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INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC,
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BOLANICAL
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COMPOSITION AND MEDICAL PROPERTIES.
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Br CHARLES A. LEE, M.D.,
in ti
SSOF or waverth meprca IN GENEVA MEDICAL COMLEGE AND THE isle Ks or
BUFFALO, ETC. ees
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CONTENTS.
FLowenrinc or Puenoca-
mous PLants. Hypericacee,
Exogenous Plants. Hypericum,
Polypetalous Exoge- | Caryophyllacee,
nous Plants. Page| Silene,
Ranunculacee, 3, Saponaris,
Cle:natis, 3\ Stellaria,
Anemone, 3 Malvacee,
Hepatica, 4| -Malva,
Ranunculus, 4 Altherea,
Flammula, 4| Hibiscus,
Caltha, 4 Linacee,
Trollius, 4 Linum,
Coptis, 4) Geraniacee,
Helleborus, 5 | Geranium .
Delphinum, 5 Oxaliacee,
Aconitum, 5 Oxalis,
Actea, 6| Balsaminacee,
Cimicifuga, 6| Lmpatiens,
’ Zanthoriza, 6| Anacardiacee,
Hydrastis, 7\__ Rhus,
Aquilegia, 7| Xanthoxylacee,
Thalictrum, 7| Xanthoxylum,
Magnoliacee, 7|__ Ptelea,
agnolia, 7 | Hippocastinacee,
Liriodendron, 7| Zéscalus,
Anonacie, 8 | Celastracee,
Uvaria, 8| Celastrus,
Menispermacee, g8| Eunonymus,
Menispe x 8 Rhamnacee,
Berberidace g| Rhamnus,
Berberis, 8| Ceanothus,
Leontice, 9 Vitacee,
Podophyjlum, 9| Vitis,
Jeffersonia, 9 | Polygalacee,
Cabombacee, 9 Polygala,
Brasenia, 9 | Leguminose,
Nelumbiacee, 10| Vicia,
Nelumbium, 10| Phaseolus,
Nympheacee, 10} Apios,
‘Nymphea, 10} Amphicarpea,
Nuphar, 10} Robinia,
Papavaracee, 10| Zephrosia,
. Sanguinaria, 10| Trifolium,
Papaver, ll Melilotus J
Chelidonum, 11| Genista,
Fumariacee, 11 | Buptisia,
Fumaria, 11) Cassia,
Crucifere, 11 Cercis,
Nasturtium, 11 Gymnocladus,
Barbarea, 12 Rosacez,
Turritus, 12 ~+=Prunus,
Arabis, 12 Cerasus,
Cardamine, 12s Spireea,
Dentaria, 12; | Gillenia,
Sysimbrium, 12} Geum,
Sinapis, 12} Sanguisorba,
Raphanus, 12; Agrimonia,
Violacee, 12| Poteutilla,
Viola, 12| Fragaria,
‘ Se i
13] Rubus,
13| Rosa,
13} Crategus,
13| Pyrus,
13} Lythracee,
14; Lythrum,
14| Onagracee,
14| (nothera,
14| Cactacee,
14; Opunta,
14) Grossulacee,
14|_ Ribes,
14) Saxifragacee,
14| Heuchera,
15| Hamamelacee,
15| Hamamelis,
15| Crassulacee,
15| Umbellifere,
15| Sanicula,
15} Cicuta,
16| Heracleum,
16; Archangelica,
16} Daucus,
16} Conium,
16} Panax,
17; Cornus,
17|_ Pastinaca,
17} Osmorhiza,
17| Carum,
17\ Feniculum,
18| Anethum,
18; Cuminum,
18| Coriandrum,
18 | Araliacee,
19| Aralia,
24,
19| Monopetalous Exogenous
19 Plants.
19 | Caprifoliaceee,
20; Triosteum,
20;| Sambucus,
20; Viburnum,
20 | Rubiace,
20! Galium,
21 Cephalanthus,
21; Mitchella,
21| Valerianacee,
21| Valeriana,
21 | Composite,
21| Liatris,
21 Eupatorium,
22, Tussilago,
23| Aster,
23| Erigeron,
23} Solidago,
23| Inula,
23! Pluchea,
23; Rudbeckia,
23| Helenium,
28
Maruta,
Anthemis,
Achillea,
Helianthus,
Tanacetum,
Artemisia,
Gnaphalium,
- Erechtites,
Cacalia,
Senecio,
Arnica,
Centaurea,
Cnicus,
Carduus,
Lappa,
Cichorium,
Hieracium,
Nabalus,
Taraxacum,
Lobeliacee,
Lobelia,
Epigea,
Clethra,
- Gautiera,
Andromeda,
Rhododendron,
_ Kalmia,
Ledum,
Vaccinium,
Gaylussacia,
Chimaphilla,
wie,
Ilex,
- Prinos,
Ebenacee,
Diospyros,
: Sentara eee,
_ Plantago,
| epenecees
as Epiphegus,
Bignoniacee,
Catalpa,
Scrophulariaceer,
Verbascum,
Scrophularia,
Linaria,
Collinsia,
Chelone,
Gratiola,
Veronica,
Pederota,
Verbenacee,
Verbena,
: Labiate,
Mentha,
Lycopus,
; Ericacee,
$ &. Arctostaphylos, .
, »
CONTENTS. = hat ~
Page P. * Page
, e AV
32/ Monarda, 23 Quercus, 51
32} Pycnanthemum, 43] Fagus, © ~~ ~~ 52
32 Origanum, aD aa! Castanéa, § “rs 52
32} Collinsia, | **43| Myricacee, 52
33| Canila, 44) Mbyrica, 52
33| Hedeoma, 44; Complonia, — 52
33| Melissa, - 44] Betulacee, 252
33} Scutellaria, 44| Betula, » 52
33| Nepeta, 44) Alnus, 52
33} Leonurus, 44 | Salicacee, 53
33| Marrubium, 45| Salix, 53
34 | Boraginacee, - 45! Populus, 53
34/| Pulmonaria, ' 45} Urticacer, 53 @ 4
34| Lithospermum, 45| Morus, 53
34| Symphytum, 45| Urtica, 53
34} Cynoglossum, 45| Cannabis, 54
“e Convolvulus, 45| Humulus, —=54
5 | Solanacee, 46
35| Nicotiana, 46 | _Gymnosp ermous Plants.
35| © Datura, 46 Conifere, ° Bg
35| Hyoscyamus, 46 “oat: SIH
36| Solanum, - 46 i sabre oe 54
36 | Gentianacee, 46 Thuya, 5A
36| Gentiana, AG Juniperus,
36| Frasera, 46| Taxus, 2”
36| Erythrea, 47 —
36|° Sabbatia, AT are set or Monoco
37| Menyanthes, 7 Pe recess 55
37 | Apocynacee, 46 pee 55
37{ Apocynum, p47 cons of 55
37 | Asclepiadacee, ‘AT Symploe 55
38| Asclepias, EP AT Aone . 55
: . ? .
38 | Oleacee, 49 by nadem Pe cs
= Ligustrum, 4B Atma N55
9 2 i l end
39} Apetalous Exogenous Cronipediaal =
er Plants. Iridacew, 56
39 | Aristolochiacee, ina ; 56
- 39 Aristolochia, 48 SE, nae 56 “
39| _ Asarum, 48)" Tyillium ort 5g
40 | Chenopodiacee, 48 PE Te | .
40} Ambrina, 48 Polygonatum, Sy.
40 | Poly gonacee, 49 5h Smilax r 57
40)" Polygonum, 491 Tiliacee, 57
40} Rumex, 491 Tinm, 57
40) Phytolaccacee, A9 Erythronium 57
40| Phytolacea, 49} Aliium 7 57
- 41| Lauracee, 50 ‘Aletiin, 57
41) Sassafras, 50 Melanthacee, 58
41; Benzoin, 4 5 Veratrum)" 58
41|Thymelacee, 301; | Felenius wi 5g
41| Dirca, 50 Filices. 7 irl ss
41 | Ulmacee, 50} Polypodium anit t ee"
42) Ulmus, B01 OR dint. 58
42 Celtis, - 50 _ Aspidi 4 : 58
42|)Euphorbiacee, — 50}. oui 4
42| Euphorbia, --. 50| Natur: Orders contain-
42|Jaglandacer, ” 51 i 1-medicinal
42| Juglans, 51 plants, Pe 59
42 | Cupulifere, 51 Natal Orders contain-
43} Corylus, 51 inggnedicinal plants, 60
Sd *
for acquiring a very complete knowledge of the entire natural hist
#
le
a
_ pwould enable us to supply ; and we have accordingly prepared such a —
* 4,
iii
ties of
+",
(BRAY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL ,
GARDEN )
MEDICINAL PLANTS
4
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NEW-YORK.,
Set ;
Tue State of New-York, embracing an area equal to the whole of
Great Britain, abounds in natural resources ofan almost inexhaustible
character; furnishing as many incitements to mental and physical
labor, as any territory of the same extent on the habitable globe.
These resources are, through the liberality of the state government, and
_the enterprise of private individuals, becoming rapidly. developed, and
ina few more years, at farthest, we shall dbditlene have the materials
-
of the state. We have thought that we should do our readers a ser-
vice, and add our mite towards the advancement of this great work, if
we presented i in our pages, in a moderate compass, as full a list of the
medicinal plants of the state, as our present means of information
_ catalogue from all the sources within our reach ; which we now ~
to the profession.
cent “ Flora of the State of New-York,” by Dr. Torrey; without 1
which, indeed, the work could not have been accomplished. We have
also followed Dr. T.’s arrangement, as the best within our knowledge.
One object of our catalogue is, to aid the profession throughout the state,
in further investigating our indigenous materia medica ; and to this end,
we have adopte tural system of arrangement, as the only one
which can serve a sel guide to the medical man in pursuing the
study ae eee science. By comparing the medicinal proper-
offer
In doing this, we have drawn largely from the Tee 4.
My
lants, belonging to the same natural order, he will be |
able to understand how far botanical affinities aid in arriving at a
knowledge of their therapeutic effects, and to avail himself of these
analogies in prosecuting further researches. |
1
‘.
2 MEDICINAL PLANTS east.
* - ie /
The whole number of flowering plants hitherto discovered int Ba a
state, according to Prof. Torrey, is about 1450 species. Of these about
1200 are horbackoae and 150 ornamental. We have 250 species of
woody plants, including eighty that attain the size of trees. ‘There are
also about 150 species of plants that are known to possess medicinal
properties. Of exotics, now naturalized, we have 160 species, many
of which have probably been introduced with grain, and other agricul-
tural products, from abroad. Of such, are nearly all the weeds which
prove so troublesome to the farmer. ‘To the same source we are also
indebted for many of our useful species, as most of our different grasses,
which spring up spontaneously on every hand.
Of Ferns we have about sixty species belonging to the Flora of the
state, some of which are medicinal. The Male Fern does not grow
within the limits of the state. Our Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens, and
Sea-weeds, have as yet been but very imperfectly investigated ; though
many of them would undoubtedly furnish valuable resources to the me-
dical man. When these have become more fully known, we shall no
longer send to Iceland, [reland, and the East Indies, for mucilaginous
mosses, and other remedies of this class. Our Fungi are almost innu-
merable, constituting, probably, at least 3000 species, but few of which
have been thoroughly studied. Here is a wide field for such as wish -
to distinguish themselves by making discoveries in a terra ineogniia.
At present our knowledge scarcely suffices to enable us to distinguish
such as are poisonous from those which are edible and nutritious.
Where is the genius, which is to illustrate this dark region? Where
the man, whose name is to be connected with this branch of natural
science, in all future time?
It is not to be supposed, that the botany of this state is as yet fully “a
explored. A large majority of our phenogamous plants have undoubt-
edly been discovered; but yet we believe that numerous interesting ~~
plants of this class yet remain undetected, besides thousands of the ~~
cryptogamic order. ‘The geological features of our state are greatly Es
diversified, and so is its range of temperature ; and the geographical ~~~
range of plants is as extensive, being governed by both these cireum-
stances. Already we cannumber as many species as are found in the ,
whole of New England. But we have mountainous and alpine regions -
in our state, elevated some 6000 feet above the ocean, which furnish
an alpine vegetation, and which yet remain almost unexplored. We
have many plants on our Atlantic borders, as Long Island, which are
found no where else in the state ; and the same remark will apply to
the valley of the Hudson, and to our mountainous and western and
northern regions. We have many marine plants growing on the bor-
ders of our northern lakes, showing that their waters were formerly
saline. According to Dr. Torrey, our most numerous dicotyledonous
ae - hd — ~
| ; , ae on .
: * ‘ P .
. ay
t | a - ie '
. are the Rawovcvtaces, constitute about 1-38th of the :
x plants ; the Crucirera”, h; the Lecumrinoss, 1-26th ;
_- -25th ; IFE 1-39th ; Comrosirm, 1-9th; Ert- ®
a: ‘34th ; Lap . 1-3 ScropHuLarRiace®, 1-39th. Of - &
edonous plants there are but three large orders, viz, OncHI- ©
hich form about 1-39th of our flowering plants ; Creede } wy 7
-9th, and Graminex, 1-12th; which proportions vary but little from ra 2
the average of the whole Pies of North America. :
> We save o the botanical description of the different orders, ;
nera, and as it would have extended our article beyond the
S : of our pages ; the reader, moreover, is supposed to be furnished ae
‘orrey & Gray’s * Flora,” Eaton & Wright’ s “ Manual,” Wood ‘
k's “ Botany,” with the aid of which he will be easily enabled
sntify any given species. The student in his walks for exercise ;
and the country practitioner in his daily rides, will find an abundan
source of a; i and mental recreation, in studying the various —
plants may be presented to their observation. |
¥
+4
» ’ s
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1 @ “
DIVISION FLOWERING OR PHENOGAMOUS PLANTS. —
CLASS L—EXOGENOUS PLANTS. , by
CLASS 1L—POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. — —
ele Arey:
"NATURAL ORDERS.
eH!
sac Juss. — Crow oe TRIBE. “ss
simple drfind : neither acid nor alkaline ; ; in others, Roe Acc-
ig er the active ingredient i is an alkaloid, hight, z
-leterious even in minute doses. In : some, the only marked es
are those of the pure. bitters, as in Coptis (Gold Thread) & Hi |
Ciematis, (Virgin’s Bower,) three species: in the state. Ocare-
LEUCA ; ML Sghogtas : and (Venrrerntants. _ The Vire. has been
- ( oe oO Ss asa J
of the each ween purge in ‘hyde pie cas es. ;
ae species. Nemorosa, Linn. Cyiinprte:
Ay Linn. Mutrtirwa, Poir. Pennsyiv ANICA, .
prop Bities of Anemone are similar to those of
re i ae The Namorose acts as a poisor to catt ey
. iF ‘ ‘
€ producing bloody urine x convulsions. An ointment of it speedi-
ly cures Tinea capitis. In the recent state most of the species are
acrid and rubefacient. They contain a peculiar crystallizable prin-
ciple, called anemonin, which is converted into anemonic acid, by the
ion of alkalies. The A. Virerntana, Linn., (Thimble weed), is
| posed to possess the power of curing the bite of the Rattlesnake. A
- decoction of the root of the Nemorosa, would probably prove useful in
‘chronic rheumatism.
Hepatica Tritopa, Chaix., (Liverwort or Liverleaf.) A mild,
demulcent, tonic and astringent; slightly diuretic and deobstruent, scent
less and almost insipid. A decoction of it may be drank ad libitum.
Its medical properties are very slight. ”
Ranuncutus, Linn., (Crowfoot Butter-cup.) Of this rae
dca
_ fourteen species, nearly all of which are more or less acrid an
when fresh, but nearly inert when dried.
and ditches, is one the most acrid of the genus, and is sometimes em-
ployed as a vesicant, and the distilled water as an emetic. Most of the
species, when applied to the skin, in a fresh state, act as vesicatories ;
they are apt, however, to cause ulcerations difficult to heal; useful as
counter-irritants in rheumatism, neuralgia, etc., or whenever we wish to
make a powerful impression on the surface. The acrid principle is
volatile, dissipated by heat or drying, and may be separated by distilla-
tion. When chewed, the plant excites violent inflammation in the
mouth and fauces, and if swallowed, a burning sensation in the stomach,
and inflammation. None of the species should be used internally. The
bulbosus and acris are among the most acrid. Decoction inert.
Carttua Patustris, Linn., (Marsh Marigold), used as a pot-herb.
A syrup prepared from it is a popular remedy for coughs. Slight medi-
cinal properties. |
Trotutus Laxus, Salisb., (Globe Flower,) has the same properties
-as the Ranunculus.
_ Cortis Trirotra, Salisb., (Common Gold Thread). A well-known
herbaceous plant, with perennial roots, of a bright yellow color, growing
‘ in swamps and boggy woods. A pure and powerful bitter without any
-_ astringency ; more palatable than any of the pure bitters, imparting its
_ virtues to water and alcohol; useful in all cases where a pure tonic is
indicated, also asa local application in aphthous and other ulcerations of
: the mouth. A very useful stomachic in atonic dyspepsia and loss of ap-
| petite, in form of infusion or tincture. Its virtues depend on a bitter
extractive matter, which is precipitated by nitrate of silver and acetate
of lead. Contains neither resin, gum, nortannin. Dose of substance,
10 to 30 grs.; of the tincture 5j., prepared with 3]. of root to O.j,
diluted alcohol. Might be substituted in many cases for exotic bitters.
The Frammuta, Linn., (Spearwort,) which grows in low wet grounds
ig
ne
“re sa. -YORK. 5
‘ ors .
Hetteporvs* VIRIDIS, Linn., (Green Hellebore). This is an ex-
otic, but naturalized on Long Island. Its medicinal properties, like
those of the other species of Hellekoré, do not depend, like the Ranun-
culus, on an acrid volatile principle, but a permanent resinous sub-
stance, which is weakened but not destroyed by drying. Like the H.
niger, the viridis is a hydragogue purgative and emmenagogue, and
equally valuable ; if anything, more certain and energetic. The acrid
properties of the fresh root are owing to a volatile seid similar to the —
a
cevodic. Chiefly useful as an emmenagogue in cases of torpid func- «
tion; an alterative deobstruent in chronic rheumatism, in form of
eee:
) Derrnrrem,t Tinn., (arkepaep We have one species of this
xotic naturalized, the Consoripa, Linn., (the common Larkspur
our gardens,) which owes its active properties to a peculiar
alkal, delphinia, which resides chiefly in the seeds, a tincture of which ~
has been recommended in asthma, calculus, and as an anthelmintic, in
doses of 20 to 30 drops. It is very active, in small doses, exciting
nausea, vomiting, and inflammation of the mucous membrane. A de-
coction of the flowers was formerly considered efficacious in diseases
of the eyes. The tincture will speedily destroy lice in the hair. Root
the only officinal paft, although all parts are endowed with an acrid and
bitter principle, which is more abundant in the’ seeds, which also con-
tain much oil. The Larkspur is too harsh and violent in its operation
for internal use, and is now chiefly employed in veterinary practice, to
- destroy vermin on horses and other animals. The name consolida was
—_— — ——— a
given to the above species from its supposed efficacy in the healing of
wounds.
Aconitum,{ Linn., (Wolfsbane). We have one native species
of this plant, according to Major Leconte, growing in this state, (Che-
nango county), viz., the Uncrnatum, Linn., which has bright blue
flowers, anda tuberous root. Like all the other species, it contains a
peculiar alkaloid, of a very active nature, aconitine. The Napewuus,
Linn., the officinal species, is cultivated as an ornamental plant in our
gardens. Its active properties are considerably lessened by cultiva-
tion. Root most powerful, though all parts of the plant are active.
Internally, aconite operates powerfully on the cerebro-spinal system,
diminishing its power, and thus producing to a greater or Jess extent,
paralysis of sensation and motion. Applied externally, it first produces
heat and tingling, then numbness, or loss of feeling ; hence useful in
*
* From the Greck, helein, to cause death, and bora, ae the plant being poison-
ous.
t From the Greek, delphin, a dolphin, from the shape of one upper sepal.
t From Acone, a town in Bithynia.
7
rm Jo
MEDICINAL PLANTS
ralgia, rheumatism, and other painful local affections. Owing to g
s extreme activity, ‘it should be used internally with great caution. —
ow a ag tae to two grs. ; extract, half a gr. to one gr. ;
enty drops.
oe”: We have two species of this genus
the Rupra (Bigel) and the Atsa (Bigel),
e of White Cohosh. Of the one, the
ry-red, and of the other, milk-white. The
‘and physical rl paptn the two species, nearly identical-
re " "pee in small doses alterative. Dr.
: Torrey nor ye it is a mi A trinwont and tonic. This plant is
often confounded with i Cimicifuga, an employed in t ace of it.
This has arisen from the fact that Linnzeus placed Cim a in the
class Actea ; ; though Pursh afterwards formed it into a distinct genus.
They are now properly ranked as two distinct genera. Its a
deserve further examination.
Cimicrruca,t Linn., (Bugbane-Cohosh). One species grows
in this state, the Racemosa, Eil., (Black Snake-root, Black Cohosh, :
~ Rattle-weed), the Macrotys of Rafinesque. The root. This is the true
Cohosh, and is a very useful medicine in many diseases; much used
by the Indians as emmenagogue, and in rheumatism. A stimulating
tonic, increasing the cutaneous, urinary, and bronchial secretions, al-
though slightly narcotic ; chiefly valuable in rheumatism, chronic\afiec-* |
tions of the liver and lungs; useful as an alterative, in combination © e
with iodine, in many chronic diseases; good diaphoretic ; used by the 3
Indians as an antidote against the bite of the rattlesnake ; a mild seda-
i _ tive to the nervous system. In large doses, produces vertigo, impaired |
vision, nausea and vomiting, and a reduction of circulation; useful in
dropsy, hysteria, chorea, and early stages of phthisis. Dose of satu- *
rated tincture, 5i.to 5ij.; of decoction, made with 3 i. of root to OJ. *;
» water; O.ss. to O.j., in 24 hours. Its powers depend on a some-
x, what volatile oil and bitter resin, both soluble in alcohol, and partly 86 ’
in water.
