Marine algae of Dominica

Marine Algae
of Dominica

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY • 1970

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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
BOTANY

NUMBER 3

JVm. Randolph Taylor
and Charles F. Rhyne

Marine Algae
of Dominica

u

1370

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
CITY OF WASHINGTON

ABSTRACT

Taylor, Wm. Randolph and Charles F. Rhyne. Marine Algae of Dominica. Smith-
sonian Contributions to Botany 3: 1-16. 1970 — One hundred forty-one species of ma-
rine algae are reported from Dominica, W.I., with field notes. An ecological description
of twelve collecting localities is given. A discussion of the differences between
Agardhiella tenera ( J. Agardh) Schmitz of the West Indies and New England is made
which results in a new combination, Agardhiella baileyi (Harvey) W. R. Taylor, for
the material from New England.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded
in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
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JVm. Randolph Taylor
and Charles F. Rhyne

Introduction

When he ceased work on his manual of eastern
American tropical marine algae (1960), the present
senior author was left unhappily aware of the general
discontinuities of ranges recorded for the algae on all
shores of the Caribbean. Only further detailed field
studies could be expected to correct this. It has not
appeared practicable at this time to begin with the
most conspicuous deficiency, that of the marine flora
of the large island of Cuba, nor to begin with the long
Mexican and Central American mainland because of
the magnitude of the task and the inaccessibility of
much of the shoreline, but plans were made for studies
in the Lesser Antilles and, with the important assist-
ance of the National Science Foundation (Grant no.
GB-3186), held and laboratory work has been carried
on through 1966-1968.

In one instance particularly favorable facilities were
available, for the Smithsonian Institution most graci-
ously arranged for complete field support of a marine
algal survey of Dominica, based on the station set up
for the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Sur-
vey of Dominica at Clarke Hall on the Layou River.
This justifies a more detailed report here than will be
practicable for the other islands. Needless to say, we
are most grateful to the sponsors of the Survey and
the Institution. The Institution furthermore assigned
as collaborator Mr. Charles F. Rhyne of its staff, to
make advance arrangements, to work with the senior
author during his visit, and to continue afterwards to
collect in new areas. The senior author is much in-
debted to him; his contribution to the field work was
important, and he has prepared the descriptions of the
localities which follow. While Mr. Rhyne made many
of his own determinations, the senior author has re-

Wm. Randolph Taylor, Department of Botany, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Charles F. Rhyne,
Department of Botany, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27514.

Marine Algae
of Dominica

viewed and is responsible for them all, and has pre-
pared this report.

There seems to have been only one publication on
the algae of Dominica, the short list published by
Symington Grieve (1909) based on his collection and
the identifications by E. M. Holmes. Insofar as possible,
where the records seem questionable, they have been
checked. By the kindness of the Regius Keeper, Dr.
H. R. Fletcher, the Royal Botanic Garden of Edin-
burgh was able to lend most of the needed Grieve speci-
mens, which enable several corrections to be made.
A very few more species are attributed to the island
in the senior author’s general work ( 1960) .

While little has been known respecting the algae of
Dominica, the marine flora of the French islands near-
by on the north has been substantially studied (Maze
and Schramm 1870-77, Hamel 1929, Hamel and
Hamel-Joukov 1931, Feldman 1948, Questel 1951),
but this has chiefly concerned Guadeloupe. Yet farther
to the north another center of activity has involved
the Virgin Islands, St. Bartholomew, and the Nether-
lands Antilles (Borgesen 1913-20, Questel 1942,
Vroman 1968), but, though adjacent on the south,
Martinique seems to have been rather neglected
(Hamel supra, Taylor 1940), as have all the islands
farther south except Barbados and Grenada.

Physiography and General Features of the
Coast of Dominica

Dominica is a relatively small, very rugged island,
approximately 48 km long and 20 km broad, with two
mountain masses exceeding 1,400 m in height, and
several other high ridges. Much of the shoreline is not
easy of access. In general it was possible to sample
each parish except those of St. Peter, St. Luke, and
St. David, but that of St. John could only be visited
near Portsmouth. Most of the stations were exposed;
rocky or sandy, for well-protected sites in bays or

1

MAR

SIV!ITHSO:t-^J

{WSTiJlIIiON

2

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

within reefs, Thalassia or Cymodocea shoals, and man-
grove-bordered shores were in short supply, and this
limited considerably the variety of the flora to be
expected. Nevertheless, we were able to collect again
almost all the speices previously reported, hardly 20
actually, and to add well over 100 additional names.

The major part of the island coast is dominated
by black volcanic sand, generally interspersed with
stretches of weathered rock cobbles and boulders of
volcanic origin from a few inches to several feet in
diameter. These long stretches, when of sloping black
sand alone are decidedly inhospitable to algal attach-
ment unless one ventures beyond into the shallow
sublittoral zone where the bottom affords a relatively
stable cobble substrate. This was found especially true
along much of the leeward (Caribbean) side of the
island. The windward (Atlantic) shore was generally
bordered by precipitous cliffs, with large rock material
in the intertidal and shallow sublittoral zones. Sand
beaches were only observed on this shore on protected
sides of headlands and embayments.

As stated by Hodge (1954) and observed by the
authors, active fringing reefs were practically non-
existent except at two points, these being at Soufriere
Bay, Scotts Head on the southwest coast and at
Calibishie on the northern coast. In both places, white
sand ( pulverized coral fragments) was observed in
conjunction with offshore coral reefs. The paucity of
coral formation can certainly be attributed to the
flushing action of the many rivers depositing silt
(Hodge, 1954) and could also be attributed to the
drop in salinity in areas adjacent to the mouths of
larger rivers.

Substrate material brought back from the north
(windward) coast yielded in many cases a coralline=-
coral conglomerate in the form of cobbles with the
coral portion definitely in a moribund state. At Cali-
bishie the reef area was apparently in a static state,
larger fleshy algae having taken over much of the sub-
littoral zone.

Collecting Stations with Ecological Notes

1. St. Paul Parish, 2.4 km south of the Layou River
mouth. 16 February 1967

Large cobbles and boulders covered the bottom from
the middle intertidal zone out to about 2-4 m of water.
Black volcanic sand forming a continuous strand along

the upper intertidal zone afforded no attachment at
all for intertidal species. A very characteristic flora was
observed and collections were made between the middle
intertidal down to about one meter below low water-
line. Moderate to large tufts of Chaetomorpha nodosa
were dominant in the intertidal zone interspersed with
small tufts of Ectocarpus breviarticulatus higher up on
the cobbles. From the low watermark to 1-2 m below,
Grateloupia filicina was prominent. Throughout the
wave-washed area Ralfsia discolored the majority of
cobbles and rocks, generally abundant in or near shaded
crevices. Stubby immature plantlets of Sargassum were
locally abundant in the lower intertidal areas.

2. St. Joseph Parish, about 400 m south of the Layou
River mouth. 16 February 1967

This habitat displays a sloping black sand beach
with scattered small cobbles from the low watermark
out to one meter depth. A portion of this locality was
influenced by fresh water from the Layou River, re-
sulting in a lack of variety and general paucity of the
fringing flora. The dominant species, Chondria litto-
ralis, was observed throughout the area, with abundant
Chaetmorpha clavata, Padina gymnospora, and robust
specimens of the variable Gracilaria domingensis. The
high insolation tended to bleach much of the material
in these shallows to a dull yellow and white appear-
ance. Farther out at a depth of 5-10 dm, Neomeris
dumetosa, Sphacelaria tribuloides (?), and Caulerpa
cupressoides were found on and between the cobbles.

A slight embayment just 100 m south of the last
locality contained many specimens of interest. This
area was observed under the conditions of onshore
winds in conjunction with incoming tides. Large masses
of unattached algae accumulated in a drifting mass
some 17 m wide lying parallel to the shore. Noting the
freshness of many of these specimens and their absence
from the area surveyed, it must be assumed that most
of these plants were being washed up from lower depths
just offshore. Large specimens of Gracilaria domingen-
sis were dominant in this drift, some being over 70 cm
in length. Other interesting plants were Agardhiella
tenera, Codium isthmocladum, Enantiocladia duper-
reyi, and Gracilaria damaecornis.

3. St. George Parish, beside the Post Office, Roseau
Harbor. 17 February 1967

This area resembled the locality near the Layou
River in that Chaetmorpha media was again dominant

NUMBER 3

3

along a cobble-boulder shore with moderate to heavy
surf. Several species observed here were not found at
the latter locality, however, possibly in response to the
heavy organic pollution of the harbor area. Two other
species were also extremely abundant: Ulva fasciata
and Gymnogongrus tenuis, with large quantities of Gra-
cilaria ferox, Grateloupia cuneifolia, and G. filicina.
Strangely, the genus Enteromorpha was not observed
here at this time.

