit on the anterior side. Lip shorter than the perianth,
attached at the base to the foot of the column, and adnate at
the back to the perianth-tube; lamina erect, furnished with longi-
tudinal raised lines or naked, margins undulate. Column long
or short, narrowly 2-winged; rostellum small; stigma near the
base of the column, prominent. Anther lid-like, incumbent;
pollinia free, granular.

A small genus of 8 or 9 species, ranging from New Zealand and Australia
northwards to Malaya, the Himalayas, China, and Japan.

Raceme 2-Sin., many-flowered. Perianth ?in. Column

elongated, 3 the length of the lip k it 46

Raceme 6-12in., very many flowered. Perianth in.

Column very short, barely } the length of the lip .. 2.G. Cunning-
hami.

1. G. sesamoides.

Stem slender, almost filiform. Raceme 1-3 in., 3-5-flowered.
Perianth 4in. Column very short, barely } the length

of the lip 3. G. minor,

Gastrodia. | ORCHIDES. 697

G. Hectori, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 214, is shown by the
specimens in Mr. Buchanan’s herbarium to be a Prasophyllwm, probably
P. patens, R. Br.

1. G. sesamoides, f. Br. Prodr. 330.— Root very long and
tuberous. Stem stout or slender, 1-24 ft. high, mottled grey ;
sheathing scales loose, truncate or with an obtuse point. Raceme
2-8 in. long, many-flowered ; bracts scarious, broadly ovate, shorter
than the pedicels. Flowers brownish-white, about 2in. long with-
out the ovary, drooping. -Perianth ventricose, gibbous at the base,
shortly 5-lobed; lobes short and broad, ovate, constricted at the
base. Lip slightly shorter than the perianth; lamina oblong, with
2 thick ridges up the median line, which coalesce into one near the
tip, margins much crisped and undulate. Column elongate, almost
as long as the lip, angular, narrowly winged above; stigma a large
protuberance at the very base.—Hook f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 31, t. 126;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 309; Ettzgerald, Austral. Orch. ii. pt. 5;
Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 272.

Nortu Isnanp: Auckland— Kaitaia, R. A. Matthews! Northern Wairoa,
T. F. C.; Great Barrier Island, Kirk! near Auckland, T. F. C.; Hast Cape dis-
trict, Adams and Petrie! SourH Istanp: Westland—Kelly’s Creek, Petrie !
Sea-level to 1500 ft. December—January.

The long slender column at once separates this from the following species,
which it otherwise much resembles. In Australia it ranges from Queensland to
Tasmania.

2. G. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 251.—Habit
and appearance of G. sesamoides but usually smaller and more
slender, 1-3 ft. high or even more. Stem brownish, often striped
and spotted with purple or fawn colour. Raceime 6-10 in. long,
very many-flowered, pedicels slender, 1-2 in.; bracts ovate, acute,
searious. Flowers brownish-white, 4in. long without the ovary,
drooping. Perianth tubular, much swollen at the base, split
half-way down on the anterior face, shortly 5-lobed; lobes broad,
ovate-deltoid, acute. Lip rather shorter than the perianth; lamina
narrow trowel-shaped with 2 papillose ridges running up the
middle and uniting near the tip; margins involute, membranous,
much crisped and undulate. Column very short, barely + the
length of the lip.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 263; Petrie in rans. N.Z.
Inst. xxy. (1893) t. 20, f. 1-4. G. leucopetala, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 268.

Norra anp SoutH Isntanps, Stewart Isnanp, CHaTHAM IsnaANDs: Not
uncommon in dark shaded places, but easily overlooked. Sea-level to
2000 ft. Peret; Makaika. November—January.

The starchy thick and tuberous root was formerly collected by the Maoris
and eaten, especially in the Urewera district.

3. G. minor, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 273, t. 20,.
f. 5-7.—Stem umber-brown, not spotted, very slender, 8—15in.

698 ORCHIDEZ. [Gastrodia.

high, ;4;in. diam. at the base; sheathing scales few, oblique.
Raceme 1-3 in. long, 3-8-flowered; pedicels slender, tin. long;
bracts short, broad, scarious. Flowers brownish tipped with dirty-
white, $in. long without the ovary, drooping. Perianth ventricose,
gibbous at the base, split about half-way down on the anterior side,
shortly 5-lobed ; lobes rounded-ovate, undulate. Lip hardly shorter
than the perianth; lamina linear-oblong, obtuse, with 2 thick
median ridges; margins incurved, thickened, slightly crumpled.
Column very short, barely + the length of the lip.

SoutH Isntanp: Otago—Opihi Creek, near Dunedin, Petrie! January.

Dried specimens differ very little in appearance from slender forms of
G. Cunninghamii; but according to Mr. Petrie there are important differences
in the lip and column.

OrpER LXXX. IRIDEZA.

Perennial herbs, with a tuberous or bulbous or creeping rhizome.
Leaves usually all radical, narrow, equitant and distichous.
Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or obliquely irregular, solitary
and terminal, or in spikes or corymbs or panicles, or clustered,
enclosed within 2 spathaceous usually scarious bracts. Perianth
superior, petaloid, marcescent ; segments 6, in 2 series, imbricate.
Stamens 3, epigynous or inserted on the outer perianth-segments ;
filaments free or united into a tube; anthers 2-celled, opening
outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; style filiform, usually 3-fid
above; divisions stigmatic at the end, subulate or narrow or broad,
sometimes petaloid ; ovules numerous, in the inner angle of each
cell, anatropous. Fruit a coriaceous 3-celled usually trigonous
capsule, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds usually numerous, albu-
minous ; embryo short, cylindric.

A large order, comprising nearly 60 genera and about 700 species, dispersed
over the whole world, but most abundant and varied in South Africa, plentiful
in South Europe, not infrequent in America, comparatively rare in Asia. The
order includes few useful species. Some are said to be purgative and diuretic,
and the dried stigmas of the saffron (Crocus sativus) are a well-known dye.
Many of the species are cultivated in gardens on account of the beauty of their
flowers, especially of the genera Iris, Crocus, Ixia, and Gladiolus. The single
New Zealand genus extends to Australia on the one side, and South America on
the other.

1. LIBERTIA, Spreng.

Perennial herbs with a short creeping rhizome and long fibrous
roots. Leaves numerous, densely crowded at the base of the stem,
distichously imbricate, equitant, linear or ensiform, flat, rigid.
Flowering-stems erect, simple or branched; cauline leaves few.
Flowers on slender pedicels, clustered in the axils of sheathing
bracts, forming a corymbose-paniculate or subumbellate inflores-
cence. Perianth regular, tube wanting; segments 6, spreading,
free to the base, the 8 inner rather longer and _ broader.

Libertia.] IRIDEX. 699:

Stamens 8; filaments free or slightly connate at the base;
anthers linear-sagittate, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many
in each cell; style short, with 3 linear-subulate spreading
branches. Capsule broadly oblong or obovoid or globose, 3 -
valved. Seeds angled or compressed, smooth or foveolate.

A small genus of 8 or 10 species, found in New Zealand, Australia, and
extratropical South America. One of the New Zealand species extends to
Australia and Tasmania, the remaining two are endemic.

Leaves 4-tin. broad. Flower-clusters many, panicled.
Capsule 4-4 in. long af Se Ys se
Leaves 4-4in. Flower-clusters many, panicled. Cap-
sule 4-?in. long... xe 25 S06 a
Leaves ~,-4in. Flower-clusters solitary or rarely 2-3.
Capsule globose, 4in. diam. .. Ab oe .. 3. L. pulchella.

1. L. ixioides.

2. L. grandiflora.

1. L. ixioides, Spreng. Syst. i. 168.— Rhizome very short.
Leaves numerous, densely tufted. 1-2ft. long, 4—4in. broad,
narrow-linear, acuminate, rigid and coriaceous, striate; margins
cartilaginous, smooth or very obscurely and minutely scabrid.
Flowering-stem longer or shorter than the leaves, usually with 1 or
2, cauline leaves below the inflorescence. Panicle broad; branches
alternate from the axils of membranous sheathing bracts, bearing
subumbellate clusters of 2-10 rather large white flowers on long
pedicels. Perianth variable in size, 4-lin. diam.; the 3 outer seg-
ments oblong or elliptic, often greenish on the outside ; the 3 inner
larger and broader, broadly oblong or orbicular, pure white.
Capsule broadly oblong or obovoid, 4-4in. long.—A. Cunn.
recur. nm. 30(; Raoul, Chow, 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.
252; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 274. L. restioides, Klatt wm Linnea,
xxxi. (1861-62) 383. Li. orbicularis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv.
(1883) 329. Sisyrinchium ixioides, Forst. Prodr. n. 325; A. Rich.
Fl. Nowv. Zel. 161. Morea ixioides, Thunb. Diss. Morea, 8. Fer-
raria ixioides, Willd. Sp. Plant. iulii. 582. Renealmia ixioides, Ker-
Gawl. Gen. Irid. 27. Nematostigma ixioides, A. Dietr. Sp. Plant.
ii. 510.

Var. a.—Bracts all lanceolate.

Var. b.—Upper bracts ovate, acute.

NorrsH anp SourH IsLanDs, Stewart Isuanp, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abund-

ant from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Tukaukt.
October-December.

A very variable plant. Var. b appears to be rare in the North Island.

2. L. grandiflora, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. ii. 498.—Habit of
L. txioides, but taller and stouter, 2-3 ft. high, with leaves 1-}in.
broad. Flowering-stem and bracts much as in ZL. ixioides. Flowers
rather larger, the inner perianth-segments much larger and broader
than the outer, often 3 or 4 times as large. Capsule much larger,

‘700 IRIDE. [Libertia.

4-3 in. long, broadly oblong or obovoid, yellow when fully ripe.—
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 274. LL. macrocarpa, Klatt in Linnea, xxxi.
(1861-62) 384. Renealmia grandiflora, R. Br. Prodr. Add. 592.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: From the North Cape to Otago, but not so
common as L. ixioides. October-November.

But for the great difference in the size of the capsule this might very well
have been regarded as a variety of L. ixioides.

3. L. pulchella, Spreng. Syst. i. 168.—Small, slender, 3-9 in.
high. Rhizome often elongated, sometimes branched at the top.
Leaves 2-6in. long, ;4-4in. broad, grassy, hardly rigid, margins
smooth or ciliolate. Scape usually longer than the leaves, bearing
a single terminal subumbellate cluster of 3-8 small white flowers,
or in large specimens 1 or 2 other clusters may be developed lower
down the scape; pedicels very slender, pubescent, 3-1 in. long;
bracts numerous, whorled at the base of the clusters. Perianth
4-4in. diam.; segments almost equal, oblong-obovate. Capsule
4-1in. diam., globose, membranous.—Benth. Fil. Austral. vi. 413.
L. micrantha, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 8308; Raoul, Choix, 41; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 252; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 274.

NortH anpD Sours Istanps, Stewart Istanp: Damp mossy places in
hilly forests throughout, not uncommon. Sea-level to 4000 ft. November-
January. Also in south-eastern Australia and Tasmania.

Orper LXXXI. AMARYLLIDEZ.

Usually perennial herbs, sometimes of large size. Rootstock
bulbous, tuberous, tufted or creeping. Leaves generally all radical,
narrow, not usually equitant or distichous. Flowers regular or
slightly irregular, hermaphrodite, in terminal umbels or racemes or
panicles, rarely solitary; peduncles or scapes naked or bracteate.
Perianth superior, petaloid, tube long or short, limb 6-lobed or
-partite, sometimes bearing at the throat a petaloid corona (Narevs-
sus, &c.). Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth-tube or at the base
of the segments and opposite to them; filaments free or united
at the base; anthers 2-celled, versatile, introrse. Ovary inferior,
3-celled; style filiform or columnar, stigma simple or 3-fid;
ovules numerous, in 2 series in the inner angle of each cell, ana-
tropous. Fruit usually a 3-celled capsule with loculicidal dehis-
cence, rarely an indehiscent berry. Seeds generally numerous,
sometimes reduced to 1 or 2 in each call; albumen fleshy ; embryo
small, axile.

A well-known and widely distributed order, found in all warm and temperate
countries, but (like the preceding family) decidedly rare in Asia. Genera 65;
species under 700. It includes the American aloe (Agave americana), which
can be applied to a wonderful variety of uses. Both it and other species of
Agave are valuable fibre-plants, A. rigida being the well-known sisal: hemp.

Hypoxis.] AMARYLLIDE. 701

The ornamental species are very numerous, the principal genera being Narcissus,
Galanthus (snowdrop), Lewcoiwm (snowflake), Hippeastrum, Amaryllis, Vallota,
‘Crinum, Alstremeria, Agave, Fourcroya. The single genus found in New Zea-
dand is widely diffused.

1. HYPOXIS, Linn.

Small herbs. Rhizome bulbous or tuberous, coated with a
membranous or fibrous sheath. Leaves radical, narrow, flat or
‘terete, often hairy. Scape 1- or many-flowered. Perianth regular,
‘tube wanting; segments 6, nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 6,
inserted on the base of the segments and shorter than them;
anthers erect, linear or oblong, dorsifixed. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ;
ovules numerous in each cell, 2-seriate; style short, columnar;
stigmas 3, stout, erect, distinct or connate. Capsule globose or
oblong, membranous, 3-valved or circumscissile below the top.
Seeds small, subglobose ; testa crustaceous, shining, usually more
or less beaked at the hilum.

Species over 50, mainly confined to southern or tropicil Africa, a few only
‘in Asia, Australasia, or America.

1. H. pusilla, Hook. f. Fi. Tasm. ii. 36, t. 1308.—Very small,
1-2in. high. Rhizome globose, bulb-like, clothed with the setose
remains of the old leaves, 4in. diam. Leaves 3-6, 4—2in. long,
filiform, wiry, flexuous, grooved down the inner face, base widened
into a scarious sheath. Scapes shorter than the leaves, 1-3-flowered.
Flowers small, 4in. diam. Perianth-segments ovate-lanceolate,
acute. Stamens short, not half as long as the perianth-segments ;
anthers linear, basifixed. Stigmas lanceolate, free. Capsule glo-
bose, $in. diam.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 275; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vi. 449. H. hygrometrica, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 253 (not of Lf.
Br.).

Norru Istanp: Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. SoutH Istanp: Marlborough—
Sandy ground near the mouth of the Wairau River, J. Macmahon! Canter-
bury—Banks Peninsula, Travers, Armstrong! Cockayne! Canterbury Plains,
Armstrong ! November-April.

Probably not uncommon on the eastern side of the South Island, but very
easily overlooked. Also a native of Victoria and Tasmania.

Orper LXXXII. LILIACEZA.

Perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or trees. Root fibrous, or rhi-
zome tuberous or bulbous or creeping. Stem herbaceous or woody,
erect or climbing, tall or scarcely produced beyond the radical
leaves. Leaves usually in radical tufts, or crowded at the ends
of the stems or branches, or scattered along the branches, very
various in size, shape, and texture. Flowers usually regular, her-
maphrodite or rarely unisexual, inflorescence very various. Peri-
anth inferior, petaloid; tube long or short; limb 6-lobed or -par-

702 LILIACES.

tite; segments in 2 series, imbricate or rarely valvate. Stamens
6, rarely 3, inserted towards the base of the perianth-segments
and opposite to them, rarely hypogynous ; filaments free or connate:
at the base; anthers oblong or linear, 2-celled, versatile. Ovary
superior, 3-celled (sometimes imperfectly so in Astela); style
usually simple with a small terminal stigma, or more or less deeply
divided into 3 stigmatic branches; ovules few or many in each cell,
attached to the inner angle, usually anatropous. Fruit a 3-celled
(rarely 1-celled) capsule or berry. Seeds 1 or more in each cell,
globose or angular or flattened ; testa frequently black, crustaceous:
or membranous ; albumen copious, fleshy or horny ; embryo smaili,
terete.

A very large and important order, found all over the world, but more
abundant in temperate and subtropical regions than in the tropics. It is fre-
quently divided into 3 or 4 separate orders, but in a small Flora it seems.
advisable to avoid extreme subdivision. Genera estimated at 190, species
about 2500. The order has many useful species. The onion, leek, garlic,
and asparagus are well-known edible plants. Aloes, squills, and sarsaparilla
are important medicines. Phormiwm produces one of the strongest of vege-
table fibres. Some are dangerous poisons, as white hellebore and meadow-
saffron. Among the multitude of showy garden-plants it will be sufficient
to mention the lily, tulip, hyacinth, asphodel, lily of the valley. Of the
10 genera found in New Zealand, Phormiuwm extends to Norfolk Island ;
Rhipogonum, Herpolirion, and Arthropodium occur in Australia, the latter in
New Caledonia as well; Hnargea in Chili and the Falkland Islands; Astelia in
Australia, the Pacific islands, and temperate South America; Bulbinella in
South Africa; the remaining three (Cordyline, Dianella, and Iphigenia) are
widely distributed.

A. Fruit a berry.
* Leaves with distant parallel primary veins connected by transverse veinlets..

Tall branching climber. Leaves usually opposite. Flowers

racemose or paniculate ae ; .. 1. RarPogonum.
Stems short, wiry, creeping. Leaves alternate. Flowers
solitary or 2-3, axillary 3 2 ae .. 2. ENARGEA.

** Veins of leaves not connected by transverse veinlets.

Stems woody, usually arborescent. Leaves crowded at the

ends of the stem or branches, glabrous. Flowers her-

maphrodite; perianth deciduous... . 38. CORDYLINE-
Large tufted herbs. Leaves all radical, more or less

clothed with silky hairs. Flowers dicecious; perianth

persistent .. ays 314 A re .. 4, ASTELIA.
Tufted herbs. Leaves all radical, glabrous. Flowers her-
maphrodite; filaments thickened upwards .. .. 5, DIANELLA.

B. Fruit a capsule.

Leaves long, narrow, coriaceous. Scapve tall, branched

above. Perianth tubular, curved . . 6. PHORMIUM.
Leaves, linear, fleshy. Scape stout, naked, Flowers race-
mose, yellow ; filaments naked .. T. BULBINELLA.

Scape stout, with leafy bracts. Flowers panicled, white ;
pedicels jointed in the middle. Filaments bearded .. 8. ARTHROPODIUM.

JBhipogonum.] LILIACES. | 703

Smal alpine herb. Rhizome creeping. Leaves dis-

tichous. Flowers large, solitary, sessile. Style fili-
9. H®mRPOLIRION.

form. ep ae as a Ae
“Small herbs. Rootstock a tunicate corm. Leaves few.
Flower small. Styles 3. Bs dc ae .. 10. IPHIGENIA.

1. RHIPOGONUM, Forst.

‘Tall climbing shrubs, much branched above. Leaves opposite
or nearly so, 3-5-nerved with transverse reticulated veins between ;
petioles without tendrils. Flowers hermaphrodite, small, shortly
pedicelled, racemose; racemes axillary or terminal, simple or
compound, sometimes forming a terminal panicle. Perianth deci-
duous; segments 6, all equal or the outer ones shorter. Sta-
mens 6, hypogynous; filaments very short, flattened; anthers
erect, longer or shorter than the perianth. Ovary superior, ses-
‘sile, 3-celled; style short, stout; stigmas 3, thick, recurved; ovules
solitary or geminate in each cell. Fruit a globose berry, usually
1-seeded by abortion, rarely 2-3-seeded. Seeds globose; testa
thin, appressed ; embryo small, remote from the hilum.

In addition to the single species found in New Zealand, there are four
-others in Australia.

1. R. seandens, Forst. Char. Gen. 50.—A tall glabrous
climber. Stems slender, knotted at the joints, often forming inter-
‘woven masses difficult to penetrate. Leaves opposite or very rarely
alternate, petiolate, 3-5in. long, narrow ovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coriaceous, 3- or 5-nerved, the inter-
‘mediate veinlets copiously reticulated. Racemes axillary, simple
or branched, 3-6in. long, the upper ones sometimes forming a
terminal panicle. Flowers small, greenish, about 4in. diam. ;
pedicels slender, spreading. Perianth-segments very small, oblong-
lanceolate, acute. Stamens 6, much longer than the perianth ; fila-
ments short, thick; anthers very large, linear-lanceolate. Ovary
ovoid-globose; ovules geminate in each cell; style short, thick ;
stigma large, obsoletely 3-lobed. Berry globose, $in. diam., bright-
red.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. i. 151; Raoul, Choix, 41; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov., Zel..i. 253; Handb. N.Z., Fl. 281; Benth. in Hook.
Ic. Plant. t. 1395. RB. parviflorum, &. Br. Prodr. 293; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 305. Similax Ripogonum, Forst. Prodr. nu. 372.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps, Stewart IsuaAnD, CHaTHAm IsLANDS: Low-
land forests from the North Cape southwards, abundant. Sea-leve! to 2000 ft.
Supplejack ; Kareao; Pirita. November—December.

A familiar plant to all bushmen, especially in the northern part of the
‘colony. In the South Island it is mainly found near the coasts. The long,
tough, and elastic stems have been used for baskets, hurdles, &c.; and an
extract from the root has been employed in the place of sarsaparilla.

704 | LILIACE. [Enargea.

2. ENARGEA, Banks and Sol.

Glabrous almost suffruticose herbs. Stems slender, bialehted,
wiry, knotted at the joints, lower joints with small membranous
scales. Leaves alternate. sessile or nearly so, distichous, lanceo-
late to oblong, prominently nerved. Flowers white, solitary or 2-4
in the axils of the leaves. Perianth deciduous ; segments 6, dis-
tinct, subequal, spreading, thin, nerveless. Stamens 6, hypogy-
nous; filaments erect; anthers linear-oblong, basifixed, Jongitudi-
nally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, ovoid, 3-celled; ovules 4-10 in
each cell; style filiform; stigma terminal, capitate or obsoletely
3-lobed. Berry subglobose, indehiscent. Seeds few, ovoid or sub-
globose ; testa thin, appressed ; embryo short, straight; albumen
horny.

In addition to the New Zealand species, which appears to be the same as.
the Fuegian and Falkland Island H. marginata, there are two others from Chili.
I agree with the late Baron Mueller (‘‘ Victorian Naturalist,’’ December, 1886)
in considering that Hnargea should take precedence over both Callixene and
Luzuriaga. Hnargea was published by Gaertner from Solander’s notes in 1788,
whereas Cailixene did not appear until 1789, and Luzuriaga in 1802. Hnargea.
appears to have been rejected on account of an error in Gaertner’s plate, but
that does not seem to be a sufficient reason for setting aside the name.

1. BE. marginata, Banks and Sol. ex Gaertn. Fruct. i. 283, t. 59.
—Stems slender, branched, wiry, flexuous, creeping at the base,
4-12in. long or more. Leaves alternate, sessile or very shortly
petiolate, 4-14 in. long, linear-oblong to oblong, mucronate, pale-
green, rather rigid, coriaceous, longitudinally 5-7-nerved, transverse
veinlets few. Flowers solitary, terminal or in the upper axils,
white, 3-3in. diam.; pedicels short, slender, erect. Perianth-
segments subequal, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Stamens not half the
length of the segments; filaments glabrous. Berry globose, $ in.
diam.—Callixene marginata, Lam. Iilust. t. 248. C. parviflora,
Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 682; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 254; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 281. C. melalantha, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885)
250. Luzuriaga parviflora, Kunth Enum. Pl. v. 281.

NortH aND SoutH Istanps, Stewart Is~taAnp: Mountain forests from
Cape Colville and the Thames goldfields southwards, not uncommon. Sea-
level to 3500 ft. Puwatawata. November—February.

The New Zealand plant is said to differ from the South American mainly in
the smaller flowers. This, however, is a variable character, and I have accord-
ingly followed the ‘ Genera Plantarum ” in un iting the two species.

3. CORDYLINE, Comm.

Trees or shrubs; trunk long or short, sometimes almost want-
ing. Leaves crowded at the top of the stem or its branches, more
rarely alternate along the stem, sessile or petioled, very long, coria-
ceous ; veins parallel, more or less oblique to the midrib. Flowers
hermaphrodite, in terminal much-branched panicles, solitary or

Cordyline.] LILIACEA, 705

fascicled along the branches, shortly pedicellate or almost sessile,
Perianth narrow-campanulate or cylindric, 6-partite; segments
narrow, all equal or the 3 inner rather longer. Stamens 6, inserted
at the base of the segments, shorter or longer than them ; filaments
filiform or flattened; anthers narrow-oblong, dorsifixed. Ovary
3-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate or shortly 3-lobed; ovules
numerous (4-16) in each cell. Berry globose, 3-celled, at first
more or less succulent, but often dry when the seeds are fully ripe.
Seeds few or many in each cell, sometimes solitary by abortion,
usually curved; testa black, shining.

About 10 or 12 species are known, scattered through India, Malaya, Poly-
nesia, and New Zealand, together with one species in South America. With
the exception of the wide-ranging C. terminalis, all the species found in New
Zealand are endemic.

A. Leaves contracted into a long and narrow canaliculate petiole.

Leaves 1-24ft., broadly oblanceolate or narrow-oblong;

lateral veins fine. Panicle 1-2ft.; branches simple,

spreading. Flowerslilac .. .. 1. C, terminalis.
Leaves 3-6 ft., linear-lanceolate ; Sitctah veins strong, pro-

minent. Panicle 2-5 ft., much branched. Flowers

white ae ts ee Sic ne .. 2. C. Banksit.

B. Leaves sessile, ensiform, not contracted into a conspicuous petiole.

Stem 15-40ft. Leaves 13-3 ft. x 138 in., rather thin ;

lateral veins fine, green aP .. ov GC. australis:
Stem 5-20ft. Leaves 2-6 ft. x 4-6 in, , excessively thick

and coriaceous ; lateral veins coarse, conspicuous, red or

yellow ses ae re ». 4. C. mawisa.
Stem wanting or very short. Leaves 1-3 ft. x +-2in.,
narrow-linear ic a a Ab .. 5. C. pumilio.

1. C. terminalis, Kunth in Abh. Aead. Berl. (1820) 30.—Stem
slender, 38-8ft. high. Leaves numerous, crowded, 1-24ft. long,
2-5in. broad, broadly oblanceolate or almost oblong, acute or
acuminate, gradually narrowed into a long petiole, thinly coria-
ceous, pale-g green, midrib distinct beneath but obscure above ;
lateral veins numerous, fine, distinct, oblique; petiole 2-6in. long,
deeply canaliculated above, obtusely keeled beneath, dilated and
sheathing at the base. Panicle 1-2 ft. long, broad, laxly branched ;
branches spreading, the lower ones again divided. Flowers solitary
or 2-3 together along the branches of the panicle, sessile or very
shortly pedicelled, Zin. long, lilac; bracteoles 3, small, deltoid.
Perianth-segments equal, longer than the tube. Stamens not ex-
ceeding the segments. Berry globose, tin. diam.—Benth. Fl.
Austral. vii. 21; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 174.
C. Cheesemanii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 508.

KerMADEC IsntAnDS: Lower portions of Sunday Island, not common,
T. F.C. Nortu Is~tanp: Formerly cultivated by the Maoris in the Bay of
Islands and other northern districts, now nearly extinct. Ti-pore. July-
September.
23—F.

706 LILIACER. [Cordyline.

A most abundant plant throughout Polynesia, and stretching northwards
through Queensland and New Guinea to Malaya and India. I have examined
the specimens, cultivated in Mr. Reid’s garden at Ahipara, upon which Mr.
Kirk founded his C. Cheesemanii. They differ in no respect from the common
Polynesian form of C. terminalis, and as they were found in an abandoned
Maori cultivation they can only be looked upon as survivors from a period
when the species was grown by the Maoris for food-purposes. Archdeacon
Walsh (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiii. 301) mentions other instances of C. terminalis
having been found in old Maori cultivations, and argues with much probability
that the plant was originally introduced by the Maoris on their first colonisation
of New Zealand.

2. C. Banksii, Hook. f. in Gard. Chron. (1860) 792.—Stems
slender, simple or sparingly branched, or several from the base
forming large clumps, 4-10 ft. high. Leaves numerous, very long,
erect below, drooping towards the tips, 3-6ft. or even more,
14-34 in. broad at the middle, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, gradu-
ally contracted into a petiole 1-2ft. long, striate and obliquely
many-nerved, 4—8 of the nerves on each side of the midrib stronger
than the rest and either green or. red or yellowish; midrib stout,
flat above, prominent and rounded beneath; petiole deeply chan-
nelled above, rounded beneath. -Panicles one or several to each
stem, suberect or drooping, very large and lax, much and diffusely
branched, 2-5ft. long. Flowers longer and narrower than in
C. australis, and not so closely placed, nearly 4in. long, white,
sessile or nearly so; bracteoles very small. Berry globose, 3 in.
diam., white. Seeds 2-3 in each cell.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 282;
Fegel in Gartenfl. t. 344. C. Beuckelaerii, C. Koch, Wochenschr.
vili. (1865) 91. CC. erythrorhachis, Hort. ex Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiv. (1875) 541. C. diffusa, Col. mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883)
330.

NortH anpD SoutH Istanps: Abundant from the North Cape to Marl-
borough, Nelson, and Westland. Sea-level to 3500 ft. Ti-ngahere. No-
vember—December.

A very distinct species, easily reccgnised by the large many-nerved leaves
gradually narrowed into long slender petioles, large lax panicles, and long
narrow flowers.

3. C. australis, Hook. f. in Gard. Chron. (1860) 792.—
Variable in size and habit. Stems of young trees straight, erect,
unbranched; of mature ones much branched above or more rarely
from the base, 15-40 ft. high; trunk 1-5 ft. diam.; bark thick,
rough and fissured. Leaves of young plants scattered along the
stem, 1-2ft. long, 4-lin. broad; of older plants forming a dense
round head at the top of the stem or branches, 14-3 ft. long,
14-24in. broad, ensiform, acute or acuminate, contracted just
above the broad sheathing base but not petiolate, flat, firm, coria-
ceous ; midrib indistinct; veins numerous, fine, parallel. Panicles
terminal, erect or drooping, large, 2-4 ft. long, 1-2 ft. diam., much

Cordyline.] LILIACER. 707

and repeatedly branched ; branches spreading, with long lanceolate
bracts at the base. Flowers 4-4 in. diam., crowded, white, sweet-
scented, very shortly pedicelled; bracteoles 3, ovate-deltoid. Peri-
anth-segments linear-oblong, obtuse, recurved. Stamens almost
equalling the segments; anthers oblong. Style subulate; stigma
3-cuspidate. Berry white or bluish-white, globose, tin. diam.
Seeds 1-3 in each cell, black, angled. — Handb. N.Z. Fl. 281;
Bot. Mag. t. 5636 (not t. 2835); Kirk, Forest Fl. t. 141. C. super-
biens, C. Koch, Wochen. (1859) 381. C. indivisa, Kegel, Garten/fl.
(1859) 331 (not of Steud.). C. lentiginosa, Linden and Andre,
Illustr. Hort. xvii. (1870) t. 35. C. Veitchii, Regel, Gartenjfl. (1871)
149. C. calocoma, Hort. ex Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. (1875)
542. C. Forsteri, F’. Muell. Select Pl. 58. C. Sturmii, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 331. Draczena australis, Yorst. Prodr.
n. 151; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 149. Dyracenopsis australis,
Planch. in Fl. des Serres (1850-51) sub. t. 569.

North Aanp SoutH Isnuanps: Abundant throughout. Srewart IsLanD:
Rare, Kirk. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Li; To-kauka; Ti-rahau ; Palm-lily.
November—January.

Universally known to New Zealand residents by the inappropriate name
of ‘‘cabbage-tree’”’ The foliage yields a strong and durable fibre, and has
been recommended for paper-making Largely planted for scenic effect in
gardens and shrubberies, and extensively grown for decorative purposes in
Europe. Varieties with bronzy or variegated foliage are occasionally seen.
Mr. Colenso’s C. Stwrmii has broader and thinner leaves, and may be en-
titled to recognition as a variety, but at present I am only acquainted with
it through a single indifferent specimen.

4. C. indivisa, Steud. Nom. ed. 11., 1. 419.—Stem stout, erect,
rarely branched, 5-25 ft. high. Leaves very numerous, spreading
all round and forming an enormous massive head, 2-6 ft. long,
4-6 in. broad at the middle, broadly ensiform, acuminate, usually
contracted below and again expanded at the sheathing base, exces- °
sively thick and coriaceous, flat, greenish with a faint purplish or
reddish tint above, glaucous beneath, midrib very thick and promi-
nent at the base, but gradually decreasing in size upwards, lateral
veins very numerous, strong, parallel, oblique to the midrib and
with it usually coloured red or reddish-yellow. Panicle very large,
densely branched, pendulous, 2-4 ft. long including the stout pe-
duncle; bracts at the base broad, massive, the lower ones usually
exceeding the panicle; branches very close-set, divided at the base,
simple above, lin. across with the flowers on. Flowers shortly
pedicelled, densely crowded, 4in. long, white; bracteoles of the
lower flowers sometimes equalling them, of the upper ones minute.
Perianth-tube campanulate ; segments sharply recurved. Anthers
broadly oblong. Berry tin. diam., globose, bluish. Seeds 5-6 in
each cell, angled; testa black, shining.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
258 ; Gard. Chron. (1860) 792; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 282. C. Hookeri,

708 LILIACE. [Cordyline.

Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1874) 245. C. Hectori, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 334. Dracena indivisa, Forst. Prodr.
n. 150; ‘Pl. Hscul. n. 338; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 148; A. Cina:
Precur. n. 301.

NorrH Istanp: Mountain districts from the Thames goldfields and Te

Aroha southwards. SourH Isuanp: Along the western side from Collingwood
and Westport to Dusky Sound. 1500-4000 ft. Tow. December-January.

By far the finest species of the genus. I have followed Sir J. D. Hooker in
considering the plant common in subalpine localities in the North Island and
north-west portion of the South Island to be the same as Forster’s Dracena
indivisa, originally gathered in Dusky Sound. Most New Zealand botanists,
however, treat the two forms as distinct, apparently on the ground of the sup-
posed larger and longer flowers of the southern plant. But, so far as 1 am
aware, flowering specimens of Forster’s plant do not exist in any New Zealand
herbarium, and the earlier descriptions are in conflict with one another as to the
size of the flower. As there is little, if any, difference in habit or foliage, it
appears to me that the most prudent course is to keep the two plants together
until a thorough comparison of their characters can be made,

5. C. pumilio, Hook. f. om Gard. Chron. (1860) 792.—Small,
usually stemless, but in some varieties with a short slender stem
1-3 ft. high. Leaves very numerous, densely rosulate, 1-3 ft. long,
i in. broad, narrow-linear, acuminate, coriaceous; lateral veins
several, evident, parallel; midrib stout, prominent on both sur-
faces ; margins often finely scaberulous. Panicles terminal, erect
or inclined, very slender, laxly branched, 1-3 ft. long; branches
long, slender, spreading. Flowers irreguiarly scattered along the
branches, rather remote, shortly pedicelled, small, white or bluish-
white, +in. diam.; pedicels variable in length. Perianth-seg-
ments oblong, obtuse. Berry globose, tin. diam., bluish-white.
Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 282. C. stricta,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 257, t. 58 (not of Hndl.).

Nortu Istanp: From the North Cape to Wellington, but rare and local to
the south of the Kast Cape. Sea-level to 1500 ft. Ti-rawurikt, Novem-
ber—December.

A variable plant, but well marked by the small size, usually stemless habit,

narrow leaves, lax slender panicle, and small flowers. The roots are fleshy and
saccharine, and were formerly cooked and eaten by the Maoris.

4, ASTELIA, Banks and Sol.

Large or small densely tufted perennial herbs. usually more or
less clothed with silky or chaffy hairs or scales. Leaves numerous,
linear, all radical or crowded near the base of the stem, with broad
imbricate sheathing bases. Flowering stem or scape usually long,
panicled above and many-flowered, rarely short and few-flowered,
usually densely silky or woolly. Flowers small, dicecious. Perianth
persistent, 6-partite ; segments subequal, connate at the base into a
short hemispherical tube or distinct, spreading or reflexed. Male
flowers: Stamens 6, affixed to the base of the segments ; filaments
filiform ; anthers oblong or linear-oblong. Rudimentary ovary pre-

Astelia.| LILIACES. 709

sent. Female flowers: Staminodia present. Ovary sessile, broadly
ovoid or oblong, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas, or 3-celled with
the placentas in the axis; ovules numerous on each placenta ; style
very short; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit an indehiscent more or less
fleshy oblong or ovoid or subglobose berry. Seeds several, ovoid or
oblong, straight or curved, terete or angular; testa black, crus-
taceous ; embryo small, cylindric ; albumen fleshy.

A small genus of 12 or 13 species, with its headquarters in New Zealand,
but with 1 species in south-eastern Australia and Tasmania, 1 in Fiji, 2 or 3 in
the Sandwich Islands, and 1 in antarctic America. In New Zealand it forms a
prominent part of the vegetation, especially in the northern forests, to which
one or two of the species often give a peculiar aspect. The species are by no
means easy of discrimination, partly from a certain amount of similarity in the
foliage, and partly from the flowers being dicecious, thus making it difficult
to match the sexes. When dealing with fresh specimens these difficulties in
great measure disappear, particularly if due attention is paid to the structure of
the ovary and the size and shape of the ripe fruit, both of which afford excellent
characters. The student will find some valuable remarks on this point in
Mr. Kirk’s notes on the genus, published in Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. iv., pp. 241—
247. With respect to the remarkable diversity existing in the genus in the
placentation of the ovary, reference should be made to the ‘‘ Flora Antarctica,”
Vol. ii., p. 357.

In the following arrangement I have adopted Hooker's identification of the
two species originally described by Cunningham. But Cunningham’s diagnoses,
such as they are, do not satisfactorily match Hooker’s plants, and it has been
suggested that he had other species in his mind. The question is one which
cannot be settled, if settled at all, without reference to Cunningham’s collections,
all of which are outside the colony, and beyond my reach. But taking into
account Hooker’s remarks in the ‘“ Flora of New Zealand’’ (Vol. i., p. 251),
where he says, ‘‘ Cunningham confused all the species and sexes, examined
none, and referred at random to Banks and Solander’s drawings and notes,
substituting names of his own for theirs,” it appears highly doubtful whether
such an examination would be at all conclusive. An alteration of the present
nomenclature, which has received universal acceptance, would be a matter much
to be deplored.

I have had much trouble with the species, 10 in all, described by Colenso in
the Trans. N.Z. Inst. Unfortunately, few of them are repr-sented by named
specimens in his herbarium; and his descriptions are so vague, and so much
overloaded with trivial details, that it is difficult to come to an opinion respect-
ing them. But I can see no grounds for supp sing that they are really distinct,
or represent anything more than individual differences.

A. Berry 1-celled. Ovules attached to 3 parietal placentas.

Small, subalpine. Leaves 1-8 in., glabrous or scaly.
Scape few-flowered. Berry oblong, 4-4 in. long sells Aig LULEATUS.
Leaves 2-5ft. x 4-lin., glabrous or silky. Scape
panicled, many-flowered; female prostrate in fruit.
Berry globose, tin. diam. Seeds terete 46 .. 2A. Cunning-
ham.

B. Berry 3-celled. Ovules attached to the inner angles of the cells.
* Perianth not enlarged or coloured in fruit.

Leaves 2-6ft. x 4-l}in., not conspicuously 3-nerved.
Female scape stout, erect in fruit. Flowers }in. long.
Berry 4in. long, ovoid, purplish-black. Seeds angled .. 3. A. Banksii.

710 LILIACER. [Astelia.

Leaves 3-6ft. x #-1$in., conspicuously 3-nerved and
plaited. Female scape prostrate in fruit. Flowers
tin. long. Berry 4in. diam., globose, red .. .. 4. A. trinervia,

Leaves 2-5 ft. x 14-23in., conspicuously 3-nerved, not
plaited. Flowers large, narrow, 4in. long. Female
scape not prostrate in fruit. Berry tin. diam., globose,

red sie 5. A. Solandri.

** Perianth enlarged in fruit, coloured within.

Leaves 2-6ft. x 4-4in., 3-nerved. Flowers 41n. long,
dark purplish-green. Female scape very stout, erect in
fruit. Berry ovoid-globose, 4-%in. diam., orange-

yellow 6. A. nervosa.

1. A. linearis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 76.—A small densely
tufted herb. Rhizome creeping, branched, clothed with the shaggy
bases of the old leaves. Leaves terminating the branches of the
rhizome, all radical, crowded, spreading, 1-8in. long, ,-+in.
broad, narrow-linear, acute or acuminate, sheathing at the base,
thick and coriaceous, nerved, often channelled above, slightly
keeled beneath, margins recurved, both surfaces clothed when
young with silvery or reddish-brown erect or appressed scales,
becoming almost glabrous when old; sheaths broad, appressed,
membranous, scarious, thickly covered with narrow hyaline silvery
scales. Male flowers: Scape slender, equalling the leaves or
shorter than them, simple or forked, 3-9-flowered; bracts 1-2,
linear-elongate ; pedicels rather long, slender. Perianth-segments
silky externally, spreading or reflexed, knobbed at the tip. Fila-
ments much shorter than the segments; anthers oblong. Rudi-
mentary ovary broad, narrowed into a short thick style. Female
flowers: Scape very short, almost concealed at the base of the
leaves, 1-5-flowered. Perianth-segments longer and narrower,
erect. Staminodia present, minute. Ovary large, narrow oblong-
ovoid, 1-celled ; stigma-sessile, 3-lobed ; ovules numerous. attached
in 2 series to 3 parietal placentas. Berry large for the size of the
plant, 4-4in. long, narrow-oblong, obscurely trigonous, fleshy, red.
Seeds obovoid, not angled, smooth, black, shining.—Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 284. A. minima, Col. in T'rans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 611.

NortH aND SoutH IsLAnps, STEwaRT IstaNnD, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL.
Istanps: Moist ground in subalpine localities from the Kast Cape and Ruapehu
southwards, not uncommon. Usually from 3000 ft. to 5000 ft., but descends
to sea-level in Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands. November-January.

2. A. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 259.—A densely
tufted species, epiphytic or terrestrial. Leaves numerous, 2-6 ft.
long, 4-1 in. broad at the middle, drawn out into a long acuminate
point, contracted below, and then gradually widened into a broad
sheathing base, rigid and coriaceous, glabrous or sparingly silky
above, clothed with a thin silvery pellicle beneath, midrib and mar-
gins silkv, nerves 10-12, usually one stronger than the rest on each

Astelia.| LILIACEA. 711

side of the midrib, or sometimes a prominent bundle of 2-3 placed
close together; margins recurved; sheathing base clothed with long
dense white silky hairs. Male flowers: Scape 1-3 ft. long, very
slender at the base, stouter above, trigonous, shaggy throughout
with silky white hairs, panicled above ; branches numerous, slender,
often flexuous and interlaced ; bracts long, leafy. Flowers numer-
ous, small, 4in. long, greenish-yellow or reddish-yellow or maroon.
Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed, the
3 outer rather larger than the inner. Stamens about half as long
as the segments; anthers small, broadly oblong. Female flowers:
Scape shorter, with a smaller and more closely branched panicle,
branches shorter and more erect. Flowers rather smaller ;
segments not so spreading. Ovary ovoid-globose, 1-celled; ovules
attached to 3 parietal placentas. Berry red, globose, }in. diam.
Seeds linear-oblong, curved, terete, not angled.i—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
283. A. polyneuron, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 333.
(2)A. graminifolia, Col. l.c. xix. (1887) 267. Hamelinia veratroides,
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 158, t. 24, excl. fig. c. p.

Var. Hookeriana, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 244.—Smaller and
more slender, seldom exceeding 3ft. Scape very slender; branches of male
panicle seldom interlacing. Flowers rather smaller, claret-coloured. Berry
nearly black, placentas very feebly developed.

NortuH Istanp: Abundant in woods throughout. Sourn Isnanp: Nelson
—Near Collingwood, Travers; Westport, Townson! Charlestown, Kirk! Sea-
level to 2500ft. Kowharawhara. December—January ; ripe fruit November—
December. Var. Hookeriana: Lava-fields on the Auckland Isthmus, Rangi-
toto Island, Little Barrier Island, &c. April-June; ripe fruit May—June.

Very near to A. Banksii in habit and general appearance, but widely differ-
ing in the 1-celled ovary and small globose berry with terete seeds. I have
quoted A. Richard’s Hamelinia veratroides as a synonym, his drawing of the
female panicle exactly corresponding; but the section of the ovary given is that
of A. Banksii, probably through some confusion of specimens.

3. A. Banksii, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 296.—A large densely
tufted terrestrial or rupestral species. Leaves very numerous,
closely packed, erect, 2-6 ft. long, 4-l4in. broad at the middle,
narrow-linear, tapering into a long acuminate point, narrowed below
and then gradually expanded into a broad sheathing base, glabrous
or slightly scurfy above, clothed with a thin silvery pellicle beneath,
with 3-6 distinct and equally prominent nerves on each side of
the midrib; margins recurved; sheathing base most densely
clothed with long soft silky hairs. Male flowers: Scape slender at
the base, stouter above, trigonous, excessively shaggy with dense
white silky hairs, panicled; branches numerous, slender, often
flexuous, 4-9in. long; bracts at the base leafy, with long slender
points. Flowers many, about +in. long; perianth-segments ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the 3 outer larger than the
inner. Stamens shorter than the segments; filaments subulate ;

712 LILIACE. [Astelia.

anthers oblong. Female flowers: Scape shorter and stouter;
branches shorter, crowded, more erect. Flowers smaller; peri-
anth-segments ovate-oblong, acute, erect. Ovary ovoid-conical,
3-celled; ovules pendulous from the inner angle of each cell;
stigmas 3, sessile. Berry ovoid, tin. long, purplish-black when
fully ripe, reddish-purple when immature. Seeds sharply angled ;
testa black.—Raoul, Choiz, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 260;
Handb. N.Z. Fil. 284.

Norru Istanp: From the North Cape to Hawke’s Bay and Taranaki ;
usually near the coast. Sea-level to 2500 ft. April; ripe fruit February to
March.

Usually taller and stouter than A. Cunninghamii, with larger broader
leaves, larger flowers, and much stouter female scape, erect in fruit. The ovary
is essentially different, being 3-celled, with the ovules attached to the inner
angles of the cells ; and the large ovoid berry, with its angled seeds, is altogether
unlike the small globose one of A. Cunninghamui, with its terete seeds. It is an
abundant plant on the coast-line of the northern half of the North Island, often
forming a large portion of the undergrowth on wooded headlands or steep
declivities near the sea.

4, A, trinervia, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 246.—
A large densely tufted terrestrial species. Leaves numerous, 3-6 ft.
long or even more, 3-13in. broad at the middle, tapering into a
long attenuated point, narrowed below and then gradually ex-
panded into a broad sheathing base, not so coriaceous as in
A. Banksw, pale-green, plaited, glabrous above, clothed with a thin
silvery pellicle beneath, conspicuously 3-nerved with less evident
nerves between; margins broadly recurved; sheathing base clothed
with long white silky hairs. Male flowers: Scape long, slender,
densely shaggy with white silky hairs, panicled; branches slender,
flexuous and often interlaced, 6-12 in. long or more; bracts large,
foliaceous. Flowers numerous, +in. long; perianth- segments.
lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. Stamens shorter than the seg-
ments; filaments slender; anthers oblong. Female flowers:
Scape as in the male but panicle smaller with fewer, shorter, and
more erect branches. Flowers smaller; perianth-segments shorter,
erect. Ovary globose, 3-celled ; ovules pendulous from the inner
angles of the cells; stigmas 3, sessile. Fruiting-scape usually
prostrate. Berry globose, +in. diam., bright-red. Seeds sharply
angled, testa black,

Nortu Isuanp: In woods from the North Cape to Wellington, very plentiful
north of the Kast Cape and Taupo. Souru Isuanp: Marlborough ~ Rai Valley,
Macmahon ! Sea-level to 3000 ft. Kauri-grass. March-May ; ripe fruit
February and March.

Separated from A. Banksii by the larger size and less rigid habit, broader
and softer pale-green conspicuously 3-nerved and plaited leaves, prostrate fruit-
ing-scape, and red globose berry.

5. A. Solandri, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 297.—Large, densely tufted,
often forming immense clumps on the limbs and trunks of forest-

Astelia. | LILIACE. 713

trees or on rocks. Leaves very numerous, spreading and recurved,
2-5 ft. long, 14-3in. wide at the middle, linear-ensiforin, narrowed
above into a long acuminate point, suddenly expanded below into a
sheathing base sometimes 4—5in. across, conspicuously 3-nerved,
glabrous and deeply channelled in front, keeled and with a thin
white silvery pellicle beneath ; sheathing base black, at the extreme
base white and fleshy, glabrous or clothed with copious long white
silky hairs. Male flowers: Scape stout, much shorter than the
leaves, densely silky below, panicled; branches few, 5-8, simple,
3-9 in. long, 1 in. broad with the flowers on; bracts at the base of
the branches very large, leafy, acuminate. Flowers very numerous,
densely crowded, }in. long, pale lemon-yellow; pedicels slender,
14in., each subtended by a linear bract. Perianth 6-partite; seg-
ments reflexed, linear, obtuse, silky externally. Stamens as long
as the segments; anthers linear, erect, sagittate at the base.
Female flowers: Scape stout, branched as in the male; but
branches longer and more slender, sometimes 12—14in. long by
$in. diam., usually drooping in fruit. Flowers much smaller ;
perianth with a hemispherical tube closely surrounding the ovary ;
segments reflexed. Ovary globose, 3-celled; ovules numerous,
attached to the inner angles of the cells. Berry rather small,
tin. diam., globose, bright-red. Seeds small, obovoid, slightly
curved, not angled, black.—Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. i. 260; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 284; Bot. Mag. t. 5503. A. micro-
sperma, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 251. A. albicans,
Col. l.c. 252. A. hastata, Col. l.c. xix. (1887) 265.

NortH Isuanp: Abundant in forests throughout. Souru Isuanp: Marl-
borough—Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solander; Pelorus Valley,
Rutland, Macmahon! Nelson—Common on the West Coast, from Collingwood
southwards. Sea-level to 2700 ft. Kahakaha. January—February.

A very distinct species, at once known by the broad almost glabrous 3-nerved
leaves with a nearly black sheathing base, by the densely placed flowers, the
males being much longer and narrower than in any other species, and by the
small red globose berry. It is a conspicuous plant in all the forest districts of
the North Island, from its habit of growing perched high up on the limbs of tall
forest-trees, where it forms huge tufts resembling the nests of some gigantic
bird, for which, in fact, it was mistaken when first seen by Cook and his officers
in 1769,

6. A. nervosa, Banks and Sol. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 260.—Stout, densely tufted, often forming large masses in moist
or boggy ground. Leaves numerous, spreading, 2-5 or even up
to 8 ft. long, 4-3 in. broad, or in large specimens as much as 4in.,
linear -lanceolate or linear-ensiform, acuminate, dilated at the
sheathing base, coriaceous, many-nerved, one nerve on each side
stouter than the rest and with the midrib often coloured red,
glabrous above or rarely silky, beneath more or less scurfy or
clothed with silky appressed hairs, rarely almost glabrous; margins
recurved, usually silky; sheathing base densely villous with long

714 LILIACES. [Astelia.

silky hairs. Male flowers: Scape very stout, erect, 6in. to 2 ft.
long, thickening upwards to the base of the panicle, where it is
sometimes 14 in. diam., obtusely triquetrous, lower portion shaggy
with copious long silky hairs, upper part silky or glabrate. Panicle
4-16 in. long, much branched; bracts very long, lanceolate, acu-
minate. Flowers scattered, dark-green or purplish-green, sweet-
scented, 4+-4in. diam.; pedicels ,-41n. long. Perianth-segments
ovate-lanceolate, spreading, ultimately reflexed. Stamens equal-
ling the segments; filaments subulate; anthers broadly oblong.
Female flowers: Scape as in the male but shorter; panicle much
shorter and more compact; branches short, stiff, erect. Flowers
smaller, crowded, purplish-black, pedicels very short. Perianth
segments smaller, reflexed. Ovary broadly conical, faintly grooved,
3-celled; ovules numerous, attached to the inner angle of the
cells. Berry globose, $-2in. diam., orange-yellow, base enclosed
in the persistent and enlarged tube of the perianth, which is also
coloured yellow inside. Seeds 2-5 in each cell, smooth, black,
sharply angled. — Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 284. A. grandis,
Hook. f. ex T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 245. A.
fragrans, Col. mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 333.

Var. montana, Kirk, M@S.—Smaller in all its parts. Leaves rigid, usually
silky on both surfaces, sometimes villous. Scape shorter and panicle smaller,

but flowers apparently the same as in the type.—A. Petriei, Cockayne in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 419.

NortH AND SoutH IsuanpDs, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abund-
ant throughout. Sea-level to 4500 ft. October—January.

An excessively variable plant. Banks and Solander’s description and draw-
ing, which must be taken to represent the type, exactly match a large broad-
leaved form, common in many lowland districts in both the North and South
Islands, which has been described as a distinct species under the name of
A. grandis. Sylvestral states of this have longer and narrower softer leaves,
with a longer and more slender male panicle, but the flowers and fruit present
no differences of importance. At higher altitudes, and particularly in exposed
localities, the leaves are smaller, narrower, and often rigid, and usually much
more silky or villous than the type. Further research may disclose characters
sufficient to separate this as a species.

5. DIANELLA, Lam.

Glabrous perennial herbs. Rootstock often branched. Leaves
numerous, crowded at the base of the stem, linear, distichous,
equitant and sheathing at the base. Flowers pedicellate, nodding,
laxly cymose; cymes arranged in a broad open terminal panicle.
Perianth marcescent; segments 6, distinct, spreading. Stamens
6, hypogynous, or the 3 inner affixed to the base of the segments;
filaments thickened; anthers erect or recurved, basifixed, open-
ing by terminal pores or short longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile
or shortly stalked, 3-celled ; ovules 4-8 in each cell; style filiform ;
stigma minute. Fruit a globose berry. Seeds few, ovoid or com-
pressed ; testa black, smooth and shining; albumen fleshy; em-
bryo small, linear.

Dianella.| LILIACES. 715

Species 11 or 12, chiefly Australian, but found also in New Zealand, Poly-
nesia, tropical Asia, and the Mascarene Islands. The single New Zealand
species extends to Norfolk Island and several parts of Polynesia.

1. D. intermedia, Hindi. Prodr. Fl. Ins. Norfole. 28.—Rhizome
stout, woody, creeping, usually with underground runners. Leaves
numerous, crowded at the top of the rhizome, distichous and
sheathing at the base, 14-3 ft. long or more, 4—3in. wide, narrow
linear-ensiform, acute or acuminate, keeled, margins and keel
minutely scabrid. Panicle 6-24 in. long, much branched; peduncles
and pedicels slender, the latter curved. Flowers small, ++in.
diam., greenish or purplish- white. Perianth - segments oblong,
spreading; the 3 outer usually 5-6-nerved; the 3 inner rather
broader, 3-nerved. Filaments expanded into a yellow or orange
struma often thicker than the anther; anther linear-oblong, yellow.
Berry 4-2in. long, broadly oblong, bright-biue.—A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 300; Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 255; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 283. D. nigra, Col. in. Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 339.
D. reflexa, Col. l.c. xxvii. (1895) 396.

NortH anp SoutH Is~tAnDs: From the Three Kings Islands and the North
Cape to Foveaux Strait, abundant. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Turutu. No-
vem ber—December.

6. PHORMIUM, Forst.

Tall rigid and coriaceous heros. Rhizome short, stout, branched,
with thick and fleshy perpendicular rootlets. Leaves all radical,
long, linear-ensiform, equitant and distichous, exceedingly tough
and coriaceous. Flowering stem or scape tall, leafless, with
alternate bracteate branches at the top; bracts caducous. Flowers
pedicelled on the branches of a terminal panicle, dull-red or yellow ;
pedicels jointed. Perianth tubular, curved; segments 6, connate
at the base, free but connivent above; the 3 outer lanceolate, erect,
acute ; the 3 inner rather longer, with spreading tips. Stamens 6,
inserted at the base of the segments and longer than them ; fila-
ments filiform; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary sessile, oblong,
obtusely trigonous, 3-celled; style slender, equalling or exceeding
the stamens, declinate ; stigma small, capitate; ovules numerous
in each cell. Capsule subcoriaceous or almost membranous, oblong
or linear, trigonous or almost terete, straight or twisted, loculicidally
3-valved. Seeds many, oblong, greatly compressed; testa black,
shining.

Phormium, or the ‘‘New Zealand flax,” is a very remarkable genus of
2 species, confined to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. Its value as producing

one of the strongest and most durable fibres of the vegetable kingdom is too
well known to require recapitulation here.

Leaves 3-9ft., dark-green, glaucous beneath; margins
usually bordered with a coloured line. Flowers dull-
red. Capsule short, erect or inclined, trigonous, 2-4 in.
long -- ay ae ae ne oo 1.) B. tenaz:

716 LILIACEZ. [Phormium.

Leaves 2-5 ft., pale-green, less rigid; margins seldom
coloured. Flowers yellowish. Capsule long, Bounty fat
cylindrical, terete, twisted, 4-7 in. long -. 2 P. Cookianum.

1. P. tenax, Forst. Char. Gen. 48.—Leaves 3-9ft. long or
more, 2—5 in. broad, linear-ensiform, acute or acuminate, apex slit
when mature, distichous and equitant at the base, flat above,
keeled, very tough and coriaceous, dark-green above, often glaucous
beneath, margins and midrib bordered with a red or orange line.
Scape very variable in height, 5-15 ft., glabrous, terete, reddish-
purple. Flowers numerous, 1-2 in. long, usually dull- red. Inner
perianth-segments erect or slightly recurved at the tip. Capsule
erect or inclined, stout, trigonous, 2-4 in. long, not twisted.—4A.
Bich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 153; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 304; Raoul, Choix,
41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 256; Handb. N.Z. Fl 286.

NorTH AND SoutH ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, AUCKLAND
Istanps: Abundant throughout, especially in lowland swamps and alluvial
grounds. Sea-level to 4000 ft. New Zealand Flax; Harakeke; Korari
(the scape) ; Muka (the fibre). November—January.

A familiar plant to all residents in New Zealand, and, with the exception of
certain well-known timber-trees, probably of more economic importance than
any other indigenous species. For information as to its value as a fibre-plant,
and for full particulars as to the mode of preparing the fibre, its microscopical
and chemical properties, &c., reference should be made to ‘‘ Phormiwm tenax as.
a Fibrous Plant,’’ edited by Sir James Hector, and issued by the Geological
Survey Department (second edition, Wellington, 1889). This publication also
contains a bibliography of the numerous official reports, memoirs, and short
papers which have been published from time to time in reference to Phormiuwm,
several of them containing much valuable information.

P. tenax varies much in size, the colour of the leaf and the extent to which
it is recurved and split at the tip, the tint of the coloured line bordering the
margins and midrib, the colour of the flowers, and the size of the capsule.
Some of the varieties also differ considerably in the strength of the fibre. Con-
sidering the economic importance of the plant, it is singular that no systematic
attempt has been made to collect the whole of the varieties and cultivate them
side by side in one at least of the public gardens of the colony. Until this is done,
it is practically impossible to describe them in a scientific manner. Isolated
descriptions of a few, without comparison with the rest, would be of little use.
Some varieties with the leaves variegated in a riband-like manner with white or
creamy-yellow, and others with bronzy foliage, are largely cultivated for orna-
mental purposes, but are not usually capable of being reproduced by seed.

2. P. Cookianum, Le Jolis in Bull. Soc. Hort. Cherb. 71.—
Much smaller and less rigid than P. tenaz. Leaves 2-5 ft. long,
rarely more, 1-24in. broad, acuminate, apex sometimes con-
spicuously split, but usually much less so than in P. tenaz, pale-
green, seldom glaucous, margins and midrib not usually bordered
with a coloured line. Scape 2-7 ft. high, much more slender and
with a smaller panicle, green. Flowers 1-14in. long; the outer
segments yellow or yellowish-red, the inner green or greenish-
yellow, with evidently recurved tips. Capsule long, pendulous,
cylindrical, terete, twisted, 4-7 in. long.—P. Colensoi, Hook. f.

Phormium. | LILIACER. TLE

Raoul, Choi, 41; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 286. P. Forsterianum, Col.
in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. (1844) 8. P. Hookeri, Gunn in Bot.
Mag. t. 6973.

Nort anp SouruH Isnanps: Not uncommon from the North Cape to
Fovyeaux Strait. Sea-level to 4000 ft. Wharariki. November-—January.

The small size, pale colour, yellowish flowers, and long twisted capsules
distinguish this from P. tenax ; but it is in some respects an ill-defined species,
including several forms respecting which additional information is required.
One of these, figured in the ‘‘ Botanical Magazine’’ under the name of P. Hookeri,
is remarkable for its flaccid much recurved leaves with long fissured tips. Sir
J. D. Hooker considers that it is more different from P. tenax and P. Cookia-
num than they are from one another; but his plate shows the floral characters
to be very similar to those of P. Cookianum.

7. BULBINELLA, Kunth.

Perennial herbs. Rootstock short, stout, with numerous fleshy
almost tuberous roots. Leaves all radical, numerous, linear,
sheathing at the base, often fleshy. Scape simple or very rarely
branched, naked, terminating in a dense many-flowered raceme.
Flowers rather small, yellow or white. Perianth marcescent, 6-
partite ; segments subequal, distinct or slightly connate at the base,
l-nerved. Stamens 6, hypogynous or adnate to the base of the
segments ; filaments subulate-filiform ; anthers versatile. Ovary
subglobose, 3-celled ; style filiform; stigma small, capitate, ob-
scurely 3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule broadly ovoid or
subglobose, membranous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds
few, often compressed and triquetrous ; testa black.

About 14 species are known, all confined to South Africa with the exception
of the two described herein.

Very stout. Leaves often 2in. broad; scape 2-3 ft. high.

Flowers dicecious ie ee oe et LB eLtOSS20.
More slender. Leaves {-$in. broad; scape 1-2 ft. high.
Flowers hermaphrodite : ie Hs .. 2. B. Hookert.

1. B. Rossii, Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. ii. 784.—A stout
perennial herb Qin. to 3ft. high; stems sometimes 14 in. diam. at
the base. Leaves numerous, all radical, outer spreading or re-
curved, inner ascending, 6in. to 2ft. long, $-2in. broad, broadly
ensiform, obtuse or subacute, fleshy, glabrous, concave above, finely
striate. Scape stout, erect, terete, }-tin. diam. Raceme very
stout and dense, 3-—6in. long, 1—24in. diam. Flowers nu-
merous, very densely crowded, bright-yellow, polygamo-dicecious,
4in, diam. ; pedicels slender, erect, 4-2 in. long ; bracts lanceolate.
Perianth-segments linear-oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, spreading
in the male flowers, more erect in the female. Stamens of the
male flowers shorter than the segments; filaments subulate, terete,
glabrous; anthers oblong. Ovary of the females broadly ovoid;
style short, stout; stigma small, obscurely lobed. Capsule +-3in

718 LILIACEH. [Bulbinella.

long, broadly ovoid. Seeds usually 2 in each cell, trigonous; testa
black, shining.—Chrysobactron Rossii, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 72,
t. 44, 45. Anthericum Rossii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 285.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: Abundant. December—January.

A most magnificent plant, excellently figured and described in the ‘ Flora
Antarctica.’ Sir J. D. Hooker states that he has seen a specimen between
3ft. and 4ft. high, having 3 crowns of leaves, and bearing no less than 7
racemes of flowers. In some localities on Campbell Island it forms so large a
proportion of the vegetation, and the golden-yellow flowers are so abundantly
produced, that its presence can be observed at a distance of more than a mile
from the shore.

2. B. Hookeri, Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. iii. 784.—
Very variable in size, usually from 1 to 2ft. high, but some-
times attaining 3 ft., and occasionally dwarfed to 3 or 4 in.
Leaves numerous, narrower in proportion than in B. Hoss, 4-4 in.
broad, narrow-linear, gradually tapering upwards, channelled in
front, glabrous. Scape much more slender than in B. LFossw ;
racemes not so dense- flowered, varying in length from 1 to
10in. Flowers 4in. diam., bright-yellow, hermaphrodite ; pedicels
slender, longer or shorter than the lanceolate bracts. Perianth-
segments linear-oblong, obtuse, spreading. Stamens # the length
of the segments ; filaments very slender, glabrous. Capsule oblong,
1 in. long.—Chrysobactron Hookeri, Col. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 817 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 255; Bot. Mag. t. 4602. Anthericum
Hookeri, Col. in Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 286.

NortH anp SoutH Isntanps, StEwart Is~taAnp: Mountain districts from
Lake Taupo and Mount Egmont southwards, abundant. Sea-level to 4500 ft.
October—January.

8. ARTHROPODIUM, RB. Br.

Tufted perennial herbs, with fleshy fibrous roots. Leaves
radical or crowded near the base of the stem, linear or lanceolate,
sheathing at the base. Scape or peduncle simple or branched
above. Flowers in simple or branched racemes or panicles, white
or purplish ; pedicels slender, jointed at the middle, solitary or few
together in the axil of a scarious bract. Perianth persistent but
not twisted, 6-partite ; segments distinct, spreading, 3-nerved, sub-
equal or the inner rather broader. Stamens 6, hypogynous or
attached to the very base of the segments, shorter than the
perianth ; filaments bearded; anthers linear, erect, basifixed, in-
trorsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; ovules several in each
cell; style filiform; stigma small. Capsule subglobose, loculicid-
ally 3-valved. Seeds usually few in each cell, angular; testa black,
smooth or minutely granulate.

Besides the two species found in New Zealand, both of which are endemic,
there are 5 or 6 in Australia, and 1 in New Caledonia.

Arthropodium. | LILIACE. 719

Tall and stout, 1-24ft. Leaves ane 1-2in. broad.

Flowers ?- -1in. diam. . IL. A. cirrhatum..
Slender, 3-12in. high. Leaves grassy, flaccid, tom tin.
broad. Flowers }in. diam. . -. 2. A. candidum.

1. A. cirrhatum, Ff. Br. in Bot. Mag. t. 2350.—A perfectly
glabrous tufted herb 1-3 ft. high; root with copious long fleshy
fibres. Leaves numerous, spreading, 1-2 ft. long, 1-24in. broad,
lanceolate or pbinnceulate! acute or acuminate, narrowed to an
equitant and subdistichous base, flat or obtusely keeled, rather
fleshy. Scape stout, terete, naked; panicle large, often Lit. long,
oily much branched ; primary bracts broad, foliaceous. Flowers
. white, 2-1 in. diam., 1- 3 together along the branches of the panicle ;
pedicels 4-2 in. long. Perianth- segments oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate. Filaments filiform at the base, provided above the
middle with a thickened densely woolly appendage, which is pro-
duced downwards into 2 woolly tails. Capsule oblong-globose,
4in. long. Seeds black, opaque, angular.—A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 299; Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 254; Handb.
N.4. Fl. 285. Anthericum cirratum, Forst. Prodr.n. 148; A. Rich.
Fl. Nowv. Zel. 155.

Nortu Istanp: From the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape to
Wellington, not uncommon, especially near the sea. SourH Istanp: Nelson—
Takaka, Kingsley; West Wanganui, Aursthouse. Rengarenga. November—
December.

This differs from the other species of the genus in the woolly thickening at
the middle of the filament being 2-lobed at the base, the lobes being revolute at
the tip, somewhat after the fashion of a tendril, from whence the specific name.

2. A. candidum, Raoul, Choix Pl. Now. Zel. 14, t. 6.—A
small slender glabrous herb 3-14 in. high; stem often swollen below
the leaves and almost bulbous; roots long, fleshy. Leaves variable
in length, 2-10in. long, es in. broad, very narrow-linear, flat,
grassy, membranous and flaccid. Scape very slender; raceme
simple, rarely branched, usually overtopping the leaves. Flowers
few or many, usually secund, solitary or the lower ones in twos or
threes, white, +in. diam. ; pedicels slender, spreading or drooping ;
bracts long, linear- lanceolate, acuminate. Filaments naked at the
base, then “densely hairy almost up to the anther. Capsule globose,
membranous, + in. ae Seeds 2-3 in each cell, black, angled.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. . 254; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 285. A. reflexum,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 275. A. ramulosum, Col. l.e.
xxv. (1893) 337.

Norte anp SoutH Isuanps: From Cape Colville southwards to Foveaux
Strait, not uncommon. Sea-level to 3500 ft. November—January.

I cannot see upon what grounds Mr. Colenso has distinguished his two
species. The type specimens in his herbarium exactly match ordinary states of
A. candidum,

720 | LILIACE. [Herpolurion.

9. HERPOLIRION, Hook. f.

A dwarf perennial herb. Rhizome slender, creeping, branched.
Leaves crowded on short shoots from the rhizome, all radical,
linear, distichous, sheathing at the base. Flower solitary, terminal,
almost sessile amongst the leaves. Perianth funnel-shaped, per-
sistent, 6-partite; segments distinct, linear, subequal, 5-nerved.
Stamens 6, attached to the base of the segments and shorter than
them ; filaments filiform; anthers linear, erect, twisted after flower-
ing, cells introrse, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary subglobose,
sessile, 3-celled; ovules several in each cell; style filiform; stigma
terminal, punctiform. Capsule globose, enclosed in the persistent
perianth, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds oblong, subcom-
pressed, quite smooth; testa black, crustaceous.

A monotypic genus confined to the mountains of New Zealand, Tasmania,
and south-eastern Australia.

1. H. nove-zealandiz, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 258.—Small,
often forming broad patches in subalpine swamps. Leaves crowded,
flat or involute, linear, striate, glaucous; the outer spreading or
recurved, 1-24in. long; the inner much shorter, reduced to erect
lanceolate sheathing bracts. Flower almost sessile, large for the
size of the plant, 4—#in. long, lilac-blue or white. Perianth-seg-
ments erect below, spreading from a little below the middle.
Stamens about half as long as the segments; filaments flattened,
pubescent ; anthers shortly sagittate at the base. Capsule globose.
trigonous, +-4in. diam.— Handb. N.Z. Fl. 287. H. Tasmanie,
Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. 11. 54, t. 1328.

Norto Isuanp: Plains near Taupo, Colenso! Tryon! near Tongariro,
A. Hill! T. F. C.; Whakaki, Hawke’s Bay, Bishop Williams! SoutH IsLAnD,
Stewart IstAnp: Not uncommon in subalpine swamps throughout. Usually
from 2000 ft. to 4000 ft., but descends to sea-level in Otago and Stewart Island.
December—January.

10. IPHIGENIA, Kunth.

Small glabrous herbs. Bulb tunicated. Stem simple, erect.
Leaves few, scattered, linear, sheathing the stem. Flowers small,
erect, solitary or corymbose. Perianth 6-partite, deciduous; seg-
ments free, all similar, linear or linear-oblong, spreading, flat.
Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth ; filaments flat ;
anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-celled; ovules
numerous in each cell; styles 3, shortly connate at the base, linear,
recurved, stigmatic along the inner edge. Capsule ovoid or oblong,
3-6-sulcate, 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds small, glo-
bose; testa thin, brown, appressed.

Besides the New Zealand species, which is endemic, there are two from
India, one of which is also found in Australia, and one each from tropical
Africa and Madagascar.

Iphigenia.} LILIACEA:. 721

1. I. nove-zealandiw, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. (1879)
451.—Bulb (corm) subglobose, 4in. diam.; sheaths reddish, mem-
branous. Stem 1-2in. high. Leaves 2 or rarely 3, 4-3 in. long,
narrow-linear, sheathing the greater part of the stem and exceed-
ing it. Flower solitary, tin. diam. Perianth-segments 4-6, ob-
lanceolate, acute, with 6-8 longitudinal veins. Stamens 4-6,
slightly shorter than the segments; anthers white, subglobose.
Ovary broadly oblong, 2-3-celled; styles 2, rarely 3, subulate.
Capsule broadly oblong, usually 2-celled, §-4in. diam.—Anguil-
laria novee-zealandiw, Hook. f. ex T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x.
(1878) App. xi.

SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Lyall; swamps near Christchurch, 4Arm-
strong! near Burnham, Kirk! Banks Peninsula, Cockayne! Lake Grassmere,
J. D. Hnys! Rangitata Valley, Haast! Otago—Otepopo, Petrie ! Sea-level
to 2500 ft. November—December.

OrperR LXXXIII. JUNCACEA.

Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Rootstock short, stout, scaly.
Stems usually simple, slender, stiff, erect, cylindrical or compressed,
sometimes septate within. Leaves usually all radical, often rigid
and terete like the stems, sometimes flat and grassy, occasionally
absent or reduced to sheaths. Flowers small, green or brown,
regular, hermaphrodite or more rarely unisexual, in axillary or ter-
minal cymes or clusters, rarely solitary. Perianth inferior, cori-
aceous or scarious, persistent ; segments 6 in 2 series, imbricate.
Stamens usually 6, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments,
the 3 interior sometimes wanting; filaments free, flattened or fili-
form; anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary superior, 1-celled or 3-
celled; style short or long; stigmas 3, filiform; ovules few or
many, anatropous. Fruit a 1- or 3-celled capsule, loculicidally
3-valved. Seeds few or many, erect; testa membranous, often lax
at each end ; albumen copious, fleshy; embryo minute.

An order of moderate size, comprising 14 genera and about 250 species,
The two typical genera (Juncus and Luzula) are widely dispersed, especially in
temperate or extratropical regions; the remainder of the order is mainly Aus-
tralian. The species have no important properties and cannot be said to
possess any economic value.

Glabrous. Flower solitary. Ovary 1-celled, ovules many.
Stylelong.. 3

: af bic ae .. 1. RostKoyia,
Glabrous. Flowers several or numerous. Ovary often 3-

celled, ovules many. Style short : at .. 2. JUNCUS.
Hairy. Flowers several or numerous. Ovary 1-celled,
ovules 3. Style short ci i 3. Luzua.

1. ROSTKOVIA, Desy.
Densely tufted perennial herbs. Rhizome short, horizontal,
branched. Stems crowded on the rhizome, strict, erect, terete.
Leaves 1 or more, together with several sheathing scales at the

722 JUNCACER. [BRostkovia..

base of the stem. Flowers large, solitary, terminal; bracts at the
base 1-3, the lowest one sometimes foliaceous. Perianth-seg-
ments 6, glumaceous, distinct, linear-subulate or linear-lanceolate,.
erect, rigid; margins often scarious. Stamens 6; filaments very
short ; anthers linear, erect, basifixed. Ovary sessile, 1-celled,
with 3 parietal placentas; style stout, subulate, divided above
into 8 linear stigmas ; ovules numerous, anatropous. Seeds small ;
testa appendiculate or not ; embryo very small, included in the base
of the fleshy albumen.

A small genus of 3 species confined to New Zealand and antarctic South
America.

Flowers tin. long, exceeded by a foliaceous _bract.

Capsule longer than the perianth. Seeds not tailed .. 1. R. spherocarpa.
Flowers ?in. long; bract very short. Capsule not more
than 4 as long as the perianth. Seeds tailed .. .. 2 R. gracilis.

1. R. spheerocarpa, Desv. Journ. Bot. i. (1808) 327.—
Perennial, densely tufted. Stems many, crowded, erect, terete,
4-9in. high. Leaves several, equalling or exceeding the stems,
sheathing at the base, erect, rigid, pungent, polished, channelled in
front. Flower solitary, terminal, }in. long; bracts 2, the lowest
foliaceous, twice as long as the flower or more, upper small, scarcely
equalling the flower. Perianth-segments nearly equal, limear-oblong,
acute. Stamens shorter than the segments; filaments linear ;.
anthers longer than the filaments, connective unguiculate. Cap-
sule large, equalling or exceeding the perianth, ovoid-globose,.
mucronate, hard and almost woody, dark-chestnut, smooth and
shining. Seeds obovoid, inappendiculate.—R. magellanica, Hook.
f. Fl. Antarct. i. 81; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 291; Buchen. Monog. June.
70. Juncus magellanicus, Lam. Encycl. ii. 266.

CAMPBELL IsLAND: Mossy and springy places on the hills, Sir J. D. Hooker.

Also recorded from Fuegia, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia, and
said to have been gathered on the Andes of Quito at an elevation of 13000 ft.
It is included in Armstrong’s list of Canterbury plants (Trans. N.Z, Inst. xii.
344), but I believe erroneously.

2. R. gracilis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 83, t. 47.—Perennial,.
densely tufted. Rhizome stout, horizontal or inclined. Stems
numerous, crowded, erect, terete, smooth, 6-12 in. high, base with
several pale or dark fulvous sheaths. Leaves 1-3, from slightly
longer to 2 or even 3 times as long as the stems, slender, terete,
rigid, grooved in front. Flower large, solitary, terminal, $—?in.
long; bract solitary, very small, j,1in. long, entire or 2-lobed.
Perianth-segments linear-subulate, pale-chestnut, shining, the inner
conspicuously shorter. Stamens 6, much shorter than the seg-
ments; filaments very short, broad and flat ; anthers linear, 3 or 4
times as long as the filaments, connective unguiculate. Capsule

Rostkovia. |] JUNCACES. 723

about 4in. long, narrow ovoid-oblong, obtusely trigonous, acute,
chestnut-brown, coriaceous, smooth and shining, 3-valved. Seeds
numerous, small, pale, produced at both ends into a long pearly-
white appendage.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 292. RB. nove-zealandia,
Buch. in Trans. N.4. Inst. iv. (1872) 227, t. 16. Marsippospermum
gracile, Buchen. in Abh. Ver. Bremen, vi. (1879) 374; Monog.
June. 68.

Sour Isnanp: Not uncommon in alpine localities, especially in the cen-
tral and western portions of the Island, usually between 4500-7000 ft. Auckx-
LAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: Not uncommon in rocky places, 500-1200 ft.
December—February.

Easily distinguished from the preceding species by the larger flower, rela-
tively smaller capsule, and tailed seeds. Mr. Buchanan’s R. nove-zealandie
was published in the belief that the Auckland Islands plant always had the
leaves solitary and 2 or 3 times longer than the stems, but in point of fact both
New Zealand and Auckland Islands specimens are variable in the number and
length of the leaves.

2. JUNCUS, Linn.

Perennial or more rarely annual herbs; stems usually densely
tuited. Leaves mostly or all radical, stout or slender, terete,
compressed or flat, sometimes reduced to sheathing scales.
Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in axillary or terminal fascicles
or cymes or panicles. Perianth-segments 6, glumaceous, distinct,
lanceolate or oblong, margins often scarious, the 3 outer often with
the midrib keeled or thickened. Stamens 6 or rarely 3. Ovary
more or less perfectly 3-celled, rarely 1-celled; ovules usually
-numerous in each cell; style divided to the middle into 3 linear
stigmatic lobes. Capsule completely or incompletely 3-celled, 3-
valved. Seeds small, ovoid or obovoid; testa minutely striate and
reticulate.

A large genus of about 150 species, many of them widely distributed and
some almost cosmopolitan. Of the 16 species found in New Zealand, 5 have a
wide range, especially in the Northern Hemisphere; 7 extend to Australia and
Tasmania, but not to any other countries; one stretches through Australia
to eastern Asia and as far northwards as China and Japan; another occurs in
antarctic South America; and 2 are endemic.

A. Genuini. Stems tall, terete, produced beyond the cyme into an erect often
pungent tip, base clothed with leafless sheaths. Leaves wanting, or rarely
I or 2 terete like the stem.

* Leaves wanting.

+ Capsule conspicuously longer than the perianth, ovoid-trigonous.

Stems very tall and stout, 2-5 ft. x 4-tin. Flowers dis-
tinct in the cyme, not collected into separate groups.
Stamens usually 6 .. 54 a ad ;

Stems very slender, 9-24 in. x 4.-;4,1n. Cyme lax, flowers
not very numerous, distinct in the cyme. Stamens 6-3 2. J. pauciflorus.

1. J. pallidus.

724 JUNCACEZE. [Juncus..

++ Capsule equalling the perianth or very slightly exceeding it.

Stems rather stout, 2-4ft. x ~,-fin. Flowers j-}in.,
collected into many-flowered globose heads. Stamens
usually 3. Capsule broadly oblong . 7 2

Stems slender, 1-3ft. x »~,-4in. Flowers 4,-,in.,
usually in the cyme. Stamens 3. Capsule small,
thin, almost globose be 36 - .. 4. J. effusus.

3. J. vaginatus.

** Leaves 1 or 2, terete like the stem.

Tall salt-marsh plant, 1-3ft. Cyme large, many-flowered.
Stamens 6. Capsule ovoid-trigonous .. a .. 5. Jd. maritimus.
B. Graminifolii. Stem leafy at the base and sometimes upwards as well.
Leaves flat or semiterete, not septate within.

Annual, much branched. Leaves setaceous. Flowers
pale, distinct aE 4 oe 4c oe
Perennial, simple. Leaves grassy,. flat or involute. Cyme
terminal, lax. Flowers pale, distinct sa we
Tall, 6-18in. Leaves flat, all radical. Flowers brown, in
distinct clusters. Stamens 3 be ts at
Tall, 6-18in. Leaves flat or involute, all radical.
Flowers brown, in distinct clusters, contracted (in the
N.Z. form) into a compound head. Stamens 6 fe
Small, 1-4in. Leaves all radical, almost terete. Flowers
brown, in a terminal 2-8-flowered head % .. 10. J. antarcticus.

6. J. bufonius.
7. J. tenuis.

8. J. planifolius.

9. J. cespiticius.

Articulati. Stem leafy at the base and often upwards as well. Leaves.
terete or compressed, septate within, the septa usually prominent extern-
ally.

Stems 9-24in., compressed, 2-edged. Leaves ~-} in.
across, flat, multitubular. Cyme very large and com-
pound; flowers brown. Stamens 3 45 .. ll. J. prismatocar-
Stems 6-18in. Leaves linear, overtopping the stems, as
terete or slightly compressed, unitubular. Cymes
small, contracted ; flowers greenish. Stamens 6 .. 12. J. holoschenus.
Stems very slender, 6-18in. Leaves linear-subulate,
shorter than the stems, terete or compressed, unitu-
bular. Cymes divaricate; flowers brown. Stamens 6 13. J. lampocarpus.
Stems much branched,2-S8in. Leaves narrow, compressed.
Flowers pale, in 3-8-flowered fascicles. Capsule pale
equalling or slightly longer than the perianth .. .. 14. J. scheuchzerioi-
des.
Stems much branched, 1-6in. Leaves filiform, terete.
Flowers brown, in 2-5-flowered fascicles. Capsule
dark-brown or black, much exceeding the perianth .. 15. J. nove - zealan-
dia.
Stems much-branched, 1-6in. Leaves filiform, terete.
Flowers pale, in 2-3-flowered fascicles. Capsule pale,
slightly exceeding the perianth 5c ae .. 16. J. pusillus.

1. J. pallidus, &. Br. Prodr. 258.—Pale greyish-green, densely
tufted, very tall and robust, 2-5 ft. high. Rhizome short, very stout
and woody. Stems often in. diam., cylindric, finely striate, with
several large and lax sheathing scales at the base, which are usually
dark-chestnut below, straw-coloured above, sometimes pale through-

Juncus. | JUNCACER. 725:

out; pith continuous, not irregularly interrupted. Inflorescence
lateral ; cymes large, much branched, effuse or contracted ; branches
unequal in length. Flowers $in. long, pale, distinct or crowded on
the ultimate branches of the cyme, in some forms almost secund.
Perianth-segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, rather
rigid, pale, the 3 inner slightly smaller than the outer. Stamens
6. Capsule exceeding the perianth, ovoid-trigonous, obtuse, pale,
shining, incompletely 3-celled. Seeds very minute, ferruginous,
obliquely oblong, tipped with a white point.—Benth. Fl. Austral.
vii. 130; Buchen. Monog. Junc. 237. J. vaginatus, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 263, and Handb. N.Z. Fl. 289 (not of BR. Br.). J. ma-
crostigma, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 253.

Var, triandrus.—Similar to the typical form in size and habit, but the
pith interrupted with irregular cavities, stamens 3 only, and capsule smaller
and blunter, more oblong in shape.

NortH anp SourH Is~tanps: Damp places from the Auckland Isthmus
southwards, not common. Sea-level to 2000ft. December—February. Var.
triandrus: Vicinity of Auckland, 7. F'. C.; Paterson’s Inlet, Stewart Island,
D. Petrie!

A common Australian plant. It is without doubt the Juncus tenax var
major of the Banks and Solander MSS., as pointed out by Mr. Rendle (Journ,
Bot. xxxviii. (1900) 80); but Brown’s name is the earliest accompanied by a
sufficient description. The typical state is easily recognised by its large size,
the six stamens, and the ovoid-trigonous capsule considerably exceeding the
perianth.

2. J. pauciflorus, &. Br. Prodr. 259.— Usually very slender,
9-24 in. high. Rhizome short, horizontal, creeping. Stems densely
crowded on the rhizome, ;4,—-, in. diam., erect, terete, wiry, smooth
or finely striate; pith continuous or interrupted; basal scales
closely appressed, usually red-brown, smooth and shining below,
strongly grooved above. Inflorescence lateral; cymes lax, irre-
cularly compound ; branches few, slender, spreading. Flowers not
nearly so numerous as in the allied species and sometimes very
few, distinct, about ;4,in. long, pale or dark-chestnut. Perianth-
segments equal or the outer rather longer, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute or the inner obtuse, margins broad, membranous.
Stamens 6 or 3. Capsule exceeding the perianth, ovoid-trigonous,
obtuse or shortly pointed, shining, stramineous to chestnut-brown,
incompletely 3-celled. Seeds minute, obliquely obovoid, ferrugi-
nous, apiculate.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 129; Kirk im Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xiv. (1882) 384; Buchen. Monog. Junc. 238.

NortH anp SourH Istanps: Not uncommon in wet places throughout.
Sea-level to 2500 ft. December-February.

Also in Australia, where it ranges from Queensland to Tasmania. In its.
usual state distinguished without much difficulty by the small size, very
slender stems, lax few-flowered inflorescence, and ovoid-trigonous capsule dis-

726 JUNCACES, (Juncus.

tinctly longer than the perianth, but specimens with a closer many-flowered
inflorescence cannot be separated from J. effusus in the absence of ripe fruit.
Buchenau’s var. Gunnii appears to be a mere form differing slightly in the
‘darker-coloured basal sheaths and flowers, and slightly longer capsule.

3. J. vaginatus, &. Br. Prodr. 258.— Very densely tufted,
rather stout, 2-3ft. high or even more. Rhizome stout, woody,
creeping. Stems very closely packed on the rhizome, ;,—41n.
diam., strict, erect, terete, finely striate; pith interrupted with
irregular cavities; basal sheaths large, rather lax, smooth and
shining and dark red-brown at the base, pale straw-coloured and
distinctly grooved above. Inflorescence lateral, large, branched ;
the branches few or many, stiff, erect, rather close together, bearing
distinct compact globose many-flowered heads. Flowers j4,4in.
long, pale-brown. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acute, stra-
mineous, the inner ones rather shorter than the outer. Stamens
usually 3, rarely 6. Capsule equalling the perianth or only very
slightly exceeding it, broadly oblong, obscurely trigonous, obtuse
at the tip.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 129; Buchen. in Engl. Bot.
Jahr. xxi. (1895) 264. J. australis, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 66,
t. 18a; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 289.

Nort anD Soutu Istanps: Marshy places from the North Cape to Banks
Peninsula, not uncommon. December—February.

In referring Hooker's J. australis to the Australian J. vaginatus I have
followed Buchenau’s recent memoir on the Australian Jwnci Genwini (Engl.
Bot. Jahr. 1895), and the opinion expressed by Mr. Rendle (Journ. Bot. 1900, 81).
The New Zealand plant can generally be separated from J. effusus (polyanthe-
mus, Buchen.) by the larger size, by the inflorescence being split up into distinct
little rounded cymes or groups of flowers, and by the larger and rather narrower
capsule ; but some states are difficult to place. Smaller and more slender forms
show an approach to J. pauciflorus, but the capsule of that species usually much
exceeds the perianth.

4. J. effusus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 326.—Pale or brownish-green,
very densely tufted, 1-3 ft. high. Rhizome short, stout, horizontal.
Stems crowded on the rhizome, 4,-}in. diam., erect, soft or stiff
and wiry, terete, finely striate; pith continuous or interrupted ;
basal sheaths appressed, opaque, smooth below, grooved above.
Inflorescence lateral; cymes lax or rather dense, much branched ;
branches slender, unequal, often curved. Flowers numerous, small,
7s-7y in. long, green or pale-chestnut, usually scattered along the
branches of the cyme, rarely collected into separate groups. Peri-
anth-segments equal or the outer rather longer, linear-lanceolate,
acute, thin, margins membranous, scarious. Stamens 3, much
shorter than the segments; anthers linear. Capsule about equal-
ling the perianth, broadly oblong or obovoid, obscurely trigonous,
obtuse or almost retuse at the tip, thin, shining, pale ferruginous or
stramineous. Seeds numerous, obliquely obovoid, apiculate, pale
ferruginous. — Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 263 (mm part); Buchen.

Juncus. | JUNCACEE. 727

Monog. Junc. 228. J. communis, H. Mey. Junc. 12; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vii. 128; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 290. J. luxurians, Col.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 269. J. polyanthemus, Buchen.
in Engl. Bot. Jahr. xxi. (1895) 261.

Nortx anp Souru Isnanps, Stewarr Is~taAnp: Abundant in damp places
throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Www. November—February.

Under the name of J. effusus I have for the present placed several forms which,
though not exactly agreeing with the typical J. effusus, appear to be too close to
it to be considered as distinct species. One of these has the tall soft stems with
continuous pith, lax pale inflorescence, and small broadly obovoid almost retuse
capsule of the typical state, and to my mind cannot possibly be separated from
it. A second and most abundant variety has more slender rigid and wiry
stems, with interrupted pith, and the capsule is rounded and imperfectly
3-celled. This I take to be the J. polyanthemus of Buchenau. Closely allied to
it is a still more slender form with the inflorescence split up into small rounded
glomerules, almost after the fashion of J. vaginatus (australis, Hook. f.), but
differing altogether in habit and in the small capsule. Buchenau, in his
monograph of the order, placed it under J. pauciflorus as var. Cheesemanii,
although wanting the ovoid exserted capsule of that species. He now refers it to
his J. polyanthemus. How far I am correct in merging the above, together with
other less prominent varieties, under one species can only be determined by a
leisurely and comprehensive study of the whole of the New Zealand forms,
based upon more numerous specimens than have hitherto been collected, and
checked by observations in the field. J. effusus, as ordinarily understood, is
almost cosmopolitan in its distribution.

0. J. maritimus, Lam. Encycl. ii. 264; var. australiensis,
Buchen. Monog. Junc. 257.— Densely tufted, tall, stout, dark-
coloured, 1-3 ft. high. Rhizome short, thick, horizontal. Stems
crowded on the rhizome, rigid, wiry, terete, pungent, furnished
at the base with several chestnut-brown sheathing scales, the
upper 1 or 2 of which are produced into terete leaves similar to
the stems but shorter than them. Inflorescence lateral; cymes
large, lax, irregularly branched; branches strict, erect. Flowers
about 4in. long, dark chestnut -brown, usually aggregated into
little clusters. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acute, the inner
rather shorter. Stamens 6; anthers linear. Capsule ovoid-
trigonous, acute, only slightly exceeding the perianth, dark chest-
nut-brown. Seeds obovoid, very shortly tailed—J. maritimus, A.
Rich, Fi. Now. Zel. 145; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 292; Raoul, Choix,
40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 263; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 289.

Nort anp SourH Isnanps: Brackish-water marshes or sands from the
North Cape to Banks Peninsula, abundant. Inland on the shores of Lake
Rotorua, and by the Waikato River near Orakeikorako. December—
January.

Also common on most parts of the Australian coast. It differs from the
typical state of the species, which has a wide distribution in the north
temperate zone, in the darker colour of the whole plant, in the smaller and
more densely aggregated darker flowers, in the shorter capsule, and in the
less evident tails to the seeds.

728 JUNCACER. [Juncus.

6. J. bufonius, Linn. Sp. Plant. 328.—Annual, pale-green, much
branched from the base, often forming dense tufts, 3-12in. high;
roots fibrous. Leaves radical and cauline, very narrow-linear or
almost filiform, sheathing at the base, flat or channelled above,
grassy, setaceous, pith not jointed. Cyme large, occupying the
greater part of the stem; branches long or short, sometimes
flexuous. Flowers 4+in. long, sessile or nearly so, solitary or in
fascicles of 2-3; bracteoles broadly ovate, scarious, much shorter
than the flowers. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, with
broad scarious margins; the 3 inner rather shorter than the outer,
Stamens usually 6, but sometimes 3 only in the terminal flowers.
Capsule shorter than the erect perianth-segments, obiong, obtuse.
Seeds numerous, minute, ovoid-oblong, obtuse, delicately lineolate.
—RHook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 264; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 290; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vil. 127; Buchen. Monog. Junc. 174.

Nortu AND SoutH IsnuANDS, CHATHAM ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, AUCK-
LAND IsuANDS: From the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape southwards,
abundant. Sea level to 4000 ft. November—January.

Almost universally distributed in temperate climates.

7. J. tenuis, Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 214.—A laxly tufted peren-
nial, with a short rhizome and numerous wiry roots. Stems several
in a tuft, slender, erect, wiry, terete, 9-18in. high. Leaves few,
mostly radical, usually shorter than the stem, very narrow-linear,
grassy, flat or more generally involute or channelled; base sheath-
ing, membranous. Cymes terminal, lax, much exceeded by the
leafy filiform bracts. Flowers $-¢1in. long, pale-green, remote or
clustered. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, slightly spread-
ing in fruit. Stamens 6, about half the length of the perianth-seg-
ments; anthers ovate. Style very short. Capsule ovoid-trigonous
or almost globose, obtuse or slightly retuse, rather shorter than
the perianth-segments, pale stramineous. Seeds obliquely obovoid,
minutely apiculate.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 483 ;
Buchen. Monog. Junc. 198. J. involucratus, Kirk in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. ix. (1877) 550.

NortH AnD SoutH Istanps: In various localities from Mongonui to Dun-
edin, not uncommon. Sea-level to 3000 ft. November—January.

An abundant North American plant, extending into some parts of South
America, found also in western Europe, &c. It is a very doubtful native of
New Zealand, and has certainly increased its range considerably of late years.

8. J. planifolius, &. Br. Prodr. 259.—Tufted, perfectly glabrous,
6-18in. high. Roots many, long, fibrous. Leaves all radical, much
shorter than the stems, numerous, flat and grassy, membranous,
jtin. broad, dilated at the base into long imbricating sheaths.
Flowering stems or culms long, slender, naked, bearing at the top

an irregularly umbellately branched compound cyme; bracts at the

Juncus. | JUNCACEA. 729

base of the inflorescence usually 1 or 2, short, leafy, sometimes
small and scarious. Flowers small, ;4,in. long, chestnut-brown,
crowded in many-flowered heads at the ends of the branches of the
cymes. Perianth-segments subequal or the outer rather shorter,
oblong-lanceolate, acute. Stamens 3. Capsule equalling the peri-
anth or very slightly longer than it, obovoid, trigonous, mucronate.
Seeds numerous, minute, ovoid, very minutely reticulated.—Raouwl,
Choiz, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zei. i. 263; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 290;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 125; Buchen. Monog. Junc. 433.

Norte AnD SourH IsnaANnps, CHATHAM IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, AUCK-
LAND IsnANDS: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft. November-
January.

An abundant plant in Australia and Tasmania, also found in Chili.

9. J. exespiticius, H. Mey. in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. ii. 47; var.
bracteatus, Buchen. Monog. Junc. 439.—A tufted perennial 6-18 in.
high ; roots numerous, fibrous. Leaves all radical, much shorter
than the stem, very numerous, grassy, erect, gradually tapering
from a long and broad sheathing base to a long subulate acuminate
point, margins involute. Flowering-stems long, slender, naked.
Cyme contracted into a dense conglobate head 4-14 in. diam. ; bracts
at the base 1-3, leafy, much exceeding the cyme. Flowers rather
longer than in J. planifolius, about $in. long, crowded in many-
flowered fascicles. Perianth-segments unequal, the 3 outer distinctly
shorter. Stamens 6, about half the length of the segments. Cap-
sule equalling the perianth or slightly exceeding it, ovoid-trigonous,
obtuse, mucronate. Seeds minute, but rather larger than in J.
planifolius, ovoid, smooth or very indistinctly reticulated.—Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 126.

NortH anp SoutH Isuanps: From the Auckland Isthmus to Otago, rather
local. November-—January.

Closely allied to J. planifolius, with which it has been confounded by most
New Zealand botanists. It can be distinguished by the narrower involute
leaves, densely congested cymes, rather larger flowers, the stamens always 6 in
number, and in the fewer and larger smoother seeds. The typical state, which
is common in Australia, has the cyme laxly branched, with shorter bracts.

10. J. antarcticus, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 79, t. 46.—A small
densely tufted perennial 1-4 in. high; roots long, fibrous. Leaves
very numerous, all radical, equalling or shorter than the stems,
suberect or curved, linear-subulate, flat towards the base, semiterete
or obscurely canaliculate above, cylindric towards the apex, obtuse,
pith not jointed within; sheathing base long, broad, margins
scarious. Stem terete, smooth, naked, terminating in a 2-8-flowered
head, rarely a second head is produced lower down. Bracts ovate,
membranous, rarely longer than the flowers. Flowers crowded,

730 JUNCACER. [ Juncus.

about #in. long, dark chestnut-brown. Perianth-segments equal,
lanceolate, acute. Stamens 3, rarely 6; anthers ovate. Capsule
equalling the perianth, ovoid-trigonous, subacute. Seeds ovoid,
obtuse, shining, obsoletely reticulate.—Hanib. N.Z. Fl. 290;
Buchen. Monog. Junc. 432. J. pauciflorus, Kirk in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. ix. (1877) 551 (not of &. Br.). J. brevifolius, Kirk, l.c. xiv.
(1882) 382.

Nortu IstanD: Rangipo Plain, near the foot of Ruapehu, Petrie! Sour
Istanp: Nelson —Mount Arthur, Mount Owen, 1’. Ff. C.; Lake Rotoiti, Kirk.
Canterbury—Broken River, J. D. Enys ! Kirk! T. F.C.; Tasman Valley, T. F.C.
Otago—Not uncommon in the central and southern districts, Buchanan !
Petrie! Srewart Istanp: Kirk! AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS:
Hooker, Kirk! Usually from 1500-4000 ft., but descends to sea-level in Otago
and the islands to the south. December-February.

A very distinct species. The Campbell Island plant is said to have 6
stamens and the culms hardly longer than the leaves, whereas in New Zealand
the stamens are nearly always 3, and the culms usually (but not invariably)
exceed the leaves. -I agree with Professor Buchenau in considering Kirk’s
J. brevifolius to be a mere state of J. antarcticus.

11. J. prismatocarpus, &. Br. Prodr. 259.—Perennial, laxly
tufted. Stems erect or sometimes decumbent and rooting at the
nodes towards the base, leafy, compressed, often 2-edged, not
jointed, 9-24in. high. Leaves always shorter than the stems,
3-9in. long, ;,-4in. broad, gradually narrowed to an acute tip,
strongly compressed, flat, soft, multitubular, incompletely and often
indistinctly septate; sheathing base long, compressed, tip with
2 obtuse lobes. Cyme very large and compound, with 1 or 2 short
leafy bracts at the base; branches long, slender, divaricating.
Flowers 4-4 in. long, greenish or greenish-brown, in many-flowered
globular clusters. Perianth-segments about equal, linear-lanceolate
or subulate-lanceolate, acuminate. Stamens 3, much shorter than
the segments. Capsule usually considerably longer than the peri-
anth, pale, narrow, prismatic, triquetrous, l-celled, placentas very
feebly developed. Seeds ovoid, apiculate.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
151 (in part); Buchen. Monog. Junc. 311.

NortH Isuanp: Wet places in lowland stations from the Bay of Islands
to Wellington, not uncommon. SoutH Isnanp: Nelson — Motueka Valley,
ES IURICE November—January.

Easily distinguished from J. holoschenus by the strongly compressed stems,
flattened and inc»mpletely septate leaves, large spreading cymes, and by the
stamens being 3 only. It is widely diffused in Australia and eastern Asia.

12. J. holoschoenus, #. Br. Prodr. 259.—Stems laxly tufted,
creeping at the base, strict and erect above, terete or subcom-
pressed, smooth, leafy, 6-18in. high. Leaves few, equalling or
exceeding the stems, erect from a long sheathing base, tapering
into a long acuminate point, terete or slightly compressed, fistular,

Juncus. | JUNCACES, 731

completely and distinctly septate. Cymes terminal, sparingly
branched, more or less contracted, usually of 3-8 fascicles, rarely
more ; bract at the base long, foliaceous, usually overtopping the
cyme. Flowers 10-20 in each fascicle, greenish, about 4in. long.
Perianth-segments equal, lanceolate, acuminate. Stamens 6, about
half the length of the perianth-segments. Capsule equalling the
perianth or rather longer than it, narrow, prismatic, triquetrous,
1-celled, the placentas not very conspicuous inside the cells. Seeds
ovoid-oblong, grooved and transversely rugose, apiculate at each
end.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 290; Buchenan Monog. Junc. 357.
J. prismatocarpus, Lenth. Fi. Austral, vil. 131 (in part). J. cepha-
lotes, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 263 (not of Thunbd.).

Norrs Istanp: Swamps from the Bay of Islands southwards to Welling-
ton, not common. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November-February.

Also found in Australia and Tasmania. Bentham unites it with J. pris-
matocarpus, from which it appears to me to be abundantly distinct, as pointed
out under that species.

13. J. lampocarpus, Hhr. Calam. n. 126.—Perennial, more or
less densely tufted. Stems erect or ascending, rarely decumbent at
the base, slender, terete or compressed, soft, leafy, 6-18 in. high.
Leaves shorter than the stems, 3-9 in. long, 34-;4, in. broad, linear-
subulate, straight or curved, compressed or nearly terete, unitubular,
strongly septate; sheathing base long and narrow, with 2 obtuse
auricles at the tip. Cyme terminal, compound; branches slender,
divaricate, bearing small 2-5-flowered heads at the tips and in the
axils; lower bract much shorter than the cyme, leafy. Flowers
small, in. long, chestnut-brown. Perianth-segments equal,
lanceolate, acute. Stamens 6, much shorter than the segments.
Capsule exceeding the perianth, narrow, pyramidal, triquetrous,
mucronate, reddish-brown, glossy, l-celled. Seeds obovoid, reticu-
late.-—_Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1876) 378; Buchen. Monog.
Junc. 376.

Norrx anp SourH Is~tanps: From the Auckland Isthmus to Foveaux
Strait, not uncommon in wet places. Sea-level to 3500 ft. November-
February.

A common plant in many parts of the north temperate zone, but in the
Southern Hemisphere apparently restricted to New Zealand. Perhaps not truly
indigenous, although now widely spread, even in remote mountain districts.

14. J. scheuchzerioides, Gaud. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. i. 5
(1825) 100.—Stems usually much branched below, often prostrate
and rooting, 2-8 in. long or more, leafy throughout. Leaves strict,
erect, 1-5 in. long, far exceeding the culms, narrow-linear, attenu-
ated at the apex, compressed, striate, pale-green, soft and herbaceous,
pith with transverse joints; sheathing base long and broad, mem-

732 JUNCACER, (Juncus.

branous, with 2 rounded auricles at the tip. Scape very short,
much overtopped by the leaves, bearing 1 or 2 pale-coloured 3-8-
flowered heads. Flowers crowded, din. long. Perianth-segments
equal, lanceolate, acuminate, with scarious margins. Stamens 6,
almost as long as the perianth-segments. Capsule equalling the
perianth or rather longer than it, ovoid-trigonous. Seeds numerous,
ovoid, obtuse, finely reticulated.—Hook. f. Fil. Antarct. 1. 80;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 291; Buchen. Monog. Junc. 286.

SoutH Is~tanp: Otago—Lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan
(Handbook). AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS: In boggy places, Hooker.
_ANTIPODES IsLAND: Kirk !

I have seen no specimens but Mr. Kirk’s, which have the habit of J. nove-
zealandi@. Professor Buchenau appears to doubt the identity of the New Zea-
land plant with the South American J. scheuchzerioides, to which it was referred
by Hooker. I have had no opportunity of comparing specimens.

15. J. novee-zealandiz, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 264.—Stems
very slender, much branched, densely tufted, often forming large
patches, creeping and rooting at the base, erect above, 1-6 in. high.
Leaves longer or shorter than the stem and sheathing it for the
greater part of its length, very slender, filiform, terete, striate, pith
with transverse joints; sheathing base long, membranous, with 2
rounded lobes at the tip. Flowers ;4,in. long, chestnut-brown,
in 2—5-flowered fascicles ; fascicles either solitary and terminal or
2-3 superposed. Perianth-segments ovate or ovate - lanceolate,
obtuse, usually chestnut- brown, margins broad, membranous,
hyaline. Stamens 6, equalling the perianth-segments or slightly
exceeding them. Capsule $-2in. long, much longer than the
perianth, broadly ovoid-trigonous, obtuse, shortly mucronate, dark
chestnut-brown or almost black, smooth, shining. Seeds minute,
ovoid, pale-brown; testa minutely reticulate.—Handb. N.Z. Fl.
291; Buchen. Monog. June. 289.

NortH AND SoutH IsLanps, Stewart Istanp: Mountain-swamps from
the Hast Cape and Taranaki southwards, abundant. Sea-level to 4500 ft.
December—March.

16. J. pusillus, Buchen. in Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, vi. (1879)
395.—Very similar to J. nove-zealandie in habit and general
appearance, but paler, rather smaller, and still more slender.
Leaves longer or shorter than the stems, capillary, terete, striate,
pith with transverse joints; sheaths thin and membranous, with
hyaline margins and 2 rounded lobes at the top. Flowers pale-
coloured, small, about ;4,in. long, solitary or in 2-3-flowered
fascicles; fascicles seldom more than one. Perianth - segments
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute, pale-green ;
margins membranous. Stamens 6, equalling the perianth-seg-
ments or rather longer. Capsule in. long, slightly exceeding
the perianth, narrow ovoid-trigonous, shortly beaked, pale, smooth.

Juncus. | JUNCACES, 733

Seeds smaller and narrower than in J. nove-zealandie.—Buchen.
Monog. Junc. 290. J. capillaceus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 264 ;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 291; #l. Tasm. ii. 65, t. 13848; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vii. 132 (not of Lamarck).

Norte anp SoutH IsnAnps: Swampy places from the Bay of Plenty
southwards, not so common as J. nove-zealandia. Sea-level to 4000 ft.
December—March.

I suspect that this will prove to be a variety of J. nove-zealandia, from
which there is little to separate it, except the smaller paler-coloured flowers
and smaller and narrower capsule, which is often scarcely longer than the
perianth. I have several states which appear to be quite intermediate. It is
also found in south-eastern Australia and Tasmania.

3. LUZULA, D.C.

Perennial herbs, usually tufted. Leaves grass-like, mostly
radical, more or less ciliate with long flexuous white hairs.
Flowers small, crowded in small fascicles or placed singly, the
fascicles or single flowers arranged in an irregularly branched
simple or compound umbel or cyme, sometimes contracted into a
slobose or spiciform head, each flower witha bract and 2 bracteoles.
Perianth-segments 6, glumaceous, distinct. Stamens 6, hypogy-
nous or the 3 inner attached to the base of the segments ; filaments
filiform ; anthers oblong or linear. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; style
filiform, with 3 long stigmatic lobes; ovules 3, erect from a
short basal placenta. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds 3, or fewer by
abortion, globose or ovoid; testa minutely reticulated.

Species variously estimated from 30 to 50, most plentiful in the temperate
portions of the Northern Hemisphere, also found on the mountains of the
tropics. The Australian and New Zealand species are all very near to the
protean L. campestris, and are so highly variable as to present an almost
inextricable series of closely allied forms.

* Small, 1-2 in. high, forming compact cushion-shaped masses.
Stems much shorter than the leaves and concealed by

them, Flowers pale «3 i4 os .. 1. L. Colensoz.
Stems about equalling the leaves. Inflorescence simple.
Perianth-segments lanceolate, acute .. : 2. L. micrantha.

Stems exceeding the leaves. Inflorescence usually simple.

Perianth-segments subulate, acuminate, dark-chestnut

with very narrow margins .. +: se .. 3 L. pumila.
Stems exceeding the leaves. Inflorescence usually com-

pound. Perianth-segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,

with broad white margins .. oe ie .. 4. L. Cheesemanii.

** Stems often densely tufted but never forming cushion-shaped masses.

Small, slender, 1-4in. high. Inflorescence a terminal
solitary 3-8-flowered head. Stamens 3 be Ac
Variable in size, 4-18in. lLeaf-tip obtuse, often callous.
Inflorescence lax or contracted, many-flowered .. 6. ZL. eampestris.
Usually from 6 to 14in. Leaf-tip subulate, acute. In-
florescence of dense spikes congested into a pyramidal
head ac eis 3 30 se .. 7. DL. racemosa.

5. L. leptophylila.

734 JUNCACEX. |Luzula.

1. L. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 293.—Small, moss-
like, densely tufted, nearly glabrous, forming rounded cushions
1-3 in. across. Stems very short. Leaves much longer than the
stems, 1-3 in. long, subulate, tapering from a broad sheathing base
to an obtuse tip, rigid and coriaceous, channelled in front, convex
on the back, glabrous above the middle, margins of the sheath and
lower part of the leaf sparingly ciliate. Inflorescence of 2 to 6 few-
flowered fascicles compacted into a dense head concealed among
the leaves; lower bracts leafy, exceeding the flowers; remainder
small, white, membranous, lacerate. Flowers about ,,in. long.
Perianth-segments equal, ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute, chest-
nut-brown with pale membranous margins and tips. Stamens 6,
from slightly shorter to slightly longer than the segments. Capsule
almost equalling the perianth, ovoid-globose, trigonous, red-brown.
Seeds ferruginous, obliquely ovoid.—Buchen. Monog. Junc. 145.

NortH Isuanp: Mount Egmont, 7. #. C.; Ruapehu, AH. Hill! Rev. F. A.
Spencer! Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Mount Holdsworth, W. Townson !
SoutH IsntAnp: Nelson Gordon’s Nob, Mount Owen, Mount Peel, 7. F. C.
Westland—Kelly’s Hill, Petrie ! Cockayne! Otago—Longwood Range, Kirk f
4000-6000 fc. January-February.

Easily distinguished by its small size and very short stems, the flowers
being sunk among the leaves. Buchenau’s var. macrostemon (Oesterr. Bot.
Zeit. 1898), separatsd on account of the stamens slightly exceeding the
perianth, does not appear to me to be really distinct, the stamens often varying
in length.

2. L. micrantha, Buchen. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeit. 1898. —
Densely tufted, forming compact rounded patches. Stems rigid,
erect, 3-14 in. high, leafy at the base. Leaves equalling the stems,
straight, rigid, erect, narrow-linear, obtuse at the tip, broadly
sheathing at the base, flat or slightly concave in front, rounded or
almost flat at the back; margins cartilaginous, glabrous; sheaths
membranous, striate, slightly ciliate at the tip. Inflorescence
simple, terminal, capitate, 3-8-flowered; the lowest bract (or the 2
lowest) foliaceous, overtopping the inflorescence, the remainder
small, membranous, lacerate. Flowers about ;4,in. long. Perianth-
segments equal, lanceolate, acute, reddish-brown, with very narrow
hyaline margins. Stamens 6, rather more than half as long as the
perianth-segments. Capsule elliptic-trigonous, almost equalling
the perianth, acute, shining, red-brown, paler at the base.

Var. triandra.—Size and habit of the type, but leaves rather narrower,

often curved, and usually canaliculate. Heads 6-12-flowered. Stamens 3.—
L. triandra, Buchev. l.c.

Var. crenulata.—Very densely pulvinate. Leaves very narrow, subulate,
canaliculate. Inflorescence 2-6-flowered. Perianth-segments crenulate at the
tips. Stamens 6. Capsule obovoid, trigonous, obtuse.—L. crenulata, Buchen. l.c.

SourH Isutanp: Otago—Mount Cardrona, Petrie! Vars. triandra and
crenulata: Rock and Pillar Range, Petrie ! 4000-6000 ft. December—
February.

Luzula.| JUNCACER. 735

The three plants united here under the name of L. micrantha are considered
‘by Buchenau to represent three distinct species. _I suspect that all are nothing
more than depauperated short-stemmed forms of L. pumila.

3. L. pumila, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 293.—Small, densely
tufted, forming small cushion-shaped masses. Stems slender,
erect, 1-2in. high. Leaves shorter than the stems, 4-1 in. long,
linear-subulate, gradually narrowed to an obtuse tip, strict, erect,
rigid, striate, channelled in front, convex behind, margins of the
lower half and sheath sparingly ciliate. Inflorescence a dense
terminal 4-10-flowered head; lowest bract foliaceous; the rest
membranous, lacerate, pale chestnut-brown. Flowers about ;4, in.
long, chestnut-brown. Perianth-segments subulate-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, the 3 outer distinctly larger, dark-chestnut, without
pale margins or with very indistinct ones. Stamens 6, about half
as long as the perianth-segments. Capsule broadly obovoid, tri-
gonous, from 4 to 2 the length of the perianth, dark chestnut-
brown or almost black. Seeds oblong, minutely carunculate at the
base.—Buchen. Monog. June. 144.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Mountains above the Wairau Gorge, 7. F. C.;
Mount Captain, Kirk! Canterbury — Mount Torlesse, Haast! T. F. C.;
Craigieburn Mountains, Cockayne! Mount Darwin, Haast; Mount Dobson,
T. F.C. Otago—Not uncommon on the central and western mountains,
Petrie ! 4000-6500 ft. J anuary—Hebruary.

Best recognised by the stems distinctly overtopping the leaves, lanceolate-
subulate perianth-segments, which are dark-chestnut with a very inconspicuous
pale margin, and short almost black capsule.

4. L. Cheesemanii, Buchen. Monog. Junc. 146.—Small, densely
tufted, forming compact patches. Stems slender, erect, 1—2in.
high. Leaves shorter than the stems or equalling them, 3-14 in.
long, linear-subulate, obtuse at the tip, rigid, concave in front,
rounded on the back, grooved, margins ciliated throughout with
long white hairs. Inflorescence of from 1 to 3 2-6-flowered
fascicles congested into a terminal head; lowest bract leafy, often
reddish, equalling the head; the remainder small, white, mem-
branous. Flowers tin. long. Perianth-segments about equal,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, thin, with a blackish-chestnut stripe down
the centre and very broad silvery- white margins. Stamens 6,
about half as long as the perianth-segments. Capsule shorter
than the perianth, ovoid- globose, trigonous, mucronate, dark
chestnut-brown or almost black. Seeds obliquely ovoid, minutely
carunculate at the base.

Sout Istanp: Nelson—Summit of Gordon’s Nob, T. #. C. Marlborough
—Mount Mouatt, Kirk! Canterbury—Black Range, 7. F. C.; Craigieburn
Mountains, Petrie! Otago— Mount Kyeburn, Dunstan Mountains, Petrie !
4000-6000 ft. December-February.

736 JUNCACER. [Luzula.

Closely allied to L. pumila, from which it differs in the more compound
inflorescence, and in the much broader perianth-segments, with very con-
spicuous silvery-white margins.

5. L. leptophylla, Buchen. and Petrie in Oesterr. Bot. Zeit.
1898.—Small, slender, stoloniferous, 1-4 in. high. Leaves all radi-
cal, much shorter than the stems, 4-2 in. long, very narrow, almost
filiform, tip obtuse, margins convolute, glabrous or nearly so, mouth
of the sheath with a tuft of slender hairs. Inflorescence terminal,
of a single 3-8 flowered head, or more rarely the head consists of
2 closely compacted clusters; bract at the base of the head small,
leafy. Flowers small, about in. long. Perianth-segments about
equal or the outer a little shorter, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute,
central portion dark chestnut-brown or almost black; margins
broad, pale, membranous. Stamens 3, filaments filiform. Capsule
equalling the perianth, rounded-obovoid, shining, dark - chestnut,
sometimes almost black.

SourH Istanp: Otago—Mount Kyeburn, Petrie! 2000-3500 ft. De-
cember-January.

A very curious little plant, of which I have seen no specimens except Mr.
Petrie’s. It appears to differ from reduced states of L. campestris in the ex-
ceedingly slender stems, almost filiform leaves, and 3 stamens.

6. L. campestris, D.C. Fl. Fr. iii. 161—Excessively variable
in all its parts. Stems more or less densely tufted, stout or
slender, very variable in size, usually from 6-14 in. high, but often
reduced to 2in., and sometimes reaching 18 or 20in. Leaves
mostly radical, always shorter than the stems, generally flat and
grassy, but varying in breadth from 1, to din., gradually narrowed
into an obtuse and usually callous tip; margins flat or thickened,
more or less ciliate with long hairs and often copiously so. In-
florescence very variable, in the most developed forms of numerous.
clusters on the branches of an umbellate cyme, the branches very
unequal in length ; but frequently the clusters are greatly reduced
in number and the branches are often so short that the inflores-
cence is congested into a pyramidal or ovoid entire or lobed head.
Lower bracts foliaceous; upper membranous, entire or lacerate,
more or less ciliate. Flowers ;-+in. long. Perianth-segments
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, subequal, margins usually mem-
branous, often white. Stamens 6. Capsule equalling the perianth,
broadly ovoid or obovoid, trigonous, obtuse, usually shortly mucro-
nate.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 264; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 292; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 123; Buchen. Monog. Junc. 155.

Var. migrata, Buchen. in Oe0csterr. Bot. Zeit. 1898.—Stems 4-15 in.
high. Leaves 4-1in. broad; margins flat, not usually cartilaginous, ciliate but
not conspicuously so. Inflorescence well developed, usually lax, the lateral
clusters pedunculate. Flowers ;4-4in. long. Perianth-segments lanceolate,
acute, dark chestnut-brown with white membranous margins.—L. campestris.

var. a, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 292. L. rhadina, Buchen. l.c. (a form with
very narrow erect leaves). -

rc

Luzula. | JUNCACES. 737

NortH anp SourH Istanps, Srewarr IstaAnp, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Abundant throughout, from sea-level to 4500 ft.

Var. Petriana, Buchen 1.c.—Rather stout, tufted, 4-12in. high. Leaves
narrow, ;—4 in. broad, sparingly ciliate. Inflorescence less developed, usually
with the lateral clusters shortly stipitate, but sometimes contracted into a con-
slobate head. Upper bracts more or less lacerate. Perianth-segments lanceo-
late, acute, very dark chestnut-brown without white margins or with very
obscure ones. Capsule shorter than the perianth. L. Wettsteinii, Buchen. l.c.
appears to be a tall excessively slender state of this.

NortuH anp South IsnLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, AUCKLAND ISLANDS:
Abundant in hilly or mountain districts, ascending to 4500 ft.

Var. picta, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 292.—Slender, often flaccid, 3-18 in.
high. Leaves flat, grassy. Inflorescence lax, the clusters rather few, th:
lateral ones peduncled. Fiowers 4-Ain. long. Perianth-segments linear-lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, with very broad white membranous margins and a narrow
stripe of dark or pale chestnut-brown down the middle. Capsule shorter thai:
the periauth, obovoid, trigonous.—L. picta, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 146;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 295; Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zeal. i. 265;
Buchen. Monog. Junc. 146. L. subclavata, Col. wu Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii.
(1886) 276.

NortH anp SoutH Isuanps, Srewart Isnanp: Abundant throughout,
usually in shaded places. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

Var. Banksiana, Suchen. l.c.— Rather stout, 3-12in. high or more.
Leaves numerous, broad, sometimes 4in. across, almost equalling the stem.
Inflorescence congested into a conglobate head. Flowers large, 4in. long.—
L. Banksiana, EZ. Mey. in Linnea, xxii. (1849) 412. L. picta var. Banksiana,
Buchen. Monog. Junc. 147.

Locality ?—I am not acquainted with this, which is probably an inter-
mediate form between picta and australasica.

Var. australasica, Buchen. l.c.—Rather stout, 3-12in. high or more.
Teaves flat, coriaceous, 4-1in. broad; margins thickened, cartilaginous, con-
spicuously ciliate. Inflorescence contracted into an ovoid head +—#in. diam.,
often with several smaller lateral pedunculated heads. Upper bracts ciliate.
Flowers about tin. long. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, margins
broad, white, membranous, central stripe chestnut-brown or red. Capsule ovoid-
trigonous, slightly shorter than the perianth.—L. australasica, Steud. Syn. Pi.
Cyp. 294. lL. Oldfieldii, Hook. f. Hl. Tasm. ii. 68; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 298;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 122.

Nortu anp Sout Is~tanps, CHaTtHam IsLanps, Stewart IsLtanpD: Hilly
and mountain districts from Taupo southwards, ascending to 4000 ft.

Var. crinita, Buchen. |.c.—Stout, strict, 3-14 in. high. Leaves numerous,
flat or involute, ;,-}in. broad; margins thickened, densely and conspicuously
ciliate. Inflorescence contracted into a compact ovoid head, sometimes with
1-3 smaller lateral psduncled ones. Lower bracts long, ciliate, involucrate ;
upper membranous, lacerate and densely ciliate. Flowers ;,in. long. Perianth
segments lanceolate, long-acuminate, dark chestnut-brown, sometimes almost
black. Capsule almost equalling the perianth.—L. crinita, Hook. f. Hl. Antarct.
i. 84, t. 48; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 293; Buchen. Monog. June. 151.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, MacQuaRIE IstAND: Sea-level to
1400 ft. The typical form appears to be confined to the above localities, but
intermediates between it and australasica and migrata are not uncommon in the
mountains of the South Island.

24—Fl.

738 JUNCACEZ:. [Luzula.

L. campestris is widely distributed in temperate and montane districts in
most parts of the world, and is everywhere excessively variable. In arranging
the New Zealand forms I have mainly followed Buchenau’s paper on ‘“‘ Luzula
campestris and its Allied Species,’’ printed in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitsch. 1898. It is
necessary for the student to bear in mind that the characters given for the
varieties are those of prominent forms only, that intermediates between all of
them are plentiful, and that aberrant states are not uncommon.

7. L. racemosa, Desv. Journ. Bot. i. (1808) 162; var.
Traversii, Buchen. Monog. Junc. 133.—Stems densely tufted, very
variable in size, usually from 6 to 12in., but sometimes attain-
ing 18in. and occasionally dwarfed to 4in., slender, often attenu-
ate above. Leaves radical and a few cauline, all much shorter
than the stem, 1-6 in. long, rarely more, ;4,-+ in. broad at the base
and from thence gradually tapering upwards, apex subulate, not
obtuse as in the forms of L. campestris; margins flat or involute,
ciliate with long hairs. Inflorescence terminal, erect or nodding,
compound, of several short and dense spikes either all congested
into an ovoid head, or the lower 1 to 3 distinct and sometimes
peduncled. Lower bracts foliaceous, often overtopping the in-
florescence ; upper membranous, with very broad white margins
and apices, densely ciliate with long hairs. Flowers small, 4, in.
long. Perianth-segments equal, or the outer slightly longer,
lanceolate, awned, pale-chestnut with white and silvery margins.
Stamens 38, rarely more. Capsule equalling the perianth, ovoid-
globose, trigonous, mucronate, pale- or dark-chestnut, sometimes
almost black. Seeds oblong-ovoid, ferruginous.

Var. ulophylla, Buchen. in Oe4sterr. Bot. Zeitsch. 1898.— Stems small,
slender, 3-6in. high, rarely more. Leaves very narrow, straight or curved,
convolute, margins and backs densely covered with a scurfy coating of white
woolly hairs. Heads ovoid-globose or cylindrical, small, +-4in. long; bracts
pale. Capsule dark-chestnut.

Souru Istanp: Nelson— Mountains above the Wairau Gorge, 7. F. C.
Marlborough—Mount Mouatt, Kirk! Canteroury—Broken River Basin and
Upper Waimakariri, Kirk! T. F'. C., Cockayne! Mount Cook district, 7. F. C.
Otago—Mount Pisa, Mount Kyeburn, Ola Man Range, Mount Ida, Petrie!
Mount EHarnslaw, Cockayne! Var. ulophylla: Clarence Valley, T. F. C.;
Castle Hill, Cockayne! Lake Wanaka, Petrie ! 2000-5500 ft. December-—
February.

Probably an abundant mountain-plant, but it is often confounded with
varieties of L. campestris with congested inflorescence. From all these it can
be readily distinguished by the tapering leaves ending in an acute subulate
point quite unlike the obtuse and often swollen leaf-tip of L. campestris; also
by the spiciform clusters, and by the broad bracts with white membranous
margins densely ciliate with long hairs. Buchenau’s var. wlophylla appears to
me to be quite as distinct as many species generally accepted by authors, and
I am not acquainted with any intermediate forms. But the genus is so over-
loaded with synonymy that I leave it as it is for the present. The typical state
of the species extends along the Andes from Mexico to Chili.

Khopalostylis. | PALM. 739
Orper LXXXIV. PALM.

‘ Woody plants, usually with an erect stem bearing a terminal
crown of large pinnate or fan-shaped leaves, rarely climbing or
decumbent. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, small,
numerous, arranged in spikes or panicles called spadices, which are
enclosed when young within a large and broad deciduous bract
called a spathe. Perianth inferior, coriaceous, persistent, of 6 seg-
ments in 2 series; the outer imbricate, often united into a 3-toothed
or -lobed cup; the inner usually valvate. Stamens generally 6 or 3,
rarely more, inserted at the base of the perianth ; filaments free or
connate, subulate or filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary superior,
1- or 3-celled, or of 3 distinct carpels; style very short or want-
ing; stigmas 3, sessile; ovules solitary (rarely 2) in each cell.
Fruit a drupe or berry; exocarp thick, spongy, fleshy, or fibrous ;
endocarp membranous or crustaceous or bony. Seed with copious
horny cartilaginous or oily albumen; embryo small, in a cavity near
the surface of the albumen.

A majestic order, comprising nearly 130 genera and about 1100 species,
almost wholly confined to tropical or warm extratropical regions, a few only
found in northern or southern temperate latitudes. Few families are more
generally useful, or applied to a greater variety of purposes. The timber, the
foliage, the fruit, the starchy pith, and the fermentable sap are all employed.
The cocoanut, date, sago-palm, cabbage-palm, betel-palm, African oil-palm, &c.,
are some of the besti known species. The single genus found in New Zealand
also occurs in Norfolk Island.

1. RHOPALOSTYLIS, Wendl. and Drude.

Stem tall, erect, marked with annulate scars. Leaves in a ter-
minal crown, pinnately divided; segments numerous, equidistant,
narrow-ensiform, acuminate, midrib stout, margins recurved to-
wards the base. Inflorescence at the base of the leaves, of a much
and densely branched spadix enclosed within two boat-shaped
spathes. Flowers moncecious, the males and females on the same
spadix, densely crowded, sessile, usually in threes, a female in the
centre with a male on each side of it. Male flowers: Sepals subu-
late-lanceolate. Petals rather larger, obliquely ovate, acuminate,
valvate. Stamens 6; filaments subulate, inflexed at the tips;
anthers linear-oblong, dorsifixed, versatile. Rudimentary ovary
columnar. Female flowers: Smaller and broader than the males,
almost globose. Sepals rounded, concave, imbricating. Petals
smaller. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled; stigma sessile, 3-fid; ovule pa:
rietal. Drupe ellipsoid or nearly globose; exocarp fleshy and
succulent; endocarp fibrous within. Seed erect; albumen smooth,
not ruminated ; embryo basilar.

A genus consisting of the two following species, confined to New Zealand,
Norfolk Island, and the Kermadec Islands.

Trunk rather slender, 10-30ft. Drupe oblong .. .. 1. &. sapida.
Trunk stout, 20-50 ft. Drupe globose Bt a De, Lu Rene.

740 PALMA. [Rhopalostylis.

1. R. sapida, Wendl. and Drude in Kerch. Palm. 255.—Stem
rather slender, smooth, 10-24 ft. high, 6-9in. diam., rarely more.
Leaves 4-8 ft. long; rhachis clothed with copious lepidote scales ;
leaflets very numerous, 2-3 ft. long or more, 1-2 in. broad, linear-
ensiform, midrib and main veins covered with lepidote scales ;
margins replicate at the base. Spadix 1-2ft. long, much and
closely branched, glabrous; spathes 2 or 8. Flowers very densely
crowded, purplish-lilac. Drupe 4in. long, elliptic-oblong, bright-
red.—Areca sapida, Soland. ex Forst. de Pl. Escul. 66; A. Rach. Fl.
Nowv. Zel. 157; A. Cunn. Precur.n. 298; Raoul, Choixz, 40; Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 262, t. 59, 60; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 288; Bot. Mag.
t. 5139. Kentia sapida, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ii. 312.

Norru Isnanp: Abundantin forests throughout. SourH Istanp: In low
land districts not far from the coast as far south as Banks Peninsula and
Hokitika, rare and local. CHaTHam Is~ANDs: #. A. D. Cox! Sea-level tuo
2000 ft. Nikau. January-April.

The nikau-palm, so well known to all residents in the northern half of
the colony, is of special interest as being the most southern member of its
order. The unexpanded central bud and the very young spadix are both
edible, and were formerly eaten by the Maoris, and even by Huropean settlers.
Branched specimens are occasionally seen ; a very remarkable one with no less
than 11 branches has been described and figured by Mr. Percy Smith (Trans. N.Z.
Inst. x. 357, t. 15). Mr. Cockayne refers the Chatham Islands plant to the follow-
ing species, but fruiting specimens sent to me by Mr. F. A. D. Cox have the
elliptic-oblong drupe of R. sapida, and not the globose one of k. Bauert.

2. R. Baueri, Wendl. and Drude in Bot. Zeit. xxxv. (1877)
638.—Very closely allied to the preceding species, but larger and
stouter, sometimes attaining a height of 50 ft. with a trunk over
12in. diam. Leaves larger and more numerous; segments usually
longer and broader. Inflorescence larger, the spadices said to be
sometimes 3ft. in length. Drupe altogether different in shape,
globose or nearly so, $-$in. diam.—Kentia Baueri, Seem. Fil. Vit.
269; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 174. Areca Baueri,
Hook. f. in Illustr. Hortic. xv. (1868) 575; Bot. Mag. t. 5735. A.
sapida, Hndl. Prodr. Fl. Norfolc. 26 (not of Soland.).

KERMADEC ISLANDS: Sunday Island, abundant from sea-level to the tops of
the hills, alt. 1500 ft., 7. F. C. CHaruam Istanps (?): Index Kewensis, iv. 713.

Originally discovered in Norfolk Island, and supposed by Endlicher to be
the same as the New Zealand species, from which it is easily distinguished by
the larger size and globose fruit. It is stated to be found in the Chatham
Islands in the ‘‘ Index Kewensis,’’ but I have seen no specimens from thence.

Orper LXXXV. PANDANEZ:.

Trees or shrubs or climbers, frequently with aerial roots. Leaves
usually long and narrow, acuminate, sheathing at the base, coria-
ceous, keeled, margins and keel spinulose-serrate. Flowers
dicecious, both sexes densely crowded on simple or branched

Freycinetia. | PANDANES. 741

spadices protected by leafy spathes. Perianth wanting. Male
flowers: Stamens numerous; filaments all distinct or connate in
clusters; anthers erect, basifixed, 2-celled. Rudimentary ovary
present or absent. Female flowers: Staminodia small or wanting.
Ovary 1-celled, free or connate with those of adjoining flowers ;
stigma nearly sessile, papillose ; ovules either solitary and basal, or
numerous and attached to parietal placentas. Fruit an oblong or
globose mass of densely compacted free or connate tough or fleshy
drupes. Seeds solitary or many in each drupe; testa striated ;
albumen hard and fleshy ; embryo minute.

A small order of 3 genera and about 160 species; most abundant in the
islands of eastern tropical Africa and the Malay Archipelago, extending south-
wards to Australia, the Pacific islands, and New Zealand; not known in a
native state in America. The leaves of most of the species are used for mat-

making, thatching, &c., and would probably be useful for the manufacture of
paper. The New Zealand genus extends as far north as Malacca.

1. FREYCINETIA, Gaud.

Climbing or scrambling shrubs. Stems often very long,
branched, rooting. Leaves long, linear, sheathing at the base,
keeled, entire or more usually serrulate. Spadices terminal, fas-
cicled, sessile or pedunculate, enclosed within foliaceous bracts
with fleshy and often coloured bases. Male flowers numerous,
each one consisting of several stamens surrounding a rudimentary
ovary ; filaments short; anthers oblong. Female flowers of many
1-celled ovaries densely packed on the rhachis of the spadix, co-
hering at their bases, each ovary surrounded by minute staminodia,
apex broad, truncate, crenulate ; placentas 2 or more; ovules
numerous, in 2 series on each placenta. Fruit an oblong mass of
more or less fleshy or almost woody drupes. Seeds numerous,
fusiform or ellipsoid ; testa crustaceous or membranous ; albumen
copious ; embryo basilar.

A genus of over 50 species, scattered through Malaya, the Pacific islands,
and Australia, with one species in New Zealand.

1. F. Banksii, A. Cunn. Precwr. n. 320.—A lofty climber, often
reaching the tops of tall trees, or scrambling over rocks or prostrate
trunks ; branches many, stout, rooting. Leaves numerous towards
the tips of the branches, 14-3 ft. long, 4-1in. broad, linear-elongate,
finely acuminate, broadly sheathing at the base, concave, coriaceous,
nerved, margins and midrib minutely spinulose-serrate. Spadices
fascicled at the tips of the branches, cylindrical, peduncled, 3-6 in.
long, dicecious ; bracts numerous, leafy, the innermost with white
or pale-lilac thick and succulent bases. Filaments rather long,
filiform. Ovaries very densely packed, about iin. long, rather
fleshy in fruit. Seeds small, linear-oblong; testa cellular.—Raoul,
Choiz, 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 237, t. 54, 55; Handb. N.Z.
Fil. 275; Bot. Mag. t. 6028.

742 PANDANEZ. | Freycinetia.

Nort Istanp: Abundant in forests from the North Cape to the Hast Cape
and Taranaki, less plentiful from thence southwards to Wellington. SourH
IsuanpD: Lowland districts in Nelson and Marlborough, and along the West
Coast from Collingwood to Cage and Milford Sound, not common. Sea-
level to 2500 ft. Kiekie; Tawhara (the edible bracts); Urewre (the fruit).
September—November ; ripe fruit in May.

The leaves are occasionally plaited into kits or baskets by the Maoris. The
white fleshy bracts surrounding the spadices are sweet and sugary, with an
aromatic flavour, and are often eaten ; the fruit less commonly so. I have seen

no description of #’. inclinans, Benn. Pl: Jay. Rar. i. 32, said to be foundin
New Zealand.

OrpER LXXXVI. _TYPHACEA.

Marsh or water planis, with creeping rhizomes, solid cylindrical
stems, and long linear leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers
minute, moncecious, densely crowded in globose or cylindric spikes
or spadices, male spadices always uppermost. Perianth either
wanting or of minute scales or hairs. Male flowers: Stamens
1--7 ; filaments slender, distinct or connate ; anthers basifixed, erect,
linear or oblong. Female flowers: Ovary superior, sessile or
stalked, 1- or rarely 2-celled; styles as many as the cells, linear,
persistent; stigma unilateral, papillose; ovules solitary. Fruit dry
or spongy, indehiscent. Seed solitary, pendulous; albumen copious,
fleshy or farinaceous ; embryo terete, axile.

A small order, cosmopolitan in its distribution, consisting of the 2 genera
found in New Zealand and from 20 to 25 species.

Flowers in dense cylindric spikes, the females enveloped in

soft downy hairs .. be a ap oo) La yeas
Flowers in globose heads. Perianth of linear scales .. 2. SPARGANIUM.

1. TYPHA, Linn.

Tall reed-like marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves all radical, long,
linear, erect, spongy. Flowers moncecious, densely crowded in a
terminal cylindrical spike furnished with a few deciduous spatha-
ceous bracts; spikes either continuous or separated into two dis-
tinct parts by a broad or narrow interval, the upper portion male,
the lower female. Male flowers of 1-7 stamens intermixed with
capillary membranous scales; filaments short or long, distinct or
connate ; anthers linear-oblong, basifixed, 4-celled, longitudinally
dehiscent ; connective produced at the tip. Female flowers with
or without a linear-spathulate bracteole at the base. Ovary long-
stalked, the stalk furnished with numerous silky hairs, 1- -celled,
narrowed into a slender style; stigma unilateral, linguiform or
spathulate ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit very minute, fusiform
or narrow-ovoid; pericarp membranous or coriaceous, at length
laterally dehiscent. Seed the same shape as the pericarp; albumen
farinaceous ; embryo axile.

Species 9 or 10, spread over most temperate and tropical regions.

Typha. | TYPHACES. 743

1. T. angustifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 971.— Very variable in
stature, 3-Sft. high or more. Leaves as long as the flowering-
stems or sometimes exceeding them, rather narrow, 4+—4in. broad,
rarely more, expanded at the base into a broad sheath often more
than a foot in length, plano-convex or convex on both sides. Spike
variable in length; male portion usually from 2 to 6in. long, in
some varieties contiguous to the female part, in others separated
from it by an interval sometimes as much as 1 in. long, axis of the
spike furnished with reddish-brown hairs mixed with the flowers ;
female portion 3-8in. long, 4—-3in. broad. Female flowers fur-
nished at the base with a linear spathulate bracteole, the hairs on
the pedicel of the ovary shorter than the stigma.—A. Rich. Fl.
Now. Zel. 99; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 319; Raoul, Chow, 41;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 238; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 276. T. latifolia,
Forst. f. Prodr. n. 336 (not of Linn.) ; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.
172.

Kermapec Istanps, NortH anp SoutH Is~tAnps: Abundant in marshy
places throughout. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Bulrush ; Raupo. December-—
March.

Almost cosmopolitan. The Australian and New Zealand forms are placed
by Graebner (Das Pflanzenreich, Heft 2) under var. Browniw (T. Brownit,
Kunth) and yar. Muelleri (T. Muelleri, Rohrb.). The first of these includes the
larger and coarser states, with much of the habit of 7’. latifolia, and, like it,
with the male and female spikes contiguous. It differs, however, from 7’.
latifolia in the female flowers being bracteolate at the base. Var. Muwelleri is
smaller, and usually has the male and female spikes separated by a distinct
interval.

The pollen was formerly collected by the Maoris, made into cakes with water,
and then baked and eaten; the starchy rhizome was also used for food in times
of scarcity. The leaves were employed for constructing the walls of their houses,
or whares, and are still used for the same purpose.

2. SPARGANIUM, Linn.

Marsh or aquatic herbs. Rhizome creeping. Stems erect or
floating, simple or the inflorescence alone branched. Leaves
crowded at the base of the stem, distichous, linear-elongate, erect
or floating, sheathing at the base. Flowers moncecious, crowded
in superposed usually remotely placed globose heads subtended
by leafy bracts; the upper heads male, the lower female.
Perianth of 3-8 spathulate membranous scales. Male flowers:
Stamens 2-3, rarely more; filaments long or short, distinct or
variously connate; anthers linear-oblong, 4-celled, longitudinally
dehiscent. Female flowers: Ovary séssile or nearly so, 1—2-celled,
produced into 1-2 long or short styles; stigma unilateral; ovule
solitary, pendulous. Fruit obovoid, spongy, tipped by the per-
sistent style; endocarp bony. Seed with a membranous testa ;
albumen farinaceous; embryo axile.

744 TYPHACEE. [Sparganium.

A small genus, not uncommon in the north temperate zone. In the
Southern Hemisphere its sole representative is the following species, which is
found in both Australia and New Zealand.

1. S. antipodum, Graebner in Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. iv. (1899) 33.
—Stems slender, erect, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves very long, the jower
radical ones usually far surpassing the inflorescence, #,—in.
broad, flattish above, acutely and prominently keeled beneath, tip
acute, lower portion expanded into a long but rather narrow
sheath. Inflorescence simple in small specimens, but usually with
1-3 slender flexuous branches bearing male heads alone or very
rarely with a single female below the males; main rhachis with
2-4 distant female heads below, and 3-12 more closely placed male
ones above; the lower portion of the inflorescence with long leafy
bracts. Filaments of the male flowers long, considerably more
than twice the length of the scales. Stigma narrow, elongate. Ripe
fruit about tin. long, broadly cbovoid, mucronate with the short
thick persistent style.—S. angustifolium, &. Br. Prodr. 338 (not of
Michz.); Benth. Fi. Austrai. vii. 160; Col. m Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xvi. (1884) 339. 8S. simplex, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 238,
and Handb. N.Z. Fl. 277 (not of Huds.).

Nort Isuanp: Watery places from the North Cape to Wellington, not
uncommon. SoutH Istanp: Near Picton, J. Rutland ! Maru. Decem-
ber—March.

Also in Australia, from Queensland to Victoria. S. subgloboswm, Morong
in Bull. Torrey Club, xv. (1888) 76, t. 79, f. 1, said to have been collected at
the Bay of Islands by the American Exploring Expedition, is probably the
same, and, if so, Morong’s name will take precedence.

Orper LXXXVI. LEMNACEZ:.

Minute gregarious floating water-plants, without distinct stems
or true leaves, consisting of green scaie-like fronds free from one
another or 2-3 cohering by their margins, either rootless or more
generally giving off 1 or several capillary rootlets from the under-
surface. Flowers very seldom produced, most minute, placed in
clefts on the edges of the frond, or sunk on its surface, naked or
enclosed in a spathe, usually a single female with 1 or 2 males
by its side. Perianth wanting in both sexes. Male flower:
Stamens 1 or 2; filaments short; anthers 1—2-celled. Female:
Ovary sessile, 1-celled, narrowed into a short and stout style;
stigma simple; ovules 1-7. Fruit a somewhat fleshy utricle, with
1 or several seeds; albumen fleshy or wanting ; embryo straight,
axile.

An order of 2 genera and 20 species, found in still waters in all countries,
both temperate and tropical. It contains the smallest of all known flowering-
plants, all of them being of exceedingly simple structure, and very seldom found
in flower.

Lemna. | LEMNACEA, 745

1. LEMNA, Linn.

Fronds proliferous from the sides near the base, with one or
several delicate root-fibres descending from the under-surface.
Flowers in marginal clefts of the fronds. Filaments slender ;
anthers didymous, 2-celled; pollen globose, muricate. Ovary with
1-7 ovules. Fruit a 1—-7-seeded utricle. Seeds erect or horizontal ;
embryo conic or ovoid.

A small genus of 8 or 9 species, most of them of almost worldwide distribu-
tion. The two following are all that are positively known to occur in New
Zealand, but others will probably be found.

Root single. Fronds broadly ovate, thin, almost flat on

both surfaces. Ovule solitary us WS Gaminon:
Root single. Fronds broadly ovate, thick, conspicuously
tumid beneath. Ovules2 .. x5 : .. 2. DL. gibba.

1. L. minor, Linn. Sp. Plant. 970.—Root solitary, the sheath at
its base without appendages. Frond symmetrical, }-+in. long,
ovate or oblong, nearly flat on both surfaces, green above, paler
beneath ; young ones growing from one side but soon becoming
disconnected. Spathe unequally 2-lipped. Stamens 2, appearing
successively (each a distinct male flower). Style rather long:
Seed horizontal, hemi-anatropal, albuminous.—Hook. f. F'l. Nov. Zel.
1. 239; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 278; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 163 ; Hegelm.
Lemn. 141, t. 9, 10.

NortH AND SoutH Isxanps: Still waters, abundant throughout. Sea-
level to 2000 ft. Duckweed. Almost cosmopolitan in its distribution.

2. L. gibba, Linn. Sp. Plant. 970.—Root solitary, the sheath at
its base elongate, cylindric, rootcap acute. Frond symmetrical,
+-+4 in. long, thick and spongy, flat above, convex beneath; young
ones growing from one side, but soon separating. Spathe sac-like.
Stamens 2. Ovules 2 or more. Utricle bursting transversely.
Seeds erect, anatropous; albumen scanty or wanting.—Hook. f.
fl. Nov. Zel. i. 239; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 278; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vil. 163; Hegelm. Lemn. 145, t. 11-18.

Nort Istanp: Poverty Bay, Colenso.

I have seen no New Zealand specimens of this species, which is almost as
widely distributed as L. minor. It is recognised at a glance by the conspicuously
tumid under-surface of the frond.

OrpER LXXXVIII. NAIADACEA.

Submerged or floating fresh-water or marine aquatic plants,
or marsh herbs. Stems often elongated, slender, branched, jointed;
sometimes short and almost wanting. Leaves very various, alto-
gether submerged and translucent, or floating and opaque, or all
radical, sheathing at the base; stipules wanting or interpetiolar,

746 NAIADACEZ:. [Triglochin.

connate and sheathing. Flowers small and inconspicuous, usually
green, hermaphrodite or unisexual, variously arranged. Perianth
either wanting, or of 3-6 inferior segments valvate in bud.
Stamens 1-6, hypogynous; anthers basifixed, erect, 1—2-celled.
Ovary superior, of 1-6 distinct or more or less connate carpels,
each 1-celled with usually a single erect or pendulous ovule;
style long or short, stigma various. Fruit of 1-6 indehiscent
nutlets or utricles, rarely drupaceous. Seed solitary, testa mem-
branous; albumen wanting; embryo straight or curved, radicle
unusually large.

A small order, dispersed over the whole world in marshy places, ponds,
lakes, rivers, &c., also including some widely spread marine plants. Genera 16,
species estimated at 120. The order cannot be said to have any important
properties or uses. With the exception of Lepilena, which is found elsewhere
in Australia alone, all the New Zealand genera have a wide range in both
temperate and tropical climates.

A. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 4-6 herbaceous segments.

Marsh plants with linear radical leaves. Flowers on erect
scapes. Perianth-segments 6 2 .. 1. TRIGLOCHIN.
Aquatic plants with submerged or floating stems and leaves.
Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes. Perianth-
"segments 4 a8 * : .. 2. PoraMoGETON.

B. Flowers wnisexual (except in Ruppia). Perianth wanting or minute and
hyaline.

* Stems and leaves filiform, submerged.

Flowers hermaphrodite, 2 or 3 on a peduncle greatly

elongating in fruit. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2;

anthers almost sessile $ is .. 3. RUPPIA.
Flowers unisexual, axillary, “nearly sessile. Perianth

wanting or female small and hyaline. Stamen 1, fila-

ment slender Ae rs SE Be .. 4, ZANNICHELLIA.
Flowers unisexual, axillary, nearly sessile. Perianth

of 3 hyaline scales. Stamens3; anthers sessile, cohering

by their backs into a columnar mass .. ic .. 5. LEPILENA.

** Stems creeping in sand or mud in salt water. Leaves ribbon-like, flai,
nerved.

Flowers unisexual, enclosed in the membranous sheathing
base of a floral leaf 5: ae ar .. 6. Zostera.

1. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn.

Perennial marsh herbs. Roots fibrous. Leaves all radical, fili-
form or rush-like, flat or terete. Scapes slender, naked, erect,
bearing a raceme or spike of small green hermaphrodite flowers.
Perianth-segments 3 or 6, herbaceous, concave, deciduous.
Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth-segments; fila-
ments very short ; anthers didymous, extrorse. Carpels 6, distinct
or more or less connate; stigmas penicillate ; ovules solitary in

Triglochin. | NAIADACEX. 747

each carpel, basilar, erect, anatropous. Fruit of 3 or 6 free or
connate coriaceous nutlets separating from a central axis. Seeds
erect, cylindric or ovoid, terete or compressed ; testa membranous ;
embryo straight.

About 12 species are known, spread through most temperate or subtropical
regions, but especially plentiful in Australia. Both the New Zealand species
are widely distributed.

Triglochin is often regarded as forming (with 3 other small genera) a
distinct order (Juncaginacee), but for the purposes of this work it appears most
convenient to merge it with the Naiadacee.

Scape 3-10in. high. Fruit subglobose .. ta a. Let. striatum.
Scape 6-24in. high. Fruit clavate .. Be .. 2. T. palustre.

1. T. striatum, Rwiz and Pav. Fl. Per. iii. 72; var. filifolium,
Buch. Index Crvt. (1868) 59.— Rhizome short, stoloniferous.
Leaves numerous, very narrow-linear or almost filiform, semi-
terete, variable in length, shorter or rather longer than the scape.
Scape 3-10in. high; raceme usually occupying about one-half the
length. Flowers numerous, shortly pedicelled, minute, about
fzin. diam. Outer perianth-segments broadly ovate; inner
smaller and narrower. Perfect stamens 3, at the base of the outer
segments; three inner abortive, without pollen, sometimes alto-
gether wanting. Fruit globose, j,in. diam., of 3 perfect carpels
separating from a central axis and leaving 3 scale-like barren
ones attached to it.—Buchenaw in Pflanzenreich, Heft iv. 14. T.
striatum, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 166. T. triandrum, Michx. Fl.
Bor. Am. i. 208; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 2386; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
278. TT. flaccidum, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 321; Raoul, Choix, 41.
T. filifolium, Sieb. ex Spreng. Syst. iv. 142; Hook. Ic. Plant. 579.

NorTH AND SoutH IsLANDS, StEwaRT IsLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abund-
ant throughout in marshes near the sea; also inland in various localities in the
thermal-springs district from Te Aroha and Rotorua to Taupo and Tokaanu.
October—January.

The New Zealand variety is also found in Australia, Tasmania, and Chili;
the typical state ranges throughout almost the whole of North and South
America, and also occurs in South Africa.

2. T. palustre, Linn. Sp. Plant. 338.—Rhizome short, stolonifer-
ous. Leaves all radical, much shorter than the scape, narrow-
linear or filiform, semiterete, upper surface faintly grooved. Scape
slender, 6-24 in. high; raceme elongating after flowering. Flowers
numerous, shortly pedicelled, minute, green or greenish-purple.
Perianth-segments ovate, all equal. Stamens 6, all fertile ; anthers
purple. Fruit appressed to the rhachis, linear-clavate, in. long;
carpels 3, very slender, almost awned at the base, attached to the
axis by the tip.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 300.

748 NAIADACEZ. [ Triglochin.

SoutH Isntanp: Canterbury— Broken River, J. D. Hnys and 7. F. C.;
Rangitata Valley, Haast! Lake Tekapo and Tasman Valley, 7. #. C. Otago
—Ophir, Black’s, Petrie ! 2000-3000 ft. December—January.

A plant with a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, also found in
extratropical South America, but not yet detected in Australia.

2. POTAMOGETON, Linn.

Perennial aquatic herbs. Stems slender, simple or branched.
Leaves wholly submerged and translucent, or floating and opaque,
alternate or opposite, entire or toothed; stipules intrafoliar, free, or
adnate to the petiole or base of the leaf. Flowers small, green,
hermaphrodite, ebracteate, sessile in a dense spike on an axillary
peduncle arising from a membranous spathe. Perianth-segments
4, small, herbaceous, concave, valvate. Stamens 4, inserted at the
base of the segments; anthers sessile, 2-celled, extrorse. Carpels
4, sessile, distinct, 1l-celled; stigma oblique, decurrent; ovules
solitary, affixed to the inner angle of the cell, campylotropous.
Ripe carpels or drupelets 4, small, coriaceous or spongy, ovoid or
subglobose, obtuse or beaked by the recurved persistent stigma,
1-seeded. Seed curved, reniform; testa membranous; embryo
with a large radicle and narrow incurved cotyledon.

A genus widely spread in the fresh or brackish waters of almost all tem-
perate or subtropical regions, more rare in the tropics. Species variously esti-
mated at from 40 to 100 or more, according to the different views of authors,
extremely variable, and most difficult of discrimination. The New Zealand
forms have never been carefully sought for, and in all probability other species
will be added to those described herein.

A. Floating leaves more or less coriaceous, with a broad long-petioled lamina,
different in shape from the membranous swomerged ones. Stipules free.

Floating leaves 2-4 in., biplicate at the base. Submerged
leaves wanting or reduced to phyllodes. Fruit large,
din. long, keeled on the back when dry 1. P. natans.

Floating leaves 1-3in., not plicate at the base. Sub-
merged leaves few, linear-lanceolate. Fruit small,
zy5-z4 in., rounded on the back oe . 2. P.polygonifolius.

Floating leaves ?-ljin. Submerged leaves numerous,

2-4in. Fruit small, qo in., keeled on the back when

dry 3. P. Cheesemani.

B. Leaves all submerged and uniform, sessile, membranous.

Leaves 1-4 in. by 4-+in., pacer Lgulate, obtuse ; stipules

free, lacerate. Bae dense .. 4. P. ochreatus.
Leaves 2—4 in, by sy-7s in., very narrow- ‘linear or - filiform ;
stipules adnate. Spike interrupted ie .. 5. P. pectinatus.

1. P. natans, Linn. Sp. Plant. 126.— Stems creeping below,
long or short, simple or sparingly branched, terete. Floating leaves
on long petioles; lamina 2—4 in. long, oblong or elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute or subacute, subcordate and shortly biplicate at
the base, coriaceous, 20-30-nerved with copious cross-veins and

Potamogeton. | NAIADACE. 749

minute areolation; stipules very long and conspicuous, 3-din.,
free, acuminate. Submerged leaves wanting or if present few and
reduced to long and narrow phyllodes without any lamina. Pe-
duncles stout, 2-4in. long, bearing a dense-flowered spike 14-2 in.
long. Perianth-segments broadly rhomboidal. Fruit 4in. long,
turgid, obliquely ovoid, keeled on the back when dry, beak short.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zeal. i. 236; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 278; Benth. Fl.
a as vii. 170 (im part); A. Bennett in Journ. Bot. xxv. (1887)
vith

NortH Aanp SoutH Istanps: Probably not uncommon.

A widely dispersed plant, found in nearly all temperate climates. Its exact
distribution in New Zealand is not yet made out with certainty, as P. Cheese-
mani has been recorded in mistake for it in many localities, but I have seen
specimens from both Islands.

2. P. polygonifolius, Powrr. in Mem. Acad. Toul. in. (1788)
325.—Stem creeping at the base, long or short, simple or sparingly
branched. Floating leaves on long petioles; lamina 1-3in. long,
elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, acute or obtuse, rounded or subcordate
or acute at the base, not plicate, thinly coriaceous; stipules much
shorter than in P. natans, 1-14in. long. Submerged leaves
linear-lanceolate, acute. Peduncles variable in length, rather
slender; spike dense-flowered, #-14in. long. Perianth-segments
transversely elliptic. Fruit small, reddish, j4-;,in. long, blunt
and rounded on the back, not keeled, beak very short.—Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii. (1871) 165.

NortH AnD SoutH Istanps, STEWART IsuAND: Ponds and small streams
from the North Cape southwards, not uncommon. Sea-level to 1500 ft.
December—April.

Distinguished from P. natans by the smaller and more membranous
leaves, much shorter stipules, slender peduncles, and much smaller fruit not
keeled on the back when dry. Several of my specimens have been examined by
Mr. A. Bennett, of Croydon, whose knowledge of the genus is unrivalled, and
he informs me that their identity with P. polygonifolius cannot be questioned:
The species is widely spread in Europe and Asia, and has been recorded from
Australia.

3. P. Cheesemanii, A. Bennett in Journ. Bot. xxi. (1883) 66.—
Stems slender, striated, long or short, simple or branched. Upper
leaves alternate or opposite, long-petioled; lamina #-1#in. long,
elliptic-oblong to oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, rounded at the base,
coriaceous, 10-16-nerved with numerous cross-veins and minute
areolation ; stipules broad, subacute. Submerged leaves numerous,
usually alternate but sometimes opposite. shortly petioled, 2—-41in.
long, 4-2in. broad, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear, very
thin and membranous, translucent, 5-12-nerved with rather dis-
tant cross-veins, margins often undulate or crisped, not denticulate.
Peduncles variable in length, rather slender; spike dense, 4—}in.

750 NAIADACE. | Potamogeton.

long. Perianth-segments rhombic-orbicular. Fruit small, about
;i5 in. long, broadly ovoid, slightly compressed, keeled on the back,
beak short.—A. Bennett, l.c. xxv. (1887) 177; Cheesem. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 410. P. heterophyllus, Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 279, 742 (not of Schreber). P. natans var. australis, Kirk
ex A. Bennett in Journ. Bot. xxv. (1887) 177.

NortH anpD SoutH Isuanps, Strwart Istanp: Abundant throughout in
streams, ponds, and lakes. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Manihi. November-—
March.

The most abundant species, universally distributed throughout the colony.
The numerous submerged leaves and smaller floating ones at once separate
it from P. natans, to say nothing of other differences. According to Mr.
Bennett, it is also found in Tasmania.

4. P. ochreatus, Raoul, Choiz, 13, t. 7.—Stems slender, striate,
branched, long or short according to the depth of the water. Leaves
all submerged, alternate or the upper opposite, sessile, 1-4 in. long,
4-tin. broad, linear-ligulate, obtuse or emarginate at the tip,
membranous, 3- or 5-nerved with or without finer parallel veins
between, transverse veins few; stipules free, at length conspicuously
lacerate. Peduncles stout, erect, usually shorter than the leaves,
1-3in. long; spike short, oblong, about $in. long. Fruit broadly
obliquely ovoid, subcompressed, ;4,in. long, back rounded, beak
short, thick.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 236, and ii. 3386; A. Bennett
in Journ. Bot. xxv. (1887) 178. P. gramineus, Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 279 (not of Linn.). BP. obtusifolius, Benth. Fl. Austral.
vil. 172 (not of Mert. and Koch).

NortH anp SourH Is~tanps: Rivers and lakes from the North Cape to
Otago, not uncommon. November—March.

This is a much larger and stouter plant than the northern P. obtuszfolius, to
which it was referred by Bentham. It appears to be plentiful in Australia,
ranging from Queensland to Tasmania.

5. P. pectinatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 127.—Stems long, filiform,
much branched, often forming dense masses. Leaves all sub-
merged, alternate, sheathing at the base, 2-4 in. long by 34,-;4 in.
broad, very narrow-linear or almost filiform, upper channelled on
both surfaces, lower flatter, 1-3-nerved with transverse veinlets ;
stipules adnate with the sheathing base of the leaf. Peduncles
long, slender, filiform, not thickened upwards; spike 14—2 in. long,
of distant whorls ot flowers. Fruit rather large for the size of the
plant, about gin. long, turgid, obscurely keeled on the back,
slightly convex in front, rugose when dry, beak very short.— Hook.
f. #l. Nov. Zel. ii. 336; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 279; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vil. 173; A. Bennett, Journ. Bot. xxv. (1887) 178.

Potamogeton. | NAIADACEZ. 751

Nortu Istranp: Auckland—Waikato River and Lake Whangape, Kirk !
T. F. C.; Lakes Tarawera and Rotomahana, Kirk! Hawke's Bay—Tangoia
Lagoon, Colenso, A. Hamilton! Sourn Isntanp: Canterbury—Lake Forsyth,
Kirk! Otago—Lake Waihola, and still waters of the Taieri Plain, Petrie!
December—March.

A very widely distributed plant, found in fresh or brackish waters in most.
parts of the world.

3. RUPPIA, Linn.

Slender submerged much-branched herbs, usually growing in
brackish water. Leaves alternate or opposite, filiform, with broad
sheathing bases. Flowers minute, hermaphrodite, 2 or more on
a spike, at first enclosed in the membranous leaf-sheath, but after
flowering the filiform peduncle elongates greatly, and is either
straight or spirally coiled. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2, oppo-
site; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, the cells distinct,
opening outwards. Carpels 4; stigma sessile, peltate; ovule
solitary, pendulous from the apex of the cell. Fruiting carpels
stipitate, obliquely ovoid, obtuse or beaked. Seed uncinate ; testa
membranous ; embryo with a large thick radicle and small incurved
cotyledon.

A genus of either one variable species or of several closely allied ones,
common in brackish waters in almost all temperate or subtropical countries.

1. R. maritima, Linn. Sp. Plant. 127.—Stems slender, filiform,
variable in length, 6-24 in., leafy throughout. Leaves 2-5in. long,
filiform, with broad membranous sheathing bases. Flowers 2-6.
together, at first completely enclosed in the inflated leaf-sheath ;
but the spike gradually emerges, and is borne up to the surface
of the water by the usually conspicuously spirally coiled peduncle.
Ripe carpels ;4,-41n. long, greenish, obliquely ovoid, beaked ; each
one on a slender stipes sometimes more than lin. long.—Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 236; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 279; Benth. Fl. Aus-
tral. vil. 174.

NortH snp SourH Isptanps: Abundant throughout in _ brackish-water
ponds and lagoons, not so common in fresh-water lakes and streams. De-
cember-April.

All the specimens I have seen have spirally coiled peduncles and rather
broad sheaths ; but in all probability the variety (or species) rostellata will also:
be found, which has straight or flexuous peduncles and narrow leaf-sheaths.

4, ZANNICHELLIA, Linn.

Slender submerged water-plants; stems filiform, branched.
Leaves usually opposite, filiform, sheathing at the base; sheaths
stipular. Flowers minute, axillary, moncecious, a single male and
female enclosed in the membranous leaf-sheaths. Male flower:
Perianth wanting. Stamen 1; filament short at first, elongat-
ing as the flower expands; anther 2-3-celled, linear, basifixed,

752 NAIADACEZ. | Zannechellia.

cells dehiscing laterally, connective produced, apiculate. Female
flower: Perianth short, cupular, hyaline. arpels 2-6, sessile ;
styles long or short; stigma large, obliquely peltate, crenate ;
ovule solitary, pendulous, orthotropous. Ripe carpels usually 3
or 4, sessile or stalked, curved, oblong or oblong-reniform, slightly
compressed, tubercled or crenate or smooth on the back, beaked by
the projecting stvle. Seed pendulous ; testa membranous; embryo
cylindric, the cotyledonary end bent into a short coil.

An almost cosmopolitan genus of 4 or 5 closely allied species, probably all
forms of one.

1. Z. palustris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 969.— Stems very slender,
much branched, leafy throughout, often forming dense masses,
3-14 in. long. Leaves opposite or subwhorled, very slender, 4-3 in.
long, filiform, flat. Flowers sessile or very shortly pedicelled.
Fruiting carpels 3 or 4, about ;, in. long, stipitate or almost sessile,
curved, smooth or very obscurely crenate on the back; styles from
half to almost as long as the carpels.-- Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.
937; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 280; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii.
(1896) 498.

NortH Isnanp: Auckland—Abundant in the Waikato River, from Taupiri
downwards, also in Lakes Waikare, Whangape, and Waihi, Kirk! T. Ff. C.
Hawke’s Bay—Tangoia Lagoon, Colenso! SourH Istanp: Otago—Waikouaiti
Lagoon, Petrie ! December—May.

The Waikato specimens have the carpels sessile or nearly so, and decidedly
turgid; in those from Hawke’s Bay and Otago they are distinctly stipitate,
and with longer styles. Both forms have the back of the carpel smooth or
nearly so.

5. LEPILASNA, J. Drummond.

Very slender submerged water-plants ; stems filiform, branched.
Leaves alternate or the floral ones opposite, filiform, sheathing at
the base ; sheaths broad, stipular. Flowers minute, axillary, dice-
cious or rarely moneecious, solitary within the dilated sheathing
bases of a pair of floral leaves. Male flowers shortly pedicelled.
Perianth very minute, of 3 hyaline scales. Anthers 2 or 3, united
by their backs and forming a solid column resembling a single
anther ; each anther 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Female
flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate. Perianth of 3 hyaline seg-
ments longer or shorter than the carpels. Carpels 3, distinct,
sessile or shortly stipitate, narrowed into a short or long style;
stigma oblong or spathulate; ovule solitary, pendulous. Ripe
carpels usually 3, oblong, coriaceous, indehiscent, tipped by the
persistent style. Seed oblong; testa membranous ; embryo with a
thick obtuse radicle and tapering involute cotyledonary end.

A small genus of 4 species, 3 of which are Australian, one of them said to
extend to New Zealand; the remaining one is endemic in New Zealand. In

Engler’s ‘‘ Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien ’’ the genus is merged with the Mediter-
ranean Althenia.

Lepilena. | NAIADACEZ. 753

Leaf-sheaths narrow. Anthers 3, connate into a column.
Stigma oblong-clavate se ae OE as
Leaf-sheaths broad. Anthers 2 (or 1?). Stigma very
large, flat, deeply fimbriate .. O3 i ad

1. L. Preissii.
2. L. bilocularis.

1. L. Preissii, /. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral. viii. 217.—
Stems 6-18in. long, very slender, filiform, branched, often form-
ing dense masses. Leaves filiform or almost capillary ; sheath-
ing bases very narrow. Flowers dicecious; males solitary within
the leaf-sheaths, shortly pedicelled. Perianth minute, cupular.
Anthers 3, sessile within the perianth, connate by their backs into
a columnar mass, each one 2-celled, cells dehiscing longitudinally.
Female flowers solitary, shortly pedicelled. Perianth of 3 distinct
segments, rather longer than the carpels. Carpels 3, narrowed
into a rather long style; stigma oblong-clavate. Ripe carpels
cylindrical, sessile or nearly so, about 4in. long.— Benth. Fil.
Austral. vii. 180; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) App. xl.,
and xxviii. (1896) 499. Zannichellia Preiss, Lehm. in Plant.
Pretss. ii. 3.

NortruH Isuanp: Auckland—Waikato River, near Churchill, Kirk.

I have seen no New Zealand specimens of this, but according to Mr. Kirk
examples collected by him in the locality quoted above were submitted to the
late Baron Mueller and by him identified with the Australian L. Preissii.

It greatly resembles Zannichellia palustris, and in the absence of male flowers
may have been mistaken for it.

9. L. bilocularis, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 500.
—Stems filiform, much branched, 3-12in. long. Leaves very
narrow-linear or filiform, flat, l-nerved, obtuse ; base broad, ex-
panded into a membranous sheath. Flowers very minute, solitary,
dicecious, concealed in the leaf-sheaths. In the male plant the
sheathing bases of the floral leaves are broad and much expanded,
and conspicuously 2-lobed at the tip. Flowers very shortly pedi-
celled. Perianth of 3 most minute hyaline scales. Anthers appa-
rently 2, cohering by their backs and resembling a single anther,
each 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent, connective produced. Floral
leaves subtending the female flowers with narrower sheaths ;
flowers sessile or very shortly pedicelled. Perianth-segments 3,
oblong, entire or 2-lobed, almost as long as the styles. Carpels 3,
sessile; styles slender; stigmas very large and broad, deeply fim-
briate or laciniate. Ripe carpels about ;. in. long, slightly oblique,
turgid, rounded on the back; style almost as long as the carpel.

SoutH Istanp: Canterbury—Streams flowing into the Selwyn River; near

the outlet of Lake Ellesmere, Kirk ! Otago—Lake Waihola, Waikouaiti,
Taieri Plain, Petrie !

A very curious little plant. Mr. Kirk describes the anthers as solitary; but
in Mr. Petrie’s Lake Waihola specimens, which are the only males that I have
seen, I make the anthers to be 2, placed back to back, but closely resembling a
single 4-celled anther. At the same time it is not easy to satisfy one’s-self as to
the structure of the anther from an examination of dried specimens.

754 NAIADACEZ. [Zostera

6. ZOSTERA, Linn.

Marine submerged plants. Rhizomes slender, branched, creep-
ing and rooting at the nodes, often matted. Stems short, slender,
leafy, compressed. Leaves distichous, alternate, narrow-linear,
grass-like, 1-5-nerved, sheathing at the base; sheaths stipuliforns,
with inflexed margins. Flowers moneecious, the males and females
placed alternately upon one face of a narrow spadix enclosed within
the dilated membranous base of a leaf. Perianth wanting. Male
flowers: Anther solitary, sessile, oblong, cylindric, curved, 1-celled,
dehiscence longitudinal; pollen confervoid. Femaie flowers: Car-
pel solitary, laterally attached above the middle, narrowed into a
short subulate style; stigmas 2, capillary ; ovule pendulous from
the apex of the cell. Ripe carpel oblong, membranous, bursting
irregularly. Seed pendulous; testa membranous, often striated ;
embryo large, deeply grooved, the linear incurved cotyledonary end
sunk in the groove.

Three or four closely allied species are known, found in shallow water on
the shores of most temperate regions.

Leaves 3-9 in. x ;4-;4 in., truncate or notched at the tip.

Spadix with transverse appendages, one folded over each

carpel ays a he oe oh «. 1. Z. mana.
Leaves 9-18in. x ~4-Ain., rounded at the tip .. .. 2. Z. tasmanica.

1. Z. nana, Roth, Enum. Pl. Phen. Germ. i. 8.—Rhizomes
slender, matted. Leaves 3-9 in. long, rarely more, ~,—;4,in. broad,
narrow-linear, truncate or obscurely notched at the tip, with 3-5
faint parallel nerves on each side of the stout midrib and distant
transverse veinlets, margins thickened. Floral sheaths or spathes
4-1 in. long, on peduncles of equal length, the blade of the leaf con-
tinued above the sheath, the sheath itself much wider than the
blade. Spadix 6-12-flowered, its margins with transverse mem-
branous appendages folded inwards, one over each carpel. Stigmas
usually protruding through the slit of the spathe. Fruit about
jin. long, oblong, obscurely striate —Benth. Fl. Austral. vil. 176;
Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 392. Z. Muelleri, Irmisch ex
Aschers. in Linnea, xxxv. (1867-68) 168.

NortH anp SouTH Istanps, StEwart IstanpD: Muddy and sandy shores
throughout, usually between high- and low-water marks. Widely distributed
in temperate seas.

9. L. tasmanica, Martens ex Aschers. in Linna@a, xxxv. (1867-68)
168 (?).—Rhizomes slender, wide-creeping. Leaves 9-18 in. long,
4-1 in. broad, narrow-linear, rounded at the tip, not truncate, with
1-3 stout nerves on each side of the midrib and several finer ones
between, cross-veinlets distant. Flowers and fruit not seen.—
%. marina, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 742 (not of Linn.).

NortH anp SoutH Is~tanps: Not uncommon in sandy or muddy places
along the coasts, often in water of considerable depth.

Zostera. | NAIADACES. 755

The exact position of the New Zealand plant must remain doubtful until
the fructification has been obtained, but it is probably the same as the Australian
and Tasmanian Z. tasmanica, which seems hardly different from narrow-leaved
forms of the northern Z. marina.

OrpER LXXXIX. CENTROLEPIDEA£.

Annual or perennial tufted often moss-like plants, of small size.
Leaves linear or setaceous, either all radical or densely imbricated
on the short stems and branches. Flowers very small, usually
hermaphrodite, one or several within 1-3 bracts, forming little
heads or spikelets terminating short scapes or peduncles. Brac-
teoles or glumes under each flower 1-3, hyaline, sometimes want-
ing. Perianth none. Stamens 1-2; filaments filiform; anthers
versatile, 1-celled. Ovary either 1-celled, or with 2-3 collateral
cells, or of 2 or more free or irregularly connate carpels superposed
in 2 rows; ovules solitary and pendulous in each cell or carpel ;
styles as many as the cells or carpeis; stigmas linear. Fruit
small, dry, pericarp membranous, the cells or carpels opening
extrorsely by a longitudinal slit. Seed pendulous or laterally
affixed ; albumen farinaceous ; embryo minute.

A small and inconspicuous order, comprising 4 or 5 genera and about 30
species. With the exception of the New Zealand species, one found in China,
and one in antarctic South America, the order is confined to Australia. It has
no properties of importance.

Flowers crowded in a terminal head surrounded by several
bracts. Stamens and 1-celled ovaries irregularly mixed,
without inner bracts by a ae .. 1. TRITHURIA.
Flowers within 2 alternate bracts, 1-5 within each bract.
Stamen 1. Ovary of 3 or more carpels superposed in
2 rows (rarely reduced tol) .. ae Bt es
Flowers with 2-3 alternate bracts, 1-2 within each bract.
Stamens 2. Ovary of 2 collateral cells or carpels .. 8. GAIMARDIA.

2. CENTROLEPIS.

1, TRITHURIA, Hook. f.

Minute tufted and stemless annual herbs. Leaves all radical,
filiform. Secapes short, slender, terminating in several spreading
bracts enclosing a head of minute flowers. Flowers numerous,
densely crowded, each probably consisting of a single stamen and
ovary, but the stamens and ovaries so closely placed as to appear
irregularly mixed. Perianth wanting. Stamens with a filiform
filament and oblong anther. Carpels 3-angled or compressed in
the Australian species, not angled in the one found in New Zealand.
Styles 2-3 or numerous. Fruiting carpels 2-3-angled in the Aus-
tralian species, splitting from the base upwards into as many valves
as angles.

The genus also includes 2 species found in Australia.

756 CENTROLEPIDEZ. [Trithuria.

1. T. (?) inconspicua, Cheesem. n. sp.—A very minute slender
perfectly glabrous annual herb, forming dense moss-like tufts 4-1 in.
high. Leaves numerous, all radical, linear-filiform, strict, erect,
terete, tapering gradually to an acute point. Scapes very short in
the flowering stage, lengthening to one-half or three-quarters the
length of the leaves when in fruit. Bracts 3-4, erect or erecto-
patent, linear-lanceolate, acute, thin and membranous, ;,—in.
long. Stamens not seen. Ovaries 6-12 or more, densely crowded,
bright-red, stipitate, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, smooth, not angled nor
compressed. Styles numerous, very delicate, forming a spreading
brush at the tip of the ovary and much ionger than it. Ripe fruit
elliptic-ovoid, quite smooth, pale yellow-brown with a dark spot at
each end.

NortH Is~uanp: Auckland—Sandy shores of Lake Ngatu, near Ahipara,
H. Carse and R. H. Matthews !

A curious little plant, of which I only possess imperfect material. It differs
in several respects from Trithwria, and may form the type of a new genus. All
the flowers I have examined are without stamens, so that the stamens are either
very fugitive, or the flowers are dicecious.

2, CENTROLEPIS, Labill.

Small tufted annual or perennial herbs. Leaves all radical or
imbricating along the stems, linear or filiform. Scape slender,
terminating in 2 floral bracts which are either subopposite or one a
little above the other. Flowers hermaphrodite, sessile, from 1 to 5
within each bract; each flower with 1-3 hyaline scales, or rarely
the scales altogether wanting. Stamen 1; filament very long, fili-
form; anther linear-oblong, 1-celled. Carpels from 3-8 (sometimes
reduced to 1), connate and superposed in 2 rows; styles as many as
the carpels, filiform, free or connate at the base. Fruiting carpels.
with a membranous pericarp, longitudinally dehiscent.

A small genus of about 20 species, all natives of Australia except 3 of those:
described herein, and one found in Cambodia.

Slender, annual, not pulvinate. Leaves scapes and bracts
hispid. Flowers 3-8 within each bract :

_ «. LL. Cosimgesa.
Perennial, densely pulvinate. Stems very short, }-3in.

Flowers 1 to each bract; carpels 3-5 to each flower .. 2. C. minima.
Perennial, densely pulvinate. Stems soft, 4-Jlin.,

glabrous. Flowers 1 to each bract; carpels 1-3 to each

flower As 3. C. pallida.

Perennial, densely pulvinate. ‘Stems soft, 4-2 in. ; sheaths
densely hairy. Flowers 1 or rarely 2 to each bract;
carpels seldom more than 1 .. a4 = .. 4. C. viridis.

1. C. strigosa, Roem and Schult. Syst. i. 43.—A slender tufted
annual herb 1-2in. high. Leaves all radical, much shorter than
the scapes, expanded into a broad membranous sheathing base
below, above very narrow-linear or filiform, hispid throughout with

Centrolepis. | CENTROLEPIDEA. TOT

short spreading hairs. Scapes radical, slender, hispid like the
leaves. Floral bracts 2, close together, ovate, awned at the tip,
concave, spreading, hispid with long hairs. Flowers from 3 to 8
within each bract, each flower with 3 hyaline scales, the scales un-
equal in length, the largest one usually as long as the bract, the
others shorter. Stamen 1, exserted. Carpels from 3 to 8 in each
flower, superposed and connate in 2 rows; styles as many as the
carpels, free almost to the base.— Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 207 ; Kirk
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 442.

Sour Isutanp.—Otago—Bluff Hill, Kirk! H. J. Matthews ! December-—
January.

A common Australian and Tasmanian plant.

9. C. minima, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1891) 441.—A
minute glabrous densely tufted plant, forming flat moss-like patches.
Stems very short, }-$in. high. Leaves equalling or rather shorter
than the scape, distichous, linear-subulate, dilated into broad equi-
tant membranous sheaths at the base. Scape short, stout. Floral
bracts 2, opposite, ovate, erect, the outer one shortly awned.
Flowers 1 to each bract, one of them with a stamen, the other
usually without, filament very long. MUyaline scales wanting.
Carpels from 2 to 5 to each flower, connate in 2 rows; styles as
many as the carpels, connate at the base.

Sourn Istanp: Westland—Shores of Lake Brunner, Kirk! Otago—Lake
Te Anau, Petrie ! January—March,

Very closely allied to C. pallida, but a smaller stiffer plant, with more
numerous carpels to the flowers.

3. C. pallida, Cheesem.—Forming compact pale-green cushbion-
shaped masses. Stems short, densely packed, 4-14 in. high, leafy
throughout. Leaves closely imbricate, distichous, }-4in. long;
sheath half the length of the leaf or more, white and transparent,
membranous, glabrous; lamina laterally compressed, ensiform-
lanceolate or subulate, acute. Scape terminal, usually shorter than
the leaves. Floral bracts 2, close together, unequal, the lower one
the largest. Flowers 2, the upper one always with a stamen, the
lower one frequently without, filament very long, the anther far
exserted. Ovary of 1-3 (rarely 4) superimposed and connate car-
pels; styles as many as the carpels, connate at the base.—Gai-
mardia pallida, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 86. Alepvrum pallidum,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 268, t. 62c; Handb. N.Z. Fi. 296.

NortH Istanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso, SourH IsLanp: Otago—
Maungatua, Mount Kyeburn, Clinton Valley, Blue Mountains, Petrie!
Campbell Island, Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk ! December—March.

Originally described as a Gaimardia, then transferred to Alepyrum, and
replaced in Gaimardia by Bentham in the ‘‘Genera Plantarum.’’ But the
structure of the flowers is not that of a true Gaimardia, and its nearest allies.
are undoubtedly C. minima and C. viridis.

758 CENTROLEPIDEZ. | Centrolepis.

4. CO. viridis, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 441.—
Forming soft green cushions in subalpine bogs sometimes several
feet in diam. and 1—-2in. thick or more. Stems very densely com-
pacted, erect, branched, leafy throughout. Leaves numerous, erect,
imbricating, with broad scarious sheathing bases, $-4in. long,
linear-subulate, channelled in front or terete, tip obtuse or acute,
sheaths and sometimes the lower part of the lamina more or less
clothed with soft white hairs. Scape terminal, usually exceeding
the leaves. Floral bracts 2, alternate but close together, jointed at
the base, the lower one with an obtuse often hooked point. Flowers
1 or more rarely 2 to each bract, each flower with a hyaline scale
almost as long as the bract. Stamen 1, sometimes deficient in one
of the flowers; filament very long. Carpel usually solitary but
sometimes 2 connate in the lower flower; style 1 to each carpel,
long, filiform.—C. monogyna, Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. 286
(not of Benth.). Gaimardia ciliata, Hook. f. Fl. Antaret. i. 85;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 295.

NortH Isntanp: Base of Ruapehu, Petrie! Sour IsLaAND, STEWART

IsLAND, AUCKLAND IsLaNDSs : Common in subalpine bogs throughout. Usually
from 2000 to 5000ft., but descends to sea-level in Stewart Island. Decem-
ber—March.

This appears to be a much larger plant than the Tasmanian C. monogyna,
to which, however, it is certainly very closely allied. Neither it nor the two
preceding species fit at all well into Centrolepis, from which they differ in the
perennial densely pulvinate habit, the shape of the leaves, the flowers seldom
more than one in each floral bract, and in the cells of the ovary (or carpels)
being frequently reduced to one. Hieronymus, in his classification of the order
given in Engler’s Pflanzenfamilien, keeps up the genus Alepyrum for their re-
ception, and probably that is the correct view to take.

3. GAIMARDIA, Gaud.

Small densely tufted perennial herbs; stems much _ branched,
leafy throughout. Leaves numerous, densely imbricated, linear or
setaceous. Scape terminal. Floral bracts 2 or 3, when 3 the upper
one usually empty. Flowers 1 to each bract, sessile or stipitate.
Stamens 2; filaments filiform ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2- or
rarely 8-celled; the cells (or carpels) collateral, connate; styles
the same number as the carpels, long, filiform. Fruiting carpels
2, or 1 by abortion.

A small genus of 2 or 3 species, found in antarctic South America, New
Zealand, and Tasmania.

1. G. setacea, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 267.—Perennial, densely
tufted and compacted, forming broad moss-like patches sometimes
i-3ft. across. Stems very numerous, branched, erect, leafy
throughout, 1-3in. high. Leaves numerous, erect, densely im-
bricate, +-2in. long, linear-setaceous with acicular tips; sheaths
broad, membranous, quite glabrous, entire, produced at the tip

Gaimardia. | CENTROLEPIDE. 759

into a free ligule. Scape terminai, rigid, erect, longer than the
leaves. Floral bracts 2 or 3, alternate, convolute, appressed,
obtuse, each 1-flowered or the uppermost empty. Hyaline scales
absent. Stamens 2. Ovary of 2 connate collateral carpels ;
style 1 to each carpel, filiform. Fruiting carpels 2, or 1 by abor-
tion.— Handb. N.Z. Fl. 297.

Sourn IsLanp, Stewart IsnanD: Not uncommon in subalpine bogs
throughout. 2500-4500 ft. December—March.

OrpER XC. RESTIACE{.

Sedge-like or rush-like perennial herbs, either tufted or with a
creeping rhizome usually covered with imbricated scales. Stems
rigid, simple or branched, erect or flexuose. Leaves either few,
radical, linear and sedge-like, or more often nearly or altogether re-
duced to convolute scales sheathing the stem; sheaths usually spht
to the base. Flowers dicecious, very rarely hermaphrodite, in spikes
or racemes or panicles, each flower furnished at the base with a
dry and rigid bract (glume) and sometimes 2 bracteoles. Perianth
regular, of 6, rarely more or less, rigid or scarious erect segments.
Male flowers: Stamens 3; filaments free or rarely connate into a
column; anthers oblong, usually 1-celled. Rudimentary ovary
occasionally present. Female flowers: Staminodia present or ab-
sent. Ovary 1-3-celled; styles as many as the cells, free or connate
at the base, stigmatic on the inner side; ovules solitary in each
cell, pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit either a 1-3-celled capsule
with longitudinal dehiscence or an indehiscent nut. Seeds 1 in

each cell, pendulous, albumen farinaceous; embryo small, remote
from the hilum.

A small order of about 20 genera and 230 species, almost confined to South
Africa and Australia, the only species found outside these countries being the
three occurring in New Zealand, one in Chili, and one in Cochin-China. The
species have no important uses or properties.

Spikelets many-flowered, panicled. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit

3-angled, dehiscing at the angles Be Be .. i. Lepyropia.
Spikelets many-flowered, panicled. Ovary 1-celled. Nut

3-angled, indehiscent .. 2, LEPTocARPUS.
Spikelets few-flowered, female ‘L-flowered. Ov ary 1-celled.

Nut ovoid, terete, smooth .. -. 93. HYPOoLmNa.

1. LEPYRODIA, R. Br.

Rhizome stout, creeping, scaly. Stems erect, simple or branched,
terete. Leaves reduced to persistent or rarely deciduous sheathing
scales. Flowers dicecious or monececious, rarely hermaphrodite, in
rather broad or narrow panicles, sometimes almost spicate, the in-
florescence not conspicuously different in the two sexes. Glumes
lanceolate, scarcely imbricate; bracteoles 2 at the base of each
flower. Male flowers: Perianth-segments 6, glume-like or thin

760 RESTIACEH. [ Lepyrodia.

and almost hyaline. Stamens 3; filaments distinct; anthers 1-celled.
Female flowers: Perianth as in the males. Staminodia 3, some-
times with abortive anthers. Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled; styles 3,
free or connate at the base; ovules 1 in each cell. Capsule trique-
trous, dehiscing at the angles.

A small genus of 15 species, all confined to Australia except the following one.

1. L. Traversii, F’. Mwuell. Fragm. viii. 79.—Bhizome stout,
creeping, clothed with pale-chestnut scales; roots long, stringy.
Stems stout, terete, polished, simple below, fastigiately branched
above, 2-5 ft. high. Sheaths distant, closely appressed, acuminate,
3-lin. long. Inflorescence a rather narrow closely branched red-
brown terminal panicle 2-5in. long; branches erect, unequal ;
bracts under the branches rigid, lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers
sessile or shortly pedicelled within lanceolate glumes rather longer
than the perianth; 2 scarious bracteoles at the base of each flower.
Perianth-segments in both sexes red-brown, lanceolate, acute ; inale
flowers with a small rudimentary ovary, females with 3 slender
staminodia. Anthers linear-oblong, minutely apiculate. Ripe fruit
l-celled, 1-seeded, obliquely ovoid, triquetrous with the angles
thickened, tipped with the remains of the style, at length dehiscent
along the angles.—Calorophus sp., Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 267.
Sporadanthus Traversii, F’. Muell. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. (1878)
389; Kirk, ibid. x. App. 41.

Nortu Istanp: Auckland—Swamps between Hamilton and Ohaupo,
Middle Waikato district, 7. F.C. CHatHam Isntanps: Abundant in peaty
swamps, Dieffenbach, H. H. Travers! Cockayne !

A very curious species. It differs from Lepyrodia in the 1-celled and
l-seeded fruit, and was consequently erected into a separate genus (Spora-
danthus) by F. Mueller. In its other characters and in habit, however, it is
altogether a Lepyrodia, and it appears best to consider it a species of that
genus with the ovary 1-celled by abortion. I have not seen female flowers
except old ones persistent with the fruit, and cannot say whether the ovary
is 3-celled at an early stage, as seems probable.

2. LEPTOCARPUS, R. Br.

Stems simple or branched, terete, erect from a stout creeping
scaly rhizome. Leaves reduced to persistent sheathing scales.
Flowers dicecious, the spikelets with imbricate glumes with or with-
out bracteoles, the male and female inflorescences alike or dis-
similar, sometimes both sexes have the spikelets arranged in
panicles, sometimes the male spikelets are pedicelled and paniculate,
and the females sessile and fascicled or spicate. Male flowers:
Perianth - segments 6. Stamens 3; filaments filiform; anthers
l-celled. Female flowers: Perianth as in the males. Staminodia
3 or none. Ovary 1-celled, triquetrous; styles 3, filiform; ovule
solitary, pendulous. Fruit narrow-ovoid, triquetrous, indehiscent
or splitting down the angles. .

Leptocarpus. | RESTIACEZ. 761

Species about 21, one in New Zealand. one in Chili, another in Cochin-
China, 7 in South Africa, the remainder confined to Australia.

1. L. simplex, 4. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 142 (not of R. Br.).—
Rhizome stout, creeping, clothed with chestnut-brown scales.
Stems numerous, densely crowded, simple, slender, terete, rush-
like, 1-5ft. high. Sheaths closely appressed, blackish-brown,
distant, 14-4in. apart. Male inflorescence panicled; panicles
variable in size, sometimes jong and slender, at other times short
and contracted, alternate on the upper part of the stem. Spikelets
numerous, sessile or pedicelled, red-brown, +-}in. long, many-
flowered. Glumes imbricate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much
longer than the flowers. Perianth-segments 4-6, lanceolate, the
3 inner rather smaller. Female inflorescence compacted into
rounded or oblong often lobed or interrupted fascicles or glome-
rules, alternate along the stem. Glumes broadly ovate, acuminate.
Perianth rather longer than in the males; segments 6, the 3 outer
keeled, acuminate; the 3 inner flat, oblong, obtuse or mucronate.
Fruit narrow-ovoid, triquetrous.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 291; Raoul,
Choiz, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 265, t. 61; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
294. Restio simplex, Murr. Syst. Veg. v. 882; Horst. Prodr. n.
367. ;

NorrH anp SoutH Isnanps, STEwaRT ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Salt

marshes and sandy shores, abundant. Also inland near hot springs at Roto-
rua and at Tokaanu (Lake Taupo). Oiot. Septem ber—December.