ZantTuoriza,i Marsh., (Yellow Root). We have one species,
the Arirrorra, which has a secondary place in the United States Phar-
macopeia. It is tonic, and resembles very closely columbo, quassia,
andthe other simple tonic bitters. May be profitably used in some —
cases. Root is from three inches to one foot long, half an inch thick, +
and intensely bitter; imparts its color and taste to water ; qualities de-
pend on a bitter gum and resin; given in decoction, tincture or pow-
der. —
—
* From the Greek, akte, elder, which its leaves resemble.
t+ From the Latin, cimex, a bug, and fug vo, to drive away.
t From the Greek, ranthus, yellow, and “—- nz =
~ "a ‘
“4
-.
; : f,
OF NEW-YORK. 14
: ie ee ee
Hyprastis* Canapensts, Linn., (Yellow Root). A powerful tonic —
bitter. A decoction of root and fresh juice much used in ophthalmia
of a chronic kind; powdered root a popular application in cancer ;
slighuly narcotic ; phiedarad root said to blister; given in tincture, pow-
der, and decoction. Its virtues deserve further investigation. Used:by,
the Indians as a permanent yellow dye. _
The above are all the genera of RanuNCULACE® growing in the State
of New-York, which are known to possess medicinal properties. There
are, indeed, but two other genera, the Aquiteera, Linn., (Columbine),
and Tuauicrrum,} Linn., (Rue Anemone), belonging to this natural
aa
€
order, in the state, and these, so far as known, are entirely inert. It *
will be seen, that although there is a general resemblance in the pro-
perties of the different genera, yet that, in some instances, there is a
striking dissimilarity, as between the Coptis and Zanthoriza, pure bit-
ters, dest itute of acridity, and the powerfully acrid Aconite and Helle-
bore. Whatever, therefore, may be the external or internal natural
structural affinities, we perceive thata knowledge of the medicinal pro-
perties of one plant of any natural order, is not always a safe guide
to those of another, belonging to the same order.
Orper Il. Macnoniacex, Juss.—(Tae Macnouia Tribe.)
Maenotrat Grauca, Linn., (Common Magnolia. Sweet Bay).
This tree, from 8 to 30 feet high, the only species of the genus, is
found in cedar swamps on Long Island, but not elsewhere in the state.
Bark, stimulating, aromatic, tonic, and diaphoretic, used by the Indians
in autumnal! fever and rheumatism. The warm decoction acts as a
rentle laxative, then as a diaphoretic ; the cold decoction, powder, or
’ ’ P ’ ? :
tincture, as tonic; hence successfully used in intermittent fever, and
'Temittents of a typhoid type, etc.—A tinciure of the cones and seeds
‘
useful in chronic rheumatism, and as a prophylactic against intermit-
tents. Dose of powdered bark, 3ss. to 3j., dekaation or infusion, ad
libitum. The bark affords a green resin, a volatile oil, and a peculiar
__ erystallizable principle ig aa to Lirtodendrin.—The other species
of magnolia possess similar properties.
M. Acumtnata, Linn., (Cucumber tree). Grows in middle and
western parts of the state, medicinal virtues same as former. The
Tripetata (Umbrella magnolia) probably grows in our southern tier
of counties, as it is found in Pennsylvania.
LrriopEnDRON TuLipirerRA, Linn. Grows in this state; common
names, tulip tree, poplar, American poplar, etc. Medical properties
closely resemble those of the magnolia—diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic, an-
._ * From the Greek, hudor, water, from its growing in moist places.
t From the Greek, thallo, to be green, or flourishing.
t Named in honor of Professor Magnol, a French botanist.
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S MEDICINAL PLANTS
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tiperiodic, anthelaiidita’ 3 Bark should be collected during winter—
dose 3}. to 3 ij. pulverized. ‘Taste pungent, aromatic, bitter. Dr. ed %
Emmet discovered in the bark of this tree a new principle which he
called Liriodendrine, solid, brittle, and inodorous at 40°, fusible at
- 180°, and volatile at 270° F. Soluble in alcohol, consists of a resin
. ae and volatile oil. Infusion best form of administration,
*i This article has been used with success in intermittents, dyspepsia,
cee chronic rheumatism, and wherever a mild stimulant tonic is indicated.
These two genera are all that are embraced in this order that belong
to our state, and the same virtues belong to both.
Va
Anonaci&, Juss.—(CUSTARD-APPLE TRIBE.) a
# The order ANonact#® (Cusrarp-Aprrite Trise) furnishes but one
plant indigenous to our state, viz., Uvarta Tritopa, which is found
a in Monroe, Niagara, and Chautauque counties. It occurs as a shrub or
7 tree from 6 to 10 feet high, with a smooth so bark, slender
os branches, and leaves 6 to 8 inches long, 2!4 to 314 S wide, on
| petioles ; flowers purple, mixed with yellow ; fruit oval, 2 to 3.
long, and yellowish. The medical properties of this plant have jot
. been tested in this country; but they deserve investigation, from the
fact that the same genus in Java, possesses powerfully -stimulating,
aromatic properties, and the same probably belong to it here.
t
on
:
MENISPERMACEX, Juss.
The Coccutts or Moonsrep Tribe, includes the Cocculus indicus;
. the Columbo; Pareira brava, etc. North America furnishes six, the
state of New York, one genus belonging to this order. They contain
Pewee or bitter tonic properties, or both combined.
MenisPpermMuM* CanaveEnse, Linn., (Canadian nseed). Not an
common plant in this state; found on the banks of rivers, woods, —
and in thickets. It is a climbing plant, and the root possesses very
valuable tonic and diuretic properties. In Virginia, it is employed ex-
tensively by physicians and in domestic practice, as a substitute a. wf
sarsaparilla in scrofulous and other chronic affections ; asan alterative.
Deserves further trial. :
+
BerBERIDACES, R. Brown.
: a
The — Trise furnishes four genera in our state, all of ’
them possessing valuable medicinal properties, viz., Berseris, Leon-— i
TICE, PoDOPHYLLUM, and JEFFERSONIA.
Bersertst vurcaris, Linn., (Common Barberry). A shrub, 3
* From mene, the moon, and sperma seed; the seeds being Junate.
+ Berberys, the Arabic name of the plant.
‘,
a
OF WEW-YORK. 9
r i
to 8 feet high, leaves of a bluish green color, acid; flowers pale yel-
low; berries red and very acid; a naturalized exotic. 'The berries
have a grateful, sour, astringent taste, and contain malic and citric
acids; they are refrigerant, astringent, and antiscorbutic, and useful
in febrile diseases, in the form of drink. ‘The fruit is often made into
a sweetmeat, and the jelly mixed with water, makes a grai¢ ‘iil drink,
Root and inner bark are used for a yellow dye ; the coloring principle
is called berderin; this may be isolated in the form of distinct crystals,
and, in doses of from one to ten grains, acts as a tonic and purgative ;
cultivated in gardens; useful as a wash in aphthous sore mouth;
Griffith says, it acts like rhubarb, and with equal promptness and
activity.
Leontice TuHaticrromwes, Linn., (Blue Cohosh, Papoose Root,
Squaw Root). Much employed by root-doctors and empirics, formerly
used by the Indians, from whom they pretend to have learned its medi-
cinal properties. It is demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, and anti-
spasmodic ; and has been employed with success in rheumatism, drop-
sy, amenorrhea, and nervous disorders. ‘The Indians think it facili-
tates parturition. The plant has never been analyzed; but well
deserves a more careful investigation.
PoporPHyLLUM pPELTATUM,* Linn., (May-apple. Mandrake, Hog
Apple). A very certain and somewhat drastic cathartic, resembling
jalap in its mode of operation, inducing watery stools, in doses of from
ten to thirty grains, of the powdered root. Root contains a peculiar °
principle, Podophylline, which belongs tothe same group as salacine ;
also resin; to which its medicinal properties are owing. Combined
with bitartrate of potass, this article is useful in the treatment of
dropsy, rheumatism, and scrofulous affections. The extract in small
doses is said to diminish the pulse, and relieve cough ; hence employed
in hemoptysis, catarrh and other pulmonary affections.—(Oficinal, U.
S. P.)
JEFFERSONIA} DIPHYLLA, Pers., (Twin Leaf, Rheumatism Root).
b 9 7
‘ ‘The root of this plant is stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, and anti-
_ spasmodic, highly useful in chronic rheumatism; hence its popular
*
name. An infusion has been employed with success in chronic oph-
thalmia ; also as a detergent wash in foul ulcers, and cancerous sores ;
also possesses decided alterative properties, and deserves trial in cases
. . . rs
where such remedies are indicated. |
CapomBace®, Richard.—(Tue Warer-Suieip Trise.)
This furnishes the Brasenta peLttaTa, Pursh, (Water-Shield,) at
* From the Greek pous, a foot, and phyllon, a leaf; the leaf resembling the foot
of some birds.
+ Named after Mr. Jefferson.
oy
10 MEDICINAL PLANTS
astringent demulcent in puta and bowel complaints. Plant abounds
in mucilage, which possesses similar properties to the Irish moss, and
might be substituted for it.
Netumpiac®, Bartl.—(Sacrep-Bean Trier.) ate
Netumpium LuTeum,* Wild., (Great Yellow Water-lily). The
only pist furnished by this order in our state, is found in Big Sodus
Bay, Lake Ontario. The rhizomes resemble those of the sweet
potato, and are as farinaceous, agreeable and wholesome as the
potatv; found 12 to 18 inches below the surface of the earth, nutri-—
tious rather than medicinal ; used as food by the Tartars and Indians ;
root contains large quantities of fecula.
- :
2 . NyMpHeaces, Salishb.—(Ponp-Lity Trize.)
Nympuea Oporata,t Ail., (Great White Water-lily). Root or
rhizome is used for dying a brown color; bitter to taste ; power-
fully astringent and tonic; contains much tannin and gallic acid;
fresh root useful-as a discutient poultice; forms a good injection ia
leucorrhea, gonorrhea, and dysentery, etc. ; considered aphrogigiaeey
the ancients; a popular remedy in bowel complaints ; ; and ik) a
gargle in ulcerated sore-throat; one of the Thompsonian remedi
NupHar LuTEA, Smith, (Yellow Pond-lily, small flowered).
NupHaR aDvena,t Aii., (Common Yellow Pond-lily). These —
two species possess similar properties with the nymphea, and may be
employed in same cases; they should be further investigated. The
advena is a popular tonic, and fresh root forms an excellent poultice
when bruised; contains much starch. The roots of all the water
lilies are edible ; though somewhat acrid when raw, they are bland
and nutritious when cooked ; petioles and leaves are eaten for greens;
leaves employed to dress blisters, ¢ oling and emollient; flowers
have proved successful in dysuria.
Papavarace&, Juss.—(Tue Poppy Trise.) e.
Three species only furnished by this tribe in our state are modici-
nal.
Saneurarta|| Canapense, Linn., (Blood Root). An acrid nar-
cotic, acting as a powerful emetic, in doses of x. grs. of the powdered
root, succeeded by burning heat of stomach, vertigo, prostration, etc.
In small doses, deobstruent and expectorant ; useful in chronic pulmo-
* Nelumbo, the Ceylon name. ;
+ From its inhabiting the water like the nymphs.
t The ancient name attached to it by Dioscorides.
|| From sanguis, blood.
a
OF NEW-YORK. 11
nary and hepatic cases, and chronic rheumatism. It is tao stimulating
for acute attacks. Owes its powers to an alkaloid principle, San-
guinarina, discovered by the late Dr. Dana. Dose of powdered root,
as expectorant, two to three grains; of tincture, gtt. x. to xxx.; we have
known 3ss. prove fatal. To be used cautiously, and in combination
with ipecac., antimony, or opiates.
Papaver Somnrrerum, Linn., (Common Poppy), growing in waste
grounds, scarcely naturalized. ‘This is the opium poppy, too well
known to need description here.
Cuetiwontum Masvus,* Linn., (Common Celandine). A very
valuable plant, and altogether too muchneglected. A stimulating ape-
rient, diuretic, deobstruent and sudorific; useful in chronic, hepatic,
and bronchial affections, and cutaneous diseases ; also in scrofula. Ex-
ternally, the fresh juice is used as a caustic to remove warts: also to
stimulate old and indolent ulcers, and promote healthy granulations ;
also to remove specks from cornea, diluted with some bland fluid. Ca-
taplasm of fresh’ mang? useful as an application in herpes and psora.
Dose of dried root, 5 ss. to 3j.; of fresh juice, 30 to 40 drops, with wa-
ter; watery extract, five to ten grs.; vinous tincture, 5j. to 5 jj.
. 7 Fumariacen, De Cand.—(Tue Fumirory Tripe).
This order furnishes the common fumatory, Fumarta OFrrictna-
Lis,} the herbage of which is bitter, slightly diaphoretic and aperient.
The juice was formerly administered in cutaneous diseases, and ob-
pew 6 of the liver. The Drcentra,{ Endl., Coryparis and Ap-
Lumta, Raf., which formerly belonged to the above genus, are made
‘distinct genera by Dr. Torrey, and they all possess similar properties.
~The common fumitory abounds in saline substances and bitter extrac-
tive. It is gently tonic; in large doses, laxative and diuretic; in
smaller doses, alterative. A good remedy in visceral obstructions, par-
ticularly of the liver, and in scorbutic and cutaneous affections. Cul-
len gave the expressed juice 3 ij. ina day. It may be given in decoc-
tion of the acrid or fresh leaves, or in form of extract.
G CrUCIFERA, Juss.
The Crucirrrovus Trex furnish several midieieal plants in this
state, chiefly exotic, and possessing similar properties. Nasrurtt-
um Patusrre,|| D. C., (Marsh Cress). N.Hisprpum, D. C., (Hispid
*
* From chelidon, the Greek for swallow—as the plant flowers about the time this
bird arrives in the spring.
t From fumus, smoke, in allusion to its smell.
t From dis, and kentron, a spur.
|| From nasus tortus, distorted nose ; so named from its supposed effect in distorting -
the nasal muscles.
Pad
ss ” we
122 ef MEDICINAL PLANTS
Cress). N. Narans, (Floating Cress). Barsarea Vutearts, R.
Brown. (Scurvy Grass). Turnritus Srriata,* Graham, (Tower Mus- 4
tard). Arasis Hirsura, Scop., (Hairy Wall-Cress). A. Dentat
(Toothed Wall-Cress). A. Lyrava, Levicara, and CANADENSIS.
All anti-scorbutic, and useful in visceral obstructions. Some of them ©
used as salad. The expressed juice may be given in doses of 5 j. to.
We have three species of CarDAMINE,} or Bitter Cress, ‘Mushar
ing same properties ; also three species of Denrarta, (Tooth-wort), of
which the Dyphilla, (Pepper-wort), is well known for its pungent rhi-
zoma, which is owing toa stimulating, evanescent, volatile principle. :
Sysrmprium Orricrnate, Scop, (Hedge Mustard); diuretic and
expectorant, useful in chronic coughs, hoarseness, and ceration of
‘mouth and fauces. The juice may be mixed with honey or sugar, or
the seeds taken in substance.
Suvaris Niera, Linn., (Black M ustard). A well-known stimulating 1
condiment. S, Arvensts, (Wild Mustard), possessing similar proper-
ties. :
Rapwanus,} (The Radish). -
ree
Viotacem, De Cand.—(Tue Viotet Trize).
Viota, Linn. Of thirty-three species of this genus in the United
States, fifteen are found in this state ;|| some of them possessing valua-_
ble medicinal properties. Of these the most important are the Opo- -
RATA, Pepata, Sacirrata, Tricotor, and Cucutiata. The roots
of most of these species are emetic and purgative, in about the same
doses as Ipecac., for which they have been proposed as a substitute.
Their active properties are owing toa peculiar principle, violine, close-
ly allied to emetine, in composition and action. A syrup, made of the .
flowers of the violet, is a very mild and pleasant laxative for infants ‘
and young children.
The V. Pepata, Linn., is one of our most useful expetioutal and “ia
demulcents. The Tricolor, Linn., is a good depurative and alterative, i.
and highly useful in nephritic, cutaneous, and other chronic affections.
The herbaceous parts of all the species are mucilaginous, emollient,
and slightly laxative, and the roots of all are expectorant, as they con-
tain more or less of the active principle, violine. (V. Pedata Off., U. S.
f
* From turris, a tower—from the pyramidal form of the plant.
+ From the Greek, cardia, heart, and damao, to fortify, from its supposed ee
strengthening the heart. t
t From ra, quickly. and phainomai, to appear ; from its speedy germination. :
|| These are the following, viz.: Pedata, Palmata, Cucullata, Selkirkit, Sagittata, “
Rotundifolia, Blanda, Mimulefolia, Lanceolata, Striata, Muhlenberghii, Rostrata, P
Pubescens, Canadensis, Tricolor.
An
OF NEW-YORK. ; 13
P.) Fora full account of their medicinal properties, see N. Y. Jour.
of Med., vol. vii., by Dr. Williams, (p. 321). Dr. W. has used the in-
fusion of the V. Ovara, internally, and fomentations of the plant ex-
ternally, successfully, in cases of chronic affections of the eyes, which
had resisted the use of all other medicines. He states that this spe-
cies yield a larger quantity of mucilage than any of the others, and
hence is much used in dysentery, diarrhcea, strangury, and other affec-
tions of urinary organs.
, HypericacEx.—(Tue St. Joun’s-wort TRIBe.)
This order yields us eight species of HypERIcum, some of which pos-
sess active medicinal properties. The Perforatum, Linn., or common
i St. John’s-wort, was introduced from Europe. It has a peculiar bal-
samic odor, which is developed by rubbing the plant. ‘Taste bitter
resinous and astringent. ‘The flowers tinge spirits and oil of a fine,
purple color, and the dried plant, boiled with alum, dyes wool of a yel-
low color. The flowers impart a fine yellow to water, and some say
redden alcohol and the fixed oils. Chief constituents, volatile oil, re-
sin, tannin, and coloring matter. The flowers are astringent, and form
( a popular remedy for wounds and bruises. Dr. Wood considers the
properties of the plant analagous to those of the turpentines. Used by
the common people in a great variety of complaints. Its exact value
not known.
The H. Corrymbosum, MuAl., has black dots and lines, which are
minute vesicles filled with an intense purple coloring matter, partially
soluble in water, but wholly in alcchol. It is allied to the coloring
principle of logwood, and formed from the materials of the pellucid
vesicles, by the action of oxygen.
‘Per CARYOPHYLLACEA, Juss.
The Pryx Trize yields the different species of Chick-weed and
Sand.wort, some of which form excellent external emollient applica-
tions, but possess no active properties. ‘The StnenE PENNSYLVANICA,
Mich., and Virerntana, Linn., (Wild Pink), have some reputation as
anthelmintics. ‘The Saponarra* Orricrnatis, Linn., (Soap-wort,)
also belongs to this order. Contains a peculiar brown extractive mat-
ter, called saponin, which forms thirty-four per cent. of the dried root.
The plant owes its medicinal properties to this principle, as well as its
~ property of forming a lather like soap, when agitated with water, (see
Wood and Bache). A valuable alterative, and may be used with much
benefit in venereal and scrofulous affections, cutaneous diseases, and
visceral obstructions. Some physicians deem it superior to sarsapa-
=
* From the Latin, sapo, soap, its mucilage having been used for that purpose.
14 MEDICINAL PLANTS
rilla, in form of decoction or extract. The decoction should be ee. ae
in quantity of from two to four pints daily, or the inspissated juice im ra
doses of 3 ss. in 24hours. ‘The Saponine is doubtless allied to the a r
tive constituent of sarsaparilla, sarsaparillin. ~ iz
Srevrarra* Mepta, Smith, (Common Chick- weed). A useful de.
mulcent for poultices.
Matvacez&, Juss.
The Mattows Trree furnish several good demulcents, as they all
abound, more or less, in mucilage. Of these the most important are
the Matva Sytvestris, (or common Mallows), and the AtrHEREA T
Orricrnatis, Linn., (Marsh Mallow), both of which are usefully em-
ployed in catarrhal, dysenteric, and nephritic complaints, and wherever
mucilages are indicated ; also form good cataplasms in external inflam-
mation. A conserve of marsh mallows is one of the best demulcents,
in irritation and inflammation of the respiratory organs.
Three species of Hisiscus, belong to this order, one of which, H.
Virginicus, (Sweating weed), has some valuable properties.
Linacez&, De Cand.
The Frax Trree embrace both the wild, Linum Virermranum, Linn,
and the cultivated flax, L. Usrrarissimum, Linn. Useful as demuleents —
and in the arts.
GeRANiacE®, De Cand.—(Tue Geranium Trise.)
Geranrumt Macutatum, Linn., (Spotted Crane’s bill). A pow-
erful astringent, equal to Kino and Rhatany; used in secondary stages
of bowel ee and in passive hemorrhages. A decoction of it
in milk, a popular remedy in cholera infantum ; useful as a wash and
gargle in aphthous affections of the mouth, and ulcerations of fauces and
tanetle ; may be employed with advantage wherever pure astringents
are indicated; used in powder, tincture, extract, and decoction. Con-
tains gallic acid, tannin, mucilage, amadin, red coloring matter, resin,
and a peculiar crystallizable principle. Might be substituted for foreign _
astringents. on rm
Besides this species, we have the G. Carortnranum, Linn., Pusi-
Lum, Linn., and Ropertranum, Linn., all of which are more or less
astringent and diuretic. Griffith says they have been found useful in
diseases of the kidneys and bladder.||
* From stella, a star, in allusion to the shape of its flower.
+ From the Greek, altho, to cure.
t From geranos, a crane, the pointed fruit resembling the bill of that bird.
il i| Medical Botany, p. 211.
Coan Wood Sorrel), O. Vronaca,
rraTa, Linn., (Yellow Wood Sor-
nt acid flavor, and may be used as
© of the common wood sorrel yields,
stals of binoxalate of potash, formerly
’ Sorrel, for the purpose of removing
This plant isa ie RAE? tbutic, and the juice forms a cooling
drink in febrile complaints; when boiled with milk, it forms a very
agreeable and pleasant whey. The plant is a popular remedy as an
external application in cases of cancer; but often does harm by caus-
_» — ing irritation and ulceration. '
a Batsaminace&, A. Richard.—(Tue Barsam Trips.)