4. St. Joseph Parish, just south of the Macoucheri
River. 20 February 1967

A black sand beach with interspersed cobbles was
evident for miles on either side of this locality. Domi-
nant was the ubiquitous Chaetomorpha nodosa, with
handsome specimens of Grateloupia filicina, Galaxaura
cylindrica, and Ceramium nitens, all being extremely
abundant in the drift. Another species of interest was
Pterocladia bartlettii as a dwarf form. Dictyota indica,
Gracilaria mamillaris, Acanthophora spicifera, Giffor-
dia mitchellae, Hypnea spinella, Spyridia aculeata, and
Polysiplionia sphaerocarpa were all prevalent as low-
growing matted forms on the stones.

5. St. Luke Parish, about 0.8 km south of Point Michel.
21 February 1967

A rock-cobble shore was observed here, with Chaeto-
morpha nodosa, Grateloupia filicina, and Wrangelia
argus dominating throughout. Most prominent was
W. argus, in dark tufts at the mean low-tide mark.

6. St. Mark Parish, Scotts Head, Soufriere Bay.
21 February-12 March 1967

Along the shore there was a reef, mostly of dead coral
above, but with living corals in deeper water from one
meter below low tide to a depth past visual observation.
The transparency of the water allowed light penetra-
tion to 1 7 meters or more, past the zone of plant attach-
ment. A striking difference at this locality was the
appearance of white sand derived from fragmentation
of the offshore coral reef material, contrasting with the
shore dominated by black sand north of this area.

From the high intertidal zone to 5 dm below low
water the flora is little different from corresponding
spots along the leeward coast north of Scotts Head,
except for the occurrence of Cladophoropsis membra-
nacea, Boodlea composita, and Struvea anastomosans.
Large specimens of Colpomenia sinuosa, another spe-

cies not found elsewhere, were locally frequent, borne
on the common white sea urchin.

A zone of Sargassums was observed at about 5-15 dm
depth which paralleled the shore, affording protection
for smaller algae such as Gelidiella acerosa, Jania ru-
bens, Wurdemannia miniata, Laurencia microcladia,
and L. papillosa. On either side of the Sargassum zone,
Padina sp., Dictyota dentata, Galaxaura rugosa,
G. squalida, and Acanthophora muscoides occurred
sporadically. Ralfsia expansa encrusted the cobbles and
suitable substrates from low watermark to one meter
below.

As one approached the tip of the headland at Scotts
Head, the surf became much rougher and the flora
richer, abundant in the upper sublittoral zone, with
dense stands of Sargassum vulgare, Turbinaria turbi-
nata, and irridescent Dictyota dentata. It was interest-
ing however, to note the contrasting paucity of num-
bers and species from about a depth of 3 dm down-
ward. In fact the latter area appeared sterile.

Only once during the held work did the surf condi-
tions allow one to work out from the water’s edge on
the southern side of Scotts Head, which receives some
of the force of the Atlantic surf. It is a locality with
extremely heavy wave action and winds, and generally
with only Saragassum platycarpum, other Saragassums,
and Dictyota dentata washed up on the sloping cobble
beach. Large clumps of Chamaedoris peniculum were
prevalent in the sublittoral zone at 1-4 m depth. Occa-
sionally Caulerpa racemosa and Dictyota dentata were
found in this area, with Pocockiella variegata in large
scattered patches over the bottom. Farther out a large
hat coral-coralline encrusted rock formation provided
substrate for Sargassums and Dictyota dentata. Along
the edge of this reef in depths of 3-7 m occurred robust
specimens of Stypopodium zonale, a species not found
elsewhere on the island.

7. St. David Parish, shore at Rosalie. 22 February 1967.

Located a few hundred meters north of the Rosalie
River was a cobble beach subjected to extremely heavy
surf action. An abundant growth of Enteromorpha
flexuosa on the cobbles in the intertidal area indicated
probable pollution from the nearby river mouth.
Several species, such as Cryptonemia luxurians, Bryo-
thamnion triquetrum, and Sargassum spp., were found
as drift. Unfortunately, it was impossible to make ob-
servations below the upper intertidal zone.

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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

8. St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay just north of
Lagon. 23 February 1967.

In this calm, shallow, but large embayment, repre-
sentative species such as Padinas, Pterocladia ameri-
cana, P. bartlettii, Chaetomorpha linum, Dictyota
cervicornis, Ralfsia sp., Sargassum sp., and Laurencia
sp. were common, with Hypnea musciformis, Dictyota
ciliata, Cladophora sp., and Galaxaura sp. locally abun-
dant. The shallow sublittorial consisted of encrusted
cobbles wtih some dead coral fragments, upon which
lay a thin layer of silt. Uniformity of habitat combined
with high insolation produced an abundant but repe-
titious flora.

9. St. John Parish, Douglas Bay at Tanetane. 24 Feb-
ruary 1967

Basically this was the same type of habitat as found
in the Prince Rupert Bay area, but with a rougher,
rockier shoreline. In some areas Wrangelia argus was
found abundant as small tufts covering the tips of sub-
merged rocks with Struvea anastomosans and Gymno-
gongrus tenuis locally abundant. The sloping sand
beach supported Liagora decussata, Grateloupia fili-
cina, and Cladophora in patches on somewhat sand-
covered rocks.

10. St. John Parish, Portsmouth, at the mouth of the
Picard River. 24 February 1967

Overall the shore appeared very sterile with only two
major growths evident: a species of blue-green

Lyngbya on small tree limbs submerged in water and
a red alga that was locally common attached to cobbles.

11. St. Andrew Parish, coral reef at Calibishie.

25 February, 3 March 1967

The area appeared to be characterized by the out-
lying coral reef, the shore a white sand beach with
many fragments of old coral heads along the upper
intertidal zone. The coral portion of the reef was ap-
parently not flourishing as well as the one at Scotts
Head and possibly was in a dying state. Much of the
sublittoral area was overgrown with larger benthic
algae while lithothamnia predominated in both at-
tached and loose fragment forms.

Certain localities at Calibishie differed significantly,
so that they are here treated individually. ( 1 ) This
first area was heavily swept by diagonal backwash cur-
rents along with heavy agitation on incoming tides.

Algal material was attached to cobbles and coral frag-
ments just beyond the inshore reef at depths of 1.0-
1.5 m. It was here that a brown gelatinous thallus was
found in great abundance, which later proved to be
a palmelloid diatom colony, with many thalli reaching
20 cm or more in extent. This has been identified by
the kindness of Mr. Robert Ross, Keeper of Botany,
British Museum (N.H.) as Amphipleura micans var.
fragilis (Grev.) Cleve. On Thalassia blades, Fosliella
lejolisii and F. farinosa were extremely abundant. Cor-
alline algal fragments were scattered about the bottom,
some reaching 10 cm in diameter. As much as 75
percent of the available substrate appeared to be litho-
thaminoid in nature. Also common in this area were
Chamaedoris peniculum, Ernodesmis verticillata, Si-
phonocladus tropicus, Pocockiella variegata, Galax-
auras, and Asparagopsis taxiformis. (2) Attached to
the exposed inshore reef surface was a thick carpet
of Jania rubens and Cladophoropsis membranacea
which covered most of the top of the reef, and the
vegetation rising above it was dominated by large yel-
low streaks of Laurencia corallopsis, abundant Gelidi-
ella acerosa, Digenia simplex, and scattered clumps of
Padina gymnospora. The leading edge of the reef down
to one meter was richly clothed by Sargassums, with
large clump? of Gracilaria debilis, and with abundant
patches of lithothamnia. Just behind the reef on the
leeward side, tide pools exposed at low tide gave pro-
tection to several plants of Penicillus capitatus. (3)
About 75 m offshore there was a shoal associated with
an exposed ridge 25-30 m high. This shoal was so situ-
ated as to miss most of the heavy incoming surf at
high tides and to be relatively calm at lower tides.
In tide pools ranging in depth from 0.5 to 4 dm Peni-
cillus capitatus was found to be locally abundant. Ap-
proximately a dozen small and poorly developed plants
of Udotea flabellum were found in a few shallow sand-
bottomed pools. The genus was unusually scarce about
Dominica. (4) The majority of the species found in
the abundant drift along the beach and in the backwash
behind the inshore reef were also collected as attached
plants from the intertidal zone out to a depth of 2 m.
A few of the drifting species were not found attached,
such as Amansia multifida, Cryptonemia sp., Gelidium
sp., and Vidalia obtusiloba. Such drifting material was
probably derived from colonies at greater depths,
though, possibly, plants occurred throughout in small
amounts and were overlooked.

NUMBER 3

5

12. St. Andrew Parish, shoreline in Woodford Hill
Bay. 3 March 1967

An area observed on the west side of Pointe La Soie
in Woodford Hill Bay was similar to that of Calibishie.
A heavy surf continually pounded this cobble-coralline-
coral reef substrate, supporting a rich variety of algae,
such as Gracilaria debilis, Galaxaura cylindrica, Dicty-
ota dentata, Laurencia corallopsis, and L. papillosa.
The undergrowth carpet for the most part consisted
of a species of Jania. Shaded tide pools higher up in the
intertidal zone yielded large amounts of Hypnea musci-
formis, Gelidiella acerosa, S pyridia aculeata, and Cen-
troceras clavulatum. At the edge of the reef washed
by the surf, Bryocladia thyrsigera was found in abun-
dance, while Dictyopteris delicatula was very abundant
at depths of 3-10 dm, together with Galaxaura cy-
lindrica. A most interesting form of Laurencia poitei
with flat axes in bilateral blades was also observed in
this reef edge area. The influence of the Woodford Hill
River was sharply defined by large populations of
Enteromorpha clathrata and Chaetomorpha nodosa.
Traveling up the river about 30 to 70 m, the exposed
root systems of Pterocarpus officinalis were clothed with
Bostrychia rivularis, and Compsopogon caeruleus ap-
peared at 185 m from the river mouth.