3. HYPOLANA, R. Br.

Stems slender, much branched, often flexuous. Leaves re-
duced to persistent sheathing scales. Flowers dicecious, in spike-
lets with imbricate glumes and no bracteoles; the male spikelets
few- or many-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, solitary or 2 together
along the branchlets, or several in a terminal panicle; the females
1-flowered, either solitary or 2-3 together near the tips of the
branches. Male flowers: Perianth-segments 6, narrow, thin.
Stamens 3; filaments filiform; anthers 1-celled. Female flowers :
Perianth-segments 6, smaller than in the males, very thin, almost
hyaline. Staminodia when present 3. Ovary 1l-celled; style-
branches 2 or 3, filiform; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit an
ovoid or obovoid terete indehiscent 1-seeded nut.

A genus consisting of about 12 species natives of South Africa, and 5 found
in Australia, one of the latter extending to New Zealand.

1. H. lateriflora, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 238.—Stems slender,
much branched, flexuose and often interlacing, usually from
9-18 in., but sometimes forming dense masses 2-3 ft. high. Sheaths
41_1in. long, closely appressed, often ciliate at the mouth, with a
short subulate spreading tip. Male spikelets 1 or 2 together
in the upper sheaths, each spikelet 3-6-flowered; glumes rather

762 RESTIACEZ. [Hypolena.,

thin, rigid, tip acute. Perianth-segments 6, very narrow-linear,
acute. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong. Female spikelets
solitary within the uppermost sheaths, 1-3-flowered. Perianth-
segments 6 or 4, very small, the inner vot much longer than
the ovary, broadly ovate, thin and hyaline. Style-branches 3.
Nut broadly ovoid, terete, with a thick and swollen base.—Calo-
rophus elongatus, Lab. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 78, t. 228 (in part) ; Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 267 ; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 297.

Var. minor, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 297.—Much smaller and more
slender, sometimes only a few inches high. Male spikelet solitary, 2-3-
flowered ; female usually 1-flowered.—Calorophus minor, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 267.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: The
typical form not uncommon in lowland swamps in the North Island, from the
North Cape southwards ; var. minor abundant in mountain districts throughout.
Sea-level to 4500 ft. November—March.

Also an abundant Australian and Tasmanian plant. The var. minor passes
insensibly into the ordinary form.

OrpEeR XCI. CYPERACEA.

Grassy or rush-like herbs, usually perennial. Stems solid or
rarely slightly hollow, often trigonous, sometimes compressed or
terete. Leaves alternate, mostly radical, few or many, sometimes
wanting or reduced to sheathing scales; sheaths closed, not split
to the base. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, minute, solitary
and sessile in the axils of small imbricated bracts (glumes), which
are aggregated into few- or many-flowered (rarely 1-flowered) spike-
lets. Spikelets either solitary and terminal, or arranged in spikes,
racemes, panicles, or clusters. Glumes rigid or scarious or mem-
branous, concave, distichous or imbricated all round, persistent or
deciduous, 1 or 2 (rarely more) at the base of each spikelet empty.
Perianth wanting or represented by few hypogynous bristles or
scales. Stamens 1-3, rarely 4-6, hypogynous; filaments linear,
flat, often elongating aiter flowering ; anthers usually exserted from
the spikelet and pendulous, linear, basifixed, 2-celled. Ovary
entire, 1-celled, in Carex and its allies enclosed in a peculiar flask-
shaped organ called the utricle or perigvnium formed of 1 or 2
modified bracteoles; style short or long, 2-3-cleft, divisions stig-
matic on the inner side; ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous.
Fruit a small indehiscent nut (in Carex enclosed in the utricle),
lenticular or compressed or more often trigonous. Seed erect ;
testa, membranous; albumen farinaceous; embryo minute, at the
very base of the albumen.

A very large order, found in all parts of the world, both temperate and tro-

pical, and in almost all stations, but most abundant in marshes, or by the
margins of lakes and rivers. It is closely allied to grasses, being chiefly dis-

CYPERACE. 763

tinguished by the stiffer habit, solid and usually angled or compressed stems,
entire leat-sheaths, basifixed anthers, undivided (not plumose) stigmas, and by
the position of the embryo. Genera 65 ; species estimated at 3400. Notwith-
standing the extent of the order, it is of little economic importance. The herb-
age is too coarse and harsh, and too deficient in nutritive properties, to be
serviceable as food for cattle; and the seed is useless. The tuberous roots of
certain species of Scirpus and Cyperus contain starch, and have been used as
food, while in others they are bitter, tonic, and stimulating, and have been
employed in medicine. Many species are serviceable for paper-making, or in
the fabrication of mats, baskets, &c. The paper of the ancients was manu-
factured from the well-known Papyrus, a plant common along the Nile and
in other parts of tropical Africa. Of the 14 genera found in New Zealand 9 are
either cosmopolitan or very widely distributed ; 2 (Carpha and Oreobolus) are
confined to Australia and South America; Uncinia has a similar range, but
extends northwards to the Sandwich Islands, Mexico, and the West Indies ; the
2 remaining (Lepidosperma and Gahnia) are mainly Australian, but reach as
far north as Malaya and China.

I have to express my indebtedness to Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., whose
knowledge of the order is unrivalled, for his unwearied kindness in supplying me
with information and critical notes respecting the New Zealand species. He
has also, at considerable trouble to himself, furnished me with a list of the
synonymy of the species, taken from the MSS. of the general work on the
Cyperacee of the world, on which he has been engaged for some years past.
His assistance has been of the greatest possible use.

Tribe CypEREa.—Spikelets usually many-flowered, flat or compressed. Glumes
distichous, imbricate, lower 1-2 empty. Flowers hermaphrodite or the
upper 1-2 male by arrest. Hypogynous bristles absent.

Spikelets small, 1- or rarely 2-flowered, clustered in a

simple or lobed head. Style 2-fid .. .. 1. KynbInea.
Spikelets many-flowered; glumes falling away "from the

persistent rhachilla. Style 3-fid oe .. 2. CYPERUS.
Spikelets many-flowered ; glumes persistent, the rhachilla

finally coming away above the 2 lowest. Style 3-fid .. 3. Mariscus.

Tribe Sctrppa.—Spikelets usually many-flowered, terete. Glumes spirally
arranged, lower 1-2 empty. Flowers hermaphrodite or the upper 1-2 male.
Hypogynous bristles often present.

Leafless. Spikelet solitary, terminal. Nut crowned by

the persistent thickened base of the style. Hypogynous

bristles present BA Se evs S. .. 4, HLEOCHARIS.
Leaves radical. Spikelets umbellate. Style bulbous at

the base, usually deciduous. PIIBOETINONS bristles

wanting .. . 5, FIMBRISTYLIS.
Spikelets few or many, fascicled or umbelled. "Style not

thickened at the base, continuous with thenut. Hypogy-

nous bristles present or wanting he aid .. 6. Scirpus.

Tribe RHyNcHOsporEaA.—Spikelets 1- or few-flowered, terete or compressed.
Glumes spirally arranged, several (usually more than 2) of the lower ones
empty. Hermaphrodite flowers 1 or 2; the remainder male or imperfect.

Alpine, leafy at the base. Spikelets in a terminal corymb,

compressed, pale, 1-flowered; glumes 4, distichous.

Hypogynous bristles long, plumose Be aa) ie CARPHAS
Spikelets few-flowered, compressed ; glumes several, dis-

tichous. Rhachilla often elongated and flexuose be-

tween the flowers .. Sc .. 8. ScHaNUS.

764 CYPERACER. [Kyllinga.

Spikelets 1-7-flowered, lowest flower alone hermaphrodite ;

glumes not distichous. Stamens 3, rarely elongating.

Hypogynous bristles wanting . 9. CLADIUM.
Spikelets 1-3-flowered, upper flower alone hermaphrodite.

Stamens 3, rarely elongating. Hypogynous bristles

present .. ae = ¥o .. 10. LEPIDOSPERMA.
Tall, harsh and grassy. Spikelets 1-3-flowered, upper

flower alone hermaphrodite. Stamens 3-6, usually

elongating in fruit and oni the nut. Hypogynous

bristles wanting . .. 11. Gants,
Dwarf alpine plants forming ‘dense cushions in bogs.

Spikelets solitary or 2-3 together, 1-flowered; glumes

3. Hypogynous scales (perianth) 6, persistent .. 12. OREOBOLUS.

Tribe Caricea%.—Spikelets moncecious, the male and female flowers in the
same or in distinct spikelets; rarely dicecious. Nuts enclosed in an entire
or 2-fid inflated sac (utricle).

Spikelet solitary, androgynous. Rhachilla bregyeng be-

yond the utricle into a hooked bristle .. 13. UNCINIA.
Spikelet solitary, or more often clustered or ‘spicate or

panicled, androgynous or unisexual. JRhachilla not

produced beyond the utricle.. an fe .. 14. Carex.

1. KYLLINGA, Rottb.

Stems slender, simple, erect, leafy at the base. Spikelets small,
numerous, compressed, 1—3-flowered, densely crowded in 1-3 ovoid
or cylindric terminal heads or spikes subtended by, 2-6 unequal
linear leaf-like bracts. Glumes 4-7, distichous; the two lowest
small, empty; the next, or rarely the two next, hermaphrodite and
fruit- bearing ; the upper ones male or the uppermost smaller and
empty; in fruit the rhachilla falls away above the two lowest
glumes. Hypogynous scales wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style con-
tinuous with the ovary, not thickened at the base; branches 2,
filiform. Nut laterally compressed, smooth.

A genus of about 40 species, widely spread through the warmer regions of
both hemispheres, but not found in Hurope.

1. K. brevifolia, Hottb. Desc. et Ic. t. 4, f. 3—Rhizome creep-
ing, elongate. Stems numerous from the rhizome, slender, 4-12 in.
high or more. Leaves flat, grassy, usually shorter than the stems,
75-4 1m. broad. Bracts usually 3, spreading, similar to the leaves.
Spikes solitary or rarely 2-3 together, broadly ovoid, greenish,
1_1in. long. Spikelets about din.; fertile flower usually solitary.
Glume of fertile flower ovate, meron: eglandular, keeled; keel
not winged above, 3-nerved; sides of glume with 3-4 strie.
Stamens 2. Nut ellipsoid, pale yellow-brown, about half as long as
the glume.—C. B. Clarke in Hook, f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 588. K. mono-
cephala, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 434 (not of Rottb.).

NortH Isnanp: Auckland—From Mongonui and Ahipara northwards to the
North Cape, W. 7. Ball! T. F.C. December—February.

Kyllinga. | CYPERACEA. 765

Common in most warm countries, and possibly only naturalised in New
Zealand. It is very closely allied to the equally abundant K. monocephala, to
which I formerly referred it, but which can be distinguished by the glume of the
fertile flower having the upper part of the keel winged or crested and more or
less glandular.

2. CYPERUS, Linn.

Annual or more commonly perennial herbs. Stems erect, simple
below the inflorescence. Leaves at the base of the stem, usually
long, the lowest sometimes reduced to sheaths. Inflorescence
umbellate or capitate, often large and compound ; bracts at the base
long, leaf-like, spreading. Spikelets oblong or linear, compressed ;
rhachilla persistent. Glumes usually many, distichous; the two
lowest empty; four at least and generally many of the succeeding
ones hermaphrodite and fruit-bearing, fallmg away from the rha-
chilla one by one, commencing with the lowest; the uppermost
1-3 sterile or empty. Stamens 2-3, rarely 1. Style continuous
with the ovary, not thickened at the base; branches 3, filiform.
Nut triquetrous or plano-convex, the flat face against the rhachilla,
surface smooth.

A large genus of over 300 species, most abundant in the tropical and sub-
tropical districts of both hemispheres, comparatively rare in temperate regions.
The two New Zealand species are widely distributed ; one of them is certainly a
recent introduction, and possibly the other as well.

Small, 1-3in. high. Inflorescence of a single head ;
spikelets 1-3 28 op me 56 o6
Tall, 1-2 ft. high. Inflorescence in a compound umbel ;
spikelets very numerous te Sic at -. 2. C. vegetus.

1. C. tenellus.

The tropical C. rotwndus, Linn., easily recognised by the black ovoid tubers
on the creeping stolons, and hence frequently known by the name of ‘‘ nut-
grass,” has become naturalised in the vicinity of Auckland. It is a most per-
nicious weed.

1. C. tenellus, Linn. f. Swppl. 103.—A small densely tufted
annual. Stems numerous, very slender, almost filiform, 1—3in.
high. Leaves few, much shorter than the stem, filiform. Spike-
lets 1-3 together, digitate, much flattened, oblong, obtuse, large
for the size of the plant, 4-+ in. long; bracts 2, setaceous, one erect
and continuous with the stem, the other much smaller. Glumes
10-25, regularly distichous, ovate, obtuse or mucronate, boat-
shaped, conspicuously 5—9-nerved, varying in colour from almost
white to red-brown. Stamens 1 or 2. Style-branches 3, linear.
Nut rather more than half the length of the glume, elliptical,
acutely trigonous, smooth.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 745;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 265; C. B. Clarke in Fl. Cap. vii. 164.

NortH Istanp: From the North Cape southwards to Taranaki and
Hawke’s Bay, abundant. Sea-level to 1500 ft. November-December.

A common South African plant, doubtfully indigenous in temperate Aus-
tralia and New Zealand.

766 CYPERACES. [ Cyperus.

2. C. vegetus, Wilid. Sp. Plant. i. 283. — Roots fibrous.
Stems 1-2 ft. high, rather stout, smooth, sharply 3-angled above.
Leaves shorter than the stem, rather flaccid, 1-4 in. broad ; margins
smooth. Inflorescence a terminal compound umbel varying from
14 to 6in. diam.; rays 5-9, unequal, each terminated by a
dense globose umbellule; bracts about 6, similar to the leaves,
long and spreading, the lowest in large specimens sometimes.
18in. long. Spikelets very numerous, pale yellowish-green, much
compressed, 4—2in. long, 12-—40-flowered. Glumes distichous,
boat-shaped, ovate, apiculate, 3-nerved, margins membranous.
Stamen 1. Nut about 2 the length of the glume, obovoid-
triquetrous, shortly rostrate. Style-branches 3, lnear. —C.
gracilis, Buch. m Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii. (1871) 210 (not of &.
Br.).. C. Buchanani, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) App. xli.

NortH Isuanp: Auckland—Oruru and Oruaiti Valleys, near Mongonui,,.
T. F.C. Wellington — Lower Hutt, Waiwetu, Wainuiomata, Greytown, Bu-
chanan! Kirk! November—January.

The true home of this plant, as has been pointed out by Mr. C. B. Clarke
(Journ. Bot. 1897, 71) is in temperate South America, and there can be no
doubt that it exists only as an introduced species in New Zealand, as also in
many localities in southern Hurope, the Azores, North America, Tahiti, &c. I
retain it in the Flora because it has been twice described as an indigenous
species, and on account of the remarkable fact that wherever found it presents.
all the appearance of a true native, and would certainly be taken as such by
any one unacquainted with its origin.

3. MARISCUS, Gaertn.

Stems erect, simple below the inflorescence, leafy at the base.
Inflorescence of the same forms as in Cyperus. Spikelets oblong
or linear, compressed; rhachilla disarticulating above the two
lowest empty glumes, and falling away in one piece, leaving a
terminal rounded boss or knob. All other characters as in Cyperus.

Species about 180, found in all tropical and subtropical regions, but not
extending into Europe. The single New Zealand species is endemic.

1. M. ustulatus, C. B. Clarke, MS.—Very robust, 2-4 ft. high.
Stems smooth, striate, trigonous, +in. diam. Leaves crowded at
the base of the stem, long, keeled, coriaceous, spongy towards the
base, 4-lin. broad; margins and keel sharply and minutely serru-
late. Inflorescence a large terminal umbel often more than 6in.
diam.; rays 6-10, each bearing an oblong spike 1-2in. long of
very numerous red-brown spikelets; bracts numerous, forming an
involucre at the base of the umbel, very long and leafy, the
lowest frequently over 2ft. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 4—lLin.
long, 5-20-flowered. Glumes distichous, ovate-oblong, obtuse or
mucronate, smooth and shining, grooved. Stamens 3. Nut linear-
oblong, trigonous ; style-branches 3.—Cyperus ustulatus, A. Ruch.
Fl. Now. Zel. 101, t. 17; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 270; Raoul,
Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 268; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 297.

Mariscus.| CYPERACEZ. 767

Norrs Istanp: Abundant in lowland districts throughout. SourTH ISLAND:
Chiefly near the coast, extending as far south as Okarito (Hamilton) and
northern Otago (Buchanan). Sea-level to 1500 ft. Toetoe-upoko-tangata ;
Toetoe-whatu-manu. November—January.

4. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br.

Stems simple, erect, without perfect leaves. Sheaths few. the
uppermost cylindric, truncate or produced on one side into a short
tooth. Inflorescence a single terminal many-flowered terete spike-
let. Glumes many, imbricate all round the rhachis; the lowest
1 or 2 empty, shorter than the spikelet; many succeeding ones
hermaphrodite and fruit-bearing; the. uppermost male or sterile.
Hypogynous bristles usually 6, but varymg from 3 to 8, rarely
absent. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style swollen at the base ; branches
3 or 2, linear. Nut obovoid, trigonous or plano-convex.

Species estimated at 115, distributed over the whole world, but most

numerous in America. Of the 5 found in New Zealand, 2 are endemic, 2 extend
to Australia, the remaining one is almost cosmopolitan.

A. Limnochloa. Stem stout, spikelet large, hardly wider than the stem.
Glumes subrigid.

Stems stout, septate. Spikelet 1-2 in. long A .. 1. E. sphacelata,

B. Eleogenus. Stem slender. Spikelets small, broader than the stem.
Glumes membranous. Style 2-fid.

Stems short, 1-24in. Spikelet 4-}in. .. et .. 2. H. neo-zealandica.

C. Eu-Eleocharis. Stem slender. Spikelet small, broader than the stem
Glumes membranous. Style 3-fid.

Stems 2-6in., filiform. Spikelets 4-}in., compressed.

Nut longitudinally ribbed and transversely striate .. 3. E. acicularis.
Stems 4-18in., rather stout. Leaf-sheath truncate with
an erect mucro. Spikeles }-$in. Nut smooth .. 4. EH. acuta.

Stems 3-15 in., very slender. lLeaf-sheath oblique, acute.
Spikelet 4-4io. Nut smooth ae ie .. 5. H. Cunninghamiu

1. B. sphacelata, &. Br. Prodr. 224.—Rhizome stout, creeping,
stoloniferous. Stems stout, cylindrical, 1-3 it. high, $in. diam.,
hollow, transversely septate ; sheaths long, membranous. Spikelet
very large, 1-2 in. long, $in. diam., solitary, terminal, cylindrical,
pale-coloured, tip acute. Glumes numerous, very closely imbricate,
obovate-oblong, obtuse, l-nerved, membranous, pale with a brown
line just inside the scarious margin. Hypogynous bristles 6-9,
usually exceeding the nut, retrorsely scabrid. Style very long,
branches 3. Nut broadly obovoid, compressed, minutely granular,
pale, crowned with the persistent dark-brown conic swollen base
of the style.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 277; Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f.
Fil. Nov. Zel. i. 269; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 300; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vii. 292 (Heleocharis).

768 CYPERACE. [Hleocharis.

NortH Istanp: Wet swamps and margins of lakes, not uncommon.
SoutH Isnanp: Nelson—Takaka, Kirk! Canterbury, Armstrong. Westland—
Okarito, A. Hamilton! Southland—Bluff Island, Lyal/. Srewarr Isntanp:
Head of Paterson’s Inlet, Petrie! Sea-level to 1500 ft. December—
February.

An abundant Australian and Tasmanian plant, and very oe allied to
the widely diffused H. plantaginea, R. Br.

2. EB. neo-zealandica, C. B. Clarke ex T. Kirk mn Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxvi. (1894) 260.—Rhizome slender, creeping, 1-3 in. long.
Stems short, 1-24in. high, striate ; 5 membranous, mouth
oblique. Spikelet solitary, terminal, 4-1+in. long, broadly ovoid,
much wider than the stem, 4—-8- flowered. Glumes broadly ovate,
concave, obtuse, red-brown with a paler centre and scarious mar-
gins. Hypogynous bristles wanting. Stamens 3. Style with 2
linear arms and a very small swollen base. Nut obovoid, biconvex,
smooth, pale-brown.

Nortu Isuanp: Auckland—Sand-dunes between Cape Maria van Diemen
and Ahipara, 7. #. C. Souru Istanp: Nelson—Cape Farewell, Kirk !

A curious little species, belonging to the section Hleogenus, characterized by
the spikelets broader than the slender stems, membranous glumes, and 2-fid
style. Mr. Clarke remarks that it approaches the section Isolepis of Scirpus in
the absence of hypogynous bristles and the reduced size of the swollen base of
the style.

3. HE. acicularis, . Br. Prodr. 224.—Rhizome very slender,
almost filiform, creeping, stoloniferous. Stems numerous, tufted,
extremely slender, capillary, 2-6in. high; sheaths membranous.
acute. Spikelet small, slender, $—} in. “long, compressed, pale to
dark-brown. 3-—6-flowered. Glumes ovate, obtuse, membranous,
brown with a greenish or pale centre and narrow scarious margins.
Hypogynous bristles 2-4, short, deciduous. Style-branches 3;
style-base small, conic, depressed. Nut small, pale, obovoid-oblong,
longitudinally ribbed and with minute transverse striz# between
the ribs.— Kunth, Enum. ii. 141; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. vi. 628.

SourH Is~tanp: Otago—Lake Te Anau, Petrie! (No. 1647).

I have seen no specimens but Mr. Petrie’s, which are in young flower only.
Mr. C. B. Clarke, who has examined them, states that he is satisfied that they
belong to the small group consisting of EH. acicularis and a few very closely
allied species, and most probably to E. acicularis itself, which is an almost
cosmopolitan plant, although not yet recorded from Australia.

4. HE. acuta, &. Br. Prodr. 224.—Rhizome creeping. Stems
numerous, tufted, 4-18in. high, rather stout or slender, striate ;
sheath closely appressed to the stem, with a horizontally truncate
mouth, the margin of which is thickened and usually dark-coloured,
with a small erect mucro or rudimentary lamina on one side.

Eleocharis. | CYPERACEZ. 769

Spikelet variable in length, +~? in. or more, linear-oblong, cylindric,
obtuse or subacute, many-flowered. Giumes broadly ovate, obtuse,
membranous, concave, brown with usually a pale line down the
centre ; margins broad, scarious. Hypogynous scales 4-8, exceed-
ing the nut. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3. Nut broadly obovoid,
biconvex, smooth or very minutely pitted, brown, crowned by the
small conic style-base.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 745; Benth. FI.
Austral. vii. 294 (Heleocharis). EH. gracilis (excl. var. b and y),
Hook. f. Fi. Nov. Zel. 1. 270; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 301 (not of &. Br.).
K. ambigua, Kirk ex Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1874) 225.
NortH AND SoutH Is~tanps, CHaTHAM IsLanDS: Abundant in wet places

from the North Cape to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 2000 ft. November—
March.

Also plentiful in Australia, Tasmania, and Norfolk Island.

5. BE. Cunninghamii, Boeck. in Flora, xii. (1858) 412 (Heleo-
charis).— Rhizome long, creeping, scaly, stout or slender, dark red-
brown or almost black. Stems many from the rhizome, variable in
length, 3-15in., very slender, sometimes aimost filiform, striate ;
sheath membranous, with a thin oblique mouth. Spikelet small,
short, 4-1 in. long, broadly ovoid, subacute, 5—20-flowered. Glumes
broadly oblong, obtuse, membranous, usually pale but often stained
with red-brown; margins broad, scarious. Hypogynous bristles
4-8, exceeding the nut. Style-branches 3. Nut broadly obovoid,
plano-convex or obscurely trigonous, smooth, pale vellowish-brown,
crowned by the small pyramidal style-base, which is rather broader
than the top of the nut.— Linnea, xxxvi. (1869-70) 427. E. gracilis,
var. gracilima and var. radicans, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 270;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 301 (notof &. Br.). EH. gracillima, Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 745. Heleocharis Hookeri, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. (1869-
70) 430. Isolepis acicularis, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 103 (not of
i. Br).

NortH anpD Sours Isuanps.--Wet places from the North Cape to Foveaux

Strait, but often local in the South Island. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Novem-
ber—March.

Hooker’s two varieties gracillima and radicans, origivally published as forms
of the Australian H. gracilis, only differ in size and degree of development,
radians being clearly a depauperated state. In many localities they can be
seen to merge into one another. LBoeckeler, probably working upon scanty
herbarium material, treated them as distinct species, publishing his H. Cun-
ninghamii, which answers to var. radicans, in 1858, and H. Hookeri, which is
equivalent to var. gracilluma, in 1869. EH. Cunningham has several years’
priority over Hooker’s gracillima, which was not published until 1867, but it is
unfortunate that it was not originally applied to what must he considered
the type of the species, Hooker’s var. gracillima.

5. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl.

Annual or perennial tufted herbs, usually of small or medium
size. Leaves from near the base of the stem, grassy or filiform.
Inflorescence a terminal simple or compound umbel, or reduced to a

25—F.

770 CYPERACES. [Fimbristylis.

solitary terminal spikelet. Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes im-
bricate all round or rarely distichous; the lowest 1-2 empty; the
remainder all hermaphrodite, or the uppermost male or sterile.
Hypogynous bristles wanting. Stamens 3, more rarely 2 or 1.
Style often hairy or ciliate, with a bulbiform or conic base, deci-
duous; style-branches 3 or 2. Not obovoid, trigonous or biconvex,
often narrowed at the base.

A large genus of about 130 species, found in all tropical or warm-temperate
regions.

1. F. squarrosa, Vahl. Enwm. 11. 289.—A slender more or less
pubescent annual 2-8in. high; stems numerous, tufted, striate.
Leaves linear, setaceous, shorter than the. stems. Umbel ter-
minal, usually compound, 1-3in. diam.; rays slender, unequal,
1-2in. long; bracts 3-4, similar to the leaves, often exceeding
the umbel. Spikelets numerous, on slender pedicels, 4—-Lin. long,
narrow -ovoid, brownish. Glumes elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
keeled, 3-nerved, more or less squarrose. Stamens 1 or 2. Style
pubescent, the bulbiform base with numerous long hairs which
hang over the nut and are closely appressed to it ; style-branches 2.
Nut about 4 the length of the glume, obovoid-oblong, biconvex,
pale-yellow, smooth.

Var. velata, C. B. Clarke.—Nerves of the glumes almost fused into a solid
keel, the excurrent tip not nearly so squarrose.—F’. velata, R. Br. Prodr. 227;
Hook. f. Hl. Nov. Zel. i. 272; Benth. Fl. Austral, vii. 309. F. dichotoma, Hook.
f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 303 (not of Vahi.).

Nortu Istanp: Auckland—Bay of Islands, Colenso! near Auckland(?),
Sinclair; Port Waikato, Kirk! hot springs at Ohinemutu, Lake Rotorua,
Kirk! T. F.C.; Lake Rotomahana, Fulhol. Sea-level to 1000 ft. Decem-
ber—February.

The typical form of the species is found in most warm countries; the var.
velatais restricted to eastern Australia and New Zealand.

6. SCIRPUS, Linn.

Glabrous annual or perennial herbs of very various habit, small
and tufted, or tall and stout with a creeping rhizome. Leaves
usually irom near the base of the stem, long or short, sometimes
reduced to appressed sheaths. Spikelets usually many-flowered,
solitary or fascicled, or more numerous and umbellate or panicled.
Glumes imbricate all round the rhachis; lowest 1 or 2 empty;
several or many succeeding ones hermaphrodite and fruit-bearing ;
the uppermost sterile. Hypogynous bristles 3-8 or wanting.
Stamens 3 or fewer. Style long or short, passing gradually into
the nut; style-branches 2 or 3. Nut obovoid or broadly oblong,
trigonous or plano-convex, sessile or nearly so.

Scirpus. | CYPERACES. 771

A somewhat heterogeneous assemblage of about 130 species, found in all
parts of the world, both tropical and temperate. Of the 13 species found in
New Zealand, 4 are generally distributed in both the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres; 6 extend to Australia, 3 of them reaching South Africa as well ;
lis found in Tristan d’Acunha ; the remaining 2 are endemic. The student
will find it a difficult and perplexing task to discriminate between several of the
species of the first section.

Section I. Isolepis. Usually small and slender plants. Spikelets in clusters
or solitary. Hypogynous bristles wanting.

* Spikelets solitary or 2-3 in a head.

Stems long, slender, often much branched and floating.

Spikelet solitary. Style-branches 2. Nut biconvex,

white Ak ais a ay, ne. .. L. S. lenticularis.
Stems very short, 1-3in. long, leafy. Spikelets usually

solitary, concealed by the leaves. Style-branches 2.

Nut biconvex, brown fs Us .. 2. 8. basilaris.
Stems 1-6 in., branched below. Leaves several, equalling

the stems. Spikelets 1-2. Style-branches 3. Nut

obovoid, obtusely trigonous, white .. 3. S. aucklandicus.
Stems 9-6in. Leaves 1- 2, shorter than the stems.

Spikelets 1-3. Style-branches 3. Nut obovoid, obtusely

trigonous .. 3 if bis a .. 4. S. cernwus.

** Spikelets usually more than 3 in a cluster (sometimes reduced to 1 in
small states of S. antarcticus and S. inundatus).

Stems 4-6in. Leaves 1-3, often rigid and cartilaginous.

Spikelets 1-9; glumes rigid, keeled, grooved on the sides.

Stamens 3. Style- branches 3. Nut acutely is darn

yellow to dark-brown 5. S. antarcticus.
Stems 2-12 in., usually slender and flaccid. Leaves 1-2 or

wanting. Heads often proliferous; spikelets 2-15.

Stamen 1. fee eens 3. Nut acutely trigonous,

white ; ne is .. 6. S. mundatus.
Stems 8-16in., rather stout, ‘leafless. Spikelets 6-20,

short, oblong. Stamen usually 1. Style-branches 2.

Nut plano-convex, smooth and polished, pale .. .. 7. S. sulcatus.
Stems 1-2ft., rather stout, flaccid, leafless. Spikelets

10-30, long, linear. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3.

Nut acutely trigonous ite Be ne .. 8. S. prolifer.
Stems 1-3 ft., stout, rigid, erect, leafless. Spikelets

numerous, short, ovoid, crowded. Stamens 3. Style-

branches 3. Nut obtusely trigonous, brown .. .. 9. S. nodosus.

Section II. Desmoschenus. Tail, harsh, rigid and coriaceous. Spikelets
numerous, spirally arranged around the upper part of the stem. Hypo-
gynous bristles wanting.

Rhizome long. Stems 1-3ft. Leaves numerous, sub-
squarrose .. se oi fe te .. 10. S. frondosus.

Section III. Hu-Scirpus. Usually large. Stem leafy at the base or leaves
wanting. Spikelets usually panicled or umbelled, rarely in heads or
solitary. Hypogynous bristles present.

Stems acutely trigonous, 1-2ft. high. Leaves 1-4, tri-
gonous, shorter than the stem. a aaa few, crowded
intoasmall head .. ae é St .. ll. S. americanus.

772 CYPERACER. [Scorpus.

Stems terete, spongy, leafless, 2-6ft. high. Spikelets in a

broad panicle or umbel 2-4 in. diam. . -. 12. S. lacustris.
Stems acutely trigonous, 1-5 ft. high. Leaves longer than

the stems, broad, flat. Spikelets in a terminal umbel;

involucral bracts long, leafy.. A Ea .. 13. S. maritimus.

1. S. lenticularis, Poir. Hncyc. Suppl. v. 103.—Stems slender,
in very wet places 6-18in. long, elongated and much branched,
putting out a small tuft of leaves at each node, often forming large
floating masses; in drier situations shorter and stouter, much more
sparingly branched, 2-6in. high. Leaves 1—3 in. long, filiform in
floating specimens, stouter in terrestrial ones. Peduncles shorter
or longer than the leaves, slender, usualiy 1 from each tuft of
leaves, each bearing a single terminal spikelet. Spikelets variable
in size, 4-+in. long, obiong or oblong-ovoid, obtuse, pale-green ;
bract (lowest glume) usually longer than the spikelet. Glumes
ovate, acute, concave but scarcely keeled, green, sometimes stained
with chestnut-brown. Hypogynous bristles wanting. Stamens 2
or 38. Style-branches 2. Nut three-quarters the length of the
glume, obovoid, biconvex, tipped by a minute point, slightly nar-
rowed at the base, smooth, pale.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 326.
S. fluitans var. terrestris, Benth. l.c. 325. S. crassiusculus,
Cheesem. wn Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 300 (not of Hook. f.).
Isolepis lenticularis, k. Br. Prodr. 222; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 86,
t.145p. Isolepis fluitans, Kirk im Trans. N.Z. Inst. ui. (1871) 166
(not of fi. Br.).

NortH Istanp: Auckland—North Cape Peninsula, 7. F. C.; Waikato
River, Lakes Whangape, Waikare, and Waihi, Kirk! T. F. C.; Lake Taupo,
Kirk! swamps near the base of Ruapehu, Berggren! H. Tryon! A. Hamilton!
Petrie! Sea-level to 2500 ft. December—March.

Also in eastern Australia and Tasmania, and very closely allied to the
widely spread S. fluitans, L.

2. S. basilaris, C. B. Clarke, MS.—A dwari species forming
dense tufts 1-3in. diam. Stems very short, $+in. long, much
branched at the base, leafy. Leaves far overtopping the stems,
4-14in. long, sheathing at the base, semiterete above, channelled
in front, convex at the back, tip obtuse. Spikelets terminal,
solitary or rarely 2 together, concealed amongst the leaves and
sometimes almost radical, ;4-4 in. long, ovoid, obtuse, pale-green ;
bract long, leafy. Glumes broadly ovate, obtuse, with broad white
membranous margins, and a stout green midrib which is usually
produced into a thick excurrent tip. Stamens 2. Style-branches 2
Nut orbicular-obovoid, not angled nor trigonous, slightly com-
pressed, obtuse, smooth but not polished, minutely dotted, light-
or dark-brown.—Isolepis basilaris, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 302.
I. nove-zealandiz, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 102.

Scurpus. | CYPERACER. 773

Nortu Istanp: Hawke’s Bay — Mud-banks by the Ngaruroro River,
Colenso! Kirk! Petrie! Sourn Is~anp: Westland —Jackson’s, Teremakau
River, Petrie! Otago—Not uncommon in the middle portion of the Clutha
Valley, Roxburgh, Beaumont, Spear-grass Flat, Petrie! Pomahaka, Kirk !
Sea-level to 2000 ft. November—March.

A curious little plant, in its usual state easily distinguished by the very
short stems with the spikelets concealed by the leaves. But some forms have
the stems more developed, and are then easily taken for small varieties of S.
aucklandicus, which, however, has a very different nut.

3. S. aucklandicus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. (1869-70) 491.—
Forming compact grassy patches 2-6in. diam. or more. Stems
numerous, densely crowded, much branched at the base, stout or
slender, striate, leafy at the base, 1-6in. high. Leaves 2-6, equal-
ling or longer than the stems, stout or slender, usually more or less
coriaceous and rigid but sometimes almost flaccid, semiterete, convex
on the back, grooved in front, tips obtuse. Spikelet solitary or
rarely 2, small, j,—4in. long, broadly ovoid, varying in colour from
dark chestnut-brown to pale whitish-green ; bract very long, leafy,
obtuse at the tip. Glumes few, ovate, obtuse, concave, often with
a thick excurrent keel, very variable in colour. Stamens 3 or 2.
Style-branches 3. Nut elliptic-ovoid, compressed, trigonous with
the angles rounded, white or pale-yellow, smooth but not polished.
—Isolepis aucklandica, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 88, t. 50; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 302. Isolepis cartilaginea var. rigida, Berggr. on Mannesk.
Fisiog. Sullsk. Lund. (1877) n. viii. 23. I. alpina, Hook. f. Fl.
Tasm. ii. 86 (in part).

Var. subcucullata, C. B. Clarke, MS.—Much more slender and diffuse.
Stems weak, almost filiform; spikelet pale, solitary, 3-6-flowered. Glumes
slightly hooded at the tip.—Isolepis subcucullata, Berggren l.c. 22, t. 5, £. 16-20.

NortH Istanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Rangipo Desert, Petrie !
Ruapehu, Rev. . H. Spencer. Sourn Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain-
swamps throughout. Stewart IsLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS:
Plentiful in moist places, descending to'sea-level. December—March.

A variable plant. The typical state can be recognised without much diffi-
culty by the dense leafy habit, the leaves frequently overtopping the stems,
by the small usually solitary spikelets, and pale elliptic-ovoid nut. But lowland
states, with a more slender and less leafy habit, are difficult to separate from
S. cernwus. Other forms approach very closely to S. antarcticus. According
to, a C. B. Clarke, the species is also found in Tasmania and Amsterdam
sland.

4. S. cernuus, Vahl. Enum. ii. 245.—Stems densely tufted,
very slender, quite glabrous, 2-6 in. high, rarely more. Leaves seta-
ceous, 1-3 near the base of the stem and shorter than it. Spikelets
solitary or 2-3 together, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 4-1 in. long; bract
variable in length, usually exceeding the spikelets, continuous with
the stem so that the spikelets appear to be lateral. Glumes 6-15,

broadly ovate, concave or obscurely keeled, obtuse or with a short

774 CYPERACER. [Scurpus.

point, green or chestnut-brown. Stamens 3, rarely 2 orl. Style-
branches 3, long, linear. Nut about half the length of the glume,
trigonous, obovoid, obtuse, minutely apiculate, not longitudinally
ribbed, the surface appearing to be minutely reticulate from the
numerous subquadrate cells.—S. Savii, Sebast. and Mauri, Prodr.
Fl. Rom. 22. §. riparius, Powr. Encycl. Suppl. v. 103; Benth. F1.
Austral. vii. 327. Isolepis riparia, R. Br. Prodr. 222; Hook. f. Fl.
Tasm. ii. 89, t. 145¢; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 302. I. setacea, Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Gel. i. 271, in part (not of RK. Br.). I. setosa, Raoul,
Choiz, 40.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, Stewart IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, AUCK-
LAND AND CAMPBELL Istanps: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 2000 ft.
November—February.

Nearly cosmopolitan, being found in all temperate and tropical countries
except south-eastern Asia. In New Zealand there are two principal forms:
one, which is usually littoral, has the stems rather stiff, the spikelets usually
solitary and often chestnut-brown, and the nut broadly obovoid; the other
is more slender, the spikelets are paler, and the nut much smaller, more
elliptical, and more acutely trigonous.

5. S. antarcticus, Linn. Mant. ii. 181.—Densely tufted, very
variable in size, sometimes 4-14 in. high, stout, rigid, cartilaginous ;
at other times taller and more slender, 3-6in. high or more. Leaves
1 or several at the base of the stem and shorter than it, obtuse at
the tip, rigid and coriaceous in the smaller forms, softer and more
grassy in the larger ones. Heads solitary, terminal, of 1-4 spikelets
in the small stout forms, of 3-9 in the larger ones; bracts +-1 in.
long, usually far exceeding the head. Spikelets rather stout, ovoid-
oblong, 4-1in. long, many-flowered. Glumes broadly ovate, boat-
shaped with a prominent keel, obtuse or the keel produced into
a short point, often rigid and coriaceous, pale whitish-yellow with a
conspicuous dark chestnut-brown spot; sides broad, marked with
prominent curved lines; back often curved. Hypogynous scales
wanting. Stamens 3 or 2, rarely 1. Style-branches 3. Nut rather
more than half as long as the glume, elliptic-ovoid, trigonous, acute,
minutely punctate, white to yellow, sometimes ultimately almost
black.—C. B. Clarke mm Fl. Cap. vii. 223. S. cartilagineus, Pozr.
Encycl. Suppl. v.103; Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 328. S. ebeno-
carpus, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 224. Isolepis car-
tilaginea, #. Br. Prodr. 222; Hook f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 271; #1.
Tasm. ii. 88, t. 145; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 302.

NortH Is~tanp: Hawke’s Bay—Colenso! A. Hamilton! Wellington—
Karioi, Kaiwarawara, Kirk! SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Cape Farewell, Kirk !
Canterbury—Burnham, Kirk! Springfield, “. #. C. Otago—Catlin’s River,
Petrie! Lake Wakatipu, Kirk! Bluff Hill, Kirk! Stewart Ispanp: Port
Pegasus, Petrie! Kirk! Sea-level to 2000 ft. November-March.

Also in extratropical Australia, South Africa, and St. Helena.

Scirpus. |] CYPERACES. 775

6. S. inundatus, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. v. 103.—Very variable
in size and habit of growth. Stems 2-12in. high, often small,
slender and filiform, at other times stouter and taller, and resem-
bling small states of S. sulcatus and S. prolifer. Leaves 1 or rarely
2 at the base of the stem, or reduced to a short and broad sheath.
Heads solitary, terminal, of 2-15 crowded spikelets, often pro-
liferous and putting out 1 or several short or long branches ending in
a smaller head of spikelets; bract very variable in length. Spike-
lets in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, subacute, pale or dark
chestnut-brown, many-flowered. Glumes broadly ovate, concave
or keeled at the back, obtuse or subacute, the sides usually more or
less stained or striate with dark red-brown, the keel usually pale.
Stamen 1. Style-branches 3, long, linear. Nut about half the length
of the glume, oblong-obovoid, equally and conspicuously trigonous,
with a small conical point, not longitudinally ribbed, white, smooth
but not polished.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 329. S. reticularis, Col.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 277. Isolepis inundata, BR. Br.
Prodr. 222. I. prolifer, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 301; Fl. Tasm.
ii. 87, t. 144 (not of R. Br.). I. setacea, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 271,
in part (not of R. Br.).

Var. major.—Stems tall and stout, 5-12in. high, usually leafless. Spike-
lets more numerous, 6-15, densely compacted. Glumes obtuse. Approaches
small forms of S. sulcatus, but is at once distinguished by the smaller acutely
trigonous nut.

Var. gracillima.—Stems slender, often filiform, 2-6in. long. Spikelets
9-6, flattened. Glumes often subacute.

NortH anp Sourm IsnANps, SreEwartT IsnAND, CHaTHAM ISLANDS:
Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft. November—March.

As defined above, this varies so much in habit and other respects as to give
rise to the suspicion that more species than one are included in it; but I have
failed to find valid distinguishing characters. It extends through Australia to
the Malay Archipelago, and is also abundant in temperate South America.

7. S. sulcatus, Thouars, Hsquisse Fl. Trist. 36, t.7; var. distig-
matosa, C. B. Clarke, MS.—Stems numerous, tufted, 8-16 in. high,
stout, grooved when dry, leafless except a large purple or purplish-
black sheath at the base. Heads solitary, terminal, of 6-20 densely
packed spikelets, often proliferous and emitting 1 or several branches
ending in a smaller head of spikelets; bract variable in length.
Spikelets rather short, 4+in. long, oblong, obtuse, many-flowered.
Glumes broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, dark chestnut-brown with
a green keel and pale margins. Hypogynous bristles wanting.
Stamens usually 1. Style-branches 2, rarely 3, long, linear. Nut
about half the length of the glume, obovoid, plano-convex, the
convex side not keeled, smooth and polished, shining, white or
pale yellowish-white.—lIsolepis prolifer, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.
971, for the most part (not of BR. Br., nor of Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fi.
301).

776 CYPERACEX. [Scurpus.

NortH anD SoutH Isuanps: Apparently common: Auckland—Hokianga,
Berggren; Whangarei, H. Carse! vicinity of Auckland, Petrie! 1. F. C. ;
Rotorua, Cartwright, Petrie! T. F. C.; Taupo, Kirk! Hawke's Bay— Norse-
wood, Colenso! Wellington—Murimotu, Petrie! Canterbury—Styx River,
Petrie ! Sea-level to 2000 ft. November—March.

For the identification of this plant with the Tristan d’Acunha S. sulcatus
I am indebted to Mr. C. B. Clarke, who, however, maintains it as a distinct
variety, characterized by the usually 2-fid style and plano-convex nut not keeled
on the convex face. Large stout forms of S. inundatus approach it very closely,
but in fruit are easily distinguished by the 3-fid style and acutely trigonous
nut. SS. prolifer, which has precisely the same habit of growth, can always
be separated by the long linear spikelets, 3 stamens, and small acutely trigonous
nut.

8. S. prolifer, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 55, t. 17, f. 2.—Stems
numerous, tufted, 1-2ft. high or more, rather stout, striate when
dry, leafless except a large purplish or purplish-black sheath at the
base. Heads large, 4-lin. diam., terminal, solitary, of very many
(10-30) densely crowded spikelets, often proliferous and putting out
1 or several usually long branches terminating in a much smaller
head of spikelets; bract shorter than the head, obtuse. Spikelets
long and narrow, 4-4in. long, linear or linear- -oblong, cylindrical,
obtuse, many-flowered. Glumes ovate, obtuse, concave, chestnut-
brown with a paler keel and margins. Hypogynous bristles want-
ing. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3, long, linear. Nut rather
small, less than half the length of the glume, elliptic-ovoid, acute,
acutely trigonous, smooth, pale yellowish-brown or almost white.
—Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 330. Isolepis prolifer, R. Br. Prodr. 223.
I. globosa, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iii. (1871) 211.

Nort Isnanp: Auckland—-Bay of Islands, Kirk! Wellington—Karori,
Evans Bay, and other localities in the vicinity of the City of Wellington,
Buchanan! Kirk! Petrie! Wairarapa, Kirk ! November-—March.

Also in New South Wales, and abundant in South Africa. Hasily separated
from S. sulcatus and large states of S. inwndatus by the very numerous long and
narrow spikelets, and flowers with 3 stamens.

9. S. nodosus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 52, t. 8, f. 3.— Rhizome
short, stout, woody, creeping, +in. diam. or more. Stems very
numerous, closely packed, 1-3ft. high, erect, rigid, terete or
slightly compressed. Leaves wanting except 2 or 3 sheathing
scales at the base of the stems. Head solitary, globose, brown,
4-2in. diam., of very numerous densely crowded spikelets ; bract
4-14 in. long, rigid, erect, continuous with the stem, so that the
head appears lateral. Spikelets ovoid, 4-3 in. long, many-flowered.
Glumes broadly ovate, obtuse or obscurely mucronate, concave.
Hypogynous bristles wanting. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3,
linear. Nut less than 4 the length of the glume, obovoid, obtusely
trigonous, the flat face next the glume, pale-brown, smooth and
polished. — Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 331. Isolepis nodosa, &. Br.

Scirpus. | CYPERACES. ad

Prodr. 221; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 104; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 272;
Faoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 270; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 301.

Kermapec Isuanps, Norra anp SovurH Isuanps, Srewartr IsLAND,
CuatHam Isnanps : Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Novem-
ber—February.

Also found in Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island, temperate Australia,
extratropical South Africa, St. Helena and Amsterdam Islands, and temperate
South America.

10. S. frondosus, Banks and Sol. ex Boeck. in Flora, 1xi. (1878)
141.—Stout, rgid, harsh, yellow-green, 2-3ft. high. Rhizome
thick, woody, creeping, often many feet in length. Stems many
along the rhizome, stout, erect, obtusely trigonous, leafy at the
base. eaves very numerous, spreading, often curved, rigidly
coriaceous, channelled above, keeled beneath, gradually narrowed
into long trigonous points, at the base expanded into broad mem-
branous sheaths ; margins and keel sharply denticulate. Inflores-
cence 3-9in. long or more, of linear clusters of densely crowded
sessile spikelets arranged in a spiral manner around the upper part
of the stem, each cluster subtended by a rigid iinear bract similar
to the leaves. Spikelets red-brown, almost globose, about +in.
long, many-flowered. Glumes broadly ovate, obtuse, concave,
shining, striate. Hypogynous bristles wanting. Stamens 3;
anthers with a long awn. Style-branches 3. Nut broadly obo-
void, compressed, quite smooth.—Isolepis spiralis, A. Rich. Fl.
Nouv. Zel. 105, t. 19; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 274; Raoul, Choix, 40.
Desmoscheenus spiralis, Hook. f. F'l. Nov. Zel. i. 272; Handb. N.Z.
fi. 303. Anthophyllum Urvillei, Steud. Cyp. 160.

NortH AnD SoutH Is~tanps, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant on sand-dunes
from the North Cape to Otago. Pingao. November—February.

The leaves were formerly used by the Maoris for making kits, and occa-
sionally for cloaks, which were said to be very durable.

11. S. americanus, Pers. Syn.i.68.—Rhizome creeping. Stems
rather slender, 1-2 ft. high, acutely trigonous. Leaves 1-4, always
shorter than the stem; sheaths long. Head small, of 1-4 closely
compacted sessile spikelets; bract 1-2in. long, erect, angular, con-
tinuous with the stem so that the head appears lateral. Spikelets
broadly ovoid, +-4in. long, dark-brown, many-flowered. Glumes
broadly ovate, membranous, concave, tip emarginate with usually
a short awn in the notch, margins scarious above. Hypogynous
bristles 4-6, shorter than the nut. Stamens 3. Style-branches
2-3. Nut rather large, 2 the length of the glume, obovoid, plano-
convex, pale-brown, smooth.—S8. pungens, Vahl. Enwm. ii. 255;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 333. S. triqueter, R. Br. Prodr. 223; Hook.
jf. Hi. Nov. Zel. 1. 269; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 300 (not of Linn.). .8.
nove-zealandiz, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 277.

778 CYPERACEZ. (Scirpus.

NortH anp SourH Istanps, CHatHam Is~AnpDs: Brackish-water swamps

from Hokianga to Foveaux Strait, but often local. Inland at Roxburgh, Otago,
Petrie! November—February.

. Not uncommon in temperate Australia and Tasmania, North and South
America, and southern Hurope.

12. S. lacustris, Linn. Sp. Piant. 48.—Rhizome stout, creep-
ing, with numerous perpendicular rootlets. Stems 2-6 ft. high,
sometimes almost as thick as the finger, terete, spongy, glaucous.
Leaves wanting, or the uppermost sheath with a very short flat
lamina. Inflorescence a terminal simple or compound cymose
umbel 2—4 in. across; rays few, stout, irregular; bract shorter than
the umbel, continuous with the stem. Spikelets numerous, ovoid
or oblong, 4in. long, brownish, many-flowered. Glumes broadly
ovate, membranous, concave, notched at the tip with a small point
in the notch, margins fringed. Hypogynous bristles 5-6, linear,
retrorsely scabrid, usually equalling the nut. Stamens 3. Style-
branches 3 or 2. Nut more than half as long as the glume, obovoid,
compressed, plano-convex, pale-brown, smooth.—A. Rich. Fl. Noww.
Zel. 103; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 275; Raoul, Choixz, 40; Hook. f.
Fil. Nov. Zel. i. 269; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 300; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
333.

Norru AnD SoutH Is~tAnps: Margins of lakes and ponds from the North
Cape southwards to the north of Otago and Okarito, common. Sea-level to
1500 ft. November-—February.

Generally distributed in all temperate and warm countries, except South
America.

13. S. maritimus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 74.—Rhizome woody, creep-
ing, the nodes often dilated into hard tubers. Stems stout, sharply
triangular, 1-3 ft. high or more. Leaves from near the base of the
stem and often exceeding it, broad, flat, grassy. Inflorescence an
irregular terminal umbel of few unequal rays, often contracted into
a compact cluster; bracts 3-4, 3-9in. long, similar to the leaves.
Spikelets 4-in. long, sessile or peduncled, ovoid or cylindric,
brown, many-flowered. Glumes ovate, membranous, 2-lobed at the
tip with a short intermediate awn, usually pubescent towards the
tip. Hypogynous bristles 3-6, shorter than the nut, retrorsely
scabrid. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3 or 2, long, linear. Nut
less than one-half the length of the glume, broadly obovoid, com-
pressed, flat on one side, convex or obtusely angled on the other,
smooth and polished, brown when fully ripe—Raoul, Choix, 40;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 269; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 300.

Var. fluviatilis, Torr. in Ann. Lycewm New York, iii. (1836) 324.—Taller
and stouter, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves broader, 4in. diam. or more; bracts longer.
Umbel larger, more often compound; rays 3-9. Spikelets large, pale-brown.
Style-branches 3. Nut narrower, oblong-obovoid, trigonous, conspicuously
beaked, white or pale-brown, opaque, polished.—Benth. Fl. dustral. vii. 335.
S. fluviatilis, Asa Gray, Man. Bot. U.S. 500.

Scirpus. ] CYPERACES, 1719

Var. macrostachya, Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. vy. 32.—Umbels simple or
compound. Spikelets large, sometimes over lin. long. Style-branches almost
always 2. Nut large, broadly obovoid, flat on one side and obscurely angled on
oo other, white or pale-brown, opaque, not imager —Asa Gray, Man. Bot.

S. 500.

Norru anp SourH IsuAnps: The two varieties not uncommon in brackish-
water swamps and on the banks of lakes and streams from the North Cape to
Otago Harbour. November-February.

In the North Island var. fluviatilis extends inland along most of the larger
rivers, ascending the Waikato as far as Lake Taupo. Var. macrostachya seems
to be chiefly found in brackish-water swamps. Both varieties are abundant in
North America, and also in Australia and Tasmania. According to Mr. C. B.
Clarke, the typical form of the species has not yet been observed in either
Australia or New Zealand.

7. CARPHA, RB. Br.

Perennial herbs. Leaves crowded at the base of the stem,
usually shorter than it. Spikelets numerous, narrow, 1-flowered,
arranged in a terminal corymb or panicle, sometimes contracted
into a more or less dense head. Glumes usually 4, distichous; the
2 lowest small, empty ; the third large, also empty; the uppermost
about the same size, with a single hermaphrodite flower in its axil.
Hypogynous bristles 6, plumose, much enlarged in fruit and exceed-
ing the glumes. Stamens 3. Style- branches 3. Nut oblong,
3-angled, narrowed above into the persistent and hardened base of
the style.

In addition to the New Zealand species, which is also found in Tasmania,
Victoria, and on the mountains of New Guinea, there is another closely allied
one in Chili and Fuegia.

1. C. alpina, &. Br. Prodr. 230.—A tufted grass-like herb
3-12in. high. Leaves usually shorter than the stems, numerous,
narrow-linear, rigid, obtuse at the tip, flat or concave, grooved,
dilated at the base into broad membranous sheaths. Spikelets
4-41in. long, lanceolate, compressed, arranged in a corymbose
manner at the top of the stem, in small specimens crowded into a
head. Bracts leafy, usually exceeding the inflorescence. Glumes
rigidly membranous, linear-oblong, pale, shining, concave. Hypogy-
nous bristles very large, in the fruiting stage exceeding the glumes,
conspicuously plumose for their whole length. Nut narrow-oblong,
prismatic, tipped by the long hardened base of the style.—Hook. f.
MeNopmeAel te 273.5). Tasmeiii. 84; iAandd...N.Z. £1... 299;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 381, and in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 1216.

Nortu IstAnp: Mountain districts from Moehau (Cape Colville) and the
Hast Cape southwards. SourH Isuanp, Stewart Isnanp: Abundant in hilly
and mountain districts throughout. AucKLAND IsLANDs: Carnley Harbour,
Kirk ! Usually from 2500 to 5000 ft., but descends to sea-level in Stewart
Island. December—February.

780 CYPERACEZ. [Schenus.

8. SCHGENUS, Linn.

Usually perennial herbs, of very various habit, stout, erect and
rush-like, or slender and diffuse, rarely creeping. Leaves near the
base of the stem or cauline, sometimes reduced to sheathing scales.
Spikelets compressed, few-flowered, panicled or capitate or fascicled.
Glumes more or less distichous, 3 or more outer ones empty, 1-4
succeeding ones hermaphrodite and fruit-bearing, uppermost male
or empty; rhachilla elongated and flexuose between the flowering
glumes, with the flowers seated in the alternate notches. Hypogy-
nous bristles present or wanting. Stamens usually 3, rarely fewer
or 4-6. Style slender, sometimes slightly thickened near the base ;
style-branches 3. Nut obovoid, ovoid, or oblong, trigonous.

A large genus of about 60 species, mainly from Australia and New Zealand,
but a few are widely distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern
Hemisphere and 2-3 are Malayan. Of the 7 species found in New Zealand, 3
are endemic, the remaining 4 extend to Australia and Tasmania.

* Stems densely tufted, erect, terete, rush-like. Leaves either reduced to
appressed sheaths or a short erect lamina alone present. Spikelets in a narrow
terminal panicle.

Stems 1-2 ft., rather stout. Spikelets many, 4-4 in. long.

Hypogynous bristles wanting. Nut trigonous, faces

transversely rugose .. ee 30 oe .. 1. S. brevifolius.
Stems 1-3ft., slender. Spikelets few or many, in. long.

Hypogynous bristles present, equalling the nut or shorter

than it. Nut obovoid, smooth SA Si .. 2. S. Lendo:
Stems 1-24 ft., very slender. Spikelets many, ++in.

Hypogynous bristles wanting. Nut oblong, obtuse, not

trigonous, white .. i a Se .. 3. S. Carset.
Stems 1-3 ft., slender. Spikelets few (2-8), +in. Hypogy-

nous bristles pene very oes Nut bomen trigonous,

pale-brown 4 : : e .. 4. S. pauciflorus.

** Stems shorter, not so rigid, often diffuse. Leaves well developed.
Spikelets fascicled or umbelled, sometimes solitary.

Stems 2-6in., creeping or diffuse. Leaves alternate,

spreading. Spikelets 1-3 in the axils of the leaves .. 5. 8. axillaris.
Stems 6-14 in., slender, diffuse. Leaves mostly at the base

of the stems, linear. eo in irregular umbels or

fascicles .. = es .. 6. S. apogon.
Stems 1-12in., alender, wiry, rigid. Leaves few at the

base of the stems. Spikelets sessile in a dense head,

sometimes few or solitary .. Be if .. 7. S. nitens.

1. S. brevifolius, R. Br. Prodr. 231.—Rhizome short, stout,
creeping. Stems rush-like, densely tufted, rigid, erect, terete,
smooth and polished, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves reduced to 3 or 4 dark
red-brown appressed sheaths at the base of the stem, the uppermost
of which has a short rigid erect subulate lamina 4-1 in. long.
Panicle narrow, 3-8in. long; branches slender, erect; bracts at
the base with appressed sheaths and a short erect lamina. Spike-
lets lanceolate, compressed, 1-4 in. long, 2-3-flowered, red-brown.

Schenus. | CYPERACER. 781

Glumes 6-9, distichous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, concave, nerveless ;
margins ciliate; the 4-6 outer smaller and empty. Hypogynous
bristles wanting. Stamens usually 2. Style-branches 3. Nut
small, turgid, obovoid, trigonous with the angles thickened. faces
transversely rugose. — Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 370. S. tenax,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 298. Cheetospora tenax, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 2738.

Norru Isuanp: From the North Cape to Cook Strait, but rare and local
to the south of Rotorua. SourH Isxtanp: Nelson — Aorere Valley, Kirk!
Sea-level to 1500 ft. Decemb:r—-January.

Also in extratropical Australia.

9. S. Tendo, Banks and Sol. ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 298.
—Rhizome stout, creeping. Stems much more slender than in
S. brevifolius, 1-3 it. high, rigid, deeply grooved throughout their
length. Leaves reduced to 2-3 dark chestnut-brown or almost
black sheaths at the base of the stem, the uppermost produced
into a subulate lamina 1-4in. long; the mouths of the sheaths
fringed with cobwebby hairs. Panicle slender, narrow, 2-8 in.
long; branches short, slender, erect. Spikelets linear-lanceolate,
compressed, 2—4-flowered, 1-1 in. long, dark-brown or almost black.
Glumes 8-10, distichous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, concave, keeled,
nerveless except the midrib; margins ciliate ; the 5-6 outer smaller
and empty. Hypogynous bristles 3-6, short, slenaer, sometimes
not equalling the nut. Stamens 2. Style-branches usually 2.
Nut obovoid, unequally and obliquely biconvex, quite smooth,
white.—Chetospora Tendo, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 2738.

Norrs Istanp: Abundant on clay hills from the North Cape to Hawke’s
Bay and Taranaki. SourH Istanp: Nelson—Aorere Valley, Kirk. Sea-level
to 2000 ft. October—January.

Easily distinguished from the preceding species by the more slender
grooved stems, smaller darker spikelets, the presence of bristles, and by the
smooth biconvex nut.

3. S. Carsei, Cheesem. n. sp.—Rhizome short, stout, creeping,
clothed with chestnut-brown scales. Stems densely tufted, very
slender, 1-24 ft. high, terete, grooved. Leaves reduced to 2-3
chestnut-brown sheaths at the base of the stem, produced at the
tip into an erect subulate lamina }~2in. long; the mouths of the
sheaths oblique, glabrous. Panicle slender, narrow, 2-6 in. long;
branches filiform, erect ; bracts at the base with appressed sheaths,
and a short erect lamina. Spikelets numerous, compressed, very
narrow, 4-4in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, brownish. Glumes
5-7, distichous, closely imbricate, ovate -lanceolate, acuminate,
concave, keeled, thin and membranous, nerveless; the 3-4 outer
empty. Hypogynous bristles wanting. Stamens 3. Style-
branches 3. Nut oblong, obtuse at both ends, not trigonous,
smooth, white.

782 CYPERACES. [Schenus.

NortH Isnranp: Auckland—Swamps at Whangarei and between the
Manukau Harbour and the Waikato River, H. Carse! Papatoetoe, Kirk!
Taranaki—Ngaire Swamp, 7’. Ff. C. January—March.

This seems to have been confounded with S. pauciflorus, but differs from
that species in the shorter leaves, longer panicle with numerous spikelets, in the
absence of bristles, and in the nut. It is probably common in lowland swamps.

4. S. paucifiorus, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 298.— Bhizome
short, stout, branched at the tip. Stems densely tufted, very
slender, deeply grooved, 1-3 ft. high, green or purplish-red.
Leaves reduced to 2-4 dark chestnut-brown or almost black
sheaths at the base of the stem, the uppermost of which is pro-
duced into an erect almost filiform lamina 1-3 in. long; the mouths
of the sheaths oblique, glabrous. Panicle small, #—-2in. long, of
2-8 spikelets; bracts usually 2, overtopping the panicle. Spikelets
lanceolate, compressed, +in. long, 2—4-flowered, varying in colour
from whitish to dark chestnut-brown. Glumes 4-6, distichous,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, nerveless except the midrib ;
margins glabrous; the 3 outer slightly smaller, empty. Hypogy-
nous bristles 6, filiform, almost equalling the style. Stamens 3.
Style-branches 3. Nut elliptic-oblong, trigonous with the angles
thickened, smooth, polished, pale-brown.—Cheetospora paucifiora,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 278.

NortH anp SoutH IsnLANnDs, STEWART IsLAND: An abundant mountain-
plant from Lake Taupo southwards. 1500-5000 ft. December—March.

This hardly differs from the Chilian Chetospora antarctica, Hook. f-;
except in the much shorter leaves.

5. S. axillaris, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. ii. 251.—Stems very slender,
pale-green, flaccid, leafy, branched, creeping or diffusely spreading,
often intricate, 2-6 in. long or more. Leaves alternate, spreading,
4-1in. long, very narrow-linear, obtuse, flat or nearly so, flaccid.
Spikelets 1-3 together in the axils of the leaves, sessile or shortly
peduncled, about ;4,1n. long, compressed, pale-brown, 1—2-flowered.
Glumes distichous, lanceolate, subacute, keeled ; the 2 or 3 outer
empty and smaller. Hypogynous bristles 6, rarely fewer, longer
than the nut. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3. Nut very small,
elliptic-obovoid, obtusely trigonous, quite smooth, white or greyish-
white.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 298; Benth. Fl. Austral. yi. 375.
Cheetospora axillaris, &. Br. Prodr. 233; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.

274, t. 62a; Fl. Tasm. li. 82. Scirpus foliatus, Hook. f. an Lond.
Journ. Bot. ii. 1844, 414.

NortH AND SoutH IsLanps, STEwarT IsLaAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: From
the North Cape southwards, abundant in the North Island, less plentiful in the
South Island. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November—March.

Easily recognised by the slender creeping or diffuse habit, leafy stems,
spikelets in twos or threes in the axils of the leaves, and small white nut.
Also common in extratropical Australia and Tasmania.

Schenus. | CYPERACER. 783

’

6. S. apogon, Roem and Schult. Syst. ii. 77.—Stems very nu-
merous, crowded, weak, slender, sometimes almost filiform, grooved,
leafy at the base, 6-14 in. long. Leaves much shorter than the stems,
narrow-linear, acute, almost flaccid, channelled in front, convex
and striate on the back. Spikelets lnear-lanceolate, chestnut-
brown or almost black, $-4 in. long, 1-3-flowered, few or many to-
gether in irregular more or less compact umbels or heads, which
are both terminal and lateral from the upper leaf-sheaths; bracts
leafy. Glumes distichous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, keeled, almost
black with narrow pale margins; the 3 outer empty, usually
much smaller. Hypogynous bristles 6, not much exceeding the
nut. Stamens 3. Style-branches usually 3. Nut small, broadly
oblong-obovoid, obtusely trigonous, conspicuously reticulated, white.
—S. Brownii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 298; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
373. Chztospora imberbis, &. Br. Prodr. 233; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
meri 2s: Fl. Tasm. i. 82.

Var. laxiflorus,C. B. Clarke. —Stems very slender, lax, sometimes 2 ft.
long. Inflorescence much more lax; clusters mostly lateral; spikelets often
long-peduncled.—S. laxiflorus, Steud. Cyp. 166. 8S. vaccilans, Kirk in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 421.

Norru Isnanp: Auckland — Mongonui, 7. #. C.; Puhipuhi, Kirk ; Wha-
ngarei, Carse! vicinity of Auckland, 7. F. C., Petrie! Kast Coast, Colenso!
Var. laxiflorus: Between Taheke and Opanake, Petrie! ravines near the base
of Mount Wynyard, Kirk! between Te Aroha and Katikati, Adams! Taranaki
—White Cliffs, 7. F.C. SoutH Isuanp: Canterbury — Kowai Pass, Kirk!
(the typical form). Sea-level to 2000 ft. December—March.

Common in eastern Australia, from Queensland to Tasmania.

7. S. nitens, Pow. Encycl. Swppl. ii. 251.—Rhizome slender,
creeping. Stems densely tufted, slender, wiry, grooved, leafy at
the base, 2-12in. high. Leaves few, shorter than the stems,
semiterete, deeply channelled in front, grooved on the back;
sheaths chestnut-brown or blackish-brown, shining, grooved. In-
florescence a terminal head of 1-15 densely crowded and sessile
spikelets ; bracts 4-lin. long, exceeding the spikelets, continuous
with the stem, so that the head appears lateral. Spikelets ovoid to
lanceolate-ovoid, somewhat turgid, $-tin. long, 2- or more rarely
3-flowered, chestnut-brown to blackish-brown. Glumes 4-6, ob-
scurely distichous, broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, keeled, shining ;
the 2 or rarely the 3 outer smaller and empty. Hypogynous bristles
6, usually longer than the nut, plumose at the base with long hairs.
Stamens 3. Style-branches 3. Nut ovoid, obscurely trigonous,
smooth and shining, pale-brown to dark-brown.—Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 299; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 362. 8. Moorei, Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 384 (not of Benth.). Cheetospora nitens,
&. Br. Prodr. 233; Hook: f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 274; Fl. Tasm. ii, 82.
Scirpus nitens, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. (1869-70) 696.

784 3 CYPERACEZ. [Schenus.

Var. concinnus.—-Smaller, more rigid and wiry, 1-3in. high. Spikelets
solitary or rarely 2 together, slightly compressed, 4-4in. long, dark-brown or
almost black. Nut rather larger, broadly ovoid, trigonous, sometimes scabrid

at the tip.—S. concinnus, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 299. Chzetospora, concinna,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 274, t. 62, f. B.

NortH AnD SoutH Isuanps, Stewart Istanp: From Lake Taupo south-
wards, but often local. Sea-level to 2500 ft. December—March.

A most variable plant. Hooker’s S. concinnuws appears to me to be a
depauperated state connected with the type by numerous intermediates, and
I have consequently followed Mr. ©. B. Clarke in reducing it to S. nitens. The
typical form is not uncommon in Australia, ranging from Queensland to
Tasmania and Western Australia.

9. CLADIUM, P. Browne.

Perennial herbs. Stems stout or slender, terete or compressed,
sometimes leafy throughout, sometimes at the base only, or the
leaves reduced to sheathing scales. Leaves terete or compressed,
more rarely vertically flattened and equitant at the base. In-
florescence paniculate. Spikelets numerous, rarely few, 1-3- or
rarely 4-6-flowered, the lowest flower always perfect and fruit-
bearing. Glumes imbricate all round, 1-4 outer empty, smaller
than the succeeding flowering ones. Hypogynous bristles usually
wanting. Stamens 3. Style long, linear; base often dilated but
continuous with the nut; style-branches 3, rarely 2. Nut ovoid
or oblong, terete or obscurely trigonous or tricostate, smooth,
crowned by the adnate base of the style.

Species between 40 and 50, widely distributed, but more plentiful in the
Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern. Of the 10 species found in New
Zealand, 6 extend to Australia and Tasmania, 3 of them being also found in the
Pacific islands or eastern Asia, the remaining 4 are endemic.

A. Vincentia. Spikelets with 2-4 perfect flowers. Nut stipitate, triquetrous,
narrowed upwards into a long cuspidate beak.

Tall, 2-5 ft. Stems and leaves flattened, the latter 4-1in.
broad. Panicle very large, lax, drooping 56 -. 1. C. Sinclairit.

B. Baumea. Spikelets with 1 or rarely 2 perfect flowers. Nut sessile, often
tunid at the apex, not narrowed into a cuspidate beak.

* Spikelets usually 2-3-flowered, 1 or sometimes 2 of the flowers perfecting
fruit.

Stems and leaves flattened, +-4in. broad. Panicle 6-12 in.,

narrow. Nut ovoid, trigonous 6 és .. 2 C. complanatum.
Stems and leaves stout, terete, transversely septate.

Panicle very large and broad, drooping. Nut obovoid,

trigonous .. Se ae Be .. 3. C. articulatum.
Stems and leaves slender, terete, not septate. Panicle

narrow, erect, 3--10 in. long, interrupted; bracts spatha-

ceous. Nut reddish- yellow, trigonous .. 4. C. glomeratum.
Stems and leaves slender, terete, not septate. Panicle

narrow, 10-18in. ; - branches drooping. Nut pale .. 5. C. Hutton.

‘Cladium. | CYPERACEA. 785

** Spikelets 1- or rarely 2-flowered, never more than
one flower perfecting fruit.

Stems and leaves slender, terete. Panicle 2-6in. long,

stiff, dense; bracts small. Nut small, oblong-orbicular 6. C. teretifoliwm.
Stems very slender, terete. Leaf solitary and long, or

reduced to sheathing scales. Panicle 6-18 in. long,

slender. Nut ovoid, smooth; tip large, tumid 7. C. Gunnit.
Stems terete. Leaves reduced to sheathing scales,

Panicle short, $-1din. long. Nut obtusely trigonous,

tip small, puberulous ee = Ae .. 8. C. junceum.
Stems stout, tetragonous. Leaves like the stems, short,

often reduced to sheathing scales. Panicle contracted

into a spike 4-4in. long. Hypogynous bristlespreseat.. 9. C. Vauthiera.
Stems filiform. Leaves reduced to sheathing scales.

Panicle short, 3-2in. long; spikelets 3-7. Nut witha

persistent style-base as long as itself .. os .. 10. C. capillacewm.

1. ©. Sinclairii, Hook. af Handb. N.Z. Fl. 305.—Stems tall,
leafy, quite flat, smooth, 2-5it. high, in. diam., forming large
clumps. Leaves 2-4 ft. long, distichous and equitant at the base,
acuminate, quite flat. }-lin. broad, pale-green, smooth, striate :
margins thin, even. Panicle large, terminal, nodding, excessively
branched, 9-12 in, long or more; bracts sheathing, 2-edged ;
branches drooping. Spikelets innumerable, rich dark red-brown,
fascicled, in. long, 2—3-flowered, the lower flower usually alone
fertile. Glumes usually 5, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or almost
awned, minutely scabrid-pubescent, 2 or 3 outer empty. Hypo-
gynous bristles wanting. Stamens 3, elongating after flower-
ing. Style-branches 3. Nut small, red-brown, fusiform, trigonous,
conspicuously narrowed at the base, and also upwards into a
triquetrous minutely scabrid beak. C. gahnioides, Col. in Trans.
Dem. 1st. XV. (1884) 340. Vincentia anceps, Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Gel. i. 276. YV. gladiata, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. (1874) 250.

Norru IsnanpD: From the North Cape southwards to Taupo and Hawke’s
Bay, not uncommon on cliffs, bank-sides, &c. Sea-level to 2000 ft. October—
January.

A handsome species, remarkable for the broad flat leaves. When out of
flower it might easily be mistaken for an iridaceous plant. Mr. Colenso’s
C. guhnioides is absolutely undistinguishable from the type.

2. C. complanatum, Berggr. in Minnesk. Fisiog. Salisk. Lund.
(1877) 23, t. 6, f. 1-5.—Stems tall, rather stout, compressed and
2-edged, smooth, finely striate, 2-4 ft. high, tin. diam. at the base.
Teas about the length of the stem, distichous and equitant at the
base, narrow-ensiform, acuminate, flat or slightly convex, 4-4 in.
broad, pale-green, smooth, striate; Margins even, not ‘scabrid.
Panicle long and narrow, 6-12 in., much branched ; branches
fascicled, erect; bracts sheathing, with ciliate margins. Spikelets
numerous, chestnut-brown, 4—1in. long, ovate-oblong, 2—3- flowered,
1 or 2 of the flowers fertile. Glumes usually 5, ovate, acuminate,

786 CYPERACEH. [Cladium.

striate ; margins ciliate ; 2 or 3 outer empty. Stamens 3. Style-
branches 8. Nut almost sessile, ovoid, trigonous, puberulous, pale-
chestnut, narrowed upwards into a rather stout pyramidal beak.

Nort Istanp: Auckland—Ohaeawai and Taheke, Berggren! Puhipuhi
Forest, Kirk! Maungatapere, Carse ! September—November.

Apparently a very local plant, not yet found outside the Bay of Islands and
Whangarei Counties.

3. C. articulatum, R&. Br. Prodr. 237.—Stems tall and stout,
terete, transversely septate, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves long, almost
equalling the stems, terete, the transverse septa usually very dis-
tinct ; sheaths large and long, pale; tip subulate, acute, pungent.
Panicle large, lax, terminal, much branched, drooping, 9-18 in.
long; branches numerous, closely placed; bracts sheathing, the
lowest with a terete septate lamina 4-14in. long. Spikelets ex-
cessively numerous, rich red-brown, 4in. long, 2—4-flowered, but
usually only one flower is fertile. Glumes 4-7, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, membranous, puberulous, the 2 outer
empty. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3. Nut broadly obovoid,
trigonous with the angles thick and corky, red-brown ; beak short,
umbonate.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 276; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 304;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 403. Baumea loculata, Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvili. (1874) 243. Gahnia articulata, F. Muell. Second Census
Austral. Pl. 216.

NortH Istanp: Margins of lakes and ponds from the North Cape to Taupo
and Hawke’s Bay, not uncommon, Sea-level to 1800 ft. November—
January.

Also in Australia, New Caledonia, and the New Hebrides. Small states
sometimes have the stems and leaves obscurely septate.

4. C. glomeratum, &. Br. Prodr. 237.—Stolons creeping,
clothed with pale striated scales. Stems tutted, terete and rush-
like, slender, rather soit, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves few from the base
of the stem, long, terete, with acute subulate tips. Panicle con-
tracted, 3-10 in. long; lower branches distant, usually long and
narrow, erect; upper closer together, shorter and broader ; primary
bracts large and sheathing, almost spathaceous, reddish-brown.
Spikelets numerous, fascicled, red-brown, 4—+in. long, ovate-
oblong, 2-3-flowered, 1 or rarely 2 of the flowers fertile. Glumes
usually 5, ovate, acuminate, membranous, striated; margins
ciliate; 2-3 outer ones empty. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3.
Nut elliptic-oblong when mature, obtusely trigonous, smooth and
polished, reddish or reddish-yellow; tip tumid, acute, pubescent.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 275; Fl. Tasm. ii. 94; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 304; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 404. Schcenus rubiginosus,
Forst. Prodr. n. 493. Fuirena rubiginosa, Spreng. Fl. Hal. Mant.
i. 29; A. Cunn. Precur. nu. 271; Raoul, Choix, 40. Baumea
rubiginosa, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. (1874) 241.

Cladwum. |} CYPERACES. 787

NortH anDd Sourn ISLANDS, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Swampy places, margins of lakes, &c., plentiful in the North Island, less
common in the South Island. Sea-level to 2000 ft. November—January.

Best distinguished by the narrow interrupted panicle, broad spathaceous
bracts, and 2-3-flowered spikelets. It extends to Australia and Tasmania, the
Malay Archipelago, and northwards to China and Japan.

5. C. Huttoni, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 551.—
Stems tufted, slender, terete, rather wiry, striate, 3-51ft. high.
Leaves few towards the base of the stem, long, terete, striate;
tips subulate, acute. Panicle elongated, rather lax, drooping,
10—18in. long; lower branches remote, solitary or fascicled,
3-6in. long or more; bracts large and sheathing, membranous,
acuminate. Spikelets numerous, fascicled, brown, $-2in. long,
2-5-flowered, rarely more than 2 of the flowers fertile. Giumes
4-7, ovate, acuminate, membranous, striated; margins ciliate.
Stamens 3 or rarely 2. Style-branches 3. Nut small, oblong,
obtusely trigonous, smooth when mature, pale; beak very small.

Nortu Isuanp : Auckland—Whangape, Waikare, Waihi, and other lakes in
the Middle Waikato, Kirk! 7. F.C.; Lake Tikitapu, Kirk! Lake Taupo, Kirk.
Sea-level to 1600 ft. December—February.

Very close to C. glomeratuwm, but distinguished by the larger size, longer

panicle with drooping branches, smaller many-flowered spikelets, and smaller
paler nut.

6. C. teretifolium, fi. Br. Prodr. 237.—Stems densely tufted,
terete or slightly compressed, rush-like, firm, striate, 1-3 ft. high.
Leaves few at the base of the stem, long, terete except towards the
sharp subulate tip, which is often obscurely 3-4-angled; sheaths
rather loose. Panicle oblong, 2-6in. long, much branched, dense;
lower branches closely placed, not distant as in C. glomeratwm ;
bracts short. Spikelets very numerous, fascicled, dark-brown, 4 in.
long, l- or rarely 2-flowered, but in the latter case the upper flower
is sterile. Glumes ovate, acuminate or awned, membranous,
ciliate or almost glabrous, the 2 or 3 outer empty. Stamens 3.
Style-branches 8. Nut very small, oblong-orbicular, not trigonous,
corky, conspicuously corrugated; beak very minute, smooth.—

Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 276; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 304; Benth. Fi.
Austral. vi. 406.

NortH Istanp: Abundant in swamps from the North Cape to Hawke's
Bay and Taranaki. Sovuru Istanp: Aorere Valley, Kirk! near Westport,
Townson! Hokitika, Kirk! Canterbury, Armstrong; Southern Alps, Sinclair
and Haast (Handbook). Sea-level to 2000 ft. November—January.

This has the habit and general appearance of C. glomeratum, but the stems
and leaves are firmer, the panicle shorter and much more dense, bracts smaller,
spikelets usually 1-flowered, and nut very different. It is also found in eastern
Australia and Tasmania.

788 CYPERACE, [Cladwum.

7. C. Gunnii, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 95, t. 1488.—Stems densely
tufted, rush-like, very slender, terete, rigid and wiry, 9in. to 3 ft.
high. Leaves sometimes wholly reduced to sheathing scales at the
base of the stem, but usually 1 long terete stem-like leaf with 2-3
sheaths below it; tip subulate, pungent; sheaths long, purplish-red.
Panicle elongate, narrow, interrupted, 6-18in. long; branches
remote, slender, erect, the lowest sometimes 6in. long in large
specimens, in small ones reduced to lin.; bracts closely sheath-
ing, with a short erect lamina. Spikelets not fascicled, distinct,
sessile, 1-flowered. Glumes usually 3, lanceolate, acuminate, the 2
Jowest empty; the uppermost fertile, longer and narrower than the
others, and spreading in fruit; margins involute. Stamens 3. Style-
branches 3. Nut pedicelled, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, smooth and
shining when mature, 3-ribbed when young, tip large and tumid,
pale-yellow with dark base and tip.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 304; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 407; Berggr. in Minnesk. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund.
(1877) 24, t. 6, f. 6-11. C. laxifiorum, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 98,
t. 1484. Lampocarya tenax. Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 277.

Nortu anp SoutH Isntanps, Stewart IstanpD: From the North Cape
southwards, not uncommon. Sea-level to 2500 ft. December-February.

Also in eastern Australia and Tasmania. In fruit the margins of the upper
part of the flowering glume become strongly involute, firmly enclosing the 3
persistent stamens, which remain attached to the pedicel of the ripe nut. The
nut is thus frequently detained swinging from the spikelet long after it has
separated from the point of attachment.

8. C. junceum, £&. Br. Prodr. 237.—Rhizome stout. woody,
creeping, clothed with pale-brown scales. Stems tufted, rigid, erect,
terete, rush-like, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves reduced to 1 long and closely
appressed sheath with a minute vertically flattened lamina, below
which are 1 or 2 much shorter sheaths. Panicle short, spike-like,
sparingly branched, 4-14 in. long; bract at the base very small.
Spikelets red-brown, 4 in. long, 1-2-flowered, the lower flower alone
fertile. Glumes 4-5, oblong-ovate, acute, membranous, keeled,
puberulous, the 2 or 3 outer empty. Stamens 3. Style-branches
3. Nut oblong-ovoid, obscurely trigonous, dark-brown, surface
rough; beak small, tumid, puberulous.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 96 ;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 805; Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 408. Lepidosperma
striatum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 279 (not of &. Br.). 1. Colensoi,

Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviil. (1874) 328.

Norru anp Sourn Isnanps: From the North Cape to the Bluff, not
uncommon, especially in the North Island, often in brackish-water swamps.
Sea-level to 2000 ft. November-January.

Also throughout the greater part of Australia and in New Caledonia.

9. GC. Vauthiera, C. B. Clarke, MS.—Rhizome short, stout,
creeping. Stems densely tufted, rather stout, conspicuously 4-

Cladiwm. | CYPERACEA. 789

angled, smooth, wiry, rigid, 9-18in. high. Leaves 1 or 2 like the
stems, 2-10 in. long, sometimes reduced to sheathing scales.
Panicle contracted into a dense oblong spike-like head 4-4 in. long,
subtended by a rigid sheathing bract terminated by a subulate
erect point. Spikelets few, densely compacted, tin. long, 1-
flowered. Glumes 5-6, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate.
coriaceous, puberulous, the termina] one subtending the flower,
the remainder all empty. Hypogynous scales 6, small, white,
triangular, connate into a 6-lobed cup. Stamens 3. Style-
branches 3. Nut broadly oblong, obtusely trigonous, smooth, red-
brown; beak short, Ovoid-conic, pubescent.—Vauthiera australis,
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 107, t. 20; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 276;
Raoul, Choix, 40. Lepidosperma australe, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 279. lL. tetragonum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 307 (not of Labuili.).

Nort AnD SoutH IsuAnps, Stewart IsutAND : Not uncommon throughout.
Sea-level to 2000 ft. November—January.

This differs from Lepidosperma, to which it was referred by Hooker, in
always wanting the sterile flower below the fruit-bearing one. I have followed
Mr. Clarke’s suggestion in placing it in Cladiwm, notwithstanding the presence
of hypogynous bristles. It is endemic in New Zealand.

10. C. capillaceum, C. B. Clarke, MS.—Rhizome short, creep-
ing. Stems densely tufted, very slender, filiform, wiry, terete, finely
striate, 9-18in. high. Leaves reduced to a single closely appressed
purplish-red sheath, usually with a very minute erect scale-like
lamina at the tip. Panicle terminal, very small, slender, 4~-3in.
long, of from 3 to 7 spikelets. Spikelets narrow, obscurely dis-
tichous, $-t+in. long, 1-flowered. Glumes usually 5, ovate-lanceo-
late, awned, membranous, the 3 outer empty. Stamens 3. Style-
branches 3. Nut oblong-ovoid, 3-ribbed, pale, smooth, crowned
by the long and narrow pubescent style-base, which is as long
as the nut itself.—Chzetospora capillacea, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii.
81, t. 1414 (not of Nees). C. capillaris, F’. Muell. Fragm. Phyt.
Austral. ix. 34. Elynanthus capillaceus, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
377. Schoenus capillaris, #’. Muell. Second Census Austral. Pl. 215.
S. tenuis, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. i. ed. ii. (1871) 94.

NortH Istanp: From the North Cape southwards, not uncommon.

Souru Isnanp: Near Westport, Townson ! Sea-level to 2000 ft. December-—
February.

Also found in Victoria and Tasmania. The narrow elongated persistent

style-base gives the nut a different appearance to that of any other New Zealand
species.

10. LEPIDOSPERMA, Labill.

Perennial herbs. Stems stout, leafy at the base, often flat
or compressed. Leaves similar to the stems, sheathing at the base.
Inflorescence a terminal panicle, either long and much branched, or

790 CYPERACES. [ Lepidosperma.

short and spike-like. Spikelets numerous, 2—4-flowered, the upper-
most flower perfect and fruit-bearing, the remainder sterile. Glumes
5-10, subdistichous, imbricate; outer 1-6 empty. Hypogynous
bristles 6, short, ovate or lanceolate with a setiform tip. Stamens
3. Style-branches 3. Nut ovoid or oblong, obtusely trigonous ;
tip obtuse, indurated, smooth.

Species 36. One of them is endemic in South China and Malacca, the

remaining 35 are confined to Australia, with the exception of two which are
found in New Zealand as well.

Stems flat and thin. Panicle narrow, lax, 4-12in.long.. 1. L. laterale.
Stems slender, terete. Spike simple, 1-3 in. long .. 2. L. filiforme.

1. L. laterale, R. Br. Prodr. 234.—Stems densely tufted, flat or
very slightly convex, with sharp almost cutting edges, smooth,
firm, 2-4 ft. high, }4in. broad. Leaves 3-5, similar to the stems
but shorter, equitant at the base. Panicle long and narrow,
4-12in. long; branches not very closely placed, elongated, erect,
simple or again branched, lowest bract with an erect lamina 14-4 in.
long, upper bracts short. Spikelets sessile, red-brown, 4in. long,
usually with 1 perfect flower and 1 sterile one below it. Giumes
ovate, acuminate or almost awned, keeled, minutely puberulous on
the back, the 3 outer empty. Hypogynous bristles 6, connate at
the base, small, short, tipped with delicate fragile sete which
are sometimes half as long as the nut. Stamens 3. Style-branches
3. Nut ovoid-oblong, obtusely trigonous, smooth when fully
mature, tip tumid.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 393. L. concayvum,
Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 91, t. 1468; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 307 (not of
R. br.). UL. longitudinalis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 279 (not of
Labill.).

Nortrx Istanp : Auckland—Clay hills from the North Cape to the Upper
Waikato, not uncommon. Sea-level to 1500 ft. January—February.

Also in eastern Australia and Tasmania.

2. L. filiforme, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 17, t. 15.—Rhizome
short, stout, woody, creeping. Stems numerous, densely tufted,
slender but rigid, erect, terete, rush-like, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves re-
duced to a rather long and closely appressed sheath, terminating
-in a short and almost filiform erect lamina. Spike simple, ter-
minal, 1-3 in. long; rhachis slender, straight or scarcely flexuose ;
sheathing bracts narrow. Spikelets 1 to each bract, narrow-linear,
terete or nearly so, $in. long, 2-flowered, the upper flower perfect,
the lower sterile. Glumes 4-5, narrow-lanceolate, acute, the 2 or
3 outer ones shorter and broader, empty. Stamens 3. Nut oblong,
obtuse or minutely apiculate, obtusely trigonous with a thickened
line down the angles. Hypogynous scales at the base of the nut -
minute, whitish, subulate-lanceolate, acute, closely appressed.—
Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 93 (in part); F. Muall. Fragm. ix. 27 ;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 399.

Lepidosperma. | CYPERACE. 791

NortH Isntanp: Auckland—Clay hills between Mongonui and Kaitaia,
H. Carse! August-September.

I am indebted to Mr. C. B. Clarke for identifying this with the Australian
L. filiforme. So far, it has only been gathered in New Zealand by Mr. Carse,
but it will probably prove to be not uncommon north of Auckland. In Australia
it has been recorded from Victoria and Tasmania.

11. GAHNIA, Forst.

Tufted perennial herbs, usually of large size. Stems tall and
stout, leafy throughout their length. Leaves usually long, very
coarse and harsh, narrowed into long subulate or filiform points ;
margins involute, scabrid. Panicle large, terminal; sometimes
broad and efftuse, with drooping branches; sometimes narrower and
more erect. Spikelets clustered, black or dark-brown, 1—2-flowered ;
the upper flower hermaphrodite and fruit-bearing; the lower flower
sterile or male. Glumes many, imbricated all round; the outer
2-5 or more empty, keeled, often mucronate; flowering glumes
minute at first, but enlarging in fruit. Hypogynous bristles want-
ing. Stamens usually 4 in the hermaphrodite flower, often 4-6 in

the male flower; filaments greatly elongated after flowering, and

often holding the nut. Nut hard and bony, ellipsoid or ovoid or
obovoid, obscurely trigonous or terete, red or reddish-brown or

black.

Species about 30, most of them natives of Australia and New Zealand, but
extending through the Pacific islands to the Sandwich Islands and Malay
Archipelago. Of the 8 found in New Zealand, one occurs in Lord Howe
Island and another in the Sandwich Islands, the remaining 6 are endemic.
The genus is remarkable for the extraordinary extent to which the filaments
lengthen after flowering. In G. procera they are often quite 2 in. long, or from
8 to 10 times the length ofthe flowering glumes. They generally remain attached
to the base of the nut after it has fallen away, and as the other end of the fila-
ment is usually entangled with the glumes or with the filaments of other flowers
the nut remains swinging by the filaments quite free from the spikelet. Mr.
Colenso (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. 281) has suggested that some of these filaments
are in reality hypogynous scales, giving as a reason for this belief that in his
G. scaberula and G. exigua he has noticed within the same flower stamens with
the filaments still very short, and filaments already lengthened to the full ex-
tent. He failed to notice that the lower male flower expands long before the
hermaphrodite flower placed just above it, so that its filaments have lost their
anthers and lengthened long before the expansion of the upper flower takes

place. The two flowers are placed so close together that it is quite easy to take
the two for one.

Tall, 3-7ft. Panicle 1-3ft., nodding. Glumes 7-8; 4-5
empty, unequal. Nut small, }in., red-brown 2:
Smaller, 2-4ft: Panicle 14-2} ft., rigid, erect. Glumes
6-7 ; 3-4 empty, subequal. Nut small, tin, red-brown
Slender, 2-4ft. Panicle 13-24 ft., narrow, eiongate,
branches distant. Glumes8; 5 empty, unequal. Fruit
large, 4-4in., red-brown... oe 5 e
Very tall and stout, 5-12ft. Panicle 2-5ft., nodding.
Glumes 6-7; 4-5 empty, subequal. Nut large, 4-+in.,
black when fully ripe or ae nie Er

1. G. setifolia.

bo

. G. rigida.
3. G. pauciflora.

4. G. xanthocarpa.

792 CYPERACES. [Gahma.

Tall and stout, 5-7ft. Panicle 2-3ft., rigid, erect.
Glumes 8; 5 empty, subequal. Nut small, 4in., black 5. G. robusta.
Leafy, 2-4 ft. Panicle 1-14 ft., narrow, lax. Glumes 4;
2 empty, very long. Nut large, +in., red-brown .. 6. G. procera.
Slender, 2-4ft. Panicle 9-18in., slender, narrow but
dense. Glumes 4-5; 2-3 empty. Nut small, 4in.,
black c 5G ve =: sh 33
Small, 6-14in. Leaves exceeding the stem, spreading.
Glumes 6; 4 empty. Nutsmall, ovoid, apiculate, black 8. G. Gaudichaudt.

7. G. lacera.

1. G. setifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 278.—Stems numer-
ous, tall, stout, 3-7 ft. high, forming large tussocks. Leaves many,
almost as long as the stems, involute, with scabrid cutting edges
and long filiform points. Panicle large, nodding, 1-3 ft. long, much
and laxly branched; branches long, erect in flower, drooping in
fruit ; bracts long and leafy, with scabrid filiform points. Spike-
lets very numerous, dark-brown or almost black, 4-4+in. long,
2-flowered ; the lower flower male, the upper hermaphrodite and
fruit-bearing. Glumes 7-8; the 4-5 outer ones empty, gradually
increasing in length, keeled, acuminate, minutely scaberulous ;
the 3 upper very small at the time of flowering and concealed
within the uppermost empty glume, enlarged in fruit and closely
appressed to the nut, obtuse, convolute. Stamens usually 4 to
each flower, but varying from 4 to 6; filaments greatly elongated in
fruit. Style-branches 3, rarely 4. Nut small, 4in. long, elliptic-
obovoid, narrowed at both ends, smooth and shining, indistinctly
grooved, red-brown when fully ripe, transversely grooved within.—
Handb. N.Z. Fi. 306. G. scaberula, G. parviflora, and G. multi-
glumis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 278-80. Lampocarya
setifolia, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 111; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 282 ;:
Raoul, Chow, 40.

Nortu Isnanp: Abundant throughout. SourH Istanp: Marlborough—
Picton, J. Rutland ! Sea-level to 2000 ft. December-January.

2. G. rigida, 7. Kirk wn Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 551.—
Stems densely tufted, harsh and rigid, erect, 2-4ft. high. Leaves
equalling the stems, with involute scabrid margins and very long
drooping filiform points. Panicle stiff, erect, rather narrow, elon-
gate, 14-24 ft. long; branches numerous, short, strict, erect; bracts
with dark sheaths and long filiform points. Spikelets numerous,
crowded, dark-brown or almost black, 14+in. long, 2-flowered ; the
lower flower male, the upper hermaphrodite and fruit-bearing.
Glumes 6-7; the 3-4 outer empty, almost equal in length, keeled,
narrowed into long acuminate points, scaberulous on the keel, mar-
gins paler, membranous; the 3 inner small at the time of flower-
ing, enlarged in fruit, convolute, obtuse. Stamens 4-5 in each
flower; filaments greatly elongated in fruit. Style-branches 3.
Nut small, Lin. long, oblong-obovoid, smooth, brown, or brown
mottled with red and black.—-G. exigua, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
Xvill. (1886) 279.

Gahnia. | CYPERACES. 793

Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Dun Mountain, 7. F’. C.; Aorere Valley and Nga-
kawau, Kirk; Westport, Townson! Westland—Between Hokitika and Ross,
Marsden, near Greymouth, Kirk ! Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Distinguished from G. setifolia by the usually smaller size, erect rigid
panicle, longer and more acuminate subequal glumes, and more obovoid nut.
‘The erect compact panicle, subequal glumes, and small nut separate it from the

following species.

3. G. pauciflora, ZT. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. i. ed. 2 (1871)
94.— Stems slender, sparingly leafy, 2-3 ft. high, rarely more.
Leaves equalling the stems, narrow, with scabrid cutting edges
and jong filiform points. Panicle long, lax but narrow, 14-3 ft.
long; branches distant, slender; bracts long, leafy. Spikelets
loosely scattered on the branches of the panicle, not crowded,
sessile or shortly pedicelled, brownish - black, 41-+in. long, 2-
flowered; lower flower male, upper hermaphrodite and fruit-
bearing. Glumes usually 8; the 5 lower ones empiy, gradually
increasing in size, ovate, acute or acuminate ; the 3 upper small at
first, but enlarging in iruit, deeply concave, appressed to the nut,
obtuse. Stamens 4-5 to each flower; filaments greatly elongated
in fruit. Style-branches 3-4. Nut large, 4—+in. long, elliptic-
ovoid, acute at both ends, smooth and shining, often grooved on
the inner face, red-brown with a dark tip, transversely grooved
within.—G. Hectori, Kirk on Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 551.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS: From the North Cape southwards to Marl-
borough, Nelson, and Westland, plentiful. Sea-level to 30u0 ft. October—
December.

A well-marked species, at once recognised by the slender elongated panicle,
with Jax distant branches; the numerous empty glumes, the lower of which
are unusually small; and the large red-brown nut.

4. G. xanthocarpa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 306.— Stems
numerous, stout, often as thick as the finger, densely tufted, leafy,
5-12 it. high, forming huge clumps in forests. Leaves numerous,
very long, $in. broad or more, involute, scabrid on the margins
and veins, upper part produced into long filiform points. Panicle
very large, 2-dft. long, drooping, excessively branched ; branches
long, slender, pendulous, 9-18in. long or even more; bracts long,
leafy. Spikelets innumerable, densely crowded, brown, 1-1+in.
long, 2-flowered ; lower flower male, upper flower hermaphrodite
and fruit-bearing. Glumes 6-7; the 3-4 outer empty, not very
different in length, ovate, shortly acuminate ; the 3 upper smaller,
deeply concavé, obtuse. Stamens usually 4 to each flower ; fila-
ments lengthening much in fruit. Style-branches 3-4. Nut large,
11 in. long, elliptic-oblong or -obovoid, acute at both ends, smooth
and shining, sometimes indistinctly grooved, black when fully ripe,
yellowish when immature, transversely grooved within.—Benth.
Fil. Austral. vii. 418. G. ebenocarpa, Hook. f. ex Kirk in Trans.

794 CYPERACEZ. [Gahma.

N.Z. Inst. i. (1869) 149. Lampocarya xanthocarpa, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 278. Cladium xanthocarpum, Ff’. Muell. Fragm. Phyt.
Austral. ix. 13.

Nort IsuanpD: Not uncommon in forests throughout. SoutH IsLAND :
Marlborough—J. Rutland! Nelson— Motueka Valley, T. F. C.; Westport,
Townson! Westland — Hokitika, Kirk! Canterbury — Haast, Armstrong.
Sea-level to 2500 ft. February-March.

The finest species of the genus, at once identified by its large size, enor-
mous panicles, and large black nut. Also recorded from Lord Howe Island.

5. G. robusta, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 261.—
Stems robust, as thick as the little finger, 6-7 ft. high. Leaves
almost as long as the stems, involute, with scabrid margins and
long filiform points. Panicle large, 2-3 ft. long, dense, narrow,
erect; branches 5-10 in. long, strict, erect; bracts leafy, with long
filiform points. Spikelets crowded, dark-brown or almost black, -
2-flowered ; lower flower male, upper hermaphrodite and fruit-
bearing. Glumes usually 7; the 4 outer empty, subequal, awned ;
the 3 inner small in the flowering stage, but enlarged in fruit,
concave, coriaceous, obtuse. Stamens 4-6 in each flower, elon-
gated in fruit. Style-branches 2-4. Nut small, ~-+in. long,
elliptic-obovoid, black when fully ripe, transversely grooved within.

Nortu Isnuanp: Wellington—Mungaroa, Kirk ! March.

My knowledge of this plant is confined to the specimens in Mr. Kirk’s
herbarium. These greatly resemble G. rigida, but the plant is said to be much
larger, and the nut to be always black when fully ripe.

6. G. procera, Forst. Char. Gen. 52.— Stems stout, densely
tufted, 2-4it. high. Leaves equalling or exceeding the stems,
narrowed into long filiform points; margins involute, smooth
below, scabrid above; sheaths dark-brown or almost black.
Panicle slender, lax but narrow, elongate, 12-18 in. long; branches
often remote, short, erect or slightly drooping in fruit; bracts
leafy, with purplish-black sheaths. Spikelets scattered along the
branches or clustered towards their tips, large, 4-41in. long, dark
purplish-black, 2-flowered ; lower flower male, upper hermaphrodite
and fruit-bearing. Glumes 4; 2 outer empty, very large and ex-
ceeding the spikeiet, elliptic-lanceolate, mucronate, striate; 2 inner
shorter, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Stamens usually 4 to each
flower; filaments elongating greatly in fruit. Style-branches 4.
Nut large, in. long, narrow-elliptic, smooth and shining, obscurely
grooved, reddish-brown or reddish-yellow when ripe, transversely
grooved within.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 112; A. Cunn. Precur.
n. 284; Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 278; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 306.

Gahma.| CYPERACES. 795

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Buller Valley, 7. F. C.; Mount Rochfort and
vicinity of Westport, Townson! Westland — Hokitika, Kirk! Kelly’s Hill,
Cockayne! Otago—Dusky Sound, Forster; Port Preservation, Lyall; Clinton
Valley, Petrie. Stewart Is~taAnp: Port Pegasus, Petrie! Pearson ! Sea-
level to 2500 ft. December—February.

A very distinct species, remarkable for the large purplish-black spikelets
and long empty glumes, which are only 2 in number. There is an unnamed
specimen, presumably from the North Island, in Mr. Colenso’s herbarium.

7. G. lacera, Steud. Cyp. 164.—Stems rather slender, leafy,
densely tufted, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves equalling or exceeding the
stems, flat or involute, 4-4in. broad, narrowed into long filiform
points, margins scabrid. Panicle elongated, narrow but rather
dense, 9-18 in. long; branches short, erect or inclined; bracts long
and leafy. Spikelets alternate on the branches of the panicle,
shortly pedicelled, brown, 1-flowered. Glumes 4-5; 2 or 3 outer
empty, subequal, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or awned,
rather membranous, minutely scaberulous on the back; 2 inner
shorter, concave, obtuse, margins scarious and lacerate. Stamens
4; filaments greatly elongate in fruit. Style-branches 3. Nut
small, 4in. long, oblong-obovoid, obtuse, shining, black, very
obscurely transversely striate within.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fi.
306. Lampocarya lacera, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 109; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 281; Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 277.

Nort Isuanp: From the North Cape to Cook Strait, not uncommon.
Sea-level to 2000 ft. July-August.

This is quoted from the South Island in the Handbook, but I have seen no
specimens from thence.

8. G. Gaudichaudii, Stewd. Cyp. 164.—Stems short, densely
tufted, obtusely trigonous, leafy, 6-18in. high. Leaves very
numerous, spreading, much exceeding the stems, narrow, rigid,
scabrid, sheaths short, submembranous. Panicle narrow, con-
tracted, rigid, leafy, 3-9in. long; branches few, short, erect; bracts
very long and leafy. Spikelets clustered on the branches, elliptic-
lanceolate, turgid, acute, chestnut-brown, 1-flowered. Glumes 6,
firm and coriaceous, minutely puberulous, ciliolate on the margins ;
4 outer small, gradually increasing in size, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, awned; 2 inner much longer, rigid in fruit, acuminate.
Stamens usually 3; filaments scarcely lengthening after flowering.
Style-branches 3. Nut small, ovoid, obscurely trigonous, minutely
apiculate, smooth, black, not transversely grooved within.—Hillebr.
Fl. Hawaw, 481. G. affinis, Steud. Cyp. 164. G. arenaria, Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 306. Lampocarya affinis, Brong. in Duperr. Voy.
Cog. Bot. 166, t. 29; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 277. Morelotia
gahnieformis, Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 416, t. 28; A. Rich. Fl.
Nouv. Zel. 115; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 285; Raoul, Choiz, 40.

796 CYPERACES. [Gahnia,

Nortu anp SourH Isnanps: Dry hills from the North Cape to Banks
Peninsula, but not common to the south of Cook Strait. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

AJso in the Sandwich Islands.

12. OREOBOLUS, RB. Br.

Dwart perennial herbs, iorming dense cushion-shaped masses in
alpine bogs. Stems branched, very closely compacted, leafy
throughout. Leaves numerous, close-set, distichous and equitant,
more rarely irregularly imbricate all round. Peduncle axillary,
short at first but lengthening after the flowers expand, strict, com-
pressed, bearing a terminal spikelet with or without 1 or 2 lateral
ones. Spikelets minute, narrow, 1-flowered; flower hermaphrodite.
Glumes 3 or rarely 4, the outer the largest, the second and third
subequal, the fourth when present small, not much longer than the
nut. Hypogynous scales (perianth-segments) 6, in 2 series, sub-
equal, narrow, rigid, erect. Stamens 3. Style slender, continuous
with the ovary; branches 3. Nut obovoid, obtuse with a depressed
star-like mark at the apex, smooth.

In addition to the 2 species described below, one of which extends to Vic-
toria and Tasmania, there is also one in Andine and antarctic America, and
another in the Sandwich Islands.

Leaves obscurely distichous. Peduncle shorter than the
leaves ; spikelets usually 2, rarely 1 or 3 fs ae

Leaves conspicuously distichous. Peduncle often equal-
ling or exceeding the leaves in fruit; spikelets usually 1 1a. O. pumilio var.

Leaves obscurely distichous, very narrow, strict. Peduncle pectinatus.
shorter than the leaves; spikelets usually 1 .. -. 2. O. strictus.

1. O. pumiino.

1. O. pumilio, &. Br. Prodr. 236.—Stems much branched, short,
4-2in. high, forming broad and dense cushion-shaped masses.
Leaves obscurely distichous, 3-14 in. long, erect or incurved, rarely
spreading, narrow-linear, narrowed towards the obtuse tip, concave
or almost flat in iront, veinless or indistinctly 3-nerved ; margins
minutely serrulate; sheaths equitant, membranous, 3-nerved.
Peduncles stout, rigid, mostly shorter than the leaves; spikelets
usuaily 2, rarely 3 or 1. Glumes 3-4; the outer one the largest,
leat-like, 3-nerved ; the second and third about equal; the fourth,
when present, minute, not much exceeding the nut. Hypogynous
scales narrow-lanceolate, acute, serrulate. Stamens 3. Style-
branches 3. Nut small, obovoid, obtuse, whitish or brownish.—
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.' Fl. 308; Fl. Tasm. ii. 94; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vu. 346.

Sours Istanp: Nelson—Mount Rochfort and other mountains near West-
post, Townson! Westland—Arthur’s Pass, 7.f.C.; Kelly’s Hill, Petrie!
Worsley’s Pass, Vockayne! Otago—Mountains above Lake Harris, Kirk !
2000-4000 ft.

Oreobolus.] CYPERACEZ. 797

’ Var. pectinatus, C. B. Clarke, MS.—Larger and softer, sometimes forming
tufts 3-5 ft. high and a foot or more in diam. Leaves conspicuously distichous,
often almost flabellately arranged, with broad equitant 5-7-nerved membranous
sheathing bases; lamina linear-subulate, rigid, channelled in front. Peduncles
1-flowered, often equalling or exceeding the leaves-in fruit.—O. Peokinatus,
Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 87, t. 49; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 275.

NortH AnD SoutH IsnAnps, Stewart IsLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
IsnAnps: From the summit of Moehau (Cape Colville) and Taupo southwards,
abundant in mountainous districts. Altitudinal range usually from 2000 to
4500 ft., but descending to sea-level in Stewart Island and the Auckland and
Campbell Islands.

I have followed Mr. C. B. Clarke’s views in the arrangement of the two
forms of O. pwmilio described above. The typical variety is also found on
the mountains of Victoria and Tasmania ; var. pectinatus is endemic.

2. O. strictus, Berggr.im Minneskr. Fisvog. Salisk. Lund. (1877)
25, t. 6, f. 12-24.—Stems 2-3 in. high, creeping and rooting at the
base, laxly tufted, much branched ; branches not nearly so dense as
in O. pumilio, erect, curved, leafy throughout their length. Leaves
obscurely distichous, 1-24 in. long, strict and erect or secund, very
narrow-linear, deeply canaliculate above, obtuse, margins minutely
serrulate ; sheaths broad, membranous, 3—5-nerved, rounded or
truncate at the tip. Peduncle much shorter than the leaves ;
spikelets 1, rarely 2, narrow. Glumes 3; outer the largest,
minutely serrulate; the two others subequal, narrow, erect. Hy-
pogynous scales 6, narrow-lanceolate, acute, minutely serrulate.
Stamens 3. Style-branches 3, long, filiform. Nut small, obovoid,
narrowed at the base, obtuse, white.—O. serrulatus, Col. in Trans:
N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 492.

NortH IsuanD: Rangipo Plain, near Ruapehu, H. Hill. Sour Isnanp:
Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. #.C.; Lake Rotoiti, Kirk! Canterbury—
Arthur’s Pass, Berggren! Kirk! T.F.C. Otago—Inch-Clutha, Swampy Hill,
Maungatua, Mount Kyeburn, Hector Mountains, Blue Mountains, Bluff,
Petrie! Stewarr Istanp: Kirk! Usually between 2000 and 4000 ft., but
descends to sea-level in Otago and Stewart Island.

Very close to O. pumilio, but a much more laxly tufted plant, with narrower
strict leaves, which considerably overtop the peduncle.

13. UNCINIA, Pers.

Perennial herbs, usually tufted and grass-like, with fibrous
roots. Culms erect, terete or obscurely trigonous, striate, leafy
at the base. Leaves very narrow-iinear, flat or involute, often
keeled, margins usually scabrid. Spikelets unisexual, arranged
in a simple linear or oblong spike; male terminal; females placed
lower down. Giumes imbricated all round the axis, ovate or
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute or the lower ones awned,
concave, 1-3-nerved. Male flowers with 3 stamens; filaments
filiform in all the New Zealand species, flat and dilated in some

798 CYPERACEE., [ Uncinia.

others. Female flowers with the ovary included in a flask-shaped
organ called the utricle or perigynium; style long, protruding;
branches 3, filiform. Rhachilla produced beyond the mouth of the
utricle into a long bristle hooked at the tip. Nut trigonous or
subcompressed, enclosed in the peristent more or less enlarged
utricle.

A genus of about 30 species, found in Australia and Tasmania, New Zealand,
and America from Mexico and the West Indies to Fuegia. Of the 12 species
native in New Zealand, 4 extend to Australia and Tasmania, and 1 to South
America, the remaining 7 are endemic. The genus only differs from Carex
in the rhachilla being exserted beyond the utricle in the shape of a hooked
bristle. The New Zealand species are highly variable and most difficult of
discrimination. U. purpwrata, cespitosa, riparia, rupestris, and filiformis
present an almost unbroken series of forms, and I doubt if any two observers
would arrive at the same conclusions respecting them, even if they worked on
the same material.

Section A. Spike short and broad, 4-1imn. long, oblong or linear-oblong, dense-
flowered.

Culms 2-9in., rather stout. Leaves shorter than the

culms, 75-7yin. diam. Spike pale, 3-lin. Utricle

scabrid .. ora ne Le - .. 1. U. Sinclairn.
Culms 2-6in., weak. Leaves longer than the culms,

filiform, 4- "dy in. diam. a pale, 4-4 in. Utricle

very small, lanceolate 2. U. tenella.
Culms 4— 9in., slender, strict. Leaves shorter ‘than the

culms, filiform, j)-35in. diam. Spike brownish,

4-2in. Ubtricles conspicuously nerved 3. U. nervosa.
Culms 3-12in., stout. Leaves flat, grasssy, 4.- -tin. diam.

Spike brown or chestnut- brown, $-lin. long. Utricles

faintly nerved 55 Bc ae at .. 4. U. compacta.

Section B. Spike elongated, 1-6 in. long, linear or narrow linear-oblong, dense-
flowered, continuous.

Culms 6-14in., stout or slender. Leaves flat, grassy ;
sheaths dusky-brown. Spike brownish, 1-2in. Glumes
oblong-obovate, usually obtuse Bic Be

Culms 6-14in., slender. Leaves flat, grassy, 74-4 in.
diam. Spike pale or green, 14-3in. Glumes oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate =f . 6. U. ce@spitosa.

Culms 9-20in., slender. Leaves flat, grassy, ti in. broad.

Spike 3-6 in., linear-elongate. Glumes oblong. lanceo-
late, brownish Ai x¢ ye 3 .. 1%. U. australis.

5. U. purpurata.

Section C. Spike 3-4in. long, linear, very slender, lax-flowered, wsually- m-
terrupted towards the base.

Culms 12-24in., slender. Leaves flat, #—;,in. diam.

Spike 13-5in. Ubtricles distinctly scabrid above .. 8. U. leptostachya.
Culms 9-20in., slender. Leaves flat or slightly involute,

go—zy in. diam. Spike 14-4in., green. Glumes always

shorter than the utricles, in var. Banksii barely half

their length if 9. U. riparia.
Everywhere red - brown. Culms 6-14 in., strict, rigid.

Leaves usually shorter than the culms, flat or involute,

ps-yyin. Spike 1-2in., gid. Glumes ee as long

as the utricles se .. 10. U. rubra.

Uncinia.] CYPERACES. 799

Culms 3-12in., slender. Leaves usually shorter than the

culms, flat, »,-;;in. diam. Spike 4-ld}in. Glumes

brown or chestnut, almost as long as the utricle .. ll. U. rupestris.
Culms 3-9 in., very slender. Leaves usually longer than

the culms, filiform, convolute, ;4-s4,in. diam. Spike

3-1} in., extremely slender. Glumes pale, about equal

to the utricles Se ac ae rs .. 12. U. filiformis.

1. U. Sinclairii, Boott ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 309.—
Rhizome stoloniferous. Culms 2—9in. high, rather stout, smooth,
subrigid, erect or curved, obtusely trigonous, leafy towards the base.
Leaves shorter than the culms or equalling them, flat, grassy,
qs-z5in. broad ; margins scabrid. Spike rather stout, dense,
narrow-oblong, $-lin. long; male portion very short, narrow ;
bract wanting. Glumes ovate, obtuse or the lowest subacute, pale
whitish-green with broad scarious margins, many-nerved on the
back. Utricles equalling the glumes or rather longer than them,
ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, triquetrous, nerved, sca-
brid towards the tip, margins ciliate; bristle yellowish, twice the
length of the utricle. Nut elliptic-oblong, trigonous.—C. B. Clarke
wm Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 394; Kukenthal wm Bot. Centralbl. 82

(1900) 3.

Var. elegans, Kukenthal, MS.—Culms more slender. Leaves numerous,
so-zs in. broad, exceeding the culms. Spike elongate, 3-14 in. long, linear.
‘Glumes cinnamon-brown.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Lake Tennyson, Travers. Canterbury—Broken
River, Hnys! Otago—Hweburn, Naseby, Hector Mountains, Mount Cardrona,
Upper Hawea, Petrie! Dart Valley, Kirk! Var. elegans: Black’s, Otago,
Petrie ! 1200-4000 ft. December—February.

A distinct plant, easily recognised by the small size, broad flat leaves, stout
and pale spike, and scabrid utricles. It has recently been found in Fuegia.

2. U. tenella, k. Br. Prodr. 241.—Rhizome very slender, creep-
ing. Culms densely tufted, weak, flaccid, 4-9 in. high, rarely more.
Leaves numerous, usually overtopping the culms, flat, grassy,
filiform, ,4-, in. broad. Spike oblong, short, dense, 4-tin. long,
4in. broad; male portion very short, inconspicuous, sometimes
reduced to 1 or 2 flowers; female flowers 6-10; lowest glume pro-
duced into a setaceous bract usually far exceeding the spike.
Glumes lanceolate, acuminate; keel greenish, l-nerved; margins
pale, thin and membranous. Stamens usually 2. Utricles slightly
longer than the glumes, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
glabrous, faintly nerved; bristle nearly twice the length of the
utricle.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 102, t. 152; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vu. 4383; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 391.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Routeburn, Kirk ! Clinton Valley, Petrie !

I have followed Kukenthal in referring this to the Australian U. tenella, of
which it has the slender flaccid habit. But it differs in the larger utricles, which

800 CYPERACEZ). [ Oncwma.

are nearly twice the size, and in this respect approaches U. nervosa. Some
specimens collected by Petrie at Kelly’s Hill, Westland, with shorter and more
wiry leaves, and a rather longer spike are almost intermediate between the
present plant and U. nervosa.

3. U. nervosa, Boott ex Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 102, t. 1534.—
Culms densely tufted, slender, strict and wiry, 4-9 in. high, leaty
at the base only. Leaves shorter than the culms, strict, erect,
wiry, filiform, ,,-,,1n. diam.; margins involute. Spike much
more slender than in U. compacta, and not so dense, 4-4 in. long,
about +in. diam. ; lowest glume sometimes produced into a filiform
bract. Glumes ovate-lauceolate, subacute, pale-brown, keel dis-
tinctly 3-nerved or -plicate; margins thin and membranous, almost
scarious. Utricles equalling or slightly exceeding the glumes,
oblong - lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, trigonous, glabrous,
distinctly nerved; bristle about twice the length of the utricle.
Nut trigonous.—U. compacta var. nervosa, C. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xx. 395. U. Cheesemaniana, Boeck. im Engl. Bot. Jahr.
v. (1884) 521.

SoutH Isuanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. #.C. Otago—
Maungatua, Petrie ! 2000-5000 fr.

Very close to U. compacta, to which it is referred by Mr. Clarke, but
differing in the more slender habit, strict filiform leaves, narrower spike, more
membranous distinctly 3-nerved glumes, and usually longer many -nerved
utricles. The Maungatua specimens are still more slender, and may be distinct.

4. U. compacta, Ff. Br. Prodr. 241. — Rhizome creeping,
stoloniferous. Culms rather stout, rigid, obscurely trigonous, leaty
towards the base, variable in size, in dry open or alpine situations
often dwarfed to 2in. or even less, in moist sheltered or shaded
localities attaining 8-12in. Leaves usually shorter than the stems
but sometimes equalling or even exceeding them, subrigid, flat,
grassy, Striate, j4-¢in. broad; margins scabrid. Spike short,
stout, dense, oblong, 4-lin. long by about +in. diam., pale
greenish-brown to chestnut-brown; the lowest glume sometimes
produced into a leaf-like bract occasionally exceeding the spike.
Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute; keel greenish, 1—3-
nerved; margins pale-brown, membranous. Stamens 3. Utricles
about equalling the glumes, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both
ends, trigonous, glabrous, smooth or faintly nerved, spreading when
fully ripe; bristle stout, about twice the length of the utricle. Nut
trigonous. — Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 309; Fl. Tasm. ii. 102,
t. 15388 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 484; C. Bb. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xx. 394. U. divaricata, Boott ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 286.
U. Clarkii, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1887) 185.

Var. Petriei, C. B. Clarke, MS.—Less rigid. Spike longer and not so
dense, 1-2in. long; bract usually overtopping the spike. Ubtricles smaller,
more evidently stipitate. Otherwise as in the type.

Uneinia.] CYPERACES. 801

Norra Istranp: Mount Hikurangi, Adams and Petrie! Ruahine Range,
Colenso, Petrie! Tararua Range, Buchanan! Sourn Isuanp: Abundant in
mountain districts throughout. 1000-5500 ft. December—February.

A very variable plant. New Zealand specimens as a rule have rather paler
and more acute glumes than is the case in the Australian U. compacta, con-
stituting the U. divaricata of Boott. But I can see no other difference, and
many specimens are absolutely identical. Var. Petried is connected with the
type by numerous intermediates, between which it is impossible to draw a strict
line of demarcation.

5. U. purpurata, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 272.—
Culms tufted, slender or rather stout, scabrid above, leafy at the
base, 6-14in. high. Leaves usually shorter than the stems but
sometimes equalling or even exceeding them, flat or slightly con-
cave, grassy, striate, ,-,4,in. broad; margins scabrid; sheaths at
the base dusky-brown. Spike #-2in. long, linear-oblong, usually
dense, continuous. Male portion short, cylindric; bract absent, or
present and exceeding the spike. Glumes oblong or obovate, obtuse
or subacute, dark-brown with pale scarious margins, shorter than
the utricle. Utricle lanceolate, tapering at both ends, plano-convex,
quite glabrous, faintly nerved, about +in. long; bristle nearly twice
as long as the utricle.

Var. fusco-vaginata.—Leaves broader, ;;-$in. diam., equalling or over-
topping the stems. Spike strict, linear, 1-14in. long; bract usually wanting.
Glumes green or brown.—U. fusco-vaginata, Kukenthal in litt.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Not uncommon in mountain districts, Petrie !
Kirk! Var. fusco-vaginata: Mount Arthur Plateau, T. 7. C.; Mount Fyffe,
Kirk! Arthur’s Pass, Cockayne! T. F. C.; Craigieburn Mountains, Cockayne !
Mount Cardrona, Hector Mountains, Mount Ida, Petrie! 1000-4000 ft.
December-January.

This appears to be intermediate between U. compacta and U. cespitosa.
The var. fusco-vaginata may be identical with U. compacta var. viridis, C. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 395, of which I have seen no authenticated
examples.

6. U. eeespitosa, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 287.—Culms
tufted, slender, leafy, 6-14 in. high. Leaves longer or shorter than
the culms, flat, grassy, very variable in width, from ;—$ in. broad ;
margins scabrid. Spike 14-3in. long, narrow-oblong or almost
linear, rather dense or lax but not interrupted; male portion very
short ; bract variable, broad and foliaceous or narrow and setaceous.
Glumes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, mem-
branous, green or pale-green, usually equalling the utricle. Utricles
about tin. long, oblong - lanceolate, suddenly narrowed above,
smooth or faintly nerved; bristle about twice the length of the
utricle.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 310; C. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xx. 393. U. horizontalis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv.
(1883) 334.

26—FI.

802 CYPERACE. [Uncimia,

Var. minor, Kukenthal, MS.—Smaller and more slender. Leaves nar-
rower. Spike shorter, much more slender.

NortTH AND SourH Isuanps, Stewart Isuanp: In hilly or mountainous
localities from Hokianga southwards, not uncommon. Sea-level to 4000 ft.
November—January.

An exceedingly variable plant, forms of which are not separated by any
strict line of demarcation from U. purpurata, U. riparia, U. rupestris, and
U. filiformis. Its chief characters are the rather broad flat leaves, not very lax
narrow-oblong spike, pale-green glumes which are usually as long as the utricles
or nearly so, and rather large oblong-lanceolate acuminate utricles, averaging

fin. long.

7. U. australis, Pers. Syn. ii. 534.—Culms densely tufted, tall,
slender, smooth, 9-20in. high, leafy at the base. Leaves long,
usually considerably overtopping the culms, flat, striate, 4+ in.
broad; margins scabrid. Spike linear-elongate, 3—6in. long,
4-+in. broad, dense except sometimes at the base, cylindrical ;
male portion narrower, variable in length, occupying 4-4 of the
spike; bract long, leafy, usually exceeding the spike. Glumes
oblong-lanceolate, acute, l-nerved, at first pale-green, but brown
or chestnut in fruit, upper about equalling the utricle, lower some-
times exceeding it. Stamens 3. Utricle elliptic-oblong, narrowed
at both ends, sometimes almost fusiform, triquetrous, faintly
nerved ; bristle stout, nearly twice the length of the utricle.—
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 286; Raoul, Choiz, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel.i. 287; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 309; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xx. 898. U. compacta, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 118 (not of
f. Br.). U. Lindleyana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 526. U. scaberrima,
Nees in Linnea, ix. (1834) 305. U. rigidula, Steud. Cyp. 245.
U. alopecurioides, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 335. U.
bracteata, Col. l.c. xvi. (1884) 341. U. polyneura, Col. l.c. xix.
(1887) 270.

Var. clavata, Kukenthal, MS.—Spike clavate, often }in. broad at the
top of the female portion; glumes densely crowded. Other characters as in the
type.

Var. ferruginea, C. B. Clarke, MS.—Agreeing with the type in size and
habit, but glumes longer and narrower, sometimes twice the length of the
utricle, lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate, chestnut-brown with a green usually
3-nerved keel. Utricles with a longer beak.—U. ferruginea, Boott in Hook. f.
Fil. Nov. Zel. i. 288, t. 648; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 309; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc, xx. 394. U. nigra, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 253. U. varie-
gata, Col. l.c. xx. (1888) 211.

NortH anp SoutH Isptanps, Stewart Isnanp, CHaTHAM IsLANDS. — The
typical form abundant throughout; var. ferruginea not uncommon from Te
Aroha southwards. Var. clavata: Near Wellington, Kirk ! Otira Gorge, Kirk!
T. F. C.; Mount Cook district, 7. F.C. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Novem-
ber—February.

Easily recognised by the large size and very long cylindrical dense-flowered
spike. I have followed Clarke and Kukenthal in uniting Boott’s var. ferruginea
with it, there being no differences of importance beyond the very variable one

UOncinia. | CYPERACES. 803

of the length of the glumes. I cannot distinguish the species described by
Mr. Colenso even as varieties. U. australis is said to occur in the Sandwich
Tslands.

8. U. leptostachya, Raoul, Choix Pl. Nouv. Zel. 12, t. 58.—
Rhizome short. Culms densely tufted, slender, trigonous and
scabrid above, leafy at the base, 1-2ft. high; sheaths brown or
purplish-red at the base. Leaves usually much longer than the
culms, slender, flat, ~,-—;,in. broad; margins scabrid. Spike
14-5in. long, very slender, lax- flowered; male portion short,
almost filiform; bract setaceous or filiform, longer or shorter than
the spike, sometimes wanting. Glumes laxly placed, often distant
in the lower part of the spike, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse,
from half as long to as long as the utricle, green or purplish-red,
1-nerved on the back, membranous. Utricle narrow-lanceolate or
almost fusiform, trigonous, distinctly scabrid above, faintly nerved ;
bristle twice as long as the utricle.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 286 ;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 8309; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 389.
U. scabra, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 285. U. distansy
Boott, l.c. 286. U. disticha, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888)
210.

NortH AnD SoutH Isuanps, Stewart IsLAND.—F'rom Mongonui south-
wards, not uncommon. Sea-level to 3000 ft. November—January.

The distinctly scabrid utricles at once separate this from all its allies. Its
habit is that of coarse states of U. riparia.

9. U. riparia, &. Br. Prodr. 241.—Culms densely tufted,
slender, leafy, trigonous, scabrid above, 9-20in. high. Leaves
equalling or exceeding the culms, flat or slightly involute, ~,—4, in.
broad ; margins scabrid. Spike 14-4 in. long, linear, lax, often
interrupted below, 4-4 in. broad; male portion variable in length ;
bract usually wanting but sometimes present and exceeding the
spike. Glumes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse,
pale, membranous, 1-nerved on the back, shorter than the utricle.
Otricle lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, quite glabrous,
faintly nerved, about tin. long ; bristle twice as long as the utricle.
—-Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 102, t. 1528; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 434 ;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 392. U. laxiflora, Petrie in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 271. (2?) U. obtusata, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 341.

Var. Banksii, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 392.—Leaves narrower,
almost filiform, ~,-,in. broad. Glumes very short, often not more than half

the length of the utricle. U. Banksii, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 287;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 310. U. capillaris, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 210.

NortH AnD SourH Is~tanps, Stewart Is~tanpD: The typical form in hilly
districts from Pirongia Mountain and Taranaki southwards, most plentiful
towards the south of the South Island. Var. Banksii: Abundant in the North
Island, especially northwards of the East Cape, less common in the South
Island, but extending as far as Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 3000 ft.
November—January.

804 CYPERACEZE. [ Uncinia.

The best characters of this variable species are the tall leafy habit, narrow
flat leaves, long and linear very lax spike, and pale glumes always shorter than
the utricles. The typical state occurs in Victoria and Tasmania; var. Banksit
is endemic.

10. U. rubra, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i, 287.—
Whole plant red, red-purple, or brownish-red, usually forming
a continuous sward. Culms 6-14in. high, stout or slender,
strict, rigid, leafy at the base, trigonous and scabrid above.
Leaves much shorter than the culms, rarely equalling or
exceeding them, flat or slightly involute, rigid or submem-
branous, striate, j~,- 7; in. broad; margins scabrid. Spike
1-2 in. long, rigid, linear, lax, continuous or slightly interrupted
towards the base; male portion short; bract wanting. Glumes
oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, rigid, red or red-brown, slightly
exceeding the utricle, obscurely 1-nerved on the back. Utricle
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, glabrous, faintly nerved, about
tin. long; bristle nearly twice as long as the utricle-—Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 310; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 390.

Var. rigida.—Very densely tufted, forming tussocks similar to those of
a Juncus. Culms and leaves rigid, strict, erect, wiry, deeply grooved, the leaves
deeply concave or involute. Spike 14-3in. long; bract leafy, usually exceeding
the spike.—U. rigida, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1884) 271 (not of Boeck.).

NortH Isxtanp: Plains near Lake Taupo, summit of Titiokura, Colenso !
SoutH Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts. 500-4500 ft. De-
cember—February.

This is referred to U. riparia as var. rubra by Kukenthal, an opinion with
which I cannot concur. It appears to me to be quite as distinct as most of
the New Zealand species.

11. U. rupestris, Raoul, Choia Pl. Nouv. Zel. 13, t. 54.—Culms
densely tufted, slender, leafy at the base, 3-12in. high. Leaves
usually longer than the culms, flat or slightly involute, 3,—,in.
broad; margins scabrid. Spike 4-2 in. long, 4,4 in. broad, linear,
lax, continuous or slightly interrupted below ; male portion usually
i the length of the spike; bract often wanting, but sometimes
present and exceeding the spike. Glumes lanceolate, acute, mem-
branous, greenish-brown or chestnut, 1-nerved on the back, slightly
shorter than the utricle; margins narrow, hyaline or scarious.
Utricle lanceolate, attenuate above, quite glabrous, faintly nerved,
about 4in. long; bristle about twice as long as the utricle.—Boott
in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 286; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 310;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 392. U. Hookeri, Boott in
Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 91, t. 51.

NortH Istanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! sources of the Tukituki
River, inland Patea, Petrie! Tararua Mountains, H. H. Travers! SoutH
Istanp : Nelson— Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. F’. C. Westland—Okarito, A.
Hamilton! Otago—Not uncommon, Petrie! Kirk! Svrewarr Istanp: Kirk!

Petrie! P. Goyen! AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL Istanps: Hooker, Kirk! Sea-
level to 3500 ft. December—January.

Uncinia. | CYPERACE. 805

Much too closely allied to U. riparia, from which it can only be separated
by the smaller size, usually shorter spike, and by the glumes being often tinged
with chestnut-brown or purplish-red, whereas they are usually green in the forms

of U. riparia. From U. filiformis it is removed by the stouter habit, broader
flat leaves, and rather stouter spike.

12. U. filiformis, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 286.—Culms
densely tufted, extremely slender, filiform, 3-9in. high, leafy
towards the base. Leaves usually much exceeding the culms, very
slender, filiform, 4,—,, in. broad; margins involute, scabrid. Spike
4-j14 in. long, extremely slender, linear, lax, 7-4, in. broad ; bract
filiform, exceeding the spike. Glumes oblong-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, membranous, pale, equalling the utricles or nearly so.
Utricles $-41n. long, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth and glabrous,
faintly nerved; bristle twice as long as the utricle. — Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 310; C. B. Clarke wm Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 391.
U. debilior, Ff. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral. viii. 151; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 435.

NortH Istanp: Auckland—Pirongia Mountain, 7. 7.C. Hawke’s Bay—
Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! H. Hill! Petrie! Taranaki—Mount Egmont,
Petrie! Wellington—Tararua Mountains, H. H. Travers! T. P. Arnold!

SourH Isntanp, Stewart IstanD: In hilly ‘and mountain districts throughout,
but not common. 1000-4500 ft. December—January.

In its usual state this can be recognised without much difficulty by its
small size and very slender habit, filiform convolute leaves, small slender spikes,
and small narrow utricles, which only slightly exceed the glumes. But large
forms are indistinguishable from states of U. riparia, U. cespitosa, and others.
Mr. C. B. Clarke refers to it the U. debilior, F. Muell., from Lord Howe Island.

14. CAREX, Linn.

Perennial herbs. Culms erect, more or less trigonous or rarely
terete, often scabrid on the angles. Leaves mostly radical, grass-
like, usually scabrid on the margins and keel. Spikelets unisexual
or bisexual, rarely dicecious, solitary or more commonly arranged in
clusters or spikes, racemes or panicles, all androgynous or the
upper male with rarely a few female flowers at the top or base, the
lower female often with a few male flowers at the base or top.
Glumes imbricate all round the axis. Male flowers of 3 stamens,
without perianth or hypogynous bristles. Female flowers consist-
ing of a compressed or trigonous ovary, included in a flask-shaped
or urceolate 2-toothed organ called the utricle or perigynium ; style-
branches 2 or 3, long, filiform, protruding beyond the utricle.
Nut lenticular or plano-convex or trigonous, enclosed in the
persistent more or less enlarged utricle.

An immense genus of probably over 1200 species, of worldwide distribu-
tion, but most abundant in temperate regions, rare in the tropics, save on high
mountains. Of the 53 species found in New Zealand, no less than 37 are
endemic, the remaining 16 being mostly widely spread. In elaborating the New
Zealand species for this work I have received great assistance from the two
chief authorities on the genus—Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., of Kew, and Pastor
Georg Kukenthal, of Grub, near Coburg. My warmest thanks are due to both.

806 CYPERACEZ. [Carex.

Section I. Spikelet solitary, simple, terminal.

Leaves flat, grassy. ieee oblong, many-flowered.

Bract short or wanting 3c + .. 1. C. pyrenaica.
Leaves terete, strict and wiry, Spikelet ovoid, few-
flowered. Bract long ua aa Bs ... 2. C. acteulorts.

Section II. Spikelets several or many, androgynous or rarely diccious, sessile,
arranged i @ compact or more or less interrupted spike, less often in a
dense or rarely lax panicle. Styles 2.

* Male flowers at the top of the spikelets.

Small, 4-2in. Spikelets 2-4, compacted into an ovoid

head #-4in. ene: Utricles elliptic-ovoid, conspicuously

winged < $5 “he es 5 -. 8. C. pterocarpa.
Slender, 2-12in. Leaves almost filiform. Spikelets 3-8,

in a dense or lax spike 4-lin. long. Utricles ovate-

lanceolate, beaked, nerved, minutely papillose. . 3 4.06. Karka
Usually stout, 6-14in. Leaves flat, grassy. Spikelets

4-10 in a dense spike 4-lin. long. Utricles ovoid,

beaked, strongly nerved, minutely papillose .. 5. C. trachycarpa.
Slender, ‘strict, wiry, 6-18 i in. Spikelets 6-10 in a linear

spike 4-13 in. long. Utricles narrow-lanceolate, nerved,

winged above, tapering into a long subulate beak -. 6. C. Muelleri.
Slender 1-3ft. Spikelets many, in a lax panicle, 4-9in.

long, sometimes reduced to a spike 38-5in. Utricles nar-

row-lanceolate, tapering into a long subulate beak
Slender, laxly tufted, 1-2ft. Spikelets many, in a dense

or interrupted oblong spike #-l}in. long. Utricles

ovoid, swollen at the base, shining, ribbed on the back,

contracted into a rather long beak .. .. 8. C. teretiuscula.
Stout, harsh, 1-3ft. Culms acutely triquetrous. Leaves

4-4 in. broad. Spikelets many, in a stout ‘spike-like

panicle 3-7in. RE: Utricles ovoid, conspicuously

nerved NE oe ts .. 9. C. appressa.
Slender, harsh, 1-3 ft. Leaves 4-4in. broad. Spikelets

many, in alinear spike-like panicle 6-18 in. ioe Utricles

ovoid, conspicuously nerved . .. 10. C. virgata.
Slender, drooping, 2-4 ft. Spikelets very numerous in a

much and laxly branched nodding panicle 1-23 ft. long.

Utricles broadly ovoid, smooth or indistinctiy nerved .. 11. C. secta.

. kaloides.

=f
Q

** Male flowers at the base of the spikelets.

Slender, 4-18in. Leaves flat, grassy. Spikelets 2-5, pale-

green, compacted into a shoré head or spike. Utricles

ovoid, nerved, narrowed into a long beak se .. 12. C. inversa.
Small, depressed, 4-3in. Leaves involute, wiry. Spike-

lets 2-3 or solitary. Utricles ovoid at the base; beak

very long .. is a Se he .. 13. C. resectans.
Slender, 3-14in. Leaves involute, wiry. Spikelets 2-4,

brown, compacted into a short head. Utvicles broadly

ovoid, smooth, nerveless, not beaked .. wa .. 14. C. Colensot.
Slender, 4-18in. Leaves flat, grassy. Spikelets 3-5,

green, approximate or a little remote. Utricles spread-

ing, narrow-ovoid, spongy at the base, nerved, beaked .. 15. C. echinata.
Short, 2-8in. Leaves flat, grassy. Spikelets 2-4, red-

brown, in a dense spike 4in. long. Utricles elliptic-

ovoid, not winged, faintly nerved; beak short.. .. 16. C. lagopina.

Carex. | CYPERACEX. 807

Stout or slender, 6-18in. Leaves flat, grassy. Spikelets
4-6, brownish-green, compacted into a lobed spike
3-lin. long. Utricles ellintic-ovoid, winged, narrowed
into along beak .. cc ae ate .. 17. C. leporina.

Section III. Spikelets distinct, wswally stalked, wnisexual; the male spikelets
constantly uppermost, rarely mixed with female flowers ; the lower spike-
lets all female or with a few male flowers at the base or apex.

* Styles 2. Nut lenticular or biconvex, not trigonous.

+ Female spikelets with the male flowers (when present) at the top of
the spikelet, very rarely below. Utricles much compressed, conspicuously
nerved; beak very short, with an entire or very minutely 2-toothed
mouth.

Culms 3-14in. Spikelets 3-5, }-?in. long, sessile or the

lowest very shortly stalked. Glumes obtuse. Utricles

minutely granular-papillose .. AF ne .. 18. C. Gaudichaudi-

ana.

Culms 1-2 ft. Spikelets 4-8, 1-3 in. long, the lower ones

stalked. Glumes mucronate or even aristate.. .. 19. C. subdola.
Culms tall, stout or slender, 1-4 ft. Basal leaf-sheaths

transversely fibrillose. Spikelets 8-24, 1-4in. long,

geminate or ternate or quinate, long-stalked and pen-

dulous. Glumesaristate .. 4c oe .. 20. C. ternaria.
Culms slender, 6-18in. Basal leaf-sheaths not trans-

versely fibrillose. Spikelets 4-6, 4-14 in. long, solitary

or the upper geminate. Glumes scarcely mucronate.

Utricle not granular-papillose 55 <3 .. 21. C. Sinclairir.

++ Female spikelets with the male flowers (when present) at the base of
the spikelet, very rarely at the top. Utricle plano-convex or unequally
biconvex, beak obviously 2-toothed.

a. Terminal spikelet always mixed with female flowers.

Culms laxly tufted, 9-18in. Leaves broad, 4-tin. Spike-
lets 4-8, stout. Ubtricles elliptic, sharply serrate above 22. C. Raoulii.

b. Terminal spikelet very rarely mixed with female flowers.

Culms slender, 1-2 ft. Spikelets 4-7,4-lin.long. Glumes

orbicular-ovate, obtuse. Utricles densely packed, spread-

ing when ripe, unequally biconvex ; margins smooth .. 23. C. dipsacea.
Culms filiform, 6-18 in., often elongating and prostrate in

fruit. Spikelets 3-5, 4-1 in. long, approximate. Utricles

plano-convex or nearly so, obscurely nerved; margins

serrate above Se Rs de ic .. 24. C. testacea.
Culms rather stout, 4-8 in., much overtopped by the leaves.

Spikelets 3-6, closely approximate, 4-1 in.long. Utricles

elliptic - ovoid, strongly nerved, unequally biconvex ;

margins usually smooth Ye Ae oF at
Culms laxly tufted, 6-18in. Leaves short. Spikelets

2-4, male very stout, clavate. Utricles elliptic-ovoid,

unequally biconvex, strongly nerved, purplish-black .. 26. C. devia.
Culms very slender, 6-18in., often elongating in fruit.

Leaves long, flat, keeled. Spikelets 4-8, 4-2in. long,

narrow; male slender. Utricles narrow-elliptic, turgid,

obscurely nerved; margins smooth .. aes -. 27. C. lucida.

25. C. Wakatipu.

808 CYPERACEAE (Carex.

Culms reddish, densely tufted, 1-2 ft. Leaves strict, semi-

terete. Spikelets 4-6, 3-l}in. long. Glumes ee

Utricles elliptic, plano-convex ; margins serrate . 28. C. Buchanan.
Culms very short, 1—4 in. Spikelets 4-5, 4-4 in. long, ap-

proximate, almost concealed by the leaves. Utricles

narrow elliptic-ovoid, plano-convex, narrowed into a long

acutely bidentate beak . 29. C. cirrhosa.
Culms very short, 1-4 in. Spikelets | 4-5, ee in. long,

closely approximate. Utricles elliptic- ‘ovoid, turgid,

unequally biconvex ; beak very short He .. 30. C. rubicunda.

* Styles 3. Nut trigonous. (Styles often 2 in C. Berggreni.)

+ Utricles glabrous (or the margins serrate above), hardly spreading
when ripe.

a. Small species. Culms 1-5in. high, overtopped by the leaves.
Spikelets 2-4, closely approximate, often concealed by the leaves.

Reddish. Culms. very short, 3-1d}in. Leaves 1-2in.

x 7-7, in., linear, flat, obtuse. Utricles elliptic, bicon-

vex or obscurely trigonous ; margins smooth ; beak short.

Styles often 2 56 .. 81. C. Berggreni.
Green. Culms 1-3in. Leaves in. broad, acute. Utricles

narrow-ovoid, trigonous ; Pao serrate ; beak rather

long - 32. C. Hectori.
Glaucous- green. Culms 1-3in. " Leaves 2-6 in. x peues ts, in.

Utricles broadly ovoid, plano-convex ; margins serrate ;

beak short 33. C. decurtata.
Brownish-red or green. Culms 1-5 in. Leaves much

longer, 3-10 in. x »,-7; in..; tips often curled and

twisted. Utricles elliptic- oblong, Paige! margins

smooth ; beak very short .. -- .. 34, C. uncifolia.

b. Slender; culms 6-16 in. high. Leaves narrow, 35-5 in. broad,
plano-convex or nearly so. Male spikelets solitary.

Culms 4-10 in. Leaves usually shorter, narrow. Spikelets

3-5, distant. Utricles narrow-ovoid, trigonous; margins

smooth ; beak short . 85. C. Dallii.
Culms 5-15in. Leaves with broad sheathing bases, tips

curled and twisted. Glumes pale. Utricles narrow-ovoid,

unequally biconvex; margins smooth; beak short .. 36. C. Petriev.
Culms 6-18 in., filiform. Leaves shorter or longer than

the culms. Ubtricles elliptic-lanceolate, plano-convex ;

margins sharply serrate; beak long .. a .. 37. C. comans.
Culms 4-9in. Leaves much longer, 12-20in. Spike-

lets 5-6, closely approximate, pale. Utricles elliptic-

ovoid, unequally biconvex margins smooth; beak rather

long 38. C. plesiostachys.
Culms 9-24 in. Spikelets 3-5, short, broad. Utricles

broadly ovoid, turgid, biconvex ; margins smooth; beak

short c se 40 “ic ee .. 39. C. litorosa.

c. Tall, stowt or slender; culms 1-8 ft. high or more. Leaves
flat or keeled, 4-4in. broad. Male spikelets usually more than one
(except in C. dissita).

Culms stout or slender, 1-24ft. Leaves }-}4in. broad.
Spikelets 4-8, distant, on short peduncles, the lower
rarely compound. Male spikelet solitary 26 .. 40. C. dissita.

Carex. | CYPERACES. 809

Culms slender, 2-3 ft., often elongating in fruit. Leaves

qo-d in., keeled. Spikelets 5-10, distant; terminal 2-4

male; female slender, pendulous on long filiform Be)

duncles, lower often compound 41. C. Solandri.
Culms stout. Leaves broad. Spikelets 8; terminal 2-3

male; females erect on short peduncles, not com-

pound a4 Se a Be .. 42. C. ventosa.
Culms stout, 2-3 ft. Leaves 4-1in. broad. Spikelets 5-7;

2 terminal male; female short and stout, 4in. diam.,

the lowest remote. Utricles ovoid .. ae .. 43. C. longiculmis.
Culms very tall and robust, 2-4ft. Leaves 4-3in. broad,

Spikelets 6-12, 2-5in. long, very stout; terminal 2-4

male. Ubtricles stipitate, obovoid-oblong as .. 44. C. trifida.

t+ Utricles pubescent, hardly spreading when ripe; beak short.
Nut with a swollen style-base.

Culms 1-4in. high, overtopped by the leaves. Spike- |
lets 2-5, small, green, closely approximate .. .. 45. C. breviculmis.

+t+ Utricles glabrous, spreading when ripe; beak short.

Rhizome long, creeping. Culms 4-8in. Leaves much

longer, glaucous. Spikelets 3-6. Utricles large, tin.

long, ovoid, turgid, corky, smooth .. -- 46. C. pumila.
Rhizome tufted. Culms 6- 16in., slender. Leaves shorter.

Spikelets 3-4, small. Utricles din. long, Deana ob-

long, turgid, strongly nerved, dark-brown c .. 47. C. Brownii.

ttt+ Utricles glabrous, spreading when ripe (except in C. vaccilans),
strongly costate-nerved, narrowed into a long and slender acutely
2-toothed beak ‘beak shorter and obscurely toothed in C. Cockayniana).

Yellowish-green. Culms 2-8in. Spikelets 3-8, small,

stout, tate. Utricles ct akon ndrrowed into a

long beak . .. 48. C. flava.
Culms slender, 1-2ft. Leaves harsh. " Spikelets 4-9, dis-

tant, very slender, about din. broad. Utricles fusi-

form, hardly spreading bc SE Bie .. 49. C. vaccilans.
Culms rather slender, 1-2ft. Leaves harsh. Spikelets

5-8, distant, 4-}in. broad; terminal one often mixed

with female flowers. Utricles elliptic-lanceolate ; beak

short, obscurely 2-toothed .. Ss ne .. 50. C. Cockayniana.
Culms stout or slender, 1--3ft. Leaves harsh. Spike-

lets 5-9, distant or the upper approximate ; terminal one

always largely mixed with female flowers. Utricles

elliptic-lanceolate ; beak long 51. C. semi-Forsteri.
Culms stout, 13-3 ft. Leaves harsh. "Spikelets 5-9, dis-

tant; terminal 1-3 wholly male. Utricles elliptic-

oblong ; beak Iong .. ext Ae Sc .. 52. C. Forster.
Culms stout or slender, 1-3ft. Leaves soft, grassy.

Spikelets 3-5, approximate or the lowermost remote ;

terminal one male. Utricles ovate-lanceolate, stipitate ;

beak long, linear, with 2 almost pungent teeth .. 53. C. pseudo-cyperus.

C. Haastiana, Boeckel. in Flora (1878), 168, collected by Haast in the South
Island, and C. Kruiliz, Boeckel. 1.c. (1882) 59, gathered by Krull in the Chatham
Islands, are unknown to me. I have also failed to identify C. ina £
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 254. C. dwisa, Huds.; C. muricata, L.
(but not of Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. 411) ; C. flacea, Schreb.
(C. glauca, Scop.) ; and C. longifolia, R. Br., are certainly not indigenous, and
will be found in the list of naturaJised species given at the end of this work.

810 CYPERACER. | Caren.

1. C. pyrenaica, Wahi. in Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. Stockh.
(1803) 139.—Culms slender, densely tufted, leafy at the base,
2-9in. high, rarely more. Leaves numerous, longer or shorter
than the culms, flat, grassy, ,-;,in. broad, grooved beneath ;
margins scabrid. Spikelet solitary, terminal, dark chestnut-brown,
4-8in. long, oblong or elliptic-oblong, densely many-flowered ;
male flowers at the top; bract wanting or very short. Glumes
membranous, deciduous; of the female flowers ovate or ovate-
oblong, acute or obtuse, shorter than the utricle; of the males
narrower, linear-oblong, subacute. Utricle stipitate, lanceolate
or almost fusiform, gradually narrowed into an obliquely bifid beak,
unequally biconvex or almost plano-convex, smooth, spreading or
reflexed when ripe. Styles usually 2 in New Zealand examples,
usually 3 in Huropean or American. Nut oblong, lenticular—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 280; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 312; Boott, Ill. Car.
iv. 148, t. 475, 476; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 424.

Nortu Istanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! H. W. Andrews! SoutH
Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, Mount Peel, Raglan Mountains, T. &. C.
Canterbury—Mountains above Arthur’s Pass, Mount Dobson Range, Mount
Cook district, 7. #. C. Westland—Kelly’s Hill, Petrie! Otago—Mountains
of the Lake district, Buchanan! common on the higher mountains of the
central and western districts, Petrie ! 3500-6500 ft. December—March.

Also in Europe, Japan, and western North America from Alaska to Utah.

2. C. acicularis, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 280, t. 63c.—
Culms slender, strict, wiry, terete, denselv tufted, leafy at the base,
1-6in. high. Leaves shorter than the culms or equalling them,
narrow, strict, rigid, straight or curved, almost terete, grooved down
the front, obtuse and slightly scabrid at the tip. Spikelet small, soli-
tary, terminal, 4-4 in. long, broadly ovoid, red-brown, few- flowered ;
females 2-8 ; males 2—4 at the top of the spikelet. Glumes lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, acute or the lower ones awned, keel green
or pale-brown. Utricle shortly stipitate, lanceolate, narrowed
above into a rather long beak, obtusely triquetrous; beak serrate,
obliquely bifid at the tip. Styles 38, seldom 2. Nut pale, tri-
gonous.—Boott Jil. Car. iv. 157, t. 508, f. 2; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 312; Benth, Fl. Austral. vii. 4837; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xvi. (1884) 424. CC. Archeri, Boott in Hook. f. Fi. Tasm. ii.
98, t. 150; Ill. Car. iv. 156, t. 508, f. 3. C.imconspicua, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 612.

NortH Isranp: Mount Hikurangi, Adams and Petrie! Tongariro, Herb.
Colenso! Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Olsen! EH. W. Andrews! SoutH
IstanD: Not uncommon on the mountains of Nelson, Canterbury, and
Westland. Otago—Mountains above Lake Harris, Kirk! Old Man Range,
Petrie! 2500-5000 ft. December—March.

Easily distinguished from C. pyrenaica by the strict nearly terete leaves,
smaller few-flowered spikelet, and erect subulate bract. It is also found in
Victoria and Tasmania.

Carex. | CYPERACEZ. 811

3. C. pterocarpa, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 353.—
A dwarf species, forming depressed patches 3-5in. diam. Rhizome
stout, creeping, clothed with dark-brown scales. Culms very short,
stout, densely tufted, $-lin. long, rarely more. Leaves sheathing
the culms to the top and much exceeding them, 4-2 in. long, 4,—4in.
broad, tapering upwards to an acute point, somewhat rigid and
coriaceous, flat or involute, deeply grooved; margins scabrid above.
Spikelets 2-4, compacted into a broadly ovoid head 4-4in. long,
androgynous, pale brownish-green, {—} in. long ; lowest bract usually
with a foliaceous tip. Glumes ovate, acute, membranous, with a
pale-green centre and brown margins. Male flowers at the top of
the spikelets, female flowers below. Utricle elliptic-ovoid, plano-
convex, conspicuously winged, strongly nerved, narrowed upwards
into a bifid beak; margins and beak serrulate. Styles 2. Nut
broadly oblong, lenticular.—C. Thomsoni,, Petrie in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xviii. (1886) 298 (not of Boott).

SourH Istanp: Otago—Hector Mountains, Mount Pisa, Old Man Range,
Petrie ! 4500-6500 ft.

A very distinct little plant.

4. C. Kirkii, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 297.—
Rhizome stout, woody, creeping. Culms short, densely tufted,
slender, smooth, leafy throughout, $-3in. high. Leaves sheathing
the whole or greater part of the culm and much longer than it,
2-6 in. long, pale-green, involute, filiform, usually strict and wiry.
Spikelets 3-5, compacted into a dense oblong spike 1-4in. long,
sessile, androgynous, pale-green, few-flowered, 1—1in. long ; bract
usually foliaceous. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
membranous, with a green midrib and pale margins. Male flowers
2-3 at the top of the spikelets, sometimes absent in the lower ones ;
female flowers 3-5 at the base. Ubtricle ovate-lanceolate, plano-
convex, narrowed into a rather long bifid beak, strongly nerved,
coriaceous, minutely papillose all over ; margins and beak very
finely crenulate. Styles 2. Nut broadly oblong, lenticular.

Var. membranacea, Kukenthal, MS.—Taller. Leaves 6-10in. long,
sheathing nearly the whole of the culm and twice as long asit. Spikelets 5-6,
forming a loose spike ?-lin. long. Utricle more membranous, narrower, with a
longer and more tapering beak.

Var. elatior, Kuthenthal, MS.—Still taller, the culms 6-12in. long, the
upper half not sheathed by the leaves. Leaves 9-18in. long, broader, some-
time 7; in., flat or involute at the base. Spikelets 4-8 in a lax spike ?-13in.
long, the lowest sometimes remote. Ubricle as in var. membranacea, but more
coriaceous.

SourH Isnanp: The typical form apparently not uncommon in mountain
districts from the Clarence Valley to the south of Otago. Var. membranacea:
Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. #.C. Var. elatior: Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. F.C. ;
Mount St. Bathan’s (Otago), Petrie ! 2500-4500 ft. December—March,

812 CYPERACEX. (Carex.

An exceedingly variable plant. Depauperated states, with few-flowered
spikelets, are easily mistaken for C. resectans, although the position of the male
flowers at once separates the two plants. Var. elatior approaches C. trachycarpa,
but is smaller and more slender, with narrower leaves, the inflorescence is much
more lax, and the uvricles are smaller and narrower.

5. C. trachycarpa, Cheesem: in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892)
413.—Culms densely tufted, stout or rather slender, trigonous,
scabrid above, 6-14in. high. Leaves longer or shorter than the
culms, flat, grassy, striate, 4,-$in. broad; margins slightly scabrid
above. Spikelets 4-10, compacted into an oblong or linear-oblong
spike 4-1 in. long, androgynous, brown or pale-brown, ovoid, 4-4 in.
long; lowest bract leafy, shorter or longer than the spike. Glumes
ovate, acuminate or awned, pale-chestnut or pale-brown, with pale-
green midribs and hyaline margins. Male flowers at the top of
the spikelets, usually few. Utricle ovoid, plano-convex, narrowed
into a short bifid beak, strongly nerved, minutely papillose all over ;
margins finely crenulate above. Styles 2. Nut oblong, lenticular.
—C. muricata, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst, xvi. (1884) 411, 427
(not of Linn.).

SourH Is~taAnD: Nelson— Mount Arthur, Mount Peel, Mount Owen,
T. F. C.; Mount Mantell, Townson ! 3000-4500 ft. December—March.

In my revision of the New Zealand species I erroneously referred this to
C. muricata, from which it differs altogether in the much smaller differently
shaped utricles, which do not spread when ripe, and are minutely papillose on
both surfaces. Its nearest ally is C. Kirkii var. elatior.

6. C. Muelleri, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 298.—
Pale whitish-green. Rhizome stout, woody, creeping. Culms
densely tufted, slender, strict and wiry, terete below, compressed
or plano-convex above, grooved, perfectly smooth, 6—%4in. high.
Leaves shorter than the culms, narrow, ;;in. broad, strict and
wiry, concave in front, convex on the back, grooved; margins
smooth or slightly scabrid above. Inflorescence nearly dicecious
or altogether so; spikelets 6-10, collected into a linear terminal
spike 4-14 in. long, sessile, few-flowered, about +in. long; those
of the male plant with an occasional female flower or altogether
unisexual, those of the female sometimes with a staminate flower
at the top of the spikelets; bracts short. Glumes lanceolate,
acuminate or awned, thin and membranous, pale whitish-green.
Utricle narrow-lanceolate, plano-convex, nerved, winged above and
tapering into a very long bidentate beak, both surfaces minutely
papillose above; margins ciliate-serrate. Styles 2. Nut linear-
oblong, smooth, lenticular.—C. viridis, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xlii. (1881) 332; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 428 (not
of Schlecht. and Cham.).

SoutH Isuanp: Nelson—Clarence Valley, 7. F. C.; valley of the Stanley,
Kirk! Canterbury—Mackenzie Plains, Lakes Tekapo and Pukaki, 7. F. C.
Otago—Rough Ridge, Clarke’s Diggings, Carrick Range, Nevis Valley, Mount
Cardrona, Petrie ! 2000-4000 ft. December—February.

‘Carex.} CYPERACEA. 813

Easily distinguished by the strict whitish-green culms and leaves, almost
dicecious inflorescence, and long and narrow utricles. It and C. kaloides are
close allies of the North American and north Asiatic C. siccata, Dewey.

7. C. kaloides, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 332.—
Pale-green, forming tussocks very similar to those of Poa aus-
tralis. Culms densely tufted, slender, drooping at the tips, ob-
tusely trigonous, grooved, smooth, leafy towards the base, 1-3 ft.
high. Leaves shorter than the culms, ;,-4in. broad, flat or in-
volute, grassy, deeply grooved; margins scabrid above. Inflores-
cence in small specimens forming a lax linear spike 3-5in. long;
in larger ones a panicle 4—9in.; branches few, the lowest some-
times 2in. long. Spikelets +-+in. long, numerous, usually rather
distant, pale, few-flowered, either androgynous with the male
flowers at the top, or some (usually the upper) wholly male; and
others (usually the lower) wholly female ; bracts very long, folia-
ceous, often exceeding the panicle. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, membranous, pale, almost hyaline. Utricle narrow-
lanceolate, narrowed at the base, plano-convex, nerved, gradually
tapering upwards into a long subulate bidentate beak, the margins
of which are ciliate-serrate. Styles 2. Nut dark-brown, oblong,
lenticular —Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 429.

SourH Is~tanpD: Not uncommon in mountain districts throughout.
800-3500 ft. December—February.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but amply distinct in the larger
size and coarser habit, broader flatter leaves, and usually paniculate inflores-
cence.

8. C. teretiuscula, Good. in Trans. Linn. Soe. ii. (1794) 163.—
Rhizome creeping and rooting. Culms laxly tufted, not forming
dense tussocks, 1—2ft. high, slender, wiry, triquetrous, grooved,
scabrid above. Leaves shorter than the culms, 4,-;4,in. broad,
flat, grassy, deeply grooved; margins scabrid. Spikelets small,
ovoid, few-flowered, androgynous, male flowers few at the top,
brown or brownish-green, collected into a linear-oblong or linear
dense or interrupted compound spike #-1}in. long; bract usually
obsolete. Glumes almost equalling the utricles, ovate, acute, mem-
branous, pale-brown; margins broad, pale. Utricle rather small,
shortly stipitate, ovoid, gibbous or almost cordate at the base,
plano-convex or unequally biconvex, brown, shining, smooth on the
flat face, more or less distinctly ribbed on the convex side, nar-
rowed into a rather long almost winged serrate bidentate beak.
Styles 2. Nut obovoid, biconvex.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 281;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 313; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 427.

NortH IsuaAnD: Swampy places from Lake Taupo southwards, not ¢om-

mon. SourH Isntanp: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft. De-
cember—March.

814 CYPERACEA, [Carez.

A common plant in the north temperate zone, but south of the equator
only known from New Zealand. It is easily distinguished by the slender wiry
habit, usually dense spike-like panicles, small spikelets male at the top, and
ovoid turgid long-beaked utricles, smooth on one side, but ribbed on the other.

9. C. appressa, R. Br. Prodr. 242.—Very stout, harsh and rigid.
Rhizome short, creeping. Culms densely tufted, 1-3ft. high,
stout, with the leaves often din. diam. at the base, rigid, grooved,
acutely triquetrous with the angles sharply scabrid, leafy at the
base. Leaves numerous, usually exceeding the culms, #-4in.
broad, hard, rigid, acutely keeled, grooved; keel and margins
scabrid with minute recurved denticles. Spikelets small, very
numerous, few-flowered, androgynous, male flowers at the top,
collected in a long and narrow spike-like panicle 3-7in. long, the
primary branches erect and appressed to the rhachis ; bract obsolete.
Glumes broadly ovate, acute, concave, membranous, brownish with
a pale line down the centre; margins not silvery. Utricle shortly
stipitate, broadly ovate, plano-convex, conspicuously many-nerved
on each face, contracted into a short 2-toothed beak; margins
broad, incurved, conspicuously ciliate-denticulate. Styles 2. Nut
elliptic-ovoid, biconvex.— Raoul, Choiw, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Antaret. i.
90; Fl. Tasm. i. 99; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 313; Boott, Ill. Car. i. 46,
t. 119, 120. C. paniculata, F’. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 57; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 440 (not of Linn.). C. paniculata var. appressa,
Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 427.

SourH Isnanp: Otago — Near Dunedin, Petrie! G. M. Thomson! Catlin’s
River, Petrie; Milford Sound, Hector. Stewart Isuanp: G. M. Thomson !
CuatHam Isuanps: H. H. Travers! (Panicle larger and laxer, with paler
glumes—perhaps a different species, but specimens very immature.) AUCKLAND
AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES Is~tAND: Abundant, Sir J. D. Hooker,
Kirk ! November—February.

In my revision of the New Zealand species I followed Baron Mueller and
Mr. Bentham in reducing this and the two following species to the northern
C. paniculata, to which all three are certainly very closely allied. C. appressa
differs mainly in its greater size, harsher and more rigid habit, broader leaves,
longer and more rigid panicle with the branches closely appressed, darker
glumes without silvery margins, and by the more strongly nerved utricles, with
broader margins. Although these differences are not important, they appear to
be constant, and on the whole it is perhaps best to treat both C. appressa and
the two following species as distinct from C. paniculata, although closely
related to it. C.appressa is also found in temperate Australia and Tasmania.

10. C. virgata, Sol. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 282.—Culms
densely tufted, 1-3 ft. high, trigonous with the angles sharply
scabrid, grooved, leafy at the base. Leaves numerous, much
exceeding the culms, §-¢ in. broad, harsh and rigid, grooved,
sharply keeled below, flat above ; margins scabrid with numerous
sharp recurved denticles. Spikelets small, very numerous, few-
flowered, androgynous with the male flowers at the top, arranged
in a long and slender spike-like panicle 6-18 in. long; primary

Carex. | CYPERAOCES, 815

branches of the panicle rigid, erect, closely appressed to the
rhachis, the lower usually remote and sometimes conspicuously so.
Glumes almost equalling the utricles, broadly ovate, acute or
acuminate, concave, membranous. brown with a narrow pale line
down the centre; margins not silvery. Utricle stipitate, ovoid or
triangular-ovoid, often subcordate at the base, plano-convex, con-
spicuously many-nerved on both faces, contracted into a short
2-toothed beak; margins incurved, conspicuously ciliate-denticu-
late. Styles 2. Nut broadly ovoid, biconvex.—Boott, Ill. Car.
i. 46, t. 121, 122; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 313. C. paniculata var. virgata,
Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 427. C. collata, Boott in
Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. (1844) 417 (name only).

Norru anp SoutH Iszuanps: Abundant in swamps throughout. Sea-
level to 3000 ft. November—January.

Very close to C. appressa, but the culms are more slender and not so
acutely triquetrous, the leaves are narrower, and the panicle much longer
and narrower, and not so dense.

11. C. secta, Boott in. Hook f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 281.—A very
large species. Rhizomes matted, often forming trunk-like masses
2-4 ft. high and much resembling the stem of a tree-fern. Culms
2-4 ft., slender, inclined or drooping above, trigonous with the angles
scabrid, grooved, leafy at the base. Leaves numerous, as long or
longer than the culms, ;4-4in. broad, grooved, keeled below, flat
above; margins scabrid. Spikelets very numerous, pale-brown,
small, few-flowered, androgynous with the male flowers at the top,
arranged in a much and laxly branched often decompound nodding
panicle 1-24 ft. long; the primary divisions usually very long and
slender, much branched, the spikelets often remote on the branches.
Glumes almost equalling the utricles, broadly ovate, acuminate or
cuspidate, thin and membranous, pale-brown with a paler line
down the centre and scarious hyaline margins. Utricles rather
smaller than those of C. virgata, shortly stipitate, broadly ovoid,
turgid, plano-convex or unequally biconvex, polished and shining,

uite smooth or very indistinctly nerved, contracted into a rather
broad 2-toothed beak, the margins of which are ciliate-denticulate.
Styles 2. Nut broadly oblong, biconvex.—/Ill. Car. 1. 47, t. 128,
124. C. virgata var. secta, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 813. C. pani-
culata var. secta, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 428.

Norts anp SoutH Isnranps: Abundant in swamps from the North Cape
to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November—January.

Easily distinguished from C. virgata by the much larger and laxly branched
often decompound nodding panicles, and by the smaller utricles, which are
smooth and shining or very indistinctly nerved. The immense tussocks formed
by the matted rootstocks are very conspicuous objects in swampy districts,
and have had the local name of ‘‘ nigger-heads’’ applied to them.

816 CYPERACEZ. (Carex.

12. C. inversa, R. Br. Prodr. 242.—Rhizomes long, creeping,
often matted and forming a continuous sward. Culms numerous,
weak, slender, usually erect, variable in height, 4-18 in., smooth,
striate, obtusely trigonous, leafy towards the base. Leaves shorter
than the culms, flat or keeled, grassy, ,-;4,in. broad; margins
usually smooth. Spikelets 2-5, crowded into a terminal cluster
or spike, rarely a little remote, androgynous, pale-green, ovoid,
11in. long; bracts to the 2 or 3 lower ones long and leafy, far
overtopping the inflorescence. Glumes ovate, acuminate or cuspi-
date, membranous, with a narrow green keel and pale almost
hyaline margins. Male flowers at the base of the spikelets,
usually few, sometimes absent. Utricle compressed, ovate, plano-
convex, narrowed into a rather long beak, more or less dis-
tinctly nerved on both faces; margins serrulate above; beak 2-fid.
Styles 2. Nut lenticular—AHook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 281; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 312; Boott, Ill. Car. iv. 151, t. 488; Cheesem. wn Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 425. C. smaragdina, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst, xxvii. (1895) 398.

NortH anp SourH Istanps: From Mongonui southwards, not uncommon.
Sea-level to 3000 ft. November—May.

Recoghised without any difficulty by the slender grassy habit, pale spike-
lets male at the base, and compressed plano-convex beaked utricles. It is a
common Australian plant.

13. C. resectans, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892)
413.—Forming broad depressed patches often many feet in diam.
Rhizome stout, woody, creeping, much branched, clothed with
the fibrous remains of the old leaf-sheaths. Culms very short,
usually from 4 to l1din. high, rarely more, frequently almost
wanting. Leaves few, sheathing the whole length of the culm
and much longer than it, narrow, sometimes almost filiform, in-
volute; margins scabrid. Spikelets 2-3 or solitary, crowded into
a compact head tin. long, pale-green, androgynous; bracts 2-3,
very long and leafy. Glumes broadly ovate, acuminate or cuspi-
date; margins thin, pale; keel stout, 1-3-nerved. Male flowers
1-3 at the base of the spikelet, sometimes absent; female flowers
3-8. Utricle ovate below, plano-convex, strongly nerved, nar-
rowed upwards into a long tapering serrate deeply bifid beak.
Styles 2. Nut broadly oblong, plano-convex or obscurely trigonous.
—C. inversa var. radicata, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi.
(1884) 425.

Sourn Isuanp: Canterbury—Lake Tekapo, Lake Pukaki, 7'. F. C. Otago
—Common in the dry upland plains of the interior, Petrie! 500-3000 ft.
December—March.

Very close to (. inversa, of which Mr. C. B. Clarke considers it to be a
variety, but separated by the much smaller size and more rigid habit, wiry
almost filiform leaves, short culms sheathed to the top by the leaves, and long-

Carex. | CYPERACE. 817

beaked utricles, which are very sharply toothed above. Depauperated states of
C. Kirkii resemble it in habit, but can be distinguished by the male flowers
being at the top of the spikelets.

14. C. Colensoi, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 281, t. 68B.—
Rhizome stout, woody, creeping, often much branched. Culms
3-14in. high, very slender, almost filiform, weak, flexuous, tri-
gonous, deeply grooved, leafy towards the base. Leaves usually
shorter than the culms, but sometimes equalling or even exceeding
them, narrow, 3-3, in. wide at the base, wiry; margins involute.
Spikelets 2-4 or solitary, compacted into a terminal cluster, an-
drogynous, broadly ovoid, turgid, dark-brown, }-2in. long; bracts
1 or 2, unequal. Glumes broadly ovate, acute or the lower ones
cuspidate, membranous; keel narrow, green; sides chestnut-brown ;
margins broad, white and hyaline. Male flowers at the base of
the spikelets, female flowers above. Utricle broadly ovate, plano-
convex, not beaked, brown when ripe, smooth, indistinctly nerved ;
margins serrate above. Styles 2. Nut elliptic-oblong, smooth.—
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fil. 8312; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi.
(1884) 425. C. picta, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 103.

NorrH AnD SoutH Isnanps: Not uncommon in hilly districts from the
Upper Thames southwards. Sea-level to 4500 fc. November—Matrch.

Also in south-eastern Australia, according to Mr. C. B. Clarke.

15. C. echinata, Murr. Prodr. Stirp. Gotting. 76.—Culms more
or less densely tufted, slender, trigonous, leafy at the base, 4-18 in.
high. Leaves usually shorter than the culms, flat, grassy, grooved,
gs-7; im. broad; margins scabrid. Spikelets 3-5, approximate in
a terminal spike or a little remote, sessile, androgynous, green or
pale-brown, about +in. long when mature; lowest bract short,
subulate. Glumes ovate, acute or obtuse, membranous, pale-brown
or green with a dark-green centre. Male flowers at the base of the
spikelets, usually few; females more numerous. Utricle yellowish-
green, much longer than its glume, spreading when ripe, giving the
spikelet a squarrose appearance, ovate-lanceolate from a rounded
and spongy base, plano-convex, many-nerved, narrowed above into
a long bidentate beak; margins of the beak acute, minutely scabrid,
or nearly smooth in most of the New Zealand specimens. Styles
3. Nut lenticular.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 439; Cheesem. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 426. C. stellulata, Good. in Trans.
Inn. Soc. ii. (1794) 144; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 281; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 312. C. debilis, Kirk im Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 412
(name only).

NortH anpd SoutH JsLANps, Stewart IstaAnp: Marshy places from the
Upper Thames Valley southwards, not uncommon. Sea-level to 4000 ft.
November—March.

Widely distributed in the temperate portions of the Northern Hemisphere,
but only known from Australia and New Zealand in the Southern.

818 CYPERACEA). (Carex.

16. C. lagopina, Wahl. in Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. Stockh. (1803)
145.—Culms densely tufted, short, wiry, smooth or scabrid above,
leafy at the base, 2-8in. high. Leaves shorter than the culms,
flat, grassy, grooved, ;4,-4,in. broad; margins smooth or nearly so.
Spikelets 2-4, rarely more, approximate in a short terminal spike
about 4in. long, sessile, androgynous, red-brown, about +in. long;
lowest bract short, not exceeding its spikelet. Glumes broadly
ovate, obtuse or subacute, membranous, red-brown with a green
midrib and pale hyaline margins. Male flowers at the base of the
spikelets, females above. Utricle rather longer than its glume, red-
brown, elliptic-ovate, plano-convex, not winged, faintly nerved,
rather abruptly narrowed into a short slender beak. Styles 2.
Nut broad, lenticular.—Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 262 ;
Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 593. C. Parkeri, Petrie im
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 3832; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xvi. (1884) 426.

SourH Isntanp: Nelson—Dun Mountain Range, H. H. Travers! Canter-
bury—Craigieburn Mountains, Petrie! Otago— Hector Mountains, Mount
Arnould, near Mount Aspiring, mountains at the head of Lake Wakatipu,
Petrie ! 4000-6000 ft. January—March.

Also found in arctic and alpine Hurope, north Asia, and North America,
but only known from New Zealand in the Southern Hemisphere. Hasily dis-
tinguished from C. lepormma, to which it is allied, by the much smaller size and
rounder wingless utricles. Certainly indigenous.

17. C. leporina, Linn. Sp. Plant. 973.—Culms laxly tufted,
stout or rather slender, trigonous, scabrid above, 6-18in. high.
Leaves shorter than the culms, flat, grassy, striate, 4,4 1n. broad ;
margins minutely scabrid. Spikelets 4-6, crowded in an oblong
lobed spike lin. long, sessile, androgynous, ovoid, brownish-
green, shining, about 4in. long; lowest bract like the glumes or
rarely with a short leafy point. Glumes oblong-ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute or subacute, pale-brown with a green midrib and
hyaline margins. Male flowers at the base of the spikelets, female
above. Utricle equalling its glume, elliptic-ovoid, plano-convex,
winged, striate, narrowed into a long beak; margins and beak
finely serrulate. Styles 2. Nut oblong, lenticular, shining.—
Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 301; xvi. (1884) 426.

Norra Is~anp: Auckland—Near Mauku, H. Carse! Wellington —
Ohariu Valley, Kirk ! Sourn Istanp: Nelson—Not uncommon in the western
portion of the district, ascending to 4000 ft. on the Mount Arthur Plateau,
AUS Jit, (Eh November-January.

A common plant in northern Europe, north Asia, and some parts of North
America. It is probably introduced into New Zealand.

18. CG. Gaudichaudiana, Kunth, Hnum. i. 417. — Rhizome
stoloniferous. Culms slender, strict, trigonous, smooth or slightly
scabrid above, very variable in height, usually from 4 to 12in.,

Carex. | CYPERACEA. 819

but sometimes dwarfed to 1 or 2in., at other times attain-
ing 18in. Leaves shorter or longer than the culms, narrow,
flat, grassy, s-74;1n. broad. Spikelets 38-5, rarely more or fewer,
sessile or the lowest very shortly stalked, erect, close together or a
little remote, +? in. long; terminal one (and sometimes a smaller
one near its base) wholly male, linear or linear-oblong; the rest
female, often with a few male flowers at the top, oblong, cylindric;
bracts long and leafy, the lowest usually exceeding the inflorescence.
Glumes oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or very shortly mucronate,
shorter than the utricle, dark-purple or purplish-black, usually
with a narrow pale midrib and margins. Utricle narrow-ovate to
orbicular-ovate, much compressed, conspicuously nerved almost to
the apex, green spotted with brownish-red when ripe, upper portion
minutely granular-papillose ; beak very short, almost wanting,
entire or minutely 2-toothed. Styles 2. Nut broadly ovate, plano-
convex.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 99, t. 1514; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 318.
C. vulgaris var. Gaudichaudiana, Boott, Ill. Car. iv. 169, t. 567;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 442; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi.
(1884) 429. ©. cespitosa, &. Br. Prodr. 242 (not of Good.).

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Moist places in mountain districts from the
Upper Waikato southwards, rarer in the lowlands. Sea-level to 4500ft. | No-
vember—February. y

Also in Australia and Tasmania, and very closely allied to the almost cosmo-
politan C. vulgaris, Fries, differing chiefly in the more compressed and con-
spicuously nerved utricles.

19. C. subdola, Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. (1846) 142.—
Rhizome creeping, stoloniferous. Culms slender, trigonous, slightly
scabrid above, 1-2ft. high. Leaves usually exceeding the culms,
pale-green, soft, grassy, ;4-1in. broad; margins scabrid above.
Spikelets 4-8, erect, 1-3in. long; terminal 1-3 male, usually
approximate, sessile, very slender, cylindric; the remainder
female, usually with a few male flowers at the top, the upper some-
times geminate, sessile or shortly stalked, the lower solitary, often
remote, on longer peduncles ; bracts very long and leafy, far exceed-
ing the inflorescence. Glumes shorter and narrower than the
utricles, oblong, obtuse, emarginate, with an awn of variable length
from the centre of the emargination, dark red-brown or purplish-
brown usually with a green stripe down the centre. Utricle ovate,
much compressed, conspicuously nerved, green or brownish-green,
narrowed into a very short entire or minutely 2-toothed beak.
Styles 2. Nut broadly ovate, plano-convex.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 282; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 314; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi.
(1884) 430.

Norru Istanp: Abundant in swamps from the North Cape southwards.
Sea-level to 1500 ft. November-January.

820 CYPERACE. [Carex.

Chiefly distinguishable from C. Gaudichaudiana by the larger size, more
numerous and much longer often stalked spikelets, and by the awn to the glume,
although the last is a variable character. Mr. C. B. Clarke considers it to be a
variety of C. Gaudichaudiana.

20. C. ternaria, Forst. Prodr. n. 549.—Usually very tall and
stout. Rhizome thick, stoloniferous. Culms robust, 14-4 ft.
high, triquetrous with the angles very sharply scabrid, faces grooved
and striate. Leaves numerous, equalling or exceeding the culms,
broad, flat, grassy, grooved, 44in. broad; margins and midrib
beneath sharply scabrid; sheathing scales at the base of the leaves
with the margins transversely fibrillose. Spikelets numerous, 8-24.
dark-brown, stout, long-stalked, pendulous, 1-4in, long; upper
1-6 male, solitary or the lower geminate; the remainder female,
usually with male flowers at the top, geminate or ternate or even
quinate, the lowest on very long peduncles; bracts very long
and leafy, overtopping the inflorescence. Glumes lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, obtuse or retuse at the tip, with
a stout hispid awn of very variable length but usually exceeding
the utricles, dark-brown with a green keel. Utricle ovate, com-
pressed, nerved, brownish, narrowed into a very short beak with an
entire mouth. Styles 2. Nut broadly oblong.—Raouwl, Choix, 40 ;
Hook. 7. Fl. Antarct. i. 89; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 282; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
314; Boott, Ill. Car. iv. tt. 596-598; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xvi. (1884) 431. C. geminata, Schkuhr, Riedgr. i. 65; A. Cunn.
Precur. nu. 290. C. polystachya, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 118, t. 21.

Var. gracilis, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 431.—Tall, slender.
Leaves usually narrower, 4-4in. broad. Spikelets numerous, long, often over
4in., slender, sometimes barely 4 in. diam.

Var. pallida, Cheesem. l.c.—Stout. Leaves strict, rigid, often coriaceous.
Spikelets fewer, short, pale, on long filiform peduncles. Utricles broader and
more turgid, indistinctly nerved, sometimes with serrate margins.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDs, StEwART IsLAND, AUCKLAND ISLANDS, ANTI-
popEs Istanp.—The typical form and var. gracilis abundant throughout, var.
pallida not uncommon in the mountains of the South Island. Sea-level to
4000 ft. November—February.

Very distinct in its ordinary state, but small slender forms appear to
run into C. subdola and into the following species.

21. C. Sinclairii, Boott, MS. in. Herb. Kew.—Rhizome creeping,
stoloniferous. Culms slender or rather stout, triquetrous, scabrid
above, 6-18in. high. Leaves shorter or longer than the culms,
flat, grassy, striate, ;-¢in. broad; margins scabrid; sheaths at
the base not transversely fibrillose. Spikelets 4-6, erect or nearly
so, short, stalked or the uppermost sessile, 4-14in. long; terminal
1 or 2 male, very slender; remainder female, usually with a
few male flowers at the top, solitary or the upper geminate, rarely
compound at the base, the lower usually on longer peduncles.

Carex. | CYPERACE. 821

Glumes oblong or oblong-ovate, tapering upwards, acute or obtuse,
not mucronate or the mucro very short and inconspicuous, dark
red-brown, unicolorous or with a very narrow pale stripe down
the centre. Utricle equalling the glume or barely exceeding it,
ovate, much compressed, nerved, narrowed into a short minutely
2-toothed beak. Styles 2. Nut broadly oblong, lenticular.

South Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau, Wairau Valley, Hanmer
Plains, 7. 7.C. Canterbury—Sinclair and Haast, n. 138in Herb. Kew; Broken
River, Lake Tekapo, 7. #. C. Westland—Okarito, A. Hamilton! Otago—
Hector and Buchanan, Petrie ! 1000-3000 ft. December-February.

I am indebted to Mr. C. B. Clarke for supplying me with information
respecting this, and for identifying some of my specimens. It appears to be
a somewhat critical species, differing from depauperated states of C. ternaria
in the basal leaf-sheaths not being transversely fibrillose, in the much fewer erect
spikelets, and barely awned glumes, &c. From C. Gaudichaudiana, large states
of which approach it in habit, it is removed by the broader harsher leaves,
the spikelets often stalked and geminate, the longer glumes not rounded at
the tip, and by the utricle not being granular-papillose.

22. C. Raoulii, Boott in Hook.f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 283.—Yellowish-
green or dark-green, laxly tufted, often spreading at the base.
Culms rather stout, triquetrous, scabrid on the angles, 9-18 in.
high. Leaves longer than the culms, flat, broad, coriaceous,
grooved, 4-1in. broad, scabrid on the margins and midrib beneath.
Spikelets 4-8, all female but usually with a few male flowers
below, the uppermost generally with more male flowers below,
stout, erect, all approximate and sessile, or less crowded with
the lowest one remote and pedunculate, green or greenish-brown,
3-lin. long, }in. broad ; bracts long and leafy. Glumes broadly
ovate, thin and membranous, pale-brown, bifid ; midrib stout, pro-
duced into a short or long hispid awn. Utricle broader and longer
than the glumes, elliptic, unequally biconvex, strongly nerved,
narrowed into a stout 2-toothed beak; margins serrate above or
almost even. Styles 2. Nut broadly oblong, lenticular. — Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 314; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 433.
C. Goyeni, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 363.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Graham River, Wangapeka River, Mount Owen,
Jollie’s Pass, T. F. C.; Fowler’s Pass, Kirk! Marlborough— Mount Fyffe,
Kirk! Canterbury — Akaroa, Raoul; Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast ;
Mount Torlesse, Kirk! Kowai River, Cockayne! Broken River, Upper Wai-
makariri, Lake Tekapo, Hooker Valley, 7. #.C. Otago— Lake Wakatipu,
Lake Wanaka, Mount Ida, Buchanan! Petrie! 200-3000 ft. December-
February.

A distinct species, easily recognised by the broad flat leaves, by the terminal
spikelet being always partly female, and by the strongly nerved elliptic utricles,
usually serrate above. Mr. Clarke informs me that all Raoul’s specimens at Kew
have the utricles hairy on the upper half, but I have seen no specimens showing
this peculiarity.

822 CYPERACES. (Carex.

23. C. dipsacea, Berggr. in Minneskr. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund.
(1877) 28, t. 7, f. 8-14.—Densely tufted. Culms slender, smooth,
erect, leafy, 1-2ft. high, scarcely elongating in fruit. Leaves
numerous, longer than the culms, rather narrow, ;,—}in. broad,
flat, keeled, striate; margins and keel sharply scabrid. Spikelets
4-7, close together except the lowest, which is usually remote,
dense-flowered, pale or dark-brown; terminal one male, slender,
sometimes mixed with female flowers; remainder female, but
often with a few male flowers below, short and broad, 4-1 in. long,
sessile or the two lower shortly pedunculate; bracts long and leafy,
far overtopping the inflorescence. Glumes rather shorter than the
utricles, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, membranous, pale or dark chest-
nut-brown, midrib vanishing at the apex or shortly excurrent;
margins scarious, pale. Utricles densely packed, spreading when
ripe, elliptic-ovoid, unequaliy biconvex or almost plano-convex,
smooth, nerveless; margins sharply and distantly serrate above;
beak short, 2-toothed. Styles 2. Nut obovoid-oblong, lenticular.—
Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 432.

NortuH AND SoutH Isnanps: From the Lower Waikato to Foveaux Strait,
not uncommon. Sea-level to 3000 ft. November—January.

Very close to C. testacea, but usually recognised without difficulty by the
densely packed utricles, spreading on all sides when ripe.

24. C. testacea, Sol. ex Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 282.—
Laxly tufted. Culms very slender, sometimes filiform, smooth or
slightly scabrid above, 6-18 in. high, in some varieties elongating in
fruit and becoming prostrate, occasionally reaching a length of
4-5 ft. Leaves longer or shorter than the culms, ;4,—3in. broad,
flat, usually keeled, striate; margins harsh and scabrid. Spikelets
3-5, approximate, pale-brown; terminal one male, slender; re-
mainder all female, sometimes with a few male flowers below, rarely
above, short and broad, 4-1 in. long, +-1in. broad, sessile or the
lowest shortly peduncled ; bracts long and leafy, far overtopping the
inflorescence. Glumes broadly ovate, thinand membranous, deeply
emarginate or bifid, with a long or short awn from the centre of the
emargination, pale-brown streaked with chestnut, median portion
more or less conspicuously 3-nerved. Utricles equalling the glumes
or shorter than them, broadly ovate, plano-convex or nearly so,
7-1l-nerved on the convex face, polished and shining, purplish at
the apex, paler below, or whoily pale-brown ; margins more or less
distinctly serrate above, rarely even; beak short, with 2 widely
divergent teeth. Styles2. Nut obovoid-oblong, lenticular.—Hook.
f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 314 (in part) ; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi.

(1884) 434.

NortH anp Sours Isntanps, Stewart Istanp: Abundant throughout.
Sea-level to 3500 ft. October—January.

Carex. | CYPERACER. 823

The best marks of this variable plant are the comparatively lax habit, very
slender culms which often elongate in fruit and become prostrate, usually aggre-
gated spikelets, and plano-convex utricles with nerved faces and serrate margins.

25. C. Wakatipu, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 368.
—Laxly tufted, often spreading at the base. Culms short, rather
stout, trigonous, smooth, very variable in size, usually 4-8 in. high,
but sometimes elongated to 12 orl4in., and alpine specimens are
often dwarfed to 1-2in. Leaves always much longer than the
culms, frequently twice the length, broad, flat, grooved, 4-lin.
diam.; margins slightly scabrid. Spikelets 3-6, closely packed,
pale- or dark-brown; terminal one (rarely two) male, slender; re-
mainder all female, sometimes with a few male flowers below or
rarely above, sessile or the lowest shortly pedunculate, 4-1 in. long;
bracts very long and leafy, far overtopping the spikelets. Glumes
broadly ovate, thin and membranous, bifid, pale-chestnut, some-
times dark-brown ; midrib stout, ending in a short awn. Utricle
broadly elliptic-ovoid, unequally biconvex, strongly 7—11-nerved,
pale-brown to dark-brown; margins usually smooth; beak short,
2-toothed. Styles 2. Nut broadly oblong, lenticular.—Cheesem. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 434.

Sourn Isuanpd: Not uncommon in alpine and subalpine localities through-
out. 2500-5500 ft. December—February.

Distinguished from C. testacea by the smaller size and more robust habit,
broader leaves always much exceeding the culms, closely aggregated spikelets,
and more turgid strongly nerved utricles.

26. C. devia, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 301.—
Culms laxly tufted, smooth or nearly so, leafy at the base, 6-18 in.
high. Leaves shorter than the culms, spreading, rigid and coria-
ceous, flat or involute, strongly grooved, ;4-tin. diam.; margins
scabrid. Spikelets 2-4, approximate or the lowest alone remote,
dark-brown; terminal one the largest, male, rarely with a few
female flowers at the base, rather stout, sometimes almost clavate,
$14 in. long; remainder all female, erect, oblong, 4-lin. long,
sessile or the lowest very shortly pedunculate ; lowest bract long
and leafy, the rest small. Glumes dark-brown with a pale centre,
ovate, acute, emarginate or shortly bifid, the midrib produced into
a hispid awn of varying length. Utricle equalling the glumes or
rather longer than them, elliptic-ovoid, unequally biconvex or
almost plano-convex, strongly nerved on both faces, purplish-black ;
margins entire; beak short, bifid. Styles 2. Nut broadly obovoid-
oblong, compressed.—Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 433.

South Isnanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau, St. Arnaud Mountains,

Raglan Range, T. 7. C.; Dun Mountain, H. H. Travers! D’Urville Island,
H. B. Kirk! 1000-3000 ft. December—January.

Mr. C. B. Clarke considers this to be a variety of C. lucida, to which it
approaches very closely in the glumes and utricle. But the habit is altogether

824 CYPERACEZ. (Carex.

different, being nearer to some states of C. testacea, the leaves are shorter and
broader and more coriaceous, the spikelets are fewer in number and shorter and
broader, the terminal male one being often clavate, and the utricles are con-
spicuously nerved on both faces.

27. C. lucida, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 283.—Densely
tufted, usually forming large tussocks. Culms very slender, leafy,
smooth or slightly scabrid above, in the flowering stage 12-24 in.
high and usually overtopped by the leaves, in fruit often but not
invariably elongating and becoming prostrate, sometimes reaching
a length of 4 or dit. or even no: Leaves numerous, spreading
or drooping at the tips, narrow, ;4—4 in. broad, keeled; margins and
keel sharply scabrid. Spikelets 4-8, narrow, erect, cylindric,
4-2in. long, pale-brown to dark-brown ; upper 1-3 male, very
slender, unequal in length, close together; remainder female but
occasionally with a few male flowers below or rarely at the top,
almost sessile or on peduncles of varying length, usually rather
distant, the lowermost often remote and occasionally compound at
the base; bracts very long and leafy. Glumes broadly ovate, acute
or obtuse, rarely very shortly emarginate, cuspidate with a short
hispid awn, pale or dark chestnut-brown with a pale keel. Utricle
about as long as the glume, elliptic-ovoid, unequally biconvex,
smooth or obscurely nerved on the rounded face, shining, from
purplish- black to pale-brown; margins smooth; beak short,
acutely bidentate. Styles 2. Nut broadly oblong, biconvex.—
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 314; Cheesem. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi.
(1884) 432. C. flagellifera, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 342.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps, Stewart Istanp: From the North Cape
southwards, abundant. Sea-level to 3000 ft. October—January.

A well-known species, easily distinguished by the slender culms, narrow
keeled leaves, distant long and narrow spikelets, usually entire glumes, and
turgid smooth and polished utricles.

298. C. Buchanani, Berggr. in Journ. Bot. xviii. (1880) 104.—
Densely tufted, usually reddish-purple, rarely whitish - green.
Culms closely packed, slender, strict, erect, 1-2ft. high, quite
smooth. Leaves equalling the culms or longer than them, narrow,
strict, semiterete, grooved on the convex face, j,-;;in. broad;
margins scabrid. Spikelets 4-6, linear-oblong, erect, cylindric,
4-11 in. long, remote or the upper approximate, pale whitish-
green; terminal 1 or rarely 2 male, very slender; remainder
female, usually with a few male flowers below, sessile or the
lowest shortly pedunculate; bracts long and leafy. Glumes longer
than the utricles, broadly ovate with a long ‘hispid awn, pale,
membranous; margins lacerate. Utricle elliptic, plano- convex,
smooth or faintly nerved on the convex face, spotted with dark-
purple; margins ciliate-serrate above; beak rather long, deeply

Carex.| CYPERACES. 825

bifid. Styles 2. Nut obovoid-oblong, plano-convex.—Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xiii. (1881) 290; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 431.
C. tenax, Berggr. in Minneskr. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund. (1877) 27, t. 7,
f. 1-7 (not of Chapm.).

SourH Isntanp: Abundant in hilly and mountainous districts throughout.
Sea-level to 3500 ft. December—January.

The chief characters of this species are the strict erect habit, semiterete
leaves, pale-coloured glumes, and elliptic plano-convex utricles, the margins
of which are serrate above. The reddish-purple colour, which is often constant
through large districts, is also seen in C.comans, C. Petriei, C. uncifolia, and
others. It probably occurs in the mountainous centre of the North Island, but
I have seen no specimens from thence.

29. C. cirrhosa, Berggr. in Minneskr. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund.
(1877) 29, t.7, f. 27-34.—A dwarf species forming compact glaucous-
green or reddish tufts. Culms very short, densely packed, 1—14 in.
high, leafy throughout. Leaves longer than the culms, narrow,
flat or almost plano-convex, grooved; tips obtuse, curled and
twisted when dry; margins scabrid. Spikelets 4-5, approximate
and almost concealed by the leaves, 1-4in. long; terminal one
male, slender; remainder all female, with or without a few male
flowers below, all sessile or the lowest very shortly peduncled ;
bracts leafy, iar exceeding the spikelets. Glumes ovate-lanceolate,
entire, cuspidate, whitish-green with a darker midrib. Utricle
about equalling the glumes, elliptic-ovoid, plano-convex, nerved,
pale, narrowed into a rather long acutely bidentate beak; margins
entire or minutely denticulate. Styles2. Nut lenticular.—Cheesem.
wm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 485.

Var. lutescens, Kukenthal, MS.—Culms taller, 2-4in. high. Spikelets

longer and further apart, the lowest one sometimes remote. Utricle narrow-
elliptic ; beak longer.

SourH Istanp: Canterbury—Upper Waimakariri and Lake Lyndon, Berg-
gren! Hinys! Kirk! Cockayne, T. F. C. December—February.
A very peculiar little plant.

30. C. rubicunda, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 353.
—Forming small reddish-brown tufts. Culms short, strict, erect,
quite smooth, leafy, 2-4 in. high. Leaves equalling the culms or
longer than them, narrow, ;4-;,in. broad, convex at the back,
concave in front, grooved; tips curled and twisted when dry; mar-
gins smooth. Spikelets 4-5, all closely approximate and sessile,
or the lowest remote and shortly pedunculate, short, 4—tin. long ;
terminal one male; remainder female; bracts long, leafy. Glumes
broadly ovate, entire, shortly cuspidate, pale. Utricle equalling
the glumes, ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, unequally biconvex, smooth or
faintly nerved, reddish-brown ; margins smooth, even; beak very
short, minutely bidentate. Styles 2. Nut lenticular.—C. nove-
zealandie, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 273 (not of
Boeckel.).

826 CYPERACER. (Carex.

Nortu Isnanpd: Opepe, near Lake Taupo, 7.. Ff. C. Sourn Isnanp:
Otago—Marshy places on the shores of Lake Te Anau, Petrie! January—
February.

Mr. C. B. Clarke suggests that this should be merged with C. cirrhosa, to
which it is doubtless very closely allied. But the utricles are much more turgid
and distinctly biconvex, and the beak very short and not so acutely bidentate.
The habit is that of depauperated states of C. Petriei, but the spikelets are
much smaller and closer together and usually sessile, the styles are 2, and the
utricles are generally faintly nerved.

31. C. Berggreni, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886) 297.
—Small, reddish-brown or green, forming broad depressed tuits.
Culms branched at the base, very short, stout, spreading, sheathed
to the top by the leaves, 4-14 in. high. Leaves spreading, exceed-
ing the culms, 1-2in. long, #,-;4 in. broad, linear, quite flat,
obtuse, deeply striate, coriaceous; margins smooth or serrate
above. Spikelets 2-3, small, 4-+in. long, usually approximate,
all shortly peduncled or almost sessile, red-brown; terminal one
male; the remainder female; bracts short, broad. Glumes broadly
ovate, obtuse or very shortly cuspidate, membranous, chestnut-
brown, usually with a green midrib and paler margins. Uctricles
rather longer than the glumes, elliptic, biconvex or obscurely
trigonous, indistinctly nerved, dark red-brown or almost black
above, paler towards the base; margins smooth; beak almost
wanting, minutely bifid. Styles 2 or 3. Nut acutely trigonous.

Sours Istanp: Canterbury—Margins of lagoons near the Cass River, Lake
Tekapo, 7. #. C. Otago—Mount Pisa, Old Man Range, Mount Kyeburn,
Petrie ! 2500-5000 ft. December-February.

One of the most distinct species of the genus. The linear flat leaves, of
uniform width throughout, and very obtuse at the tip, are unmistakable. The
styles are sometimes 2, sometimes 3, but the acutely trigonous nut shows that
the alliance of the species is with the 3-styled division of the genus. My Cass
River specimens have narrower leaves and more closely compacted spikelets, and
are placed by Kukenthal as var. augustifolia.

32. C. Hectori, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviu. (1895) 405.—
Culms densely tufted, branched at the base, erect, leafy throughout,
1-3 in. high. Leaves exceeding the culms, green, erect, rigid, flat,
striate, about ;1,in. broad; tips subacute; margins scabrid above.
Spikelets 3-4, closely approximate, small, 1-+in. long, red-brown ;
terminal one male, erect; remainder all female, spreading, ovoid-
oblong, sessile or the lowest very shortly pedunculate; bracts long,
leafy, overtopping the spikelets. Glumes ovate, acuminate or cus-
pidate with the stout excurrent midrib, membranous, chestnut-
brown with a paler midrib and margins. Utricles narrow-ovoid,
trigonous, strongly nerved, narrowed at the base and upwards into
an acutely 2-toothed beak; margins ciliate-serrate above. Styles 3.
Nut trigonous.

SourH Istanp : Otago—Old Man Range, altitude 5000 ft., Petrie!

Carex. | CYPERACES. 827

In the leaves and arrangement of the spikelets this approaches C. decurtata,
but the narrow-ovoid trigonous utricle with its long serrate beak is quite dif-
ferent from the broad plano-convex utricle of C. decurtata. From C. wneifolia
it also differs in the slender serrate beak of the utricle. From C. Berggreni it is
removed by the green tapering acute leaves, and larger long-beaked utricles.

33. C. decurtata, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892)
414.—Small, densely tufted, glaucous-green. Culms short, 1-3 in.
high, usually sheathed to the top by the leaves. Leaves numerous,
much exceeding the culms, 2—-6in. long, ;,—, in. broad, flat, or
concave in front and convex behind, rigid, coriaceous, grooved ;
tips incurved when dry; margins scabrid. Spikelets 3-5, usually
concealed amongst the leaves, short, stout, about +1n. long, very
closely approximate; terminal one male, erect; remainder all
female, spreading, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, sessile or the lowest very
shortly pedunculate. Glumes broadly ovate or almost orbicular,
acute or cuspidate, thin and membranous, reddish-brown or chest-
nut with a paler centre and margins. Utricles rather longer than
the glumes, broadly ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, plano-convex or un-
equally biconvex, turgid on the back, obscurely nerved; margins
thick, serrate above; beak short, stout, sharply bidentate. Styles
3. Nut sharply trigonous. C. eryptocarpa, Cheesem. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 412, 485 (not of C. A. Mey.).

Sout Istanp: Canterbury—Margins of ponds near Lake Tekapo, alti-
tude 2500 ft. December—February.

A very curious and distinct little species.

34. C. uncifolia, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 412.
—Brownish-red or green, forming lax or dense spreading tufts.
Culms short, 1-4 in. high, usually sheathed to the top by the leaves.
Leaves numerous, spreading, far exceeding the culms, 3-10 in. long,
go-zsIn. broad, rarely narrower and filiform, concave in front,
convex on the back, grooved, tips often curled and twisted when
dry ; margins finely scabrid above. Spikelets 3-5, short, closely
approximate or sometimes the lowest one remote, chestnut-brown to
dark-brown, 4-4in. long; terminal one male, slender, erect; re-
mainder all female, spreading, ovoid or oblong, all sessile or the
lowest very shortly pedunculate. Glumes ovate, obtuse or cuspi-
date, membranous, chestnut-brown with a green centre; margins
sometimes erose. Utricles longer than the glumes, narrowed at
the base, elliptic-oblong, trigonous, more or less distinctly nerved,
reddish-brown to blackish-brown, rarely pale; margins rounded,
entire; beak very short, with an almost entire or obscurely 2-toothed
mouth. Styles 8. Nut obovoid, trigonous.— Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxiv. (1892) 415.

_ Nort anp SourH Istanps, Strwart IsLanp: Apparently not uncommon
in mountain districts throughout. 2000-4000 ft. December—February.

828 CYPERACEZ. (Carex.

35. C. Dallii, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 261.—
Small, slender, laxly tufted, usually reddish-brown. Culms very
slender, smooth, grooved, 4-10 in. high. Leaves shorter than the
culms or almost equalling them, sheathing at the base, narrow,
3g-7's In. broad, concave in front, convex behind, grooved, narrowed
into long filiform points; margins slightly scabrid above. Spikelets
3-5, narrow, +2 in. long, more or less distant, the lowermost often
almost basal, dark red-brown; terminal one male, slender; re-
mainder all female, sometimes with a few male flowers below,
sessile except the lowest, which is on a long filiform peduncle;
bracts long, leafy. Glumes ovate, acuminate or slightly awned,
membranous, reddish-brown. Utricles narrow-ovoid, obscurely
trigonous, smooth or faintly nerved, dark purplish-black; margins
entire; beak sharply 2-toothed. Styles 3. Nut trigonous.—C.
Traversii, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 262.

SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Source of the Heaphy River, Dall! Dun Moun-
tain, H. H. Travers ! 2500-4000 ft. December-- February.

I cannot see upon what grounds Mr. Kirk’s C. Traversii can be separated
from Dall’s Heaphy River specimens. Both are very near to C. Petriei, princi-
pally differing in the more slender habit, more distant spikelets, the lowermost
one almost basal, darker glumes, and rather narrower utricles.

36. C. Petriei, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 413.—
Densely tufted, usually brownish-red. Culms stout or rather
slender, quite smooth, deeply grooved, leafy, 5-15in. high. Leaves
numerous, longer or shorter than the culms, broad and sheathing at
the base, blade narrow, z1,—;4, in. broad, deeply grooved, concave in
front, convex behind, narrowed into long slender points that are
usually curled and twisted when dry; margins scabrid. Spikelets
3-5, narrow-oblong, 4? in. long, more or less approximate but not
closely so, the lower one often remote; terminal one male, slender ;
remainder all female, sometimes with a few male flowers at the
base, all stalked, but the stalks of the upper ones sometimes very
short; bracts long, leafy. Glumes ovate, acute or shortly cuspi-
date, thin and membranous, pale, often almost white, but usually
more or less stained with chestnut, rarely chestnut-brown; margins
often lacerate. Utricles longer than the glumes, narrow-ovoid or
elliptic-oblong, biconvex, rather turgid, smooth or obscurely uerved,
shining, dark purplish-brown or almost black ; margins entire ; beak
short, 2-toothed. Styles 3. Nut elliptic, trigonous.

SourH Isnanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts, from Nelson to the
south of Otago. 2000-5000 ft. December-February.

Characterized by the broad sheathing-base of the leaves, and their fine
curled and twisted points; by the rather small and narrow spikelets, all of
which are stalked, and the lower on filiform peduncles; by the usually pale-
coloured glumes; and by the narrow-ovoid or elliptic turgid utricles, which are
dark purplish- brown or almost black.

Carex. | CYPERACES. 829

37. C. comans, Berggr. in Minnesk. Fisiog. Salisk. Lwnd. (1877)
28, t. 7, f. 15-19.—Densely tufted, pale-green or reddish. Culms
very slender, filiform, quite smooth, leafy, usually 6-18 in. high, but
sometimes elongating in fruit and prostrate. Leaves longer or
shorter than the culms, very narrow, filiform, ;',—;'; in. broad, flat
or concave in front, slightly rounded at the back, grooved and
striate ; margins scabrid. Spikelets 5-7, linear-oblong, 4—?in. long,
4-tin. broad; terminal one (rarely two) male, very slender ;
remainder all female, sometimes with a few male flowers at the
base, usually distant, the lowermost sometimes almost basal, the
upper two sessile, the rest on filiform peduncles, that of the lower-
most often elongate; bracts long, filiform, far overtopping the
spikelets. Glumes ovate, usually bifid, with a short hispid awn,
membranous, pale-brown or red-brown ; margins lacerate. Utricles
rather longer than the glumes, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
plano-convex or unequally biconvex, smooth or obscurely ribbed on
the convex face, gradually narrowed into a rather long bidentate
beak; margins sharply serrate above. Styles 3. Nut trigonous.—
Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 486. C. Cheesemanii,
Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 358; Cheesem. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 487.

Var. pulchella, C. B. Clarke, MS.—Smaller. Spikelets usually 4, the
lowermost remote and basal. Utricles shorter and broader, ovate-oblong, often
smooth ; beak shorter.—C. pulchella, Berggr. in Minneskr, Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund.
(1877) 29, t. 7, f. 20-26.

Var. stricta, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 415.—Pale whitish-
green. Culms short, 4-8in. high, barely half the length of the strict erect
leaves. Spikelets and glumes shining whitish-green. Ubtricles larger and
broader, elliptic-ovoid, pale. Perhaps a distinct species.

Norts anp Sours Istanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon from Ahipara
and Mongonui southwards. Var. pulchella: Bealey, Berggren! Maniototc
Plain, Petrie! Var. stricta: Lake Tekapo, 7. F. C. Sea-level to 3500 ft.
November-—February.

A very variable species, best separated from its allies by the filiform culms
and leaves, narrow rather remote spikelets, and lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate
utricles, sharply toothed above. Mr. Petrie’s C. Cheesemanii usually has longer
culms and rather broader utricles, but passes so gradually into the type that it
cannot be distinguished even as a variety. I have followed Mr. C. B. Clarke in
reducing Berggren’s C. pulchella to C. comans, the differences between the two
being of no very great importance.

38. C. plesiostachys, C. B. Clarke MS. in Herb. Kew.—Pale-
green, densely tufted, with much of the habit of C. comans. Culms
short, slender, quite smooth, leafy almost to the top, 4~-9in. long.
Leaves much exceeding the culms, 12-20 in. long, narrow, ,—;;in.
broad, flat in front, slightly convex behind, grooved; margins
slightly scabrid. Spikelets 5-6, pale stramineous, closely approxi-
mate, the lowest not remote, +-2in. long; terminal one male,
slender; remainder all female, sometimes with a few male flowers

830 CYPERACES. | Carex.

at the base, sessile or the lowest very shortly pedunculate ; bracts
long and leafy. Glumes broadly ovoid, pale-coloured, membranous,
shortly bifid, midrib produced into a long or short awn usually
exceeding the utricles; margins lacerate. Utricle elliptic-ovoid,
“unequally biconvex, smooth, turgid, gradually narrowed into a
rather long acutely bidentate beak; margins entire. Styles 3.
Nut trigonous.

SourH Isuanp: Otago—Milford Sound, Kirk /

Specimens of this collected by Mr. Kirk are in my own and in the Kew
Herbarium, and I have adopted Mr. Clarke’s manuscript name for it. It is
evidently very close to C. comans var. stricta, principally differing in the closely
aggregated spikelets and broader utricles, which are not serrate above.

39. C. litorosa, Bailey in Memoirs Torrey Club (1889) 72.—
Pale-green, forming compact tufts. Culms densely packed, slender,
erect, terete, grooved, quite smooth, leafy, 9-24in. high. Leaves
as long or longer than the culms, sheathing at the base, narrow,
so-tz In. broad, deeply grooved, flat or concave in front, convex
behind, narrowed into long filiform points; margins slightly
serrate above. Spikelets 3-5, the lowermost often remote, the
others closely placed or a little distant, oblong-ovate, +-$in. long;
terminal one male, slender; remainder all female, usually with male
flowers either above or below, sessile or the lowermost shortly
pedunculate ; bracts very long and leafy. Glumes ovate, acuminate
with a short or long awn, membranous, pale-brown; margins often
lacerate. Utricles as long or rather longer than the glumes, broadly
ovoid, turgid, biconvex, smooth or obscurely nerved, reddish-brown ;
margins smooth; beak short and stout, with 2 divergent teeth.
Styles 3. Nut obovoid, trigonous.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxiv. (1892) 415. C. littoralis, Petrve in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv.
(1883) 358; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 437 (not of
Schwein.). C. australis, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 262
(not of Boeckel.).

NortH anp SoutH IsLtAnps, Stewart IstAnpD: Not uncommon in brackish-
water marshes from the Kaipara Harbour southwards. October—January.

Distinguished from C. comans by the larger size and stouter habit, broader
spikelets, and especially by the broader and more turgid biconvex utricles, with
entire margins and smooth or very obscurely nerved faces. The Otago and
Stewart Island specimens have rather larger spikelets, with male flowers at the
base of the female spikelets, whereas they are usually at the top in northern
specimens.

40. C. dissita, Sol. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 284.—Densely
tufted. Culms slender, smooth, leafy, 1-24ft. high. Leaves
longer or shorter than the culms, dark-green, flat, broad, grassy,
deeply grooved, $-+in. diam.; margins scabrid above. Spikelets
4-8, distant, 1-1 in. long, +4 in. broad, dark-brown; terminal one
male, slender, rarely with 1 or 2 much smaller ones near its

Carex. | CYPERACEA. 831

base ; remainder all female, but often with male flowers below,
rarely at the top, shortly peduncled and erect, or the lower on
longer peduncles and nodding; bracts long, leafy. Glumes broadly
ovate, deeply bifid or almost entire, membranous, dark chestnut-
brown with paler margins; midrib stout, produced into a short or ~
rather long stout hispid awn. Utricles about equalling the glumes,
ovoid, turgid, biconvex, obscurely nerved, pale- or dark-brown,
sometimes almost black; margins often serrate above; beak short,
with 2 stout often widely divergent teeth. Styles 3. Nut ovoid,
trigonous. — Handb. N.Z. Fil. 316; Boott, Ill. Car. i. t. 176;
Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 487. C. longeacuminata,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 104. C. polyneura, Col. l.c.
C. australis, Boeck. Cyp. Berol. n. 298.

Var. Lambertiana, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 437.—
Stouter. Leaves broader, 4-4in. Spikelets longer and stouter, 1-2} in. long.
Glumes more deeply bifid.—C. Lambertiana, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel.i. 284; Ill. Car. i. t.177; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 317.

Var. ochrosaccus, Cheesem.—OCulms usually overtopped by the leaves.
Spikelets 4-9, pale, erect, short-stalked, lower often compound. Glumes with
longer awns exceeding the utrioles. Utricles pale, rather narrower.—C. ochro-
saccus, C. B. Clarke MS. in Herb. Kew.

Var. monticola, Kukenthal, MS.—Smaller, 6-18in. high. Leaves nar-
rower. Spikelets 3-5, small, +4in. long, sessile or very shortly peduncled.

NortH anD SoutH Isuanps, Stewart Istanp: The typical form and
var. Lambertiana abundant throughout. Var. ochrosaccus: Whangarei,
Carse! Kaipara, Kirk! vicinity of Auckland, 7. F.C. Var. monticola: Not
uncommon in turfy swamps in the mountains of both Islands. Sea-level to
3500 ft. October—January.

A most abundant and variable species. It can be distinguished from its
allies by the broad flat grassy leaves, usually solitary male spikelets, distant
stout dark-coloured female spikelets, which are generally on short peduncles,
broad often deeply bifid glumes with a hispid awn of varying length, and
broadly ovoid turgid utricles, which are usually obscurely nerved.

41. C. Solandri, Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 284. —
Densely tufted. Culms tall, slender, trigonous, slightly scabrid
above, leafy, 1-3ft. high, often elongating in fruit and becoming
prostrate. Leaves long, narrow, keeled, #,-4in. broad; margins
and keel sharply scabrid. Spikelets 5-10, distant, on long slender
peduncles, long and narrow, #-2in. long by about +in. broad,
dark-brown; terminal 1-4 male, slender, usually closely placed ;
remainder all female, but generally with a few male flowers below,
nodding, the 2 or 3 lowest often compound, on longer filiform
peduncles; bracts long and leafy. Glumes broadly ovate, entire
or bifid, membranous, dark or pale chestnut-brown ; midrib pro-
duced into an awn of variable length. Utricles about equalling
the glumes, ovoid, turgid, unequally biconvex or obscurely trigonous,
dark red-brown or purplish-black, rarely pale-brown, narrowed into
a short sharply bidentate beak ; margins smooth or serrate above.

832 CYPERACEA. (Carex.

Styles 3. Nut ovoid, trigonous.—Boott, Ill. Car. i. 61, t. 175; C.
Neesiana, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 316; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xvi. (1884) 438 (not of Endl.).

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon from

Ahipara and Mongonui southwards, usually in woods. Sea-level to 2000 ft.
October—January.

Allied to C. dissita, from which it differs in the taller and more slender
habit, in the male spikelets usually more than one, and in the longer and
narrower female spikelets, the 2 or 3 lower of which are often compound. The
utricles are also rather smaller, and less conspicuously nerved than in C. dissita.
In my Revision of the New Zealand species I followed Sir J. D. Hooker in
uniting it with the Norfolk Island C. Neesiana ; but since then I have obtained
specimens of that species, and find it to differ so much in leaves, spikelets, and
utricles that I can entertain no doubt as to the distinctness of the two plants.

42. C. ventosa, C. B. Clarke MS. in Herb. Kew.—Tall, stout,
robust, leaves broad. Inflorescence 12-14in. long. Spikelets 8,
2-3 in. long, pale; terminal 2-3 male, slender; remainder all
female, short-peduncled, erect, not pendulous. Ubtricles elliptic-
oblong, trigonous, narrowed at both ends, stramineous, 12-nerved,
glabrous ; beak very short. Nut blackish, elliptic-oblong, trigonous.

CHATHAM IsLanps (?): Travers in Herb. Kew.

This is quite unknown to me, and the above brief diagnosis has been
framed from notes kindly supplied by Mr. C. B. Clarke, who remarks that it is
nearest to the true C. Neesiana (of Norfolk Island), but differs in the larger and
narrower utricles.

43. C. longiculmis, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 363.
—Tall, densely tufted. Culms terete or nearly so, smooth, 2-3 it.
high or more, leafy at the base. Leaves shorter than the culms or
equalling them, pale-green, sheathing at the base, 4—1in. broad,
flat or keeled, striate; margins slightly scabrid above. Spikelets
5-7, the lowermost usually distant, the remainder approximate ;
terminal one male, slender, 1-2 in. long, sometimes with a smaller
one near its base; remainder all female, usually with a few male
flowers at the base, rarely at the top, very large and stout, 2-14 in.
long, +-4in. broad, pale-brown, sessile or the lowest shortly
peduncled ; bracts leafy, far exceeding the inflorescence. Glumes
broadly ovate, membranous, pale chestnut-brown, midrib produced
into a stout hispid awn. Utricle equalling the glumes, somewhat
Stipitate, ovoid, biconvex, nerved, pale- or dark-brown, suddenly
contracted into a rather long and stout bidentate beak; margins
smooth. Styles 3. Nut trigonous.—Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. -
Xvi. (1884) 438.

Stewart Istanp: Paterson’s Inlet, Petrie! G. M. Thomson! Glory Cove,
Kirk !

A very distinct species, perhaps nearest to C. litorosa, but much larger in
all its parts.

Carex. | CYPERACE!. 833

44. C. trifida, Cav. Ic. v. 41, t. 465.—A very tall and stout
species, forming dense tussocks 1-2 ft. diam. Culms stout, erect,
2-4 ft. high, obtusely trigonous, quite smooth, thickened at the
base, copiously leafy. Leaves very large, overtopping the culms,
3-6 ft. long, 4-4in. broad, sheathing at the base, keeled, rigid,
striate ; aoe scabrid. Spikelets 6-12, very large and stout,
3-5 in. long, 4-2 in. broad ; ia 2-4 male, rather closely placed,
sessile or nearly so; lower 4-6 female, further apart, shortly
stalked, the lowest often compound ; bracts long, leafy. Glumes
linear-oblong or lanceolate, deeply bifid, membranous, chestnut-
brown; midrib produced into a long hispid awn. Utricle shorter
than the glumes or almost equalling them, stipitate and attenuate
at the base, oblong-obovoid, turgid, obsoletely trigonous, strongly
nerved, rather abruptly contracted into a 2-toothed beak. Styles 3.
Nut obovoid-oblong, trigonous. — Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl.
Antarct. 1.89; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 284; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 316; Cheesem.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 439. ©. incrassata, Sol. ex Boott,
Ill. Car. iv. 138.

SournH Is~tanp: Marlborough—Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solan-
der, Canterbury—Akaroa, Raoul. Otago—Near Dunedin, Buchanan! Lindsay,
Petrie! Bluff Hill, Kirk! Dusky Sound, Lyall. Svrmwarr Istanp: Petrie!
THE SNARES, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES IsLaAND: Not
uncommon, Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk !

Also in temperate South America, from Chili to Fuegia and the Falkland
Islands. The large size, stout habit, and numerous massive spikelets readily
distinguish it from any other species found in New Zealand.

45. C. breviculmis, R. Br. Prodr. 242.—Culms short, tufted,
erect or spreading from the base, 1-6in. high. Leaves very much
longer than the culms, spreading, 34,34, in. broad, flat, grooved ;
margins euently scabrid above. Spikelets 2-5, small, green, ap-
proximate, g—-3 in. long; terminal one male; remainder all female,
sometimes with male flowers at the top, erect, sessile or the lowest
very shortly pedunculate; bracts long, narrow, leafy. Glumes
laxly imbricate, ovate, pale-green, membranous; midrib stout,
produced into a long hispidawn. Utricles shorter than the glumes,
stipitate, narrow-elliptic, trigonous, faintly many-nerved, green,
pubescent, narrowed upwards into a short pyramidal beak. Styles
3. Nut elliptic-obovoid, trigonous ; style-base dilated just above
the top of the nut.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 283, t. 63a; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 316; Fl. Tasm. ii. 101; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 445;
Boott, Ill. Car. iv. 181; Cheesem. m Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884)
439.

Nortu anpD Soutu Isnanps: Abundant from the North Cape to Foveaux
Strait. Sea-level to 3000 ft. October—March.

Easily recognised by the small size and pubescent utricles. Also found in
Australia and Tasmania, the Himalaya Mountains, China, and Japan.

27—F.

834 CYPERACEZ. [Carex.

46. C. pumila, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 39.—Rhizome long, creeping,
often many feet in length. Culms short, stout, 4-Sin. high, leafy
throughout. Leaves much longer than the culms, ;,-4in. broad,
rigid, keeled, grooved, glaucous-green, recurved above, tapering into
long subulate points. Spikelets 3-6, approximate; terminal one
male, slender, 3-lin. long, often with one or two much smaller
ones near its base; remainder all female, sometimes with male
flowers at the top, oblong, stout, }-2in. long, +4 in. broad, sessile
or the lowest shortly pedunculate; bracts long and leafy. Glumes
ovate-oblong, membranous, chestnut-brown with pale hyaline mar-
gins; midrib stout, produced into a short awn or batems excurrent.
Utricle very large, much exceeding the glumes, +—+in. long, thick
and corky, turgid, ovoid, smooth or obsoletely nerved, brown, nar-
rowed into a short bidentate beak. Styles 3. Nut brown, auonie
trigonous.— Boott, Ill. Car. iv. 217; Hook. f. Handb. W.Z. Fil.
315; Benth, Fl. Austral. vii. 445; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xvi. (1884) 439. ©. littorea, Lab. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 69, t. 219;
Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 284.

NortH AND Souts Istanps: Sandy shores from the North Cape to Foveaux
Strait, abundant. October—January.

Very distinct from any other New Zealand species. The long running
rhizomes, glaucous keeled leaves, and large smooth and turgid utricles are con-
spicuous characters. Common in Australia and Tasmania, along the eastern
coasts of Asia, and in extratropical South America.

47. C. Brownii, Tuckerm. Enum. Car. 21.— Culms tufted,
slender, smooth, leafy at the base, 8-16 in. high. Leaves shorter
than the culms, flat, grassy, }4+in. broad ; margins smooth or very
slightly scabrid. Spikelets 3-4; terminal one male, small, 4-3 in.
long, slender, often few-flowered ; remainder all female, 4-2 in. long,
about tin. broad, dusky-brown, the two upper close together, on
very short peduncles or subsessile, the third (when present) usually
remote, on a slender erect peduncle sometimes 3in. long; bracts
leafy, rather short, but the upper exceeding the inflorescence.
Male glumes narrow, membranous, terminating in a very long
‘folaceous awn. Female glumes with a small lanceolate or linear-
oblong base ending in a serrulate awn equalling or shorter than
the utricle. Utricles spreading when ripe, about + in. long, broadly
oblong or ovoid, turgid, obscurely trigonous, strongly nerved, dull-
brown ; beak very short, tipped with 2 pale-brown teeth. Styles 3.
Nut obovoid-oblong, pale, trigonous.—Boott, Ill. Car. iv. 161, t.
582; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 447. C. striata, R. Br. Prodr. 243
(not of Michauz).

Norra Istanp: Auckland—Marshes at Lake Tongonge, near Kaitaia,
R, H. Matthews !

An Australian plant, ranging from Queensland to Victoria; also found in
Japan. Mr. Matthews, who is the first to observe it in New Zealand, considers
it to be indigenous, and there is nothing improbable in its occurrence in the
extreme north of the colony.

Carex. | OYPERACE®. 835

48. C. flava, Linn. Sp. Plant. 975.— Rhizome short, tufted.
Culms tufted, smooth, trigonous with the angles somewhat acute,
leafy, 2-Sin. high. Leaves usually longer than the culms in New
Zealand specimens, yellow-green when dry, flat, #,—1in. broad,
spreading or recurved; margins slightly scabrid. Spikelets 3-8,
yellow-green, closely approximate or rarely the lowest remote ;
terminal one (rarely two) male, slender, +-2in. long; remainder
all female but usually with a few male flowers at the top, ovoid cr
roundish, +4in. long, squarrose, sessile or the lowest sometimes
peduncled; bracts long, leafy, spreading. Glumes ovate, obtuse,
membranous; margins pale, sometimes hyaline. Utricles much
exceeding the glumes, spreading or deflexed, ovoid, trigonous, in-
flated, strongly ribbed, pale yellow-green, suddenly narrowed into
a long slender scabrid 2-toothed beak. Styles 38. Nut obovoid,
trigonous.— Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 444; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xvi. (1884) 439. C. cataracte, R. Br. Prodr. 242; Hook. f.
Pi tasm. um. 101, t. 151; Handd. N.Z. Fl. 315: Boott, Ill. Car. iv.
t. 204. C. novee-seelandiz, Boeck. in Flora (1878), 169.

SoutH Isntanp: Mountain districts from Nelson to Foveaux Strait.
Usually from 1500 to 3500 ft., but descends to sea-level in several scattered
localities. December-—February.

Found also in Australia, Tasmania, and Chili in the Southern Hemisphere,
and very widely distributed in the north temperate zone. New Zealand speci-
mens have a smaller utricle than in typical C. flava, and the beak is shorter.
They thus approach the var. deri, which is often kept as a distinct species.

49. C. vaccilans, Sol. ex Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 285.
—Culms tufted, slender, weak, triquetrous with the angles scabrid,
leafy, 10-18in. high. Leaves longer or shorter than the culms,
4-4 in. broad, flat or keeled towards the base, striate, usually with
a conspicuous nerve on each side of the stout midrib; margins and
midrib beneath sharply scabrid. Spikelets 4-9, 1-3 in. long, about
41n. broad, bright red-brown ; terminal 1-3 male, sometimes mixed
with a few female flowers; remainder female, usually with a few
male flowers at the base, the two or three lower ones remote,
nodding, on long filiform peduncles, the upper ones closer together
and on shorter stalks or subsessile; bracts long, leafy. Glumes
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, gradually narrowed
into a short or rather long awn, red-brown ; margins paler, often
lacerate. Utricles usually longer than the glumes, stipitate, fusi-
form, triquetrous, conspicuously costate-nerved, red-brown, nar-
rowed into a long slender beak with 2 acute teeth. Styles 3. Nut
elliptic-oblong, whitish, trigonous.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 317;
Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 440. C. spinirostris, Col.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 335.

NortH Istanp: Not uncommon on declivities in dry woods, especially
near the sea. October-November.

836 CYPERACES. (Carex.

A very distinct species, easily recognised by the long and very slender red-
brown spikelets, narrow entire glumes, and fusiform strongly ribbed long-beaked
utricles.

50. C. Cockayniana, Kukenthal, MS.—Culms slender, trigon-
ous, smooth or slightly scabrid, leafy, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves usually
longer than the culms, 4-4 in. broad, flat, striate; margins scabrid
above. Spikelets 5-8, 14-3in. long, about +in. broad, usually
remote but sometimes the upper approximate, bright red-brown or
pale-brown ; terminal one male, generally with female flowers at
the top, which sometimes occupy quite one-half the spikelet ;
remainder all female, usually with male flowers at the base, all on
filiform peduncles and nodding, or the upper almost sessile and
erect ; bracts long, leafy. Glumes ovate - lanceolate, entire or
emarginate, membranous, red-brown; keel greenish, produced into
a short awn. Utricles equalling the glumes or rather shorter than
them, spreading when ripe, stipitate, narrow-elliptic, trigonous,
strongly costate-nerved, pale yellow-brown, narrowed into a short
stout minutely 2-toothed beak. Styles 3. Nut trigonous.—C. cin-
namomea, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 301 (not of
Olney). C. Forsteri, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 440

(in part).

SourH Isnanp: Nelson—Graham River; sources of the Takaka River,
T. F. C.; Mount Kelvin (near Westport), Townson! Westland—Kelly’s Hill,
Petrie! Cockayne! Otago—Clinton Valley, Petrie! 500-4000 ft. No-
vember—January.

This differs from C. vaccilans in the stouter habit, broader leaves, thicker
spikelets, and broader and shorter utricles, which want the slender deeply bifid
beak of that species.

51. C. semi-Forsteri, C. B. Clarke MS. in Herb. Kew.—Culms
tufted, stout or slender, trigonous, slightly scabrid above, 1-3 ft.
high. Leaves longer or shorter than the culms, broad, 4—+4in.
diam. or even more, flat, striate, often with a stout nerve on each
side of the midrib; margins and midrib beneath sharply scabrid.
Spikelets 5-9, distant or the upper 2-3 somewhat approximate,
1-3in. long, +-+in. broad, greenish or greenish-brown ; terminal
one male at the base with the upper half or sometimes three-
quarters female; remainder all female, but usually with a few male
flowers at the base, the uppermost subsessile, the rest pedunculate,
the peduncle of the lowermost sometimes elongated ; bracts very
long and leafy. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, membranous, pale-
ferruginous or whitish-green; midrib pale, produced into a short
or long serrulate awn. Utricles longer or shorter than the glumes,
spreading when ripe, elliptic-lanceolate, trigonous, nerved, greenish
or greenish-brown ; beak 4—? as long as the utricle, with 2 linear
acute teeth. Styles 3. Nut obovoid-oblong, trigonous. —C.
Forsteri, Boott, Ill. Car. t. 187 (not of Wahi.).

Carex. | CYPERACEA!. 837

Kermapec Isnanps: 7. F. C., Miss Shakespear! NorrH anv Sour
Istanps: Not uncommon throughout. Sea-level to 2000 ft. November-
January.

I have taken up this species from notes kindly supplied to me by Mr. C. B.
Clarke. It has the habit and most of the characters of C. Forsteri, but the
terminal spikelet is invariably largely female at the top, whereas it is wholly
male in C. Forsteri. Small states approach C. Cockayniana, which often has
the terminal spikelet partly female; but that species has the beak of the utricle
much shorter, with two very obscure teeth. Mr. Colenso’s C. sexspicata (Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 342) may be the same species, and, if so, his name must
take precedence. There are no specimens in his herbarium.

52. C. Forsteri, Wahl. in Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. Stockh. (1803)
154.—Culms tufted, stout or rather slender, trigonous, grooved,
scabrid above, He te -3 ft. high. Leaves longer or shorter than
the culms, broad, 1_Lin. diam., flat, harsh, striate ; margins and
midrib beneath ae scabrid. Spikelets 5-10, distant, 14-3 in.
long, +-—4in. broad, green or pale ferruginous : terminal 1-3
(usually 2) male, slender ; remainder all female ee commonly with
male flowers either above or below, the upper 2-3 sessile or nearly
so, the rest pedunculate, sometimes compound; bracts very long
and leafy. Glumes ovate - lanceolate, membranous, ferruginous
with a pale-green centre; midrib stout, produced into a short or
rather long awn. Utricles equalling or exceeding the glumes,
spreading when ripe, almost sessile or very shortly stipitate,
elliptic-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, trigonous, nerved; beak 4~2
the length of the utricle, linear, with 2 lanceolate acute teeth.
Styles 3. Nut obovoid-oblong, trigonous.—Boott in Hook. f. Fi.
Nov. Zel. i. 285; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 315 (in part) ; Cheesem.
mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 440. C. recurva, Schkuhr. Riedgr.
i. 120. OC. debilis, Forst. Prodr. n. 550. C. punctulata, A. Rich.
Fl, Nowd. Zel. 119, +. 21.

Nortu AND SourH IstAnps: Not uncommon from the Three Kings Islands

and the North Cape southwards to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 2000ft.
November—January.

53. C. pseudo-cyperus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 978.—Culms tufted,
stout, triquetrous, scabrid on the angles, leafy, 1-3 ft. high.
Leaves often longer than the culms, flat, broad, grassy, 4-4in.
diam.; margins scabrid. Spikelets 3-5, rarely more, usually
clustered towards the top of the stem or the lowest one remote,
1-24 in. long, pale-green; terminal one male, rarely female at the
top, slender ; remainder all female, long-peduncled and nodding, or
in small specimens subsessile and erect, dense-flowered ; bracts
long, ieafy. Glumes small, oreenish-white, linear-oblong, suddenly
narrowed into a stout serrulate awn. Utricles usually exceeding
the glumes, spreading or even reflexed when aoe stipitate, ovate-
SHE CTEM trigonous, somewhat inflated, strongly ribbed, greenish ;
beak 4-4 as long as the utricle, deeply split at the apex into two

838 CYPERACEZ:. (Carex.

long and narrow almost pungent teeth. Styles 3. Nut small,
obovoid, trigonous.—R. Br. Prodr. 243; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
448; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 441. C. Forsteri,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 315, in part (not of Wahl.).

Var. fascicularis.—Rather taller and stouter. Spikelets 2-4 in. long, often
pale red-brown when mature, further apart and on longer peduncles, that of the
lowest sometimes 4-8 in. long. Utricles broader and more truncate at the base,
suddenly narrowed into a longer linear stalk; beak narrower.—C. fascicularis,
Boott in Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 283.

NorrH anp Sours Isuanps: Abundant throughout in marshes or swampy
woods. Sea-level to 3000 fc. November—February.

Widely spread through the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Mr.
C. B. Clarke is inclined to maintain the var. fascicularis as a distinct species.

Orper XCII. GRAMINEA.

Annual or perennial, erect or creeping herbs, rarely (bamboos)
shrubby or arborescent. Stem (culm) branched at the base, cvlin-
dricai or slightly compressed, jointed, generally hollow between the
joints ; joints (modes) solid, swollen. Leaves alternate, distichous,
usually iong and narrow, entire, parallel-veined; sheath long, split
to the base on one side, at its junction with the blade usually
furnished with an erect nembranous appendage called the ligule.
Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, minute, solitary in the axils
of small bracts (glwmes) which are imbricated in 2 opposite rows,
forming little spikes or spikelets. Spikelets usually many, arranged
in spikes, panicles, or fascicles. Glumes placed alternately on each
side of the axis (rhachilla) of the spikelet, the first or lowest 1-6
(commonly the first 2) empty and known as empty glumes or outer
glumes, or simply as glumes. The succeeding 1 or several are
called flowering glumes, each of them having in its axil a very short
branchlet bearing on its upper side a 2-nerved bractlet called the
palea ; the branchlet ending in a flower, which is thus enclosed by
the flowering glume and palea. Occasionally 1 or more glumes at
the top of the spikelet are empty or enclose rudimentary flowers
only. Perianth wanting, unless represented by 2 (rarely 3) minute
scales (lodicules). Stamens usually 8, rarely 1, 2, or 6, hypo-
gynous ; filaments capillary ; anthers pendulous, versatile, fugacious.
Ovary 1-celled; styles 2 or rarely 3, free or connate at the base,
feathery with simple or branched stigmatic hairs; ovule solitary,
erect, anatropous. Fruit a seed-like utricle or grain (caryopsis)
either free within the flowering glume and palea, or adhering to one
or both. Seed erect, usually adherent to the membranous pericarp,
rarely separable (Sporobolus); albumen copious, farinaceous ; em-
bryo very small, roundish, on one side of the base oi the albumen.

One of the largest of the families of plants, found in all climates and situa-
tions, but most numerous in temperate regions. Genera about 325; species

GRAMINE. 839) *

probably not less than 3500. In usefulness to man it is exceeded by no other
order. The nutritious herbage forms the chief pasturage of our flocks and herds ;
the cereal grains, as wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, millet, maize, &c., constitute
a very large proportion of our food; sugar is obtained from the sugar-cane and
sorghum ; while few plants are applied to a greater variety of uses than the
various kinds of bamboos. Many species are cultivated for ornamental purposes,
from the dwarf varieties used for edgings and lawns to the pampas-grass and
giant-bamboo. Of the 33 indigenous genera, one only (Simplicia) is endemic; 4
(Microlena, Echinopogon, Dichelachne, and Amphitromus) are found elsewhere
in Australia and Tasmania alone ; and 2 others (Ehrharta and Asperella) have a
very restricted range, but are not indigenous in Australia. The remaining 26
are widely distributed in either temperate or tropical regions or in both, and
some are cosmopolitan. In addition to the indigenous species, a large number
of grasses have become naturalised, and every year adds to the list. Most of
these are natives of the Northern Hemisphere, and many have been purposely
introduced and widely spread through the country on account of their value for
pasturage or fodder. The remainder are either weeds of cultivation or inhabit-
ants of waste-places or roadsides, a large proportion having followed the foot-
steps of civilised man all round the world. A few Australian and subtropical
species have also established themselves, but the number of these is not nearly
so large as might have been anticipated. Many of the naturalised species have
so completely amalgamated with the indigenous flora as to present all the
appearance of true natives, and will certainly be taken as such by a beginner
unacquainted with their history. It will therefore be advisable, when determin-
ing any species, to make frequent reference to the list of naturalised species given
in another part of this work, and to become acquainted with their distinguishing
characters, which, in the majority of cases, can be learned from any British
Flora.

I am deeply indebted to Professor EH. Hackel, of St. Poelten, Austria, so
well known for his wide acquaintance with the order, for undertaking a critical
examination of the whole of the New Zealand species, and for furnishing me
with very full and complete notes, with permission to use the same for the pur-
poses of this work. In drawing up the following account I have largely availed
myself of the results of his work, and with few exceptions have adopted the
systematic disposition of the species recommended by him.

Division A. PANICACAL.

Spikelets articulated on their pedicels below the glumes and fall-
ing away at maturity; usually 2-flowered, the upper flower perfect
and producing seed, the lower flower always male; rhachilla not
continued beyond the upper flower.

Trine 1. ANDROPOGONE A.

Spikelets usually 1-flowered, generally in pairs, rarely in threes or solitary,
on the rhachis of a spike or branches of a panicle, all hermaphrodite or some of
them male, in the latter case so placed that a male spikelet stands by the side of
a hermaphrodite one. Flowering glumes hyaline, often awned, usually much
smaller than the empty ones.

Panicle long, dense, cylindrical. Spikelets awnless, almost
concealed by long silky hairs ae be .. 1. ImpErRata.

Trise II, ZOYSIEA.

Spikelets usually 1-flowered, solitary or in clusters on the rhachis of a spike
or raceme. Flowering glumes membranous, never awned, usually smaller
than the outer glumes.

* 840 GRAMINEZ:.

Small creeping usually maritime grass. Leaves short,
rigid. Spike eg stiff. eae Tete to the
rhachis... .. 2. °ZOvGras

TripE III. PANICE A.

Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower with or without a male
one below it. Flowering glumes awnless, cartilaginous or coriaceous, in fruit
hardened and enclosing the grain. Outer glumes thinner in texture than the
flowering glumes, rarely awned.

Spikelets 1-flowered, plano-convex, sessile in 2 or 4 rows in

one-sided spikes which are either in pairs or form the

branches of a simple panicle. Hmpty glumes 2 .. 93. PAsPALUM.
Spikelets with 2 hermaphrodite flowers, panicled; outer

glumes 2, persistent after the rest of the spikelet has

fallen away 4. ISACHNE.
Spikelets with 1 hermaphrodite flower and sometimes a

male flower below; outer glumes 2 or 3, not awned, the

lowest often very small 2: ws by .. 5. Panicum.
Stems weak, decumbent ; leaves broad, ovate to lanceolate.
Spikelets as in Panicum, but outer glumes awned .. 6. OPLISMENUS.

Spikelets enclosed, each one or 2-3 together, in an in-

volucre of rigid spines or bristles, often connate into a

cup below .. ae nc .. 7. CENCHRUS-
Stout wide-creeping sand- plant. Inflorescence dicecious ;

males in spikes clustered in heads; females in dense

globular heads with long radiating Sige pointed

bracts ate oe se ; .. 8. SPINIFEX.

Division B. POACEA.

Spikelets not articulated on the pedicel below the glumes, the
rhachilla continuous with the pedicel, and the articulations above
the outer glumes and frequently also between the flowering glumes.
Flowers 1 te many, the lowest flower perfect, the uppermost often
male or imperfect. (Lower flower imperfect in Phalaride@.)

TriBE IV. PHALARIDEA.

Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower, with or without 1 or 2 male
or rudimentary flowers below. Outer glumes 4, the lower 2 sometimes small,
the 2 inner sometimes serving as flowering glumes for male flowers.

First and second outer glumes smaller than the third

and fourth. Flowering glumes obtuse .. 9. KHRHARTA.
First and second outer glumes minute, many times smaller

than the third and fourth. Flowering glumes acute .. 10. MicronzNa.
First and second outer glumes as large as the third and

fourth, both of which usually contain a male flower .. 11. HisRocHLe.

Trin—E V. AGROSTIDEA.

Spikelets 1-flowered; rhachilla frequently produced beyond the flower.
Outer glumes 2, usually as long or longer than the flowering glume.

Spikelets panicled. Outer glumes usually longer than the
flowering, which are rigid and convolute andawned. Awn
long, terminal, bent, usually twisted below the bend .. 12. Sripa.
Panicle short and dense, cylindrical, bristly from the long
awns. Flowering glume hyaline, 3-fid, middle lobe pro-
duced into along awn. MRhachilla evidently produced.. 13. EcHINoPpoGoON.

GRAMINE. 841

Panicle dense, cylindrical. Outer glumes compressed,

fringed on the keel. Flowering glume hyaline, with a

short dorsal awn. Rhachilla not produced Xs 14. ALOPECURUS.
Panicle long, narrow and spike-like in the New Zealand

species. Spikelets small, awnless. Flowering glume

usually exceeding the outer glumes. Seed loose in the

pericarp and finally expelled from it . .. 15. SPOROBOLUS.
Spikelets panicled. Outer glumes very ‘minute. Flower-

ing glume awnless, acuminate, pubescent. Palea almost

as long as the glume . 16. Srmpricra.
Spikelets small, panicled. Flowering elume hyaline, much

smaller than the outer glumes, awned on the back or

awnless. Palea usually short, often minute or wanting.

Rhachilla not produced if: ee ea .. 17. AGROsTIS.
Spikelets small, panicled. Flowering glume hyaline,

smaller than the outer glumes or almost equalling

them, awned on the back. Palea more than half as

long as the flowering glume. MRbhachilla produced be-

yond the palea, silky 18. DeyEuxia.
Panicle Jong, narrow, dense, bristly from the long awns.

Flowering glume hardly shorter than the outer glumes,

with a long and fine awn from the back near the tip .. 19. DIcHELACHNE.

TrinzE VI. AVENAL.

Spikelets 2- or several-flowered, usually panicled. Flowering glumes
generally shorter than the outer glumes, usually awned; awn geniculate and
often twisted, rarely straight.

* Awn of the flowering glumes dorsal, rising from below the terminal teeth
of the glume, not from between them.

Spikelets 2-flowered. Flowering glumes erose or 2-

toothed at the tip, shortly awned .. 20. DESCHAMPSIA.
Spikelets 2-6-flowered. Flowering glumes sharply 2-

toothed at the tip; teeth sometimes almost awned ; awn

from the back just below the teeth .. . 21, TRISETUM.
Spikelets 5-10-flowered. Flowering glumes rounded at
the back; awn dorsal, straight or bent a .. 22, AMPHIBROMUS.

** Awn of the flowering glumes rising from between the terminal lobes or
teeth of the glume.

Spikelets several-flowered. Flowering glumes rounded at
the back, often ciliate or hairy ; awn rigid, often twisted
or flattened at the base ae 20 3¢ .. 23. DANTHONIA.

TrisE VII. CHLORIDE A.

Spikelets 1-many-flowered, crowded in two rows on one side of a flat
rhachis or spike; spikes in racemes or digitate.

Spikes digitate or scattered at the top of theculm. Spike-
lets compressed, several-flowered, awnless. Outer glumes
persistent ; flowering glumes deciduous a6 .. 24, ELEUSINE.

Trise VIII. FESTUCH A.

Spikelets 2-—many-flowered, usually panicled or racemed. Flowering
glumes generally exceeding the outer glumes, awnless or with 1 or several
straight awns, which are usually terminal, rarely dorsal. Rhachilla produced
beyond the uppermost flower.

842 GRAMINE2. [Imperata.

Tall reed-like grasses with silvery panicles. Flowering

glumes covered with long hairs, membranous. Kha-

chilla long, glabrous 25. ARUNDO.
Spikelets 3-5 flowered, usually rounded on the back.

Flowering glumes 2- 3-toothed, middle tooth often

mucroniform or slightly awned . 26. TRIODIA.
Panicle spiciform. Spikelets 2-5- flowered, shining, com-

pressed. Flowering glumes scarious, mucronate or

shortly awned : . 27. KasLeria.
Spikelets 2-many- flowered, compressed. " Flowering glumes

keeled at the back, acute or obtuse, awnless, often (to-

gether with the rhachilla) clothed at the base with

tangled hairs. Hilum punctiform .. 28. Poa.
Spikelets 3-many-flowered. Flowering glumes rounded at

the back, cbtuse, awnless, 5-9-nerved. lLodicules dis-

tinct. Hilum punctiform ve . Se _ -- 29, ATROPIS-
Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Flowering glumes rounded on

the back, more rigid than in Poa, acute or awned.

Ovary naked or hairy. Hilum long, linear .. .. 80. Frsruca.
Spikelets 3-many-flowered. Flowering glumes rounded on

the back or slightly keeled, mucronate or awned, 5-9-

nerved. Ovary villous atthe top .. + .. 31. Bromus.

Trise 1X. HORDE AS.

Spikelets 1-many-flowered, sessile in alternate notches on opposite sides of
the rhachis of a simple spike, either solitary or several together. Glumes awned
or not.

Spikelets solitary in the notches of the rhachis, 2-many-

flowered, placed flatwise on the rhachis. Outer glumes

conspicuous .. 32. AGROPYRUM.
Spikelets solitary (or i in non-New-Zealand species in pairs)

at the notches of the rhachis, 2—4-flowered, placed flat-

wise on the rhachis. Empty eae either wanting or

reduced to 2 small bristles .. : oe .. 33. ASPERELLA.

1, IMPERATA, Cyr.

Tall erect perennial grasses. Leaves long. Panicles long,
terminal, densely spiciform or narrow-thyrsiform, silky-silvery.
Spikelets ali similar, numerous, densely clothed with long silky
hairs, usually arranged in pairs on the continuous branches of
the panicle, one sessile or almost so, the other distinctly stalked,
all 1-flowered. Empty glumes 3, subequal, narrow, membranous,
awnless, 3-9-nerved, the 2 outer clothed with long hairs. Flower-
ing glume usually much smaller, hyaline. Palea small, broad,
hyaline, nerveless. Lodicules wanting. Stamens 1 or 2. Stigma
long, exserted from the tip of the spikelet. Grain oblong, with
an embryo half its length or more.

A genus of about 6 species, found in the tropical or warm temperate regions
of both hemispheres. One of the New Zealand species is very widely diffused,
the other is endemic in the Kermadec Islands.

Panicle densely Som, Ligeia obtuse, shining.

Stamens 2 .. 1. LZ. arundinacea.
Panicle not so dense, narrow- ‘lanceolate, acuminate, not

shining. Stamen 1 5a 46 ae .. 2. I. Cheesemanit,

Imperata. | GRAMINER. 843

1. I. arundinacea, Cyr. Pl. Rar. Ic. 1. 26, t.11; var. Kenigii,
Benth. Fil. Hongk. 419.— Culms 1-3 ft. high, slender, erect,
glabrous, 3-4-noded. Leaves erect, narrow, often exceeding the
culms; sheaths rather loose, with a dense erect tuft of hairs at
the nodes; ligules short, membranous, truncate; lamine linear
from a very narrow base, acuminate, rather rigid, flat or convolute ;
margins scabrid; midrib stout. Panicle densely spiciform, 3-6 in.
long, cylindric, obtuse, silvery-white and shining from the long and
silky hairs which conceal the glumes; branchlets very numerous,
appressed; pedicels capillary or setaceous, clavate at the apex.
Spikelets about %in. long, completely enveloped by fine silky
hairs +in. long. Empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or sub-
acute, ay cubis 5—T-nerved or the uppermost nerveless. Flowering
glume 4-3 as long as the upper empty glume, ovate, acute, glabrous,
hyaline, nerveless. Palea about 4 as long as the glume, quadrate,
truncate, nerveless. Stamens 2. Stigmas long, purple.—Hack. in
D.C. Monog. Phan. vi. 94; Stapf. Fl. Capen. vii. 321.

NortH Isuanp: Auckland—Near Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews !

Perhaps introduced only, but it is one of those species which might be
expected to be indigenous in the extreme north of the colony, and I have
consequently given it the benefit of the doubt. The species, in some of its
forms, is found in all warm countries; var. Kenigii is common throughout
Africa, and in Australia and Tasmania, stretching northwards to India, China,
and Japan.

2. I. Cheesemanii, Hack. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxvy. (1903)
378.—Perennial, innovation-shoots extravaginal. Culms 1-3 ft.
high, simple, stout, erect, glabrous, 3-noded. Leaves numerous,
rather shorter than the culms; sheaths loose, bearded at the mouth
but otherwise glabrous, the uppermost sheathing the base of the
panicle, the lowest scale-like ; ligules short, truncate, membranous ;
laminz linear from a narrow base, acute or acuminate, 4— 2 in.
broad, flat, nerved, glabrous; margins scabrid above. Panicle
narrow- lanceolate, gradually narrowed upwards into an acute point,
5-10 in. long, iE in. broad, dense but not so much so as in
8 arundinacea, ace white with long soft hairs that conceal the
glumes, not shining; branches numerous, erecto-patent, flexuose,
simple or with short branchlets in the lower half, pedicels clavate
(eos Spikelets about $in. long, enveloped by long soft Hairs
Outer glume as long as the spikelet, lanceolate, sub-
acute, “membranous, obscurely 5-nerved, laxly pilose along the back,
ciliolate at the apex; the 2nd similar but 3-nerved; 3rd 4 shorter,
broadly ovate, obtuse, hyaline, nerveless. Flowering “glume 4
shorter than the outer empty glumes, ovate, acuminate, tridentate.
hyalne, nerveless. Palea broad, truncate, fimbriate - ciliate.
Stamen 1. Stigmas long, purple.—I. arundinacea, Cheesem. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 175 (not of Cyr.).

844 GRAMINEZ. [Imperata.

KerMabeEc Isnanps: Cliffs on the north side of Sunday Island, abundant.
T. F. C., Miss Shakespear !

Closely allied to J. exaltata, Brong., but a much smaller plant, with a
smaller and less branched panicle, larger and broader spikelets on more clavate
pedicels, and with the outer glume 5-nerved.

2. ZOYSIA, Willd.

Small perennial creeping grasses. Culms branched at the base,
rigid, erect. Leaves distichous, subulate, often pungent-pointed.
Spikelets few, ovoid, 1-flowered, sessile or shortly pedicelled, not
distichous, jointed on and closely appressed along a rigid notched
unjointed rhachis, forming a short spike. Glumes 2; the outer one
empty, broad, convolute, coriaceous, shining and nerveless; the
inner flowering one included within the outer and much smaller
than it, membranous, hyaline. Palea still smaller, short, nerveless,
hyaline, sometimes wanting. Lodicules wanting. Stamens 3.
Styles long, distinct; stigmas elongate. Grain tree, enclosed
within the hardened outer glume.

A small genus of 2 or 3 closely related species, found on the shores of
southern and eastern Asia, Mauritius, Australia, and New Zealand.

1. Z. pungens, Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Newe Schr. iii.
(1801) 441.—Rhizome long, creeping, branched, rigid and wiry.
Culms numerous from the rhizome, often branched at the base,
erect, rigid, glabrous, usually from 1 to 3in. high, but sometimes
taller and attaining 4-6in. or even more. Leaves more or less
spreading, subulate, flat or convolute, coriaceous; sheaths short,
grooved, tipped with a few cilia; ligule wanting. Spike terminal,
1-3 in. long; spikelets usually 3-5, but in small specimens often
reduced to one, and in large ones sometimes as many as 7-9.
Outer glume smooth and shining, convolute, coriaceous, tip often
produced into a short awn. Flowering glume thin and hyaline,
included within the outer glume.— Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 312;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 324; Benth. Fl. Austral. vit. 506; Buch. N.Z.
Grasses, t. 13a. Rottboella uniflora, A. Cunn. Precur. nu. 267 ; Raoul,
Chon, 39.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Abundant on sandy shores from the North
Cape to Banks Peninsula and Okarito, less common in dry places inland,
ascending to 2000ft. at Lake Taupo and in Canterbury and Otago. Also
not, uncommon on the shores of Australia and Tasmania, extending north-
wards to India, Malacca, and China.

3. PASPALUM, Linn.

Annual or perennial grasses, of various habit. Spikelets 1-
flowered, orbicular or oblong, obtuse or rarely acute, not awned,
sessile or very shortly pedicelled, arranged in one or two rows on one
side of a slender spike ; spikes solitary, binate, digitate, or panicled.
Glumes 3; 2 outer empty, membranous, usually subequal or rarely

Paspalum. | GRAMINE. 845

the lowest smaller or absent; upper or flowering glume much
firmer, cartilaginous or almost coriaceous, 5—7-nerved. Palea
similar in texture to the flowering glume but rather smaller, 2-
nerved. lLodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Styles 2, distinct to
the base, rather long. Grain ovoid or oblong, free, enclosed within
the hardened flowering-glume and palea.

Species about 160, scattered through the tropics of both hemispheres,
but most abundant in America. The three species found in New Zealand
are widely distributed.

Rhizome not creeping. Culms usually erect, 1-3 ft.

Spikelets orbicular-ovoid, obtuse .. . IL. P. scrobiculatum.
Rhizome long, creeping. Culms ascending, "6-24 in.

Leaves flat, 4-4in. broad. Lateral aE sessile.

Spikelets oblong- ovoid, acute 50 RW eR ID rerio
Rhizome long, creeping. Culms ascending, 2-8in.

Leaves inyolute, =, in. broad. aes all Peas ea

Spikelets oblong, acute : .. 3. P. distichum.

1. P. serobiculatum, Linn. Mant. i. 29.—Rhizome short. Culms
tufted, erect or decumbent at the base, usually sheathed through-
out by the leaves, glabrous, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, +-4in. broad, glabrous or slightly
hairy towards the base, flat or wrinkled; margins rough; ligule
short, broad, membranous; sheaths rather lax. Spikes varying in
number from 2 to 6, 1-2in. long, alternate towards the top of the
culm, usually rather distant, spreading or erect; rhachis jin.
broad, flat, margins ciliate. Spikelets in 2 or rarely 3-4 rows, im-
bricate, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, sometimes geminate on
a common pedicel, ovoid-orbicular, obtuse, glabrous. Empty
glumes subequal, thin and membranous, with. a prominent midrib ;
the outer one with a single marginal veiu on each side; the upper
one with 2 marginal veins. Flowering glume similar in size and shape
to the empty glumes, hard and coriaceous, brown, shining, minutely
pitted. Palea coriaceous like the flowering glume, the margins pro-
duced into membranous inflected auricles.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
291; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 323; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 460; Buch.
N.Z. Grasses, t. 10a. P. orbiculare, Forst. Prodr. n. 85; A. Rich.
Fl. Now. Zel. 140; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 266; Raoul, Choiz, 39.

NorryH Isuanp: Auckland—Lowland stations from the North Cape to the
East Cape, not uncommon.

An abundant plant in all warm countries outside America.

2. P. Digitaria, Por. Hncycl. Suppl. iv. 316.—Rhizome long,
branched, creeping and rooting. Culms erect or ascending, sheathed
throughout by bs leaves, Bau 6-24 in. high. Leaves numer-
ous, distichous, 2-8 in. long, 4-4in. broad, flat, glabrous or sparingly
hairy towards tlie base; ligules short, membranous, truncate ;
sheaths compressed, striate, margins pilose above. Spikes rather

846 GRAMINEH, [Paspalum.

slender, 1-2in. long, usually 2 but sometimes 3 or even 4, the
lateral ones sessile or nearly so; rhachis flat, margins scabrid.
Spikelets in 2 rows, nearly sessile, imbricate and appressed to the
rhachis, ovate-oblong, acute, flattened, pale-green. Empty glumes
equal, acute, membranous, pubescent or glabrous; the lower one
3-nerved ; the upper 5-nerved, sometimes an additional minute
empty glume is present at the base of the spikelet. Flowering
glume coriaceous, smooth, shining, faintly nerved. Palea smaller,
coriaceous, margins inflexed but not auricled.—Stapf. in Fl. Capen.
vii. 370.

Norru Istanp: Auckland—Near Ahipara, 7.F.C.; Bay of Islands and
Whangarei, Petrie! marshes by the lower Waikato, 7. #.C.; Coromandel,
Petrie!

Probably introduced into New Zealand, as in Australia, South Africa,
India, and other countries, but the localities it affects give it the appearance of
being indigenous. It is a common plant in many parts of America, from Vir-
ginia southwards. It can be distinguished from P. distichum by its greater
size, much broader flat leaves, and by the lateral spikes being sessile.

3. P. distichum, Linn. Aman. Acad. v. 391.—Khizome long,
branched, creeping and rooting. Culms numerous, ascending,
sheathed throughout by the leaves, glabrous, 2-8in. high. Leaves
numerous, distichous, 2-5 in. long by about ;4,in. broad, linear, acute,
strict, spreading, usually involute; ligules short, truncate ; sheaths
thin, pale, loose, bearded at the mouth. Spikes 2, both peduncled
and jointed on the top of the culm, usually spreading, 1-1}in.
long; rhachis narrower than the spikelets. Spikelets in two rows,
sessile or nearly so, imbricate and appressed to the rhachis, oblong,
acute or almost acuminate, flattened, glabrous, pale. Empty
glumes equal, acute, thin and membranous, faintly 3—d-nerved.
Flowering glume rather shorter than the empty glumes, cori-
aceous, pale, very indistinctly nerved. Palea coriaceous like the
flowering glume, margins slightly auricled.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 291; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 323; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 460; Buch.
N.Z. Grasses, t. 10B.

Norte Isnanp: Auckland—Salt marshes from the North Cape to the Bay
f Plenty and the Waikato River, abundant.

Widely distributed in all warm countries.

4. ISACHNE, R. Br.

Perennial or rarely annual grasses. Culms tufted, or decum-
bent or creeping at the base. Spikelets small or minute, loosely
panicled, not at all or very obscurely articulate on the pedicels,
2-flowered ; both flowers hermaphrodite, or the lower flower some-
times male, and the upper flower sometimes female. Empty
glumes 2, subequal, persistent or separately deciduous, convex,
membranous, awnless. Flowering glumes 2, rather smaller than

Isachne.} GRAMINES. 847

the empty glumes, equal or the lower larger, convex or almost
hemispherical, subcoriaceous. Palea as long as the flowering
glume. Lodicules very minute. Stamens 3, rarely more. Grain
free within the hardened glume and palea, generally falling away
with them.

Species about 20, widely spread in most tropical or subtropical regions.
The single New Zealand species ranges through Australia to India and China.

1. I. australis, &. Br. Prodr. 196.—Culms slender, creeping or
decumbent at the base, ascending above, glabrous or nearly so,
6-18 in. high. Leaves short, 2-6 in. long, 4-+in. broad, lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, acute, flat, minutely rough on both surfaces,
margins scaberulous; sheaths smooth, ciliate at the mouth and on
the margins above. Panicle erect, usually open, ovoid or pyra-
midal in outline, 2-4in. long; branches numerous, sparingly
divided, very slender, flexuose, minutely scaberulous. Spikelets
all pedicelled, small, globose or nearly so, obtuse, about 54, in. long.
Empty glumes membranous, glabrous, many-nerved. Flowering
glumes firm and coriaceous, unequal in size; the lower much the
larger, smooth, shining; upper sometimes minutely pubescent.
Lower flower usually male; upper female. Palea coriaceous like
the flowering glume.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 291; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 324; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 625; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 12.

Nortu Isuanp: Abundant in swamps from the North Cape to the Hast
Cape, Lake Taupo, and Taranaki. Sea-level to 1800 ft.

Greedily eaten by cattle. In summer and autumn it often affords a large
amount of nutritious pasturage in swampy districts.

5. PANICUM, Linn.

Annual or perennial grasses, of very various habit. Spikelets
lanceolate to ovate or broadly oblong, rarely globose, acuminate
or acute or obtuse, articulate on the pedicel, laxly or densely
paniculate, or very shortly pedicelled along one side of slender
simple or branched spikes, seldom awned, glabrous or pubes-
cent, never with bristles or spines at the base, with a single
terminal hermaphrodite flower, sometimes with a male one below
it. Glumes 4; the lowermost small, sometimes minute, empty;
the 2nd and 3rd unequal or subequal, membranous, awnless or
rarely awned, empty or the 3rd containing a male or rudimentary
flower; 4th or flowering glume shorter or as long as the 3rd,
firmer and more coriaceous, hardening in fruit. Palea like the
flowering glume but smaller, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2. Grain en-
closed in the hardened flowering glume and palea, oblong or ellip-
soid; hilum punctiform.

As characterized above, this is a heterogeneous assemblage of about 300
species, found in all warm climates, but rare or absent in temperate countries.

848 GRAMINE. | Panicum.

The single New Zealand species belongs to the section Digitaria, often kept as
a distinct genus, in which the spikelets are almost sessile on one side of simple
digitate spikes.

1. P. sanguinale, Linn. Sp. Plant. 57.—Annual. Culms creep-
ing or rooting at the base, then spreading or erect, 6-18in. long.
Leaves 1-6in. long by +-4in. broad, flat, flaccid, pubescent or
glabrous ; sheaths thin, rather loose, often pilose and bearded at
the nodes; ligules truncate, membranous. Spikes few or many,
usually 3-6, varying in length from 1 to 4 in., crowded at the end of
the culm, strict, spreading or erect; rhachis triquetrous or flattened.
margins scaberulous. Spikelets geminate, one sessile, the other
pedicelled, oblong-lanceolate, acute, greenish or purplish, 5-3/5 In.
long. Outer glume very minute, ovate, acute; 2nd small, ovate-
lanceolate, 3-nerved, about 4 the length of the flowering glume ;
3rd rather longer than the flowering glume, oblong, acute, 6—7-
nerved, the nerves often ciliate; 4th or flowering glume oblong,
firm and subcoriaceous, acute or acuminate.—Benth. Fl. Austral.
vii. 469; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 175.

KERMADEC IsLanps: Not uncommon in shady places. NortH AnD SourTH
Isuanps: Abundant as a naturalised weed.

The Kermadec Islands plant, which is the only one which can be con-
sidered as indigenous, is referred by Hackel to the variety microbachne (Panicum
nvicrobachne, Presl.), and is a much more delicate and slender plant than the
type, which is now plentiful as a naturalised weed in cultivated ground in most
parts of New Zealand, as in all warm countries..

6. OPLISMENUS, Beauv.

Weak, delicate grasses. Culms decumbent and often rooting at
the base, branched, ascending above, leafy. Leaves thin, flat,
broad, ovate to lanceolate. Spikelets 1-flowered, jomted on the
pedicel, in little clusters on the branches of a simple panicle or
spike. Glumes 4, the 3 outer membranous, empty or the 3rd with
a rudimentary palea; the outer short, 3-nerved, with a long straight
rigid awn; 2nd rather longer, awn short or almost wanting ;
3rd the largest, 5-nerved, usually awnless; 4th or flowering glume
rather shorter than the 38rd, lanceolate, firm, smooth, awnless,
hardened in fruit. Palea coriaceous like the flowering glume.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, enclosed within the
hardened flowering glume and palea.

Species probably not more than 4 or 5, widely distributed in the warm
regions of both hemispheres.

1. O. undulatifolius, Beawv. Agrost. 54.—Culms prostrate and
rooting at the base, ascending above, slender, weak, sparingly
branched, 6-18in. long. Leaves 1-3in. long by +-4in. broad,
rarely more, lanceolate, acuminate, flat, glabrous or sparsely pilose ;
sheaths and nodes more or less pilose. Spike slender, 2—4 in. long ;

Oplismenus. | GRAMINES. 849

rhachis glabrous or pilose with spreading hairs. Spikelets small,
7st in. long, in distant sessile clusters of 2-6 or the uppermost
solitary, sometimes the lower clusters are produced into a short
spike-like branch. Hmpty glumes 3, concave, membranous, nerved,
pilose, the lower one with a stout rigid awn 4-4 in. long. Flowering
glume pale, coriaceous, nerveless, shining.—O. setarius, Roem. and
Schult. Syst. ii. 481; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 492. O. emulus,
Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1. 44; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 292. Ortho-
pogon emulus, &. Br. Prodr. 194. Panicum imbecille, Trin. Sp.
Gram. Ic. ii. t. 191; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 323. Hekateros-
achne elatior, Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 118.

KERMADEC ISLANDS, Norra Istanp: Abundant throughout in shaded low-
land stations. SourH Isntanp: Recorded from Nelson (ravers) and Canter-
bury (Lyall), but I have seen no specimens.

An abundant plant in all warm climates, and barely distinct from the widely
diffused O. compositus, Beauv.

7. CENCHRUS, Linn.

Annual or perennial grasses, usually tall. Leaves flat, flaccid.
Spikelets narrow, with a single terminal hermaphrodite flower with
or without a male flower below it, enclosed 1-4 together in an ovoid
or globose involucre of numerous bristles or spines, the inner of
which are broad and flattened, connate at the base and hardened in
fruit; the involucres sessile in a terminal spike or raceme, and
deciduous with the spikelets. Glumes 4; the outer much the
smallest, sometimes minute, empty; 2nd equalling the 3rd or a
little shorter, empty ; 3rd usually containing a palea and sometimes
3 stamens ; 4th or flowering glume rather shorter than the 3rd and
more rigid. Stamens 3. Styles often connate at the base. Grain
enclosed in the flowering glume and palea, free from them.

Species about 12, in the warm regions of both hemispheres and in temperate
North America.

1. C. calyculatus, Cav. Ic. v. 39, t. 463.—Culms tufted, tall,
stout, glabrous, 2-4 ft. high or more. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, 4-2 in. broad, flat, glabrous, scaberulous on the margins
and veins above ; sheaths long, rather lax ; ligule split into numerous
fine erect bristles. Spike 5-10 in. long by 4in. broad, stout, dense;
rhachis angular, pubescent. Involucres about + in. long, sessile or
very shortly pedicelled, spreading or at length deflexed, broadly
ovoid ; inner bristles 8-12, connate at the base, compressed, unequal
in length, sometimes one much longer than the rest, lower 2 plumose
with soft spreading hairs, upper 4 rough and scabrous; outer
bristles numerous, much shorter, spreading, subulate, scabrous
throughout. Spikelets 1 or 2 within the involucres; outer empty
glume half the length of the 2nd, ovate, acute, 1-nerved; 2nd

850 . GRAMINE:. [Cenchrus.

rather shorter and broader than the 3rd, 3-nerved; 3rd with a palea
and male flower, 5-7-nerved; 4th or flowering glume rather
shorter and narrower, firmer in texture.—Cheesem mm Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xx. (1888) 175. C. anomoplexis, Lab. Sert. Austr. Caled. 14,
rag oS

KerMabDeEc Istanps: Sandy soil on the north side of Sunday Island, not
common, 7’. F.C. Also a native of New Caledonia and others of the Pacific
islands.

8. SPINIFEX, Linn.

Usually wide-creeping hard and stout branching grasses. Leaves
long, involute, silky. Inflorescence dicecious. Male spikelets
2-flowered, sessile or shortly pedicelled, articulate on long erect
spikes which are arranged in umbels surrounded by leafy spatha-
ceous bracts. Glumes 4, all membranous, awnless; 2 lowest
empty; 3rd and 4th each with a palea and 3 stamens. Female
spikelets 1- or rarely 2-flowered, numerous, each one solitary at the
base of long rigid pungent stellately spreading spines, surrounded by
short lanceolate bracts, the whole inflorescence forming a large
globose head. Glumes 4, subequal, narrow ; 2 lowest empty; 3rd
With a palea and sometimes with a rudimentary male flower ;
4th with a female flower. Lodicules 2, large. Styles long, free;
stigmas plumose. Grain free within the hardened flowering
glume and palea.

A small genus of 4 species, 3 of which are found in Australia, one of them
extending to New Zealand and New Caledonia, the fourth stretching from
Ceylon and India to Java, China, and Japan.

1. S. hirsutus, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ui. 81, t. 230, 231.—Stems
creeping and rooting, branched, often many feet long, stout, knotted,
silky or woolly. Leaves 1-2 ft. long, coriaceous, flexuous, densely
clothed with soft silky hairs, margins strongly involute; sheaths
long, broad, the inner smooth and shining ; ligules split into a dense
brush of erect silky hairs. Male spikes numerous, 2-4in. long,
arranged in a terminal umbel, with or without a cluster of 2-3
placed lower down the culm. Spikelets about fin. long. Glumes
silky, 5-7-nerved. Female heads large, giobose, 6-12in. diam. ;
spines very numerous, spreading all round, slender, subulate,
pungent-pointed. Spikelets very narrow, acute or acuminate, in.
long. Glumes 7-9-nerved.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 292; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 322; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 503; Buch. N.Z. Grasses,
t. 8, 9. S. sericeus, #. Br. Prodr. 198; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel.
122; A. Cunn. Precur. nu. 268; Raoul, Chow, 40. Ixalum inerme,
Forst. Prodr. n. 564.

Norru Istanp: Abundant on sandhills near the sea. SourH ISLAND:
Nelson—Sandy shores of Blind Bay, 7. F#. C.; Cape Farewell, H. H. Travers.
Canterbury—Tvravers, Armstrong.

Spinifex. | GRAMINES, 851

Also common in Australia and New Caledonia. It is a valuable plant for
fixing the surface of moving sand-dunes.

9. EHRHARTA, Thunb.

Perennial or annual grasses, of very varied habit. Leaves flat
or convolute. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-flowered, pedicel-
late, arranged in a panicle or simple raceme; rhachilla disarticu-
lating above the 2 lowest glumes, obscurely produced above the
flower. Glumes 5d; the 2 lowest short, empty; 3rd and 4th longer,
awned, frequently hairy at the base, also empty, 4th the longest,
often with a callus at its base; 5th or flowering glume shorter,
thinner, never awned, usually witha callus or tuft of hairs at its base.
Palea narrow, keeled, finely and closely 2-nerved. Stamens 6 in
the great majority of the species, 2 only in the New Zealand ones.
Styles short or rather long; stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or
elliptic, compressed, enclosed within the flowering glume and palea,
but free from them.

A genus of 27 species, all but the two following natives of South Africa, one
of them extending northwards to eastern tropical Africa and Arabia.

Culms 6-18in. Panicle 2-4in., many-spiculate. Two
lowest empty glumes acute .. 36 aS Ey

Culms 1-5in. Raceme small, of 2-5 spikelets. Two
lowest empty glumes broad, obtuse 20

1. H. Colensoi.

2. H. Thomsoni.

1. EH. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 288, t. 654.—Culms
numerous, tufted, branched at the base, glabrous, many-noded,
* 6-18in. high. Leaves numerous, distichous, suberect, the upper ones
4-6 in. long by 4-} in. broad, flat, faintly nerved, glabrous, tapering
from the base to a slender point, the lowermost with the blades
much reduced in size and almost scale-like; ligules very short,
jagged; sheaths short, close, firm, thin, striate, glabrous. Panicles
contracted, inclined or drooping, 14-4in. long; rhachis slender,
smooth; branches short, suberect, in small specimens sometimes
reduced to single spikelets. Spikelets compressed, linear-oblong,
about +in. long ; pedicels short, slender. Two lowest glumes about
half the length of the 3rd and 4th respectively, acuminate, 3-5-
nerved; 3rd and 4th narrower, awned, silky-hairy at the base, 5—
7-nerved. Flowering glume shorter than the 4th and about equal to
the 3rd, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Palea linear; rhachilla produced
behind it as a minute appendage.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 319; Buch.
N.Z. Grasses, t. 1.

NortH Istanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! H. Hill! Petrie! Mount
Egmont, 7. #. C.; Tararua Mountains, A. H. Travers! SourH Isnanp:
Nelson—Mount Arthur, Mount Owen, 7. #. C.; Mount Rochfort, Mount
Faraday, Townson! Canterbury and Westland — Mountains above Arthur’s
Pass, T. F'. C.; Kelly’s Hill, Petrie! Otago—Clinton Saddle, Lake Te Anau,
Petrie ! 3000-5500 ft.

852 GRAMINEE. — (Ehrharta.

2. EH. Thomsoni, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 356, t. 10.
—A small densely tufted species. Culms short, stout, much
branched, spreading, quite glabrous, 1- = ee Leaves numer-
ous, distichous, spreading, 4—-4in. long, ;4,-4in. broad, lanceolate,
acute, strongly nerved ; ligule reduced to a mere line; sheaths pale,
strongly grooved. Inflorescence reduced to a short stout erect
raceme of 2-5 spikelets, sometimes hardly longer than the leaves ;
pedicels short, stout, often appressed to the rhachis. Spikelets
4-1in. long, compressed. Two. outer glumes small, subequal,
broadly oblong or rounded, obtuse, less than 4 as long as the 3rd
and 4th respectively ; 8rd and 4th ovate-lanceolate, rigid, keeled,
awned, 5-nerved, silky at the base, keel and awns minutely sca-
brid. Flowering glume shorter, oblong, obtuse or subacute, 3-6-
nerved. Palea linear. Stamens 1-2.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Rochfort, Dr. Gaze! Townson! Otago—
Longwood Range, Kirk! Stewart Is~tanp—Port Pegasus, Thomson and
Petrie! Kirk! Rakiahua, P. Goyen! AuckLAND IsLtanDS—F’. &. Chapman!
Sea-level to 4000 ft.

A very curious and distinct little species.

10. MICROLAENA, R. Br.

Slender perennial grasses; culms simple or branched. Leaves
flat or convolute when dry. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-
flowered, pedicellate, arranged in a narrow lax panicle; rhachilla
disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes. Glumes 5; the 2 outer
very small, persistent; 3rd and 4th long, narrow, produced into
long awns, the 4th much the longest; 5th or flowering glume
shorter, acute, not awned. Palea linear. Lodicules 2, rather large,
thin. Stamens 4 or 2. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain
enclosed within the flowering glume and palea but free from them.

A small genus of 5 species, confined to Australia and New Zealand. One of
the New Zealand species is also found in Australia, the remaining two are
endemic.

* The two outer glumes distant from the 3rd and 4th.

Leaves flat, thin, 3} in. broad. Panicle 3-9 in., narrow.
Stamens 4 5 ys 36 oe .. 1. M. stipoides.

** The 2 outer glumes not distant from the 3rd and 4th.

Culms not branched. Leaves broad, +-4in. Panicles

1-2 ft., compound. Stamens 2 a .. 2. M. avenacea.
Culms branched. Leaves pot in. broad. Panicle reduced

to a simple raceme 1-3 in. tong, rarely branched at the

base. Stamens4 .. : oe wa .. 3. M. polynoda.

1. M. stipoides, &. Br. Prodr. 210.—Rhizome creeping and root-
ing, branched. Culms numerous from the rhizome, often branched
below, erect or ascending, slender, glabrous, 1—2ft. high or more.

Microlena. | GRAMINES. 853

Leaves rather short, 3-9in. long, }—1in. broad, thin, flat, acute,
glabrous, finely scaberulous on the midrib beneath; lgules very
short, reduced to a mere rim; sheaths thin, usually finely pubes-
cent. Panicle narrow, slender, lax, branched at the base, 3-9 in.
long; branches erect, capillary.. Spikelets narrow, about 4 in. long
without the awns, on filiform pedicels. Two outer glumes minute,
persistent, many times smaller than the 3rd and 4th, and separated
from them by an elongated bearded portion of the rhachilla; 3rd
and 4th long and narrow, produced into slender awns, the 4th
longer than the 3rd, its awn often more than 1 in. long, nerves 5-7,
with the awns rough and scabrid. Flowerig glume much shorter,
acuminate but not awned, faintly 7-nerved. Palea linear. Lodi-
cules large. Stamens 4.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 289; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 320; benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 552; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 2.

Norte Istanp: Not uncommon throughout, but most plentiful in lowland
districts. Sourn Isnanp, StewarRr IsuAnp: In various localities, chiefly near
the sea. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Widely distributed in Australia, ranging from Queensland to Tasmania and
West Australia. It is a most valuable pasture and lawn grass, deserving of far
more attention than has hitherto been given to it.

2. M. avenacea, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 320.—Culms tufted,
tall, stout, erect or spreading, compressed, glabrous, 1-4 ft. high.
Leaves mostly towards the base of the culms and shorter than
them. broad, flat, +-4 in. diam., glabrous, striate, scaberulous on
the margins and principal veins; sheaths long, smooth, deeply
striate ; ligules broad, bearded at the sides. Panicle 1-2 ft. long,
sparingly branched, compound, lax, nodding, pale-green ; branches
long, slender, almost capillary, angled, scaberulous. Spikelets very
narrow, about + in. long without the awns, usually 1 in. with them ;
pedicels slender, thickened above. Two lowest glumes small, many
times less than the 3rd and 4th, not separated from them by a
conspicuous interspace as in M. stipoides, 1-nerved, obtuse, some-
times notched at the tip, the outer one half the length of the 2nd;
3rd and 4th long, narrow, empty, 5-—7-nerved, rough and scabrous,
hairy at the base, produced into long awns. Flowering glume
much shorter than the 4th, acuminate but not awned, faintly 5—7-
nerved. Palea linear, acuminate, l-nerved. Stamens 2.—Buch.
N.Z. Grasses, t.3. Diplax avenacea, Haowl, Choix, 11, t.3; Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 289.

NortH AnD SoutH Istanps, Stewart Isntanp: Abundant in woods
throughout. Sea-level to 2500 ft. December—January.

3. M. polynoda, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 320.—Culms 3-8 it.
long, much branched, straggling, often scrambling among shrubs
and bushes, hard, solid, terete, as thick as a goose-quill at the
base, quite glabrous, conspicuously swollen at the nodes. Leaves
numerous, rather distant, the lowermost reduced to sheaths, upper

854 GRAMINEX. [ Microlena.

3-9 in. long, ;4,-} in. broad, linear, finely acuminate, flat, striate,
margins scaberulous; sheaths smooth, grooved; ligules short,
with a few long hairs on each side. Panicle usually reduced to a
simple raceme 1-24in. long with few spikelets, but sometimes
3-84 in., the lower portion with 1 or 2 short erect 2-3-spiculate
branches. Spikelets narrow, compressed, $—-3in. long with the
awns. Two lowest glumes small, whitish, many times less than
the 3rd and 4th, not separated from them by a distinct interspace,
the lowest 4 the length of the 2nd; 3rd and 4th narrow, unequal,
empty, awned, rough and scabrous on the sides and awn, hairy at
the base. Flowering glume shorter than the 4th, acuminate, 5—7-
nerved. Palea linear, l-nerved. Stamens 4.—Buch. N.Z. Grasses,
t. 4. M. ramosissima, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 105.
Diplax polynoda, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 290.

Nort Istanp: Auckland—Whangarei Heads, 7. #. C.; Great Barrier
Island, Kirk! Cabbage Bay, Adams ; Coromandel, T. F. C.; Thames, Kirk ;
Te Aroha, Adams. Hawke’s Bay—Dannevirke, base of the Ruahine Range,
Colenso! SourH Istanp: Nelson—Motueka Valley, 7. F. C. Canterbury—
Armstrong. Otago—Near Dunedin, Buchanan! Petrie ! Sea-level to 1500 ft.
December—January.

11. HIEROCHLOBE, Gmel.

Erect sweet-scented perennial grasses. Leaves flat. Spikelets
in an open or close panicle, laterally compressed, shining, with
1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and 1-2 male flowers below it.
Giumes 5; 2 outer empty, equal or nearly so, acute, keeled,
scarious, 1-3-nerved; 3rd and 4th subsimilar, often shortly awned,
each enclosing a narrow palea and usually 3 stamens; dth rather
smaller, obtuse or mucronate, 5-nerved, enclosing a hermaphrodite
flower and a linear 1—2-nerved palea. Lodicules 2. Styles free;
stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free within the slightly indurated
flowerig glume and palea.

Species 12 or 13, distributed throughout the temperate and frigid zones of
both hemispheres. All the species have a vanilla-like fragrance when drying.
Of the three found in New Zealand, one is widely spread in the south tem-
perate zone, another extends to Victoria and Tasmania, the third is endemic
in the Auckland Islands.

* Two outer glumes about equal to the florets.

Culms 2-3 ft. Leaves long, +4 in. broad. Spikelets
din. long; outer glumes equalling or slightly exceeding
the florets .. a2 ee : a3 a

Culms 6-18in. Leaves short, ;4-tin. broad. Spike-
lets tin. long; outer glumes usually slightly shorter
than the florets ate oe 3¢

1. H. redolens.

2. H. Fraseri.

** Two outer glumes much longer than the florets.

Culms 1-2ft. Leaves involute, subcoriaceous. Spike-

lets din. long i os 4 3. H. Brunonis.

Mierochloe. | GRAMINE. 855

1. H. redolens, &. Br. Prodr. 209.—Culms tufted, leafy, decum-
bent at the base, erect or ascending above, stout or rather slender,
14-8 ft. high or even more. Leaves numerous, shorter than the
culms or almost equalling them, 4-4 in. broad, flat, deeply striate,
smooth or minutely scaberulous, bright shining green; sheaths
long, compressed, deeply striate; ligules broad, scarious. Panicle
pale yellowish-brown, shining, open or dense, inclined or nodding,
very variable in size, usuaily from 4 to 12in. long, more rarely
elongated and reaching 14 or 18in.; rhachis slender, glabrous ;
branches very slender, almost capillary, more or less hairy or
almost glabrous, lower 2-3in. long. Spikelets +in. long and
broad, shortly pedicellate; pedicels shorter than the spikelets,
pilose. Glumes all thin and membranous; outer 2 equalling
or slightly exceeding the 3rd and 4th, ovate, acuminate, with
a stout continuous midrib and a short basal lateral vein on
each side; 3rd and 4th each enclosing a male flower, ovate-
oblong, obtuse, 5-nerved, pubescent, silky-ciliate on the margins
and keel, with a short awn from the back a little below the tip;
5th smaller than the 4th, glabrous below, slightly hairy above,
niucronate or very shortly awned. Palea linear-oblong, 1—2-nerved.
—RHook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1.92; Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.300; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
321; Fl. Tasm. 11. 108; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 558; Buch. N.Z.
Grasses, t.6. H. antarctica, R. Br. Prodr. 209. Holcus redolens,
Forst. Prodr. n. 563. Torresia redolens, Roem. and Schult. Syst. i.
516; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 269.

North Aanp SoutH IsnuAnps, Stewart IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, CAMP-
BELL IstanD: Abundant in moist places throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Also in Fuegia, Tasmania, and Victoria. It varies much in size and degree
of robustness, and appears to pass by easy gradations into the next species.

2. H. Fraseri, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 93.—Smaller and more
slender than H. redolens, with narrower leaves. Culms tufted,
sometimes densely so, slender, quite smooth and glabrous, 6-18 in.
high, rarely more. Leaves much shorter than the culms, 3-9 in.
long, strict, erect, flat, }4in. broad, quite smooth; ligules broad,
searious. Panicle pale yellowish-brown, often tinged with purple,
short, ovate, open, shining, 14-4in. long; branches often few,
capillary, usually glabrous. Spikelets ¢in. long and broad, shortly
pedicelled ; pedicels glabrous or more or Jess bearded. Glumes all
thin and membranous; outer 2 usually slightly shorter than the
3rd and 4th, obtuse or subacute, 3-nerved but the lateral nerves
often short; 3rd and 4th each enclosing a male flower, oblong,
obtuse, d-nerved, pubescent, margins silky-ciliate for their whole
length, awn short, straight, from the back a little below the tip;
dth smaller tnan the 4th, glabrous or nearly so at the base,
pubescent or ciliate above, tip produced into a short awn. Palea
linear, 1—2-nerved.—H. redolens var. Fraseri, Benth. Fl. Austral.

856 GRAMINE. [Hrerochloe.

vii. 559. H. borealis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 300; Fl. Tasm.
ii. 108 (not of Roem. and Schult.).. H. alpina, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.
Fi. 322 (not of Roem. and Schult.); Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 7.

Var. recurvata, Hack. MS.—Awn of 4th glume inserted on the middle of
the back of the glume, slightly geniculate above. Spikelets rather larger.

NortH anp SourH Isxtanps, StewarT Isutanp: Not uncommon in moun-
tain districts from the East Cape and the Ruahine Mountains southwards.
Sea-level to 4500 ft.

Also in Tasmania. A puzzling plant, large states of which cannot be clearly
separated from H. redolens, although usually differing in the smaller size, slender
habit, shorter and more open panicles, and smaller spikelets, with the empty
glumes rather shorter than the 3rd and 4th. Sir J. D. Hooker referred it
to H. borealis in the Flora, and to H. alpina in the Handbook. But Professor
Hackel remarks that it differs from both of these species in the short blunt
outer glumes, and from H. alpina, in addition, in the much longer branches of
the panicle, and in the awn of the 4th glume being usually inserted just beneath
the apex and not geniculate. Var. recwrvata approaches H. alpina in the awn
of the 4th glume, but the panicle, &c., is different.

3. H. Brunonis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 93, t. 52.—Culms laxly
tufted, inclined at the base, erect above, glabrous, leafy, 1-14 ft.
high. Leaves shorter than the culms, }-4 in. broad, rather strict,
suberect, linear-subulate, involute, subcoriaceous, glabrous, deeply
striate on the inner face, pale shining green; sheaths compressed,
striate ; ligules ovate, scarious. Panicle inclined or nodding, shin-
ing, rather dense, ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 in. long by 1-14 in. broad;
rhachis slender, glabrous ; branches suberect, the lower about 1 in.
long. Spikelets $in. long, pedicelled; pedicels sparsely pilose.
Glumes all membranous; outer 2 much longer than the 3rd and
4th, sometimes nearly twice as long, lanceolate, long - acumi-
nate, glabrous, 3-nerved; 3rd and 4th each enclosing a male
flower, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5-nerved, deeply bifid at the tip,
pubescent or pilose, margins silky-ciliate, awn rather long, rising
from the back a little distance below the base of the lobes; 5th
similar to the 4th but smaller and much less pubescent, usually
glabrous at the base. Palea linear-oblong, 1—2-nerved.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 322.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IstANDS: Abundant on the hills, Sir J. D.
Hooker, Kirk! Buchanan ! Sea-level to 1400 ft.

The long empty glumes readily separate this from any form of H. redolens.

12. STIPA, Linn.

Tufted perennial grasses. Leaves usually convolute, rarely
flat. Spikelets narrow, terete, 1-flowered, in an open or contracted
panicle; rhachilla disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes. Glumes
3; the 2 outer empty, usually persistent, keeled, acute, rarely
awned; 3rd or flowering glume rigid, convolute, terete, 5-7-nerved,
usually with a bearded callus at the base, tapering upwards into an

Stupa.] GRAMINEA. 857

entire or minutely 2-lobed tip, with a long terminal geniculate awn
often spirally twisted below the bend. Palea 2-nerved, enclosed
within the flowering glume. Lodicules usually 3, large. Stamens
3, seldom fewer. Styles distinct, rather short. Grain narrow,
terete, tightly enclosed by the hardened flowering glume and
palea.

A genus of over 100 species, spread over the temperate and tropical regions
of both hemispheres. Two of the New Zealand species extend to Australia, the
third is endemic.

Tall, 2-5ft. Panicle 1-24 ft., lax, nodding. Spikelets

minute, ;,-4in. Stamen 1 fe as .. 1. S. arundinacea.
Densely tufted, 1-3ft. Leaves long, terete. Panicle

4-9 in., narrow, strict, erect. Spikelets #in. .. .. 2. S. teretifolia.
Tufted, 1-2ft. Leaves short, filiform. Panicle 4-Sin.,

lax, erect. Spikelets}in. .. 3c Be -. 93d S. setacea.

1. S. arundinacea, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. (1881) 81.—
Rhizomes short, creeping, scaly. Culms very densely tufted, tall,
erect, nodding, rigid, quite glabrous, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves from the ©
distant nodes of the culms, the lowermost reduced to appressed
sheaths, upper 6-12in. long, 4-1in. broad, coriaceous, flat or
involute, margins and midrib slightly scaberulous; sheaths very
long, closely appressed, finely ciliate along the margins; lgules
short, truncate. Panicles very large and lax, nodding, 1-24 it.
long ; rhachis very slender, glabrous ; branches in distant whorls of
5-8, capillary. again compound, spreading, finely scaberulous,
3-6in. long. Spikelets minute, ;4,-}in. long, greenish-purple. Two
outer glumes almost equal, lanceolate, acuminate, membranous,
scaberulous along the keel, lower 1-nerved, upper 3-nerved ; 3rd or
flowering glume much shorter, sessile on a short glabrous callus,
rigid, convolute, pubescent towards the tip; awn slender, scabrid,
deciduous, about +in. long. Palea linear - oblong, 2-nerved.
Stamen 1.—Apera arundinacea, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 295, t. 67;
Handd. N.Z. Fl. 326; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t.17. A. purpurascens,
Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 106.

North anp Sour Isuanps: Auckland—Hast Cape, Bishop Williams.
Hawke’s Bay —Petane, A. Hamilton! Dannevirke and Cape Turnagain,
Colenso! Wellington—Wairarapa, Buchanan! South Karori, Kirk. Nelson
—Foxhill, Wangapeka, 7. #. C. Marlborough—Pelorus Valley, Rutland !
Canterbury—Akaroa, Raoul, Kirk! Otago—Near Dunedin, Buchanan! Petrie!
G. M. Thomson ! Horse Ranges and Kaitangata, Petrie. Sea-level to 1500 it.

A very handsome species. It is closely allied to S. verticillata, Nees
(Streptachne ramosissima, Trin.), an Australian species which is often grown in
gardens, and which has established itself in several localities, but which differs
in the rather larger spikelets with a much longer persistent awn, and in having
3 stamens.

2. S. teretifolia, Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 128.—Culms densely
tufted, forming large tussocks, rigid, erect, smooth and polished,
quite glabrous, 14-3 ft. high. Leaves longer or shorter than the

858 GRAMINEX. [Stipa.

culms, slender, smooth, rigid, terete, about jin. diam., tips
acicular ; sheaths long, margins scarious; ligules membranous,
entire. Panicle narrow, strict, erect, 4-9 in. long; rhachis smooth ;
branches few, erect, capillary, and with the pedicels glabrous.
Spikelets narrow, about #in. long without the awn. Two outer
glumes subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, finely 3-nerved, mem-
branous, pale whitish-green ; 3rd or flowering glume much shorter,
rigid and convolute, lanceolate, acuminate, densely clothed with
long silky hairs, shortly bifid at the apex; awn from between the
lobes, often over lin. long, curved or abruptly bent, minutely
pubescent. Palea 2 the length of the flowering glume, linear,
silky, 2-nerved. Stamens 3.—Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 567. Dichel-
achne stipoides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 294, t.66; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
325; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 14.

Norru Istanp: Rocky or sandy places near the sea, from the North Cape
to the Bay of Plenty, abundant.

Not uncommon in Australia and Tasmania. Hooker quotes Agrostis rigida,
A. Rich., as a synonym, but Richard’s description does not suit, and his plant
was gathered in the French Pass, near Nelson, far beyond the southern limit of
S, teretifolia.

3. S. setacea, &. Br. Prodr. 174.—Culms tufted, slender, wiry,
erect, glabrous, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves numerous towards the base
of the culms and much shorter than them, very slender, almost
filiform, erect, smooth, involute; sheaths closely appressed, smooth ;
ligules narrow, membranous. Panicle lax, strict, erect, glabrous,
4-8 in. long; rhachis smooth; branches whorled, capillary, each
with 2-5 spikelets ; pedicels minutely scaberulous. Spikelets 4 in.
long without the awn, pale whitish-green. Two outer glumes
almost equal, lanceolate, acuminate, very thin and membranous,
almost hyaline, glabrous; 3rd or flowering glume much shorter,
rigid, convolute, brownish, densely villous, entire at the tip; awn
very ‘slender, glabrous, 1- 1hi in. long. Palea linear, silky, 2-nerved.
Stamens 3.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. ‘110, t. 157B ; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vu. 568; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 386 ; ; Petrie in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 326. 8. Petriei, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 17 i.

Sourn Isnanp: Otago—Cromwell, Kurow, Duntroon, and other localities
in the interior of Otago, Petrie ! 500-1500 ft.

A common Australian plant, stretching from Queensland to Tasmania. It
is probably naturalised only in New Zealand.

13. HCHINOPOGON, Beauv.

An erect or ascending glabrous grass. Leaves flat. Spikelets
1-flowered, crowded in a short and dense spike-like panicle;
rhachilla disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes, produced beyond
the flower into a short bristle. Glumes 3; 2 outer subequal,
persistent, empty, awnless, keeled, acute ; 3rd or flowering glume

Echinopogon. | GRAMINEA. 859

broad, thin, 5-nerved, 3-lobed at the tip, the lateral lobes short
and acute, the middle one produced into a straight stiff awn.
Palea shorter than the flowering glume, narrow, 2-nerved. Lodi-
cules 2. Stamens 38. Styles distinct; stigmas shortly plumose.
Grain free within the flowering glume.

The genus is confined to the following species, which has a wide range in
Australia as well as in New Zealand.

1. E. ovatus, Beauv. Agrost. 42, t. 9.—Culms laxly tufted,
decumbent at the base, erect above, slender, stiff, minutely
scabrid above, 9-24in. high. Leaves 1-6in. long, 4-1+in. broad,
flat, striate, margins and both surfaces harsh and scabrid; sheaths
rather long, closely appressed, deeply striate, scabrid with reversed
projections; ligule short, membranous, lacerate. Spike-like panicle
varying in size from 4-14 in. long, ovoid-globose to narrow-oblong,
bristling with the long awns; branches short, densely packed.
Spikelets compressed, ;4—$1n. long without the awns. Two outer
glumes subequal, lanceolate, acute, sharply keeled, keel very pro-
minent, green, ciliate ; 3rd or flowering glume equalling or slightly
exceeding the empty glumes, broad, furnished at the base with a
pencil of silky hairs, awn rigid, scabrous, +4 in. long. Palea linear-
oblong, 2-nerved, with a hairy bristle-like continuation of the rha-
chilla at its back.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 298; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
320; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 599; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 138.
Agrostis ovata, Morst. Prodr. n. 40; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 128;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 247; Raoul, Choiz, 39. Cinna ovata, Kunth,
Enum. i. 208. Hystericina alopecuroides, Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram.
35.

NortH sand Sours Istanps: Not uncommon in dry places throughout.
Sea-level to 2500 ft.

14. ALOPECURUS, Linn.

Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves flat. Spikelets strongly
laterally compressed, 1-flowered, densely crowded in a cylindric
spike-lke panicle, articulated on the top of the very short pedicels.
Glumes 3; the 2 outer subequal, often connate below, sharply
keeled, acute or obtuse, not awned, often fringed on the keels;
5rd or flowering glume about as long as the outer glumes, con-
volute, hvaline, usually with a slender bent dorsal awn. Palea gene-
rally wanting. Lodicules absent. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct
or connate. Grain laterally compressed, free within the flowering
glume and palea.

Species about 20, in the temperate and cool regions of both hemispheres,
several of them excellent fodder-grasses. The single New Zealand species is
widely distributed.

1. A. geniculatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 60.—Culms creeping and
rooting at the base, erect above, rather slender, glabrous, 9-18 in.

860 GRAMINE®, [Alopecurus.

high. Leaves short, soft, flat, 4-tin. broad; upper sheaths long,
grooved, more or less inflated; ligules long, membranous. Spike
1-2in. long, +-4in. broad, dense, cylindric, greenish-yellow ;
branches short, the ultimate ones bearing a single spikelet. Spike-
lets numerous, closely imbricating, much compressed, ;4,-4 in. long. —
Two outer glumes slightly connate at the base, obtuse or subacute,
membranous, pubescent, ciliate along the keel; 3rd or flowering
glume rather shorter than the empty ones, thin, convolute, trun-
cate and erose at the tip; awn slender, not twice the length of the
glume, almost basal, straight or recurved. Anthers linear, orange-
yellow.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 290; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 321;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 555; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 5.

Norru Istanp: Auckland—Lower Waikato, H. Carse! East Cape dis-
trict, Bishop Williams! WHawke’s Bay—Colenso! Wellington—Wairarapa,
Buchanan! near Wellington, Kirk! SourH Istanp: Not uncommon in
marshy places throughout. Sea-level to 3500 ft. Marsh Foztail.

An abundant grass in marshy places in most temperate regions. The allied
species A. pratensis (Meadow Foxtail) and A. agrestis (Slender Foxtail), descrip-
tions of which will be found in any British flora, have become naturalised in
several localities in both Islands.

15. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br.

Annual or perennial grasses, of very various habit. Leaves flat
or convolute. Spikelets small, often minute, 1-flowered, awniess,
arranged in a narrow spike-like or effuse panicle; rhachilla very
short, obscurely jointed above the 2 outer glumes, not produced
beyond the flower or very rarely so. Glumes 3, membranous,
nerveless or 1-3-nerved; 2 outer unequal, empty, persistent or
separately deciduous; 3rd or flowering glume longer than or equal-
ling the 2nd. Palea usually almost as long as the flowering glume,
2-nerved, often splitting between the nerves. lLodicules 2, small.
Stamens 2-3. Styles short, distinct. Grain free within the flower-
ing glume and palea; the pericarp lax, usually deciduous.

Species about 80, dispersed through the tropical and subtropical regions of
both hemispheres, but most numerous in America.

1. S. indicus, R. Br. Prodr. 170.—Perennial. Culms tufted,
stout, rigid, perfectly glabrous, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves mostly at the
base of the culms and shorter than them, 4-12 in. long, ,},-¢in.
broad, usually involute, tapering to a fine point, glabrous, margins
smooth; sheaths pale, compressed, often ciliate on the margins;
ligules reduced to a ciliate rim. Panicle erect, spike-like, very
narrow, 3-9 in. long, sometimes interrupted below; branches short,
crowded, erect and appressed to the rhachis. Spikelets very
numerous, crowded, din. long. Two outer glumes unequal, the
lowest not much more than one-half the length of the 2nd, hyaline,
nerveless, or the 2nd 1-nerved; 3rd or fiowering glume nearly twice

Sporobolus. | GRAMINES. 861

as long as the 2nd, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 1-3-nerved. Palea
almost as long as the flowering glume. Stamens usually 2. Grain
oboyoid or roughly quadrangular, reddish; pericarp thin.— Benth.
Fl. Austral, vii. 622. 8. elongatus, #. Br. Prodr. 170; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 295; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 327; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 18.

NorruH anp SourH Isuanps: Lowland districts from the North Cape to
Nelson and Marlborough, abundant, especially in the northern part of the North
Island. Ratstal.

A common grass in all warm countries. Although now presenting all the
appearance of a true native, it is certainly introduced into New Zealand.
Bishop Williams informs me that it made its first appearance at the Bay of
Islands in 1840, shortly after the arrival of a ship called the ‘‘ Surabayo,”’ which,
while on a voyage from Valparaiso to Sydney, laden with horses and forage, put
into the Bay of Islands in a disabled state, and was there condemned and her
cargo sold. Hrigeron canadensis and other weeds appeared at the same time.

16. SIMPLICIA, T. Kirk.

A slender decumbent grass. Leaves flat. Spikelets minute,
1-flowered, solitary and pedicelled on the branches of a slender
panicle ; rhachilla disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes, pro-
duced above the flower into a minute bristle. Glumes 3; 2 outer
minute, unequal, empty, hyaline, persistent; 3rd or flowering
clume much longer than the outer glumes, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate or shortly awned, keeled, obscurely 1—3-nerved. Palea
almost as long as the flowering glume, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2.
Stamens 1-2. Styles distinct; stigmas shortly plumose. Grain
oblong, free within the flowering glume and palea.

A peculiar monotypic genus, endemic in New Zealand. Professor Hackel
considers it to be intermediate between Sporobolus and Agrostis, differing
from the former in the rhachilla being produced beyond the flower, and from the
latter in the minute unequal empty glumes, large palea, &c. Mr. Kirk com-
pared it to Mwhlenbergia.

iessiaxa, 1. Kirk in Trans, N.Z, Inst. xxix. (1897), 497.—
Culms weak, decumbent, very slender, filiform, 8-i8in. long.
Leaves 1-4in. long by ;4-+in. broad, flat, flaccid, glabrous or
minutely ciliate along the nerves; sheaths long, glabrous or
pubescent ; ligule long, membranous. Panicle very slender, narrow,
2-6 in. long; rhachis filiform; branches few, filiform, erect, smooth
or minutely scaberulous. Spikelets lanceolate, pale-green, about
zzin. long. Two outer glumes minute, unequal, glabrous, the
lower % the length of the upper, which is + the length of the flower-
ing glume; 3rd or flowering glume acuminate or shortly awned,
pubescent with short stiff erect hairs. Palea almost as long as
the flowering glume, acute, pubescent. Ripe grain not seen.

_ Norru Jstanp: Wellington—Dry River, Ruamahanga, Lower Wairarapa,
Kirk! Souru Isuanp: Otago—Deep Stream, Waikouaiti, Petrie !

862 GRAMINES. (Agrostis.

17. AGROSTIS, Linn.

Annual or perennial grasses, of very various habit. Leaves
usually flat, sometimes setaceous, often flaccid; ligules mem-
branous. Spikelets small, 1-flowered, arranged in effuse or con-
tracted panicles with capillary whorled branches; rhachilla dis-
articulating above the 2 outer glumes, not produced beyond the
flower. Glumes 3; 2 outer equal or subequal, empty, keeled,
acute, not awned, usually l-nerved; 35rd or flowering glume mem-
branous or hyaline, glabrous or hairy, usually truncate, 5-nerved or
rarely 3-nerved, with a dorsal awn or unawned, callus glabrous or
with a few minute hairs. Palea usually short, often minute or
wanting, thin and delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved or nerveless. Lodi-
cules 2. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct; stigmas plumose.
Grain oblong, free within the flowering glume.

Species about 100, found in all parts of the world, but most abundant in
temperate regions, and penetrating as far into the arctic and antarctic zones as
any other grasses. Of the 7 species admitted in this work, one is generally dis-
tributed in high southern latitudes, two or possibly three are found in Australia,
the remainder are endemic.

* Awa of flowering glume distinctly exserted beyond the empty glumes.

Culms 3-18in. Panicle contracted, 1-4in. Spikelets
1in. long; pedicels almost hispid 3 1. A. magellanica.
** Awn of flowering glume often wanting; when present not exceeding the

empty glumes.

Minute, softly pulvinate, seldom more than lin. high.

Panicle usually sunk among the leaves 3 .. 2, A. muscosa.
Slender, strict, densely tufted, 2-9in. Panicle narrow,

almost spike-like, 4-2 in. long is oye cf:
Tufted, 4-18 in.; innovation-shoots intravaginal, without

leafless scales at the base. Panicle 2-5 in., contracted,

rather dense; branches numerous. Spikelets »,-}in.,

empty glumes scabrid on the keel dc a
Laxly tufted, 6-18in.; innovation - shoots extravaginal,

with leafless scales at the base. Panicle 2-6in., lax ;

branches in whorls of 3-5. Spikelets jin., empty

glumes smooth At ys a0 ar .. 5. A. Petriet:
Weak, very slender, 6-18in. Panicle 2-6in., lax and

spreading; branches few, capillary, trichotomously

divided. Spikelets minute,;.in. .. Bt .. 6. A. varvifiora.
Laxly tufted, very slender, 6-liin. Panicle linear,

14-4in. by j4-4in.; branches short, erect. Spikelets

qos in., pale, shining af ae “he

3. A. Muelleri.

4. A. Dyert.

7, A. tenella.

Two common European species, A. vulgaris (Red-top) and A. alba (Fiorin),
are copiously naturalised in most parts of the colony. They come nearer to
A. Dyeri than to any other of the indigenous species, but differ in the creeping
rootstocks, laxer panicles, and in the florets having a well-developed palea.
Descriptions of them will be found in any British Flora.

1. A. magellanica, Lam. Jil. i. 160.—Culms tufted, very vari-
able in size, 3-18 in. high, erect or shortly decumbent at the base,

Agrostis. | GRAMINEA, 863

stout or slender, quite glabrous, leafy. Leaves numerous, shorter
than the culms, #,-} in. broad, involute, striate, scaberulous on the
margins and veins; sheaths long, contracted at the mouth, deeply
grooved, pale; ligules oblong, membranous, truncate at the apex,
lacerate. Panicle 1-4in. long, +-#in. broad, contracted, linear-
oblong, rather dense, erect or inclined; rhachis stout, scabrid;
branches numerous, whorled, erect, scaberulous. Spikelets 4 in.
long, light-green or purplish; pedicels usually shorter than the
spikelets, scabrid, thickened at the tips. ‘T'wo outer glumes sub-
equal, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate or almost hispid along the keel,
sides scaberulous; 3rd or flowering glume +4 the length of the 2nd
or rather shorter, membranous, glabrous, truncate at the apex and
more or less evidently 4-cuspidate, awn from half-way down the
back, straight or flexuous or slightly recurved, usually longer than
the spikelet. Palea very short, hardly exceeding the ovary, some-
times wanting. — Hook. f. in Phil. Trans. elxvili. (1879) 21. A.
antarctica, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1. 374, t. 1382; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
327. <A. multicaulis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 95.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Head of Clinton Valley, near Lake Te Anau, Petrie!
AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IstANDS: Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk! ANTIPODES
Isnanp: Kirk! Macquarie Isuanp: A. Hanilton.

Also found in Chili, Fuegia, the Falkland Islands, Kerguelen Island,
Marion and Heard Islands. Sir J. D. Hooker, in his memoir on the flora of
Kerguelen Island (Phil. Trans. Vol. clxviii.) has reduced both A. antarctica and
A. multicaulis to A. magellanica, Lam. Professor Hackel concurs in this, re-
marking that A. antarctica only differs from the typical A. magellanica in the
less-pointed outer glumes, and that A. multicawlis is only a dwarfed state,
not separable as a distinct variety.

2. A. muscosa, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1881) 385.—
Minute, very densely tufted, forming small rounded cushion-like
patches 1-2in. diam., and less than lin. high. Culms densely
packed, much branched at the base, leafy throughout. Leaves
longer or shorter than the culms, pale glaucous-green; blades
spreading, flaccid, involute, almost capillary; sheaths shorter or
longer than the blades, lax, whitish, membranous, grooved ; ligules
long, subulate. Panicle very short and dense, often concealed
among the leaves, contracted imto a close rounded head }—}in.
diam., usually many-spiculate, but in depauperated states the spike-
lets may be reduced to 2-6, or in large states the panicle may
be lengthened to +-4in. ; branches short, sparsely hairy. Spikelets
about ;4;in. long, pale-green. Two outer glumes subequal, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, with a green scabrid keel and thin hyaline
margins; 3rd or flowering glume about + shorter, ovate-oblong,
truncate, d-nerved, awn wanting. Palea wanting. Grain broadly
oblong.—A. Spencei, Kirk i Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 539
(name only). A. emula var. spathacea, Berggr. in Minneskr. Fisiog.
Salisk. Lund. (1877) 32, t. 7, f. 41-47.

864 GRAMINEA, (Agrostis.

NortH Isnanp: Omatangi, near Lake Taupo, Berggren! Lake Rotoaira,
Kirk ! Mount Egmont, 7. F.C.; Tararua Ranges, 7’. P. Arnold! Sout
Istanp: Nelson—Mount Owen, 7. F. C. Canterbury—Broken River Basin,
Enys! Kirk! T. F. C.; Mackenzie Plains, 7. 7. C. Otago—Not uncommon
in the eastern and southern portions of the province, Petrie! Kirk! Alti-
tudinal range usually from 1500 to 4500 ft., but descending to sea-level in
Southland.

3. A. Muelleri, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 576.—Culms compactly
tufted, slender, strict, erect, smooth, 1—2-noded, the nodes near the
base of the culm, 2-9in. high. Leaves crowded near the base of
the culms and usually much shorter than them, very narrow, often
filiform, strict, erett, involute, smooth and glabrous ; sheaths long,
grooved, glabrous ; ligules scarious, narrow-oblong. Panicle very
narrow, almost spike-like, $-2in. long, erect, purplish or pale-
green ; rhachis smooth or obscurely scabrid ; branches in fascicles of
2-5, unequal, short, erect, capillary, scabrid. Spikelets about +, in.
long. Two outer glumes slightly unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
green or purplish, usually scabrid or ciliate on the keel, but some-
times glabrous, margins thin and hyaline; 3rd or flowering glume
about 4 shorter, thin and membranous, truncate, minutely denti-
culate, smooth, faintly 5-nerved, awn usually absent but sometimes
present from the middle of the back. Palea wanting. Grain
oblong.—A. gelida, F’. Muell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. (1855) 48 (not of
Trin.). A. canina var. Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 828; Buch. N.Z.
Grasses, t. 20,f. a. (2) A. subulata, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 95, t. 58.

Var. paludosa, Hack. MS.—Culms 3-noded, the uppermost node higher up
the culm than m the type. Panicle broader and laxer. Spikelets straw-
coloured.

NortH Isnanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso, A. Hamilton! SoutH
IsLAND : Common in mountain districts throughout. Var. paludosa: Swamps
by the Broken River, Kirk! Tasman Valley, 7. F. C. 2500-5500 ft. Also
in Australia.

Very closely allied to A. Dyeri, from which it only differs in its smaller
size and narrow panicle. Var. paludosa has a very distinct appearance, and I
had placed it as a separate species, but Professor Hackel considers that it is
only entitled to the rank of a variety.

4. A. Dyeri, Petrie mm Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxu. (1890) 441.—
Perennial ; innoyation-shoots intravaginal, not clothed at the base
with leafless scales. Culms tufted, 4-18 in. high, slender, erect or
geniculate at the base, glabrous, 2-3-noded, the upper node con-
siderably below the culm. Leaves shorter than the culms, 4-1 im.
broad, flat or convolute when dry, striate, scaberulous on the
margins and both surfaces; sheaths terete, grooved, glabrous, the
upper long; ligules oblong, obtuse, membranous, lacerate. Panicle
elongated, usually from 2 to 5 in. long, but shorter in depauperated
forms, erect, usually more or less contracted, rarely open, green or
brownish-green ; rhachis slender, scaberulous above ; branches in
rather distant fascicles placed alternately on opposite sides of the

Agrostis. ] GRAMINEAE. 865

rhachis, strict, erect, capillary, scaberulous, simple or branched
from the base or above; pedicels longer or shorter than the
spikelets. Spikelets ~,-$in. long. Two outer glumes subequal,
lanceolate, acute, 1—-3-nerved, scabrid on the keel ; 3rd or flowering
glume about 4 shorter than the 2nd, oblong, truncate, minutely
4-toothed, awnless. Palea wanting. Anthers small.—A. canina,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 296 ; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 328; Buch. N.Z.
Grasses, t. 19 (not of Linn.). A. parviflora, Buch. N.Z. Grasses,
t. 20c (not of A. Br.).

Var. aristata, Hack. MS.—Flowering glume awned. Other characters as
in the type.

Var. delicatior, Hack. MS.—More slender. Panicle broader, much more
lax. Spikelets } smaller. Flowering glume awned.

NortH anp SourH Isntanps: Mountain districts from the East Cape,
Taupo, and Mount Egmont southwards, abundant. 1000-5000 ft.

Sir J. D. Hooker referred this plant, both in the Flora and in the Hand-
book, to the northern A. canina, Linn., and no doubt it is closely allied to that
species. But Professor Hackel informs me that it does not exactly match any
form of A. canina, and in his opinion must be treated as a distinct species,
differing from A. canina in the innovation-shoots being always intravaginal, in
the more scabrid leaves, in the narrower and more contracted panicle, and in
the rather larger spikelets. It usually constitutes a large proportion of the
subalpine pastures in elevated districts in both Islands.

5. A. Petriei, Hack. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxv. (1903) 379.—
Perennial; innovation-shoots extravaginal, clothed at the base
with leafless scales gradually increasing in size. Culms tufted,
slender, erect, 6-18in. high, glabrous, 3-5-noded, upper node
almost at the middle of the culm. Leaves 2-5 in.. long, ;;-}, in.
broad, linear, acute, flat or convolute when dry, glaucous, scabrid
on the margins and both surfaces; sheaths terete, glabrous ;
ligules long, oblong, obtuse, denticulate. Panicle 2-6in. long,
oblong, open, lax-flowered; rhachis smooth; branches in whorls
of 3-5, capillary, scaberulous, again branched; pedicels hardly
thickened at the tips, about equal in length to the spikelets.
Spikelets linear-lanceolate, $in. long, pale-green. Two outer
glumes equal, lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, smooth; 3rd or flowering
glume + shorter, thin and membranous, obtuse, minutely denticu-
late, 5-nerved ; awn from the middle of the back, straight, about as
long as the empty glumes, rarely wanting, callus set with short
hairs. Palea wanting. Anthers large.

Var. mutica, Hack. MS.—Awn wanting.

SoutH IstanpD: Otago—Cromwell, Nevis Valley, Dunstan Mountains,
Petrie! Lake Wakatipu, Kirk ! 1000-2500 ft.

According to Professor Hackel this is nearest to A. canina, which differs in
its bright-green smooth leaves, much more compound and closer panicle, smaller
spikelets, in the scabrid keel of the empty glumes, and small anthers. A. Dyeri

28—Fl.

866 GRAMINES, [Agrostis.

is separated by the innovation-shoots being intravaginal and not clothed with
leafless scales, to say nothing of the broader leaves, dense panicle, and spikelets
with the empty glumes scabrid on the keel.

6. A. parviflora, &. Br. Prodr. 170.—Culms laxly tufted, very
slender, weak, often decumbent or prostrate at the base, erect or
ascending above, quite smooth, 6-18 in. long. Leaves chiefly to-
wards the base of the culms, the lowermost soon withering, 2-6 in.
long, usually narrow and often almost filiform, but in luxuriant
specimens broader and sometimes ;4,-;4,in. diam., flaccid, flat or
involute, smooth or the margins minutely scabrid; sheaths long,
grooved, quite smooth ; ligules long, membranous, lacerate. Panicle
varying in length from 2 to 6in. or more, compound, very lax and
slender, drooping; primary branches long, capillary, scaberulous,
erect at first but soon spreading, trichotomously divided, lowermost
in clusters of 4-6, upper in distant pairs; secondary branches from
above the middle, again divided; pedicels thickened at the tips.
Spikelets very minute, about 54, in. long, shining, pale-green, some-
times tinged with purple. Two outer glumes slightly unequal,
lanceolate, acute, membranous, slightly scabrid on the keel, margins
hyaline ; 8rd or flowering glume about + shorter, broad, truncate,
hyaline, delicately 5-nerved, awnless. Palea wanting.—Hook. f. Ft.
Nov. Zel. 1. 296; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 328. A. seabra, Benth. FI.
Austral. vu. 576 (not of Walld.).

Nort Is~tanp: Inland Patea and shores of Cook Strait, Colenso! SourH
IstanpD: Pelorus Valley, J. Macmahon! near Westport, Townson! near Dunedin,
Petrie !

I am greatly puzzled with this species, which can be recognised without
much difficulty by the weak habit, very slender lax spreading panicle, and
minute spikelets, which are smaller than those of any other New Zealand
species. It was originally referred to A. parviflora by Hooker in the Flora, but
does not quite match the plate of that species given in the ‘‘ Flora Tasmanica”’
(t. 158), nor any Australian specimens that I have seen. Bentham referred the
Australian plant to A. scabra, Willd., a North American species; but that is a
larger and more erect plant, with a more copiously divided panicle, and with
narrower spikelets, much more scabrid on the keel. Professor Hackel, who has
examined my specimens, says, ‘‘ Not easy to name. Surely not A. scabra,
Willd., but very near the North American A. perennans, Tuck. It is most pro-
bably A. parviflora, R. Br., but without seeing one of Brown’s types I cannot be
quite sure of the identity.’’ It should be mentioned that most of the specimens
referred to A. parviflora by New Zealand botanists are nothing but small states
of A. Dyeri, Petrie, (the A. canina of the Handbook), as, for instance, the plant
figured as A. parviflora by Buchanan in his New Zealand Grasses, t. 20c. All
such specimens can be at once distinguished by the strict habit, contracted
panicle, and larger spikelets.

7. A. tenella, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 442.—
Apparently annual. Culms laxly tufted, erect, very slender,
quite smooth and glabrous, 3-4-noded, 6-15in. high. Leaves few,
much shorter than the culms, erect, very narrow, filiform or seta-
ceous, Involute, finely striate; sheaths rather long, close, smooth ;

Agrostis. | GRAMINEZ. 867

ligules oblong, obtuse, lacerate. Panicle very long and narrow,
14-4 in. by 4-4 in. broad, erect, pale-green; rhachis minutely sca-
berulous ; branches few, fascicled, very short, erect ; pedicels short,
capillary, scaberulous. Spikelets 4-4, in. long, pale. Two outer
glumes subequal, lanceolate, acute, shining, 1-nerved, slightly
scabrid on the keel, smooth on the sides; 3rd or flowering glume
about + shorter, ovate-lanceolate, thin and hyaline, truncate, mi-
nutely denticulate, glabrous, faintly 5-nerved, awn wanting. Grain

oblong.

SourH Isuanp: Canterbury—Broken River, Petrie! Porter River, Kirk!
Otago—Macrae’s, Lake Wakatipu, Petrie ! 1000-3000 ft.

A very distinct species, easily recognised by the very slender habit, exces-
sively narrow pale-green panicle, and small shining spikelets.

18. DEYEUXIA, Clarion.

Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves flat or involute; ligules
membranous. Spikelets small, 1-flowered, arranged in effuse or
contracted or spike-like panicles with capillary whorled branches ;
rhachilla disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes, produced beyond
the flower into a silky bristle. Glumes 3; 2 outer equal or sub-
equal, persistent, empty, keeled, acute, not awned, usually 1-nerved ;
3rd or flowering glume shorter than the empty glumes or equalling
them, thin and hyaline or rigidly membranous or almost coriaceous,
5-nerved, entire or 2—4-dentate, callus at the base silky; awn
generally present, straight or twisted, inserted above or below the
middle of the glume. Palea more than half as long as the flowering
glume or almost equalling it, thin, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct, short; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong or obovoid,
enclosed w thin the flowering glume and palea.

Species over 100, widely dispersed through the temperate regions of both
hemispheres, particularly abundant in Andine South America. It is not at all
easy to separate Deyeuxia from the allied genera Agrostis and Calamagrostis,
and of late many authors, including Hackel, have placed the majority of
species under the latter genus. It appears to me, however, that there is much
to be said in favour of the arrangement proposed in Hooker’s ‘‘ Flora of British
India”’ (Vol. vii., p. 253), where Agrostis is limited to species in which the rhachilla
is not produced at the back of the flower, and in which the callus of the flower-
ing glume is naked or nearly so, Calamagrostis containing those in which there
is also no prolongation of the rhachilla, but which have the callus villous with
long hairs, while in Deyewxia the species have both an elongated rhachilla and
hairy callus. Understood in this sense, there are 7 New Zealand species of the
genus, 3 of which extend to Australia and Tasmania, the remaining 4 being
endemic.

* Flowering glume 4-4 shorter than the empty glumes, thin and hyaline.
Panicle very broad and lax; branches long, spreading, capillary.

Spikelets j4-4in. Flowering glume silky, truncate,
minutely 4-denticulate ; awn from the middle of the
back 3° fe ye se a6 te lige teHiorstents

868 GRAMINEA). [Deyeuxr

Spikelets 4+in. Flowering glume silky at the base only,
2 lateral nerves produced into short awns, dorsal awn
from below the middle of the back .. te .. 2. D. Billardieri.

** Flowering glume not much shorter than the empty glumes, rigidly
membranous. Panicle narrow, contracted.

Slender, 4-12in. Leaves filiform. Panicle 1-23in. Spike-
lets $in. long; callus-hairs very long ae Bc
Slender, 9-36in. Leaves narrow, involute. Panicle 2—5in.
Spikelets 44in. ; awn from below the middle, exserted ;
callus-hairs short. Rhachilla obviously produced .. 4. D. avenoides.
Tall, slender, 2-4ft. Leaves flat, 4}+in. broad. Panicle
4-6in. Spikelets 4-tin. : awn short, almost terminal.
Rhachilla obviously produced 52 7s os
Tall, stout or slender, 1-3ft. Leaves flat or involute.
Panicle 2-G6in. Spikelets tin. ; flowering glume 4-cuspi-
date; awnfrom near the base. Rhachilla not produced
or very obscurely so ae 20 5c at
Slender, 1-3 ft. Leaves flat, flaccid. Panicle 3-6in., lax
but narrow. Spikelets }-4in.; callus-hairs long; awn
from about the middle. Rhachilla obviously produced 17. D. Petriei.

3. D. setifolia.

5. D. Youngii.

6. D. quadriseta.

1. D. Forsteri, Kunth, Rev. Gram. i. T77.— Annual or rarely
perennial, very variable in size and habit. Culms tufted, erect
or decumbent at the base, slender, smooth, 2—4-noded, 6—24in.
high. Leaves shorter than the culms, very narrow and involute
or broader and flat, #,-2in. diam., almost glabrous or scaberulous
on the margins and principal veins; sheaths smooth, grooved,
the uppermost usually long; ligules long, narrow, membranous.
Panicle 3-12 in. long, usually very lax and spreading when mature,
but contracted in the young state; branches in distant whorls or
clusters, the lowermost 2-6 in. long or more, repeatedly trichoto-
mously divided, finely capillary, scabrid; pedicels very slender.
Spikelets numerous, pale-green, #,-1in. long. Two outer glumes
subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, 1-nerved, keel
scabrid; 8rd or flowering glume 4-4 shorter, oblong, truncate,
minutely 4-denticulate, hyaline, more or less silky on the sides
and with a tuft of hairs at the base; awn from the middle of
the back, slender, straight or bent. Palea narrow-linear, bifid
at the apex. Rhachilla usually produced behind the palea as a
short silkv bristle, but often very small and hardly perceptible.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 298; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 579. Avena
filiformis, Yorst. Prodr. n. 46. Agrostis avenacea, Gmel. Syst. i. 171.
A. Forsteri, Roem. and Schult. Syst. . 359; A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel.
131; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 253; Raoul, Choir, 39. A. emula, A:
Br. Prodr. 172; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 329; Buch.
Grasses, t. 21. A. Solandri, f’. Muwell. Veg. Chath. Isl. 60.

NortH AND SourH IsLANDs, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Var. pilosa, Cheesem. — Coarser and more robust. Leaves broader,
}-4+in. or even more, flat. Spikelets slightly larger. D. pilosa, Buch. Man.

Deyeuxia. GRAMINES. 869

N.Z. Grasses, 6. Agrostis pilosa, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 134, t. 23; Raowl,
Choix, 39; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 297; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 329; Buch. N.Z.
Grasses, t. 22.

NortH anp SourH Isuanps: Damp subalpine localities, not uncommon.
Hardly more than a luxuriant state of the type.

Var. semiglabra, Hack. MS.—F lowering glume glabrous on the back, its
callus sparingly pilose. Otherwise as in the type.

NortH AND SoutH IsnuAnps: Not uncommon.

Var. humilior, Hack. MS.—Root often perennial. Culms 3-10in. high.
Panicle very broad and spreading; branches few, distant, binate, few-flowered.
—A. striata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 107.

NortH AND SoutH IsuANps: Probably not uncommon in mountain districts,
Lake Waikaremoana, Hill! Clarence Valley, Lake Tennyson, Broken River.
Tasman Valley, &c., T. #. C.; Lake Te Anau, Petrie !

Var. littoralis, Hack. MS.—Root annual. Culms 2-9in., often forming a
compact sward. Panicle rather narrow, contracted, many-flowered. Empty
glumes linear-lanceolate, narrower than in the type.

Kermapec Isnanps, NortH AND SoutH IsuANDsS: Rocky or gravelly places
near the sea, not uncommon.

Var. Lyallii, Hack. MS.—-Culms 6-12in. leaves narrow, involute.
Panicle Jax; branches few, binate or ternate. Spikelets larger, 1-4in. long.
Flowering glume densely clothed with silky hairs.—A. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. 1. 297.

Sour Isuanp: Near Westport, Townson! Okarito, 4. Hamilton! Jack-
son’s Bay, Kirk ! Milford Sound, Lyall, Kirk ! Catlin’s River, Petrie! AuckK-
LAND IsuaAnps: Kirk!

Var. micrathera, Hack. MS.—Habit of var. Lyallii, but larger and leaves
broader. Spikelets still larger, 1}in. long. Empty glumes linear-lanceolate,
acuminate. Flowering glume short, 4 as long as the empty glumes, very thin,

sparingly silky; awn from above the middle, short, delicate, hardly exserted
beyond the empty glumes.

ANTIPODES IsLAND, CAMPBELL IsLAND: Kirk! Possibly the same as
Agrostis lentostachya, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 94; but I have not seen an au-
thenticated specimen, and it is described as having no palea and a long awn.

D. Forstert is one of the most generally diffused plants in New Zealand,
and is certainly one of the most variable. In attempting to characterize its
chief forms, I have mainly followed the grouping suggested to me by Professor
Hackel, who has kindly examined sets of all the varieties contained in my her-
barium. The species is as plentiful in Australia and Tasmania as in New
Zealand.

2. D. Billardieri, Kunth, Rev. Gram. i. 77.—Culms tufted,
usually rather stout, erect or decumbent at the base, 9-18 in. high,
leafy throughout. Leaves shorter than the culms; +-4in. broad,
flat, striate, usually scabrid on the margins and veins; sheaths
rather narrow, rough, the uppermost very long, usually enclosing
the culm up to the base of the panicle; ligules long, membranous,
lacerate. Panicle 4-12in. long, very broad and lax, often as broad
as long when fully expanded ; branches numerous, in regular whorls,
long, capillary, scabrid, trichotomously divided ; pedicels thickened

870 GRAMINBE. [Deyeunxia.

at the tips. Spikelets 14+in. long, green or purplish. Two outer
glumes slightly unequal, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-nerved or
3-nerved with the lateral veins very short, scabrid on the keel and
sides ; 3rd or flowering glume 4-4 shorter, oblong, truncate, silky at
the base, 5-nerved, the 2 lateral nerves produced on each side into
short awns, the 2 outer of which are longer than the 2 inner; dorsal
awn from below the middle, straight or bent, usually exceeding the
spikelet. Palea about 2 as long as the flowering glume, linear,
2-nerved. Rhachilla produced into a silky bristle almost as long as
the palea.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 298; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
580. Agrostis Billardieri, H. Br. Prodr. 171; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 180; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 252; Raoul, Choiz, 39; Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 329; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 23.

Var. tenuis, Petrie, MS.—Smaller and much more slender. Leaves nar-
row, involute. Panicle smaller, with fewer branches. Spikelets rather
smaller.

NortH anp SoutH Is~tanps, CHatHam Istanps: Abundant throughout in
rocky or sandy places near the sea. Inland at Te Aroha, Upper Thames
Valley. Var. tenwis: Catlin’s River, Otago, H. J. Matthews.

Easily distinguished from D. Forsteri by the stouter habit and broader
leaves, large spikelets, and by the more glabrous flowering glume, the lateral
nerves of which are excurrent as short awns. It is a common Australian and
Tasmanian plant.

3. D. setifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 299, t. 658.—Culms
tufted, slender, wiry, smooth, 4-i2in. high. Leaves shorter than
the culms, narrow, setaceous or filiform; sheaths smooth, striate,
the uppermost long, tight; ligules oblong, membranous. Panicle
erect, 1-24in. long, 1-4in. broad, narrow, contracted; branches
few, short, erect, scaberulous, sparingly divided. Spikelets few,
pale-green, tin. long; pedicels short, scabrid. Two outer glumes
subequal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, firm, spreading, keeled,
1-3-nerved, the lateral nerves usually short, keel scabrid ; 3rd or
flowering glume +-} shorter, hard and almost coriaceous, silky at
the base, the hairs almost as long as the glume, truncate and
minutely 4-toothed at the tip; awn from the middle of the back,
stout, scabrid, recurved, longer than the spikelet. Palea almost as
long as the flowering glume, linear-oblong, 2-nerved. Rhachilla
produced into a siiky bristle half as long as the palea or more.—
Agrostis setifolia, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 329; Buch. N.Z.
Grasses, t. 24B.

NortH AnD SourH IsLanps, STEWART IsuAND: Not uncommon in moun-
tain districts from the East Cape and Mount Egmont southwards. 3000-
5000 ft.

Allied to the following species, but a much smaller plant, panicle smaller
and more slender, spikelets not much more than half the size, and flowering
glume much more silky at the base and broadly truncate at the tip.

Deyeuxia.| GRAMINE. 871

4. D. avenoides, Buch. Man. N.Z. Grasses, 6.—Culms tufted,
erect, slender, rigid, smooth, 9-24in. high. Leaves much shorter
than the culms, narrow, in slender forms almost filiform, smooth,
strongly involute; sheaths smooth, deeply grooved, the uppermost
long; ligules short, broad. Panicle erect, 2-5in. long, ++in.
broad, narrow, contracted, usually dense; branches short, erect,
sparingly divided. Spikelets pale-green, 4-}in. long; pedicels
shorter than the spikelets. Two outer glumes subequal, lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply keeled, rigid, 1- or rarely 3-nerved, keel scabrid,
sides smooth or minutely rough; 3rd or flowering glume slightly
shorter, hard, convolute, scabrid, shghtly silky at the base,
minutely 2—4-cuspidate; awn from below the middle, stout, re-
curved, twisted below the bend, longer than the spikelet. Palea
almost as long as the flowering glume, linear, hyaline, 2-nerved.
Rhachilla produced into a silky bristle nearly 4 as long as the
palea.—Agrostis avenoides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 330; Buch.
N.Z. Grasses, t. 24a.

Var. brachyantha, Hack. MS.—Culms taller and more slender, 1-3 ft.
high. Leaves narrower, filiform, often strict and wiry. Spikelets smaller,
about 4in. long; rhachilla shorter and more delicate.

Norte anp Souru Isntanps, Stewart Isnanp : Var. brachyantha common
throughout, ranging from sea-level to 3500ft., the typical state apparently
confined to mountain districts in the South Island. Nelson—Wairau Gorge,
T. F.C. Canterbury— Craigieburn Mountains, Petrie! Rangitata Valley, Sun-
clair and Haast; Tasman Valley, 7. #. C. Otago—Not uncommon in upland
districts, Hector and Buchanan! Petrie! Cockayne !

The typical state is well characterized by its large spikelets, which no doubt
induced Hooker to give it the name of avenoides ; but the var. brachyantha is
an exceedingly puzzling form. Professor Hackel has no hesitation in placing it
under D. avenoides, but most New Zealand botanists, including myself, have
been accustomed to regard it as a state of D. quadriseta, to which it seems to
show avery near approach, principally differing in the rather larger spikelets,
with the rhachilla always produced at the back of the palea. It appears to me
to be very much a matter of taste whether it should be placed under D. avenoides
or D. quadriseta.

5. D. Youngii, Buch. Man. N.Z. Grasses, 6.—‘‘ Similar in habit
to A. avenoides, but larger, 2-4 ft. high, more robust. Leaves flat,
4-tin. diam. Panicle 4-6 in. long, very slender, flexuous ; branches
very short. Spikelets 4-tin. long. Empty glumes oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, rigid, smooth, glabrous, nerveless ; flowering glume
as long, pedicelled, hard, scabrid, 2—4-cuspidate; awn very short,
almost terminal. Palea as long as the glume; pedicel stout, with
long silky hairs.’’—Agrostis Youngii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fi.
380; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 29.

Sourn IsnandD: Canterbury—Dry hillsides, sources of the Waitaki River,
Haast.

872 GRAMINE:. | Deyeuxia.

This is unknown to me, and I have therefore reproduced Hooker’s descrip-
tion. It appears to differ from all forms of D. avenoides in the short “ almost
terminal’’ awn. Professor Hackel suggests that it may be a variety of D. quad-
riseta, but the large spikelets and produced rhachilla hardly support such a
view.

6. D. quadriseta, Benth. Fl. Austral. vil. 581.—Culms tufted,
erect, stout or slender, smooth or rather rough, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves
much shorter than the culms, variable in width, sometimes 4 in.
broad and quite flat, at other times very narrow and setaceous
or filiform, often involute, glabrous or minutely scaberulous; sheaths
smooth or rough, erooved ; ligules oblong, membranous. Panicle
14-6 in. long, very narrow and spike- like, dense, cylindric, rarely
broader and obscurely lobed, pale-green or brownish-green, shining ;
branches numerous, short, erect, branched from the base. Spike-
lets small, about tin. long, shortly pedicelled. Two outer glumes
subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, keel minutely scabrid,
slightly hairy at the base, tip minutely but distinctly 4-awned ;
dorsal awn attached below the middle, sometimes almost basal,
usually not much longer than the outer glumes. Palea almost
as long as the flowering glume, narrow, 2-nerved. Rhachilla either
not at all produced at the back of the palea or very obscurely so.
—Agrostis quadriseta, R. Br. Prod. 171; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
296; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 330; Buch. NZ. Grasses, t. 26. eek
quadriseta, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 25, t. 32.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon through-
out. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Also abundant in Australia and Tasmania. The rhachilla is seldom pro-
duced at the back of the palea, so that the plant technically falls into Agrostis.
But it is so closely allied to D. avenoides, which is an undoubted Deyewxra, that
I have decided to leave it in that genus.

7. D. Petriei, Hack. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxv. (1903) 380 (sub.
Calamagrostis).—Culms slender, erect, terete, 1-3 ft. high, glabrous,
3-noded, uppermost node near the middle of the culm. Leaves
much shorter than the culms, about fin. broad, flat, rather flaccid,
smooth or scaberulous on the upper surface ; sheaths terete, close,
scaberulous; ligules oblong, obtuse. Panicle 3-6in. long, narrow
but not very dense; rhachis smooth; branches short, binate or
ternate, the lowermost often distant, short, erect, sparingly divided ;
pedicels shorter than the spikelets, smooth. Spikelets ++in. long,
pale-green. Two outer glumes subequal, narrow-lanceolate, acute,
rigidly membranous, 1-nerved, scabrid on the keel; 5rd or flowering
glume about 4 shorter, lanceolate, subacute, minutely denticulate at
the tip, firm but membranous, scabro-punctate on the back, callus
with silky hairs 4 the length of the glume; awn inserted about the
middle of the back, str aight, equalling the empty glumes or rarely
exceeding them. Palea almost as long as the flowering glume,

Deyeuxia. | GRAMINEA, 873

linear. bidentate. Rhachilla produced into a hairy bristle at the
back of the palea, about 4$ its length.—D. scabra, Buch. N.Z.
Grasses, t. 26a (not of Benth.).

Sour IstaAnp: Otago—Swampy Hill (near Dunedin), Mount Pisa, Petrie!
1500-3500 ft.

This was referred by Mr. Buchanan to D. scabra, Benth. (Agrostis scabra,
R. Br.; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 116, t. 160), which differs from the New Zealand
plant, as indicated by Professor Hackel, in the small spikelets; scabrid branches
of the panicle; in the flowering glume being almost as long as the empty ones,
much more coriaceous and obtuse, and with fewer shorter hairs on the callus;
in the very short awn inserted far above the middle of the back of the glume;
and in the process of the rhachilla being shorter and less hairy.

19. DICHELACHNE, Endl.

Tall slender grasses. Leaves narrow, flat or convolute. Spike-
lets 1-flowered, numerous, arranged in long and narrow usually
dense panicles; rhachilla disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes,
very slightly or not at all produced beyond the flower. Glumes 3;
2 outer subequal or slightly unequal, empty, persistent, narrow,
sharply acuminate, keeled, membranous; 3rd or flowering glume
almost as long, keeled, entire or shortly 2-fid, furnished with a long
flexuous awn inserted on the back just below the tip, base of the
glume with a hairy callus. Palea slightly shorter than the glume,
narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas
plumose. Grain narrow, enclosed in the slightly hardened flower-
ing glume and palea.

The genus is confined to the two following species, both of which extend to
Australia and Tasmania.

Panicle dense. Spikelets 4in. Awn 1lin., not twisted at

the base .. #, ae “ ne -. L. D. crinita.
Panicle lax. Spikelets }in. Awn 4-#in., usually twisted
at the base are ie 3: Sr 2. D. sciwrea.

1. D. crinita, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 293.—Annual. Culms
tufted, tall, slender, erect, 2-3 ft. high, leafy at the base. Leaves
much shorter than the culms, flat or convolute, glabrous or the
lower ones sometimes softly pubescent; margins smooth or slightly
scaberulous; sheaths grooved, the upper rather long; ligules short,
broad. Panicle very dense and spike-like, 3-6in. long or more,
bristling with the numerous awns which almost conceal the spike-
lets, pale-green, shining; branches numerous, short, erect. Spike-
lets +4 in. long. Two outer glumes more or less unequal, very
narrow, long-acuminate, membranous or hyaline, keel green and
scabrous; 3rd or flowering glume distinctly shorter, convolute,
smooth or slightly rough, produced into a hyaline entire or 2-fid
tip; awn very long, about lin., straight or flexuous, not twisted
at the base. Palea about + shorter than the flowering glume,
linear, 2-nerved.—Handb. N.Z. Fil. 326; Fl. Tasm. ii. 111; Benth.

874 GRAMINE. [Dichelachne.

Fl. Austral. vii. 574; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 15. D. Hookeriana
and D. Forsteriana, Trin. and Rupr. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. vi.
5 (1842), 3, 4. Agrostis crinita, R. Br. Prodr. 170; A. Rich. Fl.
Now. Zel. 186; dA. Cunn. Precur. n. 246; Raoul, Chow, 39.
Anthoxanthum erinitum, Forst. Prodr. n. 18.

Var. intermedia, Hack. MSS.—Rather more slender ; panicle narrower and
laxer. A passage form into D. scwwrea.

Nortry anp Sours Isuanps, Stewart IstaAnD, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Plen-
tiful in dry open situations throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft. Also abundant
in Australia and Tasmania.

2. D. sciurea, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 294.—Smaller than
D. crinita and more slender. Culms tuited, 1-2 ft. high, slender,
quite glabrous. ‘Leaves chiefly at the base of the culms and much
shorter than them, narrow, flat or convolute, sometimes almost
setaceous, glabrous or the lower ones pubescent; sheaths smooth ;
ligules short, broad. Panicle 3-6 in. long, much more lax and open
than in D. crinita; branches slender, capillary, scabrid. Spikelets
1 in. long, rarely more. Two duter glumes equal or nearly so, long-
acuminate, margins hyaline, keel smooth or scabrid ; 3rd or flower-
ing glume nearly as long, convolute, smooth or slightly scabrous,
entire or 2-fid at the tip; awn 4—3in. long, flexuous, usually but
not invariably twisted at the base, inserted on the back of the
glume close to the tip. Palea narrow-linear, 2-fid—Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 326; Fl. Tasm. ii. 111, t. 1584; Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 574;
Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. xvi. (in part). D. Sieberiana, Trim. and Rupr.
in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Sér. vi. 5 (1842) 2. D. montana, Endl.
Prodr. Fl. Ins. Norf. 24. Agrostis sciurea, R. Br. Prodr. 171.
Stipa micrantha, Cav. Ic. v. 42; F. Mueli. in Journ. Bot. (1878)
327 (not of Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 566).

Var. inequiglumis, Hack. MSS.—Panicle with longer flaccid branches ;
spikelets more laxly arranged. Two outer glumes unequal, acute but not cus-
pidate, keel sharply scabrid ; awn of flowering glume almost apical, not twisted
at the base.

Nortu Istanp: From the North Cape to Wellington; not so plentiful as
D. crinita. SourH Istanp: Has been recorded from Marlborough (Buchanan),
Canterbury (Armstrong), and Greymouth (Kirk), but I have seen no specimens.

Also in Australia, Tasmania, and Norfolk Island.

20. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv.

Perennial grasses. Leaves narrow, flat or convolute. Spikelets
rather small, 2-flowered, arranged in lax or contracted panicles ;
rhachilla disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes, produced between
the flowering glumes and above the upper flower as a naked or
hairy bristle, rarely ending in an imperfect flower. Glumes 4;
2 outer slightly unequal, persistent, empty, keeled, acute, mem-
branous, shining; 3rd and 4th (or flowering glumes) membranous or

Deschampsva. | GRAMINE:. 875

‘ .
almost hyaline, toothed at the apex ; dorsal awn slender, twisted at
the base, sometimes very smail or wanting. Palea narrow, 2-
nerved. Lodicules 2, ovate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas
plumose. Grain oblong, enclosed within the unaltered flowering
glume and palea.

Species about 25, dispersed through most cold or temperate regions. One of
the New Zealand species extends through the whole range of the genus; the
remaining 6 are endemic. These constitute a somewhat anomalous group,

differing from the true Deschampsi@ in the awn being almost terminal and very
small, or altogether absent. They may ultimately form a separate genus.

* Awn from the middle of the back of the flowering glume or below it.
Tall, 1-4 ft. high. Panicle long,4-12in. Spikelets 4-4in. 1. D. cespitosa.
** Awn from immediately below the tip of the flowering glume or wanting.
+ Rhachilia glabrous.

Forming dense Eee 34-1din. high. Leaves short,
curved. Panicle}—?in., dense. Spikelets straw-yellow,

shining. Awn wanting ‘or rarely present : 2. D. pusilla.
Slender, 3-9in. Leaves shorter than the culms, ‘involute.
Panicle slender, lax, 1-3in. long. Spikelets pale- -green,
apex of flowering glume irregularly denticulate. Awn
wanting .. ne BG 54 Aa .. 3. D. nove - 2ea-
landie.

Slender, 6-18in. Leaves flaccid, flat or involute, often
capillary. Panicle very slender, 3-6in. Spikelets + in.,
pale-green ; apex of flowering glume 3-toothed. Awn
usually present be se ae .. 4, D, Chapmani.

tt Rhachilla hairy.

Very slender, flaccid, 6-14in. Leaves capillary. Panicle
very slender, lax, 2-6in. Spikelets small, ;4,in.; apex
of flowering glume 3-toothed. Awn usually present .. 5. D. tenella.
Slender, tufted,2-S8in. Leaves short, strict. Panicle lax,
deltoid, -2in. Spikelets few, 4- 4in.; apex of flower-
ing glume 3-toothed. Awn eae present. Hairs of
rhachilla long, copious 0
Slender, 3-Gin. Leaves short, flat. Panicle ‘sparingly
branched, lax, 1-2in.; - spikelets few. Flowering glume
irregularly denticulate ; awn wanting. Rhachilla with
a minute empty glume at the apex .. s¢ ae ih. Ds penrcillata.

D. gracillima.

ee

1. D. cespitosa, Beauv. Agrost. 91, t. 18, f. 3.—Culms densely
tufted, forming large tussocks, smooth, shining, rather stout or
slender, leafy, 1-4ft. high. Leaves rather stiff, narrow, flat or
convolute, rough on the upper surface and margins; sheaths
shining, smooth or rough; ligules long, membranous, acute.
Panicles 4-12in. long, usually rather narrow and dense in New
Zealand examples, inclined or nodding above; branches in some-
what ee fascicles, capillary, smooth or minutely scaberulous.
Spikelets 4-4 in. long, shining, pale yellow-green or purplish. Two
outer gluines keeled, acute or subacute, l-nerved or the upper

)
~

876 GRAMINE. [Deschampsia.

3-nerved; 3rd and 4th or flowering glumes equalling the empty
glumes or rarely exceeding them, truncate, 4-toothed, silky at the
base, the 4th separated from the 3rd by a distinct hairy internode,
sometimes absent so that the spikelet becomes 1-flowered ; awn
from the middle of the back or below it, not twisted at the base or
obscurely so, usually not far exceeding its glume. MRhachilla pro-
duced into a distinct hairy pedicel above the 4th glume.—AHook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel.i. 801; #l.. Tasm..ii. 118; Handb. N.4.4 Hineoes
Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 587; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 37. Aira
cespitosa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 64. A. Kingii, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii.
376, t. 185. A. australis, Raoul, Chow, 12. Agrostis aucklandica,
Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1. 96.

NorrH anp SoutH IsLAnps, StEwaRT IsLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS, AUCK-
LAND IsLANDS: Wet places from the Lower Waikato southwards, plentiful.
Sea-level to 3500 ft.

An abundant grass in all cool and temperate regions. The New Zealand
form has the spikelets rather larger and the awn of the flowering glume inserted
somewhat higher up than is usual in northern specimens, and is distinguished
as var. macrantha by Hackel.

2. D. pusilla, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 403.—
Culms densely tufted, branched at the base, 1-2 in. high, forming
small compact patches. Leaves numerous, shorter than the
culms, setaceous, curved, convolute; sheaths broad, membranous,
grooved; ligules large for the size of the plant, acute, much broader
than the blade, decurrent along the margins of the sheath. Panicle
small, contracted, sometimes almost spiciform, straw - yellow,
shining, +-3in. long; branches few, short, small, the lowermost
bearing 2-3 spikelets, the upper 1 only. Spikelets Zin. long,
2-flowered, rarely 3-flowered. Two outer glumes almost equal in
length, hyaline, the lower narrower, 1-nerved, the 2nd 3-nerved ;
8rd and 4th or flowering glumes faintly silky or almost glabrous
at the base, broadly oblong, hyaline, indistinctly 5-nerved, trun-
cate, irregularly 3-toothed or erose, awnless or with a minute
dorsal awn inserted just below the tip. Palea as long as the
glume, deeply bifid, 2-nerved. Rhachilla elongated between the
flowering glumes and produced beyond the upper flower into a
short bristle, quite glabrous.

SourH IsLAND: Otago—Hector Mountains, Petrie! Humboldt Mountains,
Cockayne ! 5000-6500 ft.

A very remarkable little plant, quite distinct from any of the following
species.

3. D. novee-zealandiz, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891)
402.—Culms densely tufted, branched at the base, slender, smooth,
leafy below, 3-9in. high, rarely more. Leaves from 4 to $ the
length of the culms, very narrow, setaceous, involute; sheaths

Deschampsia. | GRAMINES. 877

broad, pale, membranous, grooved; ligules long, scarious, acute,
broader than the blade at the base. Panicle slender, erect, 1-3 in.
long, usually lax but sometimes contracted ; branches few, capil-
lary, smooth or minutely scaberulous, sparingly divided. Spikelets
few, small, ;4—41in. long, pale-green, shining, 2-flowered. Two
outer glumes unequal, the lower about $ the length of the spikelet,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, l-nerved, the upper about 2 the length of
the spikelet, broader and more obtuse, 3-nerved; 3rd and 4th or
flowering glumes broadly oblong, hyaline, membranous, faintly
3-5-nerved, quite glabrous at the base, broadly truncate at the
apex and irregularly minutely denticulate, awn wanting. Palea
bifid, 2-nerved, nerves faintly ciliate. Rhachilla elongated between
the flowering glumes and produced beyond the upper flower into a
slender bristle, quite glabrous.—D. Hookeri, Kirk in Journ. Bot.
xxiv. (1891) 237 (in part).

SoutH Is~AnpD: Canterbury—Lake Lyndon, Petrie! Castle Hill, Kirk!
Poulter River, Cockayne. Westland—Kelly’s Hill, Petrie! Cockayne! Otago—
Naseby, Pembroke, Mount St. Bathan’s, Hector Mountains, Lake Te Anau,
Petrie! 1000-5000 ft.

Although yery closely allied to D. Chapmani and D. tenella this appears to
be sufficiently distinct from both in the irregularly denticulate apex of the
flowering glume and the total absence of the dorsal awn. Mr. Kirk united ali
three under the name of D. Hookevi.

4. D. Chapmani, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 401.—
Culms tufted, branched at the base, quite smooth, leafy, 6-18 in.
high. Leaves longer or shorter than the culms, very narrow, flat or
involute, often almost filiforin, flaccid ; sheaths long, narrow, deeply
grooved ; ligules elongated, acute, broader than the blade at the base.
Panicle very slender, 3-6in. long or more, effuse or contracted, laxly
and sparingly branched ; branches capillary, minutely scaberulous,
usually trichotomously divided. Spikelets few, small, about din.
long, pale-green, glistening, 2-flowered. Two outer glumes unequal,
uuch shorter than the spikelet, oblong-lanceolate, membranous,
the lower short, 1-nerved, the upper 4 longer, equalling the lower
flower or slightly exceeding it, 3-nerved; 3rd and 4th or flowering
glumes broadly oblong, membranous, faintly 3—-5-nerved, glabrous at
the base or rarely with few very short hairs, truncate at the apex and
more or less irregularly 3—5-toothed; awn usually present on both
glumes, from the back a little distance below the tip. Palea bifid,
2-nerved, nerves ciliate. Rhachilla elongated between the flowering
glumes and produced beyond the upper flower into a slender bristle,
quite glabrous.—D. Hookeri, Kirk in Journ. Bot. xxiv. (1891) 237
(in part). Catabrosa antarctica, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 102, t. 56.
Triodia antarctica, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. (1881) 111.

Sour Istanp: Canterbury—Arthur’s Pass, Kirk! Otago—Clinton Saddle,
Petrie! Milford Sound, Kirk! AutuckLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS, ANTIPODES
Isntanp: Hooker, Kirk! Sea-level to 3500 ft.

878 GRAMINEH. [Deschampsia.

Very close to the following species, of which it may prove to be a variety,
and from it is mainly separated by the glabrous rhachilla and rather larger
spikelets.

5. D. tenella, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1891) 402.—
Culms tufted, branched at the base, extremely slender, flaccid,
quite smooth, leafy throughout, 6-14 in. high. Leaves bright-green,
very narrow, capillary, involute, flaccid, the uppermost often ex-
ceeding the young panicle ; sheaths smooth, grooved; ligules long,
acute, membranous, broader than the blade and decurrent along
the margins of the sheaths. Panicle very slender, 2—6in. long, con-
tracted at first, but becoming lax and somewhat effuse ; branches in
pairs, few, rather distant, capillary, scabrid, trichotomously divided.
Spikelets few towards the tips of the branches, small, in. long,
pale, glistening, 2-flowered. Two outer glumes unequal, much
shorter than the spikelet, membranous, 1-nerved or the upper 3-
nerved ; 3rd and 4th or flowering glumes broadly oblong, delicately
hyaline, faintly 5-nerved, silky at the base, truncate at the apex
and 3-toothed, the middle tooth often bifid, the 4th always with a
minute dorsal awn inserted just below the apex, the 3rd frequently
awnless. Palea bifid, 2-nerved, the nerve finely ciliate. Rhachilla
elongated between the flowering glumes and more or less silky,
produced above the upper flower into a silky bristle-——D. Hookeri,
T. Kirk in Journ. Bot. xxiv. (1891) 237 (in part). Catabrosa antare-
tica, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 8308 (but not of Fl. Antarct. i. 102) ;
Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 418.

NortH Istanp: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Tararua Mountains,
H. H. Travers! SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, 4. McKay! Otago
—Near Dunedin, Catlin’s River, Clinton Saddle, Petrie! Sea -level to
4500 ft.

This differs from both D. nove-zealandie and D. Chapmani in the silky
rhachilla, and from the former in addition in the dorsal awn being present in at
least the upper flower. It varies greatly in the size of the spikelets and in the
proportionate length of the outer glumes. Mr. Petrie’s original specimens from
Catlin’s River have the spikelets barely more than j#,in. long, and the upper
outer glume is not half the length of the spikelet ; but those from the Clinton
Valley, and Mr. Colenso’s from the Ruahine Range, have much larger spikelets
with longer outer glumes.

6. D. gracillima, 7. Kirk in Journ. Bot. xxiv. (1891) 237.—
Culms tufted, usually with intravaginal branches near the base,
erect, slender, glabrous, 2-8 in. high. Leaves towards the base of
the culms and much shorter than them, strict, erect, very narrow,
setaceous or filiform, convolute; sheaths rather lax, grooved ;
ligules long, membranous, usually split at the tip. Panicle erect,
ovate or deltoid, open, 3-2 in. long; branches few, binate, capillary,
smooth or almost so. Spikelets 4-41in. long, on pedicels longer
than themselves, 2-Aowered. Two outer glumes unequal, 3-nerved,
shorter than the spikelet; 3rd and 4th or flowering glumes densely

Deschanvpsia. | GRAMINES. 879

silky at the base, oblong, membranous, 5-nerved, truncate at the
tip and 3-toothed, the middle tooth entire or bifid or irregularly
erose, the 3rd awnless or very obscurely awned, the 4th usually
with a minute dorsal awn inserted just below the tip. Palea linear-
oblong, bifid, 2-nerved, nerves finely ciliate. Rhachilla elongated
between the flowering glumes and densely silky, produced above the
upper flower into a long silky bristle.

AucKLAND IsuaAnps: Carnley Harbour, aititude 1000 ft., Kirk !

The densely tufted habit, short strict erect leaves, deltoid few-flowered
panicle, large spikelets, and densely hairy rhachilla distinguish this from all its
‘allies.

7. D. penicillata, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895)
354.—Culms tufted, slender, glabrous, leafy, 3-6in. high. Leaves
shorter than the culms, radical and cauline; blades short, 3-14in.
long, narrow, flat or involute, striate ; sheaths pale, membranous,
deeply grooved, the uppermost long, enclosing the culm up to the
base of the panicle ; ligules long, pointed, scarious, broader than
the blade at the base. Panicle small, 1—2in. long, few-flowered ;
branches few, capillary, the lower ones bearing 2-3 spikelets, the
upper 1-spiculate. Spikelets 44+1n. long, pale yellow-green,
shining, 2-flowered. Two outer glumes almost equalling the
flowering glumes, subequal, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, hyaline,
3-nerved ; 3rd and 4th or flowering glumes oblong, very delicate,
with white hyaline tips, 5-nerved, silky at the base, obtuse or
almost truncate at the tip and irregularly minutely denticulate,
awn wanting. Palea linear-oblong, 2-nerved, nerves silky. Rha-
chilla elongated between the flowering glumes and produced beyond
the upper flower into a bristle bearing a minute empty glume at its
summit, silky throughout.

MacquarizE Istanp: In swamps, A. Hamilton!

I regret that I have only seen two small and immature specimens of this
curious little plant, which is by no means closely related to any other New
Zealand species.

21. TRISETUM, Pers.

Perennial or rarely annual grasses. Leaves flat. Spikelets
rather small, usually 2-flowered, more rarely 3—6-flowered, ar-
ranged in a narrow dense or lax panicle; rhachilla disarticu-
lating above the 2 outer glumes, more or less produced
between the flowering glumes and beyond the upper flower
into a short bristle. Two outer glumes persistent, empty, equal
or unequal, acute, keeled, 1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes 2-3,
rarely more, equalling or exceeding the empty glumes, mem-
branous with broad hyaline margins, 2-toothed at the apex,
tie teeth often produced into bristles or short awns; dorsal awn
from the back below the tip, slender, straight or bent, often twisted

880 GRAMINES. [| Trisetum.

at the base. Palea strongly 2-nerved, 2-toothed. Stamens 3.
Styles very short, distinct; stignias plumose. Grain enclosed
within the flowering glume and palea, free.

A genus of about 60 species, most plentiful in the north temperate zone,
but also found on the high mountains of the tropics and in South America and
Australasia. One of the New Zealand species is widely spread, the rest are
endemic.

* Awn at least as long as the glume, inserted on the back a little distance
below the tip.

Glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 6-24in. Panicle 2-10in.,

rather lax. Empty glumes lanceolate, unequal .. 1. T. antarcticum.™
Pilose, 2-8 ft. Panicle 2-10 in., very slender. Empty

glumes oblong or oblong-obovate, subequal .. -- 2. DT. Youmgu:
Puberulous or tomentose, 2-12in. Panicle dense, cylin-

dric, 4-21n. $e an uf. iP .. 3. T. subspicatum.

** Awn very short, from between the terminal teeth of the glume.

Puberulous, 6-12in. Panicle dense, cylindric, 1-3 in.
Teeth of flowering glumes short BA “2 .. 4, T. Cheesemanii.

1. T. antarcticum, Trin. im Mem. Acad. Petersb. Sér. vi. 1 (1831)
61.—Perennial, very variable in size and degree of robustness.
Culms tufted, slender, smooth or sparsely pubescent, 6—24 in. high.
Leaves usually shorter than the culms, narrow, ;4—4 in. broad, flat
or involute, flaccid, smooth or the margins finely scaberulous ;
sheaths long, narrow, grooved; ligules short, truncate, hyaline,
ciliolate. Panicle very variable, erect or inclined, contracted or
rather lax, usually narrow, rarely broad and effuse, 1-10 in. long ;
branches short, slender, suberect, simple or again divided. Spike-
lets compressed, pale-green or brownish- green, shining, 2-3-
flowered, rarely 1-flowered or 4-flowered, {-+in. long. Two outer
glumes unequal, the lower from less than 4 to 3 the length of
the upper, lanceolate, acute, scabrid on the keel; margins broad,
hyaline. Flowering glumes exceeding the empty glumes, oblong-
lanceolate, 2-cuspidate at the apex, scabrous-pubescent on the
back, margins hyaline; awn from the back a little distance from
the tip, sometimes $-way down, not twisted, recurved, twice as
long as the glume. Palea almost as long as the flowering glume.
Rhachilla clothed with copious long silky hairs between the flower-
ing glumes, produced beyond the upper flower into a silky bristle.—
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 301, t. 688; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 335; Buch.
N.Z. Grasses, t. 39. Aira antarctica, Forst. Prodr. n. 41. Avena
antarctica, Roem. and Schult. Syst. ii. 676; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 1389; A. Cunn. Precur.n. 257; Raoul, Choix, 39. Danthonia
pallida, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 256 (not of B. Br.).

Var. lasiorhachis, Hack. MSS.—Culms, leaf-sheaths, rhachis, and
branches of the panicle densely pubescent. Other characters as in the type.

NortuH AND SoutH IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Abunde
ant throughout. Sea-level to 4500 ft.

Trisetwm. | GRAMINEA. 881

2. T. Youngii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 335.—Culms tufted,
slender, erect, pilose or glabrous, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves mostly at
the base of the culms and much shorter than them, ;4,—-1in. broad,
flat, smooth, pilose with long soft hairs; sheaths grooved, glabrous
or pilose; ligules short, truncate, lacerate, hyaline. Panicle
slender, very narrow, 2-Sin. long; rhachis pilose; branches short,
close, suberect, few-flowered, also pilose. Spikelets compressed,
pale-green or yellow-brown, shining, 1—3-flowered, about in. long.
Two outer glumes almost as long as the flowering glumes, sub-
equal or the lower about 4+ shorter than the upper, oblong or
oblong-obovate, suddenly acuminate, membranous, scabrid along
the keel. Flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, shortly 2-cuspidate,
minutely rough on the back; awn from 4 to + way down the back,
rather stout, recurved, nearly as long again as the glume. Palea
almost equalling the flowering gluine. Rhachilla nearly glabrous,
produced between the flowering giumes and above the upper flower.
—Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 40B.

Norryu Isuanp: Mount Hikurangi, Adams and Petrie! Tararua Range,
Buchanan! Sours Isuanp: Not uncommon in subalpine localities, especially
on the western side. 3000-5000 ft.

Best distinguished from 7. antarcticum by the much broader oblong or
oblong-obovate empty glumes; but it is usually a taller and more pilose plant,
with a narrower panicle.

3. T. subspicatum, Beauv. Agrost. 88.—Culms densely tufted,
‘stout or slender, pubescent or tomentose, in New Zealand specimens
from 2 to 12in. high, rarely more. Leaves numerous at the base
of the culms and much shorter than them, firm, erect, rather strict,
flat, more or less downy or almost glabrous, ;4,—3 in. broad ; sheaths
rather lax, deeply grooved ; ligules short, scarious, lacerate. Panicle
short and dense, cylindric or almost ovoid, rarely slightly lobed or
interrupted at the base, $-2in. long; rhachis densely tomentose;
branches short, erect. Spikelets compressed, whitish or yellowish-
green, rarely purplish, shining, 2—3-flowered, 4-tin. long. T'wo
outer glumes unequal, lanceolate, keeled, scabrid along the keel,
the outer 1-nerved, the 2nd 3-nerved. Flowering glumes oblong-
lanceolate, 2-cuspidate or shortly 2-awned at the tip, hairy at the
base, keel scabrid above, sides minutely rough; awn from 4 to +
way down the back, longer than the glume, straight or recurved.
Palea about + shorter than the flowering glume, 2-nerved, scabrid
along the nerves. — Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 97; Handb. N.Z. FI.

335; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 588; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 40a.

Sourn Istanp: Not uncommon in alpine and subalpine localities throughout.
AUCKLAND IsnuANnDs: Kirk! CampBELLIsuanp: Sir J. D. Hooker! Usually
from 3500 to 5500 ft., but descends almost to sea-level in the Auckland Islands.

A common alpine grass in most countries, extending into both arctic and
antarctic regions.

882 GRAMINE,. [Trisetum.

4. T. Cheesemanii, Hack. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxv. (1903)
381.—Culms rather stout, erect, 3-12in. high, naked and puberu-
lous above, leafy below, 2-noded, the upper node in the lower + of
the culm. Leaves crowded at the base of the culms, flat, 4,4 in.
broad, firm, erect, glaucous, finely scaberulous on the veins and
margins ; sheaths rather lax, subcompressed, minutely puberulous ;
ligules short, truncate, denticulate. Panicle very dense, cylindrical,
1-24 in. long, 4in. broad; rhachis tomentose ; branches densely
imbricate, short, binate or ternate. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate,
compressed, whitish-yellow, shining, 2-flowered, about +in. long.
Two outer glumes slightly unequal, lanceolate, acute, scabrid on the
keel, minutely rough on the sides, the lower 1l-nerved, the 2nd
3-nerved. Flowering glumes lanceolate, very shortly 2-cuspidate,
slightly hairy at the base, minutely rough, faintly 5-nerved; awn
very short indeed, from between the terminal teeth or just below
them. Palea + shorter than the glume, scabrid along the nerves.
Rhachilla produced between the flowering glumes and beyond the
upper flower, silky.

NorrH Istanp: Mount Hikurangi, Petrie! Sourn Isntanp: Canterbury—
Craigieburn Mountains, Petrie! Cockayne! Hooker Glacier, T. 7. C. Otago—
Petrie! 3000-5000 ft.

This has much of the habit and appearance of T. subspicatwm, but differs
from it, and from all the other species, in the very shortly bidentate flowering
glume, with the intermediate awn springing almost from between the teeth, not
from the back some distance below the teeth, as is usual in the genus.

22. AMPHIBROMUS, Nees.

Slender glabrous grasses. Leaves flat. Spikelets 5-10-flowered,
arranged in a lax panicle; rhachilla slender, hairy, jointed between
the flowers. Two outer glumes persistent, empty, acute, keeled,
5-nerved at the base, with scarious margins, awnless. Flowering
glumes more rigid, rounded on the back, prominently 5-nerved,
often split at the tip with the lobes produced into short awns;
dorsal awn from about the middle of the back, straight or bent,
often twisted. Palea thin, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short,
distinct ; stigmas plumose. Lodicules 2. Grain oblong, glabrous,
enclosed within the flowering glume and palea.

A small genus of 2 species, the present one and another endemic in
Australia.

1. A. fluitans, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 374, t.
28.—Culms weak, branched, creeping and rooting at the base, erect
or floating above, glabrous, 12-18in. long. Leaves numerous,
sheathing the culm up to the base of the panicle, narrow, flat,
minutely scabrid on the margins and veins; sheaths rather broad
and lax, compressed, grooved, longer than the internodes ; ligules
long, pointed, hyaline. Panicle 2-4in. long, narrow, lax, few-

Amphibromus.] GRAMINE. 883

flowered; branches few, short, capillary, scaberulous, the lower-
most with 2-3 spikelets, the upper 1-spiculate. Spikelets com-
pressed, pale-green, usually about 4in. long without the awns,
4—7-flowered. Two outer glumes unequal, small, the upper not
one-half the length of the flowering glume above it. Flowering
clumes silky at the base, firm and rather rigid when in fruit,
5—7-nerved, scabrous on the back and sides; awn irom the middle
of the back, long, straight, scabrid, not bent nor twisted. Palea
hyaline, 2-nerved, strongly ciliate on the nerves.

Nortu Isuanp: Auckland—Marshes near Waiuku, Carse! Lakes Wha-

ngape and Waikare, 7. F. C.; Lake Waihi, Kirk! Taranaki—Swamps near
New Plymouth, 7’. F. C.

Distinguished from the Australian A. Neesti by the weak decumbent habit,
smaller panicle, narrower spikelets, shorter outer glumes, and straight awn.

23, DANTHONIA, D.c.

Perennial or rarely annual grasses. Leaves very variable.
Spikelets 3- to many-flowered, laterally compressed, arranged in a
lax or dense panicle, rarely in a simple raceme ; rhachilla disarticu-
lating above the 2 outer glumes and between the flowering glumes,
produced beyond the uppermost flower. Two outer glumes per-
sistent, empty, equal or more or less unequal, keeled, acute or
acuminate, 3-7-nerved, as long as the whole spikelet or slightly
shorter. Flowering glumes 2 or more, rounded on the back, usually
ciliate on the margins, 5—-9-nerved, hairy, the hairs often collected
into variously arranged tufts, 2-lobed at the tip, the lobes often
produced into short awn-like bristles; awn from the sinus between
the lobes, usually long and rigid and twisted, rarely reduced to a
mucro; callus at the base of the glume, hairy. Palea broad, hyaline,
2-keeled. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas

plumose. Grain oblong, ellipsoid, or obovoid, free within the
flowering glume and palea.

Species not far from 100, widely dispersed in both hemispheres, but chiefly
in the south temperate zone, particularly abundant in Australia, New Zealand,
and South Africa. Of the 13 species found in New Zealand, 2 extend to Aus-
tralia, the rest are endemic.

* Two outer glumes shorter than the spikelet, very rarely almost equal-
ling it.

+ Culms tall, stout. Panicle large ; spikelets numerous.

Culms 2-5ft. Leaves 4-4in., often pilose. Panicle
6-18in., lax. Awn straight, not flattened nor twisted
at the base at Ae Fi 1. D. Cunning-

hamii.

Culms 14-2ft. Leaves pilose. Panicle 3-4in., lax.
Flowering glume with separate tufts of hairs on the
margins and back Se :

2. D. ovata.

884 GRAMINE. (Danthonia.

Culms 1-4ft. Leaves involute. Panicle 4—6in., ovate,

dense. Awn seldom twisted 3 es .. 3. D. bromoides.
Culms 2-5 ft. Leaves involute. Panicle 4-18in., lax.
Awn flattened and twisted at the base oe .. 4. D. Raoulu.

tt Culms shorter, 6-18 in. Panicle small, 1-3 in. long; spikelets few,
8-12.

Culms 6-18in. Leaves involute, compressed. Spikelets

8-12. Nerves of flowering glume connected by trans-
verse veinlets etd oe oe st .. 5. D. crassiuscula.

Culms 2-6in. Leaves involute, flattened, erect, rigid,
pungent-pointed, glaucous. Spikelets 3-8 5 46
Culms 6-18in., much branched below. Leaves very
narrow, involute, terete, wiry. Spikelets 3-8; awn
twisted .. a4 a Le we .. 7. D. australis.
Culms 6-12in. Leaves flat or involute, not terete.
Spikelets 4-8; awn not twisted os a aie
Culms 9-14in. Leaves flat, thin. Spikelets 6-12; awn
twisted sie be SE ae os

6. D. pungens.

8. D. oreophila.
9. D. planifolia.

** Two outer glumes longer than the spikelets.

Culms 12-24in., often pilose. Panicle 1-4in., narrow.
Flowering glume with two marginal tufts of hairs, but
no transverse rings. Awn long ~ ue .. 10. D. pilosa.

Culms 3-30 in., usually glabrous. Panicle 1-4 in., narrow,
compact. Flowering glume with 2 dense transverse
rings of silky hairs. Awn iong ot ye .. 11. D. senuannularis.

Culms 3-12in., glabrous. Panicle #?-2in. Flowering
glume sparsely silky, transverse rings obscure. Awn
hardly longer than the glume eis Be .. 12. D. Buchanani.

Culms 38-9in., glabrous. Panicle 4-ldin. Flowering
glume with 2 minute tufts of hairs on the margins
(often confluent). Awn very shortindeed .. .. 13. D. nuda.

1. D. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 332.—Densely
tufted, often forming large tussocks. Culms stout, 2-5 ft. high,
i1-1in. diam. at the base, glabrous or more or less pilose Leaves
14-4 ft. long, ++4in. broad, rigid and coriaceous, flat or concave,
strongly nerved, midrib prominent beneath, glabrous or pilose on
the margins and upper surface in the lower half of the leaf,
margins scaberulous; sheaths rather lax, often 4in. broad or
even more, deeply grooved, usually silky-pilose in the grooves ;
ligules reduced to a transverse line of densely set short silky hairs.
Panicle large, erect or inclined, effuse or compact, 6—-18in. long;
branches few or many, solitary or binate or in alternate fascicles,
3-12in. long; branchlets slender, capillary, scaberulous, few-
flowered. Spikelets rather distant, pedicelled, 4-4in. long with-
out the awns, 3-7-flowered. Two outer glumes unequal, lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, membranous, 3-nerved, the upper one shorter
than the flowering glume above it. Flowering glumes clothed with
long silky hairs at the base and along the lower half of the margins,
glabrous elsewhere, 7-9-nerved, deeply 2-fid at the tip with the
points produced into short awns; awn from between the lobes,
about 4in. long, straight or recurved, not flattened nor twisted at the

Danthonia.) GRAMINEA. 885

base. Palea nearly as long as the glume, linear-oblong.—Buch.
N.Z. Grasses, t. 29. D. antarctica var. laxiflora, Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zei. i. 302. D. rigida, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 303, t. 694
(not of Raoul). D. pentaflora, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884)
343. Agrostis pilosa, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 254 (not of A. Rich.).

NortH anp SourH Isnanps, STEWART IsLAND: From the Bay of Islands
southwards, but often local or absent from large districts. Sea-level to
3500 ft.

A handsome species, often attaining a large size. It is distinguished
from all the forms of D. Haouli by the flatter leaves, which are often softly
pilose on the sheaths and margins, and by the rather smaller spikelets with a
straight subulate awn, not flattened nor twisted at the base.

2. D. ovata, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. xxix. 2.—Culms 14-2 ft.
high, pilose below. Leaves 10-12 in. long, narrow, involute, pilose ;
ligule wanting or reduced to a narrow line of short hairs with a tuft
of longer ones on each side. Panicle 3—4in. long, erect, ovate;
branches alternate, 1-I4in. long. Spikelets alternate on the
branches, $in. long, 4—6-flowered. Two outer glumes subequal,
3-nerved. Flowering glumes silky at the base, fringed on the
margins and back with pencils of short hairs, 9-nerved, 2-fid at
the tip, the divisions produced into short awns; central awn
straight, not flattened nor twisted at the base. Palea bifid,
margins with long straggling hairs.

SourH Istanp: Otago—Mount Eglinton, Southland, J. Morton.

The above description is an abstract of Mr. Buchanan’s, the plant being
unknown tome. It appears to differ from D. Cunninghamii in the smaller size,
smaller panicle, and, according to Mr. Buchanan’s plate, in the numerous
separate tufts of short hairs on the margins and back of the flowering glume.

3. D. bromoides, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 303, t. 684.—Densely
tufted, forming tussocks 1-4 ft. high. Culms stout, often as thick
as the little finger at the base, quite glabrous, leafy throughout.
Leaves longer or shorter than the culms, involute, gradually nar-
rowed into very slender almost filiform points, coriaceous, smooth,
polished, deeply striate; margins smooth, often pilose with long
hairs towards the base; sheaths long, pale, compressed, grooved,
margins scarious ; ligules reduced to a transverse band of short
densely set silky hairs. Panicle short, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-
oblong, contracted, densely many-flowered, 4-6in. long; rhachis
glabrous, angled; branches short, close, suberect, 1-3in. long.
Spikelets pedicelled, about #in. long without the awns, rather .
broad, oblong or linear-oblong, 4—10-flowered, the upper flower
usually imperfect. ‘Two outer glumes about 2 the length of the spike-
let, unequal, lanceolate, obscurely 3-5-nerved. Flowering glumes
clothed in their lower half with long silky hairs on the margins and
back, 7—9-nerved, sharply 2-fid at the tip, the divisions often pro-

886 GRAMINES. (Danthonia.

duced into short awns; intermediate awn from between the
divisions, $—# in. long, stout, erect or spreading, convex or slightly
flattened at the base, rarely twisted. Palea linear-oblong, 2-nerved,
ciliate on the nerves.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 352. Bromus antarcticus,
Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 97, t. 54. Danthonia antarctica var. elata,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 302.

Nortru Isnanp: In various localities near the sea, rare and local. Auck-
land—Between Whangaroa and Mongonui, 7. F’. C.; Bay of Islands, Kirk!
T. F. C.; Maunganui Bluff, Petrie! Wellington—Hills near Wellington,

Stephenson; near Cape Palliser, Buchanan! AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
Istanps: Abundant on the hills, Hooker, Buchanan! Kirk !

Ido not feel at all certain that the Auckland and Campbell Islands plant,
originally described by Hooker as Bromus antarcticus, has been rightly merged
by him with the North Island D. bromoides. It is much larger and stouter,
with larger spikelets containing more numerous florets, and often forms tussocks
3-4 ft. high, attaining a size almost equal to that of D. Raouwlii, whereas the
typical bromoides is rarely more than 18in. high. If further investigation
should prove it to be distinct, there seems to be no reason why Hooker’s name
of D. antarctica (Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 302) should not be reapplied to it, for although
he also included the plant now known as D. Cunninghamii it was as a separate
variety, the Auckland Islands plant being evidently treated as the type of the
species.

4. D. Raoulii, Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 246.— Densely tufted,
forming large brownish-green tussocks 2-5 ft. high. Culms stout or
slender, smooth, often branched at the base. Leaves numerous,
longer or shorter than the culms, variable in width at the base,
gradually narrowed into long filiform points, strongly involute and
rush-like when dry, coriaceous, smooth and polished on the back,
ribbed on the inner face; margins smooth, glabrous or pilose just
above the ligules; sheaths brownish, much broader than the blade,
often lax and scarious towards the base, coriaceous above, glabrous
or sparsely pubescent; ligules reduced to a transverse band of short
dense hairs. Panicle variable in size, 4-18 in. long, lax; branches
few or many, divided, slender, filiform, smooth and glabrous;
pedicels long, often silky towards the tips. Spikelets 4-?in. long
without the awns, 4-10-flowered. Two empty glumes unequal,
from 4-2 the length of the spikelet, ovate-lanceolate, the lower
3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved, the lateral nerves usually short.
Flowering glumes with long silky hairs at the base and on the
margins for half their length or more, often also fringed on the
lower part of the back, deeply bifid at the tip, the divisions usually
produced into short scabrid awns, 7—9-nerved; central awn long,
1tin., straight or recurved, flattened and usually twisted at the
base. Palea rather shorter than the glume, 2-nerved, silky on the
nerves.—Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 30. D. rigida, Raoul, Chow, 12;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 303, t. 69a (not of Steud.).

Var. flavescens, Hack. MSS.—More robust; culms often 3 in. diam at the
base. Leaves broader; sheaths sometimes 4—?in. across; lamina +4 in. at the
base. Spikelets rather larger.—D. flavescens, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 332;
Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 32.

Danthonia. ] GRAMINE:. 887

Var. Cheesemanii, Hack. MSS.—Culms slender. Leaves pale-green, com-
plicate, compressed, not terete and rush-like when dry, strongly ribbed on both
surfaces; margins and ribs on the back rough and scabrid. Panicle-branches
scaberulous. Awn rarely twisted.

NorrH Aanp Soutn Isuanps, Stewart Isnanp: From Mount Hikurangi and
Mount Egmont southwards, abundant in hilly and mountain districts. Sea-
level to 5000 ft. “« Snow-grass.”” Var. Cheesemanii: Open forests near the

source of the Takaka River, Nelson, altitude 3000 ft., 7. F.C.

A most abundant plant in the elevated hilly districts of the South Island,
often forming the major portion of the vegetation over large areas. I agree with
Professor Hackel in considering D. flavescens to be simply a broad-leaved state
of D. Raouliti, in point of fact the two forms graduate into one another so
insensibly that it is impossible to draw a strict line of demarcation between
them.

5. D. crassiuscula, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885)
224,.—Culms tufted, forming lax tussocks, stout, strict, erect, leafy,
6-18 in. high. Leaves shorter or rarely longer than the culms, dis-
tichous, rigid and coriaceous, curved, gradually narrowed to the tips
but not drawn out into filiform points, strongly involute, com-
pressed, smooth and polished on the back, with numerous thick
veins in front, margins smooth; sheaths stout, much broader than
the blade, smooth, grooved, margins thinner and scarious; ligules
reduced to an obscure band of short stiff hairs. Panicle short, lax,
broadly ovate, 14-3 in. long; branches few, spreading, 2—3-spiculate,
and with the rhachis more or less silky-pubescent. Spikelets about
+in. long without the awns, 4—7-flowered. Two outer glumes un-
equal, lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, the longer frequently + the length of
the entire spikelet. Flowering glumes densely silky at the base,
and with long silky hairs on the margins and back for about half
their length, 7-9-nerved, the nerves connected by transverse veins
at about the level of the awn, tip deeply bifid, the lobes pointed but
not awned; central awn 4-4 in. long, flat at the base and often
twisted. Palea slightly shorter than the glume.

SoutH Isnranp: Canterbury—Mountains above the Broken River, 7. F’. C.;
Upper Waimakariri, Cockayne! Westland—Kelly’s Hill, Petrie! Otago—
Mount Arnould, Hector Mountains, Petrie! mountains above Lake Harris,
Longwood Range, Kirk! Srewarr Istanp: Mount Anglem, Kirk! 3500—
6000 ft.

Closely allied to D. Raoulii, but a smaller and proportionately stouter
plant, with shorter compressed leaves not drawn out into filiform points, much
smaller panicles with silky-pubescent branches, smaller spikelets with longer
outer glumes, and with the nerves of the flowering glumes connected by trans-
verse veinlets.