Impatiens} Patirpa, (Touch-me-not, Snap-weed). In. Futva,
Balsam weed, Jewel weed). Enmetic, cathartic, diaphoretic, and diu-
3; have an acrid burning taste. An ointment made by boiling the
plants in lard, is useful in piles. The flowers may be used for
Well known plants, which aenangy further trials.
=
-Anacarpbiace, R. Brown.—(THE ores, TRIBE.)
ae i e different species of Ruus, viz.: Ruust Typnina, Linn.
Guapra, Copattina, Venenata, ToxicoDENDRON, and AROMATICA ;
sagpe wich are found in New-York, and the order contains no other
| genus in the state. The Venrnata (poison sumach) is remarkable for
its poisonous properties, although many persons are not susceptible to
‘Pos it. The hs ptoms caused by it are itching, redness, and tumefaction,
e* . - succeed ae heat, pain, vesication, and fever. ‘The best applications
yy ‘ are a solutl n of borax or acet. lead. This species not used in medicine.
ae. “Gua ae mn., (Smooth Sumach). Officinal part, the berries,
h t he b irk and leaves are astringent, and used in tanning leather
dying. Excrescences are produced under the leaves, contain-
juantities of tannin and gallic acid; might be substituted for
The berries contain malic acid, to which they owe their
e; are astringent and refrigerant ; used as a cooling drink in fe-
nda a gargle i in ulceration and ‘i osamahiee of the throat. The
mark of the root is Eines for same purpose ; useful as a wash i in
i
4
=
som m the Greek, orys, sharp, ‘or sour.
amed in glubion to the sudden burs
reek, rhoas, red, from th col the fruit. ’ a! .
as ey ‘ <
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ams, i ®
5
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16 MEDICINAL PLANTS
Ruvs Toxtcopenpron, Linn., (Poison Oak, Poison Ivy). The
radicans is a variety of this species ; its medical properties resemble —
those of the nux vomica; acts upon the motor tract of the spinal cord;
hence has been used in paralysis ; also in rheumatism and cutaneous
diseases, as an alterative. Dose of powder, gr. ss., gradually increas-
ed till some effect is produced. ‘The active principle is so volatile that
it cannot be given in decoction or extract. The juice is yellowish and
milky ; becomes permanently black on exposure to air, and when ap-
plied to linen or cotten forms an indelible dye, not subject to fade, nor
eradicable by chemical agents. All vegetables which possess poison-
ous properties contain a similar principle of a peculiar character. All
the plants belonging to the above order have a resinous, gummy, or
milky caustic juice, though their fruit is often edible and pleasant. The
West India Mango belongs to it.
XANTHOXYLACEX, Juss.—(Tue Pricxity Asu Trise).
ZANTHOXYLUM* AmERIcANUM, Mill., (common Prickly Ash). This
well-known shrub possesses medicinal properties almost identical
with those of the mezereon and guaic., and might often be substituted
for them in the same complaints, with advantage. Stimulant, diapho-
retic,deobstruent ; used chiefly in chronic rheumatism and cutaneous
diseases. Dose of powder, gr. x. to 5j.; decoction, boil 3}. of bark in
O.iij. water to one quart, and give from 3 iv. to 3 xij. inaday. Con- —
tains a peculiar crystallizable principle, zanthorylin, to which its vir-
tues are owing. Besides this, it contains fixed oil, resin, gum, and co-
loring matter. The whole plant is endowed with active properties,
though the bark only is officinal. This is acrid, pungent and aromatic.
Preteat Trirotiata, Linn., (Swamp Dog-wood, Stinking Ash).
A strong infusion of the leaves and young shoots of this plant, are said
by Schepf, to be anthelmintic ; the fruit is aromatic and bitter, and
forms a good substitute for hops.
”
HippocasTInace&, De Cand.
The Horst Cuestnut Trise furnishes us but one genus, the
‘Escatus Hrepocastinum, (Horse Chesnut), anative of Asia, but culti-*
vated as a shade tree, both in this country and Europe. as
bark have been used in medicine. The former abounds in starch,
has a rough, disagreeable, bitter taste ; of which it may be deprived
by maceration in an alkaline solution. The starch is readily separat-
ed, and equal at least to that obtained from the potato. The powder-
ed kernel of the fruit is a useful sternutory, in diseases of the head and
s
* From the Greek, zanthos, yellow, and xylon, wood.
+ The Greek name of the Elm, from ptao, to fly, in allusion to the winged seed
vessels.
Ne 9
o-
» ~
-
-
“«
‘+
t
a
» & 4
4 OF NEW-YORK. 17
~. eyes. The bark of the branches, from three to five years old, collect-
ed in the spring, has been successfully employed as a substitute for
Cinchona. It contains bitter extractive and tannin, which are taken
up by boiling water, and to which it owes its astringent and tonic pro-
perties. Given in intermittents, etc., in substance, decoction and infu-
sion, in the same manner and doses as the Peruvian bark.
CreLasTrRaAce®, R. Brown.
The Srryvte Tree Trize furnish several valuable medicinal plants
in New-York, among which are, the
Crebastrus Scanpens, (Bitter Sweet). The bark, emetic, discu-
tient, anti-syphilitic, slightly narcotic, has valuable alterative properties,
and is a popular remedy in hepatic affections. Deserves further inves-
tigation. ‘Torrey states that the plant is “narcotic and stimulating,
and employed as a domestic medicine in the western states.”
Evonymus* Arropurpureus, Jacqg., (Burning Bush, sometimes
called Wahoo,) though the same name is given to the ear-leaved Mag-
nolia, and the Ulmus alata.t .
Evonymus Americanus, Linn., (Strawberry Tree).
The seeds of both species of this shrub, are emetic and purgative ;
the bark a very efficient alterative. A quack preparation, in which
the first species forms the principal ingredient, under the name of
Wahoo, has considerable repute, in this state, in the cure of many
chronic diseases, where-a depurative alterative is indicated. We be-
lieve the tree has valuable deobstruent properties, which entitle it to the
attention of the profession generally.
> Raamnacea, Juss.—(Tue Buck-Tuorn Trier.)
Ruamnust Carsarticus, (Common Buck-thorn). This is found i
4 the highlands of this state, and naturalized in many places, (Eaton’s
Manual). <A shrub seven or eight feet high; berries, officinal ; their
odor is unpleasant, taste bitter, acrid, and nauseous. Contain a pecu-
liar coloring matter, acetic acid, mucilage, sugar, a peculiar principle,
nin, and a nitrogenous substance. The berries and expressed
actively purgative ; apt to cause nausea and griping, with much
and dryness of mouth; chiefly useful as hydragogue cathartic in
* From Euonyme, mother te the Furies ; in allusion to the injurious effects pro-
duced by the fruit of this plant.
+t The Trees of America, native andforeign, by D. J. Browne. Harpers: New
York, 1846.
' _ } From the Greek, rhamnus, a branch. vt é
i: 2 “
‘ ’ ’
‘ %
————
18 MEDICINAL PLANTS
dropsy. The syrup is the, best form of giving it. This is often made, |
in this city, of the berries of the Crategus. We have another species,
R. Alnifolius, growing in swamps in the northern parts of the state,
whose berries have similar properties.
Ceanotuus Americanus, Linn., (New Jersey Tea). The leaves
of this shrub were used for tea, during the revolutionary war. Root
slightly bitter and astringent; imparts a red color to water; a useful
alterative, in syphilis, hepatic, and cutaneous diseases; has been em- °
ployed with success in dysentery, in the form of strong infusion of the.
leaves ; forms a valuable local application in aphthous affections of the
mouth and fauces. Ferrien states that a strong decoction of it cures
gonorrhea in two or three days, (Griffith). The Indians use it as
a febrifuge, as well as an astringent. We regard it as a valuable
article.
Vitacez, Juss.—(TuHe Vine Tribe.)
The Vine Trix of our state yields four indigenous species. These
are Vitis Lasrusca, Linn., (Fox Grape); V. Aéstivauts, Miche.
(Summer Grape); V. Corprrotia, Miche., (Frost Grape) ; V. Ripa
Bia, Michz., (Winter Grape). It is said by Mr. Adlum, that there are
200 varieties of the wild grape in the United States. Rafinesque has
described forty-one indigenous species. The Fox grape is about three-
fourths of an inch in diameter, globose, usually dark purple, when
ripe, sometimes amber-colored, or greenish-white, of a strong musky
odor, and somewhat rancid taste, filled with a tough pulp. The Jsa-
bella, Schuylkill, or Alexanders. the Catawba, and B!and’s grape; are
varieties of this species. The berries of the Summer grape are about
one-fourth of an inch in diameter, globose, deep blue, or almost black,
of a pleasant flavor. The berries of the Frost grape are about one-
fourth of an inch in diameter, nearly black when mature, very acerb,
but pleasant after having been frozen. ‘The Winter grapes are about
one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and dark purple or amber-color when
ripe. When ripe these, like other grapes, possess valuable medicinal
properties, being wholesome, antiseptic, cooling, diuretic and laxative,
and prove beneficial in many diseases. Thus we have what is call
fhe Grape cure in Germany, which consists in confining eh
chronic diseases entirely to a diet of grapes. Palatable wines may also
be made of our indigenous grapes, possessing the same medicinal
qualities as those of foreign wines.
PotyeaLaces&, Juss.—(THe Mitx-wort Trise.)
The plants of this, like many of the other natural orders, differ con-
OF NEW-YORK. 19
siderably in their medicinal properties. Some are bitter and tonic ;
some emetic, purgative and diuretic ; some are merely emetic, others
are diuretic and sudorific ; while others still are poisonous. Pory-
GaLa* Sennea, Linn., the Seneca Snake Root isa not uncommon plant
in this state, in dry rocky woods, and flowering from May to July. Ex-
pectorant, emetic, sudorific, diuretic, emmenagogue, cathartic, diapho-
retic, ete., according to dose and manner of administration ; most valua-
ble as an expectorant in croup, and other pulmonary affections. In ame-
norrhea, it proves most useful in recent cases. The Senega contains
two peculiar acids, the Polygalic and the Virgineic,on which its vir-
tues depend. (Quevenne, in Jour. de Pharm. xxii.)
» Potyeata Saneuinea, Linn., (Purple Milk-wort). According to
Dr. B. S. Barton, this species possesses the same medicinal properties
as the former, and may be used in the same cases. We have never
tested it.
PoLyGALa Pavcirouta, according to Rafinesque, has active proper-
ties; the root having a‘sweet, pungent, and aromatic taste, while, like
the Senega, it is stimulant, sudorific, expectorant, etc., but milder in its
action than the latter plant; used in warm infusion and decoction. Dr.
Griffith says that the root appears to have the properties of a tonic and
bitter, similar to the P. amara and P. rubella, and that his observations
do not agree with those of Rafinesque. (Med. Botany, p. 227.)
Leeuminos%, Linn.—(Tue Bean Tribe.)
Vicra, four species, two exotic and two indigenous. Cultivated in
Europe as herbage for cattle, under the names of Winter and
Summer Tare.
Puaszotus,} Linn., (Kidney Bean). Three wild indigenous species.
Perennis ; Diversiro.ius ; Hetvonus. Pu. Vutearis, Linn., (Kidney
Bean, Pole Bean). Lunarus, (Lima Bean). Cultivated for the table.
Less nutrient and flatulent than peas, and the ordinary white beans.
Chiefly employed in the young and green state of their legumina.
The substance, when boiled, is of the oleraceous kind ; but though
sweeter and more nutrient than these, is still tender and easily
digested.
Aptos,} Boerh., (Ground Nut). Tuperosa. (Sometimes called Wild
* From the Greek poly, much, and gala, milk ; from its supposed power of in-
creasing the secretion of milk.
t Latin phaseolus, a little boat, from the shape of the legumes.
t Greek apios, a pear—form of root.
Ye. oh iin
,
: q
20 MEDIOINAL PLANTS
Bean). Root produces fleshy tubers, about the size of chesnuts, which
are esculent and nutritious, for which the plant is supposed, worthy
of culture. Legume about two inches long.
Amvurcarpea* Monoica, Torr. and Gr., (Common Hog Nut). A
very curious plant. Root fibrous and branching. Nutritious. Annu-
ally producing numerous small subterraneous flowers. (Torrey.)
Rosinta Pseupacacia, Linn., (Common Locust Tree), ‘The inner
bark is sometimes used for emetic purposes. ‘The wood is one of the
most valuable for many purposes in the arts. When newly cut, it
weighs 63 pounds 3 ounces to acubic foot ; when dry, 46 pounds. The
wood is remarkable for strength and durability ; hence much employed
in ship-building, and for posts, and underground structures. ‘The tree
is very apt to be destroyed by the Clytus Picius, and the Ca:sus Robi-
nia, (Locust-tree Carpenter Moth). (See Peck, in Mass. Agricult. F
Rep. and Jour., Vol. V.) The leaves are a good substitute for grass
and clover as provender for cattle, for which it is cultivated, and mown
every year; also branches cut off every other year, when it has attain-
ed the height of ten feet. This is done at mid-summer, when succu-
lent, and dried for winter’s use. ‘The roots are very sweet, and afford
an extract which might be substituted for liquorice. The flowers have
been employed medicinally as antispasmodic, and distilled into an
agreeable, refreshing syrup, which is drank with water, to quench
thirst. The flowers retain their fragrance when dried, and those of a
single tree are sufficient to perfume a whole garden.
ZupuRostay Vireiniana, Pers., (Goat’s Rue). An infusion of the
root is a very popular vermifuge.
Trirotium, Linn., five species. ARVENsE, (Stone Clover). Pra-
weNnsE, Linn., (Red Clover). ReErirexum, Linn., (Butialo Clover). |
Rerens, Linn., (White Clover). Agrarrum, (Yellow Clover). The
Pratense is well known as a most valuable fodder plant, making the
best sort of hay, either by itself or mixed with other grasses. Pro-
bably a biennial. The Reflexum affects the salivary glands, and is com-
mon in the Western States. The Repens also acts powerfully on the
aalivary glands, sometimes producing complete salivation. (Elliot.)
Meuitorus OrricinAuis, Willd., (Yellow Melilot). When dry, this
plant has an agreeable odor, much like that of the sweet-scented ver-
mal grass. Said to be the chief ingredient used for flavoring the Gruy-
@re chevse. ‘Three species. Formerly included among emollients, but
contains very little mucilage.
* From amphi, on both sides, and carpos, fruit, producing fruit both above and
below ground.
+ From the Greek zephros, ash-colored.
LSS ———--—
OF NEW-YORK. 21
Genista* Trncrorta, Linn., (Dyer’s Green-weed). An exotic.
The plant yields a coloring matter that is used for dying wool yellow.
It has also been employed in medicine as a diuretic and mild purga-
tive. The seeds are emetic and cathartic, in doses of 3}. to 3 ij. ; also
diuretic and useful in dropsy.
Bartistat Trnctorra, R. Brown, (Wild Indigo). An indigenous,
perennial plant. Medicinal properties reside chiefly in the cortical por-
tion of the root. In large doses emetic and cathartic, in smaller mildly
laxative. Said to be useful in scarlet fever, typhus fever, and that
state of the system which attends gangrene ; also externaily to ulcers.
The plant yields a quantity of coarse Indigo, resembling the fig
blue.
Cassta Maritianpica, Linn., (American Senna). <A well-known
cathartic. Taste slightly nauseous, leaves contain resin, extractive,
and a volatile oil, equal to foreign, only requiring a larger quantity.
Cercis Canapensis, Linn., (Red-Bud, or American Judas Tree).
Niagara county. The flowers are acid, and used by the French Ca-
nadians for salads and pickles.
Gymnociapust Canapensis, Linn., (Coffee Tree). Trunk thirty
to fifty feet high, one foot or more in diameter; branches few and
thick ; bark bitter and acrid; leaves one to three feet long; legume
six—ten inches long, twoinches broad; seeds half an inch in diameter.
On Seneca and Cayuga lakes. According to Michaux, the wood of
this tree is well suited to cabinet-making, and ite strength renders it
proper for building. Like the locust, it has the power of rapidly con-
verting its sap into perfect wood. Much esteemed as an ornamental
tree.
Rosacem, Juss.—(TuE ace TRIBE.)
Prunus} Americana, Marshall, (Red Plum, Yellow Plum.) A tree
eight to ten feet high, fruit half an inch in diameter, oval or nearly glo-
bose, mostly reddish-orange when ripe, with a juicy yellow pulp, and a
thick tough skin. Palatable when cultivated, but rather acerb in a wild
state.
Prunus Maratima, Wang., (Beach Plum, Sand Plum). Two to
five feet high ; fruit usually purple, and sometimes crimson ; two varie-
* From the Celtic gen, a small bush.
+ From the Greek bapto, to dye, some of the plants yielding a otenng siathen, like
indigo.
$ From gymnos, naked, and Sadie branch—its branches are few and large.
§ The Latin name for plum.
22 MEDICINAL PLANTS
ties ; one has fruit often an inch in diameter, and somewhat oval ; the
fruit of the other is the size of a smallcherry. When fully ripe agree-
ably flavored, but mostly acerb and astringent. Sold in N. York mar-
ket under the name of Beach Plum. Both species laxative and nutri-
tious. The pulp might make a useful addition to cathartic decoctions,
or be used in preparing laxative confections. (Of. Prep. Pruni Pul-
pa, U.S. P.) |
Crrasus* Pumina, Micha., (Sand Cherry). Stem, trailing ; two
to three feet long; fruit small, dark-red, eatable: Rare.
C. Pennsytvanica, Loisel, (Bird Cherry). Tree twenty to twenty-
five feet high ; fruit, size of a large pea, red, austere, scarcely eat-
able.
C. Viremiana, De Cand., (Choke Cherry). A shrub or small tree.
Fruit, size of a pea, bitter, astringent, scarcely eatable. Pulp forms a
good astringent jelly in dysentery and diarrhea.
Crrasus Vutcaris, Mill., (Red or Sour Cherry, Morello Cherry).
Extensively employed for pies and pastries. One of the most valuable
varieties. Refrigerant, laxative, antiseptic. The juice forms a cool-
ing drink in fevers ; is also nutritious. Cullen considers cherries as
decidedly sedative, owing to the malic acid present. _
C. Srrotina, De Cand., (Wild Cherry, Black Cherry). A well.
known tree, erroneously called C. Virginiana by some writers. Bark
only officinal. Taste agreeably bitter and aromatic. Chem. comp.
Starch, tannin, resin, gallic acid and fatty matter, lignin, red coloring
matter, salts of lime, potash andiron. Volatile oil and hydrocyanic acid
are obtained from it by distillation, but they do not exist ready-formed
in the bark, but result from the reaction of water upon emulsin and
amygdalin, two of its constituents. ‘These two peculiar principles are
contained in distinct cells, in the seeds of the Amygdalea, and when
the kernels are bruised, and especially when heat is applied, they im-
mediately react on each other, and give rise to the formation of prussic
acid and some other products, The wild cherry bark is one of our best
tonics, as it combines sedative properties—the power of calming irrita-
tion and diminishing nervous excitability ; hence it is well adapted to
cases of gastric debility, attended with general or local irritation ; lowers
the action of the heart ; useful in latter stages of phthisis, hectic fever,
atonic dyspepsia, nervous irritability ; intermittents, and convalescence
from inflammiatory and other diseases, Cold infusion is the best form
of administration—syrup and powder also used. (See Wood & Bache,
p. 578. Of. Prep. Inf. Prun. Virg.) |
* The name of a town in Asia, whence the Cherry originally came.
—— el oe” se
OF NEW-YORK. 23
Sprrea* Tomentosa, Linn., (Hard Hack, Steeple Bush). A well-
known plant; all parts medicinal ; contains tannin, gallic acid, and bit-
ter extractive. Medical properties, tonic and astringent; hence used
in diarrhea, cholera infantum, and general debility; more agreeable
to the stomach than most other astringents. Given in decoction or ex-
tract—dose of former 3 i 3 ij., of latter 5 to 15 grains. The S. Sali.
cifolia, (Queen of the Meadows,) has probably similar properties.
GitteniA Trerotrata, Maench., (Indian Physic). G. Srreunacra,
Nutt., (American Ipecacuanha). ‘These two valuable. plants grow in
the western and southwestern counties of this State. Stem, herbace-
ous ; root, perennial, and officinal. A very mild and efficient emetic
and cathartic. In small doses, tonic and deobstruent—resembles ipec-
ac. in its mode of operation, more than any other indigenous article.
Dose of powdered root, 20 to 30 grains.
Geum} Rivatz, Linn., (Water Avens, Purple Avens). The root,
a good tonic and powerful astringent ; decoction, powder or extract ; in
passive hemorrhages, leucorrhea, diarrhcea, dyspepsia, and the debility
of phthisis pulmonalis. The root is a popular medicine made into a
syrup, for “cleansing the blood.” Also said to be used as a substitute
for chocolate. :
Saneuisorsat Canapensis, (American Great Burnet). Tonic and
astringent.
Acrimonra) Evpatoria, Linn., (iceman Agrimony). The herb
and root. The former has a weak, but agreeable aromatic odor, and a
rough, bitterish, aromatic taste ; root more bitter and astringent ; con-
tains a volatile oil. A mild tonic and astringent, also deobstruent. Has
been recommended in jaundice, uterine hemorrhage, visceral obstruc-
tions, and diseases of the skin; also as a gargle in affections of the
throat. The Indians use it in “eens Given in substance, infusion or
decoction. .
Potrentitia|| Norveerca, Linn. Tripenrata, Ait. CANADEN-
sis, Linn. ArcentTea, Linn. Areuta, Pursh. Fruticosa, Linn.
Anserina, Linn. All these species of Cinquefoil are good mild astrin-
gents, and may be used with advantage where such remedies are indi-
cated. .
Fracaria Viremiana, Ehrh., (Wild Strawberry). The Straw-
berry deserves a place among medicinal, as well as dietetical plants.
in i
* The speireia of Theophrastus.
+ From the Greek geuwma, an agreeable flavor, the root being aromatic.
t From sanguis, blood, and sorbes, to absorb, because used to stop bleeding.
§ From the Greek argeme, cataract, which this plant was supposed to cure.
4 From the Latin potens, in allusion to its supposed medicinal properties.
—
ne
i
24 MEDICINAL PLAN'S
The fruit is laxative, refrigerant, diuretic and sedative, and constitutes -
an excellent article of: diet for invalids and convalescents. The root
and leaves are mildly astringent.