Turning away from the headland toward the cen-
ter of the bay, the shore was lined with a light gray
sand. At this point a rather extensive reef area similar
to the Calibishie reef exposed itself. Adjacent to this
structure was attached Heminthocladia calvadosii in
abundance. Heavy surf conditions were evident, with
a strong backwash from the lee side of the reef, where
Polysiphonia ferulacea, Grateloupia filicina, and
Hypnea musciformis were dominant.

List of Taxa

The localities are cited according to parishes, start-
ing with St. George, and followed in a clockwise direc-
tion. Our collecting station numbers are printed in
boldface. An asterisk (*) is used to mark species newly
recorded from Dominica.

Serial numbers of the material we collected jointly
are preceded by the last digits of the collection year
{67—234), while his initial designates those collected
by the junior author separately {R-234) . The first set
of material has been deposited in the Smithsonian

Institution and the second in the herbarium of the
University of Michigan. Finally, incorporated in the
list are those algae in a small collection made in July
1966 by William L. Stern and Dieter C. Wasshausen
{S&W-234) , which add essentially new localities. The
use of this collection has been a welcome privilege.

Class CHLOROPHYCEAE
Order ULOTRICHALES
Family CHAETOPELTIDACEAE

*Diplochaete solitaria Collins

St. Mark: Area 6, R—307B, on Herposiphonia from the
offshore reef.

Family ULVACEAE

* Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) J. Agardh

St. Andrew: 12, R—246, at the river mouth, intertidal and
common.

*Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh

St. Joseph: 2, 67—338, on rocks just below low tide level
in an area of boulders and cobbles surrounded by black
sand. St. John: 8, 67-486, drifted ashore; 9, 67—500,
frequent as attached to large rocks. St. David: 7, 67—457,
also with E. lingulata, 67—458 p.p., common on rocks in
heavy surf.

*Enteromorpha lingulata J. Agardh

St. Joseph: north of St. Joseph, R. M. King C—1139.
St. David: 7, 67—458 as noted above. Doubtless it is at
least as abundant as E. flexuosa, and both really common,
especially near settlements, or wherever there may be a
little pollution, but these commonplace species were seldom
collected.

Ulva lactuca Linnaeus
St. Andrew: 11, 67-531.

Ulva fasciata Delile

St. George: 3, 67-348, abundant on the shore rocks be-
tween tide levels. St. Joseph: 4, 67-396, frequent on the
rocks in a dwarf form. St. John: 8, 67—487, tufts of a dwarf
form drifted ashore. St. Andrew: 12, R-218, common on
the reef. St. Mark: 6, 67—428, R-279, frequent on the
rocks along the peninsula to Scotts Head, and infrequent
on small stones in sandy areas.

Grieve (1909, p. 8) mentions the presence of this alga on
Dominica without giving a definite locality. About the
island, as elsewhere in the West Indies, the aspect of
U. fasciata varies a great deal. In the narrow and branched
form it is at once recognizable, but at times the resemblance
to U. lactuca v. rigida is great, especially in crowded,
dwarfed forms, and microscopic examination of frond
sections must be made.

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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Order CLADOPHORALES
Family CLADOPHORACEAE

*Chaetomorpha linum (Muller) Kiitzing

St. Paul: 1, 67-360, drifted ashore. St. John: 8, 67—4-79,
very common as entangled among other attached algae.
Also 67-488, drifted ashore.

*Chaetomorpha nodosa Kiitzing

St. Paul: 1, 67-328, common on the boulders at the high-
est algal level; 0.8 km. south of Layou, S&W-27810, be-
tween Layou and Goodwill, S&W— 27864. St. Joseph: On
rocks just north of St. Joseph, R. M. King C—1137; 4,
67-410, common in similar situations. St. John: 9, 67—498,
on the larger rocks. St. Andrew: 11, 67-553; 12, R-247 ,
common in situations such as those in St. Paul Parish.
St. Mark: 6, 67-422, common in similar situations on the
peninsula to Scotts Head.

*Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kiitzing

St. John: 6, 67-495, 67-499, common on the intertidal
rocks.

Chaetomorpha media (Wulfen) C. Agardh

St. George: 3, 67-353, in considerable quantity. St. Mark:
6, 67-423, R-264, frequent as attached to the intertidal
rocks and at a depth of about 3 dm, on the peninsula to
Scotts Head.

Grieve ( 1909, p. 8) probably refers to this species under
the name C. antennina Kiitzing as a misidentification, re-
porting it from the northeast coast, which would indicate
St. Andrew Parish.

*Chaetomorpha clavata (C. Agardh) Kiitzing

St. Joseph: 2, 67-333, forming numerous tufts on the
rocks. Gells markedly swollen, as visible to the unaided eye.

Rhizoclonium arenosum (Carmichael) Kiitzing

St. George: Roseau, according to Grieve (1909, p. 9), a
doubtful record.

Grieve also reported the var. occidentalis Kiitzing from
the same place, but I would consider his specimen under
this name in the herbarium of the Edinburgh Botanic
Garden to be Chaetomorpha nodosa.

*Cladophora fuliginosa Kiitzing

St. Andrew: 11, R-173, R-182A, R-189C, abundant on
the inshore reef.

*Cladophora fascicularis (Mertens) Kiitzing

St. Paul: 1, 67-362, frequent in the drift. St. Joseph: 2,
67-339, on boulders. St. John: 8, 67—473, attached to the
rocks; 9, 67-504, 67-505, where frequent as attached to
rocks off the sandy beach. St. Andrew: 12, R—215, on a
cobblestone reef.

Order SIPHONOCLADIALES
Family DASYCLADACEAE

*Neomeris dumetosa Lamouroux
, St. Joseph: 2, 67-334, very scarce and small, on stones
below low tide level.

*Neomeris annulata Dickie

St. Andrew: 11, R—198, on the inshore reef.

Family VALONIACEAE

*Ernodesmis verticillata (Kiitzing) Borgesen

St. Andrew: 11, 67-526, frequent on rocks beyond the
inshore reef in 6-12 dm of water, also, drifted ashore,
67-564.

*Siphonocladus tropicus (Crouan) J. Agardh

St. Andrew: 11, 67-562, R-176, frequent on the reef
edge to a depth of 6 dm, and numerous plants drifted
ashore.

*Chamaedoris peniculum (Ellis & Solander) Kuntze

St. Andrew: 11, 67-538, frequent as attached among coral
fragments beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth. St.
Mark: 6, R-291, on the south side common at 12-30 dm
depth.

*Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsskal) Borgesen

St. Andrew: 11, R-195, R-199, on the inshore reef.

*Dictyosphaeria vanbosseae Borgesen

St. Andrew: 11, 67—554, attached to rocks of the inshore
reef.

*Cladophoropsis membranacea (C. Agardh) Borgesen
St. John: 8, 67-483, drifted ashore. St. Andrew: 11, 67-
559, R-173 A, drifted ashore and abundant on the inshore
reef. St. Mark: 6, 67-425, R-266, soft tufts common on
rocks of the peninsula to Scotts Head.

*Boodlea composita (Harvey) Brand

St. Mark: 6, 67—426, R-268, forming dense cushions on
rocks along the peninsula to Scotts Head.

*Struvea anastomosans (Harvey) Piccone

St. John: 9, 67-492, scarce as attached to rocks along the
beach. St. Andrew: 11, R-170, epiphytic on Digenia on
the inshore reef. St. Mark: 6, 67^34, scarce on the rocks
along the shore of the peninsula to Scotts Head.

*Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C. Agardh

St. Andrew: 11, 67-580, in the drift, probably from the
rocky reef offshore; 12, R-214, on the coral reef.

A plant of crevices in exposed reefs and rocky shores,
seldom in accessible places on this island.

Order SIPHONALES
Family CAULERPACEAE

*Caulerpa cupressoides (West) G. Agardh, var. cupressoides
St. Andrew: 11, R-154, on the offshore reef, and R-185,
on a coral-cobble bottom at 6-9 dm depth.

*Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium (J. Agardh) Weber-
van Bosse f. elegans (Crouan) Weber-van Bosse.

St. Joseph: 2, R-318, 67—337, occasional colonies growing
on the sand.

*Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh

St. Andrew: 11, 67-534, on rocks beyond the inshore reef
at a depth of 6—12 dm.

