Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India

MEMOIRS

OF

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

VOLUME XXXII, PART 1.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Director.
C. L. GRIESBACH, C.LE., F.G.S.

Superintendents.

R. D. OrpHaM, A.R.S.M., F.G.S.: Том D. La Touche, В.А, (Cantab)
С. 5. MIDDLEMISS, B.A. (Cantab).

Deputy Superintendents.
P. N. Bose, B.Sc. (Landon), F.G.S. :
T. H. HoLLAND, A,R.C.S., F.G.S.: P. N. DATTA, B.Sc. (London), F.G.S.:
F. H. SMITA, A.R.C.S.

Assistant Superintendents.
H, H. HavpzN, B.A., B.E.: E. VREDENBURG, B.L., B.Sc. (Paris), A.R.C.S,
T. L. WALKER, M.A. (Kingston), Ph.D. (Leipzig) :
A. L. KRAFFT VON DELLMENSINGEN, Ph.D. (Vienna).

Palæontologist.
Fritz NOETLING, Ph.D. (Berlin), F.G.S.

Specialist.
С. A. Stonigr, A.R.S.M.

Sub-Assistants.
Hira Lar: KisHEN SINGH, F.G.S.

Artist. Registrar.
Н. B. W.GARRICK. A. E. МАСА. AUDSLEY.

Assistant Curator.
T. R. BLYTH.

i [01 B
Geological Museum, Library, and Office, Calcutta. \ Q G ASI

Brice One Rupee,

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

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1. Royal 8vo, pp. 309, 1859 (out of print). Pt. 1, 1856 (price 1 Re): Preliminary
notice on the Coal and Iron of Talchir.—On the geological structure and
relations of the Talchir Coal-field.—Gold-yielding deposits of Upper Assam.—
On specimens of gold and gold dust from Shué-gween. Pt. 2, 1858 (price
2 Rs): On the geological structure of a portion of the Khasi Hills.—On the geo-
logical structure of the Nilghiri Hills (Madras). Pt. 3, 1859 (price 2 Rs.) : On
the geological structure and physical features of the Districts of Bankura,
Midnapore, and Orissa.—On the laterite of Orissa. On some fossil fish-teeth
of the genus Ceratodus, from Maledi, south of Nagpur.

If. Royal 8vo, pp. 341, 1859 (out of print). Pt. 1, 1860 (price 2 Rs.): On the

Vindhyan Rocks, and their associates in Bundelkand. Pt. 2, 1860 (price 3 Rs.)
On the geological structure of the central portion of the Nerbudda District.—
On the tertiary and alluvial deposits of the central portion of the Nerbudda
Valley.—On the geological relations and probable geological age of the several
systems of rocks in Central India and Bengal.

111. Royal 8vo, pp. 438. Pt. т, 1863 (price 3 Rs.) (out of print). Onthe geological

structure and relations of the Raniganj Coal-field.—Additional remarks on the
geological relations and probable geological age of the several systems of rocks
in Central India and Bengal.—Indian Mineral Statistics, I. Coal. Pt. 2, 1864
(price 2 Rs.): Onthe Sub-Himalayan Ranges between the Ganges and Ravi.

IV. Royal 8vo, pp. 450. Pt. 1, 1863 (price 2 Rs.): Report on the Cretaceous Rocks

of Trichinopoly District, Madras. Pt. 2, 1864 (price 2 Rs.) (out of print): On
the structure of the Districts of Trichinopoly, Salem, &c. Pt. 3, 1865 (price
1 Re.): On the Coal of Assam, &c.

V. Royal 8vo, pp. 354. Pt. 1, 1865 (price 3 Rs.) (out of print): Sections across

N.-W Himalaya, from Sutlej to Indus.—On the Gypsum of Spiti. Pt. 2, 1866
(price 1 Re.): On the Geology of Bombay. Pt. 3, 1866 (price 1 Re.) (out of
print): On the Jheria Coal-field.—Geological Observations on Western Tibet.

VI. Royal 8vo, pp. 395. Pt. 1, 1867 (price 8 As.): Onthe Neighbourhood of Lynyan,

&c. in Sind.— Geology of a Portion of Cutch. Pt. 2, 1867 (price 2 Rs.)
(out of print): Bokáro Coal-field.—Rámgarh Coal-field.—Traps of Western

and Central India. Pt. 3, 1869 (rice 2 Rs. 8 As): Tapti and Nerbudda
Valleys.—Frog-beds in Bombay— Oxyglossus pusillus.

VII. Royal буо, pp. 342. Pt. 1, 1869 (price 3 Rs.): Vindhyan Series.—Mineral Sta-

tistics.—Coal.—Shillong Plateau. Pt. 2, 1870 (price 1 Re.): Karharbári Coal»

field. —Deoghar Coal-field. Pt. 3, 1871 ($7ice1 Re.): Aden water-supply.—
Käranpura Coal-fields.

VIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 353. Pt. 1, 1872 (rice 4 Rs.): On the Kadapah and Karnul

Formations in the Madras Presidency. Pt. 2, 1872 (price 1 Re.) : Itkhuri Coal-
field.—Daltonganj Coal-field.—Chope Coal-field.

IX. Royal 8vo, pp. iv, 358. Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs.): Geology of Kutch. Pt. 2, 1872

une 1 Re.): Geology of Nagpúr.—Geology of Sirban Hill.—-Carboniferous
mmonites, pp. 05.

X. Royal 8vo, pp. 359. Рі. 1 (price 3 Rs.): Geology of Madras.—Sátpura Coal-

basin. Pt. 2, 1874 (price 2 Rs.): Geology of Pegu.

XI. Royal 8vo, pp. 338. Pt. т, 1874 (price 2 Rs.): Geology of Dárjiling and Western

Duars. Pt. 2, 1876 (price 3 Rs.): Salt-region of Kohat, Trans-Indus.

XII. Royal 8vo, pp. 363. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 3 Rs.): South Mahrátta Country. Pt. 2,

1876 (price 2 Rs.): Coal-fields of the Naga Hills.

XIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 248. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Wardha Valley Coal-field.

Pt. 2, 1877 (price a Rs. 8 As.): Geology of the Rájmahál Hills.

XIV. Royal 8vo, pp. 313, 1878. Geology of the Salt-range in the Punjab.
XV. Royal 8vo, pp. 192. Pt. т, 1878 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Geology of the Aurunga and

Hutár Coal-fields (Palamow). Pt. 2, 1880 (¿rice 2 Rs. 8 As); Ramkola and
Tatapani Coal-fields (Sirguja).

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XVI. Royal 8vo, pp. 264. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): Geology. of Eastern
Coast from Lat. 15° to Masulipatam. Pt. 2, 1880 (price 1 Re. 8 As):
The Nellore Portion of the Carnatic. Pt. 3, 1880 (price 2 Rs.) : Coastal
Region of the Godávari District.

XVII. Royal 8vo, pp. '3os. Pt. 1, 1879 (rice 3 Rs.): Geology of Western Sind,
Pt. 2, 1880 (price 2 Rs.): Trans-Indus extension of the Punjab Salt-range.

XVIII, Royal 8vo, pp. 300. Pt. 1, 1881 (price 2 Rs.) : Southern Afghanistan.
Pt. 2, 1881 (price т Re. 8 As.) (out of print) : Mánbhum and Singhbhum.
Pt. 3, 1881 (price 2 Rs.): Pränhita-Godävari Valley.

XIX, Royal 8vo, pp. 242. Pt. 1, 1882 (price 2 Rs.) : The Cachar Earthquake of
1869. Pt. 2, 1882 (price 1 Re.): Thermal Springs of India. Pt. 3, 1883
(Price 1 Re.): A catalogue of Indian Earthquakes. Pt. 4, 1883 (price
1 Re): Geology of parts of Manipur and the Näga Hills.

XX. Royal 8vo, pp. 240. Pt. 1, 1883 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.) : Geology of Madura and
Tinnevelly. Pt. 2, 1883 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Geological notes on the Hills
in the neighbourhood ofthe Sind and Punjab Frontier between Quetta
and Dera Ghazi Khan. >

XXI. Royal 8vo, pp. 286 (out of print). Pt. 1, 1884 (price 2 Rs.) : Geology
of the Lower Narbada Valley. Pt.*2, 1884 (price 1 Re.): Geology of
Kathiawar. Pt. 3, 1885 (price 2 Rs.) : Coal-field of South Rewah. Pt. 4,
1885 (price 1 Re.): Barren Island.

XXII. Royal 8vo, pp. 344, 1883. The Geology of Kashmir, Chamba, and Khagan.
XXIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 232, 1891. Geology of the Central Himalayas.

XXIV. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1887 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): The Southern Coal-fields of
the Sátpura Gondwána basin. Pt. 2,1890 (price 2 Rs. 4 As.): Physical
Geology of the Sub-Himalaya of Garhwál and Kumaun. Pt. 3, 1890 (price
1 Re. 4 As.): Geology E South Malabar, between the Beypore and
Ponnáni Rivers.

XXV. Royal 8vo, 1896. Geology of the Bellary District, Madras Presidency.
XXVI. Royal 8vo, 1896. Geology of Налага.

XXVII. Royal 8vo, Pt.1,1895(?zice1 Re): Marine Fossils from the Miocene of
Upper Burma. Pt. 2, 1897 (price 4 Rs.) : The occurrence of Petroleum
in Burma and its technical exploitation.

XXVIII, Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1898 (price 2 Rs.); Notes on the Geological Structure of
the Chitichun region. A note on the Allah-bund in the north-west of the
Rann of Kuchh. Geology of parts ofthe Myingyan, Magwe and Pakokku
Districts, Burma, The Geology of the Mikir Hills in Assam. On the
Geology of Tirah and the Bazár valley. Pt. 2, 1900 (price 3 Rs.): The
Chamnokite Series, a group of Archæan Hypersthenic Rocks in Peninsular
India.
XXIX. Royal 8vo, 1900 (rice 5 Rs.): Report on the Great Earthquake of 12th
June 1897.

XXX, Royal8vo, Pt. 1,1900 (price 2 Rs.): Aftershocks of the Great Earth-
quake of 12th June 1897. Pt. 2, 1900 ( price І Re.): Geology of the
+ . neighbourhood of Salem, Madras Presidency, with special reference to
Leschenault de la Tour’s observations. Pt. 3, 1901, ‘price 1 Re). Siva-
malai Series of Elæolite-Syenites, Pt.4, in the Press: Report of the Geo-

logical Congress of Paris.

XXXI, Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (price 2 Rs): Geology of the Son Valley in the
Rewah State and of parts of the Adjoining Districts of Jabalpur and Mirz-
apur. Pt.2, 1901 (price 3 Rs.): A Geological Sketch of the Baluchistan
Desert and part of Eastern Persia. Pt. 3, in the Press: Petrological
notes on some Peridotites, Serpentines, etc., from Ladakh.

XXXII, Royal 8vo, Pt.1, (price 1 Re): Recent Artesian Experiments in India.
Pt, 2 in the Press: Report on the Rampur Coai-field,

XXXII. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (price 8 Rs.): The Kolar Gold-field, being a de-
scription of Quartz-Mining and Gold-Recovery as practised in India.
Pt. 2, Art. 1, in the Press: The Gold-fields of Wainád. Art. 2. in the
Press: Report on the Auriferous Quartzites of Parhadiab, Chota Nagpur.
Art. 3, in the Press : Some auriferous localities in North Coimbatore.

The price fixed for these publications is 5 Rs. (105.) each volume,

PAL/EONTOLOGIA INDICA.

(Ser. I, Ш, V, VI, VIIL)—CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF SOUTHERN INDIA, ûy
А Е. STOLICZKA, except Vor. 1, Pt. 1, by Н. Е. BLANFORD.
Vor. I. The Cephalopoda (1861-65), pp. 216, pls. 94 (6 double).
VoL. II. The Gastropoda (1857-68), pp. xiii, 500, pls. 28.
Vor. III. The Pelecypoda (1870-71), pp. xxii, 537, pls. 50.
VoL. IV. The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Echinodermata Corals, etc. (1872-73), PP. v; 202, pls, 29.

(Ser. II, XI, XIL)—THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE GONDWANA SYSTEM, ¿y
O. FEISTMANTEL, except Vor. I, Рт. 1, ёу T. OLDHAM and J. MORRIS.

Vor. I . xviii, 233, pls. 72. 1863-79. Pt. 1; Rájmahál Group, Rájmahál Hills. Pt. 2; The
PEE same (continued). Pt. 3; Plants from Golapilli. Pt. 4; Outliers on the Madras
Coast. -

Vor. Il, pp. xli, 115, pls. 26. 1876;78. Pt. І; Jurassic Flora of Kach. Pt. 2; Flora of the
Jabalpur Group. ; E

Vor. III, pp. xi, 64 + 149, pls. 80 (9 double) (I —XXXI +I A ¬ XLVII A). 1879-S1. Pt. 1; The
Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds. Pt. 2; The Flora of the Damuda and
Panchet Divisions. Pt.3; The same (concluded).

Vor. IV, pp. xxvi, 25+66, pls. 35 (2 double) (I-XXV + I A—XIV A). Pt. 1 (1882); Fossil
Flora of the South Rewah Gondwana basin. Pt. 2 (1886) ; Fossil Flora of some
of the coal-fields in Western Bengal.

(Ser. IX.) JURASSIC FAUNA OF KACH.
Vor. I (1873-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. WAAGEN, pp. i, 247 pls. бо (6 double).
Vor. II, pt. 1 (1803). The Echinoidea of Kach, by J. W. GREGORY, pp. 12, pls. 2.
Vor. П, pt: 2 (1900). The Corals, by J. W. Gregory, pp. 195, i— ix, pls. 26.
Vor. III, pt. 1 (1900). The Brachiopoda, by P. L, Kitchin, pp. 87, pls. 15.

e

(Ser. IV.)- INDIAN PRE-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

Vor. 1, pp. vi 137, pls. 26. 1865-85. Pt. 1 (1865); The Vertebrate Fossils from the
Panchet rocks, by Т. Н. Huxrey. Pt. 2 (1878); The Vertebrate Fossils of the
Kota-Maleri Group, by SIR P. DE M. GREY EGERTON and L. C. Miarr. Pt. 3
(1879); Reptilia and Batrachia, by К. LvpEKKER. Pt. 4 (1885); The Laby- -
rinthodont from the Bijori group, by К. LvpEKKER. Pt. 5 (1885); The
Reptilia and Amphibia of the Maleri and Denwa groups, by R. LYDEKKER.

(Ser. X.)—INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA, by
R. LYDEKKER, except VoL. I, Pr. 1, by R.B.FOOTE. *

VoL. I, рр. ххх, 300, pls. 50. 1874-80. Pt. 1; Rhinoceros deccanensis. Pt, 2; Molar teeth
and other remains of Mammalia. Рі. 3; Crania of Ruminants, Pt, 4; Supple-
ment to Pt. 3. Pt. 5; Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia.

‚Vor. Il, pp. xv, 363, pls. 45. 1881-84. Рё. І; Siwalik Rhinocerotidæ. Pt. 2; Supplement
to Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia. Pt.3; Siwalik and Narbada Equidz.
Pt.4; Siwalik Camelopardalide. Pt. 5; Siwalik Selenodont Suina, etc,
Pt.6; Siwalik and Narbada Carnivora.

VoL, Ш, pp. xxiv, 264, pls. 38. 1884-86. Рё. т; Additional Siwalik Perissodactyla and Pro-
boscidia. Pt. 2; Siwalik and Narbada Bunodont Suina. Pt. 3; Rodents and
new Ruminants from the Siwaliks. Pt.4; Siwalik Birds. Pt. 5; Mastodon
Teeth from Perim Island. Pt. 6; Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia, Pt. 7;
Siwalik Crocodilia, Lacertilia and Ophidia. Pt, 8; Tertiary Fishes,

"Vor, IV, pt. 1, 1886. Siwalik Mammalia (Supplement 1), рр. 18, pls. 6,

s » n 2 1886. The Fauna of the Karnul caves: (and addendum to Pt. 1); pp. 40 (19—
58), pls. 5 (vii —xi).
= » э» 3 1887. Eocene Chelonia from the Salt-range; pp. 7 (59-65), pls. 2 (xii=xlii).

Ser. УП, XIV)—TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN
INDIA, фу P. MARTIN DUNCAN and W. PERCY SLADEN, except PT. 1, by

F. STOLICZKA. Р
Vor. I, pp 16 + 110 + 382 + 91 = 599, pls. 5 + 28 + 58 + 13 = 104, 1871—85. Pt. 1;
Tertiary Crabs from Sind and Kach. Pt. І (new 2); Sind Fossil Corals and.
Alcyonaria. Pt. 3. The Fossil Echinoidea of Sind: Fas. 1, The Cardita
beaumonii beds; Fas. 2, The Ranikot Series in Western Sind; Fas. 3, The
Khirthar Series; Fas. 4, The Nari (Oligocene) Series; Fas. 5, The Gaj
(Miocene) Series; Fas. 6, The Makrán (Pliocene) Series. Pt. 4, The

Fossil Echinoidea of Kach and Kattywar.

(Ser. XIIL)—SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, ¿y WILLIAM WAAGEN, Ph.D.

Productus-Limestone Group : Vol. I, pt. 1 (1870). Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. б.
” » » » 2 (1880). Gastropoda and supplement to pt. 1, pp. 111
(73-183), pls. то (1 double), (vii-xvi).

3 (1881). Pelecypoda, pp. 144 (185-328), pls. 8 (xvii-

xxiv).
5 gs » gy, 4 (1882-85). Brachiopoda, pp. 442 (320-770), pls. 62
(xxv-Ixxxvi). 3

5 (1885). Bryozoa—Annelide—Echinodermata, pp. 64
(771-834), pls. 10 (Ixxxvii-xcvi).
5 3 » رو‎ 6 (1886). ; Ccelenterata, pp. 90 (835-924), pls. 20 (xcvii-
CXVI).
» 7 (1887). Colenterata, Protozoa, pp. 74 (925-98), pls. .
12 (cxvii-cxxviii),
Fossils from the Ceratite Formation: Vol. II, pt. 1 (1805). Pisces—Ammonoidea, pp. 324,

ээ ” ”

» ” »

pls. 40.
Geological Results: Vol. IV, pt. 1 (1889), pp. 1—88, pls. 4.
n -3 n » 2 (1891), РР. 89—242, pls. 8.

(Ser. XV.)—HIMALAYAN FOSSILS, Фу CARL DIENER, Ph.D,

Anthracolithic Fossils of Kashmir and Spiti: Vol. I, pt. 2 (1899). pp. 96, pls. 8.

The Permocarboniferous Fauna of Chitichun No. I: Vol. I, pt. 3 (1897), pp. 105, pls. 13.

The Permian Fossils of the -Productus Shales of Kumaon and Garhwal: Vol. I, pt. 4 (1897),
рр: 54, pis. 5.

The Cephalopoda of the Lower Trias: Vol. II, pt. 1 (1897), pp. 182, pls. 23. .

The Cephalopoda of the Muschelkalk: Vol. II, pt. 2 (1895), pp. 118, pls. 31.

Upper Triassic Cephalopoda Faunæ of the Himalayas: Vol. III, pt. 1 (1899), pp. 158, pls. 22.

Trias Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata: Vol. III, pt. 2 (1899), pp. 76, pls. 12 (1 double).

o
(SER. XVI) —BALUCHISTAN FOSSILS, ûy FRITZ NOETLING, Pu.D., F.G.S.
The Fauna of the Kellaways of Mazár Drik : Vol. 1, pt. 1 (1895), pp. 22, pls. 13.
The Fauna of the (Neocomian) Belemnite Beds: Vol. I, pt. 2 (1897), pp. 6, pls. 2.
The Fauna of the Upper Cretaceous (Maéstrichtien) Beds of the Mari Hills: Vol. I, pt, 3
(1897), pp. 79, pls. 23.
(NEW SERIES.)
The Cambrian Fauna of the Eastern Salt-range: Vol. I, 1 (1899), pp. 14, pl. 1.
Notes on the Morphology of the Pelecypoda: » 1,2 (1809), pp. 58, pls. 4.
Fauna of the Miocene Beds of Burma ; ^» I, 3 (1901), pp. 378, pls. 25.

` The price fixed for these publications is 4 annas (6 pence) per single plate,

RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGIGAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Vor. I, 1868. :

Part 1.—Annual report for 1867. The coal-seams of the Tawa valley. On the prospects of
useful coal being found in the Garrow Hills. Copper in Bundelkund. Meteorites.

Part 2.—On the coal-seams of the neighbourhood of Chanda. Coal near Nagpur. Geological
notes on the Surat collectorate, The cephalopodous fauna of the South Indian cretaceous
deposits. Lead in the district of Raepore. Coalin the Eastern Hemisphere. Meteorites.

Part 3.—General results obtained from an examination of the gastropodous fauna of the South
Indian cretaceous deposits. Notes on route from Poona to Nagpur vid Ahmednuggur,
Jalna, Loonar, Yeotmahal, Mangali, and Hingunghat. On the agate-flake found by
Mr. Wynne in the pliocene (?) deposits of the Upper Godavery. The boundary of the
Vindhyan series in Rajputana. Meteorites.

Vor. II, 1869.

Part 1.—The valley of the Poorna river, West Berar. On the Kuddapah and Kurnool formae
tions. Geological sketch of the Shillong plateau. On the occurrence of gold in the
district of Singbhoom, &c. Memorandum on the wells now being sunk at the European
Penitentiary, and at the site for the Central Jail, Hazareebagh. Meteorites. Ў

Part 2.—Annual report for 1868. Note on Pangshura tecta and the other species of Chelonia
from the newer tertiary deposits of the Nerbudda valley. Sketch of the metamorphic
rocks of Bengal. ;

Part 3.—Preliminary notes on the geology of Kutch, Western India, Contributions to the
geology and physical geography of the Nicobar Islands.

Part 4.—On the beds containing silicified wood in Eastern Prome, British Burma. Minerale
ogical statistics of Kumaon division. The coal-field near Chanda. Lead in the Raipur
district. Meteorites.

Vor. III, 1870.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1869. On the geology of the neighbourhood of Madras. On the
alluvia! deposits of the Irrawadi, more particularly as contrasted with those of the Ganges.

Part 2.—Geology of Gwalior and vicinity. Оп the slates at Chiteli, Kumaon. On the lead
vein near Chicholi, Raipur district, The Wardha river coal-fields, Berar and Central
Provinces, Report on the coal at Korba in the Bilaspur district, .

Part 3.—The Mohpani coal-field. On the lead-ore at Slimanabad, Jabalpur district. On the
occurrence of coal east of Chhatisgarh in the country between Bilaspur and Ranchi. On
petroleum in Burma. On the petroleum locality of Sudkal, near Futtijung, west of Rawale
pindi. On the occurrence of argentiferous galena and copper in the district of Manbhum
S. W. Frontier of Bengal. Assays of iron ores. :

Part 4.—On the geology of Mount Tilla, in the Punjab. The copper deposits of Dalbhum
and Singbhum: 1.—The copper mines of Singbhum: 2.—On the copper of Dalbhum
and Singbhum. Meteorites.

Vor. IV, 1871.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1870. Enquiry into an alleged discovery of coal near Gooty, and of
the indications of coal in the Cuddapah district. Mineralstatistics of the Kumaon divi-
sion.

Part 2.—The axial group in Western Prome. Geological structure of the Southern Konkan.
On the supposed occurrence of native antimony in the Straits Settlements, On the com-
position of a deposit in the boilers of steam-engines at Raniganj. On the plant-bearing
sandstones of the Godavari valley, on the southern extension of rocks belonging to the
Kamthi group to the neighbourhood of Ellore and Rajamandri, and on the possible occur-
тепсе of coal in the same direction.

Part 3.—The progress and results of borings for coal in the Godavari valley near Dumagudem
and Bhadrachalam. On the Narbada coal-basin. Sketch of the geology of the Central
Provinces. Additional note on the plant-bearing sandstones of the Godavari valley.

Part 4.—The ammonite fauna of Kutch. The Raigur and Hengir (Gangpur) Coal-field.
Description of the sandstones in the neighbourhood of the first barrier on the Godavari,
and in the country between the Godavari and Ellore. :

Vor. V, 1872.

Part r.—Annual report for 1871. Rough section showing the relations of the rocks near
Murree (Mari), Punjab. Mineralogical notes on the gneiss of South Mirzapur and adjoin-
ing country. Description ofthe sandstones in the neighbourhood of the first barrier on
the Godavari, and in the country between the Godavari and Ellore.

Part 2.—On the geological formations seen along the coasts of Beluchistan and Persia from
Karachi to the head of the Persian Gulf, and on some of the Gulf Islands. On a traverse
of parts of the Kummummet and Hanamconda districts in the Nizam’s Dominions. The
geology of Orissa. Оп a new coal-field in the south-eastern part of the Hyderabad
(Deccan) territory. :

Part 3.—On Maskat and Massandim on the east coast of Arabia. An example of local joint-
ing. On the axial group of Western Prome. On the geology of the Bombay Presidency.

Part 4.—On exploration for coal in the northern region of the Satpura basin. On the value of
the evidence afforded by raised oyster banks on the coasts of India, in estimating the
amount of elevation indicated thereby. On a possible field of coal-measures in the Goda-
vari district, Madras Presidency. On the lameta or infra-trappean formation of Central
India, On some recently discovered petroleum localities in Pegu. Correction regarding
the supposed eozoonal limestone of Yellam Bile. ` S :

Vor. VI, 1873.
Part 1.—Annual report for 1872. The geology of the North-West Provinces.

Part 2.—The Bisrampur coal-field. Mineralogical notes on the gneiss of South Mirzapur and
adjoining country. :

Part 3.—Notes on а celt found by Mr. Hacket in the ossiferous deposits of Narbada valley
(Pliocene of Falconer): on the age of the deposits, and on the associated shells. On the
Barakars (coal-measures) in the Beddadanole field, Godavari district. On the geology ot
parts of the Upper Punjab. Coalin India. The salt-springs of Pegu.

Part 4.—On some of the iron deposits of Chanda (Central Provinces), Barren Islands and
Narkondam. Stray notes on the metalliferous resources of British Burma.

Vor. VII, 1874.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1873. On the geological structure of the hill ranges between the
Indus valley in Ladak and Shah-i-Dula on the frontier of Yarkand territory. On some
of the iron ores of Kumaon, On the raw materials for iron-smelting in the Raniganj
field. On the habitat in India of the elastic sandstone, or so-called Itacolumyte. Geolo-
gical notes on part of Northern Hazaribagh.

Part 2.—Geological notes on the route traversed by the Yarkand Embassy from Shah-i-Dula
to Yarkhand and Kashgar. On the occurrence of jade in the Karakas valley, on the
southern borders of Turkistan. Notes from the Eastern Himalaya, Petroleum in Assam,
Coal in tne Garo hills; On the discovery of a new locality for copper in the Narbada
valley. Potash-salt from East India, On the geology of the neighbourhood of Mari hill
station'in the Punjab.

Part 3.—Geological observations made on a visit to the Chaderkul, Thian Shan range. On
the former extension of glaciers within the Kangra district. On the building and orna-
mental stones of India. Second note on the materials for iron manufacture in the Rani-
ganj coal-field. Manganese ore in the Wardha coal-field,

Part 4.—The auriferous rocks ofthe Dhambal hills, Dharwar district. Remarks on certain
considerations adduced by Falconer in support of the antiquity of the human race in India.
Geological notes made on a visit to the coal recently discovered in the country of the .
Luni Pathans, south-east corner of Afghanistan. Note on the progress of geological
investigation in the Godayari district, Madras Presidency. Notes upon the subsidiary
materials for artificial fuel,

Vor. VIII, 1875.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1874. The Altum-Artush considered from a geological point of
view. On the evidences of ‘ground-ice’ in tropical India, during the Talchir period.
Trials of Raniganj fire-bricks.

Part 2 (out of print).—On the gold-fields of south-east Wynaad, Madras Presidency. Geolo-
gical notes on the Khareean hills in the Upper Punjab. On water-bearing strata of the
Surat district. Sketch of the geology of Scindia’s territories.

Part 3.—The Shahpur coal-field, with notice of соаї explorations in the Narbada region.
Note on coal recently found near Moflong, Khasia Hiils. s

Part 4.—Note on the geology of Nepal. The Raigarh and Hingir coal-fields.

Vor. IX, 1876.

Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1875. On the geology of Sind,

Part 2.—The retirement of Dr. Oldham. On the age of some fossil floras in India. Descrip-
tion of a cranium of Stegodon Ganesa, with notes on the sub-genus and allied forms.
Note upon the Sub-Himalayan series in the Jamu (fummoo) Hills.

Part 3.—On the age of some fossil floras in India. On the geological age of certain groups
comprised in the Gondwana series of India, and on the evidence they afford of distinct
zoological and botanical terrestrial regions in ancient epochs. On the relations of the
fossiliferous strata at Maleri and Kota, near Sironcha, C. P. On the fossil mammalian
fauna of India and Burma.

Part 4.—On the age of some fossil floras in India. On the osteology of Merycopotamus dis-
similis. Addenda and Corrigenda to paper on tertiary mammalia. Occurrence of
Plesiosaurus in India. On the geology of the Pir Panjal and neighbouring districts.

Vor. X, 1877.

Part 1.-—Annual report for 1876. Geological notes on the Great Indian Desert between Sind
and Rajputana. On the occurrence of the cretaceous genus Omphalia near Nameho lake,
Tibet, about 75 miles north of Lhassa. On Estheria in the Gondwana formation. Notices
of new and other vertebrata from Indian tertiary and secondary rocks. Description ofa
new Emydine from the upper tertiaries of the Northern Punjab. Observations on under-
ground temperature.

Part 2.—On the rocks of the Lower Godavari. Оп the ‘Atgarh Sandstones’ near Cuttack.
On fossil floras in India. Notices of new or rare mammals from the Siwaliks. On the
Arvaliseriesin North-eastern Rajputana. Borings for coal in India. Or the geology of India.

Part 3.— Оп the tertiary zone and underlying rocks in the North-west Punjab. On fossil floras in
India. On the occurrence of erratics in the Potwar. On recent coal explorations in the
Darjiling district. Limestones in the neighbourhood of Barakar. On some forms of
blowing-machine used by the smiths of Upper Assam. Analyses of Raniganj coals.

Part 4.—On the Geology of the Mahanadi basin and its vicinity. On the diamonds, gold, and
lead ores of the Sambalpur district. Noteon 'Eryon Comp. Barrovensis,’ McCoy, from
the Sripermatur group near Madras. On fossil floras in India. The Blaini group and the
‘Central Gneiss’ in the Simla Himalayas. Remarks on some statements in Mr. Wynne’s
paper on the tertiaries of the North-west Punjab. Note on the genera Chœromeryx and
Rhagatherium.

Vor. XI, 1878.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1877. On the geology of the Upper Godavari basin, between the river
Wardha and the Godavari, near the civil station of Sironcha. On the geology of Kashmir,
Kishtwar, and Pangi. Notices of Siwalik mammals. The paleontological relations of the
Gondwana system. On ‘Remarks, &c., by Mr. Theobald upon erratics in the Punjab.’

Part 2.—On the Geology of Sind (second notice). On the origin of the Kumaun lakes. Ona

trip over the Milam Pass, Kumaun. The mud volcanoes of Ramri and Cheduba. On the
mineral resources of Ramri, Cheduba, and the adjacent islands.

MEMOIRS

OF

ШЕЕ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP INDIA.

MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Vor. XXXII, PART т.

RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA. By
E, VREDENBURG, A.R.C,S., Officiating Deputy Superinten-
dent, Geological Survey of India.

Published by order of His Exeelleney the Governor General of India
in Council.

CALCUTTA:

SOLD AT THE OFFICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LONDON: MESSRS. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co.

MDCCCCI

CALCUTTA :
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PRINTING OFFICE,

8, HASTINGS STREET,

CHAPTER 1.—

General Consideration

CONTENTS,

CHaPTER IL.—DETAILED ACCOUNTS OF SOME
EXPERIMENTS.—

єз
o

ت ۾ دي & on Su‏ ©

. Baluchistan
. The Gangetic alluvium
. Other Alluvial areas
Gujarati.
Borings in other tertiary rocks
. The Gondwanas
. The Vindhyans
. The Deccan Trap

Other rocks

» Conclusion

о

Я

КЕСЕМТ

Pace

MEMOIRS

OF

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA. By
E. VREDENBURG, A.R.C.S., Officiating Deputy Super-
intendent, Geological Survey of India.

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL CONSIDERATION,

During the century which is now ending, the question of a
water-supply from artesian sources has from time to time attracted
the attention both of the Government and of the public in India. In
the year 1881 Mr. Medlicott summed up all the information avail-
able up to that date in a Memoir which was pubiished in the
Records of the Government of [ndia,! and in those of the Geological
Survey.? )

The principle of artesian wells is now so generally understood

and has been so often described that there is

Origin of water-supply. Ў N A A
no need to enter into any detailed discussion

1 Reports on Artesian Borings in India. Selections from the Records of the Government of
India, Home, Revenue and Agricultural Department. No. CLXXVIII, Calcutta, 1881.
Artesian Borings in India, Rec. Geol, Surv. Ind., Vol, XIV, pp. 205-238.