Rvusus* Ovoratus, Linn., (Flowering Raspberry). R. ‘Trrrrorvs,
Rich., (DwarfRaspberry). Srricosus, Micha., (Red Wild Raspberry).
OccrpenTALis, Linn., (Black Raspberry). Vittosus, Ait., (Common
Blackberry). Canavensts, Linn., (Dewberry, Low Blackberry).
Hisrrpvs, Linn., (Running Swamp Blackberry). Cunnrrontius, Pursh,
(Sand Blackberry). The roots of all these species contain tannin, and
are tonic and astringent. That of the Villosus is a favorite domestic
remedy in bowel affections. The watery decoction sets well on the
stomach, or it may be given boiled with milk or rennet whey, 3 i. of
smaller roots boiled in a pint to half a pint, of which 3 i.—3 ij. are to
be given three times a-day, in diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, etc. ‘The 4
berries, made into a jelly, form a good remedy in dysentery, and fresh
are a healthy article of diet to invalids.
Rosa Caronina, Linn., (Swamp Rose). R.Lucrpa, Ehrh., (Dwarf
Wild Rose). R. Branpa, Ait., (Early Wild Rose). R. Rusrernosa,
Linn., (Sweet Briar). The petals might be used to forma mild, laxa-
tive syrup, while the roots are moderately astringent. ‘They should be
further investigated.
Crarzxeus,} Linn., (Thorn Tree). Five species. OxyvacanTHa,
Lann., (Hawthorn). Crus-eaxwt, Linn., (Cockspur Thorn). Cocer-
nEA, (White Thorn). Tomewrosa, Linn., (Black Thorn). Pune:
rata, Jacg.,(Common Thorn). ‘The fruit of some of these are edible.
The bark is sometimes substituted for that of the Rhamnus Cath., in
making Syrup of Buckthorn. A useful shrub for making hedges.
Pyrus, Linn., (Apple, Pear). P. Coronarta, (Crab Apple). Fruit \
yellowish-green, hard, very acid and fragrant. Juice forms a good
gargle in sore throat.
Pyrus Arsutiroxia, Linn, (Chokeberry). A shrub; fruit, size of a
large whortleberry. Sweetish, but very astringent. ‘Two varieties,
one while, the other black. |
Lyrurace®, Juss.—(Tue Loose Strire Trise.)
LytHrum Hyssoprrotta and Satrcarta, Linn., (Purple Loose
Strife). Contains tannin and much mucilage, hence astringent and
demulcent ; popular in dysentery and diarrhea.
* From the Celtic rub, red, the color of the fruit in many of the species.
+t From the Greek kratos, strength, in allusion to the wood.
OF NEW-YORK. 25
Onacrace®, Juss.—(Tue Evening Primrose Trise.)
CEnotruwera Brenntis, Linn. Fruricosa, Linn. Lineanrts, Miche.
Curysantna, Michx. Pumita, Linn., (Evening Primrose, Cure-
all, etc.). The Biennis is chiefly used in medicine. Bark and
leaves mucilaginous, slightly acrid. Dr. Griffith states that he has
cured infantile eruptions, as tetter, with a decoction of this plant, when
all other means had failed. (Med. Bot. p. 304.) He directs a strong
decoction, with which the parts affected are to be bathed several times
a day. Forms a good emollient in ulcers.
Lyrurum Hyssorrronia, Linn., (Common Purple Loose Strife).
The whole plant demulcent and astringent; useful in diarrhoea and
chronic dysentery. Decoction of the root ( 3 i. to O. j.) the best form of
exhibition, in doses of 3 ij., three times a day. A useful remedy.
Cacracea&, Juss.—(Tue Cactus Trise.)
Opuntia Vuxeartis, Mill., (Prickly Pear). Common around New-
York and on Long Island. Fruit two inches long. A rubefacient and
vesicant.
GrossuLace&®, De Can.—(Tue Currant Triste.)
Rises, (Currant and Gooseberry). Five species. CyNosBaTI,
(Prickly Gooseberry.) Rorunprrotium, (Round-leaved Gooseberry).
Lacustre, (Swamp Gooseberry). Fiorrpum, (Wild Black Currant).
Prostratum; (Fetid Currant). Currant juice is laxative, refrigerant
and antiseptic. Its wine contains 20 per cent. of alcohol. The black
currant is astringent.
Saxirracacex£.—(Tue Saxirrace TRIBE.)
Hevcuera Americana, (Conimon Alum Root). A powerful astrin-
gent. An extract from the roots of this plant, would probably be equal
to that of the Rhatany or Catechu. The basis of some of the cancer
powders of empirics. Employed by the Indians as an application
to wounds and ulcers. ;
Hamametace®, R. Brown.—(Witcu Hazex Triste.)
Hamametis Virernica, Linn., (Witch Hazel). The bark of this
plant has a bitter, astringent, somewhat sweetish and pungent taste. Is
employed by the Indians as a sedative and discutient to painful tumors,
and external inflammations. It is a popular remedy in the shape of
a poultice or decoction, in hemorrhoidal and ophthalmic affections ; also
infusion of leaves in bowel complaints and hemorrhages. Seeds are
edible, like the hazelnut. Deserves further trials. Erroneously sup-
posed to have the power of indicating water and ores.
OO — ——— SE <_<” ———_— ae ee SS eS ee en a
26 MEDICINAL PLANTS
CrassuLace&, Juss.—(Tue House Leex T rise.)
Sxepum, Linn., (Stone Crop). P. Texerutum, Linn., (Orpine or
Live-for-ever). Anastringent demulcent. A popular remedy in dysen-
tery and hemoptysis ; also as a vulnerary. Formerly employed exter-
nally to cicatrize wounds.
Umpetuirera, Juss.—(Tae UmBevuirerous Trise.)
This well-known order furnishes many medicinal plants, differing,
however, in their properties. They are all-furnished with a volatile
oil or balsam ; which, in the fruit, is lodged in longitudinal canals (vit-
t@) in the carpels; some furnish gum-resins, and a few are pervaded
in every part with an alkaloid, acro-narcotic principle. Many species
are used as articles of food, and still more are medicinal.
Sanicuta Mapitawpica, Linn., (Long-styled Sanicle). S. Cana-
pensis, Linn., (Canadian Sanicle, Black-snake Root). Under which
latter name they are employed as domestic medicines, as diaphoretic,
stimulant and stomachic. They deserve further examination.
Cicura Macurara, Linn., (Water Hemlock, Spotted Cowbane),
Common in swamps. The most dangerous vegetable poison indigen-
ous tothe U. States, often mistaken by children for the root of Sweet
Sicily, (Osmorhiza longistylis,) called Beaver Poison and Musquash in
the western part of the State. Causes the usual symptoms of the acro-
narcotics. ‘The whole plant poisonous, but the root most active. Has
a strong aromatic taste and odor, and the bark contains a yellowish,
viscid juice. Seldom employed in practice, but is occasionally given
as a sedative, and to relieve pain in scirrhus and cancer.
Heraqueum Lanatum, Michz., (Masterwort, Cow Parsnip). Root
has a strong, disagreeable odor and acrid taste. The leaves and root
stimulate the skin, when applied to it. Poisonous when growing in
damp places. In medicine, it is stimulant and carminative. Has been
used with success in epilepsy, attended with flatulence and gastric dis-
order. (Thatcher's Dispensaiory.)
Arcuanerzica ArropurPuREA, (Common Angelica). The root
contains bitter extractive, gum, an acrid soft resin, volatile oil, ete.
An aromatic stimulant and tonic. Viti@ filled with a pungent and ra-
ther disagreeable aromatic oil. A popular aromatic tonic and carmina-
tive, used in flatulent colic and cardialgia. ‘The stems are sometimes
candied as sweetmeats. Ina recent state, the root is acrid, and said
to be poisonous.
Daucus Carora, Linn., (Wild Carrot). An indigenous plant. A
very powerful diuretic. A strong decoction, drunk freely, very useful
in nephritic complaints, and in the passage of urinary calculi. For
OF NEW-YORK. 27
stavel, the patient should drink copiously of a strong infusion, warm.
A useful remedy.
Contum* Macuratum, Linn., (Poison Hemlock). The leaves and
seed contain resin, extractive, gum, albumen, a green fecula, saline
matters, and two volatile substances ; one an o7/, on which the odor of
the plant depends ; the other an alkaline principle, conia, conine, cont-
cene,etc. This is the active principle of the plant, and is a colorless
oily liquid, lighter than water, and causing death almost as soon as hy-
drocyanic acid. (See Wood & Bache.) Narcotic, without being de-
cidedly stimulant or sedative to the circulation. Generally believed
to possess anodyne, antispasmodic, antiphrodisiac, deobstruent and diu-
retic properties. Has no curative virtues in scirrhus or cancer, though
decidedly palliative.
Panax QuinqueErotium, Linn., (Common Ginseng). A favorite
article among the Chinese, forming an ingredient in nearly all their
prescriptions ; formerly exported in large quantities to Canton, from
this country. The root, which is fleshy, and spindle-shaped, has a fee-
ble odor, and a sweet, slightly aromatic taste, like liquorice. Has no
other medicinal properties than those of a mild and pleasant demulcent,
Cornus} Frioripa, Linn., (Common Dogwood). A valuable tonic
and astringent; its properties closely resemble those of the Peruvian
bark. Has been used with success in intermittent and typhoid fevers.
May be given in powder, decoction, or extract- Decoct., officinal.
C. Atrerniroxia, Linn., (Alternate-leaved Dogwood). The bark
of this species forms one of the Shaker medicines ; is diaphoretic, tonic
and astringent.
C. Crrcrnata, Linn., (Round-leaved Dogwood). Possesses similar
virtues to the Florida, used in same way ; iaste bitter, astringent and
aromatic. The late Dr. Ives used an infusion made by ‘pouring O. J.
boiling water on to 3 j. of the coarsely-powdered bark. Dose 3 j. to
5 ij. | :
C. Sericrea, Linn., (Swamp Dogwood). Possesses similar virtues
to the above species. The same remark will apply to the C. Pani-
culata.
Pastinaca Sativa, Linn., (Common or Wild Parsnip). Esculent.
Osmorniza Loneistriis, De Can., (Sweet Sicily). A very pleasant
carminative. Children often mistake the Cicuta for it.
To these indigenous plants may be added various cultivated exotics,
as Carum, (Caraway). Fawnicurum, (Fennel). Anuruvum, (Dill).
*® The koneion of Theophrastus, from konos, a cone or top, whose whirling motion
resembles the giddiness produced by this plant.— Hooker.
+ From the Latin, cornus, horn, from the hardness of the wood.
28 MEDICINAL PLANTS
Cumrnum, (Cumin). Cortanprum, (Coriander,) etc. All useful car-
minatives, and some of them employed in domestic economy.
ARALIACEA, Juss.
Aratia Racemosa, Linn., (Spikenard). The root and leaves are
in great repute as aromatic.tonics. Usually taken in form of tincture.
A. Nupicauuts, Linn., (Wild Sarsaparilla). A well-known medici-
nal plant, possessing gently stimulating and diaphoretic properties.
A decided alterative, and useful in rheumatic, syphilitic, and cutaneous’
diseases. Prepared and given in the same manner as the genuine
sarsaparilla.
A. Spinosa, (Angelica Tree, Toothache Tree). Cultivated in gar-
dens as an ornamental shrub. A stimulant diaphoretic. An infusion
of recent root, emetic and cathartic ; used with advantage in chronic
rheumatism and cutaneous affections.
Arapra Hiserpa, Michz., (Wild Elder). ‘A valuable diuretic in
drepsies, in decoction. (Peck, in Am. Jour. Med. Sci., xix., 117.)
SUB-CLASS [I—MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
CapriroLiacEx.—(THre Honrysuckie Trips.)
Triosteum Prrrotiatum, Linn., (Feverwort, Horse Gentian).
Cathartic, emetic, and diuretic. Powdered bark of root most active ;
in doses of 20 grs. acts as cathartic, 30 to 40 emetic. Its active pro-
perties are taken up by water andalcohol. Extract purges in doses of
106 grs.; 5 lbs. of the root produces 2 lbs. of extract. Leaves are dia-
phoretic. The hard seeds have been used as a substitute for coffee.
This plant deserves further trials. (See Wood and Bache, p. 721.)
Samsucus Niera, Linn., (Common Elder). Inner bark aperient
and deobstruent, also emetic in ‘large doses. Infusion of flowers dia-
phoretic. Elder ointment is a soothing application to ulcers, burns, ete.
The berries furnish a juice, which diluted with water, forms a cooling
and laxative drink in fevers. Wine of the berries is an excellent cor-
dial, much used in domestic practice.
Visurnum Pruniroxium, Linn., (Black Haw-Sloe). Fruit one-
third of an inch long, bluish black, and slightly glaucous when mature.
The fruit, when mature, is sweetish and esculent.
V. Lentaco, Linn., (Sweet Viburnum). A tree 15-20 feet
high. Fruit rather larger than the preceding species, bluish black,
with a glauceus bloom ; the pulp thin and sweetish. The fruit is
sweet and esculent after the action of frost.
VY. Denratum, Linn., (Arrow Wood). 10 to 12 feet high, used by
OF NEW-YORK. 29
the aborigines for making arrows—also for fuse-sticks in blasting, the
pith having-been removed.
V. Pavcrrtorum, Syl., (Mountain Bark Cranberry). From two to
four feet high, fruit roundish oval, compressed, red.—Mountains of Es-
sex county.
V. Orutus, Linn., (Bush Cranberry, High Cranberry). From 3 to
10 feet high. The fruit is acid, half an inch long, juicy, slightly bitter,
translucent when dry, used as a substitute for cranberries. Common
snow-ball is a variety of this species.
Rusiacea®, Juss.—(Tue Mapper Trise.)
Gatium* Aparine, De Can., (Common Cleavers or Goose Grass).
An annual succulent plant, inodorous, has a bitterish and somewhat
acrid taste. Expressed juice aperient, diuretic, antiscorbutic ; has been
used in dropsy, congestion of spleen, scrofula, and scorbutic eruptions ;
3 iij. of the juice twice a day ; also used as an ointment to scrofulous
swellings. We have several other species of galium possessing the
same medicinal properties. Probably one of our most valuable diure-
tics, highly useful in suppression of urine and nephritic complaints ; has
considerable popular reputation in scorbutus and hemoptysis; also in
gonorrhea and inflammatory affections of the kidneys; cold infusion
should always be employed, drank freely.
Ceruatantuus Occipentauis, Linn., (Button-bush, Pond Dog-
wood). ‘Tonic and deobstruent. Deserves further trial.
~Mrrenetta Rerens, Linn., (Partridge Berry). Berries one-third
ofan inch in diameter; edible, but insipid. Slightly diuretic and alte-
rative.
VaLeRIANACER.—(THe Vaterian TRriBe.)
Vaxertanat Sytvarica, (Tall Swamp Valerian). This plant is
closely allied to the Dioica, and possesses similar medicinal properties,
acting as a stimulant and antispasmodic ; useful in hysteria, in form
of infusion or powder of root—contains considerable volatile oil, to
which it owes its effects.
Composita, Linn.—(Tae Composire TRIBE. )
Liarris Spicata, Willd., (Tall Button Snakeroot). An indige-
nous perennial plant, has a tuberous root, possessing a terebinthinate
odor, and a warm, bitter taste. Is tonic, diaphoretic, alterative and
* From the Greek gala, milk, one of the species having been used to bine milk.
t From the Latin valeo, to be strong, from its supposed virtues.
30 MEDICINAL PLANTS
diuretic ; decoction has cured gonorrhea; forms useful gargle in sore
throat ; useful in gravel, scrofula, and dropsy ; one of the Shaker me-
dicines. We have several species of this plant. All that have tube-
rous roots appear to be diuretic. .
Evratorium* Purrureum, Linn., (Joe Pye Weed). This well-
known plant, sometimes called gravel-weed, has a bitter, aromatic, and
astringent taste, and is diuretic and diaphoretic ; is a popular remedy
for the cure of gravel.
E. Perroriatum, Linn., (Boneset, Thoroughwort). Tonic, dia-
phoretic ; in large doses, emetic and aperient ; useful in colds and the
commencement of fevers, to induce sweating ; also in hot decoction in
the cold stage ofintermittents. The cold decoction to be given during
the intervals. Its diaphoretic properties are most important, though it
is given with benefit in general debility, dyspepsia, and where simple,
bitter tonics are indicated.
E. Tsvcrtrotium, (Wild Horehound). Less bitter and disagreea-
ble than the last, though nearly equally medicinal. ‘Tonic, diaphore-
tic, diuretic, and aperient ; used successfully in intermittents. We
have eight species of ewpatortum growing in the State of New-York,
all of which possess similar properties.
The E. Aromaticum (sweet-scented Hemp weed,) the E. Ageritoides,
(White Snakeroot,) and several other species ofthis plant, possess si-
milar properties.
Tussizacot Farrara, Linn., (Common Coltsfoot). A well-
known and popular emollient, demulcent and tonic—and in pulmonary
affections, acute and chronic. Its expectorant properties are slight.
Cullen recommends the expressed juice in scrofula. Usual form of ad-
ministration is decoction ; 3 ij. of the plant boiled in O. ij. to one. The
leaves, flowers and root are all used. The latter is bitter, as well as
mucilaginous. The “ Essence of Colisfoot,” is a balsam dissolved
in alcohol, and often injurious. The dried leaves are sometimes
smoked for the relief of asthma.
AsTER,t Tourn. We have twenty-six known species of Aster grow-
ing in this State, some of which have valuable medicinal properties.
Those which have aromatic roots are stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic,
and antispasmodic ; the Nove- Anglie is employed, in decoction, as an
external application in cutaneous eruptions.
Ericrron, Linn., (Fleabane). E. Canaprensz, Linn., (Horse
Weed). E. Bexuiprrotrum, MuAl., (Poor Robert’s Plantain). E.
* From Eupator, king of Pontus, who used this plant as a medicine.
+ From the Latin tussis, cough, for which the plant is used.
t From the Greek aster, a star, the shape of the flower.
>
OF NEW-YORK, 31
:
Puitapetruicum, Linn., (Philadelphia Fleabane). E. Annuvum, Pers.,
(Sweet Scabious Daisy). E. Srricosum, Muhl., (Fleabane Daisy).
All the above species are diuretic, tonic, astringent, and antilithic.
They have been employed successfully in nephritic and dropsical com-
plaints, as hydrothorax. The Canadense is astringent in perhaps a
greater degree than the others, and was employed by the late Dr. Du-
puy, of this city, in diarrhcea, dysentery, and other profluvia, in form
of infusion and decoction, extract and tincture. We prefer the Cana-
dense, although the other species are highly medicinal. Dr. Williams
speaks highly of this plant, in the New- York Journal of Medicine, vol.
7, p. 36-7. It deserves more frequent use. The Annuum, (Sweet
Scabious Daisy, etc.,) is one of the Shaker remedies, and is a very
valuable diuretic and astringent. It has a considerable reputation as
an alterative ; a syrup of it promotes expectoration in dry coughs, and
it is a decided emmenagogue.
Sortipaco,* Linn., (Golden Rod). Out of sixty species of this
plant, growing in the United States, New-York furnishes at least
twenty-five, some of which are valuable medicines.
S. Opora, Ait., (The Sweet-scented Golden Rod), which has
flowers of a deep, golden yellow color, is aromatic, carminative, and
stimulant ; diaphoretic when given in warm infusion, and successfully
to allay pain from flatulence ; to allay nausea, and cover the taste o!
unpleasant medicines usually given for these purposes in infusion,
the vol. oil is also used. The dried flowers form a good substitute for
tea. It is also astringent, and has lithontriptic properties. The bruised
leaves exhale the odor of anise-seed, and yield by distillation a fragrant
volatile oil, which is used as a remedy for flatulence and to allay
nausea.
Sonrpaco Virea-Aurra, Linn., (Common Golden Rod). The
flowers are aperient, diuretic and tonic; the leaves gently astringent ;
a useful remedy in nephritic complaints and suppression of urine, in
form of infusion made of the flowers. An infusion of the leaves is
useful in general debility and chronic fluxes, as diarrhoea and dysen-
tery, leucorrhea, ete.
Inuta Heventum, Lenn., (Common Elecampane). A naturalized
plant, contains a peculiar principle, analogous to starch, called inulin ;
a white concrete substance called /heleine, intermediate in its properties
between the essential oils and camphor, also bitter extractive, a bitter
resin, gum, albumen, lignin, wax, vol. oil, saline matters, etc. Ele-
campane is tonic and gently stimulant; has diaphoretic, diuretic, em-
* From the Latin solido, to make firm, in allusion to. its supposed vulnerary
qualities.
32 MEDICINAL PLANTS
menagogue, and expertorant properties ; chiefly employed in chzonié
pulmonary disorders; also a popular remedy in cutaneous disorders,
Given in powder and decoction.
Pirucnea Campnorata, De-Can., (Sea-side Marsh Fidabent)s A
strong-scented plant, growing near the sea-side, exhaling an odor of
camphor, a useful stimulant, and a ks antispasmodic, diaphoretic and
diuretic.
Rupspecsnia Lacrniata, Linn., (Thimble Weed). Diuretic. bal-
samic, useful in nephritic diseases, especially albuminuria. Given
freely in decoction.
Hevenitum* Aurumnats, Linn., (Sneeze Weed). All parts of this
plant are bitter, and somewhat acrid; has been used as a sternutatory
or errhine, in form of powdered leaves and flowers. It is also tonic and
diaphoretic, and is recommended in intermittents. As an errhine,
Griffith says, it is not equal in power to the Asarum, or the brown pow-
der of the Ka’mia, but is useful where these cannot be procured.
Maruta Coruta, De Cand., (May Weed.) A troublesome weed,
introduced from Europe ; has a strong, unpleasant smell, and an acrid,
bitter, and nauseous taste. The whole plant is officinal. It is tonic,
diaphoretic, emetic, and very similar to chamomile in its medicinal pro-
perties. It might be employed in some cases with equal benefit, if its
taste were not so unpleasant. The fresh plant bruised and applied to
the skin, vesicates ; but the blisters readily heal.