6. D. pungens, Cheesem. n. sp.—Culms densely tufted, branched
at the base, forming irregular patches about 1 ft. across, smooth,
slender, rigid, 2-6in. high. Leaves mostly at the base of the culms
and much shorter than them, distichous, 14-3 in. long, about + in.

broad at the base, gradually tapering upwards into a pungent point,

888 GRAMINEX. [Danthoma.

strict, erect, rigid and coriaceous, involute, almost equitant at the
base, finely striate, glaucous; margins thickened, smooth; sheaths
compressed, grooved ; ligules reduced to a narrow band of short
white hairs. Panicle small, lax, ovate, 1-14in. long, of 3—8-spike-
lets; branches few, slender, silky. Spikelets about 4in. long with-
out the awns, 3—5-flowered. Two outer glumes slightly unequal,
almost as long as the spikelet, lanceolate, membranous, 3—d-nerved.
Flowering glumes silky at the base, and equally clothed with silky
hairs for half their length, 7-9-nerved, deeply 2-fid at the apex, the
lobes lanceolate, acute but not awned; central awn flattened and
usually spirally twisted at the base. Palea almost as long as the
flowering glume, ciliate on the nerves and silky on the mnargins near
the base.

Stewart IsntaAnp: Smith’s Lookout, altitude 1000 ft., Kirk!

A curious little plant, at once recognised by the flattened rigid and pungent-
pointed leaves.

7. D. australis, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 31.—Forming extensive
patches on alpine or subalpine slopes. Culms much branched
at the base, prostrate or decumbent and covered with the remains
of the old leaves, ascending and then erect above, quite glabrous,
6-18in. high. Leaves numerous towards the base of the culms
and much shorter than them, distichous, inbricate, strict, rigid,
erect or curved to one side, 2-6 in. long, about #,in. broad, closely
involute, smooth and polished, acute at the tip; sheaths short,
closely overlapping, tight, much broader than the blade; ligules
reduced to a line of silky hairs. Panicle small, lax, 1-2 in. long, of
3-8 spikelets on slender capillary silky-pubescent branches. Spike-
lets 3-2 in. long, 4—7-flowered. Two outer glumes slightly unequal,
lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, d—7-nerved, trom # to 8 the
length of the spikelet. Flowering glumes silky at the base and with
the back and margins fringed with silky hairs for more than half
their length, deeply 2-fid at the tip, the divisions produced into
short scabrid awns, 7-9-nerved; central awn 4-4 in. long, slender,
flat and spirally twisted at the base. Palea shorter than the
glume, linear-oblong.—D. Raoulii var. australis, Buch. mm Trans.
N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 224.

SoutH Istanp: Not uncommon on the mountains of Nelson, Canterbury,
and Westland, altitude 3500-6000 ft. ‘* Carpet-grass”’; ‘‘ Hassock-grass.’’

A well-marked species, often covering acres on the higher mountains of
Nelson and North Canterbury, usually affecting steep slopes. After the melting
of the snow in early summer, which usually leaves the culms and leaves pointing
downhill, these slopes are most slippery and treacherous to cross. There is
a specimen in Mr. Petrie’s herbarium marked ‘‘ Campbell Island, J. Buchanan.”

8. D. oreophila, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 406.-—
Culms densely tufted, much branched at the base, slender, erect,

leaty, 6-12in. high. Leaves subdistichous, 2-5 in. long by 74-45 in.

Danthonia. | GRAMINEA). 889

broad at the base, tapering upwards into long slender points, flat or
involute, grooved, margins scaberulous above; lhgules reduced to a
transverse band of short dense hairs with a few longer ones on each
side. Panicle about 14 in. long, broadly ovate, lax, of 4-8 spikelets ;
branches few, capillary, glabrous or with a tuft of silky hairs at the
forks. Spikelets +—4in. long, 4-7-flowered. Two outer glumes
shghtly unequal, acute, membranous, 3—d-nerved, about # the length
of the spikelet. Flowering glumes densely silky at the base and on
the margins for half their length, a few silky hairs also along the
lower part of the back, membranous, 9-nerved, deeply 2-fid at the
tip, the lobes broad, acute but not awned; intermediate awn from
between the lobes, about +in. long, reflexed, flattened at the base
but not twisted. Palea linear-oblong, 2-nerved, ciliate on the
nerves.—D. pallida, Petrie im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 271
(not of RK. Br.).

SourH Istanp: Canterbury — Candlestick Range, Cockayne! Westland—
Kelly’s Hill, Petrie ! 3500-4500 ft.

Allied to D. australis, but much less rigid and not so densely tufted, with
broader flatter leaves ; the panicle-branches are nearly glabrous and the spikelets
smaller and paler; the terminal lobes of the flowering glume are broader and not
awned ; and the central awn is shorter and not twisted at the base. It is still
nearer to D. planifolia.

9. D. planifolia, Peirie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiu. (1901) 328.—
Culms apparently not tufted, sparingly branched at the base, erect,
slender, glabrous, 9-14in. high. Leaves chiefly at the base of the
culms and much shorter than them, 2—din. long, ;,-¢in. broad,
gradually tapering to an acute point, flat, smooth, striate ; sheaths
rather lax, pale, grooved, the uppermost much longer than the
blade; ligules a transverse band of long soit hairs. Panicle short,
lax, ovate, 14-2in. long, of 6-12 spikelets; branches few, slender,
silky with long hairs. Spikelets rather large, about 4 in. long, pale-
green tinged with purple, 3-5-flowered. Two outer glumes sub-
equal, lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, 3—d-nerved, about as
long as the spikelet. Flowering glumes densely silky at the base,
and with long silky hairs along the margins and back for half their
length, deeply 2-fid at the apex, the lobes acute or acuminate, but
scarcely awned, 7-9-nerved; intermediate awn from between the
lobes, 4-4} in. long, more or less flattened and twisted at the base.
Palea linear-oblong, deeply bifid, 2-nerved, nerves ciliate.

SoutH Istanp: Otago—Clinton Saddle, to the west of Lake Te Anau,
Petrie ! 2500 ft.

This only differs from D. oreophila in the flatter and more membranous
leaves, larger spikelets with longer empty glumes, and longer awn usually twisted
at the base. I have seen few specimens, and these all from one locality. It is
not improbable that further investigations may reduce the plant to a variety of
D. oreophila.

890 GRAMINES. [Danthoma.

10. D. pilosa, &. Br. Prodr. 177.—Culms tufted, slender, gla-
brous or sparingly pilose, leafy at the base, 1-2ft. high, rarely
more. Leaves usually much shorter than the culms, narrow,
often setaceous, involute or rarely flat, glabrous or pilose with
spreading hairs ; sheaths narrow, grooved, pilose or glabrous ; ligules
reduced to a transverse band of long soft hairs. Panicle 1-4 in.
long, usually narrow and contracted, sometimes racemiform ;
branches short, erect. Spikelets about 4in. long, 4-8-flowered.
Two outer glumes exceeding the flowering glumes, subequal, lanceo-
late, acute, membranous, 7-nerved. Flowering glumes 7-9-nerved,
deeply 2-lobed at the tip, the lobes produced into fine awns as long
or longer than the glume, central awn from between the lobes, ex-
serted bevond the spikelet, flattened and spirally twisted and often
dark-coloured at the base, a tuft of silky hairs at the base of the
callus or pedicel of the glume, a tuft on the margin on each side
above the callus, sometimes connected by hairs on the back, and
another marginal tuft on each side opposite to the base of the lobes,
the sides and back between usually glabrous. Palea broad, obtuse
or shortly bifid at the tip.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.303; Fl. Tasm.
1.120; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 594; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 33.
D. semiannularis var. pilosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 3383. D.
nervosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 612 (not of Hook. f.).

Var. racemosa, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 33(2)B.— Culms very slender,
drooping. Panicle reduced to a slender raceme of 4-10 almost sessile spikelets.

NortH and SoutH Isptanps, Srewart Isnanp: Abundant throughout.
Sea-level to 4000 ft.

D. pilosa is technically distinguished from D. semiannularis by the absence of
the transverse ring of hairs on the flowering glume just below the lobes.
In the typical state this ring is reduced to a small tuft of hairs on each
margin of the glume, the sides and back between the tufts being quite gla-
brous. But occasionally there are a few hairs on the back of the glume as”
well, and sometimes these become so numerous as almost to form a trans-
verse ring, thus breaking down the distinction between the two species. D.
pilosa is also found in Australia, ranging from Queensland to Tasmania and
West Australia.

11. D. semiannularis, f. Br. Prodr. 177.—Very variable in
size, usually 1-2 ft. high, but often dwarfed to a few inches, and
sometimes attaining 3 ft. Culms tufted, slender, smooth, glabrous
or sparingly pilose. Leaves shorter than the culms, narrow, flat
or involute, often almost setaceous; sheaths grooved, glabrous or
pilose with long spreading hairs; ligules reduced to a narrow
transverse band of soft silky hairs, those on the outside the longest.
Panicle 1-4 in. long, usually compact and more or less contracted ;
branches few, short, erect. Spikelets 4-}in. long without the
awns, 3-8-flowered. Two outer glumes exceeding the flowering
glumes, subequal, lanceolate, acute, membranous, 5—7-nerved.
Flowering glumes 7—9-nerved, deeply 2-lobed at the tip, the

Danthonia. ]} GRAMINE. 891

lobes produced into fine awns often as long as the glume, central
awn from between the lobes, usually exserted beyond the spikelet,
flat and spirally twisted at the base, a ring of short silky hairs
around the glume at the base, and a transverse ring of longer
hairs (often arranged in separate tufts) Just below the base of the
lobes. Palea exceeding the base of the awn, narrow - oblong. —
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 304; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 333; Benth. FI.
Austral. vii. 595; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 34. D. unarede, Raoul,
Chotw, 11, t. 4. D. gracilis, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 308, t. 698.

Var. setifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 304.—Culms more densely tufted.
Leaves very narrow, terete from the strongly involute margins, strict, wiry,
erect. Panicle smaller, with fewer spikelets. Flowering glumes less copiously
silky, the hairs of the upper transverse band shorter.—D. semiannularis var.
alpina, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 225; N.Z. Grasses, t. 34(2)a.

Norra anp SoutH Istanps, Stewart IstaAnp, CHATHAM JsLANDS: Abund-
ant throughout, var. setifolia in mountainous situations. Sea-level to
4500 ft.

Also abundant throughout the whole of temperate Australia. In New
Zealand this species and D. pilosa are now largely sown as pasture grasses,
especially in the northern part of the colony. On stiff clay soils they are far
more permanent than most introduced species, and might with advantage be
substituted for them.

12. D. Buchanani, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 333.— Culms
tufted, slender, smooth, quite glabrous, 3-12in. high. Leaves
mostly at the base of the stems and much shorter than them,
strict, erect, wiry, very narrow, involute, filiform or nearly so;
sheaths pale, glabrous, deeply grooved; ligules reduced to a band
ot short white hairs. Panicle small, contracted, 3—2in. long, of
4-12 spikelets; branches few, scaberulous. Spikelets pale-green,
4+-1in. long, 3—5-flowered. Two outer glumes exceeding the
flowering glumes and often the awns as well, subequal, oblong-
lanceolate, acute, 3—d5-nerved. Hlowering glumes 7-9-nerved,
2-lobed at the tip, the lobes produced into short awns, central awn
from between the lobes, short, hardly equalling the length of the
glume, straight or bent, not at all or very obscurely twisted at the
base, a tuft of silky hairs at the base of the glume and on the
margins higher up, usually connected by straggling hairs on the
back and sides, forming an indistinct transverse ring. Palea
oblong, 2-nerved ; nerves ciliate.

SourH Isuanp: Canterbury—Upper Waimakariri, Kirk! Petrie! 7’. F'. C.;
Mount Torlesse, Petrie! Otago—Lake district, Hector and Buchanan! Kurow,
Mount Ida, Macrae’s, Pembroke, Bendigo, Lake Te Anau, Petrie! 1000-
3000 ft.

Very closely allied to D. semiannularis, with which Professor Hackel is
disposed to unite it. But the spikelets are smaller, the awns shorter, often not
exserted beyond the outer glumes, and the flowering glume is shorter and
broader, and more sparingly silky. The plant figured by Mr. Buchanan in his
New Zealand Grasses (t. 35) as Danthonia Buchanani is a slender form of
Hierochle redolens.

892 GRAMINE. [Danthonia

13. D. nuda, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 337. —Culms slender,
tufted, branched at the base, quite glabrous, 3-9in. high. Leaves
much shorter than the culms, involute, filiform, quite smooth and
glabrous ; sheaths pale, grooved ; ligules reduced to a band of silky
hairs. Panicle small, erect, contracted, +-14 in. long, of 5-16 spike-
lets; branches few, short, pubescent. Spikelets greenish-white,
small, 1-tin. long, 3-6-flowered. Two outer glumes usually ex-
ceeding the flowering glumes and awns, subequal, oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, 83-5-nerved. Flowering glumes short and broad, ovate,
7-9-nerved, very shortly bifid at the tip, central awn from between
the lobes, very short, 4} the length of the glume, not twisted at the
base, a tuft of silky hairs at the base of the glume, and two small
marginal tufts (sometimes confluent) on each side higher up, back
of the glume quite glabrous. Palea oblong, shorter than the glume.
—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 333; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 36a. D. Thom-
soni, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 36(2).

Norru Istanp: Mountains near the Kast Coast, Colenso. SourH IsLAND:
Nelson — Mount Arthur Plateau, 7. F. C. Canterbury — Broken River,
Petrie! T. F. C.; Poulter River, Cockayne! Lake Tekapo, T. F.C. Otago—
Kahiku Hills, Buchanan; common in dry places in the eastern and central
portions of the district, Petrie ! Sea-level to 3500 ft.

The description given above is based upon South Island specimens, the
plant not having been observed in the North Island since its original discovery
by Mr. Colenso sixty years ago. As Hooker’s description does not quite match
the southern plant, the identity of the two must remain doubtful for the
present.

24. ELEUSINE, Gaertn.

Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves long, flat or folded, firm
or membranous. Spikelets 3- to many-flowered, laterally com-
pressed, sessile and densely imbricate in 2 rows on one side oi
a flattened rhachis, forming linear spikes; spikes digitately
arranged or irregularly scattered; rhachilla disarticulating above
the outer glumes. Two outer glumes shorter than the flowering
glumes, persistent, empty, unequal, keeled, obtuse or mucronate,
membranous, 3-5-nerved. Flowering glumes similar to the outer
glumes, 3-nerved at the base. Palea shorter than the glumes, com-
plicate and 2-keeled. lLodicules 2, minute. Stamens 3; anthers
short. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain broadly
oblong, grooved ; pericarp lax, hyaline.

Species 6, most plentiful in tropical Asia and Africa, the one found in the
New Zealand area a weed in all warm countries.

1. E. indica, Gaertn. Fruet. i. 8.—Annual. Culms tufted, erect
or decumbent at the base, branched, stout or slender, compressed,
quite glabrous, 9-24 in. high. Leaves numerous, distichous, 4-9 in.
long, 4-4 in. broad, flat, rather flaccid, acuminate; sheaths com-
pressed, pale, margins ciliate; ligules almost obsolete. Spikes

Eleusine.| GRAMINEA. 893

rather slender, straight, 14-3 in. long, usually 3-6 in a terminal
umbel, generally one inserted lower down; rhachis smooth or
pubescent at the base. Spikelets about +in. long, densely im-
bricated, 8-6-flowered. Two outer glumes unequal, the lower small,
1-nerved; the upper 3-5-nerved. Flowering glumes much larger,
ovate when spread out, acute, 3-nerved. Grain oblong; pericarp
very lax and membranous, enclosing the rugose seed.—Bemnth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 615; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888)
176.

Kermapec Isntanps: Lower portions of Sunday Island and on Meyer
Island, plentiful and apparently indigenous, 7. #. C. Norra anp Souts Is-
LANDS: Naturalised near Auckland, Sinclair, and at Westport, Townson !

25. ARUNDO, Linn.

Tall perennial reed-like grasses. Culms densely tufted, stout,
almost woody at the base. Leaves flat. Spikelets numerous,
laterally compressed, 2—7-flowered, arranged in large decompound
panicles ; rhachilla disarticulating above the two outer glumes and
between the flowering glumes. Two outer glumes persistent, empty,
subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, glabrous. Flower-
ing glumes oyvate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, pilose along the back and
towards the base with long silky hairs, 2-fid at the apex, witha
cuspidate point or awn from between the lobes. Palea short,
hyaline, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, obovate. Stamens 38. Ovarv
glabrous; styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free
within the flowering glume and palea.

A small genus of 6 or 7 species, dispersed through most tropical and warm-
temperate regions. The two species found in New Zealand are endemic.

Two outer glumes including the flowering glumes and their

awns. Flowering glumes deeply bifid, the divisions long

and bristle-pointed .. 1. A. conspicua.
Two outer glumes shorter than the avwns of the ‘flowering

glumes. Flowering glumes not so deeply bifid, the divi-

sions scarcely bristle-pointed .. 2. A. fulvida.

1. A. conspicua, Horst. Prodr. n. 48.—Forming huge dense tus-
socks with numerous long curving leaves. Culms 3-10 ft. high, as
thick as the finger at the base, slender, erect, smooth, hollow.
Leaves long, narrow, coriaceous, ‘flat or aval strongly nerved,
smooth or scabrid along the margins and on the nerves of the upper
surface; sheaths long, smooth; ligules reduced to a transverse
band of short stiff hairs. Panicle very handsome, silky-white or
yellowish-white, copiously branched, 1-2 ft. long; branches droop-
ing, very many-spiculate, smooth or pilose- scabrid. Spikelets 1-3-
flowered, on short capillary pedicels. Two outer glumes subequal,

—-14in. long, longer than or at least equalling the awns of the
eae glumes, narrow-lanceolate, gradually tapering into long

894 GRAMINEA, [Arundo.

acuminate points, membranous, 1-nerved, usually with a very short
lateral nerve on each side near the base. Flowering glumes hyaline,
3-nerved, lower half densely clothed with long silky hairs, deeply
2-fid at the tip, the divisions produced into bristle-like awns;
central awn from between the divisions, long, slender, scabrid.
Palea shorter than the glume, pubescent on the nerves.—Hook. f.
Fil. Nov. Zel. i. 299; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 331; Buch. N.Z. Grasses,
t. 27; Bot. Mag. t. 6232. A. australis, A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 121;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 265. A. Kakao, Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 194.
Achnatherum conspicuum, Beawv. Agrost. 146. Gynerium zeelandi-
cum, Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 198. Calamagrostis conspicua, Gmel.
Syst. 172. Agrostis conspicua, Roem. and Schult. Syst. ii. 864;
A. Eich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 127; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 250; Raoul,
Chorx, 39.

NortH AND SoutH IsnANDs, STEWART Is~tAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Abundant throughout in damp lowland situations. Toetoe-Kakaho ; culms of,
Kakaho.

The largest grass in the colony, forming a very characteristic feature of the
vegetation in all swampy tracts, river-banks, sandhills, &c. The culms were
formerly largely used by the Maoris for lining their meeting-houses, and were
often dyed in elaborate patterns.

2. A. fulvida, Buch. im Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1874) 242.—Habit
and general appearance of A. conspicua, but rather smaller, culms
seldom more than 6it. high. Panicle pale-fulvous, usually more
compact, broader and more erect, 1-2ft. long. Spikelets 1-3-
flowered. Two outer glumes shorter, +—-2in. long, not drawn out
into such long points, and usually considerably shorter than the
awns of the flowering glumes. Flowering glumes not so deeply
bifid at the tip, the divisions scarcely awned; central awn exserted
beyond the outer glumes.—N.Z. Grasses, t. 28. A. conspicua var.
fulvida, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. App. xliii.

NortH anp SourH Isuanps: From the Bay of Islands to Foveaux Strait,
not nearly so abundant as A. conspicua.

This does not differ from A. conspicua except in the outer glumes not
including the awns of the flowering glumes, and in the terminal lobes of the
flowering glumes being shorter and scarcely awned. It would probably be
better treated as an extreme form of A. conspicua than as a separate species.

The widely distributed Phragmites communis, Trin., the common Reed of
Europe, has been recorded by Baron Mueller as a native of New Zealand on the
strength of a specimen said to have been collected by Dr. Haast at the Grey
River, Westland (Veg. Chath. Is. 61). But it has not been collected by any
other explorer, and there are no native specimens in any New Zealand her-
barium. Probably Dr. Haast’s specimen was not truly indigenous. Phragmites
can be distinguished from Arwndo by the lowermost flower of the spikelet being
male, and by the flowering glume being glabrous, the long silky hairs being con-
fined to the rhachilla.

Triodia. | GRAMINEA, 895

26. TRIODIA, RB. Br.

Perennial grasses, of very various habit. Leaves narrow, rigid.
Spikelets 2- to many-flowered, arranged in a lax or narrow panicle ;
rhachilla disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes and between the.
flowering glumes. Two outer glumes longer or shorter than the
flowering glumes, somewhat rigid, empty, keeled, acute, awnless.
Flowering glumes more or less imbricated, rounded on the back at
the base, coriaceous or chartaceous, often hairy on the margins and
callus, 3-nerved, 3-lobed or 3-toothed at the apex, the lobes equal
or the central one produced into a short awn or mucro. Palea
broad, thin, with 2 almost marginal keels. Lodicules 2. Sta-
mens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain usually
compressed on the back, free within the flowering glume and palea,

Species from 25 to 30, mostly in the temperate regions of both hemispheres,
a few in tropical America. The New Zealand species belong to the subgenus
Rhombolytrum, characterized by the lateral teeth of the flowering glume being
very small or almost obsolete, the middle tooth being also small and mucronate.
It contains a few Chilian and North American species in addition to the three
found in New Zealand, all of which are endemic.

Densely matted; culms 1-3in. Panicle often reduced to
a single spikelet. Outer glumes ovate. Flowering
glumes silky on the margins, distinctly 3-toothed at the
apex ae SG 3¢ 3.0 or oe) Glo ei emg.
Culms tufted, 2-Gin. Panicle of 8-12 spikelets. Outer
glumes lanceolate. Flowering glumes sparsely silky,
5-T-nerved, minutely 3-toothed at the apex .. sh
Culms tufted, 2-4in. Panicle of 6-15 spikelets. Outer
glumes broadly ovate. Flowering glumes glabrous,
9-nerved, obscurely 3-toothed or irregularly erose at the
apex ate = si 4g 50 -. o. 2. australis.

1. T. exigua, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 378.—
Small, densely matted, forming a compact sward. Rhizomes long,
creeping, branched. Culms erect from the rhizome, slender, wiry,
glabrous, 14-4in. high. Lower leaves reduced to sheathing scales ;
upper shorter than the culms, 4-2 in. long, very narrow, convolute,
filiform, rigid, erect or curved, acute or almost pungent at the tip,
quite glabrous; sheaths closely appressed, pale, membranous,
grooved ; ligules reduced to a line of short stiff hairs. Panicle fre-
quently reduced to a single spikelet, sometimes 2-3, rarely as many
as 4-5; pedicels short, slender, minutely scaberulous. Spikelets
about 4in. long, ovoid-oblong, 2—4-flowered. Two outer glumes
subequal, as long as the flowering glumes or very slightly shorter
than them, concave, ovate, subacute, rigid, the lower one 5-nerved,
the upper 7-nerved. Flowering glumes broadly ovate, silky on the
margins and back towards the base, minutely scaberulous above,
9-nerved, shortly 3-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth mucroni-
form, not much longer than the lateral teeth. Palea broad, ciliate
on the keels.—Danthonia pauciflora, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 368
(not of f. Br.).

2. T'. pumila.

896 GRAMINE. [T'riodia.

SoutH Is~tanpD: Nelson—Clarence Valley, 7. F. C. Canterbury—Upper
Waimakariri and Broken River, Hnys! Kirk! Cockayne! T. F. C. Otago—
Not uncommon in the dry plains of the central and north-western portions of
the district, Petrie ! 500-3000 ft.

A curious little species, with much of the habit of small states of Zoysia
pungens.

2. T. pumila, Hack. MSS.—Culms tufted, slender, glabrous,
much branched at the base, 2-3 in. high. Leaves shorter than the
culms, very narrow, involute, filiform, strict, erect, 1-2in. long;
sheaths pale, membranous, deeply grooved, glabrous or sparingly
pilose with long soft hairs; ligules reduced to a transverse ring
of hairs. Panicle 4-1 in. long, strict, erect, much contracted, of
3-15 spikelets; branches very short, erect, pubescent. Spike-
lets 4-1 in. long, lanceolate, 2-3-flowered. Two outer glumes
exceeding the flowering glumes, subequal, lanceolate, acute or
subacute, 5-d-nerved. Flowering glumes broadly ovate, sparsely
silky- -pilose on the margins and back, faintly 5-7-nerved, minutely
3-toothed at the apex, the central tooth mueroniform. Palea bifid
at the tip, 2-keeled, ciliolate on the keels.—Atropis pumila, Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 379.

SourH Isnanp: Canterbury—Upper Waimakariri and Broken River, Kirk !
T. H. C.; mountains near Lake Tekapo, T. F.C. Otago—Not uncommon in
mountainous districts, Buchanan! Petrie! Kirk! Aston! Altitudinal range
usually from 2000 to 5000 ft., but descending to sea-level in the south of
Otago.

Referred to Atropis by Mr. Kirk, but clearly a Triodia, and closely allied
to the following species, from which it differs ia the longer and narrower spike-
lets, narrow outer glumes, and silky flowering glumes, which are distinctly
though minutely 3-toothed at the apex.

3. T. australis, Petrie iv Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 442,.—
Culms densely tufted, much branched at the base, erect or spread-
ing, quite glabrous, leafy below, 2-4in. high. Leaves usually
shorter than the culms, narrow, involute, filiform, deeply striate ;
sheaths broad, grooved, pale; ligules reduced to a narrow band of
short white hairs with a longer tuft on each side. Panicle small,
strict, erect, contracted, 4-2in. long, of 6-15 spikelets ; branches
4-6, short, pubescent. ‘Spikelets Shean ¢in. long, 2-4-flowered.
Two outer glumes rather shorter than the flowering glumes,
subequal, broadly ovate, obtuse, 7-nerved; margins broad, pale.
Flowering glumes very broadly ovate or rounded, glabrous, firm,
9-nerved, minutely and irregularly 3-toothed or erose at the tip.
Palea broad, 2-keeled, the keels ciliolate.

Triodia. | GRAMINEZ. 897

Var. mucronulata, Hack. MSS.—Sheaths pilose with long hairs. Spikelets
3-5-flowered, the outer glumes distinctly shorter than the flowering glumes,
which are more evidently 3-toothed, the middle tooth produced into a short
mucro.

SoutH Isnanp: Otago—Sides of mountain-streams. Clark’s Diggings, Mount
Cardrona, Old Man Range, Maungatua, Blue Mountains, Petrie! Var. mucronu-
lata: Swamps in the Tasman Valley, Canterbury, 7’. F’. C. 2000-5000 ft.

27. KQhLERIA, Pers.

Perennial or annual grasses. Leaves narrow; ligules hyaline.
Spikelets 2-5-flowered with the uppermost flower sterile, laterally
compressed, shining, densely crowded in spike-like panicles ; rha-
chilla disarticulating above the outer glumes and between the
flowering glumes, produced beyond the uppermost flower. Two
outer glumes persistent, empty, unequal, keeled, acute or acumi-
nate, margins hyaline. Flowering glumes exceeding the outer
elumes, with broader hyaline margins, 3-d-nerved, entire or bifid,
acuminate or mucronate or shortly awned. Palea white and
hyaline, 2-toothed. lLodicules 2. Stamens 3. Styles short, dis-
tinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, laterally compressed, free
within the flowering glume and palea.

Species 12 or 15, mainly in the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere,
rarer in the south temperate zone. The single New Zealand species is also found
in South America.

1. K. Kurtzii, Hack. in Bolet. Acad. Sc. de Cordoba, xvi.
(1900) 261.—Culms densely tufted, erect, rather slender, glabrous
or pubescent, 6-24 in. high. Leaves crowded near the base of the
culms, 2-9in. long, 4-4 in. broad, flat, soft or almost flaccid, gla-
brous or more or less pubescent, sometimes almost villous; sheaths
long, rather tight, striate, pubescent or villous ; ligules short, trun-
cate, ciliolate. Panicle 1-5 in. long, cylindric, usually dense and
spike-like, but sometimes irregularly interupted or lobed; branches
short, erect, minutely villous-pubescent. Spikelets pale-green or
pale purplish-green, shining, about 4in. long, 2-3-flowered. Two
outer glumes broadly hyaline, acute, 3-nerved, often scabrid on
the keel. Flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or mi-
nutely rough on the back, 5-nerved, tip minutely 2-toothed or almost
entire, with a very short scabrid awn inserted just below the teeth.
—K. cristata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 305; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
334; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 38 (not of Pers.). K. micrathera,
Griseb. mm Goett. Abh. xxi. (1879) 292 (but not Trisetum micra-
therum, Desv.).

SourH Isnranp: Abundant in hilly and mountainous localities throughout.
Sea-level to 4500 ft.

Also in temperate South America (Argentina), and probably also in Aus-
tralia. Professor Hackel distinguishes it from the northern K. cristata by the

29—F.

898 GRAMINEZ. [Keleria.

flowering glume being minutely 2-toothed at the apex with a short awn pro-
truding from below the sinus, whereas in K. cristata the flowering glume
is entire and not awned. I find that the awn varies much in length, and is fre-
quently almost obsolete.

28. POA, Linn.

Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves flat or convolute ; ligules
hyaline. Spikelets usually 2-6-flowered, laterally compressed, in
lax or contracted rarely spiciform panicles; rhachilla disarticu-
lating above the two outer glumes and between the flowering
glumes, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Two outer glumes persistent,
empty, keeled, membranous, 1—2-nerved, usually shorter than the
flowering glumes. Flowering glumes obtuse or acute, not awned,
keeled, 5—7-nerved or rarely 3-nerved, nerves often conniving near
the top, callus and marginal nerves often clothed with crisped or
tangled woolly hairs. Palea shorter than the flowering glume,
2-keeled. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous; styles short,
distinct ; stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong or linear-oblong,
compressed, often grooved, free or adherent to the palea; hilum
small, basal, punctiform.

A large genus of over 100 species, comprising several important fodder-
grasses, abundant in all temperate and cold climates, in the tropics found only
on high mountains. The species are in all countries highly variable and difficult
of discrimination, but nowhere more so than in New Zealand. Of the 23
species admitted in this work, two extend to Australia and Tasmania, the
remainder are endemic. In addition to the indigenous species, several others
from the Northern Hemisphere are now well established in most districts, the
most abundant being P. annua, Linn., and P. pratensis, Linn., descriptions of
which will be found in any British Fiora.

A. Two outer glumes reaching more than half-way up the flowering glumes
immediately above them. Flowering glumes acuminate, often incwrved at
the tip. Anthers ?;—5 in. long, linear.

Culms 1-4 ft., leafy throughout. Leaves flat, 4-3 in. broad.
Panicle 3-10in. Flowering glumes prominently 5-
nerved, callus and lower part of keel and margins
villous with crisped hairs .. % be ..! 1. Po yfotesa:
Culms 3-18in., leafy at the base. Leaves flat, ~,-}in.
broad. Panicle 1-4in. Flowering glumes faintly 5-
nerved, glabrous except a tuft of crisped hairs on the
callus an AG oc sc se .. 2. P. nowe-Zzea-
landia.

bo

Culms 6-24in., densely tufted. Leaves terete, filiform.
Panicle 1-3in. Flowering glumes prominently 5-nerved,
densely scabrid, rarely with crisped hairs at the base .. 3. P. litorosa.

Culms 8-18in., naked and decumbent below, branched
and erect above. Leaves flat, flaccid. Panicle 1-2in.

Flowering glumes faintly 5-nerved, smooth and glabrous
or a tuft of crisped hairs on the callus 4. P. ramosissima.

Culms 6-18 in., branched, distichously leafy. Leaves flat,
qy in. broad. Panicle 1-3 in. Flowering glumes pro-
minently 5-nerved, sharply scabrid on the keel, lower
part of keel and callus with crisped hairs 3

Or

. P. polyphylla.

Poa. | GRAMINEZ.

B. Two outer glumes reaching more than half-way up

899

the flowering glumes

immediately above them. Flowering glumes obtuse or subacute, rarely

acute. Anthers 5-7 in. long, linear.

* Culms long or short; rhizome tufted or stoloniferous.

Leaves flat or

complicate or involute, not terete nor polished, not specially rigid, never

pungent-pointed.

+ Rhizome tufted. Ligules reduced to a truncate rim,

Culms 6-36in., usually stout. Leaves flat or concave,
zp-} in. broad. Panicle large ; branches usually ternate
or quinate. Spikelets }-tin. Flowering glumes mi-
nutely scaberulous, keel scabrid, callus and lower part of
glume usually with a few crisped hairs ays :

Culms 4-12in., slender. Leaves narrow, sometimes fili-
form. Panicle 13-3in.; branches usually binate.
Spikelets$-tin. Flowering glumes as in P. anceps but
smoother Se re 5¢ Ee

6. P. anceps.

7. P. seticulmis.

++ Rhizome creeping or stoloniferous ; ligules short, truncate.

Culms 1-9in. Leavesnarrow, setaceous. Panicle 4-2in.,
few - flowered. Spikelets 4-4in. Flowering glumes
usually smooth, callus and lower part of keel and
margins with crisped hairs a

Culms 6-18in. Leaves narrow, complicate or flat, flaccid.
Panicle 2-5in., broad, lax. Spikelets din. Flowering
glumes with the surface and nerves above minutely
scabrid, keel sharply scabrid, callus and lower part of
glume with long crisped hairs :

Culms 12-18in. Leaves narrow, complicate, erect, rigid.
Panicle 2-5in., broad, lax. Spikelets tin. Flowering
glumes smooth above, ‘lower portion of keel and margins
villous, callus with silky hairs :

8. P. pusilla.

9. P. dipsacea.

. 10. P. Cheesemanit.

+++ Rhizome creeping, stoloniferous; ligules a transverse band of short

dense hairs.

Culms 12-24in. Leaves rigid, erect. Panicle 13-3 in.,
dense. Spikelets }—tin. Flowering glume prominently
5-nerved, surfaces scaberulous, keel sharply scabrid,
callus and lower part of keel with sparse crisp hairs

. Ll. PB. chathamica.

** Culms tufted, strict, erect, smooth and polished. Leaves terete or

nearly so, erect, rigid, acute or pungent-pointed.
+ Ligules almost obsolete.

Culms 1-3ft., forming dense tussocks. Panicle 2-9 in.,
lax. Flowering glumes prominently 5-nerved, callus
and base of keel with a tuft of long crisped hairs

t+ Ligules long, hyaline, sheathing.

Culms 2-18in. Leaves shorter than the culms. Panicle
4-3in. Flowering glumes faintly 5-nerved, smooth or
paeagh so, callus with a tuft of crisped hairs ..

Culms 2-Gin. Leaves imbricated, very short and rigid,
with acicular points. Panicle 3-lin., few-flowered.
Flowering glumes villous with short silky hairs below
the middle, minutely rough above ae :

. 12. P. céspitosa.

. 13. P. Colensot.

. 14. P. acicularifolia.

900 GRAMINE. [ Poa.

*** Culms 3-lin., densely tufted and compacted, forming patches 2-6 in.
across.

Leaves minute, 4-4in. long. Panicle reduced to 1-3
spikelets .. oc as ate oe .. 15. P. pygmea.

C. Two outer glumes reaching more than half-way wp the flowering glumes
wmmediately above them. Flowering glumes broad, obtuse. Anthers small
often minute, s-7,in. long, oblong.

Culms 6-18in., stout or slender, leafy throughout.

Panicle 2- 6in., many-flowered. Spikelets 4-1in., green

or purplish-green. Flowering glumes prominently 5-

nerved, glabrous or rarely with a tuft of hairs on the

callus oe Sic 5 Sef -: 16. P. karim
Culms 3-12in., slender and delicate, leafy at the base.

Panicle 1-3 in. ., few-flowered. Spikelets ,—-3in. long,

silvery - brown. Flowering glumes faintly 5-nerved,

silky with short white hairs .. Ae Sc .. 17. P. Lindsayt.
Culms 2-4 in., leafy throughout. Panicle lax, few-flowered.

Spikelets 3-6, turgid, }-Ain. long, purplish- brown.

Flowering glumes glabrous .. 18. P. incrassata.
Culms 1-5 in., leafy throughout. Panicle contracted, few-

flowered. Spikelets compressed, ;4-}in., green tinged

with purplish-red. Flowering glumes quite glabrous,

margins white and membranous or 23 .. 19. P. exigua.
Culms 1-3 in., leafy at the base. Panicle contracted into

an oblong head 4-4tin. long. Spikelets 4-12, din. long,

pale glaucous-green. Flowering glumes silky with short

crisped hairs . 20. P. Maniototo.
Culms 2-8 in., rigid. ‘Leaves rough with minute asperities,

Panicle $- in, long, dense and spiciform, many-flowered.

Spikelets $in. Flowering glumes quite Sg mar-

gins white and membranous 44 ‘ .. 21. P. sclerophylia.

D. Two outer glumes not reaching half-way wp the flowering glumes immediately
above them. Flowering glwmes broadly oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or
acute, glabrous. Anthers minute, gy—-s5 in., oblong.

Culms 3-14in., slender, leafy, flaccid. Spikelets ,—-}in.

Flowering glum broadly oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-5-

nerved : .. 22. P. imbecilla.
Culms 6-12in. of slender, leafy, flaccid. "Spikelets po-F in.

Outer glumes very minute. Flowering ee oblong-

ovate, acute, prominently 3-nerved .. .. 23. P. breviglumis.

1. P. foliosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 338 (excl. var. b).—
Often forming large tussocks. Culms densely tufted, 1-4 ft. high,
4-2 in. diam. at the base, stout, erect, leafy, compressed below.
Leaves very numerous, subdistichous, usually exceeding the culms,
1-4 ft. long, 4-$in. broad, gradually narrowed into acuminate
points, flat, coriaceous, glabrous, minutely scabrid above, somewhat
glaucous beneath ; sheaths rather lax, broad, compressed, striate,
glabrous; ligules short, membranous, entire or dentate. Panicle
large, linear-oblong, dense, contracted, inclined or nodding, 3-10 in.
long, 1-3 in. broad; rhachis stout, grooved, glabrous; branches
suberect, much divided, slender, glabrous, multi-spiculate. Spikelets
shortly pedicelled, much compressed, rather large, }-tin. long,

Poa.| GRAMINEA. 901

3-5-flowered. Two outer glumes slightly unequal, keeled, acumi-
nate; the lower subulate-lanceolate, 1-nerved; the upper broader
and larger, about 2 the length of the whole spikelet, lanceolate,
3-nerved. Flowering glumes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, incurved
at the tip, prominently 5-nerved; callus, together with the back and
margins for half their length, clothed with crisped silky hairs ; upper
portion of the glume scabrid. Palea 4 shorter than the glume,
linear-oblong, bifid at the tip.—Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 42. Festuca
foliosa, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct.i. 99, t. 55.

Srmwarr IsuaANnp: Herekopere Island and headlands near the South Cape,
Kirk! Tus Snares: Kirk! Chapman! AtvcKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS:
Abundant, Hooker, Buchanan! Kirk! Chapman! AnripopEs IsuaAnpD: Kirk !
Macquanrig Isuanp: Fraser, Professor Scott, A. Hamilton !

Hasily distinguished from all other New Zealand species by the great size,
very broad flat leaves, and large dense panicle. It is closely allied to the Ker-
guelen Island P. Cookii, Hook. f., and to the well-known tussock grass of the
Falkland Islands and Fuegia, P. flabellata, Hook. f. (Dactylis c@spitosa,
Forst.). The flowers seem to be partly if not altogether unisexual, most of the
specimens that I have seen being females with the anthers much reduced in
size.

2. P. novee-zealandiz, Hack. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxv. (1903)
381.—Perennial, tufted, innovation-shoots intravaginal or mixed.
Culms erect, 3-18in. high, slender, glabrous, 3-noded, upper node
about the middle of the culm. Leaves usually much shorter than
the culms, 2-10 in. long, ;1,-+ in. broad, linear, suddenly acuminate
at the tip, flat or those of the innovation-shoots complicate, erect,
quite glabrous, finely striate; sheaths lax, compressed ; ligules
ovate, acuminate, often dentate. Panicle broadly ovate to ovate-
oblong or linear-oblong, dense, nodding or more rarely erect, 1—4in.
long; rhachis smooth, terete; branches binate or ternate, once or
twice divided, smooth, capillary. Spikelets pale-green or whitish-
green, much compressed, elliptic-oblong, +—4in. long, 5-6-flowered.
Two outer glumes slightly unequal, acuminate, glabrous; lower
subulate-lanceolate, l-nerved ; upper longer and broader, about
half as long as the whole spikelet or rather more, lanceolate,
3-nerved. Flowering glumes lanceolate, acuminate, often incurved
at the tip, usually 5-nerved, but the intermediate nerve on each
side faint and sometimes obsolete, callus with a tuft of crisped
woolly hairs more than half as long as the glume, remainder of
the glume glabrous, smooth. Palea 4 shorter than tie glume,
linear-oblong, bidentate, pubescent on the keels.—P. foliosa var. b,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 338; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 43. Festuca
foliosa, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 308 (not of Fl. Antarct.).

Var. subvestita, Hack. l.c.—Flowering glumes rather longer, clothed with
erisp hairs in the lower 4, exterior lateral nerves more prominent. Spikelets
often tinged with violet.

902 GRAMINE. [Poa.

Norts Isuanp: Mount Hikurangi, Petrie! Mount Egmont, Buchanan !

1. F. C.; Tararua Mountains, Buchanan! Townson! SoutH IsLanp, STE-
wart Istanp: Abundant in damp alpine and subalpine localities. 2500-
6500 ft.

Separated without any difficulty from P. foliosa, with which it was placed
by Hooker, by the different habit, much smaller size, shorter narrower and
smoother leaves, smaller and proportionately broader panicle, and less promi-
nently nerved flowering glumes, which are less silky at the base, and almost
smooth above.

3. P. litorosa, Cheesem.— Perennial, densely tufted, perfectly
smooth and polished. Culms numerous, branched at the base,
erect, quite glabrous, 6-24in. high. Leaves usually longer than
the culms, very narrow, linear-filiform, gradually narrowed upwards
into an almost pungent point, closely involute, terete, rigid and
coriaceous, faintly striate; sheaths long, tight, smooth; ligules
ovate, membranous. Panicle rather small, 1-3in. long, ovate to
ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, rather dense, erect or inclined,
sparingly branched; branches short, simple or divided, scaberulous.
Spikelets much compressed, ovate-oblong, ++ in. long, 3—7-flowered.
Two outer glumes slightly unequal, keeled, not half as long as the
spikelet, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved. Flowering
glumes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, prominently 5-nervyed,
sometimes with short crisped hairs on the callus and lower part of
the keel, but frequently without them, the whole of the glume
densely minutely scabrid. Palea about + shorter than the glume,
linear-oblong, bidentate, ciliate-scabrid on the keels. Stamens 3;
anthers long, 3 the length of the palea.—Festuca scoparia, Hook. f.
Fl. Antarct. 1. 98; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 308; Handb. N.Z. Fi. 341;
Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 5A.

SourH [stanp: Otago—Abundant on the cliffs of the east and southern
coasts, from Port Chalmers southwards, Lyall, Kirk! Petrie! H. J.
Matthews! Srewart Istanp, THE SNARES, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL Is-
LANDS, ANTIPODES IsLAND: Plentiful on rocks near the sea.

A very distinct species, with a good deal of the habit and appearance of
small states of Festuca littoralis, which no doubt induced Sir J. D. Hooker to
place it in the same genus. But it has the keeled flowering glumes and puncti-
form hilum of Poa; and, as Professor Hackel has pointed out to me, must be
transferred to that genus. As there is already a Poa scoparia (Kunth, Rev.
Gram. ii. 535) a new name is required. Hooker describes the flowering glume
as ‘‘ basi longe villoso-barbata,”’ but it is frequently quite free from hairs.

4. P. ramosissima, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct.i. 101.—Culms densely
tufted, decumbent at the base for 6-12in., simple, brown, rigid,
many-noded, naked or clothed with the remains of the old leaves ;
upper portion ascending and much fasciculately branched ; branches
slender, flaccid, leafy, 2-4 in. long. Leaves longer than the culms,
narrow, ;;—-tin. broad, flat, flaccid, quite smooth and glabrous,
obsoletely nerved; sheaths long, slender, striate; ligules oblong,
truncate. Panicle narrow, erect, green, 1-2in. long, 4in. broad ;

Poa.: GRAMINEA. 903

rhachis slender, smooth ; branches short, erect, Lin. long, quite
smooth and glabrous, bearing 3-4 shortly pedicelled spikelets.
Spikelets compressed, 1-tin. long, 3—5-flowered. Two empty
slumes slightly unequal, about half as long as the spikelet, lanceo-
late, acuminate, glabrous ; the lower 1-nerved; the upper broader,
3-nerved. Flowering glumes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, 5-nerved
with the lateral nerves faint, smooth and glabrous, callus at the base
glabrous or with a tuft of crisped woolly hairs. Palea } shorter
than the flowering glume. Anthers long, linear, 2 as long as the
palea.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 338.

AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: Abundant near the sea, Sir J. D.
Hooker !

Of this species I have only seen a single panicle from one of Hooker’s
Campbell Island specimens, and in default of further information, the above
description is based upon that given in the ‘‘ Flora Antarctica.’’ Hooker
remarks that ‘“‘ this is a very abundant grass in both groups of islands, and of
a most singular habit of growth. The culms are invariably prostrate and quite
simple for a foot or so, when they suddenly ascend and divide into many short
leafy branches, each bearing a panicle of flowers. It forms a copious, soft, green
herbage, especially on the banks near the sea, always throwing its long culms
over the edges of the cliffs, which are thus fringed with a delicate festoon of
green.”

5. P. polyphylla, Hack. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxv. (1903) 383.—
Tufted ; innovation-shoots extravaginal. Culms erect or decum-
bent at the base and then ascending, often much branched, many-
noded, compressed, glabrous, wiry, 6-18 in. high. Leaves numerous,
sheathing the culm, distichously spreading, 4-10in. long, about
jin. broad, flat or complicate, lower portion smooth, upper part
scabrid on the margins and keel; sheaths overlapping, tight, com-
pressed, grooved ; ligules reduced to a narrow truncate rim. Panicle
1-3 in. long by 4-1in. broad, oblong, dense, contracted; branches
usually binate, short, erect, divided, spiculate almost to the base,
more or less scabrid. Spikelets oblong, compressed, 4—5-flowered,
1+tin. long. Two outer glumes unequal, lanceolate, acuminate,
l-nerved, sharply scabrid along the keel, the upper the longer,
rather more than halt the length of the spikelet. Flowering glumes
lanceolate, sharply acuminate, almost mucronate, keeled, pro-
minently 5-nerved, minutely scabrid on the surface and nerves and
sharply scabrid along the keel, callus and lower part of keel with
long crisped woolly hairs. Palea slightly shorter than the glume,
linear-oblong, scabrid on the keels. Anthers long.

KermaDeEc Istanps: Abundant on Sunday and Macaulay Islands, chiefly
near the sea, 7’. F. C., Miss Shakespear !

Distinguished by the branching habit, distichously spreading leaves, short
contracted panicle, and narrow acuminate flowering glumes, which are sharply
scabrid on the keel, and scaberulous on the surfaces and veins.

904 GRAMINEZ [ Poa.

6. P. anceps, Horst. Prodr. un. 43.—Perennial, very variable;
innovation-shoots extravaginal. Culms tufted, often branched at the
base, stout, compressed, glabrous, leafy, 6-36 in. high or even more.
Leaves longer or shorter than the culms, subdistichous, 3-18 in.
long, ;4-1in. broad, acute or acuminate, rather coriaceous, flat
or concave, smooth on both surfaces or the margins slightly scabrid
near the apex ; sheaths compressed, grooved; ligules a short trun-
cate rim. Panicle very variable, 2-12in. long, 1-din. broad,
lanceolate to oblong or ovate, effuse or contracted, rather dense
or open, inclined or erect ; rhachis smooth or scaberulous; branches
short or long, suberect or spreading, 2 or 3 or more from one node,
once or twice divided ; branchlets capillary, scaberulous. Spikelets
ovate-oblong, compressed, +-4 in. long, 3-6-flowered. Two outer
glumes unequal, not half the length of the spikelet, but reaching
3-way up the flowering glume above them, lanceolate, acuminate,
3-nerved, scabrid on the keel and sides or almost glabrous. Flower-
ing glumes oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, keeled, pro-
minently 5-nerved, minutely scaberulous on the surface and nerves
or almost smooth, keel usually scabrid, callus and lower part of keel
with a few crisped hairs or almost glabrous. Palea almost as long
as the flowering glume, linear-oblong, minutely ciliate-scabrid on
the keels. Anthers long.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 306; Handb.
N.Z. Fil. 339; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 44. BP. australis, A. Rach. FI.
Nouv. Zel. 141; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 262; Raoul, Choixz, 39 (not
of f. Br.).

Var. condensata, Cheesem.—Culms 4-18 in. high, often overtopped by the
leaves. Panicle shorter and much more compact, dense-flowered. Spikelets
rather smaller, 2-4-flowered. Glumes smoother, hardly scaberuious.

Var. gracilis, Cheesem.—Culms slender, 4-18in. high. Leaves narrow,
often involute. Panicle lax; branches few, 2-3 from each node or solitary ;
spikelets fewer, towards the tips of the branchlets, smaller, 2-5-flowered.
Glumes smoother. This appears to connect the type with P. seticulmis.

Nortu anp Sour Isuanps: The typical form throughout the whole of the
North Island, ranging from sea-level to 3500 ft., apparently rare and local in the
South Island, but recorded from Marlborough and Nelson, and extending along
the West Coast to the south of Westport. Var. condensata not uncommon as
far as Canterbury ; var. graciiis to Foveaux Strait.

What I consider to be the typical state of this variable plant includes the
two varieties elata and foliosa of the Handbook, and can be distinguished by
the tall stout culms often branching at the base, broad and flat subdistichous
smooth leaves, large usually lax panicle, and numerous rather large spikelets,
with subacute flowering glumes prominently nerved and usually more or less
finely scaberulous. But it runs on all sides into numerous varieties exceedingly
difficult to define, if, indeed, they are capable of exact circumscription.

7. P. seticulmis, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902) 391.—
Culms tufted, branched at the base, very slender, erect, smooth
and glabrous, 4-12in. high. Leaves shorter or longer than the
culms, very narrow, usually involute and filiform, rarely slightly

Poa.| GRAMINEA, 905

broader and flat, erect, smooth, striate; sheaths pale, membranous,
erooved ; ligules reduced to a narrow membranous ciliolate rim.
Panicle 14-3 in. long, ovate to oblong, lax, few-flowered ; rhachis
capillary, scaberulous above; branches few, in distant pairs or the
upper solitary, spreading or suberect, sparingly branched, capillary,
scaberulous. Spikelets few at the tips of the branchlets, oblong,
4-1in. long, 3-5-flowered. Two outer glumes slightly unequal,
about half the length of the spikelet or less, lanceolate, acute,
3-nerved, smooth or nearly so. Flowering glumes oblong-ovate,
obtuse or subacute, 5-nerved, smooth or minutely scaberulous on
the keel, a few crisped hairs on the callus and lower part of the
back. Palea almost as long as the glume, ciliate on the keels.
Anthers long, linear.

North AND SourH Isuanps, Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon in dry
places throughout. Sea-level to 2500 it.

What may be taken as the typical form of this species is abundant on
sandy soil near the sea in the northern part of the North Island, and from its
very slender filiform culms and leaves and lax few-flowered panicle presents a
very distinct appearance. But, as Mr. Petrie remarks, there is a widely spread
inland state that cannot be separated from it by any characters of importance,
but which gradually varies into small and slender states of P. anceps, the var.
gracilis of that plant forming a direct connection between the two species.

8. P. pusilla, Berggr. in Minneskr. Fisiog. Sallsk. Lund. (1877)
31, t. 7, f. 85-40.—Rhizome long, creeping and rooting. Culms
variable in size, often much dwarfed, 1-9in. high, erect or ascend-
ing, slender, smooth and glabrous, striate. Leaves much shorter
than the culms, subdistichous, narrow, involute, setaceous; sheaths
pale, compressed, grooved; ligules extremely short, reduced to a
mere rim. Panicle variable in size, }—-2in. long, broadly ovate, lax,
few-flowered ; branches few, slender, capillary, spreading, in de-
pauperated states reduced to 2 or 3, each with a single spikelet, in
large forms 4-8, with 1-4 spikelets at the tip. Spikelets pale-green,
ovate, compressed, 4-tin. long, 2-5-flowered. Two outer glumes
subequal, about half as long as the spikelet, oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, smooth or scabrid on the keel above.
Flowering glumes oblong-ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved, smooth or rarely
minutely scaberulous on the keel, callus and lower part of keel and
margins with long crisped woolly hairs. Palea about # the length of
the glume, silky on the keels. Anthers long, linear.—P. anceps var.
minima, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 46F.

SourH Istanp: Wet places in mountain districts, from the Wairau Valley,
Nelson, to the south of Otago. Srmwarr Isnanp: Kirk ! Sea-level to
5000 ft.

I am greatly puzzled with this species. Forms very closely resembling Berg-
gren’s plate and description are not uncommon in subalpine localities in the
South Island, but they appear to pass insensibly into a larger lowland state, with
a more developed panicle and larger spikelets. This in its turn approaches so
near to P. seticulmis that it is difficult to draw a strict line of demarcation
between the two plants.

906 GRAMINES. (Poa.

9. P. dipsacea, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 271.—
Culms erect from an often long and branched creeping and rooting
base, stout or slender, smooth, leafy, 6-18 in. high. Leaves usually
shorter than the culms, narrow, involute or complicate, quite smooth:
and glabrous, deeply striate; sheaths rather loose, pale, deeply
grooved ; ligules short, broad, submembranous. Panicle 2-5 in. long,
broadly ovate, lax, few-flowered ; rhachis smooth; branches usually
in distant pairs, simple or forked, smooth, capillary, bearing few
large spikelets towards the tips. Spikelets long-pedicelled, elliptic-
ovate, compressed, greenish-brown, about 4in. long, 4-8-flowered.
Two outer glumes unequal, almost as long as the flowering glumes
immediately above them, lanceolate, acute, membranous, smooth
or finely scabrid on the upper part of the keel. Flowering glumes
ovate, obtuse or subacute, rather membranous, prominently 5-
nerved, callus and lower part of the keel and margins with long
silky hairs, upper part of keel sharply scabrid, surface and nerves in
the upper half minutely scaberulous. Palea shorter than the glume
keels ciliate. Anthers long, linear.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Raglan Range, 7. F.C. Canterbury—Wet places
near the sources of the Broken River, Petrie! T. #. C.; Craigieburn Mountains,
Cockayne ! 3000-5000 ft.

This seems to be a distinct species, recognised without much difficulty by
the long decumbent bases of the culms, very lax few-flowered panicle, and large
spikelets clustered at the tips of the branchlets. Depauperated states approach
P. pusilla, but are easily distinguished by the larger spikelets and more distinctly
nerved scaberulous flowering glumes.

10. P. Cheesemanii, Hack. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxv. (1903) 383.
—Perennial, hardly tufted ; rhizome with creeping stolons furnished
with leafless scales. Culms erect or decumbent at the base, slender,
smooth, terete, 3-noded, the upper node about halt-way up the
culm, 12-18in. high. Leaves much shorter than the culms, 2-6 in.
long, about ;4,in. broad, rigid, erect, obtuse at the tip, more or less
complicate when dry; sheaths shorter than the internodes, sub-
compressed, keeled in the upper part, glabrous; ligules short, trun-
cate. Panicle ovate, lax, spreading, 2-5 in. long; rhachis smooth,
more or less flexuose above ; lower branches ternate, upper binate
or solitary, slender, almost capillary, lower 2 undivided and smooth,
towards the tip bearing a few unispiculate branchlets. Spikelets
elliptic, often tinged with red, rather more than }in. long, 5-6-
flowered. Two outer glumes unequal, # the length of the flowering
glumes above them or even more, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved,
quite smooth. Flowering glumes oblong-ovate, subacute, promi-
nently 5-nerved, callus clothed with long crisped woolly hairs half
the length of the glume, keel and nerves near the base sparingly
villous, remainder of the glume smooth and glabrous. Palea almost
as long as the glume, linear-oblong, scabrid on the keels. Anthers
linear, about ;4, in. long.

Poa.] GRAMINEZ. 907

Soutn Istanp: Nelson—Lake Tennyson, T. F’. C.; near Westport, Town
son!

Professor Hackel remarks of this species that it is allied to P. anceps, but
differs markedly in the stoloniferous rhizome, the rhizome of P. anceps being
invariably tufted and without stolons. The spikelets are also broader, the two
outer glumes longer in proportion and smoother, and the flowering glumes
much more hairy at the base and smoother above. P. dipsacea differs in the
more flaccid habit, larger spikelets, and in the flowering glumes being scabrous
above.

11. P. chathamica, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902)
394.—Rhizome long, wiry, creeping and rooting among Sphag-
num, &. Culms 1-2ft. high, often decumbent and branched
at the base, erect above, rather rigid, smooth, leafy. Leaves
usually shorter than the culms, narrow, ;4—+in. broad, erect,
rather coriaceous, tapering to a stiff acute point, flat or con-
cave, smooth, striate; sheaths compressed, lax, grooved; ligules a
transverse band of short stiff white hairs. Panicle 14-3in. long,
linear-oblong to ovate-oblong, rather dense; branches few, usually
binate, short, slender, capillary, scabrid-ciliate. Spikelets ovate or
oblong-ovate, compressed, pale-green or purplish, 4+-in. long,
4—5-flowered. Two outer glumes slightly unequal, about half the
length of the spikelet, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, scabrid
on the keel. Flowering-glumes oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute,
prominently 5-nerved, minutely scaberulous on the surfaces and
nerves, keel usually strongly scabrid, callus and lower part of keel
and margins with sparse crisped woolly hairs. Palea about as long
as the glume, bidentate, strongly ciliate on the keels. Anthers long,
linear.

CuHatHam Isuanps: Abundant in Sphagnum swamps, Cox and Cockayne !

Closely allied to P. anceps, but sufficiently distinct in the creeping rhizome,
more coriaceous erect leaves, ligule composed of short stiff hairs, and short
dense panicle with few branches and rather large spikelets.

12. P. czespitosa, Forst. Prodr. n. 498.—Culms densely tufted,
forming compact tussocks, pale yellowish-green, slender, erect,
smooth and polished, 1-3ft. high. Leaves longer or shorter than
the culms, very narrow, often filiform, usually with the margins
strongly involute so that the leaf is nearly terete, rarely flat, strict,
wiry, erect, pungent, smooth and polished; sheaths long, smooth
and shining; ligules almost obsolete, reduced to a narrow transverse
rim. Panicle 2—9in. long, broad or narrow, lax; branches few, in
distant whorls or clusters, or in small specimens binate or solitary,
sparingly divided, spreading, capillary, scabrid. Spikelets pale-
green, about +in. long, 3-6-flowered. Two outer glumes unequal,
about # the length of the flowering glumes above them, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, membranous, 3-nerved, smooth or scabrid on the
keel. Flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, sub-
acute or obtuse, prominently 5-nerved, minutely scaberulous, callus

9038 GRAMINES. [Poa.

and base of keel with a tuft of long crisped silky hairs. Palea
‘rather shorter than the glume, minutely ciliate on the keels.
Anthers linear, about #4, in. long.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 264 ; Raoul,
Choix, 39; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 651. P. australis var. levis,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 339; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 47. P. levis
var. filifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 307.

Var. leioclada, Hack. MSS.—Panicle-branches smooth. Spikelets larger,
4 in. long or more.

Var. australis, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 653.—Leaves rough and scabrous.
Panicle very lax and spreading. Perhaps naturalised.

Norru anp SoutH Isianps, Stewart Isuanp: The typical state abund-
ant from the Upper Thames and Waikato southwards. Var. leioclada: Mount
Egmont, Petrie! near Westport, Townson! Var. australis: Marua, near
Whangarei, H. Hawkins! near Auckland, 7. F. C. Sea-level to 4000 ft.
“¢ Tussock Grass.”

Also in Australia and Tasmania. The most abundant grass through wide
districts in the South Island, also plentiful in the elevated central portions of
the North Island. Unfortunately, it is not relished by stock, and is seldom
eaten, save in the absence of better food.

13. P. Colensoi, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 340.—Culms densely
tufted, branched at the base, slender, erect, quite smooth, pale
whitish-green, 2-14 in. high. Leaves shorter than the culms, very
narrow, filiform, the margins so strongly involute that the leaf is
almost terete, acute, erect or curved, rigid and wiry, quite smooth,
polished; sheaths long, pale, rigid, grooved, the lower persistent
long after the blades have fallen; ligules very large and long, sheath-
ing, membranous, hyaline. Panicle 4-2in. long, broadly ovate, lax,
few-flowered ; branches few, usually binate, slender, capillary,
scabrid, bearing 1-8 spikelets at the tip. Spikelets pale-green,
compressed, 4-1 in. long, 3-6-flowered. T'wo outer glumes unequal,
reaching about 3-way up the flowering glumes above them, oblong-
lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves short and faint,
smooth. Flowering glumes oblong-ovate, subacute, faintly 5-nerved,
smooth or nearly so, keel and surfaces in the lower half very
sparsely silky-pubescent or quite glabrous, with no long tuft of
crisped hairs as in P. cespitosa. Palea slightly shorter than the
glume. Anthers long, linear, about 74 in. long—Buch. N.Z. Grasses,
t. 48B.

Var. intermedia, Cheesem.—Taller, with more of the tussocky habit of
P. cespitosa, 9-18 in. high. Ligules as in the typical state. Panicle larger,
2-3in. long. Spikelets more numerous, larger, }in. long, but flowering glumes
as in the type.—P. intermedia, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 48a.

NortH Istanp: Mountainous localities and dry elevated plains of the
interior, from Moehau (Cape Colville) southwards, but rare and local to the
north of Lake Taupo. SourH Isnanp, Stewart Isuanp: Plentiful throughout.
Usually from 1000-to 5000ft., but descends almost to sea-level in the south of
Otago, and ascends to over 7000 ft. on Mount Egmont.

Poa.| GRAMINE. 909

A very remarkable species. I have reunited Mr. Buchanan’s P. intermedia
with it, there being no differences save those of size and habit, in which respect
the two forms pass into one another by insensible gradations. Professor Hackel
also takes the same view. Small states of P. cespitosa can always be dis-
tinguished by the almost obsolete ligules and by the long crisped hairs on the
callus of the flowering glume.

P. Colensoi is one of the most important of the indigenous pasture-grasses.
It is eaten by all kinds of stock, and is a specially valuable sheep-grass in
mountain districts.

14. P. acicularifolia, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 494. — Much
branched at the base, forming compact leafy glaucous-green patches
2-6in. across ; branches short, curved, densely leafy. Culms very
slender, almost filiform, smooth, naked for the greater part of their
length, 2-6 in. high. Leaves imbricating on the branches, crowded,
short, 44 in. long, involute and terete, curved, rigid, smooth, sud-
denly narrowed into an acute or acicular tip; sheaths short, pale,
lax ; ligules very long, sheathing, deeply 2-fid, membranous, hyaline,
decurrent along the margins of the sheath. Panicle 4-1 in. long,
broadly ovate, lax, of 3-10 spikelets ; branches few, slender, capil-
lary, scabrid. Spikelets compressed, about tin. long, 3-6-flowered.
Two outer glumes unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved,
smooth or slightly scabrid above. Flowering glumes oblong-ovate,
subacute, 5-nerved, densely villous with short silky hairs below the
middle, minutely rough above, callus sometimes with a tuft of
crisped hairs. Palea almost as long as the glume, linear-oblong,
silky on the keels. Anthers long, linear, about 7, in. long.

SoutH Isnanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur, A. Mackay! Canterbury—Lime-
stone rocks in the Broken River Basin, Hnys! Kirk! T. F.C. 2000-
4000 ft.

Very closely allied to P. Colensoi, and chiefly distinguished by the peculiar
habit, short rigid acicular leaves, and densely silky flowering glumes.

15. P. pygmeea, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 50a.— Small, much
branched, very densely tufted, forming compact rigid patches
2-4in. diam. and $-lin. high. Culms very short, clothed through-
out with densely imbricating leaves. Leaf-blades very short, 4-4 in.
long, extremely rigid and coriaceous, folded, about 4, in. broad when
spread out, subacute, strongly grooved, quite smooth ; ligules broad,
thin. Panicle reduced to 1-3 spikelets; pedicels short, smooth.
Spikelets about in. long, brownish-green, often tinged with purple,
3-5-flowered. Two outer glumes slightly unequal, oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, 3-nerved, quite smooth. Flowering glumes ovate, sub-
acute, faintly d5-nerved, smooth, lower half clothed with short white
silky hairs. Palea} shorter than the glume, ciliate on the keels.
Anthers long, linear.

Sourn IsntanpD: Otago—Summit of Mount Pisa, altitude 6000 ft., Petrie !

A very remarkable little species, quite unlike any other.

910 GRAMINEZ. [Poa.

16. P. Kirkii, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 518.—Culms tufted, erect,
compressed, smooth, leafy, 3-5-noded, 6-18 in. high. Leaves much
shorter than the culms, erect, 1-4 in. long, ;4—4 in. broad, linear,
gradually tapering to an acuminate point, flat, smooth or the
margins scabrid above, striate; sheaths compressed, grooved, the
uppermost long, often sheathing the greater part of the culm; ligules
long, membranous, erect. Panicle oblong or oblong-ovate, lax,
erect, 2-5in. long; rhachis slender, flexuous, smooth or minutely
scaberulous; branches in alternate pairs or in alternate fascicles of
3-5, unequal, slender, sparingly divided, smooth or scaberulous.
Spikelets elliptic-oblong, compressed, green or purplish-green,
1+in. long, 3-5-flowered. Two outer glumes unequal, 4-2 the
length of the whole spikelet, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved,
smooth or scabrid along the keel. Flowering glumes oblong-ovate,
obtuse, prominently 5-nerved, smooth or minutely scabrid on the
keel and nerves above, glabrous or rarely with a tuft of crisped
hairs on the callus. Palea about + shorter than the glume, linear-
oblong, ciliate on the keels. Anthers linear-oblong, ;4, in. long.—
P. purpurea, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 500 (name only).

Var. Mackayi, Hack. MSS.—Taller and stouter; leaves often in. broad.
Spikelets larger, 4in. long. Flowering glumes often with a tuft of long crisped
hairs on the callus. Anthers ;,in. long.—P. Mackayi, Buch. N.Z. Grasses,
t. 50a.

Var. Collinsii, Hack. MSS.—Slender, pale-green, laxly tufted, 1-2 ft. high;
nodes of the culm usually naked. Panicle 3-6in. long, very lax; branches
long, slender. Spikelets as in the type, but rather larger.—P. Collinsii, Kirk ex
Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 589 (name only).

Nortu Istanp: Mount Egmont, Petrie! T. F. C.; Tararua Range, H. H.
Travers! T. P. Arnold! SovutH Istanp: Abundant in subalpine localities
throughout. Var. Collinsti : Mount Fyffe (Marlborough), Kirk! Hooker Valley,
AEE J (I 2000-5000 ft.

A variable plant. Buchanan’s P. Mackayi looks different at first sight,
from its larger spikelets and broader leaves, but is connected with the type by
intermediate forms. On the Mount Arthur Plateau, Nelson, the two varieties
can be seen to merge into one another. P. Collinsii is a taller and more slender
plant, with a larger and laxer panicle, but the structure of the spikelets is the
same as in the type. P. Kirkw is a valuable grass for all kinds of stock in cool
elevated localities, and is well worth cultivation.

17. P. Lindsayi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 340.—Culms nu-
merous, densely tufted, very slender. erect, quite smooth, leafy at
the base, naked above, 38-12in. high. Leaves much shorter than
the culms, $-3in. long, very narrow, flat or involute, soft and
flaccid, quite smooth, pale-green or bluish-green; sheaths short or
the upper alone long, narrow, grooved ; ligules oblong, membranous,
hyaline. Panicle broadly ovate or oblong, erect, lax, 1-4in. long;
rhachis slender, smooth; branches rather distant, binate or ternate,
spreading, very slender, capillary, smooth or scaberulous, simple or
sparingly divided, bearing a few spikelets towards the tip. Spike-

Poa.} GRAMINEZ:. da

lets j,-tin. long, ovate, brownish-green or silvery-brown, 4-6-
flowered. Two outer glumes unequal, about $as long as the spike-
let, oblong- ovate, subacute, 3-nerved, membranous. Flowering
glumes broadly oblong, obtuse, faintly 5-nerved, silky throughout
with short hairs, but no tuft of crisped hairs on the callus; mar-
gins white, membranous. Palea slightly shorter alii the glume,
ciliate on the keels. Anthers small, oblong, about {, in. long.—

Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 52.

NortH Istanp: Hawke’s Bay—Ruataniwha Plains, H. Tryon! Sovuru
Istanp: Not uncommon from the south of Nelson to Foveaux Strait. Sea-
level to 5000ft.

A pretty and distinct species, easily recognised by its small size and slender
delicate habit, lax panicle, small silvery-brown spikelets, and faintly nerved
silky flowering glumes. Hooker describes the flowering glumes as glabrous and
nerveless, but I do not find them so.

18. P. incrassata, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902)
394.—Culms small, densely tufted, quite smooth and glabrous,
leafy, 2-4in. high. Leaves equalling or sometimes overtopping the
culms, erect or slightly spreading, slender, smooth, flaccid, very
narrow, almost setaceous, complicate when dry; sheaths rather
lax, almost as long as the Bee grooved ; ligules short, mem-
branous, truncate. Panicle 4—-1in. long, Tes of 3-6 spikelets on
rather long smooth pedicels. Spikelets $-+in. long, broadly oblong,
rather turgid, purplish-brown, 3-4- flowered. Two outer glumes
subequal, about 4 the length of the flowering glumes immediately
above them, oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, quite smooth. Flowering
glumes broadly oblong, obtuse, prominently 5-nerved, quite smooth
and glabrous. Palea almost as long as the glume, linear-oblong,
minutely ciliate on the keels. Anthers oblong, minute, about =, in.
long.

AvcKLAND IsnAnDs: F'. R. Chapman!

I have seen very few specimens of this species, and the above description
will probably require modification when a larger series is obtained. It appears
to be nearest to P. exiqgua, but the panicle is much more lax, the spikelets
larger and more turgid, and the outer glumes are much shorter.

19. P. exigua, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 338.—Culms densely
tufted, small, slender, quite smooth and glabrous, leafy, 1-din.
high. Leaves numerous, shorter than the culms or rarely equalling
them, 4-3 in. long, very narrow, involute, setaceous, erect, soft and
flaccid, smooth; sheaths lax, thin, grooved; ligules short, white,
membranous. Panicle small, +? Zin, long, rarely more, narrow,
contracted, usually dense-flowered - branches few, short, erect.
BEelete few or many, green tinged with purplish-red, ovate, small,
got in. long, 2-3-flowered. Two outer glumes unequal, mem-
branous, minutely scabrid on the upper part of the keel; lower
oblong-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved; upper larger and broader, ? the

912 GRAMINE. [Poa

length of the whole spikelet, oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved. Flowerin
glumes broadly oblong with white membranous margins, obtuse,
5-nerved, smooth or minutely scaberulous on the keel above, quite
glabrous at the base. Palea linear- oblong, glabrous. Anthers
oblong, minute, about 4, in. long.—Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 50B.

SoutH Is~tanp: Otago— Lake district, Hector and Buchanan; Mount
Pisa, Hector Mountains, Mount Cardrona, Petrie! Humboldt Mountains,
Cockayne ! 3500-6000 ft.

20. P. Maniototo, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 443.—
Culms forming small compact tufts, slender, leafy below, naked and
filiform above, smooth and glabrous, 1-3in. high. Leaves much
shorter than the culms, pale glaucous-green; blade +3 in. long,
very narrow, filiform, involute and almost terete, grooved down the
back, obtuse at the tip; sheaths broad, pale, membranous, grooved ;
ligules long, broad, hyaline, often bifid or irregularly lacerate.
Panicle reduced to an oblong spike-like head +—4in. long of 4-12
spikelets. Spikelets pale glaucous-green, about +in. long, ovate,
4—7-flowered. Two outer glumes subequal, ovate-oblong, acute,
the lower 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved with the lateral nerves faint.
Flowering glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-5-nerved, the
lateral nerves sometimes obsolete, silky all over with very short
crisped hairs. Palea shorter than the glume, linear-oblong, silky
on the keels. Anthers oblong, very minute, about +, in. long.

SourH Isntanp: Canterbury — Broken River Basin, Mackenzie Plains,
T. F. C. Otago—Dry plains in the interior, Kurow, Maniototo, Bendigo,
Mount Pisa, Petrie! Lake Wanaka, Kirk ! 1200-3000 ft.

21. P. sclerophylla, Berggr. in Minneskr. Fisiog. Salisk. Lund.
(1877) 30.—Forming small dense tufts. Culms stout, erect, rigid,
compressed, leafy, 2-8in. high. Leaves numerous towards the
base of the culms and sheathing their whole length, much shorter
than them, glaucous or greenish-grey, everywhere rough with
minute projections; blade 4-2in. long, narrow, folded, 4,4 in.
broad when spread out, rigid and coriaceous, acute or almost
pungent, straight or curved, strongly grooved, quite glabrous ;
sheaths broader than the blade, pale, compressed, the upper 1 or 2
very long and sheathing the culm ; ligules rather long, membranous.
Panicle ?-2in. long, very narrow, contracted, dense, spiciform, pale
whitish-green ; branches numerous, short, erect. Spikelets nu-
merous, small, about tin. long, 2-4-flowered. ‘Two outer glumes
subequal, about 2 the length of the whole spikelet, oblong-lanceolate,
acute, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves faint. Flowering glumes broadly
oblong, obtuse, 5-nerved, margins white and membranous, surfaces
very minutely rough, quite glabrous. Palea linear-oblong, glabrous.
Anthers oblong, small, about #,in. long. Ripe grain adherent to
the palea.—P. albida, Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 50c. P. anceps var.
alpina, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 389.

Poa.} GRAMINEA. 913
‘

Sour Isuanp: Probably not uncommon on dry shingle slopes in alpine
localities. Nelson—Mount Percival, 7. #. C.; Mount Captain, Kirk. Canter-
bury—Mount Torlesse, Berggren, Petrie! mountains above the Broken River,
T. F. C.; Mount Dobson and Mount Darwin, Haast. Otago—Mount St.
Bathan’s, Mount Ida, Mount Kyeburn, Petrie / 3500-6000 ft.

A very peculiar and distinct little species, quite unlike any other.

22. P. imbecilla, Horst. Prodr. n. 499 (name only).—Culms
tufted, branched and decumbent at the base, ascending or erect
above, weak, verv slender, often filiform, quite smooth and glabrous,
leafy, 3-14in. high. Leaves shorter than the culms, very narrow,
go-7's in. broad, flat, flaccid; sheaths narrow, smooth, grooved, the
upper often long; ligules rather long, membranous. Panicle very
lax and slender, 1-5 in. long; branches in alternate fascicles of 3-5
or in small specimens binate or solitary, long, spreading, capillary,
minutely scaberulous. Spikelets on long pedicels, small, green,
7o—t in. long, laxly 2-6-flowered. Two outer glumes unequal, often
small, from 4 to 4 the length of the flowering glumes immediately
above them, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, 3-nerved.
Flowering glumes often remote, oblong or broadly oblong, obtuse,
faintly 3-nerved, or occasionally 5-nerved with the intermediate
nerve on each side indistinct, smooth and glabrous, or slightly
scabrid on the keel and sometimes on the nerves above, no tuft of
hairs on the callus. Palea about # the length of the glume, linear-
oblong, ciliate on the keels. Anthers oblong, minute, about J, in.
long.—Spreng. Fl. Hal. Mant. i. 33; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 263;
Raoul, Choiz, 39; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zei. i. 3806; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
337; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 538. Hragrostis imbecilla, Benth. FI.
Austral. vii. 643.

Var. Matthewsii, Hack. MSS.—Taller, 10-20in. high. Panicle larger,
4-8in. long. Spikelets rather larger, 4-6-flowered. Flowering glumes closer,
usually 5-nerved, but the intermediate nerves on each side often very faint.—
P. Matthewsii, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902) 392. P. breviculmis,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 337 (in part).

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Not un-
common in shaded places throughout. Sea-level to 4000 fr.

As a species, P. imbecilla is well characterized by the slender flaccid habit,
small spikelets with minute outer glumes, and obtuse glabrous flowering glumes,
which are usually 3-nerved in the typical form, but generally 5-nerved in var.
Matthewsii. It is said to occur in Australia.

23. P. breviglumis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 101.—Culms tufted,
decumbent at the base, ascending above, slender, smooth and
glabrous, leafy, 6-12in. high. Leaves shorter than the culms,
narrow, 34-5 in. broad, flat, flaccid, striate; sheaths short, deeply
grooved; ligules oblong, obtuse, scarious. Panicle erect, oblong,
lax, slender, 2-5in. long; branches few, in alternate fascicles of

3-5, slender, unequal, capillary, simple or sparingly divided.

914 GRAMINEA. (Poa.

Spikelets compressed, pale-green, 4,1 in. long, 3-4-flowered. Two
outer glumes very unequal, small, several times less than the
length of the spikelet; lower minute, ovate, obtuse, 1-nerved ;
upper three times the length, broadly ovate, concave, 3-nerved,
obtuse or truncate or erose at the tip. Flowering glumes ovate-
oblong, acute, prominently 3-nerved, glabrous, smooth or minutely
scabrid on the keel and nerves. Palea shorter than the glume,
linear-oblong, ciliate on the keels. Anthers broadly oblong, minute,
about ¢g5 in. long.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 337 (in part).

AUCKLAND Isnanps: Kirk! Chapman! Camppety Is~tAnD: Sir J. D.
Hooker !

Of this species I have only seen a fragment of one of Hooker’s Campbell
Island specimens, and two or three collected on the Auckland Islands by Kirk
and Chapman. All these differ from P. imbecilla in the very unequal and much
more minute outer glumes, and in the prominently nerved and acute flowering
glumes. How far these characters are constant can only be ascertained from
the imspection of a larger series of specimens. The New Zealand examples
referred to P. breviglwmis in the Handbook are probably referable to P. imbe-
cilla var. Matthews.

29. ATROPIS, Rupr.

Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves linear, flat or plicate or
convolute; ligules hyaline. Spikelets 3- to many-flowered, narrow,
laterally compressed or almost cylindric, in open or contracted
panicles ; rhachilla disarticulating above the two outer glumes and
between the flowering glumes, glabrous, produced beyond the
uppermost flower. Two outer glumes persistent, broad, empty,
unequal, rounded on the back, 1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes
broad, oblong, obtuse, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, nerves often
obscure. Palea nearly as long as the flowering glume, 2-keeled.
Lodicules 2, large, ovate, usually distinct. Stamens 3. Ovary
glabrous; styles wanting; stigmas plumose. Grain enclosed in
the hardened flowering glume and palea, oblong, almost semi-
terete ; hilum small, basal, punctiform.

A small genus of 12 or 14 species, mostly from the temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere. It differs from Poa principally in the flowering glumes
being rounded on the back, not keeled.

Panicle contracted, lax; branches distant. Spikelets
4-4in., 5-9-flowered. Empty glumes very small .. Ly Avstrieta:

Panicle contracted, dense ; branches close. Spikelets ¢in.,
4-flowered. Empty glumes longer, half the length of
the spikelet ae ee 5c SC: .. 2,A.nove-zealandia.
A. pumila, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 379, is Triodia
pumila, Hack.

1. A. stricta, Hack. MSS.—Annual. Culms tufted, strict, erect,
quite glabrous, leafy, 3-4-noded, the uppermost node below the
middle, 6-18 in. high. Leaves sheathing almost the whole of the

Atropis.| GRAMINES, 915
‘

culm, narrow, setaceously involute, strict, erect, quite smooth ;
sheaths pale, lower rather lax; ligules ovate, membranous.
Panicle slender, contracted when in flower, 3-6 in. long; branches
very unequal, in distant fascicles of 2-5, strict, erect in flower,
spreading in fruit, simple or sparingly branched. Spikelets
alternate on the branchlets, narrow, almost terete, pale, ++ in.
long, 5-9-flowered. Two outer glumes very unequal, the lower
narrow-ovate, acute, l-nerved, not half the length of the flower-
ing glume above it; upper twice as long as the lower, oblong, sub-
acute, 3-nerved. Flowering glumes oblong, obtuse and hyaline at
the tips, distinctly 5-nerved, but the nerves disappearing below
the tip, quite smooth and glabrous. Palea shorter than the glume,
linear-oblong, ciliolate along the keels. Lodicules distinct. Anthers
oblong, about #4, in. long.—Glyceria stricta, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 304; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 3386; Fl. Tasm. ii. 123, t. 1628; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 658; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 41a.

Var. suborbicularis, Hack. MSS.—Flowering glume much broader than
in the type, in outline almost orbicular. Leaves weaker and thinner.

Norte anp SoutH Istanps: Not uncommon in brackish-water marshes
from the Bay of Islands southwards to the Bluff. Var. swborbicularis: Near
Oamaru, Petrie !

Also in Australia and Tasmania. The northern A. distans, Griseb., which
is closely allied to A. stricta, is naturalised in several localities. It is not
nearly so strict, the leaves are flatter, the panicle not so contracted, and the
spikelets are much smaller.

2. A. novee-zealandize, Hack. MSS.— Annual, pale whitish-
green. Culms densely tufted, erect, quite glabrous, leafy, 3-4-
noded, the uppermost node much above the middle, 4-14 in. high.
Leaves sheathing the whole of the culm, strict, erect, complicate,
striate; sheaths compressed, usually longer than the blades,
grooved ; ligules broad, membranous, hyaline, irregularly toothed
at the tip. Panicle 2-6in. long, erect, contracted, dense, pale
whitish-green; branches in fascicles of 2-7, very unequal, short,
smooth, erect. Spikelets numerous, sessile or shortly pedicelled,
about tin. long, 4-5-flowered. Two outer glumes slightly unequal,
about 4 the length of the whole spikelet ; lower narrow, lanceolate,
acute, l-nerved, sometimes with a short lateral nerve on each side ;
upper .broader and more obtuse, 3-nerved. Flowering glumes
oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse and hyaline at the tip, with some-
times an obscure notch on each side, 5-nerved, glabrous or slightly
hairy on the back near the base. Palea as long as the glume,
linear-oblong, minutely bidentate at the tip, ciliolate on the nerves.
Lodicules distinct. Anthers linear-oblong, about 54, in. long.—Poa
Walkeri, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 224. Glyceria
novee-zealandiz, Petrie in. Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiii. (1901) 329.

916 GRAMINEAS, [Atropis.

Sout Isuanp: Brackish-water marshes on the south coast of Otago, Kirk !
Petrie! Stewart Istanp: East Coast, local, Kirk !

Easily distinguished from the preceding by the stouter habit, denser
panicle with shorter branches, smaller pale whitish-green spikelets with fewer
florets, much larger empty glumes, and narrower and more pointed flowering
glumes.

30. FESTUCA, Linn.

Perennial or rarely annual grasses. Leaves flat or complicate or
convolute, often setaceous ; ligules scarious. Spikelets 2- to many-
flowered, arranged in open or contracted often unilateral panicles ;
rhachilla disarticulating above the two outer glumes and between
the flowering glumes. Two outer glumes unequal or subequal,
empty, persistent, more or less keeled, 1-3-nerved. Flowering
glumes lanceolate, acute or acuminate or awned, rounded on the
back or slightly keeled towards the tip, herbaceous, 5—7-nerved ;
awn from the tip or close to it, straight; callus glabrous or nearly
so. Palea 2-keeled, more or less 2-toothed, scabrid or ciliolate
along the keels. lLodicules 2. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous or
minutely hairy at the tip; styles distinct, very short; stigmas
plumose. Grain enclosed within the slightly hardened flowering
glume and palea and often adherent to the latter, oblong, concave
or grooved in front ; hilum long, linear.

A genus of about 90 species, mainly found in the temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere, not so abundant in the south temperate zone, absent in
the tropics except on high mountains. It differs from Atropis in the long linear
hilum, and from Poa in the same character and in the flowering glumes being
more or less rounded on the back and often awned.

* Flowering glumes not awned.

Culms 13-3 ft., forming dense hard tussocks. Panicle
2-9in. Spikelets turgid, 4-?in. long 5: .. L. F. littorals.

** Flowering glumes awned ; awn much shorter than the glume.

Culms 6-18in., without creeping stolons, innovation-

shoots intravaginal with the sheaths open or closed.

Leaves usually setaceous ; ligules biauricled. Spikelets

4—7-flowered 20 Se 2. EF. ovina.
Culms 9-18in., usually stoloniferous ; "innovation-shoots

both intravaginal and extravaginal ; sheaths always

closed. Stem-leaves often broader; ligules not matt anes

biauricled. Spikelets 4—8- flowered .. Se . 3&8. Bl rubra:
Culms 6-9 in., densely tufted. Leaves strict, erect, com- ‘

plicate or terete. Panicle spike-like. Spikelets 2-3-

flowered ; empty glumes # the length of the spikelet .. 4. F. contracta.

*** Flowering glumes awned; awn as long or longer than the glume.

Culms 6-18 in., densely tufted, stoloniferous. Leaves soft,
pliant, terete. Panicle narrow, spiciform. Spikelets
3-5-flowered At a Se Bis ia, (0s ln Coens

Festuca. | GRAMINE. 917
4

1. F. littoralis, Labill. Pi. Nov. Holl. i. 22, t. 27.—Forming
dense hard tussocks of a pale yellow-green colour. Culms branched
at the base, erect, rigid, smooth and polished, 14-3 ft. high. Leaves
longer or shorter than the culms, narrow, so strongly involute that
the blade is terete, erect, rigid and pungent-pointed, quite smooth
and polished ; sheaths pale, grooved ; ligules short. Panicle 2-9 in.
long, narrow, dense and spike-like ; rhachis stout, angled, grooved ;
branches short, erect, usually few-flowered ; pedicels short, pilose.
Spikelets large, broad, flattened or somewhat turgid, 3-3 in. long,
4—7-flowered, pale yellowish-green. ‘T'wo outer glumes subequal,
more than half as long as the spikelet, keeled, lanceolate, acuminate,
3-5-nerved, glabrous. Flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, rounded
on the back at the base, keeled above, 5-7-nerved, acute or very
minutely notched at the tip, the central nerve stout and slightly
protruding in the notch, equally minutely hairy all over, base of
glume, callus, and rhachilla more or jess densely clothed with
short hairs. Palea lanceolate, ciliolate along the keels. Grain
narrow-oblong, almost terete; hilum linear, very short.—A. Rich.
Fil. Nouv. Zel. 123; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 128; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
341; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 54. Scehedonorus littoralis, Beawv.
Agrost. 99; A. Cunn. Precur.n. 259; Raoul, Choix, 39; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. i. 310.

NortH AnD SoutH IsLANnpbs, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant
in sandy and rocky places near the shore. Also common on the coasts of tem-
perate Australia.

2. F. ovina, Linn. Sp. Plant. 73.—Culms 6-18 in. high, densely
tufted, slender, erect, 2-3-noded; innovation-shoots always intra-
vaginal, not stoloniferous. Leaves 2-6 in. long, all similar, narrow,
setaceous or capillary, obtuse or acute, 3—T7-nerved, green or
glaucous, smooth or minutely scabrid; sheaths of the innovation-
shoots either open nearly to the base or more or less closed,
3-9-nerved ; ligules short, truncate, 2-lobed and articulate.
Panicle 1-5 in. long, narrow, dense or rather lax, erect or nodding,
often secund; rhachis smooth or scabrid ; branches solitary or
the lower binate, simple or divided, usually scabrid. Spikelets
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-4 in. long, laxly 4-7-flowered. Two
outer glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, lower 1-nerved, upper
larger, 3-nerved. Flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, rounded on
the back, smooth or minutely scaberulous, sometimes pruinose,
faintly 5-nerved, shortly awned. Palea as jong as the glume,
ciliolate on the keels.—I’. duriuscula, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 309 ;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 341 (in part, not of Linn.).

Var. novz-zealandiz, Hack. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxv. (1903) 384.—
Culms densely tufted, scabrid, 3-noded, 12-20in. high. Leaves almost as long
as the culms, strict, erect, very narrow, cylindric, setaceous, sharply acute or
almost pungent, rough with scabrid points; sheaths open, smooth ; ligules evi-

‘918 GRAMINEE., (Festuca.

dently biauricled, glabrous. Panicle oblong, contracted but rather lax; lower
branches binate, 3-6-spiculate. Spikelets elliptic, 4 in. long, laxly 5-7-flowered.
Two outer glumes linear-lanceolate. Flowering glumes lanceolate, minutely
scaberulous, short-awned at the tip.

Var. Matthewsii, Hack. l.c. 385.—Culms erect, quite smooth and glabrous,
12-20in. high. Leaves almost equalling the culms, narrow, complicate, some-
what acute at the tip, quite glabrous, ribbed when dry, furnished at the base
with a brown pulvinate callus; sheaths rather lax, open, quite smooth; ligules
2-lobed, lobes acute, ciliolate. Panicle 3-6in. long, ovate-oblong, spreading,
lax, nodding; rhachis and branches scabrid; the latter binate, naked at the
base, 1-3-spiculate at the tip. Spikelets large, ovate-lanceolate, 4—2in. long,
5-7-flowered.

NortH anD SoutH Isuanps: Forms resembling common European states
occur in several localities, but may be introduced. Var. nove-zealandie:
Ruahine Mountains, 4. Hamilton! Probably not uncommon in the South
Island. Nelson— Clarence Valley, T. F. C. Canterbury—Mount Torlesse,
T. F. C. Otago—Maniototo Plain, Cambrians, Dunstan Mountains, Petrie !
Var. Matthewsii: Otago—Mount Bonpland, H. J. Matthews! Petrie! Sea-
level to 4500 ft. Sheep’s Fescue.

A common grass in the temperate portions of the Northern Hemisphere.
The two varieties described above have a very different appearance from the
majority of the European forms, particularly var. Matthewsi, which is remark-
able for its large spikelets and curious swollen callus at the base of the leaf-
blades.

3. F. rubra, Linn. Sp. Plant. 74.—Culms 9-18 in. high, laxly
or densely tufted, erect or geniculate at the base, smooth, striate,
2-noded ; innovation-shoots both intravaginal and extravaginal, the
extravaginal ones ascending or stoloniferous and creeping. Leaves
3-6 in. long, narrow, those of the innovation-shoots and sometimes
of the culms setaceous, but frequently the culm-leaves are broader
and flat or involute when dry, 3—7-nerved, smooth, obtuse or sub-
acute at the tip; sheaths of the innovation-shoots tight, smooth,
closed almost to the mouth; ligules very short, glabrous, not
auricled or obscurely so. Panicle very variable, 1-5 in. long, con-
tracted, usually rather dense, erect or nodding, often secund ;
rhachis angled, scabrid; branches solitary or the lowest binate,
divided almost from the base, scaberulous. Spikelets elliptic-
lanceolate to oblong, +~4in. long, laxly 4—8-flowered. Two outer
glumes unequal; lower lanceolate, acuminate, l-nerved; upper
larger, ovate - lanceolate, 3-nerved. Flowering glumes oblong-
lanceolate, involute and rounded on the back, faintly 5-nerved,
shortly awned; awn slender, scaberulous. Palea as long as the
glume, linear-oblong, ciliolate on the keels.-—F. duriuscula, Hook. /.
Kl. Nov. Zel. 1. 309; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 341 (for the most part, but
not of Linn.).

Nort AND SoutH IsLANDs, STEWART IsLAND: Abundant from the Hast
Cape and the Upper Waikato southwards. Sea-level to 4500 ft.

According to Professor Hackel, this constitutes the greater part of the
F.. duriuscula of the ‘‘ Flora Nove-Zealandiz’’ and the Handbook, the true
F', duriuscula probably not existing in an indigenous state in New Zealand. It

Festuca.| , GRAMINES. 919

is very closely allied to F’. ovina, differing mainly in the innovation-shoots being
frequently stoloniferous, and usually both extravaginal and intravaginal, and in
their sheaths being closed almost to the mouths; also in the ligules not being
auricled, and in the stem-leaves being usually broader and flatter than those on
the innovation-shoots. It has considerable value as a sheep-grass, and is often
sown on sheep-runs. Outside New Zealand it has a wide range in Europe and
northern Asia.

4. F. contracta, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 353.—
Culms densely tufted, smooth, strict, erect, leafy, 6—9in. high.
Leaves longer or shorter than the culms, narrow, strict, erect, com-
plicate or almost terete, pungent at the tip, smooth or faintly striate
on the back, the midrib and, nerves prominent on the inner face;
sheaths rather lax, thin, pale, grooved; ligules very short, truncate.
Panicle 2-3 in. long, strict, narrow, erect, spike-like, simple or with
a few short branches in the lower half; rhachis angled, scaberulous;
branches or pedicels short, stout, erect. Spikelets pale, about din.
long including the awns, 2-3-flowered. ‘Two outer glumes unequal,
from # to # the length of the entire spikelet, narrow-lanceolate,
smooth, membranous, acuminate but not awned ; lower 1- or faintly
3-nerved, upper distinctly 3-nerved. Flowering giumes lanceolate,
rounded on the back, rather thin, 5-nerved, narrowed into a short
stiff awn, surfaces minutely scaberulous, callus glabrous. Palea
shorter than the glume, faintly ciliolate along the keels. Grain
oblong-obovoid, grooved ; hilum linear, about 4 its length.

Macquarig Isntanp: Professor Scott! A. Hamilton!

I have only seen two very indifferens specimens of this plant, and some
allowance must consequently be made for the description.

5. F. Coxii, Hack. MSS.—Rhizome stout, creeping. Culms
densely tufted, branched at the base, erect or slightly geniculate,
slender, smooth, leafy, 6-18in. high. Leaves numerous, longer
than the culms, slender, soft, pliant, the margins so much involute
that the leaf is terete, smooth on the back, midrib prominent on the
inner face; sheaths rather lax, thin, smooth, striate, open to the
base; ligules very short, truncate, ciliolate at the tip. Panicle
2-3 in. long, narrow, rather dense, often reduced to a simple raceme
or spike, or with 2—3-spiculate branches in the lower part; rhachis
stout, angled, scabrid; branches or pedicels very short, stout,
scabrid, the upper spikelets nearly sessile. Spikelets about #in.
long with the awns, laxly 3-d-flowered. Two outer glumes un-
equal, from 4 to # the length of the whole spikelet, narrowed into
long acuminate scabrid points ; lower linear, 1-nerved ; upper longer,
narrow-lanceolate, 3-nerved. Flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate,
firm, rounded on the back, concave, faintly 5-nerved, gradually
narrowed into a terete scabrid awn as long or longer than the
glume, surface densely minutely scabrid, callus glabrous. Palea

920 GRAMINES. | Festuca.

as long as the glume, deeply 2-fid, serrulate along the keels. Grain
linear-oblong, deeply grooved; hilum # the length of the grain.—
Agropyrum Coxi, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiv. (1902) 395.

CHATHAM IsLANDS: Common on rocks and sands near the shore, Cox and
Cockayne !

A distinct species, well marked by the peculiar habit, narrow spike-like
panicles, short stout pedicels, narrow awned empty glumes, and by the long-
awned flowering glumes.

31. BROMUS, Linn.

Annual or perennial grasses, of very various habit. Leaves flat,
often flaccid; ligules membranous. Spikelets laterally compressed,
4- to many-flowered, arranged in a lax or contracted panicle, rarely
reduced to a raceme; rhachilla disarticulating above the two outer
glumes and between the flowering glumes. Two outer glumes un-
equal, empty, persistent, 1-7-nerved. Flowering glumes lanceolate
to oblong, rounded on the back or keeled, 5-9-nerved, usually

2-toothed at the apex, awned from between the teeth or rarely from
‘below them. Palea 2-toothed, ciliolate or scabrid on the keels.
Lodicules 2, oblong or lanceolate, entire or lobed. Stamens usually
3. Ovary oblong or obovoid, furnished with a 2-3-lobed hairy
cushion-like appendage at the summit; styles short, placed laterally
on the appendage; stigmas plumose. Grain linear or oblong, fur-
rowed, adherent to the palea; hilum long, narrow-linear.

Species 40 or 50, most abundant in the north temperate zone and in South
America, rare on the high mountains of the tropics. The single indigenous
species is a common Australian plant.

1. B. arenarius, Labiil. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 23, t. 28.—Annual,
everywhere villous with soft spreading hairs. Culms slender, erect
or ascending, sometimes geniculate near the base, leafy. Leaves
9-5 in. long, linear, flat, flaccid, withering early; sheaths close,
thin, strongly striate; ligules hyaline, fimbriate at the tip. Panicle
2-6 in. long, flaccid, nodding; rhachis slender, pilose; branches
in fascicles of 3-7, slender, capillary, spreading and flexuous, the
longest 14 in. long, bearing 1-3 spikelets on very slender capillary
pedicels. Spikelets about #in. long without the awns, 1}-14in.
long with them, 4-8-flowered. ‘l'wo outer glumes unequal, not 4
the length of the spikelet, villous with long hairs, acuminate,
margins hyaline; the lower narrow-lanceolate, 3-nerved, but the
lateral nerves often short and faint; upper oblong-lanceolate, 5—7-
nerved. Flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, thin and mem-
branous, hyaline on the margins, strongly 7-nerved, villous, deeply
2-fid at the tip; awn as long or longer than the glume, straight,
seabrid, from the back just below the notch. Palea narrow,
shorter than the glume, ciliate on the keels.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.

4
Bromus. | GRAMINES:. 921

i. 310; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 341; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 661; Buch.
N.Z. Grasses, t. 56a. B. australis, &. Br. Prodr. 178: A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 258; Raoul, Choix, 39.

NortH Istanp: Rocky and sandy places near the sea, abundant from the
North Cape to the East Cape and Taranaki, local farther south, rare inland, but
occurring at Lake Rotorua and elsewhere. SourH Isnanp: Cape Farewell,
Kirk! Also not uncommon in Australia.

Several species of Bromus from the Northern Hemisphere are now firmly
established as naturalised plants, the most abundant being B. mollis, a rather
small species with a compact ovoid panicle and turgid spikelets; and
B. sterilis, with a lax drooping panicle and large long-awned spikelets 2 in. long.
with the awns.

32. AGROPYRUM, Gaertn.

Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves flat or convolute ; ligules
searious. Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, 3- to many-
flowered, solitary and sessile, distichously placed in the alternate
hollows of the continuous or jointed rhachis of a simple spike, one
face of the spikelet next the rhachis ; rhachilla disarticulating above
the two outer glumes and usually between the flowering glumes. Two
outer glumes subequal or unequal, empty, persistent, lanceolate or
linear. Flowering glumes more or less rigid and coriaceous, rounded
on the back or keeled above, 5—7-nerved, awned or awnless. Palea
rather shorter than the glume, snarply 2-keeled, ciliate on the keels.
Lodicules 2, oblique or unequally lobed, entire or ciliate. Stamens
3. Ovary villous at the top; styles very short; stigmas plumose.
Grain narrow, compressed at the back, often adherent to the palea ;
hilum as long as the grain.

Species about 35, found in almost all temperate counties, but most

abundant in Hurope and north Asia. Of the 4 species found in New Zealand,
1 extends to Australia, the remaining 3 are endemic.

* Awn short, never more than 4 the length of the flowering glume.

Spikelets 1in., 6-12-flowered. Awn very short, sometimes
wanting Sc 8 Se a ay
Spikelets 4in., 2-4-flowered. Awn from 4 to 4 the length
of the flowering glume Ae a sts a 2s A. Hinysie:

1. A, multiflorum.

** Awn very long, from 3 to 5 times the length of the flowering glume.
MA t=) o fo) &

Spikelets 14-3 in. long with the awns; awn rather slender 3. A. scabrumnt.
Spikelets 4in. long with the awns; awn stout, rigid,
channelled te se 250 *. -. 4. A. Youngii.

1. A. multiflorum, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897)
530.—Perennial. Culins densely tufted, branched, decumbent or
almost prostrate at the base, erect above, quite smooth and
glabrous, leafy, 1-2ft. high. Leaves 3-Sin. long, about tin.
broad, flat or slightly convolute when dry, tapering from the base
upwards, somewhat rigid and coriaceous, prominently striate,

922 GRAMINES. [Agropyrum.

rough above, often glaucous ; sheaths tight, pale, grooved; ligules
short, truncate, membranous. Spike straight, erect, 3-6in. long,
of 6-12 spikelets; rhachis pubescent on the angles. Spikelets
about lin. long, close or somewhat distant, erect, appressed to the
rhachis, 6-12-flowered. Two outer glumes small, unequal, lanceo-
late, acuminate, 3—7-nerved. Flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate
when spread out, convolute, smooth and rounded on the back
below, scabridly keeled above, 7-9-nerved, coriaceous, acute or
mucronate or produced into a short awn of varying length. Palea
sharply keeled and folded, ciliolate on the keels.—Triticum multi-
florum, Banks and Sol. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 311; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 342; Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 568. T. repens, A. Rich.
Fl. Now. Zel. 188; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 261; Raoul, Choix, 39
(not of Linn.).

Var. longisetum, Hack. WSS.—Awn longer, sometimes half the length
of the flowering glume.

Nort Istanp: Not uncommon in lowland districts throughout, especially
near the coast. SoutH Isnanp: Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solander ;
near Nelson, 7. #'. C.; Canterbury, Armstrong.

A variable plant in the size of the spikelets, number of flowering glumes,
and the extent to which the awn is developed.

2. A. Enysii, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 352.—
Culms laxly tufted, very slender, weak, decumbent at the base,
erect above, sparingly leafy, 1-24ft. high. Leaves much shorter
than the culms, #,—4in. broad, flat, flaccid, striate, minutely rough
to the touch, glabrous or sparingly villous; sheaths long, tight,
softly villous or the upper ones almost glabrous; ligules short,
truncate, erose. Spike 2-5in. long, slender, erect or inclined,
often interrupted below, of 9-18 spikelets; rhachis compressed,
scabrid on the angles. Spikelets bluish-green, $in. long, 2—4-
flowered. Two outer glumes about 4 the length of the spikelet,
subequal, linear-lanceolate, 3—5-nerved, gradually narrowed into a
scabrid acuminate point or awn } to 4 the length of the glume.
Flowering glumes lanceolate, rounded on the back, smooth and
coriaceous, 5-nerved, sometimes minutely 2-toothed at the tip,
narrowed into a short scabrid awn about + the length of the
glume. Palea shorter than the glume, linear-oblong, coriaceous,
ciliolate on the keels.—Asprella aristata, Petrie in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xxvi. (1894) 272.

Souru Istanp: Canterbury—Slopes of Mount Torlesse and Broken River,
Hinys! Petrie! T. F. C.; Bealey River, Kirk! Poulter River, Cockayne !
Southern Alps, NV. T. Carrington ! 2500-4500 ft.

A very distinct species, at once recognised by the weak habit, flat mem-
branous leaves, narrow spike, and few-flowered spikelets. Very similar in habit
to Asperella gracilis, and easily mistaken for it on a cursory inspection, but
the structure of the spikelet is that of Agropyrum.

Agropyrum. | GRAMINE. 923:

3. A. scabrum, Beauv. Agrost. 102.—Annual or perennial, very
variable. Culms laxly tufted, slender, decumbent at the base, erect
or ascending above, quite smooth, leafy, 6-24in. high. Leaves
2-9in. long, ,-;1;in. broad, flat or convolute, usualiy scabrid on
both suriaces, often glaucous; sheaths smooth, grooved, the upper
long; ligules short, truncate. Spike 3-9in. long, of 2-10 rather
distant erect spikelets; rhachis flattened, scabrid on the angles.
Spikelets 3-1 in. long without the awns, 14-3 in. with them, 6-12-
flowered. Two outer glumes small, not reaching more than + up
the flowering glumes immediately above them, subequal, narrow-
lanceolate, tapering into short acuminate points, rigid, 3—d-nerved.
Flowering glumes lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth and rounded on

‘the back at the base, obscurely keeled and scabrid above, 3—5-nerved,
narrowed into a long and slender straight or flexuous scabrid awn
from 3 to 5 times as long as the glume itself. Palea almost as long
as the glume, linear-oblong, ciliolate on the keels.—Benth. F'.
Austral. vii. 665. Triticum scabrum, R. Br. Prodr. 178; A. Rich.
Fl. Nouv. Zel. 187; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 260; Raowl, Choiz, 39;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 311; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 342; Buch. N.Z.
Grasses, t. 57. Festuca scabra, Lab. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 22, t. 26.

KeRMADEC Istanps, NortH anp SoutH Is~tanps: Abundant throughout.
Sea-level to 4500 ft.

' Also plentiful in Australia, from Queensland to Tasmania and West Aus-
tralia. In small specimens the spike is sometimes reduced to a single terminal
spikelet. Subalpine specimens usually have larger and fewer spikelets with
longer awns than those from lowland districts, but the size of the spikelet and
length of the awns varies excessively.

4. A. Youngii, Cheesem.—‘‘ Habit of T. scabrum. Leaves quite
glabrous below, slightly scabrid on the upper surface. Spike 2-3 in.
long, of 3-4 very large spikelets 4in. long, including the awns.
Empty glumes 4in. long, acuminate, margins membranous, flower-
ing ones nearly 2in. long without the awn, which is 14-2 in. long,
very stout, rigid, scabrid, convex at the back, concave in front with
scabrid edges, margins and sides of glume scabrid and almost
aculeate.’’—Triticum Youngii, Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 348.

SourH Isnanp: Canterbury—‘‘Grassy flats, sources of the Wai taki
altitude 3000 ft., Haast.”

*¢A remarkable plant, with few spikelets, almost twice as large as those of
T. scabrum, and very long rigid awns. My specimens are imperfect, and some
allowance must here be made for the description.’’ This does not seem to have
been observed since its original discovery by Haast, and in the absence of
further information I have reproduced Hooker’s description. Apparently it only
differs from A. scabrwm in the larger size of the spikelets and the longer and
stouter awns, and seeing how variable these characters are in A. scabrum L
should not be surprised if it proved to be a form of that plant.

924 GRAMINEA, [Asperella.

33. ASPERELLA, Humb.

Perennial grasses. Leaves narrow, flat. Spikelets 1- to several-
flowered, 2-3 together or solitary in the alternate hollows of the
rhachis of a simple slender spike, one face of the spikelet next the
rhachis ; rhachilla disarticulating above the two outer glumes and
between the flowering glumes. Two outer glumes either wanting,
or present in the lower spikelets as minute subulate bristles.
Flowering glumes narrow-lanceolate, rigid, convolute, rounded on
the back, 5-nerved above, produced into a short awn. Palea rather
shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Lodicules 2, obovate or dimi-
diate-obovate, hairy. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas
plumose. Grain narrow-oblong, villous at the tip, grooved down
the front, adherent to the palea.

A small genus of 7 species—2 in New Zealand, 2 in North America, and
1 each in the Himalayas, Japan, and Siberia.

Outer glumes often wanting. Flowering glumes more or
less scabrid, distinctly 5-nerved, narrowed into an awn
of varying length Aad a Be a

Outer glumes always present. Flowering glumes smooth,
faintly 3-5-nerved, truncately 3-toothed at the apex, the
micdle tooth produced into a short mucro... -. 2. A levis:

1. A. gracilis.

1. A. gracilis, 7. Kirk im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 352. —
Perennial. Culms much branched and decumbent at the base,
erect above, slender, often rather wiry, quite smooth and glabrous,
leafy throughout, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves 3-9 in. long, ;4,-1in. broad,
flat, striate, minutely scabrid on the margins and upper surface ;
sheaths smooth, thin, striate; ligules often obscure. Spike elon-
gated, 3-8in. long, very slender, of 20-40 sessile spikelets placed
singly in the alternate hollows of the rhachis ; rhachis compressed,
flat, flexuous, ciliate on the edges. Spikelets pale-green, $—2in.
long with the awns, 1-3-flowered. Two outer glumes altogether
absent or reduced to minute bristles. Flowering glumes lax, lanceo-
late, 5-nerved, rounded on the back below, midrib prominent above,
usually more or less scabrid but sometimes nearly smooth, gradually
narrowed into a scabrid awn of variable length, callus prominent.
Palea almost as long as the glume, keels ciliate—Gymnostichum
gracile, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 312, t. 70; Handb. N.Z. Fi. 343;
Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 58.

NorrH anp Soutu Isnanps: Auckland—Te Pahi, Kaipara, Kirk! Thames,
Adams! T. Ff. C.; Te Aroha, Adams ! Rotorua, 7. I’. C.; Hast Cape district,
Adams and Petrie. Hawke’s Bay—Tarawera, Dannevirke, Colenso! Turangarere,
Petrie. Wellington— Buchanan. Nelson— Lower Motueka, Graham River,
fT. F.C. Oanterbury—Akaroa, Raoul, Armstrong ; Mount Cook district, T. #'. C.
Otago—Not uncommon in lowland districts, Buchanan! Petrie! Sea-level to
3000 ft.

2. A. levis, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 406.—
Culms branched from the base, slender, erect ov diffuse, sparingly

Asperella. | GRAMINE. 925

leafy, 10-30 in. high. Leaves 3-9 in. long, ;,—}in. broad, flat or
involute, striate, smooth or nearly so; sheaths smooth or puberu-
lous ; ligules short. Spike 3-6 in. long, slender, of 15-30 spikelets ;
rhachis flat, flexuous, scabrid on the edges. Spikelets pale-green,
about + in. long, 1-2-flowered. Two outer glumes always present,
_ reduced to linear-subulate bristles about three-quarters the length
of the lower flowering glume, subequal, erect, channelled, scabrid.
Flowering glumes lanceolate, faintly 3-5-nerved, rounded on” the
back, quite smooth, unequally 3-toothed at the apex, the middle
tooth produced into a short scabrid mucro. Palea rather shorter
than the glume, keels smooth or minutely ciliolate.

South Isnanp: Nelson— Clarence Valley, Kirk! Otago— Matukituki
Valley, Catlin’s River, Petrie! Waikawa, H. J. Matthews ! Sea-level to
2000 ft.

Very close to A. gracilis, from which it differs in the two outer glumes
being always present, and in the flowering glumes being smooth, obscurely
nerved, and truncately 3-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth being produced
into a short stout mucro. Further observation is required to prove the con-
stancy of these characters.

Orper XCIII. FILICES.

Perennial or very rarely annual plants, usually herbaceous but
sometimes arboreous (tree-ferns). Stems generally reduced to a
rhizome, which may be short and tufted, or long and creeping or
climbing ; or, in the case of tree-ferns, produced into an erect
caudex or trunk. Leaves (fronds) either crowded at the end of
the rhizome or distantly placed along it, continuous with the
rhizome or jointed to it, sometimes simple and entire, but usually
more or less deeply pinnately lobed or divided and frequently re-
peatedly so, more rarely dichotomously branched ; always circinate
in vernation with the exception of the Ophioglossace@. Spore-cases
or sporangia usually arranged in groups (so7z7) on the under-surface
or margins of the fertile fronds, which are either similar to the
sterile fronds, or narrower and more contracted, the divisions
sometimes becoming linear and spike-like. Sori very various in
size and shape and position, naked or covered when young by the
recurved margin of the frond or by a special involucre (zndusiwm).
Sporangia many or rarely few in a sorus, often mixed with jointed
hairs or scales, stalked or sessile, usually furnished with a com-
plete or incomplete ring or annulus, dehiscing by a transverse or
vertical slit, free or rarely coherent into a compound sporangium
(synangium). Spores numerous, bilateral or tetrahedral.

Ferns constitute one of the largest and most generally distributed of the
families of plants, and are found in all quarters of the world, although most
abundant in moist climates. It is difficult to estimate the number of species, on
account of the divergent views of authors, but they cannot be less than 3500.
In the subjoined account of the New Zealand species I have adopted the

926 FIUICES.

limitation of the genera proposed in Hooker and Baker's ‘‘ Synopsis Filicum,’”
that being the arrangement followed in the Handbook, Bentham’s ‘“ Flora
Australiensis,’’ and other colonial floras, and the one acquiesced in by most
English systematists. But European pteridologists as a rule accept a much
larger number of genera, with a somewhat different sequence. And it must be
admitted that Polypodiwm, Nephrodium, Aspleniwm, and other genera, as
defined in the Synopsis, are for the most part artificial assemblages of species,
possessing very diverse characters and relationships. But though it is com-
paratively easy to separate a group here and there as being undoubtedly worthy
of goperic rank, it is admittedly a matter of great difficulty to prepare good and
natural generic subdivisions for the whole order, and although many attempts
have been made not one of them has received a wide acceptance. The most
recent classification is that given in Hingler and Prantl’s ‘‘ Die Naturlichen
Pflanzenfamilien,’” where the class Filicales is divided into 12 familes and
140 genera, against the 75 genera adopted in the ‘‘ Synopsis Filicum.” The
31 genera of New Zealand ferns are spread out into 42 in the Pflanzenfamilien.

The development of ferns can only be briefly alluded to here. In germina-
tion the spore produces a small flattened or rarely filamentous prothallium,
usually containing abundant chlorophyll, but without vascular tissue. It
becomes quite free from the spore, but is of comparatively short duration. On
the under-surface of the prothallium the reproductive organs are formed. The
male organs are called antheridia, and consist of minute subglobose bodies each
containing numerous motile cells known as spermatozoids, resembling spirally
coiled filaments, pointed at one end and bearing numerous cilia. The female
organs, or archegonia, are flask-shaped bodies partly sunk in the tissue of the
prothallium, each containing a single free cell called the oosphere. Fertilisation
is effected by the entrance of spermatozoids into the cavity of the archegonium,
and by the fusion of one of them with the oosphere. The oosphere then gradually
develops into a young plant.

Since the publication of the Handbook several pamphlets or books dealing
with the ferns of the colony have appeared. The most important of these are
Mr. G. M. Thomson’s “‘ Ferns and Fern Allies of New Zealand ’’ and Mr. H. C.
Field’s ‘‘ Ferns of New Zealand.’’ Both of these contain much interesting
and valuable information, and should be consulted by all students of the order.

Suborder I. HyMENOPHYLLACES. Sori always marginal, enclosed within @
cup-shaped or urceolate entire or 2-valved indusium. Sporangia sessile or
shortly stalked, arranged on a short or long columnar receptacle, girt by a
complete horizontal or oblique ring. Fronds membranous and translucent
(except in Loxsoma).

Fronds membranous and translucent. Indusium deeply

2-valved .. +5 x a <- .. 1. HYMENOPHYL-
LUM.
Fronds membranous and translucent. Indusium urceolate
or trumpet-shaped, entire or shortly 2-lobed .. .. 2. TRICHOMANES.
Fronds coriaceous, opaque. Indusium urceolate, entire.. 3. Loxsoma.

Suborder IT. CyYAaTHEACE®. Sori dorsal or marginal, naked or furnished with
an indusium. Sporangia sessile or shortly stalked, arranged on a cushion-
like receptacle, girt by a complete vertical or somewhat oblique ring. Stem
often ar boreous.

Indusium globose, covering the young sorus, but soon

bursting at the summit and persistent as a shallow cup

surrounding the sorus at the base .. . 4. CYATHEA.
Indusium never covering the sorus, small, half cup- shaped

or semicircular, one-sided, not forming a Sone ae ring

round the base of the sorus .. ae : .. 5. HEMITELIA.

FILICES. 927

Indusium altogether wanting . .. 6, ALSOPHILA.
Indusium 2-valved, the upper valve continuous with the
margin of the frond oe be .. 7. DicKsonta.

Suborder III. Poutypropiace™. Sori dorsal or marginal, naked or furnished
with an indusium. Sporangia with a short or long stalk, girt by an in-
complete vertical ring, bursting transversely. Habit various.

* Indusium present, at least when the sorus is young.

+ Sori dorsal or marginal. Indusium opening outwards, or towards the
margin of the frond.

Sori globose or oblong, submarginal. Indusium often

cup-shaped, attached by a broad base and sometimes by

the sides as well .. . 8. DAVALLIA.
Sori subglobose, dorsal, remote from the margin. In-

dusium ovate-deltoid, membranous, attached by a broad

base a0 .. 9. CYSTOPTERIS.
Sori linear, marginal. Indusium linear, membranous,
opening outwards .. te ae Si .. 10. Linpsaya.

++ Sori variable in shape, linear to globose, marginal. Indusium com-
posed of the more or less modified edge of the frond, which is reflexed
over the sorus, opening inwards.

Sori reniform or globose or oblong, distinct in the New

Zealand species. Indusium an altered and reflexed

lobe or tooth of the frond, bearing the sorus on its

under-surface oe be dip .. 11, ADIANTUM.
Sori subglobose, distinct, in the notches of the ultimate

divisions of the frond. Indusium a slightly modified

and reflexed portion of the margin of the frond . 12. Hypoueris.
Sori subglobose or oblong, often confluent into linear

masses. Indusium composed of the modified and re-

flexed margins of the frond . . 13. CHEILANTHES.
Sori confluent, forming a linear band extending along the

greater part of the edge of the pinne, placed on the

tips of the transverse veins . 14. PeLuma.
Sori linear, extending along the greater part of the edge of

the pinnz or segments, placed on an intramarginal

longitudinal vein .. . 15. PrERis.
Sori linear, on the contracted pinne “of fertile fronds

differing much from the sterile ones, covering the whole

under-surface os or oF 50 .. 16. Lomarta.

ttt Sori linear or oblong, dorsal (or submarginal when the frond is much
divided). Indusium the same shape as the sorus, laterally attached to a
vein, opening inwards (or towards the costa).

Sori oblong, on short cross veinlets enue the primary

veins, parallel to the costa . Sele DOODTA:
Sori oblong or linear, on the primary veins, oblique to the
costa 58 ie : .. 18. ASPLENIUM.

tttt Sori globose, dorsal. Indusium orbicular or reniform, peltate or
affixed by the sinus, opening all round the margin.

Indusium orbicular and peltate oe oc .. 19. ASPIDIUM.

928 FILICES. [Hymenophyllum.

Indusium reniform and attached by the sinus. Fronds
usually 2-4-pinnate; pinnae not articulated to the

rhachis... .. 20, NEPHRODIUM.
Indusium reniform and attached by the sinus. Fronds
pinnate ; pinne articulated to the rhachis’ .. .. 21. NEPHROLEPIS.

** Indusium altogether absent.

Sori globose or broadly oblong, dorsal, distinct .. . 22. PoLyPpopium.
Sori oblong or rounded, at first distinct but ultimately

confluent, marginal, often partly concealed by the re-

flexed margin of the frond and then barely distinguish-

able from Cheilanthes aie ss vi .. 23. NOTHOCHLENA.
Sori oblong or linear, see or forked, often confluent,
dorsal ae ; 4c so 5. .. 24, GYMNOGRAMME.

Suborder IV. GLBICHENIACEA. Sort dorsal, naked, of few (2-6) sporangia ;
receptacle not elevated. Sporangia sessile or nearly so, splitting vertically,
surrounded by a complete transverse ring.

Fronds nari gies forked; ultimate branches epinpatey,
divided .. ; c 56 .. 25, GLEICHENIA.

Suborder V. ScuHizmaceEm. Sporangia crowded, not collected into distinct sori,
sessile or nearly so, with a complete transverse ring just below the apex,
splitting vertically. Fertile portions of the frond much modified.

Fronds simple or forked or flabellately divided, without an

expanded lamina. Sporangia in 2-4 rows on the under-

surface of short linear fertile mone terminating the

fronds aie . 26. ScHIzzma.
Fronds very long, climbing ; ‘primary pine dichotom-

ously or pinnately divided. Sporangia in 2 rows on the

under-surface of contracted fertile pinnules .. .. 27. LyGopium.

Suborder VI. OsmMuNDACEa. Sori irregular, distinct or confluent, dorsal ; in-
dusium wanting. Sporangia sessile or nearly so, splitting vertically ; ring
rudimentary, placed just below the apex.

Fronds opaque or translucent, 2—3-pinnate fs .. 28. Topma.
Suborder VIT, Maratrtacna. Sori distinct, dorsal. Sporangia sessile, with-

out any ring, coriaceous, splitting vertically or opening oy a pore at the
apex, usually cohering im concrete masses called synangia.

Rhizome large, tuberous. Fronds large, 2-3-pinnate .. 29. MARatTta.
Suborder VIII. OPpHioGLossacea. Sporangia globose, coriaceous, sessile, with-

out any ring, dehiscing by a transverse or vertical slit, crowded on a linear
spike or on the branches of a panicle. Fronds not circinate im vernation.

Sterile frond simple and entire. Sporangia on a linear

spike 36 wif ms .. 30. OPHIOGLOSSUM.
Sterile frond pinnate or 2-4-pinnate. Sporangia on the
linear branches of a panicle.. Ae bs .. 31. BotrycHIuM.

1. HYMENOPHYLLUM, Linn.

Usually small and sometimes minute ferns. Rhizome slender,
creeping, often much branched and matted. Fronds simple or more
generally compound, delicately membranous, often pellucid, usually
of a single layer of cells; segments entire or toothed at the margin,

Hymenophyllum.| FILICES. 929

with a stout central costa. Sori marginal, terminal or lateral, more

or less immersed in the frond or quite free, always terminating a
vein or costa. Indusium cup-shaped, more or less deeply 2-lipped
or 2-valved, sometimes to the base, of almost the same texture as
the frond, margins of the lips entire or toothed or fringed. Recep-
tacle linear or oblong, not exserted beyond the indusium. Sporangia
sessile or nearly so, depressed, surrounded by a broad complete
horizontal ring, bursting transversely.

One of the most beautiful of the genera of ferns, almost wholly confined to
shaded localities, and remarkable for the filmy texture of the frond, a peculiarity
which it shares with Trichomanes. Species about 90, widely distributed in
tropical climates and in the south temperate zone, especially abundant in New
Zealand, rare in the north temperate zone. Of the 20 species found in New
Zealand, 7 or perhaps 8 are endemic, the remainder are for the most part widely
dispersed.

A. Euhymenophyllum. Margin of the frond entire.

* Fronds glabrous; or, if hairs are present, they are confined to the stipes,
rhachis, and coste.

+ Rhachis winged throughout; wing often decurrent down the stipes,
sometimes to the base.

Fronds 1-4in., pendulous, flaccid, 2-pinnatifid. Stipes

capillary; rhachis often wingless below. Sori large,

terminal, immersed ; indusium orbicular ae 1. H. rarum.
Fronds 2-9in., olive-green, 3-pinnatifid, sometimes with

scattered hairs on the rhachis and stipes. Sori ter-

minating short lateral Pipi free ; indusium broadly

ovate .. 2. H. polyanthos.
Fronds 2- Gin., brownish- -green, 3-4- pinnatifid ; ‘segments

narrow, crowded. Stipes, rhachis, and coste usually

villous. Sori numerous, terminal, free; indusium

broadly ovate as a6 oe .. 3. A. villosum.
Fronds 3-9 in. , triangular. Rhachis with a broad much-

crisped wing ‘decurrent almost to the base of the stipes.

Sori terminal, free ; indusium orbicular be .. 4. A. australe.
Fronds 2-3in., linear-oblong, dull dark-green. Rhachis

with a broad flat wing decurrent almost to the base of

the stipes. Sori terminal, free; indusium ovate, margins

often jagged 3c SC ao .. 5. H. atrovirens.
Rhizome short, bristly. Fronds 9-20 in., ovate-lanceolate,

pale-green. Rhachis with a narrow flat wing de-

current down the Buide: Sori terminal, free; indusium

orbicular .. : Se ane ate » GO. H. pulcherri-

mum.

Rhizome long, glabrous. Fronds 9-20 in., ovate-lanceolate ;

segments broad, flat. Rbhachis with a narrow flat wing

decurrent along the stipes. Sori terminal, immersed ;

indusium orbicular .. 56 oe 3c .. 7. H. dilatatun.

tt Rhachis winged only towards the top; lower part and stipes
naked (often narrowly winged in H. demisswm).

Fronds 4-12 in., ovate-deltoid, bright-green; stipes and
rhachis glabrous. Sori terminal, free; indusium ovate 8. H. demisswn.
30—FI,

930 FILICES. | Hymenophyllum.

Fronds 6-20in., ovate-lanceolate, brownish-green ; stipes

and rhachis bristly. Sori terminal; indusium orbicular 9. H. scabrum.
Fronds 3-9in., pale glistening-green; lower pinne often

flabellate. Stipes woolly at the base. Sori terminal,

small; indusium broadly ovate or orbicular .. . 10. H. flabellatum.
Fronds If in., deltoid, very delicate. Stipes, rhachis,

and coste with silky flexuous hairs. Sori terminal,

small, partly immersed ; indusium ovate-orbicular .. 11. H. rufescens.

** Fronds with the margins and both surfaces densely clothed with stellate
hairs.

Fronds 2-6in., oblong; rhachis broadly winged through-

out, the wing decurrent along the upper part of the

stipes. Sori terminal, immersed mn ths .. 12. H. ciliatum.
Fronds 2-10in., oblong-lanceolate ; rhachis winged only

towards the top; stipes naked. Sori terminal, im-

mersed .. sc 3 30 4c .. 13. H. swbtilissimum.
Fronds 2-8in., linear-oblong, rigid and coriaceous, every-

where hidden by dense tomentum ; rhachis not winged.

Sori terminal, free .. be ae ee .. 14. A. Malingiz.

B. Leptocionium. Margins of the frond spinulose-dentate.

Fronds minute, $-lin., simple or forked or Ustiataly 4

divided. Indusium with entire valves 5. H. Cheesemanit.
Fronds minute, }-1in., pinnatifid. Sori solitary, free, ter-

Minating the main rhachis ; indusium with’ the valves

spinulose on the back and margins .. . 16. H. minimum.
Fronds 1-4in., pinnate; pinne divided. Sori lateral, near

the base of the pinne, free; indusium with the valves

smooth on the back, spinulose-dentate onthe margins .. 17. H. Tunbridgense.
Fronds 1-4 in., pinnate; pinne divided. Sori lateral, near

the base of the pinne, free; indusium with the valves

smooth on the back ; margins entire .. 18. H. unilaterale.
Fronds 4-8 in., 3—4- pinnatifid. Sori lateral, near the base

of the pinne, free ; indusium large, often decurved, obo-

void ; valves with entire margins 6c .. 19. H. multifidum.
Fronds 6-12 in., 3-4-pinnatifid. Sori terminal, ‘immersed

in the tips of the segments ; indusium ovate- orbicular,

valves with entire margins .. Bs at .. 20. H. bivalve.

1. H. rarum, f. Br. Prodr. 159.—A very delicate pale glistening-
green pellucid species, forming matted patches on the trunks of
trees or on rocks. Rhizomes creeping, much branched, very
slender, wiry, black. Fronds very variable in size and shape,
usually from 1 to 4in. long, but sometimes dwarfed to $in., and
occasionally lengthened out to 6 or 8in., broadly oblong to linear-
oblong, 2-pinnatifid, in large specimens pinnate at the base, pen-
dulous, membranous, flaccid, quite glabrous. Stipes extremely
slender, capillary, often half the length of the whole frond; main
rhachis usually winged throughout. Pinne close, often overlap-
ping, once or twice forked Ps pinnatifid, rarely simple. Segments
erecto-patent, ¢-31n. long, ;4,in. broad, flat, obtuse, quite entire.
Sori mostly near the summit of the frond, sunk in the tips of the
segments. Indusium large, almost as broad as the segments,

Hymenophyllum. | FILICES. 931

broadly rhomboid, divided half-way down, cuneate at the base;
valves broad, rounded.—Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 101; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct.
1,105; Fil. Nov. Zel. ii. 12; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 353; Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Fil. 58 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 705; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 38.
H. semibivalve, Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 88; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zel. 94; A. Cunn. Precur.n.241; Raoul, Choiz,39. H. imbricatum,
Col. in Tasm. Journ. Nat. Scv. (1845) 27.

NortH AnD SourH Is~LANDS, Stewart IsuaAnD, CHaTHAM IsLANDS, AUCK-
LAND IsuANDS: From Mongonui and Kaitaia southwards, not uncommon.
Sea-level to 3000 ft.

A widely distributed plant, found in Australia and Tasmania, Polynesia,
Japan, South Africa and Mauritius, and extratropical South America. It is
easily recognised by the extremely slender capillary stipes, pendulous pale
glaucous-green fronds, broad flat entire segments, and large orbicular sori.
When growing in exposed places it is often much dwarfed, with closely imbri-
cating pinne, constituting Colenso’s H. imbricatum.

2. H. polyanthos, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 149 ; var. sanguinolentum
Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 107.—Forming matted patches on the trunks or
branches of trees or of rotten logs. Rhizome rather stout, creep-
ing, much branched, usually bristly with reddish-brown hairs.
Fronds erect or decurved, somewhat opaque, dull olive-green,
reddish-brown when dry, 2-9 in. high, broadly ovate or oblong,
3-pinnatifid, glabrous or the stipes and rhachis with scattered
red-brown hairs when young. Stipes rather stout, narrowly winged
above; rhachis broadly winged throughout, stout, flexuose. Primary
pinne close or rather distant, spreading, rarely decurved ; second-
ary short, deeply pinnatifid. Segments narrow-linear, obtuse, flat
or the margins undulate. Sori mainly in the upper part of the
frond, usually terminating short somewhat contracted lateral
segments, quite free or very slightly sunk at the base. Indusium
broader than the segment, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 2-valved
to the base; valves obtuse, entire or slightly sinuate, often crested
on the back.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 14; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 354;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 60; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 38; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 58, t. 28, f. 7. H. sanguinolentum, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 148,
316; A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 93; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 234; Raoul,
Choiz, 38. H. lophocarpum, Col. i Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885)
255. Trichomanes sanguinolentum, Horst. Prodr. un. 465.

North AND SovutH Isnanps, StEwarT Is~taAND, AUCKLAND IsLANDs:
Abundant in forests throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

One of the most abundant species of the genus in New Zealand. It stains
paper brown when drying, and gives off a peculiar odour, which it often retains
- for years. The species, in some of its forms, is found in almost all tropical
countries, but apparently not in Australia.

3. H. villosum, Col. in Tasm. Journ. Nat. Sc. (1845) 25.—
Forming dense matted patches on the trunks of trees or amongst
moss. Rhizome much branched, wiry, creeping. Fronds erect or

932 FILICES. [ Hymenophyllwm.

decurved, opaque, dull brownish-green, 2-6 in. long, 1-24 in. broad,
broadly ovate to ovate - lanceolate, acuminate, 3—4-pinnatifid.
Stipes 1-3 in. long, usually narrowly winged above, villous with
scattered spreading hairs; rhachis narrowly winged throughout,
rather slender, flexuous, more or less villous, as are the partial
rhachides and coste. Primary pinne closely placed, often over-
lapping, lanceolate-deltoid ; secondary rhombic-ovate, again once or
twice pinnatifid. Ultimate segments crowded, very narrow, linear,
obtuse, flat. Sori numerous, terminating the segments, free. In-
dusium broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, broader than the
segments, 2-valved to the base; valves smooth, entire.—Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 395; Bak. in Annals Bot. v. (1890-91)
192; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 39.

Nortu Isuanp: Auckland—Summit of Moehau (Cape Colville), Adams !
Te Aroha Mountain, 7. #F. C.; Tarawera Mountain, Kirk; Ruatahuna,
Colenso! Hawke’s Bay—Tukituki River, A. Hamilton! Ruahine Mountains,
A, Mill! Wellington—-Tararua Ravge, H. H. Travers! SourH Isuanp: Not
uncommon in subalpine forests throughout. Stewart Isutanp: Mount Anglem,
Kirk. AtckuAND IsLanps: Kirk. Usually from 2000-4500 ft., but descends
almost to sea-level in Westland. :

This was placed with H. polyanthos by Hooker, and is doubtless closely
allied to it. Butit differs markedly in the much more finely cut 4-pinnatifid
fronds, in the villous stipes, rhachis, &c., in the much narrower segments, and
in the smaller sori.

4. H. australe, Wild. Sp. Plant. v. 527.—Forming matted
patches on rocks or among moss, more rarely on the trunks of trees,
pale-green when young, becoming lurid-green in age. Rhizome
creeping, branched, wiry. Fronds erect or decurved, very mem-
branous, 3-9in. long, 14-4in. broad, triangular with usually a
broad base, acuminate, quite glabrous, 2-3-pinnatifid. Rhachis
with a broad much-ecrisped wing which extends almost to the base
of the stipes. Primary pinne #~2 in. long, rhomboidal-lanceolate,
spreading, often decurved at the tips, deeply pinnatifid ; secondary
again pinnatifid or irregularly forked. Ultimate segments narrow-
linear, obtuse, quite entire, more or less crisped, rarely flat. Sori
usually numerous, terminal on the segments, free. Indusium
orbicular or broadly ovate, usually broader than the segments,
2-valved to the base; valves broad, rounded, entire or slightly
erose.—Bak, Annals Bot. v. (1890-91) 193. H. javanicum, Spreng.
Syst. iv. 182; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 60; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 39 ;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 61, t. 15, £4. H. crispatum, Wall. Cat. 169;
Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 105; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 11.13; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
354. H. flexuosum, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 238; Raoul, Choix, 39.

NortH AND SourH Isnanps, Stewart IsuAND: Not uncommon in damp
woods. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

A common plant in Tasmania, and from thence extending northwards to
Malaya, India, and Ceylon. It is easily distinguished from the other New
Zealand species by the broad conspicuously crisped wing of the rhachis and
stipes.

Hymenophyllum.] FILICES. 933

5. H. atrovirens, Col. im Tasm. Journ. Nat. Se. (1845) 26. —
Usually terrestrial. Rhizome slender, wiry, creeping. Fronds
few, somewhat rigidly erect, membranous, dull dark-green, 2-6 in.
high, 3-lin. broad, linear-oblong or lanceolate, quite glabrous,
2-pinnatifid. Stipes about half the length of the frond, winged
almost to the base; rhachis flexuose, winged throughout, wings
flat, not crisped. Pinnze 5-10 on each side, alternate, the lowest
usually the largest, 4-2in. long, erecto-patent, irregularly pinnati-
fid. Segments simple or forked, linear, obtuse, flat, quite entire.
Sori few, terminating the segments, quite free. Indusium small,
ovate, 2-valved almost to the base, slightly broader than the seg-
ments; valves obtuse or subacute, entire or jagged.—H. javanicum
var. atrovirens, Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful.60. H.montanum, Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 3894; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 40; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 61, t. 28, f. 1.

Nort Isnanp: Auckland—Bay of Islands, Miss Clarke! Whangarei,
T. F.C.; ravines at Mamaku, near Rotorua, J. Stewart! Lake Waikaremoana,
Colenso! Souru Isnanp: Nelson—Blind Bay, Kingsley. Otago—Mountains at
the head of Lake Wakatipu, M7s. Mason ! Sea-level to 2500 ft.

I have ventured to restore Mr. Colenso’s H. atrovirens to the rank of a
species, for although undoubtedly very close to A. australe it appears to differ
sufficiently in the much smaller and narrower more sparingly divided frond, in
the flat (not crisped) wings to the rhachis and stipes, and in the narrower seg-
ments and smaller ovate indusia. Mr. Kirk’s H. montanwm is clearly the same
plant, with the indusia conspicuously jagged. Whether the Australian plant
included under atrovirens by Baker is also identical I am unable to say, not
haying seen specimens.

6. H. pulcherrimum, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Scr. (1845)
25.—Forming dense tufts on the branches and trunks of trees.
Rhizome short, stout, densely clothed with shining red-brown
bristly scales; rootlets woolly. Fronds very handsome, pale-green,
erect or pendulous, 9-30 in. long including the stipes, 2-6 in. broad,
ovate-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acuminate, membranous, flaccid,
quite glabrous, 3-4-pinnatifid. Stipes 2-6in. long, winged to the
base; rhachis also with a narrow wing throughout its length, wings
not crisped. Primary pinne 14-3 in. long, rhomboidal-lanceolate,
2-pinnatifid down to a narrowly winged flexuous rhachis. Ultimate
segments simple or forked, linear, flat, obtuse or retuse, quite entire.
Sori terminating short lateral segments, sometimes apparently
axillary, quite free. Indusium orbicular, 2-valved to the base;
valves convex, quite entire.—Hook. Sp. Ful. i. 103, t. 8374; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 18, t. 74; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 354; Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Ful. 62; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 41; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 60, t. 20,
£6.

NorrH Istand: Mountainous forests of the interior, from Te Aroha and
Lake Waikaremoana southwards. Sour Isuanp: Rare and local in Nelson,

Marlborough, and Canterbury; abundant in Westland and Otago. SrTpwaRtT
IsLanD: Paterson’s Inlet, Kirk ! Sea-level to 3000 ft.

A very distinct species, confined to New Zealand.

934 FILICES. [Hymenophylium.

7. H. dilatatum, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 149, 373.—Large, very
handsome, bright-green, clothing the trunks of trees or rotten
logs. Rhizome long, stout, wiry, glabrous. Fronds variable in
size, usually 9-18 in. long including the stipes, but luxuriant speci-
mens often reach 2 ft. or more, the smaller specimens erect or de-
curved, the larger usually pendulous, 3-6in. broad, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate to linear-oblong, membranous, 38-pinnatifid. Stipes
2-6 in. long, terete, wiry, narrowly winged almost to the base;
rhachis winged throughout, the wing flat, not crisped. Primary
pinne 14—3in. long, ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at the base ; secona-
ary broad, almost subpalmate below, irregularly pinnatifid. Ulti-
mate segments linear, often elongated and decurved, about 4, in.
broad, obtuse, flat, quite entire. Sori numerous, terminating the
segments, sunk in the frond at the base. Indusium orbicular,
cuneate at the base, 2-valved more than half-way down; valves
convex, rounded at the tip, entire; clusters of sporangia often ex-
serted.—Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 60; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 233 ;
fiacul, Choix, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 104; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
ii. 13; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 354; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 62;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 40; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 59, t. 16, f. 1. Tri-
chomanes dilatatum, Forst. Prodr. n. 467.

NortH anp Soury IsLtanps, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abund-
ant in damp woods throughout. AuckLAND IsLANDS: Sir J. D. Hooker
(Handbook). Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Also in several of the Polynesian islands and in Java. One of the most
handsome species of the genus.

8. H. demissum, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 147, 574.—Terrestrial or
epiphytic, forming large patches. Rhizome long, wiry, creeping.
Fronds erect or decurved, membranous, bright pale-green, 4-16 in.
long including the stipes, 2-5 in. broad, ovate-deltoid or ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, 3-4-pinnatifid. Stipes 2-6in. long, terete, smooth
and glabrous, wiry, not winged above or very obscurely so; rha-
chis obviously winged in the upper part, but the wing much nar-
rowed and sometimes obsolete below. Primary pinnz spreading
or ascending, rhombic-lanceolate or rhombic-triangular; secondary
short, broad, again 1-2-pinnatifid. Ultimate segments j4—+in.
long, in. broad, linear, obtuse, flat, quite entire. Sori small,
very numerous at the tips of the segments, not confined to the
lateral ones, not sunk in the frond. Indusium ovate, obtuse or
subacute, 2-valved to the base; valves entire or lobed.—A. Rich.
Fl. Nouv. Zel. 92; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 245; Raoul, Choix, 39;
Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 109; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 14; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 354; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 61; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 41;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 58, t. 18, f. 1. H. erecto-alatum, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 431. H. megalocarpum, Col. l.c. xv. (1883)
818. H. polychilum, Col. l.c. xxiv. (1892) 395. Trichomanes de-
missum, Forst. Prodr. n. 468.

Hymenophyllum. | FILICES. 935

Kermaprec Isntanps, NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, CHATHAM ISLANDs,
‘SrEwart IstAND, AUCKLAND IsnANpDS: Abundant in woods throughout. Sea-
level to 3000 ft.

Also found in Polynesia, Java, and the Philippine Islands. The veinlets
often fork towards the tips of the segments, and in profusely fruited specimens
there is usually a sorus at the tip of each veinlet. When the fork of the veinlet
is very close to the tip of the segment the two sori are often included in a single
indusium, the valves of which, however, are more or less cleft at the apex. All
gradations can be traced between two indusia placed side by side, and a single
indusium containing 2 receptacles. Mr. Colenso’s H. megalocarpwm and H.
polychilum, named specimens of which appear to me to be identical, are founded
mainly on this peculiarity, and show no other differences. His H. erecto-alatwm
was separated on account of the broader crisped wing of the rhachis, but the type
specimens prove this character to be a very obscure and uncertain one.

9. H. scabrum, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 90, t. 14, £. 1.—
Usually clothing the trunks of trees, rarely terrestrial. Rhizome
long, creeping, wiry, more or less bristly with reddish-brown scales.
Fronds very variable in size, usually from 6in. to 20 in. long, but
luxuriant specimens sometimes attain 30in., 2-5 in. broad, ovate-
deltoid or ovate-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acuminate, mem-
branous, dark olive-green or olive-brown, erect or pendulous,
3-4-pinnatifid. Stipes 2-6in. long, not winged, more or less
densely clothed (as are the primary and secondary rhachides and
cost) with reddish-brown jointed hairs; rhachis winged above,
wingless below. Primary pinne 1-3in. long, close or rather dis-
tant, spreading or erecto-patent, rhomboidal-lanceolate or -oblong,
acuminate; secondary deeply pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid. Ultimate
segments linear, obtuse, flat, quite entire. Sori numerous, terminal
on the lateral segments on koth sides of the pinna. Indusium
rather small, orbicular or ovate-orbicular, 2-valved to the base ;
valves usually toothed.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 235; Raoul, Choix, 39 ;
Hook. Sp. Fu. i.110; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 15; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 355; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 61; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 42;
Field, N.4. Ferns, 62, t. 17, f. 4. Spherocionium glanduliferum,
Presl. Hpimel. 23, t. 12.

NortH and SoutH Isnanps, CuHatHam Isnanps: Moist forests from
Hokianga southwards, not uncommon. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

A distinct and beautiful species, easily recognised by the reddish hairs on
the stipes, rhachis, and coste, and by the dark colour of the frond. It 1s
confined to New Zealand.

10. H. flabellatum, Lad. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 101, t. 250.—Densely
matted, usually clothing the trunks of trees. Rhizomes long, wiry,
creeping, often much branched and interlaced, more or less clothed
with yellow-brown woolly hairs. Fronds very variable in size and
shape, usually 3-9in. long, but sometimes reduced to less than
lin., at other times attaining a length of 12in., the smaller speci-
mens generally ovate and erect, the longer ovate-lanceolate to
lanceolate or linear-oblong and pendulous, pale shining-green or

936 FILICES [Hymenophyllun.

yellow-green, membranous, glabrous or sparingly silky along the
rhachis and sometimes on the margins, 2-3-pinnatifid. Stipes
slender, terete, wingless, glabrous except a tuft of silky hairs at
the base; main rhachis winged towards the top, wingless else-
where. Primary pinne often close and overlapping, short, rhom-
boidal-ovate or flabellate, acuminate; secondary cuneate at the
base, deeply pinnatifid. Ultimate segments linear, flat, entire.
Sori small, terminal on the segments, usually on the lateral ones,
slightly immersed at the base. Indusium orbicular or nearly so,
2-valved to below the middle; valves usually entire.—Hook. Sp.
Ful. i. 111; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 11.15; Handb. N.Z. Hiwaeo:
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 61; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 705; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 42; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 57, t.19,f.6. H. nitens, R. Br.
Prodr. 159; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 94; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 236 ;
Raoul, Choix, 39.

NortH anD SoutH ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, AUCK-
LAND Istanps: Not uncommon in woods throughout. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Also in Tasmania and south-eastern Australia, and reported from Sumatra
and the Philippine Islands. Some varieties approach very closely to narrow-
fronded forms of H. demisswm, but in its ordinary state it cannot be easily
confounded with any other.

11. H. rufescens, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x1. (1879) 457,
t. 19a.—Very delicate, forming mats on the trunks of trees or on the
perpendicular faces of shaded rocks. Rhizome very slender, almost
filiform, branched, creeping, sparingly clothed with soft spreading
hairs. Stipes much longer than the frond proper, 1—2in., capillary,
wingless, clothed when young with long flexuous hairs. Fronds
34-14 in. long, +-3in. broad at the base, deltoid, delicately mem-
branous and pellucid, 2-pinnatifid; rhachis winged almost to the
base, and with the veins and occasionally the surfaces of the frond
more or less covered with long flexuous silky hairs. Pinne 3-4 pairs,
close, overlapping, cuneate-rhomboid or the lowest almost flabel-
late, deeply pinnatifid or lobed. Segments linear, obtuse, flat, quite
entire. Sori terminating the segments, slightly immersed at the
base. Jndusium ovate-orbicular, 2-valved to the base; valves
entire or slightly toothed, often ciliate-—Bak. in Annals of Bot. v.
(1890-91) 192; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 48; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 63, t. 15,
£16;

NortH Isnanp: Summit of Te Aroha Mountain, Adams! T. F’. C.; Oroua
River (Ruahine Range), H. C. Field! Mount Egmont Ranges, 7. #. C. SoutH
Istanp: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau, 7’. #. C.; Takaka Valley, Kingsley ;
Mount Rochfort, Rev. F. J. Spencer! Westland—Okarito, A. Hanulton !
Stewart Isnanp: Rakiahua, A. Hamilton, P. Goyer. 1000-3500 ft.

Nearest to H. flabellatum, some mountain forms of which approach it very
closely, but separated by the much longer capillary stipes, shorter, broader, and
more delicate fronds, and by the copious hairs. H. subtilissimum differs in the
larger size, the shape of the frond, and in the stellate tomentum.

Aymenophyllwm.] FILICES. 937

12. H. ciliatum, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 147.— Usually epiphytical.
Rhizome slender, creeping, 1-2in. long. Fronds 2-6in. long,
1-2in. broad, ovate-oblong, acuminate, thin and membranous,
2—-3-pinnatifid, more or less clothed with stalked branched or
stellate hairs, which are most abundant on the margins. Stipes
1-2in. long, winged above and ciliated ; rhachis broadly winged
throughout and also conspicuously ciliated with stellate hairs.
Primary pinne oblong or rhomboidal, cut down to a broad central
portion into numerous secondary divisions, which are simple or
forked or irregularly pinnatifid. Ultimate segments linear, flat,
obtuse, quite entire. Sori numerous, terminating the segments,
inore or less immersed. Indusium suborbicular, 2-valved half-way
down; valves ciliated.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 747; Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Ful. 63; Thomson, N.Z. Ferns, 43; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 64.
H. Boryanum, Willd. Sp. Plant. v. 518; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 89,
t. dlc.

Sour Istanp: Nelson— Travers (Handbook).

An abundant plant throughout the whole of tropical America, from Cuba
and Mexico to Chili; also in tropical Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius. I
have seen no New Zealand specimens, the plant not having been refound since
its original discovery by Mr. Travers nearly forty years ago.

13. H. subtilissimum, Kunze, Anal. Pteridog. 50.— Forming
dense mats on the stems of fern-trees and on tree-trunks, or on the
perpendicular faces of shaded rocks. Rhizome long, slender, fili-
form, tomentose with reddish-brown hairs. Fronds 2-10 in. long,
3-2 in. broad, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
very thin and membranous, yellow-brown or tawny, usually pen-
dulous, 2—3-pinnatitid, everywhere clothed with copious silky
stellate hairs. Stipes filiform, not winged; rhachis narrowly
winged above, wingless below. Primary pinne short, erecto-
patent, ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at the base; secondary irregu-
larly pinnatifid or forked. Ultimate segments close, linear, obtuse,
flat, quite entire. Sori numerous, small, terminal, sunk in the tips
of the lateral segments. Indusium orbicular or broader than long,
2-valved almost to the base; valves rounded, copiously ciliated
with stellate hairs.—Hook. and Baker Syn. Fil. 64; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 63, t. 15,1. 2. H. eruginosum, Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. 94; Hook.
jf. #l. Nov. Zel. 11.15; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 355. H. Franklinianum,
Col. in Tasmaman Journ. Nat. Sev. (1845) 23.

NorrH AnD Souru Isuanps, Stewart Istanp: Damp forests from the Bay
of Islands southwards, not uncommon, except on the east coast of the South
Island, where it is rare and local. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Also on the Island of Juan Fernandez and in Chili, and closely allied to the
Tristan d’Acunha H. eruginoswm, Carm., with which it was united by Sir J. D.
Hooker.

938 FILICES. | Hymenophyllum.

14. H. Malingii, Metten. ex Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 66.—
Forming small patches on the trunks and branches of trees.
Rhizome slender, creeping, sparsely clothed with reddish - brown
hairs. Fronds 2-8in. long, 4—14in. broad, narrow-oblong to.
linear, erect or pendulous, opaque, rigid, reddish-brown or greyish-
brown, everywhere most densely covered with stellate hairs mixed
with very minute close-set clavate papille, 2-3-pinnatifid. Stipes
1-3in. long, very slender, almost filiform, not winged, densely
tomentose. Pinne close or distant, 4—%in. long, rarely more, the
lower ones ovate-rhomboidal, the upper oblong, deeply pinnatifid ;
secondary divisions cuneate or flabellate, deeply pinnatifidly cut.
Ultimate segments very narrow-linear, obtuse, almost terete and
coriaceous from the dense coating of tomentum, which entirely
conceals the frond proper. Sori small, terminating the segments.
Indusium hidden by the tomentum, orbicular, 2-valved rather more
than half-way down ; valves denticulate at the apex.—Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 44; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 67, t. 7, 1.2. Trichomanes Malingii,
Hook. Garden Ferns, t. 64; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 357.

Nort Isuanp: Summit of Te Aroha Mountain, Adams ! T. F'. C.; Mount
Egmont, Mrs. Jones, T. F. C.; Ruahine Mountains and base of Ruapehu,
H. C. Field. SoutH Istanp: Nelson — Mountains behind Massacre Bay,
Maling; Takaka, Kingsley. Westland—Mountains near Greymouth, Hnys !
near Kumara, J. M. Brame! Franz Josef Glacier, Haast. Canterbury —
Banks Peninsula, 7. H. Potts! Otago—Mount Cargill, Pine Hill, Buchanan !
Thomson ! 500-3500 ft.

A most curious and remarkable little plant, confined to New Zealand. The
peculiar indumentum of the frond is well worth careful examination.

15. H. Cheesemanii, Bak. ex Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. (edit. 2)
464.— Minute, forming cushions on the branches of trees, or creep-
ing amongst mosses and hepatice. Rhizome branched, wide-
creeping, smooth and wiry. Fronds very small, +~1 in. jong, simple
or forked or digitately 3—5-fid, quite glabrous, dark-green, texture
firm. Stipes very short, filiform, {-+in. long. Segments about
75 in. broad, linear-oblong or ligulate, obtuse, with a single stout
dark-coloured costa in each; margins not usually conspicuously
thickened, strongly ciliate-dentate ; teeth ascending, dark-brown or
black, sometimes caducous. Sori 1-3 to a frond, terminating the
segments. Indusium slightly sunk in the frond at the base,
orbicular-oblong, dark brownish-black, of a more compact texture
than the frond, 2-valved nearly to the base; valves smooth, convex,
quite entire, recurved in age.—Ic. Plant. t. 1132; Cheesem. im Trans.
N.Z. Inst. viii. (1876) 329; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 36; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 65, t..5, f. 3.

Var. Armstrongii.— Precisely similar in size and habit, but texture firmer
and margins strongly thickened.—H. Armstrongii, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
x. (1878) App. 43, t. 21a; Bak. Ic. Plant. t. 1614. H. melanocheilos, Col. m

Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 255. Trichomanes Armstrongii, Bak. ex Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Fil. (edit. 2) 465.

Hymenophyllum. | FILICES. 939

Nort Isnranp: Auckland—Whangaroa, R. W. Rowson! Great Barrier
Island, Kirk ! Whangarei, Coromandel, Thames, Titirangi, Hunua, 7’. #’. C.;
Te Aroha Mountain, Adams! SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Mokihinui, Kirk! Can-
terbury — Upper Waimakariri, Arthur’s Pass, Armstrong! Hnys! Kirk!
T. F. C. Westland—Hokitika, Kirk ; Kumara, J. M. Brame; Okarito, A.
Hamilton! Srmewart Isuanp: Ruggedy Mountains, Kirk. Sea-level to
3500 ft.

A peculiar little species, usually found among moss on the upper branches
of forest-trees, or on the perpendicular faces of rocks. I am unable to maintain
H, Armstrongii as a separate species, for the stout marginal nerve, which is
supposed to separate it from H. Cheesemanii, is an inconstant character, and
fronds may be picked from the same rhizome with or without it. Usually,
however, epiphytic specimens want the nerve, and rupestral ones possess it.

16. H. minimum, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 91, t. 14, f. 2.—Minute,
forming matted patches on rocks or on the trunks of trees.
Rhizome much branched, filiform, wide-creeping, glabrous or spar-
ingly bristly. Stipes wiry, filiform, naked, 4-$in. long. Fronds
very small, +-2in. long, broadly oblong-deltoid or ovate, erect or
recurved, firm, pale-green when fresh, often reddish-brown when
dry, pinnatifid or pinnate at the base. Segments 2-6 pairs, close,
spreading, simple or the lower ones forked, linear, obtuse, more or
less coneave, rigid, quite glabrous; margins spinulose-dentate. Sori
never more than one to a frond, terminating the main rhachis,
stipitate, quite free. Indusium rather large, obovate-cuneate, nar-
rowed at the base, 2-valved to the middle; valves spinulose on the
back; margins rounded, sharply spinulose-dentate. Receptacle
stout, often exserted in age.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 242; Raoul,
Glow, 39; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1. 103; Fl. Nov. Zel. u. 12;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 353; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. (edit. 2) 464;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 36.

SoutH Isnranp: Nelson—Tasman Bay, D’Urville. Westland—Coast near
Okarito, A. Hamilton! Otago — Resolution Island, Hnys! Hast Coast,
Buchanan! A. Hanvilton! Stewart Istanp: Not uncommon, Kirk! Auvck-
LAND ISLANDS: Scarce, Sir J. D. Hooker.

A much misunderstood species; most collectors confusing it with small
forms of H. Tunbridgense, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by
the uniformly solitary and terminal sori, the indusium of which is spinulose on
the back as well as on the margins. It appears to bea littoral plant, never
found far from the sea.

17. H. Tunbridgense, Smith, Fl. Brit. 1141.— Forming broad
densely inatted moss-like patches on rocks or on the trunks of trees.
Rhizome much branched, long, wiry, creeping. Fronds variable in
size, 4-3 in. long, 4-1 in. broad, oblong or linear-oblong, pale-green,
membranous, pinnate below, pinnatifid above. Stipes 4-ldin.
long, slender, wiry, naked; rhachis winged above, wingless below,
or sometimes the wing is decurrent almost to the lowest pinna.
Pinnz spreading, close or rather remote, usually flabellately
pinnatifid. Segments 3-12 to a pinna, linear, obtuse, flat, con-
spicuously spinulose-dentate. Sori terminal on a short lateral seg-

940 FILICES. | Hymenophyllun.

ment near the base of the pinnz on their upper margin and hence
supra-axillary, rarely more than one to a pinna. Indusium sub-
orbicular, compressed, its base slightly immersed in the segment,
deeply 2-valved; valves thin, smooth on the back; margins con-
spicuously spinulose-dentate.—A. Rich. Fl. Now’. Zel. 91; A. Cunn.
Precur.n. 243; Raoul, Choix, 39; Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. 95; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 11; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 352; Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 67; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 35; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 65, t. 14, f. 7.
H. pusillum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 365; (?)H. pyg-
meeum, Col. l.c. xii. (1881) 376. H. zeelandicum, Van der Bosch.

Var. cupressiforme, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 11.—Fronds taller and nar-
rower, More erect, 1-4in. high. Pinne distant; segments more rigid, narrower,
often decurved. Sori free, almost stipitate.—H. cupressiforme, Labill. Pl.
Nov. Holl. ii. 102, t. 250. H. revolutum, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sci.
(1845) 26.

NortH AND SoutH IJs~tanps, STEWART ISLAND, AUCKLAND ISLANDS:
Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

An abundant plant in most temperate and subtropical countries, and
everywhere highly variable. Var. cupressiforme has much of the habit of the
next species, but the valves of the indusium are spinulose-dentate.

18. H. unilaterale, Willd. Sp. Plant. v. 521.—Forming large
patches on the ground among moss or on the roots of trees.
Rhizome long, creeping, branched. Fronds 1-4in. long, linear-
oblong, dark-green, rigidly membranous, pinnate below, pinnatifid
above. Stipes $-l1din. long, slender, wiry, naked; rhachis winged
in the upper portion only. Pinne narrower and more rigid than
in H. Tunbridgense, often pinnatifid on the upper side alone. Seg-
ments fewer and narrower, frequently decurved, usually involute,
margins conspicuously spinulose-dentate. Sori terminal on short
lateral segments near the base of the pine on their upper mar-
gin, exactly as in H. Tunbridgense. Indusium obovate-oblong or
broadly oblong, turgid, slightly immersed at the base, deeply
9-valved ; valves smooth; margins quite entire.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zet. ii. 11; Fl. Tasm. ii. 184; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 353. H. Wilsoni,
Hook. Brit. Fl. (edit. 1) 450; Sp. Fil. i. 95. H. Tunbridgense
var. Wilsoni, Hook. ana Bak. Syn. Ful. 67.

NortrH anp SoutH Is~tanps, StEwart IstaAnpD: From Te Aroha Mountain
southwards, not common, chiefly in mountain forests. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

Very closely allied to H. Tunbridgense, and sometimes hardly to be dis-
tinguished from it in the absence of fruit, but usually the frond is taller and
narrower and more rigid, the pinne are sparingly divided and decurved, the
segments often unilateral, and the indusia narrower and more turgid, with the
margins of the valves quite entire. 1ts geographical range is nearly the same
as that of H. Tunbridgense, but it is a much less abundant plant.

19. H. multifidum, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 149, 378.— Forming
matted patches upon the ground or on the trunks or branches of
trees. Rhizome much branched, creeping, wiry. Fronds variable

Hymenophyliwm. | FILICES. 941

in size, usually 4-8in. high including the stipes, but sometimes
dwarfed to 1in., and occasionally attaining 12 in., ovate-lanceolate
to oblong-ovate or deltoid, acute or acuminate, erect or decurved
or even pendulous, dark olive-green to light-green, membranous,
3-4-pinnatifid. Stipes 1-5in. long, terete, wiry, naked; rhachis
narrowly winged above. Primary pinne close and often over-
lapping in terrestrial specimens, more remote in those growing
on trees, rhomboidal-lanceolate, cut down to a rather broadly
winged rhachis into numerous secondary divisions, which are again
pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid. Ultimate segments linear, rigid, obtuse,
deeply spinulose-dentate. Sori few, large, mostly in the upper
part of the frond, terminating very short lateral segments, often
appearing quite axillary, free. Indusium erect or decurved,
obovoid, tubular below, 2-valved to the middle; valves entire or
denticulate.—A. Cunn. Precur.n. 240; Raoul, Choix, 39; Hook. and
Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 167; Hook. Sp. Fil. 1.98; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii.
12; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 353; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 69; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 37; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 66, t. 19, f.8. H. truncatum,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1891) 890. H. alpinum, Col. l.c.
xxx1. (1899) 263. H. oligocarpum, Col. l.c. xxxi. (1899) 264.
Trichomanes multifidum, Forst. Prodr. n. 473.

NortH anp SourH Isptanps, Stewart IsLAND, CHATHAM JIsLANDS, AUCK-
LAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS, ANTIPODES IsLAND: Abundant throughout.
Sea-level to 4000 ft.

Varying greatly in size and habit, but always easily recognised by the very
peculiar indusium. It is also found in Fiji and others of the Pacific islands.

20. H. bivalve, Swariz, Syn. Fil. 146, 372. — Forming large
matted patches on the ground among moss, more rarely epiphyti-
cal. Rhizome stout, wiry, creeping; rootlets densely villous.
Fronds (including the stipes) usually from 6—9in. high, 2-4 in.
broad, but luxuriant specimens reach 12-14 in., with a breadth of
6in., broadly ovate or deltoid, acuminate, rather rigid, often de-
curved, 3-4-pinnatifid. Stipes 2-5in. long, terete, wiry, glabrous,
not winged; rhachis narrowly winged above. Primary pinne
triangular or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cut down almost to the
rhachis into rhomboidal-lanceolate secondary divisions, which are
again pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid. Ultimate segments narrow-linear,
obtuse, deeply spinulose-dentate. Sori usually numerous, terminal
on the segments, immersed at the base. Indusium ovate or ovate-
orbicular, cuneate below, 2-valved nearly to the base; valves quite
entire.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 938; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 244;
Raoul, Choixz, 39; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 98, t. 35d; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. ii. 12; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 353; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 69;
Thomson, N.Z. Ferns, 37; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 67, t. 17, f. 3. H.
spathulatum, Col. im Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sci. (1845) 24.
Trichomanes bivalve, Forst. Prodr. n. 466.

942 FILICES. [Hymenophyllum.

Nort Istanp: Hilly forests from the Great Barrier Island (C. P. Winkel-
mann !) and Cape Colville southwards, not common to the north of the Hast
Cape. SoutH Isuanp, Stewart IsLanD, CHaTHAM IsLaNDs: Not uncommon
throughout. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Confined to New Zealand, Allied to H. multifiduwm, but a larger and less
rigid plant, of a paler-green colour, and with smaller indusia immersed in the
tips of the segments, not axillary.

2. TRICHOMANES, Smith.

Ferns, usually of small size. Rhizome slender or rather stout,
often much branched, glabrous or tomentose. Fronds compound
or rarely simple and entire, of the same delicately membranous
texture as Hymenophyllum, often pellucid, usually of a single layer
of cells, rarely of 3-6 layers. Ultimate segments linear or narrow-
oblong, entire or rarely toothed at the margin, with a stout central
costa. Sori marginal, terminal or lateral, more or less immersed in
the frond or quite free, always terminating a vein. Indusium
tubular or trumpet- -shaped, truncate at the mouth or with a narrow
spreading lip or border, usually of the same texture as the frond.
Receptacle elongated, filiform or columnar, usually exserted beyond
the indusium. Sporangia sessile, depressed, surrounded by a broad
complete horizontal ring, bursting transversely.

A genus of about 90 species, of almost precisely the same aoogtanhia range
as Hymenophyllwm, and agreeing with it in habit and in the delicate texture of
the frond, but differing in the shape of the indusium, which is cylindrical or
urceolate, and either truncate at the mouth or very shallowly 2-lipped. Of the
7 species found in New Zealand, 4 appear to be endemic, 2 occur in the Poly-

nesian islands, one of them extending as far north as Java, the remaining one
is found in Australia and Tasmania.

* Fronds simple and entire.
Fronds 2-4 in. diam., broadly reniform with a deep sinus 1. T. reniforme.

** Fronds small, 3-4 in. long, usually pendulous, delicately membranous,
pinnately or 2- pinnately divided; divisions comparatively few.

Fronds 3-14 in., digitately or flabellately divided, margins
ciliated with branched rufous hairs. Indusium ob-

conical, immersed .. 2. T. Lyall.
Fronds 1-3in. ., dull dark- -green, irregularly 2- pinnatifid,
segments with a single unbranched costa ; 3. T. humile.

Fronds 1-4 in., pale-green, irregularly 2- pinnatifid, costa

of the segments siving off numerous dichotomous

veinlets .. .. 4. ZT. venosum.
Fronds 1-4 in., dark- -green, 2- 3. pinnately divided ; rhachis

not winged. Segments very narrow-linear, acute ; costa

not branched nits a BR ie .. 5. LT. Colensot.

*** Fronds larger, 4-9in. long, rigidly erect, subcoriaceous, 3-4-pinnatifid ;
divisions numerous.

Fronds lanceolate, pale se sa ultimate segments

narrow-linear, obtuse > ‘ Pe .. 6. Z. stractum,
Fronds ovate - deltoid, dark - green ; ‘ultimate segments

broad, oblong, incised at the tips ie 55 .. 7. T. elongatum.

Trichomanes. | FILICES. 943,

1. T. reniforme, Forst. Prodr. n. 462.—Creeping over the ground
in moist forests, or clothing the trunks of trees and rotten logs.
Rhizome stout, hard, rigid, wide-creeping; rootlets woolly. Stipes
2-8in. long, erect, wiry, glabrous. Fronds 2-4in. broad, quite
entire, broadly reniform with a deep sinus, dark-green and trans-
lucent when fresh, brown and almost horny when dry, flat or
undulate, glossy, quite glabrous; veins radiating from the base,
numerous, close, prominent, repeatedly dichotomous, spurious
venules wanting. Sori very numerous, crowded, often encircling
the whole of the margin of the frond. Indusium narrow cup-
shaped or almost bell-shaped. Receptacle far-exserted, stout,
columnar, covered with sporangia.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 95;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 228; Raoul, Choix, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 115;
Haxot. Ferns, t. 2; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fl. t.31; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. ii. 16; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 356; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 73;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 46; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 68, t. 2, f. 3. Crepi-
domanes reniforme, Presi.

NortuH anp SoutH Isnanps, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: From
the North Cape southwards, abundant in damp woods, except on the eastern
side of Canterbury and Otago, where it is rare and local. Sea-level to 3000 ft.
Kidney-fern ; Raurenga.

A very distinct and beautiful species, quite unlike any other. The frond
differs from that of all the other species in having from 4 to 6 layers of cellules.
It is confined to New Zealand, its reported occurrence in Australia (Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 747) not having been confirmed.

2. T. Lyallii, Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 77.—-Small, pendulous,
very delicate, clothing the trunks of trees in damp forests.
Rhizome branched, creeping, capillary, sparingly clothed with
simple or stellate red-brown hairs. Stipes 1-2in. long, very
slender, filiform. Fronds 3-ldin. long and broad, deltoid or sub-
orbicular in outline, delicately membranous and diaphanous, digi-
tately or flabellately divided almost to the base. Segments simple or
dichotomously branched, linear, obtuse, flat, minutely denticulate ;
margins ciliated with branched rufous hairs. Sori few or many to a
frond, deeply sunk in the tips of the segments. Indusium obconical,
the width of the mouth about equalling the depth of the tube;
margins ciliated, not dilated nor bordered. Receptacle included.—
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 45; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 70, t. 5, f. 4. Hymeno-
phyllum Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 16; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 355.

NortH anpD SoutH Istanps.-— From the Great Barrier Island and Cape
Colville southwards, not uncommon in dense moist forests, but rare or absent
on the east coast of the South Island, plentiful in Westland and the south-west
of Otago. Stewart Istanp: Mount Anglem, Kirk. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Exactly intermediate between J’richomanes and Hymenophyllum, so far as
the structure of the indusium is concerned. It is purely a matter of taste as to
which genus it should be referred to.

944 FILICES. [| Trichomanes.

_ 38. T. humile, Forst. Prodr. n. 464.—Small, pendulous from the
faces of rocks or bank-sides. Rhizomes much branched, slender,
creeping, intermatted. Stipes short, slender, +4in. long, winged
almost to the base. Fronds 1-3 in. long, }+-2 in. broad, lanceolate or
linear-oblong, quite glabrous, membranous, dark dull-green, irre-
cularly 2-pinnatifid; rhachis winged throughout. Pinne ascend-
ing, forked or again pinnatifid. Ultimate segments linear, flat,
obtuse, quite entire, a single costa in each segment, spurious venules
wanting. Sori solitary, sunk in the tip of a short lateral segment
and on the upper side of a pinna near its base. Indusium tubular
or trumpet-shaped ; mouth expanded, shortly 2-lipped. Receptacle
usually exserted as a long capillary bristle-— Hook. and Grev. Ic. Ful.
t. 85; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 123; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. u. 16; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 356; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 80; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 46;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 70, t. 5, n. 8.

Norru Istanp: From the North Cape southwards, not uncommon in dark
woods. SourH Istanp: Nelson — Happy Valley, 4. Grant. Marlborough—
Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solander. Canterbury—Banks Peninsula,
Armstrong. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Also in Java and the Pacific islands.

4. T. venosum, &. Br. Prodr. 159.—Pendulous, usually cloth-
ing the trunks of tree-ferns. Rhizome long, slender, branched,
wide - creeping, densely tomentose. Stipes 4-2in. long, very
slender, capillary, naked. Fronds 1-4in. long, 3-14in. broad,
linear or lanceolate to oblong, very delicate and niembranous,
translucent, pale-green, shining, quite glabrous, pinnate; rhachis
broadly winged above, naked below. Pinne 4-8 pairs, very
variable in shape and amount of cutting, from limear and undi-
vided to rhomboidal-lanceolate and deeply and irregularly pinnati-
fid. Segments or lobes flat, obtuse, irregularly sinuate; costa
flexuous, with numerous alternate once or twice dichotomous
secondary veinlets. Sori generally solitary on each pinna and
sunk in a short lobe on the upper margin near the base, but in
specimens with broad lower pinne there may be 2-4 sori placed
irregularly on both the upper and lower margins. Indusium
tubular; mouth dilated all round, entire or very slightly 2-lipped.
Receptacle usually exserted, capillary.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 229;
Raoul, Choix, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 182; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fil.
t. 78; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 17; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 357; Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Fil. 82; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 702; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 47; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 71, t. 14, f. 4. T. venustulum, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xu. (1880) 366.

KgerMapec Istanps, NortH anp SourH IsLAnps, STEWART ISLAND,
CuatHam Is~anps: Abundant in moist forests throughout. Sea-level to
2500 ft.

Also in south-eastern Australia and Tasmania. Mr. Colenso’s 7. venustulum
is simply a small state with broader lower pinnze sometimes bearing 2-4 sori.

Trichomanes.} FILICES. 945

5. T. Colensoi, Hook. ‘f. Ic. Plant. t. 979.—Pendulous from
rocks or from the trunks of trees. Rhizome wide-creeping,
branched, capillary, more or less tomentose. Stipes short, slender,
naked. Fronds rather distant, 2-5 in. long, 4-1 in. broad, oblong-
lanceolate or linear-oblong, acuminate, quite glabrous, membranous,
dark-green, 3-pinnatifid; rhachis slender, not winged. Primary
pinne 5-12 pairs, remote, shortly stalked, pinnate at the base,
pinnatifid above. Ultimate segments very narrow-linear, acute,
quite entire; a central costa only in each segment. Sori solitary
on the upper side of a pinna near its base and thus appearing
axillary, erect, stipitate, quite free. Indusium tubular, the mouth
slightly dilated. Receptacle usually exserted as a long capillary
bristle—F. Nov. Zel. u. 17; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 357; Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Ful. 85; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 47; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 71, t. 22,

ie

Norv Istanp: Auckland—Ravines at Mamaku, near Rotorua, J. Stewart !
Lake Waikaremoana, Colenso! Taranaki—Mount Egmont Ranges, J. M. Brame.
Wellington—Tararua Ranges, Buchanan! SourH Istanp: Nelson—Near Col-
lingwood, Travers, Dall! Takaka Valley and West Wanganui, Kingsley.
Canterbury — Banks Peninsula, Armstrong. Westland—Near Okarito, A.
Hamilton! Otago—Vicinity of Dunedin, Buchanan! A. Hamilton! Lake
Wanaka, Haast. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Well distinguished by the finely cut fronds with distant pinne and very
narrow-linear acute segments. Its nearest ally is the South American 7.
capillaceum, Li.

6. f. strictum, Menz. ex Hook. and Grev. Ic. Ful. t. 199,——
Rhizome very short, erect or inclined, stout, woody, emitting many
long wiry rootlets. Fronds numerous, crowded at the top of the
rhizome. Stipes 2—4 in. long, stiff, erect, terete, naked or narrowly
margined above, furnished with a tuft of red-brown bristles at the
base. Fronds 3-6in. long, 14-24 in. broad, lanceolate or linear-
oblong, acuminate, rigidly erect, yellowish-green, 3—4-pinnatifid ;
rhachis narrowly winged throughout or the wing evanescent in the
lower part. Primary pinne close-set, lanceolate, ascending or
spreading, the lower sometimes reduced in size; secondary pin-
natifid. Ultimate segments narrow-linear, flat, entire, glabrous ;
texture firm; costa stout, unbranched. Sori usually not very
numerous, terminating short segments near the base of the upper
margin of the secondary pinne. Indusium quite free, erect, funnel-
shaped, mouth dilated all round. Receptacle exserted, capillary.—
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zei. 95; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 186; Hook. f. Fi.
Nov. Zel. 1.17; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 356; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil.
(edit. 2) 466; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 47. T. leptophyllum, A. Cunn.
Precur.n. 232; Raoul, Chow, 38. T. Cunninghamii, Van der Bosch.
T. rigidum var. strictum, Meld, Ferns N.Z, 72, t. 28, f. 3.

NortH Isuanp: Damp forests from Hokianga southwards to Wellington,
but far from common. SourHIsnanp: Nelson—Massacre Bay, Lyall, Travers ;

946 FILICES. [Trichomanes.

Takaka and West Wanganui, Kingsley. Westland— Kumara, J. M. Brame !
Okarito, A. Hamilton! Otago— Dusky Sound, Hector and Buchanan.
STEWART ISLAND: Ulva, rare, Kirk. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Confined to New Zealand, but very closely allied to the widely spread
T. rigidum, Swartz.

7. T. elongatum, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 231.—Rhizome short,
stout, erect or inclined, clothed with the bases of the old stipites; root-
lets many, rigid and wiry. Fronds 4-8 at the top of the rhizome.
Stipes 3-9 in. long, stout, rigid, terete, rough below and furnished
at the very base with a tuft of linear bristles, not winged above.
Fronds 3-8 in. long, 14-3 in. broad, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, rigid,
dark olive-green, often coated on the upper surface with mosses and
hepaticee, 2-3-pinnatifid ; main rhachis scarcely winged except at
the very top. Primary pinne close, rhomboidal-lanceolate, pin-
nate at the base, pinnatifid above ; secondary imbricating, oblong-
cuneate, deeply incised or pinnatifid. Ultimate segments or lobes
rather broad, usually incised at the tips, the teeth acute; veins
stout, branching, one to each tooth. Sori numerous, in the axils of
the lobes of the secondary pinne. Indusium narrow funnel-shaped,
quite free ; mouth scarcely dilated, entire or very slightly 2-lipped.
Receptacle stout, rigid, exserted.— Raoul, Choixz, 38; Hook. Ic.
Plant. t. 700; Sp. Fal. 1.°134; Hook. f. £l. Nour fe aaa
Handab. N.Z. Fl. 356. T. rigidum var. elongatum, Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Fil. 86; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 48; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 73, t. 16,
f. 2. TT. polyodon, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 618:

Nortu Istanp: Dark woods, abundant to the north of the Kast Cape, from
thence rare and local southwards to Cook Strait. SourH Isuanp: Nelson—
Collingwood, D. Grant; Takaka and West Wanganui, Kingsley. Marlborough
—Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solander, Canterbury—Banks Peninsula,
Armstrong. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Closely allied to the widely distributed 7. rigidwm, Swartz, and considered
to be a variety of it by Mr. Baker and other pteridologists. But the frond is
broader and more deltoid, the rhizome is not creeping, and the stipes and
rhachis quite wingless ; the pinne are more imbricate and less divided, and the
segments are broader and shorter. It is also found in the New Hebrides.

3. LOXSOMA, R. Br.

Rhizome stout, woody, creeping, paleaceous. Fronds erect,
coriaceous, opaque, quite glabrous, 3-4-pinnate ; stipes long. Veins
free, not anastomosing. Sori marginal, in a sinus of the teeth or
lobes of the frond, terminating a vein. Indusium cup-shaped or
almost urceolate, coriaceous; mouth truncate, entire. Receptacle
long, columnar, exserted. Sporangia numerous, mixed with jointed
hairs, obovoid or pyriform, girt by a complete oblique ring, burst-
ing vertically.

A genus of a single species, endemic in the northern portion of the colony.

Loxsoma. | FILICES, 947

1. L. Cunninghamii, R. Br. ex A. Cunn. Precur. n. 215, t. 31,
32.—Rhizome long, stout, tortuous, densely clothed with linear red-
brown hairs. Stipes 1-2ft. high, erect, pale- brown, glabrous,
smooth and polished. Fronds 9-24 in. long, 6-12 in. broad, broadly
triangular, coriaceous, dark-green above, glaucous-white or pale-
green beneath; rhachis polished, channelled. Primary pinne
rather distant, ascending, the upper alternate, the lowermost oppo-
site; secondary ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, pinnate below,
pinnatifid above. Ultimate segments oblong, subacute, toothed or
notched. Sori inserted in the notches, the indusium pointing back-
wards from the frond.—Raoul, Choixz, 38; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 15;
Sp. Fil. i. 86; Garden Ferns, t. 31; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 18 ;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 358; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 56; Thoms. N.Z
Ferns, 33; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 55, t. 12, f. 1. Trichomanes ccenop-
teroides, Harv. ex A. Cunn. l.c. Davallia dealbata, A. Cunn. l.c.

NortH Istanp: Auckland—In woods from Mongonui and Kaitaia south-
wards to Te Aroha, not common. Sea-level to 1200 ft.

A very remarkable fern, with the habit of a coriaceous Davallia or Dick-
sonia, and the sorus of a Trichomanes. But the sporangia differ widely
from those of Trichomanes in having an oblique ring, and the dehiscence is
vertical, like that of Gleichenia and Schizea. In has generally been placed in
the tribe Hymenophyllacee, but the recent investigations of Professor Bower
(Phil. Trans. Vol. excii., pp. 47 to 52) seem to prove that Pres] and Bommer were
right in regarding it as constituting a distinct tribe, having affinities with
Gleichenia and Schiz@a on the one hand, and on the other with the
Aymenophyllacee and Dennstedia.

4. CYATHEA, Smith.

Tree-ferns, the New Zealand species with a trunk or caudex
varying from 10-50 ft. or even more. Fronds very large, usually
2-3-pinnate, very rarely (in species not found in New Zealand)
pinnate or undivided. Stipes often muricate or aculeate. Sori
dorsal, globose, situated upon a vein or at the fork of a vein; recep-
tacle elevated, globose or elongated. Indusium globose, at first
covering the whole sorus, but soon bursting at the summit, often in
an irregular manner, usually persistent as a cup surrounding the
base of the sorus, its margin entire or laciniate. Sporangia
numerous, sessile or nearly so, often mixed with jointed hairs,
bursting transversely ; ring somewhat oblique, usually complete.

A large and beautiful genus of over 120 species, most plentiful in damp
tropical or subtropical regions, unknown in the north temperate zone. It
attains its southern limit in New Zealand. Of the 4 species found therein, 2
appear to be endemic; the remaining 2 extend to Australia or the Pacific
islands.

* Under-surface of frond white.

Trunk 10-30ft. Fronds 6-12ft.; stipes and rhachis
clothed with yellowish-brown deciduous tomentum .. 1. C. dealbata.

948 FILICES. [ Cyathea.

** Under-surface of frond green.

Trunk 20-50ft. Fronds 8-20ft., coriaceous; stipes and
rhachis conspicuously muricate beneath. Fertile seg-
ments lobulate or pinnatifid ye ne Be

Trunk 20-40 ft. Fronds 6-18 ft., not so coriaceous ; stipes
and rhachis rough but hardly muricate, clothed with
yellow-brown tomentum. Fertile segments obscurely
serrate, not lobulate ae ays =F Fs

Trunk 8-20ft. Fronds 6-10ft., almost membranous;
stipes and rhachis slightly asperous, clothed with
strigose hairs above. Fertile segments lobulate or
pinnatifid .. 36 a ae Le .. 4. C.Cunninghami,

2. C. medullaris.

3. C. Milne.

1. CG. dealbata, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 140, 356.—Trunk 10-30 ft.
high, seldom more, 9-18in. diam. at the base, clothed above the
middle with the short light-brown bases of the old stipites. Fronds
numerous, horizontally spreading, 6-12 ft. long, 2-4 ft. broad, 2-8-
pinnate, subcoriaceous, green or yellow-green above, pure-white
beneath from a coating of deciduous powder. Stipes rather slender,
slightly asperous, clothed at the base with shining dark-brown
linear scales, elsewhere (together with the rhachis and costz) more
or less covered with yellow-brown deciduous tomentum, becoming
almost glabrous when old. Primary pinne 1-1} it. long, oblong,
acuminate; secondary 2-4 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate or
almost caudate, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate towards the base.
Segments or pinnules $-} 1n. long, linear-oblong, acute or sub-
acute, more or less falcate, serrate. Sori small, globose, copious,
but often confined to the lower half of the segments. Indusium
small, membranous, only covering the sorus in a very early stage,
persistent at the base as a shallow cup.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 77,
t. 10; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 226; Raoul, Choix, 38; Hook. Sp. Fu.
i. 27; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 7; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 349; Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Fil. 26; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 28; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 45,
t. 10, f.2. OC. tricolor, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 304.
(?) Hemitelia falciloba, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 394.
Polypodium dealbatum, Forst. Prodr. n. 404.

Norru anp SourH Is~LAnDs, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant in woods from
the North Cape to Foveaux Strait. Sea-level to 2000ft. Ponga; Silver

Tree-fern.

Perhaps the most generally distributed of the New Zealand tree-ferns. It
can usually be identified at a glance by the milk-white under-surface of the
fronds, although individual specimens are occasionally seen in which the under-
surface is obscurely glaucous or even quite green. Very young plants are always
green beneath; the white first appearing in irregular patches, giving the under-
surface a curious piebald appearance. Outside New Zealand it occurs in Lord
Howe Island, and a barren plant collected at Penang is assumed to be the same.

2. CG. medullaris, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 140, 366.—Trunk 20-50 ft.
high or even more, in old plants furnished at the base with a hard
and thick conical buttress formed of densely compacted aerial root-

Cyathea. | FILICES. 949

lets, sometimes extending for several feet up the trunk, and 1-24 ft.
diam. at the foot; trunk proper rather slender for its height, black,
marked with the hexagonal scars of the old stipites, and at the very
top rough with the remains of the stipites. Fronds numerous,
20-30, curving, 8-20 ft. long, 3-5 ft. broad, 2-3-pinnate, coriaceous,
dark-green above, paler beneath. Stipes stout, clothed at the base
with copious black linear scales, and together with the rhachis more
or less covered with scattered tubercles. Primary pinne 14-3 ft.
long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; secondary 4—6 in. long, #-14in.
broad, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, acuminate, pinnate below,
pinnatifid above, costs more or less clothed with tawny silky hairs
or glabrous. Pinnules or segments about 4 in. long, ;4,-¢1n. broad,
linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, falcate; the fertile ones deeply
crenate-serrate or lobulate, sometimes pinnatifid; the barren ones
broader, crenate-serrate or almost entire; costules usually with
pale ciliated scales beneath. Sori very numerous, one to each lobe
of the pinnule. Indusium brown, membranous, splitting into 2—4
irregular lobes.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowy. Zel. 78; A. Cunn. Precur.
none2; aoul, Choiz, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. 26; Hook. f.. i.
Nov. Zel. ii. 7; Handb. N.Z. Fi. 349; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 25;
Thoms. N.4Z. Ferns, 28; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 42, t. 9, £.3. C. poly-
neuron, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 429. Polypodium
medullare, Forst. Prodr. n. 452; Pl. Hscul. 74.

Norrs anp SoutH Istanps, Stewart IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: From
the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape southwards, abundant, except in
the east of Canterbury and Otago. Sea level to 2000 ft. Korau ; Mamaku ;
Black Tree-fern.

Apparently the same species occurs in south-east Australia, Tasmania, and
in several of the Pacific islands. Colenso’s C. polynewron, separated by him
chiefly on account of the more numerous veinlets, hardly seems to be entitled to
the rank of a variety. The mucilaginous pith of the trunk and lower part of the
stipes was formerly baked and eaten by the Maoris, and was considered to be an
excellent article of food.

3. C. Milnei, Hook. ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 349.—Trunk
tall, 20-40 ft. high, 1 ft. in diam. at the base. Fronds numerous,
6-18 ft. long, 2-4 ft. broad, 2-3-pinnate, not so coriaceous as in
C. medullaris, dark-green above, paler beneath. Stipes stout,
clothed at the base with copious linear scales, slightly asperous on
the under-surface, more or less covered, as are the rhachides and
costee, with yellowish-brown deciduous wool. intermixed with mem-
branous scales. Primary pinne 14-24 it. long, 6-10in. wide,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; secondary 3-din. long, about in
broad, linear-oblong, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid. Segments
4-41in. long, oblong, obtuse, falcate, obscurely crenate-serrate,
margins slightly recurved, under-surface often scaly-pubescent.
Sori copious, rather large, nearer the costule than the margin.

950 FILICES. [ Cyathea.

Indusium membranous, splitting irregularly, persistent at the base
of the sorus as a shallow cup with lacerate margins.—Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Ful. 26.

KrrmapeEc Isnanps: Sunday Island, abundant from sea-level to the tops
of the highest hills, alt. 1700 ft.

A noble species, allied to C. medullaris, but sufficiently distinct in the more
membranous fronds, in the stipes and rhachis not being conspicuously muricate
and densely clothed on both sides with yellowish-brown deciduous wool, and in
the fertile segments being much less coarsely serrate.

4. C. Cunninghamii, Hook f. in Hook, Ic. Plant. t. 985.—Trunk
8-20 ft. high, rarely more, often coated at the base with densely
compacted aerial rootlets, upper part covered with tbe pendent
withered fronds. Fronds numerous, 20-30, 6-10 ft. long, 2-4 ft.
broad, 2-3-pinnate, subcoriaceous or almost membranous, flaccid,
dark-green above, paler beneath. Stipes rather slender, dark-
coloured at the very base, and furnished with numerous linear
scales, elsewhere pale, and together with the rhachis slightly
tubercled, more or less covered, especially on the upper surface,
with pale yellowish-brown woolly or strigose tomentum. Primary
pinne 1-2 ft. long, 4-6in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ;
secondary 2-4 in. long, about #in. broad, linear-oblong, acuminate,
deeply pinnatifid above, pinnate below. Segments or pinnules
4-1 in. long, linear, obtuse, regularly lobulate or pinnatifid ; lobules
entire; veins forked. Sori copious, one to each lobe of the pinnule,
rather nearer the costa than the margin. Indusium brown, mem-
branous, at first covering the sorus, splitting up very irregularly,
sometimes leaving an unequal-sided cup with lacerate edges, at
other times a single lobe on one side as in Hemitelia.—Fl. Nov. Zel.
ii. 7; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 350; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 25; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 29; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 44, t. 9, f. 1, 2.

Nortu Istanp: Auckland—Bay of Islands, Cunningham, Miss Clarke!
Whangarei, 7. F’. C.; Great Barrier Island, Kirk; Waitakerei and Hunua,
|? #F. C. Wellington—Hutt Valley, Ralph, Buchanan. SoutH IsLanp:
Nelson—Bateman’s Gully, D. Grant! CHatHam Istanps: H. H. Travers!
Miss Seddon ! Sea-level to 1500 ft.

Best distinguished from C. medullaris, to which it is closely allied, by the
smaller size, more membranous fronds, paler and much less muricate stipes and
rhachis, which are more or less clothed with yellowish strigose hairs, and by the
smaller segments and sori.

5. HEMITELIA, R. Br. ~

Tree-ferns, not distinguishable in habit from Cyathea. Fronds
large, usually 2-3-pinnate, rarely pinnate. Stipes smooth or
asperous or muricate. Veins pinnately forked; veinlets free, or
the lower ones more or less anastomosing just above the costa.
Sori dorsal, globose, situated upon a vein or veinlet; receptacle
elevated, globose or elongated. Indusium never covering the sorus,

Hemitelia. | FILICES. 951

very variable in size and shape, usually a half cup-shaped or semi-
circular scale on the lower side of the sorus, sometimes small and
indistinct, often deciduous. Sporangia numerous, sessile or nearly
so, bursting transversely ; ring somewhat oblique, complete.