8

2 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

ofthe conditions essential to their occurrence. Briefly considered
they depend upon the following phenomena, The water that is
poured over the land in the shape of rain is disposed of in three
ways: part of it is returned to the atmosphere by evaporation ;
part of it runs over the surface to form rivers flowing towards
the sea or towards some inland drainage basin; while the remain-
der sinks into the ground. It is from this subterranean source
that artesian wells and also ordinary shallow wells derive their
supply.

That portion which soaks into the ground usually keeps the
soil and rocks moist up to a certain distance from the surface,
Beyond a certain depth, which varies locally according to the amount
of rainfall and the nature of the rocks, this moisture gives place to
complete saturation. The water thus occupying the interstices of
the rocks forms an underground reservoir, the amount stored away
depending on the porosity of the rock. When the interstices take
up a considerable proportion of the volume occupied by the rock,
the amount of water that can be stored is proportionately great.
The rock is then said to be “ porous” or “ permeable,” while, if the
opposite conditions prevail, the rock is more or less “ impermeable."
The degree of coarseness of texture is also to be considered, for if
the interstices are very small, the retarding effects of friction and
capillarity come into greater play, and in this way certain fine-
grained rocks, suchas clay, act as highly impermeable strata not-
withstanding the fact that they can absorb a certain amount of water.
On the other hand it may also happen that rocks of an impermeable
texture may act as porous masses owing to their fissured or cavern-
ous conditions. Sandstones and conglomerates constitute the most
usual instances of porous formations. Some kinds of non-indurated
calcareous rocks, such as chalk, are also fairly permeable. Clay is
a well-known example of an impermeable medium, while the same is
usually the case with crystalline sandstone or “ quartzite,” crys-
talline limestone, and the generality of igneous and metamorphic

la)

GENERAL CONSIDERATION. 3

rocks, which can only act as permeable masses when they are excep-
tionally fissured.

These underground reservoirs formed by the water contained

in porous rocks may be of two sorts, The
Ground-water, =
upper surface of the underground reservoir may

be in direct communication with the atmosphere through the pores
of the superincumbent unsaturated rock. The reservoir is then said
to consist of “ground-water” or “subsoil-water.” If a shaft be
sunk so as to penetrate the soil deeper than the surface level of this
underground reservoir, water will percolate and fill the cavity up to
that level. These are ordinary percolation wells or surface wells.

But the underground water is not always in direct communiea-
- : i» tion with the atmosphere immediately above it.

Artesian conditions. us

We know that the composition of that part
of the earth nearest the surface, the “earth’s crust," which is acces-
sible to observation, is far from being homogeneous. The rock
nearest the surface at one particular point may be ofa highly im-
permeable nature, and it may extend to a depth far greater than:
that of the normal level of permanent saturation. Supposing there
be a porous layer beneath this impermeable one, it cannot, however
highly porous, receive water from the surface directly above it,
because of the intervening stratum opposing itself to percolation
from above. Yet, if this porous layer extends laterally to a greater
distance than the overlying impermeable one, it must come into
communication with the surface at some other more or less remote
point. In this way it can obtain a supply of water, and if, at the
place where it receives the supply, the permanent leve! of satura-
tion stands at a higher altitude than the bottom of the impermeable
rock that overlies it elsewhere, the porous layer may be enclosed
by impermeable rocks in such a way that the water, at the place
first considered, not only exerts a pressure downwards but also
presses upwards on the lower surface of the bed above it. Ifa shaft
be sunk at that place, the water will rise to a point higher than

(GE)

4 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

the one at which it was tapped, as soon as the impermeable layer
is pierced; and if there be a sufficient difference in the altitudes of
the surface at the well and at the source of supply, or fountain-head,
the water may rise higher than the level of permanent saturation
ofthe neighbourhood ofthe well, and may even overflow at the
surface. Only to such flowing wells is the name “artesian” applied
а intem by certain authors, while according to others,
GERI: the name should be given to all wells in which
water rises to a higher level than that at which it was tapped. It is
this latter view which was eventually taken by Mr. Medlicott :
* Partial artesian action is always possible when percolation along
the planes of bedding is much more easy than across them, and this
seems to be a general character of stratification independently of
any visible impervious beds." The exclusion of all but flowing
wells from the class of artesian wells is a somewhat artificial restric-
tion. Two neighbouring wells may tap the same underground
reservoir, and owing toa difference of a few feet in the altitude of
the places at which they have been sunk, one of them may over-
flow and not the other, although all the other conditions are just
the same. Moreover, a non-flowing well may, by means of pumping,
prove of just as much practical utility as a flowing one, if the supply
is abundant. A flowing well on the other hand, may be of very
little use if it gives a small delivery fora given diameter of the
bore : the Lucknow boring struck ata depth of 1,189 feet a sheet of
water under sufficient pressure to overflow at the surface ; but the
delivery was insignificant.
The conditions of artesian reservoirs are very completely dis-
Perfect and imperfet _ CUSSed in a treatise by Prof. Chamberlin pub-
reservoirs, lished by the Geological Survey ofthe United
States.” Artesian reservoirs were divided by him into “perfect

1 Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XVI, p. 206,
2 “The requisite and qualifying conditions of Artesian Wells,” by T. C. Chamberlin,
Fifth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, pp. 125-173.

коа

GENERAL CONSIDERATION. 5

reservoirs " and “imperfect reservoirs.” In a“ perfect reservoir”
the water has no outlet at a lower level than the artificial one pro-
vided by the well. In an “imperfect reservoir" the water possesses
anaturalescape ata lower altitude than the well. Yet there may
still be a tendency to rise owing to the resistance opposed by fric-
tion along the underground channel leading to the natural outlet,
Such a condition is represented in Mr. Medlicott’s experiments
illustrated in the Report already referred to. The following diagram
which has been several times reproduced from Daniel's Text-book
of the Principles of Physics in works dealing with the present sub-
ject, gives a better idea of the facts than any description :—

Some of the artesian reservoirs that have given the most
brilliant results are of the nature of “imperfect reservoirs.” The
Dakota sandstone, a cretaceous rock in North America, may be
quoted as an example,

In the report just referred to, Mr, Medlicott also pointed out
that artesian conditions are generally very different from the ex=
ceptionally favourable conditions that hold good in the typical

(5529)

6 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS JN INDIA.

examples of the London or Paris basins, which are termed “basins

of disturbance" in contradistinction to “ basins

Basins of disturbance 56 20 >

and of original deposi- of original deposition," He brought to notice
a the fact that the structure favourable to artesian
action might be caused either by subsequent tilting of strata that
were originally horizontal, or else that the same action might take
place in undisturbed strata that have been deposited in an inclined
position, as in the case of the strata occupying alluvial plains.
Sedimentary rocks may be, for the purposes of the present case,
divided into two principal sections: there are, first, those ancient
rocks which form such a large proportion of the earth's crust, and
which geologists usually classify as palæozoic, mesozoic (secondary)
and tertiary. These consist of alternating strata of varying thick-
ness, often remarkable for the small amount of variation which they
exhibit over considerable areas, They have usually been deposited
upon the floor of the sea at some distance from the coast, and their
distribution by marine agency has resulted in their great constancy
over wide areas. Owing to changes in the relative level of land
and sea, or to a bending or corrugation of the originally flat surface,
these strata have now come to constitute dry land and may even
rise into high mountains, It is the inclined position thus assumed
which often allows the formation of more or less water-tight reser-
voirs. The other class of strata are those that have been called
diluvial, quarternary, pleistocene, or post-tertiary, the two latter
terms being more commonly in use. They are newer than the
strata of the first category, and consequently they rest upon them
when both exist together in the same region. They merge insen-
sibly into the alluvial deposits whose formation continues over the
land at the present day. Like these recent deposits, they are
generally land formations instead of being of marine origin as in
the case of the majority of the older strata grouped in the first
category. They often occupy a considerable horizontal surface,
but they never attain the enormous thickness frequently exhibited

(62)

GENERAL CONSIDERATION. 7

by marine strata, and they further differ from them by having a
well-marked original slope of deposition. "Their composition varies
a great deal from place to place, and the irregularity thus produced
may be favourable to the production of artesian conditions. Vol-
canic formations accumulated on land are comparable to these
alluvial formations in their consisting also of strata of varying per-
meability deposited in an inclined position. As to the floor of
igneous and metamorphic rocks which carries the strata of either

Boys M ent fo category, itis practically impermeable. Occa-

artesian conditions. sionally it has been known to yield a somewhat
abundant supply of water through fissures, but such occurrences are
so rare and so undependable that they cannot be taken into account
in any practical scheme.

In regions of great disturbance, sedimentary strata may be so
much compressed that they become impermeable to the same extent
as these igneous and metamorphic rocks. But apart from such
cases, all the sediments whose relative age can be determined
by means of fossils, from the oldest cambrian to the newest
tertiary, have yielded artesian flows under favourable conditions,
On account of the great regularity of the strata composing them,
artesian reservoirs formed by thetilting of these ancient marine
sediments, ‘basins of disturbance" in fact, lend themselves to
systematic investigation in such a manner that in many cases it has
been possible to foretell with a fair degree of certainty the prospects
of a water-supply at any particular point. But with undisturbed
alluvial ,deposits that are still in the same position in which they
were originally laid down, we have no means of studying the con-
cealed strata except by artificial excavations, and it is always difficult
to give a decisive opinion. Wells sunk in such a formation are
always more or less of an experimental nature.

In strata belonging to this category, it is sometimes difficult to
decide whether a wellis really or not of artesian nature. The re-
striction of the name to flowing wells is not a satisfactory one since

(7)

8 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

it has the disadvantage of leaving outside of any well-defined cate:
gory all those non-flowing wells which nevertheless are not ordinary
percolation wells, but which derive their supply from an under-
ground reservoir of water under pressure. At the same time,
adopting Mr. Medlicott's definition of artesian action as the tendency
of water to percolate more easily along the planes of stratification
than across them, the separation from an ordinary percolation well
is, especially for practical purposes, not always very distinct. The
«Spring-wells” of the - “spring wells" of the Gangetic alluvium, and
Gangetic alluvium. some very similar ones in Gujárát, are in-
stancesof this, The alluvium of these regions contains thick beds
of impervious clay known as “mota” in the North-West Provinces.
These beds may occur at a depth coinciding with the level of
permanent saturation, or else ten, twenty feet or more beneath it.
When such a clay-bed occurs at an accessible depth at some locality
where a well is needed, the well is first sunk up to the surface of
this clay-bed. A narrow shaft isthen excavated into the clay, and
when the clay-bed is pierced, water charged with sand rushes up-
wards with such violence that the workmen may have barely time
toescape. Captain Clibborn has given a most interesting account of
such wells in a treatise on well-irrigation in the Gangetic plain,
in which their peculiar action is fully explained." Briefly stated, it
is thus. The stratum of indurated clay that supports the well may
not, and in most cases does not, extend laterally to any great dis-
tance, As therefore the water below the clay-bed is in free com-
munication round the edges of this impervious stratum wjth that
above it, the pressure underneath the clay stratum depends merely
en its depth below the level of saturation of the ground directly
above it. When the well is sunk as far as the clay-bed, the water
from the saturated permeable sands above the clay is prevented by
the masonry from percolating into the shaft. What may have
1 Report on Well-irrigation in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, by Captain
Clibborn, B.S.C. Roorkee, 1883.

(EOM

GENERAL CONSIDERATION. 9

collected is baled out in order that the work of sinking the smaller
tube through the clay may be proceeded with, As soon as this
reaches the base of the clay, the water which was under hydrostatic
pressure proportional to its depth beneath the level of saturation,
gushes into the well which it fills up to that level. At first the water
which flows into the well is charged with sand, and thus a cavity
is formed in the sandy stratum beneath the lower orifice of the pipe
that traverses the clay-bed. This cavity gets enlarged until the
area of its internal surface becomes sufficient to allow water to
percolate at such a rate as will replenish the well while in use,
without the rate of flow being sufficient to disturb the sand, as the
percolation is distributed over a sufficiently large area. If the bed
of indurated clay is sufficiently thick it will support the weight of
the masonry above this cavity without yielding. This explanation,
the credit of which is given by Captain Clibborn to Mr. J, S.
Beresford, accounts fully for the facts observed, and Captain Clibborn
denies that there is anything at all of the nature of artesian action.
Yet, as pointed out by Mr. Medlicott in a review of Captain Clibborn's
Memoir, the explanation, though fully satisfactory, is not incom-
patible with artesian action, so long as this is described as that of
water with a greater tendency to flow along the planes of bedding
than in a direction at right angles, Yet, it must be admitted that
they differ but very little from an ordinary percolation well, their
typical feature consisting in the fact that advantage is taken of cer-
tain natural conditions to obtain a well of moderate diameter in a
permeable medium, of very loose material without endangering the
stability of the masonry and without any risk of silting. As pointed
out by Captain Clibborn, an ordinary percolation well may be sunk
in any sand however coarse and unconsolidated, if only its diameter
be made large enough. He has also shown that where the clay
strata do not exist, they could, leaving aside the question of expen-
diture, be replaced artificially by building the well upon a platform

1 Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XVI, pp. 205-209.

i0 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

of concrete placed at some distance below the level of saturation
of the ground.

It is certain that these “spring wells" hardly answer to the
popular idea of an artesian well, and naturally they would not be
regarded as belonging to that category by those authors who
restrict the use of the term to flowing wells. It may be suggested,
that if the fact that a well is a flowing one be taken as essential to
artesian conditions, a further restriction must be made so as to
apply the name only to such flowing wells as are fed by a deep
reservoir of water under considerable pressure. This restriction is
necessary so as to exclude a certain class of wells which yield a
copious flow, although not possessing any of the characters of an
artesian well Such are certain percolation wells so situated with
respect to the topography of their neighbourhood, that, by means
of a shallow artificial channel, the water which they collect can be
discharged by gravitation alone. As an instance may be quoted
the wells which supply water to the town of Rawalpindi. They

чулк ыру: ` derive their supply by percolation from some

Rawalpindi, coarse alluvial gravels which occupy a longi-
tudinal valley bordered by: rocky ridges. This valley is situated at
the foot of the hills, but at a greater altitude than the town, to which
the supply of the wells is carried by gravitation alone, The wells
which supply the eity of Karachi, sunk in the gravels of a broad
river-bed that never contains any water flowing at the surface,
except in times of exceptional flood, are essentially of the same
nature.

Here, then, we have percolation with an abundant flow, while
the “spring-wells” of the Gangetic alluvium might be taken as
examples of artesian action without overflow. In fact, the difficulty
which is often experienced as to whether a certain well should be
classed as artesian or not, has led certain writers to discard the
term entirely. This is perhaps a somewhat extreme view, for
although the category cannot be defined within absolutely strict

(2000)

GENERAL CONSIDERATION. 11

limits, yet the term is useful. It is an instance of the difficulties
that are always experienced in making scientific classifications :
they must always be more or less artificial, and however elaborate
they can never be in complete harmony with the infinite variety of
nature.

From the foregoing remarks, it follows that the “spring wells”
just described, differ from the typical examples in London and Paris
with regard to the situation of the well, relatively to the intake area
of its water-supply. Since the clay bands which form their charac-
teristic feature are of very limited extent, it follows that the water
which they contain is, properly speaking, only “ground-water,”
derived from the same source as the water of ordinary percolation
wells, that is, from purely local rainfall. These wells illustrate
examples of local artesian action within a reservoir of water which
can scarcely be called an artesian reservoir, But in the case of
‘artesian wells like those of Paris, the porous stratum forming the
natural reservoir from which they derive their supply has no come
munication with the surface except at its outcrop many miles away.

A very important result of this structure is that the supply of the

.. artesian well is independent of local rainfall.

Special characteristics E i i

of the supply fromdeep Owing to its greater altitude, the collecting
Bere area is usually favoured with a more abundant
rainfall than the locality at which the wells are situated. If it is
sufficient to cause a constant overflow from the outcrop of the water-
bearing stratum, the head of water will naturally be constant, as
the artificial wells usually abstract but a small portion of the water
furnished to the water-bearing stratum over the entire extent of
its outcrop. Moreover, a fall of the water-level at the fountain head
will not cause a corresponding loss of effective head in the well, for,
owing to the retardation caused by friction, the rise of water in the
well is but a fraction of what it would be otherwise. Any alteration
in the level of the fountain head can only affect the outflow at the
well in the same diminished proportion,

(и)

12 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

These well-known features of artesian action are here alluded
Special advantages of tO because it is important to keep sight of them
deep artesian sources. in discussing the capabilities of artesian wells.
As already pointed out, the fact of their flowing at the surface or
not is notof much importance, their usefulness, from a practical point
of view, depending on an abundant and constant delivery. When the
water is needed to supply a town for drinking purposes, it has this
further advantage that it is free from any germs of disease. It is not,
however, its applicability to domestic purposes that usually attracts
public attention to artesian resources, but people have generally
been struck by the achievements obtained in some countries where
they have supplied the needs of irrigation. In this respect, one
is apt to form an exaggerated notion of their capabilities. The
imagination is easily struck by such facts as the phenomenal
outflow of some of the North American wells, or by the creation
of artificial oases in the midst of the Sahara, But it is necessary
to keep in mind how very local these effects must remain, even at
their best, and the notion, sometimes entertained, that the sinking
of artesian wells would in the slightest degree afford relief during
Indian famines should at once be dispelled.
It is principally in deserts that the use which itis possible to
Efficiency of artesian derive from artesian water is seen to its best
resources in deserts. advantage. In a desert, no cultivation can be
undertaken that depends merely upon rainfall, because the annual
precipitation is insignificant and precarious. Cultivation can only
be practised when that scanty rainfall, concentrated and stored by
natural or artificial means, is applied to irrigation. River systems
may collect from a large area so much of the rainfall as escapes
evaporation, and some of their stream-beds may thus carry a peren-
nial stream. When this reaches the plains, the water may be
diverted into artificial channels and devoted to irrigation. The
area thus cultivated is very small compared to that over which the
rain has fallen, but it is the application to a limited area of a large

(BD)

GENERAL CONSIDERATION. 13

proportion of the available rainfall, which renders possible agricul-
tural operations which would be out of the question if attempted
over the entire surface of the collecting area. As already pointed
out, the rain water that escapes evaporation, partly flows along the
surface, and partly sinks into the ground. It is this latter portion
which in some instances becomes available in the shape of artesian
water. Some of the recent alluvial formations peculiar to desert
areas are particularly suited to the production of artesian conditions.
Of late years, complete success has been achieved in the case of
artesian wells sunk through such formations at Quetta, but these
same reservoirs have been drawn upon since time immemorial by
means of the underground channels so well known as “karez’'
in Baluchistan, and “ kanat” in Persia, a feature which is forcibly
brought to the attention of any one travelling in those regions,
which would be otherwise uninhabitable. The water which supplies
the underground reservoirs represents but a fraction of the amount
of water that percolates into the ground, this amount itself being
but a fraction of an already scanty rainfall; but compared with the
supply from rivers, it has the advantage of being much less subject
to variations. Suchare then the capabilities and the limitations
of artesian water in a desert: its yield may be locally abundant
and constant enough to allow of successful irrigation, but this yield
is derived from a source so scanty that under the most favourable
circumstances, the area cultivated sinks into complete insignificance
compared with. the immensity of the surrounding desert. One of
the artesian districts that have most attracted the attention of the
world is that of the Oued Voir and neighbouring oases in the
Algerian Sahara. According to some statistics collected in a pub-
lication issued in connection with the Paris exhibition of 1889,! the
total yield of the wells was then 8,475 cubic feet, or 63,400 gallons per
minute, The area under cultivation was not more than 4,000 acres,
that is a few thousand acres amongst many thousand square miles

Société Agricole et Industrielle de Batna et du Sud Algérien.

С 137)

54 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

of desert. Viewed in this manner, the result must appear very
small, yet it is here that the capabilties of artesian water are seen
to their best advantage, since they render cultivation possible in a
land which must remain otherwise absolutely unculturable.

With all other conditions remaining the same, there is no doubt
that as the rainfall increases the amount available from artesian
sources might be increased in about the same proportion. But the
same proposition would not hold good with respect to the amount of
land cultivated : with an annual rainfall of about five inches, desertic
conditions must prevail, and if there is no river, the country must
remain without cultivation except perhaps for a few small areas
under irrigation from natural underground reservoirs scattered at
intervals, just as іп Baluchistan or in the Sahara. If we now turn

Inefficiency of artesian Our attention to other countries where the
ers A M genen mean annual rainfall is thirty inches instead
of five, the amount of water stored in underground reservoirs will
also increase in the same proportion so long as their capacity is
such that they do not overflow. But it is not so with the area
cultivated : instead of the few acres of cultivated land being increased
in the proportion of five to thirty, we are now dealing with countries
where one-half, three-quarters, or more perhaps of the land is
under cultivation. For, with increased humidity, agriculture no
longer depends on purely local and exceptional conditions of stor-
age and distribution, but the rainfall over any part of the area is
sufficient to supply the local needs, making irrigation superfluous.
In places where the rainfall is so abundant as to be sufficient even
in years of minimum rainfall, artesian wells cease to be of any value
as a means of irrigation. But there are some regions where,
although the rainfall is generally sufficient, yet its amount is just
on tke limit of what is needed, and consequently, in years of mini-
mum rainfall, the amount is below the requirements of the land.
Hence, although irrigation is superfluous in ordinary seasons, some
form of storage of water is necessary in order to save the country

\ мд 7

GENERAL CONSIDERATION. 15

from ruin during the exceptionally dry years which must occur at
intervals, —intervals which are irregular so far as has yet been ob-
served, These conditions prevail over very large areas in India,
and wherever sufficient provision has not been made to suit the
requirements of the case, it is inevitable that ruination should visit
them at intervals in the shape of the terrible calamities too well
known in India during famine years. The situation of the regions
thus precariously situated can be recognised by examining any map
that indicates the distribution of the rainfall, such as the beautiful
maps published in the Statistical Atlas of India. It is probably
in those regions where the average amount of annual rainfall is
between twenty and forty inches that the situation is most precarious.
The regions most critically stuated are,—first, the countries nearest
the Indian Desert, that is portions of the Punjab, of Rajputana, of the
North-West Provinces, and, of Gujárát; secondly, large districts
in Central India and in the Central Provinces together with part of
the Deccan east of the Western Ghats, forming a considerable
proportion of the Bombay and Madras Presidencies, and of the
States of Hyderabad and Mysore. It is only with respect to these
critically placed districts that the question of a possible supply from
artesian sources for irrigation purposes is ofany vital interest. As
already pointed out, the desert areas are safe from severe famine,
because the portion which is cultivated depends on perennial supplies
of water independent of annual variations in local rainfall, —whether
this supply be the mighty stream of some great river like that of
the Indus, whicb spreads over Lower Sind the rain and melted snow
of an immense catchment area in the Himaläyas, or whether it be
the small but constant supply of a “karez.” The more humid tracts
where the rainfall is more than sufficient are equally out of question
in the present enquiry. But in those vast regions where the rain-
fall is usually only just sufficient to supply the needs of agriculture,
and where recourse must be had to some means of storage so as to

1 Statistical Atlas of India, Secord Edition. Calcutta, 1895.

(ASS)

16 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

tide over years of deficient rainfall, the question has been asked
whether the water needed is notalready stored in natural artesian
reservoirs. It has already been pointed out how small is the area
irrigable from artesian sources in the deserts of Algeria and Baluchis-
tan, and it has been further argued that the water available from
that source could only increase ata rate comparable with an in-
crease of rainfall, and not comparable with the concomitant increase
of culturable ground. Therefore if there occurs any failure of the
rainfall in a country where rainfall is depended upon for cultivation,
the portion where this deficiency could be remedied by means of
artesian water would be insignificant. Another argument may yet
present itself: where artesian water is regularly put to contribution
for irrigation purposes, the amount which is used annually must be
kept within the limits of the average annual supply to the artesian
reservoir. If, on the other hand, the supply is to be drawn upon
only at intervals of several years, it might be asked whether itis not
possible that an artesian reservoir could exist whose structure is such
that it holds in store the supply of a number of years. This might
be drawn upon only in times of need, allowing the reservoir to be
replenished during intervening years favoured with a better rainfall.
In answer to this argument, it may first be pointed out that altbough
such natural conditions for the reservoir are possible, and in fact
do exist to a certain degree in some rare instances, they are not
common, for they require the coincidence of quite a number of
favourable circumstances, such as an unusually large intake area,
a stratum unusually porous and unusually thick, and also an

1 Major Powell attributes partly to this cause the diminution of flow which has been ob-
served in some of the American wells since the time when they were first sunk ; “...... it may
happen that the stratum has capacity for the transmission of more water than is delivered to it.
If the latter relations exist in the case of a perfect or nearly perfect reservoir, and that
reservoir is tapped by numerous artesian wells, the initial discharge of water from the wells
is greater than the permanent discharge. The wells in such a case draw upon a body of water
which may have required years for its accumulation, and their conditions of permanent flow
are not reached until this accumulation has been exhausted." Eleventh Annual Report of the
Director of the United States Geological Survey, Part II, pe 262.

( 16 )

GENERAL CONSIDERATION, 17

unusually regular structure, so that the bed should be available at a
reasonable depth over a large area of the country. Under the best
conditions possible, the intake area must be limited to the outcrop
of the permeable stratum, and this must always be very small com-
pared with the surface of country underlaid by the artesian reservoir,
so that even if exceptional conditions of storage allowed the supply
of several years to be expended in one season, the amount thus
made available would still remain very small compared with the needs
of the large area where irrigation is required, Besides, although the
amount of artesian water available in India has scarcely received a
fair test, yet it may be confidently affirmed that nowhere do such ex-
ceptional conditions occur as those outlined above. In the districts
liable to famine in particular, there is not the slightest indication of
anything ofthe sort. If we look to other countries for information,
there is none perhaps from which such useful lessons can be derived
as from the United States of North America. In no other region of
the globe are artesian conditions developed in such a favourable
manner, and nowhere perhaps have they been developed so system-
atically. From the oldest cambrian up to those glacial deposits
which, in a geological sense, were deposited only yesterday, every
system of strata has yielded artesian water in abundance, The
capabilities of these resources with respect to irrigation have been
OS NET fully investigated, for, just like India,
America, North America includes large portions in which

the rainfall is insufficient or only just sufficient to provide for the
needs of agriculturists, Major J. W. Powell, the late Director of
the United States Geological Survey, in his ‘Statement before the
Committee on Irrigation of the House of Representatives," in 1890
has fully examined all the aspects of the question. His report,
the outcome of many years of studies specially devoted to these
matters, deals with the question of irrigation considered from a
! [n this work

1 “The Arid Lands.” Eleventh Annual Report of the Director of the United States Geo-
logical Survey. Part II, Irrigation, pp. 203-289. ( )
I7

theoretical, practical, and legislative point of view.

18 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

Major Powell pronounces himself most unhesitatingly on the sub-
ject of the limited capabilities of artesian supplies, even with respect
to such exceptional artesian reservoirs as those underlying the
Great Plains, particularly the “ Dakota sandstone," a rock of creta-
ceous age, whose permeability, regularity of stratigraphical struc-
ture, favourably situated outcrop, and immense extension make it
probably difficult to match elsewhere. If such an exceptionally
situated reservoir can only warrant very limited expectations, it
would be unwise to build any hopes upon the Indian artesian reser-
voirs which can only be comparatively unimportant, and whose very
existence is in many cases a matter of serious doubt. Evidently
it is not to them that we must look for the serious problem of
making up for the deficiency of water in years of minimum rainfall
in the regions at present considered. This problem is all the more
important because, if the calamity which overtakes those regions in
years of drought could be avoided or at least considerably mitigated,
their fertility in ordinary years is so great that they would be
amongst the richest, if not actually the richest, provinces in India.
With adequate means of providing irrigation during unfavourable
seasons, even if only just enough to save the farmers and their
stock from actual disaster, these regions where the rainfall is only
just sufficient would be amongst the best situated from an agricul-
tural point of view. To quote Major Powell's words, in the work
just referred to: “Whenever in any district of country, there is
just sufficient rainfall and no more, that is the best condition for
that agriculture which is dependent upon rainfall, Any increase
above that is injurious,..... What then becomes necessary is to sup-
ply additional water in seasons of drought, so there may not be a
time when disaster comes to the farmer. To furnish the water
necessary for these disastrous years, we have to furnish a smaller
amount than in other [2.е., drier] regions of country.

Scans Something can be obtained from artesian wells, but not
a very great amount ..... . They have been bored at different places

( 18 )

GENERAL CONSIDERATION, 19

in the world and used for irrigation whenever they could be used,
and it bears out the statement I make that the supply from artesian
sources is always limited, is always very small, and that no great
area can be irrigated thereby. If all the artesian wells in the world
that are used for irrigation were assembled in one county of
Dakota they would not irrigate that county?”

Since, therefore, the supply from artesian reservoirs is at best
local and inadequate, we must look to some different source to pro-
vide a storage of water that will apply to the whole area concerned.
This store generally exists without going to such inconveniently
great depths as is often the case with artesian water: it is the

DECOR UN reservoir formed by “ ground-water,” or “ sub-
wells. soil-water " all over the surface of the land. All
over India this resource is made available through innumerable shal-
low wells. As pointed out in a previous paragraph, it is somewhat
a matter of personal taste whether some of these wells should be
called “artesian” or not, but they are to all practical purposes shal-
low percolation wells, and the reservoir from which they draw their
supply could not properly be called artesian, however much the
name might be applicable to individual wells, According to experts
there is not much room for improvement either in the mode of
construction or in the economical working of shallow wells as prac-
tised in India. But the system could be considerably developed,
more perhaps by private enterprise than by the agency of Govern-
ment, and it is, I believe, a well recognised principle that the farm-
ers should be given every encouragement to construct new wells.
Years of minimum rainfall ought to be particularly suited to this
work, as it is easy to sink the wells to a good depth below the
average level of saturation of the ground. A great deal was accom-
plished in this line during the last abnormally dry season of 1°99-
1900: a great many new wells have been sunk, and many old ones
deepened,
1 Loc, cits, pp. 259-2600

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20 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

There are many places topographically so situated that wells
provide the only available means of irrigation.

Irrigation from сапа, But wherever feasible, irrigation from artificial
canals deriving their supply from the perennial flow of natural
river channels, or from artificial reservoirs will enhance the value
of the land considerably more than irrigation from wells can do.
This method, however, does not come under the scope of private
enterprise, but can only be accomplished as an outcome of well-
matured schemes of such vast proportions as can only be dealt
with by Government. In this line India has nothing to learn from
other countries, and her canals and her “tanks” have long com-
manded the admiration of the engineering world, ranking as models
to be imitated wherever similar works are undertaken. It is, no
doubt, to the extension of this system of irrigation from canals and
to its thoroughly systematic application that we must look forward
to the development of the agricultural possibilities of the country
to their utmost degree of efficiency, and for the complete disappear-
ance of those dire calamities which must keep recurring at fated
intervals, so long as India is not adequately provided for against the
difficulties caused by occasional periods of deficient rainfall. If
artesian reservoirs were of any great utility in averting these dis-
asters, it would seem strange indeed that their resources should have
been neglected by a body of men of such ability as are found in the
Irrigation branch of the Public Works Department. The expla-
mation of that apparent neglect is, that such a resource does not
really exist. Much has been done already in the way of reservoir
and canal construction in districts liable to occasional drought.
There remains certainly plenty to be done, for these works have
not been developed to the same extent as in regions of permanently
deficient rainfall where they are much more remunerative owing to
their being constantly needed. The canals that are built in districts
where the rainfall is amply sufficient in all but years of minimum
rainfall do not seem at first sight to be remunerative, since they are

(22053)

GENERAL CONSIDERATION. 21

=

merely of the nature of protective works, and will probably often
remain idle during periods of several years. Yet, the additional
value which increased security against disaster confers upon the
land must in the long run amply repay the capital expended on such
undertakings. Of course, the work must eventually be carried out on
a gigantic scale, and is one that even the wealthiest Government can-
not perform in one day ; but since the ultimate source upon which all
agriculture depends is the rainfall, the most economical distribution
of that rainfall must eventually become the means of obtaining the
most remunerative condition of agriculture. All that has been done
so far in India, has been along those lines, and when the work is
completed, India will find herself able to provide amply for a much
more numerous population than she supports at present, without
any risk of periodical starvation, and without having recourse to
such desperate palliatives as emigration and other extreme measures
which have to be resorted to as a remedy for the evil as it exists at
present, As to artesian irrigation which is every now and then
advocated as a remedy by well-meaning persons, I have endeavoured
to show that by following the question to its ultimate conclu-
sions, we find that they must have been deluded by the deceptive
appearance of exceptional occurrences, and it is well to be guarded
against such proposals, and not waste upon a matter, which is only
of secondary importance, energies that can find better employment
elsewhere.