Caulerpa sertularioides (Gmelin) Howe

St. Paul: 1, 67-363, drifted ashore. St. Joseph: 2, R-319,
67-463, on cobbles at about 6 dm depth. St. Andrew: 11,
R—186, on the inshore reef.

NUMBER 3

7

*Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) G. Agardh

St. Andrew: 11, 67-540, attached to rocks beyond the
inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth.

*Udotea flabellum (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux ^

St. Andrew: 12, R-218, very scarce, in ofTshore tide-pools;
11, R-150.

*Penicillus capitatus Lamarck

St. Andrew: 11, R-151, R-174, R-187, frequent in off-
shore rock tide-pools.

Halimeda simulans Howe

St. John: 8, at 11-28 m, W. L. Schmitt, 28 iii 56. Re-
ported in Hillis 1959, p. 369 (but in University of Michigan
Herbarium ) .

*Codium isthmocladum Vickers

St. Paul: 1, 67-364, one large specimen drifted ashore.
St. Andrew: 11, 67-532, infrequent as attached to rocks
beyond the inshore reef at 6—12 dm depth.

Class PHAEOPHYCEAE
Order ECTOCARPALES
Family ECTOCARPACEAE

*Ectocarpus breviarticulatus J. Agardh

St. Paul: 1, 67-330, on large boulders. St. Joseph: 4, 67-
407, on rocks along the shore. St. John: 9, 67—502, on
rocks off the sandy beach. St. Mark: 6, 67—441, rocks along
the peninsula to Scotts Head.

*Giffordia mitchellae (Harvey) Hamel

St. Joseph : 4, 67-409, on rocks along shore.

Order SPHACELARIALES
Family SPHACELARIACEAE

*Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini

St. Paul: 1, 67-325, scarce, on the large rocks along shore.

Order DICTYOTALES
Family DICTYOTACEAE

*Dilophus guineensis (Kiitzing) J. Agardh

St. Paul: 1, 67-365. St. Joseph: 2, 67-394, brought ashore
on a fisherman’s net, coll. Rhyne; 4, 67—411, on scattered
rocks. St. Mark: 6, R-277, at depths of 6-30 m; R-294A,
the south side.

This species is widely distributed and very common on
other islands, but since often small in the intertidal zone of

In a paper in press, written subsequent to the preparation
of this Dominica report, the senior author questions the cor-
rectness of the joint citation of Ellis and Solander as authors
of several species names.

exposed shores it may have been neglected in collecting on
Dominica.

*Dilophus alternans J. Agardh

St. Andrew: 11, 67-579, drifted ashore.

Dictyota bartayresii Lamouroux

Grieve (1909, p. 10) lists this (as D. bartayresiana) with-
out citing a definite station, but there is nothing implausible
about the record.

*Dictyota divaricata Lamouroux
St. John: 8, 67—490, drifted ashore.

*Dictyota indica Sonder

St. Joseph: 4, 67-386, one plant only.

*Dictyota cervicornis Kiitzing

St. John: 8, 67—480, attached on rocks along the shore.

*Dictyota ciliolata Kiitzing

St. Joseph: S&W— 27861 , south of Mero. St. John: 8, 67—
471, frequent as attached to the rocks. St. Andrew: 11,
67—583. St. Mark: 6, R—300, on the south side, frequent at
1 2-30 dm depth.

*Dictyota jamaicensis W. R. Taylor

St. Paul: S&W-27874, between Layou and Goodwill.

*Dictyota dentata Lamouroux

St. Paul: 1, 67-357, numerous plants drifted ashore. St.
Joseph: 4, 67-387, on rocks along the beach. St. Andrew:
11, 67-543, locally common on rocks beyond the inshore
coral reef at 6-12 dm depth. St. Mark: 6, 67-449, on the
south side, frequent as drifted ashore.

Probably quite common but the tendency to limit col-
lections to well-grown plants caused the much more nu-
merous dwarfed ones of the low intertidal zone of exposed
shores to be neglected. This is true for the Dictyotas and
Padinas in general, for unless the plants are well grown
the identifications are always unreliable.

Dictyopteris delicatula Lamouroux

St. George: 3, 67-355, scarce as washed ashore. St. Joseph:
4, 67—401, 67-408. St. John: Grieve (1909, p. 9) lists this
from Portsmouth. St. Mark: 6, R-294B, on the south side,
frequent at 9-30 dm depth.

^Dictyopteris plagiogramma (Montagne) Vickers
St. Andrew: 12, R-256B, a scrap drifted ashore.

*Pocockiella variegata (Lamouroux) Papenfuss

St. Andrew: 11, 67—542, R-184, locally abundant, attached
to rocks and coral cobbles beyond the inshore at 6-12 dm
depth. Also, drifted ashore, 67—578. St. Mark: 6, R-290,
on the south side, at depths of 12-30 dm.

Stypopodium zonale (Lamouroux) Papenfuss

St. Mark: 6, R-289, on the south side, scarce at depths of
3—6 m.

*Padina vickersiae Hoyt

St. Joseph: 4, 67-381 ; scarce at this location.

*Padina gymnospora (Kiitzing) Vickers

St. Joseph: 2, 67—340, common on large rocks scattered
over the sand. St. Andrew: 11, 67-555, common as attached
plants on the inshore reef. St. Mark: 6, R-269, frequent
at depths of 6-12 dm.

Padinas were not uncommon about the island, but often

only 1-2 cm tall and sterile, so that identification was sel-
dom practicable.

365 - 747 0- 70 -2

8

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Order PUNCTARIALES
Family PUNCTARIACEAE

*Colpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derbes and Solier

St. Andrews: 11, 67-530, common as attached to rocks
beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth. St. Mark: 6,
67-429, frequent on rocks along the peninsula to Scotts
Head.

*Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis Borgesen

St. John: S&W-27825 Prince Rupert Bay, Portsmouth
Harbor.

Order FUCALES
Family SARGASSACEAE

Sargassum filipendula C. Agardh

St. Mark: 6, 67-446, on the south side.

The rather inadequate specimens which Grieve (1909,
p. 9) assigned here, without specifying a definite locality,
seem to belong in S. vulgare, so his may be considered a
a rather unsatisfactory new record for the island.

'^Sargassum rigidulum Kiitzing
St. David: 7, 67-453.

Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh

St. George: 3, 67-347, a small amount washed ashore; 1,
67—332, on rocks scattered along the shore; 67-376, drifted
ashore. St. John: Grieve (1909, p. 9) lists this species
from Portsmouth. St. Andrew: 11, 67—560, drifted ashore.
St. David: 7, 67-455. St. Mark: 6, 67-430, R-302,
abundant on rocks at the reef edge at 3-15 dm depth.

, var. * folio sis sirnum (Lamouroux) C. Agardh

St. John: 8, 67-476, 67-477.

Sargassum pteropleuron Grunow

Grieve (1909, p. 9) lists this without a definite station.

^Sargassum hystrix J. Agardh
St. David : 7, 67-452.

Sargassum platycarpum Montagne

St. David: 7, 67-454, on the boulders. St. Mark: 6, R-298,
on the south side, on reef rock at depths of 0. 9-6.0 m.
Grieve (1909, p. 9) lists this species without citing a
definite locality. It does not seem to be as common about
the island, or at least not as well developed, as on several
other islands of the Lesser Antilles.

*Turbinaria turbinata (Linnaeus) Kuntze

St. Mark: 6, R-301 , abundant at the reef edge at depths
of 3-15 m.

Class RHODOPHYCEAE
Order BANGIALES
Family BANGIACEAE

*Erythrocladia subintegra Rosenvinge

St. George: 3, 67-353 p.p., epiphytic on Chaetomorpha
media, intertidal on rocks.

Family COMPSOPOGONACEAE

*Compsopogon caeruleus (Balbls) Montagne

St. Andrew: 12, R-248A, about 185 m from the bay, very
abundant on the roots of Pterocarpus.

Order HELMINTHOCLADIALES
Family HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE

*Helminthocladia calvadosii (Lamouroux) Setchell
St. Andrew: 12, R-250, locally abundant on the reef.

*Liagora ceranoides Lamouroux

St. Joseph: 2, 67—464, common on rocks at a depth of a
meter or somewhat more. St. Andrew: 11, 67—527, fre-
quent on rocks beyond the inshore reef at depths of 6-12
dm.

*Liagora valida Harvey

St. John: 8, 67-469, attached to rocks in shallow water.

*L. decussata Montagne

St. Paul: 11, 67-327, frequent on rocks in shallow water.
St. John: 9, 67-501, abundant in patches on rocks off the
sandy beach.

It was a particular piece of good fortune to find this
very striking species on Dominica, for it has seldom been
collected: on Jamaica (for Phyc. Bor.-Amer. no. 89 by
Pease and Butler), on Guadeloupe (Crouan) and on St.
Vincent (the type-locality).

*Galaxaura squalida Kjellman

St. John: 8, 67—474, attached to rocks in quiet water.
St. Andrew: 11, R-158, very abundant at 3-6 dm. depth.

*Galaxaura subverticillata Kjellman

St. Mark: 6, 67-435, frequent on the rocks of the penin-
sula to Scotts Head.