A tropical or subtropical genus, containing about 45 species, 30 of which
are natives of America, the remainder scattered through the warm regions of
the Old World. It only differs from Cyathea in the small one-sided involucre,
and several species might be referred to either genus. The single species found
in New Zealand is endemic.

1. H. Smithii, Hook. ex Hook. and Baker Syn. Fil. 31.—Trunk
6-25ft. high, about 9in. diam., coated with fibrous aerial rootlets
below, clothed towards the top with the pendulous withered
rhachides of the old fronds. Fronds numerous, horizontally spread-
ing, 5-9 ft. long, bipinnate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute
but hardly acuminate, thin and membranous, bright fresh-green.
Supes slender, clothed at the base with a dense brush of long
shining chestnut-brown subulate-lanceolate scales, slightly asperous
beneath ; rhachis pale yellow-green, almost glabrous when old,’
when young clothed with strigillose hairs above, and with lax
deciduous scales beneath. Primary pinne 9-ldin. long, 3-4 in.
broad, linear-oblong,, acuminate; costz clothed with strigillose
hairs above, paleaceous or glabrous beneath; secondary pinne
13-2$in. long, pinnatifid above, pinnate at the base. Segments
linear-oblong, acute, slightly faleate, coarsely serrate. Sori copious,
on the fork of the veins. Indusium hemispherical, on the costal
side of the sorus, variable in size, sometimes almost wrapping
round the sorus at the base.—Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 29; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 46, t.9,f.5. Cyathea Smithii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 8,
t. 72; Handb. N.Z. Fui.350. C. stellulata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
Xviil. (1886) 222.

Var. microphylla, Cheesem.—Fronds fewer in number, soft, delicately
membranous, pale grass-green ; rhachis densely strigillose above, paleaceous
beneath. Primary pinne rather narrower and more acuminate. Segments
smaller, entire or biuntly crenulate towards the tip.—H. microphylla, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 399.

NortH aNnpD SoutH IsLANDS, STEWART IsLAnD: Abundant in damp hilly
forests from Kaitaia (Mongonui County) southwards. Sea-level to 2000 t.
AUCKLAND Istanps: Ncrman Inlet, rare, W. Joss ex Cockayne !

A very beautiful species, with the most tender fronds of any New Zealand
tree-fern. The trunk is not uncommonly forked or branched above; and Mr.
Buchanan (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix., 217) describes and figures a remarkable
specimen which had no less than 16 well-developed branches. H. Smithii and
Dicksonia squwarrosa are plentiful through the whole of the lowland districts of
Stewart Island, in S. lat. 47° 204, and the former species has recently been found
in the Auckland Islands (S. lat. 50° 40’), the extreme southern limit of
arborescent ferns.

952 FILICES. [Alsophala.

6. ALSOPHILA, R. Br.

Usually tree-ferns, but in some species the trunk is short or
absent. Fronds large, 2-3-pinnate, very similar to those of Cyathea
or Hemitelia. Veins of the segments forked or pinnately divided.
Sori dorsal, globose, situated upon a vein or at the fork of a vein ;
receptacle more or less elevated, pilose. Indusium altogether
wanting. Sporangia numerous, sessile or nearly so, often mixed
with hairs, bursting transversely ; ring somewhat oblique, com-
plete.

Species about 120, mostly tropical, nearly half of them from America, the
remainder scattered through tropical Asia, Malaya, and the Pacific islands,
«with a few in Africa. The single New Zealand species is endemic.

1. A. Golensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 8, t. 73.—Caudex
long, prostrate and rooting, seldom more than 6-8 in. in circumfer-
ence, rarely erect or ascending at the tip and attaining a height
of 3-5ft. Fronds 2-5 ft. long, 2-2 ft. broad, 2-3-pinnate, broadly
covate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, yellowish-green or reddish-
brown. Stipes short, densely covered at the base with pale subu-
late scales lin. long, upper portion, together with the rhachis and
custee, more or less thickly clothed with fulvous or reddish-brown
hairs intermixed (especially on the under-surface) with pale tumia
scales. Primary pinne 9-15in. long, 2-—34in. broad, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate ; secondary 14-2in. long, about 4in. broad,
pinnatifid above, pinnate at the base. Segments oblong, obtuse,
obtusely serrate; veins simple. Sori copious, situated on the
middle of the veins.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 350; Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 40; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 30; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 48, t. 3, f. 4.

Norru Isutanp: Mountains of the interior, from Hikurangi and Mount
Egmont southwards. Sourn Isranp: Not uncommon in hilly and subalpine
forests throughout. Stewart Istanp: Mount Anglem, Kirk! Usually
between 2000 and 4000 ft., but descends to low levels in the south of Otago.

For some interesting remarks on the mode of growth of this species, see
Mr. Field’s ‘‘New Zealand Ferns,’”’ quoted above; also a paper by the same
author in the ‘‘ Journal of Botany ”’’ for 1878, p. 365.

7. DICKSONIA, L’Herit.

Usually tree-ferns, but in some species the caudex is short or
absent. Fronds large, 2-3-pinnate. Stipes smooth or muriecate.
Veins pinnately forked, veinlets always free. Sori near the mar-
cin of the frond, globose, placed on the apex of a veinlet ; recep-
tacle more or less elevated. Indusium distinctly 2-valved, the
upper valve continuous with the margin of the frond and usually
similar to it in texture, consisting of an incurved or concave lobule ;
lower valve membranous or coriaceous. Sporangia numerous,
sessile or nearly so, bursting transversely; ring oblique, com-
plete.

Dicksonia. | FILICES. 953.

Excluding the section Patania (Dennstedtia, Bernh.), which seems to be
more appropriately placed in the vicinity of Davallia, the genus contains about
25 species, widely dispersed through the tropical and subtropical regions of both
hemispheres. The 3 New Zealand species are endemic, but one of them differs.
but slightly from the Australian D. antarctica, Labill.

Trunk 6—20ft., slender, black. Stipes blackish-brown,
tubercled. Sori 6-12 on each segment #2 x:
Trunk 6-20ft., very stout, brown. Stipes short, pale-
brown, smooth. Sori 3-6 toeach segment .. 2. 2. De forosa:
Trunk wanting or very short. Stipes long, smooth, pale.
Sori 6-12 to each segment a ate os

1. D. squarrosa.

3. D. lanata.

1. D. squarrosa, Swariz, Syn. Fil. 186, 355.—Trunk 6-20 ft.
high, slender, black or dark-brown, clothed above with the per-
sistent bases of the old stipites. Fronds 4-8 ft. long, rarely more,
2-34 ft. broad, oblong-lanceolate, 2—3-pinnate, rigid and coriaceous.
Stipes slender, dark-brown or black at the base, paler above, when
voung clothed with long brownish-black hairs or sete, almost gla-
brous when old, sides and under-surface rough with numerous small
tubercles; rhachis and coste clothed with deciduous reddish-brown
wool above, rough with minute tubercles beneath. Primary pinne
10-20 in. long, 3-5 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; second-
ary 14-3in. long, $-4in. broad, deeply pinnatifid. Barren seg-
ments ovate or oblong, rigid, sharply toothed, the teeth almost
pungent; fertile smaller and much contracted, pinnatifid. Sori
copious, covering the whole under-surface of the frond, 5-12 on each
segment or 1 to each lobule. Indusium rather large, both valves
concave.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 216; Raoul, Choix, 38; Hook. Sp.
Fil. i. 68; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.9; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 351; Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Ful.51; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 31; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 50,
t. 10, i. 6, and t. 25, f.6. OD. gracilis, Col. an Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv.
(1883) 306. Trichomanes squarrosum, forst. Prodr. n. 476.

NortH AND SoutH Isnanps, StrEwart Isuanp, CHATHAM IsLANDS.—Abund-
ant in woods throughout. Sea-level to 2500 ft. Wekt or Whekt.

Easily recognised by the slender blackish trunk, harsh and coriaceous fronds,
dark-coloured stipes rough with small tubercles beneath, and rather large copious
sori. The trunk is occasionally branched and sometimes produces numerous
adventitious buds along its whole length, crowned with miniature fronds. A
form possessing this peculiarity, and with the fronds rather narrower and more
finely cut than usual, was described by Mr. Colenso as a distinct species under
the name of D. gracilis. I cannot separate it even as a variety.

2. D. fibrosa, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sci. (1845) 19.—
Trunk 8-20ft. high, stout, columnar, everywhere thickly coated
with matted fibrous aerial rootlets, giving it a diameter when mature
of from 1-2 ft., clothed towards the top with the old pendent withered
fronds. Fronds numerous, 30 or more, spreading, 4-8ft. long,
13—2 ft. broad, lanceolate, 2—-3-pimnate, coriaceous but not so much
so as in D. squarrosa. Stipes very short, clothed at the base with
dense bright red-brown fibrillose scales; rhachis and costs pale-

954 FILICES. [Dicksonia.

brown, smooth, densely pilose on both surfaces with soft brownish
hairs. Primary pinne 4-10in. long, 14-24in. broad, lanceolate,
acuminate or almost caudate; secondary #-l4in. long, ++4in.
broad, linear or linear-oblong, pinnatifid or pinnate at the very base.
Segments rather close, falcate, acute; the barren ones larger and
broader, almost flat, acutely coarsely toothed; fertile smaller, con-
tracted, concave, obtusely pinnatifid. Sori very numerous, covering
the whoie under-surface of the frond, small, 3-6 to each segment or
1 to each lobule.—-Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 68, t. 238 ; Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Ful. 46>) Field, N.Z.- Ferns, 51; t. 10, 4.°5;°and “t/20, ieee
antarctica, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. u. 10; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 351;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 31 (not of Labill.). D. intermedia, Col. ex
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 461. D. Sparrmanniana, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xii. (1880) 364. D. microcarpa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xx. (1888) 214.

NortH anp SoutH Istanps: From Tauranga and the Middle Waikato
southwards, abundant in forests. CHATHAM IsLaNnDs: Miss Seddon! Sea-
level to 2500 ft. Weki-ponga; Kuripaka.

Very close indeed to the Australian D. antarctica, but a much smaller plant,
with densely pilose rhachides and cost, and smaller sori. Mr. Colenso’s D.
Sparrmanniana is a short-trunked form with rather broader fertile segments;
and his D. microcarpa has smaller and more finely cut fronds, with smaller sori ;
but they both merge gradually into the ordinary form. .The Maoris formerly
sliced the fibrous outside of the trunk into slabs, and used them in the construc-
tion of their food-houses, for the purpose of excluding rats.

3. D. lanata, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sct. (1845) 21.—
Caudex usually long, prostrate and rooting, as thick as the wrist;
more rarely short. stout, erect, and attaining a height of 3-6 ft.
Fronds few, 3-6ft. long, 1-3{ft. broad, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 2—3-pinnate, thick and coriaceous but hardly rigid,
yellowish-green above, paler beneath. Stipes from half as long to
as long as the frond, pale, smooth, clothed at the base with long
purplish-brown or yellowish-brown fibrillose scales, when young
more or less covered (together with the rhachis and costz) with
soft woolly deciduous hairs, almost glabrous when mature. Primary
pinne 6-12in. long, 2-4in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ;
secondary 1-3in. long, 4-2in. broad, pinnate or pinnatifid. Seg-
ments or pinnules rather closely set, slightly faleate ; barren oblong
or ovate, obtusely or acutely toothed or lobulate ; fertile smaller and
narrower, deeply pinnatifid. Sori copious, 6-12 to a segment or 1
to each lobule.—Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 69, t. 230; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. ii. 10; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 351; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 461;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 31; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 53, t. 11, f. 1a, 1B, le.
D. levis, Heward ex Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 69.

Nortu Isuanp: Hilly forests from Mongonui to Cook Strait, not com-
mon. SoutH Istanp: Nelson—Massacre Bay, Travers; Pakawau, Kingsley !
Westland—Okarito, A. Hamilton ! Canterbury—Banks Peninsula, Armstrong.
Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Dicksonia.| FILICES. 955

At Whangarei, Bay of Islands, and other northern localities this usually
produces a short stout trunk, but to the south of Auckland it is invariably
stemless. Possibly there may be two distinct varieties with a different geo-
graphical range, but so far I have failed to find distinctive characters to
separate them.

8. DAVALLIA, Smith.

Rhizome usually long and creeping, paleaceous. Fronds large
or small, usually compound, very variously divided, rarely simple,
stipitate ; texture coriaceous to membranous. Veins always free.
Sori dorsal, but close to or at the margin of the frond, terminating
a vein or veinlet, globose or more or less elongated. Indusium
oblong or ovate to orbicular or broader than long, attached by a
broad base under the sorus, its sides either free or adnate to the
frond, open at the top. Sporangia numerous, stalked, girt by an
incomplete vertical ring, bursting transversely.

A large genus of over 100 species, most abundant in the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the Old World, rare in America. The three species found
in New Zealand are endemic. I have kept up the genus as defined in the
‘« Synopsis Filicum,’’ but the tendency of authors is to separate it into five or
six or even more separate genera, mainly based on differences in the indusium.
If these views are followed, D. Tasmani is the only one of the New Zealand
species that would be retained in the restricted genus Davallia, D. nove-zea-
landi@ constituting the genus Leptolepia of Mettenius, and D. Forsteri falling
into Odontosoria of Pres}.

Fronds 4-12in., broadly deltoid, thick and coriaceous ;

ultimate segments oblong, obtuse. Indusium cup-

shaped, attached by the sides as well as the base .. Ll. Di Pasmann.
Fronds about 6in., rhomboid, subcoriaceous ; ultimate seg-

ments ligulate-cuneate. Indusium pouch-shaped, at-

tached by the sides as well as the base 2. D. Forsteri.
Fronds 12-24 in., ovate-oblong to deltoid, firm but hardly

coriaceous, very finely cut; ultimate segments narrow,

acute. Indusium Boas ovate, attached ae the base

only ae 30 fe .. 3. D. nove-zea-

landie.

1. D. Tasmani, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 416.
—Rhizome long, stout, as thick as the finger, wide - creeping,
densely clothed with chestnut-brown subulate ciliated scales.
Stipes strong, rigid, smooth, 3-9in. long. Fronds 4-12in. long,
53-9 in. broad, broadly deltoid or pentagonal, very thick and cori-
aceous, quite smooth and glabrous, 2-3-pinnatifid. Lower pinnee
much the largest, broadly deltoid or rhomboidal; upper narrower,
ovate or lanceolate. Pinnules oblong, cut down nearly to the base
into 6-9 segments; segments short, oblong, obtuse. Sori very
numerous, usually one to each segment, marginal, the segment
usually produced on the outer side into a stout projecting horn.
Indusium narrow cup-shaped, attached by the sides as well as the
base.—Fueld, N.Z. Ferns, 75, t. 24, f. 5; Bak. in Ann. Bot. v.
(1890-91) 201.

956 FILICES. [Davallia.

Norrtu Isuanp: Three Kings Islands, abundant, 7. F’. C.

Very close to the northern D. canariensis, L., but stouter and more coria-
ceous, and not so finely cut.

2. D. Forsteri, Carruthers in Seem. Fl. Viti. 339. — “‘ Stipes
6-8 in. long, naked, stramineous. Frond rhomboid, 4-pinnate, 6 in.
long; pinne and pinnules ascending, rhomboid, stalked, the lowest
the largest, cuneate-truncate on the lower side at the base; final
segments ligulate - cuneate, 2-4 lines long, under 4 line broad;
texture subcoriaceous ; surfaces naked ; sori minute, terminal, with
the lamina produced on each side as a border.’—Bak. Syn. Fil.
(edit. 2) 470; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 49; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 74. Adian-
tum clavatum, Forst. Prodr. n. 459.

Souru Isuanp: Dusky Bay, Forster.

Only known from Forster's specimens preserved in the British Museum
Herbarium. Mr. Baker remarks that it is very near the New Caledonian
D. scoparia, but the sori are smaller and bordered. In all probability it was
collected by Forster in some locality in Polynesia, and accidentally mixed with
his New Zealand plants.

3. D. novee-zealandie, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Scr. (1845)
22.—Rhizome long, branched, wide-creeping, as thick as a quill,
clothed with yellowish-brown linear scales. Stipes 6-18 in. long,
red-brown, firm, erect, rough and bristly at the base, smooth and
polished above. Fronds 1—-2ft. long, 6-12in. broad, ovate-oblong
to deltoid, acuminate, firm but scarcely coriaceous, tripinnate ;
rhachis flexuose, channelled above, glabrous or pubescent at the
axils. Primary pinne oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; secondary
about the same shape, pinnate below, pinnatifid at the tips.
Pinnules about 4in. long, ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ;
ultimate segments or lobes very narrow, acute. Sori very
numerous, placed at the tip of a short lateral veinlet on the
lobes of the pinnules. Indusium broadly ovate or almost
orbicular, membranous, jagged, attached to the tip of the
vein under the sorus, its sides quite free—Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 158,
t. o1B ;, Garden Ferns, t. 51; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Ze ioe
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 358; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 91; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 49; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 74, t. 18, f. 2. D. hispida, Heward
MSS. ex Hook. Sp. Ful. i. 158. Acrophorus hispidus, Moore, Indea’.
Fu. Leptolepia nove-zealandize, Metten. ex Kuhn.

NorrH AnD SoutH IsntANDS: In woods from the Bay of Islands south-
wards to Foveaux Strait, but often local. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

A very handsome and distinct species, with an unusually finely cut frond.
It has been referred by turns to the genera (or divisions of Daraliia) Lew-
costegia, Microlepia, and Acrophorus, and has been made the type of a new
genus (Leptolepia) by Mettenius.

Cystopteris. | FILICES. 957

9. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernh.

Small membranous and flaccid ferns. Rhizome very short,
creeping. Fronds tufted, 2~-3-pinnatifid. Veins pinnate and
forked ; veinlets free, not anastomosing, terminating a little
within the margin. Sori small, globose, dorsal, placed at a
distance from the margin on the back of a vein. Indusium ovate-
deltoid, membranous, jagged, free at the sides, inserted by a broad
base under the sorus, and at first bent over it like a hood;
ultimately reflexed. Sporangia numerous, stalked, girt by an
incomplete vertical ring, bursting transversely.

A small genus of 5 species, found in cool damp mountainous situations in
the temperate regions of both hemispheres. The single New Zealand species
has the range of the genus.

1. C. fragilis, Bernh. in Schrad. New. Journ. Bot.11. 27, t. 2,£. 9.—
Rhizome short, suberect, often branched near the top, clothed with
red-brown lanceolate scales. Stipes 1-4in. long, slender, fragile,
stramineous, slightly scaly at the base. Fronds 3-9 in. long, 1-2 in.
broad, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin and membranous,
pale-green, pinnate or 2-pinnate; rhachis smooth, naked, slightly
winged above. Primary pinne rarely more than lin. long and
usually much less, remote, spreading, lanceolate to ovate, toothed
or pinnatifid or again pinnate; pinnules oblong, usually deeply
toothed or incised.. Sori 3-12 to a pinnule, medial on the veins.
Indusium very delicate, at first covering the sorus, but soon re-
flexed and often disappearing in age.— Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 197;
Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. 11. 136, t. 166; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 358 ; Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Fil. 103; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 752; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 00; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 76, t. 18, f. 5, 5a. C. tasmaniea,
Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 199; Ic. Plant. t. 959. C. nove-zealandie,
Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 360. C. laciniatus, Col.
im Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 265.

Nortu Istanp: Mount Egmont, Mrs. Jones, T. F. C.; Tararua Ranges,
Buchanan ; Wairarapa Valley, H. C. Field. Sourn Istanp: Not uncommon
in mountain districts throughout. Usually from 1000 to 4000 ft., but descends
almost to sea-level in several localities in the South Island.

Almost universally distributed in the north and south temperate zones
and on the higher mountains of the tropics, and everywhere extremely variable.
The usual form in New Zealand has a rather narrow frond, with short and broad
sparingly divided pinnz, and the sori are rather small... But some states are
almost indistinguishable from the northern var. dentata. I have seen no speci-
mens of Mr. Colenso’s C. laciniatus.

10. LINDSAYA, Dryander.

Usually small subcoriaceous bright-green ferns. Rhizome
creeping or short and tufted. Fronds pinnate or 2-3-pinnatifid ;
pinne often l-sided. Veins free, or anastomosing in a few species
not jound in New Zealand. Sori forming a continuous or more

958 FILICES. [ Lindsaya.

or less interrupted line within the margin of the frond and parallel
to it, placed at the apex of 2 or more veins and uniting them.
Indusium apparently double, and 2- valved, opening outwards ;
upper valve formed of the more or less altered margin of the frond ;
lower valve thin, membranous, continuous. Sporangia numerous,
stalked, bursting transversely ; ring vertical, incomplete.

Understood in the sense of the ‘‘ Synopsis Filicum,’’ this is a genus of
about 60 species, mainly found in the tropics of both hemispheres. Two of the

New Zealand species extend to Australia and Tasmania, one of them reaching
New Caledonia as well, the remaining one is endemic.

* Hulindsaya. Pinne unilateral.
Fronds linear, simply pinnate; pinnze small, flabellate .. 1. L. linearis.
** Tsoloma. Pinne equilateral.

Fronds 2-3-pinnatifid, dark-green, oblong-lanceolate,
broadest at the base; ultimate segments obovate,

rounded at the tip .. : 2. L. trichoman-

Fronds 2-3-pinnatifid, pale-green, lanceolate, not broadest oides.
at the base; ultimate segments linear-cuneate, truncate
at the tip .. se oe Sc 3. L. viridis.

1. L. linearis, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 118, 318, t. 3.— Rhizome
slender, creeping, clothed with yellowish - brown scales. Stipes
2-9 in. long, slender, flexuous, wiry, dark red-brown, smooth and
shining. Fronds 3-8in. long, about 4in. broad, narrow-linear,
membranous, pinnate; barren ones shorter and broader than the
fertile, often prostrate ; fertile always erect; rhachis naked, glossy.
Pinne of the fertile fronds 4-4 in. long, flabellate or cuneate, sessile
or nearly so, not lobed or very indistinctly so, revolute when dry.
Sori forming a continuous liné along the upper edge. Indusium
broad, membranous ; both valves minutely and irregularly lacini-
ate. Pinnee of the barren fronds +-4in. long or more, deeply lobed
or incised.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 85; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 218;
Raoul, Choix, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 206; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
il. 19; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 359; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 104 ; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 719; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 51; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 77,
t. 19, f. 4, 4a. L. trilobata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884)
345.

Nort anp SourH Ispuanps, Stewart Isuanp, CHatHAmM IsLANDS: From
the North Cape southwards, usually on clay hills or in cold swampy soils, most
plentiful to the north of the East Cape, rare and local in the South Island.
Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Also found throughout the whole of eastern Australia and Tasmania, in
Norfolk Island, and in New Caledonia. Mr. Colenso’s L. trilobata, which
appears to be the most abundant state in New Zealand, only differs in the
pinnz of the barren frond being rather more deeply lobed than usual.

2. L. trichomanoides, Dryand. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. (1797)
43, t. 11.—Rhizome creeping, slender, clothed with reddish-brown

Lindsaya. | FILICES. 959

scales. Stipes 3-8in. long, rather rigid, slender, wiry, angled,
polished, glabrous or slightly scaly towards the base. Fronds
3-8in. long, 14-4in. broad, oblong-lanceolate or linear - oblong,
more rarely ovate-oblong, subcoriaceous, dark-green, bipinnate.
Primary pinne nearly opposite, 1-3in. long, lanceolate, erecto-
patent, pinnatifid above, pinnate below. Pinnules or segments
obovate or rounded-cuneate, entire or more or less toothed or
lobed, rarely again pinnatifid. Veins obscure, flabellately branched.
Sori forming a continuous intramarginal line round the apex of the
lobes.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 85; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 214;
Raoul, Choiz, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 218; Hook. f. Fl. Nouv. Zel.
ii. 19; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 359; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 110; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 720; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 52; Field, N.Z. Ferns,
78, t.19,f.1. Adiantum cuneatum, Forst. Prodr. n. 461.

Var. Lessonii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 19.—Fronds simply pinnate or
2-pinnate at the base alone; pinnz oblong-lanceolate, entire or lobed or pin-
natifid.—L. Lessonii, Bory in Duper. Voy. Cog. 278, t. 37, f. 2; A. Rich. Fl.
Nouv. Zel. 84; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 212; Raoul, Choix, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil.
1,217. Iu. discolor, Col.

NortH anp SourH Istanps: From Hokianga southwards to Foveaux
Strait, common in the North Island, local on the eastern side of the Sou:h
Island. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Also in Australia, Tasmania, and the Fiji Islands.

83. L. viridis, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Scr. (1845) 14.—
Rhizome very short, suberect. Stipites densely tufted at the top
of the rhizome, 1—4in. long, slender, wiry, dark chestnut-brown,
angled, smooth and polished, glabrous except a tuft of pale-brown
scales at the base. Fronds 6-14 in. long, 1-14in. broad, lanceo-
late, acuminate, pale-green, subcoriaceous, 2—3-pinnatifid ; rhachis
slender, flexuose, shining, naked. Primary pinne alternate, ascend-
ing, the lower ones much reduced in size, rhomboid-lanceolate ;
secondary obversely deltoid, simple or deeply lobed or again flabel-
lately pinnate. Ultimate segments about 4in. long, cuneate or
linear-cuneate, truncate. Veins simple or forked. Sori very nu-
merous, at the tips of the segments. Indusium membranous, trans-
versely oblong, from rather broader than long to twice as broad as
long; outer valve (tip of the segment) irregularly erose.—Bak. in
Journ. Bot. (1875) 109; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 396 ;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 51; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 79, t. 21, £.2. L. tricho-
manoides (in part), Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. 218; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
i. 19; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 359 (not of Dryand.). lL. microphylla,
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 110 (the New Zealand plant), not of
fi. Br.

NortH Isuanp: Auckland—Great Barrier Island, Kirk, Winkelmann !
Little Barrier Island, Miss Shakespear! Thames, Adams! Henderson’s
Creek, T. F. C.; Huia Creek, Kirk; near Mauku, H. Carse; between Tau-
ranga and Rotorua, Colenso! East Cape district, Bishop Williams. Tara-

960 FILICES. | Lindsaya.

naki—Mount Egmont Ranges, J. M. Brame. Wellington—Upper Wanganui,
and from thence to the base of the Tararua Range, H. C. Field. Souru
Isuanp: Nelson—Massacre Bay, Lyall; Torrent Bay, Kingsley. Westland—
Near Hokitika, W. H. Tipler. Otago—Sounds of the West Coast, Buchanan.

A very beautiful and distinct species, usually found on dripping rocks by
waterfalls, or on the mossy banks of streams.

11. ADIANTUM, Linn.

Rhizome creeping or tufted. Stipes usually long, often black
and glossy. Fronds pinnate or 2-3-pimnate, never pinnatifid,
rarely simple (in a few species not found in New Zealand). Pin-
nules more or less dimidiate or unilateral. Veins forked or re-
peatedly dichotomous, frequently radiating from the petiole to the
margin. Sori marginal, varying in shape from reniform or globose
to oblong or linear, usually numerous and distinct, sometimes con-
fluent and continuous. Indusium the same shape as the sorus,
composed of the altered margin of the frond, which is reflexed and
bears the sporangia on its under-side, opening inwards. Sporangia
stalked, bursting transversely ; ring vertical, incomplete.

A well-marked genus of about 80 species, found in all tropical and sub-
tropical countries, but most abundant in tropical South America, a few species.
found in the temperate zones of both hemispheres. All the New Zealand
species extend to Australia, and the majority to the Pacific islands as well,
while one has a very wide distribution in warm climates generally.

A. Pinnules flabellate-cuneate, attached by the middle of the base.

Fronds 2-3-pinnate, thin and membranous, glabrous.
Pinnules small, orbicular with a cuneate base .. 1. A. ethiopicum.

B. Pinnules one-sided, obliquely oblong or rhomboid, attached by the lower corner
of the frond.

* Sori in the deep notches between the teeth or lobules of the pinnules.

Fronds small, tender, simply pinnate or with 1-2 branches

at the base. Pinnules sparsely setulose, rarely glabrous 2. A. diaphanum.
Fronds dichotomous, each division flabellately divided into

3-7 branches. Rhachis densely hispid we .. 3 A. hispidulum.

** Sori in shallow excavations at the tips of the lobules of the pinne, not
in the notches between the lobules.

Fronds very large and compound, 3-5ft. high with the
stipes. Rhachis pubescent above. Pinnules small,

#+4in. Sori transversely oblong St 4. A. formosum.
Fronds 1-2 ft. with the stipes. Rhachis smooth, ‘polished.
Pinnules 4-lin., not falcate, glaucous beneath 5. A. affine.

Fronds 1-2 ft. with the stipes. Rhachis and cost clothed
with fulvous hairs. Pinnules 3—%in., subfalcate, fre-
quently setulose, not glaucous beneath | 50 .. 6. A. fulvum.

1. A. ethiopicum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1560.—Rhizome creeping,
stoloniferous. Stipes 4-10in. long, very slender, dark chestnut-
brown, shining, quite glabrous. Fronds 6-12 in. long, rarely more,

Adiantum. | FILICES. 961

3-6 in. broad, oblong to oblong-ovate or oblong-deltoid, erect or
drooping, pale-green, very thin and membranous, flaccid, quite
glabrous, 3-4-pinnate; rhachis very slender, almost capillary,
flexuous, polished. Lower pinnz 2-4 in. long, ovate-deltoid. Pin-
nules on rather long and slender petioles, not dimidiate, +1 in. long,
often broader than long, variable in shape, usually suborbicular with
a more or less cuneate base, upper margin broadly and shallowly
lobed. Pinnules of barren fronds often larger, entire or obscurely
lobed. Sori 2-6 to a pinnule, placed in the notches or sinuses
between the lobes. Indusium rather large, reniform or transversely
oblong, pale.—Hook. Sp. Fu. ii. 37, t. 774; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
li. 21; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 360; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 128;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 724; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 54; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 83, t. 17, f. 1. A. assimile, Swartz, Syn. Fl. 125, 322 ;
Raoul, Choiz, 38. A. trigonum, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ui. 99, t.
248; Raoul, Choix, 38.

Nort Istanp: Plentiful in lowland districts from the North Cape to the
Thames and Waikato Rivers, from thence rare and local to Hawke’s Bay
(Colenso !) and Taranaki (H. C. Field!). Sourn Isuanp: Has been reported
from Nelson and Canterbury, but I have seen no specimens.

An abundant fern in most tropical and subtropical countries.

2. A. diaphanum, Blume, Hnum. Fil. Jav. 215.—Rhizome very
short, tufted; rootlets long, fibrous, densely tomentose, bearing
numerous small oblong tubers. Stipes 2-6in. long, very slender,
almost capillary, wiry, glabrous or slightly scaly towards the base,
dark purplish-brown or almost black. Fronds 3-6 in. long, rarely
more, simply pinnate, or with 1-2 branches at the base which are
sometimes almost as long as the central portion but usually much
shorter, thin and membranous, flaccid, dark-green; branches 4-1 in.
diam. Pinnules numerous, shortly petiolate, 4-4in. long, about
1in. deep, dimidiate-oblong ; lower margin straight or more or less
decurved, entire; upper margin about parallel, and together with
the rounded apex deeply crenate-toothed; surfaces sparingly
setulose with minute stiff black hairs. Sori 4-8 to a pinnule, rarely
more, placed in the notches of the upper and outer margins. In-
dusium reniform, pale, minutely setulose.—Hook. Sp. Fil. u. 10,
t. 80c; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 117; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 53;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 80, t. 13, f. 5. A. affine, Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 32 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 20; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 360 (not of Willd.).
A. setulosum, J. Sm. in. Bot. Mag. Comp. (1846) 22.

Var. polymorphum, Checsem.—Fronds smaller, pale-green, usually simply
pinnate, rarely branched at the base. Surfaces of the pinnz and indusia quite
glabrous.—A. polymorphum, Col. im Trans, N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 215. A.
tuberosum, Col. l.c. 217.

KerMADEC IstaAnps, NorrH Isntanp: Not uncommon in woods at low
elevations, usually in rich alluvial soils) SourH Istanp: Apparently rare and
31— FI,

962 FILICES. [Adiantum.

local. Nelson—Bateman’s Gully, D. Grant; Collingwood, H. H. Travers.
Canterbury—Gorge of the Rakaia, Potts. Otago—Various localities, Buchanan,
Kirk. Sea-level to 1000 ft.

Also in Norfolk Island, east Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Hebrides,
Java, and southern China.

3. A. hispidulum, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 124, 321.—Rhizome short,
stout, creeping. Stipes 6-15in. long, stout, erect, scabrous, dark-
brown or almost black, more or less clothed with short greyish-
white pubescence when young, becoming almost glabrous when
old. Fronds broad, 6-12 in. or more across, dichotomously forked
at the base, both forks irregularly flabellately divided into 3-7
linear secondary divisions 3-8 in. long by $—#in. broad, colour olive-
green, often red or reddish-brown when young, rhachises densely
hispid-pubescent. Pinnules numerous, closely placed, petiolate,
4-2 in. long, about +in. deep, dimidiate, rhomboidal, rigid, promin-
eutly nerved, more or less hispid, especially on the under-surface,
upper margin and the obtuse tip finely toothed, lower margin
entire. Sori numerous on each pinnule, contiguous, placed in the
notches of the upper and outer margins. Indusium orbicular-
reniform, minutely hispid.—A. Rich, Fl. Nouv. Zel. 88; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 209; Raoul, Choix, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 31; Hook. f.
Fi. Nov. Zel. ii. 20; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 360; Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 126; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 725; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 55;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 82, t. 13, f. 1. A. pubescens, Schkuhr Fil. 108,
t. 116; A. Rich. Fl. Nowy. Zel. 89. A. pedatum, Forst. Prod. 458
(not of Linn.).

KERMADEC IsLANDS, NortH Istanp: Abundant as far south as the Hast
Cape and Raglan, from thence somewhat rare and local to Cook Strait. Sour
Istanp: Nelson—Bishopé@ale, D. Grant.

The rather harsh hispid-pubescent fronds distinguish this from all the other
New Zealand species. Outside New Zealand, it extends through the Pacific
islands and Australia to tropical Asia and Africa.

4. A. formosum, &. Br. Prodr. 155.—Rhizome long, stout,
creeping, scaly. Stipes 1-3 ft. high, dark purplish-black or quite
black, shining, sometimes hairy towards the base, scabrous
throughout. Fronds 14-3ft. long, 12-20in. broad, broadly
deltoid, dark-green, copiously 3-4-pinnate; main rhachis flex-
uous, black, glossy, glabrous or pubescent; secondary rhachises
usually pubescent. Lower pinne large and broad, often
12-15in. long, ascending, very compound; secondary pinne
usually again divided. Pinnules very numerous; fertile small,
i1lin. long, }-4in. deep, petiolate, dimidiate, broadly obliquely-
oblong or rhomboid; lower margin straight or slightly hollowed,
entire, upper and the rounded outer margin deeply toothed or
incised; texture firm; under-surface glabrous or pubescent with
scattered white hairs. Pinnules of the barren frond larger, often

Adiantum. | FILICES. 963

in. long or more, more membranous, upper and outer margins
deeply lobulate, the lobules incised. Sori numerous, placed in
shallow depressions at the top of the teeth or lobules, broader than
long, transversely oblong or oblong-reniform.—Hook. Sp. Ful. ii. 51,
t. 868; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 21; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 360; Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Fil. 119; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 724; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 54; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 81, t. 6.

Norru Isztanp: Auckland—Alluvial banks of the northern Wairoa River,
from Tangiteroria to a few miles above Dargaville, T. F. C. Wellington—
Manawatu River and its tributaries, from Woodville to below Palmerston North,
Colenso! Enys! Field! Hamilton! &c.

Also a native of eastern Australia. Hasily recognised by its large size,
decompound fronds, and numerous small somewhat rigid pinnules.

5. A. affine, Willd. Sp. Plant. vy. 448.—Rhizome long, creep-
ing, stout, clothed with glossy dark chestnut-brown scales. Stipes
4-12 in. long or more, stout, erect, shining-black, rough and scaly
at the very base, smooth and polished above. Fronds 6-15in.
long. 3-9 in. broad, ovate-deltoid in outline, bipinnate or tripmnate
at the base, pale-green above, usually glaucous beneath, quite
glabrous or the secondary rhachises pubescent above. Pinne
2-3 pairs with a long terminal one sometimes 6-9 in. long, in large
specimens the lowest pair again branched. Pinnules 4-1in. long,
1-tin. deep, petiolate, dimidiate, broadly obliquely-oblong or rhom-
boidal ; lower margin straight, entire, base truncate; upper margin
and the obtusely rounded apex deeply crenate-toothed; texture
firm, subcoriaceous. Sori numerous, rather large, 6-14 to a pinnule,
placed in small notches at the tips of the lobes of the upper and
outer margins, not in the sinuses between the lobes. Indusium or-
bicular-cordate or reniform.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 117; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 724; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 53; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 80,
t.6,f.1. A. Cunninghamii, Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 52, t. 864; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. ii. 21; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 360. <A. formosum, A. Rich.
Fl. Nouv. Zel. 88; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 208; Raoul, Choix, 38 (not
of B. Br.). A. pullum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1873) 319.

KERMADEC IsLANDS, NortH aND SourH Isnanps, Stewart ISLAND,
CuatHAM IsLanps: Abundant in lowland districts throughout.

Also in Australia, according to Bentham (Fl. Austral. vii. 724). Very
variable in size, the amount of branching of the frond, and in the size and
shape of the pinnules. When growing on exposed rock-faces it is often dwarfed
to an inch or two. Most of the Chatham Islands specimens that I have seen are
less compound, with larger and coarser narrower pinnules, corresponding, I
presume, with the variety Chathamicum of Mr. Field (N.Z. Ferns, 81). A
curious form gathered by Mr. Hamilton on limestone crags at Moteo, near
Puketapu, Hawke’s Bay, has the tips of the pinne largely cristate, and the
pinnules very irregular in shape. It is the A. Cunninghamii var. heterophyllum
of Colenso (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 218). States with the secondary
rhachises somewhat pubescent above, and with rather narrower and more acute
pinnules, seem to show a marked approach to 4. fulvwm.

964 FILICES. [Adiantum.

6. A. fulvum, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, 9.—Rhizome long,
creeping, clothed with brownish subulate scales. Stipes 4-12in.
long, erect, dark reddish-brown or almost black, rough with minute
projections throughout, more or less scaly towards the base.
Fronds 6-15in. long, 3-9in. broad, ovate-deltoid in outline,
2-3-pinnate or rarely in large specimens 4-pinnate at the base,
olive-green or pale-green, not glaucous beneath; rhachis and cost
more or less densely clothed above with strigose fulvous hairs.
Pinne 2-4 pairs with a long terminal one, in small specimens not
branched, in larger ones the lowest pair and sometimes all again
divided, or rarely the lowest pair twice branched. Pinnules 4-2 in.
long, about +in. deep, petiolate, dimidiate, obliquely oblong, often
slightly falcate; lower margin curved or nearly straight, entire;
upper margin almost parallel, deeply crenate ; lower surface often
minutely setulose with stiff fulvous hairs; texture firm but not
coriaceous. Sori usually numerous in shallow notches at the tips
of the lobes of the upper and outer margins, not in the sinuses
between the lobes. Indusium orbicular-cordate, often pale when
young.—Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 52, t. 854; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 22;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 361; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 120; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 54; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 81, t. 6, f. 4. A. viridescens, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii. (1895) 400.

Norte Aanp SourH Isntanps: Lowland districts as far south as Banks
Peninsula, not uncommon.

Very close indeed to A. affine, with which it certainly seems to me to be
connected by intermediate forms. It is more copiously branched, the rhachis
and coste are clothed with strigose fulvous hairs, the stipes is minutely muri-
cate, and the pinnules are narrower and subfalcate, and often setulose beneath.
It is also found in Norfolk Island, New South Wales, and Fiji.

12. HYPOLEPIS, Bernh.

Rhizome usually wide-creeping. Fronds large, 2—3-pinnate or
decompound, often glandular or tomentose; texture membranous
or herbaceous. Veins forked, free, never anastomosing. Sori small,
globose, distinct, placed in the sinuses of the ultimate divisions of
the frond. Indusium orbicular cr reniform, membranous, composed
of the modified margin of the trond, reflexed over the sorus and
more or less covering it. Sporangia stalked, bursting transversely,
with an incomplete vertical ring.

Species 12, confined to the tropics and the south temperate zone. Of the
three species found in New Zealand, two are endemic, the remaining one extends
to Australia, Polynesia, and the Malay Archipelago. The genus only differs
from Polypodiwm (as defined in the ‘‘Synopsis Filicum’’) by the sori being
partly covered by an incurved lobule of the frond.

Fronds (with the stipes) 2-5ft., deltoid, tomentose,
4-pinnate. Pinnules crenate-toothed = .. 1. H. tenutfolia.

Hypolepis.| FILICES. 965

Fronds (with the stipes) 9-24 in., deltoid, almost glabrous,
3-pinnate, pale-green. Pinnules deeply and sharply
toothed 26 Ac ve 5¢ 3

Fronds (with the stipes) 6-20in., lanceolate, almost gla-
brous, 2-pinnate, brownish- green. Pinnules deeply
toothed .. ~ oe oc sc ac

2. H. millefolium.

3. H. distans.

1. H. tenuifolia, Bernh. an Schrad. Neu. Jowrn. Bot. ii. 34.—
Rhizome long, stout, creeping, densely clothed with red-brown
linear scales. Stipes 1-2 it. high or more, strong, erect, brown or
yellow-brown, slightly rough with minute points, naked or pubes-
cent, usually scaly towards the base. Fronds 1-3 ft. long, 4-2 ft.
broad, ovate-oblong to broadly deltoid, pale-greeu, membranous or
subcoriaceous, 4-pinnatifid; primary and secondary rhachises more
or less tomentose with crisped hairs, rarely glabrous. Primary
pinne 8—20in. long, 4-10in. broad, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate; secondary and tertiary lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Ultimate divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, crenate-toothed ;
costa and sometimes the under-surface more or less pubescent.
Sori numerous, rounded, placed in the sinuses between the teeth
or lobes. Indusium composed of the reflexed scale-like tip of a
lobule of the frond, sometimes covering the sorus when young,
often very inconspicuous when old.—Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. 60, t. 89c
and 90a; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 22; Handb. N.Z. Fil. 361;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 129; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 726; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 56; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 84, t. 24, f. 38, and t. 27, f. 4;
H. dicksonioides, Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 61. Cheilanthes ambigua,
A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 84; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 211; Raowl,
Choiz, 38.° C. arborescens, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 129, t. 336. C. pel-
lucida, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sci. (1845) 13. Lonchites
tenuifolia, Forst. Prodr. n. 424.

KerRMADEC Is~tANDs, NortTH AND SoutH ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND,
CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Also in Norfolk Island, Australia, the Pacific islands, and Java. A most
variable fern; in habit and general appearance often so close to Polypodium
punctatum that the suspicion naturally arises that the two species may be forms
of one plant, a view which is rendered more probable by the fact that the
indusium is sometimes so feebly developed that the technical distinction sepa-
rating Hypolepis and Polypodium is obliterated. Usually, however, Polypodium
punctatum can be distinguished by the sori being further from the margin and
by the glandular-viscid rhachis and coste. Mr. Colenso’s Cheilanthes pel-
lucida, which is kept as a distinct variety in the ‘‘ Species Filicum’”’ (t. 90a),
looks different at first sight on account of its stouter habit, broader and more
obtuse pinnules, and more copious crisped hairs, but is connected with the type
by numerous intermediates.

2. H. millefolium, Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 68, t. 9583.—Rhizome
long, slender, creeping, naked or nearly so. Stipes 3—-9in. long,
rigid, erect, yellow-brown, glossy, smooth or slightly scabrous, gla-
brous or sparingly pilose with crisped hairs. Fronds 6-18 in. long,

966 FILICES. [Hypolepis.

3-9 in. broad, broadly ovate or deltoid to ovate-lanceolate, pale-
green when fresh, firm or almost rigid, 4-pinnatifid; rhachis and
cost more or less clothed with scattered crisped hairs. Primary
and secondary pinne ovate-lanceoiate, ascending ; tertiary +-Lin.
long, ovate or oblong, cut down almost to the rhachis into several
entire or sharply-toothed lobes; under-surface glabrous or slightly
hairy. Sori numerous, small, roundish, placed under a small
lobule in the sinuses of the pinnules. Indusium composed of the
reflexed and almost unaltered tip of the lobule.— Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. u. 23; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 361; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 130;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 56; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 85, t. 3, £. 2.

NortH Is~tanp: East Cape district, Bishop Williams; base of Ruapehu,
H. C. Field! Mount Egmont, Buchanan, H. C. Field, T. F. C.; Ruahine Moun-
tains, Colenso! Field; Manawatu Gorge, A. Hamilton; Tararua Mountains,
W. Townson. SovutH Istanp: Not uncommon in mountain districts through-
out. CAMPBELL IsLAND, ANTIPODES ISLAND, Kirk. Usually from 1500 to
4000 ft., but descends almost to sea-level in the south of Otago.

Well distinguished from any of the forms of H. tenwifolia by the finely and
deeply cut pinnules.

3. H. distans, Hook. Sp. Ful. ii. 70, t. 95c.—Rhizome long, rigid,
branched, clothed with red-brown linear scales. Stipes 3—9 in. long,
slender, flexuous, fragile, red-brown, glossy, naked, minutely muri-
cate. Fronds 6-15in. long, 3-6in. broad, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, rigid, brownish-green or reddish-brown, 2-pinnate; rhachis
slender, red-brown, glabrous or nearly so, scabrous like the stipes.
Primary pinne 2-3in. long, about 4in. broad, opposite or nearly
so, distant, spreading at right angles, lanceolate; secondary (pin-
nules) tin. long, sessile, lanceolate, rigid, deeply pinnatifid. Ulti-
mate segments ovate, spreading, toothed or incised. Sori 2-8 toa
pinnule, placed in the lower sinuses. Indusium composed of the
inflexed tip of a lobule, small, membranous.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
il. 23; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 362; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 129; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 56; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 85, t. 28, f. 6.

NortH AnD SoutH Is~tanps, CHATHAM Is~ANDsS: From the North Cape to
the south of Otago, not common, usually at low elevations.

Small and slender forms of Polypodiwm punctatum are easily mistaken for
this; but in its usual state it isa smaller and more slender plant, with more
distant pinne, and the frond is never densely hairy or viscid-pubescent. It is
confined to New Zealand.

13. CHEILANTHES, Swartz.

Rhizome short and tufted, or long and creeping. Fronds
usually small, erect, 2-3-pinnate; texture subcoriaceous. Veins
free, forked, not anastomosing. Sori marginal, terminating the
veins, small, rounded or oblong, at first distinct, afterwards more or
less confluent. Indusium roundish or oblong, consisting of a more

Cheilanthes.] FILICES. 967

or less modified tooth or lobule of the frond, reflexed over the sorus
and in the young state more or less concealing it. Sporangia
stalked, bursting transversely, girt by an incomplete vertical ring.

A genus of about 60 species, found in most tropical and temperate
regions. It is only separated from Nothochlena by the modified tooth or
lobule of the frond reflexed over the sorus, a character which is sometimes
so obscure that it is difficult to separate the two genera. The two New
Zealand species are both widely distributed.

Fronds broad, deltoid .. se Me 56 .. 1. C. tenuifolia.
Fronds linear-oblong or linear .. re : .. 2. C. Sieberi.

1. C. tenuifolia, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 129, 332.—Rhizome very
short, suberect, clothed with silky scales. Stipes 3-9in. long,
tufted, wiry, erect, dark red-brown, smooth and polished, glabrous
or slightly scaly when young. Fronds 4—10in. long, 2-4 in. broad,
deltoid or ovate-deltoid, submembranous, yellowish-green, 3-pin-
natifid; rhachis smooth, polished, glabrous or nearly so. Primary
pinne 6-12 on each side, opposite or nearly so, ascending or
spreading; the lowest pair sometimes 24in. long, deltoid; the
upper smaller and narrower. Pinnules oblong or elliptic-oblong,
deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments entire or irregularly lobed
or crenate; surfaces glabrous. Sori on the margins of the
lobes, generally confluent and continuous all round the edge of
the pinnules. Indusium narrow, elongated, usually crenate or
denticulated, often transversely wrinkled.—Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. 82, t.
87c; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 188; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 726 ;
Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1874) 248; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 57 ;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 86, +. 21,i.2, 3. C. Kirkii, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xiii. (1881) 360 (not of Hook.). C. venosa, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 321. Pteris alpina, Field, N.Z. Ferns, 97, t.
28, f. 2.

NortH Iscranp: Auckland — Mount Maunganui, near Tauranga, Mrs.
Hetley! Uawke’s Bay—Mohaka, HE. Craig! Petane, A. Hamilton! in various
localities, Colenso! Wellington—Near Wanganui, H. C. Field. SourH IsLanD:
Canterbury — Banks Peninsula, Lyall, Armstrong, Kirk ! Otago—Mountains
near Lake Wakatipu, Buchanan; Lake Wanaka, Mrs. Mason! Sea-level to
2500 ft.

Extends northwards through Australia to the Malay Archipelago, India, and
China. The typical state is easily distinguished from the following species by
the broad deltoid frond, but intermediates are occasionally seen.

2. ©. Sieberi, Kunze in Pl. Preiss. ii. 112.—Rhizome short,
stout, creeping, clothed with chestnut-brown scales. Stipes 3-9 in.
long, densely tufted, erect, wiry, dark chestnut-brown, polished,
glabrous or with a few fibrillose scales. Fronds 3—9in. long,
3_j4in. broad, linear-oblong or linear, erect, rigid, glabrous, 2—3-
pinnatifid ; rhachis smooth, glossy. Primary pinne 3-15 opposite
pairs, ascending, the lower rather remote, 4—lin. long, ovate-
deltoid. Pinnules oblong, deeply pinnatitid; segments entire or

968 FILICES. [Chetlanthes.

cuneate, margins much recurved when dry. Sori roundish or
oblong, distinct, or ultimately confluent and continuous round the
margins of the pinnules. Indusium usually elongated, narrow ;
margins pale, entire or minutely denticulate.—Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 83,
t. 978; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 1837; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 58;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 87, t. 21, f.1. C. tenuifolia, A. Rich. Fl. Noww.
Zel. 83; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 210; Raoul, Choix, 388; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. ii. 23 (for the greater part, not of Swartz). C. tenuifolia
var. Sieberi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 362. C. erecta, Col. m
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 619.

Norru anp SourH Istanps: From the North Cape southwards, not un-
common in dry rocky places.

Abundant in Australia, and also found in New Caledonia and the Isle of
Pines.

14, PELLAA, Link.

Rhizome usually creeping. Fronds tufted, or scattered along
she rhizome, simply pinnate in the New Zealand species, 2—3-pin-
nate and often palmate or pedate in others; texture subcoriaceous
or membranous ; veins always free but often obscure. Sori mar-
ginal, in an early stage distinct and oblong or linear-oblong, de-
current along the tips of the veins, but soon becoming confluent
and forming a continuous broad or narrow marginal band. In-
dusium formed of the modified edge of the frond, continuous, often
very narrow, at first involute over the sori, ultimately spreading,
often hidden by the ripe sporangia. Sporangia stalked, with an in-
complete vertical ring, bursting transversely.

About 60 species are known, found in the temperate and tropical regions of
both hemispheres. One of the two New Zealand species extends as far north
as India, the other is said to occur in Australia.

Erect. Pinnz ?-2in. long, lanceolate to linear-oblong .. 1. P. falcata.
Often decumbent. Pinnz 4-?in. long, oblong to orbicular 2. P. rotundifolia.

1. P. faleata, Fée Gen. Fil. 129.—Rhizome stout, creeping,
scaly. Stipes 3-6in. long, strong, erect, dark red-brown or almost
black, more or less hispid with spreading scales. Fronds 12-18 in.
long or more, 14-3 in. broad, linear or linear-oblong, simply pinnate ;
rhachis densely scaly and bristly. Pinnez 15-40 on a side, quite
entire, alternate, shortly petiolate or the upper sessile, 3-2 in. long,
11 in. broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, often
slightly faleate, acute or mucronate, truncate or cuneate at the
base, the lower ones slightly auriculate on the upper margin
near the base; texture coriaceous; both surfaces glabrous
or nearly so; veins not visible. Sori usually forming a broad
continuous marginal band all round the pinne. Indusium
very narrow, membranous, continuous.—Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 135,
t. 1llp; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 363; Hook. and Bak. Syn.

Pellea.| FILICES. 969

Fil. 151; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 58; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 88, t. 18, f. 4.
Pieris faleata, A. Br. Prodr. 154; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 24;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 729. BP. seticaulis, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 207.
Platyloma faleatum, J. Sm.

Kermapec Istanps: MacGillivray, 7. #.C. Norra Istanp: Auckland—
In various localities from Whangaroa to the Waikato River, but rare and
Jocal. SoutH Istanp : Nelson—Dun Mountain, Potts; near Nelson, D. Grant ;
Graham River, 7’. F.C.

Extends to Australia and Tasmania, the Malay Archipelago, and India. All
the New Zealand specimens that I have sean have shorter and broader pinne
than the typical state, and approach P. rotwndifolia so closely as to make it
probable that the two species are forms of one plant.

2. P. rotundifolia, Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. 136.—Habit of P. falcata,
but smaller and more slender, and fronds often decumbent.
Rhizome long, rigid, wiry, creeping, clothed with appressed scales.
Stipes 3-6 in. long, dark red-brown, densely pubescent and scaly.
Fronds 6—14 in. long, 3-14 in. broad, linear, simply pinnate; rhachis
bristly and scaly throughout. Pinnz 10-30 on each side, alternate,
petiolate or the upper sessile, quite entire, 4-%in. long, +-4in.
broad, variable in shape, oblong or oblong-ovate to orbicular,
obtuse or mucronate at the tip, rounded or obliquely truncate at
the base, glabrous or nearly so, coriaceous; veins concealed. Sori
forming broad marginal lines on both the upper and lower edges of
the pinne, but not so continuous as in P. falcata. Indusia very
numerous, membranous, involute when young, but soon reflexed
and often concealed by the sporangia.—Fil. Hzot. t. 48; Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 363; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 151; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 59; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 89, t. 14, f. 2. Pteris rotundi-
folia, Forst. Prodr. n. 420; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 78; A. Cunn.
Precur. nu. 198; Raoul, Choix, 38; Hook. Ic. Plant, 422; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vu. 730. Allosurus rotundifolius, Kunze in Linnea,
xxvill. 219. Platyloma rotundifolium, J. Sm.

NortH AND SoutH IsLaANDSs, CHATHAM IsLANDS: From the North Cape to
Foveaux Strait, not uncommon in dry woods. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Also in Norfolk Island; and Bentham refers a Queensland plant to the
same species.

15. PTERIS, Linn.

Rhizome usually creeping. Fronds of very various habit, gene-
rally compound, often of large size. Veins free or more or less
anastomosing. Sori marginal, linear, continuous, placed on a
slender connecting-vein (receptacle) running along the edge of the
frond and joining the tips of the transverse veinlets. Indusium
long, narrow, continuous, composed of the more or less modified and
membranous margin of the frond, at first involute over the sori,
at length usually spreading and exposing the sporangia. Sporangia
stalked, bursting transversely, girt by an incomplete vertical ring.

970 FILICES. [Pteris.

Understood in the wide sense of the ‘‘ Synopsis Filicum,’’ this is a large
genus of 125 species or more, almost cosmopolitan in its distribution. Two of
the New Zealand species are endemic, two extend to Australia and the Pacific
islands, the remaining two are very widely spread indeed.

A. Veins free.

Fronds 2-8ft. or more, deltoid, rigid, coriaceous. Pegs

ments 4-1in. long, decurrent at the base 46 1. P. aquilina,
Fronds 9-18 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rigid, coria-

ceous, glandular- er Segments small, ,-+in.

long, acute 2. P. scaberula.
Fronds 1-3 ft., ovate or deltoid, membranous, ‘glabrous.
Segments 3-1} in. long, obtuse 50 sf, .. 3. P. tremula.

B. Veins anastomosing.

Fronds 2-4ft., deltoid, dark-green, 2-pinnate or rarely
3-pinnate. Segments of the pinnules lanceolate or
linear- > Haan ah | 1-3 in. long, entire or toothed at the

tips .. 4. 2P. comans-
eyonals 1-3 ft, , deltoid, " pale- -green, 2-4- -pinnate. | Pinnules
often remote, stalked, ovate or deltoid, deeply lobed .. 5. P. macilenta.

Fronds 2-4 ft., ‘ovate-deltoid to ovate-lanceolate, glaucous,
2-3-pinnate. Pinnz distant, sessile; pinnules oblong,
obtuse, usually entire 46 aS = .. | 6. ees inersas

P. lomarioides, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1880) 380, said to have been
collected near Tapuaeharuru, Taupo, is proved by the type specimen in Mr.
Colenso’s herbarium to be the widely distributed P. cretica, Linn. Although it
is just possible that the species may exist near some of the hot springs at
Taupo, where other tropical ferns, such as Gleichenia dichotoma, Nephrodium
unitum and N. molle are known to grow, still, as the locality has been repeatedly
searched without success, the most prudent course is to wait for further evidence
before introducing the species into the Flora. The same course must be followed
with respect to P. longifolia, Linn., an equally widely spread plant, stated by
Mr. Buchanan (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 356) to have been gathered at
Tarawera, between Napier and Taupo, but of which there are no indigenous
specimens in any New Zealand herbarium.

1. P. aquilina, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1533; var. esculenta, Hook. f.
Fil. Nov. Zel. ii. 25.—Rhizome stout, as thick as the finger, creep-
ing, much branched, often matted, subterranean, producing nume-
rous scattered fronds. Stipes variable in length, stout, rigid, erect,
brown, smooth and shining. Fronds usually from 2-6ft. long
including the stipes, but often taller and sometimes 10-12 ft.,
broadly deltoid in outline, coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so when
mature, usually more or less rusty-pubescent when young, especially
on the under-surface, 3—4-pinnate ; rhachises grooved above, usually
pubescent. Primary pinne broad, distant, spreading, the lowest
pair the largest and most compound, the upper ones gradually
decreasing in size; secondary and tertiary lanceolate, always ter-
minating in a linear obtuse undivided segment. Ultimate segments
linear or linear-oblong, decurrent at the base. Veins free, once or
twice forked. Sori usually continuous all round the segment, and
often extending to the decurrent base. Indusium double, but the

Pteris.| FILICES. 971

inner one often very inconspicuous.—Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 196, t. 141;
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 363; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful. 162;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 7381; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 60; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 92, t. 14, f. 1, la. P. esculenta, Forst. Prodr. n. 418; Pl.
Hiscul. 74; A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 79; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 200 ;
Raoul, Choix, 38. Pteridium aquilinum, Kuhn.

KermapEc Isnanps, NortH AND SoutH IsLanps, CHATHAM ISLANDS,
Stewart Isuanp, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS: Abundant throughout,
except in dense forest, often covering extensive areas, especially in the North
Island. Common fern; Bracken; Rau-aruhe ; Rahurahu ; of the root Aruhe,
Roi. Sea-level to 4000 ft.

P. aquilina, in some of its forms, is almost cosmopolitan; the variety
esculenta, which chiefly differs in the decurrent bases of the pinnules, is confined
to the Southern Hemisphere. The starchy rhizome formerly constituted one of
the chief vegetable foods of the Maoris. For an account of the mode of its pre-
paration, and many interesting particulars concerning its use, reference should
be made to Mr. Colenso’s paper ‘‘ On the Vegetable Food of the Ancient New-
Zealanders’ (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii., pp. 1-38.)

9. P. scaberula, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 82, t. 11.—Rhizome
wide-creeping, rigid, wiry, clothed with chestnut-brown scales.
Stipes 4-12in. long, rigid, erect, yellow-brown or chestnut-brown,
scabrous, glandular-pubescent and usually more or less bristly.
Fronds 9-18in. high, rarely more, 4—-9in. broad, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, coriaceous, pale yellow-green, usually
copiously glandular-pubescent on both surfaces, rarely almost
glabrate ; rhachis scabrous, flexuous. Primary pinne numerous,
the lowest pair often distant, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 in.
long; secondary lanceolate. Ultimate divisions small, 4,1 in. long,
stipitate, acute, entire or the barren ones toothed or incised, often
lobed or pinnatifid at the base; veins obscure. Sori copious, when
mature usually covering the whole segment except the costa and
the extreme tip and base.—dA. Cunn. Precur. n. 204; Raoul, Chow,
38; Hook. Sp. Fil. 174, t. 934; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 25; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 364; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 163; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns,
61; Mield, N.Z. Ferns, 94, t. 19, f. 5. P. microphylla, A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 206; Raoul, Choix, 38. Allosurus scaberulus, Presi.
Posia scaberula, Kuhn.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDs, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Abundant
throughout, usually on bank-sides, or in dry open places in woods. Sea-level
to 2500 ft.

Easily distinguished from the other species of the genus in New Zealand
by the finely divided frond and minute coriaceous pinnules. In the North

Island it quickly takes possession of the sides of road-cuttings in forest districts,
often to the exclusion of other vegetation.

3. P. tremula, R. Br. Prodr. 154.—Rhizome short, stout, sub-
erect, putting up numerous tufted erect fronds. Stipes 1-2 ft. long,
stout, erect, quite glabrous, smooth and polished, bright chestnut-

972 FILICES. [Pteris.

brown, darker at the base. Fronds 1-3 ft. long or more, 6-24 in.
broad, ovate or ovate-deltoid, acuminate, bright-green, herbaceous,
quite glabrous, 2—4-pinnate; rhachis smooth, naked. Primary
pinne 6-12 pairs, subopposite; the lowest 6-15 in. long, ovate-
lanceolate or ovate-deltoid, usually bipinnate, sometimes tripinnate ;
upper gradually becoming shorter and narrower and less compound ;
the uppermost linear, pinnate or pinnatifid. Ultimate segments
4-14 in. long, ;4,-4 in. broad, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, sessile
and decurrent at the base; fertile usually entire or slightly crenate
at the tips; barren generally broader and with the margins crenate
throughout; veins free, forked. Sori copious, usually continuous
on both the upper and lower edges of the segments, rarely inter-
rupted.— Hook. Sp. Fil. 11. 174, t. 1208; Hook. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 25;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 364; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 161; Benth. FI.
Austral. vii. 731; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 60; Freld, N.Z. Ferns, 90,
t. 28, 1.2. P. affinis, A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 81; A. Cumn. Precur.
n. 201; Raoul, Choiz, 38. P. tenuis, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 200.
P. Kingiana, Endl. Prodr. Fl. Insl. Norfolk. 18.

KpRMADEC Is~tANDS, NortH Is~anpD: Abundant, ascending to 2500 ft.

Sourn Isnanp: In various localities in Nelson and Marlborough, but not
common ; recorded from Banks Peninsula by Armstrong.

Also in Australia and Tasmania, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, and
Fiji. Very variable in the size and shape of the ultimate segments. P. Kingiana
(var. Kingiana, Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 161) sometimes has them over if in.
long and more than }in. broad; while in P. tenwis, A. Cunn., they are very
narrow, the sori occupying the whole under-surface except the costa.

4. P. comans, Forst. Prodr. n. 419.—Rhizome short, stout, sub-
erect. Stipes 1-2 ft. long or more, erect, yellow-brown, polished,
naked or clothed at the base with dark-brown scales. Fronds 1-4 ft.
long, 4-3 {t. broad, broadly deltoid, acuminate, membranous, dark-
screen, quite glabrous, 2-pinnate or rarely 3-pinnate at the base;
rhachis smooth, polished. Lower pinne in large specimens nearly
2ft. long by 1ft. broad and bipinnate, but usually from 9-18 in.
and pinnate, shortly stalked; upper pinne gradually becoming
shorter and narrower, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, regularly
pinnatifid; terminal pinna 6—-9in. long, cut down almost to the
rhachis. Ultimate segments variable in size and shape, 1-3 in.
long, 1-4in. broad, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong,
acute or obtuse, straight or falcate, the fertile ones serrate at the
tips or sinuate-serrate or sinuate-lobed, sinus between the segments.
acute. Veins anastomosing copiously. Sori continuous, but not
reaching the apex of the segments.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 79;
A. Gunn. Precur.n. 199; Raoul, Chow, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 219;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 26; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 171; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 733; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 62; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 95,
t. 24, f. 1. P. Endlicheriana, Aghard Sp. Pterid. 66; Hook. Ic.
Plant. t. 973; Sp. Fil. ii. 218; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 364.
Litobrochia comans, Presl. Tent. Pteridogr. 66.

Pteris.| FILICES. 973

Kprmapec Is~tanps: Most abundant, McGillivray, T. F. C. Norra
IsLAND: From the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape southwards to the
Bay of Plenty, usually in shaded places near the sea, plentiful on the outlying
islands, rare and local on the mainland.

This is often confounded by fern-collectors with large states of P. macilenta
var. pendula, but is an altogether different plant, with a coarser and stouter
habit of growth, much-broader less-divided fronds, and usually long and narrow
segments, with the venation more copiously anastomosing. It is also found in
Australia, Tasmania, and the Pacific islands.

5. P. macilenta, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 82, t. 11.—Rhizome
very short, suberect, clothed with the bases of the old stipites.
Stipes 6-12in. iong, pale yellow-brown, becoming darker towards
the base, smooth or slightly scaly below. Fronds 1-3 ft. long,
9-18 in. broad, broadly ovate or deltoid, membranous, flaccid, pale-
green and glistening, quite glabrous, 2—3-pinnate ; rhachis smooth,
stramineous. Primary pinne numerous, distant, the lower ones
6-12 in. long, the upper gradually shorter; terminal pinna 1-3 in.
long, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid. Secondary pinne stalked,
those on the lower branches again pinnate, on the upper pinnatifid.
Pinnules 1-2in. long, scattered, often remote, stalked, ovate or
deltoid, cuneate at the base, pinnatifid, the terminal ones adnate
and decurrent. Ultimate segments oblong or ovate, deeply and
coarsely toothed or incised at the apex. Veins anastomosing along
the costa, free elsewhere. Sori in the notches between the seg-
ments, short, not nearly reaching the tips of the segments.—A.
Cunn. Precur. n. 202; Raoul, Choiz, 38; Hook. Sp. Fil. ti. 219;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 26; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 364; Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Fil. 171; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 61; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 94,
t. 7, f. 1. Litobrochia macilenta, Brack. Fil. U.S. Hapl. Haped.
106.

Var. pendula.—Not so finely divided. Terminal pinna larger, 3-5 in. long,

often caudate. Pinnules larger, 2-24in. long, ovate, acuminate; segments
longer and narrower.—P. pendula, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 218.

NortH Istanp: Not uncommon throughout in dry woods. SovurH
IstanpD: Nelson—Near Nelson, T. F. C.; Takaka, Kingsley. Marlborough—
Buchanan. Also said to occur on Banks Peninsula and near Greymouth, but I
have seen no specimens.

6. P. incisa, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 733.—Rhizome long, creeping,
rather slender, smooth, producing numerous scattered fronds. Stipes
1-3 ft. high or more, stout, erect, smooth and glossy, yellow-brown
or red-brown when mature, often glaucous when young, naked or
slightly scabrous at the base. Fronds variable in size, 2—4 ft. long,
broadly deltoid or ovate-deltoid to ovate-lanceolate, membranous
when young, firm in age, quite smooth and glabrous, glaucous-
green, 2-3-pinnate; rhachis pale chestnut-brown, smooth and
polished. Primary pinne large, 6-12in. long or more, ovate-
lanceolate, opposite or nearly so, rather distant, sessile, the opposite
pairs often almost connate at the base, 2-pinnatifid or the uppermost

974 FILICES. [Pteris.

simply pinnate. Secondary pinne lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid,
sometimes pinnate at the base. Ultimate segments oblong or
oblong-deltoid, obtuse, those of the barren fronds often sinuate-
dentate or lobed. Veins sometimes all free, but usually more or
less anastomosing near the costa of the pinnules. Sori continuous
or interrupted, seldom reaching either the base or apex of the
segment.—Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 230; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 364;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful. 172; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 732; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 62; Hield, N.Z. Ferns, 96, t. 8, {.4. P. vespertilionis,
Lab. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 96, t. 245; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1.110; FI.
Nov. Zel. ii. 26. P. Brunoniana, Hndl. Prodr. Fl. Insl. Norfolk.
12; A. Cumn. Precur. n. 203; Raoul, Choiz, 38. P. montana, Col.
in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sc. (1845) 12. Litobrochia incisa and
L. vespertilionis, Presl. Tent. Pteridogr. 149. Histiopteris incisa,
Aghard Sp. Pteridog.

Nortu anp SourH IsntaAnps, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, AUCK-

LAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS, ANTIPOoDES IsLAND: Abundant throughout,
often forming thickets on the skirts of woods, &c. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Universally spread through the tropics and the south temperate zone. In
New Zealand it attains exceptional luxuriance by the margins of hot springs
jn the Rotorua and Taupo districts, in some localities reaching a height of
12 ft.

16. LOMARIA, Willd.

Rhizome creeping or short and suberect, sometimes lengthened
into a short caudex, rarely long and climbing. Fronds variable in
size, usually simply pinnate or pinnatifid, rarely undivided, very
rarely bipinnate, dimorphic; the outer fronds sterile with large and
broad flat pinne, the inner fertile with smaller linear pinne.
Veins free, not anastomosing. Sori linear, in a continuous elon-
gated line occupying the whole space between the midrib and the
margin. Indusium linear, membranous, composed of the more or
less modified edge of the frond, at first revolute over the sorus,
ultimately spreading. Sporangia stalked, girt by an incomplete
vertical ring, bursting transversely.

A large genus of nearly 50 species, most abundant in the south temperate
zone, but with outlying species in most temperate and tropical countries. It
only differs from Blechnwm in the sori being close to the margin of the frond,
and is united with that genus by many pteridologists. Of the 14 species found
in New Zealand 4 or perhaps 5 are endemic, 2 are widely distributed in the

south temperate zone, the remainder are found either in Australia or the Pacific
islands, or in both.

A. Fronds pinnate or pinnatifid, rarely simple.

* Sterile fronds pinnatifid (or rarely simple), central and lower pinne con-
nected by their dilated bases.

Fronds 1-3 ft. long, often pendulous, broad, coriaceous,
sometimes simple. Pinne few, large, 4-12in. long,
1-13 in. broad : oe = 4 A

Fronds 1-4 ft. high, narrow, erect. Pinne very numerous,
1-3 in. x }-4in., reddish or dirty-white beneath .. 2. L. discolor.

1. L. Patersoni.

Lomaria.| FILICES. 975

** Sterile fronds pinnatifid above, pinnate below, central and lower pinne
free, but more or less dilated at their bases.

a. Pinne at the base of the frond not reduced in size.

Fronds 4-14 in., lanceolate-deltoid. Pinne 1-3in., lanceo-
late or ensiform, the lowest pair often deflexed -. 3. DL. vulcanica.

b. Pinne gradually reduced in size towards the base of the frond.

Fronds 1-3 ft. x 3-Gin.,submembranous. Pinne 13-3 in.
x 4-gin., lanceolate, falcate, acuminate. Pinne of
fertile fronds 2-3 in. long. Ae Ts ws

Fronds 6-18 in. x 2-4in.,submembranous. Pinne 1-2 in.
x #-4in., oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, sinuate-
crenate. Pinnz of fertile fronds ?~14in., narrow-linear,
acute ak a sc ae $n -. 5. L. lanceolata.

Fronds 9-30in. x 14-4in., fleshy or coriaceous. Pinnz
3-23 in. X +-4in., linear-oblong to lanceolate, entire.

Pinne of fertile fronds #-14 in., linear-oblong, obtuse .. 6. ZL. dura.

Rhizome short. Fronds 4-12in. x 4-lin., dark-green,
coriaceous. Pinnz 4-4in. X }in., oblong to suborbicu-
lar. Fertile fronds shorter than the sterile .. -. ¢. L. Banksi.

Rhizome creeping. Fronds 2-12in. x 4-2in., coriaceous
to submembranous. Pinne 4-4in., ovate-oblong to
linear-oblong. Fertile fronds longer than the sterile;
pinnz linear-oblong, obtuse .. a oe -. 8. ZL. alpina.

4, L. Norfolkiana..

*** Sterile fronds pinnate, or pinnatifid above; pinne not dilated at their

Rhizome short, thick. Fronds often very large, 1-8 ft. long.

Pinne 3-12in. x 4-lin., linear, coriaceous .. .. 9. L. capensis.
Rhizome very long, climbing. Sterile fronds dimorphic;

lower with smallrounded pinne ; upper with long lanceo-

late faleate ones... alc a 22 .. 10. L. filiformis.
Rhizome short, suberect. Fronds 3-8in. x 1-1} in.,

blackish - green, lyrate-pinnatifid. Terminal pinnee

much longer than the lateral sic 5t en wal Ii een
Rhizome stout, suberect. Fronds 12-30in. x ?-1iin.,

linear, membranous ; rhachis and stipes bristly and

scaly. Pinne 4-$in. x +-4in., oblong to suborbicular,

obtuse at oe ae re 5G .. 12. L. fwiatilis.
Rhizome short, suberect. Fronds 3-10in. x 2-14in.,

submembranous; stipes and rhachis naked. Pinne

4-? in., ovate-oblong to oblong, obtuse te .. 13. L.membranacea.

B. Fronds bipinnate.

Rhizome often produced into a caudex resembling the trunk
of a miniature tree-fern. Fronds 9-18in. long, ovate,
acuminate as 35 ae .. 14. L. Fraseri.

1. L. Patersoni, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 62; var. elongata, Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Ful. 174.—Rhizome short, stout, creeping, clothed
with blackish-brown scales, sometimes stoloniferous ; rootlets
tomentose. Stipes 3-9in. long, stout, black, scaly at the base.
Sterile fronds very variable; of young plants (and occasionally of
old ones) quite simple and entire, 6-12in. long, 1-14 in. broad ; of
old plants pinnatifid, 1-3 ft. long or more, 6-12 in. broad, broadly

976 FILICES. ; [Lomaria.

ovate to ovate-lanceolate, erect or pendulous, coriaceous, glabrous,
dark-green above, paler beneath; rhachis winged throughout.
Pinne 4-12 on each side, alternate, acuminate, broadly decurrent
at the base, forming a rounded lobe in the sinus, quite entire; at
the base of the frond there are usually several small rudimentary
pinne sometimes extending down the stipes almost to its base.
Veins numerous, close, free, forked. Fertile fronds as long as
the sterile, pinnatifid ; pinne narrow-linear, 4-10in. long, 4-4in.
broad. Sori continuous, ultimately covering the whole under-surface
except the costa.—Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 64; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 98, t.
11, f. 8, 38a, 8B. L. elongata, Blume, Hn. Fil. Jav. ii. 201; Hook. Sp.
Ful. iv. 3, t. 148; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. u. 29; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 367.
L. heterophylla, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sci. (i845) 15 (not
of Desv.). Li. Colensoi, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 627, 628. Blechnum
Patersoni, Metten.

NortH anp SoutH Isuanps, Stewart IstAnD: Damp hilly forests from
the Thames and Te Aroha southwards, not common; local on the east side of
the South Island. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

The New Zealand variety is also found in the Pacific islands, Malaya, and
India. The typical state, which differs in the fronds being usually simple,
occurs in Australia, Tasmania, and the Philippines. As in most of the species
of the genus, the fronds are sometimes partly fertile and partly sterile.

2. L. discolor, Willd. Sp. Plant. v. 293.—Rhizome short, stout,
suberect, stoloniferous at the base, often lengthened above into a
short erect caudex 1-2 ft. high, clothed at the top with the bases
of the old stipites. Stipes 3-6in. long, stout, polished, densely
covered at the base with dark-brown linear scales. Fronds
numerous, tufted at the top of the caudex and forming an elegant
crown, erect, 1-4 ft. high; sterile linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-
late, gradually tapering at both ends, 2—6in. broad in the middle,
coriaceous, glossy- green above, dirty-white to reddish-brown
beneath, often clothed with rufous scales when young, glabrous
when old, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate at the very base. Pinnze
very numerous, closely placed, horizontally spreading, 1-3 in. long,
1_1in. broad, linear to linear-oblong, subacute, usually connected
by their broad dilated bases, margins minutely sinuate. Veins
close, free, forked. Fertile fronds about as long as the sterile but
narrower ; pinne 3-14 in. long, linear, stout, often flexuous, usually
with broad leafy bases. Sori continuous, covering the whole
under-surface except the costa. Indusium with the margins much
lacerated.— A. Cunn. Precur.n. 181; Raoul, Choiz, 37; Hook. Sp.
Fil. iti. 5; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 30; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 368;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 175; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 735; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 65; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 100, t. 4, f.2, 24. Stegania dis-
color, A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 87. Onoclea discolor, Swartz, Syn.
Fil. iti. Osmunda discolor, Forst. Prodr. n. 418. Blechnum dis-
.color, Metten.

Lomaria. | FILICES. St

Nort anp SourH ISLANDS, CHATHAM ISLANDS, STEWART IsLAND, AUCK-
LAND AND CAMPBELL IstaANDS: Abundant in open forests throughout. Sea-
level to 3000 ft.

Easily distinguished by the tall erect habit, long and narrow horizontally
spreading pinne, and dirty-white or reddish under-surface. The fronds are
frequently forked at the top, and a beautiful sport is in cultivation in which the
pinne are greatly expanded in the upper two-thirds of their length, and deeply
pinnatifid. Also a native of Norfolk Island, Australia, and Tasmania.

3. L. vuleanica, Blume, Hn. Fil. Jav. ii. 202.—Rhizome short,
stout, woody, erect or inclined, densely clothed with the remains
of the old stipites. Stipes 4—9in. long, slender, pale yellow-brown,
clothed towards the base with dark-brown shining subulate scales,
smooth and polished above. Sterile fronds 4-14 in. long without
the stipes, 2-5in. broad at the base, lanceolate-deltoid, not nar-
rowed below, acuminate, coriaceous, dull-green, glabrous or the
surfaces and margins sprinkled with soft white hairs, pinnate at
the base, pinnatitid above. Pinne 1-3in. long, +-4in. broad,
spreading, lanceolate or ensiform, broadest at the base, acute or
obtuse at the tip, falcate, lowest pair deflexed ; margins thickened,
entire or minutely crenate-undulate. Veins free, forked. Fertile
fronds usually exceeding the sterile and with a longer stipes,
pinnate in the lower half; pinnz 1-2 in. long, linear, distant, with
a dilated adnate base. Sori continuous; indusium with lacerate
margins.—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 969; Sp. Fil. iii. 12; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. ii. 29; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 367; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil.
176; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 735; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 65; Field,
N.Z. Ferns, 99, t. 27,{.5, 5a. Li. deltoides, Col. in Tasmanian Journ.
Nat. Sci. (1845) 17. lL. deflexa, Col. l.c. 18. Li. paucijuga, Col. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 222. Blechnum vulecanicum, Christ.

NortTH AND SoutH Isuanns, Stewart Istanp: In dry open woods from
Auckland and Coromandel southwards, but often rare and local, especially to
the north of the Hast Cape, more frequent in the subalpine forests of Nelson
and Canterbury. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

A well-marked species, at once recognised by the narrow-deltoid frond, with
the lowest pair of pinne deflexed. It extends northwards through Australia
and the Pacific islands to Malaya.

4. L. Norfolkiana, Heward in Lond. Jowrn. Bot. (1842) 122.—
Rhizome short, stout, erect or inclined, clothed with the bases of
the old stipites mixed with dark-brown chaffy scales. Stipes short,
stout, 2-4in. long, scaly at the base. Sterile fronds numerous,
forming a crown at the top of the rhizome, erect or spreading,
1-3 ft. high, 3-6 in. broad, lanceolate or narrow elliptic-lanceolate,
gradually tapering from the middle to both ends, acuminate, dark-
green, firm but scarcely coriaceous, quite glabrous, deeply pinnatifid
or pinnate at the base. Pinnz numerous, close-set, horizontally
spreading, 13-3 in. long, $-3in. broad, lanceolate, tapering from a
broad adnate base to an acuminate point, subfalcate, the lower ones

978 FILICES. [Lomaria

gradually reduced in size to minute auricles, margins crenulate ;
veins fine, close, forked. Fertile fronds rather shorter than the
sterile, pinnate; pinnz remote, very narrow-linear, 2-3 in. long,
apiculate.—Bak. in Ann. Bot. v. (1891) 219. L. acuminata, Bak.
Syn. Fil. (edit. 2) 481; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 66. L. attenuata,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 368; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 101 (not of
Willd.).

KERMADEC ISLANDS: Sunday Island, abundant, McGillivray, T. F.C.
NortuH Istanp: Three Kings Islands, 7. Ff. C. Little Barrier Island,
Reischek ! 1. #'. C.

Also in Norfolk Island. It can only be distinguished from ZL. lanceolata
by the greater size, the long acuminate sterile pinne, and the much longer
fertile pinne, and might well be regarded as a variety only. On both the
Three Kings Islands and the Little Barrier it appears to gradually merge into
the ordinary state of L. lanceolata.

5. L. lanceolata, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 62.—Rhizome short,
stout, erect or inclined, rarely produced into a short caudex 3-6 in.
high. Stipes 2-6in. long, firm, erect, dark-brown at the base and
clothed with subulate scales, paler and glabrous above. Fronds
tuited, forming a crown at the top of the rhizome; the sterile ones
6-18in. long, 2-4in. broad, lanceolate, acuminate, gradually nar-
rowed to the base, rather membranous, pale-green or dark-green,
quite glabrous, pinnate below, pinnatifid above. Pinne numerous,
close-set, horizontally spreading or ascending, 1—2in. long, +-4in.
broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, attached by a broad some-
what dilated base, gradually tapering to an obtuse or acute point,
slightly falcate, usually sinuate-crenate towards the tip, rarely
entire; veins conspicuous, free, forked. Fertile fronds usually
shorter than the sterile, 1-2in. broad, pinnate; pinne 3~-1din.
iong, distant, narrow-linear, acute or apiculate.—A. Cumn. Precur.
n. 180; Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 429; Sp. Fil.
iii. 11; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. u..29; Handb. N.Z. Pi sole
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 177; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 735;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 66; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 102, t. 11, f. 2, 2a.
L. aggregata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 223; Field,
N.Z. Ferns, 103, t. 29, f. 7, 7A. Blechnum lanceolatum, Stwrm.

NorrH and SoutH IsLANDS, CHATHAM ISLANDS, STEWART IsLAND: From
the North Cape southwards, abundant by the margins of streams, &c. Sea-
level to 2500 ft.

Also in Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and the Pacific islands. A
variable plant. Large specimens pass into L. Norfolkiana, and smaller ones.
are sometimes difficult to separate from L. membranacea.

6. L. dura, Moore in Gard. Chron. (1866) 290.—Rhizome stout,
erect, clothed with the bases of the old stipites, sometimes
lengthened into a short caudex. Stipes 1—2in. long, clothed at
the base with large ovate-lanceolate brownish scales. Fronds

Lomaria.| FILICES. 979

numerous, tufted, forming a crown at the top of the rhizome;
sterile 1-24 ft. long, 14-4 in. broad, lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
usually broadest above the middle, very gradually narrowed to the
base, dark-green, fleshy or almost coriaceous, pinnatifid above,
pinnate below. Pinnz numerous, close-set, often overlapping, the
largest 3-24 in. long, +-4 in. broad, variable in shape, linear-oblong
to lanceolate, obtuse or acute, often falcate, attached by a broad
base, the upper narrower and more acute, lowermost dwarfed to
rounded auricles; margins entire, slightly thickened. Veins free,
forked. Fertile fronds shorter and narrower than the sterile,
1-24 in. broad; pinne numerous, close, linear-oblong, rigid, obtuse.
Sori very copious, covering the whole under-surface.—Hook. /f.
Handb. N.Z. Fil. 748; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 177; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 66; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 104, t. 10, f. 4, 4a. L. rigida,
J. Sm. Ferns, Brit. and For. 290.

SourH Istanp: Banks Peninsula, Armstrong. Hastern and southern
coasts of Otago, not uncommon, Petrie! Thomson, Kirk! West Coast sounds,
J.D. Enys! Stewart Isnanp AND THE Snares: Kirk! CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Abundant, Chudleigh! Buchanan! Miss Seddon! AvCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
IsLANnDs, ANTIPODES IsLAND: Kirk !

A purely littoral plant, never found far from the influence of sea-spray.
Easily recognised by the fleshy or coriaceous habit, the usually obtuse and
entire sterile pinne, and by the close-set broad and rigid fertile pinne.

7. L. Banksii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 31, t. 76.—Rhizome
short, stout, woody, erect or inclined, clothed with the old stipites
at the top, and with matted fibres below. Stipes short, stout,
dark-coloured, furnished at the base with numerous ovate-lanceo-
late chaffy scales. Fronds numerous; sterile 4—-12in. high, rarely
more, 4-1 in. broad, linear-lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, rather
coriaceous, dark-green, sometimes with a glaucous tinge, pinnatifid
above, pinnate below. Pinne numerous, close-set, adnate by a
broad base, 4-4in. long, rarely more, about +in. broad, broadly
oblong or almost semi-orbicular, obtuse, quite entire ; lower pinne
much reduced, sometimes forming a sinuated wing down to the base
of thestipes. Fertile fronds usually shorter than the sterile, pinnate
‘throughout ; pinne shorter and narrower, more distant, straight or
curved. Sori copious, covering the whole under-surface.—Handab.
N.Z. Fl. 368; Hook. Sp. Fil. ui. 17; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil.
173; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 61; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 105, t. 26, f. 2,
24. Blechnum Banksii, Mettenius.

Norts Istanp: Auckland — North Cape, Buchanan; near Ahipara,
T. F. C.; Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham; Little Barrier Island, Kirk !
T. #. C.; Manukau Heads, Sinclair, Colonel Haultain! Hast Cape, Colenso !
Taranaki—White Cliffs to Cape Egmont, Buchanan, . F. C. Wellington—
Wellington Heads, Field; Cape Terawiti, Kirk! SourH Istanp: Marl-
borough—Queen Charlotte Sound, Banks and Solander. Nelson—Cape Fare-
well, Kirk! West Wanganui, Kingsley. Canterbury — Banks Peninsula,

980 FILICES. [Lomaria.

Armstrong. Otago—Not uncommon on both the East and West Coasts,
Buchanan, Petrie! Thomson, Hamilton! Stewart IstaANnD: Paterson’s Inlet,.
Kirk.

A well-marked plant, easily recognised by the coriaceous habit and short
and broad rounded pinne attached by a broad base. Like L. dura, it is a
purely littoral plant, never found beyond the influence of the sea-spray.

8. L. alpina, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 62.—Rhizome long, slender,
branched, creeping, clothed with chaffy ferruginous scales. Stipes.
2-6in. long or more, slender, red-brown, smooth and polished,
sparingly scaly. Fronds tufted along the rhizome; sterile shorter
than the fertile, 4-18in. long including the stipes, }-%in. broad,
often spreading or decumbent, linear or linear-lanceolate, narrowed
to the base, dark-green, pinnatifid or pinnate towards the base,
texture varying from thick and coriaceous to almost membranous.
Pinne numerous, close-set, short, spreading, 4—1 in. long, attached
by a broad base, ovate-oblong or triangular-oblong to linear-oblong,.
obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate. Fertile fronds erect, pinnate
throughout ; pinne numerous, rather distant, shorter and narrower
than the sterile, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, spreading or de-
flexed or sometimes curved upwards. Sori copious, covering the
whole under-surface.— Hook. Fil. Hxot.t.32; Sp. Ful. i. 16; Hook.
f. Fl. Antarct. 11. 398, t. 150; Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 830; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 368; Hook. f. Bak. Syn. Fil. 178; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 736 ;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 66; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 105, t. 17, f. 5, 5a. L.
pumila, Raoul, Choiz, 9, t. 28; Hook. Sp. Fil. iti. 17; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. ui. 28; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 367. I. linearis, Col. in
Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Ser. (1845) 16. L. parvifolia, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 224. Stegania alpina, &. Br. Prodr. 152.
Blechnum alpinum, Metten. Fil. Hort. Bot. Lips. 64. Poly-
podium penna-marina, Poir. in Lam. Encycel. v. 520.

NortH anp SoutH IsLaAnps, CHATHAM IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, AN-
TIPODES IsLAND, MacquaRrig Istanp: From the Upper Thames Valley and
Rotorua southwards, abundant to the south of the Hast Cape. Sea-level to.
4000 ft.

Also abundant in temperate South America, Australia, and Tasmania.
Raoul’s L. pumila differs from the type in the more membranous fronds and
distinctly crenate pinne, but is without doubt a trivial state produced by
srowing in an unusually sheltered and shaded locality. Specimens exactly
resembling Raoul’s plate can be found without any difficulty in both islands,
and can generally be traced on the spot into ordinary L. alpina. I look upon
it as a form too inconstant to keep up even as a variety. JL. parvifolia, Col., of
which I possess a type specimen forwarded by Mr. Colenso himself, is clearly
the same, a view which is also taken by Mr. Baker (Ann. of Bot. v. (1891) 220).

9. L. capensis, Willd. Sp. Plant. v. 291.—Rhizome short,
stout, often woody, erect or inclined, sometimes prostrate, clothed
at the top with large chestnut- brown scales. Stipes stout, long
or short, usually densely scaly at the base. Fronds numerous, very
variable in size, usually from 1-4{t., but in dry exposed places.

Lomaria.} FILICES. 981

often dwarfed to a few inches, while on the sides of deep wooded
ravines they are occasionally 8-10 it. long or even more; sterile
ovate or oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, erect or pendulous, very
coriaceous to almost membranous, bright-green to brownish-green,
pinnate throughout; rhachis stout, more or less scaly, especially
when young. Pinnz often very numerous, but in small specimens
and in var. minor frequently reduced to 4-6 pairs, alternate, hori-
zontally spreading, 3-12in. long or more, 4—-lin. broad, acute or
acuminate, oblique at the base and cuneate or truncate or rounded-
cordate or even auriculate, sessile by the midrib alone or the upper-
most more or less adnate; margins minutely toothed; coste more
or less scaly. Veins free, close, parallel, usually forked at the
base. Fertile pinne very narrow-linear, distant, 3-9 in. long,
4-4 in. broad, usually on separate fronds, but often mixed with
sterile pinne or the pinne partly fertile and partly sterile.
Indusium broad, membranous, lacerate—F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is.
72; Benth. N.Z. Austral. vu. 737. L. procera, Spreng. Syst. Veg.
iv. 65; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 182; Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 427, 428; Sp. Fil. iii. 22; Garden Ferns, t. 53; Hook. f. Fl.
Antarct.i.110; Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 27; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 366; Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Fil. 179; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 67; Field, N.Z. Ferns,
107, t. 2, f.1, 1a. L. latifolia, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sci.
(1845) 15. L. duplicata, Potts in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877) 491.
Stegania procera, f. Br. Prodr. 153; A. Rich. Fil. 86, t. 18.
Osmunda capensis, Linn. Mant. 306. O. procera, Forst. Prodr.
n. 414. Blechnum capense, Schlecht. Adumb. Ful. 34, t. 18.

Var. a, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 27.—Usually tall and robust. Sterile
pinne truncate or broadly cuneate at the base.

Var. b, Hook. f. l.c.—Usually tall and robust. Sterile pinnz cordate or
auriculate at the base,

Var. c, Hook. f. l.c.—Usually tall and robust. Sterile pinne narrowed at
the base.

Var. d, minor, Hook. f. 1.c.—Smaller, 1-3ft. high, dark olive-green;
fertile fronds usually exceeding the sterile. Sterile pinne few, 4-8 pairs, short,
broad, linear-oblong, the lowermost hardly shorter than the one above it,
upper often adnate.—Stegania minor, R. Br. Prodr. 153.

Kermapsec Isuanps, NortH AND SourH Istanps, CHaTHAmM ISLANDs,
STEWART IsLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES ISLAND:
Abundant throughout, ascending to 4000 ft.

A very widely distributed species. From Australia and Tasmania it extends
northwards to Malaya, and is common in many of the Pacific islands. In
America it ranges from the south of Chili northwards to Mexico and the West
Indies. Itis also found inSouth Africa. In New Zealand it occurs in all soils
and situations, and, although attaining its greatest luxuriance in deep forest
ravines, is plentiful in open swamps and gullies, and even not averse to bare
hillsides or the clefts of rocky peaks. At first it is difficult to believe that the
small forms found in exposed places, often not more than 6in. high, with 3-4
pairs of pinnz, can belong to the same species as the huge specimens growing
on moist cliffs in shaded ravines, in which the fronds are sometimes 8-10 ft.
long, with more than 40 pairs of pinne. But every gradation of size exists,

982 FILICES. [Lomaria.

and one form can be traced directly into the other. I have kept up the four
varieties established by Sir J. D. Hooker in the Flora, although the first three
do not seem to be separated by any well-defined characters. Var. minor is more
distinct ; and in some respects approaches L. vulcanica. It has a different habit
and mode of growth, and may prove to be a separate species.

In nearly all the species of Lomaria the fertile fronds are sometimes
irrecularly mixed with sterile pinnz, but in none is this so commonly seen as in
L. capensis. Sometimes one side of the frond may be fertile and the opposite
side sterile, or the sterile and fertile pinne may be irregularly mixed. Or
sometimes the upper half of the frond may be fertile and the lower sterile, or
vice versa. It is also quite common for the pinne themselves to be partly
fertile and partly sterile. The frond is also occasionally once or twice di-
chotomously forked, constituting Mr. Potts’s LZ. duwplicata, and sometimes the
tips of the fronds are regularly crested.

10. L. filiformis, A. Cunn. Precur. nu. 183.—Rhizome long,
stout, branched, climbing up trees to a great height, clothed with
squarrose scales. Sterile fronds very numerous, scattered along
the rhizome, pinnate throughout, of two forms; those on the
ground or on the lower part of the rhizome small, 3-6 in. long,
4-1 in. broad, linear or linear-lanceolate ; pinnze +4in. long, oblong
to orbicular-oblong, sharply and deeply toothed. Fronds from the
upper part of the rhizome much larger, 1—24 ft. long, 3-6 in. broad,
lanceolate, pendulous, hardly coriaceous, dark-green, glabrous or
more or less scaly along the rhachis and cost; stipes short, scaly
at the base. Pinne numerous, 14-4in. long, about din. broad,
lanceolate, faleate, narrowed upwards into a finely acuminate point,
shortly stipitate and truncate or rounded or cordate at the base,
margins regularly and finely crenate-dentate. Fertile fronds from
near the top of the rhizome, ovate or ovate-oblong in outline ;
pinne numerous, 3-6in. long, 4in. broad, very narrow-linear or
almost filiform. Indusium very narrow.—faoul, Choix, 37; Hook.
Sp. Fil. iii. 33, t. 149; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 366; Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Fil. 180; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 68; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 109,
t. 10, f. 8, 8a, 38. L. propinqua, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 184. L. pimpi-
nellifolia, Hook. f. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. (1844) 412.
Stenochlena heteromorpha, J. Sm. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iv.
(1845) 149; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 46; Brack. Fil. U.S. Hapl.
Exped. 77. Osmunda reptans, Banks and Sol. ex Hook. f. Hl. Nov.
Zel. ii. 46. Blechnum reptans, Christ.

Nort anp SoutrH Isuanps: In forests from the North Cape southwards
to Nelson and Marlborough, abundant. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Also recorded from the Fiji Islands. A most distinct species, remarkable
for its very long climbing rhizome and dimorphic sterile fronds.

11. L. nigra, Col. m Tasmaman Journ, Nat. Sci. (1845) 16.—
Rhizome short, stout, suberect, clothed with the bases of the old
stipites mixed with chatfy scales. Stipes slender, densely scaly,
1-3 in. long. Sterile fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome,
spreading, 3-8 in. long, 1-14 in. broad, linear-oblong, membranous,

Loemaria.| FILICES. 983

blackish-green or lurid-green, brittle when dry, glabrous or the
margins and under-surface more or less clothed with short rufous
hairs, lvrate-pinnatifid, pinnate at the base; rhachis usually densely
pubescent. Pinne 4-8 pairs, unequal in size; the terminal one
much the largest, 1-2 in. long, oblong, obtuse, irregularly lobed or
sinuate ; the lateral +-$in. long, oblong to orbicular-oblong, irregu-
larly sinuate, the lowest pair larger than those immediately above,
and often stipitate and deflexed. Fertile fronds few, erect, pin-
nate; pinne few, distant, narrow-linear, apiculate, the terminal one
elongated, the lateral much shorter.—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 960; Sp.
Pies); Fook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 31; Handd. N.Z. Fl. 369:
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fl. 181; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 69; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 110, t. 25, f. 4, 44. Polybotrya nana, Fee. Acrost. t. 38, f. 1.
Blechnum nigrum, Mett.

NorrH Istanp: Dark gloomy forests from Whangarei southwards, not
common. SoutruH Istanp: Nelson—Collingwood, D. Grant; Takaka and West
Wanganui, Kingsley. Westland—Abundant at low elevations, Hnys! A.
Hamilton! J. W. Brame! &c. Otago—Milford Sound, Bligh’s Sound, Lyall,
Hector and Buchanan. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Easily recognised by the enlarged terminal portion of the frond, which is
often only shallowly lobed, while the lower pinne are usually distinct from one
another. The surface of the frond is often overgrown with mosses or hepatice,
in the same manner as in T’richomanes elongatum.

12. L. fluviatilis, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 65.—Rhizome stout,
suberect, often woody, densely clothed with the bases of the old
stipites and with chestnut-brown subulate scales. Stipes very
short, densely scaly. Sterile fronds very numerous, forming a
broad spreading crown at the top of the rhizome, 1-2} ft. high,
#-14in. broad, linear or linear-lanceolate, submembranous, pale
brownish-green, pinnate throughout; rhachis densely clothed with
spreading subulate scales. Pinne very numerous, 20-50 pairs,
4-in. long, +-41in. broad, oblong to orbicular-oblong, obtuse, not
decurrent, the lower more remote and often shortly stipitate, the
upper sessile, the uppermost usually adnate; margins thin, sinuate
or denticulate. Fertile fronds narrow-linear, erect; pinnae 4~2 in.
long, in. broad, linear, obtuse, erecto-patent.—Hook. Sp. Fil. iii.
34; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 11. 28; Fl. Tasm. ii. 142, t. 167; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 366 ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 181; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
1736; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 69; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 109, t. 27, f. 2, Qa.
L. rotundifolia, Raoul, Choix, 9, t. 23; Col. in Tasmanian Journ.
Nat. Sei. (1845) 19. Stegania fluviatilis, &. Br. Prodr. 152.
Blechnum fluviatile, Mett.

NorrH anp SoutH IsLnAnps, CHATHAM IsLANDS, STEWART IsLAND: From

Hokianga and Whangaroa southwards, not uncommon in damp hilly forests.
Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Also in Victoria and Tasmania. A crested form is occasionally seen, and
has been described by Mr. Colenso as var. ramosa (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. 225).

984 FILICES. [Lomaria.

13. L. membranacea, Col. ex Hook. Sp. Fl. iii. 34, t. 1456.—
Rhizome short, stout, suberect, clothed with the bases of the old
stipites mixed with a few subulate scales. Stipes very short, scaly
at the base. Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome, the sterile
ones 3-10in. long, #-14in. broad, lanceolate or lnear-lanceolate,
acuminate, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed to the
base, rather membranous, pale- green, quite glabrous, pinnate;
rhachis smooth, naked. Pinnz numerous, spreading or erecto-
patent, the longest $-?in. long, about +in. broad, ovate-oblong or
oblong, obtuse, broadly adnate at the base but not dilated nor decur-
rent, coarsely dentate-serrate, the lower quite distinct at the base,
gradually becoming smaller and eventually reduced to mere rounded
auricles, the uppermost more or less confluent. Tertile fronds
usually longer than the sterile and with longer stipites, pinnate ;
pinne distant, 4-41in. long, linear, apiculate.——Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 366 ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful.181; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 69 ;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 111, t. 5, f. 6, 64. LL. oligoneuron, Col. an Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 346. lL. intermedia, Col. l.c. xix. (1887) 274;
L. pygmea, Col. l.c. xxv. (1893) 322. Blechnum membranaceum,
Mett.

NortH Isuanp: Shaded places by the banks of streams, not uncommon

throughout. SourH Is~anp: In various localities along the east coast from
Nelson to Otago, but apparently rare and Jocal. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Large forms of this, with longer and narrower pinnz rather more closely
placed, are difficult to distinguish from L. lanceolata, if, indeed, the two species
do not pass directly into one another. In its usual state, however, it is a much
smaller plant, with shorter and broader obtuse pinne, distinctly separated from
one another, and not dilated at the base or decurrent as in lanceolata. I have
seen no specimens from Canterbury or Otago.

14. L. Fraseri, A. Cunn. Precuwr. n. 185.— Rhizome erect,
clothed with the bases of the old stipites and with a dense tuft of
dark chestnut-brown scales at the tip, often elongated into a
slender caudex 6—24in. high or more, resembling-the trunk of a
miniature tree-fern. Stipes 3-9in. high, scaly towards the base.
Fronds forming a spreading crown at the top of the caudex,
9-18in. long, 3-—6in. broad, ovate or ovate - oblong to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, quite glabrous, almost membranous or sub-
coriaceous, bipinnate; rhachis with a narrow interrupted wing
furnished with numerous triangular lobes. Pinnze 2-3in. long,
1-2 in. broad, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, cut down
almost to the rhachis. Pinnules numerous, close-set, ++in. long,
linear-oblong, somewhat falcate, acute or apiculate, entire or serrate.
Veins indistinct, simple or forked. Fertile fronds similar to the
sterile, but rather smaller and with narrower pinnules. Sori cover-
ing the whole under-surface.—Raoul, Choiz, 37; Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 185; Sp. Ful. iii. 40; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.31; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 369; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 182; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 70;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 111, t. 24, f. 4, 44. Blechnum Fraseri, Metten.

Lomaria. | FILICES. 985

Norru Isnanp: Abundant in dry woods from the North Cape southwards to
the Upper Waikato and Taranaki. SourH Isnanp: Nelson—Massacre Bay,
Lyall; West Wanganui, Kingsley; extending along the West Coast as far
south as Charlestown, Kirk. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

A very handsome and distinct species, confined to New Zealand, unless a
plant lately discovered in the Philippine Islands should prove to be the same.

17. DOODIA, RB. Br.

Rhizome short, tufted, suberect. Fronds numerous at the top
of the rhizome, erect, harsh and rigid or membranous, pinnate or
pinnatifid, sometimes dimorphic. Veins forked, connected by short
cross veinlets on which the sori are placed. Sori oblong or slightly
curved, in one or more rows parallel to the midrib, and between it
and the margin of the pinne. Indusium the same shape as the
sorus, attached to the cross veinlet, membranous, opening towards
the midrib. Sporangia stalked, surrounded by an incomplete
vertical ring, bursting transversely.

A small genus of 5 species, found in New Zealand, Australia and Polynesia,
and Ceylon.

Fronds 1-2 ft., harsh, coriaceous, erect; the sterile not

obviously differing from the fertile .. ts .. 1. D. media.
Fronds 3-1 ft., submembranous; the sterile shorter and

less erect, with broader obtuse pinne. Fertile pinne

narrow-linear, with conspicuous auricled bases oD) COLO Les

1. D. media, R. Br. Prodr. 151—Rhizome short, stout, sub-
erect, clothed with the bases of the old stipites. Stipes 3—8in.
long, more or less clothed with subulate scales towards the base,
smooth or scabrous, blackish-brown. Fronds 12-18 in. long, 14-4 in.
broad, lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, dark - green, pinnate
in the lower half or two-thirds, pinnatifid above; rhachis often
pubescent. Pinnz numerous, spreading ; lateral 1-2 in. long, 44 in.
broad, linear or linear- lanceolate, acute or obtuse, spinulose-
dentate, the upper ones dilated and confluent at the base, those
below the middle free but often dilated or almost auricled at the
base, the lower ones gradually reduced in size; terminal pinna
often elongated. Sori short, oblong, usually in one series on each
side of the midrib, but sometimes portions of a second row are
irregularly developed.—Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 74; Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 870; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 190; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 70;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 112, t. 20,{.1. D. aspera, A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel.
76; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 195; Raoul, Choix, 38 (not of RB. Br.),
D. Kunthiana, Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 401, t. 14; A. Cun.
Precur. n. 197; Raoul, Choiz, 38.

Var. Milnei, Bak. Syn. Fil. (edit. 2) 482.—Larger; fronds 1-2 ft. long or
more, 6-12in. broad. Pinne closely placed, 4-6in. long, +41n. broad,
narrowed into long acuminate points, sharply dentate-serrate. Sori copious,
in 2 rows on each side of the midrib.—D. Milnei, Carr. in Seem. Fl. Viti. 352.
D. connexa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 369 (not of Kunze).

986 FILICES. [Doodia.

NortH Is~tanp: Abundant from the North Cape to the Hast Cape, from
thence rare and local to Cook Strait. Sour Istanp: Nelson—Port Hills, Kirk !
Var. Milnei.cKermMAvDEC Isuanps: Abundant, MacGillivray, T. F.C. Sea-
level to 1000 ft.

Also in Australia, Norfolk Island, and the Pacific islands as far north as
Hawaii. A very variable plant.

2. D. caudata, R&R. Br. Prodr. 151.—Rhizome short, suberect,
emitting numerous black wiry rootlets. Stipes 2-4in. long,
slender, black, smooth or nearly so. Fronds numerous, densely
tufted, 83-12in. long, rarely more, 3—2in. broad, lanceolate, acumi-
nate or caudate, usually membranous, pale-green, pinnate almost
to the top, more or less dimorphic; sterile usually shorter than
the fertile and less erect, often decumbent, sometimes almost
flaccid; pinnze oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, sharply serrate.
Fertile fronds (IESE usually harsher and more rigid, erect; pinn
4-14 in. long, 4-4 in. broad, narrow-linear, often attenuate, the
lower ones usually conspicuously auricled at the base, the upper-
most decurrent and confluent, terminal pinna usually very long,
caudate. Sori in a single series on each side of the midrib.—
A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 76; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 196; Raoul, Choiz,
38; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 11. 37 (excl. syn.) ; Hook. ‘and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 190; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 114, t. 20, f. 4, 44. D. squarrosa, Col.
in Trans. N.Z. Insi. xiii. (1881) 382.

NortH Istanp: From Kaitaia southwards to Cook Strait, but local and
often absent from large areas. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Apparently a common Australian plant, ranging from Cape York to Tas-
mania. Some of the New Zealand forms approach very close to the preceding
species; but usually it can be distinguished by the smaller size, by the sterile
fronds being of a different shape and more flaccid than the fertile, and by the
narrow fertile pinnz with conspicuously auricled bases. A small variety found
on the Rimutaka Range, Wellington, is said to have scented fronds, and to have
been formerly collected by the Maoris for the purpose of mixing with oil to
anoint the person; but I have never been able to perceive any fragrance.
Perhaps Polypodiwm pustulatwm has been mistaken for it. I have seen no
authentic specimens of Colenso’s D. sqwarrosa, and have followed Mr. Baker
(Ann. Bot. v. (1891) 221) in referring it to D. caudata.

18s, ASPLENIUM, Linn.

Rhizome usually short and thick, more rarely long and creeping.
Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome or scattered, stipitate,
pinnate or 2—3-pinnate or decompound, simple and entire in a few
species not found in New Zealand. Venation variable, free in the
great mass of the species, including those found in New Zealand.
Sori linear or oblong, placed upon the veins, more or less oblique
with respect to the costa, remote from the margin or close to it
when the frond is much divided. Indusium the same shape as the
sorus, attached by its side to the vein, straight or rarely curved, flat

Asplenium. | FILICES. 987

or tumid, single or double (diplazioid), when single opening towards
the costa or midrib, when double opening in opposite directions.
Sporangia stalked, surrounded by an incomplete vertical ring,
bursting transversely.

Taken in the sense of the ‘‘ Synopsis Filicum’”’ this is one of the largest.
genera of Ferns, containing about 350 species, distributed through both the
tropical and temperate regions of the world. Of the 12 species found in New
Zealand, 1 appears to be endemic, another is found elsewhere only in Aus-
tralia, the remaining 10 are widely spread. The New Zealand species present
exceptional difficulties to the student, on account of their extreme variability
and the manner in which several of them are connected by intermediate forms.
Thus A. obtwsatwm and A. lucidum not only run into one another, but are con-
nected by transitional varieties with A. bulbiferwm and A. flaccidum. A.
Richard almost merges into A. flaccidwm on the one side and A. Hookerianuwm on
the other, while A. bulbiferwm and A. flaccidwm, distinct enough in their
ordinary states, are almost united by some of their aberrant varieties. With
such a complex network of variation it is not surprising that the species.
are difficult of limitation and their characters arbitrary.

Subgenus I. EvuaspLentium. Veins free, simple or forked. Indusiwm flat or
nearly so, single, not double nor diplazioid.

*Fronds pinnate (2-pinnate below in A. lucidwm var. Lyalliz), Sori re-
mote from the margin.

Fronds slender, 6-14 in., decumbent or prostrate, rooting
at the naked tip. Pinne 4+-41n., flabellate
Fronds slender, 3-12in., rigid, erect. Pinnx t-4in.,
oblong or obovoid .. Ke be 2. A. Trichomanes.
Fronds 1-2 ft., coriaceous, not fleshy, brownish-green.
Pinne 14-4in. x $-lin., broadly lanceolate, acumi-
nate, deeply lobed. Veins close, distinct, flabellately

—

A. flabellifolium.

divided at the base of the pinne Se 3. A. faleatun.
Characters of A. falcatwm but pinne narrow- ‘lanceolate,

caudate .. 4, A. caudatum.
Fronds 4-13 ft., thick and fleshy. Pinne $-1hi in, a5 oblong,

obtuse. Veins obscure, parallel : 5. d. obtusatum.

Fronds 1-3 ft., coriaceous, bright- -green. Pinne 2-6 in.
x #2in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate. Veins
obscure, parallel .. oe ae oie -. 6, A. lucidum.

** Fronds 2-3-pinnate; segments generally narrow. Sori usually one to
each segment, often close to the margin.

Fronds 3-12in., erect, membranous, usually 2-pinnate.

Pinnz and pinnules distinctly stipitate, the latter short,

rhomboid-cuneate. Sori few, rather large... 7. A. Hookerianun.
Fronds 1-4 ft., oblong- lanceolate, erect or drooping, often

proliferous, 2-3-pinnate. Pinnules lanceolate, 3- Lae

long : 8. A. bulbiferwm
Fronds 6-12 in. A ovate, coriaceous, rigid, erect, 2-3- -pin-

nate. Pinnules ovate-rhomboid, pinnatifid; segments

narrow-linear, 4-2 in. long .. ae fe -. 9. A. Richardt,
Fronds 4-3ft., pendulous or erect, thick and coria-

ceous, pinnate or 2-pinnate. Pinnules very narrow-

linear ee ae 2 3 ae .. 10. A. flaccidum.

988 FILICES. [Asplenium.

Subgenus II, AtTHyRium. Veins free, forked. Sori short; indusiwm tumid or
almost cylindrical, more or less curved.

Fronds 1-4 ft., broadly ovate or deltoid, membranous,
2-3-pinnate a oe 5 mG .. ll. A. wmbroswm.

Subgenus III. Dipuaztum. Veins free, pinnately branched. Indusia linear or
linear-oblong, some of them (often the lowest only) dowble and then open-
ing im opposite directions.

Fronds 6-12 in., ovate-lanceolate, membranous, pinnate ;
pinne 13-3 in., deeply pinnatifid ae sie .. 12. A. japonicum.

1. A. flabellifolium, Cav. Demonstr. 257.— Rhizome short,
stout, clothed at the top with blackish-brown subulate scales.
Stipes 1-4 in. long, rarely more, slender, flexuous, smooth or slightly
scaly, green above, dark-brown below. Fronds few, tufted at the
top of the rhizome, weak, decumbent or prostrate, rooting at the
elongated and naked apex, 6-14in. long, 4-lin. broad, linear,
membranous, flaccid, pinnate; rhachis smooth, green. Pinne
10-25 pairs, distant, the upper becoming gradually smaller and
disappearing some distance below the tip of the rhachis, very
variable in size and shape, shortly stipitate, +4in. long and broad,
flabellate or rhomboid-cuneate or orbicular-reniform, sometimes
auricled or almost 3-lobed at the base, coarsely crenate-toothed ;
veins flabellate. Sori several to each pinna, oblique, linear-oblong
when young, often ‘confluent when old.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 192;-
Raoul, Choiz, 37; Hook. Exot. Fil. t. 208; Sp. Fil. iii. 146; Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 38; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 8372; Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 195; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 745; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 73;
Freld, N.Z. Ferns, 116, t. 6, f. 6.

NortH AND SoutH Isxtanps: Open rocky places from the Bay of Islands to
Otago, not uncommon. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Also in temperate Australia and Tasmania. Sometimes the upper pinne
are produced into naked tips which root like the apex of the frond. This state
has been described by Mr. Colenso as var. samosum (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. 228).

2. A. Trichomanes, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1540.—Rhizome short,
thick, fibrous, clothed at the top with linear-subulate blackish
scales. Stipes 1-4in. long, naked, dark chestnut-brown, smooth
and glossy, narrowly margined above. Fronds tufted at the top
of the rhizome, rigid, erect, 3-12in. long, 4—3in. broad, linear,
subcoriaceous, pinnate ; rhachis red-brown, margined throughout.
Pinnz 15-40 pairs, spreading, sessile or nearly so, ++4in. long,
oblong or obovate, rounded at the tip, obliquely cuneate at the
base, sometimes auricled on the upper edge, margins crenate-
serrate. Veins few, indistinct, oblique, forked above the middle.
Sori oblique, linear-oblong, 3-6 on each side of the pinna, often

confluent when old.—Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 1386; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z.

Aspleniwwm. | FILICES. 989

Fl. 371; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 196; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 745 ;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 73; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 115, t. 28, f. 8. A. mela-
nolepis, Col. on Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 227.

NorrH Istanp: Hawke’s Bay—Kaimanawa Mountains, Captain G. Mair!
Petane, A. Hamilton! Puketapu, Colenso! Taranaki— Mount Egmont, 7. F’. C.
Wellington—Tararua Range, Buchanan. Souru Isuanp: Not uncommon in
mountainous localities throughout. Sea-level to 4000 ft.

Widely distributed in the temperate regions of both hemispheres and on
high mountains in the tropics.

3. A. faleatum, Lam. Hncycl. ii. 306.—Rhizome short, stout,
creeping, more or less clothed with dark-brown scales. Stipes
6-12 in. long, dark-brown, firm, villous and paleaceous at the base
and sgmetimes throughout. Fronds erect or pendulous, 1-3 ft.
long or more, 3-7 in. broad, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate,
acuminate, coriaceous, dark-green or brownish-green above, paler
beneath, glabrous or deciduously paleaceous, pinnate; rhachis
bristly with linear scales or almost glabrous. Pinne 12-265 pairs,
spreading, stipitate, 14-4in. long, $-lin. broad, lanceolate, finely
acuminate, obliquely cuneate at the base, the upper edge broad and
rounded or sometimes auricled, the lower edge excised, lobed or
almost pinnatifid, lobes sharply incised. Veins distinct, close,
erecto-patent, forked, the basal ones almost flabellate. Sori nume-
rous, linear, obliquely diverging from the midrib, almost reaching
the margin. Indusium narrow, membranous but firm.—d. Rich. F7.
Nouv. Zel. 73; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 187; Raoul, Choixz, 37; Hook.
Sp. Fil. iii. 160; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 372; Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 208; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 746; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 74;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 117, t. 21, f. 5. A. polyodon, Forst. Prodr. n. 428 ;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 188; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ui. 34. A. Fors-
terilanum, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sct. (1845) 11.

NorrH anp SoutH IsnANDs, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: From
the North Cape southwards, not uncommon in woods, often pendulous from
trees. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Also abundant in many parts of tropical Asia and Africa, the Pacific islands,
and Australia. Very variable in the size and shape of the pinne, and the extent
to which they are lobed and cut.

4. A. caudatum, Jorst. Prodr. n. 432.—Rhizome short, creep-
ing, clothed with dark-brown linear scales. Stipes 6-9in. long,
densely clothed with fibrillose scales or almost naked. Trond
1-2 ft. long, 83-8in. broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, coriaceous, dark-green, glabrous or deciduously villous, pinnate ;
rhachis bristly or almost glabrous. Pinnze 15-30 pairs, spreading,
stipitate, 14-4 in. long, }-3in. broad, narrow-lanceolate, narrowed
into a long acuminate point, obliquely cuneate at the base, the upper
edge rounded or auricled, the lower edge excised, deeply lobed or
pinnatifid, sometimes more than half-way down to the midrib, lobes

990 FILICES. [Asplenvum.

sharply incised. Veins distinct, close, oblique, forked. Sori shorter
than in A. falcatwm, in an oblique row close to the midrib of the
pinne, not nearly reaching the margin.—Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 152;
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 372; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 209;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 75; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 118.

KERMADEC IsLANDS: Sunday Island, not uncommon, MacGillivray, T. F.C.

A widely spread plant, found in most tropical regions. Doubtfully dis-
tinct from A. falcatwm, from which it chiefly differs in the narrower and more
caudate pinne and shorter sori.

5. A. obtusatum, Forst. Prodr. n. 480—Rhizome short, thick,
often forming a hard rounded mass, densely clothed with large brown
shining ovate-lanceolate scales. Stipes 2-6in. long, erect, very
stout, almost fleshy, greyish-green, densely scaly at the base.
Fronds 2-12 in. long without the stipes, 1-3 in. broad, linear-oblong,
acute, very thick and coriaceous or almost cartilaginous, glabrous
or slightly paleaceous when young, pinnate ; rhachis broad, often
margined, channelled above. Pinnze 6-20 pairs, close-set, often
overlapping, shortly stipitate, 3-14 in. long, 4-#in. broad, oblong or
linear-oblong, obtuse and rounded at the apex, the terminal pinna
alone acute, obliquely truncate-cuneate at the base; margins thick
and cartilaginous, crenate-serrate. Veins obscure, simple or forked.
Sori oblique to the midrib, usually copious, short, linear-oblong or
linear, not reaching the margin.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 191; Raoul,
Choix, 37; Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au Péle Sud, Crypt. t. 1, f. B,
small specimen; Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 96; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.
83; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 371; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 207; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 747; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 73; Field, N.Z. Ferns,
118 excl. all varieties quoted.

KERMADEC Istanps: Abundant on maritime rocks, MacGillivray, T. F’ C.,
Miss Shakespear! NortH anp SoutH Istanps: On maritime rocks and out-
lying islands from the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape to Foyeaux
Strait, but often local or absent from wide stretches of the coast. CHATHAM
IsLaANDs, STEWART ISLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES
Istanp: Apparently not uncommon near the sea.

A. obtusatum is hera restricted to Forster’s original plant, which appears to
be purely littoral. It has a wide range outside New Zealand, being found in
Australia and Tasmania, several of the Pacific islands, Juan Fernandez, the
coasts of extra-tropical South America, Tristan d’Acunha, and Possession Island.

6. A. lucidum, forst. Prodr. n. 427.—Rhizome short, stout,
often torming a hard and woody rounded caudex, clothed at the top
with large brown shining ovate-acuminate scales. Stipes 6-18 in.
long, stout, terete or compressed, densely scaly at the base. Fronds
1-3 ft. long without the stipes, 6-14in. broad, erect or pendulous,
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, dark-
green and glossy, herbaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous or slightly
paleaceous beneath, pinnate ; rhachis terete or compressed. Pinne

Aspleniwm.] FILICES. golk

6-20 pairs, remote or rather close, stipitate, 2-6in. long, #-2 in.
broad, lanceolate to oblong-lanceoljate or elliptic-ovate, usually
narrowed into a long acuminate point, often caudate, obliquely
cuneate at the base, the upper edge rounded, the lower cut away ;
margins somewhat thickened, sinuate-serrate; veins usually evi-
dent, forked. Sori oblique to the midrib, very numerous, close,
linear-elongate. — A. Cunn. Precur. n. 189; Raoul, Choix, 37;
Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 98; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 83; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 371. A. obtusatum var. lucidum, Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil.
207 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 747; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 74; Field,
N.Z. Ferns, 119, t. 13, f. 6.

Var. obliquum, Moore, Ind. Fil. 142.—Fronds smaller and more coriaceous,
12-18 in. long. Pinnze more closely placed, 1-3in. long, oblong-lanceolate,
acute but not acuminate. Sori shorter. Approaches A. obtwsatwm.—A. obli-
quum, Forst. Prodr.n. 429. A. apice-dentatum, Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au Péle
Sud, Crypt. t. 14, and A. obtusatum, t. 1B, large specimen. A. obtusatum var.
‘obliquum, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 108; Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 33; Handb. N.Z. Fil.
371; Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 96; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 207.

Var. scleroprium, Moore, Ind. Fil. 142.—Fronds fleshy and coriaceous,
12-18 in. high or more. Pinnz closely placed, 2-4in. long, about 3 in. broad,
linear-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, closely and deeply serrate or pinnatifid,
sometimes more than half-way down to the midrib. Sori linear, extending into
the segments or teeth, and marginal tothem. A transition form to A. flaccidwm.
—A. scleroprium, Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au Péle Sud, Crypt. t. 1p; Hook. f. Fl.
Antarct. i. 109; Handb. N.Z. Fl.371; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 97. A. flaccidum var.
aucklandicum, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 109.

Var. Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 33, t. 77.—Size and habit of the type ;
but the inferior pinne lanceolate-deltoid, cut down to the rhachis in the lower
part into distinctly stipitate pinnules ; intermediate pinnze more or less deeply
lobed, especially on the upper margin, lobes crenate.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 371;
Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 99. A. Lyallii, Moore, Ind. Fil. 143.

Var. anomodum, Cheesem.—Fronds small, 2-12in. long including the
stipes, pale-green, almost membranous or coriaceous, more or less paleaceous
beneath. Pinne 3-8 pairs with a large terminal one, 4-2in. long, oblong-
lanceolate to oblong or oblong-ovate or broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, crenate,
or the lower ones more or less deeply pinnatifid with the segments crenate.
Sori short, linear-oblong.—A. anomodum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883)
309.

KermMapDEec Isnanps, NorTH AND South IsLANDS, CHATHAM ISLANDS,
SrEWART IsLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES ISLAND :
The typical form widely distributed in lowland districts as far south
as Stewart Island. Var. obliquwm from the North Cape to Campbell
Island. Var. scleropriwm: Herekopere Island (near Stewart Island), Kirk!
Auckland and Campbell Islands, plentiful, Hombron and Jacquinot, Hooker !
Kirk! Var. Lyallii: In various localities from the Bay of Islands (Miss
Clarke !) to Otago, but rare and local, and always in small quantity. Chatham
Islands, Field, Miss Seddon! Var. anomodum: Usually in limestone districts.
Hawke’s Bay—Petane, A. Hamilton! Te Aute, C. P. Winkelmann ! Norsewood,
Colenso! Takapau, J. Stewart. Nelson-—-Wangapeka Valley and Mount Arthur
Plateau, ascending to nearly 4000ft., 7. F. C.

992 FILICES. [Asplentwm.

In the “Synopsis Filicum”’ A. lucidum, together with A. obliquwm, is.
reduced to the position of a variety of A. obtusatwm. This view has since been
accepted by most pteridologists, mainly, I presume, on account of the undoubted
fact that the three plants are more or less connected by transitional forms. But
var. scleroprium also connects A. lucidwm with A. flaccidwm, while var. Lyallit
offers a passage to A. bulbiferwm, so that by parity of reasoning these two species
should be included. This reduction was actually proposed by the late Baron
Mueller in his Chatham Islands Florula (p. 66), but has found no followers. As
arbitrary distinctions must in any case be employed, and as the differences.
between the typical A. lucidum and A. obtusatum are quite as well marked
as those between several species of Aspleniwm universally admitted, I have
retained both species in this work. A. obliqwuwm has generally been placed with.
A. obtusatum, but its position is really a matter of taste, and to me it seems to
fall more naturally under A. lacidwm.

In addition to New Zealand, A. lwcidwm is found in Norfolk Island, Lord
Howe Island, Australia, and some of the Polynesian islands.

7. A. Hookerianum, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sci.
(1845) 9.—Rhizome short, stout, rounded, emitting numerous fibrous
roots, clothed at the top with subulate-lanceolate brownish scales.
Stipes 1-4in. long or more, greenish or greenish-grey, more or
less clothed with deciduous scales, becoming almost glabrous.
when old. Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome, spreading,
2-10 in. long without the stipes, 1-41n. broad, oblong-lanceolate
to broadly ovate or ovate-deltoid, acuminate, dark-green, herbaceous:
or almost membranous, pinnate or bipinnate; rhachis and under-
surface more or less scaly. Pinne 4-12 pairs, the largest 1-3 in.
long, distinctly stipitate, pinnate, or in small specimens pinnatifid
or deeply lobed. Pinnules rather remote, on long slender petioles,
usually rounded or rhomboid with a cuneate base, more rarely
narrower and cuneate-oblong, irregularly toothed or lobed or even
pinnatifid, rarely again pinnate. Veins subflabellate, forked. Sori
2-5 on a pinnule, short, oblong, remote from the margin.—Hook.
Sp. Fal. i. 194; Moore, Ind. Fil. 186; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl.
372; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 218; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 747;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 75; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 120, t. 16, f. 4a.
A. adiantoides, Raoul, Choix, 10, t. 1. (notof Raddz). A. adiantoides:
var. minus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 983. A. adiantoides var. Hooker-
ianum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 35. A. Raoulii var. minus, Met.
Aspl. 118. A. ornatum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 452.

Var. Colensoi, Moore, Ind. Fil. 137. — Fronds pale-green, usually flaccid..
Pinnules on shorter stalks, deeply and finely pinnatifid ; segments linear, each
with a single vein. Sori oblong, solitary on the margin of the segments.—
Hook.f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 373; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 75; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 120,
t. 27, f.1. A. Colensoi, Hook. f. in Lond. Journ. Bot. ili. (1844) 26; Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Fil. 219. A. adiantoides var. Colensoi, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 984;
Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 835. A. Richardi var. Colensoi, Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 197.

Nortu anp Sour Isnanps: From Mongonui and Kaitaia to the south of ©
Otago, but often local. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Aspleniwm.| FILICES. 993

A variable little plant, said to be found also in New South Wales and Vic-
toria, but I have seen no specimens from thence. Var. Colensoi was placed
with A. Richardi by Sir W. J. Hooker, and is retained as a distinct species by
Mr. Baker in the ‘‘ Synopsis Filicum.” But, as stated by Mr. Field (N.Z. Ferns,
120), it often grows intermixed with the type, and occasionally the fronds of both
forms can be found on the same plant. Mr. Colenso’s A. ornatwm is simply a
state with the pinnules rather narrower than usual, and on longer stalks.

8. A. bulbiferum, Forst. Prodr. n. 433.—Rhizome short, stout,
erect or oblique, crowned with linear - subulate scales. Stipes
4-12in. long or more, compressed or semiterete, usually dark-
brown and denselv scaly at the base, above green or greyish-green
and either naked or deciduously scaly. Fronds 1-4 ft. long,
6-12in. broad, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
bright-green, scarcely membranous but flaccid, 2-3-pinnate or im
small specimens pinnate; rhachis compressed, often scaly when
young. Primary pinne numerous, horizontal, 3-6 in. long, 1-14in.
broad, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, often proliferous
on the upper surface, cut down to a narrowly winged rhachis into
numerous secondary divisions or pinnules. Pinnules 4-14 in. long,
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments
linear-oblong, entire or toothed. Sori short, oblique, oblong, on
the dise of the shortly lobed pinnules, but often marginal on the seg-
ments of the more deeply divided ones.—A. Arch. Fl. Nouv. Zel.
75; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 198; Raoul, Choiz, 38; Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 423; Sp. Pol. iii. 196; Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au Péle Sud, Crypt.
t. oa, £15 Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. u. 34; Handb. N.Z.: Fl. 373;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 218; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 748 ; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 75; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 121, t. 6, f. d.

Var. laxum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 11. 34.—Fronds smaller and more
slender, with narrower and more remote pinnz. Pinnules more deeply divided ;
segments narrow-linear. Sori often marginal.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 373; Hook.
Sp. Fil. iii. 196; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 218. A. laxum, &. br. Prodr. 151;
Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au Péle Sud, Crypt. t.3,f.J. A. gracillimum, Col. in
Trans. N.Z Inst. xxii. (1890) 453. (?)A. triste, Raoul, Choix, 10.

Var. tripinnatum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 34.—Fronds ample, tripinnate,
with narrow pinnules and segments resembling some forms of A. flaccidum, but
more compound and texture thinner. Sori marginal on the segments.—Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 373; Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 196. A. tremulum, Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au
Péle Sud, Crypt. t. 3 bis.

NortH anpd SourH IsnAnps, CHATHAM ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, ANTI-
popes Isnanp: Abundant throughout, especially in damp woods. Moku.
Sea-level to 3000 ft.

The typical state of A. bulbiferwm is a well-known plant throughout the
whole of New Zealand, and is at once distinguished from the other species of
the genus by the ample dark-green bipinnate fronds with comparatively broad
pinnules, and especially by its habit of producing small bulbils on the upper
surface of the frond, which develop into young plants while still attached to
the frond. When the bulbils are not developed, and the frond is more slender,
with narrower and more Geeply divided pinnules, so that the sori are often
almost marginal, the plant becomes var. lawwm. This runs into several small

32—F

994 FILICES. [Aspleniwm.

states not clearly separable, one of which is the A. triste of Raoul, and another
Colenso’s A. gracillimum. Var. tripinnatum has still narrower pinnules, deeply
cut into narrow-linear segments, and the sori are quite marginal. It approaches
very close to some states of A. flaccidwm, but the frond is broader and more
decompound, and the texture is thinner. In addition to the above varieties
there are a large number of puzzling forms, which apparently connect the
species with A. falcatwm, A. lucidum var. Lyallii, A. lucidum var. scleroprium,
A. Hookerianum, A. Richardi, and d. flaccidum. In Stewart Island, passage
forms into A. scleroprium and A. flaccidwm are particularly abundant, and it is
often difficult to decide to which species they should be referred. It would
occupy many pages to characterize these, and I doubt whether it is possible to
define them in language sufficiently precise to enable them to be recognised with
certainty.

A. bulbiferum in some of its forms is also found in Australia and Tasmania,
many of the Pacific islands, Malaya, North India, South Africa, Mexico, and
Central America.

9. A. Richardi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 35.—Rhizome short,
stout, usually forming a rounded knot-like caudex, clothed at the
top with dark-brown subulate scales. Stipes tufted at the top of
the rhizome, 2-6in. long, stout, rigid, erect, greenish, usually
clothed with linear scales, rarely almost glabrous. Fronds 3-9 in.
long without the stipes, 1-41in. broad, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, dark-green, varying from almost membranous to
coriaceous, somewhat rigid, 2-3-pinnate; rhachis smooth or bristly.
Primary pinne 8-12 pairs, rather close, stipitate, $-2 in. long, ovate-
lanceolate to ovate; secondary crowded, often overlapping, ovate-
rhomboid, pinnatifid or again pinnate. Ultimate segments 44-4 in.
long, narrow-linear, obtuse or acute or mucronate, each with a
single vein. Sori short, broad, oblong, on the margins of the seg-
ments.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 373; Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 197, exel. var.
Colensoi; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 222; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 76;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 124, t. 28, f.5. <A. adiantoides var. Richardi,
Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 977. A. Raouli var. Richardi, Metten. Aspl.
118. A. symmetricum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 264.

Nortu Isuanp: Tararua Range, Buchanan, H. C. Field. SourH Isuanp:
Not uncommon in hilly and mountainous districts throughout. Sea-level to
4000 ft.

A very puzzling plant. Small states with membranous fronds appear to
pass directly into A. Hookerianwm var. Colensor, while larger and more coria-
ceous forms only differ from erect states of A. flaccidwm in the more finely cut
fronds and smaller segments.

10. A. flaccidum, Horst. Prodr. n. 426.—Rhizome short, stout,
erect, clothed at the top with copious dark-brown subulate-lanceo-
late scales. Stipites tufted at the top of the rhizome, usually
rather short, compressed or angled, greenish, scaly at the base,
naked above. Fronds very variable in size and shape, 3in. to 3 ft.
long or more, 2—9 in. broad, the long-fronded varieties lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, the shorter ones ovate or broadly ovate, acumi-
nate, thick and coriaceous, flaccid and pendulous or rigid and

Aspleniwm. | FILICES. 995

erect, pale-green, quite glabrous, pinnate or bipinnate. Pinneze
remote or rather close, 2-10in. long, +-%in. broad, in the pendu-
lous varieties narrow-linear to lanceolate, but in the small erect
forms often much broader, acuminate or caudate, usually cut down
to a narrowly winged rhachis into erecto-patent straight or in-
curved linear-oblong obtuse or acute lobes +~2in. long; or more
rarely the pinne are again pinnate at the base, with the secondary
divisions lobed or pinnatifid. Veins indistinct, a single one to
each lobe. Sori oblong, usually on the margins of the lobes,
rarely on the disc of the pinne.—Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 205; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. i.35; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 374; Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 222; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 749; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 76;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 128, t. 12, f.2. A. beterophyllum, A. Rich. Fi.
Nouv. Zel. 74. Ccenopteris flaccida, Thunb. Nov. Act. Petrop. ix.
158; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 194; Raoul, Choi, 38. C. nove-zea-
landiw, Spreng. Crypt. 115; Raoul, Choix, 38. Darea flaccida,
Willd. Sp. Plant. v. 296.

Var. Shuttleworthianum.—Fronds broader and much more compound,
1-2 ft. long, 4-10 in. broad, ovate-oblong, acuminate, very coriaceous, dark-green,
3-4-pinnatifid ; ultimate segments linear-spathulate ; sori short, oblong, quite
marginal.—Hook. f. Hanab. N.Z, Fl. 374. A. Shuttleworthianum, Kwnze in
Schkr. Fil. Suppl. 26, t. 14; Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 210.

KERMADEC IsLANDs, NortH anD SoutH IsLANDs, Stewart IsLAND, CHATHAM
IsLANDS, AUCKLAND IsLANDS: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 3500 ft.
Var. Shuttleworthianum: Kermadec Islands, abundant, MacGillivray, T. F. C.

Also found in Australia and Tasmania, in several of the Pacific islands, and
said to have been gathered in South Africa. In New Zealand it varies exces-
sively, the varieties depending to a large extent on the nature of their habitat,
specimens growing on trees in damp forests being long and narrow and pendu-
lous, while those found on exposed rocks are broad, rigid, and erect. Sir J. D.
Hooker makes 5 varieties in the Handbook, exclusive of var. Shuttleworth-
tanum, but they are so intimately connected by intermediate forms that it is
difficult to provide them with satisfactory definitions.

11. A. umbrosum, J. Sm. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. (1845)
174.—Rhizome short, stout. Stipes 1-2 ft. long, stout, erect, scaly
towards the base, smooth and naked above, brownish - green.
Fronds variable in size, 1-4 ft. long without the stipes, 9 in. to 3 ft.
broad, broadly ovate or deltoid, spreading, often drooping towards
the tip, pale-green, membranous, flaccid, 2—3-pinnate; rhachis
slender, flexuous, naked. Primary pinne rather distant, 6-18 in.
long, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate ; second-
ary 1-2in. long, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or again pinnate.
Ultimate segments 4-4 in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
sessile and decurrent, usually deeply inciso-crenate; veins pinnate,
simple or forked. Sori copious, usually about 5-€ to each pinnule,
short, oblong. Indusium large, tumid, membranous.—Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Fil. 229; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 749; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 77 ;
Freld, N.Z. Ferns, 125, t.5,{.2. A. australe, Brack. Ful. U.S. Hapl.

996 FILICES. [Asplenvum.

Exped. 173; Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 232; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 374.
A. Brownii, J. Sm. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 36; Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 978. Athyrium umbrosum, Presl. Pterid. 98. A. australe, Presl.
lc. Allantodia australis, R. Br. Prodr. 149. A. tenera, R. Br. l.c. ;
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 186; Raoul, Choix, 37.

NortH Is~tanpd: Not uncommon from the Bay of Islands to the Hast Cape
and Taranaki, from thence somewhat rare and local to Cook Strait, usually on
calcareous or alluvial soils. SourH Isntanp: Nelson—Travers; near Foxhbill,
T. F.C.; West Wanganui, Kingsley. Sea-level to 1800 ft.

Also found in Australia and Tasmania, the Malay Archipelago, India,
‘tropical Africa to the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira.

12. A. japonicum, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 334.— Rhizome long,
slender, creeping, branched, densely scaly at the tip. Stipes 3-9 in.
long, slender, pale-brown or straw-coloured, scaly when young,
especially near the base. Fronds 6-12 in. long without the stipes,
24-5in. broad, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pale-green, thin
and membranous, glabrous on both surfaces or sprinkled with a
few weak hairs, pinnate below, pinnatifid towards the apex; rhachis
slender, slightly scaly. Pinnz spreading, rather distant, 14-3 in.
long, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid; lobes about in.
long, close, oblong, obtuse, slightly toothed or nearly entire. Veins
pinnate in the lobes; veinlets 4-6 on each side, simple or forked.
Sori linear-oblong, usually occupying all the veinlets, reaching two-
thirds of the distance from the midrib to the margin, the lowest one
in each lobe usually diplazioid.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 234;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 750; Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii.
(1890) 448. A. Schkuhrii, Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 251. Diplazium con-
gruum, Brack. Fil. U.S. Expl. Exped. 141, t. 18; Cheesem. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 178.

KERMADEC IsLANDS: Ravines on Sunday Island, not common, 7. F. C.
Nortn Istanp: Auckland—Banks of the Awanui River (near Kaitaia), R. A.
Matthews! A. Carse! Okura River (Bay of Islands), Miss Clarke! Northern
Wairoa River, G. #. Smith!

This appears to be a widely distributed species, ranging through Polynesia
to the Malay Archipelago, India, China, and Japan. It is possible that
Mr. Kirk’s A. umbroswm var. tenuifoliwm (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. 424), of
which I have seen no specimens, may be identical with it.

19. ASPIDIUM, Swartz.

Rhizome short and erect or ascending, or long and creeping.
Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome or more or less distant
along it, very variable in size cutting and venation, 2—3-pinnate or
pinnate, coriaceous, more rarely submembranous; veins free in all
the New Zealand species. Sori globose, dorsal, placed on the back
or at the tip of a vein, or at the junction of two veins. Indusium

Aspidium.] FILICES. 997

orbicular, attached by a central stalk, flat or convex, membranous,
concealing the sorus when young. Sporangia stalked, bursting
transversely, girt by an incomplete vertical ring.

A genus of about 70 species, found in most parts of the world. The New Zea-
land species all belong to the subgenus Polystichwm, characterized by the free
veins, coriaceous habit, and usually sharply toothed segments. Of the 7 species
enumerated in this work, 3 are very widely distributed, 1 is American and
antarctic, another extends to Fiji, the remaining 2 are endemic.

A. Rhizome short, stowt, erect. Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome.

Fronds 1-3 ft., oblong -lanceolate, coriaceous, narrowed

below, 2-pinnate; segments sharply toothed. Stipes

shaggy with large dark scales mixed with hairs .. 1. A. aculeatum
Fronds 4-Sin., oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, pinnate;

segments obtusely toothed. Stipes clothed with

blackish-brown scales .. 2. A. mohrioides.
Fronds 9-18in., ovate- deltoid, rigid and coriaceous, not

narrowed below, 1-2 pinnate ; segments sharply toothed.

Stipes clothed with narrow black scales 3. A. Richardi.
Fronds 10-20in., ovate-oblong, coriaceous, not narrowed

below, 2-3 pinuate; segments obtusely toothed. Stipes

clothed with large black scales margined with white.

Indusium with a large black disc Be 4. A. oculatum.
Fronds 4-12in., oblong-lanceolate, soft and ‘flaccid, 2.

pinnate. Stipes clothed with large pale membranous

scales. Indusium large, very convex es .. 5. A. cystostegia.

B. Rhizome long, creeping. Fronds distant along the rhizome.
Fronds 1-3ft., deltoid, 2-3-pinnate. Ultimate segments

obtusely lobed or toothed .. he ac 3/2) O- -Al capense-
Fronds 1-3 ft., deltoid, 2-3-pinnate. Ultimate segments
with aristate teeth or lobes .. os ye .. 7. A. aristatum.

1. A. aculeatum, Swartz in Schrad. Journ. ii. (1800) 37; var.
vestitum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 375.—Rhizome short, stout,
erect or ascending, sometimes produced into an erect caudex 1-4 ft.
high. Stipes 6-18in. long, stout, erect, densely clothed with
spreading scales; many of the scales large, over 1 in. long, ovate-
lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, lacerate, straight
or curved, glossy, black or dark-brown with a pale margin; others
bristle-like or woolly, pale-ferruginous or tawny. Fronds numerous,
forming a spreading crown at the top of the caudex, 1-3 ft. long
without the stipes, 4-9 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong,
acute or acuminate, narrowed towards the base, rather coriaceous,
dark-green, glabrous above when mature, under-surface more or
less fibrillose, bipinnate; rhachis usually densely scaly lke the
stipes, but sometimes the broader scales are wanting. Primary
pinne numerous, close-set, horizontally spreading, 2—5in. long,
4-1 in. broad, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate. Pinnules
numerous, close, shortly stipitate, ovate-rhomboidal, unequal-sided,
more or less auricled on the upper side near the base, toothed or
lobed or pinnatifid, the lobes acute or pungent. Sori 6-8 to a

998 FILICES. [Aspidiwm.

pinnule, in 2 rows nearer the midrib than the margin. Indusium
rather small, flat, orbicular—Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 22; Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Fil. 252; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 78; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 126,
t. 8, f. 2. A. vestitum, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 538, 254; A. Bich, Fl.
Nowv. Zel. 68; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 218; Raoul, Choi, 38.
A. proliferum, A. Br. Prodr. 147; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 69;
A Cunn. Precur. n. 220. <A. pulecherrimum and A. Waikarense,
Col. wv Tasmaman Journ. Nat. Scr. (1845) 6, 7. A. perelegans and
A. zerophyilum, Col. m Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897) 416, 418.
Polystichum vestitum, Presi. Pteridogr. 177; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. ii. 88; Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au Péle Sud, Crypt. t. 4, f. 8.
P. venustum, Homb. and Jacq. l.c. t. 5, £. N.; Hook. f. #'l. Antarct. 1.
106. Polypodium vestitum, Horst. Prodr. n. 448.

Var. sylvaticum.— Smaller and much more slender. Fronds few, 12-24 in.
long including the stipes, not so coriaceous. Pinnze fewer, more remote;
pinnules more distinctly stipitate, narrower, ovave-lanceolate, pinnatifid; seg-
ments spinulose. Sori6-8 to a pinnule ; indusium not developed. Polypodium

sylvaticum, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sci. (1845) 3; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. ii. 41, t. 81; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 380; Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 249.

NortH AND SoutH ISLANDS, CHATHAM ISLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, AUCK-
LAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES IsLAND, MacquariE IsuaAND: Rather
local from Cape Colville to the East Cape, not uncommon in hilly districts from
thence to Wellington, abundant to the south of Cook Strait. Sea-level to
3500 ft.

A. aculeatum, in some of its forms, is found in almost all parts of the
world. The New Zealand variety, which is mainly distinguished by the copious
large dark-coloured scales, which usually clothe not only the stipes but also the
rhachis up toitstip, is also found in Australia, Tasmania, and Fuegia. It varies
greatly in the size, shape, and texture of the frond, in the shape of the pinnules
and the extent to which they are toothed or lobed, and in many other respects.
The fronds are often bifid or crested at the tip, and are sometimes proliferous.

2. A. mohrioides, Bory. Voy. Duper. Crypt. 267, t. 35.—
Rhizome short, stout, erect or oblique, densely clothed with
blackish-brown glossy scales. Stipes stout, 2-6in. long, more or
less densely scaly. Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome, 4-8 in.
long, 1-3 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, coriaceous, pinnate ;
rhachis stout, compressed, scaly. Pinnz numerous, close-set and
often imbricating, 3-14 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid
above, pinnate toward the base. Pinnules about tin. long, ovate
or ovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly toothed ; teeth obtuse or shortly
mucronate. Sori copious, in 2 rows in the pinnules, often confluent
when old. Indusium orbicular, dark-brown.—Hook. f. Fl. Antaret.
ii. 892, t. 149; Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 26; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil.
252; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 386.

AUCKLAND IsLAanps: Kirk.

I have seen no specimens of this from the New Zealand area, and Mr. Kirk’s
notice in the Trans. N.Z. Inst., quoted above, is the only authority for including
the species in the Flora. But as it occurs in Chili, Fuegia, the Falkland
Islands, Prince Kdward Island, and Marion Island, its existence in the Auck-
land and Campbell Islands may naturally be expected.

Aspidium. | FILICES. 999

3. A. Richardi, Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 23, t. 222.—Rhizome short,
thick, densely clothed with linear-subulate dark-brown or blackish
scales. Stipes 6-18 in. long, stout, erect, more or less clothed with
rigid black subulate deciduous scales mixed with woolly hairs.
Fronds few, tufted at the top of the rhizome, 9-18 in. long or more
without the stipes, 8-9in. broad, ovate-deltoid to lanceolate-deltoid,
acuminate, not narrowed at the base, rigid and coriaceous, glabrous
above, more or less woolly or furfuraceous beneath, pinnate or
2-pinnate; rhachis often scaly and woolly like the stipes, but usually
less conspicuously so. Pinnz numerous, usually close and com-
pact, but sometimes a little remote, spreading, 4-4 in. long, 3-11 in.
broad, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or again
pinnate. Pinnules numerous, close, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate
or ovate-oblong, acute or mucronate or pungent, usually more or
less acutely serrate, but sometimes the teeth are obtuse or very
obscure. Sori in two rows in each pinnule, about half-way be-
tween the midrib and the margin. Indusium orbicular, flat, with a
rather large dark disc and pale margin.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 375;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 253; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 79; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 128, t. 13, f. 4. A. coriaceum var. acutidentatum, A. Rich.
Fl. Nowv. Zel. 71. Polystichum aristatum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
11. 37, t. 78 (not of Presl.). Polystichum Richardi, Diels.

NortH anp Souru Isutanps: From the North Cape to the south of Otago,
not uncommon in lowland districts, especially near the sea.

Also in Fiji. A variable plant, especially in the extent to which the
pinne are divided, and in the shape and toothing of the pinnules.

4. A. oculatum, Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 24, t.228.— Rhizome absent.
Fronds 10-20 in. long, coriaceous, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 3-pin-
nate, pale and clothed with woolly hairs below ; stipes stout, straw-
coloured, covered with rigid, large, subulate, brown scales margined
with white; rhachis with fewer softer scales and lax woolly hairs ;
primary divisions of the frond 2-4 in. long, narrow ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, stalked, not close together; secondary also lax, 2-1 in.
long, sessile or stalked ; pinnules alternate, sessile, decurrent, + in.
long, obtuse or mucronate, obtusely toothed or subpinnatifid. Sori
abundant over the whole under-surface, 2-4 on each segment ;
involucre orbicular, shortly stalked, with a large black disc and
narrow reddish margin.” —Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. F'l.376; Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Ful. 253 ; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 79; Field, N.Z., Ferns, 129.

NortH anp SourH Isyanps: ‘‘ Wairarapa Valley, Colenso; Akaroa,
Raoul” (Handbook).

I have not identified this with certainty, and have consequently reproducad
the description given in the Handbook. It is probably nothing more than a
trivial variety of A. Richardi with a rather laxer frond than usual, and smaller
and shorter pinnules with more obtuse teeth. Mr. Baker keeps it as a distinct
species in the ‘‘ Synopsis Filicum,”’ but in the ‘‘ Annals of Botany ” (Vol. v., 314)
he remarks that it is evidently a mere variety of 4. Richardi.

1000 FILICES. [Aspidiwm.

5. A. ecystostegia, Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 26, t. 227.—Rhizome
short, stout, densely scaly, sometimes branched above. Stipes
2-6in. high, paie-brown, clothed with copious large pale-brown
shining membranous lanceolate scales. Fronds very numerous,
tufted at the top of the rhizome, 4-10 in. long without the stipes,
14-2in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale-green, soft, mem-
branous and almost flaccid, both surfaces clothed with linear scales
when young, 2-pinnate; rhachis stout, densely scaly. Pinne
spreading, closely placed above the middle, remote below, 4-14in.
long, ovate-deltoid, pinnate; rhachises often winged. Pinnules
4-1 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, deeply lobed or pinnatifid; segments.
‘obtuse or acute. Sori numerous, large, 2-4 to a pinnule. Indusium
orbicular, very convex, almost hemispherical, thin and membranous,
pale-coloured.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 376; Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 2538; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 19; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 128, t. 8, f. 3..

NortH Isitanp: Tongariro, Dieffenbach; Mount Egmont, Mrs. Jones,
T. F. C.; Tararua Mountains, Buchanan. SoutH IstanpD: Not uncommon in
alpine districts throughout. AUucKLAND Is~aAnDs: Kirk. 3000-5500 fs.

A very distinct little species, easily recognised by the stout soft stipes and
rhachis densely clothed with large pale scales, the narrow frond, and large
bladdery indusia. A form with a firmer frond and dark-coloured scales on the
stipes is occasionally seen.

6. A. capense, Willd. Sp. Plant. v. 268.—Rhizome long, stout,
creeping, covered with large tawny subulate-lanceolate silky scales.
Stipes 1-2 ft. long, stout, erect, more or less densely clothed with
deciduous scales. Fronds scattered along the rhizome, 9-18 in.
long without the stipes, 6-12 in. broad, ovate-deltoid, acuminate,
very coriaceous, rigid, glabrous or the under-surface slightly palea-
ceous, 3-pinnate ; rhachis deciduously scaly. Primary pinne erecto-
patent, stipitate, lanceolate or lanceolate-deltoid, 2-pinnate; the
lowest pair the largest, 4-8 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, the basal second-
ary pinna on each side of the frond longer than the others. Ulti-
mate segments oblong, obtuse or subacute, shortly and bluntly
lobed or almost entire, not mucronate. Sori copious, in 2 rows.
near the midrib, often covering the whole under-surface. Indusium
large, orbicular, sometimes with a distinct sinus.—Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Fil. 254; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 758; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 80;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 129, t. 6, {.2. <A. coriaceum, Swartz, Syn. Fil.
57; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 711; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 2238; Raoul,
Choww, 88; Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 32; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 376.
A. Cunninghamianum, Coil. i Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Scr. (1845) 6.
Polystichum coriaceum, Schott; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 37.
Polypodium adiantiforme, Horst. Prodr. n. 449.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS:
Abundant in forests throughout, often climbing up trees. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

A widely distributed fern, found in temperate Australia, Polynesia, South
Africa, Mauritius, and in America stretching from Cuba to Patagonia.

Aspidium. | FILICES. 1001

7. A. aristatum, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 53.—Rhizome long, stout,
creeping, clothed with linear-subulate ferruginous scales. Stipes
9-18 in. long, stout, densely clothed towards the base with linear
fibrillose scales. Fronds scattered, 1-2 ft. long by 9-12in. broad,
ovate-deltoid, acuminate, coriaceous, dark-green and glossy, both
surfaces naked, 3-pinnate; rhachis glabrous or sparingly palea-
ceous. Primary pinne stipitate, lanceolate, acuminate, pinnate or
2-pinnate; the lowest pair the longest, 6—9in. long, lanceolate-
deltoid, with an elongated basal pinnule. Pinnules obliquely ovate-
lanceolate or narrow ovate-rhomboid, irregularly dentate with the
teeth ending in bristle-like points. Sori rather small, in 2 rows
near the midrib. Indusium smooth, flat, orbicular or rarely slightly
reniform.—Hook. Sp. Fu. iv. 27; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 376;
Hook. ana Bak. Syn. Fil. 255; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 757; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 80. Polystichum aristatum, Presl. Tent. Pterid. 83
(not of Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 11. 37). Polypodium aristatum, Forst.
Prodr. n. 448.

Kermapec Isuanps: Sunday Island, abundant, MacGillivray, T. F.C.

A most abundant Polynesian plant, also found in tropical Australia, Malaya,
_ India, China, Japan, and South Africa.

20. NEPHRODIUM, Rich.

Rhizome short and tufted or longand creeping. Fronds crowded
at the top of the rhizome or scattered along it, very various in size
and form, frequently pinnate with the pinne pinnatifid, or 2--3-
pinnate or decompound. Veins all free, or the lower veinlets in a
lobe united by their tips to those of the adjoining lobes, or (in
species not found in New Zealand) copiously anastomosing. Sori
subglobose, dorsal, placed on the back or at the tip of a vein. In-
dusium cordate or reniform, attached by the sinus, membranous,
concealing the sorus when young. Sporangia stalked, surrounded
by an incomplete vertical ring, bursting transversely.

Understood in the sense of the ‘‘ Synopsis Filicum,”’ this is the largest genus
of ferns after Polypodiwm, including over 400 species, and quite cosmopolitan in

its distribution. Of the 8 species found in New Zealand, 6 are widely spread,
1 extends to Australia alone, the remaining 1 appears to be endemic.

Subgenus I. Lastrea. Veins and veinlets all free.
* Fronds lanceolate or linear-oblong, pinnate with the pinne pinnatifid.

Rhizome long, creeping. Fronds 6-12 in. long, membran-
ous, glabrous except a few scales on the under-surface of
the rhachis and cost 56 ec sa .. L. N. Thelypteris.

** Fronds broadly ovate or deltoid, 2-3-pinnate or decompound.

Rhizome long, creeping. Fronds 9-18in., pale-green,
finely pubescent. Stipes pubescent .. A Se
Rhizome short, tufted. Fronds 6-14in., dark-green,
glabrous except the rhachis and cost. Stipes nearly
glabrous ee oe ne oc

2. N. decompositum.

3. N. glabellum.

1002 , FILICES. [Nephrodiwm.

Rhizome short, tufted. Fronds 9-18in., reddish-brown,

both surfaces clothed with short velvety pubescence .. 4. N. velutinum.
Rhizome short. Fronds 1-3 ft., ovate or ovate-lanceolate,

pale-green, membranous; rhachises and under-surface

with fine spreading hairs .. .. 5. N. setigerum.
Rhizome long, stout, creeping. Fronds 1- 2 ft., "ovate del-

toid, coriaceous, finely 2-4-pinnate. Stipes and rhachis

densely hispid with rigid linear bristles aA .. 6. N. hispidum.

Subgenus II. EunrpHropium. Veins in regular pinnate growps, the lower
veinlets of each group united at the tips with those of the adjoining

groups.
Rhizome long, creeping. Fronds 6-18 in., rather rigid ;

lower pinne not reduced in size a's Bee .. 7. N. unitum.
Rhizome short. Fronds 1-3 ft., soft and membranous,

finely pilose; lower pinne gradually reduced in size .. 8. N. molle.

1. N. Thelypteris, Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. vi. 257; var.
squamulosum, Schiecht. Fil. Cap. 23, t. 11.— Rhizome long,
slender, creeping, branched. Stipes 4-12in. long, slender, straw-
coloured, darker at the base, smooth, naked or slightly scaly when
young. Fronds scattered along the rhizome, 6—12 in. long without
the stipes, rarely more, 2—5in. broad, linear-oblong or lanceolate,
acuminate, truncate at the base, pale-green, membranous, glabrous.
except the costs and rhachis which are sparsely clothed beneath
with pale broad convex scales, pinnate. Pinne opposite or nearly
so, 1-24in. long, 4-4in. broad, linear-oblong, deeply pinnatifid.
Segments 4-Lin. long, oblong, ‘obtuse or subacute, quite entire,
broader and flatter in the sterile frond than in the fertile. Veins.
free, the lower or nearly all forked. Sori numerous, small, in two
rows, rather nearer the recurved margin than the midrib. In-
dusium cordate-reniform, glandular-ciliate-—Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 88 ;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 877; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful. 271; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 81; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 180, t. 18, f. 8. N. squamu-
losum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 39.

Nortu Istanp: Marshes from the North Cape to the Hast Cape, Taupo,.
Whanganui, and Otaki, but often local. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

The typical form of the species is found in Hurope, north Asia, the
Himalayas, and North America; the var. squamuloswm, which differs chiefly
in the scales on the under-side of the rhachis and cost, appears to be confined
to New Zealand and South Africa.

2. N. decompositum, &. Br. Prodr. 149.— Rhizome long,.
slender, creeping, branched, more or less clothed with chafty
scales. Stipes 6-18in. long, firm, erect, scaly towards the base,
villous-pubescent above. Fronds scattered along the rhizome, not.
tufted, 9-18in. long without the stipes, often almost as broad,
ovate-deltoid or pentangular, acuminate, membranous or sub-
coriaceous, pale-green, more or less finely villous or pubescent,
2-pinnate above, 3-pinnate below; rhachis and coste slender,_
villous-pubescent. Primary pinne 4—9in. long; the lowest pair-

Nephrodium.] FILICES. 1003

much the largest, unequally deltoid with the basal secondary pinna
on each side much longer than the rest; upper pinne gradualliv
smaller, ovate-lanceolate. Secondary pinnz lanceolate, deeply
pinnatifid or the lower again pinnate; ultimate segments close,
unequal - sided, ovate- rhomboid to lanceolate-rhomboid, acutely
toothed or lobed. Sori rather large, distant, nearer the margin
than the midrib. Indusium orbicular-reniform.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. ii. 39, t. 79; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 878; Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 146;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 281; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 82 ; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 131, t.5,f.7. N. pentangularum, Col. in. Tasmanian Journ.
Nat. Sci. (1845) 9. Aspidium decompositum, BPTENG, Syst. iv. 109 ;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 758.

KermaDrec Isnuanps, NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS, CHATHAM JSLANDS:
Not uncommon in lowland districts, usually in rich alluvial soils. Sea-level
‘to 1200 ft.

An abundant Australian plant, ranging from the north of Queensland to
‘Tasmania, also in Norfolk Island.

3. N. glabellum, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 224.—Rhizome short, stout,
tufted, clothed with the bases of the old stipites intermixed with
subulate scales. Stipes 4-10in. long, slender, firm, scaly at the
base, glabrous or nearly so above. Fronds tufted at the top of the
rhizome, 6-14in. long or more without the stipes, 4-10in. broad,
ovate-deltoid, acuminate, membranous but firm, dark-green, 2-3-
pinnate; surfaces almost glabrous except the rhachis and coste,
which are more or less clothed with short reddish pubescence.
Primary pinne 2-5in. long; the lowest pair the largest, deltoid,
not so unequal-sided as in N. decompositum, and the basal second-
ary pinne not conspicuously longer than the rest; upper pinne
lanceolate, acuminate; secondary rhachises margined throughout.
Secondary pinne obliquely ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, deeply
pinnatifid or the lower again pinnate; ultimate segments ovate or
oblong, sharply toothed or lobed. Sori distant, about half-way
between the margin and the midrib. Indusium pale, orbicular-
reniform.—Raoul, Choiz, 38; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878)
390; Lhoms. N.Z. Ferns, 82; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 131, t. 6, £. 8.
N. decompositum var. pubescens, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 39.
N. decompositum var. microphyllum, Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 146. N.
decompositum var. glabellum, Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 281.

NortuH AnD SoutH Isuanps: In dry woods from the North Cape to Foveaux
Strait, not uncommon. Sea-level to 1500 ft.

Also in Australia and several of the Polynesian islands. Closely allied to
N. decompositum, but sufficiently distinct in the short (not creeping) rhizome,
the nearly glabrous stipes, the smaller dark-green and glossy tufted fronds, with
a narrower outline, and with the surfaces glabrous except a reddish pubescence
-on the rhachis and coste.

1004 FILICES. | Nephrodium.

4. N. velutinum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 39, t. 80—Rhizome
short, stout, erect. Stipes 9-18in. long, firm, erect, densely villose-
pubescent above, clothed at the base with large red-brown subulate
scales. Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome, 9-18 in. long,
almost the same in breadth, broadly deltoid or pentangular, acumi-
nate, reddish-brown, soft and membranous, clothed on both surfaces
with copious short silky hairs, 2-3-pinnate or in large specimens
4-pinnate at the base; rhachises densely silky. Lower primary pinnz
much the largest, 6-12 in. long, deltoid, the lowest secondary pinna
much longer than the rest and deflexed; upper pinne gradually
smaller, oblong-deltoid to lanceolate-deltoid, acuminate. Secondary
pinne close, numerous, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or again pin-
nate. Pinnules oblong-ovate or oblong, obtuse, deeply obtusely
lobed or pinnatifid. Sori rather small, copious ; indusium pubes-
cent, often glandular.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 378; Hook. Sp. Ful. ii.
145; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 281; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 83; Field,
N.Z. Ferns, 182, t. 20, f. 2. Aspidium velutinum, A. Rich. Fl.
Nouv. Zel. 70; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 222; Raoul, Chon, 38.

Nort AND SoutH Isuanps: Dry woods from the North Cape to Otago, but
rather local in the South Island. Sea-level to 1000 ft.

Allied to N. decompositum, but easily separated by the more membranous
and flaccid reddish-brown fronds, densely clothed with a short velvety pubes-
cence. Apparently confined to New Zealand.

5. N. setigerum, Bak. Syn. Fil. 284.—Rhizome short. Stipes
1-2 ft. long or more, firm, erect, straw-coloured, slightly paleaceous.
at the base, smooth and glabrous above. Fronds tufted, 1-3 ft.
long, 9-18in. broad, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pale-
green, membranous, 2-3-pinnate ; main rhachis stramineous, naked
towards the base, densely elothed with fibrillose hairs above, as are
the secondary rhachises; under-surface of frond and veins hispid
with long white spreading needle-like hairs. Lower primary pinne
9-12in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the upper gradually
smaller and narrower; secondary pinne lanceolate, deeply pin-
natifid or again pinnate. Pinnules $-+in. long, linear - oblong,
obtuse, deeply lobed or pinnatifid, the margins usually recurved.
Sori small, copious, 6-10 to a pinnule. Indusium small, soon
deciduous.—N. tenericaule, Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 142, t. 269; Cheesem.
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 178.

KermabDeEc Istanps: Rayines on the north side of Sunday Island, not un-
common, 7. fF. C.

Abundant throughout Polynesia, and ranging from tropical Australia to
Malaya, India, China, and Japan.

6. N. hispidum, Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 150.—Rhizome long, stout,
creeping, densely clothed with subulate red-brown scales. Stipes
9-18 in. long, stout, erect, brown, everywhere hispid with long

Nephrodium. | FILICES. 1005:

rigid linear spreading bristles with a swollen base. Fronds 9-18 in.
long or more, 6-12 in. broad, broadly ovate or triangular, acuminate,
brownish-green, coriaceous, 3—4-pinnate; primary and secondary
rhachises bristly like the stipes. Primary pinne 3-8in. long,
ovate-lanceolate or the lowest deltoid, acuminate, the lowest
pinnule larger than the others. Secondary pinnz oblong-lanceolate,
again l- or 2-pinnate. Pinnules +4in. long, narrow-lanceolate,.
acute, deeply and acutely toothed or almost pinnatifid, the teeth
often pungent. Sori large, copious, one to each of the ultimate seg-
ments or lobes. Indusium orbicular with an indistinct sinus, flat,
brown.—Hook. 7. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 378; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil.
286; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 760; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 83; Field,
N.Z. Ferns, 132, t. 3, f. 8. Aspidium hispidum, Swartz, Syn. Fil.
56; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 69; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 221; Raoul,
Choix, 38. Polystichum hispidum, J. Sm. Gen. Ferns, 83; Hook. f.
Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 38. Polypodium setosum, Forst. Prodr. n. 447.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDS, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS: Abund-
ant in forests throughout. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

A very distinct species, at once recognised by the finely divided frond and
the numerous stiff spreading bristles on the stipes and rhachis. It is also found
in Victoria, where, however, it is rare and local.

7. N. unitum, ff. Br. Prodr. 148.—Rhizome long, stout, creep-
ing, sparingly clothed with blackish-brown scales. Stipes 6-14 in.
long, smooth, erect, almost black at the base, brownish above,
naked or with a few chaffy scales. Fronds 6-18 in. long without
the stipes, 3-9 in. broad, oblong or ovate-oblong, acuminate, some-
what rigid, coriaceous, glabrous, pinnate ; rhachis smooth, naked.
Pinnz 9-15 pairs, subopposite, ascending or spreading, the lower
ones not reduced in size, 2-0 in. long, 4—4in. broad, linear-lanceo-
late, pinnatifid from 4 to 4 the way to the midrib; lobes spreading,
ovate or ovate-triangular, subacute or obtuse, entire or nearly so.
Veins pinnate in each lobe; veinlets 6-8 on each side, the lower
ones united at the tips with those of the adjoining lobes. Sori
copious, nearer the margin than the midrib, mostly placed in the
lobes, but usually extending below them as well.—Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 749; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 289; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 83 ;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 134, t. 28, f. 1. N.inaquilaterum, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 229. Aspidium unitum, Swartz, Syn. Fil.
47; Benth. Fl. Austra. vu. 755.

Nort Istanpd: Swamps in the North Cape district, at Houhoura, Waihi,
Rangaunu Harbour, Ahipara, &c., J. B. Simpson! KR. H. Matthews! T. F.C.;
hot springs at Miranda, ‘lhames, J. Adams ! hot-water swamps in the Thermal-
springs district, not uncommon from Maketu and Rotorua to Waiotapu, Roto-
kawa, Wairakei, and Tokaanu, Captain G. Mair! Kirk! T. F. C., Norton?!
Field, &c. Sea-level to 1800 ft.

An abundant fern in most tropical and warm-temperate countries.

1006 FILICES. [Nephrodium.

8. N. molle, Desv. in Mem. Linn. Soc. vi. 258.—Rhizome very
shortly creeping or tufted and erect, densely rooting. Stipes
9-24 in. long, slender, greenish, naked or pubescent with soft
spreading hairs. Fronds 1-3 it. long, 6-12 in. broad, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, gradually narrowed at the base, pale-green, mem-
branous and flaccid, sparingly pilose on both surfaces or almost
glabrous when old, pinnate; rhachis pale, pilose with spreading
hairs. Pinne numerous, the lower ones gradualiy dwarfed, spread-
ing, sessile, 3-6in. long, about 3in. broad, lanceolate, acuminate,
pinnatifid about half-way to the midrib; lobes short, oblong, obtuse,
entire or nearly so. Veins pinnate in the lobes; veinlets 5-8 on
each side, the lower ones uniting at the tips with those of the
adjoining lobes. Sori copious, about half-way between the margin
and the midrib. Indusium cordate-reniform, usually villous.—
Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 67; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 377; Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 293; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 84; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 1338, t. 23, f. 5.
Aspidium molle, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 49; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 756.
Polypodium nymphale, Forst. Prodr. 442.

Kermapec Istanps: Sunday Island, not uncommon, MacGillivray, T. F. C.
Nort Istanp: Auckland—North Cape district, a small patch by the side
of the Mangatete Stream, flowing into Rangaunu Harbour, R. H. Matthews !
Thermal-springs district, by the banks of the Otumakokori, or Boiling River (near
Waiotapu), Captain G. Mair! T.F.C., Kirk! margins of hot springs at
Wairakei (Taupo), C. J. Norton! T. F. C.

Abundant in tropical and warm temperate countries almost throughout the
world.

21. NEPHROLEPIS, Schott.

Rhizome short and indistinct, or long and creeping, sometimes
emitting long wiry creeping and rooting stolons, from which new
plants originate. Fronds long and narrow, coriaceous or sub-
membranous, pinnate; pinne jointed upon the rhachis, often de-
ciduous, entire or crenate-serrate, upper surface frequently marked
with white cretaceous dots. Veins free. Sori roundish, dorsal,
placed on the tip of the upper branch of a vein, usually close to
the margin. Indusium cordate or reniform or almost lunate,
attached by a broad base. Sporangia stalked, surrounded by an
incomplete vertical ring, bursting transversely.

A small genus of 7 or 8 species, widely distributed in the tropical regions of
both hemispheres. The two New Zealand species have the range of the genus.

Pinne 4-1 in. long, oblong or linear-oblong, obliquely cor-

date at the base... . 1. N. cordifolia.
Pinne 14-3 in. long, oblong- lanceolate, usually obliquely
truncate at the base ae : .. 2. N. exaltata.

1. N. cordifolia, Pres! ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 300. — Rhi-
zome short, suberect or oblique, emitting numerous long and wiry
scaly stolons, which root here and there and produce new plants,

Nephrolepis. | FILICES. 1007

sometimes bearing small scaly tubers. Stipes short, 1-4 in. long,
red-brown, glossy, more or less clothed with deciduous linear scales.
Fronds numerous, tufted, 1-3ft. long, 14-2in. broad, linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, pale-green, membranous, pinnate; rhachis
usually shaggy with linear flexuose scales. Pinne very numerous,
close-set, often imbricated, horizontal, $-lin. long, 1-4in. broad,
oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, cordate at the base,
the upper edge distinctly auricled, the lower shorter and rounded;
margins crenate-toothed ; the lower pinne shorter and broader and
sterile. Soriin two rows on the pinne, rather nearer the margin
than the midrib. Indusium reniform, firm, membranous.—Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 85; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 134, t. 20, f. 3. N. tuberosa,
Presi; Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 151; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 879.
N. flexuosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 231. Aspidium
cordifolium, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 45; Benth. Fl. Austral, vii. 754.
Norry Isuanp: Auckland—Thermal-springs district, in localities heated
by warm water; Otumakokori Stream (near Waiotapu), Captain G. Mair!

Kirk! T. F. C.; Wairakei, Karapiti, and other localities at Taupo, Hochstetter,
C. J. Norton! T. F.C.

An abundant tropical fern, extending northwards to Japan and southwards
to New Zealand.

2. N. exaltata, Schott; Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 152.— Rhizome
short, indistinct, emitting numerous long wiry creeping stolons.
Stipes 3-9in. long, stout, erect, deciduously scaly. Fronds nu-
merous, 1-3 ft. long, 4-5 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, rather coria-
ceous, pinnate; rhachis and cost and sometimes the under-surface
of the pinne more or less scaly-tomentose or woolly. Pinne nu-
merous, close-set, horizontally spreading, 14—3 in. long, $—2 in. broad,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, broadly obliquely truncate
or subcordate at the base, the upper edge slightly auricled, the lower
rounded; margins crenate-serrate. Sori close to the margin,
numerous, rather small. Indusium firm, almost coriaceous, dis-
tinctly reniform.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 301; Cheesem. in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 178. Aspidium exaltatum, Swartz,
Syn. Fil. 45; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 754.

KeRMADEC IsnaAnpDs: Sunday Island, sandy flats in Denham Bay, not seem
elsewhere, 7’. F’. C.

An abundant tropical fern all round the world.

22, POLYPODIUM, Linn.

Rhizome short and suberect, or long and creeping. Stipes
jointed on the rhizome or continuous with it. Fronds very various
in size, shape, and cutting, simple or pinnate or 2-4-pinnate. Veins
free or anastomosing. Sori globose or nearly so, placed on the back
of the frond, either at the tip of a vein or on the back of one.
Indusium wanting. Sporangia stalked, surrounded by an incom-
plete vertical ring, bursting transversely.

1008 FILICES. [Polypodium.

As defined above, this is the largest genus of ferns, containing over 500
species, found in all parts of the world. Various attempts to divide it have been
made by authors, and a multitude of small genera have been proposed, several
of which appear to be well founded, but no complete arrangement of the species
has yet been propounded which has met with the general approval of botanists.
Ot the 10 species found in New Zealand, one (P. punctatwm) is universal in the
tropics and the south temperate zone; another (P. australe) is common to Aus-
tralia and the extreme south of South America ; 6 extend to Australia or the
Pacific islands ; the remaining 2 are endemic.

Subgenus I, PHEGoPTERIS. Stipes not jointed on to the rhizome but continuous
with it. Veins all free.

Fronds large, 1-4 ft., 2-4-pinnate, glandular-pubescent .. 1. P. punctatwm.

Subgenus II. GoNIoPTERIS. Stipes not jointed on to the rhizome but continuous
with it. Veins pinnate in the lobes, the lower veinlets uniting at the tips
with those of the adjoining lobes.

Fronds large, 2-5ft., pinnate, membranous, glabrous or

nearly so 2. P. pennigerum.

Subgenus III. Evuprotypopium. Stipes jouted on to the rhizome. Veins all

free.
Rhizome short. Fronds small, 1-6 in., quite entire. Sori
oblong or linear-oblong, oblique to the midrib .. 3&. P. australe.

Rhizome short. Fronds 3-9in., irregularly pinnatifid or

2-pinnatifid; pinnelinear. Sori oblong orrounded .. 4. P. grammitidis.
Rhizome very long, creeping. Fronds 1-2ft., pinnate;

pinne undivided, jointed on the rhachis aA .. od. P. tenellum.

Subgenus IV. NipHosouus. Stipes jointed on to the rhizome. Veins copiously
anastomosing. Under-surface of frond densely tomentose.

Rhizome long. Fronds 1-6in., simple, entire, coriaceous ;
sterile shorter and broader than the fertile .. .. 6. P. serpens.

Subgenus V. Puymatopres. Stipes jointea on to the rhizome. Veins copr-
ously anastomosing. Under-surface of frond glabrous.

Rhizome short. Fronds 4-12 in., tufted, lanceolate, simple
and entire .. sic a a ae sis
Rhizome long, slender, clothed with squarrose scales.
Fronds 6-18 in., simple or pinnatifid, membranous; seg-
ments narrow oF sls xe 46 ere
Rhizome long, stout, clothed with appressed scales.
Fronds 6-18in., simple or pinnatifid, coriaceous; seg-
ments usually broad ai a Sip é
Rhizome long, stout, clothed with large tawny spreading
scales. Fronds 1-4ft., deeply pinnatifid or pinnate
below, thinly coriaceous; segments usually narrow .. 10. P. nove - zea-
landia.

7. P. Cunningham
8. P. pustulatum.

9. P. Billardieri.

1. P. punctatum, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 336.—Rhizome long, creep-
ing, villous with rufous spreading hairs. Stipes 6-18in. long,
firm, erect, red-brown, densely glandular-pubescent and viscous,
rough with minute raised points. Fronds scattered along the
rhizome, very variable in size, from 4-3 ft. long, 3-18in. broad,
ovate-deltoid to lanceolate-deltoid, acuminate, rather membranous,

Polypodiwm.] FILICES. 1009

glandular-pubescent on both surfaces, 3-pinnate; rhachis viscid-
pubescent like the stipes. Primary pinne in rather distant pairs,
2-10in. long or more, 1-6in. broad, narrow-deltoid to lanceolate,
acuminate ; secondary oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse,
deeply pinnatifid or again pinnate. Pinnules or segments oblong,
crenate or angulate- dentate or pinnatifid. Veins free, once or
twice forked. Sori rather large, orbicular, in 2 rows in each
pinnule, close to the margin, often copious and covering the whole
under-surface.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 312; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vil. 764; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 86; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 136, v. 15, f. 38.
P. rugulosum, Lab. Pl. Nov. Holl. 11.92, t. 241; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Gel. ii. 41; Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 272. P. viscidum, Spreng. Sp. Plant.
iv. 61; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct.i.110. BP. viscidum, Col. in Tasmanian
Journ. Nat. Scv. (1845) 4. P. rufobarbatum, Col. in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xvi. (1884) 347.

NortH AnD SoutH Is~anps, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, AUCK-
LAND AND CAMPBELL IsLanpDsS: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

With the exception of Africa, this is universally distributed throughout
the tropics and the south temperate zone, advancing as far northwards as
Japan. It is often confused with Hypolepis tenwifolia, which it much resembles
in habit and in the shape of the frond. But the stipes and rhachis are
markedly viscid-pubescent, the frond glandular-hairy on both surfaces, and the
sori are not so close to the margin, and are not covered by a recurved lobule.

2. P. pennigerum, /forst. Prodr. n. 444.— Rhizome stout,
erect, sometimes lengthened into a short caudex 1-2ft. high,
clothed with fibrous rootlets and the bases of the old stipites. Stipes
6-12in. long, stout, rather succulent, more or less clothed with
large ovate-lanceolate brownish scales near the base, smooth and
glabrous above. Fronds 2-5 ft. long, 9-18 in. broad, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, thin and membranous, glabrous, pinnate, pinnatifid
at the apex; rhachis smooth, glabrous or slightly hairy above.
Pinne numerous, opposite or nearly so, spreading, 3-9in. long,
4-14 in. broad, the lower ones gradually reduced, narrow linear-
oblong or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, truncate or almost auricled
at the base, pinnatifid about half-way to the midrib; lobes ob-
long or ovate-oblong, slightly faleate, obtuse, entire or obscurely
sinuate. Veins pinnate in the lobes; veinlets 6-10 on each side,
the 2 lowest pairs uniting at the tips with those of the adjoining
lobes. Sori one to each veinlet, forming two rows much nearer
the midrib than the margin.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 381;
Hook. Sp. Fil. v.7; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 317; Thoms. N.Z.
Meyns,o); Mield, N.Z. Ferns; 137, t. 25, £: 3, and t. 26, £. 4. BP.
subsimile, Col. i Trans. N.Z. Inst, xx. (1888) 233. Goniopteris
pennigera, J. Sm. Gen. Ferns, 18; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 40.
Aspidium pennigerum, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 49, 250; A. Rich. Fi.
Nouv. Zel. 67; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 217; Raoul, Choix, 38.

1010 FILICES. [Polypodiwm.

Var. Hamiltoni, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 338. — Smaller and
more delicate, pale-green. Fronds 1-2 ft. long, 3-5in. broad; pinne irregular,
crisped, pinnatifid three-quarters of the way to the midrib or more; lobes
coarsely and sharply irregularly dentate. Veinlets confined to the lobes, the
lowest pair not meeting those of the adjoining lobes. Sori midway be-
tween the midrib and the margin. A very peculiar plant, but possibly only
an abnormal state.

NorrH anp Sourn Isytanps, CHatHam Isx~anps: From the North Cape
to Foveaux Strait, abundant in woods by the side of streams, &c. Sea-level
to 2000 ft. Var. Hamiltoni: Kereru (Hawke’s Bay), A. Hamilton!

A very distinct species, confined to New Zealand.

3. P. australe, Mett. Polyp. 36.—Rhizome very short, or erect or
oblique and lengthened to 4-14 in. long, crowned with copious pale
chestnut-brown scales; rootlets long, wiry, densely hairy; often
several rhizomes and their rootlets are matted together in the
same tuft. Fronds numerous, crowded towards the end of the rhi-
zome, erect, 1-6 in. long, 4-+ in. broad, linear-lanceolate or narrow-
oblanceolate or linear-spathulate, quite entire, obtuse at the tip,
very gradually narrowed into a short winged stipes, dark-green,
coriaceous, glabrous or sparingly ciliate with short whitish hairs.
towards the base. Veins obscure, hidden in the substance of the
frond. Sori in asingle row on each side of the midrib and nearer to.
it than to the margin, oblique to the midrib, usually numerous,
rather large, oblong or linear-oblong, often confluent when old.—
Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 167; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 380; Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Ful. 322; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 762; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 87; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 138, t. 22, f. 1. Grammitis australis,
R. Br. Prodr. 146; A. Cunn. Precur. nu. 172; Raoul, Choiz, 37;
Homb. and Jacq. Voy. aw Pole Sud, Crypt. t. 2,G; Hook. f. Fl.
Antarct. 1. 111; Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 44. G. rigida and G. humilis,
Homb. and Jacq. l.c. t. 2, F, H.

Var. villosum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 44.—Stipes, margins, and under-
surface of the fronds more or less villous with long spreading rufous or whitish
hairs, often partially concealing the sori.—P. paradoxum, Col. im Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xiv. (1882) 336. Grammitis ciliata, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Sct.

(1845) 6.

Var. pumilum, Cheesem.—Small, very densely matted; rhizomes stout,
creeping, sometimes 1-2in. long. Fronds 4—$in. long, obovate or spathulate,
obtuse, narrowed to the base, very thick and coriaceous, glabrous or obscurely
pubescent beneath. Sori usually solitary near the tip of the frond, large,
roundish.—-P. crassium, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 232. Grammitis
pumila, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1879) 314.

NortH AnD SoutH Isnanps, St#wart IsLAND, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL
IsuaANps, ANTIPODES IsLAND, Macquarie Isuanp: The typical state and
var. villosum not uncommon throughout on rocks or trunks of trees; var. pwmt-
lum in mountain districts from the Hast Cape southwards, ascending to over
5000 ft.

A very variable little plant, also found in Australia and Tasmania, Chili,
Fuegia, Tristan d’Acunha, and Marion Island.

Polypodiwm.| FILICES. 1011

4. P. grammitidis, #. Br. Prodr. 147.—Rhizome short, tufted,
‘crowned with subulate-lanceolate scales; roots long, fibrous. Stipes
short, wiry, naked, 1-2in. long. Fronds tufted at the top of the
rhizome, very variable in size and shape, 3-9 in. long, 1-3 in. broad,
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or narrow-ovate, acuminate, some-
times caudate, dark-green, coriaceous, quite glabrous, pinnatifid
almost to the rhachis. Pinnez often unequal, linear, decurrent on
the rhachis at the base and confluent; in large states 1-3 in. long,
4 in. broad, deeply lobed or pinnatifid; in small forms shorter,
entire or sinuate or shortly lobed; rarely the pinne are reduced to
short triangular lobes, so that the frond is narrow-linear in outline.
Veins obscure, simple or forked. Sori oblong or rounded, usually
one at the base of each segment of the pinnz, more rarely 2-4 to a
segment.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 177; Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook. Sp.
Mil iv. 280; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1. 111; Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 41;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 380; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 327; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vil. 764; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 88; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 139,
¢. 14, f. 3. Grammitis heterophylla, Lab. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 90, t. 239.

NortH AnD SovurH Isnanps, Stewart IspuaAnD, CHATHAM ISLANDS,
AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL IsLANDS: From the North Cape southwards, abund-
‘ant in forests on the trunks of trees, more rarely on rocks. Sea-level to
3500 ft.

Also in Tasmania and Victoria.

5. P. tenellum, Forst. Prodr. n. 440.—Rhizome very long,
slender, rigid, wiry, climbing up the trunks of trees or over rocks,
clothed with chestnut-brown scales with a dark base. Stipes short,
1-3 in. long, jointed near the rhizome, smooth or more or less scaly.
Fronds scattered along the rhizome, erect or pendulous, 1-2 ft.
long, 2-5 in. broad, linear-oblong or lanceolate, dark-green, thinly
coriaceous, quite glabrous, pinnate; rhachis smooth or slightly scaly.
Pinne distant, alternate, shortly stipitate, articulate on the rhachis,
spreading, 14-3 in. long, +4 in. broad, lanceolate, attenuate at the
tip, obliquely cuneate at the base, entire or obscurely undulate-
erenate. Veins all free, once or twice forked. Sori globose, in
2 series in each pinnule, almost close to the margin.—A. Cunn.
Precur.n.176; Raoul, Chowx, 37; Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 217; Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 380; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 337; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vii. 764; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 88; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 139,
t. 4, f. 4. Arthropteris tenella, J. Sm. ex Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
ii. 48, t. 82. A. filipes, Moore, Ind. Fil. 84.

Nortu Istanp: In woods from the Three Kings Islands and the North
Cape to Cook Strait, but often local. Sour Istanp: Vicinity of Nelson, Kirk.
Banks Peninsula, Armstrong.

Also in Norfolk Island, Australia, and New Caledonia.

1012 FILICES. [Polypodiwm.

6. P. serpens, Yorst. Prodr. n. 435.—Rhizome long, creeping,
branched, climbing up the trunks of trees or over rocks, clothed
with lanceolate long-acuminate ferruginous scales. Stipites remote,
4-3 in. long, firm, erect, jointed on the top of a scaly prolongation
of the rhizome. Fronds dimorphous, simple, entire or obscurely
sinuate, very thick and coriaceous, dark-green or yellow-green,
glabrous or nearly so above, beneath densely clothed with whitish
or buff-coloured stellate scales; sterile fronds variable in size and
shape, 1-3 or even 4 in. long, 4-1 in. broad, obovate-spathulate or
elliptical-spathulate to nearly orbicular, obtuse; fertile longer and
narrower, 2-6 in. long, 4-# in. broad, linear-oblong or linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse or subacute, gradually tapering into the stipes. Veins
quite hidden in the substance of the frond, copiously anastomosing.
Sori very copious, irregularly scattered, large, prominent, often con-
fined to the upper part of the frond, usually confluent in age.—
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 849; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 767; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 89; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 140, t.6,£.9. P. rupestre, &. Br.
Prodr. 136; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 381; Hook. Sp. Fil. v. 46.
P. stellatum, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 64. Niphobolus rupestris,.
Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 44; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Ful. t. 93; A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 178; Raoul, Chvix, 37; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 44.
N. bicolor, Kaulf. Enum. Ful. 128; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 443.
A. Cunn. Precur.n.179. N.serpens, Endl. Prodr. Ins. Norfolk, 8.

KERMADEC ISLANDS, NortTH aND SovutH Istanps, STEWART ISLAND,
CHatHaM Is~tanps: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

Plentiful in eastern Australia, also found in Norfolk Island and several of
the Pacific islands.

7. P. Cunninghamii, Hook. Sp. Fil. vy. 58.—Rhizome small,
short, knot-like, densely clothed with brownish lanceolate scales,
emitting woolly rootlets, some of which creep and produce new
tufts of fronds. Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome, 4-12 in.
long, 2-2 in. broad, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, very
gradually narrowed to the base or to a short stipes, quite entire,
bright-green, rather fleshy but hardly coriaceous, quite glabrous ;
midrib stout, evident. Veins hidden in the substance of the frond,
anastomosing, forming elongated hexagonal areoles without included
free veinlets. Sori large, broadly oblong or rounded, prominent,
rather far apart, in a single row on each side of the frond, nearer
the midrib than the margin.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 381; Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Fu. 354; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 89; Field, N.Z. Ferns,
141, t. 15, f. 5. P. attenuatum, A. Rich. Fl. Now. Zel. 62; A..
Cunn. Precur. n. 173; Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 409
(not of R. Br.). Dictymia lanceolata, J. Sm. im Bot. Mag. vol. 72,
Suppl. 16; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 43. Dictyopteris lanceolata,.
J. Sm. Gen. Ferns, 64.

Polypodium. | FILICES. 1013:

Nortu Istanp: In forests from the North Cape to Cook Strait, not
uncommon, usually on the trunks of trees or on rocks. SourH ISLAND:
Nelson—Maitai Valley, 7. #7. C. Marlborough—Buchanan. Canteroury—
Akaroa, Raouwl. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Also in the New Hebrides. I have seen no specimens from the south of
Nelson.

8. P. pustulatum, Yorst. Prodr. n. 436.—Rhizome very long,
much branched, climbing up the trunks of trees or over rocks, every-
where clothed with squarrose linear-subulate dark-brown scales.
Stipites scattered along the rhizome, 2-4 in. long, firm, slender, gla-
brous. Fronds very variable in size and outline, dark-green, thin and
membranous, quite glabrous, sometimes 8-9 in. long, 1-2 in. broad,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, gradually narrowed into the stipes,
quite entire ; at other times 6-18 in. long, 2-6 in. broad, cut down to
a broadly winged rhachis into few or many linear-lanceolate
acuminate segments ; segments rather distant, 1-3 in. long, +1in.
broad, straight or falcate. Veins not very distinct, anastomosing,
forming large irregular areoles with included free veinlets. Sori
rather small, distant, broadly oblong or rounded, forming a row
paraliel with the margin and just within it, sunk in a shallow
cavity of the frond and thus forming a pustule on the upper sur-
face.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 175; Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook. Sp. Fri.
v. 80; Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 382; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil.
363; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 89; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 141, t. 17; tf: ->
P. scandens, Forst. Prodr. n. 437; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 770.
Phymatodes pustulata, Presl, Pterid. 196; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii.
492. Pleopeltis pustulata, Moore, Ind. Fu.