The foregoing remarks apply only to those areas where in all
but exceptional years the rainfall is sufficient for agricultural pur-
poses. In more arid regions, agriculture depending on local rainfall
alone becomes so precarious that it is not attempted. Cultivation
is only undertaken where rendered possible by irrigation, and such
regions do not undergo the risk of severe famine. Artesian
reservoirs are of course locally of the greatest utility wherever they
can provide the necessary means of irrigation; but those regions do
not present problems of such urgent character and vital importance

( 21 )

22 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

as the provinces where occasional failure of rain can bring about
appalling disasters. To a still greater extent is this the case with
actual deserts, where it may happen, it is true, that the only existing
cultivation is from artesian sources, but such countries can only
support the lives of some hundreds of men, not of millions like
those whose unfortunately precarious condition has just been dis-
cussed.
In those regions, on the other hand, where rainfall is always
Artesian resources in abundant, artesian reservoirs lose all importance
uli e ande a) BS irrigation, but may still be of
great use in secondary though by no means unimportant questions,
such as a supply for manufacturing or for drinking purposes.
Thus confined within reasonable limits, the question of artesian
supply is of the greatest interest, and is fully justified in attracting
the attention of private enterprise or of public bodies such as
municipalities.
It cannot be said that very much has been done in this line in
Presenbstate ofthe India, and it is doubtful how much can be done.
Баенов, It may Бе safely asserted that throughout the
length and breadth of India there is no artesian reservoir compar-
able to the Dakota sandstone of North America, or the regularly
disposed basins of London and Paris. This has been clearly
recognised since the day when the main features of the geological
map were delineated. But the Geological Survey with its small
staff of Officers has not yet been equal to the task of carrying out
a detailed examination of that immense area to such a degree of
minuteness as would allow of a definite opinion on the possible re-
sources cf underground reservoirs, whose performance might be
small perhaps as compared with the examples just quoted from
Europe and America, but which yet might prove very useful and
welcome for local needs. Not only are there many portions of
India proper which are “ terre incognitæ ” in a geological sense, but
enormous areas have been thrown open to geological observation

( 22 )

GENERAL CONSIDERATION. 23

in Burma and in Baluchistan which still further increase the vast-
ness of the task. Consequently, the parts of the map that have
been submitted to detailed examination are very few, as the time
necessary for work of that kind can seldom be spared except for
some special object like the detailed survey of a small area occupied
by a coal-field. Under the circumstances, the minute examination
necessary to decide these questions is quite out of the question.
The delineation on the map of the areas of metamorphic rocks at
once excludes certain portions from the range of research since
artesian water can scarcely be expected from them. But if a geolo-
gical map of India be examined, it will be noticed that an enormous
area of the Peninsula is occupied by a volcanic formation known
as the “Deccan trap." Practically the whole of that area is un-
surveyed: we know next to nothing of that immense formation, but
the mere boundary of the tract which it occupies. As to its capacity
as a water-bearing formation, little is known and great differences
of opinion exist. The map also shows a large area occupied by the
* Vindhyan" rocks. These have received more attention than the
* Deccan trap," but still in a very general manner, and very little
is known regarding their behaviour as water-bearing strata. Lastly,
we have scarcely any information respecting the underground
structure of that immense spread of recent deposits constituting
the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, whose strata are still in the posi-
tion in which they were deposited, and no exact knowledge of which
can be arrived at except from actual borings, In the opening
paragraph of these notes, I mentioned that a review of the whole
question as it then stood in India had been written by Mr. Medlicott
in 1881. It cannot be said that the knowledge gained in the two
decades that have since elapsed can allow much to be added to
what he so ably discussed. Artesian problems are always so full
of uncertainty that the resultsof actual experiment play an import-
ant part in arriving at any definite conclusions respecting subsequent
trials, The experiments carried out since the publication of

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24 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

Mr. Medlicott’s report have not been very numerous. Most of them
have been described in the publications of the Geological Survey-
A short account of the most important ones is given in the following
chapter.

CHAPTER П.
DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS.

(7) Baluchistan.

The most successful borings are those of Quetta. The struc-
ture of the deposits underlying the plain of Quetta has been
fully explained by Mr. Oldham in a paper published by the Govern-
ment and reproduced in the Records of the Geological Survey.
The town of Quetta is situated in the midst of a broad plain sur-
Structure of recent de- rounded by high ranges of hills. Тһе streams
posits of the Quetta plain. that issue from those hills carry, in times of
flood, boulders and coarse detritus which they abandon owing to
the diminished gradient when they enter the plain. Owing to
the scantiness of the rainfall, the plainis not scoured by streams
powerful enough to remove these materials, and thus shallow cones
of talus material or “alluvial fans" are formed, constituting a very
characteristic feature of desert regions. They all coalesce with one
another and with the talus formed by the ordinary process of dis-
integration, forming a broad incline, the so-called * daman " which
fringes the mountain ranges in Baluchistan. At the apex of each
of the shallow cones the river divides itself into a number of branches
very much as it would do in a “delta.” These channels are usually

1 “On the mode of occurrence and probable distribution of artesian water in the valley
plains of the Quetta and Pishin District,” reprinted in ©“ Sub-recent and Recent Deposits of
the valley plains of Quetta, Pishin, and the Dasht-i-Bedaolat ; with appendices on the Chamans
of Quetta, and the Artesian Water Supply of Quetta and Pishin.” Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind,,
Voi. XXV, pp. 36-53.

( 24 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 25 -

dry, and it is only when there has been a shower that they give
passage to a stream of water which bears sand and boulders if
the shower has been abundant enough. The more important chan-
nels in the fan, those that are, for the time being, so situated as to
collect a great amount of water, carry their burden farthest and
send tongues of gravel reaching the plain. Like all rivers they
are apt to shift their position, and the coarse gravels in the aban-
doned channels become gradually buried under the deposits of fine
silt known as “ loess,” which are derived from the disintegration of
neighbouring rocks or consist of wind-borne dust floated from
afar, and which gradually get spread over the land by the slow and
gentle action of rain-wash. The same process is many times
repeated till the plain is occupied by a succession of irregular
tongues or patches of loose permeable gravel alternating with layers
of silt which are highly impermeable owing to their fine texture
and argillaceous composition. The tongues of gravel decrease in
coarseness as they slope towards the plain; they are entirely en-
closed by the impermeable clays except at the apex of the alluvial
fan where, by increasingly coarse material they all come into com-
munication with the chaotic accumulation of boulders at the de-
bouchure of the river from the hills. Owing to the torrential nature
of the rivers and the peculiar structure of the alluvial fans, the
gradients are high, so that there is a considerable difference of level
between the coarse gravels at the head of the fan, and the plain over
which the deposits are distributed. Thus arises a condition which
is eminently suited to artesian action, The coarse nature of the
deposits at the head of the slope of the “daman” favour
percolation; the water gradually finds its way into the buried
tongues of gravel, and the impermeable clays which enclose these
gravels prevent all natural escape, thus producing am artesian
reservoir which is eminently of the “ perfect" type. Where these
reservoirs can be tapped they are extremely useful, since by means
of them it is possible to distribute to the arid soil of the plain the

G 2507)

26 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

relatively abundant rain that falls on the hills where it would be
of no use owing to the steepness of their bare slopes.

So long as they are left to their own devices, it is not within
the means of the inbabitants of these sparsely populated districts
to obtain this water through artesian wells, as they do not possess:
suitable appliances to reach the requisite depth. But with their
simple methods they can obtain the same supply by the much more
laborious task of driving a horizontal gallery through the inclined
beds in the lower portion of the talus. These are the works known
as “karez”? or “kanat”? which have already been mentioned in a
previous paragraph. The water is not under great pressure where
the stratum containing it is penetrated by works of this kind, but
the great surface of percolation in the gallery allows the collection
of an abundant supply. The first attempt to tap this supply by
means of a boring was made at Quetta in 1889. The experiment
was eminently successful and, since then, many other borings have
succeeded, while experiments of a promising nature have also been
attempted in the plain of Pishin. From the irregular conformation
of these deposits, the prospects of success at any particular point
within the area covered by them cannot be accurately predicted.
The tongues of gravel must overlap one another in a very irregular
manner, and there is no means of knowing their lateral extension.
At one place, a water-bearing stratum may be struck at a much
smaller depth than at another, while it may also happen that the
gravel may be missed entirely, which explains why some borings
have been unsuccessful, though surrounded by others that have met
with water-bearing strata. In fact in all artesian reservoirs like
this one, consisting of recent undisturbed deposits, the only indi-
cation that can be given with any degree of accuracy is the main
boundary of the area within which success is possible, but success
at any particular point within that area must remain, to a great
degree, a matter of chance.

( 26 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 27

The yield of a small artesian reservoir, like that of the Quetta
basin, situated in a very dry region, is subject to a certain amount
of variation according to differences in the amount of yearly rainfall.
The flow from the karez galleries at Quetta is known to be affected
to some extent by such variations, and some of them bave even
been known to stop flowing entirely after prolonged periods of
abnormal drought.

The structure of the recent alluvial deposits in the valley-plain

Other localities favour- Of Quetta is by no means special to that one
ably situated, locality, but is common in a greater or less
degree to all the talus deposits that fringe the high mountains of
Baluchistan and Persia, of that arid table-land known as the
plateau of Iran, At many glaces, the water which they contain is
tapped by the karez and kanat galleries, and, no doubt, it would
be available also by artesian wells. For instance, all along the
mountain ranges which form the southern border of the great desert
which stretches from Nushki up to the Persian Frontier, these talus
deposits frequently assume enormous proportions. Ata few locali-
ties far distant from one another, karez tunnels have been driven
into them, and it would be worth while making an experimental
boring at one of the most likely places.

There is not much that calls for comment in the boring records

Boring records of wells Of the wells in Quetta. The deposits are too

ae cae irregular to allow the identification of strata
encountered in different wells. In all the borings, the same varieties
of sands and clays were met with in alternating layers. The follow-

ing records were published by Mr. Oldham in the report already
referred to :—

SECTIONS OF BORE-HOLES AT QUETTA AND BOSTAN.
1, Well at Railway station—

120 feet loess,

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28 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA:

20 feet gravel, underlaid by quicksand.
Discharge 20,000 gallons per hour; hydrostatic head 50 feet.
2. Well in Political Agent’s compound.
115 feet loess.
83 feet shingle with a little artesian water.
2 feet loess.
Gravel, an abundant discharge of water.
3. Well in Loco. Superintendent's compound—
923 feet loess.
33 feet gravel with artesian water.
4. Well in Executive Engineer's (Railway) compound—
90% feet loess.
IO feet gravel, from which water just flowed at surface.
то feet loess.
20 feet coarse sand and gravel, with an abundant discharge of water.
5. Well at Gymkhana—
77 feet loess,
10 feet “hard sandy stuff ".
8 feet “indurated sandy lumps ".
35 feet " clay with nodules”.
3 feet quicksand.
12 feet hard clay.
Quicksand with water.
6 Artesian well at Bostan, as determined from specimens preser ved—
10—20 feet pale yellow unctuous clay containing fine grains of silica and
effervescing freely with acids. Loess.
20—30 feet the same, but not so fine grained.
30—40 feet finer than 10—20 feet.
40— бо feet very like 20— 30 feet.
60—80 feet the same with some pieces of calcareous rock (kankar).
80— до feet same as 10— 60 feet.
100 feet irregular small pebbles of pale grey limestone.
180 feet still in gravel, discharge of water 2,500 gallons per hour.
230 feet or thereabouts, entered as Siwalik clays.

(2) The Gangetic alluvium.
Alternating strata of varying coarseness deposited ata gently
sloping angle, and becoming generally finer-

Structure of the strata, А A ST С
grained as the distance from the hills increases,

( 28 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 29

are characters common to all alluvial deposits. But endless variation
is introduced by differences in horizontal extent, vertical depth and
gradient, Thus the conditions which cause artesian flow at Quetta
exist to a certain degree in all alluvial plains. Nevertheless the
capacity of the reservoirs thus formed must vary greatly according
to local conditions. Itis natural that the immense extent of land
occupied by the Indo-Gangetic alluvium should have attracted a great
deal of attention from the point of view of artesian supply, but its
capabilities have scarcely been tested: experiments have been so
few and so incomplete that its structure is still to a great extenta
matter of conjecture. Just as the upper part of the talus skirting the
Baluchistan mountains consists of accumulations of boulders continu-
ous with gradually finer gravels that dip under the fine clay deposits
of the plains, so does the upper part of the alluvial talus all along
the foot of the Himaláyas consist of coarse gravels forming the slope
called “bhäbar,” the lower part of which dips under the soil of the
"tarái? Mr. Medlicott argued that the gravel beds of varying
degrees of coarseness that are interbedded at various depths with
the clay deposits of the alluvium, must be in communication with the
" bhábar" zone of gravel: here then, just as in the case of the
Quetta plain deposits, leaving aside the difference in proportions, we
have the requisite conditions for a very perfect artesian reservoir.
Percolation acts freely in the coarse deposits ofthe gravel zone
which absorb a considerable proportion of the rainfall, and the over-
flow at the upper part of the underground reservoir makes itself evi-
dent from the copious springs which issue in the zone along which the
gravels dip under the clay deposits of the tarái. This line of springs
indicates therefore the altitude of the fountain head of the artesian
reservoir, and, by tapping that reservoir in the alluvial plain, at lower
altitudes, water may be expected to overflow at the surface. In
order to make the conditions of success as favourable as possible, the
proposed wells should not be sunk too far south from the Himaláyas,
because, with such a low gradient as that which prevails at a
( 29 )

30 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

distance from the hills, the retarding influence of friction must come
conspicuously into play. Along the southern edge of the plains the
conditions cannot be regarded as favourable, for all along the low
hills that limit the alluvium in that direction, there is no slope of
gravel forming an intake area comparable to the “bhdbar’’ of the
Himaláyan talus, and in the western portion of the district, in the
neighbourhood of the Aravallis, the amount of rainfall is small. As
to the underground reservoirs fed by the Himaláyan *' bhábar " it is
not probable that they stretch right across to the southern boundary
of the alluvium. All these probabilities were very distinctly formu-
lated by Mr. Medlicott in discussing the possibilities of the Indo-Gan-
getic alluvium. It is to the fact of their being situated too far in the
midst of the alluvial formation or too near its southern limit, that he
attributed the unsatisfactory results of the experiments undertaken
in Calcutta in 1836 and at Bhiwani in 1877. One ofthe conse-
quences of the Umballa boring carried out from 1869 to 1872 was to
draw attention to the enormous thickness of the Gangetic alluvium.
In order to account for the facts, it became necessary to admit that
the floor upon which the Gangetic alluvium was laid down must have
been subsiding simultaneously with the deposition of the strata. The
depression was probably formed at the same time as the upheaval of
the Himaláyas, both phenomena being the outcome of the same set
of causes. It may be necessary, therefore, to bore through an enor-
mous thickness of clay-beds similar to those met with in the Umballa
boring before striking any permeable sands in communication with
the coarse gravels of the “bhábar” zone. The Umballa boring was
not continued beyond a depth of 701 feet, and, as an experiment
therefore, it was not complete.
The Lucknow boring performed in the years 1888 to 1890 has
further confirmed the fact of the enormous thick.
hs ieee ten ee ср thE alluvium, but it has also established
the correctness of Mr. Medlicott's view as to the existence of deep-
seated artesian water, for, between the depths of 1,189 and 1,202 feet,

(20%)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 31

a sheet of excellent water was tapped under sufficient pressure to
cause it to overflow at the surface. The flow was not abundant, but
it is possible that sands bearing a more abundant supply exist lower
down, Unfortunately the boring could not be carried deeper than
1,336 feet. It was executed by Mr. Trowbridge, an engineer highly
experienced in these matters, who was specially selected for this
work by Messrs. Pierce and Co. of. New York, one of the leading
American firms that have made deep boring a speciality. It had not
been anticipated that the boring would have had to be put down to
sucha depth entirely through unconsolidated alluvial formations.
The bore-hole had to be lined throughout its entire depth, and as
each size of pipe can be sunk only through a limited depth, the lining
had been reduced to 3 inches diameter when it reached a depth of
1,264 feet, the greatest depth to which it was found possible to sink
the pipe, although the boring had been commenced with a 12-inch
pipe. The following statement contains particulars relative to the

lining :—
Size of pipe. Length. Depth driven, Total depth.
I. 12 inches. 408 feet. 498 feet. 408 feet,
2. 10 5 798 5, 390 » 798 ,,
Gh. Ho pm 315 » 100 5, 898 ,,
Liss Oe y 1100 202 ,, 1,1000,
SAR 298 ., 80/25; 1,189 ›
E SH 246 „ 77 » 1,254 y

Boring continued to 1,336 feet,

The following information was given by Mr. Trowbridge in his
report to the Municipal Board of Lucknow: “From the surface
down to about 400 feet, the whole soil appeared to be saturated with
water, its natural level being about the same as surface water. From
400 to about 750 feet there was no appearance of water, but at that
point, a bed of water-bearing sand was struck, and the water raised
to within 13 feet ofthe surface, which is about 32 feet higher than
the Gumti river when at its lowest stage. From 750 feet to 1,220
feet, occasional beds of water-bearing sand were found, which in

(32,2)

32 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

every instance developed a pressure sufficient to raise the water very
nearly, or quite to surface, but evidently of not much volume."

“The last bed of sand found, however, extended from about 1,160
to 1,220 feet, about 13 feet of which—from 1,189 to 1,202—was a live
quicksand, and contained water of sufficient pressure and volume to
produce a flow over the top of the pipe at 6 feet below the surface,
26 feet above the river, amounting to about 10 gallons a minute
—14,400 a day— which proved on analysis to be perfectly pure water.
The quantity was not sufficient to be of practical value, and the bor-
ing was continued in search of a more abundant supply, and in
order to sink the well deeper it was necessary to drive the pipe
down, and that cut off and effectually stopped the flow already
obtained.”

The boring had been undertaken in view of providing a water-
supply to the town of Lucknow. On account of the considerable
interest arising from its partial success, it was intended to make an-
other trial beginning with a much larger diameter (a 24-inch pipe) by
means of which it was hoped that a depth of 2,000 feet would be
reached. But it was calculated that even ifthe experiment were
entirely successful, and a copious supply discovered, it would be
necessary to borea number of such wells, perhaps as many as ten,
so as to supply the town with sufficient water, and on account of the
great expense incurred in boring to such considerable depths, the
scheme would have been far more expensive than that of furnishing
the town with water from the Gumti river, even with all the addi-
tional expense of the plant required for raising the supply, filtering
it, etc. Hence the experiment was abandoned.

The record of the Lucknow boring has been published by

Mr. Oldham in the publications of the Geological Survey,! and is
appended below.

1 “The deep boring at Lucknow." Ree. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XXIII, pp. 261-266.

(73277)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 33
Record of the Lucknow Artesian Well.
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL. Colour. Bis С ЖО
stratum,
Made earth, Old Fort embankment А » | Brown : . 24 24
Sandy clay . О О о > э Yellowish brown . 17) 414
Kankar, mixed with clay m . . ‚ | Bluish grey . E 6i 48
Sand and clay, alternate thin layers ú e | Brown " à 2 50
Quicksand, micaceous . . . . Grey à o 14 64
Sandy clay . . . . . ° e | Brown o . 2 66
Clay, with a little fine sand . . a Yellow o 19 85
Sand, with very little clay . b . Grey . б o 5 90
Quicksand, fine . T . s 5 Yellow 14 104
Glay е c . . o 5 Whitish c : 5 109
Clay, with scattering kankar nodules . Bluish brown c 7 116
Kankar ó o . ó . . „| Bluish grey . ` 6} 116$
Sandy clay . o . d . . Yellow А : 13 118
Kankar and clay, mixed . . . + | Bluish grey . 1 119
Sandy clay . . 2 5 B о .| Yellowish . 2 121
Sand, clean T . ö E b e | Grey > d * 3 124
Sandy clay . 5 5 5 o o ‚| Brown 3 24 148
Quicksand . . c 2 2 o Grey + ` 4 152
Silt, fine g с è T К D Yellowish brown . 6 158
Quicksand, fine . o o water 61 ft. | Yellowish brown , 5 163
Sand, with a little clay . . | Yellow À 6 169
Clay and silt mixed . . . Yellow б б 9 178
Clay carrying abundance of nodules . ‚ | Yellowish (light) . 8 186
Sandy clay . . . 5 . c . | Yellow 4 190
Quicksand, very fine . . „water 42 ft. | Yellowish (light) . 6 196

33

)

34 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA-

Record of the Lucknow Artesian Well—contd.

DESCRIPTION OF SOIL. Colour. ee о

stratum. Spine
Quicksand, coarse С e . . e| Grey . B . 13 209
Clay . Goo SONUS о ESSI - : 6 215
SHE GG Wa, Brown. 4 219
Sand clay, hard. 5 e - Я . | Brown . . 7 226
Clay and sand, mixed . . ° Я » | Yellow e ° 7 233
Sand, freeand hard a . . . .| Grey . E . 4 237
Sand, with a little clay, soft . < . « | Brown . т 1 238
Sand, free and hard . ò = E . | Grey . . . I 239
Sand, soft . 3 . б e ° + | Grey . A a 2 241
Sand, free and medium hard . . . + | Grey . E о 2 242
Sand, quite hard . . 6 o a e | Grey . ^ 5 2 244
Sand, coarse and nearly as hard as rock. + | Grey : . . 2 246
Sand, medium hard . . . . «| Grey + . . то 256
Sand, fine . с А > . . e | Brown . . 6 262
Sand, medium hard > : А . .| Grey > b c ` 5 267
Sand, soft . : А А . - . | Brown O " 4 271
Clay and silt, fine . . А . . « | Light yellow ^ 4 275
Sand, coarse and very hard , o ó D | Grey . A T 2 277
Sand, do. medium hard 5 - - | Grey , 5 с 2 279
Sand, соагѕе and hard . > . . «| Grey”. . : 2 281
Sand, coarse, alternate hard and soft layers + | Grey © . å 9 290
Sand, carrying abundance of nodules, hard . | Grey . . b 21 311
Sand and silt, fine 6 5 . : . | Light yellow 8 319
Sand, medium hard G A 4 E .| Grey + . 3 322
Sand, very hard, coarse : . < «| Grey . = o 9 331

———————

(13473)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 35
Record of the Lucknow Artesian Well—contd.
DESCRIPTION. OF SOIL. Colour. Da ay
stratum.
Clay and silt, fine А . Yellow 7 338
Sand, coarse о . c o . Grey . o 3 341
Sand, coarse & . D water 24 ft. | Yellow 5 17 358
Sand, hard . . . А . . e | Grey . А B 2 360
Sand with a little clay, fine . ‚| Yellow . . 5 365
Sand, hard . E . . . e Grey . 4 369
Silt, fine е . : > ‚ | Brown ‚ 4 873
Silt, fine, with occasional nodules . . Brown . . 6 379
Sand, fine and hard E . Grey . 2 381
Sand, fine and medium hard . e .| Grey . 2 383
Silt, fine © с о . e e| Grey . ô o 21 404
Silt with abundance of nodules E Grey . c 4 408
Sandy silt, fine . Й . B = *| Yellow 2 410
Clayey silt, fine . . E . > Reddish brown œ 20 430
Clayey silt, fine . E E E e | Yellow o 32 462
Sand, coarse and hard , оао . Grey 1 463
Sand, with a little clay, rather coarse . | Grey o 6 д 7 470
Sand, fine and very hard . Grey . » . 2 472
Sand, fine and medium hard . . с | Brown 5 8 480
Sand, coarse and medium hard . 2 Brown E . 9 489
Silt, fine 5 > . - c e ‚ | Brown c à 2 498
Sand, hard . » , e . е e | Grey 2 493
Sand, with a little clay : . . e | Grey « E 9 502
Sand, very hard (like rock) . ° »| Grey . А І 503
Sand, with occasional very hard thin layers Grey » . 7 510
(15352)

36 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

Record of the Lucknow Artesian Well—contd.

DESCRIPTION OF SOIL.

Colour.

Sand, free and medium hard . 5
Sand, fine and soft 6 > 5
Sand, medium hard, free А .

Sandy silt, fine а A O S
Sand, fine and hard, with a little clay
Sand, fine and hard, free o a
Sand, medium hard, free 5 -
Clayey silt, very fine . > -
Sand, medium hard, free .

Silt, fine and soft . - : 5
Sand, fine and hard . à 5
Sand, very hard, like rock o
Sand, hard and free о o k
Sand, medium hard, free . г

Sand, very hard, like rock . :

Sand, medium hard, free о :

Sand, micaceous, with kankar nodules +

Sand, fine and medium hard, free . +

Sand, coarse, with hard layers . .

Sand, coarse and very hard, like rock .

Sand, extremely hard and fine, like rock

Sand, fine, with abundance of kankar C

Sand, fine, with very many hard kankar
nodules + 5 А . А .

.

.

Sand, rather coarse, medium hard, with some
kankar а c . : A .

Grey .
Grey .
Grey .
Yellow
Grey .
Grey +
Yellow

Light yellow

Grey .
Yellow
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Yellow
Yellow
Grey .
Grey +
Yellow

Brown

Brown

Brown

D

Thick-
ness of
stratum.

Io

10

25

Total
depth.

516
519
522
536
548
584
593
605
609
622
624
626
640
644
645
663
671
675
683
685
690

700

710

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 37

Record of the Lucknow Artesian Well—contd.

DESCRIPTION OF SOIL.

Sandy silt . . . E . :

Sand, medium hard, free . water 13 ft.
Kankar, hard а . 2 . > .
Sand, with layers of kankar nodules 5 .
Sandy silt, with abundance of mica . 3
Sand, with occasional kankar nodules water 9 ft.
Quicksand, with abundance of mica Ё б
Kankar, hard, withalittlesand — . * 0
Sand, softish and free . 5 o 5
Sand, with abundance of nodules . .

Silt, very tenaceous . . s à
Kankar, very hard o c " A
Sand, softish, carrying some mica ‘ o
Clayey silt, very tenaceous + . . o
Kankar, hard, with thin streaks of sand à
Sand, hard and free : D а А 3
Sand, medium hard . 2 : b .

Kankar, hard, with a little sand , E .
Sand, medium hard, with streaks of silt
Kankar, hard, with a little sand . 5 o

Sand, fine, medium hard, witha little silt and
some nodules . 5 D o .

Kankar, solid bed, hard as rock 4 ö
Sandy silt, very fine . . o .
Limestone, medium hard С

Sand and limestone, alternate thin layers

Thick- Total
en
Brown E 15 750
Yellow o 17 767
Bluish grey I 768
Yellow 5 10 778
Grey ; 5 5 783
Yellow . 9 792
Grey . 3 6 798
Light grey . 6 804
Grey 2 806
Brown А 8 814
Brown a 8 822
Bluish grey . 1 823
Yellow. 32 855
Yellow З 7 862
Bluish grey , 3 865
Yellow ‘ 5 870
Yellow, 7 877
Bluish grey . 3 880
Yellow . 14 894
Bluish grey 6 900
Yellow ° 27 927
Bluish grey . 2 929
Brown : 7 936
Grey . ‘ 5 941
Grey . 6 947

(23720

38 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

Record 0f the Lucknow Artesian Well --concld.

DESCRIPTION OF SOIL.

Sandy silt, very fine А . . . -
Sand, coarse E . . water 2 ft.
Sand, coarse, abundance of kankar, some mica.
Quicksand, coarse . о water 5 ft.
Sand, coarse, abundance of kankar nodules .
Sand, coarse and free . . water 5 ft.
Kankar, solid bed, very hard . . .
Limestone, soft, commonly called rotten

limestone . . = c .

Rotten limestone, frequent hard streaks, some
nodules . . . .

Limey silt, 7.e., limey clay with a little fine

sand . . . . . А . | Yellowish brown .
Kankar, solid bed very hard . . . . | Bluish grey
Limey siit, with occasional hard nodules . | Yellow
Limestone, medium hard ^ А А „| Grey . .
Limey silt, alternate hard and soft thin layers . | Yellow .

Kankar, solid bed, very hard .

Limey silt, hard and soft layers some nodules, |

water 15 ft. : 5 . 5
Limey silt with occasional hard streaks ,
Quicksand, coarse, with abundance of mica

Sand, coarse, medium hard, with nodules

Quicksand, coarse, with abundance of mica—
water flowed 10 gals. per minute at surface.
Sand, coarse, in hard and soft layers

Sand, fine, rather hard, with streaks of silt

Clayey silt, very fine, compact and uniform

Colour.
Yellow .
Grey . 0
Grey . .
Grey . e
Grey . .
Grey
Bluish grey

| Grey + .
Grey . :

Bluish grey .

Greyish brown

Yellow .
| Yellow .
Grey + .
| Grey . E
| Grey . .
Brown e

| Greyish brown

Thick-
ness of
stratum.

13
15
15
27
23

»

2

27

24

* Sic, in original,

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 30

The Agra boring performed during the years 1884 to 1886
TR Ue although it failed entirely to prove the existence

of any artesian supply of drinkable water, is
most interesting from a geological point of view, for it is the only
one amongst the borings accomplished in the Indo-Gangetic alluvium
that has been carried down to the underlying rock. After traversing
513 feet of alluvial strata, the boring penetrated 132 feet further
into the Vindhyan formation, making the total depth 645 feet.
Before the commencement of the work Mr. Medlicott was consulted
as tothe chances of success. Не had already advocated Lucknow
asa promising locality, but with respect to Agra, he was careful
to state that although the existence of artesian water was possible,
yet the proximity of the southern boundary of the alluvium ren-
dered success very doubtful: the supply of water from the southern
edge cannot be great, and the possible supply from the Himaláyan
border cannot very well be relied upon on account of its great
distance.

Like the other borings through the Ganges alluvium, the Azra
well illustrates the great thickness of that formation. The fact that
the alluvial formation extends up to a depth of 513 feet so near to
the southern border, shows how rapidly the floor of underlying rock
must shelve beneath the accumulation of fluviatile deposits. The
bottom of the alluvium at Agra is only 5 feet above sea-level.

The boring was commenced on the sth of June 1884, and it struck
the bottom of the alluvium in May 1885. There remained very
little chance of finding a supply of water when once the floor of
older rock had been struck, and on the 7th June 1885 the boring
was discontinued, agreeably to Mr, Medlicott’s recommendation.
It was subsequently decided by the Municipality, with the authori-
zation of the Collector and Commissioner, to continue the experi-
ment, and work was resumed on the 21st August of the same year,
and the boring continued through rock up to the depth of 645/ 1”
which was reached in July 1886. It was then considered useless to

( 39 )

40 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS iN INDIA,

continue the experiment and the work of withdrawing the pipes
was commenced. Five different sizes of tubes were used as shown
in the following statement :—

Size of pipe. Length.

Inches, Feet.
1. 9 30
2 7% 190
3. 64 367
4 51 470
5. 41 490

Unlined boring, 3" diameter.

'The upper end of the 41" pipe was 30 feet below ground level.
As its length was 490 feet, it was sunk to a total depth of 520 feet
and was lowered 7' 4" in the rocky strata, leaving an unlined boring
of 125 feet.

While the work of withdrawing the tubes was proceeding, it was
noticed that water had risen in the artesian well up to within 36
feet of the mouth of the well, and stood some 12 feet higher than
the level of the sub-soil water in the neighbouring wells, Unfor-
tunately it was not observed at whattime this rise took place,
whether it was when the pipes were withdrawn to the level of some
of the sandy layers in the alluvium, or whether the water had been
slowly percolating from the Vindhyans. In order to find out how
much water was available, the tubes were again sunk at the cost of
considerable difficulty, and the bore-hole cleared out, with the object
of enabling pumping experiments to be carried out. The work of
lowering the tubes was commenced on the rst of January 1887, and
the bore was finally cleared out on the 16th March. Pumping was
commenced on the 18th March, at which date “the water was 35
feet 10 inches below the top of the masonry steining. After four

(some)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 4%

hours’ continuous pumping it was 84 feet below the top of the well,
which gives a fall of 49 feet, and within an hour it rose 51 feet 6
inches, actually 21 feet higher than it originally was when pumping
was first started... Ihe fall after pumping after the first few
days.........appears to have been much less. Pumping was discon-
tinued on the 2nd April, and on the 6th May it was found that the
water was 32 feet from the top of the steining, and 16% feet higher
than the water in the well on the opposite side of the road."
(Report of the Executive Engineer, dated 15th July 1887.)

Atthe time of these experiments, the bottom of the 44” tube was
inserted into the Vindhyan rock to a distance of about four feet.
The circumstance ofthe rise of water was brought to the notice of
Mr. Medlicott, who was of opinion, however, that the water did not
proceed from the Vindhyans: he considered that the pipes were not
water-tight, and that the water probably issued from some of the
arenaceous strata inthe alluvium, perhaps one of those marked 3o
or 32 in the list given below, The matter was also referred, at a
subsequent date, to Mr. Foote, who concurred in Mr. Medlicott’s
opinion, Yet, as matters then stood, it was not possible to obtain
absolute certainty, which is unfortunate, because this is the only
boring in India that has penetrated to any depth through the
Vindhyans, and it would be very interesting to obtain some accurate
information as to the water-bearing capacity of these rocks, whose
stratigraphical structure is in many localities eminently suited to
artesian conditions.

The water was so highly charged with salts of magnesia that it
was quite unfit for drinking purposes, that in the neighbouring wells
being on the contrary quite sweet. Asit was found deficient both
in quality and in quantity, the experiment was discontinued and the
pipes were withdrawn.

The following is the list of strata passed through in the Agra
boring.

42 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

Record of the Agra boring.