Antuemist ARvENsIS, Linn., (Wild Chamomile). This plant re-
sembles the common chamomile in its medicinal effects, and is used in
place of it in Germany. The flowers have an acrid taste, but no smell,
Tonic and anthelmintic. |
AcuttLeAt Mruvceroxium, Linn., (Common Yarrow). The whole
herb medicinal. The flowers and leaves have a pleasant, aromatic
odor, and a bitter, astringent, pungent taste ; contains vol. oil, bitter
extractive, and tannin, to which its virtues are owing ; active principles
extracted by water and alcohol. A mild aromatic and astringent, used
in Sweden in place of hops in brewing beer; useful in intermittents,
diarihoea, general debility, and nervous affections. Infusion the best
form of administration. The vol. oil is also given in a dose of 20 to 30
drops.
Hewrantuus Tuserosus, Linn., (Jerusalem Artichoke). Cultivated
in gardens for the tirm fleshy tubers at the root, which are pickled and
used as a condiment.
* Named after Helen, wife of Menelaus, who used this, or a similar plant, as a
cosmetic.
+ From the Greek anthemis, flower.
t Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron.
OF NEW-YORK, 33.
H. Annvvus, Linn., (Common Sun Flower). Seed yield a valuable
oil, useful for lamps ; also has medicinal properties.
‘Tanacerum* Vuicare, Linn., (Common Tansey). A selatene
domestic tonic, storfiachic, and anthelmintic, useful in atonic dyspepsia, |
hysteria, and .intermittents ; also in amenorrhea; and the oil is often’
taken to produce abortion. The seeds are most effectual as a vermi-
fuge. Dose of the powder from 3ss. to 5i., two or three times a,
day ; infusion is the best form. . For a fatal case of poisoning by the .
oil, see Am. Jour. Med. Sci. (16, 256).
Anremista,t Linn., (Worm-wood)... We have three species of this
plant, viz. the Canadensis, the Caudata, and the Vulgaris; all of which |
are bitter tonics, and might be employed where such medicines are in-
dicated... They are anthelmintic, stomachic, and antispasmodic, and .
owe their virtues to.an essential oil.
MITE Potycernatum, Miche., (Life Everlasting Bal-
sam). A sweet-scented plant, employed as a popular remedy in dy-
sentery and other bowel affections ; an infusion of it is also used in,
pulmonary and hemorrhagic affections ; ‘and externally, as a fomenin.
tion, in bruises, local swellings, and tumors.
Erecutrres Hieracirouvs, Raf, (F Gatun The whole ite ,
has a rank, nauseous odor, and a disagreeable, bitterish taste. In large .
doses, emetic—employed in diarrMtea.; the essential oil is recommend.
ed for piles ;, and externally, fomentations with the bruised — in»
cases of contusions, wounds, ulcers, etc.
Cacatia Atarpricironia, Linn., (Indian ws ei The leaves are |
sometimes used as an application to wounds.
Senecro§ Aureus, Linn., (Life Root, Squaw Weed). This auth
is sometimes called Gravel Root, and by the Indians Nun-qua. Itis a
certain diuretic and diaphoretic ; it increases the force of the circula- »
tion, without producing any febrile symptoms; is particularly useful in
cases. of anemia, attended with cold extremities, and feeble circula- .
tion ; a powerful emmenagogue, when given in form of the warm infu- |
sion ; also antispasmodic, particularly recommended where the capil-
lary circulation is goebin: (Graham, in N. York Jour. of Med., vol. 3,
p- 366).
ARNICA ~stad sesabin, (Soft Arnica). hosniilg to Dr. Thom-
son, (Lond. Disp,). the European species, (Montana,) contains an iga-
* Name altered from the Greck a, a, not, and thanatos, death, because
its flowers are lasting... .
+ From Artemis, the Diana of the Giscke.
} From the Greek gnaphalon, soft down, or wool.
§ So named from Senez, an old man.
3
ee
34 MEDICINAL PLANTS
saurate of strychnia or brucia, to which it owes its medicinal power.
It has proved successful in intermittents, and is used with benefit in
palsy, tumors and amaurosis. Some of the American species, accord-
ing to Hooker, (Am. Bor., p. 330), approach so very closely to the
Montana in their characters, as to be varieties of it. It is worth investi-
gating whether the A. Mollis, which is found in Essex county and
some other parts of the State, does not possess the same virtues, and
may be substituted for the European plant. —
Cenraurea* Cyanus, Linn., (French Pink). Cwyicus,t Vaill.,
(Blessed Thistle). Carpuus Benepicrus, (Common Blessed This- 4
tle). An annual herbaceous plant, with yellow flowers, naturalized.
The leaves, gathered when in flower, contain a vol. oil, and a peculiar :
principle, onicin, crystallizable and very bitter, analogous to salicin in
composition and effects. The plant tonic, diaphoretic, emetic—cold 4
infusion asa mild and certain tonic ; the hot decoction, a good diapho-
retic; and in large doses, emetic. The medicinal properties closely
resemble those of the chamomile.
Larpat Masor, Goert., (Burdock). A well-known naturalized
plant. The root has a mucilaginous and sweetish taste, with slight de-
gree of bitterness and astringency ; contains inulin and sugar ; seeds a
aromatic, bitterish, and acrid ; aperient, alterative and sudorific—one of
our very best deobstruents. The infi&ion of root is a domestic reme-
dy for colic and nephritic complaints, and the leaves applied externally
for cutaneous eruptions. The ashes afford much potash. This article
may be used with perhaps as much advantage as sarsaparilla, in syphi-
litic, rheumatic, nephritic, scrofulous, and cutaneous diseases, in form of
decoction, made of 3 ij. recently bruised root in O. iij. water, boiled to
two, a pint to be taken in 24 hours, Seeds are a useful — in \
doses of 3}. in emulsion, or powder.
Cicnorrum Intysus, Linn., (Wild Succory, or Chicory). A
plant mentioned by Dioscorides, used very anciently in hepatic obstruc-
tions. The whole plant bitter without acrimony; taste astringent in
root ; young leaves sometimes eaten as salad; gently tonic, aperient,
and deobstruent; useful, freely taken in hepatic congestion, jaundice,
and other visceral obstructions ; also in pulmonary affections—strong
decoction preferable, used freely ; the root, dried and roasted, is some-
times used as a substitute for coffee, also to flavor or adulterate it.
The garden endive is a species of this plant.
gw
* The Centaur, Chion, is said to have cured himself of a wound received from
eae with this plant.
From the Greek, knizo, to prick or wound.
m the Celtic word llap, because it lays hold of everything near it.
>
OF NEW-YORK. 35
Hieracium* Venosum, Linn., (Rattlesnake Weed). One of the
numerous plants said to bean antidote tothe bite of the rattlesnake.
The scabrum exudes a oaillsyyj Juice, and probably would be found a use-
ful medicine.
Nazatvus Axsus, Tor. & Gr. (The Prenanthes. of Linneus, Rat-
tlesnake’s Root, White Lettuce, etc.) Another supposed specific for
the bite of venomous serpents.
_ N.Frasert, De. Can., (Gall of the Earth). Root intensely bitter ;
tonic and deobstruent ; diuretic ;? also recommended for the bite of the
rattlesnake.
‘Taraxacumt Dens-Leonts, (Common Dandelion). Diuretic,
tonic, aperient, and alterative ; useful in hepatic and other visceral en-
gorgements, and derangements of digestive organs; it increases the
secretion of bile, in torpid conditions of the organ, but is contraindica-
ted in cases of irritation or inflammation of stomach and bowels. Given
inform of extract, ordecoction. Soda increases its activity, and aroma-.
tics correct its tendency to produce griping or flatulence. Of. U. S. P.
Lopeniacesz, Juss.—(Tue Losewia TRrise.)
.
@ Loser Inrtara, Linn., (Indian Tobacco). An acrid narcotic ;
diaphoretic, expectorant, emetic, and cathartic ; an infusion causes
speedy and severe emesis, attended with long-continued and distress-
ing nausea, copious sweating, and great, general relaxation. In large
and repeated doses it causes inflammation of the mucous membrane ot
the stomach and bowels, and death, attended with the usual symptoms
of the acro-narcotic poisons. Too violent and distressing in its effects
for ordinary use. Tincture useful {n asthma, and as an expectorant,
with laudanum or ipecac. Much abused by Thomsonians and other
quacks. Contains a peculiar principle, lobelina. Off. U. S. P.
L. Carpinatts. Medicinal properties somewhat similar to those
of inflata, but less active; supposed to be useful as a remedy for
worms.
L. Sypruuitica. Emetic, cathartic, and diuretic. Same remarks.
apply to this species. ’
L. Crayrontana. Said to be a gooddiuretic. (See Williams, in
New-York Jour. of Med., vol. 7, p. 175). Seven species grow inthe
State of New-York.
* From the Greek, hierax, a hawk; the ancients supposed the hawk, and other
birds of prey, used the juice of this aes to sharpen their sight.
t From the Greek tarasso, to disturb. *
36 MEDICINAL PLANTS
Ericacem, Endl.—(Tue Heatu Trise.) fe |
Arcrostapuytos* Uva Urst, Spreng, (Bear-berry). The uva ursi
of the shops, a low evergreen shrub, with trailing stems, gathered in
: autumn; the leaves taste bitterish, strongly astringent, ultimately
: sweetish ; contain tannin, resin, gum, extractive, and gallic acid; tan-
: nin abounds to that extent that they are sometimes used in tanning
: leather; active principles soluble in water and alcohol; astringent,
tonic, diuretic, antilithic, and lithontriptic, exerts a direct and specific.
influence on kidneys and urinary organs ; useful in diseases of bladder
and kidneys, as nephritis, caleulus, catarrh of bladder, or urethra, in-
continence of urine, gleet, leucorrhea, hemorrhagia, diabetes, ete.
; Also in all passive hemorrhages, in decoction or powder. (Offi. U.S.
Phar.) I found this plant in great abundance on the shores of Lake
Superior, where it is smoked with tobacco by the Indians, under the
name of “ Kinnikinnick.”’
Ertexzat Rerens, Linn., (Tra iling Arbutus). This plant has the
same medicinal virtues as the wva ursi, and might be substituted for it.
It is a popular domestic remedy for gravel, and is put up and sold by
the Shakers under the name of Gravel Plant. —
CrietTura Atntrorta, Linn., (Sweet Pepper Bush). A diaphoretic, @
stimulant, fragrant, the leaves and flowers ; a handsome plant growing
in swamps and thickets in the south part of the State.
GavutTierat Procumsens, Linn. (Partridge Berry). <A. well-
known, small, shrubby, indigenous, evergreen plant.. The leaves and
whole plant possess aromatic properties, similar to sweet birch, which
reside in a volatile oil; the leaves contain much tannin, and are
astringent—a cordial stimulant, united with astringency—adapted well
to cures of chronic diarrhea; chiefly used to impart an agreeable
flavor to other preparations. The oil or infusion may be used—has
been employed success fully as an emmenagogue. (U.S. P.) The
oil is sold under the name of Oil of Wintergreen. Berries are edible,
and have a very pleasant flavor. The oil is recently ascertained by
M. Cahours to be a salycilite of the oxide of methyl, and composed of
- an acid called the salycilic, (hitherto found only in the oil of spirea,)
united with the ether of wood$spirit, (Methylic Ether).
Anpromepa) Potyrotta, Linn., (Sorrel Tree, Sour Tree, aa
meda, etc. ). > on
* From the Greek, arkios, a bear, and staphyle, a grape.
t From the Greek, epi, upon, and ge, the earth—prostrate.
} Named after Dr. Gautier, a French physician of Quebec.
§ No allusion to the fable of Androméda.
OF, NEW-YORK. 37
A. Arporza. Schoepf states that this species is found in this
State, though not mentioned by Torrey. The leaves and wood contain
malic acid, with tannin, and hence form a useful combination in many
cases of disease. Rafinesque says they form a refreshing, cooling,
anti-febrile drink, allaying thirst, etc.; useful where a refrigerant
astringent is needed; very similar to the fruit of the Rhus Glabrum or
Ger.)
A. Marrana, Linn., (Kill Lamb, Stagger-bush). A species sup-
posed to be poisonous to lambs and calves, producing a disease called
the staggers ; a decoction is said to be useful as a wash in ulcers.
RuopopEnpron,* Linn., (Rose Bay). We have seven species in-
digenous of this beautiful genus growing in the State of New-York,
under the names of Great Laurel, Wild Honeysuckle, etc. Their me-
dical properties have never been investigated, so far as we know,
although they richly deserve it. If we mistake not, like the Rhodo-
dendron Chrysanthemum of Siberia, some of the species will be found to
have valuable stimulant, diaphoretic, and narcotic properties, and prove
valuable remedies in the treatment of rheumatism, palsy, gout, etc.
Katmiat Latirotia, Linn., (Laurel, Calico-bush). Leaves, nar-
cotic, poisonous. Sheep, and some other animals, are occasionally
poisoned by eating the leaves of this plant. Barton says that the flesh
of partridges and pheasants that have fed on the leaves in winter, has
often caused symptoms of poisoning and even death. Not employed in
medicine. Dr. Barton says he has seen 20 grains of the recently pow-
dered leaves given at once without perceptible effect.
_K. Anevsrirouia, (Dwarf Laurel, Sheep Laurel). K. Gravca,
(Swamp Laurel). Both of these species possess the same qualities as
the latifolia.
Lepum Patustre, Linn., (Labrador Tea). The leaves have an
aromatic, balsamic odor, and bitter taste ; contain vol. oil and tannin ;
tonic, astringent, and slightly narcotic ; decoction of leaves is used as a
wash, and internally in cutaneous affections, attended with irritation
and itching; also in diarrhcea and dysentery ; used in Germany, in
brewing, as a substitute for hops. This plant was used as a substitute
for tea, during the revolutionary war.
Vaccinium Corymsosum, Linn., (Tall Swamp Huckleberry).
Berry nearly one-third of an inch in diameter, dark blue, covered with
a bloom, sub-acid and well-flavored. |
_ Y. Pennsytyanicum. (Dwarf Blue Huckleberry). Berries large,
bluish black, covered with a glaucous gloom, sweet and well-flavored.
* From the Greek, rhodon, a rose, and dendron, a tree.
t In honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist.
38 MEDICINAL PLANTS
V. Vaccittans. (Low Blue Huckleberry). Berries dark blue,
glaucous, very sweet and well-tasted.
V. Uxientosum. (Alpine sia tif Berries deep wind at sources
of the Hudson.
V. Canapense, Kalm. (Black Bilberry). Berries bluish black,
sweet and palatable. (Swamps in certain parts of the State.) .
V. Sraminevm, Linn., (Deer Berry, Squaw Huckleberry). Berry
large, globose, somewhat pyriform, usually greenish, but sometimes
purplish, of a bitterish and somewhat astringent taste, but not unplea-
sant when fully ripe.
All the above species are nutritious and palatable as food, and con-
stitute a very healthy article of diet to invalids, either in their fresh
state or made into a jelly. ‘
Vaccinium Oxycoccos, Jinn., (Small Cranberry). V. Macro-
carpon, Ait., (Common Cranberry). Both of these species are exten-
sively used as sauce, and as a nutritious diet and drink in febrile dis-
eases. A drink made of cranberry jelly is extremely refreshing and
antifebrile. |
Gayuussacta* Hrerenta, Torrey 5 Gray, (Dwarf Swamp Huckle-
berry). Fruit black and shining when ripe, ‘glandularly pubescent,
watery and rather insipid.
G. Fronposa. (Blue Tangle, Dangle Berry). Fruit large, glo-
bose, sweet and well-flavored. | ;
G. Restnosa, Torrey g Gray, (Black Huckleberry). Fruit slightly
acid, but agreeable.
Same remarks apply to these, as tothe former species of this escu-
lent and healthy fruit. |
Curmaruittat Umpetrarta, Nutt., (Pipsissewa, Prince’s Pine). A
well-known evergreen, tonic, diuretic, astringent, antilithic and lithon-
thriptic ; employed by the Indians in scrofula, rheumatism, and nephritic
diseases ; useful in dropsy ; in broken-down habits, its medicinal proper-
ties are similar to those of the wva ursi, adapted to same cases of dis-
ease ; an excellent tonic in simple debility of digestiye organs ; good
alterative in cutaneous aflections and scrofula.
C. Macutata, Pursh, (Spotted Winter Green). Properties simi-
lar tothe umbellata ; both contain extractive, gum, resin, tannin, saline
matters, etc. ; bitter, astringent, and sweetish to the taste ; but slightly
aromatic. '
ate
* From Gay Lussac, the French chemist.
+ From the Greek, cheima, winter, and phileo, to dae
OF NEW-YORK. 39
Aquiromiace®, De Cand.—(Tue Horry Tarise.)
Inex Opaca, Ait., (American Holly). An evergreen tree, 10 to
30 feet high. A viscid substance called bird-lime is prepared from its
inner bark. The leaves are bitter, and diaphoretic ; tonic, contain a
peculiar bitter principle, ilicin; berries are the size of a large pea,
persistent, bright red, and are purgative, diuretic, and emetic ; ten or
twelve will generally prove cathartic. This plant has been em-
ployed successfully in the cure of intermittents, jaundice, and dropsy.
Found near Kingsbridge, island of New York.
Prinos* Verriciitatus, Linn., (Black Alder, Common Winter
Berry). This shrub has round berries, size of a pea, scarlet when
ripe, and several clustered together.— The bark. Taste bitter and as.
tringent, tonic and astringent, recommended in diarrhcea, dropsy, in-
termittents, and diseases connected with debility ; a very useful remedy
in cutaneous diseases, taken internally in form of strong decoction, and
applied as a wash; also in gangrenous and ill-conditioned ulcers. The
decoction should be made by boiling 3 ij. of the bark in 3 pints of
water toa quart. Dose 3 ij. to 3 iij. Dose of powder 3 ss, to 3i.
P. Grasra, Linn., (Inkberry, Evergreen Winterberry). Has the
same medicinal properties as the above.
Exsenace®, Vent.—(Tue Esony Trips.)
Drospyrost Virerntana, Linn., (Persimmon, U.S. P.). The bark
and fruit jgerows in moist places in the southern parts of the State-
Fruit roun adh, about one inch in diameter, reddish orange when ripe,
fleshy, very astringent until acted on by frost, then soft and luscious ;
when green the fruit is excessively astringent. In the southern and
western States it is made into cakes with bran, and used in preparing
beer, with the addition of water, hops, and yeast. A spiritous-liquor
is obtained by distilling the fermented infusion. ‘The unripe fruit is
recommended by Dr. Mettauer, of Va., in chronic dysentery, diarrhea,
and uterine hemorrhage, in form of infusion, syrup, or vinous tincture.
Bark is used as a tonic in intermittents, and to make an astringent gar-
gle in ulcerated sore throats, ete. The ripe fruit is grateful, and it is
said possesses anthelmintic properties.
PuantTacinace®, Juss —(Tue Prantain Trire.)
Piantaco Masor, Linn., (Common Plantain). The leaves and
ie
* From the Greek prio, to saw, the leaves being serrated.
t From the Greek Dios, Jupiter, and pyros, fruit, meaning heavenly fruit.
e
40 MEDICINAL PLANTS
root refrigerant, alterative, diuretic, and astringent, employed by the
ancients in hemorrhages, visceral obstructions, phthisis, dysentery, ete. ;
externally to ulcers and scrofulous tumors, and as a dressing to blisters
and sores, given in a strong decoction, or the expressed juice.
P. Corvata, Lam., (Heart-leaved Plantain). —, 7
P. Lanceozara, Linn, (Rib Grass, English Plantain). These two
species have the same properties as the former, and may be substituted
for them. The same remark will probably apply to the P. Virexnica,
Linn., (White Plantain,) P. Mararma, Linn., (Sea Plantain,) and
P. Pustnua, Nutt., (Dwarf Plantain).
PiumBacinacedz, Juss.—(Tue Leapworr Trise). P
Statice Limontum, Linn., (Common Marsh Rosemary). This is
the S. Caroliniana of Pursh, Bigelow, Griffith, and others. Found
on our seacoast. The roof bitter, and powerfully astringent ; virtues
imparted to water and alcohol. Contains 12 per cent. of tannin, no
gallic acid. Bigelow thinks it equal in astringency to galls.. A very
useful remedy where powerful astringents are indicated, as the latter
stages of diarrhea, and as a gargle in ulcerated sore throat. . Given
in infusion, decoction, extract, or tincture——(See Dr. Moit’s Inaug.
Thesis, Experiment. Inquir. on Statice, &c.)
Oropancuace®, L. C. Rich.—(Tue Broom Rare Tripe.)
Oropancue* Americana, Linn., (Squaw Root, Cancer Root). The
plant has an unpleasant, nauseous, bitter, and astringent taste, used in-
ternally in bowel complaints. The powder has considerabl® reputation
as a local application to cancerous ulcers. Supposed.to have been an
ingredient of Martin’s Cancer Powder, (Barton,) Wood and Bache.
‘Astringent, antiseptic, antisyphilitic, considered at the west asa specific
in gonorrhcea and syphilis.
Errpneeus} Americana, Nutt., (Beech Drops, Gativerd -root), has
the same preperties as the above ; they are often confounded, though
different species. (See Torrey’s Flora). Has considerable reputation
in dysentery and diarrheea, etc.,. apie ls its powers are probably over-
rated,
Bicnontacia, Juss.—(Tue Trumpet Fiower Trize.)
Catratrat Syrinecxroxia, Sims., (Catalpa, Indian Bean), more
* From the Greek or oboss.a vetch, and anchein, to strangle, from its an oe
injurious effects.
t From the Greek epi, upon, and phegas, the beech, because it grows upon the
roots of this tree.
t Corruption of catawba, the Indian name for this tree.
»
OF NEW-YORK.. 41
esteemed for ornament than use. The wood has a fine texture, and
takes a good polish. Supposed to possess medicinal properties. The
seeds have been employed with success in asthma— 3 iv. of seeds to
be boiled in 3 xij. of water down to 3 vi., the whole to be given might
and morning. (Jour. Phil. Col. Phar. 6. 352.)
Scropuutariacez, R. Br.—(Tue Fiewort TRIBE.)