NortH AND SoutH ISLANDS, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Abundant in woods from
the North Cape to Nelson, Marlborough, and Westland, from thence less common
to the south of Otago. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Found also in eastern Australia, from Queensland to Victoria, and in
Norfolk Island. The fronds are fragrant when freshly dried, and were formerly
used by the Maoris for scenting oil for applying to the person. Mr. Carruthers
(Fl. Vitiensis, 369) considers that this is Forster's P. scandens, and that his
P. pustulatum is the same as P. Billaraiert.

9. P. Billardieri, &. Br. Prodr. 147.—Rhizome long, stout,
creeping, often glaucous, clothed with appressed ovate-lanceolate
acuminate scales, which are dark-brown or almost black with
usually a pale scarious margin. Stipes jointed on to the rhizome,
2-8 in. long, stout, firm, erect, smooth and glossy, quite naked.
Fronds numerous, scattered along the rhizome, bright-green, coria-
ceous, quite glabrous, polymorphous ; sometimes 3-9 in. long,
4-2 in. broad, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire; at other times
6-18in. long, 3-9in. broad, deeply pinnatifid. Segments varying
in number from 1 to 12 on a side, 1-5in. long, 4-1+in. broad,
oblong-lanceolate or linear, usually acuminate, confluent at the
base with the broadly winged rhachis. Veins conspicuous, the

1014 FILICES. [Polypodium.

primary ones irregular, enclosing between them several areoles
with free included veinlets. Sori numerous, large, orbicular, form-
ing a single row on each side of the midrib, medial or rather nearer
the margin than the midrib.—dA. Cunn. Precur. n. 174; Raoul,
Choix, 37; Hook. Sp. Fil. v. 82; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 364;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 90; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 141, t.2,f.4. P.Phyma-
todes, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 66 (not of Linn.). P. scandens, Lab.
Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 91, t. 240 (notof Forst.). Phymatodes Billardieri,
Presl, Pterrd. 196; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct.i. 111; Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 42.

KeERMADEC IsnANDS, NorTH AND SoutH IsuANDs, STEWART ISLAND,
CuaTHAM IsLANDS, AUCKLAND AND CaMPBELL IsLaNDs: Abundant throughout,
usually on trees or rocks, but sometimes on the ground. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Found also in Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, Australia, and Tasmania,
and very closely allied to the tropical P. Phymatodes, Linn.

10. P. novee-zealandiz, Bak. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 1674.—
Rhizome long, stout, woody, as thick as the finger, densely clothed
with large tawny ovate-lanceolate scales. Stipes 6-12 in. long,
firm, erect, pale-brown, shining, quite naked. Fronds scattered
along the rhizome, large, 1-4 ft. long, 6-14in. broad, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, thinly coriaceous, dark-green, quite glabrous,
deeply pinnatifid or almost pinnate at the base; rhachis narrowly
winged. Segments (or pinne) 8-20 pairs, opposite or nearly so,
ascending, 4-8 in. long, about 4in. broad, linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, quite entire or obscurely sinuate, the lower ones sometimes
narrowed towards the base. Veins indistinct, copiously anasto-
mosing; areoles rather large with included free veinlets. Sori
large, globose, forming a single row on each side of the midrib,
rather nearer the margin than the midrib.—Ann. Bot. v. (1891) 479;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 90; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 142, t. 27, f. 3.

Nort Isuanp: Te Aroha, Pirongia, and Karioi Mountains, 7’. F.C. ; Lake
Waikaremoana, A. Hamilton! Waimarino Forest, R. Curtis! forest to the
west of Ruapehu, H. C. Field ! Usually on logs or climbing up trees, rarely
on the ground. 1500-3000 ft.

Apparently confined to the forest country in the central portions of the
North Island. Closely allied to P. Billardieri, but the rhizome is much stouter,
and densely clothed with shaggy spreading scales; the fronds are larger, often
4 ft. long, and more deeply pinnatifid ; the segments are more numerous, longer
and narrower; the venation is not so distinct, and the texture thinner. There
is also no tendency to the polymorphism of the fronds so noticeable in both
P, Billardieri and P. pustulatum, and simple fronds are apparently unknown.

23. NOTHOCHLAINA, R. Br.

Rhizome short and tufted or long and creeping. Fronds usually
small, erect, pinnate or 2-3-pinnate; under-surface more or less
densely scaly or woolly or coated with white powder; texture
coriaceous. Veins free, forked, not anastomosing. Sori marginal,
oblong or rounded, terminating the veins, at first distinct, but soon

Nothochlena. | FILICES. 1015

confluent into a continuous or interrupted marginal line, often
partly concealed by the slightly inflexed margin of the frond, but
with no true indusium. Sporangia stalked, bursting transversely,
girt by an incomplete vertical ring.

A genus of between 30 and 40 species, widely dispersed through the tropical
and warm temperate regions of both hemispheres, It hardly differs from Chei-
lanthes, except in the recurved margin of the frond not being distinctly modified

into an indusium. The single New Zealand species is also found in Australia,
Norfolk Island, and New Caledonia.

1. N. distans, R. Br. Prodr. 146.—Rhizome short, stout, sub-
erect or prostrate, clothed with the bases of the old stipites and
with ferruginous linear scales. Stipes 1—4 in. long, stiff, wiry, erect,
dark chestnut-brown, more or less clothed with subulate-lanceolate
scales. Fronds numerous, tufted at the top of the rhizome, 3-6in.
long without the stipes, $-lin. broad, linear-oblong, erect, rigid,
subcoriaceous, sparingly villous or hairy above, beneath densely
covered with long linear-subulate ferruginous scales, 2-pinnate.
Primary pinne stipitate, opposite or nearly so, the lower remote,
4-2in. long, ovate-deltoid, pinnate at the base, pinnatifid above.
Pinnules few, seldom more than 2-3 pairs, ovate-oblong, obtuse, the
lowest pinnatifid at the base; margins recurved. Sori forming a
continuous line round the margin.—Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 980; Sp.
Fil. v. 114; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 46; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 383;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 372; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 774; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 91; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 148, t. 16, f. 3.

NortH Isuanp: Rocky places from the Bay of Islands to Cook Strait, local.
Soutu Isntanp: Near Nelson, 7. #’. C. Banks Peninsula and other localities
in Canterbury, Armstrong, T. H. Potts. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Often confused with Cheilanthes Sieberi, of which it has the habit and

general appearance; but a smaller plant, with the frond conspicuously shaggy
and scaly beneath.

24. GYMNOGRAMME, Desv.

Rhizome short and tufted or long and creeping. Fronds very
various, small or large, pinnate or 2-3-pinnate, rarely simple.
Veins simple or forked, or more or less copiously anastomosing.
Sori placed on the veins on the under-surface of the fronds, oblong
or linear, often elongated, simple or forked. Indusium not de-
veloped. Sporangia stalked, bursting transversely, surrounded by
an incomplete vertical ring.

As defined above, this isa heterogeneous assemblage of over 100 species,
differing greatly from one another in habit, venation, and the arrangement of
the sori, and often split up by authors into several small genera. It is widely

spread in most tropical countries, but comparatively few species reach the tem-
perate zones.

Perennial. Fronds pinnate or 2-pinnatifid, subcoriaceous,

densely clothed with ferruginous woolly hairs .. 1. G. rutefolia.
Annual. Fronds 2-3-pinnate, thin and membranous, quite

glabrous .. Gu ac a .. 2. G. leptophylia.

1016 FILICES. [Gynunogramme.

1. G. rutezfolia, Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 90.—Rhizome short,
thick, erect or ascending, clothed with blackish-brown lanceolate
scales. Stipes +-lin. long, stout or slender, everywhere densely
villous with soft ferruginous woolly often glandular hairs. Fronds
1-3 in. long by about din. broad, linear-oblong, obtuse, subcoria-
ceous, pinnate; both surfaces densely clothed with soft ferrugi-
nous or silvery-brown woolly hairs, many of which are glandular-
tipped. Pinne alternate, rather distant, {-}in. long, obovate or
rhomboid or flabellate, shortly stipitate and obliquely cuneate at
the base, the lowermost with 2-3 shallow lobes or rarely pinnatifid.
Veins flabellate. Sori linear-oblong, occupying most of the veins of
the under-suriace, distinct at first, but often confluent in age.—Hook.
Fil. Exot. t. 5; Sp. Fil. v. 187; Hook. f. £l. Nov. Zel. u. 48;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 3838; Armsir. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881)
359. G. Pozoi var. rutefolia, Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful. 379; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 91; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 144, t. 10, f. 1. G. alpina, Potts
in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 361. Grammitis rutefolia, &. Br.
Prodr. 146; Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 775. Ceterach rutzefolius,
Mett. Fil. Hort. Lips. 80. Pleurosorus rutefolius, Fee. Gen. Fil.
180.

Nortu Istanp: Hawke’s Bay— Petane, 4. Hamilton! Kuripapanga, H.
Hill! Wellington— Cliffs in Cook Strait, Colenso! Cape Terawiti, Field. SoutTH
IsntaAnp: Marlborough—D’Urville Island, H. Craig! Brothers Islands, Field.
Canterbury— Banks Peninsula, Upper Ashburton, Upper Rangitata, T. H. Potts !
Southern Alps, J. D. Enys! Otago—Black’s, Petrie. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

Also widely distributed in Australia and Tasmania. It is united by most
authors to the Kuropean G. Pozot, which, however, seems to me to differ in the
more slender habit, in being much less densely villous, the hairs seldom
glandular, and in the narrower oblong (not obovate or flabellate) pinne.

2. G. leptophylla, Desv. Journ. Bot. i. 26.—Slender, delicate,
annual, 1-6in. high. Roots fibrous. Stipes $-3in. long, slender,
brittle, smooth, glossy, bright chestnut- brown. Fronds 1-3in.
long, 4—-1in. broad, ovate or ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate ; the
outer spreading, much shorter and broader, usually sterile; the
inner longer and narrower, fertile, erect; pale-green, shining, thin
and membranous, quite glabrous, 2-3-pinnate. Pinne alternate,
stipitate, +4in. long, again pinnate; secondary rhachises mar-
gined throughout. Pinnules few, obovate-cuneate, 2—-3-lobed or
-partite; lobes linear or linear-oblong, obtuse. Veins forked, a
single veinlet only to each lobe. Sori oblong or linear-oblong,
usually a single one to each lobe, often becoming confluent and
covering the whole pinnule—-Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 25; Sp.
Fil. v. 136; Hook. f. Fi. Nov. Zel. ii. 45; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 388 ;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful. 383; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 92; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 144, t. 16, f. 6. G. novee-zealandize, Col. 11 Tasm. Journ.
Nat. Sct. (1845) 5. Grammitis leptophylla, Swartz, Syn. Ful. 218;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 776. Anogramme leptophylla, Link.

Gymnogramme. | FILICES. 1017

Nort Isnanp: Auckland—Volcanic hills on the Auckland Isthmus, once
common, now rare and apparently restricted o Mount Wellington and Mount
Smart, Colenso, &e.; Mount Maunganui (near Tauranga), Mrs. Hetley! Hast
Cape district, Bishop Williams. Hawke’s Bay—Scinde Island, Colenso! Rua-
hine Mountains, H. Tryow! Wellington—Miramar, Buchanan! SourH ISLAND:
Canterbury—Lyttelton Harbour, abundant, 7. H. Potts! Otago—Near Dun-
edin, Purdie ; Upper Clutha, Petrie. Sea-level to 1500 ft.

Also in south Europe, North and South Africa, Persia, India, Australia and
Tasmania, and South America.

25. GLEICHENTA, Smith.

Rhizome long, creeping, rigid and wiry, often clothed with
chaffy scales. Stipes tall, erect or scrambling, usually rather
slender. Fronds once or several times dichotomously forked,
usually with a terminal bud in the fork, the divisions often spread-
ing in a horizontal plane, ultimate branches pinnately divided.
Segments of the pinne rather small and broadly ovate or sub-
orbicular, or larger and oblong to linear-lanceolate. Veins free.
Sori dorsal, placed on the fork or at the tip of an exterior veinlet,
of 2-12 sporangia. Indusium wanting. Sporangia sessile, splitting
vertically, completely surrounded by a broad transverse ring.

Species about 26, chiefly tropical, but one species extends as far north as
Japan, and 5 are found in New Zealand. Of these, 1 is widely spread in hot
countries, 3 extend to Australia and New Caledonia, the remaining 1 is endemic.

* EUGLEICHENIA. Segments of the pinne small, suborbicular. Sori
solitary at the avex of a veinlet.

Segments of the pinne flat or slightly recurved. Sporangia
2-4, near the upper inner angle ot on aye
Segments of the pinne with their margins incurved almost
to the rhachis, hence pouch-shaped. Sporangia usually2 2. G. dicarpa.

1. G. circinata.

** MERTENSIA. Segments of the pinne linear or linear-oblong, much larger
than in the previous section. Sori near the middle or at the fork of a
veinlet.

+ No accessory pinne at the base of the lower forks of the frond.

Fronds umbrella-shaped, rigid and coriaceous. Segments

of the pinnz entire, glaucous beneath. Sporangia 2-5 3. G.Cunninghamit.
Fronds fan-shaped, submembranous. Segments of the

pinne serrulate, green on both surfaces. Sporangia 3-5 4. G. flabellata.

++ A pair of spreading or deflexed accessory pinne at the base of the
lower forks of the frond.

Fronds repeatedly dichotomous, the ultimate branches
ending in a pair of pinne 3-12in. long. Pinnules
lanceolate, obtuse, glaucous beneath. Sporangia 6-12 5. G. dichotoma.

1. G. circinata, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 165, 394.—Very variable in
size and mode of growth, sometimes stiff, erect, 1-3 ft. high ; some-
times weak and scrambling among other vegetation and attaining a
length of 3-5 ft. or more. Rhizome long, slender, wiry, often much

1018 FILICES. [Gleichenia.

branched, more or less clothed with reddish-brown fimbriate scales.
Stipes smooth, slender, cylindrical, glabrous or more or less densely
scaly and woolly. Fronds usually repeatedly dichotomous and pro-
liferous from the lower axils; branches zigzag, spreading, often
interlaced ; rhachides generally clothed with rusty-red stellate hairs
often mixed with fimbriate scales, rarely glabrous. Pinne nu-
merous along the branches, spreading, 4-2 in. long, +,—4 in. broad,
narrow - linear, uniformly pinnatifid to the base. Segments nu-
merous, Closely placed, broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse, adnate by
a broad base, flat or concave beneath, not cucullate nor pouch-shaped,
coriaceous or almost membranous, green or glaucous beneath,
glabrous or the costa more or less woolly and chaffy. Veins
pinnately branched. Sori solitary in the segments, placed at the
tip of the exterior veinlet near the upper angle of the segment, of
2-4 sporangia.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful. 11; Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 347 (excl. var. hecistophylla) ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 697 ;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 25; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 36, t.2,f.2. G. semi-
vestita, Lab. Sert. Nov. Cal. 8, t. 11; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 8, t. Qa;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 5 (excl. var. hecistophylla). G. micro-
phylla, R. Br. Prodr. 161. G.spelunce, h. Br. Prodr. 160. G.
punciulata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 344. G. patens,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 212.

Nort anp SoutH IsLanps, Stewart Istanp: From the North Cape south-
wards, plentiful in the North Island, but rare and local to the south of Cook
Strait. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Waewaekaka; Waewaematuku.

Common in Australia, also extending to New Caledonia and Malaya. Mr.
Colenso’s G. patens is an excessively proliferous state with slender almost
subscandent stems, forming large masses in heated soil near hot springs at
Tavpo. The fronds are more membranous than usual, but that and its other
peculiarities are easily accounted for by the exceptional nature of its habitat.

2. G. dicarpa, &. Br. Prodr. 161.—Very similar to G. coret-
nata in habit and mode of growth, but smaller, 1-24 ft. high.
Rhizome slender, wiry, usually clothed with chaffy scales. Stipes
smooth, slender, glabrous or scaly-hispid. Fronds several times
dichotomous, usually proliferous; branches spreading in a hori-
zontal plane, often interlaced; rhachides scaly and hairy or some-
times almost glabrous. Pinne numerous along the branches,
spreading, 4-11 in. long, 4-4, in. broad, very narrow-linear, deeply
and uniformly pinnatifid. Segments numerous, closely placed,
small, suborbicular, coriaceous, convex above, the margins so much
recurved beneath that the segment is cucullate or pouch-shaped,
usually clothed with woolly hairs beneath. Sori one to each seg-
ment, just visible in the pocket-like cavity of the segment, or con-
cealed by woolly hairs; sporangia 1-2, rarely more.—Hook. Sp. Ful.
i. 8, t. lo; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.ii.5; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 348; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 698; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 12; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 25; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 37.

Gleichenia. | FILICES. 1019

Var. hecistophylla.— Usually 1-3 ft. high. Frond much and closely di-
chotomously branched, usually spreading in a horizontal plane; stipes and
rhachis densely woolly and scaly. Segments strongly incurved beneath, some-
times as much as in the typical form, but variable in this respect.—G. hecisto-
phylla, A. Cunn. Precur. u. 163; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 4, t 2B. G. semi-vestita
var. hecistophylla, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.ii. 5. G. circinata var. hecistophylla,
Hook. f. Handb, N.Z. Fl. 348.

Var. alpina, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 131.—Smaller and more compactly
tufted, 2-12in. high; rhachis, young shoots, and under-surface of segments
densely clothed with ferruginous wool mixed with scales. Fronds much
smaller and more sparingly divided.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 348; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vii. 698. G. alpina, R. Br. Prodr. 161; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 58; Hook.
Sp. Fil. i. 2.

NortH anv Soutu Istanps, STEWART IsLAND, CHATHAM IsLANDS: Var.
hecistophylla abundant in swampy places on poor soils in the North Island,
local elsewhere. Sea-level to 2000ft. Var. alpina: Mountainous localities
from Moehau (Cape Colville) and Rotorua southwards, ascending to 4500 ft.

As a species, G. dicarpa stands very near to G. circinata, principally differ-
ing in the smaller segments of the pinne, which have their margins incurved
almost to the costa, leaving only a narrow slit open, through which the sori are
visible unless masked by the ferruginous tomentum. I have followed the
‘‘ Synopsis Filicum’’ in placing Cunningham’s G. hecistophylia under G.
dicarpa, but it has equal claims to be included with G. circinata, which was the
position given to it by Sir J. D. Hooker, both in the Flora and the Handbook.
The late Baron Mueller justly observed (Veg. Chath. Isl. 63) that it obliterates
the limits of the two species. The typical form of G. dicarpa occurs in eastern
Australia, New Caledonia, and Malaya, and var. alpina in Tasmania.

3. G. Cunninghamii, Heward ex Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 6, t. 68B.—
Usually from 1-3 ft. high, but taller plants are sometimes seen.
Rhizome long, branched, creepirg, stout and woody, clothed with
red-brown lanceolate scales. Stipes stout, erect, grooved down one
side, in the young state densely clothed with large deciduous scales,
becoming almost glabrous when old. Fronds several times dichoto-
mously branched, the branches usually spreading all round in a
horizontal plane and forming an umbrella-like top to the stipes, in
large specimens proliferous from the centre, so that frequently
there are 2-4 superposed tiers of branches. Ultimate branches or
pinne 3-12in. long, 4-14in. broad, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
deeply pectinate-pinnatifid above, pinnate below; rhachis usually
clothed with deciduous scales and pilose. Segments 4-3 in. long,
44 in. broad, linear, straight or often falcate, acute, quite entire,
coriaceous, dark-green and glabrous above, glaucous and usually
pilose beneath ; margins flat or recurved. Transverse veins nu-
merous, forked near the base. Sori copious, solitary on one of the
veinlets, of 2-5 sporangia.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 6, t. 71; Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 348; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful. 13; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 26 ;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 39, t. 7, {. 3. G. ciliata, Col. i Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xix. (1697)°414.

NortH anp SoutH Isnanps, Stewart Isnanp: In forests from the North

Cape southwards, abundant in the North Isiand, local to the south of Cook
Strait. Sea-level to 4000 ft. Umbrella Fern; Tapuwaekotuku.

1020 FILICES. [Gleichema.

Allied to G. flabellata, but the fronds spread in a horizontal plane, and are
much more rigid and coriaceous, and the segments are shorter and narrower,
quite entire, and glaucous beneath. It appears to be confined to New Zea-
Jand.

4. G. flabellata, #. Br. Prodr. 161.—From 1 to 4 ft. high. Bhi-
zome long, stout, branched, more or less clothed with reddish-
brown laciniate scales. Stipes erect, cylindrical below, subcom-
pressed above, slightlv scaly or almost glabrous. Fronds several times
dichotomously branched, ascending and fan-shaped, not spreading
in a horizontal plane, often proliferous from the lower forks, so that
there are sometimes 2-3 tiers of superposed branches. Ultimate
branches or pinne 4-12in. long, 1-2in. broad, lanceolate, acumi-
nate or caudate, deeply pectinate-pinnatifid or pinnate towards the
base. Segments close-set, ascending, 4—-lin. long, narrow-lmear,
subacute, serrulate towards the tip, dilated at the base, green on
both surfaces, glabrous above, often more or less scaly-pubescent
beneath. Transverse veins numerous, forked near the base. Sori
copious, solitary on one of the veinlets, of 3-5 sporangia.—A. Cunn.
Precur. n. 164; Raoul, Choiz, 387; Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. 65 Pil.
Exot. t.71; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 6; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 348;
Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 12; Benth. Fl. Austral. vu. 698;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 26; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 41, t. 8,f.1. G. litto-
ralis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 344.

Norru Istanp: Auckland— Not uncommon by the side of streams, &c.,
from the North Cape to the Bay of Islands, rare and local southwards to the
Kauaeranga River (Thames) and the Manukau Harbour.

Also in Australia, ranging from Queensland to Tasmania, and in New
‘Caledonia. Mr. Colenso’s G. littoralisis certainly nothing more than a dwarf
state, usually occurring near the sea.

5. G. dichotoma, Hook. f. Sp. Fil. i. 12.—Usually from 2 to 4 ft.
high, but sometimes dwarfed to a few inches, and occasion-
ally reaching 6ft. Rhizome long, slender, clothed with narrow
reddish-brown bristly scales Stipes slender, smooth and polished.
Fronds repeatedly dichotomous or trichotomous, the ultimate
branches ending in a pair of pinne 3-12 in. long; a pair of smaller
spreading or deflexed pinne is also placed at the base of the
lower forks. Pinne lanceolate, acuminate, pinnatifid almost to
the base. Segments close, spreading, 4-lin. long, linear, entire,
obtuse or emarginate, glaucous beneath and sometimes pubescent
on the costa, firm or more or less membranous, pale-green. Veins
transversely spreading from the costa, each one pinnately divided
from near the base into 3-6 veinlets. Sori solitary on an exterior
veinlet, of 6-12 sporangia.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 15; Hook. f.
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 747; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 698; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 27; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 39, t. 4, f. 1. G. Hermanni, #. Br.
Prodr. 161. Mertensia dichotoma, Willd. Polypodium dichoto-
mum, Thunb. Fi. Jap. 338, t. 37.

Gleichenia. | FILICES. 1021

Norra Istanp: Auckland—In heated soil near hot springs ; Rotoma-
hana, Captain G. Mair! Kirk! (in this locality destroyed by the eruption of
Tarawera in 1886) ; Otumakokori and Orakeikorako, Kirk! T. F. C.; Kara-
piti, Hochstetter; Wairakei, Norton! Field, T. F. C.; hot springs near Matata,
Captain G. Marr. Sea-level to 1600 ft.

Almost universal in tropical and subtropical countries. Forster, in his
«*Esculent Plants” (p. 75), recorded it as a native of New Zealand, and
stated that the roots were eaten by the Natives; but as he only collected
in the South Island it is extremely improbable that he ever saw it in New
Zealand, and there is no other record of the roots being eaten.

26. SCHIZALA, Smith.

Rhizome short, thick, creeping. Stipes rigid, wiry, erect.
Fronds simple or forked or dichotomously branched, flat or terete,
very narrow, without expanded laminz. Sori on the under-suriace
of fertile segments terminating the frond or its branches, each seg-
ment consisting of a number of crowded linear pinne, those of the
opposite sides being usually applied to one another so as to conceal
the under -surface. Sporangia ovoid, sessile, splitting vertically,
crowned by a complete transverse ring, arranged in 2 or rarely
4 rows on the under-surface oi the pinne of the fertile segments.

A small genus of about 18 species, dispersed through the tropical or warm
temperate regions of boch hemispheres. Two of the New Zealand species are
widely distributed ; the third extends to Australia alone.

Fronds smooth, terete or nearly so, undivided .. 2. divSe justiulosa.
Fronds scabrous, terete or obscurely compressed, forked or

rarely twice-forked .. Se ac ae .. 2. S. bifida.
Fronds smooth, compressed, repeatedly dichotomously

forked, flabellate xe 5c a .. 3. S. dichotoma.

1. S. fistulosa, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 103, t. 250.—Rhi-
zome’ short, thick, creeping, clothed with dark chestnut-brown
linear scales. Fronds numerous towards the end of the rhizome,
not distinct from the stipes, dark-brown below, greenish-brown
above, 4-12 in. long, #,in. broad, filiform, erect or flexuous, rigid,
wiry, terete, grooved down the face, unbranched. Fertile segment
terminating the frond, 4-1 in. long, erect or suberect, consisting of
10-20 closely placed pinnz on each side; pinne all pointing in one
direction, 41 in. long, linear, incurved at the tip; margins denticu-
late or fringed. Sporangia in 2 closely placed rows, covering the
whole of the under-surface.— Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 749; Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Fil. 429; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 693; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 95; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 150, t. 14, f. 5. S. propinqua,
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 168.

Var. australis, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 749.—Smaller, 1-3in. high;
rhizome stouter in proportion. Fertile segment }-}in. long, of 6-8 pairs of
pinne.—S. australis, Gaud. Fl. Ins. Mal.98; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct.i.111; Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Fil. 428; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 95. 8. palmata, Homb. and Jacq.
Voy. au Pole Sud, Crypt. t. 4, f. 2.

1022 FILICES. [Schizea.

NortH anp SoutH IsuAnps, CHATHAM IsLANDS, AUCKLAND. IsLaAnDs: The
typical form not uncommon in barren clay soils throughout the North Island,
apparently rare and local to the south of Cook Strait. Var. australis: Cold
peaty localities in mountain districts from Moehau (Cape Colville) southwards,
descending to sea-level in Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands. Sea-level
to 4000 ft.

Also in Australia and Tasmania, New Caledonia, Madagascar, Chili, and the
Falkland Islands. S. australis is clearly only a depauperated form, connected
with the type by transitional stages.

2. S. bifida, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 151.—Rhizome very short, stout,
creeping. Fronds close together along the rhizome, not distinct
from the stipes, 6-12 in. high or more, about =, in. diam., rigid, erect,
wiry, more or less scabrous, somewhat flattened, with a prominent
midrib and narrow thick wing on each side, usually forked at or
below the middle, rarely undivided, the branches sometimes forked
a second time. Fertile segments terminating the branches, 4-3 in.
long, erect or slightly recurved, rather broader than in S. fistulosa,
of 10-20 closely placed pinne on each side. Pinne all turned
to the one side, 4-4in. long, linear, fringed with long cilia.
Sporangia in 2 closely placed rows, rather smaller than in
S. fistulosa.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 95; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 169 5.
Raoul, Choix, 87; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. uu. 47, and Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 385 (in part); Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 429; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vii. 693; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 96; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 151,
(Type BOs ees

Norra Istanp: On sterile clay or pumiceous soils from the North Cape to
Cook Strait, but often local. SourH Istanp: Nelson—Takaka and Paramahoi,.
Kingsley. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Also in Australia and Tasmania. Unbranched specimens are best dis-
tinguished from S. fistulosa by the scabrous frond and broader fertile segment.

3. S. dichotoma, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 151.—Rhizome short, stout,
creeping. Fronds-few or many, close together, 6-14 in. long, erect,.
rigid, wiry; lower portion or stipes angular, channelled in front ;
upper portion repeatedly dichotomous, forming a flabellate or
deltoid frond 2-4 in. across or more; branches flattened, ;,—-;51n.
broad; midrib stout, evident ; margins sometimes minutely toothed
towards the tip. Fertile segments terminating the branches, dis-
tinctly stalked, erect or inclined, +-tin. long, consisting of 4-10
spreading pinne on each side; pinne }-+in. long, linear, fringed
with long hairs. Sporangia in two closely placed rows.—Hook. and
Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 17; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 170; Raoul, Chotxw, 37;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 47; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 385; Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Fil. 430; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 694; Thoms. N.Z.
Ferns, 96; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 151, t. 24, f. 2.

Schizea. | FILICES. 1023

Nortu Isuanp: Auckland—In kauri forests from Kaitaia and Mongonui
southwards to Tairua and the Lower Waikato, not common; in heated soil
near hot springs at Orakeikorako, Upper Waikato, Kirk, C. J. Norton! Sea-
level to 1500 ft.

A widely spread species, found in the tropical and warm temperate regions
of both hemispheres, with the exception of Africa.

27. LYGODIUM, Swartz.

Climbing ferns, with long twining stems, often ascending trees
to a considerable height. Primary pinne distant on the common
rhachis or stem, and inserted on it by a short and often almost
obsolete petiole, dichotomously divided; the secondary divisions
divaricate, stalked, usually again dichotomous, or in species
not found in New Zealand pinnately divided. Sterile pinnules
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, ligulate; fertile usually much con-
tracted and frequently copiously divided. Sporangia ovoid, obli-
quely sessile, splitting vertically, crowned by a complete transverse
ring, arranged in two rows on the under-surface of the contracted
fertile pinnuies, or forming short spikes projecting from the margins
of the leafy pinnules, each sporangium in the axil of a large scale-
like indusium.

A very distinct genus of about 20 species, widely distributed in the tropics of
both hemispheres. The single New Zealand species is endemic.

1. L. articulatum, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 96, t. 15.—Rhizome
slender, creeping, clothed with glossy chestnut - brown linear
scales. Stipites very numerous, long, slender, climbing, reaching
the tops of tall forest-trees, branched, wiry, often intertwined and
forming almost impenetrable screens, quite smooth and glabrous.
Primary pinne dichotomously palmate-partite; primary petiole
short, 4-4in. long; two secondary petioles widely diverging, 1 in.
or more long, again twice forked; pinnules 2-4 in. long, 4-410.
broad, jointed at the base, ligulate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse or subacute, thinly coriaceous, often glaucous beneath.
Veins free. Fertile pinne many times dichotomous, the ultimate
pinnules small, much contracted, cuneate or flabellate, deeply
lobed; the lobes ending in closely placed short spikelets, each
with 8-12 sporangia on the under-surface.—A. Cunn. Precur. 0.
167; Raoul, Choiz, 37; Hook.f. Fl. Nov. Zel. u. 47; Handb. N.Z.
Fl. 385; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 437; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 96 ;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 152, t. 22, f.4. lL. gracilescens, Col. in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 620.

Nort Isianp: Auckland—In woods from the North Cape to the Bay of
Plenty and Kawhia, abundant. Mange-mange. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

The tough and wiry twining stems were formerly twisted into ropes by the
Maoris and used for securing the thatch on the roofs of their houses; and they
were also employed for making eel-traps.

1024 FILICES. [| Todea.

28. TODEA, Willd.

Rhizome stout, erect, sometimes forming a short thick trunk.
Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome, large, coriaceous and
opaque, or membranous or pellucid, 2-3-pinnate. Veins simple or
forked, not anastomosing. Sori on the under-surface of the frond,
of few or many sporangia, placed upon the lateral veinlets proceed-
ing from the costa, either large and covering the greater part of the
veinlet, or small and placed at its base. Indusium wanting. Spo-
rangia short-stalked or nearly sessile, splitting vertically, ring rudi-
mentary, transverse.

A small genus of 5 or 6 species, found in Australia, New Zealand, Mela-
nesia, and South Africa. One of the New Zealand species extends both to
Australia and South Africa, the remaining two are endemic. Although I have
followed Mr. Baker in reducing Leptopteris to a section ot Todea, I am inclined
to think that it would be better treated as a distinct genus.

A. Yodea. Fronds coriaceows, opaque. Sori large, of numerous sporangia.
Fronds 2-6 ft. long, 2-pinnate .. ts as .. 1. 2. barbara.

B. Leptopteris. Fronds membranous, pellucid. Sori small, of few sporangia.

Fronds 1-2 ft. long, truncate at the base, the lower pinne
not reduced in size .. BD be “i .. 2. 7. hymenophyl-
loides.
Fronds 13-4 ft. long, narrowed at the base, the lower
pinne gradually reduced in size es

3. T. superba.

1. T. barbara, Moore, Ind. Fil. 95.—Rhizome stout, erect, some-
times forming a trunk as muchas 4ft. high and 2ft. diam. Stipes.
1-2ft. long or more, stout, erect, quite smooth. Fronds 2-4 it.
long, 9-12in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute, dark-green, coria-
ceous, opaque, quite glabrous, 2-pinnate. Primary pinne numerous,
close, erecto-patent, 4-10 in. long or more, $—2 in. broad, lanceolate.
Pinnules 1-14in. long, 4-}in. broad, linear or linear-lanceolate,
acute, serrate, the uppermost confluent. Sori towards the base of
the frond, usually occupying nearly the whole of the under-surface
of the lower pinnules of the lower pinne, the remainder of the
frond sterile.-—Hook. and Bak. Syn, Fil. 427; Bot. Mag. t. 5954;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 699; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 938; Field, N.Z.
Ferns, 148, t. 26, f. 1. T. africana, Willd. in Schrift. Acad. zu
Erfurt (1802) 14, t. 3, f. 1; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 48 and 338;
Fl. Tasm. ii. 158, t. 178; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 384. Osmunda barbara,
Thunb. Fl. Cap. 171. Acrostichum barkarum, Linn. Sp. Plant.
1529.

NortH Isnanp: Auckland—Abundant in open gullies from the North Cape
to Mongonui, and from thence more sparingly southwards to Whangaroa.

Also in Australia, from Queensland to Tasmania, and in South Africa. In
Australia the rhizome is often enlarged into a short and massive trunk some-
times weighing as much as a ton anda half, but I have seen no New Zealand
specimens as large.

Todea. | FILICES. 1025

2. T. hymenophylloides, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 97, t. 16.—
Rhizome stout, erect, often produced into a short thick caudex.
Stipes 6-12in. long, slender, wiry, erect, brownish-green, smooth
and glabrous or more or less clothed with floccose tomentum.
Fronds forming a crown at the top of the rhizome, 1-24 ft. long,
6-12 in. broad, ovate-deltoid to lanceolate-deltoid, acuminate, trun-
cate at the base, very thin and membranous, pellucid, dark-green,
5-pinnatifid ; rhachis and cost more or less clothed with reddish-
brown floccose hairs or nearly glabrous. Primary pinne rather
close, 5-6 in. long, 3-14 in. broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, the lower ones not gradually reduced in size and becom-
ing very small. Pinnules close-set,$—3in. long, about +1n. broad,
linear-oblong, deeply pinnatifid. Segments linear, erecto-patent,
acute, entire or forked or sometimes trifid. Sporangia on the mid-
rib of the segments, usually confined to the lower half.—Hook.
Gen. Ferns. t. 468; Garden Ferns, t. 54; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Ful.
497; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns,93; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 148, t. 4, f. 38.
T. pellucida, Hook. and Grev. in Bot. Misc. iii. 232; Hook. Ic.
Plant. t.8. T. marginata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. (1897)
419. Leptopteris hymenophylloides, Presi; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel.
il. 48; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 384.

NortH anpD SourH Isuanps, Stewart Is~tanp: From the North Cape
southwards, not uncommon in forest districts. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Confined to New Zealand. A state with the pinne rather more closely
placed, and with the lower ones more or less reduced in size, approaches 7’.
superba, and is often distinguished as var. intermedia by fern-collectors.

3. T. superba, Col. in Tasmanian Journ. Nat. Scr. (1845) 28.—
Rhizome stout, forming a thick erect caudex 1-3 ft. high, coated
with densely matted fibrous rootlets. Stipes 1-4in. long, stout,
erect, more or less densely tomentose. Fronds forming a hand-
some spreading crown at the top of the rhizome, 14-4 ft. long,
6-10in. broad, lanceolate, acuminate, very gradually narrowed to
the base, dark-green, thin and membranous, pellucid, 3-pinnatifid ;
rhachis stout, densely woolly-tomentose, as are the secondary
rhachises. Primary pinne very numerous, close-set, the longest
ones about the middle of the frond, 3-6in. long, $—#in. broad,
linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate; the lower ones gradually
diminishing in size, the lowermost minute. Pinnules very close,
much overlapping, +-41in. long, linear-oblong, pinnatifid almost to
the base. Segments narrow-linear, simple or forked. Sporangia
much as in 7’. hymenophylloides.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 428 ;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 94; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 149, t. 21, f. 4. Lepto-
pteris superba, Hook. Ic. Plant.t.910; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 48 ;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 384.

NortH AND SoutH IsLANDs, StEWART IsLanD: In dense moist forests from
Te Aroha and Pirongia southwards, not uncommon, except in Marlborough,

Canterbury, and the north of Otago, where it is rare and local. Crape-fern ;
Prince of Wales’s Feather. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

33—F.

1026 FILICES. [Lodea.

Probably the most beautiful fern in New Zealand. It is closely allied to

he preceding, and is connected with it by intermediate forms. Usually, how-

ever, it is readily distinguished by the larger and narrower frond, which tapers
very gradually to the base, and by the closer and denser pinnules, which overlap
considerably, the segments often turning up towards the upper side of the frond.

29. MARATTIA, Smith.

Rhizome large, thick and swollen. Fronds numerous, large,
2-3-pinnate; stipes stout, articulated at the base, and furnished
with two adnate auricles. Veins all free. Sori oblong, placed at or
near the tip of the veins, close to the margin of the pinnules, each
sorus consisting of two parallel rows containing 4-12 sporangia,
the sporangia of each row completely united into a boat-shaped
mass called a synangium. Synangia coriaceous, the outer face
smooth and convex, the inner flat and pierced by the narrow trans-
verse slits of the dehiscent sporangia. Spores globose-tetrahedral.

A small genus of 8-10 species, widely scattered through the tropical regions
of both hemispheres and the warmer part of the south temperate zone. The
single New Zealand species is found in Australia and Polynesia, South Africa,
Malaya, Philippines, and India.

1. M. fraxinea, Smith, Ic. Ined. t. 48.—Rhizome a large irre-
gularly shaped tuberous mass. Stipes stout, 1-2 ft. long or more,
brownish-green, jointed at the base and furnished with large clasp-
ing auricles which are persistent on the rhizome. Fronds large,
in fully grown specimens 6-12 ft. long, 2-5 ft. broad, ovate-deltoid,
dark-green and glossy, coriaceous, 2-pinnate or rarely 3-pinnate.
Primary pinne Qin. to 3ft. long, often more than 1 ft. broad ;
pinnules shortly stalked, 3-6in. long, 4-lin. broad, lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, obliquely cuneate or rounded at the
base; margins minutely serrulate; costa slightly scaly. Veins
rather close, parallel, simple or sparingly forked. Sori oblong,
brownish, ;4,-4in. long, on the veins just within the margin of
the pinnules ; sporangia 8-12 to each synangium.—Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Fil. 440; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 695; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 97 ;
Field, N.Z. Ferns, 153, t. 25, f. 5. M. salicina, Smith in Rees
Cyclop. 89; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 49; Handb. N.Z, Fl. 386.

Nortx Is~tanp: Lowland forests from Mongonui southwards to Cape
Hgmont and Waitotara, not common, usually in rich damp soils. Para;
Parareka. Sea-level to 1000 ft.

The large starchy rhizome was formerly eaten by the Maoris, and hence the
plant was occasionally cultivated near their villages. It is now fast becoming
rare.

30. OPHIOGLOSSUM, Linn.

Rhizome usually short and _ suberect, sometimes slightly
tuberous or nodose; roots thick and fleshy, simple, sometimes
giving rise to adventitious buds. Fronds solitary or 2-3 at the
top of the rhizome, not circinate, stipitate, fleshy, composed of

Ophioglossum. | FILICES. 1027

two portions: one a leafy more or less expanded sterile lamina,
with reticulated venation ; the other a narrow and much-contracted
spike-like fertile part, which is inserted on the petiole or lamina of
the sterile portion by a peduncle of variable length. Sporangia
closely packed in 2 rows on the fertile spike and partly im-
bedded in its tissue, globose, not annulate, dehiscing by a trans-
verse slit ; spores numerous, tetrahedral.

A small genus, widely spread in both temperate and tropical regions.
There is much uncertainty as to the limits of the species, which are estimated
by some authors at 8-10, and by others at 30 or more. In the present work I
have followed Mr. Baker in treating the New Zealand species as forms only of
the northern O. lusitanicuwm and O. vulgatwm; but in Prantl’s revision of the
genus, given in the Jahrbuch of the Botanical Garden of Berlin for 1884, an
arrangement which is now largely followed by Huropean botanists, they are
considered to be distinct. Prantl’s classification depends largely on characters
drawn from the rhizome, the venation of the sterile frond, and the size of
the spores, and is somewhat difficult to use in the absence of authenticated
specimens.

Fronds 34-5in.; sterile lamina }-2in. x }-4in., linear-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, attenuated at the base.
Fertile spike +-# in. “a or 56 2:

Fronds 4-10in.; sterile lamina }-3in. x 4-1} in., ovate,
shortly cuneate at the base. Fertile spike #-ldin. .. 2. O. vulgatwm.

1. O. lusitanicum.

1. O. lusitanicum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1518.—Rhizome cylindric,
suberect, slightly tuberous ; roots fleshy. Fronds 1-3 from the rhi-
zome, 4—9 in. long including the petiole and fertile spike ; the sterile
lamina usually placed below the middle and often conspicuously
so, ¢-2in. long, 4-4in. broad, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, narrowed into a long cuneate
base, fleshy and coriaceous. Veins indistinct, reticulated in narrow
areoles. Fertile spike +-in. long, on a long slender peduncle
inserted at the base of the sterile lamina and much exceeding it
when mature. Sporangia 6-15 in each row.—Hook. and Bak. Syn.
Fil. 445; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 98; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 155, t. 21,
f. 7. O. vulgatum, var. gramineum, lusitanicum, and minimum,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 50; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 386. O. coria-
ceum, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 161. O. minimum, Col. ex Hook. and
Bak. Syn. Fil. 445. O. minimum, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii-
(1881) 342.

KermMapec Isnanps, NorrH AND SovurH Isnanps: Not uncommon
throughout, ascending to 3500 ft.

This, so far as New Zealand is concerned, consists of the varieties
gramineum, lusitanicum, and minimum of the O. vulgatum of the Flora and
the Handbook. Prantl considered the first two to form a distinct species, for
which he retained Cunningham’s name of O. coriacewm. He further suggested
that var. minimum might be identical with his O. lanceolatwm, from northern
Queensland, but without access to the original specimens it is impossible to
decide. O. coriacewm is also found in Australia and South America.

1028 FILICES. [Ophioglossum.

2.0. vulgatum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1518. — Rhizome short,
cylindric, often knotty; roots long, fleshy. Fronds 1-2 from the
rhizome, 4—12in. long including the petiole and fertile spike; the
sterile lamina placed near the middle or slightly below it, 3-3in.
long, 4-14in. broad, ovate or ovate-lanceolate or ovate-rhomboid,
obtuse or subacute, truncate or cuneate at the base, rather fleshy,
venation reticulated. Fertile spike #-14in. long, on a slender
peduncle inserted just below the sterile lamina and much overtop-
ping it. .Sporangia variable in number, 15-50 in each row.—Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 50, and Handb. N.Z. Fl. 386 (in part) ; Hook.
and Bak. Syn. Fil. 445; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 98; Field, N.Z. Ferns,
155, t. 21, f. 6. O. costatum, &. Br. Prodr. 163. O. elongatum,
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 162.

NortTH AND SoutH Isnuanps, CHATHAM IsLANDS: From the North Cape to
Foveaux Strait, plentiful in moist grassy places, by the margins of swamps, &c.
Sea-level to 2000 ft.

As defined by Hooker and Baker in the ‘‘ Synopsis Filicum ”’ this is almost
cosmopolitan ; but by many authors it is split up into a considerable number of
species with a more restricted range. Most of the New Zealand forms corre-
spond with O. costatwm, R. Br. (O. elongatwm, A. Cunn.), which is kept up as a
distinct species by Prantl, under the name of O. pedwinculoswm, Desv., and
which ranges from New Zealand and Australia northwards to Malaya, Ceylon,
India, Philippines, and Japan.

31. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz.

Rhizome short, suberect, emitting numerous long fleshy branching
roots. Fronds solitary or rarely two at the top of the rhizome, not
circinate, stipitate, thick and fleshy, composed of two divisions: the
posterior sterile, pinnate or 2-3-pinnate or decompound ; the an-
terior fertile, of numerous branched spikes forming a pedunculate
panicle, the peduncle usually long, inserted on the petiole below the
sterile lamina. Sporangia closely packed and sessile in two rows
along the branches of the panicle, free, globose, not annulate, de-
hiscing by a transverse slit ; spores numerous, tetrahedral.

Species variously estimated at from 6 to 15, according to the different views
of authors. Found in most temperate or extratropical regions, rare in very hot
climates. Both the New Zealand species are widely distributed.

Sterile segment of the frond simply pinnate; fertile bi-
pinnate Zip 1. B. lunaria.

Sterile and fertile segments both decompound = .. 2. B. ternatum.

1. B. lunaria, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 171.—Rhizome short, tuberous.
Fronds solitary at the top of the rhizome or rarely 2 together,
38-6 in. high; stipes stout, terete, glabrous, with 1 or 2 brownish
sheathing scales at the base. Sterile lamina at about the middle of
the frond, 2-3 in. long, 4-1 in. broad, oblong or linear-oblong, rather
fleshy, simply pinnate; pinne 3-6 pairs, close-set, lunate or flabel-

Botrychiwm. | FILICES. 1029

late, entire or more or less deeply crenate-toothed. Veins flabellate,
radiating from the base. Fertile segment equalling or exceeding the
sterile, pedunculate, $-3 in. long, lanceolate-deltoid, 2-pinnate; the
‘divisions all turned to one side, narrow, thickly covered with the
yellowish sporangia. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. 154; Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Fil. 447; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 690; Enys in Trans. N.Z.
Inst. xvi. (1884) 363; Kirk, l.c. 366; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 156, t. 21,
£8.

SoutH IsLanp: Canterbury—South-western slopes of Mount Torlesse, alt.
2700 ft., J. D. Hnys !

Not uncommon in the temperate and cool mountainous portions of the
Northern Hemisphere, and in Patagonia and Australia in the Southern. The
few New Zealand specimens that I have seen are much under the average size of
the species in Europe or North America, but I can see no other difference.

2. B. ternatum, Swariz, Syn. Fil. 172.—Rhizome short, stout,
emitting numerous long and fleshy almost tuberous roots. Fronds
solitary, 6-18in. long or more. Stipes 1-3in. long from the
rhizome to the forking of the sterile and fertile segments, stout,
thick and fleshy, terete. Sterile segment long-peduncled, variable
in size, usually from 3-6 in. broad and long, but large specimens
sometimes reach 9-12 in., and small ones are often dwarfed to less
than 2in., broadly deltoid, tripartite at the base, the divisions
usually petiolate, 2-4-pinnate; the ultimate pinnules oblong or
ovate, toothed or crenate or almost entire; texture thick and fleshy.
Fertile segment on a stout or slender peduncle 4-12in. long or
more, usually overtopping the sterile segment; panicle 14-6 in.
long, nearly as broad at the base, much branched, 3-4-pinnate.
Sporangia very numerous.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 448; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 690; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 99; Field, N.Z. Ferns, 157,
t. 20, f.5, 5a. _B. virginianum, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 50 (not of
Swartz). B. cicutarium, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 387 (not of
Swartz). B. australe, 8. Br. Prodr. 164; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 160;
fiaoul, Choix, 37; Prantl, Syst. Ophiogl. 340.

Var. dissectum.-—Frond more slender; sterile segment much more finely
divided, the ultimate pinnules laciniately cut into narrow lobes and teeth.—
B. dissectum, Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Plant. v. 64. B. australe var. millefolium,
Prantl, Syst. Ophiogi. 341. B. biforme, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1886)
223.

NortH AnD SovurH Isnanps, CHatHam IsLANDS: The ordinary form
abundant from the North Cape to the south of Otago; var. dissectuwm often
local. Sea-level to 3500 ft.

Also in extratropical North America, Asia, and in Australia and Tasmania.
Very variable throughout its range, and separated by Prantl and other authori-
ties into 7 or 8 distinct species, the New Zealand forms being placed under
B,. australe, R. Br.

1030 MARSILEACES. [Pilularia.

Orper XCIV. MARSILEACESA.

Perennial plants, usually of small size, growing in marshes or
in damp soil. Rhizome slender, creeping, rooting at the nodes.
Leaves solitary or in tufts at the nodes of the rhizome, either fili-
form or of 4 leaflets borne at the top of a slender petiole. Sporo-
carps or conceptacles globose or oblong, on short peduncles which
rise from the petioles or near their bases, each sporocarp containing
numerous (Marsilea) or few (Pilularia) cavities or cells, and each
cell containing a group or sorus composed of macrosporangia and
microsporangia. Macrosporangia containing a single macrospore ;
microsporangia containing numerous microspores.

A small order of 2 genera and 50 or 60 species, found in most temperate and
tropical countries. In germination a small female prothallium is developed
within the macrospore, which eventually bursts, the prothallium protruding
from the opening. A single archegonium is then formed on the prothallium,
which is fertilised by spermatozoids set free by the bursting of the microspores,
within which a rudimentary male prothallium bearing a single antheridium has
been developed.

1. PILULARIA, Linn.

Rhizome long, filiform, creeping and rooting. Leaves solitary
at the nodes of the rhizome, circinate in vernation, filiform, erect.
Sporocarps on short peduncles, globose, 2-4-celled, splitting at the
top into as many valves as cells; each cell with a longitudinal
parietal placenta bearing in the upper portion microsporangia con-
taining numerous microspores, and below these few or many macro-
sporangia containing a solitary macrospore.

A small genus of 6 species, found in the temperate or subtropical regions of
both hemispheres. The New Zealand species is endemic.

1. P. novee-zealandie, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix. (1877)
547, t. 29.—Very slender. Leaves distant, 3-2in. long. Peduncle
about +in. long, erect. Sporocarp din. diam., globose, densely
hairy, 2-celled and 2-valved. Macrosporangia 10-12 to each cell,
subglobose, not constricted at the middle.—Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 100;
Bak. Fern Alltes, 148.

Norru Is~tanp : Auckland—Lake Whangape, Kirk. Sourn Istanp: Can-
terbury — Lake Lyndon, Lake Pearson, and other lakes in the Waimakariri
district, Kirk! Hnys! Berggren, T. F. C.

Probably not an uncommon plant, but very easily overlooked.

Orper XCV. SALVINIACE:.

Fugacious annuals, of small size, floating in quiet waters.
Stems simple or branched. Leaves small, often minute, apparently
distichous, sessile or shortly petiolate, simple or lobed. Sporo-
carps or conceptacles on the under-surface of the stem, either clus-

Azolla.]} SALVINIACES. 1031

tered on the divisions of an altered submerged leaf, or in pairs in
the axils of the leaves, globose or ovoid, membranous, indehiscent,
of two kinds, both borne on the same plant; one kind containing a
single or many macrosporangia, the other enclosing numerous
microsporangia. Macrosporangia containing a single macrospore ;
microsporangia with numerous microspores.

Genera 2; species about 18, mainly tropical or subtropical. In germina-
tion the macrospore produces a rather large prothallium, which remains at-
tached to it, and which bears one or more archegonia. The microspores each
develop a rudimentary prothallium bearing a single antheridium containing
spermatozoids, fertilisation taking place in the same way as in ferns. In the
genus Salvinia, which is not found in New Zealand, the antheridia are formed
while the microspores are contained within the microsporangium; but in
Azolla the microspores escape in groups called massule, each with its proper
membrane, and the antheridia are developed within the massule.

1. AZOLLA, Linn.

Floating water-plants. Stems copiously pinnately branched,
emitting on the under-side numerous rootlets. Leaves densely im-
bricating, very minute, sessile, deeply and unequally 2-lobed.
Sporocarps or conceptacles in pairs in the axils of the leaves on
the under-surface of the stem, of two kinds: one kind larger, glo-
bose, enclosing numerous microsporangia, each of which contains
numerous microspores arranged in separate groups or massule
furnished with a membranous envelope; the other smaller, ovoid,
containing a single macrosporangium within which is a solitary
macrospore. Macrospores each crowned with few or many swim-
ming-floats; massule of the microspores armed with simple or
hooked bristles.

A small genus of 4 or 5 species, found in most tropical or warm temperate
regions.

1. A. rubra, Ff. Br. Prodr. 167. — Floating, red or reddish-
green, often gregarious and covering large sheets of water; the
separate plants 4-1 in. long, orbicular or ovate or somewhat deltoid,
copiously bipinnate. Leaves densely imbricating, about 54, in. long,
2-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse. Larger sporocarps globose, about
a5 in. diam.; the massule of the microspores armed with copious
hooked bristles. Smaller sporocarps hardly more than half the
size, oblong; the solitary macrospore crowned with 3 swimming-
floats. — Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 56; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 392;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 680; Bak. Fern Allies, 137.

NortH AND SoutH IsntAnpDs, STEWART Is~LAND: Abundant in still waters
throughout.

Also found in Australia and Tasmania, and very closely allied to the South
American 4d. filicwloides, Lam., of which some authors consider it to be a
variety.

1032 LYCOPODIACE®. [Phylloglosswm..

OrpER XCVI. LYCOPODIACEA.

Perennials, from a few inches to a few feet high. Stems erect
or pendulous, or prostrate or creeping, simple or more usually
dichotomously branched, often hard and wiry, usually leafy through-
out. Leaves small, simple, entire or serrulate, more or less de-
current at the base, indistinctly 1-nerved, either spreading all round
the axis and of the same shape and size, or dimorphous with the
larger ones distichously spreading. Sporangia all of one kind, coria-
ceous, l-celled in the typical genera, 2-3—4-celled in T’mesipteris and
Psilotum, borne singly on the upper base of fertile leaves or sporo-
phylls. Sporophylis either similar to the foliage-leaves and placed
all down the stem, or more or less reduced in size and bract-like
and aggregated into terminal spikes or cones, in J'mesipteris and
Psilotum deeply bifid with the sporangia attached below the fork.
Spores all of one kind, numerous, tetrahedral, marked with 3 radiat-
ing lines at the tip.

An order containing 4 genera and over 100 species, quite cosmopolitan in
its distribution, and without any important economical properties or uses. The
germination of the spores has so far been observed in a very small proportion of
the species. The prothallium is monccious, as in ferns, producing both arche-
gonia and antheridia, but the species which have been examined exhibit great
diversities in the shape and mode of growth of the prothallium and in its
duration; and considerable variety also exists in the development of the em-
bryonic plant. For particulars reference must be made to special text-books
or memoirs. As a matter of convenience, I have retained J’mesipteris and
Psilotum in the order, but the structure of the sporangia and form of the
sporophylls are so distinct that there can be little doubt that Pritzel and other
authors are right in placing them in a distinct order.

A. Lycopodiinee. Fertile leaves or sporophylls (bracts) simple, not forked.
Sporangia reniform, compressed, 1-celled, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit.

Minute. Stem reduced to a small tuber crowned by subu-

late leaves. Sporangia forming a cone-like spike at the

top of a naked peduncle 36 .. 1, PHYLLOGLOssUM.
Larger. Stem conspicuous, branched, leafy throughout.

Sporangia collected into terminal or lateral ee rarely

scattered along the branches A .. 2. Lycoropium.

B. Psilotinese. Fertile leaves or sporophylls forked. Sporangia (synangia)
2-8-4-celled and valved, attached to the sporophylls below the fork.

Stems simple or rarely forked. Leaves conspicuous,

vertical. Synangia boat-shaped, 2-celled Se .. 3. TMESIPTERIS.
Stems many times dichotomous. Leaves minute, scale-
like. Synangia subglobose, usually 3-celled .. .. 4, Pstnorum.

1. PHYLLOGLOSSUM, Kunze.

A small stemiess plant, consisting of an oblong tuber (proto-
corm) which is annually reproduced, and which bears at its apex a
tuft of terete subulate leaves. Roots few, simple, springing from
above the tuber directly below the leaves. Peduncle arising from
the apex of the tuber and surrounded at its base by the leaves,

Phylloglossum. | ; LYCOPODIACE. 1033

‘short, erect, simple or very rarely forked, ending in a short fertile
‘spike or cone. Bracts several, imbricated, broadly ovate, cuspidate,
each supporting a single reniform 1- celled sporangium, which
dehisces by a longitudinal slit. Spores small, numerous, with
three lines radiating from the apex.

A genus of a single species, found in New Zealand, Tasmania, Victoria, and
West Australia.

1. P. Drummondii, Kunze in Bot. Zeit. (1843) 721.—Whole
plant 1-24in. high, green, perfectly glabrous. Tuber small,
oblong, producing another (rarely two more) during the growing
season, the new tuber remaining dormant during the summer and
reproducing the plant the following winter, the original tuber and
its leaves shrivelling after the ripening of the sporangia. Leavcs
usually from 4-10, but varying in number from 1 or 2 to 15
or even 20, $-2in. long, linear-subulate, acute, fleshy, cylindrical.
Peduncle 2 or 3 times as long as the leaves, stout, erect.

Spike 4-tin. long, oblong-ovoid, terete; bracts 10-30, broad, the

erect cusp overtopping the sporangium.—Hook. Ic. Plant. 908 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 11. 51; Fl. Tasm. 11. 154; Handb. N.Z. Fi.
388; Bak. Fern Allies, 7; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 102. Lycopodium
sanguisorba, Spring. Monog. Lycop. ii. 36.

Nortu Istanp: Barren clay hills from the North Cape to the Thames
Valley and the Middle Waikato (Lake Waikare), not uncommon. SourH
Isntanp: Said to have been gathered near Picton by Helms, and on Banks
Peninsula by Armstrong, but I have seen no specimens.

A remarkable little plant, differing from all other Lycopods in its vegetative
characters, but with the spike and sporangia of Lycopodiwm. The tuber and its
‘leaves are so similar in appearance and mode of development to the embryonic
plant of some species of Lycopodium, and notably to that of L. cernwwm, with
its protocorm or embryonic tubercle, and protophylls or primordial leaves, that
both Bower and Treub expressed the opinion that Phylloglosswm should be regarded
as a permanently embryonic form of Lycopod. The important discovery recently
made by Thomas that the prothallium and development of the embryo is of the
same type as that of Lycopodiwm cernuuwm may be regarded as a satisfactory
proof of the correctness of this view; and it seems in every way probable that
Thomas is correct in considering Phylloglosswm to be the most primitive ot
existing Lycopodiacee. For information on the subject the student should
consult Professor Bower’s two memoirs ‘‘On the Development and Morphology
of Phylloglossum Drwmmondi’’ and ‘‘ On the Morphology of the Spore-producing
Members ” (Trans. Roy. Soc. 1886, p. 665, and 1894, p. 508-510); also Treub’s
paper in the Annals of the Bot. Garden of Buitenzorg, Vol. viii., p. 1 et seq. ; and
Professor Thomas’s ‘‘ Preliminary Account of the Prothallium of Phylloglossum”’
(Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. lxix., p. 285-291, reprinted in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxiy.

402-408).
2. LYCOPODIUM, Linn.

Stems erect or pendulous, or prostrate and creeping, copiously
branched, rarely simple, often hard and wiry, usually leafy through-
out. Leaves small, crowded or imbricate, l-nerved, entire or
denticulate, generally uniform in size and multifarious, but in a few
species dimorphous and distichous. Sporangia 1-celled, reniform,

1034 LYCOPODIACER. [ Lycopodium.

compressed, coriaceous, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit, placed
singly on the upper surface of the leaves near their base, or more
generally at the upper base of imbricated bracts aggregated into
terminal spikes, which are either sessile or pedunculated. Spores
small, numerous, with three lines radiating from the apex.

A large genus of about 100 species, found in all parts of the world. Of the1l
species indigenous in New Zealand, 3 are widely distributed in both hemispheres,
6 extend to Australia, 2 of them reaching the Pacific islands as well, the remain-
ing 1 or 2 are endemic.

A. Selago. Leaves multifarious. Sporangia at the upper base of unaltered
leaves at intervals all down the stem.
Stems 3-12in., tufted, erect, dichotomously forked. Leaves
crowded, erect, subulate-lanceolate, 4—+1n. long .. 1. L. Selago.

B. Lepidotis. Leaves multifarious. Srorangia aggregated into distinct ter-

minal spikes, at the uwoper base of bracts differing in shape and size from
the leaves.

* Epiphytic or rupestral, rarely terrestrial. Stems often pendulous, dicho-
tomously forked from the base. Spikes slender, tetragonous.

Stems 6-24 in., usually erect, stout, rigid. Spikes 2-6in.,
stout, curved; bracts about 4in., the upper decidedly
longer than the sporangia .. 50 "ye

Stems 1-5 ft., pendulous, very slender. Spikes 1-4 in.
bracts 4-7, in., the peEe cee longer than the
sporangia .. : . ine .. 3. L. Bullardiert..

2. L. varium.,

** Stems erect, rigid, dendroid, simple below, copiously branched above.
Spikes terminal, sessile, cylindrical.

Stems 1-3 ft.; branches ascending, dense, fastigiate. Spikes
3-1 in., erect ; bracts broadly ovate, acute but not cus-
pidate : a S: 36 ate Ete

Stems #- -2ft.; branches spreading. Spikes }-din., in-
curved or ‘ddnanous bracts broadly ovate with a long
cuspidate point se ae as

4. L. densum.

5. L. cernuum.

*** Stems slender, erect or procumbent, sparingly or diffusely branched.
Spikes lateral or terminal on short lateral branchlets.

Stems 4-18in., erect, simple or dichotomously forked ;
branches erect. Spikes lateral, sessile, 3-3in. long .. 6. L. laterale.
Stems 2-9in., procumbent or prostrate, much branched,
often with the branches interlaced. Spikes terminating
short lateral branchlets 7. L. ramulosum.

**** Main stem creeping, with erect or ascending branches. Spikes ter-
minal, on long peduncles.

Stems 2-6 in., creeping and rooting, leafy ; fertile branches

or peduncles simple, strict, erect, 2-6in. long. a.

Adin. .. . 8 L. Drummondit.
Stems 6-24 in., creeping ; branches 3- 14 i ins, erect or as-

cending, fastigiately branched. Spikes $-2in. long, on

peduncles terminating the upper branchlets .. .. 9. DL. fastigiatum.

Lycopodium. | LYCOPODIACE. 1035

C. Diphasium. Leaves distichous and dimorphous. Sporangia aggregated
into distinct terminal spikes; bracts small.

Stems 1-3 ft., creeping; branches 3-12 in., ascending or

erect, flattened. Spikes 1-2in., sence y> terminal ;

bracts with spreading tips .. -. 10. L. scariosum.
Stems 2-8ft., scrambling or climbing ; branches flabel-

lately divided, flattened. Spikes 1-4 in., in large panicles

at the ends of the branches ; bracts with small appressed

tips AC : : AD .. ll. ZL. volubiie.

igs Bs Tins. ce Plant. 1565.—Stems 3-12 in. long, usually
shortly decumbent and rooting at the base, erect above, several
times dichotomously forked, densely leafy throughout; branches
2-9 in. long, +4 in. diam. including the leaves, stout, rigid, erect,
cylindric, often uniform in height and forming dense 208: topped
tufts. Leaves crowded, ascending or rarely spreading, 4 $-¢ in. long,
subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, sometimes almost pungent, quite
entire or minutely denticulate, firm, dark-green and glossy, some-
times with pedicelled leafy bulbils in the axils. Sporangia solitary
on the upper surface of the unaltered leaves near their base, often
at intervals all down the stem, but usually most abundant in the
upper part, not forming a distinct spike.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii.
52; Fl. Tasm. 11. 155, ra 170A; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 389; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vil. 674 ; Bak. Fern Allies, 9; Thoms. N.Z. Herne, TOS"

NortH Istanp: Mountainous districts from Mount Tauhara (near Lake
Taupo) southwards to the Tararua Range, apparently local. SourH Istanp,
Srewart Istanp: Abundant in mountain districts, usually between 1500 and
5000 ft., but descends almost to sea-level in Stewart Island.

An abundant plant on moors and heaths in cool or damp mountainous
localities throughout the world.

2. L. varium, Rf. Br. Prodr. 165.--Rhizome stout. Stems tufted,

4-2 ft. long, stout, rigid, erect or more rarely pendulous, sparingly
or much “dichotomously branched, leafy throughout; branches
stout, often curved. Leaves Sei all round the branchen,
ascending or spreading, the lower ones the longest, 4—2 in. long,
lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous, dark-green and glossy,
midrib usually obscure ; upper leaves smaller and more appressed.
Spikes terminal, peaally numerous, suspic or branched, curved or
drooping, tetragonous, 2-6 in. long, 4 4-41n. diam. Bracts densely
imbricating, about 4 tin. long, broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, keeled ;
the lower ones rather longer and more foliaceous, gradually passing
into the upper leaves, the upper decidedly longer than the reniform
sporangia.—Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 112; Hook f. Fl. Antarct.
ineeeeren. Nov.| Zel.. i..52 5; Fl Tasm. 11. 155, t. 1703; Handd.
N.Z. Fl. 389; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 674; Bak. Fern Allies, 21;
Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 104.

NortH AND SoutH IstaAnps, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS, AUCK-
LAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES IsLAND: Mountainous districts from

the Great Barrier Island and Cape Colville southwards, not uncommon, Sea-
level to 4500 ft.

1036 LYCOPODIACE. (Lycopodium:

Also in Australia and Tasmania. Probably only an extreme form of
L. Billardieri, into which it passes by imperceptible gradations, but in its
usual state distinguished without much difficulty by the stout rigid habit,
stouter curved spikes, and larger bracts. It is usually terrestrial or rupestral,
rarely epiphytic.

3. L. Billardieri, Spring. Monog. Lycop. i. 56.—Rhizome short.
Stems tufted, pendulous from the branches of trees or from rocks,.
1-5 ft. long, excessively dichotomously branched from the base
upwards, slender, cylindric, dark-green, leafy throughout; upper
branches almost flaccid. Lower leaves laxly placed, spreading or
ascending from an erect decurrent base, 4—}in. long, linear or
linear-ligulate, obtuse or acute, coriaceous, usually with a distinct
midrib; upper shorter and more closely placed, more erect, often
appressed and imbricating, +in. long, linear-subulate, acute, more
or less keeled. Spikes terminating the branches, very numerous,
slender, dichotomously forked, tetragonous, 1-4 in. long, 4-75 in.
diam. Bracts densely imbricating, short, ;;-;;in. long, broadly
ovate, acute or apiculate, keeled, the upper ones sometimes no.
longer than the reniform sporangia.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 53;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 389; Baker, Fern Allies, 20; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns,
104. L. varium var. Billardieri, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi.
(1884) 377. L. flagellaria, A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. 60 (not of Bory) ;
A. OCunn. Precur. n. 155; Raoul, Choix, 37. L. Phlegmaria, A.
Cunn. Precur. n. 157 (not of Linn).

Var. gracile, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 377.—Stems tufted,
6-12in. high, slender, pale-green, flaccid. Leaves spreading, about 3 in. long,
narrow-linear, acute or obtuse. Spikes lax, slender, 3-6in. long, simple or
forked. Bracts about fin. long, linear, spreading or ascending, 3 or 4 times.
as long as the sporangia.—(?)L. nove-zealandicum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xix. (1887) 275.

KeERMADEC IsLANDS, NortH AND SourtH IsLtanps: The typical form abund-
ant in woods from the North Cape to Foveaux Strait. Var. gracile: Mount
Egmont, 7. ¥.C.; Wairarapa Valley, J. S. Sandager! Maitai Valley, Dr. Boor
and 7. Kirk; Westport, Dr. Gaze! Otira Gorge, 7. F. C. Sea-level to
2000 ft.

Hither the same or a closely allied species is found in Tahiti and others of
the Polynesian islands.

4.%. densum, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. uu. 104, t. 251.—Rhizome-
short, stout, creeping. Stems rigidly erect, woody, dendroid, 1-3 ft.
high, simple below, much and densely fastigiately branched above ;
branches repeatedly divided ; branchlets slender, ascending, 4,4 in.
diam. Leaves inserted all round the stem and branches, distant
towards the base of the stem, densely imbricating above, erect,
closely appressed, 54,-74,in. long, subulate - lanceolate, shortly
aristate ; in young or sterile plants often larger, squarrose or erecto-
patent. Spikes solitary and terminal on the branchlets, very
numerous, erect, 4-lin. long, about $in. diam., cylindric, obtuse.

Lycopodium. | LYCOPODIACER. 1037

Bracts close-set, broadly ovate, acute but not cuspidate, spreading
when mature; margins scarious, jagged. Spores echinate.—A.
Cunn. Precur. n. 153; Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.
53; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 389; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 676; Bak. Fern
Allies, 24; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 105.

Nortu Istanp: Abundant from the North Cape to Poverty Bay and Kawhia,
usually in light scrub on clay soils. Sour Istanp: Marlborough, Buchanan.
CHaTtHAM Istanps: Dieffenbach. Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Also in Norfolk Island, Australia and Tasmania, and New Caledonia.

5. L. cernuum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1566.—Stems stout, creeping,
1-8 ft. long, leafy throughout; primary branches rigidly erect,
9-18 in. long or more, much branched in the upper portion, usually
simple below; lower branchlets copiously divided, short, spreading
or ascending, pendulous towards the tips. Leaves inserted all
round the stems and branches, crowded, squarrose or incurved
towards the tips, 4-4 in. long, narrow linear-subulate, decurrent at
the base, pale soft-green, keeled by the prominent midrib beneath.
Spikes numerous, solitary and sessile on the incurved or pendulous
tips of the branchlets, +-$in. long, oblong, obtuse, cylindric.
Bracts imbricating all round, broadly ovate, narrowed into a long
cuspidate point; margins denticulate—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 154;
Raoul, Choiz, 37; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 54; Handb. N.Z. Fl.
390; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 676; Bak. Fern Allwes, 23; Thoms.
N.Z. Ferns, 105. (2)L. polycephalum, Col. im Trans. N.Z. Inst.
xxvil. (1895) 401.

KerrmabrEc Istanps: Sunday Island, in the large crater-bisin, not com-
mon, 7. F. C. Norru Istanp: From the North Cape to the Hast Cape and
Taupo, abundant to the north of the Thames and Waikato Rivers, and in great
profusion in heated soil in the thermal-springs district, from Rotorua to Taupo.
Sea-level to 2500 ft.

A common tropical plant all round the world. Frequently luxuriating
in the neighbourhood of hot springs.

6. L. laterale, &. Br. Prodr. 165.—Rhizome long, stout, white,
creeping. Stems numerous, erect or decumbent at the base,
4-18in. high, stout or slender, simple or sparingly branched,
the branches erect, cylindric, pale-green, sometimes tinged with
reddish-brown, leafy from the base. Leaves close-set, spreading
all round or the upper ascending, $-tin. long, subulate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, decurrent at the base, firm but hardly coriaceous ;
midrib evident; margins revolute. Spikes 2-8 to a branch, lateral,
sessile, simple, erect, 4-2 in. long, oblong, obtuse, often brown or
reddish-brown. Bracts imbricated, spreading at maturity, broadly
ovate, suddenly narrowed into a rather long acuminate point;
margins jagged.—-A. Cunn. Precur. n. 156; Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook.

1038 LYCOPODIACE, (Lycopodium.

f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 53; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 389; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vil. 675; Bak. Fern Allies, 28; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 106. lL. consi-
milis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 348.

NortH anD SourH IsLANps, CHatHAM IsLANDS: Abundant in swampy or
peaty ground throughout. Sea-level to 2500 ft.

Also found in Australia, from Queensland to Victoria, and in New Cale-
donia.

7. L. ramulosum, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xi. (1879) 456,
t. 198.—Rhizome creeping, branched. Stems 2-9 in. long, prostrate
or procumbent, usually much branched and densely intermatted,
but sometimes lax and open; branches ascending at the tips, pale-
green, often tinged with reddish, leafy throughout. Leaves rather
close, spreading or ascending, about 4in. long, subulate-lanceolate,
mucronate, decurrent at the base, keeled, firm but scarcely coria-
ceous, quite entire. Spikes solitary and sessile at the end of short
leafy branchlets, sometimes terminating the main branches; occa-
sionally the branches are so much reduced that the spike becomes
lateral as in ZL. laterale, +-4in. long, oblong, obtuse, brown or
reddish-brown. Bracts imbricated, ascending, broadly ovate,
abruptly acuminate or cuspidate, coriaceous; margins entire or
slightly toothed.—Bak. Fern Allies, 25; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 105.

SoutH Isnanp: Nelson—Vicinity of Westport, W. Townson! Westland—
Near Hokitika, W. Tipler; Kumara, J. W. Brame! Okarito, A. Hamilton!
SrEwart Isuanp: Paterson’s Inlet, Kirk! Usually in open peaty land or in
swampy woods. Sea-level to 2000 ft.

Differs from L. laterale and the Australian L. diffusum in the procumbent
and densely matted habit, and in the usually terminal spikes.

8. L. Drummondii, Spring. Monog. Lycop. ii. 35.—* Main stem
trailing, branched, 2-4in. long or more, sending out rootlets and
distant stiffly erect simple fertile branches 2-6 in. long. Leaves of
trailing stem crowded, lanceolate, ascending, much imbricated,
glossy, pale-green, entire, firm in texture, ¢in. long; midrib
obscure; those of the peduncle much laxer, stiffly erecto-patent,
very decurrent. Spikes simple, 4-4in. long, sometimes inter-
rupted; bracts rigid, deltoid-cuspidate, erecto-patent, greenish-
yellow, ;4,-4in. long.’—Bak. Fern Alues, 19. LL. carolinianum,
Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 54; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 390; Benth.
Fil. Austral. vii. 675; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 106 (not of Linn.). LL. ser-
pentinum, Kunze in Pl. Pretss. 11. 108.

Nortu Isnanp: Auckland—North Cape district, in some locality between
Ahipara and Cape Maria van Diemen, Colenso.

This has not been collected since its first discovery by Mr. Colenso in 1839,
and in the absence of further information I have reproduced the description
given by Mr. Baker in his “Fern Allies.” It is also found in Australia, and is
very closely allied to the tropical L. carolinianwm, Linn., principally differing
in the stem-leaves being all similar, and not dimorphic.

Lycopodium. | LYCOPODIACES. 1039

9. L. fastigiatum, Rh. Br. Prodr. 165.—Main stem or rhizome
stout, creeping, subterranean, 6-24in. long or more; primary
branches rather distant, 3-14in. long, stout, erect, rigid, often
naked below, copiously fastigiately branched above; branchlets
crowded. Leaves imbricated all round the branches, crowded,
spreading and then incurved at the tips, $-tin. long, linear or
linear-lanceolate, acute or shortly mucronate, not hair-pointed,
entire, firm, midrib indistinct. Spikes peduncled, often two to-
gether, terminating the upper branchlets or several in a centrak
panicle, 2-2 in. long, rarely more, about 4 in. diam., erect, cylindric.
Bracts closely imbricate, broadly ovate at the base, narrowed up-
wards into a long spreading or recurved cuspidate point.—Bak. Fern
Alites, 27. L. clavatum var. magellanicum, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i.
113; Fl. Nov. Zel. 1.54; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 390; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns,.
106, but scarcely L. magellanicum, Swartz. L. clavatum var.
fastigiatum, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 675. L. curvifolium and
L. scopulosum, Col. m Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 234, 235.
L. decurrens, Col. l.c. xxviii. (1896) 617.

Norru Isuanp: Hilly and mountainous localities from Cape Colville to:
Cook Strait, but local to the north of the Hast Cape. SourH IsLanp, CHATHAM
Istanps, Stewarr IsLaNnD, AUCKLAND AND CAMPBELL ISLANDS, ANTIPODES
Isuanp: Abundant throughout. Sea-level to 5000 ft.

Also in Victoria and Tasmania, and very close to some forms of the widely
distributed L. clavatum, Linn., from which it is chiefly distinguished by the
absence of hair-points to the leaves and their entire margins.

10. L. scariosum, Forst. Prodr. n. 484.—Main stems prostrate
or creeping, stout, branched, 1-3 ft. long; branches numerous, rigid,
erect or ascending, copiously divided, 3-12in. long; branchlets
flattened, 4-21in. broad including the leaves. Leaves of the main
stem inserted all round, appressed, lanceolate or subulate-lanceo-
late, with acute scarious tips; of the branchlets dimorphous, the
larger distichously spreading and flattened, about ¢in. long, ascend-
ing, much decurrent at the base, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, falcate, coriaceous, dark-green or yellow-green ;
smaller leaves on one side of the branchlets, subulate-lanceolate,
appressed, usually with scarious tips. Spikes solitary at the end of
the branchlets, 1-2in. long, about in. diam., on long or short
peduncles clothed with appressed imbricate leaves. Bracts closely
imbricated, broadly ovate at the base, narrowed upwards into a long
spreading or recurved scarious tip; margins often toothed.—Hook.
Ic. Plant. t. 966; Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 112;
Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 55; Handb. N.Z. Fi. 390; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
676; Bak. Fern Allies, 29; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 107. lL. Lesso-
nianum, A. Fich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 59; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 152.
L. distans, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 236.

1040 LYCOPODIACEH. | Lycopodium.

Norte anp SoutH IsLANps, CHATHAM IsLaNDs, STEWART ISLAND, AUCK-
LAND IstANDS: From the Great Barrier Island and the Manukau Harbour
southwards, but often local. Sea-level to 5000 ft.

A handsome and distinct species, a slightly different form of which is found
in Victoria and Tasmania. It is also very closely allied to the South American
L. Jussiei, Desv.

11. L. volubile, Forst. Prodr. n. 482.—Stems 2-8 ft. long or
more, branched, scrambling over bushes or rocks, slender, wiry,
flexuose, with distant minute linear -subulate appressed leaves.
Branches numerous, leafy, compressed, pinnately or flabellately
decompound; branchlets forked, the ultimate ones 4-3 in. long,
4-lin. broad including the leaves. Leaves dimorphous, the larger
distichously spreading, $4 in. long, with a broad adnate decurrent
base, ascending, lanceolate, strongly faleate, acuminate, midrib evi-
dent, oblique, texture firm; smaller leaves much reduced in size,
linear, appressed. Spikes very numerous, 1-4 in. long, #,in. broad,
cylindrical, pendulous, arranged in large terminal much-branched
panicles 6-24 in. long. Bracts imbricating, small, not much longer
than the sporangia, broadly ovate or almost orbicular, suddenly
narrowed into an erect subulate point.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 158;
Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 170; Hook. f. Fl. Nov.
Zel. ii. 55; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 391; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 677; Bak.
Fern Allies, 29; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 107; L. D’Urvillei, A. Rich. Fi.
Nouv. Zel. 60 (not of Bory).

Nort AnD SoutH IsLtanps, STEWART ISLAND, CHATHAM Is~tanDs: Abund-
ant throughout, usually forming entangled masses among low scrub. Sea-
level to 3000 ft. Waewaekoukou.

By far the most beautiful species of the genus. It extends to Polynesia,
New Caledonia, North Australia, the mountains of New Guinea, Java, Borneo,
and the Malay Peninsula.

3. TMESIPTERIS, Bernh.

Rhizome creeping, sparingly branched; true roots wanting.
Stems simple or rarely forked, pendulous or ascending, leafy.
Leaves vertically placed, of two kinds; the foliage-leaves sessile and
decurrent, simple and entire; the fertile leaves or sporophylls
mixed with the foliage-leaves and about the same size, shortly
petiolate, bipartite. Sporangia (or synangia) attached to the
petiole of the fertile leaf just below the lobes, boat-shaped or
spindle-shaped, coriaceous, pointed at both ends, slightly con-
stricted about the middle, 2-celled with the septum across the
narrow diameter, dehiscing longitudinally ; rarely the sporangia are
3-celled or 1-celled. Spores minute, oblong.

A genus consisting of one highly variable species, found in New Zealand,
Australia and Tasmania, and some of the Pacific islands. By some authors it
is split up into 3 or 4, distinguished mainly by the shape of the apex of the leaf

(which I find to be variable even in the same individual) and by certain histo-
logical details, the constancy of which has yet to be established.

Tmesipteris.] LYCOPODIACEA. 1041

1. T. tannensis, Bernh. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. ii. (1800) 131,
t. 2.—Stems 4-18 in. long or more, simple or rarely once or twice
forked, usually pendulous, slender, naked towards the base.
Foliage-leaves rather closely placed, 4-lin. long, obliquely oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, sessile and strongly decurrent at the base,
obtuse or truncate or acute at the tip, the midrib usually produced
into amucro of variable length, coriaceous, dark dull-green. Fertile
leaves rather shorter than the foliage-leaves and replacing them at
intervals down the stem, on short petioles sometimes +in. long,
deeply 2-partite, the divisions usually similar to the foliage-leaves
but smaller. Synangia sessile or very shortly stalked, 14in. long,
parallel to the petiole, brown, coriaceous. — Benth. Fl. Austral.
vii. 680; Bak. Fern Allies, 30. T. Forsteri, Endl. Prodr. Fl. Nor-
folk. 6; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 151; Raoul, Choix, 37; Hook. f. Fl.
Nov. Zel. ii. 51; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 391; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 108.
T. truncata, Desv. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Par. vi. 192; Hook Gen.
Ferns, t. 86.

KeRMADEC Isi~anps, NorTH AND SovutH Isnanps, CHaTHam Isxanps,
StEWwakrT IsLanD, AUCKLAND IsLaNps: Common in forests throughout, usually
epiphytic on the stems of tree-ferns, more rarely on rocks. Sea-level to
3000 ft.

For a discussion on the morphology and systematic position of this plant
see Professor Bower’s memoir ‘‘On the Morphology of the Spore-producing
Members’”’ (Trans. Roy. Soc. 1894, p. 541-548) and the more recently pub-
lished paper by Professor Thomas entitled ‘‘ The Affinity of T’mesipteris with the
Sphenophyllales ’’ (Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. lxix., p. 343-350).

4. PSILOTUM, Swartz.

Rhizome short, creeping, branched; true roots wanting. Stem
erect or pendulous, simple below, repeatedly dichotomously
branched above; branches angled or flat. Leaves very minute,
seale-like, laxly placed, trifarious or distichous. Sporangia (or
synangia), coriaceous, almost globular, usually 3-lobed and 3-celled,
rarely 2- or 4-celled, in the axil or attached below the fork of a
minute bifid scale-like fertile leaf or sporophyll, which is either
sessile or raised on a short petiole. Spores minute, oblong, curved.

A small genus of two species, widely distributed in the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of both hemispheres. The New Zealand species has the range
of the genus.

1. P. triquetrum, Swartz, Syn. Ful. 117.—Stems 4-18 in. long,
erect or pendulous when growing on trees, stout or slender, simple
below, many times dichotomously branched in the upper part ;
branchlets triquetrous, the ultimate ones ,—,in. diam. Leaves
placed on the angles of the stems and branches, distant, minute,
scale - like, ovate-subulate, j,-1in. long. Fertile leaves bifid,
rather smaller than the foliage-leaves, sessile or shortly petiolate.
Synaugia ;—;, in. diam., globose or broader than long.— Hook. Gen.

1042 LYCOPODIACER. [Psilotum.

Fil. t. 87; Fil. Exot. t. 63; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 56;
Handb. N.Z. Fl. 391; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 681; Bak. Fern
Allies, 30; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 108. P. heterocarpum, Col. im
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 237.

Kermabec Isuanp: Not uncommon, 7. F. C. Norru Istanp: Rangaunu
Harbour, R. H. Matthews! Rangitoto Island, Colenso! and many others ;
Auckland Isthmus, very rare, T. Ff. C.; Motuhora Island (Bay of Plenty),
Joliffe; near Maketu, Kirk; soil heated by hot springs at Orakeikorako,
Rirk! Wairakei, C. J. Norton! and Tokaanu, T. F. C. Sea-level to
1800 ft.

In all tropical and subtropical regions as far north as Japan and Florida.

Orper XCVII. _ISOETACEA:.

Aquatic or amphibious perennials, often entirely submerged,
rarely terrestrial. Stem (corm) short and tuberous, of firm texture,
2-3-lobed ; roots numerous, rather fleshy, dichotomously forked,
springing from the furrows of the stem. Leaves many, forming a
dense tuft at the top of the stem, linear or filiform, flat in front,
rounded at the back, dilated and sheathing at the base, always
furnished with 4 longitudinal air-channels divided by transverse
partitions, and with a single central vascular bundle; stomata
present, or absent in those species which are permanently sub-
merged. Sporangia large, membranous, placed in a hollow (fovea)
of the dilated base of the leaf and sometimes partly concealed by
the membranous margin (velum or indusium) of the fovea, 1-celled,
but often imperfectly divided by rods or plates of tissue (trabecule),
those of the outer leaves containing macrospores, those of the inner
leaves microspores. Immediately above the fovea is a flattened
membranous plate called the ligule. Macrospores large, globose,
usually chalky-white, with three ribs radiating from the apex.
Microspores very minute, trigonous.

A very isolated family, consisting of the single genus Isoetes, allied on the
one hand to the Lycopods and on the other to ferns. In germination a male
prothallium with a single antheridium containing spermatozoids is developed
within the microspore, the spermatozoids being set free by the bursting of the
coats of the microspores. The macrospores in a similar manner each produce a
female prothallium bearing 2 or 3 archegonia, which are ultimately exposed by
the splitting of the macrospore along the three ridges. Fertilisation then takes
place in the same way as in ferns.

1. ISOETES, Linn.
Characters of the order.

Widely distributed in most temperate and tropical regions. Over 60 species
are admitted in the most recent enumeration, but many of them are very im-
perfectly known. The two found in New Zealand are endemic.

Macrospores tubercled <- 5 es = ayer aaa
Macrospores smooth .. os 5 os .. 2, I. alpinus.

Isoetes. | ISOETACES. 1043

1. I. Kirkii, A. Brawn in Berl. Monatber., July, 1869.—Per-
manently submerged. Stem short, tuberous, deeply 3-lobed ; roots
numerous. Leaves 10-30, very slender, 3-12 in. long, about #4, in.
diam., tapering to a fine point, pale-green, diaphanous, usually
with a few stomata, but with no accessory bast-bundles. Sporangia
rather small, broadly oblong or almost globose, about fin. long;
indusium complete. Macrospores rather small, chalky-white, beset
all over with small unequal tubercles. Microspores very minute,
trigonous, most minutely punctate.—Kirk im Trans. N.Z. Inst. ii.
(1870) 107, t. 7; Bak. Fern Allies, 127; Thoms. N.Z. Ferns, 109.

Nort Istanp: Wairua River, A. Thompson ! lakes in the Middle Waikato
Basin, abundant, Kirk! T. F.C.; Lake Rotokakahi, Kirk! Lake Taupo,
‘C. J. Norton! SourH Isutanp: Small lakes near Lake Tekapo, 7. F’. C. Sea-
level to 2500 ft.

Best distinguished from the following species by its smaller size and more
slender habit, fewer leaves, and particularly by the conspicuously tubercled
‘macrospores.

2. I. alpinus, 7. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vii. (1875) 377,
t. 25.—Permanently submerged; much larger and stouter than
I. Kirkw. Stem stout, deeply 3-lobed. Leaves very numerous,
30-70, 6-18 in. long or even more, ;-;4,in. broad at the middle,
much dilated at the base, gradually tapering to the apex, dark-
green, diaphanous, usually with a few stomata, but with no
accessory bast-bundles. Sporangia oblong, 4—-1in. long; indusium
complete. Macrospores greyish-white, smooth or very indistinctly
tubercled. — Bak. Fern Allies, 127; VYhoms. N.Z. Ferns, 109.
(?)I. multiangularis, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 449.

NortH Istanp: Lake Taupo, C. J. Norton. SoutH Istanp: Not un-
common in lakes in mountain districts, from Nelson to the south of Otago.

1200-3000 ft.

APP ie.

I. SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.

Tue classification adopted in this work is that followed by
Hooker and Bentham in their well-known ‘‘ Genera Plantarum,”
published between the years 1862 and 1883. It is also the arrange-
ment adopted in the ‘‘ Flora of New Zealand,” the ‘‘ Handbook,”
in Bentham’s ‘Flora Australiensis,’ and in the whole of the
series of colonial Floras prepared under the more or less active
guidance of the authorities at Kew. Its principal defect is in the
sequence of the orders of Dicotyledons, which is made to depend
entirely on the characters afforded by the perianth; the poly-
petalous orders being followed by the gamopetalous, and these in
their turn by the various orders in which the floral envelopes are
more or less reduced or altogether wanting. But this last group,
known as the Monochliumyde@, or Incomplete, consists largely of
orders presenting well-marked affinities with others im the Poly-
petalous or Gamopetalous divisions. Hence by recent authors, and
notably by Engler in ‘‘ Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien,”” the
Monochlamydeous division has been entirely abandoned, the orders
composing it being relegated in part to the Polypetale and in part
to the Gamopetale. As Engler’s classification is now largely used,
I have appended to the following synopsis a sketch showing how
the orders of New Zealand plants are arranged under it.

Supxincpom I. PHANEROGAMIA.

Plants bearing true flowers—that is, having stamens and ovules,
the latter after fertilisation developing into seeds containing an
embryo.

Cuass I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Stem consisting of a pith in the centre, of bark on the outside,
and of interposed woody tissue; when perennial increasing in
diameter annually by the addition of a new layer of wood to the
outside of the old wood, and of a new layer of bark to the inside
of the old bark. Leaves usually with reticulated veins. Parts.
of the flower generally in fours or fives or eights. mbryo usually
with two opposite cotyledons, rarely with several in a whorl.

Suscuass I. ANGIOSPERMOUS DICOTYLEDONS.
Ovules enclosed in an ovary, which is always provided with a
stigma. Pollen not directly applied to the ovules, but falling upon
the stigma, and there emitting pollen-tubes which pass through the
tissue of the stigma and so reach the cavity of the ovary and the
ovules.

APPENDIX. 1045:

Division I. POLYPETALA.

Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Petals free.

Exceptions.— Flowers wanting the corolla occur in 1, Ranwncuiacee (Cle-
matis, Myosurus, Caltha) ; 3, Crucifere (some species of Lepidiwm) ; 6, Caryo-
phyllee (Colobanthus and a few species of Stellaria); 18, Rhamne@ (three
species of Pomaderris and Discaria Toumatou); 19, Sapindacee (both the
genera found in New Zealand); 23, Rosacee (Acena) ; 27, Haloragee (Calli-
triche and frequently in Gunnera) ; 29, Onagracee (one species of Fuchsia) ;
32, Picoidee (‘'etragonia) ; 35, Cornacee (occasionally in Griselinia).

Petals coherent at the base occur in 7, Portulacee (Montia, Hectorella) ;
10, Malvacee ; 17, Stackhousiee ; 25, Crassulacee (Tillea) ; 31, Cucurbitacee
(Sicyos).

Subdivision I. Thalamifloreze. Sepals generally distinct and
separate, free from the ovary. Petals hypogynous. Stamens
hypogynous, often indefinite. Torus small or elongated, not ex-
panded into a disc. Ovary superior.

Exceptions.—Stamens sometimes slightly perigynous in 6, Caryophyllee
(Colobanthus).

* Ovary apocarpous. Carpels 1 or more.

I. Ranunculacez. Sepals 3 or more, often petaloid. Petals.
5-20, in a single series, wanting in three of the New Zealand
genera. Stamens indefinite. Fruit of few or many achenes or
follicles. Seeds albuminous.— Herbs with radical or alternate
leaves, or climbers with opposite leaves. (p. 1.)

Il. Magnoliacezee. Sepals and petals together forming 3 or more
series. Stamens indefinite. Fruit of one or more carpels. Seeds.
albuminous.—Trees with alternate leaves. (p. 28.)

** Ovary syncarpous. Placentas parietal.

III. Crucifere. Flowers regular. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Sta-
mens usually 6, 4 of them longer than the others. Ovary spuriously
2-celled. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo large, curved. — Herbs ;
leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 30.)

Exceptions.—Stamens frequently reduced to 4 or even 2 in Nasturtium and:
some species of Lepidium.

IY. Violariee. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 5. Pe-
tals 5. Anthers 5, connivent into a ring surrounding the pistil ;
connective often produced. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds albu-
minous.—Herbs or shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate. (p. 43.),

Y. Pittosporee. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5 each,
rarely 4. Stamens 5; anthers free. Fruit a coriaceous or woody
2-4-celled capsule; placentas the same number as the valves.
Seeds albuminous ; embryo minute.—Trees or shrubs ; leaves alter-
nate, exstipulate. (p. 51.)

1046 APPENDIX.

** Ovary syncarpous. Placentas basal.

VI. Caryophyllez. Sepals 4-5. Petals the same number. Sta-
mens 4-5, or 6-10. Ovary 1-celled; ovules many; styles 2-5.
Seeds albuminous ; embryo curved.—Herbs ; leaves opposite, entire ;
stipules present or wanting. (p. 61.)

VII. Portulaceze. Sepals 2. Petals 4-5. Stamens 3 or more.
Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2 or more; style 1, 2-3-fid. Seeds albu-
minous; embryo curved.—Herbs; leaves opposite or alternate,
entire; stipules present or wanting. (p. 70.)

xe Ovary syncarpous. Placentas axile.

VIII. Elatinee. Sepals 2-5. Petals the same number. Sta-
mens equal in number to the petals or twice as many. Ovary
2-5-celled ; ovules many; styles 2-5.—Aquatic herbs; leaves oppo-
site, stipulate. (p. 73.)

IX. Hypericinee. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens numerous,
free or polyadelphous. Ovary 3-5-celled; ovules numerous; styles
3—5.—Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, exstipulate, usually gland-
dotted. (p. 74.)

X. Malvacez. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, contorted in
bud. Stamens monadelphous; anthers l1-celled. Carpels either
several connate into a ring or forming a 5-10-celled capsule, rarely
reduced to 1.--Herbs or shrubs or small trees, often with stellate
down; leaves alternate, stipulate. (p. 798.)

XI. Tiliacee. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5. Stamens free,
or connate at the base only; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-10-celled.
—Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate or opposite, stipulate. (p. 81.)

Subdivision II. Discifloree.— Sepals distinct or connate, free
or rarely adnate to the ovary. Disc usually conspicuous, expanded
into a ring or cushion either free or adnate to the ovary or calyx
or to both, rarely broken up into separate glands. Stamens usually
definite, inserted upon the disc or at its outer or inner base. Ovary
superior.

Exceptions.—Disc reduced to minute glands in 12, Linee@; and 13, Gerani-
ace@; altogether wanting in 21, Coriariee.

XII. Linew. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, con-
volute in bud. Stamens usually 4-5. Ovary 3-5-celled; ovules
1-2 in each cell; styles 3-5. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs; leaves
alternate, entire, usually exstipulate. (p. 86.)

XIII. Geraniacee. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-5.
Petals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 10. Ovary 3-é-
lobed and -celled; ovules 1 or 2 or rarely many in each cell.—
Herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate.

(p. 87.)

APPENDIX. 1047

XIV. Rutaceze. Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 8-10, inserted at the outer base of a fleshy disc. Ovary
3-5-lobed, or of 38-5 separate carpels; style often simple; ovules 2
in each cell.—Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs; leaves usually oppo-
site, often compound, gland-dotted, exstipulate. (p. 92.)

XV. Meliacez. Calyx small, 4—5-lobed. Petals 4-5. Stamens
monadelphous ; anthers sessile or stipitate at the top of the staminal
tube. Dise annular or tubular. Ovary entire, 3—5-celled; ovules 2
in each cell.Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, usually compound,
exstipulate. (p. 95.)

XVI. Olacinaceze. Calyx small, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, free or
connate at the base. Stamens 4-10. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly
3-celled; ovules 1-3, pendulous; style 1.—Shrubs or trees; leaves
alternate, exstipulate. (p. 96.)

XVII. Stackhousiez. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, linear, free or
connate above the base. Stamens 5. Ovary 2—5-lobed and -celled ;
styles 2-5; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit of 2-5 cocei.—
Herbs ; leaves alternate, simple and entire. (p. 97.)

XVIII. Rhamnee. Calyx 2-5-lobed, valvate. Petals 4-5,
often minute or wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and
opposite to them, inserted on the margin of the disc. Ovary often
inferior, 3-celled ; style simple; ovules 1 in each cell.—Shrubs or

trees, often with stellate hairs; leaves alternate or opposite, stipu-
late. (p. 98.)

XIX. Sapindacee. Calyx 4—d-lobed or of 4-5 distinct sepals.
Petals wanting in the New Zealand genera. Stamens 5-8, hypo-
gynous or inserted within the disc. Ovary 1- or 2-3-celled; style
simple; ovules usually 1-2 in each cell.—Trees; leaves alternate,
simple or compound, exstipulate or rarely stipulate. (p. 101.)

XX. Anacardiaceze. Calyx 3-5-lobed. Petals 3-7. Stamens
as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted under or upon the
disc. Ovary usually 1-celled; ovule solitary.—Trees or shrubs;
leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 104.)

XXI. Coriariee. Sepals 5. Petals 5, free, becoming fleshy in
fruit. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Disc wanting. Ovary of 5-10
free carpels; ovules solitary in each carpel; styles as many as the
carpels. Fruit of 5--10 indehiscent cocci, embraced by the fleshy
and juicy petals—Shrubs, sometimes herbaceous ; leaves opposite
or in threes, simple, entire, exstipulate. (p. 105.)

Subdivision III. Calycifloree. Sepals usually more or less
connate, very rarely distinct, often adnate to the ovary. Petals
and stamens inserted on the inside of the calyx-tube, or on the top
of an epigynous disc when the calyx is adnate to the ovary. Ovary
superior or inferior.

\

1048 APPENDIX.

Exceptions.— Calyx and corolla both wanting in one genus of 27, Haloragee
(Callitriche). Petals connate at the base in 25, Crassulacee (Tillea). Stamens
hypogynous in 26, Droseracee.

* Ovary superior (except in some Rosacee and Saxifragez).
Stamens perigynous.

XXII. Leguminose. Flowers irregular and papilionaceous in
the New Zealand genera. Stamens 10 in the New Zealand genera,
all or 9 of them combined into a tube sheathing the pistil. Ovary
of a single carpel. Fruit a legume. Seeds without albumen.—
Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves often compound, usually alternate
and stipulate. (p. 107.)

Exceptions.—Carmichelia, Corallospartium, and Notospartiwm are usually
leafless, and the structure of the pod in the first is most remarkable.

XXIII. Rosacee. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5-lobed; tube
inferior or enclosing the ovary, or (in some non-indigenous genera)
adnate to the ovary. Petals 4-5. Ovary of 1 or more free or
connate carpels; ovules 1 or more in each carpel. Seeds without
albumen.—Herbs or shrubs; leaves usually alternate, stipulate.
(p. 123.)

XXIV. Saxifrageze. Calyx inferior or superior, 4—5-lobed.
Petals 4-5. Stamens 5-10. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules usually
numerous in each cell. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs, shrubs, or
trees; leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound. (p. 133.)

Exception.—Donatia is a very anomalous member of the order.

XXYV. Crassulacee. Flowers regular. Calyx 3-5-partite.
Petals 3-5, subhypogynous. Stamens the same number as the
petals or twice as many, subhypogynous. Carpels as many as the
petals, free, 1-celled——Succulent herbs, with entire opposite leaves
and no stipules. (p. 139.)

XXVI. Droseraceze. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 4-5,
imbricate in bud. Stamens the same number, hypogynous or
perigynous. Ovary usually 1-celled; ovules many, on parietal
placentas. Fruit capsular; seeds albuminous.—Herbs ; leaves
radical or alternate, covered with glandular irritable hairs. (p. 144.)

** Ovary inferior (except im Passifloree). Stamens epigynous.

XXVII. Halorageze, Flowers often much reduced. Calyx-limb
9-4-toothed or wanting. Petals 2-4 or wanting. Stamens 1, 2, or
4,epigynous. Ovary 1-4-celled ; ovules solitary in each cell. Seeds
albuminous. — Herbs, terrestrial or aquatic; leaves various.
(p. 147.)

Exceptions.—Calyx and corolla both wanting in Callitriche. Petals often
wanting in Gunnera and Myriophyllum.

APPENDIX. 1049

XXVIII. Myrtaceze. Calyx-lobes 4-5. Petals 4-5, imbricate.
Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-superior, 2—5-celled ;
ovules few or many.—Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate,
exstipulate, usually gland-dotted. (p. 159.)

XXIX. Onagrariee. Calyx-lobes 2-4, valvate. Petals 2-4,
contorted in bud. Stamens 4 or 8. Ovary inferior, 2—4-celled ;
ovules numerous in each cell. Seeds without albumen.—Herbs,.
shrubs, or trees ; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate. (p. 170.)

XXX. Passifloree. Calyx-lobes 4-5. Petals 3-5, often with a.
crown of filaments at their base. Stamens as many as the petals.
Ovary superior, stipitate, 1-celled; ovules numerous, on parietal
placentas. Seeds albuminous.—Climbers with lateral tendrils ;.
leaves alternate, stipulate. (p. 187.)

XXXI. Cucurbitacee. Flowers unisexual. Calyx-lobes 5.
Corolla 5-partite or of 5 free petals. Stamens 3-5. Ovary inferior,
1-celled and 1-ovuled in the sole New Zealand genus. Seeds with-
out albumen.—Climbers or trailers, with lateral tendrils; leaves
alternate, exstipulate. (p. 189.)

XXXII. Ficoideze. Calyx-lobes 3-5. Petals numerous or
wanting. Stamens few or many. Ovary inferior in the New
Zealand genera, 3-8-celled; ovules 1 or many in each cell. Seeds.

albuminous. — Succulent herbs; leaves opposite or alternate.
(p. 190.)

XXXIII. Umbelliferz. Calyx-lobes 5 or obsolete. Petals 5.
Stamens 5, incurved in bud. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; styles 2;
ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit separating into 2 dry indehis-
cent carpels. —Herbs, often aromatic; leaves alternate, simple or
compound. (p. 193.)

XXXIV. Araliacee. Calyx-lobes 5 or obsolete. Petals usually
5. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 2-10-celled; styles as many as the
cells; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit not separable into dis-

tinct carpels, often succulent.—Shrubs or trees ; leaves simple or
1-7-foliate. (p. 225.)

XXXY. Cornacez. Calyx-lobes 4-5. Petals 4-5 or wanting.
Stamens 4-5. Ovary inferior, 1—2-celled ; ovules solitary in each
cell. Fruit succulent, indehiscent.—Shrubs or trees ; leaves siniple,
alternate in the New Zealand species. (p. 236.)

Division II]. GAMOPETALA.

Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Petals more or less.
connate into a lobed corolla.

Exceptions.—Corolla absent in the New Zealand species of 47, Oleacea..
Petals free or nearly so in some species of 45, Myrsinee.

1050 APPENDIX.

Subdivision I. Epigynee. Ovary inferior.
* Stamens epipetalous.

XXXVI. Caprifoliaceze. Flowers regular in the New Zea-
land species. Calyx-lobes 4-5. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Anthers free.
Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules 1 or several in each cell. Seeds
albuminous.—Shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, stipules want-
ing. (p. 239.)

XXXVII. Rubiacee. Flowers regular. Calyx-lobes 4-5 or
obsolete. Corolla-lobes usually 4-5. Anthers free. Ovary 2-
celled; ovules solitary in each cell in the New Zealand species.
Seeds albuminous.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves opposite with
interpetiolar stipules, or whorled with the stipules apparently
absent. (p. 242.)

XXXVIII. Composite. Flowers small, massed in inyolucrate
heads. Calyx-limb reduced to pappus-hairs or scales or wanting.
Anthers connate into a tube sheathing the style. Ovary 1-celled ;
ovule solitary, erect. Seed dry, exalbuminous.—Herbs, shrubs, or
trees ; leaves various, exstipulate. (p. 267.)

XXXIX. Stylidiee. Flowers reguiar or irregular. Corolla 5-
lobed; lobes imbricate. Stamens 2; filaments adnate with the
style into a central column. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in
each cell.— Herbs, usually of small size; leaves small, entire,
exstipulate. (p. 389.)

XL. Goodenoviez. Flowers irregular. Corolla 5-lobed; lobes
induplicate-valvate. Stamens 5, free from the style. Ovary 1-2-
celled; ovules 1-2 in each cell or numerous; style with a cup-
shaped indusium below the stigma.—Herbs or undershrubs ; leaves
usually alternate, exstipulate. (p. 394.)

XLI. Campanulacee. Flowers regular or irreguiar. Stamens 5,
free or connate intoa tube surrounding the style. Ovary 2-8-celled ;

ovules numerous in each cell.—Herbs; leaves alternate, exstipu-
late. (p. 396.)

Subdivision Il. Hypogynee. Ovary superior. Stamens epipe-
talous, or free and hypogynous.

* Flowers usually regular.

XLII. Ericacez. Corolla 4—5-lobed. Stamens 8-10, almost
free from the corolla; anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 terminal
pores.—Shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 404.)

XLIII. Epacrideze. Corolla 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, alter-
nate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 1-celled, dehiscing lengthwise.
—Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 409.)

APPENDIX. 1051

XLIV. Primulacez. Corolla 4-5-lobed. Stamens as many as
the corolla-lobes and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled; ovules
numerous on a free central placenta. Fruit capsular, usually in-
dehiscent.—Herbs; leaves various. (p. 428.)

XLY. Myrsinez. Corolla-lobes 4-5, free or nearly so in the
New Zealand species. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and
opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous on a free
central placenta. Fruit succulent, indehiscent.—Trees or shrubs ;
leaves alternate, gland-dotted, exstipulate. (p. 430.)

XLVI. Sapotaceze. Corolla 4—8-lobed. Stamens as many as
the corolla-lobes and opposite to them or twice as many. Ovary
4-8-celled ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit an indehiscent
berry.—Trees, often with milky juice; leaves alternate. (p. 434.)

XLVII. Oleacexz. Corolla 4—5-lobed, absent in the New Zea-
land species. Stamens 2, alternating with the carpels. Ovary
2-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit succulent in the New Zea-
land species, indehiscent.—Trees or shrubs ; leaves usually opposite,
exstipulate. (p. 436.)

XLVIII. Apocynacez. Corolla 4—5-lobed, contorted in the bud.
Stamens 4-5, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers sagittate,
connivent around the stigma. Ovary of 2 more or less distinct
carpels; styles connected; ovules numerous.—Hrect or twining
shrubs, more rarely herbs ; leaves usually opposite. (p. 439.)

XLIX. Loganiacez. Corolla 4-5-lobed. Stamens as many as
the corolla-lobes and alternate with them; anthers free. Ovary
usually 2-celled; placentas axile; ovules several in each cell.—
Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, often connected by interpetiolar
stipules. (p. 441.)

L. Gentianee. Corolla 4—5-lobed. Stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes and alternate with them ; anthers free. Ovary 1-celled ;
placentas 2, parietal. Ovules numerous. Fruit capsular.—Herbs,
usually with a bitter taste ; leaves opposite, quite entire, exstipu-
late. (p. 444.)

LI. Boraginacez. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricate. Stamens as
many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them. Ovary 4-lobed
to the base, consisting of 2 2-lobed and 2-celled carpels; ovules
solitary in each cell. Fruit separating into 4 indehiscent nutlets.
—Herbs, often hispid or scabrid; leaves alternate, exstipulate.
(p. 457.)

LIT. Convolvulaceze. Corolla 5-lobed or -angled, plicate. Sta-
mens 9, alternate with the corolla-lobes. Ovary of 2-4-cells or
carpels ; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit usually capsular.—T winers
or rarely erect herbs; leaves alternate (wanting in Cuscuta), ex-
stipulate. (p. 473.)

1052 APPENDIX.

LIII. Solanaceze. Corolla 5-lobed, plaited or imbricate. Sta-
mens 9, alternate with the corolla-lobes. Ovary 2-celled; placentas
axile; ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit baccate or capsular.—
Herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 480.)

** Flowers usually irregular.

Exceptions. —Flowers regular in 60, Plantagine@; subregular in several
species of Veronica (54, Scrophularinee), and in Myoporum (57, Myoporinee).

LIY. Scrophularineze. Corolla 4-—5-lobed; lobes imbricate.
Stamens usually 4, didynamous, often with the rudiment of a fifth,
rarely with 5 perfect ones, or the number reduced to 2. Ovary
2-celled; placentas axile; ovules numerous. Fruit usually cap-
sular ; seeds albuminous.—Shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite or
alternate, exstipulate. (p. 482.)

LY. Lentibulariez. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 2. Ovary
l-celled; ovules numerous on a free central placenta. Fruit cap-
sular ; seeds without albumen.—Small water-plants, usually fur-
nished with minute bladders which catch small aquatic animals.
(p. 558.)

LVI. Gesneraceze. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous,
sometimes reduced to 2. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules numerous on 2
parietal placentas. Fruit capsular; seeds with or without albumen.
—Shrubs or trees ; leaves opposite. (p. 562.)

LVII. Myoporinez. Corolla subregular in the New Zealand
species. Stamens 4, didynamous or subequal. Ovary usually
2—4-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit drupaceous; seeds
albuminous, radicle superior.—Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate,
gland-dotted. (p. 563.)

LVIII. Verbenaceze. Corolla often 2-lipped. Stamens 4, didy-
namous, rarely reduced to 2. Ovary 2—4-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each
cell. Fruit drupaceous or capsular; seeds with scanty albumen,
radicle inferior. — Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, exstipulate.
(p. 564.)

LIX. Labiatz. Corolla 2-lipped or rarely subregular. Sta-
mens 4, didynamous or subequal, rarely 2. Ovary 4-lobed, com-
posed of 2 2-partite carpels; ovule solitary in each lobe. Fruit
of 4 indehiscent nutlets.—Herbs, with quadrangular stems ; leaves
opposite or verticillate, exstipulate. (p. 567.)

LX. Plantaginezee. Flowers regular. Corolla 4-lobed, scarious.
Stamens 4; anthers pendulous. Ovary 2-celled or spuriously
4-celled; ovules 1 or several. Fruit a capsule with transverse
dehiscence.—Herbs, with radical leaves. (p. 569).

APPENDIX. 1053

Division III. INCOMPLETA.

Flowers with a single floral envelope (the calyx), or both calyx
and corolla wanting.

* Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth regular. Ovary
superior, syncarpous, I-celled ; ovule generally solitary. Embryo
cowled or curved ; albumen farinaceous.

LXI. Nyctaginez. Base of the perianth persistent, enclosing
the fruit. Stamens hypogynous. Style single, undivided. Ovule
basilar, erect.—Shrubs, trees, or herbs; leaves usually opposite,
exstipulate. (p. 573.)

LXII. Illecebraceze. Perianth 4—5-partite, herbaceous or coria-
ceous. Stamens perigynous. Styles 2-3. Fruit an indehiscent
1-seeded utricle.—Herbs ; leaves opposite, connected by a raised
line, exstipulate in the single New Zealand genus. (p. 575.)

LXIII. Amarantacez. Perianth 4—5-partite, dry and scarious.
‘Stamens hypogynous or perigynous. Style usually simple. Fruit
an indehiscent 1-seeded utricle.—Herbs ; leaves alternate or oppo-
‘site, exStipulate. (p. 576.)

LXIV. Chenopodiacez. Perianth usually 4-5-partite, herba-
ceous. Stamens perigynous. Styles 2-3. Ovule basilar, amphi-
tropous, horizontal or erect.—Herbs or undershrubs, often succu-
lent or mealy-tomentose ; leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate.

(p. 577.)

LXY. Polygonacee. Perianth 3-5-partite, green or coloured.
Stamens perigynous. Styles 2-3. Ovule erect, basilar, ortho-
tropous.— Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate; stipules scarious,
forming a tubular sheath round the branch. (p. 587.)

** Flowers generally unisexwal, in spikes or catkins. Pert-
anth rudimentary or wanting. Ovary superior or rarely in-
ferwor, I-celled and 1-ovuled. Hmbryo very small; albwmen
copious.

LXYVI. Piperaceze. Flowers minute; perianth wanting. Sta-
mens 2-6, hypogynous. Ovary superior ; ovule erect, orthotropous.
Fruit a berry.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate or oppo-
site. (p. 594.)

LXVII. Chloranthacee. Flowers minute; perianth rudiment-
ary. Stamens 1-3. Ovary inferior; ovule orthotropous, pendu-
lous from the apex of the cell.—Shrubs or small trees; leaves
opposite. (p. 597.)

1054 APPENDIX.

* Flowers hermaphrodite or wnisexual. Pervanth more or
less conspicuous, green or colowred. Ovary superior, 1- or rarely
2-celled ; ovules solitary or 2-4. Seeds with or without albumen ;
embryo straight.

LXVIII. Monimiacez. Perianth 4-10-lobed, imbricate. Sta-
mens indefinite. Ovary of numerous 1-celled and 1-ovuled carpels.
Embryo small; albumen fleshy.—Trees or shrubs; leaves oppo-
site, exstipulate. (p. 598.)

LXIX. Laurinee. Perianth 4—8-partite, imbricate. Stamens
opposite the perianth-segments; anthers opening by deciduous.
valves. Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous. Albumen
wanting.—Trees or shrubs or alternate leaves, or leafless twiners.

(p. 601.) :

LXX. Proteacez. Perianth 4-partite, valvate. Stamens 4,
opposite the perianth-segments and inserted on them. Ovary 1-
celled; ovules solitary or 2 collaterai, rarely more. Albumen
wanting.—Trees or shrubs; leaves usually alternate. (p. 604.)

LXXI. Thymeleaceze. Perianth tubular, 4-5-lobed. Stamens.
2-4, inserted on the perianth-tube. Ovary 1—2-celled; ovules soli-
tary in each cell, pendulous.—Shrubs or rarely herbs; bark tough
and stringy ; leaves opposite or alternate. (p. 607.)

kes Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth usually
conspicuous. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovules 1-3, generally de-
void of integument.

LXXII. Loranthacee. Perianth 4—5-partite or of 4-5 separate
leaves. Stamens as many as the perianth-leaves. Ovule solitary.
Fruit a berry.—Parasitic shrubs; leaves sometimes wanting.

(p. 617.)

LXXIII. Santalacee. Perianth 3-5-partite. Stamens as many
as the perianth-segments and inserted upon them. Ovules 1-4, sus-
pended from a free central placenta. Fruit a berry.—Shrubs or
trees, rarely herbs, sometimes parasitic; leaves opposite or alter-
nate, exstipulate. (p. 623.)

LXXIV. Balanophorez. Flowers dicecious or moneecious, on
many-flowered spadices. Perianth of the male flowers 3—4-lobed
when present, absent in the female flowers or closely adnate to the
ovary. Ovary with a single suspended ovule.—Root-parasites with
a deformed tuberous rhizome, and no true stem or leaves. (p. 625.)

Ke Blowers strictly unisexual. Perianth absent or small
or calycine. Ovary superior or inferior, 1-3-celled ; ovules 1,
or 2 collateral wm each cell.

LXXY. Euphorbiaceze. Perianth wanting, or simple and caly-
cine, or double with the inner whorl of 4-5 petals. Stamens 1 to

APPENDIX. 1055

many. Ovary superior, 3-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Seeds
with copious albumen ; embryo straight.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs,
usually with milky acrid juice ; leaves generally alternate, stipulate.
(p. 626.)

LXXVI. Urticacez. Flowers minute, green. Perianth 4-5-
lobed or -partite, often small and rudimentary, sometimes wanting.
Stamens 4-5, opposite the perianth-segments. Ovary superior,
l-celled; ovule solitary, erect or pendulous.—Trees, shrubs, or
herbs ; leaves usually alternate, stipulate. (p. 630.)

LXXVII. Cupulifere. Flowers minute, greenish ; males in cat-
kins; females solitary or few together, surrounded by bracts.
Perianth small or wanting. Ovary inferior, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 in
each cell. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.—Trees or shrubs; leaves
alternate, stipulate. (p. 639.)

Suscuass Il. GYMNOSPERMZ3.

Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary; style and stigma
wanting. Pollen coming into direct contact with the ovules.

LXXVIII. Conifer. Flowers unisexual. Perianth always
wanting. Males catkin-like, reduced to stamens only. Females of
one or more naked ovules sessile on a scale or bract; scales few
or many, in the latter case often forming cones or heads.—Trees or
shrubs ; leaves undivided, acicular or scale-like, rarely flattened.

(p. 644.)
Cuass II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Stem consisting of a cellular axis traversed longitudinally by
‘scattered closed vascular bundles, with no defined central pith or
separable bark. Leaves usually with parallel veins. Parts of the
flower generally in threes or fours, never in fives. Embryo with a
single terminal cotyledon.

Series I]. Epigynze. Perianth conspicuous, biseriate, usually
coloured. Ovary inferior, synearpous, 3-celled.

LXXIX. Orchideew. Flowers irregular. Perianth petaloid.
Stamen 1 (or rarely 2) confluent with the style and stigma into
a column. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Seeds nu-
merous, minute, without albumen.—Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs,
of very various habit. (p. 660.)

LXXX. Iridez, Flowers regular in the New Zealand species.
Perianth petaloid. Stamens 3, distinct; anthers extrorse. Ovary
3-celled. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds with copi-
ous albumen.—Perennial herbs; leaves narrow, often equitant and
ensiform. (p. 698.)

1056 APPENDIX.

LXXXI. Amaryllidee. Flowers regular. Perianth petaloid.
Stamens 6, distinct; anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a
loculicidally 8-valved capsule. Seeds with copious albumen.
—Perennial herbs; leaves narrow, usually radical. (p. 700.)

Series II. Coronariez. Perianth more or less conspicuous,
biseriate, green or coloured. Ovary superior, syncarpous. Seeds.
albuminous.

LXXXII. Liliaceze. Perianth petaloid, of 6 segments or
leaflets. Stamens 6, opposite the perianth-segments. Ovary
3-celled ; ovules 2 or more in each cell.—Herbs, climbing shrubs,
or trees ; leaves various. (p. 701.)

LXXXIII. Juncacez. Perianth green or brown, scarious, of
6 segments or leaflets. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary 1- or 3-celled;
ovules 1 or many in each cell. Fruit a 3-valved capsule.—Herbs,
with persistent rush-like leaves. (p. 721.)

LXXXIV. Palmz.—Perianth green, herbaceous or fleshy, of
6 segments or leaflets. Stamens usually 6. Ovary 1-3-celled ;
ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit drupaceous.—Trees; leaves
large, pinnately or flabellately divided. (p. 739.)

Series III. Nudiflore. Perianth wanting or rudimentary.
Ovary superior, syncarpous or monocarpous or apocarpous.

LXXXV. Pandanee. Flowers diwcious, on oblong or globose
spadices. Perianth wanting. Stamens numerous. Ovaries crowded,
often connate, l-celled; ovules numerous in the New Zealand
genus. — Trees or climbing shrubs; leaves narrow, margins
spinulose-serrate. (p. 740.)

LXXXVI. Typhaceez. Flowers monecious, in dense spikes or
globose heads. Perianth wanting or reduced to scales or bristles.
Stamens 1-8. Ovary 1-2-celled; ovules solitary.—Tall aquatic
herbs, with linear leaves. (p. 742.)

LXXXVII. Lemnaceze. Flowers minute, without perianth,.
placed in clefts on the margins of the fronds, usually a single
female with one or two males by its side. Male flowers of a single
stamen ; female of a solitary carpel.—Minute water-plants, con-
sisting of green scale-like floating fronds. (p. 744.)

LXXXVIII. Naiadacez. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual.
Perianth wanting or of 3-6 herbaceous segments. Stamens 1-6.
Ovary of 1-6 free or connate carpels, each 1-celled and with a.
solitary ovule.—Submerged or floating aquatic plants, or marsh
herbs. (p. 748.)

APPENDIX. 1057

Series IV. Glumiflore. Flowers in heads or spikelets, in-
vested by imbricate bracts. Perianth wanting or reduced to minute
bristles or scales. Ovary superior, 1-celled and 1-ovuled, or divided
into several 1-ovuled cells or distinct carpels.

LXXXIX. Centrolepide. Flowers hermaphrodite or poly-
gamous. Perianth wanting. Stamens 1 or 2; anthers versatile.
Ovary either 1-celled or collaterally 2-3-celled, or of several distinct
1-celled carpels.——Small annual or perennial herbs, sometimes
almost moss-like; leaves linear or filiform. (p. 755.)

XC. Restiaceze. Flowers unisexual. Perianth of 6 scarious
leaflets. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-3-celled; ovules solitary in each
cell, pendulous. Fruit nucular or capsular.—Stems solid, terete ;
leaf-sheaths split to the base. (p. 759.)

XCI. Cyperacez. Flowers hermaphrodite orunisexual. Perianth
wanting or represented by minute hypogynous scales or bristles.
Anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit compressed or trigonous.
—Stems usually solid and trigonous ; leaf-sheaths entire. (p. 762.)

XCII. Gramineze. Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual.
Perianth wanting or represented by 2 minute scales. Anthers
versatile. Ovary l-celled. Fruit grooved down one side.—Stem
cylindrical, hollow except at the nodes; leaf-sheaths split to the
base. (p. 838.)

Susxinepom II]. CRYPTOGAMIA.

Plants not bearing true flowers—that is, having no stamens nor
ovules, and never producing seeds containing an embryo.

Grasset... PTERIDOPHYTA.

Plants usually furnished with roots, leaves, and stems; in all
cases containing well-developed vascular tissue. Reproductive
organs composed of sporangia or spore -cases, containing micro-
scopic spores, which on germination develop a prothallium.

XCIII. Filices. Sporangia minute, placed on the margin or
under-surface of the leaf or frond, rarely somewhat larger and
arranged in spikes or panicles. Spores all of one kind.—Fronds
circinate in vernation (except in the suborder Ophioglossacee).
(p. 925.)

XCIV. Marsileaceze. Sporangia of 2 kinds, macrosporangia
and microsporangia, enclosed together in the cavities or cells of
globose sporocarps near the base of the fronds. Macrosporangia
containing a single macrospore; microsporangia with numerous
microspores.—Marsh plants, usually of small size; fronds circinate
in vernation. (p. 1030.)

34—Fl.

1058 APPENDIX.

XCY. Salviniacee. Sporangia of 2 kinds, macrosporangia
and microsporangia, enclosed in distinct sporocarps on the under-
surface of the frond. Macrosporangia containing a single macro-
spore ; microsporangia with numerous microspores.—Free-floating
fugacious annual water-plants, of small size. (p. 1030.)

XCVI. Lycopodiacez. Sporangia all of one kind, placed
singly at the upper base of the leaves or of the bracts of a spike
or cone.—Stems simple or branched, erect or pendulous, or pro-
strate and creeping, usually leafy throughout; leaves small.
(p. 1032.)

XOVII. Isoetacez. Sporangia large, placed in a hollow of
the dilated base of the leaf, those of the outer leaves containing
macrospores, those of the inner leaves microspores.—Aquatic or
amphibious stemless plants, often entirely submerged; leaves
densely tufted, linear or filiform. (p. 1042.)

The remaining classes and orders of Cryptogamia are not in-
cluded in the present work.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE NEW ZEALAND ORDERS ACCORDING TO THE
CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN ENGLER AND PrRantui’s ‘ NATUR-
LICHEN PFLANZENFAMILIEN.”’

Suskinecboom BHMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA.

Division I. GYMNOSPERM Ah.
Cuass I. CONIFERA:.

1. Taxacee. 2. Pinacee (equivalent to Order 78 of the pre-
wious arrangement).

Division II. ANGIOSPERM At.

Cuass Il. MONOCOTYLEDONEZAS.
Cohort I. Pandanales.

3. Typhacee (part 86). 4. Pandanacee (85). 5. Sparga-
niacez (part 86).

Cohort II. Helobie.

6. Potamogetonacee (part 88). 7. Juncaginacex (part 88).

APPENDIX. 1059)

Cohort III. Glumifloree,
8. Graminez (92). 9. Cyperacee (91).

Cohort IV. Principes.
10. Palme (84).

Cohort V. Spathifloree,
11. Lemnacez (87).

Cohort VI. Farinose,
12. Restionacez (90). 13. Centrolepidacez (89),

Cohort VII. Liliifloree.
14. Juncacee (83). 15. Liliaceze (82). 16. Amaryllidacee (81).
17. Iridacez (80).

Cohort VIII. Microsperme.
18. Orchidacee (79).

Crass Il. DICOTYLEDONES.
Suspcnass I. ARCHICHLAMYDE.

Cohort I. Piperales.
19. Piperacez (66). 20. Chloranthacez (67).

Cohort II. Fagales.
21. Fagacese (77).
Cohort III. Urticales.
22. Moracez (part 76). 23. Urticacee (part 76).

Cohort IV. Proteales.
24. Proteacez (70).
Cohort V. Santalales,

25. Loranthacee (72). 26. Santalacez (73). 27. Balanophor-
cee (74).
Cohort VI. Polygonales.
28. Polygonacee (60).

Cohort VII. Centrosperme,
29. Chenopodiacere (64). 30. Amarantacee (63). 31. Nycta-
ginacez (61). 32. Aizoacee (82). 33. Portulacew (7). 34. Caryo-
phyllacez (6 and 62).

1060 APPENDIX.

Cohort VIII. Ranales.

35. Ranunculaceew (1). 36. Magnoliacem (2). 37. Moni-
miacez (68). 38. Lauracez (69).

Cohort IX. Rhoeadales.
39. Crucifere (3):

Cohort X. Sarraceniales.
40. Droseracez (26).

Cohort XI. Rosales.

41. Crassulacee (25). 42. Saxifragaceze (part 24). 43. Pitto-
sporacee (5). 44. Cunoniacee (part 24). 45. Rosacez (23).
46. Leguminose (22).

Cohort XII. Geraniales.

47. Geraniacez (13). 48. Oxalidaceze (part 13). 49. Linacez
(12). 50. Rutacez (14). 51. Meliacez (15). 52. Kuphorbiaceze
(75). 53. Callitrichacez (part 27).

Cohort XIII. Celastrales.

54. Coriariacee (21). 55. Corynocarpacee (20). 56. Stack-
housiacez (17). 57. Icacinacezw (16). 58. Sapindacez (19).

Cohort XIV. Rhamnales.
59. Rhamnacez (18).

Cohort XV. Malvales.

60. Eleocarpacee (part 11). 61. Tiliaceze (part J1). 62. Malv-
acez (10).

Cohort XVI. Parietales.
63. Guttiferee (9). 64. Hlatinacee (8). 65. Violaceze (4).
66. Passifloracee (30).
Cohort XVII. Myrtiflore.
67. Thymeleacee (71). 68. Myrtacez (28). 69. Onagracez
(29). 70. Halorrhagidacee (part 27).
Cohort XVIII. Umbellifiore.
71. Araliacese (34). 72. Umbelliferze (33). 73. Cornacez (39).

APPENDIX. 1061

Suscuass II. SYMPETALA.

Cohort XIX. Ericales.
74. Hricacee (42). 75. HEpacridacez (43).

Cohort XX. Primulales.
76. Myrsinacee (45). 77. Primulaceze (44).

Cohort XXI. Hbenales.
78. Sapotacez (46).

Cohort XXII. Contorte.

79. Oleacez (47). 80. Loganiacez (49). 81. Gentianace (50).
82. Apocynacez (48).

Cohort XXIII. Tubiflore.

83. Convolvulaceee (52). 84. Borraginaceew (51). 85. Ver-
benacewe (58). 86. Labiate (59). 87. Solanacez (53). 88. Scro-
phulariacez (54). 89. Gesneriacex (56). 90. Lentibulariacese (55).
91. Myoporacee (57).

Cohort XXIV. Plantaginales.

92. Plantaginacez (60).

Cohort XXY. Rubiales.
93. Rubiacez (37). 94. Caprifoliacee (36).

Cohort XXVI. Campanulate.

95. Cucurbitacee (31). 96. Campanulacee (41). 97. Goodeni-
ace (40). 98. Candolleacez (39). 99. Composite (38).

1062 APPENDIX.

II. LIST OF PLANTS NATURALISED IN NEW ZEALAND.

The extent to which an alien vegetation has become established
in New Zealand has long been a familiar fact. Immediately after
the discovery of the country and the establishment of intercourse
with other parts of the world, a stream of foreign plants com-
menced to pour in; and when Huropean settlers arrived, bringing
with them their flocks and herds, and began to clear away the
indigenous vegetation to make room for pastures and cultivated
fields, the inrush of foreign weeds became still more marked, and
their spread through the country still more rapid. At the
present time there are many districts where the indigenous flora
has been almost entirely supplanted by a crowd of hardy im-
migrants from the Northern Hemisphere; and there are few
localities indeed, however remote, in which some species of foreign
origin have not successfully established themselves. This is not
the place to inquire into the reasons why the native vegetation is
apparently unable to hold its own against these foreign intruders,
or to discuss the many curious side-issues which at once arise when
the subject is under consideration. Those who are interested in
the matter should refer to Mr. Kirk’s memoir ‘‘ On the Displace-
ment of Species in New Zealand” (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. 1), and
to a paper of my own on “‘ The Naturalised Plants of the Auckland
Provincial District” (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. 268).

In the subjoined catalogue I have included all species of foreign
origin known to me which appear to be thoroughly well established.
I have purposely omitted several garden escapes and other plants
which have been observed in small quantity only, or in a single
locality, not wishing to encumber the list with the names of species
which may fail to become permanent denizens. The total number
of plants recorded is 528, belonging to 285 genera, and included in
66 orders. The orders best represented are Gramine@ with 81
species; Composite, 70; Leguminose, 49; Cruciferae, 35; Caryo-
phyllee, 26; and Labiate, 20. With respect to their native country,
no less than 425 come from some portion of the north temperate
zone, including in the term Europe, North Asia, part of North
Africa, and part of North America; 41 are of tropical origin,
most of them having very wide ranges; 19 are from South Africa,
and 20 from extratropical South America; while from Australia,
notwithstanding its proximity to New Zealand, only 23 have been
received.

Many of the naturalised plants included in the catalogue are
now so widely distributed that they will be taken for true natives
by any one unacquainted with their history, and I fear that the

APPENDIX. 1063

pages of this work will be searched in vain for descriptions of them.
A supplementary volume, containing short diagnoses of all such
species, would doubtless be a great convenience to students, and I
am uot without hopes that I may be enabled to undertake the
work. Inthe meantime, I have inserted in the catalogue references
to good descriptions of each species, selecting books that are likely
to be contained in the chief public libraries of the colony.

RaNUNCULACE:.

Ranunculus aquatilis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 556; Benth. Illust. Handb. Brit. Fl.i. 11.
Water Buttercup. South Island: Various localities in Canterbury, Dr.
Cockayne. (Europe; North Asia; North America.)

Ranunculus sceleratus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 551; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 8. Celery-
leaved Buttercup. North and South Islands: Damp pastures and waste
places from Mongonui to Southland, local. (Throughout HKurope; North
and Central Asia.)

Ranwneulus acris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 554; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 9. Hield Butter-
cup. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places throughout, but
not common. (Hurope; North Asia.)

Ranwneulus repens, Linn. Sp. Plant. 554; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 9. Creeping
Buttercup. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places through-
out. (Hurope; North Asia; North America.)

Ranunculus bulbosus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 554; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.9. Bulbous
Buttercup. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places, abund-
ant. (Europe; Western Asia; North Africa.)

Ranunculus sardous, Crantz, Stirp. Austr. 84; R. hirswtuws, Curt.; Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 10. Hairy Buttercup. North and South Islands: Pastures
and waste places, common. (HKurope; West Asia; North America.)

Ranunculus parviflorus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1087; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 10.
Smaill-flowered Buttercup. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste
places, abundant. (Hurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

Ranunculus arvensis, Linn. Sp. Piant. 555; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 10. Corn
Buttercup. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, not common.
(Central and South Hurope; West Asia.)

Ranunculus muricatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 555; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 20.
North and South Islands: Waste places, local. (Hurope; West Asia;
temperate North America.)

Ranunculus (Ceratocephalus) falcatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 556; Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. i. 16. South Island: Dry localities in northern and Central
Otago, Petrie! (South Europe; West Asia.)

Nigella damascena, Linn. Sp. Plant. 584. Fennel Flower. North Island: A
garden escape in the vicinity of Auckland, rare. (South Hurope.)

Aquilegia vulgaris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 533; Hook.f. Student’s Fl.13. Colwmbine.
North and South Islands: A garden escape of tolerably frequent occurrence.
(Temperate Europe and Asia.)

Aconitum Napellus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 532; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 13. Monks-
hood. South Island: Asnburton, W. W. Smith. (HWurope; North and West
Asia.)

PAPAVERACE.

Papaver hybridum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 506; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 17. Rough
Poppy. South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. I have not seen New
Zealand specimens. (Hurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

Papaver Argemone, Linn. Sp. Plant, 506; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 17. Pale
Poppy. South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Hurope; West Asia ;
North Africa.)

1064 APPENDIX.

Papaver dubium, Liun. Sp. Plant. 1196; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 17. Long-
headed Poppy. South Island: Otago, in cultivated fields, Petrie !
(Europe; West Asia.)

Papaver Rheas, Linn. Sp. Plant. 507; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.17. Field Poppy.
North and South Islands: Cornfields and waste places, not common,
(Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Papaver somniferwm, Linn. Sp. Plant. 508; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 18. Opiwm
Poppy. North and South Islands: A garden escape, rare. (Commonly
cultivated in the warm and temperate portions of Europe, Asia, and North
Africa.

Glauciwn ies Crantz, Stirp. Austr. li. 131; G. luwtewm, Scop.; Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 19. North Island: Sandy beaches from the Hast Cape and
Wanganui to Cook Strait. (Hurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

Chelidonium majus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 505; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 18.
Celandine. South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Hurope; Asia
Minor to Persia.)

Eschscholtzia californica, Cham. in Hort. Phys. Berol. 74; Wats. Bot. Cal. i. 22.
North and South Islands: A garden escape in light dry soils. (California.)

Fumaria muralis, Sond. ex Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 1017; F'. capreolata sub-sp.
muralis, Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 20. Fumitory. Kermadec Islands, North
and South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe ; North Africa; West Asia.)

Fumaria officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 700; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 20. Fwmitory.
North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, rare. (Hurope; North Africa;
West Asia.)

CRUCIFERZ.

Matthiola incana, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, iv. 119; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 24.
Common Stock. North Island: Cliffs at Castlepoint, Wellington, Kirk !
(West Europe and all round the Mediterranean.)

Cheiranthus Cheiri, Linn. Sp. Plant. 661; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 24. Wall-
flower. North and South Islands: A garden escape in several localities, but
not common.

Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, iv. 111; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.
24. Common Watercress. North and South Islands, Stewart Island:
Abundant in streams and wet places throughout. (Hurope; West Asia;
North Africa.)

Barbarea precox, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, iv. 109; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 26.
Wintercress. North and South Islands: Waste places and roadsides, not
uncommon. (HKurope.)

Arabis hirsuta, Scop. Fl. Carn. ii. 30; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 27. Rockeress.
South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. I have not seen New Zealand
specimens. (Europe; temperate Asia; North America.)

Alyssum calycinwm, Linn. Sp. Plant. 908; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 36. Smail
Alyssum. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not
uncommon, ascending to 3000ft. in Central Otago, Petrie! (Central and
South Europe; West Asia.)

Alyssum maritimum, Lam. Encycl. i. 98; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 36. Sweet
Alyssum. North and South Islands: Waste places and dry sandy soils near
the sea, often abundant. (Hurope.)

Erophila vulgaris, D.C. Syst. ii. 356; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 35. Whitlow-
grass. South Island: Eastern and Central Otago, Petrie! (Europe; West
Asia.

Be Armoracia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 648; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 37. Horse-
radish. North and South Islands: Deserted gardens and waste places, not
uncommon. (Hurope.)

Hesperis matronalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 663; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 31. Dame’s
Rocket. North and South Islands: A garden escape. Poverty Bay,
Bishop Williams! near Wellington, Kirk! Oamaru, Petrie! (Hurope;
West Asia.) :

APPENDIX. 1065

Malcolmia maritima, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, iv. 121. North Island: Waste
places near Wellington, Kirk! (South Europe.)

Sisymbrium Sophia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 659; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 29. Flia-
weed. South Island: Central Otago, Petrie! (North Europe; North and
Central Asia; North Africa ; North and South America.)

Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. Fl. Carn. 26; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 30. Hedge-
mustard. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, plentiful.
(Europe ; North Asia.)

Camelina sativa, Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i. 18; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 37. Gold
of Pleasure. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, rare. Remu-ra,
T. F. C.; Oamaru, Petrie! (Hurope; West Asia.)

Brassica oleracea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 667; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 31. Wild Cab-
bage. North and South Islands: Abundant on sea-cliffs. (Coasts of South
and West Europe.)

Brassica campestris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 666; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 32. Swede.
North and South Islands: Not uncommon in cultivated fields. (Europe.)

Brassica Rapa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 666; B. campestris var. Rapa, Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 32. Twrnip. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields,
not uncommon. (Hurope.)

Brassica Napus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 666; B. campestris var. oleifera, Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 32. Rape. North and South Islands: Abundant in culti-
vated fields. (Europe.)

Brassica nigra, Koch, in Roehl. Deutschl. Fl. 713; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 32.
Black Mustard. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste
places, not uncommon. (EKurope; North and West Asia.)

Brassica adpressa, Boiss. Voy. Espagne, ii. 38; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 33.
North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe; North and West Asia.)

Brassica Sinapistrum, Boiss. Voy. Espagne, ii. 39; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 33.
Charlock. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places,
not common. (Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Brassica alba, Boiss. Voy. Espagne, ii. 89; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 33. White
Mustard. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places,
not common. (Kurope; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Diplotaxis muralis, D.C. Syst. ii. 634; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.33. Wall-mustard.
North and South Islands: Waste places, local. (Kurope; North Africa.)
Eruca sativa, Lam. Fl. Franc. ii. 496. North Island: Port Fitzroy (Great

Barrier Island), Kirk! (South Europe; West Asia.)

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Medic. Pflanzeng. 85; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 38.
Shepherd's Purse. North and South Islands, Chatham Islands, Stewart
Island: Roadsides, waste places, &c., an abundant weed. (Europe; North
and West Asia; North Africa.)

Senebiera didyma, Pers. Syn. ii. 185; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 39. Wart-cress.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island: An abundant weed in waste
places, especially near the sea. (Originally from South America; now
spread over the whole world.)

Senebiera Coronopus, Poir. Encycl. vii. 76; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 39. Wart-
cress. North and South Islands: Waste places, not nearly so plentiful as
the preceding. (A cosmopolitan weed.)

Lepidium Draba, Linn. Sp. Plant. 645; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 40. Hoary
Cress. South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith! (Southern Europe;
West Asia.)

Lepidium campestre, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, iv. 88; Hook. f. Student’s FI.
40. Hield-cress. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste
places, not common. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Lepidium hirtum, Sm. Comp. FI. Brit. 98; L. Smithii, Hook. f. Student’s Fl.
40. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, roadsides, &c., local.
(Europe.)

pidium ruderale, Linn. Sp. Plant. 645; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 39. Narrow-

1066 APPENDIX.

leaved Cress. North and South Islands: Waste places and roadsides,
pientiful, especially near the sea. (Europe; North and West Asia.)

Lepidium sativum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 644. Garden-cress. North and South
Islands: A garden escape, rare. (Europe; but not known in an indigenous
state.)

Iberis amara, Linn. Sp. Plant. 649; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 41. Candytuft.
North and South Islands: A garden escape, far from common. (Europe.)

Rapistrum rugosum, All. Fl. Pedem. i. 257. North Island: Once very plentiful
in waste places within the confines of the City of Auckland, now nearly
extinct. (South Europe; West Asia.)

Raphanus sativus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 669. Common Radish. North and South
Islands: A garden escape, not uncommon. (Europe; and naturalised in
most warm and temperate regions.)

RESEDACES.

Reseda Luteola, Linn. Sp. Plant. 448; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 45. Dyer’s
Weed. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Reseda lutea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 449; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 45. Cuwt-leaved
Mignonette. North Island: Fields at Pukeroro, J. D. P. Morgan! (furope ;
West Asia; North Africa.)

Reseda alba, Linn. Sp. Plant. 449; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 45. White Mignon-
ette. North and South Islands: Poverty Bay, Bishop Williams! Canter-
bury, Kirk! (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

VIOLARIEX.

Viola tricolor, Linn. Sp. Plant. 935; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 49. Pansy. North
and South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places, local. (North Europe
to Siberia and North-west India; North Africa.)

Viola tricolor var. arvensis, Murr.; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 49. North and
South Islands: Cultivated fields, not common.

Tonidium filiforme, F. Muell. Pl. Vict. i. 66. ; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 103. North
Island: Grassy places near Lake Takapuna, Auckland, Miss Rolleston !
(Australia.)

POLYGALER.

Polygala myrtifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 703; Harv. & Sond. Fi. Cap. i. 83. North
Island: A garden escape in several localities near Auckland, T. F.C. ;
near Napier, Colenso! (Cape Colony.)

CARYOPHYLLES,

Tunica prolifera, Scop. Fl. Carn. i. 299; Dianthus prolifer, Linn. Sp. Plant. 410 ;
Hook. f. Student’s F].53. SouthIsland: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. I have
not seen New Zealand specimens. (Europe; West Asia to the Caucasus.)

Dianthus Armeria, Linn. Sp. Plant. 410; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 53. Deptford
Pink. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places, not common.
(Europe; West Asia to the Caucasus.)

Dianthus barbatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 409. Sweet-william. North and South
Islands: A garden escape, not common. (Hurope.)

Saponaria Vaccaria, Linn. Sp. Plant. 409. North Island: Cultivated fields
near Auckland and Wellington, Kirk! (Europe; West Asia.)

Silene inflata, Sm. Fl. Brit. 467; S. Cwcwbalws, Wibel; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.
55. Bladder-campion. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, road-
sides, &c., nos common. (Europe; and northwards to Siberia and south-
wards to India.)

Silene conica, Linn. Sp. Plant, 418; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 55. South Island:
Otago, Petrie! (Europe; West Asia; Algeria.)

APPENDIX. 1067

Silene gallica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 417; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 55. Catchfly.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Common
throughout. (Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Silene nocturna, Linn. Sp. Plant. 416. North Island: Karori, near Welling-
ton, Kirk! (South Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Silene nutans, Linn. Sp. Plant. 417; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 56. Nodding
Catchjfly. North Island: Pastures at Matamata, Thames Valley, 7. F. C.
(Europe; North and West Asia; Canary Islands.)

Lychnis Flos-cuculi, Linn. Sp. Plant. 486; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 57. Ragged
Rubin. North and South Islands: Pastures, rare. Whangarei, 7. 7. C.;
Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (North Hurope; Siberia.)

Lychnis vespertina, Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 146; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 57. White
Campion. South Island: Fields and roadsides, rare. Ashburton, |W. W.
Smuth ; near Dunedin, Petrie. (Kurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

Lychms coronaria, Desr. in Lam. Encyel. iii. 643. Rose Campion. North
and South Islands: An occasional outcast from gardens. (South Kurope;
Asia Minor and eastwards to the Himalayas.)

Lychuis Githago, Scop. Fl. Carn. i. 310; Githago segetum, Desf.; Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 58. Corn-cockle. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields,
not uncommon. (EHurope; Russian Asia.)

Cerastiwm glomeratum, Thuill. Fl. Par. ed. ii. 226; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 59.
Mouse-ear. Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island,
Chatham Islands: Abundant throughout. (Hurope; North and West
Asia; North Africa.)

Cerastium triviale, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 433; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 60.
C. truncatulum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 327, and C. amblyo-
dontum, Col. l.c. xxvii. (1895) 384. Larger Mouse-ear. North and South
Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: An abundant weed. (Distri-
bution of the preceding.)

Stellaria media, Cyr. Char. Comm. (1784) 36; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 62.
Chickweed. Kermadec Islands southwards to Macquarie Island: A most
abundant weed. (Originally from North Hurope and Asia, now found in
all temperate and cold climates.)

Stellaria holostea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 422; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 62. Stitchwort.
South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Europe; West Asia.)

Stellaria graminea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 422; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 62. Lesser
Stitchwort. North and South Islands: Fields and roadsides, not common.
(Europe ; North and West Asia.)

Stellaria uliginosa, Murr. Prodr. Stirp. Gotting. 55; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 63.
South Island: Bogs near Westport, Townson! Ruapuke Island (in Foveaux
Strait), C. Traill. (North Hurope; North and West Asia; North Africa;
North America.)

Arenaria serpyllifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 423; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 64. Sund-
wort. North aud South Islands: Abundant in light dry soils. (Hurope;
West Asia to the Himalayas.)

Sagina procumbens, Linn. Sp. Plant. 128; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 66. S. trwn-
cata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii (1895) 386. Pearl-wort. North and
South Islands, Stewart Island: A common weedin damp places. (Europe ;
North and West Asia to the Himalayas; North Africa; temperate North
and South America.)

Sagina apetala, Linn. Mant. ii. 559; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 66. Pearl-wort.
North and South Islands, Chatham Islands: Abundant throughout.
(Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa )

Spergula arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 440; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 67. Spurrey.
North and South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places, abundant.
(Europe; West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Sperguia pentandra, Linn. Sp. Plant. 440. North Island: Naturalised near
Wellington, Kirk. I have not seen New Zealand specimens. (Europe ;
West Africa to India.)

1068 APPENDIX.

Spergularia rubra, J. and C. Presl. Fl. Cech. 94; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 68.
Sands-purrey. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places,
abundant. (Most temperate countries.)

Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Linn. Syst. 881; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 69. Kermadec
Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island: Roadsides and waste
places, abundant on dry soils. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

PORTULACES.

Portulaca oleracea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 445; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 169. Pwrslane.
North Island: Abundant in warm dry soils as far south as the Hast Cape,
rare and local from thence to Cook Strait. (All warm climates.)

Claytonia perfoliata, Donn. ex Willd. Sp. Plant. 1186; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl. 70. South Island: A garden escape, rare. Cheviot, Haast! near
Dunedin, G. M. Thomson. (North-west America.)

Calandrinia caulescens, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 78, t. 526. North and
South Islands: Cultivated fields, rare and local. Otahuhu, 7. #.C.; near
Christchurch, Kirk. (Peru.)

HYPERICINES.

Hypericum Androsemum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 784; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 72.
Tutsan. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not un-
common. (Hurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

Hypericum perforatum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 785; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 72.
St. John’s Wort. North and South Islands: Abundant. (Europe; North
and West Asia to China and India; North Africa.)

Hypericum humifusum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 785; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 73. Tvrail-
ing Hypericum. North and South Islands: Common, especially on clay
soils. (Europe; India; Canary Islands.)

MALvVAcE2.

Althea officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 686; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 75. Marsh-
mallow. South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. I have not seen New
Zealand specimens. (Hurope; North and West Asia to the Himalayas ;
North Africa.)

Lavatera arborea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 690; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 76. Tree-
mallow. North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape. (Coasts
of West and South Europe.)

Mailva sylvestris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 689; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 76. Common
Mallow. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not
common. (Kurope; North and West Asia to China and India; North
Africa.)

Malva rotundifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 688; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 76. Dwarf
Mallow. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not
uncommon. (HKurope; North and West Asia to the Himalayas.)

Malva parviflora, Linn. Ameen. Acad. ii. 416; D.C. Prodr. i. 433. North
and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, abundant. (Europe;
West Asia to India and China; North Africa.)

Malva verticillata, Linn. Sp. Plant. 689; D.C. Prodr. i. 433. North and
South Islands: Waste places, abundant. (Europe; North and West Asia
to China and India; North Africa.)

Malva crispa, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1147; D.C. Prodr. i. 433. North Island: A
garden escape at Port Waikato, Kirk. (Hurope; West Asia.)

Modiola multifida, Moench. Meth. 620; Asa Gray, Man. 58. North and South
Islands: Pastures and roadsides, abundant. (Hastern States of North
America.)

APPENDIX. 1069

LINE.

Linum marginale, A. Cunn. ex Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. (1848) 169;
Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 283. North and South Islands: Generally distri-
buted, but most plentiful in the North Island. (Australia.)

Linum usitatissimum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 277; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 78. Common
Flax. North and South Islands: Occasionally seen as an escape from
cultivation. (Europe; West Asia to India.)

Linum gallicum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 401; D.C. Prodr. i. 423. North Island :
Fields and waste places as far south as the East Cape. (South Kurope;
North Africa.)

Linum catharticum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 281; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 78. Purging
Fiax. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common.
(Europe ; West Asia to Persia; Canary Islands.)

GERANIACE.

Geranium Robertianwm, Linn. Sp. Plant. 681; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 82.
Herb-robert. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not
common. (Hurope; North and West Asia to India.)

Hrodium cicutarium, L’Herit. ex Ait. Hort. Kew, ii. 414; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl. 83. Stork’s-bill. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham
Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places, abundant. (Europe; North
and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Erodium moschatum, L’Herit. l.c.; Hook. f. l.c. Musky Stork’s-bill. North
and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, abundant. (Europe;
West Asia; North Africa.)

Hrodium malachoides, Willd. Phyt. 10; D.C. Prodr. i. 648. North Island:
In sandy places near the sea. Mongonui and the Bay of Islands, T. F. C.;
Wellington, Kerk! (South Europe; West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Pelargonium zonale, L’Herit. ex Ait. Hort. Kew, ii. 424; Harv. and Sond. FI.
Cap. i. 298. North Island: Often persisting for some years in deserted
gardens. (Cape Colony.)

Pelargoniwm quercifolium, L’Herit. Ger. t. 14; Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. i.
306. North Island: An occasional garden escape. (Cape Colony.)

Trop@olum majus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 345; D.C. Prodr. i. 683. Indian Cress.
North Island: A garden escape, not uncommon in the Auckland District
and southwards to New Plymouth. (Peru.)

Oxalis cernuwa, Thunb. Diss. Oxal. 14; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 348. North
Island: An occasional weed in gardens and orchards. (Cape Colony.)

Oxalis variabilis, Jacq. Oxal. 89; Hary. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 331. North
Island: A garden escape, not common. (Cape Colony.)

Oxalis hirta, Linn. Sp. Plant. 434; Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. i. 348. North
Island: A garden escape in the vicinity of Auckland, rare. (Cape Colony.)

AMPELIDES,
Vitis vinifera, Linn. Sp. Plant. 202; D.C. Prodr. i. 633. Vine. North Island:
Often lingers in deserted gardens, old Maori cultivations, &c. (West Asia.)
SAPINDACEZ, |

Melianthus major, Linn. Sp. Plant. 639; Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. i. 367.
North Island : Not uncommon as a garden escape. (Cape Colony.)

LEGUMINOS2.

Lupinus arboreus, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 682; Watson, Bot. Calif. i. 117. Tree
Lupine. North and South Islands: Often planted to arrest drifting sands,
and increasing in some localities. (California.)

1070 APPENDIX.

Ulex ewropeus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 241; Hcok. f. Student’s Fl. 92. Gorse, Furze.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island: Abundant throughout. (Hurope ;
Canary Islands and the Azores.)

Cytisus scoparius, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. ii. 241; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 92.
Common Broom. North and South Islands: Not uncommon throughout.
(Europe; North Asia; Canary Islands and the Azores.)

Cytisus albus, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. ii. 241; D.C. Prodr. ii. 153. White
Broom. North and South Islands: An occasional escape from gardens.
(South Europe.)

Cytisus candicans, Lam. FI. Fr. ii. 623. North and South Islands: Abundant.
(South Europe; North Africa.)

Medicago sativa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 778; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 95. Lucerne,
Alfalfa. North and South Islands: An escape from cultivation. (South
Hurope.

Medicago ee Linn. Sp. Plant. 779; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 95. Black
Medick. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, plentiful.
(Europe; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Medicago denticulata, Willd. Sp. Plant. iii. 1414; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 95.
Toothed Medick. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham
Islands: Abundant throughout. (Europe; North and West Asia; North
Africa.

Medicago maculata, Willd. Sp. Plant. iii. 1412; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 95.
Spotted Medick. North Island: Abundant in the Auckland Provincial Dis-
trict, local elsewhere. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Melilotus officinalis, Lam. Fl. Fr. ii. 594; Benth. lust. Handb. Brit. Fl. i. 193.
Common Melilot. North and South Islands: Sparingly naturalised in
fields and waste places. (Hurope; West Asia to the Himalayas.)

Melilotus arvensis, Wallr. Sched. Crit. 391; Benth. Illust. Handb. Brit. Fi. i.
194. Field Melilot. North and South Islands, Chatham Islands: Road-
sides and waste places, plentiful. (Hurope; North and West Asia; North
Africa.)

Melilotus alba, Desr. in Lam. Enocycl. iv. 63; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 96.
White Melilot. North and_South Islands: Waste places, rare. Napier,
Kirk, T. F. C.; Canterbury Plains, Kirk, W. W. Smith. (Europe;
North and West Asia to India.)

Trifolium subterraneum, Linn. Sp. Plant, 767; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 97.
North Island: Waste places in the Auckland District, rare. (Kurope; West
Asia ; North Africa.)

Trifolium arvense, Linn. Sp. Plant, 769; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 97.
Hare’s-foot Clover. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste
places, increasing, especially in light dry soils. (Europe; North and
West Asia; North Africa.)

Trifolium incarnatwm, Linn. Sp. Plant. 769; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 97.
Crimson Clover. North and South Islands: Pastures, rare. (South
and West Europe.)

‘Trifolium ochroleucum, Huds. Fl. Angl. 283; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 98. Sul-
phur Clover. South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. I have not seen
New Zealand specimens. (West and South HKurope; West Asia.)

Trifolium pratense, Linn. Sp. Plant. 768; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 98. Red
Clover. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands:
Abundant throughout. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; North
Africa.)

Lrifoium medium, Linn. Fauna Suec. ed. ii. 558; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.
98. Zigzag Clover. North and South Islands: Pastures, meadows, &c.,
not uncommon. (Hurope; North and West Asia.)

Trifolium scabrum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 770; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 99. Rough
Clover. North Island: Pastures and waste places, local. (Europe; West
Asia; North Africa.)

APPENDIX. 107¥

Trifolium glomeratum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 770; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 99.
Clustered Clover. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places,
plentiful. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Trifoium hybridum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 766; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 100-
Alsike Clover. North and South Islands: Pastures, meadows, &c., not
uncommon. (Kurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

Trifolium repens, Linn. Sp. Plant. 767; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 100. White:
Clover. Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island,
Chatham Islands: Plentiful throughout. (Hurope; North and West Asia.
to India ; North Africa.)

Trifolium fragiferum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 772; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 100.
Strawberry Clover. North Island: Fields and waste places inthe Auckland
District, rare. (Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Trifolium resupinatum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 771; Benth. Ilust. Handb. Brit. Fl.
i. 205. Reversed Clover. North Island: Fields and waste places; very
plentiful in the North Cape district, and increasing elsewhere. (Europe ;:
West Asia to the Caucasus.)

Trifolium agrarium, Linn. Sp. Plant. 772. South Islard: Broken River Basin:
(Canterbury), Kirk! (Central Europe.)

Trifolium procumbens, Linn. Sp. Plant. 772; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 101.
Hop Trefoil. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham
Islands: Abundant throughout. (Hurope; North and West Asia; North
Africa.

Trifolium oe Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 231; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 101. Yellow:
Suckling. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands:
Plentiful. (Hurope; North Africa. )

Trifolium filiforme, Linn. Sp. Plant. 773; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 101. Lesser
Trefoul. South Island: Various localities in Otago and Southland, not
common. (Europe; West Asia to the Caucasus.)

Anthyllis vulneraria, Linn. Sp. Plant. 719; Hook.f. Student’s Fl. 102. Kidney-
vetch. South Island: Sparingly naturalised near Nelson and Dunedin,
Kirk. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Lotus corniculatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 775; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 102. Bird’s-
foot Trefoil. North and South Islands: Fields and roadsides, not uncom-
mon. (EKurope; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Lotus wliginosus, Schkuhr, Handb. ii. 412; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 103. Greates:
Bird’s-foot Trefoil. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places,
abundant, especially in the Auckland District. (Europe; West Asia; North:
Africa.)

Lotus angustissimus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 774; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 103.
Slender Bird’s-foot Trefoil. North Island: In several localities near Auck-
land, rare, 7. #.C. (Kurope; West Asia.)

Indigofera viscosa, Lam. Encycl. iii. 247; D.C. Prodr. ii. 227. North Island -
Has been noticed as a garden escape near Auckland, but is scarcely
naturalised. (India to Malaya and North Australia ; tropical Africa.)

Galega officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 714; D.C. Prodr. ii. 248. Goat’s Rue.
North Island: Manawatu River-bed, H. J. Matthews! (South Europe ;
West Asia; North Africa.)

Robinia Pseud-acacia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 722; Asa Gray, Man. 96. Locust-tree..
North Island : Naturalised in varicus localities between Auckland and the
Upper Waikato. (United States.)

Coronilla varia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 748; D.C. Prodr. ii. 310. South Island: A
garden escape in the vicinity of Nelson, 7. F.C. (South Europe; West:
Asia.)

Onobrychis viciefolia, Scop. Fl. Carn. ii. 76; O. sativa, Lam. ; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl. 106, Sainfoin, North and South Islands: An occasional escape:
from cultivation, but scarcely naturalised. (Europe; North and West
Asia.

1072 APPENDIX.

Vicia gemella, Crantz, Stirp. Austr. ed. li. v. 389; V. tetrasperma, Moench ;
Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 107. Slender Tare. North and South Islands:
Roadsides, hedges, &c., not uncommon. (Europe; North and West Asia to
India; North Africa.)

Vicia gracilis, Lois. Fl. Gall. 460. South Island: Taieri Plain, G. M. Thom-
son! (Central and South Hurope.)

Vicia hirsuta, 8S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. ii. 614; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 107.
Common Tare. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not
uncommon. (Hurope; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Vicia Cracca, Linn. Sp. Plant. 735; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 107. Tufted Vetch.
South Island: Opawa River, Marlborough, Kirk. (Europe; North and
West Asia to India ; North Africa ; North America.)

Vicia sativa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 736; Hook. f. Student’s Fi. 109. Common
Vetch. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places,
abundant. (South Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Vicia narbonensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 737; D.C. Prodr. ii. 364. North Island:
Port Fitzroy (Great Barrier Island), Kirk! (South Europe.)

Lens esculenta, Moench. Meth. 131. Common Lentil. North Island: Natural-
ised in the Auckland Domain for many years, but does not spread. (South
Europe.) :

Lathyrus odoratus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 732; D.C. Prodr. ii. 374. Sweet-pea.
North Island: An occasional garden escape in rich warm soils, but soon
disappears. (South Europe.)

Lathyrus latifolius, Linn. Sp. Plant. 733; D.C. Prodr. ii. 370. Everlasting
Pea. North Island: An occasional garden escape. (Europe.)

Acacia decurrens, Willd. Sp. Plant. iv. 1072; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 414.
Black Wattle. North Island: Largely planted for tanning purposes, and
has established itself in several localities. (Australia.)

Acacia dealbata, Link. Enum. Hort. Berol. 445; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 415.
Silver Wattle. North Island: Established in several localities in the
Auckland District. (Australia.)

Albizzia lophantha, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 86; Fl. Austral.
ii. 421. Brush Wattle. North Island: Naturalised in many localities,
especially in the Auckland Provincial District. (Australia.)

ROSACE.

Prunus Persica, Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iii. 100; Amygdalus Persica, Linn.
Sp. Plant. 472. Peach. North Island: Copiously naturalised in the
Auckland Provincial District in the early period of settlement, but at the
present time rarely spreads out of cultivation. (Originally from China
or Central Asia.)

Prunus Cerasus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 474; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 115. Cherry.
North and South Islands: Maintains itself in old Maori plantations and
deserted orchards, sometimes forming small groves. (South Hurope;
Western Asia.)

Rubus ideus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 492; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 117. Raspberry.
North and South Islands: An occasional escape from cultivation, not
common. (Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Rubus fruticosus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 493; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 117. Bramble ;
Blackberry. North and South Islands: Copiously naturalised throughout,
and in many localities a serious pest. Several of the subspecies or varieties
have been introduced, the following being the most prominent: &. discolor,
Weihe and Nees; R. lewcostachys, Smith; R. rusticanus, Weihe; and
R. macrophyllus, Weihe. (Europe; North and West Asia to the Hima-
layas ; North Africa.)

Fragaria vesca, Linn. Sp. Plant. 494; Hook. f. Student’s El. 123. Wila
Strawberry. North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape, not
common. JHurope; West Asia; North America.)

Fragaria elatior, Ebr. Beitr. vii. 23; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 123, Hawtbois

APPENDIX. 1073

Strawberry. North and South Islands: Has been noticed as a garden escape,
but is much rarer than the preceding. (Europe; West Asia.)

Potentiila reptans, Linn. Sp. Plant. 499; Hook. f. Student’s F].125. Cinqwefoil.
North and South Islands: Waysides and pastures, local. Near Hamilton,
T. H. C.; Wellington and Akaroa, Kirk! (Europe; North and West Asia
to the Himalayas; Canary Islands and the Azores.)

Alchemilla arvensis, Scop. Fl. Carn. i. 115; Hook. f. Student’s F).127. Parsley
Piert. North and South Islands: Waste places and fields, often abundant
in light dry soils. (Kurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

Acena ovina, A. Cunn. in Field’s N.S. Wales, 358; Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 433.
North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon. (Aus-
tralia.

Poteriwm Peace. Linn. Sp. Plant. 994 ; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 128. Burnet.
North and South Islands: Dry pastures, not common. (Europe; North
and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Poterium polygamum, Waldst. and Kit. Pl. Rar. Hung. ii. 217, t. 198; P. muyri-
catum, Spach; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 129. Burnet. South Island: Near
Lake Ellesmere and elsewhere on the Canterbury Plains, Kirk! (South
Europe.

Rosa aa, Linn. Mant. ii. 564; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 131. Sweetbriar.
North and South Islands: Abundant throughout. (Europe; North and
West Asia to the Himalayas.)

Rosa canina, Linn. Sp. Plant. 492; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 132. Dog-rose.
North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe; North Asia; North Africa.)

Rosa multiflora, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 214. North Island: Often lingering for years
in deserted gardens, &c. (China; Japan.)

Crategus Oxyacantha, Linn. Sp. Plant. 477; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 137.
Hawthorn. North and South Islands: Scarcely naturalised, but seedlings
sometimes appear in the vicinity of planted hedges. (Hurope; North and
West Asia to the Himalayas; North Africa.)

SAXIFRAGEZ.

Ribes Grossularia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 201; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 144. Goose-
berry. North and South Islands: A garden escape of frequent occurrence,
especially in the South Island. (Europe; North and West Asia; Hima-
layas; North Africa.)

CRASSULACEZ.

Tillea trichotoma, Walp. Rep. ii. 251; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 330. North
Island: Roadsides near Auckland, 7. #7. C.; Wanganui, EH. W. Andrews !
(Cape Colony.)

Myrtacreas.

Eucalyptus globulus, Labill. Voy. i. 153, t. 13; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 225.
Blue-gum. North Island: Seedlings frequently appear in the vicinity of
plantations. (Australia.)

LYTHRARIEZ.

Peplis Portula, Linn. Sp. Plant. 332; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 155. Water-
purslane. South Island: Various localities in the east of Otago, Petrie !
(Europe ; North Africa.)

Lythrum Hyssopifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 447; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 154.
Hyssop Loosestrife. North and South Islands: Moist places, ditches, &c.,
abundantly naturalised. (Hurope; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Lythrum Greffert, Tenore, Prod. Fl. Nap. lxviii. North and South Islands:
Various localities in the Auckland District, Kirk! 7. F.C. ; Greymouth,
Helms! (South Kurope; North Africa.)

1074 APPENDIX.

ONAGRARIE,

G@nothera biennis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 346; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 159. Evening
Piimrose. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not
common. (North America.)

Gnothera odorata, Jacq. Ic. Plant. Rar. iii. 3, t. 456; Hook. f. Student’s F)-.
159. Evening Primrose. North Island: Abundant in light dry soils and
sandy places near the sea. (Chili; Patagonia.)

G@nothera tetraptera, Cav. Ic. iii. 40, t. 279. North Island: A garden escape
near Auckland, rare. (Mexico.)

CUCURBITACER,

Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. in Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. iii. 25; Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. ii. 613. Gourd; Hue. North Island: Brought by the Maoris from
Polynesia when they first colonised New Zealand, and still cultivated by
them. (Native country uncertain ; cultivated everywhere in the tropics.)

Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. ex Eckl. and Zeyh. Enum. 279; Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. ii. 621. Water-melon. North Island: Occasionally lingers in old
Maori cultivations, but scarcely naturalised. (Tropical Africa; cultivated
in all warm countries.)

FICOIDER.

Mesembryanthemum edule, Linn. Syst. ed. x. 1060; Harv. ard Sond. Fl. Cap.
ii. 412. North Island: Often planted to check the advance of drifting sands,
and spreading in several localities, especially near New Plymouth. (Cape

Colony.)
UMBELLIFERZ.

Coniwm maculatum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 243; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 167. Hem-
lock. North and South Islands: Waste places, local. (Europe; North and
West Asia; North Africa.)

Bupleurum rotundifolium, Linn. Sp. Plant. 236; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 168.
Hare’s-ear. North Island: Cultivated fields and waste places. Near Auck-
land, 7. F.C.; Wellington, Kirk! (Europe; West Asia to the Caucasus.)

Apium graveolens, Linn. Sp. Plant. 264; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 169. Celery.
North and South Islands: Has established itself in several districts in
marshy places near the sea. (Europe; West Asia; India; North Africa.)

Apium leptophyllum, F. Muell. ex Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 372. North Island :
Waste places from Mongonui to Wellington, not common. (South America ;
tropical Africa ; Australia.)

Ammi majus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 243. North Island : Waste places near Auck-
Jand, rare.. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Carum Carui, Linn. Sp. Plant. 263; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 171. Caraway.
South Island: Near Dunedin, rare, A. Hamilton. (Europe; North and
West Asia; India.)

Carum Petroselinwm, Benth. and Hook. Gen. Plant. i. 891; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl.171. Common Parsley. North and South Islands: Waste places and
roadsides, not uncommon. (South Europe; North Africa.)

Scandia Pecten-Veneris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 256; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 175.
Venus’s Comb. North and South Jslands: Waste places, far from common.
(Europe; West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Feniculum vulgare, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. viii. n.1; F. officinale, All. ; Hook.
f. Student’s Fl.177. Fennel. North and South Islands: Waste places and
roadsides, abundant. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; North
Africa.)

Peucedanum sativum, Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. i. 920; Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 183. Parsnip. North and South Islands: An occasional
escape from cultivation, but not common. (Europe; North Asia.)

APPENDIX. 1075

Daucus Carota, Linn. Sp. Plant. 242; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 184. Wild Carrot.
No: th and South Islands: Fields and roadsides, not uncommon. (Europe;
North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Caucalis nodosa, Scop. Fl. Carn. i. 192; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 186. North
and South Islands: Waste places, not abundant. (Europe; West Asia to
India ; North Africa.)

ARALIACE,

Hedera Helix, Linn. Sp. Plant. 202; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 187. Zvy. North
Island: Occasionally spreading in gardens and plantations, but scarcely
naturalised. (Europe; West Asia to India; China and Japan; North
Africa.)

CAPRIFOLIACE.

Sambucus nigra, Linn. Sp. Plant. 269; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 189. Hider.
North and South Islands: A frequent garden escape, sometimes forming
thickets. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Leycesteria formosa, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 181; Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. ‘iii. 16. North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape.
(Temperate Himalayas.)

RUBIACEA.

Galium palustre, Linn. Sp. Plant. 105; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 193. North
Island: Swamps near Mauku (Manukau Harbour), H. Carse!/ (Europe;
North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Galiwuwm Mollugo, Linn. Sp. Plant. 107; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 194. North
Island: Between the Manukau Harbour and the Waikato River, H. Carse !
(Europe; North and West Asia to the Himalayas ; North Africa.)

Galium Aparine, Linn. Sp. Plant. 108; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 194. Goose-
grass. North and South Islands: Hedges and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe; North and West and Central Asia; North Africa.)

Galium parisiense, Linn. Sp. Plant. 108; G. anglicwm, Huds.; Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 195. Nortn and South Islands: Local. Whangarei, Kirk;
vicinity of Auckland, T. F.C.; Motueka, Kingsley. (South Europe; West
Asia to the Caucasus; North Africa.)

Sherardia arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 102; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 195. F%eld
Madder, North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant
throughout. (Hurope; West Asia to Persia ; North Africa.)

VALERIANEZ.

Centranthus ruber, D.C. Fl. Fr. iv. 239; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 197. Spur-
valerian. North and South Islands: A frequent garden escape. (South
Europe ; West Asia; North Africa.)

Valerianella olitoria, Pollich, Hist. Pl. Palat. i.30; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 197.
Lamb’s Lettuce. North Island: MRoadsides and waste places, not un-
common. (Hurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

DIPSAcEs,

Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. viii. n. 1; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 199,
Wild Teasel. North Island: Waste places, not common. (Europe; West
Asia ; North Africa.)

Scabiosa arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 99; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 200. Field
Scabious. North Island: Fields near Auckland, rare. (Europe; North and
West Asia; North Africa.)

Scabiosa maritima, Linn. Cent. Plant. ii. 8. North Island: A common garden
escape; Mongonui, Bay of Islands, Auckland, Tauranga, &ec., ZT. F. C.:
Wellington, Kirk! (South Europe; North Africa.)

1076 APPENDIX.

CoMPosITz.

Lagenophora emphysopus, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 189; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii.
508. North and South Islands: Hills near Wellington, Buchanan! Kirk !
Banks Peninsula, Kirk! (Australia.)

Bellis perennis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 886; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 205. Daisy.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island: Abundant in meadows
throughout. (Europe; Asia Minor.)

Calotis lappulacea, Benth. in Enum. Pl. Hueg. 60; Fl. Austral. iii. 504; Glos-
sogyne Hennedyi, R. Brown in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. (1883) 259. North and
South Islands: Poverty Bay, Bishop Williams! Nelson, Kingsley; Banks
Peninsula, Brown! Kirk! (Australia.)

Aster imbricatus, Linn. Pl. Rar. Afr. 21; Hary. and Sond, Fl. Cap. iii. 77.
North Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk! (Cape Colony.)

Erigeron canadensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 863; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 205.
Canadian Filea-bane. Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands,
Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Abundant throughout. (Originally from
North America; now almost cosmopolitan.)

Erigeron linifolius, Willd. Sp. Plant. iii. 1955; Benth. FJ. Austral. iii. 495.
Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands: Abundant in the Auckland
Provincial District, rarer southwards to Marlborough and Westport.
(Tropics of both hemispheres.)

Vittadinia australis, A. Rich.; var. dissecta, Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 491.
South Island: Naturalised in several localities, especially about Nelson.
In my opinion, this is totally distinct from the typical V. australis.
(Australia.)

Stuartina Muelleri, Sond. in Linnea, xxv. (1852) 522; Benth. Fl. Austral. lii.
657. South Island: Marlborough, sandy places near the mouth of the
Awatere River, J. H. Macmahon! (Australia.)

Helichrysum cymosum, Less. Syn. Comp. 302; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. iii.
245. South Island: Railway embankments near Westport, Townson !
(Cape Colony.) ;

Gnaphalium purpureum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 854; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 655.
North Island: Not uncommon in drained swamps, freshly cleared lands,
&e., from the North Cape to the Upper Waikato, rarer southwards to
Wellington. (North America; but now naturalised in many parts of the
world.

a eee Linn. Sp. Plant. 987; Benth. Ill. Handb. Brit. Fl. i.
456. Burweed. North Island: Roadsides and waste places in Hawke’s
Bay and Wellington, scarce. (Europe ; Central Asia.)

Xanthiwm spinosum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 987; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 535.
Bathurst Burr. North Island: Not uncommon in warm rich soils from
the North Cape to the Upper Waikato, rarer southwards to Wellington.
(Originally from South America; now naturalised in most warm countries.)

Pascalia glauca, Orteg. Hort. Matr. Dec. 39; D.C. Prodr. v. 549. North
Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk. (Chili.)

Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. Ic. iii. 41, t. 281; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 211. North
Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk. (South America.)

Madia sativa, Molina, Sagg. Chile, ed. i. 186; Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 359. Tar-
weed. South Island: Roadsides and waste places. Renwicktown (Marl-
borough), Reader ; south-east Otago, Petrie! Kirk! (California; Peru;
Chili.

FH Ge dantaniin. Labill. in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. i. (1792) 22;
D.C. Prodr. v. 666. North Island: Waste places at Tapotopoto Bay,
North Cape district, T. F. C. (North America.)

Achillea millefolium, Linn. Sp. Plant. 899; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 212.
Yarrow. North and South Islands: Fields and roadsides, not uncommon.
(Europe ; North and West Asia to India; North America.)

Achillea tanacetifolia, All. FI. Pedem. i. 183; D.C. Prodr. vi. 25. North and

APPENDIX. 1077

South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not common. Vicinity of
Auckland, 7. F. C.; Lincoln (near Christchurch), Kirk. (South Europe.)

Anthemis arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 894; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 211. Corn
Chamomile. North and South Islands: Roadsides and margins of fields,
not uncommon. (Kurope; West Asia; North Africa.

Anthemis Cotula, Linn. Sp. Plant. 894 ; Hook. f. Student’s Fi. 212. Stinking
Mayweed. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not
uncommon. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; Canary Islands.)

Anthemis nobilis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 894; Hook. f. Student’s FI, 212. Chamonule.
North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape, rare. (Hurope;
North Africa.)

Chrysanthemum segetwm, Linn. Sp. Plant. 889; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 214,
Corn Marigold. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, not common.
(Europe ; West Asia; North Africa.)

Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Bernh. Syst. Verz. Erf. 145; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl.214, Hever-few. North and South Islands: Waste places and roadsides.
(Europe.)

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 888 ; Hook. f. Student's Fl.
214. Ox-eye Daisy. North and South Islands: An abundant weed in
pastures throughout. (Hurope; North and West Asia.)

Matricaria discoidea, D.C. Prodr. vi. 50; Asa Gray, Man. 226. North Island:
Roadsides in the Auckland Provincial District, abundant. (North
America.)

Matricaria Chamonilla, Linn. Sp. Plant. 891; Hook. f. Student’s Fl, 213.
Wild Chamomile. North and South Islands: Waste places and cultivated
fields, not uncommon. (Hurope; North and West Asia.)

Matricaria inodora, Linn. Fl. Suec. ii. 765; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 213.
North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe ; North and West Asia.)

Cema turbinata, Pers, Syn. ii. 465; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. iii. 185. North
Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk, (Cape Colony.)

Solwa anthemifolia, R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. (1817) 102; Benth. Fl.
Austral. iii, 552. North Island: Alluvial flats by the Northern Wairoa
River, 7. #. C. ; Fairburn’s (near Mongonui), H. Carse! (South America;
naturalised in Australia.)

Soliva sessilis, Ruiz and Pav. Prodr. 113, t. 24; D.C. Prodr. vi. 143.
North Island: Waste places in the Lower and Middle Waikato, 7. F. C.
Chili.)

Farah vulgare, Linn. Sp. Plant. 844; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 215. Tansy.
North and South Islands: Waste places, not common. (Europe; North
Asia.)

Artemisia Absinthium, Linn. Sp. Plant. 848; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 216.
Wormwood. North and South Islands: Waste places and roadsides, not
uncommon. (Hurope; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Senecio vulgaris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 867; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 218. Groundsel.
Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island: A common
weed throughout. (Hurope; North Asia; North Africas; and naturalised in
all temperate countries.)

Senecio sylvaticus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 868; Hook. t Student’s Fl. 218. 8S.
areolatus, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 317. North and South
Islands: Abundant throughout. (Europe; North Asia.)

Senecio Jacobea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 870; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 218; S.
dimorphocarpos, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 316. Ragwort.
North and South Islands: Plentiful in many localities. (Europe ; North
and West Asia.)

Senecio aquaticus, Hill, Veg. Syst. ii. 120; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 219. South
Island: Buller Valley, Rev. #. H. Spencer. (Europe; North Asia; North
Africa.)

Senecio mikanioides, Otto ex Walp. in Otto and Dietr. Allg. Gartens, xiii. (1845)

1078 APPENDIX.

42; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. iii. 402. North Island: A common garden
escape from Kaitaia and Mongonui to Wellington. (South Africa.)

Calendula officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 921; D.C. Prodr. vi. 451. Marigold.
North and South Islands: A frequent garden escape. (South Europe;
West Asia.)

Osteospermum moniliferum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 923; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. iii.
436. North Island: An occasional garden escape in the vicinity of Auck-
land, rare. (South Africa.)

Cryptostemma calendulaceum, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. ii. 141; Hary. and
Sond. Fl. Cap. iii. 467. Cape-weed. North Island: Pastures and waste
places, abundant. (Cape Colony.)

Arctuum Lappa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 816; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 220. Burdock.
North and South Islands: Waste places from the Hast Cape southwards,
not uncommon. (Europe; North and West Asia.)

Carduus nutans, Linn. Sp. Plant. 821; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 224. Musk-
thistle. South Island: Hastern Otago, Kirk. (Europe; North and West
Asia to India; North Africa.)

Carduus pycnocephalus, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 1151; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.
225. Slender Thistle. North and South Island: Not uncommon in fields
and waste places. (Kurope; North Africa.)

Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. Prodr. Fl. Berl. 259; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 225.
Spear Thistle. North and South Islands, Stewart Island: Abundant
throughout. (Europe; North Asia; North Africa.)

Cnicus eriophorus, Roth. Tent. Fl. Germ. i. 345; Hook. f. Student’s FJ. 225.
Woolly Thistle. North Island: Upper Wairarapa, Kirk. (Europe.)

Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ed. ii. 130; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 226.
Californian Thistle ; Canadian Thistle. North and South Islands: Cul-
tivated fields; a serious pest in many localities. (Hurope; Northand West
Asia; North Africa.)

Onopordon Acanthium, Linn. Sp. Plant. 827; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 227.
Cotton Thistle. South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Europe;
North Asia.)

Silybum Marianum, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 378, t. 168; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 228.
Milk Thistle. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant
to the north of the East Cape, rarer southwards. (Europe; West Asia to
the Caucasus.)

Cynara Cardunculus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 827; D.C. Prodr. vi. 620. Cardoon.
North Iceland: Waste places, not common. Mongonui, 7. Ff. C.; Napier,
Kirk. (South Europe.)

Centaurea nigra, Linn. Sp. Plant. 911; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 222. Knap-
weed. Nerth and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common.
(Europe.)

Centaurea cyanus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 911; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 222. Corn-
flower. South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Europe; West Asia to
India.)

Centaurea Calcitrapa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 917; Hook. f. S:udent’s Fl. 223. Star-
thistle. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncom-
mon. (HKurope; West Asia to India.)

Centaurea solstitialis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 917; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 223. Yellow
Star-thistle. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not
uncommon. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Cichoriwm Intybus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 813; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 228. Chicory,
North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Tolpis umbellata, Bertol. in Mem. Soc. Emul. Genova, ii. (1803) 133; D.C.
Prodr, vii. 86. North Island: Fields between Panmure and Penrose
(Auckland District), near Helensville, 7. F. C. (South Europe.)

Lapsana communis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 811; Hook. f. Student’s FJ. 229. Nzpple-
wort. Norih and South Islands, Stewart Island: Waste places and culti-

APPENDIX. 1079

vated fields, abundant. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; North
Africa.

Picris Eecleninitia) echioides, Linn. Sp. Plant. 792; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.
230. Oz-tongwe. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places,
generally distributed. (Europe; North Africa.)

Crepis virens, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1134; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 230. North and
South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Fields and waste places,
common throughout. (Hurope; Caucasus; North Africa.)

Crepts feetida, Linn. Sp. Plant. 807; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 231. North Island:
Fields on the Auckland Isthmus, not common. (Enrope; West Asia to
the Himalayas; North Africa.)

Crepis taraxacifolia, Thuill. Fl. Par. 409; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 231. North
Island: Fields and waste places in the Auckland District. (Europe ; West
Asia ; North Africa.)

Crepis setosa, Hall. f. in Roem. Archiv. i. 2, 1; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 231.
North Island: Waste places on the Auckland Isthmus, not common.
(Europe.)

Hypocheris glabra, Linn. Sp. Plant. 810; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 238. Smooth
Cat’s-ear. North and South Islands: Fields, &c., abundant throughout.
(Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Hypocheris radicata, Linn. Sp. Piant. 810; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 238. Cat’s-
ear, Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island,
Chatham Islands: Abundant in all soils and situations. (Europe; North
Africa.)

Leontodon hirtus, Linn. Syst. 1194; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 239. Lesser Hawk-
bit. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common.
(Europe.)

Leontodon hispidus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 799; Hook.f. Student’s Fl. 239. Common
Hawkbit. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, plentiful in
many localities. (Hurope.)

Leontodon autumnalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 798; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 239.
Autumnal Hawkbit. North Island: Fields and waste places from Auck-
land to Wellington, not common. (Kurope; North and West Asia.)

Lactuca saligna, Linn. Sp. Plant. 796; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 241. Willow
Lettuce. North Island: Petane (Hawke’s Bay), A. Hamilton. (Hurope;
West Asia; North Africa.)

Lactuca muralis, H. Mey. Chior. Hannov. 431; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 241.
Wall Lettwce. South Island: Marlborough, Macmahon! Kirk! (Europe;
North and West Asia.)

Sonchus arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 793; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 242. Corn Sow-
thistle. North Island: Cultivated fields near Auckland, rare. (Europe;
West Asia to the Himalayas ; North Africa.)

Tragopogon porrifolius, Linn. Sp. Plant. 789; Hook. f. Student’s Fl, 243.
Salsify. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common.
(Europe ; North and West Asia.)

CAMPANULACE.

Campanula Trachelium, Linn. Sp. Plant. 166; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 247.
North Island: A garden escape near Wellington. (Europe; North and
West Asia.)

Specularia hybrida, A. D.C. Moneg. Camp. 348; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 248.
South Island: Cultivated fields at Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Europe;
North Africa.)

EPACRIDES.

Epacris purpurascens, R. Br. Prodr. 550; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 241: North
Island: Open tea-tree country at the head of the Manukau Harbour, near
Papakura and Drury. (Australia.)

1080 APPENDIX.

Epacris microphylla, R. Br. Prodr. 550; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 240. North
Island: In the same locality as the preceding species, A. T. Urquhart!
(Australia.)

Epacris pulchella, Cav. Ic. iv. 26, t. 345; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 241. North
Island: In the same locality as H. purpurascens, A. T. Urquhart!
(Australia.)

PRIMULACER.

Anagallis arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 148; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 265. Pim-
pernel. North and South Islanas, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands:
Fields and waste places, abundant. (Europe; West Asia to India; North
Africa.)

APOCYNACE.

Vinca major, Linn. Sp. Plant. 209; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 269. Periwinkle.
North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, a plentiful garden
escape. (South Kurope; West Asia to the Caucasus ; North Africa.)

ASCLEPIADEX.

Gomphocarpus fruticosus, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. (1809) 38; D.C. Prodr.
vii. 557. North Island: An occasional garden escape near Auckland and
Napier, rare. (Arabia; North Africa; now naturalised in most warm
countries.

GENTIANES.

Erythrea Centaurium, Pers. Syn. i. 283; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 271. Centaury.
North and South Islands: Abundant throughout. (Hurope; North Africa.)

POLEMONIACE.

Collomia coccinea, Lehm. ex Benth. in Bot. Reg. t. 1622; D.C. Prodr. ix. 308.
North and South Islands: A garden escape in a few localities. Vicinity of
Auckland, 7. #. C.; Ashburton, W. W. Smith; near Roxburgh, Petrie /
Cardrona, Kirk! (Chili.)

Gilia squarrosa, Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 151; Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 493.
North and South Islands: Dry pastures, not uncommon. (California.)

BoRAGINES.

Amsinckia angustifolia, Lehm. Del. Sem. Hort. Hamb. (1831) 7. South Island:
Interior of Otago, Alexandra South, Black’s, Petrie! (Chili.)

Borago officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 137; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 276. Borage.
North Island: Waste places from Auckland to Wellington, not uncommon.
(Europe ; North Africa.)

Myosotis palustris, Lam. Fl. Fr. ii. 283; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 280. Forget-
me-not. North and South Islands: Not uncommon in wet places.
(Europe; North Asia.)

Myosotis cespitosa, Schultz, Prodr. Fl. Starg. Suppl. i. 11; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl. 281. North and South Islands: Not uncommon in wet places.
(Europe; North and West Asia to India.)

Myosotis sylvatica, Hofim. Deutschl. Fl. ed. i. 61; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 281.
North and South Islands: Waste places, not common. (Kurope; North
and West Asia; North Africa.)

Myosotis arvensis, Lam. Fl. Fr. ii. 213; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 281. North and
South Islands: Fields and waste places, local. (Europe; North and West
Asia to India; North Africa.)

Myosotis collina, Hofim. Deutschl. Fl. ed. i. 61 ; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 282.
North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, notcommon. (Hurope;
West Asia; North Africa.)

APPENDIX. 1081

Lithospermum arvense, Linn. Sp. Plant. 132; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 279.
Corn Gromwell. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places,
plentiful. (Kurope; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Echium vulgare, Linn. Sp. Plant. 139; Hook. f. Student’s FJ. 276. Viper’s
Bugloss.. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, local.
(Europe; North Asia; North Africa.)

Echium plantaginewm, Linn. Mant. ii. 202; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 276.
North Island: Waste places, rare. Vicinity of Auckland, 7. F. C.; ballast
at Wellington, Kirk! (South Europe; North Africa.)

CONVOLVULACE.

Ipomea batatas, Poir. Encycl. vi. 14. Kumara. North Island: Introduced by
the Maoris from Polynesia, and still largely cultivated by them. It often
lingers for some time in deserted plantations. (Native country uncertain ;
now cultivated in all warm climates.) :

Convolvulus arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 153; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 284. Smaller
Bindweed. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not un-
common. (EKurope; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Cuscuta racemosa, Mart. Reise. Bras. i. 286, var. Chiliana, Engelm. Cusc. 505 ;
C. Hassiaca, Pfeiff. in Bot. Zeit. i. (1843) 705; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx.
(1888) 182. South Island: Fields in the Canterbury Provincial District,
parasitic on lucerne, knot-grass, &c. (Chili ; from whence it has been carried
to North America and Europe.)

Cuscuta Hpilinwm, Weihe, in Archiv. Apoth. viii. (1824) 54; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl. 285. Flax Dodder. South Island: Has been recorded from the
Canterbury District, but I have seen no specimens (Europe: East Asia.)

Cuscuta Hpithymum, Murr. Syst. ed. xiii. 140; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 285.
Lesser Dodder. North and South Islands: From Auckland to Foveaux
Strait, abundant in many places, and parasitic on a great variety of plants,
including many indigenous species. Mr. Kirk’s C. nove-zealandie@ (Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xx. (1889) 183, name only) appears to be identical with it. The
var. Trifolii (Clover Dodder), which usually attacks clover, is also in-
troduced. (Europe ; North Asia.)

SOLANACEA,

Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. viii. n. 2; D.C. Prodr. xiii. 26.
Tomato. North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape of short
duration. (Tropical America.)

Solanum tuberosum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 185; D.C. Prodr. xiii. 31. Potato.
North and South Islands: Often lingers for a time in places where it has
been cultivated. (South America.)