*Galaxaura rugosa (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux

St. Paul: 1, 67—372B, drifted ashore. St. Andrew: 11,
67-584, drifted ashore. St. Mark: 6, R-262, infrequent.

*Galaxaura cylindrica (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux
St. Paul: 1, 67-372C, drifted ashore. St. Joseph: 4, 67-
377, frequent as drifted ashore; S&W-27850, south of
Mero, on a rocky bottom. St. Andrew: 11, 67-545, R-202,
on cobbles and the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth; 12,
R-233, common at 3-9 dm depth.

*Galaxaura oblongata (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux
St. Paul: 1, 67— 575, drifted ashore.

*Galaxaura marginata (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux

St. Paul: 2, S&W-2781 3 ; 1, 67-368, on a rocky bottom,
and scarce as drifted ashore. St. Joseph: 4, 67-379, scarce
as drifted ashore. St. Andrew: 11, 67-569, drifted ashore;
12, R-23.

Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE

*Asparagopsis taxiformis (Defile) Collins and Hervey

St. Andrew: 11, R-159, abundant over the cobbles at
6-12 dm depth.

NUMBER 3

9

Order GELIDIALES
Family GELIDIACEAE

*Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) Feldmann and Hamel

St. Paul; 2, S&W-27814, on a rocky bottom. St. Mark:
6, 67-431, locally common on the intertidal rocks. St.
Andrew: 11, 67-541, R-189, attached to rocks beyond the
inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth; abundant on this reef,
67-458; 12, R-210, common on the reef.

Gelidiopsis planicaulis (W. R. Taylor) Taylor
St. Andrew: Marigot Bay, R. G. Fennah 1939, in pools on
a rocky ledge. Reported by Taylor (1960, p. 353) without
definite locality.

*Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis

St. Andrew; 11, 67-572, from rocks along shore.

Doubtless a general component of the dense mats of
very small algae which are almost everywhere in exposed
situations on rocks.

*Pterocladia bartlettii W. R. Taylor

St. Paul: 1, 67-331, on intertidal rocks in shallow water.
St. Joseph: 4, 67-380, drifted ashore. St. John: 8, 67—467,
common as attached to rocks in shallow water.

*Pterocladia americana W. R. Taylor

St. John: 8, 67-468, attached to rocks in shallow water.

*Pterocladia pinnata (Hudson) Papenfuss

St. Mark: 6, R-297 , on the atlantic south side, frequent
at 9-30 dm.

Family WURDEMANNIACEAE

*Wurdemannia miniata (Draparnaud) Feldmann and Hamel
St. Mark: 6, 67—438, on the rocks of the peninsula to Scotts
Head.

Order CRYPTONEMIALES
Family RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE

*Ochtodes secundiramea (Montagne) Howe

St. Andrew: 11, 67-577, R—191, drifted ashore, and fre-
quent on the reef.

Many Rhodophyceae when growing exposed to strong
light show strong color changes: i.e., Wrangelia argus
appears nearly black, while Laurencia papillosa changes
from blackish-purple through green to yellow, whereas
Ochtodes maintains its distinctive bright red color.

Family CORALLINACEAE

*Fosliella lejolisii (Rosanoff) Howe

St. Andrew: 11, 67—536, abundant on Thalassia among
coral fragments beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth;
12, R-230A p.p ., on Amansia.

*Fosliella farinosa (Lamouroux) Howe

St. Andrew: 11, 67-582A, R-157, abundant on Thalassia.

Doubtless Fosliellas were much more common about

Dominica than these collection records would indicate, but
Thalassia beds were not conspicuous about the island, and
they furnish the chief habitat for these plants.

Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus) Lamouroux

St. Andrew: 11, 67-552, R-175, attached to rocks as the
common turf-forming element of the inshore reef. St.
Mark; 6, 67^36, on rocks along the peninsula to Scotts
Head.

Amphiroa breviarticulata Areschoug

Grieve (1909, p. 12) reports this without recording a
definite station. The supporting specimen consists of a very
few segments which do not seem to be T. breviarticulata or
A. fragilissima, but possibly might be A. beauvoisii, en-
tangled among Centroceras filaments.

* Amphiroa rigida Lamouroux, var. antiUana Borgesen

St. Andrew: 11, 67-533, locally common as attached to
rocks and coral beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth.

*Corallina cubensis (Montagne) Kiitzing
St. Paul : 1, 67-371, scarce as drifted ashore.

*Corallina subulata Ellis & Solander

St. Andrew; 11, 67-585, scarce as drifted ashore.

*Jania capillacea Harvey

St. Andrew: 11, R-189 A. St. Mark: 6, 67-439B, on the
rocks of the peninsula to Scotts Head.

'^Jania rubens (Linnaeus) Lamouroux

St. Joseph: 2, 67-335, occasional good colonies in shallow
water. St. Andrew: 11, 47-550, attached to Digenia on
rocks of the inshore reef. St. Mark : 6, 67—432, R—260,
common on rocks along the peninsula to Scotts Head, form-
ing extensive mats at 6-1 2 dm depth.

Family GRATELOUPIACEAE

Grateloupia filicina (Wulfen) C. Agardh

St. George: 3, 67-349, common intertidally on rocks.
St. Paul : 1, 67—327, common on intertidal rocks. St. Joseph;

4, 67-397, common on the rocks. St. John: 8, 67^89,
drifted ashore; 9, 67—493, 67—503, common locally on
rocks and drifted ashore. St. David: 7, 67-461, often
dwarf, on rocks in the surf.

Grieve ( 1909, p. 1 1 ) reports this species without definite
locality. He also reports the var. filiformis J. Ag., and
G. prolongata J. Ag. with its var. cauda De Toni, but the
record specimens do not seem distinct from G. filicina, simply
being poorly developed individuals.

*Grateloupia cuneifolia J. Agardh

St. George: 3, 67—350, common on the rocks. St. Luke:

5, 67-420, on the rocks.

Grieve (1909, p. 1 1 ) reported G. cutleriae Kiitzing with-
out a definite station. The record specimens seems referable
to G. cuneifolia.

Grateloupia versicolor J. Agardh

Grieve (1909, p. 11) reported this plant without a
definite station, but no confirming specimen has become
available. The record is very doubtful, since the type of
the species comes from Pacific Mexico, and it is not certainly
known from Atlantic waters.

*Cryptonemia luxurians (Mertens) J. Agardh
St. David: 7, 67^50.

10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Order GIGARTINALES
Family GRACILARIACEAE

*Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss

St. Paul : 1, 67— 367 , occasional as drifted ashore.

*Gracilaria debilis (Forsskal) Borgesen

St. Andrew; 11, 67-554B, attached to rocks of the inshore
reef ; 12, R-23I, frequent at the reef edge.

*Gracilaria damaecornis J. Agardh

St. Paul: 1, 67-370, scarce as drifted ashore. St. Andrew:
11, 67-554B, attached to rocks of the inshore reef.

*Gracilaria ferox J. Agardh

St. George: 3, 67-352, frequent on the intertidal rocks.

*Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J. Agardh

St. Joseph: 12, R-314, R-325, common on the reef at
3-6 dm. St. John: S&W— 27847 p.p. Prince Rupert Bay,
Portsmouth Harbor.

*Gracilaria domingensis Sender

St. Paul: 1, 67-374, large plants common as washed
ashore. St. Joseph : 2, Rhyne 67-392, brought ashore on a
fisherman’s net; R-309, 67-342, drifted ashore and on
stones among black sand; 4, 67-383. St. Andrew: 11,
R-178, infrequent.

Narrow-bladed, generously branched specimens suggest
a connection with G. cervicornis, but the sparingly
branched individuals with long axes 2 cm broad are so
markedly different that merging the species seems un-
reasonable.

'^'Gracilaria mamtnillaris (Montagne) Howe

St. Paul: 2, S&W— 27815. St. Joseph: 4, 67-415, on rocks
along shore, a somewhat peculiar form of recurved habit.

*Gracilaria sjostedtii Kylin

St. John: S&W-27834, Prince Rupert Bay, Portsmouth
Harbor.

Family SOLIERIACEAE

*Eucheuma echinocarpum Areschoug

St. Andrew: 11, 67—558, 67—576, drifted ashore; 12, R—
235, infrequent along the reef edge.

"^Eucheuma schrammi (Crouan) J. Agardh

St. Andrew: 12, R-236, infrequent along the reef edge.

Agardhiella tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz — Plants tending to
a colonial habit, the bases ramified and intertwined, attach-
ing by small digitate holdfasts, generally bearing several
erect axes; erect portions to 10-25 cm tall, 1. 5-2.0 mm
diameter, widely and irregularly alternately branching, or
with distinct excurrent axes which bear a few similar inde-
terminate branches and, alternately and radially, numerous
subsimple, somewhat more slender, acute-tipped branchlets.
Structurally showing a cortex of a single compact surface
layer of small chromatophore-bearing cells with two,
seldom to four layers of inner colorless cells increasing in
size toward the center; the medullary cavity more or less
loosely filled with filaments of three types, consisting of one
or more major longitudinal filaments ( 18)-32-45-(65) n
diameter which eventually become very thick walled, and

which occasionally bear short slender lateral branchlets
that may divide several times to connect with other fila-
ments and the cortex, and also as the third type numerous
very slender thin-walled loosely anastomosing filaments
(3.8)-4.7-6.5-( 10.0) /r diameter. Zonate tetrasporangia
occur in the outer cortex, ( 17)-23— 31— (46) fx diameter,
3 6-46- (60) fi long. The cystocarps are also immersed in
the cortex, causing moderate lateral swelling, discharging
through a pore. Spermatangia were not seen on this
material.