Number | Thickness Depth
of of below DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.
stratum. | stratum. | ground-level.
Ft. in. Et. in.
1 16 о 16 о | Loam.
2 Io O 26 0 |Loamy sand with small kankar.
3 10 O 36 о |Loamy sand.
4 8 o 44 O | Fine sand,
5 19 о 63 о | Loamy clay.
6 27 О 90 о | Loamy sand.
7 20 0 110 О | Kankar and sandy clay.
8 29 0 139 о | White sand and sandstone full of brackish water.
9 Eno) 144 O | Small white sandstone and kankar.
10 220 166 o | Loamy clay.
11 58 о 224 о |Clay.
12 56 о 280 о | Loamy clay.
13 14 O 294 0 | Kankar and clay.
14 2 6 296 6 | Kankar.
15 12:6 298 о | Loamy clay.
16 36 301 6 |Clay.
17 1110 302 6 |Kankar.
18 8 6 311 O | Clay.
19 I о 312 о | Kankar.
20 ney ا‎ 327 о | Clay.
21 II O 338 o | Loamy sand.
22 7230 345 0 | Red sand and kankar with a little water.
|
(42)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS.

Record of the Agra boring—contd.

43

Number | Thickness Depth
below
ground-level.

of

of

stratum. | stratum.
|

Ft. in.

23 | SO
24 | 1 6
25 18 6
26 10 O
27 4 o
28 2 0
29 44 0
30 39
31 23250
32 AJO
33 10 6
34 оо
35 IO
36 120
37 I
38 INO
39 2 0
40 4 o
41 II O
42 6 o
43 7 6

Ft.

525

in.

а о5о

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.

Loam.

Kankar.

Kankar and clay.

Loamy clay.

Clay.

Kankar.

Clay.

Fine sand full of water.
Loamy clay.

Fine sand full of water.
Clay.

Red sand with pebbles, dry.
Pebbles and sand.

Red sand and a little clay.

Fine sand.

Mixture of sand, clay and pebbles coloured, kankar

and clay.
Clay and kankar.
Sand and clay.
Red clay and sandstone,
Sandstone.

Clay and sandstone.

( 43

44 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA:

Record of the Agra boring—concld.

Number | Thickness Depth

of of below DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.
stratum. | stratum. | ground level.
Ft. in. Ft. in.
44 26 9 551 9 | Sandstone.
45 DES 557 О | Sandstone, softer.
46 12 0 569 o | Red and white clay with red and white sand with
thin layer of sandstone.
47 44 573 4 | Red and white clay with little sand.
48 SÉ 579 O |Sandstone.
49 4 о 583 о |Red clay and soft sandstone.
50 1590 598 9 | Sandstone.
51 2 2 600 11 | Red clay and soft sandstone.
52 44 2 645 1 | Sandstone with iron interspersed.

The strata numbered 42 to 52 belong to the Vindhyan series.
Another boring sunk in the Gangetic alluvium was the one
undertaken in the year 1887 in that part of the delta known as the

Book Сапа са Sunderbunds. The well was sunk in the hope

the Sunderbunds. of getting a supply of fresh water for drinking

purposes, as the water in the tidal creeks and rivers is almost all
brackish. The site chosen was near the residence of the Agent of
the Port Canning and Land Improvement Company, at Canning,
about 200 yards from the Mutla river. The experiment is interest-
ing as it shows the possibility of obtaining fresh water from the
strata that underlie the brackish water-bearing soil at the surface: a
supply of perfectly fresh water was struck at the depth of 173 feet
(Кл)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 45

from the surface.

The following list of strata is given in the “ Indian

Engineering” of August 13th, 1887 :—

Record of a boring at Canning in the Sunderbunds.

Number | Thickness
of of
stratum, | stratum.

Feet,
1 6
2 4
3 14
4 IO
5 21
6 71
4
8 5
9 3
IO 2
II 5
12
13
i4 10
I5 7
16 87

Depth
below
ground-level.
Feet.

6
10
24
34
55

126

130
135
138

140

145

150
156
166
173

260

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.

Black earth.

Light grey clay.

Dark grey clay.

Light grey clay.

Black clay, sandy.

Grey sand full of salt water. (This is supposed
to be the same stratum of sand found at Diamond
Harbour under 28 feet when sinking a well in
1882 in connection with the proposed Docks.)

Dark grey clay.

Green clay with streaks of salt,

Mottled clay, yellow and blue, mixed with broken
shingle.

Blue clay.!

Yellow clay mixed with broken shingle. This
clay is not salt.

Yellow clay with bands of blue and ochre.
Light grey clay, very stiff, mottled with yellow.
Yellow clay, very loamy.

Yellow earth.

Yellow micaceous sand ; contains perfectly fresh
water which rises to within 8 feet of the surface.

1 There is a slight discrepancy between the description given in the text of the “Indian
Engineering ” and the indications of a section appended to it: the strata 10 and 12 are mutually

transposed in the section,

С 457)

46 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

An experimental boring has also been put down at Chander-
кеси де ш nagore, The boring reached a depth of 242 feet
without finding water. The results have been
published by Mr. Oldham in the Records of the Geological Survey *
and are reprinted below. On the subject of this section Mr. Oldham
has written the following remarks :—

“The section requires but little comment. The bed No. 13 is
evidently the equivalent of the peat bed found near Calcutta at
depths of from 30 to 35 feet; No. 32 is peculiar as containing
numerous sub-angular fragments of felspar which must have been
derived from some exposure of gneiss or granite in the neighbour-
hood, which has since been covered up by alluvium owing to the
subsidence which has taken place in the Gangetic delta; the speci-
men also contains a fragment of bone, apparently of a turtle, con-
verted into oxide of iron."

Tableau indiquant le nombre et la nature des couches rencontrées
pendant le forage du putts artesien de Chandernagor.

Thickness| Depth. Thickness. Depth.
Metres. Feet.
No. 1. Terre végétale . А . 0'80 2:62
» 2. Sable fin micacé d'un blanc sale
mélé de coquilles et de nodules
calcaires . А А . 135 215 4°42 705
» 3. Sable fin micacé d'un blanc jau-
nâtre mêlé légèrement de
nodules calcaires . ° 0'45 2:60 1'47 8:52
» 4. Sable fin micacé d'un jaune
rougeätre . А . . 0'25 2:85 '82 9°34
» 5. Sable fin micacé d'un blanc
jaunátre Е 5 5 E 0'30 Cp ‘98 10'32

“On a deep Boring at Chandernagore”. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XXVI, pp. 100-102,
( 46 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 47

Tableau indiquant le nombre et la nature des couches rencontrées pendant le
forage du puits artesien de Chandernagor—contd.

Thickness. Depth, | Thickness| Depth.
Metres. Feet.

No. 6. Sable fin micacé d'un gris cendré o'60 375 1'97 -12'29
» 7. Argile sableuse d'un gris foncé + 0'35 410 UIS 13°44
» 8, Argile grisätre mêlée de débris

de coquilles et de nodules cal-

caires . 6 z : : 0'65 475 2'14 15'58
» 9. Argile d'un noir grisâtre . o 2°50 725 &21 2379
» 10. Sable fin micacé grisátre + 1'40 8'65 4'59 28°38
» 11. Argile noire plastique mélée

légérement de concretions ferru-

gineuses б д > o 0'54 9'19 1'77 30°15
» 12. Argile noire stratifiée mêlée

légérement de bois pourris . 0:65 9'84 2°13 32:28
» 13. Tourbe . > . . . 2:36 12:20 775 40:03
„ 14. Argile gris-noir mêlée de toutes

petites concrétions ferrugi-

neuses . o - . B 1:66 13°86 544 4547
» 15. Argile grise mélée de petites

concrétions calcaires . . 100 14:86 3'28 4975
» 16. Argile colorée en jaune et noir E

mélée de concrétions calcaires . 1'90 16:76 6:23 54:98
» 17. Argile micacée colorée légére-

ment en jaune par du carbonate

defer . » o . : 210 18:86 6°90 61:88
» 18. Argile d'un jaune pale mélée de

nodules calcaires et souillée

légérement de carbonate de fer . 2:29 2115 751 69:39
„ 19. Argile bleuätre tachée en jaune

par du carbonate de fer . > 0'40 21'55 131 7070
„ 20. Argile jaunätre mêlée de concré-

tions calcaires 2 o C 2:25 23:80 7:38 78:08
„ 21. Argile bleuátre colorée en rouge

et en jaune par du péroxyde de

fer et de carbonate de fer б 0'95 24'75 3:12 81:20

—

(КОЛЛ)

48 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

Tableau indequant le nombre et la nature des couches rencontrées pendant le
forage du puits artesien de Chandernagor—concld.

Thickness.| Depth. | Thickness| Depth.
Metres. Feet.

No, 22, Argile colorée en jaune par du

carbonate defer „ 5 . 8:38 33°13 27°50 108'70
„ 23. Argile sableuse mélée de graviers 0'55 33'68 1'80 11050
» 24. Argile d'un gris pale colorée en

jaune par du carbonate de fer

et mélée de nodules ferrugi-

neuses . с . . . 4:60 38'28 15'10 125'60
„ 25. Argile d'un jaune sale micacée

stratifiée colorée en jaune par А

du carbonate de fer t б 1'15 39'43 377 12937
» 26. Argile d'un blanc sale micacée . I'55 40°98 5'09 13446
„ 27. Argile sableuse micacée souillée

d'oxyde de fer с . . 0'55 41'53 1:80 13626
» 28. Argile colorée en jaune par du

carbonate de fer . . . 1'03 42'56 3:37 139'63
„ 29. Ocre jaune e E & C 3'40 45:96 11'16 150'79
„ 30. Sable argileux micacé mêlé de

nodules ferrugineuses . . 0'90 46:86 2°05 153 74
» 31. Sable argileux micacé souillé

d'oxyde de fer e . . 1°35 4821 4°44 158'18
„ 32. Sable moyen et fin micacé mêlé

de pétrification cailloux angu-

leux nodules ferrugineuses . 24'30 72°51 7981 237'99
» 33. Sable fin micacé grisátre . . U46 | 7397 “79 242`78
„ 34. Sable moyen micacé d'un blanc

grisátre . . . > . ?

Thus it appears that none of the borings in the Indo-Gangetic
allavium can be called exactly successful, but the experiments have
Chances of success in the been so few and so incomplete that it would be

кепеси. premature to predict that a similar fate must
attend all future trials. So much can be made out, that the pros-

(43$)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 49

pects appear very poor alongthe southern border of the basin.
Nearer to the northern border the existence of artesian conditions
has been definitely proved by the Lucknow boring, but the water-
bearing strata lie probably everywhere at a considerable depth, and
data are wanting to form any idea as to the flow that might be ex-
pected.

(3) Other alluvial areas.

If, from the Indo-Gangetic alluvium, we pass to the smaller allu-
vial plains in other parts of India, we find that there is very little to
be recorded since Mr. Medlicott’s general review of the subject.

The expectations raised by the success that attended the sinking
of artesian wells at Pondicherry have not been fulfilled in the experi-
ments tried in the other alluvial plains, apparently similarly situated
along the east coast of the Peninsula. At Pondicherry itself, a great
many wells have been sunk in addition to the four wells described
in Mr. Medlicott’s Report, and some of these have been very success-
ful, but at Cuddalore, in the southern continuation of the very same
alluvial plain, the trial resulted in failure.

A number of experiments have been conducted at Madras and in

Boring experiments at the neighbourhood of that town, but without

мазах much success, At Madras itself, the borings
showed that the gneiss occurs at a much smaller depth than was
expected, and all hopes of finding an artesian supply had to be
abandoned. Already in the year 1832, a boring sunk at the old
Custom House had struck the gneiss at the depth of 55 feet.! As it
was not certain whether this might not have been only a stray boul-
der, another boring was undertaken in 1885 in the People’s Park,
but it struck the gneiss at almost exactly the same depth,

1 Journ. Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. VIII, p. 248.
2 A complete collection has not been made of the boring records in the Madras Presidency
so as not to defer the publication of the present report, but a number of the more important

experiments have been described from information available in the Geological Survey Office.

( 49)

50 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

The fgllowing extracts are from a report of the Public Works
Department, dated 28th July 1885: “'......... Government accepted
an offer from M. Cornet, a French Engineer, to make the experiment
of sinking an artesian well at Madras. The maximum depth named
for the experiment was 120 metres, or 393 feet; and it was expected
that, if the result proved favourable, three months would suffice to
complete the work. The approximate estimate of the cost of the
well was put down at R15,475.

“The People's Park having been suggested by Dr. King, of the
Geological Survey of India, as a locality likely to prove favourable
for such an experiment, a site was selected therein, and work was
commenced on the 24th March 1885. For a depth of 58 feet the
boring was through soil consisting of clay, marl, sand, еіс,, below
which a granitic formation was met with, into which the boring
proceeded slowly, the rock being of excessive hardness,

“In order to ascertain whether the rock which had been encoun-
tered was a detached boulder, or an extensive underlying bed, a trial
boring of small diameter was made at a distance of some 50 yards
south of the first site. In this second boring, granite of precisely
similar character was reached at the same depth, a result which
went to show that the bed was continuous. M. Cornet then pro-
ceeded to examine three artesian borings which had been attempted
in the vicinity of Madras by private enterprise. From samples of
the strata through which these borings had passed, M. Cornet arrived
at the conclusion that, from Fort St. George to a distance of six or
seven miles north, and a mile or two inland, the underlying strata are
everywhere identical and consequently unlikely to yield an artesian
supply of water."

The chances appear to be more promising in the alluvial plain
Borings in the Kortalayar Of the Kortalayar river, situated further north,

A The alluvium occupying this plain has been
deposited partly by the Kortalayar ; but formerly a larger river also
contributed to its formation, the Pálár, which now flows in a different

so )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 51

direction. A boring was put down by private enterprise through
these strata in the year 1883, near Ennur, A water-bearing stratum
was struck at a depth of 65 metres (213 feet). There does not ap-
pear to exist any detailed record of the boring: it reached a depth
of 214 feet in September 1884, but by that time it had proceeded
beyond the alluvium and had penetrated the underlying tertiary and
jurassic beds,
In June 1886, a boring was commenced at Government expense
at Karani in the Kortalayar valley. The result
E was disappointing as only two sheets of water
were met with at depths of ten and forty feet, neither of which
were very abundant. The boring was continued to a depth of 442
feet without striking any other supply. The list of strata encountered
is given below. According to Mr. Foote it is doubtful whether all
these strata belong to the recent alluvial deposits of the Kortalayar
and Pälär. Just as in the experiment at Ennur, it is possible that
the lower part of the boring has been sunk through rocks older than
the alluvial, in the present case the “ Cuddalore sandstone ” of ter-
tiary (or pleistocene) age,

Section of the Karani boring.

Number | Thickness Depth
of of below DESCRIPTION OF STRATA,
stratum. | stratum, /ground-level.

Feet. Feet.
1 4 so 4'50 | Sandy vegetable mould, yellowish, then black
clay with a small portion of sand.
2 2:50 700 | Fine yellowish sand with a few pieces of kankar.
3 4'00 ıroo | Greyish sand with a little clay and pieces of
kankar. Water sheet at 10 feet.
4 2:00 13'00 | Fine yellowish sand with some kankar.

LE

(Sr

53 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

Section of the Karani boring—contd.

Number
of
stratum.

10

11

12

Thickness
of
stratum.

Feet.

12°00

6:00

6°00

4'00

2:50

612

Depth
below
ground-level.

Feet.

25°00

31:00

37°00

41'00

43 50
49°62

51°65
5340

58:65
7065

82:65

83°40
86°40

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.

Sandy clay yellowish brown mixed with some
blue clay nodules and pieces of kankar; clay
passing to whitish yellow mixed with sand.

Yellow and white clay with kankar in small
quantity.

Yellow-brown clay with more kankar, passing to
conglomerate with patches of green and white
clay, and fragments of laterite transported by
water.

Very hard yellow clay, whitish when dry; at 38
feet, pieces of white coral passing to reddish-
brown,

Yellowish coarse sand mixed with clay.

Coarse river sand mixed with clay. The strata
9 and то contain water under pressure which
rose to within 3° 3” of the ground-level in Nov-
ember 1886, In March 1887, the surface of
the water was 6’ 9” below ground-level.

Fine sand mixed with yellow clay.

White clay with portions of yellow clay like late-
rite.

Very hard sandy yellow clay with water-worn
fragments of gneiss,

Similar stratum containing fine sand mixed with
clay, coarse river sand, and a few pebbles,

Very stiff yellow clay mixed with red and grey
clay in patches and layers, containing water-
worn fragments of laterite. Becomes arena-
ceous at 8o ft.

Bed of limestone.

Yellow clay mixed with some white clay and
layers of grit.

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 53

Section of the Karani boring—contd,

Number
of
stratum.

18

I9

20

2I
22
23
24
25

26

27

28

29
30

32
33

Thickness

of

stratum.

Feet.
175
5°50

700

3°00
300
5:18
1'28

4577

2:30

18:92

10:86

1'00

904

6:00

1'00

2'50

Depth
below
ground-level.

Feet.

8815
93°65

100'65

103'65
106:65
111°83
11311

158:88

16118

180110

190:96

191'96

201'00

207'00

208'00

210'50

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA,

Some yellow clay, mixed with red clay.

Clay resembling laterite, containing pebbles and
sand derived from the primary rocks,

Hard yellow clay mixed with sand and fragments
of gneiss; then hard greyish clay mixed with
yellowish clay, At 99 feet, more grey clay
passing to blue clay.

Grey clay traversed by blue clay.

Blue clay mixed with some yellow clay.

Stiff yellow clay.

Stiff yellow clay traversed by blue clay.

Very hard indurated blue clay with a few layers
of grit.

Greyish limestone, the lower part of which is
very hard.

Blue clay and layers of grit. The lower part
of the stratum contains iron-pyrites.

Fine blackish grey sand with iron pyrites, mixed
with very hard indurated blue clay, containing
sometimes layers of grit and limestone.

Very hard greyish limestone.

Fine blackish grey sand with iron pyrites,
mixed with very hard indurated blue clay,
containing sometimes layers of grit and lime-
stone,

Fine blackish blue stiff clay; lower part grey-
ish,

Very hard grey limestone.

Fine indurated greyish clay, with a little sand.

(15553103)

54 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

Section of the Karani boring—contd.

Depth
below
ground.level.

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.

>

Number | Thickness
of of
stratum. stratum.
Feet,

34 6:00
35 625
36 7°00
37, 1300
38 700
39 4°00
40 4°00
41 5425
42 5'00
43 0'75
44 2'25
45 1'00
46 27'00
47 1'00
48 2'00
4 | 400
so | 1200
51 | 2:00
52 0'50
53 075

317 00
317775
420'00
321*00

34800

Very hard black clay; lower part containing
layers of grit,

Very hard grey limestone.

Grey sand with indurated clay.

Indurated grey sand mixed with clay, pieces of
shell and decayed leaves, and nodules ‘of car-

bonate of lime.

Indurated grey sand containing clay and frag-
ments of shells.

Indurated grey sand mixed with clay.

Indurated grey sandy clay passing into conglo-
merate containing fragments of kankar,

Coarse sand with greyish clay,
Black clay.

Grey limestone.

Black clay.

Grey limestone.

Black clay.

Grey limestone.

Grey sand mixed with clay.
Black clay.

Hard grey clay.

Grey limestone.

Layers of grit.

Grey sandy clay.

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 55

Section of the Karani boring—concld.

Number Thickness Depth
of of below DESCRIPTION OF STRATA,
stratum. | stratum. | ground-level.
Feet. Feet.
54 3775 40800 | Black clay; upper part contains fragments of
decayed wood and broken shells.
55 4'00 412'00 |Grey sand mixed with clay.
56 4'00 41600 |Indurated black clay.
57 2'00 41800 | Grey sand mixed with a little clay.
58 | 1'00 419'00 |Indurated black clay.
50 | 1'00 | 42000 | Grey sand with clay.
60 21'00 | 441'00 | Grey clay with sand.
61 | 1'00 | 44200 | Limestone.

The altitude of the ground at the mouth of the well is 71 feet
above sea-level.

A successful experiment has been made lately at Coconada, on
the sea-coast in the northern part of the delta of
the Godavári.

But here, in all probability, the greatest part of the boring is not
through alluvium, but through the “ Rajahmundry beds," a local facies
of the Cuddalore sandstones. An abundant supply of water was
struck at a depth of 295 feet, the water overflowing at a height of
about one foot and a half above the surface of the ground. The
“Rajahmundry beds ” consist of alternating layers of sandstone and
clay. They outcrop over a considerable area to the north-west of
Coconada, and as they dip under the alluvium at a low angle in a
south-south-east direction towards the sea.coast, they ought to be
very favourably situated with respect to artesian conditions.

( 55 )

Coconada boring.

36 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

The following list of the strata met with has been kindly comma-
nicated by the Engineer-in-Chief of the East Coast Railway :—

Section of Artesian Weil boring at Coconada Town.

Number | Thickness | Total depth
of of from top of
stratum. | stratum. | spoil bank.
Feet. In. | Feet. In.

1 10 0 I0 o

2 20 о зо o

3 80 o 110 O

4 зо о 140 0

5 10 0 150 О

6 70 о 220 0

10 O 230 о

8 48 o 275 о

9 INO 279 O

10 1 о 280 0

11 9 о 289 о
12 ХО 290 о
13 I 9 291 9
14 o 3 292 о
15 з о 295 о

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.

Sand.

Clay.

Clay and a few pebbles, then clay and sand,
Clay.

Sand.

Clay, then decomposed rock.

Sand and soft sandstone.

Clay.

Decomposed rock and coarse sand.
Disintegrated rock.

Coarse sand.

Sand conglomerate.

Sand.

Soft sandstone.

Sand.

=

Tank spoil bank level about 3 feet above ground-level. Water

level in pipe at a depth of 1^ €". Diameter of bore-hole, 8} in. Total
depth of lining 290 feet.

An experimental boring is being conducted at present in another
part of the alluvial deposits of the Godävari at Ellore. But as it
seems certain that it is at present in Gondwana rocks, it will be

15653

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 57

mentioned again in connection with other experiments carried out in
tocks of that class.

A trial was also made in 1881-82 at Karikal, a town whose
geographical and geological situation resembles
that of Pondicherry. The undertaking did not
meet with the same success as at Pondicherry although two artesian

Karikal boring.

sheets were struck, the first one at a depth of 346 feet, which rose to
within 4 inches of the surface, and a second one at a depth of 347
feet, which overflowed. The hydrostatic head of the latter was 61
feet above the level of the ground, but its delivery was only 22
gallons a minute. A copy of the boring record communicated by the
French Government Engineer is herewith appended. Like the
Chandernagore boring record, it is printed in the original language
with only the addition of the measurements in feet :—

Coupe géologique du Puits Artesien de Karikel.

Number Thickness | Depth from | Thickness | Depth from

of of stratum | ground-level | of stratum | ground-level | DESCRIPTION OF STRATA,
stratum.| in metres, | in metres. in feet. in feet,
1 2'00 2:00 6:56 65 Terrain naturel. Sable

gris-noir terreux,

2 0°45 2°45 1'47 8'0 Sable gris-noir terreux
avec mélange de sable
| jaune-brun fin.

3 079 3'24 2°59 10°6 Sable gris-noir argileux.

4 104 4'28 3'41 140 Argile noire plastique avec
oxyde de fer et mélée de
sable blanc, gris et jaune-

brun.

5 102 5°30 3°34 17:3 Argine jaune-brun mélée
de sable.

6 1'40 6:70 4'59 21'9 Sable fin jaune-brun avec
petits graviers,

7 0'75 745 2:46 244 Sable moyen jaunátre avec
graviers et grés ferru-
gineux.

(1752/3)

58 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

Coupe géologique du Puits Artesien de Karikel—contd.

Number| Thickness | Depth from | Thickness | Depth from
of of stratum | ground-level| of stratum | ground level | DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.
stratum.| in metres. | in metres. in feet. in feet.

8 105 8'50 344 278 Sable fin micacé jaune
pale.

9 TIO 9'60 3:60 314 Argile grise avec mélange-
de terre de soude,

10 315 12775 10°33 4r8 Argile brune mélée de

| sable,

її TIO 13'85 3°60 45'4 Argile sableuse rougeátre.

12 1'45 15°30 4°75 SO'I Sable argileux jaunätre
avec grés ferrugineux.

13 0°36 15:66 118 51'3 Sable gros argileux jaune-

| päle avec petits graviers.

14 0'30 15:96 0'98 52°3 Sable fin micacé fluide.

15 | 174 17:70 5'70 580 Argile brune sableuse.

16 315 20'85 10°33 68:4 | Sable jaune clair fin.

17 0'57 2142 1:87 70'2 Sable gros argileux gris-
clair avec graviers et
choukan.

18 0'53 21'095 173 72'0 Terre de sonde fluide.

19 0'85 22:80 78 747 Sable moyen gris avec

terre de soude, mottes
d'argile irisée et choukan.

20 2770 25'50 8:85 836 Argile brune sableuse irisée
avec choukan.

21 4°45 29°95 14:60 98:2 Argile irisee mêlée de
terre de soude.

22 0:30 30°75 2°62 100'8 Argile irisée mêlée de
sable fin micacé,

23 o'65 | 31°40 213 103'0 Argile gris-noire avec
agglomerats.

24 0'45 31`85 1°47 1044 Argile brune sableuse avec
agglomérats.

25 o'3o | 32°15 0'98 105'4 Argile schisteuse irisée.

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 59

Coupe géologique du Puits Artésien de Karikel—contd,

Number
of
stratum.

27

28

29

30
31

32

33

34
35

36

37

38

39

Thickness
of stratum
in feet.

2'25

1300

3'00

1'25

0:65

Depth from
ground-level
in metres.

3440
4740

49'60

50°40

52°50
53°30

56:45

56:68

5723
5758

59°25

“6225

63'350

Thickness
of stratum
in feet.

7:38

4265

721
2:62

6°88

2°62

10°33

0'75

1'80

114

547

984

410

2:12

Depth from
ground-level
in feet.

112°8

1555

162'7

1653

1722

1748
185'1

1859

1877
1888

1943

204'1

2083

210'4

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.

Sable fin micacé jaune päle
avec agglomérats.

Sable fin jaune-brune avec
grés ferrugineux, cailloux
et graviers.

Argile brune mélée de sable
fin micacé,

Sable moyen jaune päle
avec petit graviers.

Argile brune sableuse.

Argile gris-noire marbrée
avec agglomérats.

Argile sableuse irisée avec
agglomérats.

Sable rougeätre argileux,
avec cailloux, graviers,
gres ferrugineux et débris
de coquilles.

Agglomération.

Sable argileux jaune rou-
geätre avec petits graviers
et cailloux.

Sable moyen sali d'argile
jaunätre et mélé de petits
graviers.

Argile irisee compacte
avec rognons d'agglo-
mération.

Argile irisée mélée de
sable fin et avec agglo-
mération.

Argile compacte irisée
avec rognons d’agglo-
mérats.

———--+-——

(59)

60 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA

Coupe géologique du Puits Artesien de Karikel—contd.

Number | Thickness

of
stratum.

40

of stratum
in metres.

0275

1:05

0°62

r35

Depth from | Thickness
ground-level | of stratum

in metres. in feet.
64:90 2°46
65°95 344
66°05 0'32
66'45 131
66°70 8:82
6720 1:64
67:75 1:80
68'15 1'31
69'20 3°44
69°30 0'32
70°00 2°29.
70°40 131
74:58 1371
75:20 2'03
7655 442

Depth from
ground-level | DESCRIPTION OF STRATA.
in feet.

212'9 Argile gris-cendrée irisée
avec rognons d'agglo-
mérats.

2163 Argile jaune-rougeätre
irisée mêlée de sable et
de graviers et souillée
d'oxyde de fer.

2166 Agglomération.
2179 Sable fin jaune. påle avec

graviers et débris de
coquilles.

2188 Agglomération,

2204 Sable moyen rousseätre
sali d'argile.

222'2 Argile sableuse irisfe avec
graviers et agglomérats.

223'5 Argile sablonnense irisée.

227'0 Sable fin souillé d'ocre-
jaune et mélé de débris
de coquilles.

2273 Agglomération.

2296 Sable moyen jaunätre sali
d’argile et mélé de gra-
viers.

230'9 Agglomération,

2446 Sable moyen jaunätre
souillé d'argile et mêlé de
petits graviers, de débris
de coquilles et de rog-
nons d’agglomérats,

25r'I Sable fin jaunátre souillé
d'argile.

| 2767 Agglomération.
|
|

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 61

Coupe géologique du Puits Artesien de Karikel —concld.

pu m QS E

Number | Thickness

of

stratum.
|

55

56

57

58

59

бо
бї

62

63

| of stratum
in feet.

115

675

| 0'80

0'45

367

0'20

0'63

150

Depth from
ground-level
in metres,

7770

8957

90'20

91°70

101'56

101:86

105'21

105'51
105'71
105'81

107'40

Thickness
‚of stratum
in feet.

377

2:62

147 |

12'04

0'65

2'06

Depth from
ground-level
in feet.

2549

2770

279'6

2811

293°!

2938
295'9

300'8

3331

3341
345'2

3461
346'8
3471
352'3

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA,

Sable moyen jaunâtre argi-

leux avec debris de
coquilles et rognons
d'agglomération.

Argile noire plastique mêlée
de coquilles et d'argile
blanche.

Sable argileux noirâtre
avec petits graviers et
cailloux et traces de
coquilles.

Agglomération pierreuse
de couleur gris-Atre.

Sable argileux moyen, de
couleur gris-Atre avec
melange de cailloux, de
graviers et de coquilles.

Agglomération.

Argile gris-noire claire
mêlée de graviers, cail-
loux et débris de coquil-
les.

Argile gris-noire mêlée de
sable fin,

Argile grise mêlée de sable
de graviers, cailloux,
boispourris, et rognons
d'agglomération,

Agglomération.

Sable gris-noir argileux
avec cailloux, graviers et
débris de coquilles,

Agglomération,

Sable gris fin pur.

Agglomération.

Sable gros gris pur avec
graviers cailloux.

( 6: )

62 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

A considerable portion of Burmah is occupied by alluvium, and
a nn it is Bubble that there are places sese the

conditions are favourable to artesian action,
The * tube-wells " sunk in the alluvium of Rangoon appear to be

partly artesian in their characters, although in none of them does
the water overflow. They are situated close to the banks of the

Rangoon river and the Poozoondoung creek, and as the water in the
deep-seated water-bearing sands appears to flow very freely from
the direction of the higher ground round the Shway Dagon pagoda
hill towards the rivér banks, the pressure is not sufficient to cause
any overflow in such a situation: the water does not rise to within
less than 5 to 11 feet from the surface. Mr. Oldham, who has written
an account! on the subject of these wells from which the present
information is gathered, was of opinion that flowing wells might be
obtained further inland, though the rise of the ground is so slight
that no great increase of the pressure can be expected. As to
any scheme of supplying the town with water from this source,
Mr. Oldham pointed out that the yield of the wells is not very large
(the wells then in existence gave amounts varying from 2,500 to
70,000 gallons a day), and that, owing to irregularities common in
all alluvial formations, a certain number of the proposed wells are
sure to be failures: hence *a large number of wells will
therefore have to be sunk if the requisite supply of water is to be
obtained, and it seems probable that, when the estimates are made
out, it will be found that the cost will be nearly if not quite as great
as for the construction of a storage reservoir, while the cost of
maintenance and uncertainty of success will be much greater."

Some of the wells go down to depths of as much as 320 feet.
The strata encountered belonging to the “ newer alluvium " above,
and the “ older alluvium ” below, as defined by Mr. Theobald in
his survey of the geology of the district. The fact that below a

1 Note on the alluvial deposits and subterranean water-supply of Rangoom Rec. Geol-
Surv. Ind., Vol. XXVI, pp. 64-70.
( 62 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 63

certain point on the banks of both the Rangoon river and the
Poozoondoung creek, all the wells contain more or less brackish
water shows that there is very free underground communication,
and that “there is a continuous outflow from the outcrop of the
gravels to the sea," the permeable sands not being perfectly en-
closed by watertight strata.

Mr. Oldham gives the following description ofthe method by which
the wells were sunk :—'' they are cased with iron piping of from
25” to 4” internal diameter, which was sunk by the simple process

^"

of forcing a stream of water down a smaller tube of from 1” to 2"
bore, inserted in the centre of the outer casing. The stream of
water ascending the annular space between the two tubes carried
with it the material washed from the bottom of the bore, and so
enabled the two tubes to be sunk simultaneously ; when the well
was completed, the inner tube was withdrawn and a pump attached
to the outer one, This process appears to be simple, inexpensive,
expeditious, and effectual, though of course only applicable in soft
and not too coarse grained deposits, but it has an effect on the stuff
washed out that must beallowed for. The stream of water which is
sufficient to wash away fine clays or sands, would be insufficient to
bring up coarse grit and small pebblesto the surface. Consequently
if pebbles are mixed with fine sand or clayey matter, the stream,
which has sufficient power to bring the pebbles to the surface, will
wash away ail the finer matter, and so what would seem to be a
clean gravel, to judge from the washed material brought up, might
really be a mixture of pebbles and clayey sand, of very little value
as a source of water. ”

With respect to the boring records appended below, Mr. Oldham
makes the following remarks :—

* Most of these sections have been preserved in glass fronted boxes, in which
the different layers are arranged one above the other. In some cases this has
been done to scale, and there was no difficulty in determining the depths and
thicknesses, in others no fixed scale was followed, and the depths aze indicated by

(216399)

64 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

paper slips affixed to the glass, a much inferior plan, for when, as has sometimes
happened, any of these labels have peeled off, it is impossible to determine the true
thickness of some of the layers. Where I have not seen the specimens, or none
have been preserved, the section is given by repute. The term grit is used to
indicate a texture intermediate between that of sand and of gravel, the limits of
size of the individual grains may be taken as =; and $ inch. The horizontal line
indicates the base of the newer alluvium."