Solanwm marginatum, Linn. f. Suppl. 147; D.C. Prodr. xiii. 370. North
Island: A garden outcast near Auckland. (Tropical Africa.)

Solanum sodomewm, Linn. Sp. Plant. 187; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 458. Dead-
sea Apple. North Island: From the North Cape to the Upper Waikato, on
warm dry soils and on sand-dunes, not uncommon. (South Europe;
North Africa.)

Solanum auriculatum, Ait. Hort. Kew, ed. i. 246; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 450.
North Island: Waste places in the vicinity of Auckland, increasing.
(Tropical America; and widely naturalised in warm countries.)

Physalis peruviana, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 1670; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 466.
Cape Gooseberry. North Island: An escape from cultivation in warm dry
soils, not common. (South America.)

Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 237; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 465.
North Island: Waste places in the vicinity of Auckland, scarce. (Peru.)

Lycium chinense, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. vili. n.5; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 467.
North and South Islands: Waste places and roadsides, not uncommon.
(China.)

1082 APPENDIX.

Datura Stramonium, Linn. Sp. Plant. 179; Benth. Ill. Hanab. Brit. Fl. 592.
Thorn-apple. North and South Islands: Waste places in rich warm soils
as far south as Canterbury, not uncommon. (Native or naturalised in
most warm countries.)

Hyoscyamus niger, Linn. Sp. Plant. 179; Hook. f. Ssudent’s Fl. 286. Henbane.
North Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk! (Europe; North and West
Asia to India )

Nicotiana Tabacum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 180; D.C. Prodr. xiii. 557. Tobacco.
North Island; An occasional escape from cultivation in rich warm soils.
(Indigenous in America ; now cultivated in all warm countries.)

Nicotiana acutifiora, A. St. Hil. Pl. Rem. Bras. 209. North Isiand: Ballast at
Wellington, Kirk! (Brazil.)

Petunia parviflora, Juss. in Ann. Mus. Par. ii. (1803) 216, t. 47; Asa Gray, Syn.
Fl. North Amer. ii. 243. North Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk.
(Southern United States to Buenos Ayres.)

SCROPHULARINE.

Verbascum T'hapsus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 177; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 291. Mul-
len. North and South Islands: Abundantly naturalised in dry places.
(Europe; North and West Asia to the Himalayas.)

Verbascum Blattaria, Linn. Sp. Plant. 178; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 292. Moth
Mullein. North and South Isiands: Pastures and waste places, not un-
common. (Hurope; North Asia.)

Celsia cretica, Linn. f. Suppl. 281; Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 244. North
Island: Fields in the Auckland District, not uncommon. (South Europe ;
North Africa.)

Linaria vulgaris, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. viii. n. 1; H:ok. f. Student’s Fl. 294.
Toad flax. South Island: Near Lake Brunner, J. W. Brame! Ashburton,
W. W. Smith. (Europe; North Asia.)

Linaria purpurea, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. viii. n. 5; Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x.
278. South Island: A garden escape in some parts of Canterbury and
Otago. (South Europe.)

Linaria latifolia, Desf. Fl. Atlant. ii. 40, t=. 134; Benth. in D.C. Prodr. x. 271.
North Island: A garden escape in the vicinity of Wellington, Kirk! (South
Europe ; North Africa.)

Linaria EHlatine, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. viii. n. 16; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 293.
North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe; West and Central Asia.)

Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. viii. n. 17; Hook. f. Stucent’s
Fl. 293. North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape. (South
Europe.)

Antirrhinum Orontium, Linn. Sp. Plant. 617; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 295.
North Island: Waste places near Auckland, 7. F. C.; Napier, A. Hamul-
ton! (Kurope; West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Mimulus luteus, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 884; Asa Gray, Syn. Fl. North Amer. ii.
277. North and South Islands: Damp places, sides of streams, &c., from
Wellington southwards. (Western North America.)

Mimulus moschatus, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118; Asa Gray, Syn. Fl.
North Amer. ii. 278. North and South Islands: Sides of streams from
Wellington southwards, common. (Western North America.)

Digitalis purpurea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 621; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 298. Foxglove.
North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape, not common.
(Europe.)

Veronica agrestis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 13; Hook. f. Student’s F/. 299. Kermadec
Islands, Nortn and South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant.
(Europe; North and West Asia to the Himalayas; North Africa.)

Veronica Buxbaumii, Ten. Fl. Nap. i. 7, t. 1; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 299;
V. areolata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 392. North and South

APPENDIX. 1083

Islands : Cultivated fields, abundant. (Europe; West Asia to the Hima-
layas; North Africa.)

Veronica arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 13; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 300; V. longera-
cemosa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 203, and V. hirsuta, Col.
lic. xxiv. (1892) 393. Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands,
Stewart Island: Fields and waste places, abundant throughout. (Europe;
North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Veronica serpyllifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 12; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 300;
V. macrocalyx and V. rugulosella, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892)
391; V. oligantha, Col. 1.c. xxv. (1893) 333. North and South Islands
Stewart Island: Fields and waste places, abundant throughout. (Europe ;
North and West Asia to the Himalayas; North America.)

Veronica officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 11; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 301. South
Island: Has been recorded from the Canterbury District by Armstrong and
W. W. Smith, but I have seen no specimens. (Hurope; North and West
Asia to the Himalayas ; North America.)

Bartsia viscosa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 602; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 303. North and
South Islands: Abundant in fields in most districts. (Hurope; West Asia;
North Africa.)

OROBANCHEZ.

Orobanche minor, Sutt. in Trans. Linn. Soe. iv. (1798) 179 ; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl. 309. Broom-rape. North and South Islands: Fields as far south as
Nelson, most abundant in the Auckland District; parasitic on Trifoliwm,
Medicago, Hypocheris, &e. (Kurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

VERBENACES.

Verbena officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 20 ; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 3138. Vervain.
North and South Islands: Fields and roadsides, not uncommon. (Europe;
West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Verbena bonariensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 20; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 36. North
Island: Waste places near Auckland, rare. (Extratropical South America.)

LABIATZ.

Mentha viridis, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 804; Hook. f. Student’s Fl]. 315. Spear-
mint. North and South Islands: Waste places, ditches, &c., not uncom-
mon. (Europe; North Asia; North Africa.)

Mentha piperita, Linn. Sp. Plant. 576; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 316. Pepper-
mint. North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape in damp
places. (Europe.)

Mentha aquatica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 576; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 316. Water-
mint. North Island: Wet places in the Auckland District, not common.
(Europe ; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Mentha arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 577; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 317. North
Island: Fields and waste places, not uncommon. (HKurope; North and
West Asia to China and India.)

Mentha australis, R. Br. Prodr. 505; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 83. North Island:
Raglan, 7. #. C.; Wairarapa, Kirk! (Australia.)

Mentha Pulegiwm, Linn. Sp. Plant. 577; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 318. Penny-
royal. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, an abundant
weed, especiallyin the Auckland District. (Hurope; North and West Asia
North Africa.)

Thymus Serpyllum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 590; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 319. Thyme.
North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape, not common.
(Europe; North and West Asia to the Himalayas ; North Africa.)

Melissa officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 592; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 321. Balm.
North and South Islands: A garden escape in a few localities. (South
Europe; West Asia.)

Salvia Verbenaca, Linn. Sp. Plant. 25; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 321. Wild Sage.
North Island: Waste places near Auckland, Kirk! T. F.C.

1084 APPENDIX.

Nepeta Cataria, Linn. Sp. Plant. 570; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 322. Catmint.
North Island: Waste places and roadsides in the Auckland Provincial
District, not common. (Hurope; North and West Asia to the Hima-
layas.)

Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. 485; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 323.
Ground Ivy. North Island: Vicinity of Wanganui, Kirk. (Hurope;
North and West Asia.)

Cedronella triphylla, Moench, Meth. 411; Benth. in D.C. Prodr. xii. 406.
North Island: Waste places near Auckland, 7. #. C.; near Wellington,
Kirk! (Canary Islands.) °

Prunella vulgaris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 600; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 323. Self-heal.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Abundant
throughout. (HKurope; North and West Asia; North Africa; North
America.)

Marrubium vulgare, Linn. Sp. Plant. 583; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 325. Hore-
hound. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, abundant.
(Europe ; West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Stachys germanica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 581; Hook.f. Student’s Fl. 326. Wownd-
wort. South Island: Vicinity of Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Hurope; West
Asia.

Stachys pars Linn. Sp. Plant. 580; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 325. North
Island: Near Wanganui, Kirk. (Kurope; North and West Asia to India ;
North America.)

Stachys arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 814; Hook. f. Student’s F|. 326. North
Island: Cultivated fields, an abundant weed. (Hurope; North and West
Asia; North Africa.)

Stachys annua, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 813; Benth. in D.C. Prodr. xii. 481.
South Island: Vicinity of Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Europe; West
Asia to the Caucasus.)

Galeopsis Tetrahit, Linn. Sp. Plant. 579; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 327. Hemp-
nettle. North Island: Waste places in the vicinity of Auckland, rare.
(Europe; North and West Asia to India.)

Lamium purpureum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 579; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 328. Dead-
nettle. North and South Islands: Cultivated ground at Wanganui, Kirk ;
Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

PLANTAGINE:.

Plantago major, Linn. Sp. Plant. 112; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 288. Greater
Plantain. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands:
Roadsides and waste places, abundant. (Europe; North and West Asia to
India; North Africa.)

Plantago media, Linn. Sp. Plant. 113; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 289. North and
South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common. (HKurope; West
Asia.

Plantago es Linn. Sp. Plant. 113; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 289. Ribwort.
Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham
Islands: Abundant throughout. (Europe; North and West Asia; and now
naturalised in almost all parts of the world.)

Plantago varia, R. Br. Prodr. 424; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 139, North and
South Islands: Sparingly naturalised in several localities between the Hast
Cape and Banks Peninsula. (Australia.)

Plantago hirtella. H. B. and K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. ii. 229; Asa Gray, Syn. Fl.
North Amer. ii. 392. North Island: Moist shaded places, not uncommon.
(California ; Mexico; Chili.) ;

Plantago Coronopus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 115; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 289. North
and South Islands: Sandy and gravelly places, not uncommon. (Hurope ;
West Asia; North Africa.

APPENDIX. 1085

NYCTAGINE.

Mirabilis Jalapa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 177; Chois. in D.C. Prodr. xiii. 2, 429.
Marvel of Peru. North Island: An occasional garden escape near Auck-
land. (Tropical America.)

ILLECEBRACE.

Herniaria hirsuta, Linn. Sp. Plant. 218; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 334. Rwptwre-
wort. North Island: Sandy flats north of the Manukau Heads, 7. F. C.
(Europe; West Asia to Inaia.)

AMARANTACE.

Amarantus caudatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 990; Moq. in D.C. Prodr. xiii. 2, 255.
North Island: A garden escape in the vicinity of Auckland, not common.
(Most warm countries.)

Amarantus retroflecus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 991; Asa Gray, Man. 368. North
Island: Waste places and gardens, not uncommon. South Island: Nelson,
T. F.C. (Tropical America; and naturalised in most warm climates.)

Amarantus hybridus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 990; Asa Gray, Man. 368. North
Island: Waste places and gardens, common to the north of the Hast Cape.
{Tropical America.)

Amarantus Blitum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 990; Mog. in D.C. Prodr. xiii. 2, 263.
North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not uncommon as
far south as Nelson and Westport. (Most temperate and warm regions.)

Amarantus viridis, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 1405; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 215.
North Island: Waste places and gardens, not uncommon as far south as
Wellington. (Most warm regions.)

Teleanthera sp. North Island: Ballast at Aratapu, by the Northern Wairoa
River. I have failed to precisely identify this, which is probably an intro-
duction from South America.

CHENOPODIACE.

Chenopodiwm album, Linn. Sp. Plant. 219; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 336. Fat-
hen. North and South Islands: Waste places and cultivated fields, an
abundant weed. (HKurope; North and West Asia to India.)

Chenopodium ficifolium, Smith Fl. Brit. i. 276; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 337.
North Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk! (Hurope.)

Chenopodium murale, Linn. Sp. Plant. 219; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 337. North
Island: Waste places and roadsides, abundant. (EKurope; West Asia to
India; North Africa.)

Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 218; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 338.
North Island: An occasional escape from cultivation. (Hurope; North
Asia.)

Roubieva multifida, Mog. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. ii. (1834) 292; D.C. Prodr, xiii.
2,80. North Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk !

Beta vulgaris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 222. Beet. North Island: An occasional
escape from cultivation. (Hurope; North and West Asia.)

PHYTOLACCACES.

Phytolacca octandra, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 631; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 14
Ink-plant ; Poke-weed. North Island: Roadsides and waste places, abundant
in the Auckland District. (Tropical America.)

POLYGONACEZ.

Polygonum lapathifoliwm, Linn. Sp. Plant. 360; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 344.
South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. I have not seen New Zealand
specimens. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

1086 APPENDIX.

Polygonum Persicaria, Linn. Sp. Plant. 361; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 345.
North and South Islands: Ditches and roadsides, not common. (Europe ;
North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Polygonum Hydropiper, Linn. Sp. Plant. 361; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 345.
Water-pepper. North Island: Hast Cape district, Bishop Williams !
(Europe; North and West Asia to India and Java; North America.)

Polygonum Convolvulus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 364; Hook. f. Student’s Fi. 347.
Black Bindweed. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, no:
uncommon. (HKurope; North and West Asia to the Himalayas; North
Africa.)

Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench, Meth. 290; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India, v. 55.
Buckwheat. North and South Islands: An escape from cultivation.
(North and Central Asia; now cultivated in most parts of the world.)

Rumex obtusifolius, Linn. Sp. Piant. 335; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 347. Common
Dock. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Plenti-
ful throughout. (Hurope; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Rumex pulcher, Linn. Sp. Plant. 336; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 348. Fiddle
Dock. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant.
(Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Rumex palustris, Smith, Fl. Brit. i. 394; Hook. f. Student’s FJ. 349. North
Island: Near Wellington, Buchanan. (Europe; North Asia.)

Rumez crispus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 335; Hook. f. Student’s F1.349. Cwrled Dock.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Fields and
waste places, abundant. (Hurope; North Asia; North Africa.)

Rumex sanguineus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 334; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 349. North
and South Islands, Stewart Island: Fields and waste places, abundant
throughout. The form with the veins of the leaves green, not red
(BR. viridis, Sibthorp), is the one most abundant in New Zealand. (Hurope;
West Asia.)

Rumex conglomeratus, Murr. Prodr. Gotting. 52; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 349.
North Island: Roadsides and waste places near Auckland and Wellington,
not common. (HKurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

Rumex acetosa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 337; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 350. Sorrel.
North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

Rumex acetosella, Linn. Sp. Plant. 338; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 351. Sheep's
Sorrel. Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island,
Chatham Islands: Pastures and cultivated fields, a most abundant and
troublesome weed. (Hurope; North Asia; North Africa; and introduced
elsewhere.)

Emez australis, Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Sér. ii. (1838) 195; Benth. Fl. Austral.
v. 262. North and South Islands: Near Auckland and in the Bay of
Plenty, T. F.C.; vicinity of Wellington, Kirk! Westport, Townson !
(Australia.)

PROTEACE,

Hakea acicularis, R. Br. Prodr. 383; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 54. North Island:
Often planted for hedges in the Auckland District, and frequently spreads.
(Australia.)

EVUPHORBIACE,

Euphorbia helioscopia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 459; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 356. Sun
Spurge. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not un-
common as far south as Canterbury. (Europe; North and West Asia to
India and Japan.)

Euphorbia Peplus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 456; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 358. Miik-
weed. Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island,
Chatham Islands: Waste places, gardens, &c., an abundant weed.
(Europe ; North and West Asia; North Africa.)

APPENDIX. 1087

Huphorbia Lathyris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 457; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 359. Caper
Spurge. North and South Islands: Waste places in rich warm soils, not
common. (South Hurope.)

Huphorbia hypericifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 454; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 249.
North Island: Streets of Auckland, once well established, now nearly
extinct. (Tropics of both hemispheres.)

Euphorbia ovalifolia, Engelm. ex Klotsche and Garcke in Abh. Akad. Berl.
(1860) 26. North Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk! (Temperate South
America.)

Ricinus communis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1007; Muell. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. xv. 2, 1017.
Castor-otl. North Island: Waste places on warm rich soils from Mongonui
to the Waikato River, not common. (Ali tropical countries.)

URTICACE.

Humulus Lupulus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1028; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 363. Hop.
North and South Islands: Waste places, hedges, &c., an occasional escape
from cultivation. (Europe; North Asia; North America.)

Ficus Carica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1059. Common Fig. North Island: Often
lingers for a considerable time in deserted orchards, but is scarcely
naturalised. (South Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Urtica wrens, Linn. Sp. Plant. 984; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 362. Small Nettle.
North and South Islands: Waste places, not common. (Europe; North
and West Asia; North Africa.)

Urtica dioica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 984; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 362. Common
Nettle. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not com-
mon. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

SALICINE.

Salix fragilis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1017; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 371. Crack Willow.
North and South Islands: Abundantly naturalised on the banks of the larger
rivers. (Hurope; North and West Asia.)

Saliz babylonica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1017; Anderss. in D.C. Prodr. xvi. 2, 212.
Weeping Willow. North Island: Copiously naturalised on the banks of the
Northern Wairoa, Waikato, and other streams. (HKurope; North and West
Asia.)

HyDROCHARIDES:.

Hiodea canadensis, Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 20; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 382.
Water-thyme. North and South Islands: Clear slow-running streams.
Near Mongonui; Bay of Plenty; River Avon, and other streams on the
Canterbury Plains. (Originally from North America; now copiously
naturalised in Kurope.)

Vallisneria spiralis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1015; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 259. North
Island: Abundantly naturalised in Lake Takapuna, near Auckland. See
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. 386. (Most tropical countries.)

Ottelia ovalifolia, L, Rich. in Mem. Hist. Soc. Par. (1811) 78; Benth. Fi.
Austral. vi. 257. North Island: Lakes and ponds in the Auckland District.
fhumatao, 7. #’. C.; near the mouth of the Waitakerei River and at Tua-
kau, Professor Thomas. (Australia.)

ScITAMINE A.
Canna indica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1. IJndian-shot. North Island: An occasional
garden escape near Auckland. (Now established in all warm climates.)
IRIDACES.

Iris germanica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 38; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 670. North Island:
A frequent garden escape. (Hurope.)

1088 ‘ APPENDIX.

Iris pseud-acorus, Linn. Sp. Plant.38; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 397. Yellow Flag.
North and South Islands: Local. Mount Egmont Ranges, S. Percy Smith !
near Nelson, Kirk. (Europe; West Asia.)

Sisyrinchium chilense, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2786. North and South Islands:
Fields and waste places from Auckland to Otago, but often local. (South
America.) :

Sisyrinchiwm micranthum, Cav. Diss. vi. 345, t. 191; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi.
412. North Island: Sandy shores of Spirits Bay, North Cape district,
T. F.C. (South America.)

Antholyza ethiopica, Linn. Syst. ed. x. 863. North Island: Fields and waste
places, a common garden escape in the vicinity of Auckland. (South
Africa.)

AMARYLLIDACEZ.

Agave americana, Linn. Sp. Plant. 323; Bak. Amaryll. 180. American Aloe.
North Island: Old plants produce a multitude of suckers, and the species
thus maintains itself in several localities. (Tropical America.)

LILIACEz.

Asparagus officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 313; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 403.
Asparagus. North Island: Waste places, not common. Usually solitary
plants are seen, doubtless originating from seeds conveyed from gardens by
birds. (Europe; North Asia; North Africa.)

Aloe latifolia, Haw. Syn. Pl. Succ. 82. North Island: A garden escape in the
vicinity of Auckland. (South Africa.)

Asphodelus fistulosus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 309. North Island: Roadsides and
waste places from Mongonui to Napier, not uncommon. South Island;
Westport, Townson! (South Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Allium vineale, Linn. Sp. Plant. 299. Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 405. Crow Garlic.
North Island: Fields and waste places, not uncommon in the Auckland
Provincial District. (Hurope; North Africa.)

JUNCE.

Juncus glaucus, Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 113; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 414. South
Island: Between Hokitika and Ross, Kirk. (Europe; North Asia; North
Africa.

Juncus eae Loisel. in Desy. Journ. Bot. ii. (1809) 284; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl. 417. South Island: Near Dunedin, Petrie! (Europe; North Asia;
North America.)

Juncus obtusiflorus, Ehrh. Beitr. vi. 83; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 417. South
Island: Lake Waihola, Otago, Petrie! (Europe; North Africa.)

ARACEZ:.

Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, Meletem. i. 18; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 155.
Taro. North Island: Formerly cultivated by the Maoris, and still linger-
ing in many deserted plantations. (Native country uncertain; extensively
cultivated in the tropics.)

Richardia africana, Kunth in Mem. Mus. Par. iv. (1818) 483. White Arum.
North Island: An abundant garden escape in the Auckland Provincial
District, rarer further south. (South Africa.)

ALISMACEZ.

Alisma Plantago, Linn. Sp. Plant. 342; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 427. Water
Plantain. North and South Islands: Watercourses in the Hawke’s Bay
District, H. Hill! A. Hamilton! interior of Otago, Petrie! (Europe;
North and West Asia to the Himalayas; Australia.)

APPENDIX. 1089

NAIADE,.

Aponogeton distachyon, Thunb. Noy. Gen. 74; Fl. Cap. vii. 43. North Island:
Naturalised in streams at Waimate, Bay of Islands. (South Africa.)

CYPERACE.

Cyperus rotundus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 45; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 279. Nut-
grass. North Island: A troublesome weed in several gardens in the
vicinity of Auckland. (Most tropical and warm temperate regions.)

Cyperus lucidus, R. Br. Prodr. 218; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 283. North and
South Islands: Fields and waste places, local. Mongonui, 7. Ff. C.;
Rangaunu Harbour and Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews and H. Carse! vicinity
of Nelson, 7. F.C. (Australia.)

Carex divisa, Huds. Fl. Angl. i. 348; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 449. C. chlor-
antha, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) App. xli., not of R. Br.
North Island: Waste places near Auckland, rare. (EKurope; North and
West Asia to the Himalayas ; North and South Africa.}

Carex muricata, Linn. Sp. Plant. 974; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 451. South
Island: Pelorus Valley, J. Rutland! (Europe; North Asia to the Hima-
layas ; North Africa; North America.)

Carex flacca, Schreb. Spicil. 669; C. glauca, Scop. Fl. Carn. ii. 223; Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 456. North Island: Fields and waste places. Whangarei,
H. Carse; vicinity of Auckland, 7. F. C.; near Wellington, Kirk!
(Europe ; North Asia to India; North Africa.)

Carex panicea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 977; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 457. North
Island: Fields and waste places, local. (Hurope; North Asia; North
America.)

Carex longifolia, R. Br. Prodr. 242; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 448. North Island :
Fields near Auckland, rare, 7. F.C. (Australia.)

GRAMINES.

Andropogon annulatus, Forsk. Fl. Egypt. Arab. 173; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii-
531. North Island: Waste places a; Mongonui, 7. F.C. (Tropical Asia >
tropical Africa; Australia.)

Anthistiria imberbis, Retz. Obs. iii. 11; A. ciliata, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 542
(not of Linn. f.). Kangaroo-grass. North Island: Fields and waste places.
Bay of Islands; Whangaparaoa, near Auckland, 7’. F’. C.; vicinity of Wel-
lington, Kirk! (Tropical Asia; tropical and South Africa ; Australia.)

Paspalum dilatatum, Poir. Encycl. v. 35. North Island: Often sown as a
forage plant, and increasing in several localities. (South America.)

Panicum sanguinale, Linn. Sp. Plant. 57; Banth. Fl. Austral. vii. 469. Crab-
grass. North and South Islands: Waste places and cultivated grounds, a
common weed. (Most warm countries.)

Panicum glabrum, Gaud. Agrost. i. 22; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 469. North
Island: An occasional weed in cultivated grounds, but not nearly so
plentiful as the preceding. (Most warm countries.)

Panicum Crus-galli, Linn. Sp. Plant. 56; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 469. Cockspur-
grass. North and South Islands: Waste places as far south as Canterbury
and Westport, not uncommon. (Most warm countries.)

Panicum colonwm, Linn. Syst. ed. x. 870; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 478. North
Island: Waste places from Auckland to Wellington, rare. (Most warm
countries.)

Setaria glauca, Beauv. Agrost. 51; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 492. North and
South Islands: Waste places and cultivated fields, not uncommon. (Most
warm and many temperate countrie:.)

Setaria verticillata, Beauv. Agrost. 51; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 494. North
Island: Napier, Colenso. South Island: Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (A
common weed in many warm and temperate countries.)

35—F.

1090 APPENDIX.

Setaria viridis, Beauv. Agrost. 51; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 494. North Island :
Waste places and cultivated fields, not uncommon. (Most warm climates.)

Setaria imberbis, Roem. and Schult. Syst. ii. 891. North Island: Ballast at
Wellington, Kirk! (Tropical America; tropical and South Africa.)

Stenotaphrum glabrum, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 176; S. americanwm, Schrank. Pl.
Rar. Hort. Monac. 98. Buffalo-grass. North Island: A common escape
from cultivation. (Tropics of both hemispheres, usually near the sea.)

Zizania aquatica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 991; Asa Gray, Man. 540. Canadian Wild
Rice. North Island: Naturalised by the Northern Wairoa River, near
Aratapu. (North America; North-eastern Asia.)

Phalaris canariensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 54; Hook.f. Student’s Fl. 471. Canary-
grass. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant.
(South Europe; North Africa.)

Phalaris arundinacea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 55; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 472. Reed-
grass. North Island: Vicinity of Wellington, Kirk. (Kurope; North and
West Asia to India.)

Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 28; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 472.
Sweet Vernal-grass. North and South Islands, Stewart Island: Abundant
throughout. (Hurope ; North Asia.)

Stipa verticillata, Nees in Spreng. Syst. iv. Cur. Post. 30. North and South
Islands: Near Wellington, Kirk! Nelson, Travers. (Australia.)

Phleum pratense, Linn. Sp. Plant. 59; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 475. Timothy.
North and South Islands: Pastures, &c., abundant. (Europe; North and
West Asia; North Africa.)

Alopecurus pratensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 60; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.474. Meadow
Foxtail. North and South Islands: Meadows and pastures, not uncom-
mon. (Europe; North Asia.)

Alopecurus agrestis, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 89; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 473.
Slender Foxtail. North and South Islands: Fields and roadsides, not
common. (HKurope; North and West Asia.)

Polypogon monspeliensis, Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 66; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 478.
Beard-grass. Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands: Roadsides
and waste places, abundant. (South Europe; West Asia to India and
China; North and South Africa.)

Polypogon fugaz, Nees in Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 184; Benth. Fi. Austral. vii.
547. North and South Islands: Ditches and salt marshes, not uncommon.
(Tropical Asia; Australia.)

Agrostis vulgaris, With. Brit. Pl. ed. iii. 2, 182; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 477.
Red-top. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant
throughout. (Hurope; North Asia; North America.)

Agrostis alba, Linn. Sp. Plant. 63; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.477. Fiorin. North
and South Islands: Pastures and waste places, plentiful throughout.
(Europe; North Asia; North America.)

Gastridium australe, Beauv. Agrost. 21; G. lendigerwm, Gaud.; Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 479. Nit-grass. North Island: Roadsides and waste places,
not uncommon. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Ammophila arundinacea, Host, Gram. Austr. iv. 24, t. 41; Hook. f. Student’s
Fl. 481. Marram-grass. North and South Islands: Frequently planted
for binding the surface of sand-dunes, and increasing in several localities.
(Sandy shores of Europe; North Africa.)

Lagurus ovatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 81; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 481. Hare’s-tail
Grass. North and South Islands: Sandy places, offen near the sea.
(South Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Holcus lanatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. i048; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 483. Soft-grass.
North and South Islands, Chatham Islands: Fields and waysides, abundant.
(Europe; North Asia; North Africa.)

Holcus mollis, Linn. Syst. ed. x. 1305; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 484. Soft-grass.
North and South Islands: Not so common as the preceding. (Hurope;
North Asia; North Africa.)

APPENDIX. 1091

Aira caryophyllea, Linn. Sp. Llant. 66; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 482. Hair-grass.
North and South Islands: Meadows and roadsides, abundant. (Europe;
North Asia; North Africa.)

Aira precox, Linn. Sp. Plant. 65; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 482. Hair-grass.
North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon,
(EHurope; West Asia.)

Deschampsia flexuosa, Trin. in Bull. Se. Acad. Petersb. i. (1836) 66; Hook. f.
Student’s Fl. 483. North and South Islands, Stewart; Island: Heathy
places, local. (Europe; North and West Asia; North America; Fuegia.)

Avena sativa, Lian. Sp. Plant. 79. Common Oat. North and South Islands:
An abundant escape from cultivation. (Native country uncertain ; probably
a form of the following species.)

Avena fatwa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 80; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 484. Wild Oat.
North and South Islands: Waste places and cultivated fields, abundant
throughout. (Hurope; North Asia to the Himalayas; North Africa.)

Avena strigosa, Schreb. Spic. 52; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 485. Hairy Oat.
North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, not common. (Hurope;
North and West Asia.)

Avena pubescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 42; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 485. Downy Oat.
South Island: Fields in Canterbury and Otago, not uncommon. (Hurope;
North Asia.)

Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. Agrost. 55, t. 11, f.5; Hook. f. Student’s Fl.
485. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common.
(Hurope; North Asia; North Africa.)

Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. Syn. Pl. i. 85; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 486. Doab-
grass. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant. (All
warm climates and many temperate ones.)

Triodia decumbens, Beauv. Agrost. 76, t. 15, f. 9; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 486.
North Island: Fields and waste places, not uncommon. (Hurope; North
Africa.

Eragrostis ia Host, Gram. Austr. iv. t. 24; H. megastachya, Link. Hort.
Berol. i. 187. North Island: Mangatangi1 (near Mercer), S. J. Vining!
(South Hurope; tropical Asia.)

Eragrostis minor, Host, Gram. Austr. iv. 15. North Island: Ballast at Wel-
lington, Kirk. (South Kurope; West Asia to India; North Africa.)

Eragrostis Brownti, Nees, in Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279; Benth. Fi. Austral. vii.
646. North Island: Fields and waste places, abundant. (Australia.)

Briza maxima, Linn. Sp. Plant. 70. Tvrembling-grass. North and South
Islands: An occasional garden escape. (South Kurope; North Africa.)

Briza minor, Linn. Sp. Plant. 70; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 491. rembling-
grass. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe ; North Africa.)

Dactylis glomerata, Linn. Sp. Plant. 71; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 490. Cock’s-
foot-grass. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands:
Plentiful throughout. (Kurop3; North and West Asia to India; North
Africa.)

Cynosurus cristatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 72; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 488. Dog’s-
tail-grass. North and South Islands: Fields and meadows, not uncommon.
(Europe ; West Asia to the Caucasus; North Africa.)

Cynosurus echinatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 72; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 488. North
Island: Waste places near Gisborne, Bishop Willzams! (Hurope; West
Asia; North Africa.)

Poa annua, Linn. Sp. Plant. 68; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 491. Annual Meadow-
grass. From the Kermadec Islands and the North Cape southwards to
Macquarie Island: Waste places, &c., abundant. (Hurope and temperate
Asia; but now naturalised in most parts of the world.)

Poa pratensis, linn. Sp. Plant. 67; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 492. Meadow-grass.
Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham
Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant throughout. (Hurope; North
and West Asia to the Himalayas; North America.)

1092 APPENDIX.

Poa compressa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 69; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 492. North
Island: Fields and waste places, not common. (Europe; North and West
Asia.)

Poa trivialis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 67; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 492. North and
South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon. (Europe; North
Asia; North Africa.)

Poa nemoralis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 69; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 492. North and
South Islands: Shaded places, not common. (Europe; North Asia to the
Himalayas; North America.)

Glyceria aquatica, Wablenb. Fl. Goth. 18; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 494. Reed-
grass. South Island: Near Ashburton, W. W. Smith; Taieri Plains and
Catlin’s, Petrie! (Europe; North and West Asia; North America.)

Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. Prodr. 179; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 494. Floating
Manna-grass. North and South Islands: Not uncommon in wet places.
(Europe; North and West Asia to the Himalayas; North Africa; North
America.)

Atropis distans, Griseb. in Ledeb. F|. Ross. iv. 388; Glyceria distans, Wahl. ;
Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 495. North and South Islands: Salt marshes, not
uncommon. (Hurope; North Asia to the Himalayas ; North Africa; North
America.)

Festuca elatior, Linn. Sp. Plant. 75 (incl. F’. pratensis, Huds.) Meadow Fescue.
North and South Islands: Meadows and pastures, not uncommon, (Europe;
North and West Asia; North America.)

Festuca ovina, Linn. Sp. Plant. 73; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 497. Sheep’s Fescue.
North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places, not uncommon.
(Most temperate climates.)

Festuca rubra, Linn. Sp. Plant. 74; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 497. North and
South Islands: Pastures and waste places, not uncommon. (Most tem-
perate climates.)

Festuca Myuros, Linn. Sp. Plant. 74; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 497. North and
South Islands: Dry places, not uncommon. (Hurope; West Asia; North
Africa.)

Festuca bromoides, Linn. Sp. Plant. 75; Hook.f. Student’s Fl. 497. North and
South Islands, Chatham Islands: Waste places and pastures, abundant.
(Europe ; West Asia ; North Africa.)

Scleropoa rigida, Griseb. Spic. Fl. Rum. ii. 431: Festuca rigida, Kunth; Hook.
f. Student’s Fl. 498. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places,
not common. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

Bromus erectus, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. i. 39; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 499. North
and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common. (Kurope; West
Asia; North Africa.)

Bromus sterilis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 77; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 500. North and
South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant. (Europe; North Asia;
North Africa.)

Bromus madritensis, Linn. Cent. Plant. i. 5; Hook.f. Student’s Fl.500. North
and South Islands: Waste places and roadsides, apparently not common.
(Europe; North Africa.)

Bromus tectorum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 77. North Island: Vicinity of Auckland,
Kirk. I have not seen New Zealand specimens. (Europe; North and
West Asia ; North Africa.)

Bromus mollis, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 112; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 501. North
and South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant throughout.
(Europe ; North Asia; North Africa.)

Bromus racemosus, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. 114; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 501.
North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, almost as plentiful as
the preceding. (Hurope; North Africa )

Bromus commutatus, Schrad. Fi. Germ. i. 353; B. racemosus var. commutatus,
Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 501. North and South Islands: Fields and waste
places, not uncommon. (Europe; North Africa.)

APPENDIX. 1093

Bromus patulus, Mert. and Koch, in Roehl. Deutschl. Fl. i. 685. North Island:
Ballast at Wellington, Kirk! (Kurope; North and West Asia to China;
North Africa.)

Bromus arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 77; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 502. North and
South Islands: Waste places, not common. (Hurope.)

Bromus unioloides, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. i. 151; Ceratochloa wnioloides, D.C. ;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 662. Prairie-grass. North and South Islands:
Fields and waste places, abundant. (North and South America.)

Lolium perenne, Linn. Sp. Plant. 83; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 503. Rye-grass.
Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham
Islands: Fields and waste places throughout, abundant. (Europe; North
Africa; West Asia.)

Lolium italicum, A. Br. in Flora, xvii. (1834) 259. Jtalian Rye-grass. North
and South Islands: Fields and pastures, not uncommon. (South Hurope;
North Asia.)

Lolium temulentum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 83 ; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 508. Darnel.
North aud South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places, not un-
common. (HKurope; North and West Asia; now introduced into most
temperate climates.)

Lepturus incurvatus, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 123; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 668.
North Island: Salt marshes, not uncommon. (South Europe; North
Africa; West Asia; Australia.)

Agropyrum repens, Beauv. Agrost. 102; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 504. Cowch-grass.
North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon.
(Europe; North Asia to the Himalayas; North Africa; North America.)

Agropyrum pectinatum, Beauv. Agrost. 102; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 666. North
Island: Hawke’s Bay, A. Hamilton! South Island: Eastern Otago,
D. Petrie! (Austratlia.)

Triticum sativum, Lam. FI. Fr. iii. 625. Common Wheat. North and South
Islands: An occasional escape from cultivation. (Native country uncer-
tain; now cultivated in most parts of the world.)

Hordeum vulgare, Linn. Sp. Plant. 84. Common barley. North and South
Islands: An escape from cultivation. (Originally from West Asia; now
widely cultivated.)

Hordeum murinum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 85; Hook. f. Student’s Fl. 506. Barley-
grass. North and South Islands: Waste places, abundant, especially on
sandy ground near the sea. (Hurope; West Asia; North Africa.)

Hordeum maritimum, With. Arr. Brit. Plant. 172; Hook. f. Student’s F1.5
South Island: Akaroa, Kirk! (Europe; North Africa.)

1094 APPENDIX.

III. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MAORI NAMES OF PLANTS.

Tue following list of Maori plant-names has been compiled from
various sources, such as the list given in the appendix to the “ Hand-
book,” Williams’s ‘‘ New Zealand Dictionary,” Mr. Colenso’s botanical
and ethnographical papers printed in various volumes of the “ Trans-
actions of the New Zealand Institute,” &c. I particularly desire to
acknowledge my indebtedness to the Right Rev. W. L. Williams,
Bishop of Waiapu, for a very full and complete catalogue of all
Maori plant-names known to him, including a great number not
previously published. Bishop Wilhams’s intimate acquaintance with
both the Maori language and the botany of New Zealand has made
his assistance most valuable, and I feel that any merit which this
enumeration possesses is chiefly due to his friendly co-operation. Mr.
Percy Smith has also furnished me with many new names and
much valuable criticism; while Mr. Elsdon Best has supplied a
copious list of plant-names in use in the Urewera Country. I have
also received assistance from the Rev. F. R. Spencer, R. H. Mat-
thews, F. A. D. Cox, A. Shand, and others, to all of whom my
grateful thanks are due.

Aka (Colenso, Williams, &c.). A general name for the stem of any climbing
lant.

Aka (Colenso, Tregear). Metrosideros scandens.

Aka (Williams). Metrosideros florida.

Aka (Colenso). Passiflora tetrandra.

Akakaimanu (Colenso). Passiflora tetrandra.

Akakiore (Williams, Tregear). Parsonsia capsularis.

Akakohia (Colenso). Passiflora tetrandra.

Akakura (E. B. Dickson). Metrosideros diffusa.

Akakura (Williams). Metrosideros florida.

Akapita (Colenso). Rhipogonum scandens.

Akapohue (Colenso). Calystegia sepium.

Akarewa (Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Akatawhiwhi (Williams, Tregear). Metrosideros florida.

Akatea (Williams, Tregear). Metrosideros albiflora.

Akatorotoro (Colenso). Metrosideros scandens.

Ake (Colenso, Williams). Dodonca viscosa.

Akeake (Colenso, Williams). Dodonea viscosa.

Akeake (Colenso, Hector). Olearia avicennicfolia.

Akeake (G. Mair). Olearia Traversii.

Akepirau (Tregear). Olearia Forsteri. Probably the same as Akepiro.

Akepiro (Colenso, Williams). Olearia furfuracea.

Akerautangi (Colenso, Mantell). Dodonea viscosa.

Akewharangi (Colenso). Olearia Cunninghamii.

Akiraho (Williams). Olearia Forsteri.

Angiangi (Williams, Tregear). Coprosma Baueri.

Anurangi (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

APPENDIX. 1095

Anutipoki (Williams). Cultivated variety of Zpomea batatas.

Aoanga )

Aohanga J

Aruhe (Colenso, Williams). Rhizome of Pteris aquilina.

Aute (Colenso, Williams, &c.). Sroussonetia papyrifera.

Aute (R. H. Matthews). Veronica diosmefolia.

Autetaranga (Colenso, Tregear). Pimelea arenaria.

Autetauranga (Colenso). Pimelea arenaria.

Awanga (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Awanga (Percy Smith). Variegated variety of Phormium tenax.

Awhato, or Awheto (Colenso, Williams). The so-called vegetable caterpillar,
Cordyceps Robertsit.

(Colenso). Phormium tenax (variegated variety).

Eketera (D’Urville). Lepidiwm oleracewm.
Emiemi (Tregear). Dracophyllum latifoliwm.
Ewekuri (Williams). Paratrophis heterophylla.

Haekaro (Tregear). Pittosporum wmbellatum.

Haka (Williams). Hrigeron canadensis.

Hakeke (Williams). A fungus, Hirneola polytricha.

Hamo (Williams). Cultivated variety of Jpomea batatas.

Hangatare (F. A. D. Cox). Olearia semidentata.

Hangehange (Colenso, Williams, &c.). Geniostoma ligustrifolium.

Harakeke (Colenso, Williams, &c.). Phormium tenax.

Harapere (F. A. D. Cox). Phormium tenazx.

Harareke (Colenso, Williams). Phormium tenax.

Harore (Williams). A fungus, Agaricus adiposus.

Hauama (Colenso, Williams). Hnfelea arborescens.

Haukopa (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Haumakoroa (Williams, Traill). Panax simplex.

Haumangoroa (Williams). Panax simplex.

Hauora (Williams). Cordyline Banksii.

Hawato (Williams). The vegetable caterpillar, Cordyceps Robertsiv.

Hawere (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Heketara (Williams). Olearia Cunninghamii. ;

Hengahenga (Williams). Geniostoma liqustrifolium.

Heruheru (Colenso, Williams). Todea hymenophylloides and T. superba.

Hinahina (Hector, Williams). Melicytus ramiflorus.

Hinau (Yate, Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Hlaocarpus dentatus. -

Hingongi (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum.

Hioi (Williams). Mentha Cunninghamii.

Hitara (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Hiwai (Williams). A general name for Solanum tuberosum.

Hohere (Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Hoheria populnea. Probably more correctly
spelt Houhere.

Hohere (Lyall). Gaya Lyaliii.

Hoho (F. A. D. Cox). Pseudopanax chathamicum. Probably should be Houhou.

Hohoeka (Lyall, Williams). Pseudopanax crassifolium.

Hoihere (Colenso, Williams). Hoheria populnea.

Hokataka (F. A. D. Cox). Corokia macrocarpa.

Homanoroa (Elsdon Best). Panax Edgerleyi. Possibly should be Houmanoroa.

Hona (Elsdon Best). Fruit of Fuchsia excorticata.

Horoeka (Polack, Cunningham, Colenso). Pseudopanax crassifolium.

Horokaka (Williams). Mesembryanthemum australe.

Horokio (Williams). Lomaria capensis.

Horopito (Colenso, Williams). Drimys axillaris.

Horopito (R. H. Matthews). <Alsewosmia macrophylla.

Houama (Williams). ntelea arborescens.

Houhere (Colenso, Williams). Hoheria populnea.

1096 APPENDIN.

Houhi (Williams, Elsdon Best). Hoheria populnea.

Houhou (Williams, Elsdon Best). Panax arboreum.

Houi (Colenso). Hoheria populnea.

Houi (Traill). Plagianthus betulinus.

Houka (Hector). Cordyline australis. Doubtless a misspelling for Kouka.
Houma (Hector, Tregear). Sophora tetraptera.

Houmapara (Williams). Pseudopanax Lessonii.

Houparapara (Williams). Pseudopanaa Lessonii.

Houpara (Williams). Pseudopanax Lessonit.

Huamango (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum.
Huarua (Elsdon Best). Seeds of Coriaria russifolia.

Hue (Colenso, Williams). Lagenaria vulgaris. Also a general name for all gourds.
Hue-o-Raukatauri (Elsdon Best). Ourisia macrophylla.
Huiupoko (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Hunangamoho (Colenso). Stipa arundinacea.

Hunangamoho (Williams). Danthonia Cunninghamii.

Hune (Colenso, Williams). Feathery seeds of Typha.

Hupiro (Colenso). Coprosma fatidissima.
Huruhuru-o-nga-waewae-o-Paoa (Williams). Todea swperba.
Huruhuruwhenua (Williams). Aspleniwm lucidum.

Hutihuti (Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.
Hutiwai (Lyall, Williams). Acena sanguisorbe.

Hutu (Colenso). Fagus fusca.

Hutu (Hector). Ascarina lucida.

Hutukawa (Williams). Metrosideros tomentosa.

Thupuku (Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.

Inaka (Traill). Dracophyllum longifolium.

Inakaporiro (Williams). Cyathodes acerosa.

Inihina (A. Shand). Melicytus ramiflorus. Chatham Island. ‘‘ Probably should
be Inaina,”’ Percy Smith.

Irirangi (Elsdon Best). Hymenophyllum demissum and H. dilatatum.

Kahakaha (Colenso, Williams), Aste/ia Solandri.

Kahia (Williams). Passiflora tetrandra.

Kahika (Williams). Podocarpus dacrydioides.

Kahikatea (Yate, Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Podocarpus dacrydioides.

Kahikatoa (Yate, Colenso, Williams). Leptospermum scoparium.

Kahikomako (Colenso, Williams). Pennantia corymbosa.

Kaho (Cunningham). Linum monogynum.

Kahuorangi (Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Kai (Williams). Podocarpus spicatus.

Kaihuia (Williams). Rhopalostylis sapida.

Kaikaia (Percy Smith). Acena sanguisorbe.

Kaikaiaruhe (Percy Smith). Accna sanguisorbe.

Kaikaiatua (Williams). Rhabdothamnus Solandri.

Kaikaiatua (Williams). Leucopogon fasciculatus.

Kaikaka (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Kaikaro (Colenso). Pittosporum crassifolium.

Kaikaro (Percy Smith). Pittosporum tenuifoliwm. :

Kaikatea (Polack, &c.). Podocarpus dacrydioides. Evidently a misspelling of
Kahikatea.

Kaikawaka (Colenso). Libocedrus Doniana.

Kaikomako (Colenso, Williams). Pennantia corymbosa.

Kaiku (Colenso). Parsonsia capsularis.

Kaimanu (Williams). Passiflora tetrandra.

Kairorowhare (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Kaiweta (Percy Smith). Melicytus lanceolatus.

APPENDIX. 1097

Kaiwhiria (Colenso). Hedycarya arborea.

Kaiwhiria (Williams). Parsonsia capsularis.

Kaiwiria (Hector). Panax simplex.

Kakaha (Hector). Astelia nervosa.

Kakaho (Colenso, Williams). Culms of Arundo conspicua.
Kakaramu (Williams). Coprosma robusta and C. lucida.
Kakarangu (Williams). Coprosma robusta.

Kakareao. Rhipogonum scandens.

Kakatarahae (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Jpomea batatas.
Kakatarahae (Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Kamahi (Williams). Wetnmannia racemosa.

Kamu (Williams). Bidens pilosa.

Kanawa (Colenso). Cultivated variety of J/pomea batatas.
Kanga (Williams). Zea mays.

Kanono (Williams). Coprosma grandifolia.

Kanuka (Williams). Leptospermum ericoides.

Kaoko (Elsdon Best). Fruiting specimens of Solanum aviculare.
Kapana (Williams). A general name for Solanwm tuberosum.
Kapara (Williams). Resin of Podocarpus dacrydioides.

Kapia (Colenso, &c,). Resin of Agathis australis.

Kapuka (Traill, Williams). Griselinia littoralis.

Karaka (Cunningham, Colenso, Williams, &c.). Corynocarpus levigatus.
Karamu (Colenso, Williams). Coprosma robusta and C. lucida.
Karamu (Colenso). Coprosma fetidissima.

Karamuramu (Williams). Coprosma robusta.

Karangu (Colenso, Williams). Coprosma robusta and C. lucida.
Kareao (Colenso, Williams). Rhipogonwm scandens.

Karetu (Colenso, Williams). Hierochloe redolens.

Karito (Lyall, Williams). Typha angustifolia.

Karo (Colenso, Williams). Pzttosporwm crassifolium.

Karo (Colenso). Pittosporwm cornifolium.

Katea (Williams). Podocarpus dacrydioides.

Katoa (Williams). Leptospermum scoparium.

Katote (Williams). Hemitelia Smithii.

Katote (Perey Smith). Cyathea dealbata.

Katoto (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Katute (Hector). Dicksonia antarctica.

Kauere (Colenso, Williams). Vztea lucens.

Kauhangaroa (Williams). Phormium tenax.

Kauka (Tregear). Cordyline australis.

Kauri (Yate, Polack, Cunningham, &c.). Agathis australis.
Tere hes | (Colenso). Cultivated varieties of [pomea batatas.
Kawa (Williams). Piper excelsum.

Kawaka (Yate, Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Libocedrus Doniana.
Kawakawa (Colenso, Williams). Piper excelsum.

Kawakawa (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Kawakawa (Elsdon Best). LZomaria fluviatilis.
Kawakawa-tawhiti (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Kawau (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Keha (Williams). Brassica campestris.

Keka (Williams). Hirneola polytricha.

Keketerehe (F. A. D. Cox). Olearia Chathamica.

Kengo (Colenso). Cultivated variety of lpomea batatas.

Kiekie (Colenso, Williams, &c.). Freycinetia Banksii.

Kinakina (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Kiokio (Williams, Elsdon Best). Lomaria capensis.

Kiokiorangi (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

1098 APPENDIX.

Kirikaraka (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Kiwikiwi (Elsdon Best). Lomaria fluviatilis.

Koare (Williams). Panax Edgerleyt.

Koare (Lindsay). Typha angustifolia.

Koareare (Williams). Panax Edgerleyi.

Koareare (Williams). Rhizome of Typha angustifolia.

Koareare (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Koeata (Williams). Young shoots of Pteris aquilina.

Kohe (Williams). Passiflora tetrandra.

Kohe (Williams). Dysoxylum spectabile.

Kohekohe (Yate, Colenso, &c.). Dysoxylum spectabile.

Kohepi (Williams). Flowers of Dysoxylum spectabile.

Kohepiro (Williams). Angelica rosefolia.

Koheriki (Colenso, Williams). Angelica rosefolia.

Koheriki (Cunningham, Williams). Bidens pilosa.

Koheriki (Perey Smith). Welicope ternata.

Kohi (Hector). Schefflera digitata.

Kohia (Colenso, Williams). Passiflora tetrandra.

Kohoho (Colenso, Williams). Solanum aviculare.

Kohuhu (Colenso). Pttosporwm tenurfolium. e
Kohukohu (Colenso). Pittosporum tenuifolium.

Kohukohu (Lindsay). Stellaria media.

Kohukohu (Cunningham). Scleranthus biflorus.

Kohukohu (Percy Smith). A general name for Moss.
Kohuorangi (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Kohurangi (Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Kohutukutu (Colenso). Fuchsia excorticata. i
Koihu (Williams). P2ttosporwm tenuifolium.

Kokaha (Elsdon Best). Astelia Cunningham.

Kokaho (Handbook). Arundo conspicua. Doubtless a misspelling for Kakalho-.

Kokihi (Colenso, Williams). Tetragonia expansa and 7’, trigyna.
Kokomuka (Colenso, Williams). Veronica salicifolia.
Kokomuka-taranga (Williams). Veronica parviflora.

Kokorangi (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Kokoromiko (Williams). Veronica salicifolia.

Kokoromuka (Williams). Veronica salicifolia.

Komeke (Williams). Rhizome of Pterts aquilina prepared for eating
Konehu (Williams). Cultivated variety of I[pomea batatas.
Konehu-raupo (Williams). Pollen of Typha.

Konene (R. H. Matthews). Fruit of Cassytha paniculata.
Kongungu (Williams). Small tubers of Ivomea batatas.

Konini (Lyall, Williams). Fruit of Fuchsia excorticata.
Kopakipaki (Williams). Zea mays.

Kopakopa (Elsdon Best, Tregear). Trichomanes reniforme
Kopakopa (Tregear). Myosotidiwm nobile.

Kopakopa (Williams). Plantago spp.

Kopata (Lyall). Pelargonium australe.

Kopata (Colenso). Geum urbanum.

Kopi (Tregear). Corynocarpus levigatus. Chatham Islands.
Kopi (Polack). Fruit of Corynocarpus after steaming,

Kopia (Williams). Kernels of Corynocarpus prepared for eating.
Kopoti (Perey Smith). Ligusticum aromaticum.

Kopukapuka (Elsdon Best). Ranwneulus hirtus.

Kopungawha (Percy Smith). Several species of Juncus.
Kopupu (D’Urville). Scirpus lacustris.

Kopupungawha (Williams, E. B. Dickson). Scirpus lacustris.
Kopupungawha (E. B. Dickson). Several species of Juncus.
Kopupungawha (Lindsay). Typha angustifolia.

Korari (Colenso). Seape of Phormium tenax and P. Cookianum.

APPENDIX. 1099

Korari (Williams). Phormiwm tenax (the whole plant).

Korau (Colenso, Williams). Cyathea medullaris.

Korau (Williams). Brassica campestris.

Koreherehe (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea'batatas.
Koreirei (Colenso, Williams). Rhizome of 7'ypha.

Korikori (Tregear). Ranunculus insignis.

Korito (Perey Smith). Young shoots of Typha angustifolia.

Koroi (Colenso, Williams). Fruit of Podocarpus dacrydioides.
Korokio (Colenso, Williams). Corokia buddleovdes.

Korokio (H. C. Field). Lomaria capensis and L. vuleamca.
Korokio-taranga (Cunningham, Colenso). Corokia buddleoides.
Koromiko (Colenso, Williams). Veronica salicifolia and allied species.
Koromiko-taranga (Colenso). Veronica parviflora.
Koromiko-taranga (Williams). Pdmelea longifolia.

Koromuka (Colenso, &c.). Veronica salicifolia and allied species.
Koromuti (Hector). Panax simplex.

Koropiu (Percy Smith). Lomaria capensis.

Koropuka (Williams). Variety of Gaultheria antipoda.

Kotara (Elsdon Best). Panax Edgerleyi.

Kotete (Williams). Schefflera digitata.

Kotipo (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum.
Kotukutuku (Colenso, Williams). Fuchsia excorticata.

Kouka (Lindsay). Cordyline australis.

Kouka (Williams). Rhizome of Typha.

Kowhai (Colenso, Williams). Sophora tetraptera.

Kowhai (Elsdon Best). Geum urbanum.

Kowhaikura (Williams). Potentilla anserina.

Kowhaingutukaka (Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Clanthus puniceus.
Kowhangatara (E. B. Dickson). Spinifex hirsutus.

Kowharawhara (Colenso, Williams). Astelia Cunninghamii and A. Banksii.
Kowhitiwhiti (Lindsay). Nasturtium officinale.

Kowhiwhi (Williams). Pittosporum tenuifolium.

Kueo (Elsdon Best). Berries of Coprosma grandifolia.

Kumara (Polack, Cunningham, &c.). Ipomea batatas.

Kumarahou (Colenso, Williams). Pomaderris elliptica.

Kumarahou (R. H. Matthews). Pomaderris Edgerleyi.

Kumarahou (Williams). Qwintinia serrata.

Kumarahou (Elsdon Best). Angelica roscfolia.

Kumarahou (Elsdon Best). Olearia Colensoi.

Kumara-kai-torouka (Williams). Olearia furfuracea.

Kupapa (Cunningham). Passiflora tetrandra.

Kuranuipaka (Williams). Dicksonia fibrosa.

Kurarangi (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Jpomcea batatas.
Kurawaka (Perey Smith). Capsule of Phormium tenax.

Kurikuri (Lyall). Aciphylla squarrosa and A. Colensot.

Kuripaka (Williams). Dicksonia fibrosa.

Kuriwao (Hector). Rhipogonum scandens. Evidently a misspelling of Kareao.

Mahetau (Williams). Solanwm tuberosum.

Mahimahi (Colenso, Williams). 2le@ocarpus Hookerianus.
Mahoe (Yate, Cunningham, Colenso). Melicytus ramiflorus.
Mahoe (F. A. D. Cox). Hymenanthera Chathamica.
Mahoewao (Williams). Melicytus lanceolatus.

Mahonge (Williams). A cultivated variety of Cordyline.
Mahunu (Williams). Young shoots of Pteris aquilina.
Mahuri (Raoul). <Alternanthera sessilis.

Mai (Cunningham, Williams). Podocarpus spicatus.
Maikaika (Colenso). Orthoceras strictum.

Maikaika (Lyall). Thelymitra pulchella.

1100

APPENDIX.

Maikaika (Elsdon Best). Microtis porrifolia.

Maikaika (Colenso).

Arthropodium cirrhatum.

Maikuku (Percy Smith). Thelymitra longifolia.
Maire (Colenso, Williams). Olea Cunninghamii and OU. lanceolata.
Maire (Colenso, Williams). Fusanus Cunninghamit.

Mairehau (Colenso).

Phebalium nudum.

Maireraunui (Colenso). Olea Cunninghamit.
Mairetawhake (Colenso, Williams). Hugenia maire.

Makaka (Hector).
Makaka (Tregear).

Carmichaelia australis.
Ackama rosefolia.

Makakaka (Williams). Polygonum aviculare.

Makakauri (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatus.
Makatiti (Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Makomako (Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Aristotelia racemosa.

Makururangi (Colen
Makutu (Williams).

Mamaku (Colenso).

Manatu (Williams).

Mania (Williams).
Manihi (Williams).
Manoao (Colenso).
Manono (Williams).

Manukarauriki (Col
Maomao (Colenso).

Mapara (Colenso).

Mapere (Williams).
Mapou (Williams).
Mapua (Colenso).

Maratata (Williams
Marere (Williams).
Mariri (Williams).
Marohi (Williams).
Maru (Williams).
Maru (Colenso, Wil

Makora (F. A. D. Cox). Olearia semidentata.

so). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.
Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Mamaika (Williams). Orthoceras strictum.
Mamaku (Colenso, Williams, &c.). Cyathea medullaris.

Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Mamangi (Williams). Coprosma Baueri.
Mamangi (E. B. Dickson). Coprosma arborea.

Plagianthus betulinus.

Manawa (Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Avicennia officinalis.
Mangahuripapa (Elsdon Best). Libertia ixioides.

Mangeao (Colenso, Williams). Litscea calicaris.
Mangemange (Colenso, Williams). Lygodiwm articulatum.

Carex lucida.
Potamogeton natans and P. Cheesemanit.
Dacrydium Colensot.

Coprosma grandiflora.

Manuka (Colenso, Williams, &c.). Leptospermum scoparium.

enso). Leptospermum ericordes.
Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Maomao (Williams). A variety of Phormiwm tenaz.

Heart-wood of Dacrydiwm cupressinum.

Mapau (Colenso, Williams). Myrsine Urvillet.
Mapauriki (Cunningham). Pittosporum tenuifoliwm.

Gahnia spp.
Myrsine Urvillet.
Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Maramawhiti (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipome@a batatas.

). Polypodium Billardiert.
Variety of !pomea batatas used in the ceremony of “ pur .”
Unripe fruit of Beilschmiedia Tawa.
Rhizome of Pteris aquilina.
Leptospermum ericoides.
liams). Sparganium antipodum.

Maruru (Elsdon Best). Ranunculus hirtus.

Mata (Williams).

Carex teretiuscula.

Matai (Yate, Colenso, Williams, &c.). Podocarpus spicatus.

Mataira (F. A. D.
Matakauri (Colenso

Cox). Myrsine Urvillet. Chatham Islands.
, Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Matamatahuia (Williams). Linwm monogynum.

Matangoa (Hugel).
Matata (Williams).

Cardamine stylosa.
Rhabdothamnus Solandri.

Matata (Elsdon Best). Pteris scaberwla and P. incisa.

Matatiti (Colenso).

Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

APPENDIX. 1101

Matau (Elsdon Best). Uncinia spp.

Matau-a-Maui (Williams). Uncinia australis.

Matauririki (Elsdon Best). Uncinia leptostachya and U. riparia.

Matawaiwai (Williams). Cultivated variety of lpomea batatas.

Mati (Tregear). Fruit of Fuchsia excorticata.

Matipou (Lyall, Williams). Myrsine Urvillei.

Matou (Williams). Fruit of Drimys azillaris.

Matuakumara (Colenso). Geranium dissectum.

Matuamauku (Elsdon Best). Hymenophyllum dilatatum.

Matukuroimata (R. H. Matthews). Alsewosmia quercifolia, A. Banksii, and
A. linearifolia.

Maukoro (Lindsay, Williams). Carmichaelia flagelliformis.

Mauku (Williams). Cordyline pumilio.

Mauku (Williams). Hymenophyllum spp.

Mauku (Elsdon Best). Aspleniwm bulbiferum.

Maurea (Williams). Carex lucida and C. comans.

Mauri (Elsdon Best). Astelia sp.

Mauri (Williams). Totara timber of dark colour.

Mawe (Elsdon Best). Galiwm wmbrosum.

Mawhai (Colenso, Williams). Sicyos angulatus.

Mawhai (R. H. Matthews). Cassytha paniculata.

Meke (Williams). Rhizome of Pteris aquilina.

Mengirangi (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Mikimiki (Williams). Cyathodes acerosa.

Miko (Williams). Rhopalostylis sapida.

Mikoikoi (Perey Smith). Libertia ixioides.

Mingi (Lindsay). Coprosma propinqua.

Mingi (Colenso). Cyathodes acerosa and Leucopogon fasciculatus.

Mingimingi (Lindsay, Williams). Cyathodes acerosa and Leucopogon fasciculaius.

Miro (Yate, Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Podocarpus ferrugineus.

Moeahu (Williams). Melicytus ramiflorus.

eres) (yyilliamis)) Rhizome of Preris aguili

Moheke ; (Williams). Zi of Pteris aquilina.

Moii (Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.

Mokimoki (Colenso). Doodia caudata.

Mokimoki (Williams). Mentha Cunninghamii.

Mokopiko (Bidwill). Libocedrus Doniana.

Monehu (Williams). Young shoots of Péteris aquilina.

Monenehu (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Monoao (Williams). Dracophyllum subulatum.

More (Williams). A variety of the timber of Agathis australis.

Motuhanga (Percy Smith). Rhizome of Pteris aquilina.

Mouki (Perey Smith). Aspleniwm bulbiferwm.

Mouku (Tregear). Marattia salicina.

Mouku (Perey Smith). Aspleniuwm bulbiferum.

Mounga (H. C. Field). Lygodium articulatum.

Muka (Mantell, Williams). Rhopalostylis sapida.

Muka (Colenso, Williams). Prepared fibre of Phormium.

Mukimuki (Williams). Doodia caudata.

Munga (Williams). Rhopalostylis sapida.

Nahinahi (Lindsay, Williams). Calystegia sepium.
Nahui (Cunningham). Alternanthera sessilis.
Namunamu (Elsdon Best). Geranium molle.
Nani (Williams). Brassica campestris.

Nao (D’Urville). Linum monogynum.

Napuka (Cunningham). Veronica speciosa.

Nau (Williams). Lepidium oleracewm.

1102 APPENDIX.

Naupata (Colenso, Williams). Coprosma Baueri.

Naupiro (Tregear). Coprosma fatidissima.

Neinei (Colenso, Williams). Dracophyllum latifoliwm.

Neinei (Lyall). Carmichaelia spp.

Neineikura (Williams). Hemitelia Smithii.

Ngaio (Colenso, Williams). Myoporwm letum.

Ngakaukore (Tregear). Carmichaelia sp.

Ngakaukuri (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Ngakomoa (Colenso). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.

Ngapara (Percy Smith). Resinous heart-wood of Dacrydium cupressinum.
Ngaue (Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Ngawha (Lindsay). Typha angustifolia.

Ngohungohu (Elsdon Best). Cyathodes acerosa and Leucopogon fasciculatus.
Ngongoro (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Nikau (Cunningham, Colenso, Williams, &c.). Rhopalostylis sapida.
Niko (Williams). Brassica sp.

Niniao (Elsdon Best). Helichrysum glomeratum.

Niniwa (Williams). Gaultheria oppositifolia.

Oho (Hector, Tregear). Pseudopanax Lessonii. Probably a mistake for}Houhou.
Ohoeka (Lindsay, Williams). Psewdopanax crassifolium.

Oioi (Colenso). Leptocarpus simplex.

Ongaonga (Colenso, Williams). Urtica ferox and U. inctsua.

Orewa (Hector). Sideroxylon costatwm.

Oru (Cunningham, Colenso). Colensoa physaloides.

Oue (Williams). A variety of Phormium tenax.

Paea (Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.

Paea (Perey Smith). Brassica oleracea.

Paeangaanga (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorwme
Paetai (Percy Smith). <Avicennia officinalis.

Pahau (Percy Smith). Cultivated variety of Lagenaria vulgaris.
Pahau-kakapo (Elsdon Best). Dawsonia superba.

Pahautea (Colenso). Libocedrus Bidwillit.

Pahengahenga (Williams). Genzostoma ligustrifolium.
Paihaukaka (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Pakakohi (Williams). Rhizome of Pteris aquilina.

Pakaue (Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Pakauroharoha (Elsdon Best). Polypodiwm pennigerum.
Pakue (Hector). Dicksonia squarrosa.

Panahi (Colenso). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.
Panahi (Colenso, Williams). Calystegia sepium.

Panahi (R. H. Matthews). “[pomea palmata.

Panake (Colenso). Calystegia sepium.

Panakenake (Elsdon Best). Pratia angulata.

Panako (Williams). Aspleniwm obtusatum and A. lucidum.
Panapana (Colenso). Cardamine hirsuta.

Pane (Colenso). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.

Papa (Williams). Geniostoma ligustrifolium.

Papahaoa (Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.
Papaii (Colenso). Aczphylla squarrosa.

Papaka (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum.
Papakoura (Elsdon Best). Hpilobiwm microphyllum.
Papataniwhaniwha (Williams). Lagenophora Forsteri.
Papauma (Colenso). Coprosma grandifolia.

Papauma (Williams). Griselinia littoralis.

Para (Colenso, Williams). Marattia fraxinea.

Para (Williams). Cultivated variety of Cordyline.
Paraharaha, Elsdon Best). Polypodium Billardieri.

APPENDIX. 1103.

Parahia (Colenso). Chenopodium pusillum.

Parakaraka (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Paranako (Williams). Aspleniwm obtusatum and A. lucidum.

Parani (Elsdon Best). Lagenophora petiolata.

Parapara (Colenso). Pisonia Brunoniana.

Parapara (Williams). Pseudopanax Lessonii.

Parapara (Elsdon Best). Panax arborewm.

Parara (Williams). Rhizome of Pteris aquilina.

Parareka (Williams). Solanwm tuberosum.

Parareka (H. ©. Field). Marattia fraxinea.

Parataniwha (Lyall, Colenso). Hlatostemma rugosum.

Paratawhiti (Williams). Orthoceras strictum.

Paratawhiti (H. C. Field, E. B. Dickson). Marattia fraxine

Parate (Williams). Zea mays.

Parenako (Williams). Aspleniwm obtusatum and A. lucidum.

Parerarera (Lindsay, Williams). Plantago sp.

Paretao (Colenso). Aspleniwm obtusatum and A. lucidum.

Paretarakihi (Percy Smith). Cultivated variety of Lagenaria vulgaris,

Paretaua (Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.

Parete (Williams). Solanum tuberosum.

Paritaniwha (Williams). Variety of Phormiwm tenax.

Pata (Williams). Leptospermum scoparium.

Patai (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Patate (Lyall, Williams). Schefflera digitata.

Pate (Polack, Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Schejflera digitata.

Patea (Colenso). Cultivated variety of /pomea batatas,

Patete (Williams). Schefflera digitata.

Patiti (Williams). MWicrolena stipoides.

Patiti (Tregear). Agropyrum scabrum.

Patotara (Colenso, Elsdon Best). Leucopogon Fraseri.

Patotara (Lyall). Cyathodes acerosa.

Patotara (Colenso). Botrychiwm ternatum.

Patutiketike (Elsdon Best). Coprosma grandifolia and C. lucida.

Pau (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum.

Pauaatahu (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Pehiakura (Williams). Dicksonia squarrosa. Erroneously spelled by Lindsay as
Oehiakuri, and inserted in that form in the ‘“‘ Handbook.”

Pehu (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Pehu (Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Pekapeka (Lyall). Hrechtites quadridentata.

Peka-a-waka (Elsdon Best). Harina mucronata.

Pekepeke (Williams). Celmisia longifolia.

Peoi (Williams). Solanum aviculare.

Pepepe (Williams). Cladium Sinclairit.

Pepepe (Elsdon Best). Dianella intermedia.

Pere (Colenso). Alseuosmia Banksii.

Perehia (Williams). Deyeuxia Forstert.

Perei (Colenso). Gastrodia Cunninghamii.

Peretao (Elsdon Best). Lomaria Patersoni.

Peretao (Elsdon Best). Asplenium falcatum.

Petako (Elsdon Best). Aspleniwm falcatum.

Petipeti (Elsdon Best). Lomaria discolor

Piamanuka (Colenso). Manna-like exudation of Leptospermum scoparvum.

Piho (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum.

Pikiarero (Colenso). Clematis hexasepala and C. indivisa.

Pikirangi (Tregear). Loranthus sp.

Pikoko (Williams). <A variety of Phormium tenaz.

Pinakitere (Lindsay). Geraniwm dissectum.

Pivakitere (Williams). Ligusticum sp.

1104 APPENDIX.

Pinatoro (Williams). Pimelea levigata.

Pingao (Colenso, Williams). Scirpus frondosus.

Piopio (Williams). Dianella intermedia.

Pipiko (Elsdon Best). Aspidiwm Richardi.

Pipiko-kauhangaroa (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Pirikahu (Colenso, Williams). Acena sanguisorbe.

Pirinoa (Williams). Loranthus sp.

Piripiri (Colenso, Williams). Acena sanguisorbe.

Piripiri (Cunningham, Williams). Haloragis tetragyna and H. micrantha.

Piripiri (Colenso). Bulbophyllum pygmceum.

Piripiri (Williams, Elsdon Best). Hymenophyllum polyanthos and H. demissum.

Piripiriwhata (Cunningham, Williams). Carpodetus serratus.

Pirita (Colenso, Williams). Rhipogonum scandens.

Pirita (Colenso). Twpeia antarctica.

Piriwhetau (Williams). Acwna sanguisorbe.

Pitau (Lindsay, H. C. Field). Cyathea medullaris.

Piupiu (Colenso). Polypodium pennigerum.

Piupiu (Williams). Lomaria procera.

Piupiu (H. C. Field). Lomaria discolor.

Poananga (Williams). Clematis hexasepala.

Poataniwha (Elsdon Best). Melicope simplex.

Pohata (Williams). Brassica campestris.

Pohue (Colenso). Calystegia sepium.

Pohuehue (Williams). Muhlenbeckia complexa.

Pohuehue (Hector). Passiflora tetrandra.

Pohutukawa (Yate, Cunningham, Colenso). Metrosideros tomentosa.

Pohutukawa (Colenso). Aspleniwm flaccidum.

Pohutukawa (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Poipapa (E. B. Dickson). Chenopodium triandrum.

Pokaka (Colenso, Williams). Hlwocarpus Hookerianus. In some districts also
applied to H. dentatus.

hacen (Williams). Fruit of Beilschmiedia Tawc.

Pokerekahu (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Pokopokonuihauru. Clematis parviflora.

Ponga (Colenso, Williams, &c.). Cyathea dealbata.

Pongi (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Poniu (Williams). Nasturtium palustre.

Popihui (Hector). Libertia pulchella.

Popohui (Hector). Arthropodium cirrhatum.

Popopo (E. B. Dickson). Solanum aviculare.

Poporo (Williams). Solanum aviculare and S. nigrum.

Poporokaiwhiri (Williams). Hedycarya dentata.

Poranga (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Porerarua (Williams). Hrigeron canadensis.

Porokaiwhiria (Colenso). Hedycarya dentata.

Poroporo (Cunningham, Colenso, Williams, &c.). Solanum aviculare and S.
nigrum.

Poroporo-tanguru (Williams). Solanum avieware.

Pororua (Colenso, Williams). Sonchus oleraceus.

Potaetae (Williams). Clematis hexasepala.

Potango (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Potango (Williams). A variety of Phormium tenax.

Pou (Kirk). Sideroxylon costatum.

Pouaka (Williams). Festuca littoralis.

Pouhawaiki (Williams). Hrigeron canadensis.

Powhiwhi (R. H. Matthews). Ipomea palmata.

Powhiwhi (R. H. Matthews). Calystegia tuguriorum.

APPENDIX.

Powhiwhi (E. B. Dickson). Passiflora tetrandra.

Puahou (Elsdon Best). Panax arborewm.

Puakaito (Elsdon Best). Celmisia spectabilis.

Puakarimu (E. B. Dickson). Lycopodium densum.

Pua-o-te-reinga (Rev. R. Taylor). Dactylanthus Taylori.

Puarangitoto (Williams). Senecio perdicioides.

Puareinga (Rev. R. Taylor). Dactylanthus Taylori.

Puarere (Tregear). Spinifex hirsutus.

Puatahoe (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas

Puatataua (E. B. Dickson). Clematis hexasepala.

Puataua (Perey Smith). Clematis hexasepala.

Puatautaua (Williams). Clematis hexasepala.

Puatawhiwhi (Williams). MJetrosideros florida.

Puatea (Williams). Gnaphaliwm keriense.

Puatea (E. B. Dickson). Craspedia fimbriata.

Puawananga (Colenso, Lindsay, &c.). Clematis indivisa. Sometimes
Puawhananga.

Puharetaiko (Kirk). Celmisia spectabilis.

Puheretaiko (Lyall, Traill). Senecio rotundifolius.

Puhikawa. Drimys azxillaris.

Puhou (Lyall, Williams). Coriaria ruscifolia.

Puka (Colenso). Meryta Sinclairit.

Puka (Colenso, Williams). Griselinia lucida.

Puka (Elsdon Best). Hugenia maire.

Puka (Cunningham, Colenso, Williams). Muhlenbeckia australis.

Pukapuka (Colenso, Williams). Brachyglottis repanda.

Pukariao (Tregear). Paratrophis heterophylla.

Pukariao (Hector). Brachyglottis repanda.

Pukatea (Colenso, Williams, &c.). Lawrelia nove-zelandie.

Pukurau (Williams). Jleodictyon cibarium.

Punawaru (Williams). Stegesbeckia orientalis.

Punaweta (Traill). Carpodetus serratus.

Pungapunga (Colenso, Williams). Pollen of Typha angustifolia.

Puniu (Elsdon Best). TYodea superba.

Puniu (Williams). Aspidiwm aculeatum.

Punui (Williams). <Aralia Lyallii.

Punui (Colenso). Cyathea Cunninghamii.

Punuiarata (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Purata (Colenso). Cultivated variety of I1pomea batatas.

Purekireki (Williams). Carex teretiuscula.

Puriri (Yate, Polack, Cunningham, &c.). Vitex lucens.

Putaputaweta (Williams). Carpodetus serratus.

Puwatawata (Elsdon Best). Hnargea marginata.

Puwha (Colenso). Sonchus oleraceus.

Puwharawhara (Williams). Astelia Banksii.

Puwharetaiko (Williams). Senecio rotundifolius.

Puwhaureroa (Williams). Senecio latifolius.

Puwhaureroa (Williams). Pisonia Brunoniana.

Rahurahu (Lindsay, Williams). Pteris aquilina.
Ramarama (Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Myrtus bullata.
Ramarama (Williams). Drimys colorata.

Rangiora (Colenso, Williams). Brachyglottis Rangiora.
Raoriki (Williams). Ranunculus macropus.

Raparaparuru (Williams). A variety of Solanum tuberosum.
Rape (Williams). A variety of Solanwm tuberosum.

Rarahu )
Rarauhe |
Rata (Yate, Polack, Cunningham, &c.). Metrosideros robusta,

(Williams). Pteris aquilina.

1105

spelled

1105 APPENDIX.

Rata (Lyall). MWetrosideros lucida.

Rata (Lyall). Metrosideros florida.

Ratapiki (Cunningham). Metrosideros florida.

Rataroa (Elsdon Best). Variety of Phormium tenax.
Rauaruhe (Williams). Pteris aquilina.

Rauhuia (Colenso). Linwm monogynum.

Raukatauri (Elsdon Best). Asplenium flaccidum.

Raukawa (Colenso). Panax Hdgerleyi.

Raukumara (Williams). Senecio perdicioides.

Raumanga (HK. B. Dickson). Polypodiwm Billardieri.
Raumataki (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Raumoa (Tregear). Spinifex hirsutus.

Raupeka (Elsdon Best). Harina suaveolens.

Raupeti (Colenso, Williams). Solanum nigrum.

Raupo (Polack, Colenso, Williams). Typha angustifolia.
Raurakau (Williams). Brachyglottis repanda.

Raurakau (Williams). Coprosma grandifolia.

Rauraua (Edgerley). Panax Edgerleyi.

Raurekau (Williams). Coprosma grandifolia.

Raurenga (Williams). TZ'richomanes reniforme.

Rauriki (Williams). Sonchus olzraceus.

Rauroroa (Williams). Sonchus asper.

Rautahi (Colenso). Carex ternaria.

Rautawhiri (Williams). Pittosporum tenuifolium and P. Colensoi.
Rautini (G. Mair). Senecio Huntii.

Rauwiri (Cunningham). Leptospermum ericoides.

Renga (Williams). Rhizome of Pteris aquilina.

Rengarenga (Yate, Colenso, Williams). Arthropodium cirrhatum.
Rengarenga (Williams). Tetragonia expansa.

Repehina (Williams). Deyeuxia Forsteri.

Repehina-papa (Elsdon Best). Arthropodium candidum.
Rerehape (Williams). A variety of Phormium tenaz.

Rereti (Elsdon Best). Lomaria lanceolata.

Rerewai (Williams). Potamogeton natans and P. Cheesemanii.
Retoreto (Williams). <Azolla rubra.

Rewarewa (Yate, Polack, Cunningham). <Anightia excelsa.
Rimu (Yate, Polack, Cunningham). Dacrydium cwpressinum.
Rimu (Bidwill). Dacrydiwm laxifolium.

Rimurapa (Williams). D? Urvillea utilis.

Ririwaka (Colenso, Williams). Scirpus maritimus.

Riwai (Williams). A general name for Solanum tuberosum.
Rohutu (Colenso, Williams). MWyrtus pedunculata and M. obcordata.
Roi (Colenso, Williams). Rhizome of Pteris aquwilina.
Rokeroke (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum
Rongotainui (Williams). A variety of Phormium tenazx.
Ronui (Colenso). Brachycome odorata.

Ropi (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum.
Rororo (Williams). Olea montana.

Rukutia (Williams). A variety of Phormium tenaz.

Runa (Williams). Rumex flexuosus.

Runa (Cunningham). Plagianthus divaricatus.

Rutitira (F. A. D. Cox). Cyathodes robusta.

Taeaka (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum.
Taewa (Williams). A general name for Solanum tuberosum.
Tahanui (Williams). Cultivated variety of Cordyline.
Tahune (Williams). Downy seeds of Typha.

Taiawa (Williams). A general name for Solanum tuberosui.
Taikura (Williams). Heart-wood of timber trees.

Tainui (Hector, Williams). Pomaderris apetala.

APPENDIX. 1107

‘Taitea (Williams). Sap-wood of timber trees.

Takaka (Williams). Pteris aquilina.

Takaka (Percy Smith). Melicope ternata.

‘Takatakapo (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

‘Takirikau (Williams). Applied to strong-fibred varicties of Phormiwm tenax.

Tamingi (Hector). Hpacris pauciflora.

Tamure (Williams). A variety of Phormiwm tenaz.

Tanae (Williams). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

‘Taneawai (Williams). A variety of Phormiwm tenax with bronzy foliage.

Tanehurangi (Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.

‘Tanekaha (Yate, Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Phyllocladus trichomano<des.

Tangeao (Colenso, Williams). Litscaa calicaris.

Tangeo (Williams). Litsca calicaris.

Tanguru (Williams). Olearia furfuracea.

‘Tapairu (Williams, Elsdon Best). Senecio Kirkiv.

Tapatapauma (Williams). Griselinia littoralis.

Tapatapauma (Williams). Coprosma grandifolia.

Tapia (Elsdon Best). T'wpeia antarctica.

‘Tapoto (Williams). Applied to strong-fibred varieties of Phormium tenaz.

Taputini (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Tapuwaekotuku (Williams). Gleichenia Cunninghamii.

Taraheke (Williams). Rubus australis.

‘Taraire (Polack, Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Beilschmiedia Tarairi.

Taramaui (Williams). Panax sp.

Taramea (Colenso, Williams). Aciphylla Colensoi.

‘Taramoa (Colenso). Rubus australis.

Taranga (Williams). Pimelea longifolia.

Tarangarara (Williams). Gahnia lacera.

Taranui (Williams). Paspalum scrobiculatum.

Tarata (Colenso, Williams). Pittosporwm eugenioides.

‘Taratamata (Williams). Cultivated variety of I[pomea batatas.

Tarawera (Percy Smith). Pteris tremula.

Tarikupenga (Tregear). Lygodium articulatum.

Taringa-o-Tiakiwai (Williams). The fungus Hirneola polytricha.

Taro (Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Colocasia antiquorum.

‘Taro-hoia (Colenso, Williams). A recently introduced variety of Colocasia
antiquorum.

Taroa (Williams). Variety of Phormiwm tenaz.

Tarutaru (Williams). A general name for grasses, especially the smaller species.

Tatairongo (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum

Tataka (Mantell). Melicope ternata.

Tatarahake )

Tataraheke }

Tataramoa (Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Rubus australis.

Tataramoa-turuhunga (Elsdon Best). Rubus australis.

Tauhinu (Colenso, Williams). Pomaderris phylicefolia.

Tauhinu (Hector). Podocarpus nivalis.

Tauhinu-korokio (Williams). Cassinia leptophylla.

Tauhinu-koromiko (Williams). Cassinia leptophylla.

Tauparapara (Elsdon Best). Panax arboreum.

Taupata (Percy Smith). Coprosma Baueri.

Taurapunga (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of I[pomea batatas.

Tautamahei (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum

Tawa (Yate, Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Beilschmiedia Tawa.

Tawai (Bidwill, Colenso, Williams). Fagus fusca and F. Menziesii.

Tawairauriki (Hector). Fagus Solandri.

Tawaiwai (Lindsay, Williams). Phyllocladus trichomanoides.

Tawao (Williams). Carmichelia sp.

Tawapou (Colenso, Williams). Szderoxylon costatum.

“‘Tawari (Colenso, Williams). Jxerba brexioides.

(Colenso). Coprosma acerosa.

1108 APPENDIX.

Taweke (Williams). Sonchus asper.

Taweku (Lindsay, Williams). Coriaria rusevfolia.

Tawhai (Colenso, Williams). Fagus Menziesti and F. Solandri.

Tawhairaunui (Colenso). Fagus fusca.

Tawhairauriki (Colenso). Fagus Solandri.

Tawhara (Colenso, Williams). Flowers of Freycinetia Banksii.

Tawhero (Lyall, Colenso, Williams). Weinmannia sylvicola and W. racemosa.

Tawhewheo (Williams, Elsdon Best). Quintinia serrata.

Tawhiri (Williams). Pittosporum tenuifoliwm.

Tawhirikaro (Lindsay). Pittosporum cornifoliwm.

Tawhiwhi (Colenso). Pittosporwm tenuifolium.

Tawiniwini (Elsdon Best). Gaultheria antipoda.

Tete (Williams). T'odea superba.

Teteaweka (Traill, Williams). Olearia angustifolia.

Teterereia (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Teure (Williams). Fruit of Freycinetia Banksit.

Ti (Colenso, &c.). A general name for all the species of Cordyline.

Ti-kapu (Colenso, Williams). Cordyline indivisa.

Ti-kapu (Elsdon Best). Cordyline Banksit.

Ti-kauka (Williams). Cordyline australis.

Ti-koraha (Colenso). Cordyline pumilio.

Ti-kouka (Colenso, Williams). Cordyline australis.

Ti-kupenga (Lindsay). Cordyline pumilio.

Ti-mahonge (Williams). A subvariety of the Ti-para.

Ti-matakutai (Williams). Cordyline indivisa.

Ti-ngahere (Williams). Cordyline Banksi.

Ti-para (Williams). Cordyline sp. Cultivated for the sugary root.

Ti-parae (Hector). Cordyline Banksu.

Ti-pore (Archdeacon Walsh). Cordyline terminalis.

Ti-rakau (Hector). Cordyline australis.

Ti-tahanui (Williams). A variety of the Ti-para.

Ti-tawhiti (Hector). Cordyline sp.

Ti-toi (Williams). Cordyline indivisa.

Ti-torere (Williams). Cordyline Banksit.

Ti-whanake (Williams). Cordyline australis.

Tihore (Hector, Williams, &c.). A name applied to a variety of Phormium tenax
with remarkably strong fibre.

Tika (Williams). Phormium tenax (ordinary varieties).

Tikumu (Colenso). Celmisia coriacea.

Tio (Williams). Dicksonia squarrosa.

Tipau (Colenso, Williams). Myrsine Urvillet.

Tirori (Percy Smith). Fruit of Preycinetia Banksii.

Titirangi (Lyall). Veronica speciosa.

Titoki (Colenso, Williams). Alectryon excelsum.

Titongi (Colenso, Williams). Alectryon excelsum.

Toatoa (Colenso). Phyllocladus trichomanoides and P. glauca.

Toatoa (D’ Urville, Williams). Haloragis alata.

Toetoe (Colenso, &c.). Arundo conspicua.

Toetoe (Colenso, &c.). Mariscus ustulatus.

Toetoe (Williams). A general name for large-leaved grasses and sedges.

Toetoe-hunangamoho (Williams). Danthonia Cunninghamii.

Toetoe-kakaho (Williams). Arundo conspicua.

Toetoe-kiwi (Williams). Gahnia lacera.

Toetoe-rautahi (Williams). Carex ternaria.

Toetoe-tarangarara (Williams). Gahnia lacera.

Toetoe-tuhara (Williams). Cladiwm Sinclairit.

Toetoe-upokotangata (Williams). Mariscus ustulatus.

Toetoe-whatumanu (Lyall, Williams). Mariscus ustulatus.

APPENDIX.

Toheraoa (Williams). Deyeuaxia Forsteri.

Toi (Colenso). Barbarea vulgaris.

Toii (Colenso, &c.). Cordyline indivisa.

Toikahikatea (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Toitoi (Colenso). Cultivated variety of 1pomea batatas.
Tokitoki (Williams). Alectryon excelsum.

Tokotokohau (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Tongitongi (Williams). Alectryon excelswm.

Topitopi (Mantell). Alectryon excelsum.

Toro (Colenso, Williams). Persoonia Toru.

Toro (Williams). Myrsine salicina.

Toroamahoe (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of I[pomea batatas.

Toroheke (Williams). Pimelea arenaria.

Toromiro (Colenso, Williams). Podocarpus ferrugineus.
Toropapa (J. Adams). <Alsewosmia macrophylla.
Toropapa (Elsdon Best). Alseuosmia quercifolia.
Toroputa (Perey Smith). Gaultheria sp. :
Torotoro (Lindsay, Williams). Metrosideros scandens.
Torowhenua (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Toru (Colenso). Persoonia Toru.

Totara (Yate, Polack, Cunningham). Podocarpus totara.
Totara (Lindsay). Cyathodes acerosa.

Totara (Colenso, Williams). Leucopogon Frasert.
Totara-kiri-kotukutuku (Mantell). Libocedrus Doniana.
Totoroene (Elsdon Best). Parsonsia capsularis.
Totorowhiti (Williams). Dracophyllum strictum.

1109

Towai (Cunningham, Williams, &c.). Weinmannia sylvicola and W. racemosa.

Towai (Raoul). Paratrophis heterophylla.

Tuakura (Lindsay, Williams). Dicksonia squarrosa.
Tuanui (Williams). A variety of Podocarpus totara.
Tuhara (Williams). Cladiuwm Sinclairii.

Tukauki (Williams). Libertia ixioides.

Tuakirunga (Colenso). Dicksonia fibrosa.

Tukorehu (Lindsay, Williams). Plantago sp.

Tukou (Colenso). Cultivated variety of lpomea batatas.
Tumatakuri (Colenso). Discaria Toumatou.
Tumatakuru (Elsdon Best). Aciphylla squarrosa.
Tumatakuru (Colenso, Williams). Discaria Toumatou.
Tumingi (Williams). Leucopogon fasciculatus.

Tumingi (Lyall). Cyathodes acerosa.

Tuokura (Elsdon Best). Dicksonia squarrosa.

Tupakihi (Polack, Cunningham, Colenso). Cortaria ruscifolia.
Tupare (Traill, Williams). Olearia Colensoi.

Tupari (Hector). Olearia operina and O. Lyallit.
Tupari (Percy Smith). Lomaria procera.

Tuputupu (Polack). Avicennia officinalis.

Turawera (Colenso). Pteris tremula.

Turepo (Williams). Paratrophis heterophylla.
Turikakoa (Williams). Spinifex hirsutus.

Turikoka (Williams). Deyeuaxia Forsteri.

Turitaka (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Turutu (Lindsay, Williams). Dianella intermedia.
Turutu (Lyall). Lzabertia ixioides.

Tutaeikamoana (Williams). Tetragonia expansa.
Tutaekaahu (E. B. Dickson). Oxalis magellanica.
Tutaekiore (E. B. Dickson). Hwphrasia cuneata.
Tutaekoau (Williams). <Apiwm australe.

Tutaetara (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

1110 APPENDIX.

Tutahuna (Elsdon Best). Raoulia tenwicaulis.

Tutanga (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.
Tutoke (Elsdon Best). Aspidium Richardt. '
Tutu (Lyall, Lindsay, Williams). Coriaria ruscifolia.
Tutuhanga (Colenso). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.
Tutuheuheu (Mantell). Coriaria thymifolia.

Tutukiwi (Elsdon Best). Pterostylis Banksit.

Tutumako (Williams). Hwphrasia cuneata.

Tutunawai (Colenso, Williams). Polygonum serrulatum.
Tutupapa (Colenso, Williams). Cortaria thymifolia.

Upokotangata (Colenso). Mariscus ustulatus.

Upokotiketike (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.
Ureure (Colenso, Williams). Fruit of Freycinetia Banksii.

Ururangi (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Uwhi (Williams). Variety of Solanum tuberosum.

Uwhikaho (Williams). Dioscorea sp.

Uwhipara (Tregear). Marattia fraxinea.

Waekahu (Lindsay). Lycopodium volubile.

Waekahu (Williams). Muhlenbeckia complexa.

Waekura (Elsdon Best). Gleichenia Cunninghamii.

Waeruru (Williams). Cultivated variety of Solanum tuberosum.

Waewaekaka (Colenso, Williams). Gleichenia circinata.

Waewaekoukou (Colenso, Williams). Lycopodium volubile.

Waewaekoukou (R. H. Matthews). Lycopodium densum.

Waewaematuku (Colenso). Gleichenia circinata.

Waiha (Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.

Waina (Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomaa batatas.

Wairuaarangi (Colenso). Cultivated variety of Colocasia antiquorum.

Waiuatua (Colenso). Huphorbia glauca.

Waiuatua (Williams). Rhabdothamnus Solandri.

Waiuatua (Williams). Gawltheria oppositifolia.

Waiuokahukura (Williams). Huphorbia glauca.

Waniwani (Colenso, Williams). Cultivated variety of Ipomea batatas.

Waoriki (Elsdon Best). Ranunculus rivularis.

Wawaupaku (Colenso). Panax anomalum. More correctly Whauwhaupaku.

' Wekeweke (Williams). Sonchus asper.

Weki (Colenso). Dicksonia squarrosa. Same as Wheki, which is a more common
spelling.

Wenewene (Williams). Cultivated variety of Lagenaria vulgaris.

Weni (Williams). Cultivated variety of [pomea batatas.

Whakakumu (Colenso). Cultivated variety of [pomeea batatas.

Whakapiopio (Lindsay, Williams). Metrosideros scandens.

Whakatangitangi (Lindsay, Williams). Metrosideros florida.

Whakatata (Tregear). Corokia buddleoides.

Whakatata (F. A. D. Cox). Corokia macrocarpa.

Whakou (Elsdon Best). Flowers of Izerba brexioides.

Whanake (Williams). Cordyline australis.

Whangai-rangatira (Percy Smith). Cultivated variety of Lagenaria vulgaris.

Wharangi (Colenso, Williams). MWelicope ternata.

Wharangipiro (Lyall). Olearia Cunninghamit.

Wharangipiro (Williams). Olearia furfuracea.

Wharangipiro (Colenso). Melicope ternata.

Wharangitawhito (Tregear). Brachyglotiis repanda.

Wharanui (Williams). Variety of Phormium tenax.

Wharariki (Williams). Phormium Cookianum.

Wharawhara (Williams). Astelia Banksiv.

APPENDIX. 1111

Wharengarara (Williams). Pimelea levigata.
Wharewhareatua (Williams). Pittosporum cornifolium.
Whau (Cunningham, Colenso, &c.). Hntelea arborescens.
Whaupaku (Williams). Panax arborewm.

Whauwhau (Lindsay). Gaya Lyallii.

Whauwhau (Cunningham). Pseudopanax Lessonii.
Whauwhau (Williams). Panax arboreum.
Whauwhaupaku (Colenso). Panax arboreum.

Whauwhi (Colenso, Williams). Hoheria populnea.
Whauwhi (Hector). Plagianthus betulinus.

Whauwhi (Lyall). Gaya Lyalli.

Whawhakou (Hector). Hugenia maire.

Whe (Williams). Hemitelia Smithii.

Wheki (Williams). Dicksonia squarrosa.

Whekikohunga (Williams). Dicksonia fibrosa.
Whekiponga (Colenso, Williams). Dicksonia fibrosa.
Wheterau (Williams). Jleodictyon cibariwm.

Whinau (Williams). Hlcocarpus dentatus.

Whinaupuka (Elsdon Best). Elaocarpus Hookerianus.
Whiri-o-Raukatauri (Elsdon Best). Aspleniwm flaceidum.
Whiri-o-Raukatauri (Elsdon Best). Lycopodium Billardieri.
Whitau (Mantell, Williams). Dressed fibre of Phormium.
Wi (Colenso, &c.). Juncus effusus and other species.

Wi (Williams). Poa cespitosa.

Wiwi (Colenso, Williams). Juncus effusus and J. maritimus.
Wiwi (Lyall). Scirpus nodosus.

aay APPENDIX.

IV. GLOSSARY.

ABERRANT. Deviating from the established rule or type.

ApBNoRMAL. Contrary to rule; deviating from the usual structure.

AxportTiIon. Suppression or imperfect development of any part.

AportivE. Imperfectly developed, as in the case of stamens which do not bear
anthers.

Asrupr. Terminating suddenly as if the end were cut or broken off.

ABRUPTLY ACUMINATE. Ending in a point arising from a broad extremity.

ABRUPTLY PINNATE. Applied to a pinnate leaf when it ends with a pair of leaflets.

ACAULESCENT. Stemless, or without a conspicuous stem.

AcorESCENT. Enlarging in size with age, as the calyx of some plants after the
flowering period.

AccuMBENT. Lying against another body; applied to cotyledons when their
edges are placed against or pointing towards the radicle.

AceroseE. Needle-shaped ; as the leaves of true pines.

AcHENE. A small hard and dry indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded fruit.

AcHLAMYDEOUS. Having neither calyx nor corolla; destitute of perianth.

Actcutar. Needle- or bristle-shaped ; rather more slender than acerose.

Acryactrorm. Scimitar-shaped.

AcotyLepon. A plant destitute of cotyledons or seed-lobes ; Cryptogams.

AcuLEAtTE. Furnished with prickles or sharp points, as the stem of a rose.

AcumINATE. Tapering to a gradually diminishing point.

Acutr. Sharply pointed but not drawn out; also applied to any organ having
a sharp edge or margin.

ADHERENT. Union of dissimilar parts, as when the calyx-tube is joined to the
ovary.

aeaenn Attached by the whole length; as when anthers have their lobes
attached along their whole length to the filament, or when stipules adhere
by their whole length to the petiole.

ADPRESSED. See APPRESSED.

ApveEntitious. Of accidental or abnormal occurrence, as when roots are pro-
duced from the stem or branches.

AMstivaTion. The manner in which the parts of a flower are arranged or folded
while in bud.

ArouraTE. Having no leaves.

AGGREGATED. Crowded together, but not actually coherent.

AuatE. Winged, or having expansions like wings; as sometimes on a stem or
petiole, or on the fruit or seeds.

AtpumEN. The nutritive matter stored within the seed and usually surrounding
the embryo.

Atzuminovus. Applied to seeds containing albumen.

Auuiaczous. Possessing the smell of garlic or onions.

AupineE. Applied to plants peculiar to high altitudes above the limits of forest

owth.

Has A a: (1.) Applied to leaves when they follow one another at intervals on
opposite sides of the stem; not opposite. (2.) Also used with respect to the
different parts of the flower, as when stamens are alternate with petals—that
is, intermediate to them, not opposite.

Atvrotats. Marked like honey-comb; deeply and closely pitted.
AmorpHous. Without regular or definite form; shapeless.

AVPENDIX. tas

Ampuisious. Growing equally well in water or on dry land.

AMPHITROPAL, AMPHITROPOUS. Applied to the ovule when it is curved so that
both ends are brought near together.

AMPLEXICAUL. Applied to leaves or stipules when the base is dilated and em-
braces the stem.

Anastomostnc. When one vein unites with another, the union forming a reticu-
lation or network.

ANATROPAL, ANATROPOUS. When the ovule is reversed or bent back so that
the micropyle is close to the hilum and the chalaza at the other end.

AnpRecium. ‘The male system of a flower; the stamens collectively.

AnprocyNnous. Having both male and female flowers in the same inflorescence,
as in many species of Carew.

ANEMOPHILOUS. Flowers which are fertilised through the agency of the wind,
the pollen being conveyed through the air.

ANGIOSPERMS, ANGIOSPERM#. Plants having their ovules enclosed in an ovary.

AnnuaL. Applied to plants which grow up and perish in one season.

ANNULAR. Ring-shaped.

AnnNvULATE. Furnished with rings or belts.

Annuuus. In ferns, applied to an elastic ring which partially or wholly surrounds
the sporangium and ruptures it at maturity.

ANTERIOR. Placed in front, or turned away from the axis.

AntTHER. That portion of a stamen which contains the pollen.

ANTHERIDIUM. The male sexual organ in Cryptogams, answering to the anther
in Phanerogams.

AntuHeERozoIps. Motile cells provided with cilia, produce] within an antheri-
dium; also called ‘‘spermatozoids.”

AntTHEsIS. The period of expansion of a flower.

Anticous. Remote, or turned away from the axis.

AprraLous. Having no corolla or inner perianth.

Apex. The tip or summit of any organ.

ApHYL ous. Not possessing leaves.

Aptcau. At the apex or summit.

ApricuntatTs. Abruptly ending in a short and sharp point.

Apocarpous. Applied to a flower in which the carpels or ovaries are separate.

APPENDAGE. Something added or attached to an organ, but not an essential
part of it.

APPENDICULATE. Furnished with appendages.

APPRESSED. Lying flat or pressed close for the whole length, as hairs to the
surface of a leaf.

Aquatic. Living in water.

ARACHYOID. Resembling a spider’s web.

ARBORESCENT. Resembling a tree in size and mode of growth.

ARcHEGONIUM. The female sexual organ in Cryptogams, containing the oosphere,
which after fertilisation develops into the sporophyte.

ArcuatE. Curved or bent like a bow.

AREOLE. A small area or space marked out on any surface; a small interstice
or cavity ; a space in any reticulated surface.

ArEoLaTE. Marked with areoles; divided into distinct spaces or meshes.

AREOLATION. A system of reticulated markings.

Arit, Arittus. An expansion of the funicle, more or less enveloping the seed.

ARILLATE. Provided with an aril.

ARIsTATE. Awned ; provided with a bristle-like point.

ARTICULATED. Jointed; separated into distinct members or joints.

ASCENDING. Rising somewhat obliquely; not quite erect.

AsPERous. Rough; harsh to the touch.

ATTENUATE. Tapering gradually ; drawn out.

AvRIcLE. A small ear-like lobe or appendage at the base of a leaf.

AURICULATE. Provided with auricles.

1114 APPENDIX.

AWL-SHAPED. Shaped like the point of an awl; narrow and tapering to a point.

Awn. A bristle-like terminal or dorsal appendage, especially common on the
glumes of grasses.

AwneED. Having awns.

Axit, Axitta. The angle contained between the axis and any organ arising from
it, as a leaf.

AxiLE. Belonging to the axis or situated in it, as axile placentation.

AXILLARY. Growing in an axil.

Axis. The central line of a body in the direction of its length ; the stem.

Baccatsr. Berried; having the form or nature of a berry.

Bars. Hooked hairs.

Barpate. Bearded; provided with long weak hairs arranged in tufts.

BarBepD. Furnished with barbs or hooked hairs.

BaRBELLATE. Provided with short stiff hairs.

Bark. The outer covering or integument of the wood exterior to the cambium
layer.

Basa. At the base of any organ or part.

BaAsIFIXED. Attached by the base or lower end.

Basiuar. Basal.

Beak. A prolonged tip.

Brakep. Ending in a beak; often applied to fruits which end in a long point.

Berry. A succulent or pulpy fruit containing many seeds.

Br- or Bis-. A Latin prefix signifying two or twice—as bibracteate, having two
bracts ; bidentate, with two teeth.

Brenniat. A plant which lives only two years.

Brrarious. Arranged in two opposite rows or ranks; distichous,

Birip. Two-cleft ; divided halfway into two.

BiruasiatTe. Divided into lips, as is the case with many gamopetalous corollas.

Brtocutar. Two-celled.

Brnatge. Applied to leaves composed of two leaflets at the end of a common
petiole, or to a single leaf almost divided into two.

Brrartite. Divided nearly to the base into two parts.

BrPINNATE. Twice pinnate ; when both the primary and secondary divisions of
a leaf are pinnate.

BIsERRATE. Doubly serrate, as when the serratures themselves are serrate.

BITERNATE. Twice ternate.

Buapz. The expanded portion of a leaf.

Bract. A modified leaf subtending a flower or a cluster of flowers; modified
leaves placed in the space between the calyx and the true leaves.

Bracteate. Furnished with bracts.

BractTEoLe. A secondary bract upon the pedicel of a flower; a small bract.

BRACTEOLATE. Furnished with bracteoles. -

Branou. A division of the stem or main axis.

BrRAaNCHLET. A small branch; the ultimate division of a branch.

Bristue. A stiff hair.

BRISTLE-POINTED. Ending in a stiff, bristle-like hair.

Bup. The early stage of a flower or branch.

Buus. A rounded subterranean body formed of fleshy scales or coatings; in
reality a modified bud which ultimately develops leaves and flowers.

Buigsous. Having bulbs, or possessing the structure of a bulb.

Buuxuats. Blistered or puckered, as the leaf of Myrtus bullata.

Capvucovs. Falling away early; not at all persistent.

CzspitosE. Growing in tufts somewhat in the same way as grass.
CALCARATE. Provided with a spur.

CatLosity. A thickened and hardened swelling on the surface of any organ.

APPENDIX. 1115

Catius. (1.) Any abnormally thickened part. (2.) In grasses, applied to a
swelling or extension of the flowering glumes at their insertion on the axis
or rhachilla of the spikelet.

Catyctne. Pertaining to or resembling a calyx.

CaLycuLaTE. Having a whorl of bracts outside the true calyx and resembling it.

CatypTratTE. Hood-like, or bearing a hood or cap.

Catyx. The outer series of floral envelopes.

CaMPANULATE. Bell-shaped.

CaMPYLOTROPAL, CaMPyLoTROPOUS. Applied to an ovule when one end has
grown faster than the other, so as to cause the apex (or micropyle) to curve
inwards and approach the hilum.

CanaticuLatTE. Having a longitudinal groove or channel.

Capi~taRy. Very slender and hair-like.

Capiratr. (1.) Having a rounded head. (2.) Growing in heads, as the flowers
of Composite.

CaprreLuATE. The diminutive of ‘ capitate.”

CapsuLe. A dry many-seeded seed-vessel, splitting into valves.

CapsuLar. Having fruit of the nature of a capsule.

Cartna. The name applied to the keel, or the two cohering anterior petals of a
papilionaceous flower.

CaRInaTE. Keeled.

Carpet. A simple pistil, or that element of a compound pistil which answers
to a single leaf.

CaRPoPHoRE. A portion of the axis or receptacle elongated between the carpels.
and protruding beyond them, as in Geraniwm and many Umbellifere.

Cartinacinous. Firm and tough; resembling cartilage.

Caruncie. A wart or prominence near the base or hilum of a seed.

CaRUNCULATE. Having a caruncle.

Caryopsts. A small one-celled and one-seeded fruit with a thin, closely adherent
pericarp; the fruit of grasses.

Catrin. A deciduous spike consisting of unisexual apetalous flowers.

CaupatTE. Tailed; drawn out into a tail-like appendage.

CaupEx. The axis of a plant, consisting of the stem and root ; the stem of a palm
or tree-fern.

Caupicte. In orchids, applied to the slender often strap-shaped body connect-
ing the pollen-masses with the rostellum.

Cavutrmng. On or belonging to the stem; frequently applied to leaves growing
on the stem, as opposed to those springing from near the root.

Ceti. (1.) An independent portion of protoplasm, bounded by a wall of
cellulose, and containing a nucleus; the unit of all cellular structure. (2) A
cavity or separate enclosure, as of an ovary or anther.

CELLULAR. Composed of minute cells.

CrenTRIFUGAL. Applied to an inflorescence which develops from the centre out-
wards, as the cyme.

CENTRIPETAL. Applied to an inflorescence which develops from the margin
towards the centre, or from the base towards the summit, as the corymb,.
raceme, &c.

Crrnoovus. Nodding, but hardly pendulous.

CHANNELLED. Having a longitudinal groove like a gutter.

CHARTACEOUS. Papery; having the texture of paper.

CHLOROPHYLL. The green colouring matter within the cells of plants,

Crmuiate. Having the margin (and sometimes the nerves) fringed with hairs.

CittoLtaTE. Fringed with minute hairs.

CryerEous. Ashy-grey.

CrrcinaTE. Coiled from the tip into a spiral, as the young fronds of ferns,

CIRCUMSCISSILE. Opening by a transverse circular line.

CIRRHATE, CrRRHOSE. Bearing tendrils.

CiapopE. A flattened branch simulating a lea.

1116 APPENDIX.

CLAVATE. Club-shaped ; growing gradually thicker towards the top.

Ciaw. The elongated narrow base of a petal.

CLEISTOGAMIC. Producing flowers which never expand, and which are self-fertil-
ised.

CoHERENT. The union of one part of an organ with other parts of the same organ,
as when petals cohere to form a tubular corolla, &c.

COLLATERAL. Placed side by side.

Cotumn. A body formed by the union of the stamens and styles, as in orchids.

CommissuRn. The face by which two carpels cohere, as in the Umbellifere.

Comp.icatEe. Folded upon itself.

CoMPRESSED. Flattened laterally.

Concave. Hollow, as the inner surface of a saucer.

ConpupuicaTE. Folded together lengthwise.

ConrLtuENT. Blended or running together.

CoNGESTED. Crowded together.

CoNGLOBATE. Collected into a ball or globe.

ConicaL. Cone-shaped ; narrowed to a point from a circular base.

ConnaTE. When related parts are united, either congenitally or by subsequent
growth.

Connective. That portion of a stamen which connects the two lobes of an
anther.

CoNNIVENT. Coming into contact; converging together.

ConstRictED. Drawn together; contracted.

CoNTORTED. Twisted.

CoNTRACTED. Reduced in width or length.

Convex. Having a more or less rounded surface ; opposed to “‘ concave.”

ConvotuTs. Rolled together or on itself, or when one part is rolled up in
another.

CorpatE. Heart-shaped ; applied to leaves which have the petiole at the broader
and notched end.

Corraceous. Tough, leathery.

CoroLua. The inner perianth, consisting of the petals, free or united.

CoRoLLINE. (1.) Seated on or belonging to the corolla. (2.) Corolla-like or
petaloid.

Coryms. A flat-topped or convex open inflorescence with a short axis, flowering
from the margin inwards.

CorymsBosg. Arranged in corymbs or resembling a corymb.

Costa. A rib; when one only, a midrib or mid-nerve.

CostatE. Ribbed; having one or more longitudinal ribs or nerves.

CotyLEpoN. The first leaves of the embryo—one in monocotyledons, two or
rarely more in dicotyledons.

CRENATE. Applied to a leaf having its margin cut into rounded notches.

CRENULATE. Finely crenate.

CRESTED. Having an elevated ridge or appendage like the crest of a helmet.

CrisPpED. Curled; crumpled.

Crustaceous. Hard and brittle in texture.

CrypToGAM, CryprocAmous. Plants destitute of stamens, pistils, and true
seeds containing an embryo.

CucuLuaTE. Hooded or hood-shaped.

Cutm. The hollow jointed stem of grasses.

CuneatE. Wedge-shaped; triangular with the apex downwards.

Cusp. A sharp rigid point.

CUSPIDATE. Terminating in a cusp.

CuricLE. The outermost skin or epidermis.

CyatHirorM. Shaped like a drinking-glass a little widened at the top.

Cyme. A broad and rather flat open inflorescence, flowering from the centre
outwards.

APPENDIX. 1117

DeEcanpROovus. Having ten stamens.

Decipvuous. Falling off after a time; not persistent.

DecuinatTe. Bent or curved downwards.

DrcompounD. Repeatedly compound or divided.

DrcumBent. Reclining or horizontal at the base, but ascending at the summit.

Dercurrent. Running downwards; applied to a leaf prolonged below its point
of insertion.

DecussatE. In pairs crossing alternately at right angles, as the leaves in many
species of Veronica.

Derinite. (1.) Of a constant number, not exceeding twenty. (2.) Limited or
determinate, as definite inflorescence, where the axis ends in a flower.

DEFLEXED. Bent abruptly downwards.

Deniscence. The manner in which a fruit-capsule or anther-cell opens at
maturity.

DeEHIScENT. Opening or splitting into definite parts.

Dettror. Shaped like the Greek letter A ; broadly triangular.

DEnpDROID. Resembling a tree in shape or mode of branching.

DentatTE. Toothed; possessing regular teeth pointing straight outwards.

DeEntTicuLatTEe. Finely toothed.

DEPAUPERATE. Reduced in size, as if starved or impoverished.

DEPENDENT. Hanging down.

DepresseD. Flattened from above.

Dextrorse. Towards the right hand.

DrapeteHous. Having the stamens united in two bundles.

Dranprovs. Possessing two stamens.

DrarHanovus. Allowing light to pass through ; pellucid.

DicuiaMypgEovs. Applied to those plants whose flowers have a double perianth,
or both calyx and corolla.

Dicnotomous. Repeatedly forked by pairs.

DicotyLEepons. Those plants whose embryo possesses two cotyledons or seed-
lobes.

Dipymovs. In pairs or deeply divided into two lobes.

Dipynamovus. Having four stamens placed in pairs, two long and two short.

Dirruse. Loosely or widely spreading.

Dieiratr. Fingered; applied to a compound leaf in which the leaflets spread
from the top of the petiole.

Dimatep. Widened ; expanded.

DrmmpraTeE. Halved; as when half of a leaf is so much smaller than the other
as to appear wanting.

Dimorpuic, DimorpHovus. Occurring in two forms.

Dia@ctous. Unisexual; having the male and female flowers on different plants.

Dreetatous. Having two petals.

Drepyuiovs. Possessing two leaves.

Disc. (1.) A dilation or development of the receptacle within the calyx or within
the corolla and stamens. (2.) The central portion of the flower-head of a
Composite, as opposed to the ray. (3) The face of any organ, in contradis-
tinction to the margin.

Disctrorm. Having the shape of a dise—circular and depressed.

DiscorpaL. Same as “ disciform.”

DissEcTED. Deeply divided or cut into many segments.

DissEPIMENT. The partitions separating the cells of an ovary or fruit.

DisticHous. Arranged in two vertical rows or ranks, as the florets ot many
grasses.

Distinct. Separate; not united.

DivaricaTE. Widely spreading.

Divercent. Spreading further apart; the opposite of “convergent.”

DrvipEp. Cleft almost to the base.

Dorsat. On or relating to the back of any organ.

aaialtss APPUNDIX.

Dorsifixup. Attached by or on the back.

Dotrrep. Marked with transparent receptacles of oil, looking like dots.

Drupacztous. Resembling or of the nature of a drupe.

Draurz. A fleshy or succulent fruit, such as the plum, which has the seed enclosedi
in a hard and bony putamen or casing; often called a “‘ stone-fruit.”

Epracreats. Having no bracts.

Ecuinatg. Beset with prickles, like the capsule of Hntelea.

Ecostatn. Having no ribs.

EpentTATE. Having no teeth.

Erruss. Loosely spreading.

Ee@tanpvuLar. Without glands.

Etresoipan. A solid with an elliptical outline.

Euieticant. Having the form of an ellipse—oblong with regularly rounded ends..

ELonGateD. Drawn out in length.

Emarcinats. Having a notch at the end, as if a piece had been taken out.

Empryo. The rudimentary plant formed within the seed.

Enpemic. Confined to a particular country or region.

Enpocare. The inner layer of the pericarp, lying next the seed.

EnposeerM. The albumen or nutritive matter of a seed, usually surrounding.
the embryo.

EnsitrormM. Sword-shaped, like the leaf of an Iris.

Entire. Having an even margin, without toothing or division of any kind.

EPHEMERAL. Lasting for a day, or for a very short time.

Eprcarr. The external layer of a pericarp.

Eprrcorouutne. Inserted upon the corolla.

Errpermis. ‘The outer cellular skin or covering of a plant.

EPIDERMAL. On or relating to the outer covering.

EprrayNnous. At or upon the top of the ovary.

Epreetatous. Inserted upon the petals.

EprpHyte. A plant which grows upon other plants, but not as a parasite.

Equirant. Folded over as if astride, like the basal part of the leaves of Phor-
minum.

Erect. Upright; perpendicular to the ground or point of attachment.

ERECTO-PATENT. Intermediate between erect and spreading.

Erose. Toothed in an irregular manner, as if gnawed.

Erostate. Having no beak.

Even. Without inequalities of surface.

Exatpuminous. Having no albumen; applied to those seeds where the embryo
occupies the whole space within the testa.

ExcurRENT. When the vein of a leaf runs through to the apex and protrudes:
beyond it as a mucro.

Exotic. Foreign; not native.

ExpaNnpDED. Spread out.

ExsertEeD. Protruding beyond, as stamens beyond the corolla.

ExstrpuLats. Wanting stipules.

Exrrorss. Directed outwards; often applied to the dehiscence of anthers.

Faucats. Sickle-shaped; strongly curved.

Fartnacreous. Mealy; containing or having the texture of flour or starch, as
the albumen of wheat.

Fartnose. Covered with a white mealy substance.

Fasctcte. A small! bundle or close cluster.

Fascrctep. Arranged in a fascicle.

Fastictats. Appled to a plant when the ranches are ciose together, parallel,
and erect, as in the Lombardy Poplar.

APPENDIX. 1119

FEATHERY. Plumose; having long hairs which are themselves hairy, as the
pappus of Taraxacum.

Frnestrate. Pierced with holes, like windows in a wall.

Frrrvucinovus. Rust-coloured.

Fertite. Capable of producing fruit; also applied to stamens which produce
pollen capable of fertilising ovules.

Frsrovus. Containing a great proportion of woody fibre.

FiuaMEnt. (1.) The stalk or support of an anther. (2.) Any thread-like body.

Frmamentous. Composed of threads or filaments.

Firirorm. Thread-shaped.

Foreriate. Having the margin fringed with narrow processes.

Fistuntar, Fistuntosr. Hollow and cylindrical; reed-like.

FLABELLATE, FLABELLIFORM. Fan-shaped.

Fraccrp. Flabby; limp.

FLAGELLIFORM. Long and slender, like a whip-lash.

Fiexvose. Bent or curved alternately in opposite directions.

Fuoccosz. Bearing tufts or locks of woolly hairs.

Frorer. A small flower, one of a cluster or head.

Fuorirerovs. Flower-bearing.

Fartrp. Having a strong and disagreeable smell.

Foutacrtous. Having the texture or form of a leaf.

Fouratse. Leafy; clothed with leaves.

Fourotats. Having leaflets.

Fouitcte. A fruit consisting of a single carpel, dehiscing by the ventral suture.

Fouiicutar. Resembling a follicle.

Foop-stauk. A petiole, pedicel, or other slender support.

Forxep. Branching into two divergent divisions.

Foveats. Pitted; marked with depressions.

Fronp. The foliage of ferns and other Cryptogams.

Froctirication. Fruiting; the organs concerned in the production of fruit.

Froticosz. Shrubby.

Fueactous. Soon falling off or perishing; of short duration.

Founyovus. Tawny; dull-yellow with a mixture of gray or brown.

Founicie. The stalk connecting the ovule or seed with the placenta.

Fourcatr. Forked; having divergent branches like the prongs of a fork.

Fourruracsous. Scurfy; provided with soft scales.

Fusirorm. Thick, but tapering towards each end; spindle-shaped.

GatEA. A petal shaped like a helmet.

GAMOPETALOUS. Applied to a corolla in which the petals are more or less united.

GAMOSEPALOUS. Having the sepals more or less united.

Geminats. Arranged in pairs; binate.

GeneERIC. Relating to the genus.

GENICULATE. Bent like the knee.

Genus. A clearly defined group of naturally allied species.

Grsepous. Protuberant; swelling out into a pouch or sac.

GuABRous. Having no hairs or pubescence ; smooth.

GLABRATE. Becoming glabrous.

GLABRESCENT. Almost glabrous.

GLADIATE. Sword-shaped ; ensiform.

GLAND. Any secreting structure, whether depressed or prominent, on any part
of a plant.

GLANDULAR. Possessing glands; gland-like.

GLAUCESCENT. Becoming glaucous or sea-green.

Guavucous. Of a sea-green colour.

GiososE, GLoBuLAR. Spherical or nearly so.

GuLocuipi1aTE. Applied to hairs that are barbed at the end.

1120 APPENDIX.

GLOMERATE. Arranged in compact clusters.

GLOMERULE. A compact and somewhat capitate cluster of flowers; a small and
densely compacted cyme.

GuLouMmaAcEous. Resembling the glumes of grasses.

GuumsE. The term applied to the chaff-like and usually distichous bracts of the
inflorescence of grasses and allied plants.

GuutTinovus. Covered with a sticky secrotion.

Grain. The fruit of grasses; a caryopsis.

GRANULAR, GRANULOSE. Composed of small grains or rough with small grains.

GYMNOSPERMS. Plants in which the ovule is not enclosed in an ovary, as in the
Conifere. '

GynzcrumM. The pistil or pistils of a flower; the female portion of a flower.

GYNANDROUS. Having the stamens adnate to the pistil, as in Orchids.

GyNoPHORE. The stalk or support of the ovary.

GyRaTE. Curved into a circle or spiral; circinate.

Hasir. The general appearance of a plant.

Hasirat. (1.) The kind of locality in which a plant grows. (2.) The geographical
distribution or range of a plant.

Harr. A slender outgrowth of the epidermis, either composed of a single elon-
gated cell or of a row of cells.

Harry. More or less covered with hairs.

Hatopuyte. A plant growing within the influence of salt water.

Hastate. Halbert-shaped; applied to an arrow-shaped leaf with the basal
lobes pointing straight outwards.

HeEticorp. Coiled into a circle like the whorls of a small shell.

Hers. A plant that has no persistent woody stem.

Hersaceous. Having the character of a herb; not woody or shrubby.

HERMAPHRODITE. Having stamens and pistils in the same flower.

Heterocamovus. Bearing two kinds of flowers, as in the Composite, where the
florets of the disc may be hermaphrodite and those of the ray unisexual or
neuter.

HETEROGENEOUS. Dissimilar; not uniform in kind.

HETEROMORPHOUS. Of two or more different forms.

HETEROPHYLLOUS. Having leaves of different forms.

HerTERosporous. Having spores of more than one kind.

Hitum. The scar or place of attachment of the seed.

Hirsute. Hairy with long tolerably distinct hairs.

Hispip. Beset with rough hairs or bristles.

Hisprputovus. Minutely hispid.

Hoary. Greyish-white with a fine pub2scence.

Homocamous. Having only one kind of flowers; applied to the flower-heads:
of Composite when the florets are all alike.

Homoceneous. Alike, uniform in kind; the opposite of ‘ heterogeneous.”

Hyaute. Translucent; colourless.

Hysrip. A cross between two species, obtained when the pollen of one species
is placed upon the stigma of the other.

HyYPocRATERIFORM. Applied to a corolla which has a long and slender tube and
flat spreading limb, like the Primrose.

ImpricaTE, IMBRicaTED. Overlapping, as the tiles on a roof; or, in estivation,
overlapping at the edge only.

ImMaRGINATE. Not margined or bordered.

IMPARIPINNATE. Pinnate with an odd terminal leaflet.

Inctsep. Having the margin sharply and irregularly cut.

InctupED. Not projecting beyond the surrounding organ; the opposite of
*‘ exserted.”’

APPENDIX. 11h

Incomptete. Not perfect; wanting some of its parts.

InorassaTE. Thickened.

IncumBrnt. Resting or leaning upon; applied to the embryo when the radicle
is folded down upon the back of the cotyledons.

Incurvep. Bent inwards.

InpDEFINITE. (1.) Variable in number or very numerous, not easily counted.
(2.) An inflorescence not definitely terminated, but continuous with the axis.
the lower or marginal flowers being the first to open.

InDEHIScENT. Not opening regularly by valves or otherwise.

InpicmNovus. Native to the country; not introduced.

InDUMENTUM. Any covering, such as hairiness, &e.

InpupticaTe. Having the margins folded inwards.

InpuRATED. Hardened.

Inpusium. (1.) In ferns, an outgrowth of the epidermis covering the sorus.
(2.) A cup-shaped membrane or ring of collecting hairs below the stigma,
usually well developed in the Goodeniacee.

InpustaTE. Possessing an indusium.

INFERIOR. Growing below some other organ, as an inferior calyx grows below
the ovary, or an inferior ovary appears to grow below the adnate calyx.

INFLATED. Swollen; bladdery.

INFLEXED. Bent abruptly inwards.

INFLORESCENCE. (1.) The flowering portion of a plant. (2.) The manner in which
the flowers are arranged on the floral axis.

INFUNDIBULIFORM. Funnel-shaped.

Innate. Borne on the apex of a support, as an anther fixed on the apex of a
filament.

INSERTED. ‘Attached to or growing upon.

InsERTION. The place or mode of attachment of an organ.

INTERNODE. That part of a stem between the nodes.

INTERPETIOLAR. Between the petioles; also applied to the coalesced stipules
of two opposite leaves.

Iytrorsr. Turned towards the axis; often applied to anthers which open to-
wards the centre of the flower.

[yvotucet. An inner or secondary involucre; that which surrounds a secondary
or partial umbel.

INvoLuceLLaTE. Having a secondary involucre.

Invotvucrate. Having an involucre.

Invotucrs. A ring of bracts surrounding several flowers, as in the heads of Com-
posite or the umbels of Umbellifere ; also sometimes applied to the indusium
of ferns.

InvoxtutTe. Having the margins rolled inwards.

IrREGULAR. Not regular; unsymmetrical.

IsomERovus. Equal in number; applied to flowers having an equal number of
parts in the successive whorls, as of sepals, petals, stamens, &c.

Keen. (1.) A central dorsal ridge resembling the keel of a boat. (2.) The two
cohering anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower.

LaBeLtuMm. The third petal of an orchid, by a twist of the ovary placed in front
of the flower, and usually very different in form from the remainder.

Lapiate. Lipped; applied to an irregular calyx or corolla which is unequally
divided into two parts or lips.

LaceraTe. Irregularly torn or cleft.

LACINIATE. Cut into narrow slender teeth or lobes.

Lactescent. Yielding milky juice.

oe When the surface is covered with depressions or perforated with
holes.

Lacustri1neE. Inhabiting lakes or ponds.

36—Fl,

14122 APPENDIX.

Lametia. A thin plate or scale.

LAMELLAR, LAMELLATE. Composed of thin plates, or furnished with them.

Lamina. The blade or dilated portion of a leaf.

Lanate. Clothed with woolly hairs.

LanceouaTe. Shaped like a lance-head; tapering upwards from a narrow
ovate base.

Lanueinovus. Clothed with long woolly or cottony hairs.

Laterat. At the side; fixed on or near the side.

Lax. Loose, distant.

Lecums. The seed-vessel of Leguminose ; a one-celled and two-valved capsule,
of very various form.

Lecuminovus. Pertaining to or bearing legumes; belonging to the order Legumz-
nose.

Lenticet. Lenticular corky spots on young bark, corresponding to epidermal
stomata.

Lenticuuar. Lens-shaped.

Lentictnovus. Covered with minute dots or freckles.

Leprpotr. Covered with small scurfy scales.

Licute. (1.) A strap-shaped body, as the limb of the corolla in the florets of
Composite. (2.) The thin scarious appendage at the junction of the leaf-
blade with the sheath in grasses.

Liaunatse. Furnished with a ligule; strap-shaped.

Live. (1.) The expanded and usually spreading part of a gamopetalous corolla,
as distinct from the tube. (2.) The lamina of a petal or leaf.

Linear. Narrow and elongated, with parallel margins.

Linzeate. Marked with lines.

Liyzouate. Marked with fine lines. ;

Lineurrorm, LincuLate. Tongue-shaped.

Lie. (1.) Either of the two divisions of a bilabiate corolla or calyx. (2.) The
labellum of orchids.

LirroraL. Growing near the sea-shore.

Losz. Any division of a leaf, corolla, &c., especially if rounded.

Losr, Lopatre. Divided into or bearing lobes.

Losute. A small lobe.

Losunate. Having small lobes.

Locetiate. Divided into secondary cells or compartments.

LocutcrpaL. When the cells of a capsule open along the back between the
septa, or by the dorsal suture.

LopicutE. A name applied to the minute hyaline scales just outside the stamens
in the flowers of grasses.

Lorats. Strap-shaped; thong-shaped.

Luctp. Having a shining surface.

Lunate. Half-moon shaped.

Lurip. Of a dingy brown or yellow.

Lutescent. Yellowish.

Lyrate. Lyre-shaped; pinnatifid with the terminal lobe large and rounded,
the lower lobes small.

MACROSPORANGIUM. A sporangium containing macrospores.

Macrosporz. The larger kind of spore in vascular cryptogams.

Macutate. Spotted or blotched.

Matz. A plant or flower which possesses stamens.

Mammritia. A nipple or teat-shaped projection.

MammMituatE. Having nipple-shaped projections.

Marcescent. Withering and persistent.

Marerat. Placed upon or belonging to the edge or margin.

Mararwate, MarGIneD. Furnished with an edge or border of a different character
to the rest of the organ.

APPENDIX. 1123

Maritime. Belonging to the sea or the neighbourhood of the sea.

Massuxna. A group of microspores contained in a special envelope, as in Azolla.

Mempranovus, MempraNnaczous. Thin, soft, and translucent, like a membrane.

Mericarr. A name applied to one of the two carpels composing the fruit of
Umbellifere.

Mzsocarp. The middle layer of a fruit or pericarp.

Micropyte. The opening or mark in the integument of a seed indicating the
position of the foramen of the ovule.

MricrosporE. The smaller kind of spore in vascular cryptogams.

Mrpris. The central and principal nerve of a leaf.

MonapeEtpHous. Having the stamens all united by their filaments into a column
or tube.

Monanprovus. Having a single stamen.

Moniirorm. Resembling a necklace or string of beads; constricted at regular
intervals.

MonocuLamMypeEous. Applied to those plants whose flowers have only a single
perianth.

Monocorytepons. Those plants whose embryo has but one cotyledon or seed-
lobe.

Monectous. Having the stamens and pistils in separate flowers, but borne on
the same plant.

Monoretatous. Gamopetalous; having all the petals united by their edges.

Monopuyttous. (1.) One-leaved, as an involucre composed of a single piece.
(2.) Equivalent to “‘ gamosepalous ” or “ gamopetalous.”

Monoryerc. Applied to a genus with but one species.

Mucitacinovus. Composed of mucilage; slimy.

Mvcro. A sharp terminal point.

Mvcronate. Possessing a short and sharp terminal point.

Mucronvutate. Ending in a diminutive mucro.

Moutirarious. Arranged in many vertical rows or ranks.

Moutirip. Cleft into many lobes or segments.

Moricatz, Muricatrep. Rough with short hard points.

Moricutate. Diminutive of ‘‘muricate” ; minutely muricate.

Moticovus. Blunt; without a point.

Nakep. Bare; without its usual covering or appendages, as a stem without
leaves, a flower without perianth.

Nayicutar. Boat-shaped.

Neorar. The sweet secretion within a flower; honey.

NEcTARIFEROUS. Honey-bearing.

Nerve. A simple or unbranched vein or slender rib.

Nervep. Having nerves or slender ribs.

NETTED. Reticulated; net-veined.

Nopvr. That part of a stem or branch from which leaves or branches are given
off; the knots in the stems of grasses.

Noposre. Knotty or knobby; usually applied to roots.

Nout. A hard indehiscent one-celled fruit.

NutiLet. A smal] nut; sometimes applied to the hard seed-like divisions of the
fruit of Labiate.

Oxzconic. Shaped like an inverted cone.

OxscorpaTE. Inversely heart-shaped, the notch being uppermost.

Oxsuiqgue. (1.) Unequal-sided. (2.) Slanting; turned to one side.

Oxstone. Considerably longer than broad, with parallel sides and rounded ends.
Oxsovate. Inversely ovate, the broadest part towards the apex.

Oxzovorp. A solid with an obovate outline.

OxssoLtetTe. Wanting or imperfectly developed.

1124 APPENDIX.

OxstusE. Blunt or rounded at the end.

OcELLATE, OcuLaTE. Having circular patches of colour like eyes,

OocuRaczous. Ochre-colour; light-yellow with a tinge of red.

OCHREATE, OCREATE. Provided with an ochrea, a tubular stipule sheathing
the stem, as in many Polygonacee.

OtigANDROUS. Having few stamens.

Opposite. Standing against or facing each other, as leaves when two spring
from the same node, or when a stamen stands in front of a petal.

OrzpicuLaR. Applied to a leaf or other body having a circular outline.

OrpER. A group of plants above the genus in rank, and containing several or
many closely allied genera.

Orean. Any definite part of a plant, as a cell, a leaf, a flower, &c.

ORTHOTROPOUS, ORTHOTROPAL. Applied to an ovule with a straight axis, the
chalaza being at the point of insertion, and the micropyle at the opposite
end.

Osszous. Bony.

Ovary. The lower swollen part of the pistil, containing the ovules.

OvaTE. Shaped like the longitudinal section of an egg, the broadest part being
towards the base.

Ovorp. A solid with the shape of an egg.

OvutatE. Possessing ovules. :

OvuLz. The young seed in the ovary; an organ which after fertilisation de-
velopes into the seed.

OvuLirERovs. Bearing ovules.

Pauate. A projection within the throat of an irregular gamopetalous corolla ;
the prominent lower lip of a bilabiate corolla.

PauEA. (1.) The innermost bract or glume in grasses. (2.) The chaffy scales
mixed with the florets on the receptacle of many Composite.

PaLEacEous. Chaffy or furnished with chaff-like scales.

Patmate. Lobed or divided so that the divisions radiate from the summit of
the petiole.

PaLMATIFID. Cut in a palmate manner almost as far as the petiole.

PanpDurRirorM. Fiddle-shaped.

PanicLe. A loose irregularly branched inflorescence usually containing many
flowers ; a branched raceme or corymb.

PANICLED, PantcuLate. After the manner of a panicle; bearing a panicle.

PapPILioNacEous. Butterfly-like; applied to the irregular pea-like flowers
characteristic of the suborder Papilionacee of the Leguminose

Papitta. A soft superficial gland or protuberance.

PapituosE. Covered with papille.

PappiroRM. Resembling pappus.

Pappus. The hairs, bristles, or scales crowning the achene in Composite, repre-
senting the calyx-limb.

Papyracgous. Having the texture of paper.

Parasite. A plant growing upon another plant and deriving nourishment from
it.

Parasitic. Growing as a parasite.

PariETAL. Borne on the walls or interior surface of an ovary; attached to the
wall of any organ.

PartitEe. Cleft almost to the base.

Partiau. A secondary division, as a partial umbel; opposed to “ primary”
or “general.”

Partition. An inner wall or dissepiment.

Patent. Widely spreading.

Patutovs. Slightly spreading.

Protrnate. Applied to a pinnatifid leaf with very narrow segments like the
teeth of a comb.

APPENDIX. 1125

Prpatr. Palmately divided with the lateral divisions again two-cleft.

Prepicet. The stalk supporting a single flower in a compound inflorescence.

PEDICELLATE. Borne on a pedicel.

Prepunctz. A general or primary flower-stalk, bearing one or many flowers.

PepuncutatTs. Furnished with a peduncle.

Prettatr. Shield-shaped; flat and attached to its support by the centre of the
lower surface.

Prencittep. Marked with fine lines.

Penputovus. Hanging downwards.

PentciiatTe. Divided into a brush of fine hairs.

PERENNIAL. A plant that lives for several years.

Perrect. Applied to flowers that have both stamens and pistil.

Prrrouiate. Applied to leaves the base of which closes round the stem, which
thus appears to pass through the leaf.

PeriantH. The floral envelopes, either the calyx or corolla, or both.

Pericarp. The seed-vessel or ripened ovary.

Prricyntum. The flask-shaped utricle of Carex and Uncinia, including the true
fruit.

Prricynous. Inserted round the ovary, but more or less adnate to the peri-
anth.

Persistent. Not falling off; remaining attached to its support.

Prrsonate. Applied to a bilabiate corolla having a prominent palate almost or
entirely closing the throat.

Prrat. One of the separate parts of a polypetalous corolla.

Pxrrator. Having the colour and texture of a petal.

PETIOLATE. Possessing a petiole or footstalk.

PrttoLte. The foot-stalk of a leaf.

PerrotuLe. The foot-stalk or petiole of a leaflet, or separate division ot a c)m-
pound leaf.

PHNOGAM, PHANEROGAM. Applied to plants bearing manifest flowers, con-
taining stamens or pistils, or both.

Puytitopr. Applied to a petiole when it assumes the shape and functions of a
leaf, as in many Australian species of Acacia.

Puytioraxts. The mode in which leaves are arranged on the stems or branches.

Pinirerovs. Bearing hairs or tipped with hairs.

Pitosz. Furnished with rather long and soft distinct hairs.

Pinna. One of the primary divisions of a pinnate or compound leaf.

PinnatE. Applied to a compound leaf which has its leaflets arranged along both
sides of a common rhachis or midrib.

PrynaTELy. In a pinnate manner.

Priynatirip. Pinnately cleft; applied to a leaf which is divided half-way to
the midrib or more into lobes or segments placed somewhat similarly to the
lateral divisions of a feather.

PinnatisEect. Pinnately divided down to the midrib or rhachis.

Piynuue. A secondary pinna—that is, one of the pinnate or ultimate divisions
of a pinna.

Pistrorm. Resembling a pea in size and shape.

Pistm. The female organ of flowering plants, consisting, when complete, ot
ovary, style, and stigma.

PistmuaTe. Applied to flowers having a pistil but no stamens; a female flower.

Pirrep. Marked with small depressions or pits; punctate.

Puacenta. That part of the ovary which bears the ovules or young seeds, often
consisting of the margins of the carpellary leaves.

Puane. Having a flat surface.

PLANO-CONVEX. Plane or flat on one side and convex on the other.

Puicate. Folded lengthwise into plaits like those of a fan.

Piumose. Plume-like; having fine hairs on each side like those of a feather,
as in the pappus of some Composite.

1126 APPENDIX.

Pop. A dry many-seeded dehiscent fruit, usually of cruciferous or leguminous

Plants. . “e-
Poizxs. The fime powdery of the anther i oe fina 5

plished.

Powis troy. ee a

PoLiisicu™. A. mars of pollen. crams compacted forthe, 2 an

PorraDuiPHovs. Having the stamens arranged im several bundles or sets

Potraspzovs. Applied to flowers which have many stamens im each flower

PotreamMors. Having both perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant

Potyeosous. Haymg many angles

PotyMozrsovs, PotyMozrsic. Assuming many forms: variable m form or
habit.

PotyPrratous. Having several distinct petals

Pozz Any small a

Postzzion. Next or towards the mam axis; opposed to “anterior~

Posricots. On the posterior side; Placed next the axis.

Paaworss. Ending abruptly, as if bitten off.

Pzicstz A small spme; an outgrowth of the bark

Process. Any projecting appendage

Pzoccumsrsr. Lymg along the ground. =

Pzourzzots. Producing ofshoois or buds capable of reproducme the plant :

Pzosreare Lyme fiat on the :

Pzoraspzots, Pzorzzasprovs. Applied to flowers im which the anthers mature

Pecisosz Covered with a waxy powdery secretion or bloom.
Poszeciovus. Minutely downy or pubescent
Pussscesr. Covered with short and soft downy hairs
PcivisaTe Cushion-shaped; growing im thick mats or cushions.
Puscrarz Marked with minute dots or depressions, or with internal translucent

glands
Pcuscriormm. Like a pomt or dot: reduced to a mere pomi |
Pcsexzsr. Termmaimg im a sharp and negid pomi-
Prrawes. The hardened endocarp of a drupaceous or stone-iruit. oe
Preawmat Shaped hke a pyramid —
Preesz A small nuilet: a small stone of a drupe or smilar frat
Prerron™. Pear-shaped_

Quspessetise Having four ansies or comers sha
Quapesre Square m form. |
QuaDziraziovs. Arranged m four vertical rows or ranks, as the leaves of many :

Species of Veronica. .

Raczwz Am Selorercece Beving sever! paleciiate Sees ee

Rackwosz Tees wate pane voces

Rapisarz. (1) Divergmg from or arranged around a common centre (2) Bear-
sg ee ect aa ae cea Cas

RapicaL Arising from the root or base of the stem.

Rarze, Rasrpae The adherent fumicle of an ovule. connecting the hilum with
the chalaza

Ray. (1) One of the branches of an umbel (2) A term applied to the outer
florets in the fower-heads of Composite, in those cases where they are distinct
from those of the disc or centre.

APPENDIX. ThAD

Recerracute. (1.) The more or less expanded or produced apex of the peduncle,
upon which the floral envelopes, stamens, and pistil are inserted. (2.) The
short conical or convex axis bearing the florets in the flower-heads of
Composite.

ReciinatTe. With an erect or ascending base, but with the upper portion turned
or bent downwards.

Recurvep. Curved backwards or downwards.

RepDvupLicaTE. Doubled back; in estivation applied when the margins are
valvate and reflexed.

REFLEXED. Bent abruptly down or backwards.

Reeuiar. Symmetrical or uniform in shape or structure.

Rentrorm. Kidney-shaped.

Repanp. With the margin slightly sinuate or wavy.

Repium. A frame-like placenta left by the falling of the valves in the dehiscence
of the pods of some Crucifere and Leguminose, &c.; particularly obvious
in Carmichaelia.

Rericunats. Provided with markings or venation resembling network.

Rerrorse. Directed backwards or downwards.

Retuse. Having a rounded apex with a shallow notch at the centre.

Reyouutse. Having the margins or apex rolled backwards.

Ruacumia. The axis of the spikelet in grasses.

Ruacuis. The axis of an inflorescence, or of a compound leaf or frond.

Ruaizome. A prostrate or underground rootstock or stem, giving out roots
below, the apex progressively sending up leaves or stems, sometimes short
and tuberous.

Ruomepic. Obliquely four-sided.

Ruomeor, RHompBorpaL. Approaching a rhombic outline; quadrangular with
the sides oblique.

Ris. A primary or prominent nerve or vein.

RieseD. Furnished with prominent ribs. .

Rier. Stiff and inflexible.

Riycent. Gaping; as a labiate corolla with an open throat.

RostTEeLLate. Having a small beak; the diminutive of “rostrate.’

RostEeLLuM. A viscid portion of the column in Orchidee, answering to the
abortive anterior lobe of the stigma.

Rostrate. Beaked; gradually narrowed into a rather long slender point.

Rosutate. Collected into a rosette.

Rotate. Wheel-shaped ; applied to a gamopetalous corolla with a short tube
and flat spreading limb.

Rupiment. Any imperfectly developed and functionally useless organ.

Rurovus. Reddish; pale-red mixed with brown.

Rueoss. Wrinkled ; covered with wrinkled lines or ridges.

RucouLose. Somewhat wrinkled.

RumINATED. Having the appearance of being chewed, as the albumen of the
nutmeg.

Runeryate. Applied to a pinnatifid leaf in which the lobes or segments point
towards the base of the leaf.

Saccatse. Pouch-shaped ; furnished with a sac or pouch-like cavity.

SacirrarE. Shaped like the head of an arrow; triangular, with two basal lobes
prolonged downwards.

Sarcocarp. The fleshy or succulent part of a drupe or stone-fruit.

SARMENTOSE. Producing long and flexible twigs or runners.

ScABERULOUS. Somewhat rough or scabrous.

Scasrip. Slightly rough.

Scasrovus. Rough to the touch; furnished with minute points or asperities.

Scare. A name usually applied to variously modified bracts or depauperated
leaves, thin and scarious or coriaceous or fleshy, often imbricated.

1128 APPENDIX.

ScanDENT. Climbing.

Scarg. A naked peduncle arising from the crown of the root, or from among the
radical leaves.

ScaPIGEROUS. Bearing scapes.

ScariosE, Scarrous. Thin dry and membranous, not green.

Scorprorp. Applied to a unilateral circinately coiled inflorescence, unrolling as
the flowers expand.

ScropicuLate. Marked by minute depressions.

ScuTELLATE. Shaped like a small platter.

Secunp. Turned or pointing to one side only.

Szep. The ripened ovule, consisting of the embryo and its proper envelopes.

SeamentT. One of the divisions into which a leaf or other organ may be cleft
or divided.

Sepaut. A name applied to each of the separate parts or divisions of a calyx.

SEPALOID. Resembling a sepal.

Sepratse. Divided by partitions or septa.

Septicipat. When the cells of a capsule open through the dissepiments or lines
of junction of the carpels.

SEPTIFRAGAL. When the valves of a capsule in dehiscence break away from
the dissepiments.

Septum. A partition dividing a cavity.

Sericeous. Silky; clothed witth soft straight appressed hairs.

SERRATE. Applied to a leaf having its margin furnished with teeth like those of
a saw.

SmrRaAtTuRES. ‘Teeth like those of a saw.

SERRULATE. Minutely serrate.

SESSILE. Sitting directly on the point ot support without any intervening foot-
stalk or petiole.

Sera. A bristle of any kind; a stiff hair.

Seraceous. Bristle-like.

Setirorm. Having the shape of a bristle.

SericpRous. Bearing bristles or furnished with bristles.

Serose. Beset with bristles.

Serutose. Provided with minute slender bristles.

SueatH. A tubular envelope investing the stem, as the lower part of the leaf in
orasses.

Smuuicuue. A short pod or siliqua, not much longer than broad.

Srurqgua. The pod-like fruit of the Crucifere, having two valves falling away
from a frame (replum) on which the seeds are placed.

Srmeie. Of one piece; not compound.

Sryvuate. Having a deep waved margin.

Styus. An angular or rounded recess or depression separating lobes or segments.

SmootH. (1.) Having an even surface; not rough; opposed to “ scabrous.”
(2.) Glabrous or free from hairs; opposed to ‘‘ pubescent.”

Sorus. A cluster of sporangia in ferns.

Spapix. A spike with a thickened fleshy rhachis and usually enclosed or
subtended by a large bract or spathe, as in many Aroids.

Sparse. Thinly scattered.

SparHe. A large often coloured bract enclosing an inflorescence, usually a spadix.

SpaTHuLaTE. Oblong, with the lower end much drawn out, so as to resemble a
druggist’s spatula.

Species. A group of all those individuals possessing the same constant and dis-
tinctive characters.

Sprcatse. Like a spike, or arranged in a spike.

Spike. An inflorescence having several or many sessile flowers arranged on a
lengthened axis, the lower flowers opening first.

SprKELET. In grasses and sedges, applied to a cluster or small spike of one or
more flowers, usually subtended by a pair of glumes.

APPENDIX. 1129

Sprvz. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem: a modified branch,
leaf, or stipule.

Sprvescent. Ending in a spine or sharp point.

Spryose. Furnished with or resembling spines.

Spryutoss. Having small spines; the diminutive of ‘‘spinose.”

Sporanetum. In the higher Cryptogams, the case or sac which contains the
spores.

Sporn. In Cryptogams, a minute body or cell capable of germination, but not
possessing an embryo as in a true seed.

Spur. A slender tubular process from some part of a flower, often containing
nectar.

SquamMaTE, SquamMosE. Furnished with scales; scaly or scale-like.

SquarrosE. Rough with spreading projections or processes, as the tips of bracts.

Stamen. ‘The pollen-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of an anther usually

borne on a filament or stalk.

STAMINIFEROUS. Stamen-bearing.

Stamtnopium. A sterile or abortive stamen.

StanparpD. The broad upper petal of a papilionaceous flower.

STetuatTs. Star-shaped ; radiating from a centre like the points of a star.

Stem. The main ascending axis of a plant.

Sreritu. Barren; applied to flowers wanting a pistil, or to stamens destitute
of anthers or pollen.

Stigma. That portion of the pistil which receives the pollen, usually situated

at the tip of the style.

Stiematic. Relating to or belonging to the stigma.

StiematosE. Provided with stigmas.

Sripzs. (1.) The petiole or foot-stalk of the frond of a fern. (2.) The stalk or
support of the gynzceum or carpel, or other organ.

Strpetya. A secondary stipule, sometimes found at the base of the leaflets of
compound leaves.

Sripirate. Borne on a stalk or stipes.

StipuLate. Provided with stipules.

StipuLtE. Appendages of various kinds arising from the base of the petiole of a

leaf.
Stoton. A horizontal sucker or runner from the base of a plant, usually rooting
at the tip.

SrToLoNIFEROvS. Sending out stolons.

Strate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines.

Srrict. Upright and very straight.

Stricittose. Minutely strigose.

Stricose. Covered with short, straight, stiff, and appressed sharp-pointed
hairs.

STROPHIOLATE. Possessing strophioles.

StropHIoLE. An appendage situated near the hilum of some seeds.

Sryzte. The upper attenuated part of a pistil or carpel, bearing the stigma at
its top. It is often very short or wanting.

StytirormM. Style-shaped; resembling a narrow cylinder.

SryLopopium. A swollen expansion at the base of the style in the Umbellifere.

Susviatse. Awl-shaped.

SuccuLEent. Juicy and fleshy.

Lo Surrruticose. Slightly or somewhat shrubby; woody at the

ase.

Suncatre. Grooved or furrowed.

Superior. Growing or placed above. The calyx is said to be superior when
it appears to spring from the top of the ovary; on the other hand, the
ay is superior when it is free from the calyx and is consequently placed
above it.

SUSPENDED. Hanging directly downwards; hanging from the apex of a cell.

1130 APPENDIX.

Sutures. A junction or line of union or dehiscence.

SymMeETrRicaL. Regular in its shape or in the number of its parts.
Syncarpous. Composed of two or more united carpels.

Synonym. A superseded or disused name.

Tart. A long and slender terminal prolongation.

TrEetTH. Any small marginal or terminal lobes.

Tenprit. A filiform coiled or twining process by which one plant clings to another.

TERETE. Cylindrical or nearly so, not angled or grooved.

TreRNATE. Arranged in threes, as three in a whorl or cluster, or when three leaflets
or segments start from the same point.

Testa. The outer coat of the seed.

TETRADYNAMOUS. Having four long and two shorter stamens, as in the flowers
of Crucifere.

TETRAGONAL, TETRAGONOUS. Having four angles.

TETRAMEROUS. Composed of four parts or members.

TrTRANDROUS. Having four stamens.

TETRAPTEROUS. Four-winged.

THALLorp. Resembling a thallus.

Tuautuus. A vegetative body without distinction of stem or leaf.

Turoat. The orifice of a gamopetalous corolla or calyx: that portion of the
corolla or calyx between the limb and the tube.

Turysus. <A contracted or ovate panicle, broadest about the middle.

TomeEntTosE. Densely covered with matted wool or short hairs.

TomentuMm. Densely matted woolly pubescence.

Torosg. Cylindrical or nearly so, with constrictions at regular intervals.

Tortuous. Twisted or bent in different directions.

ToruLosE. The diminutive of ‘ torose.’

Torus. The receptacle of a flower; the more or less modified apex of the
peduncle, upon which the parts of the flower are inserted.

TRABECULATE. Furnished with markings like cross-bars

TRANSVERSE. Lying or placed across in a cross direction.

TrIaANDROUS. Having three stamens.

TRIANGULAR. Three-angled; having the shape of a triangle. :

TricHotomous. Three-forked; branching into three divisions springing from
one point.

Tririp. Three-cleft.

TRIFOLIOLATE. Having three leaflets.

TrirurRcATE. Having three forks or branches.

TRIGONAL, TRIGONOUS. Three-angled, with flat faces.

TrimoRPHICc. Occurring in three forms.

Tripartite. Divided to the base into three parts.

TRIPINNATE. Thrice pinnate; when the leaflets of a bipimnate leaf are again
pinnate.

TRIPINNATIFID. Thrice pinnatifid.

TriquEeTrous. Acutely three-angled with the faces concave.

Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off transversely.

Tuse. (1.) Any hollow elongated body or part of an organ. (2.) The lower
united portion of a gamopetalous corolla or calyx.

Tuper. A short and thick subterranean branch or rhizome, furnished with
scattered buds or “‘ eyes,” from which new shoots can arise.

TusEercLe. A small projection or wart-like excrescence.

TuBERCULATE. Covered with small warts or excrescences.

TusErous. Resembling a tuber.

TusuLar. Tube-shaped; cylindrical and hollow.

Tumip. Swollen or inflated.

TuntcaTE. Having several concentric coats or tunics, like an onion.

APPENDIX. Pisa

‘TURBINATE. Top-shaped.

Turerp. Swollen or distended.

‘Twintne. Climbing by twining or winding round a support.

Typr. The ideal representative of a species or other division.

‘TYPE-SPECIMEN. The original specimen from which a description of a particular
species was drawn up.

‘Typrcat. That which corresponds with or represents the type.

Umpet. An inflorescence in which several pedicels of about the same length
radiate from the top of a common peduncle. An umbel is said to be simple
when each of its pedicels or rays ends in a single flower; compound when
each ray bears a secondary umbel.

UmBELLatE. Having the inflorescence arranged in umbels.

UmBELLULE. A secondary umbel.

Umesricatr. Having a depression in the centre; navel-like-

UmsBonate. Bearing a convex projection or boss.

Unecrnate. Hooked at the extremity.

Unpunate. Wavy; having a waved or sinuous margin.

UneuicuLate. Applied to a petal which is narrowed at the base into a claw.

UNILATERAL. One-sided.

UniLocutaR. One-celled.

UNISERIATE. Arranged in a single horizontal row or series.

UNIsExuAL. Of one sex; applied to flowers having stamens only or pistils only.

UrcrouaTe. Urn-shaped; contracted at the mouth like an urn or pitcher.

Urricie. (1.) A seed-vessel consisting of a thin loose pericarp enclosing a single
seed, as in Chenopodium. (2.) A membranous sac enclosing the fruit proper
in Carex and Uncinia. (3.) Any bladder-shaped appendage.

Vacina. A sheath, as of a leaf.

VaainaTE. Sheathed.

VALLECULE. A term applied to the grooves between the ribs of the fruit in
Umbelliferce.

VALVATE. (1.) Opening by valves, as in the majority of dehiscent fruits and
many anthers. (2.) In estivation, applied when the parts of a flower-bud
meet exactly at their edges without overlapping.

VaLvE. One of the divisions into which a capsule or other dehiscent fruit separates
at maturity ; the door-like lid by which many anthers open.

VaRIEGATED. Irregularly coloured in patches or blotches.

Variety. A subdivision of a species, differing from the type in certain constant
characters of subordinate value.

Vern. A strand of vascular tissue traversing a leaf or any other flat organ.

VeIneD. Furnished with veins.

VeInuess. Destitute of evident veins.

Verntet. A small vein, or the ultimate branch of a vein.

Venation. The manner in which the veins of leaves are arranged.

VentTRAL. The anterior or inner face of a carpel, &c. ; the opposite of “dorsal.”

VeENTRICOSE. Swelling or inflated on one side.

VeERNICOSE. Shiny, as if varnished.

VeERRUCOSE. Covered with wart-like projections.

VERSATILE. Swinging freely on its support, as many anthers on their filaments.

VerticaL. Upright; perpendicular to the plane of the horizon.

Verticiz. A whorl, or an arrangement of similar bodies, as leaves in a circle
about the axis.

VERTICILLATE. Arranged in whorls or verticils.

VesicLe. A small bladder or cavity.

Vexittum. The standard, or large upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

iduayy APPENDIX.

Vittoss, Vittovus. Bearing long and soft straightish hairs.

Vircatse. Like a wand or rod; slender, straight, and erect.

Viscrp. Glutinous or sticky.

Vittz. The longitudinal oil-tubes in the pericarp of most Umbellifere, easily
seen when the fruit is cut across.

VirTate. Furnished with vitte.

Viviparous. Propagating by buds or bulblets instead of seeds, or with the
seeds germinating while still attached to the plant.

Wuort. Any arrangement of organs in a circle round an axis; a verticil.
Wise. (1.) Any membranous or thin expansion or appendage attached to an
organ. (2.) A lateral petal of a papilionaceous flower.

APPENDIX. 1S

V. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

I. RANUNCULACE.

i Clematis parviflora.—tTo this species I refer with some
doubt C. Hilla, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 266, of

which I have seen no authentically named specimens.

Page

6 Myosurus aristatus.—Abundant in moist places near the
mouth of the Awatere River, Marlborough, J. H. Macmahon!

10 2s. Ranunculus Matthewsii, Cheesem. n. sp—Habit of
R. Buchanani, but larger and stouter, 15-20 in. high, glabrous
or with a few weak hairs on the petioles and peduncles.
Radical leaves on stout petioles 3-9in. long, reniform or
orbicular in outline, ternatisect; the main divisions petiolate,
coarsely toothed or lobed. Cauline leaves sessile, deeply
toothed or lobed, but not so finely asin R. Buchanam. Flowers
1-4, large, pure- white, sweet-scented, 24-3in. diam. Sepals 5,
slightly villous, reflexed when the flower is mature. Petals
numerous, 12-20, oblong-cuneate, rounded at the tip, narrowed
to the base; gland solitary, large, basilar. Achenes turgid,
pilose, forming an oblong-globose head 4in. diam. or more;
styles long, subulate.

SoutH Istanp: Otago— Mount Harnslaw, alt. 4000-6000[t., H. J.
Matthews !

I have only two good specimens of this beautiful plant, and some
allowance must consequently be made for the description. It is evidently
yery close to R. Buchanani, differing chiefly in the larger size and stouter
habit, in being almost glabrous, and in the more sparingly divided leaves
and larger flowers.

12 R. nivicola.—Mount Holdsworth, Tararua Range, W.
Townson ! Flowerless specimens apparently belonging to the
same species have also been sent from Mount Stokes, Marl-
borough, by Mr. J. H. Macmahon.

14 R. tenuicaulis.—Boundary Peak, Lyell District, alt.
3000-4000 ft., W. Townson ! Sources of the Poulter River
and Kelly’s Hill, Westland, Dr. Cockayne.

22 R. Hectori.—-Dr. Cockayne considers that this is doubt-
fully distinct from &. aucklandicus. (See Trans. N.Z. Inst.
Xxxvii. 518.)

1134 APPENDIX.

Page

25

36

38

45

46

56

56

68

R. rivularis.—According to Kirk’s Students’ Flora, Petrie’s
R. areolatus (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1891) 439) is based upon
a mixture of this species and the Scandinavian fk. pygmeus,
Wablb.

Ill. CRUCIFERA.

Sisymbrium nove-zealandize. — Mount Blairish, Marl-
borough, J. H. Maemahon !

Lepidium oleraceum var. frondosum.—Curtis Isiand,
Kermadec Group, Miss Shakespere !

Notothlaspi australe var. stellatum.—Boundary Peak,
Lyell District, W. Townson !

Iv. VIOLARIE.

Melicytus collinus, Col. Hxcurs. N. Island, 85.—A name
quoted in the Index Kewensis, but I have seen no speci-
mens nor description. Like most of Mr. Colenso’s names,
it probably does not represent a distinct species.

V. PITTOSPORESS.

Pittosporum patulum.— Cobb Valley, to the north of
Mount Arthur, F’. G. Gibbs !

9 bis. P. Dallii, Cheesm. n. sp.—-Apparently a small tree ;
branches stout, whorled, the younger ones glabrous, with
reddish bark. Leaves towards the tips of the branchlets,
alternate or subwhorled, 24—4in. long, elliptic-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, corla-
ceous, sbarply and coarsely doubly serrate; midrib stout,
prominent above; veins finely reticulate ; petioles $—3 in. long,
stout, reddish. Flowers not seen. Capsules numerous, ar-
ranged in corymbose cymes terminating the branches, about
tin. long, elliptic-oblong, apiculate, quite glabrous, 2-valved ;
valves hard and woody, rough and corrugated. Seeds
numerous.

Soot Istanp: Nelson—Mountains near Collingwood, Dali!

A remarkably distinct plant, with very different foliage to that of any
other New Zealand species. The flowers are quite unknown.

VI. CARYOPHYLLE:.

Colobanthus brevisepalus.—Summit of Mount Blairish,
Marlborough, J. H. Macmahon !

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71

v7

80

83

97

104

APPENDIX. 1135

VII. PORTULACEA.

Claytonia australasica.— Mr. Colenso’s C. calycina
(Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. 592) appears to be a synonym of this.

X. MALVACE.

Plagianthus cymosus. — Pelorus Valley, Marlborough,
rare, J. H. Macmahon! Female specimens have also been
found at Kaitaia by Mr. R. AH. Matthews.

Gaya Lyallii, var. ribifolia, F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is, 11.—
Leaves deeply lobed or incised, usually smaller and not so
acuminate; stellate pubescence more conspicuous, especially
on the under-surface.

A very distinct-looking variety, accidentally omitted in the body of this
book. It is abundant in many parts of Marlborough and Canterbury,
usually on the lower ranges flanking the eastern side of the Southern Alps;
whereas the typical state is more common in the humid climate of West-

land and Nelson. Dr. Cockayne considers that both forms are truly
deciduous.

XI. TILIACEA.

Aristotelia racemosa.— Mr. Townson sends a variety
from the Mokihinui River, to the north of Westport, in which
the berries are clear bright-red when mature (not blackish-red),
and rather larger than in the type.

XVI. OLACINE.

Pennantia corymbosa.—Add as a synonym P. odorata,
Raoul in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. i. 2 (1844) 123.

xx, ANACARDIACESA.

Corynocarpus.— Mr. W. B. Hemsley, in an elaborate
memoir published in the ‘‘ Annals of Botany”’ for 1903, pp.
743-60, fully discusses the relationships of the genus, and
describes two new species, one collected by Archdeacon Comins
in Torres Island, New Hebrides, the other by Viellard in New
Caledonia. He gives an amended generic character, in which
attention is drawn to the curious fact that the gynzceum occa-
sionally has a second rudimentary style. Full descriptions are
also given of the three species. The two new ones from Poly-
nesia are closely allied to C. leévigata, chiefly ditfering in the
smaller foliage and in the shape of the petaloid staminodia.
With respect to the systematic position of the genus, Mr.
Hemsley confirms Professor Engler’s statement respecting the

1136 APPENDIX.

Page

109

112

120

121

128

128

131

total absence of resin-canals, which are present in all the
other genera of dnacardiacee, but considers that this pecu-
larity is not accompanied by correlated characters of sufficient
importance to justify the exclusion of the genus from the order.
The discovery of Corynocarpus in western Polynesia is of con-
siderable interest in connection with the often-quoted tradition
that the New Zealand species was introduced by the Maoris
when they first colonised the country.

XXII. LEGUMINOS£.

Carmichaelia Muelleriana, [egel in Garienf. (1887) 611.
—I have been unable to satisfactorily identify this plant, which
is probably the same as one of the species described in this
work.

C. Williamsii.—Barren specimens apparently referable to
this species have been collected by Dr. Cockayne on the Poor
Knights Islands, but the identification cannot be considered
certain until flowering and fruiting specimens have been
obtained.

Clianthus puniceus.—A variety with white flowers is now
commonly cultivated in gardens.

Swainsona nove-zealandize.— Mount Torlesse Range,
Canterbury, alt. 3200-3600 ft., Dr. Cockayne.

XXIII. ROSACEZ:.

Geum aucklandicum, Greene, Pittonia, iv. 225.—This
name must be substituted for G. sericewm, T. Kirk, over which
it has several years’ priority.

G. uniflorum.— Dr. Cockayne remarks that this is an
extremely common plant of subalpine and alpine meadows and
moist shady rocky places in Westland.

Aceena sanguisorbe var. antarctica, Cockayne in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxxvi. (1904) 319.— Dr. Cockayne proposes this
name for the common form of the species in the Auckland
and Campbell Islands, remarking that it can be distinguished
from var. pilosa by the pale-green (not whitish-green) leaves
which are glabrous on the upper surface, much shorter scapes
which are hardly raised above the foliage, bright-green calyx-
lobes, and by the shorter stamens. I have seen no specimens.

Page

137

145

160

166

169

175

176
182

197

200

203

APPENDIX. 13} 7/

XXIV. SAXIFRAGES.

Carpodetus serratus.—The synonyms C. dentatus, Poir.
Eneye. ii. 120, and C. Forsteri, Roem. and Schult. Syst. v.
604, were accidentally omitted in the body of this work.

XXV. CRASSULACES.,

Tillea purpurata.—-Mouth of the Awatere River, Marl-
borough, in places where water has stagnated, J. H. Mac-
mahov !

XXVIII. MYRTACEZ.

Leptospermum scoparium.—A variety with dark -red
flowers, originally discovered by Mr. Justice Chapman in
Otago, is now often cultivated as a garden-plant.

Metrosideros tomentosa.— Mr. Carse sends specimens of
a yellow-flowered variety gathered at Rangaunu Harbour, near
Mongonui.

Myrtus obcordata.—Reef Point, Ahipara, R. H. Matthews !
The most northern habitat yet recorded.

XXIX. ONAGRARIEZA.

Epilobium confertifolium.— Dr. Cockayne limits this
species to the Auckland and Campbell Islands plant.

E. pictum.—Tinline Valley, Marlborough, J. H. Macmahon !

BE. vernicosum.— Mount Owen, abundant. W. Townson !

XXXII. UMBELLIFERA..

Hydrocotyle moschata.—Add to the synonyms H. com-
pacta, A. Rich. in Ann. Sci. Phys. iv. (1820) 201; and 4.
colorata, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xviii. (1885) 260.

Azorella reniformis.—This was first referred to Azorella
by Asa Gray in Bot. U.S. Expl. Exped. i. 698, and he should
consequently be quoted as the authority.

A. Hookeri, Drude in Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenf. 8, viii.
132. —A name proposed to take the place of A. trifoliolata,
Hook. f., which is preoccupied by a Chilian species. (Clos in
C. Gay, Fi. Chil. ii. 85.)

1138

Page
203

204

210
211

212

APPENDIX.

10. A radians, Drude, l.c.—This is quoted as a new species
allied to A. Hvookert, but no description or locality is given.

Eryngium vesiculosum.—Abundant near the mouth of
the Awatere River, Marlborough, J. H. Macmahon !

Actinotus nove-zealandiz.-— Add to the synonyms
Hemiphues nove-zealandi@, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii.
(1880) 355.

Aciphylla Colensoi var. conspicua.— Mount Kelvin, near
Westport, alt. 4500 1ft., W. Townson !

A. squarrosa.— Gingidium squarrosum, F. Muell. Veg.
Chath. Is. 18, should be quoted as a synonym.

A. Hookeri.—Brunner Mountains, W. Townson !

A. Lyallii.—Lyell Mountains, alt. 3500ft., W. Townson!
From the same locality Mr. Townson also sends a remarkable
variety (?) with larger and more rigid leaves, the lower pinne
of which are trifid or again pinnate. The bracts are also
longer and more squarrose, with pinnately divided lamine.

5 bis. A. Townsoni, Cheesem. n. sp. — Erect, slender,
smooth and grassy, often somewhat flaccid, 6-12in. high.
Radical leaves numerous, very slender, 3-9 in. long, pinnate or
bipinnate at the base; leaflets 2-4 pairs, very narrow, $-3 in.
long, #55 in. broad, usually flaccid but tipped by a short

broad membranous sheathing bases. Scape short, leafy;
bracts very numerous, usually more rigid than the leaves, with
broad membranous sheathing bases and a trifoliolate or pin-
nately divided lamina. Male umbels numerous, compound, on
long slender spreading peduncles; females much fewer and
smaller, on shorter erect peduncles, almost concealed in the
broad membranous bract-sheaths. Fruit linear-oblong, about
4in. long; carpels 3—5-winged.

Sour Isnranp: Nelson—Mount Faraday, Mount Buckland, and the
Lyell Mountains, alt. 3000-4500 ft., W. Townson !

The nearest ally of this curious novelty appears to be 4. Lyallw var.
crenulata, from which it differs in the slender and almost flaccid habit,
and in the extremely narrow leaf-segments.

A. Monroi.—Add as a synonym Guingidiwm Monro, F.
Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 18.

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214

216

219

219

223

227

227

APPENDIX. 1139

A. Dieffenbachii.—Include among the synonyms Angelica
Dieffenbachii, Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. i. 916.

Ligusticum antipodum.—<Add to the synonyms Gin-
gidium antipodum, F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 18.

L. deltoideum.—Lyell Mountains, alt. 3000-4000 ft., W.
Townson !

11 bis. L. diversifolium, Cheesem. n. sp.—Habit and size
of L. carnosulum, and like it thick and fleshy and glaucous-
green when fresh. Stems 1-4in. long, tufted at the top of a
stout tortuous rootstock, with several radical leaves at the
base, and 1-3 cauline ones just below the inflorescence.
Leaves as in ZL. carnosulwm, 2-3-ternately multifid with linear-
subulate ultimate segments 1-4in. long. Umbels usually soli-
tary, compound, terminating the stem, 1-3in. diam.; but
sometimes smaller simple or compound umbels are developed
in the axils of the cauline leaves. Involucral bracts 4-6, linear,
flat, acute, quite entire or rarely forked, much shorter than the
umbel; rays 6-12, stout, rigid. Secondary umbels small,
many-flowered; bracts of the involucels 8-12, linear, quite
entire. Flowers crowded, white or pink, much as in Z. carno-
sulwm but rather larger and with more prominent calyx-teeth.
Fruit not seen.

Sout Isnranp: Nelson—Shingle slopes on Mount Robert (overlooking
Lake Rotoiti), alt. 4000 ft., #. G. Gibbs !

I have been much puzzled with this plant, which has the habit and
foliage of L. carnosulum, but differs markedly in the much smaller linear
and entire involucral bracts, and in smaller simple or compound umbels
often being developed in the axils of the cauline leaves. In L. carnosulum
the bracts are similar to the leaves—that is, are ternately multifid, and the
primary ones far overtop the umbel. There is never more than a single
terminal compound umbel, and the stems are usually very short.

Angelica trifoliolata.—Sphagnum bogs near the summit
of Porter’s Pass, Canterbury, Dr. Cockayne.

XXXIV. ARALIACE:.

Aralia [yallii.—This species, which was originally de-
scribed as a Stilbocarpa by Armstrong, has been, with much
reason, replaced in that genus by Harms (Engl. and Prantl,
Pflanzenf. 3, vill. 57), but in a separate section, for which he
proposes the name Kirkophytum.

A. Lyallii var. robusta.—Mr. Justice Chapman, who has
collected this on the Snares, informs me that it can be readily
distinguished from the type by not possessing stolons, and by
its larger size, leaves having been measured 28 in. in diameter.

1140 APPENDIX.

Page
228

Panax. — In Engler and Pranti’s Pflanzenfamilien the
whole of the New Zealand species are placed in Miquel’s genus
Nothopanax, a course indicated by Seemann as far back as
1866. But there is much confusion and no small diversity of
opinion regarding the classification of the order, and most o
the genera require careful re-examination. Until this has been
done it seems inadvisable to alter the position of our species.

P. lineare.— Add as a synonyin Nothopanax linearis, Harms
in Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3, vii. 48.

P. simplex.— Include among the synonyms P. integrifolius,
Col. in Trans.'N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 192; Nothopanax simplex,
Seem. Journ. Bot. iv. (1866) 296; and N. wtegrifoliwm, Harms,
lye:

P. Edgerleyi.—Nothopanax Edgerleyi, Harms, l.c.

P. anomalum. — Nothopanax anomalum, Seem. l.c.; N.
microphylium, Harms, l.c.

P. Sinclairii.— Nothopanax Sinclair, Seem. l.e.
P. Colensoi.— Nothopanax Colensoi, Seem. l.c.
P. arboreum.—Nothopanax arborewm, feem. |.c.

Pseudopanax discolor.—This was first referred to Pseudo-
panax by Harms (Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3, viii. 46).

P. Lessonii.—Add to the synonyms dAralia Lessoniz, Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1. 96.

P. crassifolium. — Include among the synonyms dralia
heterophylla, A. Cunn. ex Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 583.

P. ferox.—Reef Point, near Ahipara, R. H. Matthews !

XXXVII. RUBIACE.

Coprosma grandifolia.—Add to the synonyms C. lati-
folia, Col. ex Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 229;
and C. lanceolata, Col. l.c. xxxi. (1899) 270.

C. Cunninghamii.—To this should be referred C. conferta,
A. Cunn. Precur. n. 471.

Cc. tenuifolia.—Mount Kakaramea, and forests near the
base of Tongariro, abundant, T. Ff’. C.

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255

257

277

281

APPENDIX. 1145

C. areolata.—Mr. Carse informs me that the fruit requires
from fourteen to sixteen months to ripen.

C. crassifolia.—Mr. Colenso’s C. arcuata (Excurs. North
Island, 84) is probably the same as this species.

27 bis. C. rugosa, Cheesem. n. sp.—A much and densely
branched rigid erect shrub 4-8ft. high; branches stout,
divaricating, often interlaced, glabrous or the younger ones
puberulous; bark fissured and uneven, dark-brown or dark
red-brown, of the branchlets yellowish-brown. Leaves in
opposite pairs or fascicles, +-2in. long, s4 in. broad, narrow-
linear or narrow linear-spathulate, subacute or acute, spread-
ing, veinless, narrowed into a short petiole or sessile; stipules
ciliolate. Flowers involucellate, axillary, terminating minute
arrested branchlets. Males solitary or in 2-3-flowered fas-
cicles ; calyx wanting; corolla +in. long, campanulate, deeply
4-partite ; stamens 4. Females solitary or rarely two together ;
ealyx-limb 4-toothed ; corolla deeply 4-lobed. Drupe +-Lin.
long, broadly oblong or almost globose, pale-blue, almost trans-
lucent.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Buller Gorge, W. Townson! Clarence Valley,
7, F.C. Canterbury—Arthur’s Pass and Mount Cook District, 7. F. C
Otago—Near Dunedin, Petrie!- Sea-level to 3000 ft.

Closely allied to C. acerosa var. brunnea, from which it differs in the
much larger size and erect habit, longer and narrower often petioled
leaves, in the longer calyx-lobes of the female flowers, and in the more
oblong drupe. It is probably common in mountain districts throughout.
the South Island.

XXXVIII. COMPOSITZA.

Brachycome Thomsoni var. membranifolia. — Mount
Murchison and Brunner Mountains, alt. 2000-4000 ft., W
Townson !

Olearia operina.—Add to the synonyms Eurybia operia,
F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 22.

O. Colensoi.—Quote as a synonym Hurybia Colensoi, F.
Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 22.

O. Cunninghamii.—Mount Frederic, near Westport, W.
Townson !

O. excorticata.—Dr. Cockayne states (Trans. N.Z. Inst.
XXxvii. 366) that this is not uncommon in the subalpine scrub
of Westland, but I have seen no specimens from thence.

1142 APPENDIX.

Page
296

300

302
307

313

314

324

338

340

343

301

358

367

Pleurophyllum criniferum.—Add to the synonyms P.
oresigenesum, Decne. in Bot. Voy. Astrol. et Zél. 37.

Celmisia Walkeri.—Dr. Cockayne remarks that this is
‘‘a most characteristic plant of the subalpine meadows of
Westland, and of moist rocky places in the same region”
(Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxvii. 367).

C. Dallii.— Mount Lockett, Nelson, #. G. Gibbs !

C. petiolata var. membranacea.— Brunner Mountains,
alt. 4,000 ft., W. Townson !

C. Monroi.—Taylor’s Pass, Awatere Valley, J. H. Mac-
mahon ! Almost precisely matches one of Monro’s original
specimens, now in Mr. Petrie’s herbarium.

C. longifolia.—C. asteliefolia, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 35 ;
and C. perpusilla, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 470,
are both referable to this species.

Gnaphalium subrigidum.—Mr. Townson has sent me
a specimen from the Buller Valley, near Westport, the first
I have seen from the South Island.

Raoulia australis.—I have erroneously quoted R. Mac-
kayt, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 354, as a synonym
of this species. It is a variety of Gnaphalium Travers.

Helichrysum filicaule.—Add as a synonym Gnaphaliwm
parviflorum, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1884) 333.

H. Leontopodium.— Mount Richmond, Nelson, J. A.
Macmahon !

H. coralloides.—Source of the Conway River, South Marl-
borough, Dr. Cockayne.

Cotula australis. — Recorded from Campbell Island by
Mr. Buchanan. (See Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. 399.)

C. dioica.—I believe that one of the forms of this species
was collected in the Auckland Islands by Dr. Koettlitz during
the recent visit of the Antarctic exploring-ship ‘“‘ Discovery.”

Brachyglottis Rangiora.—This would have been better
treated as a variety of B. repanda. Myr. J. R. Annabell in-
forms me that it occurs between Patea and Hawera, and at
Waitotara.

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381

383

388

398

410

414

425

434

APPENDIX. 1143

Senecio Monroi.— Mount Blairish, North Marlborough,
J. H. Macmahon.

S. Adamsii.— Mount Lockett, to the north of the Mount
Arthur Plateau, F’. G. Gibbs !

S. rotundifolius.— Add to the synonyms S. feinoldi,
Endl. ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 734.

Sonchus asper.—Shores of Auckland Island, Dr. Koettlitz.
The Snares and Antipodes Island, Kirk.

XLI. CAMPANULACE:.

Pratia angulata var. arenaria.—Chatham Islands, F’. A. D.
Cox !

XLII. EPACRIDE.

Pentachondra pumila.—I refer to this Mr. Colenso’s
Leucopogon heterophyllus (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888) 198).

Leucopogon Fraseri.—Add to the synonyms Penta-
chondra mucronata, Hook. f. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi.
(1849) 270.

Dracophyllum strictum.—TI suspect that D. Peatomanun,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 477, of which I have seen
no authentic specimens, is nothing more than a state of this.

D. recurvum.—Very plentiful near the base of Tongariro
and Ruapehu, where it forms a low rigid shrub with spreading
or almost prostrate branches, the whole plant forming dense
masses 2-5 ft. diam., but usually not rising more than 1-2 ft.
from the ground.

D. subulatum.—D. angustifoliwm, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst,
Xxvill. (1896) 603, is probably a synonym.

XLV. MYRSINESS.

Myrsine divaricata.— Dr. Cockayne informs me that this
is plentiful on the Poor Knights Islands, between Whangarei
and the Bay of Islands, a somewhat unexpected locality.

1144 APPENDIX.

Page

445

446

448

XLIX. LOGANIACEAE.

Logania depressa.—In the body of this work I have fol-
lowed the ‘‘ Handbook” in giving the Ruahine Range as the
locality where this species was originally collected. The exact
habitat, however, was on the margin of the Onetapu Desert,
near the base of Ruapehu. (See Mr. Colenso’s ‘‘ Visits to the
Ruahine Range,” p. 43.)

L. GENTIANEA.

Gentiana.—Since the arrangement given in the body of
this work was printed I have received copious suites of speci-
mens from Messrs. Townson, Macmahon, Gibbs, H. J. Mat-
thews, and others. These by no means simplify the task of
providing good distinctive characters for the species, but rather
increase it, so many of the specimens being intermediate forms.
This is particularly the case with the species constituting the
section D of the conspectus given on page 447, the whole of
which appear to pass into one another by imperceptible grada-
tions.

2 bis. G. gracilifolia, Cheesem. n. sp. — Perennial, dark-
green, much branched at the base, forming compact sward-like
patches 2-6in. diam. or more. Flowering-stems numerous,
3-6in. high, decumbent at the base, erect above. Leaves
numerous, crowded at the base of the stem or on short
erect branches, 4—2in. long, ;4-}in. broad, narrow linear-
spathulate or linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile or the lower ones
narrowed into short petioles, rather thick and coriaceous, dark-
green and shining when fresh, often blackish-brown when dry.
Cauline leaves 24 distant opposite pairs, similar to the
radical. Flowers 2—4 to each stem, 4-41n. diam., pure-white.
Calyx divided from two-thirds to three-quarters of the way
down; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate. Corolla campanulate, divided two-thirds of the way
down ; lobes oblong-obovate, obtuse or subacute. Stamens
about half as long as the corolla. Ovary linear-oblong.

SourH Istanp: Nelson—Peaty localities by the margin of small tarns
on the Mount Arthur Plateau, alt. 3500-4500ft., 7. F. C., F. G. Gibbs!
February—March.

This appears to be a perfectly distinct species, perhaps more nearly
allied to G. Townsoni than to any other, but easily distinguished by the
much smaller size, by often forming a compact sward, by the smaller nar-
rower and much more numerous leaves, and by the smaller and fewer

flowers.

Page
451

452

469

APPENDIX. 1145.

G. montana.— Brunner Range, alt. 8000-4000 ft., W.
Townson! Mr. Gibbs also sends specimens of a closely allied
plant, with slightly longer and narrower cauline leaves, from
Mount Lockett and Mount Peel.

9 bis. G. vernicosa, Cheesem. n. sp. — Perennial; root
long, slender, bearing at the top a compact tuft of radical
leaves, and 1-5 stout flowering-stems 4-9 in. high, which are
decumbent at the base but erect above. Radical leaves
numerous, crowded, 4-I+in. long, 4-1in. broad, narrow
oblong-spathulate or linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, nar-
rowed to a broad sessile base, dark-green, polished and shining,
somewhat concave above, thick and coriaceous, especially to-
wards the tip, but becoming thinner at the base. Cauline
leaves many towards the base of the flowering-stems, in distant
pairs above, similar to the radical but smaller and more acute.
Flowers large, white, 3-3in. diam., in 2-7-flowered terminal
umbels or corymbose cymes. Calyx half the length of the
corolla; lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute. Corolla
divided three-quarters of the way down or more; lobes obovate-
oblong, rounded at the tip. Ovary lnear-oblong.

SoutH Istranp: Nelson — Mount Lceckett (to the north of Mount
Arthur), alt. 3500-4500 ft., #’. G. Gibbs ! February—March.

I have only three good specimens of this plant, but they all agree in
the thick and coriaceous polished and shining leaves, which present quite
a different appearance from those of any other species known tome. But
it is possible that it may vary into G. bellidifolia.

LI. BORAGINACEZ:.

18 bis. Myosotis Townsoni, Cheesem. n. sp.—Perennial ;
more or less densely hispid with soft spreading white hairs ;
rootstock rather long, prostrate, branched; stems few or
many, slender, leafy, prostrate or decumbent below, ascending
or erect at the tips. Radical leaves on long slender petioles
1-2in. long; biade 4-lin. by ++in., oblong-spathulate or
linear-oblong, obtuse or apiculate, membranous, upper surface
densely hispid with soft white hairs, often almost glabrous
beneath. Cauline leaves numerous, narrow-oblong, sessile or
the lowermost petiolate. Flowers in the axils of the upper
cauline leaves or forming few-flowered racemes terminating the
stem, +-14in. long, }-+in. diam., sessile or the lowermost
shortly pedicelled. Calyx hispid with coarse white hairs,
5-lobed below the middle; lobes linear-lanceolate, acute.
Corolla-tube cylindric, much longer than the calyx; throat:
with 5 scales; limb broad flat, with broadly oblong lobes.

1146 APPENDIX.

Page

486

516

522

528

547

550

553

Stamens inserted between the corolla-scales ; filaments slightly
longer than the linear anthers, which are wholly above the
level of the scales. Nutlets ovoid, shining, black.

SoutH Isuanp: Nelson— Brunner Range and Lyell Mountains,
W. Townson ! 3000-4500 ft. January—March.

In the structure of the flower this is intermediate between Hxarrhena
and Humyosotis, but as the anthers stand above the level of the scales I have
placed it in the former section. It is apparently allied to M. saxosa and.
M. Lyallii, but differs from both in the flowers being chiefly axillary.

M. concinna.—Abundant on the southern face of Mount
Owen, alt. 3000-4500 ft., Townson !

Myosotidium nobile.—Insert as a synonym Cynoglosswm
nobile, Hook. f. in Gard. Chron. (1858) 240.

LIV. SCROPHULARINE.

Mazus radicans.—To this species I refer Owrisia montana,
Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 214, t. 15, f. 1.

Veronica elliptica.— Add as a synonym V. marginata,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. (1896) 608. With respect to
the inclusion of Hooker’s V. odora with V. elliptica, Dr. Cock-
ayne has independently come to the same conclusion as myself.

V. Cockayniana.—This appears to have a wide range on
the western side of the Southern Alps, at altitudes above 3000 ft.,
stretching from Mount Peel and the Lyell Mountains to Lake
Wanaka.

V. Gilliesiana.— Mount Lyell and the Brunner Mountains,
alt. 4000-5000 ft., W. Townson !

V. Cheesemanii.— Mount Richmond and Mount Fishtail,
North Marlborough, alt. 4000-5000 ft., J. H. Macmahon !

Ourisia sessilifolia.—Diamond Lake Range, to the north of
Mount Peel, F. G. Gibbs !

Euphrasia cuneata.—Mr. J. H. Macmahon has sent me
numerous specimens of this species collected on the shores of
Pelorus Sound, Marlborough, where he states it is plentiful.
So far, these are the only specimens I have seen from the
South Island. It is worth mention that according to A. ~
Richard the type specimens were collected in Tolago Bay:
“Crescit in Nove-Zealandiz, rupibus maritimis loco dicto
baie Tologa.”’

Page

565

578

584

593

596

599

609

616

APPENDIX. 1147

LVUI. VERBENACE,

Vitex lucens.—<An interesting account of the pollination
of this species, prepared by Mr. Petrie, is printed in Trans.
N.Z. Inst. xxxvii. (1905), pp. 409-11.

LXIV. CHENOPODIACE:.

Rhagodia nutans.—South Island: Kaikoura Peninsula,
Rev. R. H. Spencer! Rocky places near the sea, Banks Penin-
sula, Dr. Cockayne.

Atriplex Billardieri.—Shore of Ruapuke Island, Foveaux
Strait, Dr. Cockayne.

LXV. POLYGONACE.

Muhlenbeckia ephedrioides.— Marlborough: Stony bed
of the Conway River, near its source, Dr. Cockayne.

LXVI. PIPERACE.

Peperomia reflexa.—Near Gisborne, Bishop Williams !

LXVIII. MONIMIACEZE.

Hedycarya ‘arborea.— Preservation Inlet, Dr. Cockayne.
The most southern locality yet recorded.

LXXI. THYMELASACE.

Pimelea longifolia.—Charlestown, on rocks near the sea,
Townson ! The most southern locality I am acquainted with.
Add to the synonyms P. congesta, F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt.
Austral. viii. 9.

P. virgata.—Insert as a synonym P. agillaris, Banks and
Soland. ex Wikstr. in Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. (1818) 280.

Pearenaria.To this should be reterred 22, alloca, Bankes
and Soland. ex Meissn. in D.C. Prodr. xiv. 517.

P. Suteri.—I am indebted to Mr. F. G. Gibbs for excellent
specimens of this species, which so far has only been found on
the Dun Mountain Range, Nelson.

Drapetes villosa var. multiflora.—Brunner Range, alt.
4000 ft., W. Townson !

1148 APPENDIX.

Page
617

LXXIJ. LORANTHACE.

An important series of memoirs on the structure and classi-
fication of this order, by the French botanist Van Tieghem, is
printed in the Bulletin of the Botanical Society of France for
the years 1894-96 (Vols. xli. to xliii.). One of these memoirs,
entitled ‘‘ Sur les Loranthoidées de la Nouvelle-Zélande,” deals
specially with the New Zealand species included by all previous
writers in the genus Loranthus, and contains many original
and valuable observations. In addition to the 5 species given
by Hooker in the Handbook, Van Tieghem accepts the
whole of those (5) described by subsequent authors, and pub-
lishes 5 others as new, thus enumerating 15 species in all.
These he distributes in 7 new genera, with one exception con-
fined to New Zealand. Van Tieghem’s liberal ideas as to the
number of genera are not restricted to the New Zealand
species, for in a conspectus of the whole order he admits no
fewer than 133, whereas Hooker and Bentham, in the “‘ Genera
Plantarum,’ only gave 13. Van Tieghem’s researches have
to a large extent supplied the basis of a new classification of
the order proposed by Engler in ‘Die Pflanzenfamilien”’
(Nachtrage, i. 124), although most of his genera are reduced to
the position of subgenera or sections. The following sketch
will show how the New Zealand species are disposed of under
Engler’s arrangement.

* Perianth double.

Ovary more or less distinctly 2- or more-celled 1. ELYTRANTHE.
Ovary distinctly 1-celled. Anthers basifixed 2. LORANTHUS.
Ovary distinctly 1-celled. Anthers versatile 3. PHRYGILANTHUS.
** Perianth single.
Leafy. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles .. 4. TUPEIA.
Leafless. Flowers at the nodes of the jointed stems
or branches as ae es .. 5. KORTHALSELLA.

1. ELYTRANTHE Blume.

1. HE. Colensoi, Engl. in Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenf.
Nachtr. i. 126. Peraxilla Colensoi, Van Tieghem in Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr. xii. (1894) 500. Loranthus Colensoi, Hook. f. mm
Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 633. (Manual, 619.)

Mr. Mayo informs me that this is occasionally parasitic on introduced

trees. At Motueka (Nelson) he has observed it growing on Pears, Piums,
and on Robinia pseudacacia.

2. B. tetrapetala, Hng/l. lc. — Peraxilla tetrapetala, Van
Tiegh. lc. Loranthus tetrapetalus, Forst. Prodr. n. 156.
(Manual, 618.)

Colenso’s Loranthus punctatus (Peraxilla punctata, Van Tiegh. ; Ely-
tranthe punctata, Engl.) is doubtless identical with this species, judging

Page

APPENDIX. 1149

from an imperfect specimen in his herbarium. Van Tieghem’s Perawilla
uniflora and P. Haastii, both of which are accepted and referred to Hly-
tranthe by Engler, are said to be closely allied ; but as no descriptions or
diagnostic characters are given I cannot express any opinion as to their
validity. Van Tieghem als» retains Kirk’s Loranthus decussatus as a dis-
tinct species; placing it, under the name of Perawilla decussata, in the im-
mediate neighbourhood of H. Colensoi, with which he states it agrees in
having the flowers in axillary racames. No doubt he has been influenced
by Kirk’s original description, in which the flowers are described as being
arranged in ‘‘ 2-4-flowered racemes.’’ But the type specimens in Kirk’s
herbarium all have the flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, and this
is also the case with specimens collected by myself in the locality where it
was first obtained by Kirk. I can entertain no doubt of its identity with
Hi. tetrapetalus, and consider that the mistake in Kirk’s diagnosis was pro-
bably due to some accidental mixture of specimens. As mentioned in the
body of this work, the name of ZL. tetrapetalus is applied in Kirk’s her-
barium to the following species.

3. HE. Adamsii, Hngl.l.c. Trilepidea Adamsii, Van Tiegh.
Zc. Loranthus Adamsii, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xii.
(1881) 296. (Manual, p. 620.)