Because of the large number of collections studied,
only a small representative sampling can be cited.
While almost all countries and islands are mentioned,
not all provinces, counties, or parishes could be
included. Except for specimens of historical interest,
collection dates are not significant enough to justify
inclusion.

FLORIDA: Dade County, Key West, W. H. Harvey 40
(as Rhabdonia baileyi), February 1850 (NY); Brevard

County, Indian River, E. Palmer 51, 1874 (WRT).

BAHAMAS: New Providence Island, Nassau, M. S. Synder
s. n., 1895 (UM). CUBA: Habana Province, Playa de
Marianas, Baker & Van Heuman s. n., (NY) ; Oriente
Province, Gibara, Diaz-Pifferer 123 (WRT). JAMAICA:
no location. Pease & Butler s. n., 1900 (NY) ; St. Thomas
Parish, Roselle, Taylor 56-168 (UM). HAITI: southwest
peninsula, southwest coast, Anse a Drick, C. R. Orcutt 9794
(NY), same but northwest coast, Jeremie, H. H. Bartlett
17869 (UM). PUERTO RICO; San Juan Province, Catano,
M. A. Howe 2271 (NY) ; Mayaguez Province, Mayaguez,
Diaz-Pifferer 2067 (NY). VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Thomas
Island, Charlotte Amalie, F. Borgesen s. n., (NY) ; St. Croix
Island, Christiansted, Borgesen 193 (UM). NEVIS: St.
Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, Taylor 68-141
(UM). ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, causeway to Rat Island,
Taylor 67-274 (UM). GUADELOUPE: Saunay, C. LcGallo
160 (WRT). DOMINICA: St. Joseph; 4, 67-358, 67-389,
67-416; St. Paul 2, 67-369. ST. VINCENT: St. George
Parish, Galliaqua Bay, G. R. Proctor A.2596 (UM).

BARBADOS; St. Michael Parish, Kensington, A. Vickers,
Algues de la Barbade 123, 13 January 1899; St. Joseph
Parish, Bathsheba, Vickers, ibid., also 123, 26 January 1903
(NY). GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach,
Taylor 66-298. TOBAGO: Rockley Bay, Scarborough,

Taylor 39-500 (UM). TRINIDAD: Taparo Point, W. D.
Richardson 1685 (WRl'). COSTA RICA: Limon Province,
Puerto Limon, C. W. Dodge et al. 42 (WRT). Columbia:
Bolivar Department, Cartagena, F. A. Barkley 18B0009
(WRT). VENEZUELA: Federal District near Caracas,
G. Falcon, 12, 16, 67 (WRT). BRAZIL: Ceara Province,
Fortaleza, F. Drouet 1360 (WRT), Sao Paulo Province, Ilha
Sao Sebastian, .4. B. Joly52 (WRT).

Since I feel that a distinction must be made between
the Agardhiella typical of the West Indies and that of
New England, I have introduced the discussion of this
species with a description entirely based on West Indian

NUMBER 3

11

Figure 1. — Agardhiella tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz: a, from a loose substrate of coarse granular
material showing a loosely entangled basal portion and erect branches without dominant axes
(plant from Tobago) ; b, from a firm substrate, the entangled base compact, the erect portions
with distinctive main axes (plant from Dominica) .

material, excluding reproductive structures not readily
described from herbarium material. In short, the plants
grow in colonies — if on a firm substrate, with compact
fibrous bases felted together, if on broken shells or
corals, with a loose open mat of fibers mingled with
the surface material — and these groups of plants may
come ashore in considerable masses inextricably en-
tangled below, free enough above. As to habit. Figure
\a shows a portion of a clump with the loosely en-
tangled base below, and it is also an example of the
habit where no well-defined axes develop. In contrast,
Figure \b shows a portion of a colony with a densely
felted base and conspicuous erect axes.

Unfortunately, collectors commonly only mount por-
tions of their plants, and representative bases are sel-
dom seen in herbaria. There is a histological character

available which can be used, but requires the utmost
care in manipulation. Freehand sections should be cut
from dried material, or of material in fluid preserva-
tive after partial hardening in alcohol, and the part
selected should be from a main stem near the middle of
the plant, because if too young the structures will not
have matured, and if too near the base the medulla
will be found to be, for mechanical reasons, greatly
compacted. When this is skillfully done and good sec-
tions expanded in water with a little heat, the medulla
should be examined closely. It will be found that strong
filaments run lengthwise of the plant, sometimes singly,
but varying greatly in number. When few they stand
out spectacularly, but when more numerous some are
smaller than others and less distinct. They are thin-
walled at first near branchlet apices, but later the walls

12

SMITHSONI/.N CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

become exceedingly thick and refractive. Figure 2a
shows the aspect in transection, Figure 2b that in longi-
section. In the latter the short intercommunicating
spurs from these thick filaments appear, and also the
irregular, very slender thin-walled filaments which
make up the bulk of the medullary tissue. Near the
apices the short spur filaments are very distinctive as
alternate single-celled projections from the long main
filaments.

In contrast the northern counterpart Agardhiella
lacks these continuous longitudinal filaments, though
in transection some briefly swollen filaments or anasto-
moses may look very like them, but in longisection their
nature is clear. The branches are often coarser and may
reach 4 mm in diameter, the plant bases are not widely
entangled and the tetrasporangia are larger. Its south-
ern range limits seem to be Florida and Texas, for

examples: FLORIDA, Palm Beach County, Jupiter
Inlet, Mrs. G. A. Hall, Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1396 (NY),
Levy Co., Cedar Keys, M. A. Howe 6884 (NY).
TEXAS, Galveston County, Galveston Bay, C. E. Burt
s.n. (UM).

I refer to microscopic differences between the south-
ern and northern plants with some misgivings, since the
observations were made up>on herbarium material.
Measurements of tetrasporangia in a few samples of
northern material under the same treatment accorded
those from the West Indies gave measurements of
(37) -46-60- (78) diam., (69)-73-92-(110) /x in
length, so that a more extended series might confirm
that they are about twice as large. The structure of the
cystocarp in New England materia! has long been well
known (Kylin 1928). All too few specimens of the
West Indian plants with cystocarps have been avail-

Figure 2. — Agardhiella tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz: a, transection of main axis, details only
partly filled in, showing cortical structure and large and small filaments of the medulla (plant
from Costa Rica) ; b, partial longisection of the medulla, showing large and small filaments,
with the lateral branches from the large ones connecting with others (plant from Costa Rica).

NUMBER 3

13

able, and of course they had been dried. While the
sections made were far from good, it appeared that the
carpospore mass was surrounded by a sheath of fila-
ments, varying from substantial to vestigial in different
cystocarps, while rare to scarce trabeculae composed
of single filaments penetrated from this sheath into the
carposporangial mass. This seemed to be hollow, with
the more mature carposporangia separated from a
slender stalklike cell by a less mature sporangial rudi-
ment. This looked more like Kylin’s figure of Solieria
(1956, fig. 207D) than like Agardhiella (Taylor 1962,
pi. 59, fig. 9) as drawn from New England material.
If this is confirmed, it is doubtful that the northern and
southern plants attributed thus far to Agardhiella
tenera can be kept in the same genus.