Detailed sections of borings.

No. ı. Mohr Brothers.
There are two wells, the section of the deepest is—
0— 109 ft. fine grey clayey silte
109—136 ,, fine grey sand.
136-180 ,, grey clayey silt.
180—190 ,, yellowish sand (silt of the newer alluvium mixed
with sand grains of the older).

——

190—210 ft. sand.
210—220 ,, fine gravel rangingto 1* diameter.
223 —270 ,, coarser gravel, some pebbles as much as an inch
in diameter,
below 270 feet, yellow sand again.
No. 2. Bulloch Brothers & Со,
One well, section said to be—
0— go ft. clay.
90— 96 ,, sand.
96—220 ,, clay,
220—240 „ yellow sand and gravel.
No. 4. Diekmann Barckhausen & Co,
One well, 242 feet deep. No record.
No. 4. Steel Brothers & Co. Upper mill.

Two wells, 50 feetapart. There is a distinct difference
in the water of thetwo. Опе contains a small propor-
tion of oily matter, probably petroleum, which floats
on the surface of the water. Section—

o— 30 ft. fine brown silt.
30— 40 , dirty yellowish sand.

( 64 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 65

40— 60 ft, grey sandy silt.
60— 70 , fine sand.
70— 80 ,, yellowish sand,

So— 85 ft. fine grey sand.
85—100 , brown earth.
100— » yellow sand.
—175 „ coarse grit and sand,
175—190 „ coarse grit,
100—210 , fine gravel.
210—238 „ gravel ranging to à inch in diameter.

No. 5. Steel Brothers & Co. Middle mill. Section ==
o— 85 ft. grey clayey silt.
85— 99 „ finesand.
99—100 , grey sandy silt.
100—118 , fine grey sand.
118—122 ,, grey sand with yellowish grains.
122—130 „ fine grey silt.

130—145 ft. clean sand,

345 -150 „ coarse grit with some fragments ranging to 4 inch
in diameter,

150—155 5, grey silt.

155—160 „ coarsesand mixed with small ferruginous concretions

160—176 , fine clean sand,

176—180 , fine reddish sand.

180—190 ,, coarse sand.

190—195 , medium grained yellow sand.

195—198 ,, grit.

198—203 „ coarse grit with some larger fragments,

203—229 , gravel ranging to ¿ inch.

No. 6. Kruger & Co.

Section lost, At about 250 feet a large number of shells in a very
good state of preservation and in some cases quite fresh looking
were brought up. The forms are all marine littoral, comprising the
genera Cardium, Arca, Venus, Solen, besides fragments of polyzoa.,
The species appear to be living ones,

66 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA

No. 9. Zaretskey Book € Co. Section—
o— 40 ft. grey silt.
30— 42 ,, fine brownish sand.
42— 55 „ small ferruginous concretions:
55—135 ,, grey clayey silt.
¥23—217 y grey sand.

217—220 ft. sub-angular gravel.
220—249 ,, fine pale buff sand.
249—254 ,, pale yellow sand.
254—257 ,, coarse grit and sand.
257—289 ,, pale yellow sand.
289— , coarse grit and sand.

“ Through the courtesy of the proprietors this well was pumped
for me with an open mouth. It was found that the well gave 1,200
gallons an hour with a lowering of the surface level to 8 feet. ”

No. 7. Steel Brothers & Co. Lower mill.

No record except that the water was brackish.

No.8, Rowett & Co.

Two wells were sunk, both were failures. No further record.

No. то. Bulloch Brothers & Co. Section—

o— 25 ft. fine clayey silt.
25— 52 „ fine sandy silt.
52— 70 , fine grey sand.
70—108 ,, silt.
108—118 ,, fine grey sand.
118—170 „ alterations of more or less sandy and clayey silt,

170-256 ,, grey sand of various shades.
256—265 „ grey sand with some yellow grains.

265 —275 ft. yellow sand.

275—282 ,, grit,

282—302 ,, sharp yellow sand.

302—320 „ gravel ranging to } inch,
No. 11, Arracan Co,

Two wells sunk to 240 and 245 feet; water bad,
No further record,

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 67

No. 12. Arracan Co.
One well of 140 feet. Water not good. No further
record,
No. 13. Victoria Oil works. Section—
o— 20 ft. grey clayey silt,
20— 80 , fine grey sand,
80— roo ft, yellowish sand.
100 -120 ,, fine sub-angular gravel.
120—134 ,, pepper and salt grey sand.
134—155 ,, sand with small pebbles.
355- 160 ,, sand.
190—215 ,, small sub-angular gravel.
215—218 ,, sand.
218—230 ,, gravel mostly small, imperfectly rounded, with some
fragments of 3 inch across.
230—256 ,, fine sand.
236—240 ,, gravel as before.
240—250 ,, fine grey sandy silt.
250—257 ,, Coarse grit.
257—265 ,, fine white sand.
265—273 ,, sand and grit,
273--276 ,, white sand,
276—279 ,, white grit.
279— » gravel, 4 to inch,

No. 14. Irrawady Flotilla Co,
One well of rgo feet, water brackish, No further
records.
No, 15. McGregor Brothers & Co. Section said to be—
O— 50 ft. blue clay.
50— 62 ,, red clay.
62— 96 ,, sand.
96—224 ,, gravel, then sand and thin beds of white clay
224—228 ,, gravel. 3

No. 16. Foucar Brothers & Co.
No record,

(6)

68 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

No. 17. Bulloch Brothers & Co. Section —

o— 30 ft. brownish silt.

30— 43 »

grey silt.

43— 62 ft. brick redclayey matter (soft laterite?).

62— 68 ,,
68— 75 »
75—110 ,,
110—130 ,,
130-148 ,,
148—161 ,,
161—165 ,,
165—171 ,,
171—180 ,,
180—185 ,,

fine buff sand.

fine pale greyish sand.
yellow sand.

clean sharp sand,

grit.

yellowish sharp sand.
fine brown sand.

coarse sand.

coarse sub-angular grit,

gravel up toan inch in diameter.

No. 18, Heatherington Gray € Co.
One well of 250 ft. Water bad ; no record.
No, 19. Mohr Brothers € Co. Section—

o— ft
—196 رو‎
196— ft.
'—210 „
210—215 ,,
215— »
— 224 ,,
224—230 ,,
230—242 ,,

An experimental well w

Boring at Akyab.

fine grey silt.

grey silt mixed with grains of reddish sand.

grey sand with some small pebbles.
clean yellow sand.

coarse sand,

small gravel.

coarse grit.

fine grit and coarse sand.

sub-angular gravel ranging to 3 inch.

as sunk at Akyab in 1889-1890. But it

is difficult to make out how far the work

proceeded through alluvium, or whether it en-
tered the underlying tertiary rocks. The locality was visited in 1897
by the late Mr. Grimes, who wrote the following particulars on this
subject : “In the years 1889-90, at the Arracan Company's Upper
Mill, on the north side of the town of Akyab, a well was bored to
a depth of 421 feet, for the purpose of obtaining water, but without

( 68 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 69

any success. The only record of this boring which I could obtain
was in a letter from the Arracan Company to the Akyab Municipal
Commissioners, in which they write that at 421 feet they reached
a stiff clay and could make no further progress, and that long before
they reached the clay they went through several layers of sand and
gravel, but there was no sign of water anywhere. This is very in-
definite as it does not show how much of this depth was bored in the
alluvial beds or whether it was even entirely in the alluvium. . Wells
sunk close to the ridge of rocks get down through the alluvium to
the underlying rock ata very moderate depth, but there is evidence
to show that the thickness of the recent deposits increases as one
gets away from this ridge, and the increase is possibly very rapid. "

(4) Gujárát.

À large portion of Gujárát is covered with alluvium, but not to
any depth comparable with that of the Indo-Gangetic plain. The
subject of artesian wells has received a certain amount of attention
in that province because irrigation is needed to supplement
occasional deficiency of rainfall, and also on account of the fact
that in many places the water of the wells is hard and brackish.
Although the depth of the alluvium is inconsiderable, very little is
known concerning the older rocks underlying it. So far as can be
made out,the Gulf of Cambay seems to occupy a shallow basin of

SUL QUUM disturbance ; the various strata, both to the east
соро of the Gulf of and west, dipping at low angles under the
alluvium, The structure therefore is favourable

to the formation of an artesian reservoir, provided that some of the
strata have a capacity for transmitting water. In all probability
the rocks underlying the alluvium are basaltic strata of the “Deccan
trap" overlaid by tertiary strata If, as is not improbable, the
lowest strata of the tertiaries are coarse gravel beds resting upon the
surface of the volcanic layers, thi circumstance combined with the

( 69 )

70 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

abundance of overlying impermeable clays that form such a large
proportion of the tertiaries, would give rise to conditions eminently
suited to artesian action. So far, however, no borings have pene-
‘trated to such a depth. The boring sunk at Gogah by Lieutenant
Fulljames in 1836-1839, to a depth of 354 feet ginches, mention of
which is made in Mr. Medlicott’s Report, still remains the most
important attempt, and it never reached the base of the tertiaries.
Some of the tertiary strata contain strings and crystals of rock-
See eer salt within their layers, and it seems to be
owing to this circumstance that the wells in
some parts of Gujärät contain brackish water. The behaviour of
the wells varies according to the depth at which these salt-bearing
strata lie below the surface. It may happen that the well, when first
sunk, contains fresh water from surface layers unaffected by the
brackish water lower down ; but if the demand upon the water-
supply in the well increases beyond acertain extent, the brackish
water may percolate from below. This is particularly liable to occur
in seasons of exceptional dryness when tlhe general level of sub-
soil water has been lowered, and the communication thus established
with the deeper layers of contaminated water may cause the wells
to become permanently deteriorated.
In places thus situated, a supply of perfectly fresh water has
sometimes been tapped by sinking a pipe from

Fresh water-supply : д
tapped by borings of the bottom of the well, until it penetrated

moderate depth.
through some layer of impermeable clay.
Separated by this impermeable bed from the upper layer of saline
water, the supply thus obtained is artesian in the strict sense of
the term, although the water may not rise higher than the level of
ordinary ground-water.
Some very successful attempts of this class have been made by

СОСКА: Mr. С. №. Tata at Naosari, an abundant

Naosari,

supply of fresh water being obtained at a depth
of about 150 feet.

(177975)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 71

Тһе country was visited by the Director of the Geological
Report by Met Survey, Mr. Griesbach, at the commencement
Su Bach of the year, and the following remarks are

extracted from his notes.

Notes on the chances of finding Artesian water in Gujarat.

*(r) Gujärät with the adjoining districts, Cutch, Kathiawar, Mahi
Kantha and the Panch Mahals may, for the purposes of the water
inquiry, be roughly divided into three well-defined areas, which
differ stucturally from one another. There are (7) the hilly tracts
which include the Mahi Kantha and Panch Mahals ; (Ф) the Cutch and
Kathiawar States, which fringe Gujárát along the south-west ; and (с)
the flat country between the hill tracts which is formed by the
drainage running into the Gulfs of Cutch and of Cambay.

(2) The hilly tracts of the Mahi Kantha and Panch Mahals
consist chiefly of older rocks, both schistose and crystalline, both much
disturbed. Several of the valleys within this area are filled with recent
deposits, but there is no evidence to show that a search for artesian
water will meet with any success within these deposits.

(3) The areas of Cutch and Kathiawar which form the south-
western fringe of Gujárát are chiefly built up of younger sedimentary
strata (both cretaceous and tertiary beds) which are associated with the
so-called Deccan trap, and I think it is extremely unlikely that within
this area artesian conditions will be met with, although even so much
cannot be absolutely insisted upon, but the general geological structure
is certainly not promising, and I would not advocate the outlay of money
on a systematic search for such a water-supply, especially as water
may in most instances be found within reasonable depths by digging
ordinary wells.

(4) It appears to me that the only part of the northern division of
the Bombay Presidency, within which a search for artesian water

\

(22:15)

73 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS iN INDIA,

might be successful, is Gujärät proper, that is the flat country inclosed
by the Mahi Kantha on one side and Kathiawar on the other. It
appears to be entirely covered by widespread alluvial deposits, and
very little is known of the underground geological conditions, but
a few exposures in quarries and wells afford some information,
which is sufficient to permit forming a favourable opinion on the
chances of meeting with deep-seated supplies of water if borings were
undertaken.

The few exposures of underground structure which I have seen
seem to indicate that the alluvial deposits cover up a series of beds
of upper jurassic or cretaceousage, consisting chiefly of sandstones
and shales, and overlaid by tertiary clays, shales and limestones, the
whole of which sequence of beds rests upon the old palæozoie
rocks of the so-called * Aravalli type.’

(5) The evidence in support of this supposition is somewhat .
meagre; besides the geological surveys of Kathiawar and Baroda,
we possess surveys ofthe alluvium of parts of the Ahmedabad
district, whilst important evidence is afforded by quarries and
newly-constructed wells near Wadhwan.

(6) I have satisfed myself that we have at least two distinct
water-levels within this area. The !ower one is found. wherever
the cretaceous marls and impure limestones, which may be seen
alongsthe boundary of Gujárát and Kathiawar, are pierced down to
the underlying coarse brown sandstone of cretaceous or upper juras-
sic age, This may be clearly observed in all the quarries near
Wadhwan itself.

The upper water-level is found in the tertiary (probable upper
eocene) concretionary limestone which seems to overlie the creta-
ceous deposits of Wadhwan unconformably (much of the so-called
kankar beds appear to be the same concretionary limestone of the
upper eocene which may easily be mistaken for the genuine kankar
deposits of the alluvium).

(72 =)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 73

If a bore-hole were sunk 7 or 8 miles north east of Wadhwan, for
instance, it would probably encounter the following series of beds
in succeeding order :—

1. Alluvium, probably 10 to 20 feet.
2. Tertiary limestones and marls,—some 4o to 60 feet.

Upper Water-level.

3. Unknown strata, probably of tertiary age and of unknown
thickness.

. Upper cretaceous limestones and marls.

EN

5. Brown sandstone, cretaceous or jurassic,

Lower Water-level.
6. Unknown strata below.

It will be seen therefore that water would certainly be obtained
by boring, and it may be that by driving the boring down to the
lower water-level indicated above, artesian conditions will be en-
countered. The proposition appears to me hopeful, and I would
suggest that such a bore-hole be constructed of at least 1,000 ft.
depth in the neighbourhood, say, 7 miles north-east of Wadhwan.

(8) Experiments made in former years, and the experience
gained in well sinking, have proved that water may be obtained
almost everywhere in Gujárát,—although in varying depths, It
appears also, that much of the water-supply from wells is more or
less brackish and becomes often unfitfor either drinking or irrigation

17329)

74 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTBSIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

purposes during abnormally dry seasons. I venture to suggest that
this difficulty will only be met with in comparatively shallow wells,
which are constructed in the tertiary (eocene) beds and which, as
we know, contain a great deal of salt in the form of strings and
pockets and even in well-defined layers. I believe that borings sunk
to below the cretaceous marls will meet with sweet water in
sufficient abundance to neutralize the presence of the more brackish
springs near the surface. None of the older bore-holes have gone
to any great depths, and I believe that the deepest bore-hole (near
Broach) made by Lieut. Fulljames in 1836 to 1839 did not reach
400 ft., so that it would be premature to pronounce against the
possibility of obtaining an artesian supply of sweet water within
Gujárát proper."

A very interesting occurrence is recorded in a report by
Flowing pipe in the Mr. F. D. Campbell, Executive Engineer on
bed of the Mali Rive Special Duty, dated oth February 1385. It is
described as “that of the pipe now discharging in the bed of the Mahi
river which was lately sunk at the time when some work connected
with the foundation of the railway bridge piers was in progress,
The end of that pipe entered at some deptha highly porous stratum,
and the supply of water in it is so constant, that a jet or fountain,
6 feet high above the low water-level, is obtained, and, according
to Mr. Crosthwaite’s report, this water will rise ina pipe to 15 feet
above that level; but this would still be 9o feet below that of the
surface of the country, and would probably correspond with that
in the wells not far from the river banks." The action in this case
is properly speaking artesian, although not regarded as such by
Mr. Campbell. Whenever the surface of the landis deeply cut into
by the channel of a river, the level of saturation of the ground sinks
rapidly in the neighbourhood of the river banks on account of the
flow of undergound water towards the channel. Owing to the ir-
regular disposition of permeable and impermeable layers common to
all alluvial formations, one of the water-bearing strata underneath

(СОЗДЕ)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 75

the river-bed might be enclosed by impervious strata in such a
manner as to derive its supply from an area situated at no great
distance from the river, but where the surface of the groundewater
stands at a somewhat greater altitude than in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of the river. It is probable that a similar phenomenon
might take place in many river-beds; but in such a position the
supply is usually not of much use, Ofa similar nature is the occur-
rence mentioned by Mr. Medlicott as having taken place in the year
1884: “in sinking a well in the Ganges for one of the piers of the
railway bridge at Benares, when the well was burst by a sudden
influx of water from below a bed of clay rising to a greater height

than the river water outside the well"!
Y

(5) Borings in other tertiary rocks.
It is only in Gujärät that the tertiary rocks of India have been
specially examined in search of water, but it
may be mentioned bere that one of the deepest
borings in this country was sunk in tertiary strata in search of oil at

Boring for oil at
Sukkur.

Sukkur. Some of the most successful artesian wells in America,
for instance those in Ohio, were originally experimental borings for
oil. The Sukkur boring, however, yielded neither oil nor water
(excepting a small flow ata depth of 863 feet), but it must be noticed
that all the strata encountered were clays and compact limestones
of a very impermeable nature. The boring reached a depth of
1,042'6. A complete record has been published by Mr. T. D. La
Touche.?

As already mentioned in the separate descriptions, it is possible
that the Karani, Coconada and Akyab borings although commenced

in the alluvium entered tertiary rocks at a certain depth from the
surface,

1 “Further considerations upon Artesian sources in the plains of Upper India.
Кес, Geol, Surv. Ind., Vol, XVIII, p. 118.

°

* Report on the Experimental Boring for Petroleum at Sukkur, from October 1893 to
March 1895." Rec. Geol. Surv, Ind., Vol. XXVIII, pp. 55-59.

(175

76 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

(5) The Gondwanas.

The Gondwana rocks, consisting as they do of alternating strata
Structure and composi- Of sandstone and shale, appear well suited to the
tion: formation of artesian reservoirs. The topogra-
phy is not always sufficiently varied to allow the expectation of a
sufficient head to cause an overflow, though this might occur in
some of the hilly tracts occupied by the upper Gondwanas, for
instance, the Satpura range, of which there exists a geological sec-
tion published by Mr. Medlicott,’ showing great masses of various
rocks dippingat low angles over large areas, the form of structure
best suited for the collection of water in water-tight underground
Espetrimenkelinithe reservoirs. Nevertheless, as mentioned by
Satpura Coal-Basin. Mr, Medlicott in his Report on Artesian
borings, no overflow has been observed from any of the deep experi-
mental borings put down in the Satpura coal-field during coal explo-
rations at some of the places where the conditions for artesian water
appear most favourable, although water under pressure has issued
in sufficient amount to necessitate piping down to a considerable
depth. The fact that no great difficulties have been met with from
the inrush of underground water during mining operations in the
lower Gondwanas shows that the strata traversed do not yield
water in abundance. It is true that none of these mines are very
deep, and it is possible that at greater depths strata might occur
forming reservoirs with a larger intake area and an abundant supply

of water under pressure.
A scheme was proposed in 1882 for supplying the town of
Wateceupplylab Rant Raniganj with water from the coal measures.
gan]. But the proposed well was not to have been
artesian: water was to be collected from a permeable bed of inferior
coal by means of galleries driven into it, giving a considerable per-

colating area.

1 “ Notes on the Satpura Coal-Basin." Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. X, pp. 133-188.

(570%)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 77

Mr. Reader, Mining Specialist of the Geological Survey of India,
has brought tomy notice an occurrence that took place during some
trial borings for coal in the Rampur coal-field in the Central Provin-

Boring in the Rampur E A flow of water issued from one of these

coal-field. situated near the Eeb river, forming a jet that

rose above the surface. The occurrence was related to Mr. Reader
by Messrs. Kilburn & Co., who put down the boring, but it had
taken place previous to the detailed examination of the district, and
the exact structure of the surrounding rocks has not yet been ascer-
tained,

The following information contained ina letter from Mr. C.
Matthews, Engineer of the Diamond Drill Agency, Radhnagur,
dated 17th August 1900, has been kindly communicated by Messrs,
Kilburn & Co.: “ Water commenced flowing from bore-hole at
Dhoramanda at about 80 feet from surface, and greatly increased at
depth of 120 feet, after passing through coarse grey free sandstone,
and the water kept flowing continuously at about 600 gallons per
hour, or equal to a discharge of a 14” bore piping. In a trial to
note to what height the water would rise above the bore-hole, two
lengths of boring rods were connected to pulley head, and water
rose full 20 feet height and kept overflowing. When the height
was increased to 30 feet the water did not overflow. But this may
be due to the water escaping below the casing tubes and working
through the porous loose soil, and consequently the water could not
accumulate as fast as it escaped through the soil, to gain sufficient
head to overflow above 20 feet.

“ The diameter of hole is about 4" to a depth of до feet, and from
that depth to 830 feet itis 2" practically. The top of bore-hole
was lined toa depth of 26 feet from surface, and below this depth the
stratum was firm to withstand the sides from erosion or falling in.

‘ The position of bore-hole is in a valley between two ranges of
hills, the height of the hills would not appear more than 80 to 130
feet above that of the bore-hole.

CD

78 VREDENBURG ! RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIM«NTS IN INDA,

“The bed of stream is about 20 feet below bore-hole surface, and
is running about 200 feet from nearest point of bore, the width:
would be about 30 to 40 feet in part. About 380 to 400 feet from
surface, I noticed a greater volume of water running over the bore
equal to nearly 2,000 gallons or thereabout, and I do not think that
the flow of water got diminished. The lining tubes have been with-
drawn from hole."

The Records of the Geological Survey contain accounts ofa
great many of these sets of trial borings for coal. In one case, in

Experimental borings а description of an exploration in the Chhattis-

M BAG GARE garh coal-fields, mention is made ofa boring
where a sheet of water was struck at a depth of 14 feet, and gave
a permanent flow atthe surface! Judging from the description,
however, the site is in the low ground on the banks of a river, and
as the water was tapped at such a small depth, it was no doubt in.
close connection with the ground-water at no great distance, the
case being analogous to that of the Mahi river in Gujárát, or of the
Ganges bridge at Benares,

Along the east coast ofthe Peninsula there are several areas
of upper Gondwanas whose strata dip at low angles towards the
sea-coast, and which appear therefore suited to the existence of
artesian conditions. Several experiments have been made to test
these localities, but with small success so far, Such is the boring

Boring at Place’s at Place’s Garden, Kilacheri, in the Chingleput

Garden, near Madras. district near Madras. The work was originally
undertaken by the Reverend S. Dominic, Superior of the Monastery
at Place’s Garden, and, on account of the great interest attached
to the experiment, Government aid was granted on various occasions
to enable the work to be pursued. On being consulted by the
Government of Madras in 189r, when the boring was nearly 300
feet deep, Mr. Foote stated that he had reason to believe that a

1 “Boring exploration in the Chhattisgarh Coal-fields,” by William King. Rec. Geol.
Surv. Ind., Vol. XIX, р. 229.

(78%)

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 79

water-bearing stratum would be pierced near the base of the
series where it rests on gneiss, The pressure might not be sufficient
perhaps to cause a flow of water, but it would be within easy reach
of pumps.

Sections situated a few miles north and north-west of the artesian
boring show that the basement beds of the Gondwanas consist of a
considerable thickness of ‘permeable felspathic grit. The boring
runs through a great thickness of black and dark grey carbonaceous
clays which probably overlie that sandstone.

The Gondwana rocks exposed to the eastward and northward
have been described by Mr. Foote.! They belong to the upper
Gondwana stage. The rocks exposed belong mainly to the upper
part ofthe series and consist of light-coloured shales, clays and
sandstones. But in the boring they are found to be underlaid by
the above mentioned dark grey and black carbonaceous shales ; in
fact, it was through the boring that the existence of these dark
clays first came to be known.

At the date of Mr. Foote’s visit the boring had been carried
through a considerable thickness of these impervious clays. It had
been stopped for want of funds, but Mr. Foote considered that the
water-bearing stratum was not far off, and that the boring should be
continued until water is struck, or until the underlying gneiss is
reached. Moreover, Mr. Foote pointed out that some of the dark
carbonaceous clays are bituminous, and that, even if the boring were
unsuccessful from the point of view of water, yet it might reveal
the existence of coal seams or of bituminous shales worth distilling,
or of valuable fire-clay. It would be, besides, of great scientific
interest,

Since Mr. Foote’s visit the boring has been deepened over
100 feet: in October 1899 it had reached a depth of 430 feet. Yet,
the felspathic grit has not been reached, although a small band of

! # On the Geology of parts of the Madras and North Arcot districts lying north of the
Palar River." Mem. Geol, Surv. Ind,, Vol, X, Part I.

(799)

80 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

sandstone four inches thick has been met with at a depth of 344
feet, and a second one 2 feet 2} inches thick, at a depth of 359 feet.
In a letter dated 19th November 1892, addressed to the Government
of Madras, Dr. King recommended that the boring be carried down
to a depth of at least 450 feet.

Rocks of upper Gondwana age are found also near the mouths
of the Godavari, and they have yielded water
at Ellore ina boring which is stillin progress
atthe present time. The strata dip towards the sea-coast to the
south-east, in which direction they sink beneath volcanic rocks, of
the age of the “ Deccan Trap,” Rajahmundry beds of the age of
the Cuddalore sandstones, and finally alluvium. The*upper Gond.

Boring at Ellore.

wanas here consist principally of sandstones, an upper series,
the Tripety sandstones, and a lower one, the Golapilly beds. A series
consisting principally of clays, the Kagavapuram shales, intervene
between the two sandstone groups. It has no great thickness but
from its impermeable nature it provides a confining stratum to the
water contained in the Golapilly sandstone, the other requisites
for artesian action being provided by the lie of the stratification.!
It is difficult to decide, without having seen any specimens, how
much of the alternating sands and clays met with up to a consider-
able depth in the Ellore boring may belong to the alluvium, to the
Rajahmundry beds or to the Tripety sandstones. Some specimens
from a depth of 367 feet were forwarded to the Geological Survey.
Office and examined by Mr. Holland who identified them as pro-
bably belonging to the Ragavapuram shales. The circumstances
therefore seemed favourable, on account of the probable proximity
of the underlying Golapilly sands. In a letter, dated 13th June 1900,
Mr. Holland had just expressed his opinion as to the advisability of
continuing the boring, when a communication forwarded on the same

1 The geology of this country has been described by Dr. King in his paper on “the
upper Gondwanas and other formations of the coastalregion of the Godavari district.”
Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol, XVI, p. 195.

( 80 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS,

date by the Engineer-in-Chief of the East Coast Railway announced
that the boring hadstruck sand at adepth of 390 feet, and that water
had risen in the tube to within 16 feet of the ground-level. The same
communication contains a section ofthe boring up to a depth of

384 feet, from which the following record is reproduced :—

Section of Artesian -Well-boring at Ellore.

Number | Thicknsss |
of of
stratum. | stratum.
Feet.
I Io |
2 10 |
3 10 |
4 20
3 10
6 10 |
7 10 |
8 10
9 40
10 20
II 10
12 10
13 10
14 10
15 Io
16 10
17 10
18 10
19 10 |

Total depth
from
ground-level.

Feet.
10
20
30
50
бо
70
80
90

130
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230

240

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA,

Black cotton soil.

Black clay hard and stiff. (Water level at 15 ft.)

Red clay.

Brown clay.

Brown clay and sand.

Nodular limestone and clay.

Yellow clay.

Brown clay interspersed with gravel.
Grey ciay and lime nodules.

Red and yellow clay.

Grey and yellow clay.

Grey clay.

Yellow clay with kankar.
Decomposed yellow sandstone and clay.
Red and yellow clay.

Brown and yellow clay with kankar,
Yellow and grey clay with kankar.
Yellow and red clay with kankar.

Yellow and red clay and decomposed rock.

( 8r

Р,

82 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

Section of Artesian Well-boring at Ellore—contd.

Number | Thickness} Total depth

of of
stratum. stratum.
Feet.
20 10
21 10
22 10
25 10
24 10
25 19
26 10
27 9
28 I
29 10
30 10
31 10
32 10
ax! 7
34 3
35 7
36 3
37 4

from
ground-level.

Feet.
250
260

270

280

290

DESCRIPTION OF STRATA,

White and red clay with nodules of laterite.
Yellow and grey hard stiff soil.

White sandy clay interspersed with large
shingles.

White and brown clay interspersed with minute
pebbles.

Yellow clay.

Light grey sandy clay.

Yellow streaky clay.

Yellow clay, light yellow sandy clay.
More or less pure sand, large grained.

Very hard stiff clay, yellow and white streaky
clay.

Decomposed rock and clay. Decomposed streaky
sandstone clay. White clay streaked yellow,
Yellow, white and red streaky clay.

Yellow and white clay. Yellow
and white chalky clay. White
clay. Purple and brown clay. e Resembling
Purple and yellow clay. Purple chalk.
and white clay.

Crimson clay (decomposed laterite) ; yellow and
purple clay.

Pink clay with some yellow anc
white purple clay.

Magenta and purple clay. Stiff + Resembling
clay and purple clay. chalk.

Yellow clay mixed with grey.

Light pink clay mixed with sand.

( 82 )

(7) The Vindhyans.
The Vindhyans, like the Gondwanas, consist largely of alternating
layers of sandstone and shales, in addition to which, however, there

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 83

are great masses of limestone. The strata are older than those that
make up the Gondwanas, and the sandstones are very much more
indurated. This must affect their permeability to a considerable
degree, but whether so much as to prevent any decided flow, has
never been tested,

If the diminution of porosity caused by the induration of the

1
Sally sandstone does not oppose too great an obstacie

als to the flow of water, the structure isin many

placss an ideal one for artesian conditions. For instance, the great
spread of Vindhyans in Central India might be compared to a series
of shallow saucers of varying composition and of gradually decreas-
ing size placed one upon the other. Ifthe materials composing
any of those layers are fairly permeable, there must be many places
in the Saugor district, and in Rewah, Bhopal, Gwalior, and other
States and Provinces of Central India where the sinking of artesian
wells has every chance of success. One experiment made at a
suitably chosen place might at once decide the question fora
verylarge area. The testimony of the only boring that penetrated
into this formation, the one at Agra, is inconclusive : whether the
flow of mineral water that issued from the boring proceeded from
the Vindhyans or not,the locality is at the edge of the formation,
and the boring did not traverse any of those great alternations of
shales and sandstones such as would be met with at suitable locali-
ties, and which, by their differences in permeability, might be ex-
pected to provide the water-tight layers necessary for confining an
artesian reservoir.

A basin of very similar strata occupies considerable portions of
Chhattisgarh, No experiments have been attempted there, but
Mr. Medlicott, without giving any very decisive opinion, thought
that the circumstances were fairly favourable,

The Kadapahs and Karnuls of the Deccan are not unlike the
Vindhyans, but they are generally more disturbed,

(29322)

84 VREDENBURG : RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA.

(8) Lhe Deccan Trap.

A system of rocks whose capabilities as water-bearing strata call
Need of more accurate fOr further research is the volcanic series known
delest. as the * Deccan Trap.’ The immense area
occupied by that formation has almost entirely escaped geological
investigation, The series consists largely of basalt, a rock of highly
impermeable texture, but it is not known to what extent the exist-
ence of fissures and caverns may not affect its capacity in that
respect, In some parts of the Bombay Presidency wells have been
known to derive an abundant supply of water from fissures in the
basalt.

Moreover, the formation does not consist entirely of basalt: in
E some parts the sheets of basaltic lava are in-
Composition,

terbedded with great masses of tuff of more
orless opentexture, During intervals between the volcanic erup-
tions fresh water lakes were formed, in which sediments, the so
called “ intertrappeans," were deposited. Some of them are very
compact limestones, but others are sands of loose texture, All
these fragmentary rocks, tuffs, and intertrappeans might occur so
placed as to form artesian reservoirs, But in our ignorance of the
geological details of the formation, the existence of such reservoirs
can only be indicated as a bare possibility without any reference to
particular localities.