Versascum* Tuarsus, Linn., (Common Mullein). The leaves and
flowers have a slight narcotic smell, mucilaginous and bitter taste, im-
part their virtues to water by infusion ; demulcent and emollient, and
possess mild anodyne properties ; hence used in catarrh and other pec-
toral complaints. The decoction of leaves is a good remedy in diar-
rheea and dysentery, and a good anodyne ears emollient. g The
flowers, when dried in the sun, yield a fatty oil, which is useful in
piles. A good emollient ointment may also be tyra by boiling the
leayes in lard.
The V. Buarrarra, Linn., (Moth Mullein), and B. Lycsnirts,
Linn., (White Mullein), probably possess s similar yirtues.
Se MaRILANDICA, Linn. (Figwort). This plant,
which is nearly allied to the S. Nudosa of Europe, probably possesses
similar virtues, i.e., is anodyne, diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic, anthel- ~
mintic, and alterative ; hence employed in scrofula, from which cir-
cumstance its name is derived. The bruised root has considerable
reputation in domestic practice, asa poultice for reducing a
In tumors.
Linariat Vutearis, Maench, (Common Toad Flax, Great Dragon).
The herb, collected when in flower, tastes bitter, slightly acrid, and
weakly saline, diuretic and cathartic, The infusion has been em-
ployed with success in dropsy, jaundice, and cutaneous affections, also
‘in the latter as external fomentations, or an ointment, by boiling the
flowers inlard. ‘The flowers may be used for dying yellow. :
Corirstat Verna, Nuft., (Early parti-colored Collinsia). Cuer-
LONE) GuiaBra, Linn., (Snake Head). Several varieties. The leaves
inodorous, but very bitter, contain gailic acid and bitter extractive ;
tonic and cathartic ; in small doses laxative and deobstruent. Rafi-
nesque says it acts powerfully on the liver. It is much employed as
* Altered from barbascum, the leaves being covered with a barba or beard.
+ From the Latin linum, flax, which the leaves resemble.
« t Inhonor of Z. Collins, an eminent botanist of Philadelphia.
§ From the Greek chelone, a tortoise, the flower resembling the head of that
animal.
ie a |
42 MEDICINAL PLANTS
a tonic by the Thomsonians, under the name of Balmony. The Shakers
use it also, and put it up for sale. It deserves a fuller examination.
GrartioLa Virernica, Linn., (Common Hedge Hyssop). _-
G. Aurea, Muhl., (Golden Hedge Hyssop). The European Hedge
Hyssop is an active, drastic cathartic, diuretic, and emetic, and con-
tains Veratria. ‘The above species have not been fully investigated,
but if we mistake not, they will be found to possess similar properties.
The Aurea certainly has very powerful properties, and we believe
might be substituted for the Offcinalis. We would recommend a
tincture of it to be tried in rheumatism and gout, as it probably ope-
rates in a manner similar to colchicum and veratrum.
Veronica Orricrnauis, Linn., (Common Speedwell). This plant
has an astringent, warm, bitterish taste, and is considered diuretic, dia-
phoretic, tonic, and expectorant; formerly much employed in pectoral
and Cutaneous diseases, nephritic complaints, and wounds. Has
been used as a substitute for tea. |
V. Beccasunea, Linn., (Brookline). A very succulent plant,
forms a good emollient fomentation and poultige, formerly considered de-
purative and alterative.
V. Pernerina, Linn. Once employed in scrofulous affections. (See
Bart. Med. & Phys. Jour. 3, p. 24.)
Parprerora Virernica, Torrey, (Culver’s Root, or Physic, formerly
Leptandria Virginica, Nutt). The root. This is bitter and nauseous, and
yields its virtues to boiling water ; acts powerfully as emetic and cathar-
tic, when fresh—not so active when dry. Dose, xx. grs. to 3}.
VERBENACER, Juss.—(THE VeRVAIN TRIBE.)
VerBENA* Hastata, Linn. .» (Tall Blue Vervain).
V. Urricrrorra, Linn. (Common Vervain). A plant held sacred
by the ancients, and employed in their religious rites; still worn
around the neck for the cure of scrofula. It is bitter to the taste, and
has tonic and emetic properties. Its medicinal virtues are not great.
Lapiata, Juss.—(Tue Mint Triste.)
Menruaf Viripis, Linn., (Spearmint). M. Pirerrra, Linn.,(Pep- .
permint). M. Canapensts, Linn., (Canadian Mint). These species
of mint are well known remedies as stimulants, in cases of flatulence,
* An alteration of the Celtic word ferfaen, from fer to drive away, and faen a
stone, in allusion to its medicinal virtues. |
+ From Minthe, a daughter of Caeytus, who, according to fable, was changed info
this plant.
OF NEW-YORK. 43
gastric debility, ete. The last is the only one indigenous to. this coun-
try. The two former are grateful aromatic cordials, and used to allay
nausea, relieve spasmodic pains of the digestive organs, expel flatus,
and correct the taste of nauseating medicines. In fomentation over
the stomach, they relieve nausea and vomiting, especially in cholera
infantum of young children. In infusion or vol. oil. Off. U. S. P.
Lycorus* Virernicus, Linn., (Bugle-weed). The whole herb ;
taste slightly bitter, odor peculiar, virtues imparted to boiling water.
‘A mild astringent, narcotic, and depurative ; has been used with suc-
cess in incipient phthisis, and hemorrhage from the lungs. It lessens
the frequency of the pulse, quiets irritation, andallayscough. Infusion
best form of using it. (See N. York Med. & Phys. Jour. 1, 179)
Monarpvaf Dipyma, Linn., (Oswego Tea). M. Fisrutosa, Linn.,
(Horse Mint, Wild Bergamot)... M. Punorata, Linn., (Horse Mint).
All these species are more or less aromatic and pungent to the taste,
’ and abound in vol. oil, which is separated by distillation. They are
carminative and stimulant. The oil forms an excellent stimulating
embrocation in rheumatism, flatulent colic, and in cases where such
remedies are needed. (See Phil. Med. Recorder, vol. 1, p. 494.)
Pycnantuemumt Incanum, Michx., (Common Mountain Mint). P.
Murticum, Pers., (Hairy-leaved Mountain Mint). P. Lancronatum,
Pursh, (Virginian Thyme). We have six species of mountain mint,
most of which are used as domestic remedies to answer the same indi-
cations as the other species of mint. ;
Ortcanum§ Vuucarx, Linn., (Common Wild Marjorum). This
plant has a warm, pungent taste, and a peculiar aromatic odor, which
are owing to a volatile oil. It is a stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, and
emmenagogue. ‘The oil forms a good external stimulant as an embro-
cation in toothache, neuralgia, rheumatism, etc. Of. U.S. P.
Coxtiinsonia|| Canapensis, Linn., (Common Horse-balm, Stone .
Root, Knot Root). An indigenous plant, having a strong and disa-
sreeable smell, anda warm pungent taste. Diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic,
and astringent. ‘The active principle is volatile, hence the fresh plant
is to be preferred. The decoction of the fresh root is highly recom-
mended in cystitis, gravel, leucorrhea, and dropsy, and it is a popular
* From the Greek lykos, a wolf, and pous, foot ; its leaves resembling the foot of
that animal. 3
t In honor of Monardez, a Spanish botanist of the 16th century.
t From the Greek pyknos, dense, and anthemon, a flower, the flowers being in
clusters. }
§ From oros, mountain, and ganeas, joy; because many of the species are fra-
grant and beautiful, and grow in hilly places.
|| In honor of Peter Collinson, of London, a distinguished patron of botany.
i i
44 MEDICINAL PLANTS
application in the form of fomentation, to ulcers, wounds, and bruises. _
It is apt to excite nausea and vomiting. The Shakers put up the root
and sell it under the name of Stone-root ; it is chiefly employed for diu-
retic and tonic purposes. ‘The oil or tincture are the best preparations.
Cantta Marrana, Linn., (Common Ditany). A small indigenous
herb, having a pungent taste and agreeable odor, depending on an es-
sential oil. It is a gently-stimulating aromatic and diaphoretic ;
warm tea of it, like that of the mints, is a popular mode of inducing the
spiration, in colds and fevers; to relieve colic, and promote the men-
strual flow. ory
Hrpeoma* Purecrorpes, Pers., (Pennyroyal). A well-known in-
digenous annual plant, a very pleasant aromatic stimulant, emmena-
gogue, and diaphoretic ; given in warm infusion on going to bed; also
in flatulent colic, and sick stomach. The oil is a velo = of
administration with some. Of. U. S. P.
‘Metissat Cxrnopoptum, Benth., (Wild Basil, Field Thyme). M.
_ Orricrnatis, (Common Balm). ‘These species contain a small quan-
tity of essential oil ofa peculiar flavor; it forms one of the best diapho-
retic drinks in febrile complaints, and is very acceptable to the stomach.
-Scuretrarrat Larerrrrora, Linn., (Mad-dog Scull-cap). Has no
sensible properties—had a considerable reputation at one time as a
preventive of hydrophobia: at present few place any confidence in
it as a prophylactic. (See Barton in Phil. Med. and Phys. Jour., vol. 1.)
S. Inreerrroitia, Linn. (Entire-leaved Scull- -cap. This species
is intensely bitter, and possesses decided tonic properties.
Nepeta§ Cararra, Zinn. (Common Catnep, Cat-mint). The
whole plant—odor unpleasant, bitter aromatic taste; a useful carmi-
‘native in diseases of children. It is anodyne and decidedly antispas-
modic, hence an excellent remedy in a paroxysm of hysteria—has
considerable reputation in the treatment of amenorrhcea and chloro-
sis; alsoasan anthelmintic. Given to ee and young children in
sailistot
Leonvrvs|| Carpraca, Linn., (Common Motherwort). Fornierip in
high repute as‘a medicine—a gentle, stimulating diaphoretic, and em-
menagogue.
-
* From the Greek hedys, sweet, and osme, odor.
t+ From the Greek melissa, a bee, because its flowers are aie h sought after by
that insect.
¢ From the Latin sewtella, a little cup, from the appearance of the calyx.
§ From the Greek nepa, @ scorpion, the bite of which it was once supposed to
cure.
|| From the Greek leon, a lion, and vara, a tail, froma ane resemblance of the
plant.
OF NEW-YORK. | 45
Marrvstum Vutears, Linn, (Common Horehound). The whole
plant is officinal. Stimulant, diuretic and tonic—in large doses laxative ;
a popular remedy in coughs, colds, and diseases of pulmonary organs,
in the form of expressed juice, syrup or candy. We have known se-
vere cases of chronic cough cured by the expressed juice taken in
warm new milk.
Boracinacea, Juss.—(Tue Borace TRIBE.)
Bemonspis" Virerica, Linn., (Virginian Lungwort). As the
species of this plant are emollient and demulcent, and have enjoyed a
hf®h reputation in pulmonary diseases, Dr. Griffith thinks they owe
their efficacy to a reliance on the doctrine of signatures, the leaves
having spots bearing some resemblance to the lungs.—The virg. is
astringent, and is much used in some parts of the CoREY in coughs
- and colds, and diseases of respiratory organs.
Lirnospermumt OrricinaALe anp ArvensE, Linn., (Gromwell,
Stone-weed). The seeds have a greyish-white, pearly color, and a
stony hardness.. Formerly much employed as lithontriptic, from the
supposed resemblance between the remedy and the complaint. Not
used at present.
Sympnytum{ Orricrnatz, Linn., (Common Comfrey). A highly-
mucilaginous plant, slightly astringent; it resembles closely the mal-
low ; both contain an acid malate of Altheine. (Jour. de Pharm., xiii.,
635,) A popular remedy in catarrh, diarrhoea, dysentery, etc.
‘Cynocrossum§ OrricinaLe, Linn.—(Howunp’s Toneve.)
C, Virernicum, Linn., (Wild Comfrey). These plants. have ano-
dyne, demulcent; and astringent properties, and are employed as local
applications to scrofulous sores, burns, tumors, sprains, etc. The Of-
ficinale contains an odorous principle, tannin, and several salts. Dr.
Griffith thinks the plant too much neglected. (Med. Botany, p. 500.)
- Convotvutus|| Panpuratus, Linn., (Wild Potato Vine). Indige-
nous ; the root very large, 2 or 3 feet in length, about 3 inches thick,
branched at bottom, has a somewhat acrid taste. Feebly cathartic,
slightly diuretic, and useful in calculous complaints, and strangury ;
* From the Latin pulmones, the lungs ; they having been a remedy for diseases
of this organ.
t From lithos, a stone, and sperma, seed, which are very hard.
{ From the Greek symphyo, to grow together, in allusion to its healing qualities.
§ From the Greek kyon, a dog, and glossa, a igneres from the shape of the leaves.
|| From the Latin convolwo, to entwine.
__ EEE ———
46 MEDICINAL PLANTS
40 grains of the root purge; might be given in extract, A favorite
remedy with some botanic doctors. (Wood & Bache.)
Sonanacea, Juss.—(THe Nicutr-Suape Trise.)
Nicorrana* Rustica, Linn., (Wild Tobacco). A naturalized plant,
probably introduced by the fds contains nicotina, like common
tobacco.
Darvura Stramonium, Linn., (Jamestown Weed). A powerful
acro-narcotic ; the seeds and leaves both contain the active principle
daturia ; a useful article in neuralgia and rheumatism, externally and
internally used ; also in asthma ; -it is slightly laxative ; used to dillfte
the pupil. Carspleaine and eislennbl made of the leavel are also
useful preparations, the latter in piles and painful ulcers, ete.
Hyoscyamust Nicer, Linn., (Common Henbane). A powerful nar-
cotic, antispasmodic and anodyne, with laxative properties. Its
poisonous effects are owing to an active principle, hyoscyamia; our
most valuable anodyne, next to opium. Exotic.
Soranum Dutcamara, Linn., (Bitter-sweet, Woody Night-Shade).
Supposed to possess deobstruent and alterative properties, very slightly
narcotic, not poisonous, also diuretic and diaphoretic ; given in decoc-
tion. oe [
Sotanum Nicrum, Linn., (Common Night-Shade.) A powerful
narcotic ; poisonous ; introduced from Europe
S. Tuserosum, Linn., (Common Potato). The stalks possess nar-
cotic properties, also the epidermis of the tubers, especially when
much exposed to light. A good preventive of scurvy. when eaten raw
with vinegar ; its nutritious properties depend chiefly on starch.
GENTIANACES, Juss.—(Tue Gentian TRIBE.)
GentTianat Sopronartra, Linn. (Soap Gentian). G. Quinque-
FLora, Laur. Five-flowered Gentian. G. Crinira, Large fringed
Gentian. Pure bitter tonics, fully equal to the imported Gentian,
(Lutea,) and might be substituted for it; stomachic. In a fresh
state they prove laxative. We have three other species, equally
medicinal.
Frasera§ Carorrnrensis, Walt., (American Columbo). A good
* From John Nicot, who introduced the weed into Europe.
+t From hyos, a hog, and cyamos, a bean, because hogsare said to feed on the
fruit, which resembles a bean.
t From Gentius, a king of Illyria, who brought the plant into use.
§ From John Fraser, a collector of North American plarts.
OF NEW-YORK. 47
bitter, reported by many as equal to imported Columbo. When re-
cent, it is emetic and cathartic, and operates like rhubarb; when
dried, simply tonic. Employed much at the west and south, and kept
in the shops. Powder and infusion.
Eryrurxza* Centaurium, Pers... (Common Centaury). A pure
bitter and tonic, no astringency, and slight aroma.
Sappatrat Anevutaris, Pursh, (American Centaury). An ex-
cellent, pure, bitter tonic, without astringency. Two other species,
Stellaris, (Pursh), and Chloroides, (Pursh), have the same properties.
Menyantuest Trrrotiata, Linn., (Buckbean, Marsh Trefoil).
-A good tonic, combining laxative and diuretic properties. In small doses
astringent. (See Wood and Bache.) Said also to be emmenggogue.
Apocynaces. Juss.—(Tue Docsane Triste.)
Apvocynum§ Anpros#mirotium, Linn., (Dog’s Bane). Contains
bitter extractive matter, caoutchouc, and vol. oil. Root, diaphoretic and
emetic, in full doses causes emesis, without previous nausea, or much
muscular relaxation. A stimulant to digestive organs in small doses.
A. Cannasinum, Linn. (Indian Hemp). . Emeto-cathartic, diu-
retic, and diaphoretic ; produces copious watery evacuations, followed
by general perspiration; uncertain as a diuretic, most useful as a
hydragogue in ek 26
AsciepiapAce&, R. Br.—(Tue Mix Weep Trise.)
Asctepias|| Cornuti, Decaisne, (Silk Weed, Milk Weed). Diuretic,
diaphoretic, anodyne and expectorant. The young plants resemble as-
paragus ; the dried leaves are employed in preparing the indigo dye in
woollen manufactories.
A. Incarnata, Linn., (Swamp Silk Weed). The root, emetic and
cathartic, also diaphoretic.
A. Tuserosa, Linn., (Pleurisy Root). Well known from its beau-
tiful orange-colored flowers ; a good diaphoretic and expectorant, slightly
tonic. In large doses, cathartic. Has been found useful in catarrh,
pneumonia, pleurisy and other pectoral complaints ; also, in rheuma-
* From the Greek erythros, red, the color of the flowers.
t After Z. Sabbati, an Italian botanist of last century.
- $ From the Greek mene; a month, and anthos, a flower, in allusion to its em-
i il virtues.
§ From apo, from, and kyon, a dog, it being thought poisonous to that animal.
| The Greek name of Aisculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.
48 MEDICINAL PLANTS
tism and dysentery, in infusion or powder. We have six other “me
of this genus, all of vem X posseks medicinal ninaiveiala |
Cebeavicns Hoff —(Tue Onive Trrse.) —
LicgusTRUM* Vuncare, Linn., (Common. Privet). The bark oa
tains a peculiar substance, ligustrin, mannite, starch, sugar, extrac-
tive, tannin, bitter resin, etc. The. berries are black, are ca-
thartic, and used for dyeing. The leaves are astringent,. as are the
flowers ; used_in aphthous affections of the mouth and fances asa
wash. (Am. Jour. Phar. XI, shee |
_ APELATOUS EXOGENOUS PLARTS.
ARISTOLOCHIACE, Juss ie aS Tatas.)
ARISTOLOCHIA Seapanransa, Linn. (V ing. Snake Root). An inval-
uable diaphoretic, stimulant and tonic. Contains much volatile oil,
and a yellow bitter principle ; also, diuretic ; particularly adapted to
cases of typhus fever, and eruptive diseases where the grade of action
is low, and the eruption slow in appearing. In powder, infusion or
extract. Off. U. S. P. . .
Asarumt Canapense, Linn., (Wild Ginger, ‘CMiada Senke Root).
An aromatic, stimulant, tonic, containing a very fragrant essential
oil, etc. Forms a pleasant adjuvant to p88 infusions and decoctions ;
in powder ortincture. . | - Rate *} tiny coma
| . aa
atl nibadae: Vent. —(TuHE Goosrroor ‘Trine. yo _
Amprina .AnTHELMINTICA, Spach. (Worm Seed, . ‘Jerusalem
Oak). A valuable anthelmintic, well adapted to. cases of lumbrici
in children, in doses of 9j. to.5j, followed by ail... The seeds of
the A. Ambrosioides (Mexican. Tea), is sometimes: substituted for the
true Worm seed, but the seeds have a weaker odor,and are less. of-
fensive. The oil is a good form of; giving it,. These plants would
iad prove useful in nervous affections. Formerly Chenopodium.t
_ «&
ad
* From the Latin ananieh ta'tie; ra its flexibility. jawed
t+ From the Greek, a not, and-seria, a band, because it was rejected from
the garlands of flowers employed by the ancients. pai
t From chenos, a goose, and pous, foot, the leaves resembling tho. fot of this
bird.
OF NEW-YORK. 49
PoryGonaces, Juss.—(Tue Buckwueat Trise.)
Potyconum* Facoryrum, Linn., (Buckwheat). Furnishes nu-
tritive seeds, not so nutritive as the cereal grains, containing only half
its weight of fecula.
P. Hyprorirer, Linn., (Smart Weed). Recommended by Dr.
Eberle, and others, as a powerful emmenagogue, in form of saturated
tincture ; also, stimulant and diuretic. (See Eberle’s Practice, 4th
ed., v. 1, 441.)
-P. Avicunarg, Linn, (Knot Grass). A mild astringent, formerly
employed as a styptic and vulnerary.
We have seventeen species of this genus growing in this State, the
leaves of many of which are acrid and pungent, and will vesicate
when applied to the skin. They lose this property, however, by dry-
ing. The roots of some of these species will probably be found good
alteratives. Off. U.S. P.
Rumex Crispus, Linn.; (Curled Dock). R. Brirannica, Willd.,
(Yellow-rooted Water Dock). R. Osrusrroxtus, (Broad-leaved Dock).
R. Verticiiiatus, (Long-stalked Water Dock). These species have
similar medicinal properties, which are astringent and mild tonic ; also
alterative and depurative ; useful in all chronic cases where sarsapa-
rilla is usually recommenced. The Britannica is the Agquaticus, or
Water-Dock of Willdenrw. The Crispus, and Obiusifolius combine
laxative with tonic aud astringent properties, like rhubarb. The
Crispus is very useful in decoction or ointment in the treatment of
itch, and other cutaneous diseases. The root forms a good denti-
frice when the gums are spongy. Decoction best form of administra-
tion. The R. Acetosella or Sheep Sorrel, contains a large quantity of
binoxolate of potash, which renders it agreeably acid. Off. U.S. P.
Puytotaccacez, R. Br.—(Tue Poxe Weep TRrise.)
Puytotaccat Decanpra, Linn., (Poke Weed). An acro-narco-
tic emetic, and purgative ; as an emetic its operation is very slow,
causing much nausea and distress; in small doses alterative ; tecture
useful in rheumatism. An ointment made of the leaves, is recom-
-mended in psora, tinea-capitis, and other cutaneous diseases. (Am..
Jour. of Pharm. XV. 169.) Off. U. S. P.
* From the Greek polys, many, and gonu, joint; the stem having numerous
joints.
t From the Greek phyton, a herb, and lachanon, pot-herb, in allusion to the
use made of the young herbs.
4
50 MEDICINAL PLANTS
Lavurace&, Juss.—(Tue Cinnamon TRIBE.)