It has been many years since the senior author first
suspected that plants from the West Indies ascribed
to Agardhiella tenera differed from those found on the
New England coast. Until the present he has not had
occasion to study their structure comparatively, or to
trace the significant records of the species from various
latitudes in the literature. J. G. Agardh described
Gigartina tenera ( 1841, p. 18) from the warmer coasts
of North America and the West Indies. Bailey ( 1848,
p. 39) lists Rhabdonia baileyi as a Harveyan manu-
script name, the plants from Fort Hamilton, Staten
Island and Long Island, New York. Kutzing (1849,
p. 777) presented Sphaerococcus tener from the West
Indies with Agardh’s name in synon)TTiy. Agardh
(1852, p. 353) shifted his plant to Rhabdonia with
G. tenera and S. tener as synonyms, limiting the distri-
bution to the West Indies, and specifically mentioning
Haiti, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix, but not indicating
which specimens he had before him in 1841, though
some he surely did. Harvey (1853, p. 122) assigned
plants to Solieria chordalis J. Agardh, with a range
from Cape Cod to Key West, Florida, which are clearly
the northern Agardhiella (plate 23A), while he men-
tions R. baileyi as undescribed, and assigns it to S.
chordalis with reservations. That he recognized dif-
ferences between the northern and southern plants is
not only clear from his text (1853, p. 122), but in his
Colombia paper (1861, p. 177) he lists S. chordalis as
extra-tropical and R. tenera as tropical and present at
Cartajena. Nevertheless he labeled Key West material
{Harvey 40 at NY) as R. baileyi which seems on struc-
tural grounds to be of the West Indian type and so not
like that of Long Island, New York. Kutzing (1866,

p. 26, pi. 74) reintroduced Rhabdonia baileyi with a
description, ascribing it to Harvey, with its range the
Atlantic coast of North America, and a little later
(1868, p. 27, pi. 75) described as new Sphaerococcus
tenuis from the Bahamas. His drawing of the axis
structure of S. tenuis is incorrect, for by the kindness
of Dr. J. Th. Koster and Dr. W. F. Prud’homme van
Reine of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, I was able to
section a fragment of the type and found it to corre-
spond structurally to that of other West Indian speci-
mens of Agardhiella. Agardh later ( 1876, p. 592) rein-
troduced the concept of a mainland range, including in
synonymy Solieria chordalis Harvey non C. Agardh.
Schmitz ( 1889, p. 371 ) mentions Agardhiella as a new
genus and cites A. tenera as formerly in Rhabdonia,
but gives no generic diagnosis, correcting this much
later (1896, p. 371), though not citing the place of
publication in Rhabdonia or Gigartina. Farlow in his
first substantial listing of American marine algae ( 1873,
p. 289) listed Solieria chordalis from southern Massa-
chusetts and Long Island while later (1875, p. 368),
retaining our plant in Rhabdonia, he assigned no lo-
cality, but the next year accepted the range as Cape
Cod southward and the West Indies (1876, p. 698)
continuing this in his New England text (1881, p.
159). Thus the pattern for the customary American
treatment was set. DeToni (1897, p. 322) accepted
Agardhiella with A. tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz as the
only species. His description “Frons a radice fibrosa
surgens . . .” fits our West Indian plant very well, but
he adopts the wider range for the species. Kylin ( 1928,
p. 67) described the structure of the Massachusetts
material, though he later recognized (1932, p. 16)
that the type of the species came from the West Indies,
without changing his descriptions.

In short, if one accepts the West Indian area as the
type district and the plants as I have described them
as typical, then the northern materials described in the
literature (as referred to in Taylor 1962, p. 267), and
with representative specimens mentioned earlier, must
be distinguished by their own name, for which the
best available seems to be Agardhiella baileyi (Harv.
ex Kiitz) W. R. Taylor n. comb. ( = Rhabdonia baileyi
Harvey ex Kutzing 1866, p. 26) . The lectotype should
be the specimen illustrated by Kutzing (1866, pi. 74,
figs, c, d) from Greenport, Suflfolk County, on the
northeastern end of Long Island, New York. This is, in

14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

the Kiitzing herbarium at Leiden, designated no. 37
from Bailey. I have sectioned a fragment of it by the
kindness of the curator, Dr. W. F. Prud’homme van
Reine, and it shows clearly the thallus and cystocarp
structure which characterize the New England plant
we have been calling A. tenera. A Harveyan sjjecimen
from New York in the J. G. Agardh herbarium at Lund
under the early designation of Solieria chordalis (no.
34490) is the characteristic plant as found in open
water from Long Island and the southern shores of
Cape Cod, as is one from Greenport (no. 34492) which
Harvey may very well have received from Bailey and
sent to Agardh.

Through the very great kindness of Dr. O. Almborn,
Keeper of the Herbarium in the Universitets Botaniska
Museum, Lund, I have been able to examine the Rhab-
do7iia tenera specimens in Agardh’s herbarium. Unfor-
tunately, almost all are undated and lack more or less
of the essential data. These have now been examined
histologically, however, and most can clearly be as-
signed to Rhahdonia baileyi (of the earlier terminol-
ogy) or to Agardhiella tenera of warmer seas, leaving
a very few uncertain ones which may belong to a third
very soft species. When Agardh (1852) clarified his
concept of the range of his R. tenera he mentioned
Haiti, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix as sources. I was
unable to get satisfactory sections of the specimens from
Haiti and St. Croix now in the herbarium and they
lacked the distinctive basal parts, but those from Puerto
Rico {ex herb. Binder) could be studied with confi-
dence and agreed with what I found in more recent
material scheduled above. Therefore I suggest that the
latter specimen retaining the base (no. 34480) be
designated the lectotype for Gigartina tenera J. Agardh
(1841, p. 18), later designated Rhabdonia tenera (J.
Agardh) J. Agardh, and currently called Agardhiella
tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz.

Family HYPNEACEAE

*Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kiitzing

St. Joseph; 4, 67-402, forming mats on the rocks in
shallow water.

*Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouroux

St. Joseph: S&W— 27854, south of Mero; 2, 67—345, com-
mon on stones in shallow water. St. John: 8, 67—470,
frequent in similar situations. St. Andrew: 12, R-250,
R—253, R-256A, locally common on the reef and over the
sandy bottom in shallow water.

Family PHYLLOPHORACEAE

*Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) Martius
St. Joseph; 4, 67^04 p.p.

Gymnogongrus tenuis (J. Agardh) J. Agardh

St. George: 3, 67-351, very common on the upper inter-
tidal parts of rocks. St. Paul: S&W-27871 , between Layou
and Goodwill; 1, 67—326, occasional on boulders over black
sand. St. Joseph: 4, 67—380C, in mats of algae drifted
ashore, but dwarf. St. Mark; 6, R-283, on the reef at
6—12 dm depth.

Grieve (1909, p. 10) reports this and the vars. angustata
J. Agardh and brevifolia Holmes without listing definite
stations. The record specimens under the varietal names
do not seem distinctive, simply being rather small.

Order RHODYMENIALES
Family RHODYMENIACEAE

*Botryocladia occidentalis (Borgesen) Kylin

St. Andrew: 11, R—193, locally common at 6—12 dm depth.

Family CHAMPIACEAE

*Coelothrix irregularis (Harvey) Borgesen

St. George ; 3, 67-354, washed ashore on the rocks.

Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey
St. Andrew; \2,R—237A.

Order CERAMIALES
Family CERAMIACEAE

*Wrangelia argus Montagne

St. John: 9, 67-497, common on rocks along the beach.
St. Mark: 6, 67-424, R-304, on rocks along the peninsula
to Scotts Head and on the reef at 6-12 dm depth. St.
Luke: 5, 67-419, locally common on rocks.

*Ceramium subtile J. Agardh

St. Andrew: 11, 67-571 (?), drifted ashore as epiphytic on
Gracilaria.

*Ceramiu:m nitens (C. Agardh) J. Agardh

St. Paul: 1, 67-361 , frequent as drifted ashore. St. Joseph:
4, 67-384, frequent in the drift. St. Andrew: 11, R—190,
mixed with other small algae. St. Mark: 6, R—296, on the
south side, common at depths of 9-30 dm.

Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne

St. Joseph: S&W-27856, south of Mero; 2, 67-341; S&W-
27868, on rocks somewhat below low tide level between
Layou and Goodwill. St. Andrew: 11, 67—586, drifted
ashore; 12, R-206, R-221, very common high on the
reef and in tidepools. St. Mark; 6, 67— 439 A, on the rocks
along the peninsula to Scotts Head.

*Spyridia aculeata (Schimper) Kiitzing

St. Joseph : 4, 67-406, on rocks in shallow water.

NUMBER 3

15

Family RHODOMELACEAE

*Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Bornet) Falkenberg

St. Andrew: 11, 67-528, among other algae attached to
the rocks beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth,

*Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa Borgesen

St. Joseph: 4, 67-403, attached to rocks along the shore.
St. Mark: 6, 67-427, dwarf, on rocks along the penin-
sula to Scotts Head.

*Polysiphonai binneyi Harvey

St. Joseph: 4, 67-400, attached to rocks along the shore.

*Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr

St. Andrew: 12, R-244, where intertidal on cobbles, and
R—249 on the inshore reef and its vicinity (both det, G. W.
Hollenberg) .

*Bryocladia thyrsigera (J. Agardh) Schmitz

St. Andrew: 12, R—245, abundant on cobbles in shallow
water. St. David: 7, 67-459, at a high intertidal level on
the boulders.

*Bryocladia cuspidata (J. Agardh) De Toni
St. Andrew: \2,R-251.

*Bryothamnion triquetrum (Gmelin) Howe

St. Joseph: 2, R—316. St. Andrew: 11, 67—539, R—177,
common as attached to rocks beyond the inshore reef at
6-12 dm depth. Seemingly not widespread on Dominica.

*Bryothamnion seaforthii (Turner) Kiitzing

St. Andrew: 11, 67—574, drifted ashore; 12, R—230B, on
the edge of the reef at 6-12 dm depth; R-210, on the reef
at Pointe La Soie.

*Digenia simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh

St. Andrew: 11, 67-549, R-192, abundant attached high
in the intertidal zone on the inner reef.