In the western portion of their outcrop, near Bombay or in
Gujärät and Kathiawar, these rocks have under-
gone a certain amount of disturbance. Butin
all other parts of the area occupied by the Deccan trap, the rocks
are quite undisturbed and almost horizontal, Perfect horizontality
of stratification would be incompatible with the existence of an

Structure,

artesian reservoir, unless accompanied (as it is sometimes) by

irregularities of water-bearing capacity at various places. But it

stands to reason that the horizontality of the strata that compose the
( 84 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT. OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS. 85

“ trap ” formation is only apparent. Basalt is not formed on the
sea-floor by some mysterious process of crystallisation as was
thought by the adepts of the school of the “Neptunists” during the
early part of the century, but it issues in a semi-fluid condition out
of volcanic vents, Lavas relatively poor in silica and rich in iron,
“basic ” lavas in fact, like those that constitute such a large propor-
tion of the Deccan trap formation, flow much more easily than do
the more siliceous or “acid ” ones. Yet their flow is not comparable
with that of water, and when they solidify they are still in an in-
clined position, however slightly so. The huge area covered by the
products ofthe eruptions whose accumulated masses probably rose
into high mountains, has now been levelled to the shape of a
plateau, and the low angles of dip of the overlapping sheets of lava
get lost in the irregularities produced by denudation. The forma-
tion is practically horizontal when considered as one mass, and has
only been studied assuch. But there is no doubt that a more thorough
examination will reveal great complexity of detail notwithstanding
the uniformity of the general features, and it is by no means un-
likely that it may bring to light the existence of artesian reservoirs
of a very perfect character, if of limited extent.

An experiment which seemed very promising was undertaken
in 1884 at Mhow in Central India. In June
1884, a well was sunk at the engine shed of
the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway. The junction of
the * moorrum," or decomposed basalt, and of the hard rock is 35 feet
below the ground surface, “Moorrum” is the name given to a

Experiment at Mhow
in Central India.

peculiar form of surface decomposition of the basalt : it is permeable,
and from it the surface wells of a large portion cf the Deccan and
of Malwa derive their supply. In the present instance, a certain
amount of water issued at the junction of the “moorrum” with the
underlying hard rock. The well was deepened to 90 feet below
the surface of the ground without coming across any springs. A
2% inch bore was put down at the bottom up to 13 feet, which in.

(852)

86 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

95 hours filled the well up to 41 feet 6 inchesfrom the surface of
the ground. The diameter of the well was 25 feet, and the spring
had delivered 49,459 gallons.

The locality does not seem to be in a very favourable situation,
for it is only a short way north of the scarped face of the Vin-
dhyan range." Thus the surface of the ground at the locality
where the well was sunk is at a higher level than the neighbouring
region at a short distance further south, and it could not be expected
under such conditions that the well would overflow. The following
views were expressed by Mr. Medlicott on the subject of this experi-
ment: "It would seem impossible for a sufficient head of water to
accumulate fora surface delivery at Mhow. On the other hand,
trappean rocks are very retentive of water and thus favourable for
constancy of supply. The streams in such a country carry water
much later than in similar ground formed of other rocks. This con-
sideration would be in favour of a supply by deep wells, of which the
engine shed well gives a very promising example." It is to be
regretted that this experiment has remained an isolated one so far
as is known.

Besides the possible existence of reservoirs formed by loose tex-
tured tuffs and intertrappean sandstones, or by fissures and caverns
in the basalt itself, it must be kept in mind that the products of the
eruptions have overwhelmed a very irregular ancient land surface.

ЕН оГ асот In many places the decomposed rock surfaces
underlying the formation. Composing this old land area and the ancient soil
must form a more or less porous layer at the base of the volcanic
formation, and, if the shape of this underlying surface could be
known, it would be possible to select some likely places for experi-
mental borings, as the porouslayer might be locally disposed in such

! The name “ Vindhyan ” has been applied by the Geological Survey to a peculiar group of
strata which have already been spoken of ; but in a geographical sense the name applies to the
rectilinear scarp north of the valleys of the Nerbudda and Son, the eastern part of which consists
of * Vindhyan sandstones,’ but which, further west, is composed only of volcanic rocks.

( 36 )

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT EXPERIMENTS, 87

a manner as to form underground reservoirs. In the Deccan the
thickness of accumulated lavas and tuffs is so great that the under-
lying rocks are concealed over considerable areas, and no accurate
knowledge of the underlying surface could be arrived at except by
a large series of experimental borings involving an expenditure out
of all proportion with any results that could be reasonably predicted.
But in Central India, where the thickness is not so great, the under-
lying rock shows itself in many places, and if these inliers of the
older formations were mapped and their structure examined, it would
be possible to arrive at a very fair idea of the shape of the sur-
face upon which the strata of volcanic rocks are resting. I was
able to ascertain this circumstance during a rapid inspection, which
I made in 1898, of a part of Bhopal occupied by that formation:
small mounds of Vindhyan sandstone stand out here and there above
the almost level expanse of basalt. These are the tops of hill ranges
buried beneath the solidifed flows of volcanic lava. Before the
lavas were poured over them, the Vindhyans were acted upon by the
agencies of denudation just in the same manner as at the present
day, and the topographical features thus produced bear a very dis-
tinct relation to their stratigraphy : once the lie of the different
bands of strata composing them is revealed by the study of those
inliers, it becomes easy to make out the shape of the surface with
sufficient approximation, and thus decide on a choice of the places
where water occurring at the junction of that old land surface
and the overlying rock would be most likely to rise at or near the
surface through a boring.

(9) Other rocks.

The alluvium, the tertiary, the Gondwanas, the Vindhyans and
allied formations, and the Deccan trap are the principal formations
within which there can be any likelihood of artesian water being
found, although even in these rocks the chances are very uncertain,
In addition to these formations, there are enormous areas occupied

( 87: )

88 VREDENBURG: RECENT ARTESIAN EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA,

by slates and metamorphic rocks, and by schists and gneisses, some
of which have a more or less granitic tendency. Their highly
erystalline and compact texture is incompatible with the existence
ofany great store of water. The very rare casesin which a flow
of water has been obtained from such rocks are due to exceptionally
disposed fissures. Not only can the possibility of such an occurrence
be only very rare, but such cases could never be predicted from
observations made at the surface. All the areas occupied by these
rocks should be left out of consideration in the problem of artesian
: 19 water-supply. In 1884 а boring was sunk
Boring at Vizianagram. К E e.
in rocks of this class at Vizianagram, notwith-
standing the adverse circumstances of the case, and after being
carried to a depth of 350 feet, it failed to procure any supply of
water.!

(10) Conclusion.

In conclusion, it may be stated that the possibilities of artesian
supply in India are not fully understood and have been very imper-
fectly tested. But even if they were much greater than outward
appearances would lead us to infer, still it would be a great mistake
to think that they could be of the slightest utility in any extensive
scheme of irrigation, On the other hand, leaving out of question
the problem of irrigation ona large scale, there are many minor
uses to which artesian water can be put to with great advantage, and
viewed in that light, the subject is certainly deserving of attention
and probably capable of development.

1 This boring is mentioned in the “ Geological sketch of the Vizagapatam District,
Madras,” by William King. Rec, Geol, Surv. Ind., Vol. ХІХ, р, 143.

—
co
оо

m

Part 3.—Note on the progress of the gold industry in Wynaad, Nilgiri district. Notes on the
representatives of the Upper Gondwana series in Trichinopoly and Nellore-Kistna districts.
Senarmontite from Sarawak.

Part 4.—On the geographical distribution of fossil organisms in India, Submerged forest on
Bombay Island. :

Vor. XII, 1879.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1878. Geology of Kashmir (third notice). Further notices of Siwalik
mammalia, Notes on some Siwalik birds. Notes of a tour through Hangrang and Spiti.
On a recent mud eruption in Ramri Island (Arakan). On Braunite, with Rhodonite,
from near Nagpur, Central Provinces. Palæontological notes from the Satpura coal-basin.
Statistics of coal importations into India.

Part 2.—On the Mohpani coal-field. On Pyrolusite with Psilomelane occurring at Gosalpur,
Jabalpur district. A geological reconnaissance from the Indus at Kushalgarh to the Kurram
at Thal on the Afghan frontier. Further notes on the geology of the Upper Punjab.

Part 3.—On the geological features of the northern part of Madura district, the Pudukota
State, and the southern parts of the Tanjore and Trichinopoly districts included within the
limits of sheet 80 of the Indian Atlas. Rough notes on the crétaceous fossils from Trichino-
poly district, collected in 1877-78. Notes on the genus Sphenophyllum and other Equise-
taceæ, with reference to the Indian form Trizygia Speciosa, Royle (Sphenophyllum Trizy-
gia, Ung.). On Mysorin and Atacamite from the Nellore district. On corundum from the
Khasi Hills. On the Joga neighbourhood and old mines on the Nerbudda,

Part 4.—On the ' Attock Slates’ and their probable geological position. On a marginal bone of
an undescribed tortoise, from the Upper Siwaliks, near Nila, in the Potwar, Punjab. Sketch
of the geology of North Arcot district, On the continuation of the road section from Murree
то Abbottabad. 3 ;

Vor. XIII, 1880.

Part ı.— Annual report for 1879. Additional notes on the geology of the Upper Godavari basin
in the neighbourhood of Sironcha. Geology of Ladak and neighbouring districts, being
fourth notice of geology of Kashmir and neighbouring territories. Teeth of fossil fishes from
Ramri island andthe Punjab. Note on the fossil genera Nöggerathia, Stbg., Nöggerathiop-
sis, Fstm., and Rhiptozamites, Schmalh., in palæozoïc and secondary rocks of Europe, Asia,
and Australia. Notes on fossil plants from Kattywar, Shekh Budin, and Sirgujah. On vol-
canic foci of eruption in the Konkan.

Part 2.—Geological notes. Palæontological notes on the lower trias of the Himalayas, On the
artesian wells at Pondicherry, and the possibility of finding such sources of water-supply at
Madras.

Part 3.—The Kumaun lakes. On the discovery of a celt of palæolithic type in the Punjab. Palæ-
ontological notes from the Karharbari and South Rewah coal-fields. Further notes on the
correlation of the Gondwana flora with other floras. Additional note on the artesian wells at

Pondicherry. Saltin Rajputana. Record of gas and mud eruptions on the Arakan coast
on 12th March 1879 and in June 1845.

Part 4.—On some pleistocene deposits of the Northern Punjab, and the evidence they afford
of an extreme climate during a portion of that period. Useful minerals of the Arvaliregion.
Further notes on the correlation of the Gondwana flora with that of the Australian coal-
bearing system. Note on reh or alkali soils and saline well waters, The reh soils of Upper
India. Note on the Naini Tal landslip, 18th September 1880. ·

Vor. XIV, 1881.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1880. Geology of part of Dardistan, Baltistan, and neighbouring
districts, being fifth notice of the geology of Kashmir and neighbouring territories. Note on
some Siwalik carnivora. The Siwalik group of the Sub-Himalayan region. On the South
Rewah Gondwana basin. On the ferruginous beds associated with the basaltic rocks of
north-eastern Ulster, in relation to Indian laterite. On some Rajmahal plants. Travelled
blocks of the Punjab. Appendix to ' Palæontological notes on the lower trias of the Hima-
layas On some mammalian fossils from Perim Island, in the collection of the Bombay Branch
ofthe Royal Asiatic Society. :

Pari 2.—The Nahan-Siwalik unconformity in the North-western Himalaya. On some Gondwana
ў vertebrates. On the ossiferous beds of Hundes in Tibet. Notes on mining records, and tbe
mining record office of Great Britain; and the Coal and Metalliferous Mines Acts of 1872
(England). On cobaltite and danaite from the Khetri mines, Rajputana; with some remarks
on Jaipurite (Syepoorite). On the occurrence of zinc ore (Smithsonite and Blende) with
barytes, in the Karnul district, Madras. Notice of a mud eruption in the island of Cheduba.

Part 3.—Artesian borings in India. On oligoclase granite at Wangtu on the Sutlej, North-west
Himalayas. Ona fish-palate from the Siwaliks. Palæontological notes from the Hazaribagh
and Lohardagga districts, Undescribed fossil carnivora from the Siwalik hills in the collec-
tion of the British Museum.

Part 4.—Remarks on the unification of geological nomenclature and cartography. On the geo-
logy of the Arvali region, central and eastern. On a specimen oí native antimony ob-
tained at Pulo Obin, near Singapore. On Turgite from the neighbourhood of Juggiapett,
Kistnah district, and on zinc carbonate from Karnul, Madras. Note on the section
from Dalhousie to Pangi siá the Sach Pass. On the South Rewah Gondwana basin.
Submerged forest on Bombay Island. :

Vor. XV, 1882.

Part r.— Annual report for 1881. Geology of North-west Kashmir and Khagan (being sixth
notice of geology of Kashmir and neighbouring territories). On some Gondwana laby-
rinthodonts. On some Siwalik and Jamna mammals, The geology of Dalhousie, Nortb-
west Himalaya. On remains of palm leaves from the (tertiary) Murree and Kasauli beds
in India. On Iridosmine from the Noa-Dibing river, Upper Assam, and on platinum
from Chutia Nagpur. On (1) a copper mine lately opened near Yongri hill, in the Dar-
jiling district; (2) arsenical pyrites in the same neighbourhood ; (3) kaolin at Darjiling
(being 3rd appendix to a report on the geology and mineral resources of the Darjiling
district and the Western Duars). Analyses of coal and fire-clay from the Makum coal-
field, Upper Assam. Experiments on the coal of Pind Dadun Khan, Salt-range, with
reference to the production of gas, made April 29th, 1881. Report on the proceedings
and result of the International Geological Congress of Bologna.

Part 2.—General sketch of the geology of the Travancore State. The Warkilli beds and
reported associated deposits at Quilon, in Travancore. Note on some Siwalik and Narbada
fossils. On the coal-bearing rocks of the valleys of the Upper Rer and the Mand rivers in
Western Chutia Nagpur. On the Pench river coal-field in Chhindwara district, Central
Provinces. On borings for coal at Engsein, British Burma. On sapphires recently
discovered in the North-west Himalaya. Notice of a recent eruption from one of the
mud volcanoes in Cheduba.

Part 3.—Note on the coal of Mach (Much) in the Bolan Pass, and of Sharag or Sharigh on
the Harnai route between Sibi and Quetta. New faces observed on crystals of stilbite from
the Western Gháts, Bombay. On the traps of Darang and Mandi in the North-western
Himalayas. Further note on the connexion between the Hazara and the Kashmir series.
On the Umaria coal-field (South Rewah Gondwana basin). The Daranggiri coal-field, Garo
Hills, Assam. On the outcrops of coal in the Myanoung division of the Henzada district.

Part 4.— Оп a traverse across some gold-fields of Mysore. Record of borings for coal at Bed-

dadanol, Godavari district, in 1874. Note on the supposed occurrence of coal on the
Kistna.

Vor. XVI, 1885.

Pa:t 1.—Annual report for 1882. On the genus Richthofenia, Kays (Anomia Lawrenciana,

Koninck). On the geology of South Travancore. On the geology of Chamba. On the
basalts of Bombay.

Part 2.—Synopsis of the fossil vertebrata of India. On the Bijori Labyrinthodont. On a skull of
Hippotherium antilopinum. On the iron ores, and subsidiary materials for the manufacture
of iron, in the north-eastern part of the Jabalpur district. On laterite and other mangan-
ese ore occérring at Gosulpore, Jabalpur district. Further notes on the Umaria coal-field.

Part 3.—On the microscopic structure of some Dalhousierocks. Onthelavasof Aden. Onthe
probable occurrence of Siwalik strata in China and Japan. On the occurrence of Mastodon
angustidens in India. On atraverse between Almora and Mussooree made in October 1882.
On the cretaceous Coal-measures at Вогзога, in the Khasia Hills, near Laour, in Sylhet.

Part 4.— Palæontological notes from the Daltonganj and Hutar eoal-fields in Chota Nagpur.
On the altered basalts of the Dalhousie region in the North-western Himalayas. On the
microscopic structure of some Sub-Himalayan rocks of tertiary age. On the geology of
Jaunsar and the Lower Himalayas. On a traverse through the Eastern Khasia, Jaintia, and
North Cachar Hills. On native lead from Maulmain and chromite from the Andaman
Islands. Notice of a fiery eruption from one of the mud volcanoes of Cheduba Island, Arakan.
Notice,—Irrigation from wells in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh.

Vor. XVII, 1884.

Pari r.— Annual report for 1883. Considerations on the smooth-water anchorages or mud
banks of Narrakal and Alleppy'onthe Travancore coast. Rough notes on Billa Surgam and
other caves in the Kurnool district. On the geology of the Chuari and Sihunta parganas
of Chamba. On the occurrence of the genus Lyttonia, Waagen, in the Kuling series. of
Kashmir.

Part 2.—Notes on the earthquake of 31st December 1881. On the microscopic structure of
some Himalayan granites and gneissose granites. Report on the Choi coalexploration. On
the re-discovery of certain localities for fossils in the Siwalik beds. On some of the mineral
resources of the Andaman Islands in the neighbourhood of Port Blair. The intertrappean
beds in the Deccan and the Laramie group in western North America.

Part 3.—On the microscopic structure of some Arvalirocks. Section along the Indus from the
Peshawar Valley to the Salt-range. On the selection of sites for borings in the Raigarh-
Hingir coal-field (first notice). Note on lignite near Raipore, Central Provinces. The Tur-
quoise mines of Nishápür, Khorassan. Notice of a further fiery eruption from the Minbyin
mud volcano of Cheduba Island, Arakan. Report on the Langrin coal-field, South-west
Khasia Hills. Additional notes on the Umaria coal-field.

Part 4.—On the Geology of part of the Gangasulan pargana of British Garhwal. On frag-
ments of slates and schists imbedded in the gneissose granite and granite of the North-
west Himalayas. On the geology of the Takht-i-Suleiman. On the smooth-water anchor-
ages of the Travancore coast. On auriferous sands of the Subansiri river, Pondicherry
lignite, and Phosphatic rocks at Musuri. Work at the Billa Surgam caves.

Vor. XVIII, 1885.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1884. On the country between the Singareni coal-field and the
Kistna river. Geological sketch of the country between the Singareni coal-field and Hy»
derabad. On coaland limestone in the Doigrung river, near Golaghat, Assam. Homo-
taxis, as illustrated from Indian formations. Afghan field-notes.

Part 2.—A fossiliferous series in the Lower Himalaya, Garhwal. On the probable age of the
Mandhali series in the Lower Himalaya. On a second species of Siwalik camel (Camelus
Antiquus, nobis ex Fale. and Саш. MS.). On the Geology of Chamba. On the probabi-
lity of obtaining water by means of artesian wells in the plains of Upper India. Further
considerations upon artesian sources in the plains of Upper India. On the geology of the
Aka Hills. On the alleged tendency of the Arakan mud volcanoes to burst into eruption
most frequently during the rains. Analyses of phosphatic nodules and rock from Mus».
зоогее. :

Part 3.—On the Geology of the Andaman Islands. On a third species of Merycopotamus.
Some observations on percolation as affected by current. Notice of the Pirthalla and
Chandpur meteorites, Report on the oil-wells and coal in the Thayetmyo district, British
Burma. Оп some antimony deposits in the Maulmain district. On the Kashmir earth» .
quake of goth May 1885. Оп the Bengal earthquake of 14th July 1885.

Part 4.—Geological work in the Chhattisgarh division of the Central Provinces. Оп the Bengal
earthquake of July 14th, 1885. On the Kashmir earthquake of goth May 1885. On the
results of Mr. H. B. Foote's further excavations in the Billa Surgam caves, On the
mineral hitherto known as Nepaulite. Notice of the Sabetmahet meteorite.

Vor. XIX, 1886.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1885. On the International Geological Congress of Berlin. On
some Palzozoic Fossils recently collected by Dr. Н. Warth, in the Olive group of the Salt.
range, On the correlation of the Indian and Australian coal-bearing beds. Afghan and
Persian Field notes. On the section from Simla to Wangtu, and on the petrological
character of the Amphibolites and Quartz-Diorites of the Sutlej valley,

Part 2.—On the Geology of parts of Bellary and Anantapur districts. Geology of the Upper
Dehing basin inthe Singpho Hills. On the microscopic characters of some eruptive rocks
from the Central Himalayas. Preliminary note onthe Mammalia of the Karnul Caves. Me-
morandum on the prospects of finding coalin Western Rajputana. Note on the Olive
Group of the Salt-range. On the discussion regarding the boulder-beds of the Salt-range.
Onthe Gondwana Homotaxis.

Part 3.— Geological sketch of the Vizagapatam district, Madras. Preliminary note on the
geology of Northern Jesalmer. On the microscopic structure of some specimens of the
Malani rocks of the Arvali region. On the Malanjkhandi copper-ore in the Balaghat dis.
trict, C. P. :

Part 4.—On the occurrence of petroleum in India. On the petroleum exploration at Khátan.
Boring exploration in the Chhattisgarh coal-fields. Field-notes from Afghanistan: No. 3,
Turkistan. Notice of a fiery eruption from one of the mud volcanoes of Cheduba Island,
Arakan. Notice of the Nammianthal aerolite, Analysis of gold dust from the Meza vale
ley, Upper Burma. x

Vor. XX, 1887.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1886. Field-notes from Afghanistan: No. 4, from Turkistan to
India. Physical geology of West British Garhwal; with notes on a route traverse through
Jaunsar-Bawar and Tiri-Garhwal. On the geology of the Garo Hills. On some Indian -
image-stones. On soundings recently taken off Barren Island and Narcondam. On a
character of the Talchir boulder-beds. Analysis of Phosphatic Nodules from the Salt-
range, Punjab. 2

Part 2.— The fossil vertebrata of India. On the Echinoidea of the cretaceous series of the
Lower Narbada Valley, with remarks upon their geological age. Field-notes: No. 5—to
accompany a geological sketch map of Afghanistan and North-eastern Khorassan. On
the microscopic structure of some specimens of the Rajmahal and Deccan traps. On the
Dolerite of the Chor. On the identity of the Olive series in the east with the speckled
sandstone in the west of the Salt-range in the Punjab.

Part 3.— The retirement of Mr. Medlicott. Notice of J. B. Mushketoff's Geology of Russian
Turkistan. Crystalline and metamorphicrocks of the Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and
Kumaun, Section I. Preliminary sketch of the geology of Simla and Jutogh. Noteon the
‘Lalitpur’ meteorite.

Part 4.—Note on some points in Himalayan geology. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of
the Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and Kumaun, Section II. The iron industry of the western
portion of the district of Raipur. Notes on Upper Burma. Boring exploration in the
Chhattisgarh coal-fields. (Second notice.) Some remarks on Pressure Metamorphism
with reference to the foliation of the Himalayan Gneissose-Granite. A list and index:
of papers on Himalayan Geology and Microscopic Petrology, published in the preceding
volumes of the Records of the Geological Survey of India,

Vor, XXI, 1888.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1887. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of the Lower Himalaya
Garhwal, and Kumaun, Section III. The Birds’-nest or Elephant Island, Mergui Archi-
pelago. Memorandum on the results of an exploration of Jessalmer, with a view to the
discovery of coal. A facetted pebble from the boulder bed ('speckled sandstone’) of
Mount Chel in the Salt-range in the Punjab. Examination of nodular stones obtained
by trawling off Colombo. Ў

Part 2.— Award of the Wollaston Gold Medal, Geological Society of London, 1888. The Dhar-
war System, the chief auriferous rock series in South India. On the Igneous rocks of the
districts of Raipur and Balaghat, Central Provinces, On the Sangar Marg and Mehowgale
coal-fields, Kashmir.

Part 3.—The Manganese Iron and Manganese Ores of Jabalpur. ‘The Carboniferous Glacial
Period. The sequence and correlation of the pre-tertiary sedimentary formations of the
Simla region of the Lower Himalayas. y

Part 4.—On Indian fossil vertebrates. On the geology of the North-west Himalayas. On
plown-sand rock sculpture. Re-discovery of Nummulites in Zanskar, On some micas
traps from Barakar and Raniganj.

Voz, XXII, 1889.

Part r.—Annualreport for 1888. The Dharwar System, the chief auriferous rock-series in
South India. (Second notice.) On the Wajra Karur diamonds, and on M. Chaper's
alleged discovery of diamonds in pegmatite near that place. On the generic position of
the so-called Plesiosaurus Indicus. On flexible sandstone or Itacolumite, with special
reference to its nature and mode of occurrence in India, and the cause of its flexibility.
On Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia.

Part 2.—Note on Indian Steatite. Distorted pebbles in the Siwalik conglomerate. ‘The Car.
boniferous Glacial Period. Notes on Dr. W. Waagen's ‘Carboniferous Glacial Period.’
On the oil-fields of Twingoung and Beme, Burma. The gypsum of the Nehal Nadi,
Kumaun. On some of the materials for pottery obtainable in the neighbourhood of Jabal-
pur and of Umaria. к

Part 3. —Abstract report on the coal outcrops in the Sharigh Valley, Baluchistan. On the
discovery of Trilobites by Dr. H. Warth in the Neobolus beds of the Salt-range. Geolo-
gical notes. On the Cherra Poonjee coal-field, in the Khasia Hills. On a Cobaltiferous
Matt from Nepal. The President of the Geological Society of London on the Interna.
tional Geological Congress of 1888. Tin-mining in Mergui district. :

Part 4—On the land-tortoises of the Siwaliks. On the pelvis of a ruminant from the

Siwaliks. Recent assays from the Sambhar Salt-Lake in Rajputana. The Manganiferous
Iron and Manganese Ores of Jabalpur. On some Palagonite-bearing raps of the Rájmahál
hills and Deccan. On tin-smelting in the Malay Peninsula. Provisional index of the local
distribution of important minerals, miscellaneous minerals, gemstones, and quarry stones

in the Indian Empire. Part ı. i 8
Vor. XXIII, 1890.

Part 1.— Annual report for 1889. Cn the Lakadong coal-fields, Jaintia Hills. On the Pectos
ral and pelvic girdles and skull of the Indian Dicynodonts. On certain vertebrate
remains from the Nagpur district (with description of a fish-skull). Crystalline and
metamorphic rocks of the Lower Himalayas, Garhwál and Kumaun, Section IV. On the
bivalves of the Olive-group, Salt-range. On the mud-banks of the Travancore coast.

Part 2.—On the most favourable sites for Petroleum explorations in the Harnai district, Baluch-
istan. The Sapphire Mines of Kashmir. The supposed Matrix of, the Diamond at
Wajra Karur, Madras. The Sonapet Gold-field. Field Notes from the Shan Hills (Upper
Burma). A description of some new species of Syringosphæridæ, with remarks upon
their structures, &c. E

Part 3.—On the Geology and Economic Resources of the Country adjoining the Sind-Pishin
Railway between Sharigh and Spintangi, and of the country between it and Khattan
(with a map). Report of a Journey through India in the winter of 1888-80, by Dr.
Johannes Walther, translated from the German, by R. Bruce Foote. On the Coal-fields
of Lairungao, Maosandram, and Mao-be-lar-kar, in the Khasi Hills (with 3 plans).
Further Note on Indian Steatite. Provisional Index of the Local Distribution of Important
Minerals, Miscellaneous Minerals, Gem Stones, and Quarry Stones in the Indian Empire
(continued from p. 286, Vol. XXII). 5

Part 4.—Geological sketch of Naini Tal; with some remarks on the natural conditions govern-
ing mountain slopes (with a map and plate). Notes on some Fossil Indian Bird Bones.
The Darjiling Coal between the Lisu and the Ramthi rivers, explored during season
1890-01 (with a map). The Basic Eruptive Rocks of the Kadapah Area. The Deep
Boring at Lucknow. Preliminary Note on the Coal Seam of the Dore Ravine, Hazara
(with two plates).

Vor. XXIV, 1891.

Part 1.—Annúal report for 1890. On the Geology of the Salt-range of the Punjab, with a
re-considered theory of the Origin and Age of the Salt Marl (with five plates). On Veins
of Graphite in decomposed Gneiss (Laterite) in Ceylon. Extracts from the Journal of a
trip to the Glaciers of the Kabru, Pandim, &c. The Salts of.the Sambhar Lake in Raj-
putana, and of the Saline efflorescence called ‘Reh’ from Aligarh in the North-Western
Provinces. Analysis of Dolomite from the Salt-range, Punjab. .

Part 2.—Preliminary Report on the Oil locality near Moghal Kot, in the Sheráni country, -
Suleiman Hills. On Mineral Oil from the Suleiman Hills, . Note on the Geology of the

Lushai Hills. Report on the Coal-fields in the Northern Shan States. Note on the
reported Namsèka Ruby-mine in the Mainglôn State. Note on the Tourmaline (Schorle)
Mines in the Mainglón State. Note on a Salt-spring near Bawgyo, Thibaw State.

Bart 3.— Boring Exploration ¿n the Daltongunj Coal-field, Palamow (with a map). Death of
Dr. P. MARTIN Duncan. Contributions to the study of the Pyroxenic varieties of Gneiss
and of the Scapolite-bearing Rocks.

Part 4.—On a Collection of Mammalian Bones from Mongolia. Further note on the
Darjiling Coal Exploration. Notes on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Sikkim
(witha map). Chemical and Physical notes on Rocks from the Salt-range, Punjab
(with two plates).

Vor. XXV, 1892.

Part 1.— Annual report for 1891. Report on the Geology of Thal Chotiäli and part of the
Mari country (with a map and 5 plates). Petrological Notes on the Boulder-bed of the
Salt-range, Punjäb, Subrecent and Recent Deposits of the valley plains of Quetta,
Pishin and the Dasht-i-Bedaolat; with appendices on the C .amans of Quetta; and the
Artesian water-supply of Quetta and Pishin (with one plate).

Part 2.—Geology of the Saféd Kóh (with 2 plates of sections). Report on a Survey of the
Jherria Coal field (with a map and 3 section plates) (oué of print.)

Part 3.—Note on the Locality of Indian Tscheffkinite. Geological Sketch of ¿he country north
of Bhamo. Preliminary Report on the economic resources of the Amber and Jade mines
area in Upper Burma. Preliminary Report ом the Iron-Ores and Iron-Industries of the
Salem District. Or the Occurrence of Riebeckitezz India. Coal oz the Great Tenasserim
River, Mergui District, Lower Burma.

Part 4.—Report on tke Oil Springs a? Moghal Kot in the Shirani Hills (with 2 plates).
Second Note on Mineral Oil from the Suleiman Hills.” Os a New Fossil, Amber-like
Resin occuzzing іп Burma. Preliminary notice on the Triassic Deposits of the Salt-range.

Vor. XXVI, 1893.

Part 1.--Annual report for 1802. Notes ом the Central Himalayas (with map and plate).
Note on the occurrence of Jadeite in Upper Burma (with a map). On ¿he occurrence of
Burmite, a new Fossil Resin from Upper Burma. Report oz the Prospecting Operations,
Mergui District, 1891-92.

Part 2.—Notes on the earthquake in Baluchistan on the 20th December 1892 (with 2 plates).
Further Note oz Burmite, a new amber-like fossil resin from Upper Burma. Note on
the Alluvial deposits and Subterranean water-supply of Rangoon (with a map).

Part 3.—On the Geology of the Sherani Hills (with maps and plates). On Carboniferous
Fossils from Tenasserim (with 1 plate), On a deep Boring a£ Chandernagore. Note on
Granite in the districts of Tavoy and Mergui (with a plate).

Part 4.—On the Geology of the country between the Chappar Rift and Harnai ¿n Baluchistan
(with map and 3 plates). Notes on the Geology of a part of the Tenasserim Valley
with special reference to the Tendau-Kamapying Coal-field (with two maps). On a
Magnetite from the Madras Presidency containing Manganese and Alumina. Or Hise
lopite (Haughton) (with a plate).

Vor. XXVII, 1894.

Part 1.— Annual report for 1803. Report on the Bhaganwala Coal-field, Salt-range, Punjab
(with map and 2 plates).

Part 2.—Note on the Chemical qualities of petroleum from Burma. Note ox the Singareni
Coal-field, Hyderabad (Deccan) (with map and 3 plates ofsections). Report on the
Gohna Landslip, Garhwal (with 5 plates and 2 maps).

Part 3.—On the Cambrian Formation of the Eastern Salt-range (with a plate). The Giridih
(Karharbari) Coal-field, with notes on the labour and methods of working (with 2 maps
and 8 plates of sections). On the Occurrence of Chipped (P) Flints i5 the Upper Miocene
of Burma (with a plate). Note oz the Occurrence of Velates Schmideliana, Chemn.,
and куш grandis, Sow. s5., in the Tertiary Formation of India and Burma (with

plates).

Paré 4.—Note on the Geology of Wuntho in Upper Burma (with а map). Preliminary
notice on the Echinoids from the Upper Cretaceous System of Baluchistan, Or Highly
Phosphatic Mica-Peridotites intrusive in the Lower Gondwana Rocks of Bengal. On a
Mica-Hypersthene- Hornblende-Peridotite in Bengal.

Vor. XXVIII, 1895.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1894. Cretaceous Formation of Pondicherry. Some early allu-
sions £o Barren Island; witk а few remarks thereon. Bibliography of Barren Island and
Narcondam, from 1884 to 1894; with some remarks,

Part 2.—On the importance of Cretaceous Rocks of Southern India iz estimating the geo-
graphical conditions during later cretaceous times. Report on the Experimental Boring
for Petroleum at Sukkur, from October 1893 to March 1895. The development and Sub-
division of the Tertiary system in Burma.

Part 3—On the Jadeite and other rocks, from Tammaw in Upper Burma. On the Geology of
the Tochi Valley. Oz the existence of Lower Gondwanas in Argentina. .

Part 4.—On the Igneous Rézks of the Giridih (Kurhurbaree) Coal-field and their Contact
Effects. On some outliers of ¿he Vindhyan system'south of the Sone and their relation
to the so-called Lower Vindhyans, Notes ою a portion of the Lower Vindhyan area of the
Sone Valley. Noteon Dr. Fritz NOETLING'S paper on the Tertiary system in Burma, in
the Records of the Geological Survey of India for 1805, Part 2. |

Vor. XXIX, 1896.