Sassarras* Orricrnae, Nees., (Sassafras). The bark and roots
aromatic, stimulant, cordial and diaphoretic, used chiefly as an adjuvant
to other preparations. Virtues reside in a volatile oil; hds been recom-
mended in chronic rheumatism, cutaneous eruptions, scorbutic and
syphiloid affections. In infusion or oil. Off. U. S. P.
Benzorn Oportrerum, Nees., (Fever-bush, Spice-bush). A very
agreeable stimulant, diaphoretic and aromatic tonic, a useful vermifuge,
and drink in low fevers. The bush is recommended in intermittents.
The oil of the berries is used as a stimulant.. The berries have been
employed in place of alspice. A decoction of the young branches is
often used as a medicinal drink for horned cattle, in the spring of the
year. |
TayYMELACEm, Juss.—(THe Mezereum Trise.)
Dircat Paxusrris, Linn., (Leather Wood, Moose Wood). Fresh bark
vesicates the skin; the berries are emetic and poisonous. ‘The bark
forms a good stimulant masticatory in cases of toothache, &c. In
decoction it proves expectorant and sudorific, similar to mezereon in its
medical properties. Bigelow thinks it might be substituted for Senega.
Uitmaces, Mirbel.—(Tue Exim Trise.)
Uxmus Americana, Linn.,(White Elm, American Elm). U. Futva,
Michz., (Slippery Elm, Red Elm.) U. Racemosa, (White Elm).
The inner bark of the Fulva forms an elegant demulcent from its abun-
dant mucilage; also nutritious, and forms a good substitute for Gum Ar-
abic. Dr. Griffith recommends it as an alterative in cutaneous dis-
eases; good bougies are formed of its bark. Externally applied as
poultices and fomentations to inflamed parts.
Cextis OccipenTa.is, Linn., (Sugar-berry, Nettle Tree). The ber-
ries swéetish and somewhat astringent ; useful in diarrhea and dysen-
tery.
Eupworsiace®, Juss.—(Tue Spurce Tris.)
Evrnorsia Coratrata, Linn., (Flowering Spurge). E. Hyprrt-
ciroLia, Linn., (Upright Spotted Spurge). E. Iprcacuanna, Linn.
* From the Spanish salsafras, saxifrage, whose virtues have been attributed
. to this plant.
t+ From the Greek dirke, a fountain, the plant growing near water.
OF NEW-YORK. 51
(Wild Ipecac). These species all furnish an acrid milky juice ; all are
emetic and cathartic, but too active for general use. In small doses,
they are expectorant and diaphoretic. ‘They cause much nausea and
distress as emetics, and are apt to irritate and inflame the stomach.
Given in infusion, decoction or powder of the root.—(See Wood &
Bache.) Seven species are found in the State.
Juetanpace&, De Cand.—(Tue Watnut TREE.)
Juczans Nrera, Linn., (Black Walnut). Bark is acrid and styp-
tic, used chiefly for making ink. The rind of the unripe fruit is used
to cure ringworm and tetter ; decoction as a vermifuge.
-J. Crnerea, Linn., (Butternut). The inner bark is a mild and
pleasant , cathartic, suited to cases of habitual constipation ; recom-
mended in dysentery. Barton thinks it anodyne. In decoction or
extract the sap affords a laxative sugar. The fruit is used for pickles.
The different species of Carya, Hickory, of which we have four, are
worthy of notice, as their bark is astringent and possesses antispasmo-
dic properties.
Cupuniver®, Richard.—(Tue Nut Tripe.)
Coryuius* Americana, Walt., (American Hazlenut). C. Rostrata,
Ait., (Beaked Hazlenut). The nut of the latter is of an ovate shape,
surrounded by a coriaceous involucre, which is round ; short and thick
bristles, very similar to those of the Cowhage. Dr. Heubener, of
Bethlehem, Pa., states that these possess similar anthelmintic virtues
with the Cowhage, and equal to it in all respects. Given in molasses
or syrup.
Quercus} Tinctoria, Rupra, Patustris, (Pin Oak). Iticrrorta,
(Bear Oak, Scrub Oak). Q. Coccrnza, (Scarlet Oak). Apa, (White
Oak). Brcoxor, (Swamp White Oak). - Monrana, (Rock Chesnut
Oak). Prrnorpss, (Chinquapin Oak), &c. These species, and sev-
eral others we have not named, (15 in all,) are marked by astringency
due to tannin and gallic acid, and have all been employed medici-
nally. They are all, however, of more use in the arts than in medicine.
The Alba, (White Oak,) is, perhaps, the most valuable as an internal as-
tringent, and has been used advantageously in hemorrhages, diarrhcea,
leucorrhea, gonorrheea, prolapsus ani, in relaxation of the fauces, and ul-
cerated throat. Externally, to flabby ulcers, and as a poultice in gan-
* From the Greek korys, a helmet or cap, in allusion to the shape of the invo-
lucre.
’ + From the Celtic quer, beautiful, and cuez, a tree.
ee
52 MEDICINAL PLANTS
grene and mortification. ‘The Tinctoria, (black oak,) contains most
tannin and gallic acid; is exported largely for tinctorial purposes, un-
der the name of Quercitron. Internally it is more irritating than the
former, but preferable for external use, from its greater astringency —
The other species named can be substituted for this and the preceding,
or for each other.
Facus* Ferrvucinea, Ait., (Beech). A narcotic principle, called
fagine, is found in the husks of this species of Beech, and we have
but one whose properties have not yet been fully tested.
Casraneat Vesca, Micha., (Chesnut). Valuable for its nuts 3 and
bark for tanning ; contains gallic acid and tannin.
MyRICACEs, re C. Richard.—(Tue Gare Trisz.)
Myricat Crerrrera, Linn., (Bayberry Wax Myrtle). The fruit fur.
nishes a wax chiefly of that peculiar ingredient of beeswax called My-
ricin, which is obtained by boiling the berries in water, when it sepa-
rates and is skimmed from the surface; used for candles, and as the
basis of a kind of soap; to purify, melt and strain, and cast into cakes,
when it is of a pale, greyish green color; consisting of cerin 87, and
myricin 12 percent. Used in dysentery. The bark of the root is acrid
and astringent, and in large doses emetic; a popular remedy in jaundice.
(Amer. Jour. Med. Science, 4, 313.)
Compronta) AsPLENrIFoLIA, Ait., (Sweet Fern). A popular rem-
edy in dysentery and.diarrheea ; it is tonic and astringent, and possesses
a resinous spicy odor.
Berutacez, L. C. Rich.—(Tue Bircu Trise.)
Bervra|| Lenra, Linn., (Cherry Birch, Black Birch). B. EXcELsa,
Ait., (Yellow Birch.) The fruit of these species is remarkable for its
aromatic flavor, resembling that of the Gaultheria Pracumbens ; a tea
of it makes a very agreeable diaphoretic stimulating drink. The oil
obtained from distilling the bark, is identical with that of the Gaulthe-
ria, (Am. Jour. Phar. xv. 243.) All the species afford a saccharine
liqour; we have 6 species of birch.
Aunus? Srrrutata, Willd., (Common Alder). A very useful alter-
* From the Greek phago, to eat, because the nuts were used as food.
t From Castanea, in Thessaly, celebrated for its chesnut tree.
t From the Greek myro, to flow, because found on the banks of rivers.
§ In honor of Henry Compton, Bishop of London.
| From batu, the Celtic name for the birch.
% From the Celtic words, al, rear, and lau, the bank of a river.
OF NEW-YORK. 53
ative and astringent, (see IV. York Jour. Med. vol. 7 & 8,) leaves bitter
and astringent; inner bark of root, emetic; a decoction of the leaves
has been much used to suppress hemorrhage ; very successful in hema-
turia ; the bark has been found useful in intermittents, and the leaves
as an externa] application in wounds and ulcers; also in dyspepsia and
bowel complaints ; an excellent tonic and alterative ; has cured obsti-
nate cutaneous affections, when all other remedies have failed; also
scrofula.
*
Sauicacea, L. C. Rich.—(Tue Wittow Trise.)
Sauix* Nicra, Marshall, (Black Willow). We have 16 known
species of Salix in this State, all of which are more or less medicinal,
tonic and astringent; most of them contain Salicine; the Nigra, perhaps,
in greatest quantity. The Salicine is valuable as a simple bitter, resem-
bling gentian, but as an antiperiodic, it cannot compare with gentian.
Quinine is often adulterated with it. Dose 10 to 30 grains.
Porutust Tremunorpes, Michz., (American Aspen). The bark
has the same medicinal properties as the Salix, tonic and febrifuge.
P. Batsamirera, Linn., (Balsam Poplar, Tackamahac). Cathartic,
and useful in gout and rheumatism. The buds are balsamic and aro-
matic ; the juice is collected and used for diuretic and antiscorbutic
purposes. An ointment may be prepared from the buds, which is use-
ful in burns, bruises and tumors.
Urticacea, De Cand.—(Tue Nettie Trise.)
Morvust Rusra, Linn., (Red Mulberry). M. Atsa, Linn., (White
Mulberry). ‘These species of Mulberry bear edible fruits, which are
cooling and laxative ; bark, anthelmintic and cathartic. The Alba
farnishes food for the silk worm, and its root isa good vermifuge. The
fruit of both species furnishes a grateful drink in fevers. A syrup of
mulberries forms a grateful addition to gargles. The Rubra is indige-
nous, the Alba from China.
Urrica$ Drorea, Linn., (Stinging Nettle). U. Urens, Linn.,
(Small Nettle). The leaves, seeds and roots, diuretic and astringent,
formerly much used in jaundice, nephritic complaints, hemorrhages,
scurvy, &c., good to excite external irritation in cases of palsy where
there is loss of sensation.
Pe aes Site eee
* From the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water, in allusion to the place of growth.
t From populus, the people, having been used in ancient times as a shade tree for
public walks.
t From the Greek moron, the mulberry.
§ From the Latin uro, to burn, from a stinging prop >rties.
54 MEDICINAL PLANTS
Cannazis Sativa, Linn.,(Common Hemp). There is but one spe-
cies of this plant, the Sativa, the C. Indica being a mere variety. It
remains to be ascertained whether the American Hemp contains the
same intoxicating and narcotic properties with that of India ; we are
inclined to think it lacks that resinous portion on which its peculiar me-
dicinal virtues depend. |
Humutus* Luputus, Linn., (Hop). A well-known tonic and. nar-
cotic; owes its properties to a peculiar principle, which resides in the
yellow granular matter of the strobiles, called Lupulin, diuretic and
decidedly antilithic. Lupulin is the best form of internal administra.
tion.
CLASS II.—GYMNOSPERMOUS PLANTS.
Conirer®, Juss.—(Tue Pine Trise.)
Pinust Rierpa, Mill., (Pitch Pine). P, Srrosus, Linn., (White
Pine). P. Mrvis, Michz., (Yellow Pine.) P. Batsamera, Linn., (Bal-
sam Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir). P. Canapensis, Linn., (Hemlock
Spruce). P. Nrera, Ait., (Black or Double Spruce). P. Axpa, Ait.,
(White or Single Spruce). P. Penpuza, Ait., (Tamarack, American
Larch). Turpentine and resin are obtained from all the above species
in greater or less quantity. The Rigida abounds in turpentine; the
Balsamea yields the Canada Balsam, which is largely exported for me-
dicinal purposes ; 650,000,000 of white pine lumber, (P. Strobus,)
are supposed to be annually obtained from this State, which requires
65,000 acres to produce. The turpentines are all diuretic, stimu-
lant, expectorant; in large doses, purgative and vermifuge. They con-
stitute the best class of alterative remedies in the chronic diseases of
old people, and especially of the pulmonary and urinary organs; excel-
lent external applications and revulsives.
Cypressust Txuuyorpes, Linn., (White Cedar). An infusion-of the
tops, stomachic and diuretic.
Tuuya Occipentauis, Linn., (Common Arborvita Tree). Stimu-
lant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and vermifuge ; decoction of the strobiles is
recommended as an astringent in diseases of the bowels.
« Juniperus) Virerniana, Linn., (Red Cedar). J. Communis, Linn.,
(Common Juniper). The first species, Virginiana, is probably the J.
Sabina, (Savine,) of Hooker; the leaveg and berries possess the
same medicinal properties, which are owing to volatile oil, wax, resin,
* From humu, moist earth, because it prefers damp soils.
t From the Celtic pin or pen, a rock or crag ; in allusion toits usual locality.
t From the Island of Cyprus, where the tree abounds.
§ From the Celtic juneprus, rough or rude, the character of the genus.
OF NEW-YORK. 55
gum, &c. Both are stimulating diuretics, and decided alteratives in
all diseases of mucous membranes ; also powerfully emmenagogue and
anthelmintic ; used as an ointment to promote the discharge from blis-
tered surfaces,
Taxus* Canapensis, Willd, (American Yew). A resinous tree ; the
leaves of the European species, Baccata, which, according to Michauz,
is identical with the present ; are said to act in small doses, like Digita-
lis in reducing the force of the circulation. We hope trials will be
‘made to test the virtues of this plant. The ancients considered the
tree poisonous, especially during the season of flowering.
CLASS IIlL—ENDOGENOUS, OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Arace®, Juss.—(THE Arum TRIBE.)
Artsema Tripaytium, (Indian Turnip). Formerly the Arum.
The tuber very active when fresh, owing to a volatile, inflammable
principle, soluble in water and alcohol. When dry it furnishes a large
quantity of nutritious starch, resembling sago. When recent, used as
a carminative stimulant in flatulent colic, etc. Has some reputation
in bronchitis. '
Catxa Patustris, Linn., (Water Arum). The Rhizomes are acrid
and caustic, but on drying, grinding, and washing, furnish a very pure
starch, which in the north of Europe is made into palatable bread.
Diaphoretic when fresh.
*Symprrocarrust Fxtinvus, Salisb., (Skunk Cabbage). Root and
seeds, narcotic and stimulant ; very acrid when fresh, which is lost by
drying. Has been used in asthma, rheumatism, dropsy, hysteria, and
chronic catarrh ; the leaves to keep up a discharge from a blistered
surface.
Acorust Catamus, Linn., (Sweet Flag). A pleasant stimulant
tonic and stomachic. A good adjuvant to bark and quinine in inter-
mittents. Used in flatulent colic and atonic states of digestive organs.
AuismaDe®.—(Tre Water Puantain Tripe.)
‘Axtsma§ Piantaco, Linn., (Water Plantain). .Acrid, and resem-
bling the Ranunculus in its properties. In Russia it is believed to be an
* From toxon, bow, because the wood was used for that purpose by the Greeks.
t From the Greek symploke, connexion, and karpos, fruit, the berries being united.
+ From the Greek a, without, and kore, the pupil of the eye, having been used for
sore eyes.
§ From the Celtic alis, water, its place of growth.
ee —
56 MEDICINAL PLANTS
antidote in hydrophobia. The Kalmucks use it as food when dried, as
it contains much fecula. Recommended in diseases of urinary organs.
Sacrrraria* Sacitirroxia, Linn., (Arrow Head). Has a fleshy rhi-
zome, which is used for food by the Indians; abounds in starch; edi-
ble even in the fresh state. Sometimes several inches in diameter.
Cyrrirepiumt Pusescens, Swartz, (Yellow Lady’s Slipper). A
very energetic antispasmodic and nervine, nearly equal to Valerian.
The root is employed. We have used it in hysteria and other nervous
diseases with striking benefit, in the form ef powder andinfusion. The
Spectabile, (Showy Lady’s Slipper,) and Acaule, (Noah’s Ark,) have
the same properties.
“Traces, Juss.—(Tue Iris Triste.)
Ir1s Versicotor, Linn., (Blue Flag). A very certain and mild
cathartic ; in small doses diuretic, in larger, emetic. As a cathartic,
the powdered root is equal to any of our indigenous articles. (See NV.
Y. Jour. Med., vol. ix.) Fresh root has a sweetish sub-acrid taste, and
a faint, disagreeable odor; both nearly djssipated by drying. Take
the fresh-dug roots, cut into slices, dry in an oven heated to about 100°,
then pulverize, and keep in close-stopped bottles. Dose of powder, as
cathartic, 10 to 15 grs. It should be combined with some stimulant, as
cayenne, ginger, or myrrh. These prevent nausea and griping. It
operates as a mild yet effectual cathartic, producing copious discharges
well tinged with bile. An alterative in smaller doses, 2 to 4 grs. Com
sidered by some equal to jalap, and might be substituted for it in some
cases. |
Smitace®, R. Brown.—(Tue Smitax TRIBe.)
Trittiumt Cernuum, Linn., (Nodding Three-leaved Night Shade, .
Birth Root, or Birth-wort). T. Erectum, Linn., (False Wake Robin).
T. GranpiFtorou™, Salisb., (Large-flowered Trillium). All these spe-
cies are medicinal, possessing alterative, tonic and astringent virtues.
The fresh roots have an aromatic taste, and the odor of turpentine,
causing an acrid sensation in the mouth. “They are much used in he-
morrhagic cases, and with benefit by botanic doctors, and in domestic
practice. I found the Indians on Lake Superior (1846) using the root
of the Cernuwm to facilitate child-birth ; it is in common use among
* From the Latin sagitta, arrow, the shape of the leaf.
t From the Greek Kypris, Venus, and podeon, a shoe—i. e., the slipper of Venus.
t From the Latin tripliz, triple, most parts of the plant being in threes.
——_ ae oe. ee! = =. =
OF NEW-YORK. 57
them for this purpose, as well as for all kinds of discharges in females.
This plant deserves farther investigation.
Smitacina Racemosa, Desf., (Wild Spikenard). A mild altera-
tive, diuretic, and diaphoretic.
Potyconatum Mu.tirtorvum, (Solomon’s Seal). Deobstruent, and
slightly astringent.. Deserves investigating.
Smitax* Rorunprroxia, Linn., (Green-Briar). S. Hisrrpa, MuAl.,
(Hispid Green Briar). S. Sprnutosa, Smith, (Spinulose Green Briar).
S. Hersacea, Linn., (Carrion Flower). All these species of Green
Briar are believed to possess alterative and diaphoretic properties, and
are mentioned for the purpose of directing further attention to them.
Liniuscea, Juss.—(Txe Lity Tree.)
Litrumt Paiwapenpuicum, Linn., (Red Lily). L. Canapensg,
Linn., (Wild Yellow Lily). L. Surzrsum, Linn., (Turk’s Cap).
The roots, or bulbs, contain much mucilage, are slightly acrid ; the active
principle is volatile ; used in domestic practice in dropsy and to form
emolliént cataplasms, boiled in milk. An ointment is also prepared
from the flowers, which has soothing properties.
Eryturoniumt Americanum, Arn., (Dog’s Tooth Violet). The
recent root emetic, in doses of 20 to 30 grs. Whencooked, the bulbs
are edible. The leaves are more active than the roots. Dr. Bigelow,
supposes that this plant might supply the place of Colchicum. In do-
mestic practice the leaves and roots are used as an application to scro-
fulous sores, for which purpose they are boiled in milk.
Autium§ Canapense, Kalm, (Meadow Garlic). A. Vingae, Linn.,
(Wild Garlic). A. Trtococcum, Ait., (Wild Leek). A. Crrnuum,
Rath., (Wild Onion). All contain a volatile, acrid oil, which render
the bulbs, in a fresh state, rubefacient and revulsive. Internally they
prove expectorant, diuretic, and diaphoretic, like squills. ‘The species
Canadense, is fuliy as active as the cultivated garlic, and may be sub-
stituted for it. The onion, A. Cepa, possesses similar properties, but
much milder.
Aterris Fartnosa, Linn., (Star Grass, Colic Root, Blazing Star,
Ague Root, etcz). The root contains a very bitter resinous principle,
soluble in alcohol, slightly in water. Tonic, and stomachic, emetic and
cathartic, slightly narcotic. Dose of powder, 10 grs. A popular re-
medy in colic, dropsy, and rheumatism.
* From the Greek smile, a grater, from its being rough with prickles.
t From the Celtic li, white, that being the color of one of the principal species.
} From the Greek erythias, red, from the spots on the leaves.
§ From the Celtic word all, signifying hot, or acrid.
a ie i a
_ a
:
58 MEDICINAL PLANTS
; ite
“Metanruacea, R. Brown.—(Tue Corcuicum. Tripe.)
Veratrum* Vining, (White Hellebore, Indian Poke). The root—
this contains veratria, in the form of a super gallate ; fatty-matter, con-
taining a volatile acid ; extractive, and a principle called jervin, crys-
tallizable, (Griffith). An acid irritant hydragogue cathartic and eme-
tic. In small doses alterative and deobstruent. Useful in gout, rheu-
matism ; and extract, as an ointment, in cutaneous diseases ; decoction
for destroying vermin, etc.
Hexonius Drorca, Pursh, (Unicorn Plant). The root, a popular
tonic and anthelmintic. The tincture is a good stomachic and altera-
tive.
Finices, R. Brown.—(Tue Fran Tipe.)
Potyropium}t Vuieare, var. AMERiIcANUM, Hook. (Common Po-
lypody). We have four species of Polypod. possessing slight medicinal}
properties. The rhizome, diuretic and expectorant; when dried, the
root is bitter; formerly much used as a purgative in obstructions ef the
liver. The P. filix-mas is not found in the State. ;
Aprantum Pepatum, Linn., (Maidenhair). Demulcent and pec-
toral ; formsa mild expectorant syrup, (Capillaire,) and a vehicle for
administering other remedies.
These two species are allied, but easily distinguished. There is no
doubt but that both possess the same medicinal properties. The Aspi-
dium filix-mas has been mistaken by several other American botanists
besides Pursh, but they have mistaken for it the A. goldianum, or A. di-
latatum.
Aspiprum Goxp1anum, Hook, (Goldie’s Shield Fern). This is the
A. filix-mas of Pursh, Polypodium filix-mas of Linn. ; it is not found
in North America. We have several species of Lycopodium possess-
ing medicinal properties, which have not yet been investigated.
Such are some of the articles composing the Materia Medica of the
State of New-York; but they by no means embrace all. Under this
head might be ranked the various cultivated cereals, the invaluable Zea,
(Indian corn,) the Avena, (oat,) Triticum, (wheat,) Hordeum, (barley,)
Secale, (rye). The sugar of the maple has medicinal properties of no
little value. .The Fuci, (sea-weeds,) furnish soda, as well as iodine,
* From the Latin vere atrum, truly black, in allusion to the color of the root.