The fruit of this has been forwarded by Mr. Adams. I; is bright-red,
oblong or oblong-obovoid, viscid, about 4in. long. Van Tieghem men-
tions a Trilepidea Ralphii (Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xli:. (1895) 28) as a closely
allied species, but he gives no distinctive characters.

4. H. flavida, Hngl.l.c. Alepis flavida, Van Tiegh. i.c. Lo-
ranthus flavidus, Hook. f. Fi. Nov. Zel. i. 100,t.27. (Manual,
620.)

Van Tieghem also accepts Colens»’s L. polychroa, giving it the name
of Alepis polychroa. Probably he has seen no specimens, for the examina-
tion of one given to me by Mr. C>lenso leaves no doiabt in my mind that
it is absolutely identical with H. flavida.

2, LORANTHUS, Linn.

1. L. micranthus, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 100. Ileo-
stylus micranthus, Van Tiegh. l.c. xl. (1894) 489. (Manual,
618.)

Van Tieghem’s J eostylus Kirkii (l.c. xlii. (1895) 25) is based upon speci-
mens collected near Auckland by Kirk, and is said to differ from the type
in the shape and structure of the leaves. But no second specie; ex’sts in
Mr. Kirk’s herbarium, and the typical form is the only one I have seen
near Auckland.

L. micranthus is sometimes parasitic on introduced trees. At the
Native settlement of Waihi, at the south end of Lake Taupo, it grows in
great abundance on Pear and Plum trees.

2. L. Fieldii, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 397.—
“Leaves 1-14 in. long, linear-oblong, rounded at the tip and
narrowed into a very short petiole at the base, midrib in-
distinct. Racemes 3-4 in. long, tetrachotomously 16-flowered.

1150 APPENDIX.

Flowers 1-14in. long, bright - crimson tipped with dark-
purple, and yellowish towards the base, petals free to the
bottom, anthers linear.’’—Neamyza Fieldii, Van Tiegh. Le.
xl, (1895) 25.

Norts Istanp: Base of Ruapehu, H. C. Field.

Only known from Buchanan’s very incomplete description, quoted
above. Itis accepted by both Van Tieghem and Engler, the first creating
the new genus Neamyza for its reception, the latter keeping it in Loranthus.

3. PHRYGILANTHUS, Eichl.

1. P. tenuiflorus, Hngl. l.c. 134. Hookerella tenuiflora,
Van Tiegh. l.c. xiii. (1895) 25. Loranthus tenuiflorus, Hook.
f. Fl. Nov. Zel.i.100. (Manual, 620.)

2. P. Raoulii, Hygl. i.c. 184. Mullerina Raoulii, Varn
Tiegh, l.c.

NortH Isuanp: Bay of Islands, Raowl (on Metrosideros) ; Whangaroa,
A. Cunningham (on Metrosideros and Vitez).

New Zealand botanists are indebted to Professor Van Tieghem for
pointing out the distinctness of this species, which was confounded with
Loranthus tetrapetalus by both Cunningham and Raoul. It is much more
nearly allied to the preceding species, from which it differs in the inflores-
cence being composed of terminal (not axillary) trichotomous panicles.
The flowers differ from all the other New Zealand species in being
pentamerous, and the anthers are versatile.

4. TUPEIA, Cham. et Schl.

1. T. antarctica, Cham. et Schi. in Linnea ii. (1828) 203 ;
Van Tiegh. l.c. xlii. (1895) 643; Engl. lc. 183. (Manual,
621.)

Van Tieghem draws attention to the fact that this species is not simply
dicecious, as described by Hooker, but consists of three sorts of individuals
—hermaphrodites, males, and females. This peculiarity was first pointed
out by A. Richard, from Forster’s manuscripts (Flore Nouv. Zél. 269).

5. KORTHALSELLA, Van Tiegh.

1. K. salicornioides, Van Tiegh. l.c. xliii. (1896) 165;
Engl. l.c. 188. Viscum salicornioides, A. Cunn. Precur. n.
485. (Manual, 623.)

2. K. Lindsayi, Hngl. l.c. 1388. Heterixia Lindsayi, Van
Tiegh. l.c. 178. Viscum Lindsayi, Oliv. ex Hook. f. Handb.
N.Z. Fl. 108. (Manual, 622.)

Page

668

669

670

670

APPENDIX. 151

3. K. clavatum, Cheesem. Viscum clavatum, 7’. Kirk in
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiv. (1892) 429, t. 37. (Manual, 622.)

Korthalsella amentacea (Heterixia amentacea, Van Tiegh.), a New-
Caledonian species, 1s erroneously stated in the ‘‘ Pflanzenfamilien”’ to
be a native of New Zealand.

LXXIX. ORCHIDEA.

Thelymitra.—I have been unable to identify T. formosa,
Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 338; 7’. concinna, Col. l.c.
xx. (1888) 207; TZ. nervosa, Col. l.c. 207; and 7. fimbriata,
Col. l.c. xxii. (1890) 490.

T. longifolia.—Ascends to 4,500 ft. on Mount Kakaramea,
Taupo, where it is associated with the next species.

4 bis. T. decora, Cheesem. n. sp.—Stem slender, 6-12 in.
high or more. Leaf shorter than the stem, narrow-linear,
thick and fleshy, channelled, 1-1in. broad; empty bracts 1-3,
the upper one broader and more membranous. Flowers 1-4,
about 4in. diam., dark-blue, the two lateral petals obscurely
spotted with brown. Sepals and petals ovate-oblong, subacute.
Column short, stout, about half the length of the perianth,
the wing continued behind the anther and longer than it,
3-lobed ; middle lobe the shortest but exceeding the anther,
hood-shaped, truncate, the margin thick and fleshy and denti-
culate, the back minutely warted, the anterior angle on each
side slightly produced and acute; lateral lobes much larger
than the middle lobe, pointing forwards, terminated by a dense
rounded brush of cilia. Anther broad; connective terminating
in a stout horn-like point.

Norte Isnanp.—Summit of Mount Kakaramea, Taupo, and hills near
the base of Ngauruhoe, alt. 3000-5000 ft., 7. F. C. January.

This is probably nearer to Berggren’s 7’. intermedia than to any other
species, but (judging from his plate and description) differs in the broader
and more truncate middle lobe of the column-wing, which is denticulate
on the margin and warted on the back, and not at all bifid, and in the
much shorter and more densely ciliate lateral lobes. TJ. longifolia is at
once removed by the much longer and more distinctly hooded middle lobe
of the column-wing, with an entire margin and smooth back, and by the
shorter and more densely ciliate lateral lobes, which do not exceed the
middle lobe.

4 ter. T. pachyphylla, Cheesem. n. sp.—Stem tall, stout
or rather slender, 9-18 in. high or more. Leaf shorter than
the stem, usually very thick and fleshy, grooved and channelled,
variable in breadth, sometimes as much as #in. across; empty
bracts 2 or 3, thick and fleshy, sheathing. Flowers 3-6 or

1152 APPENDIX.

Page

671

673

676

680

681

683
694

more in a raceme, large and handsome, 3-lin. diam., blue-
purple. Sepals and petals oblong-ovate or broadly oblong,
subacute. Column short, stout, about half as long as the
perianth, the wing continued behind the anther but hardly as
long as it, 3-lobed ; middle lobe short, broad, indistinctly hood-
shaped, truncate at the top with an even or denticulate
margin; lateral lobes longer than the middle one, erect or
pointing forwards, flattened, the margins divided into numerous
simple or branched fimbriz. Anther broad; connective pro-
duced into a stout horn-like point which usually overtops the
middle lobe of the column-wing.

Sout Istanp: Nelson—Vicinity of Westport, Townson ! Westland—
Kumara, Brame !

This has doubtless been confused with T. pulchella, from which, how-
ever, it totally differs in the structure of the column. In 7. pulchella the
middle lobe of the coiumn-wing is much shorter than the anther, while
the lateral lobes are barely as long as it, ard are irregularly toothed or
jagged, and not at all ciliate or fimbriate. In the present species the
middle Icbe almost equals the anther, while the lateral lobes are longer
than it, and are provided with numerous fimbrie. T. longifolia differs in
the smaller flowers, much longer and distinctly hooded middle lobe of the
column-wing, and in the shorter lateral lobes, which terminate in a dense
rounded brush of white cilia.

T. imberbis.— Mr. R. H. Matthews sends a variety with
cream-coloured flowers from Kaitaia (Mongonui County).

Orthoceras strictum.—Vicinity of Westport, Townson /
The most southern locality yet recorded.

Prasophyllum rufum.—Vicinity of Westport, not uncom-
mon in mossy stony places up to 1000 ft., Townson! I suspect
that the New Zealand plant will prove to be a different species.
to the Australian, and it is also probable that the North Island
plant described in the Handbook under the name of P. nudum
is distinct from Macmahon’s and Townson’s South Island
specimens. Mr. Townson’s specimens have a broad obtuse
lip, but in Fitzgerald’s Australian Orchids (Vol. ii, Part 4)
the lip of P. rufwm is represented as lanceolate and acute.

Pterostylis micromega.—Swamps near Lake Tongonge,
Kaitaia, 2. H. Maithews ! Coromandel, Joliffe (Handbook).

P, venosa.—Nelson—Ranges between Motueka and Ta-
kaka, Rev. R. H. Spencer !

P. barbata.—Bare clay hills at Whangarei, W. T. Ball!

Corysanthes rivularis.—Add to the synonyms Acianthus
rivularis, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 312.

Page

701

704

708

711

712

716

741

744

APPENDIX. 1153

LXXXI. AMARYLLIDE/#.

Hypoxis pusilla.—New Zealand specimens are usually
much smaller than Australian, and in most of the localities it
is rare for the scape to have more than one flower.

LXXXII. LILIACE5.

Cordyline.— C. rubra, Hueg. ex Kunth. Enum. pl. v. 54,
is often quoted as a native of New Zealand, but is really a
carden-plant of unknown origin. Mr. Baker remarks that it
is intermediate between the widely diffused C. terminalis and
the Australian C. stricta, Endl. I know nothing of C. Hoot-
brenkeana, Goepp, in Nov. Act. Cur. xxy. (1855) 55, also said
to come from New Zealand.

Astelia.—I have failed to identify the following species
described by Mr. Colenso: A. spicata, Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix.
(1882) 335; A. swbrigida, l.c. xix. (1887) 268; and A. plani-
folia, |\.c. xx. (1888) 209.

A. Banksii.—Mr. Townson sends specimens of apparently
this species from the vicinity of Westport.

A. trinervia and A. Solandri.—Both of these have also
been collected at Westport by Mr. Townson.

Phormium Cookianum.-—- Bishop Williams has described
and figured a remarkable sport of this species in which the
flowers are replaced by tufts of foliage leaves, the scapes thus
bearing numerous dense clumps of leaves which sometimes
reach the length of 12in. to18in. For a detailed account see
his paper in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxvi. 333.

LXXxv. PANDANEA,

Freycinetia Banksii.—Forms the chief component of the
vegetation on the Open Bay Islands, off the coast of South
Westland, Dr. Cockayne. (See Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxvil. 368.)

LXXXVI. TYPHACE.

Sparganium antipodum.—Swamps near Methven, Can-
terbury, Dr. Gaze !

37— Fi.

1154 APPENDIX.

Page XCI. CYPERACEZ:.

772 Scirpus lenticularis.—Ascends to 4000 ft. on Mount
Kakaramea, Taupo, 7. F. C.

775 S. sulcatus.—Vicinity of Westport, Townson !

792 Gahnia setifolia.—Near Westport, Townson !

801 Uncinia caespitosa.—Chatham Islands, Cox and Cock-
ayne !

803 U. riparia.—Chatham Island, Cox and Cockayne !

812 Carex trachycarpa.— Mount Lyell, alt. 3500ft., Town-
son!

816 C. resectans.—Awatere River, Marlborough, J. H. Mac-
mahon |

818 C. leporina.—Mount Rochfort, near Westport, W. Town-
son !

820 20 bis. C. Darwinii, Boott. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. (1845) 261.
—Rhizome thick, creeping, stoloniferous. Culms 1-3 ft. high,
stout below, slender and drooping above, sharply triquetrous,
faces concave. Leaves numerous, equalling or longer than
the culms, 1-2in. broad, margins and midrib sharply seabrid ;
bracts leafy, the lower far exceeding the culms. Spikelets
numerous, 6-15, dark ferruginous-brown, distant, long-stalked,
pendulous, 4-3 in. long; upper 1-3 male, solitary or the lower
geminate ; the remainder female but often with a few male
flowers at the top, geminate or ternate, lax-flowered at the base.
Glumes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dark-brown with a pale
keel, 1-3-nerved, cuspidate. Utricle ovate, plano-convex, 3-5-
nerved on each face, minutely papillose-granulate and more or
less spotted with purple, narrowed into a very short beak with
an almost entire mouth. Styles 2. Nut broadly obovoid.—
Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 364, t. 145.

CHATHAM IsLANDS: Lowland swamps near Lake Huro, Cockayne.

Also in South America, where it stretches from Chili to the Straits of
Magellan and Fuegia. I have not seen New Zealand examples, and the
above description has been drawn up from those given by Boott and
Kukenthal. The latter author, who has examined Dr. Cockayne’s speci-
mens, states that they are referable to the variety wrolepis (C. urolepis,
Franchet), which differs from the type in the glumes being produced into
awns much longer than the utricle. C. Darwinii comes nearer to C.
ternaria than to any other New Zealand species, principally differing in
the utricle and glumes.

Page

847

858

874
888

894

902

APPENDIX. 1155

XCII. GRAMINEAS.

Isachne australis.— Opunake (Taranaki), Kirk! The
most southern locality known to me.

Stipa setacea.—I have received numerous specimens of
this from various localities on the east coast of the South
Island, from Marlborough to Otago. It is evidently spreading
rapidly, and no doubt can be entertained of its exotic origin.

Dichelachne sciurea.— Vicinity of Westport, Townson !

Danthonia oreophila.—Source of Nigger Creek, Canter-
bury Alps, Dr. Cockayne.

Arundo conspicua.—Add to the synonyms Agrostis Les-
soniana, Steud. Nom. u. 41, and A. procera, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv.
Zél. 125.

Poa litorosa.—In a communication made to the New Zea-
land Institute in October, 1905, but not yet printed, Mr.
Petrie has pointed out that the Festuca scoparia of Hooker's
Handbook, which answers to the Poa litorosa of this work,
is really composed of two species—one the original Festuca
scoparia of the ‘‘ Flora Antarctica,’ which is apparently con-
fined to the outlying islands to the south of New Zealand ; the
other a very different plant, occurring on the rocky coasts of
southern Otago and Stewart Island, as well as on the Auck-
land Islands, and for which he proposes the name Poa Aston.
The two plants may be thus characterized :—

3. P. Astoni, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxviii. (1906)
ined.—Culms densely tufted, 12-ldin. high. Leaves equalling
or exceeding the culms, very narrow, linear-filiform, gradually
narrowed into an almost pungent point, closely involute,
striate, glabrous; sheaths long, compressed, striate; ligules
broadly triangular, acute. Panicle 2-24}in. long, ovate or
ovate-oblong, rather dense ; branches short, simple or divided.
Spikelets compressed, ovate-oblong, $in. long, 5—6-flowered.
Two outer glumes about half as long as the spikelet, subequal,
broadly lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, 3-nerved. Flowering
glumes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, strongly 5-nerved,
usually with a tuft of crisped hairs on the callus and lower
part of the keel, but frequently without. Palea linear-oblong,
bidentate, ciliate-scabrid on the keels.—Festuca scoparia,
Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 341 (in part, but not of Fl. Antarct.
i. 98); Buch. N.Z. Grasses, t. 505A.

SoutH Isntanp: Rocky cliffs on the coast-line of Otago and Stewart
Island, not uncommon. AUCKLAND IsuAnDs: 7. Kirk !

1156 APPENDIX.

Page

907 12 bis. P. litorosa, Cheesem.—A tall densely tufted species,
often forming tussocks 2-3 ft. high. Culms numerous, branched
at the base, leafy, quite glabrous, 2-3-noded. Leaves much
longer than the culms, narrow linear- filiform, graduall
narrowed upwards, strongly involute for their whole length,
coriaceous, glabrous, striate; sheaths very long, smooth,
shining ; ligules narrow, horizontal, inconspicuous. Panicle
3-6 in. long, suberect or slightly inclined, sparingly branched,
few-flowered ; rhachis slender, scabrid ; branches scaberulous,
8-5-spiculate. Spikelets much compressed, ovate-oblong, about
+in. long, 4-5-flowered. Two outer glumes subequal, lanceo-
late, acute, 3-nerved, scabrid on the back and nerves. Flower-
ing glumes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, prominently
5-nerved ; callus and base with a tuft of long crisped hairs, the
whole surface densely minutely scaberulous. Palea a quarter
shorter than the glume, bidentate, ciliate-scabrid on the keels. —
Festuca scoparia, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 1. 98.

AUCKLAND AND CaMPBELL Is~ANDS: Abundant in rocky places near

the sea, Hooker, Kirk!

Easily distinguished from P. Astont by the larger size and stouter
habit, larger spikelets with fewer flowers, and obtuse or subacute flowering
glumes.

905 P. pusilla.—Bluff Hill and Dog Island, Foveaux Strait,
Dr. Cockayne.

906 P. dipsacea.—Mr. Townson has collected this in several
localities in the south-west of the Nelson Provincial District.

907 12 ter. P. Hamiltoni, 7’. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvii.
(1895) 353.—‘‘ Culms leafy to the base of the panicle, erect,
6-9 in. high. Leaves flat, spreading, exceeding the panicle;
ligule ovate, laciniate, the laciniz produced into long hair-like
points. Panicle 3-4in. long, strict, narrow, lower branches
1-2in. long. Spikelets pedicellate, 2-3-flowered; outer glumes
unequal, the outermost less than half the length of the inner.
Flowers never webbed at the base. Flowering glume narrow-
lanceolate, 5-nerved; lodicules ovate, acute. Grain large,
cylindrica}.”

MacquaRi& Isuanp: A. Hamilton.

‘© A distinct species allied to P. foliosa, Hook. f., and P. anceps, Forst.,
but distinguished from both by the leaves exceeding the culms, the laciniate
ligule, the smaller spikelets, and unequal flowering-glumes; also from
P. foliosa by the longer pedicels, very short styles, and cylindrical grain.”’

The above species was accidentally omitted in the body of this work.
I have seen no specimens, and Kirk’s description is not sufficiently precise *
to allow its systematic position to be made out with certainty.

APPENDIX. IIL y

Paga Xclll. FILICES.

936 Hymenophyllum rufescens. — Kelly's Hill, Westland,
Dr. Cockayne.

952 Alsophila lunulata.—In Asa Gray’s ‘ Botany of the
United States Exploring Expedition” this is stated to have
been collected at the Bay of Islands—no doubt through some
mistake. It is a native of Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, &c.

962 Adiantum hispidulum.— Add to the synonyms d. Bir-
kenheadw, Moore in Gard. Chron. (1886) 648.

980 Lomaria capensis.— Mr. J. H. Macmahon sends a beau-
tifully crested variety from the Pelorus Valley, Marlborough.

1005 Nephrodium unitum.—Piako Swamp, H.C. Field. (See
Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxvii. 377.)

1016 Gymnogramme rutefolia. — Gorge of the Waimakariri,
Canterbury, Dr. Cockayne.

1022 Schizea bifida.— The filamentous prothallium of this
species has been described by Professor A. P. W. Thomas in
the Annals of Botany for 1902, in a communication entitled
* An Alga-like Prothallium”’ (p. 165).

1038 Lycopodium Drummondii. — Outlet of Lake Tongonge,
near Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews! This is an interesting re-
discovery, the species having completely eluded the search of
New Zealand botanists since it was first collected by Mr.
Colenso in 1839.

e j ‘ }
BAILA ay
AKA IIT wn

{Orders in capital type;
work in roman type;

Abrotanella, Cass.
cespitosa, Petrie
emarginata, Cass.
inconspicua, Hook. f.
linearis, Bergg.
muscosa, 7’. Kirk
pusilla, Hook. f.
rosulata, Hook. f. ..
spathulata, Hook. f...

Acacia dealbata, Link. .
decurrens, Willd.

Acena, Linn...
adscendens, Vahl. ..
Buchanani, Hook. f.
depressa, T. Kirk.
glabra, Buch.

Huttoni, R. Br.

ainermis, Hook. f.
macrantha, Col.
microphylla, Hook. a
nove-zealandie, 7’. Kirk
ovina, A. Cunn.
sanguisorbee, Vahl.

Achillea millefolium, Linn.
tanacetifolia, All.

Achnatherum conspicuum, Beauv.

Achras costata, Endl. ..
novo-zealandica, F. Muell.
Acianthus, R. Br.
rivularis, A. Cunn.
Sinclairii, Hook. f.
Aciphylla, Forst.
Colensoi, Hook. f.
crenulata, Armstr.

decipiens, Hook. f. & Benth.

Dieffenbachii, 7. Kirk
Dobsoni, Hook. f.
Hectori, Buch.
Hookeri, 7’. Kirk
Kirkii, Buch.

Lyallii, Hook. f.
montana, Armstr.

TINA ES...

Page
360

362

363

362

361

363

362

361

-' 361
eeOVe
-- 1072
130, 1073
132

133

132

133

131

132

131

132

131

wet LOWS
3) ae B16)
. 1076
. 1076
894
436
436
.. 684
Sakis
684
207

208, 1138

211
223

214, 1139

213
211

210, 1138

212

211, 1138

211

Aciphylla—continued.
Monroi, Hook. f.
polita, Cheesem.
simplex, Petrie
squarrosa, Forst.
Townsoni, Cheesem. ..
Traillii, 7. Kirk
Traversii, Hook. f.

Ackama, A. Cunn.
rosefolia, A. Cunn. ..

Aconitum Napellus, Linn.

Acrophorus hispidus, Moore

Acrostichum barbarum, Linn.

Actinotus, Labill.
bellidioides, Benth.
nove-zealandize, Petrie

Adenochilus, Hook. f. ..
gracilis, Hook. f.
Nortoni, Fitzg.

Adiantum, Linn.
zthiopicum, Linn.
affine, Willd.
affine, Hook.
assimile, Swartz
Birkenheadii, Moore .
clavatum, Forst.
cuneatum, Forst.
Cunninghamii, Hook.
diaphanum, Blume
formosum, R. Br.
formosum, A. Rich. ..
fulvum, Raoul
hispidulum, Swartz
pedatum, Forst.
polymorphum, Col...
pubescens, Schkuhr. ..
pullum, Col.
setulosum, J. Smith ..
trigonum, Labill.
tuberosum, Col.
viridescens, Col.

genera and species accepted and described in this
naturalised plants, synonyms, and species casually
mentioned in italic type. ]

Page

212, 1138
213

bon nli:
209, 1138
. 1138
211

210

137

137

so ikies?
956

.. 1024
204
«204
204, 1138
691

691

691

960

960

963

961
ool
allay
956

959

963

S61

962

963

964

962, 1157
962

961

962

963

961

961

961

964

1160

Agalmanthus Ee Homb. &

Jacq.
Bestia Salisb.
australis, Salisb.
Agave americana, Linn.
rigida, Mill.
Ageratum, Linn.
conyzoides, Linn.
Agropyrum, Gaertn.
Coxii, Petrie
Enysii, 7’. Kirk
multiflorum, 7. Kirk
pectinatum, Beauv.
repens, Beauv.
scabrum, Beawv.
Youngii, Cheesem.
Agrostis, Linn.
emula, R. Br.
alba, Linn. .. i
antarctica, Hook. f. ..
aucklandica, Hook. f.
avenacea, Gmel.
avenoides, Hook. f.
Billardieri, R. Br.
canina, Linn.
canina, Hook. f.

conspicua, Roem. & Schult.

crinita, R. Br.

Dyeri, Petrie
Forsteri, Roem. & Schult.
gelida, E. Muell.
leptostachya, Hook. f.
Lessoniana, Steud.
Lydllii, Hook. f.
magellanica, Lam.
Muelleri, Benth. 4
multicaulis, Hook. f.. .
muscosa, 7’. Kirk
ovata, Forst.
parviflora, R. Br.
perennans, 'Tuckerm.
Petriei, Hack.

pilosa, A. Rich.
pilosa, A. Cunn.
procera, A. Rich.
quadriseta, R. Br.
scabra, Benth.
scabra, Willd.

scabra, R. Br.
sciurea, R. Br.
setifolia, Hook. f.
Solandri, F. Muell.
Spencei, T. Kirk
striata, Col...
subulata, Hook. f.
tenella, Petrie
vulgaris, With.
Youngit, Hook. f.

INDEX.
Page
Aira antarctica, Forst. ‘
163 australis, Raoul ,
645 cespitosa, Linn.
. 645 caryophyllea, Linn.
. 1088 Kingivi, Hook. f.
700 praecox, Linn. ;
271 | Albinea orisigenesa, Homb. & Jacq.
271 | Albizzia lophantha, Benth.
921 | Alchemilla arvensis, Scop.
920 | Alectryon, Gaertn.
922 excelsum, Gaertn.
. 921 | Alepis flavida, Van Tiegh.
.. 1093 polychroa, Van Tiegh.
. 1093 | Alepyrum pallidum, Hook. f.
923 | Aleurites, Forst. :
923 moluccana, Willd.
862 triloba, Forst.
.. 868 | ALISMACEE ‘
862, 1090 | Alisma Plantago, Linn.
863 | Allantodia australis, R. Br.
876 tenera, R. Br. i
868 | Allium vineale, Linn.
871 | Allosurus rotundifolius, Kunze
870 scaberulus, Presl.
865 | Aloe latifolia, Haw.
865 | Alopecurus, Linn. ts
894 agrestis, Linn. 860,
874 geniculatus, Linn. ae
864 pratensis, Linn. 860,
868 | Alseuosmia, A. Cunn. .. i
864 atriplicifolia, A. Cann.
> 869 Banksii, A. Cunn.
as Hookeria, Col.
869 Ilex, A. Cunn. ud
862 ligustrifolia, A. Cunn.
864 linariifolia, A. Cunn.
863 macrophylla, A. Cunn.
863 paleiformis, A. Cunn.
859 pusilla, Col.
866 quercifolia, A. Cunn.
866 | Alsophila, R. Br.
865 Colensoi, Hook. f.
869 lunwata, R. Br.
.. 885 | Alternanthera, Forsk. ..
Peto sessilis, R. Br.
872 denticulata, R. Br. .
866 | Althea officinalis, Linn.
866 | Alyssum calycinum, Linn.
873 maritimum, Lam. Bye
874 | AMARANTACE 576,
870 | Amaranthus Blitum, Linn
868 caudatus, Linn.
863 hybridus, Linn.
869 retroflecus, Linn.
864 viridis, Linn. oe fe
.. 866 | AMARYLLIDEZ 700, 1088,
862, 1090 | Ammi majus, Linn. es
871 | Ammophila arundinacea, Host

AMPELIDEX ..
Amphibromus, Nees
fluitans, T. Kirk

Neesti, Steud.

Amsinckia angustifolia, “Lehm.

Amygdalus Persica, Linn.

ANACARDIACEX

Anacharis alsinastrum, ‘Bab.

Anagallis arvensis, Linn.

Anagosperma, Wettst. ..
dispermum, W ettst.

Anchusa spathulata, R. Br.

Ancistrum anserinefoliwm, Forst.

decumbens, Gaertn. .
diandrum, Forst.
Andromeda rupestris, Forst.

Andropogon annulatus, Forsk.
Androstoma gener tola, Hook. f.

Angelica, Linn.
decipiens, Hook. f.

Dieffenbachii, Benth. i on ae

geniculata, Hook. jf. .
Gingidium, Hook. f. .
roseefolia, Hook.
trifoliolata, Cockayne

Anguillaria nove-zealandic, Hook. f
Anisotome antipoda, Hook. f.

aromatica, Hook. f. .
geniculata, Hook. f. ..
Gingidium, Hook. f.
intermedia, Hook. f.
latifolia, Hook. f.
Lyallii, Hook. f.
roscefolia, Hook. f.

Anogramme leptoph. ylla, Link.

Anthemis arvensis, Linn.
Cotula, Linn.
nobilis, Linn.
Anthericum cirrhatum, Forst.
Hookeri, Col.
Rossii, Hook. f.
Anthistiria ciliata, Linn. f.
imberbis, Retz. :
Antholyza ‘ethiopica, Linn.

Anthophyllum Urvillet, Steud.
Anthoxanthum crinitum, Forst. .

odoratum, Linn.
Anthyllis vulneraria, Linn.
Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch.

Antirrhinum Orontium, Linn.

Apeiba australis, A. Rich.
Apera arundinacea, Hook. f.
purpurascens, Col.
Apium, Linn...
australe, Thou.
filiforme, Hook.
graveolens, Linn.

1161

INDEX.

Page Page

. 1069 | Apium—continued.
882 leptophyllum, F. Muell. 205, 1074
882 prostratum, Labill. ««, 1205
.. 883 | APOCYNACES. ; 439, 1080
- 1080 | Aponogeton distachyum, Thunb. .. 1089
.. 1071 | Aguilegia vulgaris, Linn. .. 1063
104, 1135 | Arabis fastigiata, Hook. f. 35
. LO89 gigantea, Hook. Sieg oe
. 1080 hirsuta, Scop. . 1064
557 | ARACE® : 1088
557 | Aralia, Linn. .. 297
467 crassifolia, Soland. 235
13] heterophylla, A. Cunn. . 1140
131 Lessonii, Hook. f. Sel 0y)
131 Lyallii, 7. Kirk 227, 1139
407 polaris, Homb. & Jacq. 227
1089 Schefflera, Spreng. ; »» 233
412 | ARALIACER ,. > 225, 1075, 1139
222 | Archeria, Hook. f. = Voi tl
223 | racemosa, Hook. f. 417
1139 | ‘Traversii, Hook. f. 417
224 | Arctium Lappa, Linn. .. 1078
222 | Areca Bauert, Hook. f... 740
224 sapida, Soland. 740
223, 1139 sapida, Endl. 740
. 721 | Arenaria media, Linn. .. 70
216) serpyllifolia, Linn. 1067
221 | Aristotelia, L’ Herit. 83
224 Colensoi, Hook. f. 84
223 erecta, Buch. 84
217 ~ fruticosa, Hook. f. 84
216 racemosa, Hook. f. 83, 1135
217 | Arnica operina, Forst. .. 281
.. 224 | Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. 1091
.. 1016 | Artemisia absinthium, Linn. Sse Oia
.. 1077 | Arthropodium, R. Br. . ws
eee OFT candidum, Raoul 719
re LOTT cirrhatum, R. Br. 719
719 ramulosum, Col. 719
718 reflecum, Col. a0: Gly)
.. 718 | Arthropteris fllipes, Moore OMT
. 1089 tenella, I. Smith fo IKONT
.. 1089 | Arundo, Linn. 893
.. 1088 australis, A. Rich. .. 894
777 conspicua, Forst. 893, 1155
874 fulvida, Buch. 894
.. 1090 Kakao, Steud. 894
.. 1071 | Ascarina, Forst. 597
. 631) lanceolata, Hook. f. 597
. 1082} lucida, Hook. f. 598
82 rubricauis, Solms. SOS
857 | ASCLEPIADEZ -- 1080
.. 857 | Asparagus officinalis, Linn. -- 1088
204, 1074 | Asperella, Humb. ; 924
205 aristata, Petrie ye 2 e922
.. 205 gracilis, 7’. Kirk 924
205, 1074 levis, Petrie ar 924

1162 INDEX.

Page Page
Asperula, Linn. ne oe 266 Asplenium—continued.
aristifera, Col. a6 Recon ab P SY Schkuhrii, Hook. Bsa .. 996
fragrantissima, Armstr. Ama AO scleroprium, Homb. & Jacq. .. 991
perpusilla, Hook. f. .. Sch PROM Shuttleworttianum, Kunze .. 995
Asphodelus fistulosus, Linn. -- 1088 symmetricum, Col... SOs
Aspidium, Swartz Ser ao De tremulum, Homb. and Jacq. .. 993
aculeatum, Swartz .. 2 997 Trichomanes, Linn. .. 35) 988.
aristatum, Swartz .. =e) LOOL triste, Raoul. ie 993.
capense, Willd. oe .. 1000 umbrosum, J. Smith .. 995
coriaceum, A. Rich. .. .. 999} Astelia, Banks & Soland. em OS.
coriaceum, Swartz .. .. 1000 albicans, Col. ie 713
cordifolium, Swartz .. Pee LOOT Banksii, A. Cunn. .. 711, 1153
Cunninghamianum, Col. .. 1000 Cunninghamii, Hook. f. 710
cystostegia, Hook. .. .- L000 fragrans, Col. bt ee fi We ©
decompositum, Spreng. el OOS graminifolia, Col... AEE:
exaltatum, Swartz .. ee LOOT, grandis, Hook.f... ge
hispidum, Swartz .. ..- 1005 hastata, Col. Af Ie
mohrioides, Bory. .. so BEDS Hookeriana, T. Kirk Sree ihe
molle, Swartz Be .. 1006 linearis, Hook. | ee Arey rill)
oculatum, Hook. we S999 microsperma, Col... Bele fills]
pennigerum, Swartz .. .. LOO9 minima, Col. at Se fh
perelegans, Col. Ae ee T908 nervosa, Banks d&: Sol. Rise giles
proliferum, R. Br... a5 Ws Petriet, Cockayne .. pee ew Til
pulcherrimum, Col. .. sin thle! planifolia, Col. Pia Jabs
Richardi, Hook. os so HEE polyneuron, Col. 5- eae, alt
unitum, Swartz Ae .. 1005 Solandri, A. Cunn. .. 712,153
velutinum, A. Rich. .. .. 1004 spicata, Col. Sip wemllas
vestitum, Swartz 4 -- 998 subrigida, Col. +: .. 1153
Waikarense, Col. a .. 998 trinervia, 7. Kirk .. 712, 1153
zerophyllum, Col. Ai .. 998} Aster Celmisia, F. Muell. MM TwalA
Asplenium, Linn. at os 1986 coriaceus, Forst. is stot kee LO
adiantoides, Raoul .. 992, 994 |- furfwraceus, A. Rich. .. 284
anomodum, Col. R 991 holosericeus, Forst. .. Pe ete
apice- -dentatum, Homb. & Jacq. 991 imbricatus, Linn. .. 1076
australe, Brack. 7 .. 995) Astorganthus Huegelii, End... 95
Brownti, J. Smith .. .. 996 | Atherosperma nove - zealandie,
bulbiferum, Forst. .. .. 993 Hoolact= ses 60k
caudatum, Forst. .. .. 989 | Athyrium wmbrosum, Presl. Bo Sele
Colensot, Hook. f. .. .. 992 australe, Presl. ae .. 996
faleatum, Lam. #f .. 989] Atriplex, Linn. oe S282
flabellifolium, Cav. .. .. 988 Billardieri, Hook. jf. .. 584, 1147
flaccidum, Forst. fe eet 994: Buchanani, 7. Kirk .. .. 584
Forsterianum, Col. .. .- 989 cinerea, Poir. Ar Shy) ess
gracillimum, Col. 3 ao, OMB erystallina, Hook. f. .. .. 585
heterophyllum, A. Rich. ae 995 Halimus, Linn. AE .. 583
Hookerianum, Col. .. -. 992| patula, Linn. Ld .. 584
japonicum, Thunb. .. .. 996) Atropis, Rupr. i 914
laxum, R. Br. ae .. 993 distans, Griseb. a0 915, 1092
lucidum, Forst. bes .. 990 nove-zealandiz, Hack. See MONS
Lyallii, Moore bt 1a 199)) pumila, T. Kirk. x 896, 914
melanolepis, Col. ore .. 988 stricta, Hack. Ae 914
obliquum, Forst. as .. 991 | Australina, Gaud. 3 .. 638
obtusatum, Forst. .. .. 990 hispidula, Col. 225639
ornatum, Col. st 72992 nove-zealandice, Hooks £ .. 639
polyodon, Forst. 30 989} pusilla, Gaud. 639
Raowti, Mett. Bs 992, 994 | Avena antarctica, Roem. & Schult. 880
Richardi, Hook. f. .. .. 994 fatua, Linn ate Sauls

Avena—continued.
filiformis, Forst.
pubescens, Huds.
quadriseta, Labill.
sativa, Linn.
strigosa, Schreb.

Avicennia, Linn.
officinalis, Linn.
resintfera, Forst.
tomentosa, Jacq.

Azolla, Linn.
filiculoides, Lam.
rubra, R. Br.

Azorella, Lam.

exigua, Benth. & Hook. f.
Haastii, Benth. & Hook. f.

Hookeri, Drude

hydrocotyloides, Benth. & Hook. f. 202

nitens, Petrie
pallida, T. Kirk
radians, Drude

reniformis, Asa Gray
Roughii, Benth. & Hook. f.

Selago, Hook. f.

trifoliolata, Hook. f.

trifoliolata, Clos.

BALANOPHORER

Banksia Gnidia, Forst.
Barbarea praecox, R. Br.
Bartsia viscosa, Linn.
Baumea loculata, Boeck.

rubiginosa, Boeck.
Beilschmiedia, Nees.

Tarairi, Benth & Hook. f.
Tawa, Benth. & Hook. f.
Bellis perennis, Linn.

Beta vulgaris, Linn.

Bidens, Linn.
aurantiacus, Col.
pilosa, Linn.

Blechnum alpinum, Mett.

Banksti, Mett.
capense, Schlecht.
discolor, Mett.
fluviatile, Mett.
Fraseri, Mett.

lanceolatum, Sturm
membranaceum, Mett.

nigrum, Mett.
Patersoni, Mett.
reptans, Christ
vulcanicum, Christ

Blitum carinatum, Moq.

glandulosum, Moq.
Boehmeria, Jacq.
australis, Endl.

ee

INDEX. 1163
Page Page
Boehmeria—continued.

.. 868 calophleba, C. Moore 637
. 1091 dealbata, Cheesem. 637
5 a nivea, Gaud. OGL
. 1091 | Boraginaces "457, 1080, 1145
. 1091 | Borago officinalis, Linn. 1080

566 | Bossica scolopendrina, A. Rich.'. 113
566 | Botrychium, Swartz .. 1028
566 australe, R. Br. .. 1029

#566 biforme, Col. bi . 1029
e103] cicutarium, Hook. f. .. .. 1029

eal dissectum, Muhl. ..- 1029

ac, LOB lunaria, Swartz 221028

199 ter natum, Swartz 4281029

200 virgimanum, Hook. f. 1029
201 | Botryodendrum Sinclairii, Hook. ia 232

. 1137 | Bowlesia geniculata, Spreng. 224
Brachycome, Cass. ; 274

202 lineata, 7. Kirk 275
E202 odorata, Hook. f. 276
ao I a3%/ pinnata, Hook. f. 275
200, 1137 polita, T. Kirk 277
201 radicata, Hook. f. 276

os 7 200 simplicifolia, Armstr. 275
203, 1137 Sinclairii, Hook. f. je 276
> AlII837/ Thomsoni, 7’. Kirk 277, 1141
Brachyglottis, Forst. .. 366

625 Rangiora, Buch. 367, 1142
609 Rani, A. Cunn. Sa d287
1064 repanda, Forst. 367
1083 rotundifolia, Forst. Blo) exer)
786 | Brassica adpressa, Boiss. .. 1065

786 alba, Boiss. -- 1065

601 campestris, Linn. -- 1065

602 Napus, Linn. -- 1065

602 nigra, Koch. - 1065

O76 oleracea, Linn. -. 1065

- 1085 rapa, Linn. - 1065
349 Sinapistrum, Boiss. LOGS
349 | Brathys Forsteri, Spach 75
349 | Braya nove-zealandie, Hook. f. 37
980 | Briza maxima, Linn. .. 1LO9L
979 minor, i ats . LOOL
981 | Bromus, Linn. ; 920
976 antarcticus, Hook. on 886
983 arenarius, Labill. ov 6920
984 arvensis, Linn. .. 1093
978 australis, R. Br. 2 921i
984 commutatus, Schrad. . 1093
983 erectus, Huds. .. 1092
976 madritensis, Linn. .. 1092
982 mollis, Linn. 921, 1092
977 patulus, Mert. & Koch. - 1093
582 racemosus, Linn. ~ eLO92
582 sterilis, Linn. 921, 1092
637 tectorum, Linn. ae .. 1092
637 unioloides, H. B. K. .. - 1093

1164

Bulbinella, Kunth. As
Hookeri, Benth. & Hook. f.
Rossii, Benth. & Hook. f.

Bulbophyllum, Thouars
exiguum, Buch.
ichthyostomum, Col.
pygmeum, Lindl.
tuberculatum, Col. ..

Bulliarda moschata, D’ Urv.

Bupleurum rotundifolium, Linn.

Caladenia, R. Br.
bifolia, Hook. f.
Lyallii, Hook. f.
macroph ylla, Col.
minor, Hook. f.
variegata, Col.
Calamagrostis cons picua, Gmel.

Calandrinia caulescens, H. B. a

Calceolaria, Linn.
albula, Col.
repens, Hook. f.
Sinclairii, Hook.
Sturmit, Col.

Calea leptophylla, For ste,
Caleana, R. Br. ,
minor, R. Br. :
Calendula officinalis, Linn.
pumila, Forst. :

Callitriche, Linn.
antarctica, Hngelm. ..
macropteryx, Hegelm.
microphylla, Col.
Muelleri, Sond.
obtusangula, Hegelin.
verna, Linn.

Callixene marginata, Lam.
melalantha, Col.
parviflora, Hook. f.

Calochilus, R. Br.
campestris, R. Br.
paludosus, R. Br...

Calorophus elongatus, Labill.
minor, Hook. f.

Calosciadium antipod wm, Endl. ..

latifoliwm, Endl. id
Calotis lappulacea, Benth.
Caltha, Linn. st

introloba, F. Muell.

marginata, Col.

nove-zealandiz, Hook. f.

obtusa, Cheesem.
Calystegia, R. Br.

marginata, R. Br.
sepium, R. Br.

Soldanella, R. Br.

tuguriorum, R. Br.

INDEX.

Paze Page
717 | Canavalia, D.C. onelee
Ti. obtusifolia, D.C. 122
717 | Canna indica, Linn. 1087
663 | Camelina sativa, Crantz 1065
664 | Campanula gracilis, Forst. 402
665 saxicola, R. Br. 403
664 Trachelium, Linn. .. -. 1079
664 | CAMPANULACE.. 396, 1079, 1143

. 140) CapriroLiacEx 5 239, 1075
1074 | Capsella, Medic. 37, 1065
bursa-pastoris, Moenc ie 37, 1065

687 elliptica, C. A. Mey- or
688 procumbens, Fries ./ 37
688 | Cardamine, Linn. 32
689 bilobata, 7. Kirk 34
688 corymbosa, Hook. f. .. cope Hee
688 | debilis, Banks & Soland. shea
894 depressa, Hook. f. : wirise

1068 divaricata, Hook. f. . 34
483 | Enysii, Cheesem. 53
484 fastigiata, Hook. f. 34
484 hirsuta, Linn. 32
483 latesiliqua, Cheesem. 35
484 stellata, Hook. f. 33
345 stylosa, D.C. 34
676 | Carduus nutans, Linn... 1078

. 677) pycnocephalus, Linn... .- 1078
. 1078 | Carex, Linn. .. - 805, 1089
272 acicularis, Boott 810
157 appressa, R. Br. 814
158 Archeri, Boott 810
158 | australis, Boeck. 831
158 | australis, T. Kirk 830
158 Berggreni, Petrie 826
159} ~breviculmis, R. Br. 833
158 | Brownii, T’uckerm. 834
704 Buchanani, Berggr. 824
704 | ceespitosa, R. Br. 819
704 cataractcee, R. Br. 835
685 Cheesemanii, Petrie .. « 829
686 chlorantha, R. Br. . 1089
686 cinnamomea, Cheesem. . 836
762! cirrhosa, Berggr. 825
762) Cockayniana, Kuk. 836
216, Colensoi, Boott 817

.. 216)| collata, Boott 815
. 1076 comans, Berggr. 829
27 cryptocarpa, Cheesem. 827

28 Dallii, 7. Kirk a9 828

28 Darwinii, Boott . 1154

28 debilis, Forst. inser

28 debilis, T. Kirk 817
475 decurtata, Cheesem. .. 827
477 devia, Cheesem. 823

.. 475 dipsacea, Berggr. 822
.- 476 dissita, Soland. 830
476 divisa, Huds. 809, 1089

INDEX. 1165

Page Page
Carex—continued. CB oe ERIE

echinata, Murr. ae .. 817] secta, Boott. °° RIB
fasciewaris, Soland. .. .. 838] semi- Forsteri, C B. Olake 836
flacca, Schreb. vs 809, 1089 sexspicata, Col. jc pio tsi83¢/
flagellifera, Col. Ho 824 Sinclairii, Boott EN Boe tsyAl)
flava, Linn. a. .- 835)! smaragdina, Col. As ae OLG
Forsteri, Wahl. an sa Solandri, Boott eA os Soll
Forsteri, Boott me Sop a teae spinirostris, Col. sh ne 1800
Forstert, Hook.f. .. Sich ntsistss stellulata, Good. = opiate 7)
Gaudichaudiana, Kunth H. 818 striata, R. Br. we God:
geminata, Schkuhr .. 820 subdola, Boott ve .. 819
glauca, Scop. a 809, 1089 tenax, Berger. Se .. 825
Goyeni, Petrie bc 821 | teretiuscula, Good. .. og ill3!
Haastiana, Boeck. .. .. 809 ternaria, Forst. Ass me 8820
Hectori, Petrie i: .. 826) testacea, Soland. ae se) One
inconspicua, Col. Hin sic ats KD) Thomsoni, Petrie ae 811
incrassata, Sol. xe Veber nea trachycarpa, Cheesem. 812, 1154
inversa, R. Br. A so tellt’ Traversi, T. Kark .. a2 O28
kaloides, Petrie ae Padad cil a3 trifida, Cav. A .. 833
Kirkii, Petrie 1 .. 811! uncifolia, Cheesem. .. Se eT
Krullii, Boeck. ae .. 809! urolepis, Franch. .. .. 1154
lagopina, Wahl. Se .. 818] vaccilans, Soland. .. .. 835
Lambertiana, Boott .. 831 ventosa, C. B. Clarke Re tae,
leporina, Linn. as 818, 1154 virgata, Soland. a .. 814
littoralis, Petrie at 830 viridis, Petrie a ole
littorea, Labill. din <. 6834 vulgaris, Boott Rhy Sig
litorosa, Bazil. - ao, etd) Wakatipu, Petrie re La 2
longeacuminata, Col. .. 831 | Carmichaelia, R. Br. .. wo O09
longiculmis, Petrie .. 832 acuminata, T. Kirk .. =veineed ali7/
longifolia, R. Br... 809, 1089 | augustata, 7. Kirk .. so lil
lucida, Boott ae Pe S24: australis, R. Br. wy Fa lle
Muelleri, Petrie doc e. S812 compacta, Petrie Me Perched ll li7/
muricata, Linn. bie 809, 1089 corrugata, Col. ae sone LD
muricata, Cheesem. .. a) S12 corymbosa, Col. & soon lif
Neesiana, Endl. a Apa isay crassicaulis, Hook. f. E108
nove-seelandic, Boeck. 3D Cunninghamii, Raoul PCTS
nove-zealandic, Petrie ee Se curta, Petrie ae em) o3
ochrosaccus, C. B. Clarke .. 831} diffusa, Petrie Se Feo 4
panicea, Linn. ss .. 1089 Enysii, 7. Kirk wr shit mal Ed
paniculata, Linn. oe .. 814} flagelliformis, Col. .. SRG
Parkeri, Petrie x Ke BLS gracilis, Armstr. te spite Ul 07
Petriei, Cheesem. ok, JE 898 grandiflora, Hook. f. wth? Miphley
picta, Col. .. se toullZ) Hookert, T. Kirk °.: eT
plesiostachys, C. B. Clarke .. 829 juncea, Col. ee Sopa nllIlss
polyneura, Col. oN so Geil Kirkii, Hook. f. ae Pram bbe
polystachya, A. Rich. .. 820 micrantha, Col. x Sam alily/
pseudo-cyperus, Linn. KOO Monroi, Hook. f. 56 re eZ,
pterocarpa, Petrie .. So jul Muelleriana, Regel .. oar oe
pulchella, Berggr. .. .. 829) multicaulis, Col. os Breas bl 7)
pumila, Thunb. ys .. 604 nana, Col. .. Me ees WL!
punctulata, A. Rich. PiemetsH odorata, Col. He Soe ol Lille
pyrenaica, Wahl... po, till) orbiculata, Col. 3c eg ele
quadrangulata, Col. .. -. 809 Petriei, 7. Kirk 3¢ poe LIB}
Raoulii, Boott AS nie w Koval pilosa, Col. ee Sea
recurva, Schkuhr oe 837 prona, 7. Kirk she Pp Oats
resectans, Cheesem. .. 816, 1154 robusta, T. Kirk 2 CMTS
rubicunda, Petrie .. Doe tse subulata, 7. Kirk .. Aeon ales

1166

Carmichaelia—continued.
Suteri, Col.
uniflora, 7’. Kirk
violacea, T. Kirk
virgata, 7. Kirk
Williamsii, 7’. Kirk .
Carpha, R. Br. :
alpina, R. Br.
Carpodetus, Forst.
dentatus, Poir
Forsteri, Roem. & Schult.
serratus, Forst.
Carum Caren. Linn.

Petroselinwm, Benth. & Hook. f.
Carumbium alia Hook. f.
. 61, 1066, 1134

CaRYOPHYLLEX

Cassinia, R. Br.
amoena, Cheesem.
fulvida, Hook. f.
leptophylla, R. Br.
retorta, A. Cunn.
rubra, Buch.
spathulata, Col.
Vauvilliersii, Hook. I

Cassytha, Linn.
paniculata, R. Br.

Catabrosa antarctica, Hook. f.

Caucalis nodosa, Scop.

Cedronella triphylla, Moench.

Celmisia, Cass.
Adamsii, 7. Kirk
argentea, 7’. Kirk
Armstrongii, Petrie ..
astelicefolia, Hook. f.
bellidioides, Hook. f.
Brownii, Ff. R. Chapm.

Campbellensis, F. R. Chapm. .

Chapmani, T. Kirk ..
cordatifolia, Buch.
coriacea, Hook. f.
coriacea, Raoul
Dallii, Buch.
densiflora, Hook. f.
discolor, Hook. f.
dubia, Cheesem.
flaccida, Cockayne
Gibbsii, Cheesem.
glandulosa, Hook. f.
gracilenta, Hook. f.
graminifolia, Hook. f.
Haastii, Hook. f.
Hectori, Hook. f.
hieracifolia, Hook. f.
holosericea, Hook. f.
incana, Hook. f.
laricifolia, Hook. f.
lateralis, Buch.

Lindsayi, Hook. f.

INDEX.
Page
Celmisia—continued.
lll linearis, Armstr.
LL longifolia, Cass.
113 Lyallii, Hook. f.
ae ie! Mackaui, Raow oe
LASS 6 Macmahoni, 7. Kirk
779 Martini, Buch.
779 membranacea, Col.
136 mollis, Cockayne
50) IONS 9 Monroi, Hook. f.
na llate yy parva, 7. Kirk
US see 37) perpusilla, Col.
. L074 petiolata, Hook. f.
1074 Petriei, Cheesem.
630 prorepens, Petrie

344
346

302, 1142
. 303
304
308
310
300
318
314
314
305
315
303
302
304
315
301
305

ramulosa, Hook. f.
robusta, Buch.
ruahinensis, Col.
rupestris, Cheesem.
Rutlandii, 7. Kirk
sessiliflora, Hook. f.
setacea, Col.
Sinclairii, Hook. f. ..
spectabilis, Hook. f. ..
Traversii, Hook. f. ..
verbascifolia, Hook. f.
vernicosa, Hook. f.
viscosa, Hook. f.
Walkeri, 7. Kirk
Celsia cretica, Linn. f.
Cenchrus, Linn. :
anomoplexis, Labill. ..
calyculatus, Cav.
Cenia turbinata, Pers. ..
Centaurea Calcitrapa, Linn.
Cyanus, Linn.
nigra, Linn.
solstitialis, Linn.
Centipeda, Lour.
orbicularis, Lour.
Centranthus ruber, D.C.
CENTROLEPIDEZ
Centrolepis, Labill.
minima, 7’. Kirk
monogyna, 'T. Kirk
pallida, Cheesem. fe
strigosa, Roem and Schult.
viridis, 7. Kirk Ns
Cerastium amblyodontum, Col.
glomeratum, Thuill.
triviale, Link.
truncatulum, Col...
Ceratella rosulata, Hook. f.
Ceratochloa unioloides, D.C.

Cercodia alternifolia, A. Cunn.

erecta, Murr.
incana, A. Cunn.
Ceterach rutaefolius, Mett.

Page

-. 314
314, 1142
312
310
316
310
318

2, US
313, 1142
ooh LO
-- 1142
307, 1142
311
303

301
304
308
300
307
316
314
306
308
306
309
318
312
300, 1142
- 1082
849
850
849

=< OMT
.- 1078
Pia lis:
« LOTS
. 1078
359

.. 360
-- LO75
< oie dO
756
757
758
757
756

peer (is)
- 1067
. 1067
-- 1067
. 1067
Ree eto!
-- 1093
148

148

mich Feces
-- 1016

Chetospora axillaris, R. Br.
capillacea, Hook. f.
capillaris, F. Muell. ..
concinna, Hook. f.
imberbis, R. Br.
nitens, R. Br. ys
pauciflora, Hook. f. ..
tenax, Hook. f. ;
Tendo, Hook. f.

Cheilanthes, Swartz
ambigua, A. Rich.
arborescens, Swartz
erecta, Col. ..

Kirkii, Armstr.
pellucida, Col.
Sieberi, R. Br.
tenuifolia, Swartz
venosa, Col.

Chelidonium majus, Linn.

Cheiranthus Cheiri, Linn.

CHENOPODIACEH OU,

Chenopodium, Linn.
album, Linn.
ambiguum, R. Br.
ambrosioides, Linn. ..
Bonus-Henricus, Linn.
Botrys, A. Cunn. at.
Buchanani, T. Kirk ..
carinatum, R. Br.
detestans, 7’. Kirk
ficifoliwm, Smith
glaucum, Linn.
maritimum, Linn.
murale, Linn.
pumilio, Hook. f.
pusillum, Hook. f.
triandrum, Forst.
urbicum, Linn.
vulvaria, Linn.

Chiloglottis, R. Br.
cornuta, Hook. f.
formicifera, Fitzg.
Traversii, F. Muell. ..

CHLORANTHACEE

Chrysanthemum

Linn

parthenium, Bernh. ..
segetum, Linn. :
Chrysobactron Hookeri, Col.
Rosstvi, Hook. f. as
Cichorium Intybus, Linn.
Cineraria repanda Forst.
rotundifolia, Forst.
Cinna ovata, Kunth

Citharex ylum perforatum, Forst..

Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad.

leucanthemum,

INDEX.
Page
782 | Cladium, P. Browne ..
789 articulatum, R. Br. ..
789 capillaceum, C. B. Clarke
784 complanatum, Berggr.
783 Gunnii, Hook. f.
783 Huttoni, 7. Kirk
782 junceum, R. Br.
781 gahnioides, Col.
781 glomeratum, R. Br. .
966 laxiflorum, Hook. f. ..
965 Sinclairii, Hook. f.
965 teretifolium, R. Br. ..
968 Vauthiera, C. B. Clarke
967 xanthocarpum, F. Muell.
965 | Claytonia, Linn.
967 australasica, Hook. f.
967 calycina, Col.
sa. oy perfoliata, Donn.
.. 1064 | Clematis, Linn.
. 1064 afoliata, Buch.
5, 1147 aphylla, Col.
579, 1085 australis, 7. Kirk
- 1085 Colensoi, Hook. f.
581 foetida, Raoul
SST Forsteri, Gmel,
- 1085 hexapetala, Forst.
582 hexasepala, D.C. ‘
584 hexasepala, Hook. f. ..
579 indivisa, Willd.
1085 integrifolia, Forst.
580 marata, Armstr.
586 Parkinsoniana, Col. ..
1085 parviflora, A. Cunn.
582 quadribracteolata, Col.
582 | Clianthus, Banks & Sol.
580 maximus, Col.
581 puniceus, Banks &: Sol.
580 | Cnicus arvensis, Hoftm.
689 ertophorus, Roth
690 lanceolatus, Willd.
690 Coccoloba australis, Forst.
689 | Cochlearia Armoracia, Linn.
597 Cenopteris flaccida, Thunb.
nove-zealandie, pes
Colensoa, Hook. i.
1077 | physaloides, Hook. f..
1077 | Collomia coccinea, Lehm.
- 1077 Colobanthus, Bartl.
718 acicularis, Hook. f.
718 | Benthamianus, Fenzl.
1078 __ Billardieri, Fenzl.
367 brevisepalus, 7. Kirk
383 | Buchanani, 7. Kirk ..
859 | cespitosus, Col.
564 canaliculatus, 7’. Kirk
1074! Muelleri, 7. Kirk

1167

Page
784
786
789
785
788
787
788
785
786
788
785
787
788
794

71, 1068
7, 1135
LSS
. 1067

113

H GUD BO G9 Go Oe Go Go IR Go eo OL OL

1168 INDEX
Page Page
Colobanthus—continued. Coprosma—continued.
muscoides, Hook. f. 66 lentissima, Col. : 256
quitensis, Bart. 66 linariifolia, Hook. f. .. 259
repens, Col. 66 lucida, Forst. 246
squarrosus, Cheesem. 69 lucida, Endl. a 247
subulatus, Hook.f. .. ae 1568 macrocarpa, Cheesem. 246
Colocasia antiquorum, Schott. .. 1088 margarita, Col. ab 262
Columnea scabrosa, Soland. Pio ueth eyes microcarpa, Hook. f... 262
Composit & 267, 1076, 1141 multiflora, Col. UA CoS:
CoNIFERZ : .. 644 myrtillifolia, Hook. f. 254, 260
Conium maculatum, Lane ..- 1074 obconica, 7. Kirk Brae v)3 16)
CONVOLVULACE® 473, 1081 orbiculata, Col. 253
Convolvulus, Linn. 477, 1081 parviflora, Hook. f. 253
arvensis, Linn. . 1081 pendula, Col. 255
chrysorhizus, Forst. 474 perpusilla, Col. 263
erubescens, Sims 477 petiolata, Hook. f. 248
marginatus, Spreng. .. 477| Petriei, Cheesem. 263
sepium, Linn. 475 propinqua, A. Cunn. 258
Soldanella, Linn. 476 pubens, Petrie 254
truncatella, Col. 476 pumila, Hook. f. 263
tuguriorum, Forst. 476 pusilla, Forst. 260
Cookia Gnidia, Gmel. 609 ramulosa, Petrie 254
prostrata, Gmel. 612 repens, Hook. f. 262
Coprosma, Forst. 242, repens, A. Rich. 260
acerosa, A. Cunn. 257, 1141 retusa, Petrie 261
acutifolia, Hook. f. 249 retusa, Hook. f. ae <page.
affinis, Hook. f. 260 rhamnoides, A. Cunn. ict ODS
alba, Col... 258 rigida, Cheesem. 255
arborea, 7’. Kirk oO robusta, Raow i 248
arcuata, Col. a JUNE rotundifolia, A. Cunn. ono
areolata, Cheesem. 252, 1141 rubra, Petrie are we) ZO
aurantiaca, Col. .. 256] rufescens, Col. 251
autumnalis, Col. 246 rugosa, Cheesem. 1141
Banksii, Petrie 260 sagittata, Col. 260
Baueri, Hndl. 247 serrulata, Hook. f. 7. 247
Baueriana, Hook. f. .. 247 Solandri, 7. Kirk .. stay Meno
Buchanani, 7. Kirk.. 255 spathulata, A. Cunn. “en iecol
Chathamica, Cockayne 248 Stocki, Barbier 247
ciliata, Hook. f. 253 | tenuicaulis, Hook. f. . 252
coffeoides, Col. 249 tenuifolia, Cheesem. 250, 1140
Colensoi, Hook. f. 260 turbinata, Col. 256
concinna, Col. .. 253) virescens, Petrie 257
conferta, A. Cunn. .. 1140 | Corallospartium, Armsér. 108
crassifolia, Col. 255, 1141 | crassicaule, Armstr. .. 108
cuneata, Hook. f. . .. 261 Cordyline, Comm. 704
Cunninghamii, Hook. f. 249, 1140 australis, Hook. f. 706
depressa, Col. be .. 262 Banksii, Hook. f. .. 706
divaricata, A. Cunn. .. 253 Beuckelaerti, L. Koch. 706
divaricata, Hook. f. .. 256 calocoma, Hort. : 707
foetidissima, Forst. 259 Cheesemanii, T. Kirk 705
fetidissima, A. Cunn. 249 diffusa, Col. a 706
gracilis, A.Cunn. .. 253 erythrorhachis, Hort... 706
grandifolia, Hook. f... 246, 1140 Forsteri, F. Muell. 707
heterophylla, Col. 253 Hectori, Col. . Se S107
Kirkii, Cheesem. 258 Hooibrenkeana, Goepp. +9, SSTTSS
lanceolata, Col. . 1140 Hookeri, T. Kirk 708
latifolia, Col. - 1140 indivisa, Regel. 707

INDEX. 1169

Page Page
‘Cordyline—continued. Cotula—continued.
indivisa, Steud. of so (AU perpusilla, Hook. f. .. .- 358
lentiginosa, Linden & Andre .. 707 plumosa, Hook. f. .. Bo alas?
pumilio, Hook. f. a OS pulchella, T. Kirk .. Nao)
rubra, Hueg. he eels pytethrifolia, Hook. f. 09 1307
stricta, Hook. f. eh aos squalida, Hook.f. .. «2 1808
Sturmii, Col. : .. 707 | Traillii, 7. Kirk 3 .. 3854
superbiens, L. Koch. neni O7 venosa, Col. ae Bh ayy.
terminalis, Kunth. .. .. 705! Crantzia, Nutt. 5c ve 207
Veitchii, Regel. oo -. 707| lineata, Nutt. ae Fan AU
‘CORIARIEH .. xs .. 105! Craspedia, Forst. utd .. 3847
‘Coriaria, Linn. .. 105) alpina, Backh. oe wi d48
angustissima, Hook. f. LOG fimbriata, D.C. Re .. 348
arborea, Lindsay a .. 106} Richea, Cass. vs ads
lurida, T. Kirk ‘ SLOG uniflora, Forst. Ss als Bay
ruscifolia, Linn. 4a peel O5: viscosa, Col. 348
sarmentosa, Forst. .. .. 106) CRASSULACE "139, 1073, IN 337)
thymifolia, Humb. & Bonpl. .. 106) Crategus oxyacantha, Linn. Sa Ua}
Tutu, Lindsay a. .. 106) Crepidomanes reniforme, Presl. .. 943
‘CORNACEZ .. 5 .. 236 | Crepis, Linn. Ae 386, 1079
‘Corokia, A. Cunn. bn .. 237| fatida, Linn. .. 1079
buddleoides, A. Cunn. .. 237] nove-zealandiz, Hook. (fe Dar athe
Cotoneaster, Raow .. an) Bt) I) eventos Tele lille te ne -. 1079
macrocarpa, 7’. Kirk eo taraxactfolia, Thuill. .. .. L079
Coronilla varia, Linn. .. ee Oia virens, Linn. 7 Sn hOT9
Corynocarpus, Forst. .. 104, 1135 | Crocus sativus, Linn. .. .. 698
levigata, Forst. 2: 104, 11385 | CRUCIFERA .. .. 30, 1063, 1134
‘Corysanthes, R. Br... .. 692) Cryptostemma calendulaceum, R.
bicalcarata, R. Br... sie, ESE Br. ne 2% .. 1078
Cheesemanii, Hook. f. .. 693 | CUcURBITACEA a 189, 1074
hypogea, Col. ks -. 695] CUPULIFERZ .. ie 52 BY)
macrantha, Hook. f. .. .. 696) Cuscuta, Linn. Sg eee Ae)
Matthewsii, Cheesem. so (BB) densiflora, Hook. f. .. .. 479
oblonga, Hook. f. HE .. 694 Epilinum, Weihe ae -- 1081
orbiculata, Col. ae a6 © AOS) Epithymum, Murr. .. 479, 1081
papillosa, Col. ae .. 696 Hassiaca, Pfeift. 53 479, 1081
rivularis, Hook.f. .. 694, 1152 nove-zealandic, T. Kirk 480, 1081
rotundifolia, Hook. f. a 695 racemosa, Mart. aa 479, 1081
triloba, Hook. f. A .. 695 | Cussonia Lessonii, A. Rich. -. 204
‘Cotula, Linn. 2, .. 349 | Cyathea, Smith ‘ ee O4 7,
atrata, Hook. f. , OOS Cunninghami, Heok f. =ODO
australis, Hook. f. .. 351, 1142 dealbata, Swartz 948
coronopifolia, Linn. .. Pe ool medullaris, Swartz 948
dioica Hook. f. 358, 1142 Milnei, Hook. 949
Featherstonii, F. MW wily, FPS 5G polyneuron, Col. 949
filiformis, ook. jinaacte BP 355 Smithit, Hook. f. 951
Goyeni, Petrie as .. 356 stellulata, Col. 951
Haastii, 7. Kirk re hos) Lota}3) tricolor, Col. 948
integrifolia, Hook. f. .. .. 351 | Cyathodes, Labill. 410
lanata, Hook. f. 5c .. 303 ]/) acerosa, R. Br. 41]
Jinearifolia, Cheesem. eo ay articulata, Col. 411
Maniototo, Petrie .. .. 354 Colensoi, Hook. f. .. 412
minor, Hook. f. a .. 854 empetrifolia, Hook. f. 412
minuta,*Forst. Ar -. 360 oxycedrus, R. Br. 411
Muelleri, EP KGr iG? © tc t= 308 pumila, Hook. f. 413
obscura, T. Kirk Se we) 309 robusta, Hook, f. ar 41]
pectinata, Hook. f. .. .. 3856 | Cymbidium autumnale, Swartz 666

1170

Cynara Cardunculus, Linn.
Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.
Cynoglossum nobile, Hook. f.
Cynosurus cristatus, Linn.
echinatus, Linn.
CYPERACEX
Cyperus, Linn. c
Buchanani, T. Kirk ..
gracilis, Buch.
lucidus, R. Br.
rotundus, Linn.
tenellus, Linn. }.
ustulatus, A. Rich.
vegetus, Willd.
Cyrtostylis, R. Br.
macrophylla, Hook. f
oblonga, Hook.f. ..
rotundifolia, Hook. f.
Cystopteris, Bernh.
fragilis, Bernh.
laciniatus, Col.
nove-zealandice, Armstr.
tasmanica, Hook.
Cytisus albus, Link.
candicans, Lam.
scoparius, Link.

Dacrydium, Soland.
Bidwillii, Hook. f.
biforme, Pilger
Colensoi, Hook.
Colensoi, Hook. f.
cupressinum, Soland.
excelsum, D. Don.
ferrugineum, Van Houtte
Kirkii, 7. Wuell.
intermedium, 7’. Kirk
laxifolium, Hook. f. ..
Mai, A. Cunn.
plumosum, D. Don. ..
taxifolium, Banks & Sol.
thuyoides, Banks & Sol.
Westlandicum, T. Kirk

Dactylanthus, Hook. f...
Taylori, Hook. f.

Dactylis coespitosa, Forst.
glomerata, Linn. ;

Dammara australis, Lamb.

Danthonia, D.C.
‘antarctica, Hook. f.
australis, Buch. ,
bromoides, Hook. f. ..
Buchanani, Hook, f. ..
crassiuscula, 7’. Kirk
Cunninghamii, Hook. f.
flavescens, Hook. f.
gracilis, Hook. f.

"762, 1089,

INDEX.
Page 5
. 1078 | Danthonia—continued. al
ee hO9l nervosa, Col. 890:
. 1146 nuda, Hook. f. 2. 1892
. 1091 oreophila, Petrie 888, 1155
5 OSM ovata, Buch. 885.
1154 pallida, A. Cunn. 880
, 1089 pallida, Petrie 889
766 pauciflora, Buch. 895.
=) 66 pentaflora, Col. 885
. 1089 pilosa, R. Br. 890
. 1089 planifolia, Petrie 889.
765 pungens, Cheesem. 887
766 Raoulii, Steud. 886
766 rigida, Hook. f. 885.
685 rigida, Raoul é 886
685 semiannularis, R. Br. 891
685 Thomsoni, Buch. 892
685 unarede, Raoul 891
957 | Darea flaccida, Willd. . 995.
aoe Datura Stramonium, Linn. . O82
i; ee Daucus, Linn. 225, 1075
957 brachiatus, Szeb. ee Tee
i 1070 Carota, Linn. O25, OTe
i 1070 Davallia, Smith 955.
” 1070 canariensis, Linn. 956
dealbata, A. Cunn. 947
651 Forsteri, Carruthers .. 956.
653 hispida, Heward 956
653 nove-zealandie, Col. 956
655 Tasmani, Cheesem. 955:
653 Dendrobium, Swartz 663.
654 biflorum, A. Rich. 663
651 Cunninghamii, Lindl. 663.
651 Lessonit, Col. 663
652 pygmeum, Smith 665.
655 | Deschampsia, Beawv. 874
657 cespitosa, Beauv. 875.
651 Chapmani, Petrie 877
646 flecuosa, Trin. a . 1090
651 egracillima, 7. Kirk .. orks:
651 Hookeri, T. Kirk 877, 878
656 nove-zealandiz, Petrie oad Or
625 penicillata, 7. Kirk .. 879:
626 pusilla, Petrie 876
_. 90] | tenella, Petrie . 878
. 1091 | Desmoschenus spiralis, Hole f. me LE
645 | Deyeuxia, Clarion ool)
eos avenoides, Buch. Se sy il
885, 886 Billardieri, Kunth - 869
888 Forsteri, Kunth 868
885 Petriei, Hack. .« 872
891 pilosa, Buch. . 868
887 quadriseta, Benth. Sra
884 scabra, Buch. Pettey 6:
886 setifolia, Hook. f. . 870
891 Youngii, Buch. - 871i

Dianella, Lam.
intermedia, Endl.
migra, Col. ..
weflexa, Col...
Dianthus Armeria, Linn.
barbatus, Linn.
prolifer, Linn.
Dicera dentata, Forst.
serrata, Forst.
Dichelachne, Lindi.
crinita, Hook. f.
Forsteriana, Trin. & Rupr.
Hookeriana, Trin. & Bae
montana, Endl.

‘sciurea, Hook. f. 2% 874,

Sieberiana, Trin. & Rupr.
stipoides, Hook. f.

Dichondra, Forst.
brevifolia, Buch.
repens, Forst.

Dicksonia, L’ Herit.
antarctica, Hook. f.
antarctica, Labill.
fibrosa, Col.
gracilis, Col.
intermedia, Col.
lanata, Col.
levis, Heward
microcarpa, Col.
Sparrmanniana, Col...
squarrosa, Swartz

Dictymnia lanceolata, J. Smith

Dictyopteris lanceolata, J. Smith

Digitalis purpurea, Linn.

Dionea muscipula, Ellis

Diplazium congruum, Brack.

Diplax avenacea, Raoul
polynoda, Hook. f.

Diplotaxis muralis, D.C.

Dresacem ‘

Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill.

Discaria, Hook.
australis, Hook.
Toumatou, Raoul

Ditoca muscosa, Banks

Diuris nove-zealandic, A. Rick

Dodonea, Linn.
spathulata, Smith
viscosa, Jacq.

Donatia, Forst.
nove-zealandiz, Hook. ife

Donia punicea, G. Don

Doodia, R. Br.

~ aspera, A. Rich.
eaudata, R. Br.
connexa, Hook. f.

- 1012

-. 1075

INDEX.
Page |
714 | Doodia—continued.
715 Kunthiana, Gaud.
715 media, R. Br.
UL Milnei, Carruthers
. 1066 squarrosa, Col. :
. 1066 | Dracaena australis, Forst.
1066 indivisa, Forst.
85 Draceenopsis wiley Planch.
85 | Dracophyllum, Labill.
873 acerosum, Berger.
873 affine, Hook. f.
874 angustifolium, Col.
874 arboreum, Cockayne ..
874 brachcyladum, Col.
1155 brachyphyllum, Col.
874 Featonianum, Col.
858 filifolium, Hook. f.
478 heterophyllum, Col.
478 imbricatum, Col.
478 Kirkii, Berggr. 3
952 latifolium, A. Cunn...
054 Lessonianum, A. Rich.
954 longifolium, R. Br.
053 Lyallii, Hook. f.
953 Menziesii, Hook. f.
O54 minimum, Hook. f.
954. muscoides, Hook. f. ..
O54 paludosum, Cockayne
O54 Pearsoni, 7’. Kirk
954. prostratum, 7. Kirk..
953 pubescens, Cheesem. ..
pungens, Col.
1012 recurvatum, Col.
012 recurvum, Hook. f.
1082 | rosmarinifolium, Buch.
144} rosmarinifolium, R. Br.
996 rubrum, Col.
853 scoparium, Hook. f.
854 setifolium, Stchegel. ..
1065 Sinclairii, Cheesem.
1075 squarrosum, Hook. f.
strictum, Hook. f.
101 subulatum, Hook. f. .
101 tenuicaulis, Col.
101 Townsoni, Cheesem.
576 Traversii, Hook. f.
673 uniflorum, Hook. f.

a uniflorum, Berggren .
102 Urvilleanum, A. Rich.
103 vartum, Col.

102 virgatum, Col.

134 | Drapetes, Banks -
134 Dieffenbachii, Hook. .
121 Lyallii, Hook. f.

985 macrantha, Col.

985 muscosa, Hook. f.
986 tasmanica, Hook. f.
985 villosa, Cheesem.

ATL
Page

985
985
985
986
707
708
707
418
427

eee 97 |
1143
425
422
422

- 1148
424
424
42]
426
419
424
422
423
420
428
428
425
424
428
426
424
419
422, 1143
425
427
422
424
424
421
422
421, 1143
425, 1143
422
420
420
427
426
423
422
424
615
615
616
616
617
615
616, 1147

1172

Drimys, Forst.
axillaris, Forst.
colorata, Raoul
Traversii, 7. Kirk

Drosera, Linn.
Arcturi, Hook.
ara. (Coles:
auriculata, Backh.
binata, Labill.
circinervia, Col.
flagellifera, Col.
intermedia, R. Cunn.
ligulata, Col.
minutula, Col.
polyneura, Col. ye
propingua, R. Cunn...
pygmea, D.C
ruahinensis, Col.
spathulata, Labill.
stenopetala, Hook. f.
stylosa, Col.
triflora, Col.

DROSERACEX

Dysoxylum, Blume
spectabile, Blume

Earina, Lindl.
alba, Col.
autumnalis, Hook. f.
mucronata, Lindl.
quadrilobata, Col.
suaveolens, Lindl.
Echinopogon, Beauv.
ovatus, Beawv.
Echium plantagineum, Linn:
vulgare, Linn.
Edwardsia grandiflora, Salisb.
Macnabiana, R. Grah.
microphylla, Salisb. ..
Ehrharta, Thunb.
Colensoi, Hook. f.
Thomsoni, Petrie
Elezocarpus, Linn.
Cunninghamii, Raoul
dentatus, Vahl.
Hinau, A. Cunn.
Hookerianus, Raow .

Elcodendron qiscr anthem Hook. .

Elatine, Linn.
americana, Arn.
gratioloides, A. Cunn.

ELATINE

Elatostemma, Forst.
rugosum, A. Cunn. ..

Eleocharis, R. Br.
aciciularis, R. Br.
acuta, R. Br.

INDEX.
Page Page
29 | Eleocharis—continued.
29 ambigua, T. Kirk 769
30 Cunninghamii, Boeck. 769
30 gracilis, Hook. f. ric 769
144 gracillima, Hook. f. .. 769
145 Hookeri, Boeck. aS ; 769
145 neo-zealandica, C. B. Clarke .. 768
146 plantaginea, R. Br. 768.
146 sphacelata, R. Br. 767
147 | Eleusine, Gaertn. 892:
146 indica, Gaertn. 892
146 | Elodea canadensis, Michx. 1087
145 | Elynanthus capillaceus, Benth. 789
146 | Elytranthe, Blume 1148:
145 | Adamsii, Engl. 1149)
146 Colensoi, Engl. 1148
145 decussata, Engl. 1149:
145 flavida, Png. 1149
146 Haastii, Engl. 1149
145 punctata, Engl. 1148
147 | __ tetrapetala, Lng. 1148.
146 uniflora, Engl. 1149:
144 | Hmex australis, Steinh. 1086
95 | Enargea, Banks & Sol. 704.
95 | marginata, Banks & Sol. 704
| Entelea, R. Br. oe 82:
665 | arborescens, R. Br. .. Sh sy Mee
666 | Entoganum levigatum, Gaertn. .. 94
666 | EpacRIDEx 409, 1079, 1143.
665 | Epacris, Forst. 415, 1079:
666 | affinis, Col. . 416
666 alpina, Hook. f. 416.
858 fasciculata, Forst. 414
859 juniperina, Forst. 411
1081 longifolia, Forst. .. 423
1081 microphylla, R. Br. .. 416, 1080:
123! pauciflora, A. Rich. .. .. 415.
123 pulchella, Cav. 416, 1080
123 pumila, Forst. 410
851 | purpurascens, R. Br. 1079:
851 racemosa, Hook. f. 417
852 rosmarinifolia, Forst. 427
84 Sinclairii, Hook. f. 415.
85 | Epiblema grandiflorum, R. Br. .. 671
85 | Epicarpurus microphyllus, Raoul 632
85 | Bpidendrum autumnale, Forst. 666.
85 | Epilobium, Linn. : 171
47 alsinoides, A. Cunn. Wire
73 Billardieranum, Ser. 174
73 brevipes, Hook. f. 182
73 cespitosum, Haussk... 180:
73 | chionanthum, Haussk. 173
636 chlorzfolium, Haussk. 178
636 cinereum, A. Rich. .. 175.
767 confertifolium, Hook. f. 175, 1137,
768 confertum, A. Cunn. .. 175
768 crassum, Hook. f. 181

INDEX.

Page

Epilobium—continued.
elegans, Petrie Poe wists
erectum, Petrie ae a) ali

erubescens, Haussk. 185
glabellum, Forst. 185
gracilipes, 7’. Kirk 181
haloragifoliwm, A. Cunn. 176
haloragifolium, T. Kirk 176
Hectori, Haussk. FET
hirtigerum, A. Cunn... 175
incanum, A. Cunn. 175
insulare, Haussk. 178
junceum, Soland. 174
Krulleanum, Haussk. 184
linneoides, Hook. f. .. 179
macranthum, Hook. .. 173 |
macropus, Hook. 180
melanocaulon, Hook. 183
microphyllum, A. Rich. 184 |
nanum, Col. 177
nerterioides, A. Cann 180
nove-zealandie, Hawssk. 185
nummularifolium, R. Cun. 179 |
pallidiflorum, Soland. 173
pedunculare, A. Cunn. 180
perplecum, T. Kirk .. Bo ibys)
pictum, Petrie 176, 1137
polyclonum, Haussix. 183
pubens, A. Rich. 175
purpuratum, Hook. f. 180
pycnostachyum, Haussk. 182
rotundifolium, Forst. 179
rostratum, Cheesem. .. 183
tasmanicum, Haussk. 176
tenuipes, Hook. f. 177
tetragonum, Hook. f... 174
thymifolium, R. Cunn. 178
vernicosum, Cheesem. 182, 1137
virgatum, A. Cunn. 175
Epipactis porrifolia, Swz. 673
Eragrostis Brownii, Nees . 1091
imbecilla, Benth. 913
major, Host. «1091
minor, Host. . 1091
megastachya, Link. . 1091 |
Erechtites, Raf. 363
arguta, D.C. 364 |
diversifolia, Petrie 366
glabrescens, 7’. Kirk.. 366
hispidula, Hook. f. 365
prenanthoides, D.C... 364
pumila, Armstr. aa 365
quadridentata, D.C. 365
scaberula, Hook. f. 365
ERICACEE 404
Erigeron Pongendii @Buch. so BUS
canadensis, Linn. . 1076

Brigeron—continued.
linifolius, Willd.
nove-zedandie, Buch.
Driostemon dentatus, Colla.
Brodium cicutarium, L’ Herit.
malachoides, Willd.
moschatum, L’ Herit.
EHrophila vulgaris, D.C. a
Erpetion spathulatum, A. Cunn.
Eruca sativa, Mill.
Eryngium, Linn. lo ee
vesiculosum, Labill. .. 203,
ELrythrea centaurium, Pers.
Eschscholtzia californica, Cham. ..
Eucalyptus globulus, Labill.
Eugenia, Linn.
Maire, A. Cunn.
obcordata, Raoul
vitis-ideea, Raoul
Kuphrasia, Linn.
antarctica, Hook. f.
Berggrem, Wettst.
Cheesemanii, W efést.
Cockayniana, Petrie
cuneata, Forst.
disperma, Hook. f.
Dyeri, Wettst.
longiflora, T. Kirk
Monroi, Hook. f.
pygmea, Col.
repens, Hook. f.
revoluta, Hook. f.
tricolor, Col.
zealandica, Wettst.
Euphorbia, Linn.
glauca, Porst.
helioscopia, Linn.
hypericifolia, Linn.
Lathyris, Linn.
ovalifolia, Engelm.
Peplus, Linn.
EUPHORBIACE®
Burybia albida, Hook. f.
alpina, Lindl. & Paxt.
avicennicefolia, Hook. f.
Colensoi, F. Muell.
Cunninghamu, Hook. f.
dentata, Hook. f.
Forstert, Hook. f.
furfuracea, D.C.
Lyallu, Hook. f.
nitida, Hook. f. F
nummularifolia, Hook. i
operina, F. Muell.
semidentata, F. Muell.
Solandri, Hook. f. ;
Traversti, F. Muell. ..
virgata, Hook. f.

563,

626,

1174 INDEX,
Page Page
Eurybiopsis australis, Hedk: i: 319 Friesia racemosa, A. Cunn. 83
Exarrhena Colensoi, T. Kirk 462, 469 | Fuchsia, Linn. 186
Lyalliit, Hook. f. : 470 Colensoi, Hook. f. 187
macrantha, Hook. f. 47] excorticata, Linn. f. 186
petiolata, Hook. f. 467 Kirkii, Hook. f. 187
saxosa, Hook. f. 469 procumbens, Hook. f. 187
Exocarpus, Labill. .. 624 | Fuirena rubiginosa, Spreng. 786
Bidwillii, Hook, f. .. .. 652) Fumaria muralis, Sond. 1064
officinalis, Linn. 1064
Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench.. 1086 | Fusanus, R. Br. 623
Fagus, Linn. .. ae 640 Cunninghamii, Benth. & Hook. 'f 624

apiculata, Col. 642

Blairii, 7. Kirk 642 | Gahnia, Forst. 791
cliffortioides, Hook. f. 643 affinis, Steud. 795
fusca, Hook. f. Bid 641 arenaria, Hook.f. . 795
Menziesii, Hook. f. 640 articulata, F. Muell. .. 786
Solandri, Hook. f. 643 ebenocarpa, Hook. f. 793
truncata, Col. : 641 exigua, Col. 792
Ferraria ixioides, Willd. 699 Gaudichaudi, Steud. 795
Festuca, Linn. : Pye ONG Hectori, T. Kirk 793
bromoides, Linn. . 1092 lacera, Steud. 795
contracta, 7’. Kirk 919 multiglumis, Col. 792
Coxii, Hack. ao, SUG) parviflora, Col. 792
duriuscula, Hook. f. 917, 918 pauciflora, T. Kirk 793
elatior, Linn. . 1092 procera, Forst. 794
foliosa, Hook. f. 901 rigida, 7. Kirk 792
littoralis, Labill. aol robusta, 7’. Kirk 794
myurus, Linn. .. 1092 setifolia, Hook. f. , L154
ovina, Linn. 917, 1092 scaberula, Col. 792
pratensis, Huds. . 1092 xanthocarpa, Hook. ph 793
rigida, Kunth . 1092 | Gaimardia, Gaud. : 758
rubra, Linn. 918, 1092 ciliata, Hook. f. 758
scabra, Labill. eas pallida, Hook. f. 757
scoparia, Hook. f. 902, 1155 setacea, Hook. f. 758
FicorpE a 190, 1074 | Galega officinalis, Linn. 1071
Ficus carica, Linn. . 1087 | Galeopsis Tetrahit, Linn. 1084
elastica, Roxb. 631 | Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. 1076
indica, Linn. 631 Galium, Linn. 265, 1075
FILIcEs 925, 1157 Aparine, Linn. 266, 1075
Fimbristylis, Vahl. 769 erythrocaulon, Col. 266
dichotoma, Hook. f. .. 770 Mollugo, Linn. 1075
squarrosa, Vahl. 770 palustre, Linn. 1075
velata, R. Br. : ae Cah parisiense, Linn. 1075
Feniculum vulgare, Mill. . 1074 propinguum, A. Cunn. 266
Forstera, Linn. f. 392 tenuicaule, A. Cunn. .. 266
aretriastrifolia, Homb. “&I acq. 390 triloba, Col... : 266
Bidwillii, Hook. f. 393 umbrosum, Soland. .. 266
clavigera, Hook. f. 390 | Gastridium australe, Beauv. 1090
major, Col. 393 lendigerum, Gaud. 1090
sedifolia, Linn. f. 392 | Gastrodia, R. Br. me 696
tenella, Hook. f. 393 Cunninghamii, Hook. f. 697
truncatella, Col. Lae touo Hectori, Buch. ne 697
Fragaria elatior, Ehr. . 1072 leucopetala, Col. 697
vesca, Linn. O72 minor, Petrie 697
Freycinetia, Gaud. A epiaans (A sesamoides, R. Br. 697
Banksii, A. Cunn. 741, 1153 | Gaultheria, Kahn 404
inclinans, Benn. 742 antipoda, Forst. 405

INDEX.

: Page
Gaultheria—continued.

calycina, Col. ~ .. 407
Colensoi, Hook. f. .. er OF
depressa, Hook.f. .. .. 405
divergens, Col. BE sO |
epiphyta, Col. :y oe 405
fagifolia, Hook. f. .. bo, e407
fluviatilis, A. Cunn. .. .. 405
glandulosa, Col. oe .. 407
multibracteolata, Col. aio we EADY
oppositifolia, Hook. f. so, GLUE
perplexa, 7. Kirk .. .. 406
rupestris, R. Br. a0 .. 406
subcorymbosa, Col... .. 407
Gaya, H.B.K. ae aiccan he
Lyallii, J. H. Baker .. 80, 1135
Geniostoma, Forst. a .. 443
ligustrifolium, A. Cunn. .. 444 |
rupestre, A. Rich... .. 444 |
Gentiana, Linn. ao .. 446
antarctica, 7. Kirk .. a AbD:
antipoda, 7. Kirk .. .. 456
bellidifolia, Hook. f. . BOR Ea
Campbellii, Homb. & Jaca, ~ 454: ||
cerina, Hook. f. : .. 454
chathamica, Cheesem. .. 449]
concinna, Hook. f. .. be 245}5)
corymbifera, 7. Kirk: .. 449
divisa, Cheesem. a 34 GES
filipes, Cheesem. oe .. 448
gracilifolia, Cheesem.. . .. 1144
Grisebachii, Hook. f... .. 448
Hookeri, Armstr. Be ne alt |
lineata, 7’. Kirk ae era AS
montana, Forst. Ay 451, 1145 |
montana, Hook. f. .. 448
nove-zealandic, Armstr. seen 449
patula, Cheesem. ae oi 452
pleurogynoides, Hook. f. .. 450
saxosa, Forst. Bi , 6454
Spenceri, 7. Kirk .. a 453
Townsoni, Cheesem. .. pa 450)
vernicosa, Cheesem. .. .. 1145
GENTIANEZ .. 444, 1144
Geophila dichondreefolia, A. Cunn.
265, 1080
GERANIACES .. eh 87, 1069
Geranium, Linn. 7 88, 1069
brevicaule, Hook. a 89
dissectum, Linn... 2 ESB
microphyllum, Hook. j. nis» tet’)
molle, Linn. ae 903)
patagonicum, Hook. f. wee S84
patulum, Forst. ms Ae 88 |
pilosum, Forst. ESS
potentilloides, Hook. f. ee 89))|
retrorsum, L’Herit. .. AN? 884]

Geranium—continued.
Robertianum, Linn.
sessiliflorum, Cav.
Traversii, Hook. f.

GESNERACE®

Geum, Linn. .
alpinum, Buch.
aucklandicum, Greene
leiospermum, Petrie ..
magellanicum, Comm.
parviflorum, Smith
pusillum, Petrie
sericeum, T. Kirk
uniflorum, Buch.
urbanum, Linn.

Gilia squarrosa, Hook. & Arn.
Gingidium antipodum, F. Muell...

Dieffenbachii, ¥. Muell.
montanum, Forst.
Monroi, F. Muell.
squarrosum, F. Muell.
Traversii, F. Muell.

| Githago segetum, Desf. ..

Glaucium flavum, Crantz
luteum, Scop.

Gleichenia, Smith
alpina, R. Br.
ciliata, Col...
circinata, Sw. Pe
Cunninghamii, Heward
dicarpa, R. Br.
dichotoma, Swz.
flabellata, R. Be
hecistophylla, A. Cunn.
Hermanni, BR. Br.
littoralis, Col.
microphylla, R. Br.
patens, Col.
punctulata, Col.
semivestita, Labill.
spelunce, R. Br.

Glossostigma, Arn.
elatinoides, Benth.
spathulatum, Arn.
submersum, Petrie

| Glyceria aquatica, Wahl.

distans, Wahl.
fluitans, R. Br.
nove-zealandie, Petrie
stricta, Hook. f.
snaphalium, Linn.
adherens, Col. Be:
bellidioides, Hook. f. ..
Colensoi, Hook. f.
collinum, Labill.
Cunninghamu, D.C. ..

2, 1076

128, 1136
128. 1136

127

. 1680

1159
214
223

-. 1139
- 1138

210

OG,
.- 1064
.. L064
. 1017
ee LOLS
. 1019
conn LCOLET/
pe LOLS
. 1018

1020

"1020
"| 1019
- 1020

1020

.. 1018
a LOUS
LOLs
Pe lLOUS
; PeLOuS
Glossogyne Hennedyt, R. Br. (ter)

1076
487
488
488
488

". 1092
"* 1092
- 1092

915
915

323
338
341
327
326

1176

Gnaphalium—continued.
filicaule, Hook. f.
involucratum, Forst. .
japonicum, Thunb.
Keriense, A. Cunn.
lanatum, Forst.
luteo-album, Linn.
Lyallii, Hook. f.
minutulum, Col.
nitidulum, Hook. f. ..
nove-zealandice, Sch. Bp.
paludosum, Petrie
parviflorum, Col.
prostratum, Hook. f.
purpureum, Linn.
simplex, A. Rich.
subrigidum, Col.
Traversii, Hook. f.
trinerve, Forst.
virgatum, Banks and Soland.

Gomphocarpus fruticosus, R. Br. ..

Goniocarpus citriodorus, A. Cunn.

depressus, A. Cunn.
serpyllifolius, Hook. f.
tetragynus, Labill.
vernicosus, Hook. f. .. Af
Goniopteris pennigera, J. Smith ..
Yoodenia repens, Labill.
GOODENOVIEZ
GRAMINE
Grammitis australis, R. Br.
ciliata, Col.
heterophylla, Labill.
humilis, Homb. & Jacq.
leptophylla, Swz.
pumila, Armstr.
rigida, Homb. & Jacq.
rutefolia, R. Br.
Gratiola, Linn.
concinna, Col.
glandulifera, Col.
latifolia, R. Br.
nana, Benth.
peruviana, Linn.
pubescens, Hook. f.
sexdentata, A. Cunn. ..
Griselinia, Forst.
littoralis, Raoul
lucida, Forst.
Gunnera, Linn.
arenaria, Cheesem.
flavida, Col.
densiflora, Hook. f.
dentata, 7’. Kirk
Hamiltoni, 7. Kirk ..
microcarpa, 7’. Kirk
miata, T. Kirk et

838, 1089,

324,
304,

. 1142

: 1011
- 1010

-. 1010
-. 1010
- 1016

INDEX.
Page Page
Gunnera—continued.

339 monoica, Raow ce ~chhoo
326 ovata, Petrie 154
326 prorepens, Hook. f. 155
323 strigosa, Col. He 154
326 | Gymnococca arenaria, Fisch. & Mey. 612
326 microcarpa, Fisch. & Mey. 613
323 | Gymnogramme, Desv. .. . 1015
325, alpina, Potts . LO16
325 leptophylla, Desv. hn LOLS
324 novee-zealandic, Col... . 1016
325 Pozoi, Kunze 1016
rutefolia, Hook. & Grev. 1016, 1157
338 | Gymnostichum gracile, Hook. f. 924
1076 | Gynerium zeelandicum, Steud. 894
327 | Gypsophila, Linn. 62
1142 tubulosa, Boiss. 62

1142

323
326 | Haastia, Hook. f. 320
1080) Greenii, Hook. f. 321
150 Loganii, Buch. 340
149 montana, Buch. 32]
149 pulvinaris, Hook. f. 320
149 recurva, Hook. f. 321
149 Sinclairii, Hook. f. telaool
1009 | Hakea acicularis, R. Br. .. L086
395 | HALORAGEZR .. cay LAT
394 | Haloragis, Forst. 148
1155 aggregata, Buch. 149
1010 alata, Jacq. 148
. 1010 bibracteolata, Col. 149
cartilaginea, Cheesem. 148
depressa, Walp. 149
. 1016 micrantha, R. Br. 150
minima, Col. 150
spicata, Petrie 150
tenella, Brong. 150
486 tetragyna, Hook. f. 149
487 uniflora, T. Kirk is 149
487 | Hamelinia veratroides, A. Rich. 711
487 | Hartighsea spectabilis, A. Juss. 96
487 | Haztonia furfwracea, A. Cunn. 284
486 | Hectorella, Hook. f. : 72
487 cespitosa, Hook. f. 72
487 elongata, Buch. 73
238 | Hedera crassifolia, A. Gray 235
239 Helix, Linn. . 1075
238 Lessonii, A. Gray 234
152 Hedycarya, Forst. wage
156 arborea, Forst. 599, 1147
155 dentata, Forst. .. 600
156 scabra, A. Cunn. 600
156 | Hekaterosachne elatior, Steud. 849
157 | Helenium quadridentatum, Labill. 1076
154 | Helichrysum, Vall. 336, 1076
154 bellidioides, Walld. 337

INDEX, LAY,
Page Page
Helichrysum—continued. Holcus lanatus, Linn. - 1090
coralloides, Benth. &: Hook. f. 343, 1142 mollis, Linn. . 1090
cymosum, Less. . 1076 redolens, Forst. 855
depressum, Benth. & Hook. fj... 342 | Homalanthus, A. Juss... 630
fasciculatum, Buch. . 340 nutans, Hook. f. 630
filicaule, Hook. f. 338, 1142 polyandrus, Cheesem. ya os0
glomeratum, Benth. &. Hook. f. 341 | Hookerella tenuiflora, Van Tiegh... 1150
grandiceps, Hook. f. . 341 | Hordeum maritimum, With. . 1093
lanceolatum, 7’. Kirk 23 342 murinum, Linn. .. 1093
Leontopodium, Hook. f. 340, 1142 vulgare, Linn. ..- 1093
Loganii, 7. Kirk 340 | Humulus Lupulus, Linn. . 1087
micranthum, A. Cunn. 324 | Huttonella com pacta, T. Kirk 118
microphyllum, Benth & Hook. I 342 curta, T. Kirk 118
pauciflorum, 7’. Kirk 344 juncea, T. Kirk 118
prostratum, Hook. f. 338 prona, 'T. Kirk HO TG
Purdiei, Petrie 338 | HyDROCHARIDEE . 1087
Selago, Benth. & Hook. . 343 | Hydrocotyle, Linn. 194
Sinclairii, Hook. f. , 339 alsophila, Col. 197
Youngii, Hook. f. 3 . 339] amena, Col. 197
Helophyllum clavigerum, Hook. f. 390 americana, Linn. 196
Colensoi, Hook. f. : 7s 2390 asiatica, Linn. 2 LS:
muscoides, Col. 390 colorata, Col. one 1137
rubrum, Hook. f. om 391 compacta, A. Rich. oo MUS
Hemiphues bellidioides, Hook. t 204 | concinna, Col. 195
pi ai zealandic, Petrie . 1138 | cordifolia, Hook.f... 199
suffocata, Hook. f. 204 dichondrefolia, A. Cunn. 197
Hemitelia, R. Br. 950 | dissecta, Hook. f. 196
F Weiloba, Col. 948 echinella, Col. 195.
microphylla, Col. 951 | Saenes eee 195
Srathie Hook. 951 eteromeria, A. Rich. 196
stellulata, Col .. 951) hydrophila, & coer ae

oo eae P : ~ | tntermixta, Co
aes e gia oe F ss | involucrata, Col. 197
Ene ae di. © Hook 730 microphylla, A. Cunn. 198
eens et . ap 720 moschata, Forst. 197, 1137
asmanice, Hook. f. .. Ree h ituncoad, Re BE 195
Hesperis matronalis, Linn. ; . 1064 nitens, Col. 1 196
Heterixia amentacea, Van Tiegh. .. 1151 | nove-zealandie, D.C. 197
Lindsay, Van Tiegh. - 1150| pterocarpa, F. Muell. 196
Hibiscus, Linn. : 80 robusta, 7. Kirk 197
diversifolius, Jacq. 81 | sibthorpioides, Col. 198
trionum, Linn. 81 tripartita, R. Br. 195
vesicarius, Cav. 81 | uniflora, Col. a 199
Hierochloe, Gmel. 854 | Hymenanthera, R. Br. 48
alpina, Roem. & Schult. 856 | chathamica, 7. Kirk... 51
antarctica, R. Br. 855 crassifolia, Hook. f. 48
borealis, Hook. f. 856 dentata, R. Br. 49
Brunonis, Hook. f. 856 latifolia, Endl. 50:
Fraseri, Hook. f. 855! obovata, 7’. Kirk 50
redolens, R. Br. 855 Traversii, Buch. ; 30
Histiopteris incisa, Aghard 974 | Hymenophyllum, Linn. 928.
Hoheria, A. Cunn. 78 cruginosum, Hook. 937
angustifolia, Raoul 79 alpinum, Col. ae 941
Lyallii, Hook. f. a: 80| Armstrongii, T. Kirk 938
populnea, A. Cunn. .. 78 atrovirens, Col. 933.
sexstylosa, Col. 79 australe, Willd. 932
Sinclairii, Hook. f. 79 bivalve, Swz. 941

1178 INDEX.
Page Page
Hymenophyllum—continued. Hypolepis—continued.
Boryanum, Willd... 937 millefolium, Hook. 965
Cheesemanii, Bak. 938 tenuifolia, Bernh. 965
ciliatum, Swe. 937 | Hypolena, R. Br. 761
crispatum, Wall. 932 lateriflora, Benth. 761
cupressiforme, Labill. 940 | Hypoxis, Linn. 701
demissum, Swz. 934 hygrometrica, Hook. f. Bree i
dilatatum, Swz. 934 pusilla, Hook. f. 701, 1153
erecto-alatum, Col. 934 | Hystericina alopecurioides, Steud. 859
flabellatum, Labill. 935
flecuosum, A. Cunn. .. 932 | Iberis amara, Linn. ; 1066
Franklinianum, Col. 937 | Ileostylus Kirkw, Van. Tiegh. 1149
imbricatum, Col. 931 micranthus, Van Tiegh. .. 1149
javannicum, Spreng. 932 | ILLECEBRACEX 575, 1085
lophocarpum, Col. 931 | Imperata, Cyr. .. 842
Lyallii, Hook. f. 943 | arundinacea, Cyr. 843
Malingii, Mett. 938 Cheesemanii, Hack. 843
megalocarpum, Col. 934 exaltata, Brong. 844
melanocheilos, Col. 938 | Indigofera viscosa, Lam. 1071
minimum, A. Rich. 939 | Ionidium filiforme, F. Muell. 1066
montanum, T. Kirk .. 933 | Iphigenia, Kunth 720
multifidum, Swz. 940 nove-zealandiz, Bue son see
nitens, R. Br. 936 | Ipomea, Linn. 474, 1081
oligocarpum, Col. 941 batatas, Lam. 74, 1081
polyanthos, Swz. 931 biloba, Forsk. 474
polychilum, Col. 934 palmata, Forsk. 474
pulcherrimum, Col. 933 pendula, R. Br. 474
pusillum, Col. 940 pes-capre, Roth 475
pygmeum, Col. 940 tuberculata, Roem. & ‘Schult. 474
rarum, R. Br. 930 | IRIDEz& : 698, 1087
revolutum, Col. 940 | Iris germanica, ‘Linn. .. 1087
rufescens, 7’. Kirk 936, [ibs wf pseudacorus, Linn. .. 1088
sanguinolentum, Swz. .. 931 Isachne, R. Br. 2, OaG
scabrum, A. Rich. 935 australis, R. Br. 847, 1155
semi-bivalve, Hook. & Grev. 931 | Isopracem .. 1042
spathulatum, Col. 941 | Isoetes, Linn... 1042
subtilissimum, Kunze 937 alpinus, 7’. Kirk 1043
truncatum, Col. oe 941 Kirkii, 4. Braun 1043
Tunbridgense, Smith. . 939 multiangularis, Col. .. 1043
unilaterale, Willd. 940 | Isolepis acicwlaris, A. Rich. 769
villosum, Col. 931 alpina, Hook. f. ne 773
Wilsoni, Hook. se 940 aucklandica, Hook. f. 773
zeelandicum, Van der Bosch. 940 basilaris, Hook. f. Ty?
Hyoscyamus niger, Linn. . 1082 cartilaginea, R. Br. 774
HYPERICINEE 74, 1068 fluitans, R. Br. 7712
Hypericum, Linn. 74, 1058 globosa, Buch. 776
Androsemum, Linn. . 1068 inundata, R. Br. 775
gramineum, Forst. Ab 74 lenticularis, R. Br. 772
humifusum, Linn. 75, 1068 nodosa, R. Br. 776
japonicum, Thunb. FAs novee-zealandice, Col. 712
perforatum, Linn. 1068 prolifer, Hook. f. 775
pusillum, Choisy 75 prolifer, R. Br. 776
Hypocheris glabra, Linn. 1079 riparia, R. Br. abs Wee
radicata, Linn. : 1079 | setacea, Hook. f. 774, 775
Hypolepis, Bernh. .. 964) — setosa, Raoul Suse
dicksonoides, Hook. .. .. 965 spiralis, A. Rich. 777
distans, Hook. 966 | subcucullata, Berggr. 773

Tsotoma, Lindl. 2s
fluviatilis, F. Muell.
Ixalum inerme, Forst. ..

Ixerba, A. Cunn.
brexioides. A. Cunn...

JUNCACED

Juncus, Linn. "
antarcticus, Hook. f.
australis, Hook. f.
brevifolius, T. Kirk
bufonius, Linn.
exspiticius, 2. Mey.
capillaceus, Hook. te
cephalotes, Hook. f.
communis, E: Mey.
effusus, Linn.
Gerardi, Lois.
glaucus, Sibth.
holoschcenus, R. Br.
involucratus, T. Kirk
lampocarpus, Ehr.
luxurians, Col.
macrostigma, Col.
magellanicus, Lam.
maritimus, Lam.
nove-zealandiz, Hook. f.
obtusiflorus, Ehr.
pallidus, R. Br.
pauciflorus, R. Br.
pauciflorus, T. Kirk ..
planifolius, R. Br.
polyanthemus, Buchen.
prismatocarpus, f. Br.
prismatocar pus, Benth.
pusillus, Buchen.
scheuchzerioides, Gaud
tenax, Banks & Soland
tenuis, Willd.
vaginatus, R. Br.
vaginatus, Hook. f.

Kdleria Dieffenbachii, Endl.
villosa, Berger.

Kentia Baueri, Seem.
sapida, Mart.

Koeleria, Pers.
cristata, Pers.
cristata, Hook. f.
Kurtzii, Hack.
micrathera, Griseb.

Korthalsella, Van Tiegh.
amentacea, Engl.
clavata, Cheesem.
Lindsayi, Engl. xe
salicornioides, Van Tiegh.

INDEX.
Page
401 | Knightia, R. Br.
401 excelsa, R. Br.
850 | Kyllinga, Rottb.
136 brevifolia, Rottb.
136 monocephala, Rottb.

==)
mom

J~1~s1-1-1-1~1
209 tO OO Ww

ow
—

2 to bo

j~I-1I +!
wmwnwrk
IOS

Kn

LABIATE oe ats
Lactuca muralis, E. Mey.
saligna, Linn. ;
Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser.
Lagenphora, Cass.
Barkeri, 7. Kirk

emphysopus, Hook. f. 2’

Forsteri, D.C.
lanata, A. Cunn.
linearis, Petrie
petiolata, Hook. f.
pinnatifida, Hook. f.
purpurea, 7. Kirk
strangulata, Col.
Lagurus ovatus, Linn. ..
Lamium purpureum, Lam.
Lampocarya affinis, Brong.
lacera, A. Rich.
setifolia, A. Rich.
tenax, Hook. f. M
xanthocarpa, Hook. f.
Lapsana communis, Linn.
Lathyrus latifolius, Linn.
odoratus, Linn.
Laurelia, Juss.
nove-zealandiz, A.
LAURINEZ .. 2
Laurus calicaris, Soland.
Tarairi, A. Cunn.
Tawa, A. Cunn.
Victoriana, Col.
Lavatera arborea, Linn.
LEGUMINOS4. .

Cunn.

1179

587,

Page
606
606
764
764
764

1083:
1079

eeLOWS
.. 1074

1076
273:
1076
272
274
272:
273
274
273
273

"1090
- 1084

795
795:
792
788:
794

"* 1078
" 1072

ara Ove

600:
600
601
603.
602.
602
602

. 1068

107, 1069,

Leiospermum racemosum, Don. ..

Lemna, Linn.
gibba, Linn.
minor, Linn.
LEMNACEZ .. i
Lens esculanta, Moench
LENTIBULARIE % a
Leontodon autumnalis, Linn.
hirtus, Linn.
hispidus, Linn.
Lepidium, Linn.
australe, T. Kirk
Banksii, 7’. Kirk
campestre, R. Br.
Draba, Linn.
flexicaule, 7’. Kirk
hirtum, Smith
Kawarau, Petrie

37,

1136.
139

1180

Lepidium—continued.
Kirkii, Petrie
incisum, Hook. f.
Matau, Petrie
obtusatum, 7’. Kirk .
oleraceum, Forst.
ruderale, Linn.
sativum, Linn.
sisymbrioides, Hook. 7.
Solandri, T. Kirk
tenuicaule, 7. Kirk ..

Lepidosperma, Labill. ..
australe, Hook. f.
Colensoi, Boeck.
concavum, Hook. f.
filiforme, Labill.
laterale, R. Br. £
longitudinalis, Hook. f
tetragonum, Hook. f..
striatum, Hook. f.

Lepilena, J. Drumm. ..
bilocularis, 7’. Kirk .
Preissii, Ff. Mvell.

Leptinella dioica, Hook. f.

Featherstonti, F. Muell.
lanata, Hook. f.
minor, Hook. f.
plumosa, Hook. f. :
potentillina, F. Muell.
propingua, Hook. f. ..
pusilla, Hook. f.
squalida, Hook. f.
Leptocarpus, R. Br.
simplex, A. Rich.

Leptolepia nove-zealandie, Metten. 956
Leptopteris hymenoph iain Presl. 1025

superba, Hook.
Leptospermum, Forst. ..
ericoides, A. Rich.
perforatum, Forst.
scandens, Forst.
scoparium, Forst.
Sinclairii, 7’. Kirk

Lepturus incurvatus, Trin.

Lepyrodia, R. Br. a
Traversii, F. Muell. ..

Leucopogon, R&. Br...
Bellignianus, Raoul ..
brevibarbis, Stcheg.
Colensot, Hook. f.
fasciculatus, A. Rich.
Forsteri, A. Rich.
Fraseri, A. Cunn.
heterophyllus, Col.
nesophilus, D.C.
Richei, R. Br.

Leycesteria formosa, Wall.

INDEX.

Page Page
Libertia, Spreng. ak .. 698
40 grandiflora, Sweet .. B08
40 ixioides, Spreng. e “iGEOU9
4] macrocarpa, Klatt .. se aiO0
39 micrantha, A. Cunn. 225700
38 orbicwaris, Col. a D9
1065 pulchella, Spreng. .. en
1066 restioides, Klatt Be .. 699
42 | Libocedrus, Hdl. i 2 y O46
42 Bidwillii, Hook. f. .. «2 OAT
40 Doniana, Endl. ee .. 646
789 | Ligusticum, Linn. EN: a) ele
789 Aciphylla, Spreng. .. re UY
788 acutifolium, 7’. Kirk 216
790 antipodum, Homb. & Jacq. 216, tap

790 aromaticum, Hook. f, si
790 brevistyle, Hook. f. ae 218
790 carnosulum, Hook. ie 219, 1139
789 | decipiens, T. Kirk 1. 1.2) 220
788 deltoideum, Cheesem. 219, 1139
752) Dieffenbachii, Hook. f. Pare i!
753 | dissectum, 7". Kirk .: bee 74 tre:
753 diversifolium, Cheesem. wa 1139
359 | Enysii, 7’. Kirk se eee
357 filifolium, Hook. f. .. vs es
353 flabellatum, 7’. Kirk.. a, eee
355 Gingidium, Forst. .. aa eee
353 Haastii, F. Muell. .. ene») Le
353 | imbricatum, Hook. f. ois eed
353 intermedium, Hook. f. ear maT
358 latifolium, Hook. f. .. & a wey BELO
358 Lyalbi, Hook. f. as Pen 21174
760 patulum, 7. Kirk .. Pesta “0
761 piliferum, Hook. f. .. -¢ 220
5 politum, T. Kirk 43 les
trifoliolatum, Hook. f. 2 BOA
» 1025 | Lintacka .* 701, 1088, 1153
160 | Limosella, Zinn. a «489
161 aquatica, Linn. 43 .. 489
167 australis, R. Br. ce is, MASo
». 2163 ciliata, Col. . Reese so)
160, 1137 Curdieana, F. Muell. .. 489
13 WGI tenuifolia, Nutt. 4 .. 489
. 1093 | Linaria Cymbalaria, 1} Mill. .. 1082
759 Elatine, Mill. az ..- 1082
760 latifolia, Desv. Ae .- 1082
413 purpurea, Mill. F . - 1082
415 vulgaris, Linn. ad .. 1082
414 | Lindsaya, Dryand. & ODT
412 discolor, Col. ve .. 959
413 linearis, Swz. ae .. 958
411 Lessonii, Bory Br 5}
414, 1143 microphylla, Hook. & Bak. .. 959
. 1143 trichomanoides, oe 220958
415 trilobata, Col. ». 1958
414 viridis, Col. J 959
. 1075' LinEa is at 86, 1069

INDEX.

Page

Loum, Linn.. 86

catharticum, Linn. 1069
gallicum, Linn. iF 1069
marginale, A. Cunn. .. 86, LO69
monogynum, Forst. 86
usitatissimum, Linn.. 1069
Liparophyllum, Hook. j. 456
Gunnii, Hook. f. “is 456
Lithospermum arvense, Linn. 1081
Titobrochia comans, Presl. 972
incisa, Presl. : 974
macilenta, Brack. 973 |
vespertilionis, Presl. .. 974
Litszea, Lam. .. 603
calicaris, Benth. d: Hook. f. 603
Lobelia, Linn. 399 |
alata, Labill. 400
anceps, Linn. f. 399

angulata, Forst. 398 |
fluwiatilis, R. Br. 401
linneoides, Petrie 400
littordalis, R. Cunn. 398
perpusilla, Hook. f. .. 398
physaloides, Hook. f.. . 397
Roughii, Hook. f. 400
rugulosa, R. Grah. 398
submersa, A. Cunn. 488
'Logania, R. Br. Heyny 443
Armstrongti, Buch. 443, 536
ciliolata, Hook. f. 443, 528
depressa, Hook. f. 443, 1144
tetragona, Hook. f. 443, 536
-LOGANIACES .. ‘ 441, 1144
Lolium italicum, A. Beauv. 1093
perenne, Linn. 1093
temulentum, Linn. 1093
‘Lomaria, Willd 974
acuminata, Bak. 978
aggregata, Col. 978
alpina, Spreng. 980
attenuata, Hook. f. 978
Banksii, Hook. f. 979
ceapensis, Willd. 980, I iMs34/
Colensoi, Hook. f. 976
deflexa, Col. 977
deltoides, Col. 977
-discolor, Wiild. 976
duplicata, Potts 981 |
dura, Moore 978
elongata, Blume 976
filiformis, A. Cunn. 982
fluviatilis, Spreng. 983
‘Fraseri, A. Cunn. 984
heterophylla, Col. 976
intermedia, Col. 984
lanceolata, Spreng. 978
datifolia, Col. 981

Lomaria—continued.
linearis, Col.
membranacea, Col.
nigra, Col. ..
Norfolkiana, Heward
oligoneuron, Col.
parvifolia, Col.
Patersoni, Spreng.
paucijuga, Col.
pimprnellifolia, Hook.
procera, Spreng. :
propinqua, A. Cunn...
pumila, Raoul.
pygmea, Col.
rotundifolia, Raoul
rigida, J. Smith
vuleanica, Blume

Lonchites tenuifolia, Forst.

LoRANTHACEA

Loranthus, Linn.
Adamsw, Cheesem.
Colensoi, Hook. f.
decussatus, T. Kirk
Fieldii, Buch.
flavidus, Hook. f.
micranthus, Hook. f...
polychroa, Col.
punctatus, Col. ie
tenuiflorus, Hook. f. ..
tetrapetalus, Forst.

Lotus angustissimus, Linn.
arboreus, Forst.
corniculatus, Linn.
uliginosus, Schkuhr.. .

Loxsoma, R. Br. :
Cunninghamii, &. Br.

Lupinus arboreus, Sims

Luzula, D.C.
australasica, Steud.
Banksiana, E. Mey.
campestris, D.C.
Cheesemanii, Buchen.
Colensoi, Hook. f.
crenulata, Buchen.
crinita, Hook. f. te
leptophylla, Buchen... °
micrantha, Buchen.
Oldfleldii, Hook. f.
picta, A. Rich.
pumila, Hook. f.
racemosa, Desf.
rhadina, Buchen.
subclavata, Col.
triandra, Buchen.
Wettsteinii, Buchen. ..

Luzuriaga parviflora, Kunth

1181
Page

980

984.

982

977

984

980

975

977

982

981

982

980

984.

983

979

977

965

617, 1148
618, 1148
620, 1149
619, 1148
619, 1149
1149
1149
1149
620, 1149
619, 1148
620, 1150
619, 1148
~ LOT!
117
SA
AUC
946

947

. 1069
733

737

ou

736

aD

734

734

est

736

734

737

737

735

738

736

Tot

734

737

704

620,
618,

1182

Lychnis coronaria, Desr.

INDEX.
Page
. 1067 | Marattia, Smith

Flos-cuculi, Linn. L067
Githago, Scop. - 1067
vespertina, Sibth. : - 1067
Lycium chinense, Mill. .. . 1081
Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill. .. 1081
LYCOPODIACEHE . 1032
Lycopodium, Linn. - 1033
Billardieri, Spring. . 1036
carolinianum, Linn. . . .. 1038
carolinianum, Hook. f. . 1038
cernuum, Linn. 5, OB
clavatum, Linn. . 1039
consimilis, Col. . 1038
curvifolium, Col. . 10389
decurrens, Col. . 1039
densum, Labill. . 1036
diffusum, R. Br. .. 1038
distans, Col. ; .- 1039
Drummondii, Spring. 1038, 1157
D Urvillei, A. Rich. .. .. 1040
fastigiatum, R. Br. . 1039
flagellaria, A. Rich. .. 1036
Jussicei, Desv. . 1040
laterale, R. Br. 3 . 1037
Lessonianum, A. Rich. . 1039
magellanicum, Swz. . 1039
nove-zealandicum, Col. . 1036
phlegmaria, A. Cunn. . 1036
polycephalum, Col. . 1037
ramulosum, 7’. Kir... . 1038
Sanguisorba, Spring... . 1033
scariosum, Forst. . 1039
scopulosum, Col. . 1039
Selago, Linn. . 1035
serpentinum, Kunze .. .. 1038
varium, R. Br. . 1035
volubile, Forst. . 1040
Lygodium, Swz. : . 1023
articulatum, A. Rich. . 1023
gracilescens, Col. 1023
Lyperanthus, R. Br. 687
antarcticus, Hook. f. . a (itei7/
LYTHRARIEA . .» 1073
Lythrum Greeffert, Tenore .. 1073
hyssopifolium, Linn. .. . 1073
Macropiper excelsum, Miq. . 595
Madia sativa, Molina - 1076
MAGNOLIACED 28
Malcolmia maritima, Linn. . 1065
Malva crispa, Linn. .. 1068
parviflora, Linn. . 1068
rotundifolia, Linn. . 1068
sylvestris, Linn. - 1068
verticillata, Linn. Ne 1068
MaALvacez .. Soudan 1068, 1135

fraxinea, Smith

salicina, Smith
Mariscus, Gaertn.

ustulatus, C. B. Clarke
Marrubium vulgare, Linn.
MARSILEACE

M arsippospermum gracile, Buchen.

Matthiola incana, R. Br.

Matricaria chamomilla, Linn.

discoidea, D.C.
inodora, Linn.

Mazus, Lour. ..
pumilio, R. Br.
radicans, Cheesem.
TUGOSUS, ‘Lour.

Medicago denticulata, Linn.
lupulina, Linn.
maculata, Willd.
sativa, Linn.

Melaleuca florida, Forst.
lucida, Forst. :
perforata, Forst.

MELIACED :

Melianthus major, Linn.

Melicope, Forst.

Mantellii, Buch.
parvula, Buch.
simplex, A. Cunn.
ternata, Forst.

Melicytus, Forst.
collinus, Col. ate
lanceolatus, Hook. f. ..
macrophyllus, A. Cunn.
micranthus, Hook. f...
microphyllus, Col.
ramiflorus, Forst.

Melilotus alba, Desr.
arvensis, Wallr.
officinalis, Lam. i

Melissa officinalis, Linn.

Mentha, Linn. F
aquatica, Linn.
arvensis, Linn.
australis, R. Br.
consimilis, Col. 3
Cunninghamii, Benth.
ptperita, Linn.
Pulegium, Linn.
viridis, Linn.

Mertensia dichotoma, Willd.

Meryta, Forst.
Sinclairii, Seem.

Mesembryanthemum, Linn.

equilaterale, Haw. ..
australe, Soland. Z
edule, Linn. na

486,

-. 1070
-. 1070
- 1070

568,
568,
568,

.. 1083
567,

1083
1083

568, 1082, 1083
1082, 1083

568
568
1083
1083
1083

- 1020

190,

231
231
1074
191
191

. 1074

1183

INDEX.

Page Page
Metrosideros, Banks 161 | Modiola ras: Moench. . 1068
albiflora, Soland. 164 | MonNIMIACE . : 598, 1147
aurata, Col. 163 | Montia, Linn. 72
buaifolia, A. Cunn. 167 fontana, Linn. 72
Colensoi, Hook. f. 165 | Morea ixioides, Thunb. 699
diffusa, Smith 164 | Worelotia gahniceformis, Gaud. 795
diffusa, A. Cunn. ies Muehlenbeckia, Meissn. 591
florida, Smith 162 adpressa, Hook. f. 592
florida, Hook. 166 australis, Meissn. 592

hypericifolia, A. Ounn. 164 “Wata TW 5¢
s axillaris, Walp. 593
iicids, A. Reh. ae complexa, Meissn. a BEE:
Parkinsoni, Buch. 163 ephedrioides, Hook. f. 593, 1147

pendens, Col. 165 1 (
; = hypogea, Col. 3 8S:

perforata, A. Rich. 167 nacre piain aot HOE
i vicrophylla, Col. 9
polymorpha, Gaud. 167 muricatula, Col. 594
robusta, A. Cunn. 165 paucifolia, Col. 593
scandens, Soland. 167 flobaaeal 593
speciosa, Col. 163 truncata, Col. ; 2. Od
ae eae ix ee Mullerina Raoulii, Van Tiegh. 2 LS
tomentosa, A. Rich .. 166, 1137 | Myororinna: bbe
umbellata, Cav. . 163 | Myoporum, Banks & Sol. 563
vesiculata, Col. 167 letum, Forst. 563
villosa, Siniik : 167 | Myosotidium, Hook. oh ath
Microcalia australis, A. Rich, 272} nobile, Hook. 472, 1146
‘Microlena, R. Br. Oe 852 | Myosotis, Linn. 458, 1080
avenacea, Hook. f. 853 albida, T. Kirk . 464
polynoda, Hook. f. 853 albosericea, Hook. f. 465
ramosissima, Col. 854 amabilis, Cheesem. 468
stipoides, R. Br. ats 852 angustata, Cheesem. .. 465
Micromeria Cunninghamii, Benth 568 antarctica, Hook. f. so GAOL
Microseris, Don. 384 arvensis, Lam. . 1080
Forsteri, Hook. f. 384 australis, R. Br. 462
pygmea, Raoul 385 cespitosa, Schultz . 1080
Microtis, R. Br. 673 capitata, Hook. f. 463
Banksti, A. Cunn. 673 Cheesemanii, Petrie .. 461
longifolia, Col. 673 collina, Hoftm. . 1080
papillosa, Col. 673 concinna, Cheesem. 47C, 1146
porrifolia, R. Br. - 673 decora, 7’. Kirk 462
Mida eucalyptioides, A. Cunn. 624 | explanata, Cheesem. .. 464
myrtifolia, A. Cunn. 624 Forsteri, Lehm. 463
salicifolia, A. Cunn. . 624 Goyeni, Petrie 466
Mimulus, Linn. 484, 1082 Hamiltoni, Col. 463
Colensoi, T. Kirk 485 Hectori, Hook. f. 460
luteus, Linn. .. 1082 leta, Cheesem. 468
‘moschatus, Dougl. . 1082 Lyallii, Hook. f. 470
radicans, Hook. f. 486 macrantha, Hook. f. 471
repens, R. Br. : .. 484 Monroi, Cheesem. 469
Mirabilis Jalapa, Linn. . 1085 oreophila, Petrie Bo cl)
Mitrasacme, Labill. .. 441 palustris, Lam. . 1080
Cheesemanii, Buch. .. 442, 529 petiolata, Hook. f. 467
Hookeri, Buch. 442, 528 polyantha, Col. 463
montana, Hook. f. . .. 442 pulvinaris, Hook. f. . 460
nove-zealandiz, Hook. ife .. 442 pygmea, Col. 461
Petriet, Buch. ; 442, 536 saxosa, Hook. f. 469
Mniarum biflorum, Forst. 2 o76 spathulata, Forst. .. 466
fasciculatum, Raoul . 576 spathulata, A. Rich. . 463

1184 INDEX.
Page
Myosotis—continued. Nephrodium, Rich.
sylvatica, Hoffm. . 1080 decompositum, R. Br.
tenuifolia, Col. . 463 | glabellum, A. Cunn.
Townsoni, Cheesem. .. - 1146 | hispidum, Hook.
Traillii, T. Kirk 461 | inequilaterale, Col.
Traversii, Hook. f. 464 molle, Desv. i
uniflora, Hook. f. 460 | pentangularum, Col. ‘
uniflora, Buch. 460 setigerum, Baker af
venosa, Col. 463 squamulosum, Hook. f. ‘
Myosurus, Linn. se 6 tenericaule, Hook. 2h
aristatus, Benth. 6, 1133 | Thelypteris, Desv. ah
Myriogyne minuta, Less. 360 | unitum, R. Br. 1005,
Myriophyllum, Linn. 150 velutinum, Hook. f. .. oi
elatinoides, Gaud. 151 | Nephrolepis, Schott.
intermedium, D.C. .. 151 | cordifolia, Presi.
pedunculatum, Hook. f. 152 | exaltata, Schott.
propinqguum, A. Cunn. 151 | flexuosa, Col.
robustum, Hook. f. 151 tuberosa, Presl. :
variefolium, Hook. f. 151 | Nertera, Banks & Sol. ..
verrucosum, Lindl. 152) ciliata, T. Kirk ;
Myrsine, Linn. 430 Cunninghamii, Hook. f.
brachyclada, Col. “84, 431 depressa, Banks & Sol.
chathamica, F. Wuell. 432 | dichondreefolia, Hook. I
Coxii, Cockayne 433 | gracilis, Raoul :
divaricata, A. Cunn... 434, 1143 | montana, Col.
kermadecensis, Cheesem. Hoel | papillosa Col.
montana, Hook. f. 433 | pusilla, Col.
neo-zealandensis, Col. 433) setulosa, Hook. f. ..
nummularia, Hook. f. 434
pendula, Col. 434 | ieee es se
Richardiana, Endl. 432 Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn!
salicina, Heward os Nicotiana acutiflora, A. St. Hil.
Urvillei, 4. D.C. st BO | Onan Lee
MyYRSINEX : 430, 1143): ie ee
Myrraces 159, 1073, 1137 | Ntgella damascena, Linn.
Myrtus, Linn. J GS | Niphobolus bicolor, Kaulf.
bullata, Soland. 5 LGS rupestris, Spreng.
obcordata, Hook. f. 169, 1137) _ serpens, Endl.
pedunculata, Hook. f. . 169 | Nothochlena, R. Br.
Ralphii, Hook. f. 169 | distans, R. Br.
| Nothofagus cliffortioides, Oerst.
NATADACEE 745, 1089 fusca, Oerst. A
Nasturtium, Linn. 31, 1064 Menziesti, Oerst.
officinale, R. Br. 32, 1064 Solanderi, Oerst.
palustre, D.C. Ke ba 31 Nothopanax anomalum, Seem.
semipinnatifidum, Hook. 32 arborewm, Seem.
sylvestre, A. Rich. 32 Colensoi, Seem.
terrestre, R. Br. .. 32) Edgerleyi, Harms ate
Neamyza Fieldii, Van Tiegh. . 1150 integrifolium, Harms. . -
Nematoceras macrantha, Hook.f... 696 linearis, Harms.
oblonga, Hook. f. 694 microphyllus, Harms.
rivularis, Hook.f. .. 694 simplex, Seem.
rotundifolia, Hook. f. 695 | Sinelairii, Seem.
triloba, Hook. f. * .. 695 | Notophena Toumatou, Miers
Nematostigma ixioides, A. Dietr... 699 | Notospartium, Hook. f.
Nepeta Cataria, Linn. .. .. 1084 Carmichelie, Hook. f.
Glechoma, Benth. . 1084! torulosum, 7. Kirk .-

Notothlaspi, Hook. f.
australe, Hook. f.
Hookeri, Buch.
notabile, Buch.
rosulatum, Hook. f.

NYCTAGINEZ ..

@nothera biennis, Linn.
odorata, Jacq.
tetraptera, Cav.

OLACINES

Olea, Linn. ..
apetala, A. Cunn.
apetala, Vahl.
Cunninghamii, Hook. t
lanceolata, Hook. f.
montana, Hook. f.

OLEACEX

Olearia, M oench
aggregata, Col.
albida, Hook. f.
Allomii, 7’. Kirk
alpina, Buch.
angulata, 7’. Kirk
angustata, Armst.
angustifolia, Hook. f.
avicenniefolia, Hook. f.
Buchanani, 7. Kirk ..
capillaris, Buch. ts
chathamica, 7’. Kirk..
Colensoi, Hook. f.
colorata, Col.
consimilis, Col.
coriacea, 7’. Kirk
Cunninghamii, Hook. f.
dentata, Hook. f. ‘
erythropappa, Col.
excorticata, Buch.
fasciculifolia, Col.
Forsteri, Hook. f.
fragrantissima, Petrie
furfuracea, Hook. f. ..
Haastii, Hook. f.
Hectori, Hook. f.
Hill, Col. ..
ilicifolia, Hook. f.
insignis, Hook. f.
lacunosa, Hook. f.
laxiflora, 7. Kirk
Lyallii, Hook. f.
macrodonta, Baker
marginata, Col.
moschata, Hook. f.
multibracteolata, Col...
multiflora, Col.
nitida, Hook. f.

nummularifolia, Hook. .

38—F.

INDEX.

Page Page

42 | Olearia—continued.
43, 1134 odorata, Petrie 293
35 oleifolia, 7. Kirk -- 289
43 operina, Hook. f. 281, 1141
ieh42 parvifolia, Col. 294
573, 1085 popwulifolia, Col. 285:
quinquefida, Col. 294
. 1074 ramuliflora, Col. .. 294
lO 74: rigida, Col. 279, 383:
ee O74: semidentata, Decaisne . 280
96, 1135 Solandri, Hook. f. 294
436 suavis, Cheesem. 287
438 suborbiculata, Col. 285
437 Traillii, 7. Kirk 282
437 Traversii, Hook. f. wo 20
438 uniflora, Col. ifs via OD
438 virgata, Hook. f. 294
436 xanthophylla, Col. 279, 346.
277 | ONAGRARIED 170, 1074, 1137
294 | Onobrychis sativa, Lam. . 1O7L
291 viciefolia, Scop. LOT
284 | Onoclea discolor, Swz. .. no GY
288 | Onopordon Acanthium, Linn. - 1078:
291 | Ophioglossum, Linn. .. 1026:
290 coriaceum, A. Cunn... selOze
281 costatum, R. Br. .. 1028
291 elongatum, A. Cunn. .. 1028
283 lanceolatum, Presl. 5 Or
285 lusitanicum, Linn. aye ODT
280 minimum, Armstr. lO
282, 114] minimum, Col. LOZ
287 pedunculosum, Desv. .. 1028:
294 vulgatum, Linn. ‘ .. 1028:
290 | Ophrys unifolia, Forst... 673:
286, 1141 | Oplismenus, Beauv. 848
286 aemulus, Kunth 849
Se2sp setarius, Roem. & Schult. 849
287, 114] undulatifolius, Beawv. .. 848
294 | ORCHIDEZ .. 660, 1152
292 | Oreobolus, R. Br. Ss 796:
292 pectinatus, Hook. f. .. 797
284 pumilio, R. Br. 796
289 serrulatus, Col. 797
293 strictus, Berggr. 797
290 | Oreomyrrhis, Endl. 205.
286 andicola, Endl. 206.
279 Colensoi, Hook. f. 206.
288 Haastii, Hook. f. 206
293 ramosa, Hook. f. wa, 2206
283 | Oreostylidium, Berggr. ‘oemeor
286 affine, Col. .. ae aoe
280 subulatum, Berggr. tao"
289 | Orobanche minor, Sutt... . 1083
286 | OROBANCHEA.. - 1083
285 | Orthoceras, R. Br. 672
285 caput-serpentis, Col. 673
290 rubrum, Col. 673.

1185

1186 INDEX.

Page Page

Orthoceras—continued. Panax—continued.
Solandri, Lindl. Ae a 673 crassifolium, Dene. & Planch. 235
strictum, R. Br. ts 672, 1152 crassifolium, Buch. 236
Orthopogon emulus, R. Br. 849 discolor, T. Kirk : 234
Osmunda barbara, Thunb. . 1024 discolorum, T. Kirk .. tia2o4
capensis, Linn. 981 Edgerleyi, Hook. f. 229, 1140
discolor, | Forst. 976 ferox, T. Kirk . 236
procera, ‘Forst. ‘ 981 integrifolium, Col. . 1140
reptans, Banks & Soland. 982 lineare, Hook. f. 228, 1140
Osteospermum moniliferum, Linn. 1078 Lesson, D.C. ; .. 234
Ottelia ovalifolia, L. Rich. . 1087 | longissimum, Hook. f. 235
Ourisia, Comm. : 547 microphyllum, Col. .- 230
cespitosa, Hook. f. 551 simplex, Forst. 229, 1140
calycina, Col. xe 549 | Sinclairii, Hook. f. 230, 1140
Cockayniana, Petrie .. 550 | PANDANE® 740, 1153
Colensoi, Hook. f. 549 | Panicum, Linn. 847, 1089
glandulosa, Hook. f. . 552) colonwm, Linn. . 1089
macrocarpa, Hook. a 548} erus-galli, Linn . 1089
macrophylla, Hook. .. 549) glabrum, Gaud. - 1089
montana, Buch. . 1146) imbecille, Trin. $49
prorepens, Petrie 551 ~~ -microbachne, Presl. .. 848
robusta, Col. 549 sanguinale, Linn. 848, 1088
sessilifolia, Hook. f. 550, 1146 | Papaver Argemone, Linn. .. 1063
Oxalis, Linn. .. 91,1069} dubiwm, Linn. . 1064
cataractae, A. Cunn. .. A 92! hybridum, Linn. . 1063
cernua, Thunb. . 1069 Rheas, Linn. . 1064
ciliifera, A. Cunn. 92 somniferum, Linn. . 1064
corniculata, Linn. 91 | PAPAVERACE . 1063
crassifolia, A. Cunn. 92 Paratrophis, Blume 631
divergens, A. Cunn. 92} Banksii, Cheesem. 633
exilis, A. Cunn. hei OD, heterophylla, Blume 632
hirta, Linn... . 1068} Smithii, Cheesem. 633
lacicola, A. Cunn. 92 | Parietaria, Tourn. 638
magellanica, Forst. .. 92 debilis, Forst. 638
propinqua, A. Cunn. .. 92 | Parsonsia, R. Br. 439
stricta, Linn. ; 92 albiflora, Raoul 440
tenuicaulis, A. Cunn. 92 capsularis, A. Br. 440
Urvillei, A. Cunn. ther 9Z Forsteri, G. Don. 440
variabilis, Jacq. . 1068 heterophylla, A. Cunn. 440
Ozothamnus coralloides, Hook. f... 343 macrocarpa, Col. 440
depressus, Hook. f. 342 ochracea, Col. 440
glomeratus, Hook. f. .. 342 rosea, Raoul 440
lanceolatus, Buch. 342 ~~ variabilis, Lindl. . 440
microphyllus, Hook. f. 342 | Pascalia glauca, Orteg. ce LOG
Selago, Hook. f. uN .. 343) Paspalum, Linn. 844, 1089
Vauvilliersiit, Homb. & Jacq. .. 346 Digitaria, Poir. . 845
dilatatum, Poir. . 1089
Pachycladon, Hook. f. .. 36 distichum, Linn. . 846
elongata, Buch. 35 orbiculare, Forst. 845
glabra, Buch. 37 scrobiculatum, Linn. 845
nove-zealandiz, Hook. f. 36 | Passerina Gnidia, Forst. 609
Pam az ‘ : 739 longifolia, Thunb. 609
Panax, Linn. 228, 1140 pilosa, Linn. f. J sto Gk
anomalum, Hook. wAG230 prostrata, Forst. SainGl2
arboreum, Forst. 231, 1140 villosa, Thunb. eAWwel2
Colensoi, Hook. f. 231, 1140 | Passiflora, Linn. 188
coriaceum, Regel 235 tetrandra, Banks & Sol. 188

INDEX. 1187

Page Page

PASSIFLOREZ .. or -- 187 | Phragmites communis, Trin. 894
Pelargonium, L’Herit. .. 90, 1069 | Phrygilanthus, Dich. oe) LV5O
australe, Jacq. ae 9) Raoulii, Lng. .. 1150
clandestinum, 1% Herit. 91 tenuiflorus, Hngl. So. et lias)
grossularioides, Ait. 91 | Phyllachne, Forst. .. 3889
quercifolium, L’ Herit. .. 1069 clavigera, F. Muell. . 390
zonale, L’ Herit. . 1069 Colensoi, Berggr. 390
Pella, Link. 968 Haastii, Berger. 391
falcata, Fee. 968 rubra, Cheesem. 391
rotundifolia, Hook. 969 sedifolia, F. Muell. 393
Pennantia, Forst. FOG subulata, F. Muell. 392
corymbosa, Forst. 97, 1135 | Phyllocladus, L. C. Rich. 657
odorata, Raoul .. 1135 alpinus, Hook. f. 659
Pentachondra, Rk. Br. .. 409 asplentifolius, Hook. f 659
mucronata, Hook. f. Bo ihe's} glaucus, Carr. 658
pumila, R. Br. 410, 1143 rhomboidalis, A. Rich. 658, 659
rubra, Col. 410 trichomanoides, D. Don. 658
Peperomia, Ruiz & Pav. 596 | Phylloglossum, Kunze .. -. 1032
Endlicheri, Miq. 596 Drummondii, Kunze OSs
municatulota, Col. 597 | Phymatodes Billardieri, Presl. . 1014
novee-zealandice, Col. 5096 pustulata, Presl. LOTS
reflexa, A. Dietr. 596, 1147 | Physalis peruviana, Linn. - 1081
Urvilleana, A. Rich. .. 597 | Phytolacca octandra, Linn. . 1085
Peplis Portula, Linn. .. 1073 | PHyToLaccacE” : -. LO85
Peraxilla Colensoi, Van Tiegh. .. 1148 | Picris, Linn. .. } 385, 1079
decussata, Van Tiegh. . 1149 attenuata, A. Cunn. . » 3885
Haast, Van Tiegh. .. soy lal echioides, Linn. . 1079
punctata, Van Tiegh. .. 1148 hieracioides, Linn. 22) 385
tetrapetala, Van Tiegh. .. 1148 |} Pilularia, Linn. -. 1030
uniflora, Van Tiegh. . 1149 nove-zealandiz, 7’. Kirk . 1030
Periploca capsularis, Forst. 440 | Pimelea, Banks & Soland. 607
Pernettya, Gaud. : eS: angulata, Col. .. 609
macrostigma, Col. 406, 408 arenaria, A. Cunn. . 612, 1147
mana, Col., .. 408 axillaris, Banks & Soland. .. 1147
polyphylla, Col. 408 bicolor, Col. .. 612
tasmanica, Hook. f. .. 408 buxifolia, Hook. f. L610
Persoonia, Smith 605 congesta, F. Muell. . 1147
Tora, A. Cunn. 605 dichotoma, Col. 611
Toro, Hook. f. 605 Gnidia, Walld. 609
Toru, A. Cunn. : 605 Haastii, 7’. Kirk 611
Petroselinum filiforme, Ns Rich. 205 heterophylla, Col. 612
prostratum, D.C. ee a) 3200 levigata, Gaertn. 612
Petumia parviflora, Juss. - 1082 lanceolata, Col. 609
Peucedanum geniculatum, For st... 224 longifolia, Banks & Sol. 609, 1147
sativum, Benth. & Hook. f. . 1074 Lyallii, Hook. f. ae 614
Phalaris arundinacea, Linn. 1090 microphylla, Col. 612
canariensis, Linn. . 1090 montana, Col. 610
Phebalium, Vent. 93 pilosa, Willd. 611
nudum, Hook. 93 polycephala, Col. 608
Philippodendron regium, ‘Pot. 78 prostrata, Willd. 612
Phleum pratense, Linn. . 1090 rugulosa, Col. ; 612
Phormium, Forst. 715 sericeo-villosa, Hook. j. 614
Colensoi, Hook. f. Pare Alta) similis, Col. 609
Cookianum, Le Jolis MMO a3 stylosa, Col. 610
Forsterianum, Col. 717 subsimilis, Col. 610
Hookert, Gunn. TAMa Suteri, 7. Kirk 613, 1147
tenax, Forst. 716 Traversii, Hook. f. 610

1188

Pimelea—continued.
Urvilleana, A. Rich.
villosa, Banks & Sol.
virgata, Vahl.

Piper, Linn. ..
emulum, Endl.
excelsum, Forst.
latifoliwm, Forst.
simplex, Endl

PIPERACEE

Pisonia, Linn.
Brunoniana, nd.
Mooreiana, F. Muell.
Sinclairti, Hook. f.

PITTOSPOREZ

Pittosporum, Banks
Buchanani, Hook. f.
Colensoi, Hook. f.
cornifolium, A. Cunn.
crassifolium, A. Cunn.
crenulatum, Putterlich
Dallii, Cheesem.
elegans, Raoul a
ellipticum, 7. Kirk ..
engenioides, A. Cunn.
Fairchildii, Cheesem.
fasciculatum, Hook. f.
Gilliesianum, T. Kirk
Huttonianum, 7. Kirk
intermedium, 7’. Kirk
Kirkii, Hook. f. e:
microcarpum, Putterlich
obcordatum, Raow ..
ovatum, T. Kirk
patulum, Hook. f.
pimeleoides, R. Cunn.
radicans, R. Cunn.
Ralphii, 7. Kirk
reflecum, R. Cunn.
rigidum, Hook. f. ..
tenuifolium, Banks & Sol.

umbellatum, Banks & Sol.

virgatum, 7’. Kirk
Plagianthus, Forst.
betulinus, A. Cunn. ..
chathamica, Cockayne
cymosus, 7’. Kirk
divaricatus, Forst.
linarufolia, Buch.
Lyallii, Hook. f.
urticinus, A. Cunn.
PLANTAGINEE
Plantago, Linn.
aucklandica, Hook. }.
Brownii, Rap.
carnosa, R. Br.
coronopus, Linn.

INDEX.
Page
Plantago—continued.
A ONS dasyphylla, Col.
He] Hamiltoni, Kirk
611, 1147 hirtella, H. B. K.
595 lanceolata, Linn.
596 lanigera, Hook. f.
595 major, Linn.
595 media, Linn.
Bae Ooi picta, Col.
594, 1147 Raoulii, Decne. 5
.. 574 spathulata, Hook. f. .
574 triandra, Berggr.
574 uniflora, Hook. f.
.. 574 varia, A. Cunn.
51, 1134 varia, R. Br.
51 | Platyloma falcatum, J. Smith
54 rotundifolium, J. Smith
53 | Pleopeltis pustulata, Moore
59 | Pleurophyllum, Hook. f.
58 criniferum, Hook. f. ..
60 Gilliesianum, T. Kirk
1134 Hombronii, Decne.
61 Hookeri, Buch. Pa
57 Hookerianum, T. Kirk
60 oresigenesum, Decne...
58 speciosum, Hook. f. ..
53 | Plewrosorus daca Fée
60 | Poa, Linn. .
54 Aeioulanitolie Buch.
54 albida, Buch.
59 anceps, Forst.
61 annua, Linn.
55 Astoni, Petrie
57 australis, A. Rich.
56, 1134 australis, R. Br.
60 breviglumis, Hook. f.
60 cespitosa, Forst.
57 chathamica, Petrie
60 Cheesemanii, Hack.
55 Colensoi, Hook. f.
53 Collinsti, T. Kirk
58 compressa, Linn.
56 Cookii, Hook. f.
76 dipsacea, Petrie
77 exigua, Hook. f.
78 flabellata, Hook. f.
77, 1135 foliosa, Hook. f. Us
76 Hamiltoni, 7. Kirk ..
76, 258 incrassata, Petrie Ac
76, 80 imbecilla, Forst.
ae 78 intermedia, Buch.
569, 1084 Kirkii, Buch.
569, 1084 levis, R. Br.
570 Lindsayi, Hook. f.
571 litorosa, Cheesem.
pe One Mackayi, Buch.
. 1084 Maniototo, Petrie

Page

571

. 573

.. 1084
570, 1084
ges. 1(%
570, 1084
570, 1084
572

570

571

572

573

aE rou

. 1084
969

969

- 1013
oe aD
295, 1142
296

296

296

. 296

.. 1142
we See,
vr TOLG

Bis atolls,
909

912

Paha) 7 t
898, 1092
. 1155
904

908

913

907

907

906

908

=e UL

. 1092
“o) OU
906, 1156
911

901
Semmmtslab
Baronets MLV 6,
etl
913

908

910

908

910

902, 1156
910

912

INDEX. 1189

Page Page

Poa—continued. Polypodium—continued.
Matthewsii, Petrie .. SOLS crasstum, T. Kirk .. -. 1010
nemoralis, Linn. oe en Oey Cunninghamii, Hook. ao LOL
nove-zealandix, Hack. oul dealbatum, Forst. Ms .. 948
polyphylla, Hack. .. 55 O10B dichotomum, Thunb. .. 1020
pratensis, Linn. de 898, 1092 grammitidis, R. Br. .. oO
purpurea, T. Kirk .. ea OO medullare, Forst. pe .. 948
pusilla, Berggr. ae 905, 1156 nove-zealandixe, Bak. .. 1014
pygmea, Buch. ie so SIN) nymphale, Forst. sys .. 1006
ramosissima, Hook. f. re oO2 paradoxum, Col. os .. 1010
sclerophylla, Berggr. =o, 912 penna-marina, Poir. .. SU
seticulmis, Petrie .. ~. 904 pennigerum, Forst. .. .. 1009
trivialis, Linn. te .. 1092 Phymatodes, Linn. .. .. 1014
Walkert, T. Kirk aA so US Phymatodes, A. Rich. .. 1014
Podocarpus, L’Herit. .. a4] punctatum, Thunb. .. .. 1008
acutifolius, 7’. Kirk .. 5 OY) pustulatum, Forst. .. .. L013
Bidwillii, Hoibrenk .. .. 648 rufobarbatum, Col... .. 1009
biformis, Hook. Be OD rugulosum, Labill. .. .. 1009
Cunninghamii, Col. .. .. 648 rupestre, R. Br. te oer LOS
dacrydioides, A. Rich. eon scandens, Forst. a. .. LOVS
ferrugineus, D. Don. .. ODO scandens, Labill. te LOW
Halli, 7. Kirk xe .. 648 serpens, Forst. A jon LOI
Matai, Lamb. is a) GOL setosum, Forst. Pas .. 1005
montanus, Col. Ss Se isi) stellatum, A. Rich. .. een OY
nivalis, Hook. S6 .. 649 subsimile, Col. .. 1009
spicatus, Rk. Br. 50 .. 650 sylvaticum, Col. ec ao, obs
thuyoides, R. Br. ae pe Obi tenellum, Forst. ~~ .. 1Oll
Totara, D. Don. ae oa O48 vestitum, Forst. ne .. 998
zamicefolius, A. Rich. .. 645 viscidum, Col. si .. 1009
Pesia scaberula, Kuhn eat oul viscudum, Spreng. .. .. 1009
PoOLEMONIACE® .. 1080} Polypogon fugax, Nees .- 1090
Polybotrya nana, Fee . so Be monspeliensis, Desv. OOO
Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Linn. .. 1068 | Polystichum aristatum, Presl. .. 1001
Polygala myrtifolia, Linn. .. 1066 aristatum, Hook. f. .. a5 hl
POLYGALER .. .. 1066 coriaceum, Schott .. ..- 1000
POLYGONACER "587, 1085, 1147 hispidum, J. Smith .. .. 1005
Polygonum, Linn. ae 588, 1085 Richardi, Diels. $e ne Sle
adpressum, A. Cunn. 592 venustum, Homb. & Jacq. .. 998
australe, A. Rich. .. eo DOD vestitum, Presl. ae .. 998
aviculare, Linn. Ere .. 589] Pomaderris, Labill. ae HO 98
axillare, Hook. f. Be Oo amena, Col. A ae lO
complexum, A. Cunn. Ms ELD apetala, Labill. ae oe 99
convolvulus, Linn. .. .. 1086 Edgerleyi, Hook. f. .. se, 200
Dryandri, Spreng. .. -» 089 elliptica, Labill. re gee BE
hydropiper, Linn... .. 1086 ertcetfolia, Hook. Bs ae LOO
lapathifolium, Linn. .. 1085 Kumeraho, A. Cunn. se OY
minus, Linn. Eve va 090 mollis, Col. en 1100
Persicaria, Linn. ys .. 1086 phylicefolia, Lodd. .. a SEOO
plebeium, FR. Br. are oe 589 Tainui, Hect. ae ae | LOO
prostratum, A. Rich. .. 590) Poranthera, Rudge ic -. 628
serrulatum, Lag. os So, ate) alpina, Cheesem. ae -- 629
Polypodium, Linn. ie so. LODZ microphylla, Brong. .. us 628
adiantiforme, Forst. .. .. 1000 | Portwaca oleracea, Linn. .- 1068
aristatum, Forst. bi .. 1001 | PortuLacEa .. 70, 1068, 1135
attenuatum, A. Rich. .- 1012 | Potamogeton, Linn. .. ian 748
australe, Mett. a“ .. 1010 Cheesemanii, A. Benn. .. 749

Billardieri, R. Br... LOLS gramineus, Hook. f. .. nen 150

1190

Potamogeton—continued.
heterophyllus, Hook. f.
natans, Linn. :
obtusifolius, Benth.
ochreatus, Raoul
pectinatus, Linn.
polygonifolius, Powrr.

Potentilla, Linn.
anserina, Linn.
anserinoides, Raoul ..
reptans, Linn.

Poterium muricatum, Spach.
polygamum, Waldst. & Kit.

Sanguisorba, Linn.
Pozoa elegans, Col.
exigua, Hook. f.
Haastii, Hook. f
hydrocotyloides, Hook. f
microdonta, Col.
pallida, T. Kirk :
reniformis, Hook. f. ..
Roughii, Hook. f.
trifoliolata, Hook. f. ..
Prasophyllum, R. Br.
Colensoi, Hook. f.
nudum, Hook. f.
patens, Rk. Br.
pauciflorum, Col.
pumilum, Hook. /.
rufum, R. Br.
tunicatum, Hook. f.
variegatum, Col.
Pratia, Gaud.
angulata, Hook. f.
arenaria, Hook. f.
linneeoides, Hook. f. ..
macrodon, Hook. f.
perpusilla, Hook. f.
PRIMULACE ..
PROTEACES
Prumnopitys spicata, Kant
Prunella vulgaris, Linn.
Prunus Cerasus, Linn. ..
Persica, Stokes
Pseudopanax, C. Koch
Chathamicum, 7'. Kirk
crassifolium, C. Koch
discolor, Harms.
ferox, T. Kirk
Gilliesii, 7’. Kirk
Lessonii, C. Koch
Psilotum, Swz.
heterocarpum, Col.
triquetrum, Swe.

Pteridium aquilinum, Kuhn

INDEX.
Page
Pteris, Linn. .:
750 affinis, A. Rich.
748 alpina, Field
750 aquilina, Linn.
750 Brunoniana, Endl.
750 comans, Forst.
soe aA) cretica, Linn.
129, 1073 Endlicheriana, Aghard
me vi esculenta, Forst.
a NR falcata, R. Br
» 1073 incisa, Thunb.
-. 1073 Kingiana, Endl.
- 1073 lomarioides, Col.
- 1073 longifolia, Linn.
201 | macilenta, A. Rich. . -
200 microphylla, A. Cunn.
201 montana, Col.
902 pendula, Col.
203 rotundifolia, Forst.
302 scaberula, A. Rich.
200 seticaulis, Hook.
201 tenwis, A. Cunn.
203 tremula, R. Br. si
A 4 vespertilionis, Labill...
Ee 5 Pterostylis, Rk. Br.
676 auriculata, Col.
675 australis, Hook. f.
675 Banksii, R. Br.
675 barbata, Lindl.
676 1152 emarginata, Col.
z 676 foliata, Hook. f.
ie 676 graminea, Hook. f.
bs micromega, Hook. f.
-. 397 mutica, R. Br.
397, 1143 Oliveri, Petrie
-. 398 patens, Col...
400 polyphylla, Col.
398 puberula, Hook. f.
.. 398 rubella, Col.
428, 1080| speciosa, Col.
604, 1086 squamata, Hook. f.
son (eal subsimilis, Col.
.. 1084 trifolia, Col.
_. 1072 tristis, Col. ..
_. 1072 trullifolia, Hook. f.
233 venosa, Col.
236 | Pukateria littoralis, Raoul
.. 235 | Pygmea ciliolata, Hook. f.
233, 1140 pulvinaris, Hook. f. ..
235, 1140 Thomsoni, Buch.
nae HZo4
234, 1140
.. 1041 | Quintinia, A. D.C.
. 1042 acutifolia, 7. Kirk
. 1041 elliptica, Hook. f.
971 serrata, A. Cunn.

Page
969
972
967
970
974
972
970:
972
971
969
973
972
970
970
973
971
ee: hae
nan abe
wi, OD
971
969
972
971
974

677

679

679

679
683, 1152
ohana Oe
681

2.51 OOD
680, 1152
683

680

679

680

682
682

679

683
679

682

684

682

681, 1152

239

HO
OTD
. 540

135
135
135
135

\

INDEX. 1191
Page Page
RANUNCULACE I ahr 1133 Ranunculus—continued.
Ranunculus, Linn. , 1063 recens, 7’. Kirk 19
» acaulis, Banks & Sol. 25 repens, Linn. 1063
acris, Linn... 1063 reticulatus, Col. : 13.
acris, A. Rich. 18 rivularis, Banks & Sol. 25, 1134
amphitricha, Col. 25 ruahinicus, Col. sere
aquatilis, Linn. 1063 rufus, Col. .. «ary eelOs
areolatus, Petrie 1134 sardous, Crantz 7, 1063:
arvensis, Linn. : 1063 sceleratus, Linn. .. 1063
aucklandicus, A. Gray eos sericophyllus, Hook. j. 17
Baurii, MacOwan 10 sessiliflorus, R. Br. . 27
Berggreni, Petrie 16 | Sinclairii, Hook. f. 17
biternatus, Smith 26 stenopetalus, Hook. 26
Buchanani, Hook. f. .. 10 subcaposus, Hook. f... 21
bulbosus, Linn. : 7, 1963 sychnopetalus, Col. 10
Cheesemanii, 7. Kirk 23 tenuicaulis, Cheesem. 14, Be
_chordorhizos, Hook. f}. 15 tenuis, Buch.
crassipes, Hook. f. .. 26 ternatifolius, 7’. Kirk 23
crithmifolius, Hook. }. 15 Traversti, Hook. f. 9
depressus, 7’. Kirk 23 trilobatus, T. Kirk 2a
Enysii, 7’. Kirk 13) wuniflorus, Col. ; 26
falcatus, Linn. 1063 verticillatus, T. Kirk 13;
foliosus, 7. Kirk 21 | Raoulia, Hook. Nie 327
geraniifolius, Hook. f. 13) albosericea, Col. ve 329:
Godleyanus, Hook. . 11 apice-nigra, T. Kirk .. 329
gracilipes, Hook. f. 17 | australis, Hook. f. 329, 1142
Haastii, Hook. f. I4 bryoides, Hook. f. ; 336
Hectori, 7. Kirk 22, 1133 Buchanani, 7. Kirk .. 335
hirsutus, Curt. 7, 1063,| eximia, Hook. f. 332
hirtus, Banks & Sol. ‘ 18 glabra, Hook. f. 330
hydrophilus, Gaud. 27 Goyeni, 7. Kirk 335
incisus, Hook. f. 25 grandiflora, Hook. f... 333
inconspicuus, Hook. f. 25 Haastii, Hook. f. 330
insignis, Hook. f. 10 Hectori, Hook. f 333
tnundatus, R. Br. 25| Mackayi, Buch. _ 325, 329, 1142
Karki, Petrie : 19 mammillaris, Hook. i. 334
lappaceus, Smith sf 20 Monroi, Hook. f. 330
Limosella, F. Muell... 26 Parkii, Buch. 331
limoselloides, F. Muell 26 Petriensis, 7. Kirk 334
longipetiolatus, Col. seed: rubra, Buch. Ae 334.
Lyallii, Hook. f. a a 9 subsericea, Hook. f. . 331
macropus, Hook. f. -» 24) — subulata, Hook. f. 332
Matthewsii, Cheesem. . 1133 tenuicaulis, Hook. ife as 329
Monroi, Hook. /. ++ 11) Rapanea Kermadecensis, Mez. 431
Moseleyi, Hook. f. =! pot Mez. 432
Muelleri, Buch. 11 | Urvillei, Mez. "432
multiscapus, Hook. f. 20 R. sa é
peenieatulus. Col. _. 99 | Raphanus sativus, Linn. .- 1066
muricatus, Linn. .. 1063 | Rapistrum rugosum, All. . 1066
nivicola, Hook. 12, 1133 | Rawkana Edgerleyi, Seem. 229
nove-zealandix, Petrie 16 | Renealmia grandiflora, R. Br. 700
pachyrhizus, Hook. f. ee: ixioides, Ker-Gawl. 699
parviflorus, Linn. 7, 27, 1063 | Reseda alba, Linn. . 1066
paucifolius, 7. Kirk .. 15 lutea, Linn... . 1066
pimpinellifolius, Hook. 20 luteola, Linn. . 1066
pinguis, Hook. f. 3 12 | ResEDACEx . 1066
plebeius, R. Br. Es 18 | RestracEs Peat)
pygmeus, Wahl. 1134 | Restio simplex, Murr. ol

1192 INDEX.
Page Page
‘Rhabdothamnus, A. Cunn. 562 | Ruppia, Linn. 751
scabrosus, Steud. 562 maritima, Linn. 751
Solandri, A. Cunn. 562 rostellata, Koch 751:
Rhagodia, R. Br. .. 578 | Rutacea 92
nutans, R. Br. 578, 1147
RHAMNEE 98 | Sagina apetala, Linn. .. 66, 1067
Bhipogonum, Forst. 703 | _ procumbens, Linn. .. 66, 1067
parviflorum, R. Br. 703 | SALICINEA =f 1087
scandens, Forst. .. 703 | Salicornia, Linn. 585
Rhopalostylis, Wendl. & Drude .. 739 sate: eee 585
Baueri, Wendl. & Drude 740 belie: = 586
sapida, Wendl. & Drude . 740 ge a at 586
: ; ; Salix babylonica, Linn.. . 1087
Ribes grossularia, Linn. » LOTS fragilis, Linn 1087
Richardia africana, Kunth - 1088 | gaisola, Tanne 587
Ricinus communis, Linn. . 1087 australis, R. Br. 587
Robinia Pseud-acacia, Linn. . 1072 fruticosa, Forst. 586
Ronabea australis, A. Rich. 246 Kali, Linn. 4 587
Rosa canina, Linn. . 1073 | Salvia verbenaca, Linn. 1083
multiflora, Thunb. . 1073 | SALVINIACE F 1030
rubiginosa, Linn. .. 1073 | Sambucus nigra, Linn. 1075
Rosace® "123, 1071, 1136 | Samolus, Tourn. 429
Rostkovia, Desv. «Sith littoralis, R. Br. 429
gracilis, Hook. f. : 722 repens, Pers. 429
magellanica, Hook. f. 722 | SANTALACEZ .. 623
nove-zedandice, Buch. 723 | Santalum Cunninghamii, Hook. f. 624
spherocarpa, Desv. . 722 Mida, Hook. 624
Rottboella uniflora, A. Cunn. 844 | SAPINDACE .. 101, 1069
Roubieva multifida, Moq. .. 1085 | Saponaria Vaccaria, Linn. . 1066
RUBIACEX 242, 1075, 1140 | Sapota costata, A. D.C... 436
Rubus, Linn. 124, 1072 | SaPpoTacEz 434
australis, Forst 125 | Sarcochilus, R. Br. 666
cissoides, A. Cunn. sey 25 adversus, Hook. f. 667
discolor, Weihe & Nees . LOZ breviscapa, Col. ~sui667
fruticosus, Linn. . 1072 | SAxIFRAGER .. "133, 1073, 1137
Ideus, Linn. . 1072 | Scabiosa arvensis, Linn. 1075
leucostachys, Smith . - 1072 maritima, Linn. 1075
macrophyllus, Weihe. . . 1072 | Scevola, Linn. 395
parvus, Buch. ‘ 126 gracilis, Hook. f. 395
rusticanus, Weihe - lOR2 nove-zealandic, A. Cun! 49
schmidelioides, A. Cunn. 125 | Scandix glochidiata, Labill. 225
squarrosus, Kerner Selb pecten-veneris, Linn. 1074
Rumex, Linn. 590, 1086 | Schedonorus littoralis, Beauv. 917
Acetosa, Linn. 1086 | Schefflera, Forst. 232
Acetosella, Linn. 590, 1086 | Cunninghamii, Mig. .. 233
Brownianus, A. Cunn. .. 591 | digitata, Forsi. 232
conglomeratus, Murr. .. LO86 | Schizea, Smith 1021
crispus, Linn. a 599, 1086 australis, Gaud. . 1021
cuneifolius, Campd. .. 591 | bifida, Swz. 1022, 1157
Cunninghamii, Meissn. 591 dichotoma, Swz. . 1022
flexuosus, Soland. 590 | fistulosa, Labill. é Oe
neglectus, 7’. Kirk s2d9l palmata, Homb. & a . 1021
obtusifolius, Linn. 590, 1086 propinqua, A. Cunn. . 1021
palustris, Smith. . 1086 Schcenus, Linn. 780
pulcher, Linn. .. 1086 Apogon, Roem. & Schult. 783
sanguineus, Linn. .. 1086 axillaris, Poir. 782
viridis, Steud. 590, 1086 brevifolius, R. Br. 780

Schoenus—continued.
Brownii, Hook. f.
capillaris, F. Muell.
Carsei, Cheesem.
concinnus, Hook. f. .
Moorei, T. Kirk
nitens, Poir.
pauciflorus, Hook. rts
rubiginosus, Forst.
tenax, Hook. f.

Tendo, Banks & Soland.
tenuis, T. Kirk ‘
vaccilans, T. Kirk

‘Scirpus, Linn.
americanus, Pers.
antarcticus, Linn.
aucklandicus, Boeck...
basilaris, C. B. Clarke
cartilagineus, Poir.
cernuus, Vahl. 3
crassiusculus, Cheesem.
ebenocarpus, T. Kirk
fluitans, Linn. a0
fluviatilis, Asa Gray
foliatus, Hook. f. Ae
frondosus, Banks & Sol.
inundatus, Poir.
lacustris, Linn.
lenticularis, Pozr.
maritimus, Linn.
nitens, Boeck.
nodosus, Rottb. sf
nove-zedlandic, Col.
prolifer, Rottb.
pungens, Vahl.
reticularis, Col.
riparius, Poir.

Savii, Sebast. & Mauri
sulcatus, Thouars
triqueter, R. Br.

‘ScITAMINEE ..

Scleranthus, Linn.
biflorus, Hook. f. ae

Scleropoa rigida, Griseb.

Scopolia lucida, Forst.

Scorzonera scapigera, Forst.
SCROPHULARINE 482,

Scutellaria, Linn.
humilis, Hook. f.
humilis, R. Br.

nove-zealandix, Hook. f.

Seba, R. Br.
gracilis, A. Cunn.
ovata, R. Br.

Selliera, Cav. ..
fasciculata, Buch.
microphylla, Col.
radicans, Cav.

1082,

INDEX.

Page

Senebiera coronopus, Poir.
783 didyma, Pers.
789 | Senecio, Linn.
781 Adamsii, Cheesem.
784 angustifolius, Forst. ..
783 antipodus, 7’. Kirk .
783 aquaticus, Hill
782 areolatus, Col.
786 argutus, A. Rich.
781 Banksii, Hook. f. 2
781 bellidioides, Hook. f..
789 Bidwillii, Hook. iPue
783 bifistulosus, EHookaijaer
770 Buchanani, Armstr. .
ii cassinioides, Hook. f.
774 Cheesemanii, Hook. f.
773 Colensoi, Hook. f.
7712 compactus, 7. Kirk ..
774 dimorphocarpos, Col.
773 distinctus, Col.
772 | eleagnifolius, Hook. f
774 Forsteri, Hook. f. 2
772 geminatus, Lh AGG AB oe
778 glastifolius, Hook. f.
782 glaucophyllus, Cheesem.
TEES Greyii, Hook. f.
775 Haastii, Hook. f.
778 Hectori, Buch.
1154 heterophyllus, Col.
778 hispidulus, A. Cunn...
783 Huntii, 7. Wuell.
776 jacobea, Linn.
ae Kirkii, Hook. f.
776 lagopus, Raoul :
777 latifolius, Banks & Soland.
775 lautus, Forst.
774 laxifolius, Buch.
774 Lyallii, Hook. f.
1154 mikanioides, Otto
777 Monroi, Hook. f.
1087 Muelleri, T. Kirk
575 multinerve, Col. ,
575 myrianthos, Cheesem.
1092 neglectus, A. Rich.
239 odoratus, Hook. f. ..
385 pachyphyllus, Cheesem.
1146 perdicioides, Hook. f.
568 Pottsii, Armstr. "
569 prenanthoides, A. Rich.
568 pumiceus, Col.
568 quadridentatus, Labill.
445 radiolatus, F. Muell.
445 Reinoldii, Endl.
445 revolutus, 7. Kirk
394 robustus, Buch.
395 rotundifolius, Hook. j.
395 rufiglandulosus, Col.
394 saxifragoides, Hook. re

- 1193

Page

. 1065
-. 1065
368, 1077
381, 1143
373

tom oe
LOTT,
= oxhl)
365

375

371

383

381

383

382

377

375

380

370, 1077
378

382

367

384.

377

374

379

371

376

364

365

378

370, 1077
376

370

374

373

379

sae oN
ae MOY
380, 1143
379

378

377

373

375

381

378

370

364

375

365

-. 374
. 1143
381

so Stall
383, 1143
375

Lig4 .

Senecio—continued.
sciadophilus, Raoul .
scorzonerioides, Hook. f.
Stewartix, Armstr.
sylvaticus, Linn. xe
Traversii, F. Muell. ..
viridis, T. Kirk
vulgaris, Linn.

Sequoia gigantea, Lindl. & Gord.

Setaria glauca, Beauv.

imberbis, Roem. & Schult.

verticillata, Beauv.
viridis, Beauv. =
Shawia arborescens, Raoul
avicennicefolia, Raoul
furfuracea, Raoul
paniculata, Forst.
Sheffieldia repens, Forst.
Sherardia arvensis, Linn.
Sicyos, Linn. ..
angulata, Linn.
australis, Endl.
Sida Lyallii, F. Muell. .
Sideroxylon, es
costatum, F. Muell..
Siegesbeckia, Linn.
orientalis, Linn. :
Sierversia albiflora, Hook. £.
Silene conica, Linn.
cucubalus, Wibel
gallica, Linn.
inflata, Smith
nocturna, Linn.
nutans, Linn.

Silybum Marianum, Gaertn.

Simplicia, 7. Kirk

laxa, 7’. Kirk
Siphonidium, Armstr.

longiflorum, Armstr..
Sisyrinchium chilense, Hook

iaioides, Forst.

micranthum, Cav.
Sisymbrium, Linn. ve

heterophyllum, Forst.

novee-zealandie, Hook. f.

officinale, Scop.

Sophia, Linn. :
Skinnera excorticata, Forst.
Smilax Rhipogonum, Forst.
SoLANACEX oy
Solanum, Linn.

auriculatum, Ait.

aviculare, Forst.
laciniatum, Ait.
marginatum, Nainar setae
nigrum, Linn.
sodomeeum, Linn.
tuberosum, Linn.

INDEX.
Page Page
Solidago arborescens, Forst. -. 285
377 arborescens, A. Cunn. TONS
372 Soliva anthemifolia, R. Br. oe L077
Pe, Joys) sessilis, Ruiz. and Pay. -- 1077
370, 1077 tenella, A. Cunn. S77 30D
.. 3871} Sonchus, Tourn. 387, 1079
.. 3831+ arvensis, Linn. .. 1079
370, 1077 | asper, Hill.. 387, 1143
644 grandifolius, T. Kirk” 388
.. 1088 oleraceus, Linn. 388
. 1089 | Sophora, Linn. 122
. 1088 | chathamica, Cockayne 123
. 1089 | microphylla, Ait. 123
285 | rostrata, Buch. , 123
291 tetraptera, J. Mull. 122
284 Sparganium, Linn. 743
292! angustifolium, R. Br. Pi sal ic
.. 429 antipodum, Graebner. . 744, 1153
. 1075 | simplex, Hook.f. .. se AL
189 | subglobosum, Morong. . 744
190 | Specularia hybrida, A. D.C. 1079
190 | Spergula arvensis, Linn. 1067
80 pentandra, Linn. sr. .- 1067
435 | Spergularia, Pers. 0 70, 1068
435 media, Pres. od 70
348 rubra, Presl. 70, 1068
nee Spherocionium glanduliferum, Presl. 935
-: ce Spinifex, Linn. i .. 850
ce 1066 hirsutus, Labill. 850:
7s 1067 sericeus, R. Br. 850
"1066 | Spiranthes, L. C. Rich... =u EO,
_. 1067 | australis, Lindl. s OO
_. 1067 nove-zealandie, Hook. f. 668
. 1078 | Sporobolus, R. Br. 4: .- 860
861 Lesage R. Br. Ascesor
861 | indicus, R. Br. Be 860
558 | Siidtoddnthite Traversii, F. Muell. 760
.. 558} Stachys annua, Linn. .. 1084
.. 1088 arvensis, Taine 1084
.. 699} germanica, Linn. 1084
. 1088 palustris, Linn. - 1084
36 | Stackhousia, Smith 97
SesS minima, Hook. f. 97
. .06, 1134 uniflora, Col. 98
.. 1065 | STACKHOUSIEZ 97
. 1065 | Stehelina fimbriata, Forst. 348
186 | Stegania alpina, R. Br.. 980:
703 discolor, A. Rich. 976
480, 1081 fluviatilis, R. Br. 983
480, 1081 minor, R. Br. 981
481, 1081 procera, R. Br. 981
481 | Stetractis arborescens, D. C. 4.8285
481 | Stellaria, Linn. Be 62, 1067
. 1081 decipiens, Hook. f. 2S
481 elatinoides, Hook. f. .. 64
481, 1081 gracilenta, Hook. f. 65
481, 1081 graminea, Linn. 1067

INDEX.

Stellaria—continued.

Holostea, Linn. 1067
media, Linn. 62, 1067
minuta, 7’. Kirk 64
oligosperma, Col. : 63
parviflora, Banks & Sol. 63

pellucida, Col.

Roughii, Hook. f.

uliginosa, Murr. ¢ a LOG,
Stenochleena heteromor pha, J.Smith 982
Stenotaphrum americanum, Schrank 1090

glabrum, ‘Trin. 1090
Stilbocarpa, A. Gray 226
Lyallii, Armstr. 227, 1139
polaris, A. Gray 227
Stipa, Linn. .. of 856
arundinacea, Benth. .. 857
micrantha, Cav. 874
Petriei, Buch. 858
setacea, R. Br. 858, 1155
teretifolia, Steud. 857
verticillata, Nees. ale 857, 1090
Streleskia montana, Hook. f. 403
Strepiachne ramosissima, Trin. 857
Strongylosperma australe, Less. 352
Stuartina Muelleri, Sond. 1076
STYLIDIEZ . Memes tee)
Stylidium subulatum, Hook.f .. 392
Suda, Forsk. -2 086
australis, Moq. se bi?
maritima, Dum. x. 986
Sutionia anstralis, A. Rich. saree
chathamica, Mez 432
Coxit, Cockayne 433
divaricata, Hook. f. .. 434
montana, Hook. f. 433
neo-zealandica, Mez 433
nummularia, Hook. f. 434
salicina, Hook. f. 432
Swainsona, Salisb. 121
nove-zealandiz, Hook. f. 121, 1136
Swammerdammia glomerata, anal 342
Tanacetum vulgare, Linn. » LOW,
Taraxacum, Linn. 386
dens-leonis, Desf. 387
officinale, Wigq bo *etelfl
Taxotrophis microph, ylla, “F. Muell. 632
Teleanthera sp. d - 1085
Tetrachondra, Petrie 472
Hamiltoni, Petrie 472
Tetragonia, Linn. 191
expansa, Murr. 192
halimifolia, Forst. 192
implexicoma, Hook. f. 192
trigyna, Banks & Sol. 192

Tangao, R. Cunn.
Tetrapathea australis, Raoul
Teucridium, Hook. f.

parvifolium, Hook. f.
Thalamia cupressina, Spreng.

Thelymitra, Forst.
alba, Col.
carnea, R. Br.
Colensoi, Hook. f.
concinna, Col.
cornuta, Col.
cyanea, Lindl.
decora, Cheesem.
fimbriata, Col.
formosa, Col.
Forsteri, Swz.
imberbis, Hook. f.
intermedia, Berggr.
ixioides, Swe.
longifolia, Forst.
nemoralis, Col.
nervosa, Col. Ete
pachyphylla, Cheesem.
pauciflora, Hook. f.
pulchella, Hook. f.
purpureo-fusca, Col. .
stenopetala, Hook. f.
uniflora, Hook. f.
venosa, R. Br. ;
Thlaspi australe, Hook. f.
| Thuya Doniana, Hook.
THYMEL@ACER :
Thymus serpyllum, Sine.
TILIACE
Tillea, Linn. ..
acutifolia, 7. Kirk
debilis, Col.
diffusa, 7’. Kirk
Hamiltoni, T. Kirk
Helmsii, 7’. Kirk
moschata, D.C.
multicaulis, Petrie
muscosa, Forst.
nove-zedandie, Petrie
purpurata, Hook. f.
pusilla, 7’. Kirk
Sieberiana, Schaliz
Sinclairii, Hook. f.
trichotoma, Walp.
verticillaris, D.C.
Tmesipteris, Bernh.
Forsteri, Endl.
tannensis, Bernh.

truncata, Desv.

Tetranthera caticaris, Hook. f.

Theleophyton Billardieri, Moq.

1195

Page
603
603
189
565
566
654
585
668
670
671
670

1151
670
672

1151

.. 669
Te I
670

1152

1151
669

1151
670

. 669
lol
670
1152
670
670
672
671
43
.. 646
607, 1147
.. 1083
81, 1135
139, 1073
142

143

sot Vliet
140, 472
141

140

142

143

142

143, 1137
J couiagl ee
143

141

= LOS
ols
.. 1040
.- 1041
.. 1041

. 1041

669,

671,
670,

669,

670,

1196

Todea, Willd.
africana, Willd.
barbara, Moore
hymenophylloides, A. Rich.
marginata, Col. :
pellucida, Hook. & Grev.
superba, Col.

Tolpis umbellata, Bertol.

Torresia redolens, Roem. & Schult.

Townsonia, Cheesem.
deflexa, Cheesem.
Tragopogon porrifolius, Linn.

Traversia baccharoides, Hook. f. ..

Trichilia monophylla, A. Rich.
spectabilis, Forst.
Tricholoma elatinoides, Benth.
Trichomanes, Smith
Armstrongit, Bak.
bivalve, Forst.
ceenopteroides, Harv.
Colensoi, Hook. f.

Cunninghamu, Van der Bosch

demissum, Forst.
dilatatum, Forst.
elongatum, A. Cunn.
humile, Forst.
leptophyllum, A. Cunn.
Lyallii, Hook. & Bak.
Malingwi, Hook.
multifidum, Forst.
polyodon, Col.
reniforme, Forst.
rigidum, Swz.
sanguinolentum, Forst.
squarrosum, Forst.
strictum, Menz.
venosum, R Br.
venustulum, Col.
Trifolium agrarium, Linn.
arvense, Linn.
dubium, Sibth.
filiforme, Linn.
fragiferum, Linn.
glomeratum, Linn.
hybridum, Linn.
incarnatum, Linn.
medium, Linn.
ochroleucum, Huds.
pratense, Linn.
procumbens, Linn.
repens, Linn.
resupinatum, Linn.
scabrum, Linn. ;
subterraneum, Linn. .
Triglochin, Linn.
filifolium, Sieb.
flaccidum, A. Cunn.

.. 1024

-. 1024
~ 1025

-. 1025

-. 1079

-. 1071

coe IOzAl
56, AKO ZL
sq) OAL
acy AOA

5) UF

.. 1070
.. 1070
so NOG
oo WO
se L7fil
pe LOL
aro 7K)

. 1070

INDEX.
Page Page
Triglochin—continued.

. 1024 palustre, Linn. Siz 747
striatum, Ruiz & Pav. 747
triandrum, Michx. .. 747

. 1025 | Trilepidea Adamsti, Van Tiegh. 1149
Ralphii, Van Tiegh. .. - 1149

. 1025 | Trineuron pusillum, Hook. f. 363

1078 spathulatum, Hook. f. 361
855 | Triodia, R. Br. 895
691 antarctica, Benth. 877
692 australis, Petrie 896

decumbens, Beauv. - 1091
384 exigua, 7’. Kirk 895
53 pumila, Hack. 896
96 | Trisetum, Pers. 879
488 antarcticum, T'rin. 880
942 Cheesemanii, Hack. 882
938 micratherum, Desv. 897
941 subspicatum, Beauv. 881
947 Youngii, Hook. f. 881
945 | Trithuria, Hook. f. 755

945 inconspicua, Cheesem. «se OO
934 | Triticum multiflorum, Banks
934 Soland. 922
946 repens, A. Rich. ee
944 sativum, Lam. . 1093
945 scabrum, R. Br. 923
943 Youngwt, Hook. f. 7. o2e
938 | Trochocarpa nove-zealandie, Col. 410
941 | Trophis opaca, Banks & Soland... 633
946 opaca, Hook. f. oy (Ope
943 | Tropeolum majus, Linn. . 1069
946 | Tunica prolifera, Scop. - L066
931 | Tupeia, Cham. & Schl. 621, 1148
953 antarctica, Cham. & Schl. 621, 1150
945 Cunninghamii, Mig. . Rrmertiy |
944 pubigera, Miq. 621
944 undulata, Col. 621

Typha, Linn. 742

. 1070 angustifolia, Linn. 743
Brownti, Kunth 743
latifolia, Forst. 743
Muelleri, Rohrb. 743

TYPHACE 742, 1153

. 1070 | Ulex europeus, Linn. .. 1070

UMBELLIFERZ 193, 1074, 1137
Uncina, Pers. e ia pad
alopecurioides, Col. 802
australis, Pers. 802
Bankstwi, Boott. 803
bracteata, Col. -. 802
cespitosa, Boott 801, 1154
capillaris, Col. .. 803
746 Cheesemaniana, Boeck. 800
747 Clarkei, Petrie 800
747 compacta, R. Br. 800

Uncina—continued.
compacta, A. Rich.
debilior, F. Muell.
distans, Boott
disticha, Col.
divaricata, Boott.
ferruginea, Boott
filiformis, Boott 3
fusco-vaginata, Kuk. ..
Hookeri, Boott
horizontalis, Col.
laxiflora, Petrie
leptostachya, Raoul ..
Lindleyana, Kunth
nervosa, Boott
nigra, Col. ..
obtusata, Col.
polyneura, Col.
purpurata, Petrie
rigida, Petrie
rigidula, Steud.
riparia, R. Br.
rubra, Boott
rupestris, Raoul
scaberrima, Nees
scabra, Boott
Sinclairii, Boott.
tenella, R. Br.
variegata, Col.

Urtica, Linn.
aucklandica, Hook. ae
australis, Hook. f.
debilis, Endl.
dioica, Linn.
ferox, Forst.
incisa, Poir.
lucifuga, Hook. f.
urens, Linn.

URTICACE

Utricularia, Linn.
Colensoi, Hook. f.
delicatula, Cheesem. ..
Mairii, Cheesem.
monanthos, Hook. f...
nove-zealandiz, Hook. f.
protrusa, Hook. f.
subsimilis, Col.
vulcanica, Col.

VALERIANES .
Valerianella olitoria, Poll.
Vallisneria spiralis, Linn.

Vauthiera australis, A. Rich.

Verbascum Blattaria, Linn.
Thapsus, Linn.

Verbena bonariensis, Linn.
officinalis, Linn.

634,

630,

INDEX 1197
Page Page
VERBENACE® 564, 1083, 1147

802 | Veronica, Linn. 490, 1082
805 acutiflora, Benth. LOOT
803 agrestis, Linn. 492, 1082
803 amabilis, Cheesem. 506
800 amplexicaulis, Armstr. 525,
802 Anagallis, Linn. : 546
805 Andersoni, Lindl. & Paxt. 504
801 anomala, Armstr. ; 523
804 angustifolia, A. Rich. 508
801 arborea, Buch. Ay 0S,
803 areolata, Col. 499, 1083
803 Armstrongii, 7’. Kirk Sa SEY
802 arvensis, Linn. 492, 499, 1083
800 azurea, Col. as Swans:
802 Balfouriana, Hook. f. 517
803 Barkeri, Cockayne 500
802 Benthami, Hook. f. 537
801 | Bidwillii, Hook. 543
804 Buchanani, Hook. f. j= O26
802 | Buxbaumii, Ten. 499, 1082
1154 buxifolia, Benth. 522
804 calycina, A. Cunn. 546
804 canescens, 7’. Kirk 547
802 canterburiensis, Armstr. 520
803 carnea, Armstr. 499
799 carnosula, Hook. f. 524
799 catarracte, Forst. 542
802 chathamica, Buch. a5) 10%
1087 Cheesemanii, Benth. .. 547, 1146
635 ciliolata, Benth. & Hook. f. .. 540
635 | coarctata, Cheesem. .. ook
638 Cockayniana, Cheesem. 522, 1146
1087 Colensoi, Hook. f. . O13
634 compacta, Col. 544
635 Cookiana, Col. 501
636 Coxiana, T. Kirk 507
1087 cupressoides, Hook. f. 533
1087 Darwiniana, Col. ve: 518
559 dasyphylla, 7. Kirk 536
561 decumbens, Armstr. .. 523
561 decussata, Ait. 516
560 Dieffenbachii, Benth. 500:
561 diffusa, Hook. £. 542
560 diosmefolia, R. Cunn. 511
559 divergens, Cheesem. .. 502
560 elliptica, Forst. 516, 1146
561 elongata, Benth. 546
epacridea, Hook. f. 535

1075 erecta, 7’. Kirk ae 538
1075 Fairfieldii, Hook. f. .. 538
1087 finaustrina, Homb. & Jacq. 537
789 floribunda, Banks & Soland. 509
1082 Forsteri, F. Muell. 500
1082 Gibbsii, 7’. Kirk §24
1083 gigantea, Cockayne .. 504.
1083 Gillesiana, 7’. Kirk .. 527, 1146.

1198

Verenica—continued.
glauco-cerulea, Armstr.

glaucophylla, Cockayne
gracillima, Cheesem. ..
Grayvi, Armstr.
Haastii, Hook. f.
Hectori, Hook. f.
Hillii, Col. ..

hirsuta, Col.
Hookeriana, Walp. ..
Hulkeana, F. Muell.
insularis, Cheesem.
irrigans, T. Kirk
Kermesina, Loud.
Kirkui, Armstr.

levis, Benth.
lanceolata, Benth.
latisepala, T. Kirk
Lavaudiana, Raow
leiophylla, Cheesem. ..
Lewisii, Armstr.
ligustrifolia, A. Cunn.
Lindleyana, Paxt.
linifolia, Hook. f.
loganioides, Armstr. ..
longiracemosa, Col.
Lyallii, Hook. f. :
lycopodioides, Hook. ‘i
macrantha, Hook. f.
macrocalyx, Armstr. ..
macrocalyx, Col.
macrocarpa, Vahl.
macroura, Hook. f.
marginata, Col.
Matthewsii, Cheesem.
Menziesii, Benth.
monticola, Armstr.
Muelleri, Buch.
nivalis, Benth.

nivea, Hook. f.
obovata, 7. Kirk
odora, Hook. f.
officinalis, Linn.
oligantha, Col.

Olseni, Col... oe
Parkinsoniana, Col. ..
parviflora, Vahl.
persica, Poir.

Petriei, 7. Kirk ;
pimeleoides, Hook. f.
pinguifolia, Hook. f.
plebeia, R. Br.

poly phylla, Col.
propinqua, Cheesem.

pubescens, Banks & Soland.

INDEX.

Page Page
Veronica—continued.

527 quadrifaria, 7. Kirk Dee
518 rakaiensis, Armstr. . 499
510 Raoulii, Hook. f. -. 539
520 | rigidula, Cheesem. . 514
534 rotundata, 7. Kirk .. » 004
531 rugulosella, Col. 499, 1083
.. 513) rupicola, Cheesem. 514
199, 1083 | salicifolia, Forst. 503
. 544) — salicornioides, Hook. f. 532
538 | salicornioides, Hort. .. 533
510 serpyllifolia, Linn. 499, 10383
542 spathulata, Benth. 545
499 | speciosa, R. Cunn. 499
504 squalida, T. Kirk 508
515 | — stenophylla, Steud. 509
542 stricta, Banks & Soland. 504
505 | subalpina, Cockayne .. 519
539 subrosulata, Col. 545
509 subsimilis, Col. 530
506 tetragona, Hook. of 530
502 tetrasticha, Hook. f. .. 528
504 Thomsoni, Cheesem. . 540
542 Traversii, Hook. f. 518
541 trisepala, Col. 512
499, 1033 tumida, 7’. Kirk 529
543 | uniflora, 7. Kirk 536
530 venustula, Col. 511
537 vernicosa, Hook. f. 520
534 vulcanica, Col. 545
499, 1083 | Vicia cracca, Linn. 1072
505 | gemella, Crantz 1072
501, gracilis, Lois. 1072
. 1146 | hirsuta, S. F. Gray 1072
517 | Narbonensis, Linn. 1072
512 | sativa, Linn. a 1072
521 tetrasperma, Moench. 1072
546 | Vinea major, Linn. 1080
544 | Vincentia anceps, Hook. f. 785
544 gladiata, Boeck. 785
521 | Viola, Linn. 44, 1056
.. 516, Cunninghamii, Hook. f. 45
-. 1083 | filicaulis, Hook. f. 44
499, 1083 hydrocotyloides, Armsir. 45
544 Lyallii, Hook. f. 45
504) perexigua, Col. aoe Eee
.. 508 éricolor, Linn. ; .. 1066
492, 499 | VIoLARIEE .. 43, 1066, 1134
.. 535 | Viscum antarcticum, A. Cunn. 618, 1150
527 antarcticum, Forst. 621
525 | clavatum, T. Kirk 622, 1151
545 Lindsayi, Oliver 622, 1150
499 pubigerum, A. Cunn. 621
533 | _ salicornioides, A. Cunn. 623, 1150
503 | Vittadinia, A. Rich. 319, 1076
540 australis, A. Rich. 319, 1076

pulvinaris, Benth & Hook. f. ss

*——

Vitex, Linn. ..
littoralis, A. Cunn.
lucens, 7’. Kirk

Vitis vinifera, Linn.

Wahlenbergia, Schrad. ..

albomarginata, Hook.
eartilaginea, Hook. f.
gracilis, A. D.C.
pygmea, Col.
saxicola, A. D.C.
Weinmannia, Linn.
betulina, A. Cunn.

fuchsioides, A. Cunn.

racemosa, Linn. f.

roseefolia, A. Gray

sylvicola, Soland.
Wintera axillaris, Forst.

JOHN MAcKAy, Government Printer, Wellington.—1906.

INDEX.

Page

564 | Xanthium spinosum, Linn.
565 strumarium, Linn. ..

955, 1147 | Xeranthemum bellidioides, Forst. .
1069
Zannichellia, Linn.

401 palustris, Linn.

403 Preissti, Lehm.

403 | Zanthoxylum ne a
402 Rich. .

403 | Zizania aquatica, Linn.

402 | Zostera, Linn.

138 | marina, Linn.

138 Muelleri, Trmisch

138 nana, Roth... oe

139 tasmanica, Martens ..

138 | Zoysia, Willd.

138 pungens, Willd.

29 |

aks) s,

Page

nLOTG:
. 1076

338

751
752
753

600
1090
754
754
754
754
754
844
844

ual of

NN

8
iil F/M

ih il)

| n
85 00110 9055
i SE Dives

Se

Pe dsae erg MONA dheoe DOS Sant easy senghe is Ba Ves he
“Spek Ch eit CAAT A IS Ppa de dee Oat .