Part 1.—Annual reportfor 1805. On the Acicular inclusions in Indian Garnets. On the
_Origin and Growth of Garnets and of their Micropegmatitic intergrowths in Pyroxenic
rocks (with 1 plate).

Part 2.— Notes on the Ultra-basic rocks axd derived minerals of the Chalk (Magnesite) hills,
and other localities near Salem, Madras (with 2—6 plates). Preliminary notes on some
Corundum localities iz the Salem and Coimbatore districts, Madras (with 7—9 plates).
On the occurrence of Corundum and Kyanite ir the Manbhum district, Bengal. Oz
the papers by DR. Kossmat and Dr. KURTZ, and on the ancient Geography of
“ Gondwana-land.” Note from the Geological Survey of India. /

Part 3.— Оп some Igneous Rocks from the Tochi Valley. Notes from the Geological Survey
of india.

Part 4.—Report on the Steatite mines, Minbu District, Burma. Further notes or /he Lower
Vindhyan (Sub-Kaimur) area of the Sone Valley, Rewah. Notes from the Geological Sur-
vey of India, »

VoL. XXX, 1897.

Part 1.—Annual Report for 1896. On some Norite and associated Basic Dykes and Lava-
flows in Southern India (with plates I to 11). The reference of the genus Vertebraria.
On a Plant of Glossopteris with part of the rhisome attached, and on the structure
of Vertebraria (with plates III to V). } |

Part 2.—The Cretaceous Deposits of Pondicherri (with plates VI to X). Notes from the
Geological Survey of India. :

Part 3.—Note on Flow-structure in an Igneous dyke (with plate XI). Additional note on the
Olivine-norite dykes at Coonoor (with plate XII). Reporton some trial excavations for
corundum near Palakod, Salem District (with plate XIII). Report on the occurrence of
coal at Palana village in Bikanir State (with plate XIV). An account of the geological
specimens collected by the Afghan-Baluch Boundary Commission of 1806 (with
plate XV). Note from the Geological Survey of India (with plates XVI and XVII).

Part 4—On Nemalite from Afghanistan. On a quartz-barytes rock occurring in the Salem
District, Madras Presidency (with plate XVIII). Note on a worn femur of Hippopo-
tamus irravadicus, Caut. and Falc., from the Lower Pliocena of Burma (with plates XIX
and XX). On the supposed coal at Jaintia, Ваха Duars. Percussion Figures on Micas.
Notes from the Geological Survey of In dia.

The price fized for these publications is 1 rupee (2s.) each part, or 2 rupees (4s.) each
volume.

Norz,—4 he Records ceased to be published from the ist January 1898.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

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MEMOIRS

ОЕ

IHE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

VOLUME XXXII, PART 2.

E ==>

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

—

Director.

C. L. GriesBacH, C.LE., F.G.S.

Superintendents.

R. D. OLDHAM, A.R.S.M., F.G.S.: Том D. La Toucue, B.A. (Cantab) :
C. S. Mrpptemiss, В.А. (Cantab).

Deputy Superintendents.
P. N. Bose, B.Sc. (London), F.G.S. :
T. H. HoLLAND, A.R.C.S., F.G.S.: Р. N. DATTA, B.Sc. (London), F.G.S.:
Е, H. SMITH, A.R.C.S.

Assistant Superintendents.

H. H. HavpEN, В.А., B.E.: E. VREDENBURG, B.L., B.Sc. (Paris), A.R.C.S.:
Т. L. WALKER, M.A. (Kingston), Ph.D. (Leipzig) :

. Palgontologist.
Fritz NoETLING, Ph.D. (Berlin), F.G.S.

Specialist.
С. A. STONIER, A.R.S.M.

Sub-Assistants.
HIRA LAL: KisHEN SINGH, F.G.S.°

Artist. Registrar.
Н. B. W. GARRICK. A. E. МАСА. AUDSLEY,

Assistant Curator.
Т. R. BLYTH.

Geological Museum, Library, and Office, Calcutta,

Irce Swo Rumpus,

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, — —

Vor. I. Royal 8vo, pp. 309, 1859 (out of print). Pt. 1, 1856 (price 1 Re): Preliminary
notice on the Coal and Iron of Talchir—On the geological structure and
relations of the Talchir Coal-field.—Gold-yielding deposits of Upper Assam.—
On specimens of gold and gold dust from Shué-gween, Pt. 2, 1858 (price
2 Rs): On the geological structure of a portion of the Khasi Hills.—On the geo-
logical structure of the Nilghiri Hills (Madras). Pt. 3, 1859 (price 2 Rs.) : On.
the geological structure and physical features of the districts of Bankura,
Midnapore and Orissa.—On the laterite. of Orissa.—On some fossil fish-teeth
of the genus Ceratodus, from Maledi, south of Nagpur.

VoL. П. Royal 8vo, pp. 341, 1859 (out of print). Pt. 1, 1860 (price 2 Rs): On the.
Vindhyan rocks, and their associates in Bundelkand. Pt. 2, 1860 (price 3 Rs.)—
On the geological structure of the central portion of the Nerbudda District.—
On the tertiary and alluvial deposits of the central portion of the Nerbudda
Valley.—On the geological relations and probable geological age of the several -
systems of rocks in Central India and Bengal.

Vor. Ш. Royal 8vo, pp. 438. Pt. 1, 1863 (price 3 Rs.) (out of print). Onthe geological
structure and relations of the Raniganj Coal-field.—Additional remarks on the
geological relations and probable geological age of the several systems of rocks
in Central India and Bengal.—Indian Mineral Statistics, I. Coal. Pt. 2, 1864
(price 2 Rs.): On the Sub-Himalayan Ranges between the Ganges and Ravi.

Vor. IV. ‘Royal 8vo, рр. 450. Pt. 1, 1863 (price 2 Rs.) : Report on the Cretaceous Rocks
of Trichinopoly District, Madras. Pt. 2, 1864 (price 2 Rs.) (out of print): On
the structure of the Districts of Trichinopoly, Salem, &c. Pt. 3, 1865 (price
1 Re): On the Coal of Assam, &c. :

Wes. V. Royal 8vo, рр. 354. Pt. 1, 1865 (price 3 Rs.) (ouf of print): Sections across
N.-W. Himalaya, from Sutlej to Indus. - On the Gypsum of Spiti. Pt. 2, 1866
(price x Re.) : On the Geology of Bombay. Pt.3, 1866 (price т Re.) (out of
print) : On the Jheria Coal-field.—Geological Observations on Western Tibet.

VoL. VI. Royal 8vo, pp. 395. Pt. ı, 1867 (price 8 As.): On the neighbourhood of Lynyan,
&c. in Sind.—Geology of a portion of Cutch. Pt. 2, 1867 (price 2 Rs.)
(out of print): Bokáro Coal-field.—Rámgarh Coal-field.—Traps of Western
and Central India. Pt. 3, 1869 (price 2 Rs. 8 As): Tapti and Nerbudda
Valleys.—Frog-beds in Bombay.—Oxyglossus pusillus.

Vor. УИ. Royal 8vo, pp. 342. Pt. 1, 1869 (price 3 Rs.): Vindhyan series.—Mineral Sta-
tistics.—Coal.—Shillong Plateau. Pt.2, 1870 (price 1 Re.): Karbarbári Coal-
field.—Deoghar Coal-field. Pt. 3, 1871 (price 1. Re.): Aden water-supply.—
Käranpura Coal-fields.

Vor. VIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 353. Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs.): On the Kadapah and Karnul
Formationsin the Madras Presidency. Pt. 2, 1872 (price 1 Re.) : Itkhuri Coal-
field.—Daltonganj Coal-field.—Chope Coal-field.

Vor. IX. Royal 8vo, pp. iv. 358... Pt. 1, 1872 (rice 4 Rs.) : Geology of Kutch, Pt. 2, 1872
(price x Re.) : Geology of Nagpür.—Geology of Sirban Hill.—Carboniferous
Ammonites, pp. 65.

OD X. Royal 8vo, pp. 359. Pt, 1, (price 3 Rs): Geology of Madras.—Sátpura Coal-
basin. Pt.2, 1874 (price 2 Rs) : Geology of Pegu.

Vou. XI. Royal 8 vo, pp. 338. Pt. 1, 1874 (price 2 Rs.) : Geology of Därjiling and Western
Duars. Pt. 2, 1876 (price 3 Rs.): Salt-region of Kohat, Trans-Indus.

Vor. XII. Royal 8vo, рр. 363. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 3 Rs.): South Mahrätta Country. Pt. 2,
* 1876 (price 2 Rs.): Coal-fields of the Naga Hills.

Vor. XIII. Royal 8yo, pp. 248. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Wardha Valley Coal-field.
Pt. 2, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.) : Geology of the Rájmahál Hills.

Vor. XIV. Royal 8vo, pp. 313, 1878. Geology of the Salt-range in the Punjab.

VoL XV. Royal8 vo, pp. 192. Pt. т, 1878 (price 2 Rs. 8 As) : Geology of the Aurunga and
Hutár Coal-fields (Palamow). Pt.2, 1880 (price 2Rs.8 As): Ramkola and
Tatapani Coal-flelds (Sirguja).

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.
Vor.
Vor.

Vor.
Vor.
Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

VoL.
Vor.

Vor.

Yoı.

XVI. Royal 8vo, pp. 264. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 1 Re. 8 As): Geology of Eastern
Coast from Lat. 15° to Masulipatam. Pt. 2, 1880 (price 1 Re. 8 As):
The Nellore Portion of the Carnatic. Pt. 3, 1880 (price 2 Rs.): Coastal

x . Region of the Godavari District. ;
XVII. Royal 8vo, pp. 305. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 3 Rs.): Geology of Western Sind.
ў Pt. 2, 1880 (price 2 Кѕ.): Trans-Indusextension of the Punjab Salt-range,
XVIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 300. Pt. 1, 1881 (price 2 Rs.): Southern Afghanistan.
Pt. 2, 1881 (price 1 Re. 8 As.) (out of print): Mánbhum and Singhbhum.
Pt. 3, 1881 (price 2 Rs.): Pránhita-Godávari Valley. 4
XIX. Royal 8vo, pp. 242. Pt. 1, 1882 (price 2 Rs.): The Cachar Earthquake of
1869. Pt.2, 1882 (price 1 Re.): Thermal Springs of India. Pt. 3, 1883
(price т Re.): A catalogue of Indian Earthquakes. Pt. 4, 1883 (price
ı Re.): Geology of parts of Manipur and the Näga Hills.

XX. Royal 8vo, pp. 240. Pt. 1, 1883 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Geology of Madura and
Tinnevelly. Pt. 2, 1883 (price 2 Rs. As.) : Geological notes on the Hills
in the neighbourhood of the Sind and Punjab Frontier between Quetta
and Dera Ghazi Khan.

XXI. Royal 8vo, pp. 286 (cut of print). Pt. 1, 1884 (price 2 Rs): Geology
.. of the Lower Narbada Valley. Pt. 2, 1884 (price 1 Re): Geology of
Kathiawar. Pt.3, 1885 (?rice 2 Rs.): Coal-field of South Rewah. Pt. 4,
1885 (price ı Re.) : Barren Island. ;
XXII. Royal 8vo, pp. 344, 1883. The Geology of Kashmir, Chamba, and Khagan.
XXIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 232, 1891. Geology of the Central Himalayas.
XXIV. Royal буо, Pt. 1, 1887 (rice 1 Re. 8 As): The Southern Coal-fields of
the Sátpura Gondwána basin. Рё. 2, 1890 (price 2 Rs. 4 As.): Physical
Geology of the Sub-Himalaya of Garhwál and Kumaun. Pt. 3, 1890 (price
1 Re. 4 As): Geology of South Malabar, between the Beypore and
Ponnáni Rivers.
XXV. Royal 8vo, 1896. Geology of the Bellary District, Madras Presidency.
XXVI. Royal 8vo, 1896. Geology of Hazara.
XXVII. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1895 (price 1 Re.): Marine Fossils from the Miocene of
Upper Burma. Pt. 2, 1897 (price 4 Rs.): The occurrence of Petroleum
in Burma and its technical exploitation.
XXVIII. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1898 (price 2 Rs.): Notes on the Geological Structure of
the Chitichun region. 4A note on the Allah-bund in the north-west of the
Rann of Kuchh. Geology of parts of the Myingyan, Magwe and Pakokku
Districts, Burma. The Geology of the Mikir Hills in Assam. On the
Geology of Tirah and the Bazár valley. Pt. 2, 1900 (price 3 Rs.): The
Charnockite Series, a group of Archæan Hypersthenic Rocks in Peninsular
India.

XXIX. TES 8vo, 1900 (price 5 Rs.): Report on the Great Earthquake of 12th
une 1897.

XXX. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1900 (price 2 Rs.): Aftershocks of the Great Earth-
quake of 12th June 1897. Pt. 2, 1900 ( price І Re) : Geology of the
neighbourhood of Salem, Madras Presidency, with special reference to
Leschenault de la Tour’s observations. Pt. 3, 1001 (price 1 Re.): Siva-
malai Series of Elæolite-Syenites. Pt. 4, 1901 (price І Re.) : Report of

. the Geological Congress of Paris. dr

XXXI. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (price 2 Rs): Geology of the Son Valley in the
Rewah State and of partsof the Adjoining Districts of Jabalpur and Mirza-
pur. Pt. 2, 1901 (price 3 Rs): A Geological Sketch of the Baluchistan
Desert and part of Eastern Persia. Pt. 3 (price 1 Re.): Petrological

^ notes on some Peridotites, Serpentines, etc., from Ladakh. à
XXXII. Royal буо, Pt. 1, 1901 (price 1 Re.): Recent Artesian Experiments in
India. Pt. 2, 1901 (price 2 Rs.): Report on the Rampur Coal-field.
XXXIII. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (price 8 Rs): The Kolar Gold-field, being a
description of Quartz-Mining and Gold-Recovery as practised in India.
Pt. 2, 1901 (price 2 Rs.). Pt. 1: The Gold-fields of Wainád. Pt. 2:
Report on the Auriferous Quartzites of Parhadiah, Chota Nagpur. Pt. 3:
Some auriferous localities in North Coimbatore. ^ .
XXXIV. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (price І Re): Ona peculiar form of altered Peri-
dotite in the Mysore State. Pt. 2 (in the Press): Mica deposits of
India. Pt. 3 in the Press) : Slate Quarrying in Kangra District, Punjab.

XXXV. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (in the Press) : Geology of Western Rajputana.

PALÆONTOLOGIA INDICA.

(Ser. 1, Ш, V, VI, УШ.) - CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF SOUTHERN INDIA, by
F. STOLICZKA, except Vor. 1,-Pt. 1, by Н. F. BLANFORD.

Vor. I. The Cephalopoda (1861-65), pp. 216, pls. 94 (6 double).

Vor. П. The Gastropoda (1867-68), pp. xiii, 500, pls. 28. —

Vor. III. The Pelecypoda (1870-71), pp. xxii, 537, pls. 50.-

Vor. IV. The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Echinodermata Corals, etc. (1872-73), PP- v, 202, pls. 29.

(Ser. II, XI, XIL)- THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE GONDWANA SYSTEM, 5y
O. FEISTMANTEL, except VoL. I, Pr. 1, by T. OLDHAM and J. MORRIS.

Vor. І, рр. xviii, 233, pls. 72. 1863-79. Pt. 1; Rájmah4l Group, Räjmahäl Hills. Pt. 2; The
same (continued). Pt. 3; Plants from Golapilli. Pt. 4; Outliers on the Madras
Coast. - :

Vor. Il, pp. xli, 115, pls. 26. 1876-78. Pt.1,: Jurassic Flora of Kach. Рі. 2: Flora of the

: Jabalpur Group. А

Vor. ШІ, pp. xi, 64 + 149, pls. 80 (9 double) (I - XXXI +1 A—XLVII A). 1879-81. Pt. 1; The
Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds. Pt.2; The Flora of the Damuda and
Panchet Divisions. Pt. ; The same (concluded). :

Vor. IV, pp. xxvi, 25+66, pls. 35 (2 double) (I—XXV +1 A—XIV A). Pt. 1 (1882); Fossil
Flora of the South Rewah Gondwana basin. Pt. 2 (1986); Fossil Flora of some
of the coal-fields in Western Bengal.

(Ser. IX.) -JURASSIC FAUNA OF KACH.

Vor. 1 (1873-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. WAAGEN, pp. i, 247, pls. бо (б double).
Vor. Il, pt. 1 (1893). The Echinoidea of Kach, by J. W. GREGORY, pp. 12, pls. 2.
Vor. П, pt. 2 (1900). The Corals, by J. W. Gregory, pp. 195, i—ix, pls. 26.

Vor. III, pt. 1 (1900)). The Brachiopoda, by P. L. Kitchin, pp. 87, pls. 15.

(Ser. IV.) -INDIAN PRE-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

Vor. I, pp. vi, 137, pls. 26. 1865-85. Pt. 1 (1865); The Vertebrate Fossils from the
Panchet rocks, by T. Н. HuxrEv. Pt. 2 (1878); The Vertebrate Fossils of the
Kota-Maleri Group, by Sır P. DE M. Grey EGERTON and L. C. Miarr. Pt.3
(1879); Reptilia and Batrachia, by R. LvDEKKER. Pt. 4 (1885); The Laby-
rinthodont from the Bijori group; by R. LYDEKKER. Pt. 5 (1885); The
Reptilia and Amphibia of the Maleri and Denwa groups, by К. LYDEKKER.

(Ser. X)—INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA, by
R. LYDEKKER, except VoL. I, Pt. 1, by R. B. FOOTE.

Vor. I, pp. xxx, 300, pls. 50. 1874-80. Pt. 1; Rhinoceros deccanensis. Pt. 2; Molar teeth
and other remains of Mammalia. Pt. 3; Crania of Ruminants. Pt,4; Supple-
ment to Pt. 3. Pt. 5; Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia.

Vor. Il, pp. xv, 363, pls. 45. 1881-84. Pt.r; Siwalik Rhinocerotide. Pt. 2; Supplement
to Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia. Pt.3; Siwalik and Narbada Equidz.
Pt.4; Siwalik Camelopardalide. Pt. 5; Siwalik Selenodont Suina, etc.
Pt. 6; Siwalik and Narbada Carnivora. :

Vor. III, pp. xxiv, 264, pls. 38, 1884-86. Pt.ı; Additional Siwalik Perissodactyla and Pro-
boscidia. Pt. 2; Siwalik and Narbada Bunodont Suina. Pt. 3; Rodents and
new Ruminants from the Siwaliks. Pt.4; Siwalik Birds. Pt.5; Mastodon
Teeth from Perim Island. Pt.6; Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia, Pt. 7;
Siwalik Crocodilia, Lasertilia and Ophidia. Pt. 8; Tertiary Fishes.

Vot. IV, pt. 1, 1886. Siwalik Mammalia (Supplement 1), pp. 18, pls. б.

» » » 2,1886. The Fauna of the Karnul caves: (and addendum to pt. 1); pp. 40 (1‹—
58), pls. 5 (vii—xi). :
Ре » » 3,1887. Eocene Chelonia from the Salt-range; pp. 7 (59—65), pls. 2 (xii—xiii).

(Ser. VII, XIV.)—TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN
INDIA, by P. MARTIN DUNCAN and W. PERCY SLADEN, except Pr. 1, by
F. STOLICZKA.

Vor. I, рр. 16 + 110 + 382 + 91 = 590, pls. 5 + 28 + 58 + 13 = 104. 1871—85. Рі. 1;-
Tertiary Crabs from Sind and Kach. Pt. 1 (new 2); Sind Fossil Corals and
Alcyonaria. Pt. 3. The Fossil Echinoidea of Sind: Fas. т, The Cardita
beaumonti beds; Fas. 2. The Ranikot Series in Western Sind; Fas. 3, The
Khirthar Series; Fas. 4, The Nari (Oligocene) Series; Fas. 5, The Gaj
(Miocene) Series; Fas. 6, The Makrän (Pliocene) Series. Pt. 4, The
Fossil Echinoidea of Kach and Kattywar.

(Ser XIIL)—SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, ^y WILLIAM WAAGEN, Ph.D.
Productus-Limestone Group: Vot. I, Pt. 1 (1879). Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6.

5 E S „ 2 (1880). Gastropoda and supplement to pt. 1, pp. 111
(73-183), pls. 10 (1 double), (vii-xvi).
n 5 P » 3 (1881). Pelecypoda, pp. 144 (185-328), pls. 8 (xvii-
ў xxiv).
5 » n: » 4 (1882-85). Brachiopoda, pp. 442 (329-770), pls. 62
(xxv-Ixxxvi).
5 de 5 „ 5 (1885). Bryozoa—Annelide—Echinodermata, pp.

64 (771-834), pls. 10 (Ixxxvii-xcvi). €
y X qd » 6 (1886). Cœlenterata, pp. 90 (835-924), pls. 20
(xcvii-exvi). Е

» » n » 7 (1887). Ccelenterata, Protozoa, pp. 74 (925-98), pls.
12 (cxvii-cxxviii).

Fossils from the Ceratite Formation: Vol. Il, pt. 1 (1895). Pisces—Ammonoidea, рр. 324,

pls. 40. i
Geological Results: Vol. IV, pt. 1 (1889), pp. 1—88, pls. 4.
> А » » 2 (1891), pp. 89—242, pls. 8.

(Ser. XV.)—HIMALAYAN FOSSILS, ¿y CARL DIENER, Ph.D.

Anthracolithic Fossils of Kashmir and Spiti: Vol. I, Pt. 2 (1899), pp. 96, pls. 8.

The Permocarboniferous Fauna of Chitichun No. I: Vol. I, pt. 3 (1897), pp. 105, pls. 13.

The Белер Fossils of the Productus Shales of Kumaon and Garhwal: Vol. I, pt. 4 (1897),
PP- 54, pls. 5. i

The Cephalopoda of the Lower Trias: Vol. II, pt. 1 (1897), pp. 182, p!s. 23.

The Cephalopoda of the Muschelkaik: Vol. II, pt. 2 (1895). pp. 118, pls. 37.

Upper Triassic Cephalopoda Faunæ of the Himalayas: Vol. III, pt. 1 (1899), pp. 158, pls. 22.

Trias Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata : Vol. 111, pt. 2 (1896), pp. 76, pls. 12 (1 double).

(Ser. XVL)—BALUCHISTAN FOSSILS, ¿y FRITZ NOETLING, Ph.D., F.G.S.

The Fauna of the Kellaways of Mazár Drik: Vol. I, pt. 1 (1895), pp. 22, pls. 13.

The Fauna of the (Neocomian) Belemnite Reds: Vol. I, pt. 2. (1897), pp. 6, pls. 2.

The Fauna о! the Upper Cretaceous (Maéstrichtien) Beds of the Mari Hills: Vol. I, pt. 3 (1897),
РР. 79, pis. 23.

(NEW SERIES.)

The Cambrian Fauna of the Eastern Salt-range: Vol. I, pt. 1 (1899), pp. 14, pl. 3,
Notes on the Morphology of the Pelecypoda : » » 2 (1899) рр. 53, pls. 4.
Fauna of the Miocene Beds of Burma: D » 3 (1901), рр. 378, pls..25

The price fixed for these publications is 4 annas (6 pence) per single plate.

RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Vor. I, 1868.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1867. The coal-seams of the Tawa valley. On the prospects of
useful coal being found in the Garrow Hills. Copper in Bundelkund. Meteorites.

Part 2.—On the coal-seams of the neighbourhood of Chanda. Coal near Nagpur. Geological
notes on the Surat collectorate. The cephalopodous fauna of the South Indian cretaceous
deposits. Lead in the district of Raepur. Coal in the Eastern Hemisphere. Meteorites.

Part 3.—General results obtained from an examination of the gastropodous fauna of the South
Indian cretaceous deposits. Notes on route from Poona to Nagpur vi4 Ahmednuggur,
Jalna, Loonar, Yeotmahal, Mangali, and Hingunghat. On the agate-flake found by
Mr. Wynne in the pliocene (?) deposits of the Upper Godavery. The Boundary of the
Vindhyan series in Rajputana. Meteorites.

Vor. 11, 1869.

Part 1.—The valley of the Poorna river, West Berar. On the Kuddapah and Kurnool forma-
tions. Geological sketch of the Shillong plateau. On the occurrence of gold in the
district of Singbhoom, &c. Memorandum on the wells now being sunk at the European
Penitentiary, and at the site for the Central Jail, Hazareebagh. Meteorites. :

Pait 2.—Annual report for 1868. Note on Pangshura tecta and the other species of Chelonia
from the newer tertiary deposits of the Nerbudda valley. Sketch of the metamorphic
rocks of Bengal. à

Part 3.—Preliminary notes on the geology of Kutch, Western India. Contributions to the
geology and physical geography of the Nicobar Islands.

Part 4.—On the beds containing silicified wood in Eastern Prome, British Burma. Mineral-
ogical statistics of Kumaon division. The coal-field near Chanda. Lead in the Raipur
district. Meteorites. :

Vor. IIl, 1870.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1869. On the geology of the neighbourhood of Madras. On the
alluvial deposits of the Irrawadi, more particularly as contrasted with those of the Ganges.

Pa:t 2.—Geology of Gwalior and vicinity. On the slates at Chiteli, Kumaon. On the lead
vein near Chicholi, Raipur district. The Wardha river coal-fields, Berar and Central
Provinces. Report on the coal at Korba in the Bilaspur district.

Part 3.—The Mohpani coal-field. On the lead-ore at Slimanabad, Jabalpur district. On the
Occurrence of coal east of Chhatisgarh in the country between Bilaspur :nd Ranchi. On
petroleum in Burma. On the petroleum locality of Sudkal, near Futtijung, west of Rawal-
pindi. On the occurrence of argentiferous galena and copper in the district of Manbhum,
S. W. Frontier of Bengal. Assays of iron ores.

Par? 4.—On the geology of Mount Tilla, in the Punjab. The copper deposits of Dalbhum
and Singbhum: 1.—The copper mines of Singbhum : 2.—On the copper of Dalbhum and
Singbhum. Meteorites.

Vor. IV, 1871.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1870. Enquiry into an alleged discovery of coal near Gooty, and of
the indications of coal in the Cuddapah district. Mineral statistics of the Kumaon divi-
sion.

Part 2.—The axial group in Western Prome. Geological structure of the Southern Konkan.
On the supposed occurrence of native antimony in the Straits Settlements. On the com-
position of a deposit in the boilers of steam-engines at Raniganj. On the plant-bearing
sandstones of the Godavari valley, on the southern extension of rocks belonging to the
Kamthi group to the neighbourhood of Ellore and Rajamandri, and on the possible occur-
renze of coal in the same direction.

Part 3—The progress and results of borings for coal in the Godavari valley near Dumaguden
and Bhadrachalam. On the Narbada coal-basin. Sketch of the geology of the Central
Provinces. Additional note on the plant-bearing sandstones of the Godaveri valley.

Part 4—The ammonite fauna of Kutch. The Raigur and Hengir (Gangpur) Coal-field.
Description of the sandstones in the neighbourhood of the first barrier on the Godavari,
and in the country between the Godavari and Ellore. a

Vor. V, 1872.

Рат? 1.—Annual report for 1871. Rough section showing the relations of the rocks near
Murree (Mari), Punjab. Mineralogical notes on the gneiss of South Mirzapur and adjoin-
ing country. Description of the sandstones in the neighbourhood of the first barrier on

. the Godavari, and in the country between the Godavari and Ellore.

Part 2.—On the geological formation seen along the coasts of Beluchistan.and Persia from
Karachi to the head of the Persian Gulf, and on some of the Gulf Islands. On a traverse
of parts of the Kummummet and Hanamconda districts in the Nizam's Dominions. The

geology of Orissa. On a new coal-field in the south-eastern part of the Hyderabad
(Deccan) territory. \ ;

Part 3.—On Maskat and Massandim on the east coast of Arabia. Ап example of local joint-
ing. On the axial group of Western Prome. On the geology of the Bombay Presidency.

Part 4.—On exploration for coal in the northern region of the Satpura basin. On the value of
the evidence afforded by raised oyster banks on the coasts of India, in estimating the
amount of elevation indicated thereby. On a possible field of coal-measures in the Goda-
vari district, Madras Presidency. On the lameta or infra-trappean formation of Central ,
India. On some recently discovered petroleum localities in Pegu. Correction regarding
the supposed eozoonal limestone of Yellam Bile.

Vor. VI, 1873.

Part r.—Annual report for 1872. The geology of the North-West Provinces.

Part 2.—The Bisrampur coal-field. Mineralogical notes on the gneiss of South Mirzapur and
adjoining country. à

Part 3.—Notes on a celt found by Mr. Hacket in the ossiferous deposits of Narbada valley
(Pliocene of Fa!coner): om the age of the deposits, and on the associated shells. On the
Barakars (coal-measures) in the Beddadanole field, Godavari district. On the geology of
parts of the Upper Punjab. Coalin India. The salt-springs of Pegu.

Part 4.—On some of the iron deposits of Chanda (Central Provinces), Barren Islands and.
Narkondam. Stray notes on the metalliferous resources of British Burma.

: Vor. VII, 1874.

Par! r.— Annual report for 1873. On the geological structure of. the hill ranges between the
Indus valley in Ladak and Shah-i-Dula on the frontier of Yarkand territory. On some
of the iron ores of Kumaon. On the raw materials for iron-smelting in the Raniganj
field. On the habitat in India of the elastic sandstone, or so-called Itacolumyte. Geolo-
gical notes on part of Northern Hazaribagh. E

Part 2.—Geological notes on the route traversed by the Yarkand Embassy from Shah-i-Dula
to Yarkhand and Kashgar. On the occurrence of jade in the Karakas valley, on the
southern borders of Turkistan. Notes from the Eastern Himalaya. Petroleum in Assam.
Coal in the Garo Hills. On the discovery of a new locality for copper in the Narbada
valley. Potash-salt from East India. On the Geology of the neighbourhood of Mari hill
station in the Punjab.

Part 3.— Geological observations made on a visit to the Chaderkul, Thian Shan range. On
the former extension of glaciers within the Kangra district. On the building and orna-
mental stones of India. Second note on the materials for iron manufacture in the Rani
кап} coal-field. Manganese ore in the Wardha coal-field. :

Part 4.—The auriferous rocks of the Dhambal hills, Dharwar district. Remarks on certain
considerations adduced by Falconer in support of the antiquity of the human race in India,
Geological notes made on a visit to the coal recently discovered in the country of the
Luni Pathans, south-east corner of Afghanistan. Note on the progress of geclogical
investigation in the Godavari district, Madras Presidency. Notes upon the subsidiary
materials for artificial fuel.

Vor. VIII, 1875.-

Part 1.—Annual report for 1874. The Altum-Artush considered from a geological point of
view. On the evidences of ‘ground-ice’ in tropical India, during the Talchir period.
"Trials of Raniganj fire-bricks.

Part 2 (out af print).—On the gold-fields of south-east Wynaad, Madras Presidency. Geolo-
gical notes on the Khareean hills in the Upper Punjab. On water-bearing strata of the
Surat district. Sketch of the geology of Scindia’s territories.

Part 3.—The Shahpur coal-field, with notice of coal explorations in the Narbada region.
Note on coal recently found near Moflong, Khasia Hills.

Part 4.— Note on the geology of Nepal. The Raigarh and Hingir coal-fields.

Vor. IX, 1876.

Part 1 (out of print).— Annual report for 1875. On the geology of Sind.

Part 2.—The retirement of Dr. Oldham. On the age of some fossil floras in India. Descrip-
tion of a cranium of Stegodon Ganesa, with notes on the sub-genus and allied forms.
Note upon the Sub-Himalayan series in the Jamu (Jummoo) Hills.

Part 3.—On the age of some fossil floras in India. On the geological age of certain groups
comprised in the Gondwana series of India, and on the evidence they afford of distinct
zoological and botanical terrestrial regions in ancient epochs. On the relations of the
fossiliferous strata at Maleri and Kota, near Sironcha, C. P. On the fossil mammalian
faunz of India and Burma.

Part 4.—On the age of some fossil floras in India. On the osteology of Merycopotamus dis-
similis. Addenda and Corrigenda to paper on tertiary mammalia. Occurrence of
Plesiosaurus in India. On the geology of the Pir Panjal and neighbouring districts.

Vor. X, 1877.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1876. Geological notes on the Great Indian Desert between Sind
and Rajputana. On the occurrence of the cretaceous genus Omphalia near Nameho lake,
Tibet, about 75 miles north of Lhassa. On Estheria in the Gondwana formation. Notices
of new and other vertebrata from Indian tertiary and secondary rocks. Description of a
new Emydine from the upper tertiaries of the Northern Punjab. Observations on under-
ground temperature.

Part 2.—On the rocks of the Lower Godavari. On the.‘ Atgarh Sandstones’ near Cuttack.
On fossil floras in India. Notices of new or rare mammals from the Siwaliks. On the
Arvali series in North-eastern Rajputana. Borings for coalin India. On the geology of India.

Part 3.—On the tertiary zone and underlying rocks in the North-west Punjab. On fossil floras in
India. On the occurrence of erratics in the Potwar. On recent ccal explorations in the
Darjiling district. Limestones in the neighbourhood of Barakar. On some forms of
blowing-machine used by the smiths of Upper Assam. Analyses of Raniganj coals.