+ From the Greek polys, many, and pous, foot, in allusion to the feet-like branches
of the root.
OF NEW-YORK. 59
in any quantity, a very important article in medicine. Some of this
class, as the Alaria esculenta of Great Britain, will also be found edi-
ble, and mucilaginous, like Chondrus crispus. Our Fungi have been
as yet very imperfectly investigated, but it is well known that we have
a considerable number that are wholesome and edible; while a still
larger number are poisonous ; and we have no means of distinguish-
ing them, except actual experience. Griffith states that the same spe-
cies may be wholesome or poisonous, according to circumstances. The
secale cornutum deserves mention, as an important agent in the list of
our materia medica; as do also some of our lichens, possessing both
alimentary and medicinal properties. It will probably be found that
we have some not far inferior in these respects to the Cetraria islan-
dica, (Iceland Moss,) or the Gyrophora proboscidia, (Tripe de Roche,)
of the artic regions. These still remain to be investigated, and furnish
a wide field for the cultivators of this department of Medical science.
NATURAL ORDERS,
CONTAINING NON-MEDICINAL PLANTS.
No. of No. of
Species. Species.
1. Menispermaceer, 1 | 28. Amaranthacee, 4
2. Nelumbiacee, 1 29. Santalacee, 2
3. Saraceniacee, e! 30. Eleagnacee, 1
4. Capparidacee, a 31. Laururacee, 1
5. Cistacez, 6 | 32. Cerotophyllacee, I
6. Droseracee, 4 |} 33. Callitrichacee, 1
7. Elatynacee, 1 34. Podostomacee, 1
8. Illecibracee, 4 | 35, Empetracee, 2
9. Portulaccacer, 3 36. Balsamiflue, 2
10. Tiliacee, 1 37. Platanacee, 1
11, Limnanthaceay 1 | 38. Linacee, 2
12. Aceracee, 5 | 39. Typhacee, 4
13. Melastomacer, 1 40. Naiadacee, 13
14. Cactacee, 1 41. Hydrochardacee, 3
15. Grossulacee, 5 42. Orchidacee, 38
16. Cucurbitacee, 2 43. Hypoxidacee, 1
17. Crassulacee, 4 44, Dioscoreacer, ati: |
18. Dipsacee, 1 | 45, Pontederiacee, 3
19, Campanulacee, 4 | 46. Juncacee, 18
20. Primulacee, 11 47. Corumelynacee, 2
21. Lentibulacee, 2 48. Xyridacee, 1
22. Acanthacee, l 49, Eriocaulonacee, 1
23. Pedaliacee, 1 | 50. Cyperacee, 159
24. Hydrophyllacee, 3 | 51. Gramineae, 124
25.. Polemoniacee, 3 —
26. Diapensiacee, 1 Total, 462
27. Convolvulacee, 7 a
———
60
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NEW-YORK.
NATURAL ORDERS, -
CONTAINING MEDICINAL PLANTS.
No. of No. of
Species . Species.
1. Ranunculacee, 38 40. Ebenacee, ee |
2. Magnoliacee, 3 | 41. Plantaginacee, 6
3. Anonaciz, 1 | 42, Plumbaginacez, 1
4. Berberidace, 4 43. Orobanchacee, 3
5. Nympheacee, 3 | 44. Biononiaced 1
6. Papavaracee, 2 | 45. Scrophulariacee, 38
7. Fumariacee, a 46. Verbenacee, 5
8. Crucifere, 31 47. Labiate, 45
9. Violacee, 16 | 48. Boraginacee, 14
10. Hypericacee, 10 | 49. Solanacee 8
11, ( aryophyllacee, 25 50. Gentianacee, 16
12, Malvacee, 8 | 51. Apocynacee 2
13. Linacee, 2 | 52. Asclepiadacee, 10
14. Geraniacee, 5 53. Oleacee, 4
15. Oxalidacee, 3 54. Aristolochiacer, 2
16. Balsaminacee, 1 55. Chenopodiacee, 17
17. Anacardiacee, _ 6 | 56. Polygonacee, 22
18. Xanthoxylacee, 2 | 57. Phytolaccacee, 1
19. Hippocastinacee, 1 | 58. Lauracee, 2
20. Celastracee, 2 4 59. Thymelacee, 1
21. Rhamnacee, 4 60. Ulmacez, 4
22. Vitacee, 5 61. Euphorbiacee, 8
23. Polygalacee, 7 62. Juglandiacee, 6
24. Leguminose, 59 | 63. Cupulifere, 22
25. Rosacee, 51 64. Myricacee, 3
26. Lythracee, 5 | 65. Betulacee, 9
27. Onagracee, 24 | .66. Salicacee, 25
28. Saxifragacee, 8 | 67. Urticacee, 10
29. Hamamelidacee, 1 68. Conifere, 14
30. Umbellifere, 30 69. Aracee, 7
31. Araliacee, 5 70. Alismacee, 7
32. Cabombacee, 1 71. Iridacee, 3
33. Caprifoliacee, 24 | 72. Smilacee, 14
34. Composite, 160 | 73. Liliaceag 12
35. Rubiacee, 13 74. Melanthacee, 10
36. Valerianacee, 2 | 75. Filices, 41
37. Lobeliacee, 7 —
38. Ericacee, 42 Total, 1020
tor)
39. Aquifoliacez,
We thus have sEVENTY-FIVE NATURAL ORDERS containing medici-
nal plants, including 1020 species, a part of which only are yet known
to possess remedial properties. We have also FIFTY-ONE ORDERS, |
which include no very active medicinal plants, embracing 462 species.
Many of these, however, as the Grass and Cypress tribe, embrace
genera of a medicinal character. .
———
Achillea, 32
Aconitum, 5
Acorus, 55
Actea, 6
Adiatum, 58
_ ABscalus, 16
Agrimonia, 23
Aletris, 57
Allium, 57
Alisma, 55
Alismadee, 55
Alnus, 52
Altherea, 14
Ambrina, 48
Amphicarpea, 20
Anacardiacer, 15
Andromeda, 36
Anemone, 3
Anethum, 27
Anonacie, 8
Anthemis, 32
Apios, 19
Apocynum, 47
Apocynacee, 47
Aquifoliacee, 39
Aquilegia, 7
Arabis, 12 .
Araliacee, 28
Aralia, 28
Aracee, 55
Archangelica, 26
Arctostaphylos, 36
Arnica, 33
Aristolochia, 48
Aristolochiacew, 48
Arisema, 55
Artemisia, 33
Asarum, 48
Asclepias, 47
Asclepiadacee, 47
Aspidium, 58
Aster, 30
Balsaminacee, 15
Baptisia, 21 __
Barbarea, 12
Benzoin, 50
Betulacer, 52
Betula, 52
Berberidacee, 8
Berberis, 8
Bignoniacee, 40
Boraginacee, 45
Brasenia, 9
Inder of Orders and Genera.
Cabombacee, 9
Cactaceex, 25
Cacalia, 33
t Calla, 55
Caltha, 4
Canila, 44
Cannabis, 54
Caprifoliacee, 28
Cardamine, 12
Carduus, 34
Caryophyllacee, 13
Carum, 27
Castanea, 52
Cassia, 21
Catalpa, 40
Ceanothus, 18
Celastracex, 17
Celastrus, 17
Celtis, 50
Centaurea, 34
Cephalanthus, 29
Cercis, 21
Cerasus, 22
Chelidonum, 11
Chelone, 41
Chenopodiacee, 48
Chimaphilla, 38
Cicuta, 26
Cichorium, 34
Cimicifuga, 6
Ciematis, 3
Clethra, 36
Cnicus, 34
Collinsia, 41
'Collinsia, 43
|Complonia, 52
Composite, 29
'Convolvulus, 45
| Coniferee, 54
Conium, 27
Coptis, 4
Cornus, 27
Coriandrum, 28
Corylus, 51
Crategus, 24
Crassulacee, 26
Crucifere, 11
Cuminum, 28
Cupulifere, 51
Cypressus, 54
Cypripedium, 56
Cynoglossum, 45
| Datura, 46
~
»
Daucus, 26
Delphinum, 5
Dentaria, 12
Diospyros, 39
Dirca, 50
Ebenacee, 39
Epiphegus, 40
Epigea, 36
Erechtites, 33
Ericacee, 36
Erigeron, 30
Erythrea, 47
Erythronium, 57
Euonymus, 17
Eupatorium, 30
Euphorbiacee, 50
Euphorbia, 50
Fagus, 52
Filices, 58
Flammula, 4
Feniculum, 27
Fragaria, 23
Frasera, 46
Fumaria, 11
Fumariacee, 11
Galium, 29
Gautiera, 36
Gaylussacia, 38
Gentiana, 46
Gentianacex, 46
Genista, 21
Geranium, 14
Geraniacee, 14
Geum, 23
Gillenia, 23
Gnaphalium, 33
Gratiola, 42
Grossulacee, 25
Gymnocladus, 21
Hamamelis, 25
Hamamelacee, 25
Hedeoma, 44
Helonius, 58
Helianthus, 32
Helenium, 32
Helleborus, 5
Hepatica, 4
Heracleum, 26
Heuchera, 25
Hibiscus, 14
Hieracium, 35
Hippocastinacee, 16
| Humulus, 54
"
——
Hydrastis, 7
Hyoscyamus, 46
Hypericum, 13
Hypericacee, 13
Tlex, 39
Impatiens, 15
Tnula, 31
Tris, 56
Tridacez, 56
Jeffersonia, 9
Juglans, 51
Juglandacee, 51
Juniperus, 54
Kalmia, 37
Labiate, 42
Lappa, 34
Lauracee, 50
Ledum, 37
Leguminose, 19
Leonurus, 44
Leontice, 9
Liatris, 29
Ligustrum, 48
Liliacee, 57
Lilium, 57
Linacee, 14
Linum, 14
Linaria, 41
Liriodendron, 7
Lithospermum, 45
Lobeliacez, 35
Lobelia, 35
Lycopus, 43
Lythracee, 24
Lythrum, 24, 25
Magnoliacee, 7
Magnolia, 7
Malvacee, 14
Malva, 14
Maruta, 32
Marrubium, 45
Melilotus, 20
Melissa, 44
Melanthacee, 58
Menispermacee, 8
Menispermum, 8
Mentha, 42
Menyanthes, 47
Mitchella, 29
Monarda, 43
Morus, 53
Myricacee, 52
Myrica, 52
Nabalus, 35
Nasturtium, 11
Natural Orders contain-
INDEX.
| Nicotiana, 46
Nuphar, 10
Nymphea, 10
Nympheacee, 10
prema? 25
Oleaces, 48 bs
nagracee,
fae 25
Orobanchacee, 40
'Orobanche, 40
|Origanum, 43
/Osmorhiza, 27
| Oxalis, 15
'Oxaliacee, 15
| Peederota, 42
| Panax, 27
| Papavaracee, 10
Papaver, 11
| epee 27
| Phaseolus, 19
‘ Phytolaccacee, 49
Phytolacea, 49
Pinus, 54
| Plantaginacee, 39
| Plantago, 39
'Pluchea, 32
| Plumbaginaceee, 40
| Podophyilum, 9
| Polygonacez, 49
| Polygonum, 49
Polygonatum, 57
Polypodium, 58
Polygalacee, 18
Polygala, 19
Populus, 53
Potentilla, 23
Prinos, 39
Prunus, 21
Ptelea, 16
Pulmonaria, 45
| Pyenanthemum, 43
| Py rus, 24
Quercus, ol
Raphanus, 12
Ranunculacee, 3
Ranunculus, 4
| Rhamnacee, 17
| Rhamnus, 17
| Rhedodendron, 37
| Rhus, fal
Ribes, 25
Robinia, 20
Rosa, 24
Rosacee, 21
Rubiace, 29
| Rubus, 24
ing medicinal plants, 60) Rudbeckia, 32
Natural Orders containing | Rumex, 49
non-medicinal] plants, 59, Sabbatia, 47
Nelumbiacee, 10
Nelumbium, 10
Nepeta, 44
Sagittaria, 56
| Palencea, 53
| Salix, 53
| Sambucus
Sanicula,
Sanguinaria, 10
. | Sanguisorba, 23
Saponaris, 13
Sassafras, 50
Saxifragacee, 25
Scrophulariacee, 41
Scrophularia, 41
Scutelaria, 44
Senecio, 33
Silene, 13
Sinapis, 12
Smilacee, 56
Smilacina, 57
Smilax, 57
Solanacee, 46
Solanum, 46
Solidago, 31
Spirea, 23
| Statice, 40
Stellaria, 14
Symplocarpus, 55
Symphytum, 45
Sysimbrium, 12
Tanacetum, 33
Taraxacum, 35
| ‘Taxus, 55
|Thalictrum, 7
Thuya, 54
Thymelacee, 50 |
Trillium, 56
Trifolium, 20
Triosteum. 28
| Trollius, 4
Turritus, 12
| 'Tussilago, 30
Ulmus, 50
| Ulmacee, 50
| Umbelliferee, 26
Urtica, 53
Urticacee, 53
| Uvaria, 8
| Vaccinium, 37
| Valeriana, 29
| Valerianacee, 29
Veratrum, 58
Verbenacee, 42
' Verbena, 42
iV erbascum, 41
| Veronica, 42
‘Viburnum, 28
| Vicia, 19
| Viola, 12
| Violacee, 12
| Vitis, 18
Vitacee, 18
Xanthoxylum, 16
|Xanthoxylacee, 16
Zanthoriza, 6
| Zephrosia, 20
—
P ,
”, A
- +
. int
7
- - ,
_ Agrimony, common, 23
. Ague-root, 57
: _ Alder, 39, 52
‘Alum roct, 25 ;
-. 4 _ Anemone, rue, 7
Angelica, 26, 28
Apple, crab, 24
Arborvita, 54
Arbutus, trailing, 36
| a _ Arnica, soft, 33
7. +
*
és,
Arrow-head, 56
Arrow-wood, 28
_ Artichoke, 32
Arum, water, 55
Ash, 16.
Aspen, 53
Avens, water, 23
Balm, common, 44
*
.
js
A
_
Balsam-weed, 15
Baneberry, 6
Barberry, common, 8
Basil, wild, 44
Bay-berry, 52
Bay, rose, 37
Bay, sweet, 7
Bean, Indian, 40
Bean-tribe, 19
_ Bear-berry, 36
Beech, 52
Beech-drops, 40
Bergamot, wild, 43
Bilberry, 38
Birch, 52
Birth-wort, 56
Bitter-sweet, 17, 46
Blackberry, 24
Blood-root, 10
Blue-flag, 56
Boneset, 30
_ Briar, sweet. 24
Brookline, 42
_ Buck-bean, 47
Buck-thorn, common, 17
Buck-wheat, 49
Bugle-weed, 43
Burdock, 34
Burnet, American great, 23
_ Burning-bush, 17
Butter-cup, 4
«" spits 51
Sunder of Common Vames of Species.
Button-bush, 29
Calico-bush, 37
Cancer-root, 40
Caraway, 27
Carrot, wild, 26
Carrion-flower, 57
Catalpa, 40
Catnep, 44
Cedar, 54
Celandine, common, 11
Centaury, 47
Chamomile, wild, 32
Cherry, 22
Chesnut, 52
Chesnut, horse, 16
Chicory, 34
Chick-weed, common, 14
Choke-berry, 24
Cinquefoil, 23
Cleavers, common, 29
Clover, 20
Cocculus tribe, 8
Coftee-tree, 21
Cohosh, 6, 9
Comfrey, 49
Colic-root, 57
Collinsia, 41
Coltsfoot, common, 29
Columbine, 7
Columbo, 46
Coriander, 28
Cow-bane, spotted, 26
Cranberry, 29, 38
Crane’s-bill, spotted, 14
Cress, 11, 12
Crowfoot, 4
Cucumber-tree, 7
Culver’s-root, 42
Cumin, 28
Cure-all, 25
Currant, 25
Custard-apple tribe, 8
| Daisy, 30
Dandelion, common, 35
Dangle-berry, 38
| Deer-berry, 38
| Dill, 27
| Ditany, common, 44
} Dock, 49
| Dog’s-bane, 47
| Dog-wood, 16, 26, 29
-
Dragon, great, 41
Elder, 28
Elecampane, 31
| Elm, 50
| Fennel, 27
| Fern, sweet, 52
| “© Goldie’s shield, 58
Fever-wort, 28
Fever-bush, 50
| Fig-wort, 41
| Fir, 54
| Fire-weed, 33
| Flax-tribe, 14
| Flax, common toad, 41
| Flea-bane, 30, 31, 32
Fumitory tribe, 11.
Gall of the earth, 35
| Garlic, 57
Gentian, 46
Gentian, horse, 28
' Geranium tribe, 14
Ginger, wild, 48
Ginseng, common, 27
| Globe-flower, 4
'Goat’s-rue, 20
Golden-rod, 31
| Gold-thread, 4
| Gooseberry, 25
| Goose-grass, 29
Grape, 18
Green-briar, 57
Green-weed, dyers’, 21
Gromwell, 45
Ground-nut, 19
|Hardhack, 23
| Haw-sloe, black, 23
Hazel-nut, 51
‘Hazel, witeh, 25
| Hellebore, 5, 58
| Hemlock, 26, 27
| Hemp; A7, 54
| Henbane, 46
/ Hog-apple, 9
_Hog-nut, common, 20
' Holly, American, 39
Honeysuckle, wild, 37
. Hop, 54
' Horehound, 30, 45
—Horse-balm, common, 43
64
Horse-weed, 30
Huckleberry, 37, 38
Hyssop, hedge, 42
lia 21
-berry, 39
uanha, 23, 51
Ivy, poison, 16
Jamestown-weed, 46
Jerusalem-oak, 48
Jewel-weed, 15 .
Joe-pye-weed, 30
Judas-tree, American, 21
Juniper, 54
Kill-Jamb, 37
Knot-grass, 49
«root, 43
Ladies’-slipper, 56
Larch, 54
Larkspur, 5
Laurel, 37
Leather-wood, 50
" Leek, 57
Lettuce, white, 35
Life-everlasting balsam, 33
Life-root, 33
Lily, 57
Live-for-ever, 26
Liver-leaf, 4
Liver-wort, 4
Locust-tree, common, 20
Loose-strife, purple, 24, 25
Lung-wort, 45
Magnolia common, 7
Maidenhair, 58
Mallows, 14
Mandrake, 9
Marigold, marsh, 4
INDEX.
Parsnip, 26, 27
Partridge-berry. 29, 36
Pennyroyal, 44
Pepper-bush, sweet, 36
Pepper-mint, 42
Pepper-wort, 12
Persimmon, 39
Physic, Indian, 23
Pine, 54
Pink, French, 34
“ ~wild, 13
Pipsissewa, 38
Plantain, 33, 39, 40, 55
| Pleurisy-root, 47
| Plum, 21
| Poke, Indian, 58
Poke-weed, 49
Polypody, 58
Pond-lily, 10
Poor-Robert’s-plantain, 30
Poplar, 53
Poppy, common, 11
Potato-vine, wild, 45
** common, 46
| Prickly-pear, 25
| Primrose, 25
Prince’s-pine, 38
| Barret, 48
Radish, 12
Raspberry, 24
_Rattlesnake-weed, 35
Rattle-weed, 6
Red-bud, 21
Rheumatism-root, 9
Rose, 24
Rosemary, 40
Sand.wort, 13
}
Marjorum, common wild, 43 Sanicle, 26
Master-wort, 26
May-apple, 9
May-weed, 32
Melilot, yellow, 20
Milk-weed, 47
Milk-wort, purple, 19
Mint, 42, 43
Moon-seed, Canadian, 8
Moose-wood, 50
Mother-wort, 44
Mulberry, 53
Mullein, 41
Mustard, 12
Myrtle, wax, 72
Nettle, 53
Nettle-tree, 50
Night-shade, 46, 56
Oak, 51
Oak, poison, 16
Onion, 57
Orpine, 26
Papoose-root, 9
Sarsaparilla, 28
Sassafras, 50
Scull-cap, 44
Scurvy-grass, 12
Senna, American, 21
Sicily, sweet, 27
Silk.weed, 47
Skunk.cabbage, 55
| Smart weed, 49
|Snake-head, 4l
Snake-root, 6, 19, 26, 29,48
| Snap.weed. 15
Sneeze-weed, 32
Soap-wort, 13
Solomon’s-seal, 57
Sorrel.tree, 36
Sorrel, 15
Sours, 36
Spear-mint, 42
| Spear-wort, 4
| Speedwell, common, 42
' Spice-bush, 50
Spikenard, 28, 57 :
Spruce, 54 .
Spurge, 50 : a
Squaw-weed, 33 *
Squaw-root, 9, 40 aes
Stagger-bush, 37
Sir-ga 57
Steeple-bush, 23
Stone-crop, 26
Stone-root,43 ae 3
Stone-weed, 45
Strawberry-tree, 17
Strawberry, wild, 23
Sugar-berry, 50
Sumach, 15 .
Sun-flower, common, 33 >.
Sweating-weed, 14.
Sweet-flag, 55 mn
Tackamahack, 53 = :
Tamarack, 54 Any
Tangle, sweet, 38
Tansey, common, 33
Tea, Labrador, 37
“Mexican, 48
‘“ New-Jersey, 18 ©
“ Oswego, 43
Thimble-weed, 4, 32
Thistle, blessed, 34
Thorn, 24
Thorough-wort, 30
Thyme, Virginian, 43
“field, 44
Tobacco, Indian, 35>.
Wildl 46
Toothache-tree,
Tooth-wort, 12
Touch-me-not, 15
Trefoil, marsh, 47
Turnip, Indian, 55
Turk’s-cap, 57
Twin-leaf, 9
Unicorn-plant, 58
Valerian, 29
Vervain, 42
Viburnum, sweet, 28
Violet, 57
Virgin’s-bower, 3
Walnut, 51
Wake-robin, false, 56
Water-lily, 10
Water-shield, 9
Willow, 53
Winter-berry, 39
Winter-green, spotted, 38
Wolf’s-bane, 5
Worm-seed, 48
Worm-wood, 33
Yarrow, common, 32.
| Yellow-root, 6, 7
Yew, 55 :
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