This is another of the usually ubiquitous species of the
upper intertidal zone seldom collected on this visit. It is
commonly very stunted and loaded with epiphytes and,
thus concealed, doubtless widespread about the island.

*Bostrychia rivularis Harvey

St. Andrew : 12, R—248, abundant on Pterocarpus roots.

*Herposiphonia secunda (C. Agardh) Ambronn
St. Mark: 6, R—307 A, on the offshore reef.

*Amansia multipda Lamouroux

St. Andrew: 11, 67-556, drifted ashore. 12, R-230A,
frequent at the reef edge to 3 dm depth.

*Vidalia obtusiloba (Mertens) J. Agardh
St. Andrew: 11, 67—582, drifted ashore.

*Enantiocladia duperreyi (C. Agardh) Falkenberg

St. Paul: 1, 67—359, frequent as drifted ashore. St. Joseph:
2, R-308; 4, 67-382, drifted ashore.

*Chondria littoralis Harvey

St. Joseph: 2, R-315, 67-346, on small rocks scattered
over the black sand just below low tide line and to 12 dm
depth; 4, 67-391 , on the submerged cobbles.

This species as ordinarily encountered in very shallow
water is pale yellow or nearly colorless; unless very promptly
mounted or preserved it is liable to decay after collecting.

*Acanthophora muscoides (Linnaeus) Bory

St. Paul: S&W— 27863 between Laybu and Goodwill.

Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Borgesen

St. Paul: S&W-27817 ca. 0.8 km south of the Layou River.

St. Joseph: 4, 67-412. St. John: 9, 67-491, infrequent,
but on rocks near the shore.

Grieve ( 1909, p. 10, as A. thierii Lamx.) reports this with
some doubt as to its identity and without a specific location.
*Laurencia corallopsis (Montagne) Howe

St. Andrew: 11, 67-547, 67-563, common as attached on
the inner reef and drifted ashore.

*Laurencia papulosa (Forsskal) Greville

St. Joseph: 4, 67-417, attached to rocks in shallow water
near high tide line. St. John: 8, 67^78, in similar situa-
tions. St. Andrew: 11, 67-557, drifted ashore; 12, R—207,
R—208, common on the reef. St. Mark: 6, 67-442, attached
near high tide line to rocks along the peninsula to Scotts
Head.

This species is all but ubiquitous in exposed situations
near high tide level on rocks, and when thus exposed to
strong light its normal blackish-purple color does not
develop, so that the plants appear bright greenish-yellow.
Laurencia poitei (Lamouroux) Howe

St. Andrew: 12, R-234. A juvenile form with flat blades
and axes. Grieve (1909, p. 11, as L. tuberculosa) lists this
without recording a definite station.

* Laurencia scoparia J. Agardh

St. Andrew: 12, R-255, drifted ashore.

*Laurencia intricata Lamouroux

St. Andrew: 11, 67-546, 67-587, scarce, attached to the
inner reef and drifted ashore.

*Laurencia microcladia Kiitzing

St. Joseph: 4, 67-413, attached to rocks in shallow water.
St. Andrew: 11, 67-588, drifted ashore, St. Mark: 6,
67—444, on the rocks of the peninsula to Scotts Head.

Literature Cited

(For a more complete listing of publications referring to the
distribution of West Indian marine algae see Taylor, 1960)

Agardh, J. G.

1841. In Historiam Algarum Symbolae. Linnaea, 15:1-
50, 443-457.

1852, 1876. Species, Genera et Ordines Algarum . . .,
II. Species. . . . Floridearum . . ., 2 ( 2 ) : 337— 720.
1852. HI(1): Epicrisis Systematis Floridearum,
3(1) :i-vii+l-724. 1876.

Bailey, J. W.

1848. Continuation of the List of Localities of Algae in
the United States. American Journal of Science,
II, 6:37-42.

Borgesen, F.

1913-20. The Marine Algae of the Danish West Indies.
Dansk Botanisk Arkiv . . ., 1— 3 : 228-|-504 pages,
435 figures. (For details see Taylor, 1960.)

Collins, F. S., Holden, L, and Setchell, W. A.

1895—1910. Phycotheca Boreali- Americana (Exsiccata) .
Fascicles 1-46 and A-E. Malden, Massachusetts.
DeToni, G. B.

1887. Sylloge Algarum . . .,4(1): Sylloge Floridearum,
i-xx + 1-lxi -j- 1-388.

16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Farlow, W. G.

1873. List of the Seaweeds or Marine Algae of the South
Coast of New England. United States Commis-
sion on Fish and Fisheries, Report on the Condi-
tion of the Sea Fisheries of the South Coast of New
England in 1871-72, 1:281-294.

1875. List of the Marine Algae of the United States with
Notes of New or Imperfectly Known Species. Pro-
ceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, 10(11) :35 1-380.

1876. List of the Marine Algae of the United States.
Report of the United States Commission on Fish
and Fisheries for 1873—4 and 1874—5. Pages 691—
718.

1881. The Marine Algae of New England. Report of the
United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries
for 1879, Appendix A-1 : 1—210, 15 plates.

Feldmann, J.

1948. La Vegetation Marine des Antilles Fran^aises.
Association Frangaise pour I’Avancement des Sci-
ences, Congress de la Victoire, 3:585-586.

Grieve, S.

1909. Notes on Some Sea-weeds from the Island of
Dominicia, British West Indies. Transactions of
the Botanical Society Edinburgh, 24(1): 7-12.

Hamel, G.

1929. Contributions a la Flore Algologique des Antilles.
Annales de Cryptogamie Exotique, 2:53-58, 9
figures.

Hamel, G., and Hamel-Joukov, A.

1931. Algues des Antilles Frangaises (Exsiccata).
Fascicles 1-3. Paris.

Harvey, W. H.

1853. Nereis Boreali- Americana : II, Rhodospermae.

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 5(5):
1-258, plates 13-36.

1861. Algae, with notes by Arthur Schott. Report of the
Secretary of War . . . for An Interoceanic Ship
Canal Near the Isthmus of Darien. 36th Congress,
2d Session, Senate Executive Document 9, IX,
Appendix B, Botany, pages 175-178.

Hillis, L. W.

1959. A Revision of the Genus Halimeda (Order Sipho-
nales). Institute of Marine Sciences, 6:321-403,
12 plates.

Hodge, W. H.

1954. Flora of Dominica, B.W.I. Lloydia 17(1—3):
1—238, 112 figures.

Kiitzing, F. T.

1849. Species Algarum. vi -\- 922 pages. Leipzig.

1866, 1868. Tabulae Phycologicae, 16 :i -j- 35 pages,
100 plates, 1866; 18:i + 35 pages, 100 plates,
1868. Nordhausen.

Kylin, H.

1928. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Florideenstudien. Acta
Universitatis Lundensis, series 2, 24(4) : 1-127, 64,
figures.

1932. Die Florideenordnung Gigartinales. Ibid., 28(8) :
1-88, 28 plates, 22 figures.

1956. Die Gattungen der Florideen. xv -f- 673 pages
portrait, 458 figures. Lund.

Maze, H., and Schramm, A.

1870-77. Essai de Classification des Algues de la Guade-
loupe. xix + 283 -f iii pages. Basse-Terre,
Guadeloupe.

Murray, G.

1888—89. Catalogue of the Marine Algae of the West
Indian Region. Journal of Botany, British and
Foreign, 26:193-196, 1888; 27:237-242, 257-262,
298—305, 1889. Repaged, bound, and reissued, 46
pages, plates 284-288, 1889. London.

Questel, A.

1942. The Flora of the Island of St. Bartholomew and Its
Origin, vii -|- 224 pp., frontispiece, maps.
(1941). Basse-Terre.

1951. La Flore de la Guadeloupe. Geographie Generale
de la Guadeloupe et Dependences, II et HI. Geo-
graphic Biologique, I. La Flore. 327 pages, 8
plates, 117 figures, 2 maps. Basse-Terre.

Schmitz, F.

1889. Systematische Ubersicht der bisher bekannten Gat-
tungen der Florideen. Flora, 72:435-456, plate
21.

Schmitz, F. and Hauptfleisch, P.

1896. Rhodophyllidaceae, in Engler and Prantl, Die
Naturlichen Pfianzenfamilien, 1(2) : 366-382, fi-
gures 222-227.

Taylor, Wm. Randolph

1940. Marine Algae of the Smithsonian-Hartford Expedi-
tion to the West Indies, 1937. Contributions from
the United States National Herbarium, 28:549—
562, plate 20.

1960. Marine Algae of the Eastern Tropical and Sub-
tropical Coasts of the Americas. Lx -h 870 pages,
14 photographs in text, 80 plates. Ann Arbor,
Michigan.

1962. Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North
America. Edition 2, 2nd. printing, with correc-
tions. ix -|- 509 pages, 60 plates. Ann Arbor,
Michigan.

Vroman, M.

1968. The Marine Algal Vegetation of St. Martin, St.
Eustatius and Saba {Netherlands W^t Indies).
Dissertation, 120 pp., 20 figures, 10 plates. Utrecht.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1970 0-365 -747

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