Part 4.- On the Geology of the Mahanadi basin and its vicinity. On the diamonds, gold, and
lead ores of the Sambalpur district. Note on ' Eryon Comp. Barrovensis, McCoy, from
the Sripermatur group near Madras. On fossil floras in India. The Blaini group and the
'Central Gneiss' in the Simla Himalayas. Remarks on some statements in Mr. Wynne's
paper on the tertiaries of the North-west Punjab. Note on the genera Cheromeryx and
Rhagatherium.

Vor. XI, 1878.

Part r.— Annual report for 1877. On the geology of the Upper Godavari basin, between the river
Wardha and the Godavari, near the civil station of Sironcha. On the geology of Kashmir,
Kishtwar, and Pangi. Notices of Siwalik mammals. The palzontological relations of the
Gondwana system. On ‘Remarks, &c., by Mr. Theobald upon erratics in the Punjab.’

Part 2.— On the Geology of Sind (second notice). On the origin of the Kumaun lakes. On a

trip over the Milam Pass, Kumaun. The mud volcanoes of Ramriand Cheduba, On the
mineral resources of Ramri, Cheduba, and the adjacent islands.

MEMOIRS

OF

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Vor. XXXII, PART 2.

REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD, фу С. F. READER,
Mining Specialist, Geological Survey of India.

Published by order of His Excellency the Governor General of India
in Council.

CALCUTTA:

SOLD AT THE OFFICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LONDON: MESSRS. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co.

MDCCCCI

А - CALCUTTA :

Bs l | . GOVERN.MENT- OF INDIA CENTRAL PRINTING oerte; 2 ТЕМЕ
F ROSE 10/8 \HAsrınas экең. 1o у^ u ll

MEMOIRS

OF

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD, фу С, F. READER,
Mining Specialist, Geological Survey of India. (With
Map and 3 plates.)

CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I—Introduction, CHAPTER IV.—Workable thicknesses of .
гу II.— Geology. coal proved,
» lll.— Coal Explorations. Appendix.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION,

When drawing up the Progress Report in camp on this field, time
did not permit of my discussing all the data known and I confined
myself directly to the main object of this survey, namely, “Is there
any likelihood of finding a workable coal-seam ?" Having now had a
full opportunity of perusing all the papers relating to the various,
apparently independent, explorations in this area, I am enabled to
discuss in greater detail all the facts known which tend to answer
that question, to show what still remains to be done and how in my
opinion a conclusion can most speedily and effectively be arrived at.

The part of the coal-field here described lies in the Central Prov-
Prud. rene inces, about 22 miles N. N. W. of Sambalpur,

Physical Features, in the bay formed by the junction of the

Lillari nala with the Eeb river; its area is roughly 50 square

miles.

B ( 4152)

90 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

The general level of the area is about 750 feet above sea-level.
Apart from the Bilpahari range of hills to the north which rise some
400 to 500 feet higher and form a boundary to the Barakar rocks, and
the hill, called Barakar on sketch-plan, to the south of Kiraruma,
which rises about 100 feet above this average level, and perhaps the
Luchkura range and Jamwapali hill, there is no very great depar-
ture from this level. Nevertheless the country is by no means of
even gradient, for rugged little hills covered with laterite and thick
jungle occur at every turn, and make the work of surface exploration
a difficult one.

The symmetry of the sketch-plan attached is remarkable. The
Eeb river and Lillari nala form a semi-circular curve having a
centre situated somewhere in the Bilpahari range from which their
tributaries evenly distributed appear to radiate, The rugged little
hills above-mentioned, which form the watersheds for these tribu-
taries, also possess a somewhat palmate arrangement striking off
from the Bilpahari hills and forming, as it were, the framework of the
area. This symmetry is enhanced by the Bengal-Nagpur Railway
line which formsa more or less inner concentric curve.

The area has already been treated on by Dr. Ball, in the
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol.
viii, Part 4, Dr. King, in the Records of the
Geological Survey of India, Vols. xvii-3, xvili-4, xix-4, and xx-4, and
by Mr. F. H. Smith, Deputy Superintendent of the Geological Survey
of India. The former discussed it from a stratigraphical standpoint

Previous writers.

simply; the latter with a view to discovering its resources as a
workable coal area. Dr, King's coal explorations were, how-
ever, very general—extending over the whole of the Chhattisgarh
coal-fields, The present exploration is confined to a much smaller
area and partakes more of the nature of a detailed Geological
Survey.

The proposed construction of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway line
through this known Barakar area and the great

Previous history. Е
distance to the nearest coal supply, Warora =

(2)

INTRODUCTION. 91

the average lead from which source is 232 miles—brought the
question of the coal resources of this field into prominence.

One thick band of upwards of 40 feet of carbonaceous and grey
shales associated with some thin layers of coal near Durlipali, and
several thin coal-seams near Bonjari and Khaliabahal, had long been
known to exist in the Lillari nala. Dr. King was deputed to ex-
amine and report upon the prospects of this field as a staple source
of coal supply. Under his directions ten boreholes and one shaft were
put down which gave such poor results that no further action was
taken in prospecting for coal until the discovery of a seam of coal
under the site of the Eeb bridge (see Plan) on the Bengal-Nagpur
Railway. On this discovery a grant was made by Government to
the Bengal-Nagpur Railway Company to explore the coal area around
Telanpali. In this exploration five boreholes and one shaft were put
down, The general result was not encouraging, but on the report
being submitted to Mr. Griesbach, Director of the Geological Survey
of India, he, not being satisfied that the lower measures of Barakars
which usually contain the best coal-seams had been sufficiently proved,
advised the deepening of borehole No, 4 (near Kodopali ~ see Map)
until the undoubted Talchir rocks were struck. In pursuance of this
opinion Government sanctioned the work of carrying the boring to a
depth of 600 feet. According to the boring record a seam of coal
7'9" thick, with a 6" band of stony shale in the middle, was struck ata
depth of 347 feet, then for a hundred feet a remarkable succession
of alternating bands of thin coal and shale were encountered, and
the remaining 38 feet passed through fine sandstone, the hole being
stopped at a depth of 485 feet in this stone before reaching the
Talchirs. This boring result was deemed by Mr. Griesbach suffi-
ciently encouraging to advise going on with the work for another
roo feet or so until the undoubted Talchir rocks were struck, unless
the crystalline rocks were struck at a lesser depth. The boring
contractors, however, said that the cost of drilling to this depth would
be very great and Mr. F. H. Smith of the Geological Survey of India
was deputed to visit th cspot to ascertain whether it could be regarded

22 (E370

92 READER : REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

as reasonably certain that two borings to a depth of 500 feet would
give the same information as one to a depth of 1,000 feet, and if
strong evidence existed in favour of this conclusion, to mark the
exact position at which the second borehole should be drilled with
reference to the one under discussion. The examination did not
answer this question and it was considered a better plan to select a
site near Dhoramuda practically at the top of
the Barakars and bore through the whole thick-
ness of the Barakars on to the undoubted Talchirs or metamorphics,

Dhoramuda borehole.

as the case might be, it being then estimated that the total depth
would probably be below 800 feet. A borehole was put down
bere to a depth of 828 feet and passed through several shaly coal-
seams finally stopping in the zone of Barakar rocks exposed, I think
in the Lillari nala near Piplimal and several hundred feet above the
top, geologically speaking, of the Kodopali (No, 4) borehole. It will
therefore be seen that the lower measures of the Barakars have not
been proved as was intended.
Before setting out for this area I was supplied with the one inch
| to а mile topographical map. It wasmy inten-
Topographical Map. T х
tion to put this тар on a larger scale to make
a working plan. Fortunately time did not permit of my doing this
in Calcutta, for in the course of preliminary work in the field I was
forced to the conclusion that the map was absolutely unreliable and
not sufficiently accurate for recording geological observations.
The sketch-plan accompanying this report is one | made myself,
It is the result of a loose needle survey made
eher with a 24 inch prismatic compass held in the
hand. The chaining was done by my chaprassis who had never seen
a chain before; any inaccuracies it may be found to contain, and I
am alive to some, will therefore be readily understood. 1 did not
intend at first to resurvey the whole area, but only the most crucial
portions of it and join these on to the Atlas sheet. But whenI
found the latter so incorrect I was forced to complete the work for

the purposes of this report. Only ten weeks were spent in this
( 24)

GEOLOGY. 93

area, and before devoting myself to.the direct object of this survey I
had to turn my attention to these necessary though unforeseen
preliminaries,

It will therefore be readily understood that my arrangements
for accomplishing the intended object were impeded to avery great
extent not more by loss of time than by fresh considerations intro-
duced by the new map.!

CHAPTER II.
GEOLOGY.

The distribution of the rock formations is shown on the sketch-
plan.
The crystalline rocks,—chiefly massive gneiss striking gener-
ally west-north-west and east-south-east—are
Cosetalling rocks: coloured pink on the plan and form the bottom
of a geological basin upon the uneven surfaces of which the Talchir
and over-lying rocks were deposited.
The junction of the gneiss and Talchir rocks is plainly seen to
the south-east of Kiraruma, where it is trace-
Таи rocks. able for some little distance to the south, and
also in the neighbourhood of Putrapali.2 The only other Talchir
metamorphic boundary. observed is the one shown to the north
of Malda in the Bonum nala. . But crystalline fragments are abun-
dant to the west of Balput, and massive gneiss is exposed near
the Lillari-Eeb confluence, therefore the boundary must be just

north of these points.

1 As examples of the inaccuracy of the Topographical map I may mention—

On Topographical sheet. Actual distance.
From Durlipali to Lillari-Eeb junction, 6 miles œ . 37 miles,
From Durlipali to Bonjari-Sumra Road, 2°] miles . - 36 miles,

The Eeb river, south of Rampur (of the Map), is shown to be running due
south, whereas it runs west-south-west for two miles. The Bonum nala is most
incorrectly delineated. j

? This last place it was impossible to fix on the Topographical sheet, and as
ıny own rough traverse does not include it, I cannot show its position,

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94 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD,

The Talchir-Barakar (Karharburi ?) boundary is fairly well-
defined in the Lillari nala where the fine-grained greenish grey
sandstones ofthe Talchirs are seen within a few yards of the coarse-
grained Barakar sandstones. At this point the Talchirs are striking
north-east and dipping 5° to the north-west as also are the overlying
Barakars. The next well.defined junction going east is at the
Rampur Ghat, on the left bank of the Eeb river, where the Talchir
rocks are seen within a short distance of the Barakars. Again a
quarter of a mile east of Rampur the Talchir sandstones are ob-
served at no very great distance from the Barakars, East-south-east
of the Rampur Ghat about ı4 miles Talchir shales can be seen
dipping ina very irregular manner, the main trend of which is north.
I saw no other decisive point to help in further defining this
boundary to the south. On the west, although not actually seen, it
is fairly certain that the boundary flanks the left bank of the Bonum
nala from the north of Malda to + mile east of Khit where
it crosses the nala, sweeps round to the east of Jamwapali hill,
swinging round to the west again on the north side of the hill and
apparently striking the left bank of the Eeb river just south of
Jamwapali village. From this point the boundary would appear
to run practically north, striking the right bank of the Eeb river
about + mile north of the Gorgor confluence.

There isa good exposure of Talchir sandstones on the left bank
of the Eeb opposite Gondgura. Previously a straight boundary line
from the east of Jamwapali hill up to this exposure and continued
up to the exposure north of the Gorgor has been drawn, but a sus-
picious looking ridge running along the curve I have defined, seems
to lend itself to a more natural delimitation,

It will be observed that Talchirs are also shown on the Plan
faulted in to east of Gondgura. I shall treat on this exposure
later in the paper.

So far then it will be seen that the Talchir rocks line the crystal-
line basin, and that in no instance do the Barakar rocks come in

( 6 )

GEOLOGY. 95

contact with the Metamorphics except perhaps to the west of
Kiraruma where a peak of metamorphic rock is shown.

The thickness of the Talchirs has been estimated at 200 feet;
from the few exposures where accurate dips and width of outcrops
can be taken it is difficult to arrive at an estimate, but 200 feet is,
I think, far too small a figure.

No actual contact of Talchirs and Barakars was seen, but in all

RU MR the cases where Talchirs were exposed in the
neighbourhood of Barakars, exposures of the
latter where observed were always found to be dipping in the same
direction and with practically the same amount of dip as the former.

The Barakars of this area have hitherto been treated in a very
general manner, so that a brief record of any well-defined divisions
and their distribution will be of use for the purposes of this paper.
Four well characterised divisions are noticeable. Beginning at the
top these are :—

1? A series of brown-weathering flaggy ferruginous sand-
stones probably upwards of 100 feet thick, which appear
to form a transition series from Barakars to Kamthis.
2? A band of rather fine-grained sandstone of greyish color
and about 40 feet thick.
3° The measures composing the greatest part of the thickness
of the Barakars, consisting of thin and flaggy sand-
stones finely laminated micaceous sandstone, carbona-
ceous and micaceous sandstone, carbonaceous shales
with thin coal bands interspersed and shaly coal-seams.
In this division it is remarkable that the argillaceous,
arenaceous and carbonaceous shales predominate in
the highest part; that they are present in the same
proportion as the sandstones in the middle part,
and that the sandstones are largely predominant in
the lowest part. This feature very soon strikes one on
noting the sections exposed in the Lillari nala. The
record of the borehole put down during 1899 near
Dhoramuda shews the gradation very well, By dividing

70)

96 READER : REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

the borehole into three equal lengths, the following
table shows the gradation :—

Argillaceous, arenaceous shales . . c . © z ES
Shal y sandstone . б 5 . О д . 40 © 5
Sandstone . . . . . ° > . o 46 73

DU Bc NES cues

All the boreholes which have been put down to test
this Field were started in this division of the Barakars,
except perhaps Nos. r, 2a 3and 4 of Dr. King and No. 1
of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway Company. The bore-
hole 8281 feet deep put down near Dhoramuda during
1809 was started near the top of this zone, and I think
the one put down during 1896 and 1807 near Kodopali
(485') proves practically the bottom part.

To judge irom all the data at present to hand, this
zone would appear to be about 1,600 to 1,700 feet thick ;
it will be seen then that so far as these two boreholes
(the Kodopali and Dhoramuda) are concerned there
appears still to remain from 500 feet to 600 feet of this
division to be proved. Horizontal section A will ex-
plain this better.

The sections of the two boreholes above referred to
are appended and give in greater detail the succession
of the rocks composing this division.

The above division of Barakars includes in its lower
part the seam of carbonaceous shale and coal exposed
near Durlipali and also “the tesselated ironstone bed "
of Dr. Ball exposed a little higher in the section.
Where exposed and weathered this ironstone bed is at
once recognised. Dr, Ball identified it at Chuakani,
about five miles north-north-east of Durlipali. The

GEOLOGY. : 97

Durlipali seam is about 500 feet from the bottom of this
division.

4? In this, the lowest division of the Barakars, the gradation
from shales to sandstones pointed out above appears to
be completed; no arenaceous nor argillaceous shales
were seen. At the top come conglomerates, resting
unconformably on white sandstone—see section B—
well exposed near the Eeb bridge both in the river-bed
and also on the tops of the hills near Telanpali just
north and south of the bridge. Below these come the
typical coarse-grained Barakar sandstones towards the
top of whicha distinct white band of sandstone, about
8 feet thick in places, occurs. These sandstones are
тоо feet or more in thickness and form the conspicuous
line of hills running from Telanpali on the right bank
of the Eeb to Malda on the left bank of the Bonum,
ranging from 50 to 100 feet or more in height. The
actual sandstones abutting on the Talchirs were no-
where seen but the lowest observed were coarse-grained
though rather fine-bedded and micaceous.

The boundaries of the areas of the various zones into which I
have divided the Barakar rocks are by no means
,Uitibwion of the easy to define all over the Field, It is possible,
кага, general con however, in some parts to establish approximate
boundaries between these zones and by means
of these considered in conjunction with data obtained from boreholes,
to fix the relative horizons of the various seams proved and to
arrive at a fair estimate of the thickness of the Barakars not proved
by boreholes.
Considering first the lowest or sandstone series and starting in the
The sandstone conglo- Lillari on the west, no conglomerates are seen
тегаты oe in the neighbourhood nor any of the massive
coarse grits typical of this series. The hill between Kiraruma
and Durlipali is of a type of sandstone (slightly massive) which can
be referred to any of the series. Indeed, were it not that the rocks

(Ко)

98 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

were conformably overlying the Talchirs, doubts would arise as to
whether these rocks belong to the lowest zone.

Here then it will be seen to be a difficult matterto fix the boundary
between the lowest or sandstone conglomerate zone and the next
above or sandstone shale zone. For the purposes of this report,
however, the boundary may be assumed to cut the Lillari just
north of the Barakar hill midway between Durlipali and Kiraruma.

Going further to the east the next most suitable place for

consideration of this boundary is between Kodopali and Bundia.
Opinion here can be based upon the Kodopali boring on the oneside
and the assumed presence of Talchirs near Bundia in the Eeb on the
other. As regards the borehole, it appears to have been started
at about the same horizon as a shale bed supposed to be identifi-
able with the Durlipali seam. "The. borehole went down to 4854
feet and at 448 feet left the coal and shaly bed and entered
into fine sandstone. This sandstone is probably the bed immediately
overlying the conglomerates, and if such be the case marks the line
of division between the two series. Allowing 120 feet as the thicke
ness of the lowest series gives it a total of about 600 feet from the
top of the borehole to the Talchirs. It is evident then that at about
¿th of the distance from the Talchirs near Bundia to Kodopali boring
the line of division must occur.

Following up the Eeb river from Rampur all the sections seen up
to Gondgura belong without doubt to the lowest zone. Half a mile
up the river from the Rampur Ghat, however, conglomerates are seen,
so that, for our purposes, we may take the line as running just south
of Telancachar.

The next point where anything like certainty obtains is near the
railway bridge over the Lumchibahal nala where conglomerates are
again seen. At Chuakani, a little village 4 mile to the north of
Begmar and $ west north-west of Job, the characteristic tesselated
ironstone previously mentioned is seen. From this it follows that
the boundary must run on the “crop " side (in this case eastward) of
this exposure, the tesselated ironstone belonging to the zone above.

( 10 )

GEOLOGY. 09

Taking it through Job itself the boundary must run round to the
east of the hills north of Chuakani and hence out of our area.

On the plan accompanying this report I have washed the lowest
zone dark neutral tint.

It will at once be noticed that the width of the area shown
as occupied by this zone to the east is much
greater than that to the south and that such
extra width is apparently due to a fault marked as down throwing
to the east. The data deemed sufficient to warrant the assumption
of a fault as delineated on the map are :—

Evidence of Fault.

(a) Shales taken to be Talchirs were seen in the Modlia nala
dipping west-south-west 15? and apparently cut off
from the main bed by an intervening band of Barakars.

(2) The white sandstone band, in the lowest zone of Barakars,
is seen occupying positions explainable by a fault.
For instance, it is seen capping the Jamwapali hill
dipping at an angle of 5? to the south-west; nearly
a mile due south-west it is seen capping another
hill and dipping in the same direction, and also at
Telanpali where it has been quarried for bridge-build-
ing purposes.

(c) At the Eeb bridge a seam of coal has been found underly-
ingaconglomerate band. Atthree other points marked
К°, К°, R7, on the map, coal also underlying a conglo-
merate bed is observed. It is presumed that these are
four exposures of the same seam. Such being the case,
it is evident that the outcrop is duplicated.

(d) The borehole No. 1 of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway Com-
pany's grant put down, under Dr, King's directions,
about 150 yards south-south-west of the Eeb bridge,
failed to strike coal at a depth of 170 ft., although had
the rocks kept their regular dip the Eeb bridge seam
should have been struck at a much less depth.

It is upon the above evidence that I have felt myself justified in

LR)

100 READER : REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD

tracing the fault as shewn on the map, although in no instance is
any actual break of rocks observable. About a mile north of
Rampur on the left bank of the Eeb river the rocks are seen to be
twisted about in a very strange manner, and again about one mile
south-south-east of Rampur near a village called Tangadula, Talchir
shales can be seen within a small area dipping in many directions
and evidently indicating some disturbance.

If the estimate I have given of the thickness of the lower
Barakar series be more or less correct, then from the map it will be
seen that a very fair idea as to the amount of throw of the fault can
be arrived at. Nevertheless it must be remembered that such
thicknesses are only estimated, and moreover that the broad band
marked as belonging to the first series of Barakars on the west (or
upthrow) side of the fault is so deficient in good sections that only
little weight can be given to this as a factor in arriving at the
displacement of the rocks.

This zone, which comes next above the one just described,
extends up the Lillari to Dhoramuda, from
whence its boundary sweeps eastward not far
to the north of Belpahar station. The hills north of Job belong to
this division, since the tesselated sandstone known to occur in its
lower half is observed near Job, dipping westward, and somewhere
between these hills and the Bilpahari Sitaram hills the divisional
line must occur, but the obscurity of physical relations renders
further discrimination almost impossible. It may, however, be added
that, owing to the high dip and rising ground in the direction of the
dip, the width of the zone in the neighbourhood of Job is less than in

Sandstone shale zone.

the Lillari nala.
The two upper zones being economically unimportant are not

considered here.
These rocks which overlie the Barakars consist at their base of
brown weathering coarse-grained ferruginous
Kamthis. o Й 2
sandstone, Since the conformity or otherwise
of these beds with the Barakars is their only feature which is of use

for the purposes of this report, their higher beds were not explored.

(5 12.)

COAL EXPLORATIONS. 101

The relation of the Kamthis to the Barakars has frequently been
considered. Dr. Ball favours the idea of un-
Conformity. : Ў
conformity but states that no actual section
exhibiting unconformable superposition can be adduced, Dr. King
(Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XVIII; pt. 4, pp. 195 and 195) says in
reference to this area : “I did not come across any section showing
actual contact of the Kamthis on the Barakars, but there always
appeared to be perfect conformity between the two." In Rec. Geol.
Surv. Ind, Vol. XIX, p. 220, however, Dr. King concurs with
Dr. Ball's view of unconformity.

So far as the area here described is concerned, the whole facies of
the occurrence of the one formation on the other gives one the idea
of perfect conformity and for the purpose of this paper I shall con-
sider the relation as such.

CHAPTER III.
COAL EXPLORATIONS.

The boreholes put down during 1891 and 1892 by the Bengal-
Nagpur Railway Company and all put down since are here considered.
Boring explorations previous to tbat date have been treated on by
Dr. King in the Rec. Geol. Surv, Ind. The sections of all the boreholes
referred to will be found in the appendix.

After the discovery of coal on the site of the Eeb bridge, six
boreholes and two small shafts were put down.

No. 1 Borehole was put down 230 yards south-west of the most
westerly pier of the Eeb bridge.

No. 2 Borehole and a small shaft near the village of Luchkura,

No. 3 Borehole is described as situated 13 miles from the west
bank of the Eeb river and 23 miles south of the railway. On reference
to the map this will be seen to be incorrect. I am unable therefore
to mark the site on the plan annexed.!

No.4 Borehole and a small shaft are near Kodopali.

' The sketches to hand purporting to shew the sites of the boreholes are of

very little use, being tracings (and sometimes very rough ones) of the topographi-
cal map.
("413 2)

102 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

No. 5 Borehole near Job, north of the Railway.

No. 6 Borehole near Dhoramuda.

The coal, found at the Eeb bridge (hereinafter called the Eeb
river seam) appears to occur only in the eastern half of the river-
bed. Accurate levels were taken of the sandstone underlying the
seam and indicated a dip of 14° approximately to tne east-north-
east ; the surrounding rocks however gave a dip of 5? to the south-
west, As before stated No, ı borehole was put down to the south-

„NO; borehole and west of шз bridge fc prove the extension of

the seam in that direction. It was expected
that the Eeb river seam would be met with at a depth of go ft.
at most, but although the borehole was carried to 170 feet, no trace
of coal was found,

In a report drawn up in 1892 on this exploration Mr. C. J. Dalby
(Assistant Engineer of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway Company) has
shewn in a very lucid section what appears to be the relation of the
borehole to the Eeb river seam. I have reproduced this section—
Horizontal Section B.—as it represents also my own idea on this
point ; but I must add that I differ from Mr. Dalby on the question of
the general correlation of the seams shewn with those in the neighbour-
hood of Durlipali—there appears to have been a general consensus
of opinion that the Eeb bridge seam was the same as the seam
exposed, near Durlipali, in the Lillari, 6 miles west-south-west. The
conglomerate shewn in the section is at the top of the lowest of the
zones into which I have divided the Barakars.

In my own exploration in this area I was successful in unearth-
ing a coal-seam outcropping at two points on the left bank of the
Eeb about 1$ and 3 miles down the river from the bridge, R” and
К° on map.

That the seam unearthed at the first point R" is the same
as the Eeb river seam the associated strata would appear to place
beyond oubt, the overlying conglomerates being well in evidence.
As regards the more southern exposure R® (near Rampur)
identification is notso easy. No rocks are visible for some little
distance on either side, and such as are seen are pitching about at

(214)

COAL EXPLORATIONS. 103

high angles in all directions, Still a few conglomerates occur in the
neighbourhood, and moreover the section of the seam, as deep as the
pit sunk into it would be taken with the labour at hand, was to a
favourable degree analogous with the more northern section, so that
one is justified in assuming this to be also the Eeb bridge seam.

Reverting to Mr. Dalby’s section— Ног. Section B=of the strata
near the Eeb bridge, the coal-seam exposed at Lumchibahal bridge
(R® on Map) is shown as analogous to the Eeb river seam. Now
although before studying this section I had, judging from the asso-
ciated rocks, arrived at the same opinion quite independently myself,
it is perhaps only right to remark that the distance from the Eeb
river seam to the Lumchibahal seam (R5) is 1$ miles and that
good exposures are very few in number. It will be seen then that
this correlation is open to doubt, but such unlooked for support
is, I think, sufficient to allow of its being considered. as above
stated.

On such grounds then the Eeb river seam can be said to have
been proved at four points. With the exception of the bridge
itself, holes were put down this season at all of these points and the
sections as deep as the pits could be carried with the labour at hand

are :—
R$mear |R7 South of | R? Lumchi- A
Rampur. Bridge. bahal. Eeb Bridge.
Conglomerate . . w Ax c Beyond the statement that
16 feet of workable coal
Grey shale . C . Ve ere 7' o" was met with, of which 8
nts feet were of excellent
Black earth . . . 4' o" 6' o" 5’ 6" quality, no detailed sec-
tion is to hand.
Coal . . . . 4! 9” 2.029 1:67
Bat » E . 8" 12:67 |
Coal . . . 3537 3! 3"
Bat . . C 5 12:07
Coal anticipated . 2 | |

104 READER : REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

When the first borehole failed to strike this Eeb river seam the
idea of a fault downthrowing to the east appears to have been worked
upon, and a borehole was started at Luchkura a little over 2 miles to
the westward. Now the surrounding rocks are dipping at an average
of r in 12 to westward, so that one would expect to find the out-
cropping rocks at the Eeb bridge about 9oo feet deep at Luchkura, or
assuming 900 feet of an upthrow to westward, surface rocks at the Eeb
bridge to be at the surface at Luchkura. But although the idea of the
throw of the fault is a very rough опе we know that it can be but very

little above 200 feet, if that much, and therefore a seam on the surface
at ће Eeb bridge should be expected to be about 700 feet deep at
Luchkura, The borehole was 41 feet deep, and from the section it
No: 2iborehble; will be seen that four feet of coal was struck at a
Luchkura. depth of 29 feet and that afterwards eight feet of

shale was passed through. Strange as it may appear this coal-seam
was at once said to be the same as the Eeb river and Durlipali seams.
The difference in thickness was accounted for on the supposition that
the seam had not been struck at the top but somewhere in the middle.
To further test the seam at this point a small shaft (53 feet deep)
was put down a little to the west of the borehole and it was expected
to have to go to a depth of at least 5o feet before touching the
PIS seam. At 36 feet, however, coal was struck and a

E 17 feet seam passed through, the shaft being stop-

ped in sandstone. The Assistant Engineer (B -N.Ry.), who was in
charge of the shaft at the time, gave it as his opinion that the seam
bored through in the borehole had not been struck in the shaft. I do
not know the distance of the borehole from the shaft, but it seems to
me that since four feet of coal was anticipated at 50 feet deep and the
shaft was passing through coal at that depth and left it at 53 feet,
some reason should have been given for the opinion, One point,
however, is certain, that if the seam in the borehole and shaft are
not the same, the lower one, borehole seam, must be direectly below
the upper one, since the bottom of the 17 feet seam is 3 feet lower
than the level at which the top of the borehole seam was estimated to
occur. I was fortunate enough to see some of this seam which had

(ro)

COAL EXPLORATIONS. 105

been extracted lying by the side of the shaft. The heap had certain-
ly been weathering for eight or nine years, but nevertheless it bore so
great a resemblance to the Durlipali shale bed that I have assumed it
to be the same; no data at present known except perhaps the differ-
ence of thicknesses of the seams—which, at such distant points as
Durlipali and Luchkura, ought not to be allowed much weight—
militate against this assumption, but opinions formed afterwards
tended to confirm its correctness.

Reverting again to horizontal section B of strata near the Eeb
river, borehole No. 2 (Luchkura) is seen so placed as to show that
the seam it struck was the same as that exposed near Lumchibahal
bridge, which I have correlated with my Eeb river seam. Consider-
ing now that the distance from Lumchibahal bridge to the shaft at
Luchkura is a mile and a quarter and that the rocks exposed
between these places are dipping at 5? to the westward, such correla-
tion requires corroboration. Until such is forthcoming all that can
safely be assumed must be based upon the dips of the rocks. Con-
sidering such then we can only say that at the Luchkura shaft a
seam of coal seventeen feet thick has been proved, and that, from the
dip of the strata, this seam appears to be overlying the coaleseam
exposed at Lumchibahal bridge, from which it is apparently sepa-
rated by a thickness of from 400 to 500 feet of measures.

If then the Lumchibahal bridge seam is, as I believe with Dr. King
and Mr. Dalby, the same as the Eeb river seam and the Luchkura
seam is identical with the Durlipali seam, it follows that the Eeb
bridge seam appears to be some 400 to 500 feet or more below the
Durlipali seam and this I am inclined to believe is the case, The
next borehole, ¢.e., No. 3, which might have
Borehole No. 3. Я À К 6

given some evidence confirming this, cannot,
however, be considered, its exact position not being known,

The Kodopali (No. 4) borehole does not afford any direct evidence

Kodopali, on which correlation of seams can be made

Nowa Boxetiole: At a depth of 15 feet a до feet seam of coal

was struck. To prove this seam of coal on a larger scale

c era)

106 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD,

an experimental shaft was sunk on to it and several tons of
coal extracted. 1 have not seen any report on the tests made
with the coal extracted, but from the appearance of the coal
stacked near the shaft, I would have judged the seam as worth-
less: subsequent experiments confirmed this, Тһе original depth
of the borehole was only 60 feet, it having been thought unlikely that
there was more coal at a greater depth. As explained previously,
Mr. Griesbach, Director of the Geological Survey, was not satisfied
that there was no more coal at a greater depth, and Government
acting on his advice sanctioned the deepening of the Kodopali
borehole until the Talchir rocks were struck. This borehole was
stopped at a depth of 485 feet, before reaching the Talchirs.

The coal proved by the borehole, at a depth of 15 feet, and in
the shaft, was described as evidently the same as the Durlipali
and Eeb river seams. The Kodopali Diamond Drill boring
appears to have been put down on this assumption and is therefore
supposed to have proved nearly 500 feet of measures below the
Durlipali seam.

Now beyond a similarity in the appearance of the seams and a
Kodopali Nosa Diamond | YEIN rough alignment of the Kodopali boring

Drill boring. with the strike of the Durlipali seam, there
are no grounds that I know of for correlating the Durlipali and
Kodopali exposures, and when it is remembered that the distance
from the Durlipali outcrop to the Kodopali boring is three miles,
such an assumption can be, to say the least, only of little worth.
There can be no doubt that the ground proved by the Diamond
boring is near the base of what I have made my third zone, but at
present there are no data sufficiently well substantiated to fix the
exact horizon of the top of the hole. My own opinion is that it is
some 200 feet or more above the top of the Durlipali seam. Be that
as it may, the borehole verifies the Director's opinion that coal does
exist below the seam proved in the shaft, and generally gives
results sufficiently encouraging to justify further exploration of the
lower Barakars.

( 18 )

COAL EXPLORATIONS. 107

EHI seama On reading the record of the Kodopali
truck in th E .
KASA Бош boring, I selected six bands of coal worthy of

consideration, namely :—
No. 1—at a depth of 42 feet and described in the boring record
as—8 feet of shaly coal with 2 inch and 4 inch shale partings.
No. 2—at a depth of 340 feet 6 inches and described in the
record as composed of—

Coal (shaly) . 100
Coal r б . . . . 2 о
Carbonaceous shale . . . "ISO 6" of coal, and 1^ o" of
Coal EN 5 о Д 1 E2 O 8 shale. E
Coal o . 2 6
Coal (shaly) . . 1 о

No. 3—at a depth of 352 feet 8 inches and composed of—

Coal > : : С 2.0
Carbonaceous shale o o OG
Shaly band . . . , . o 65g 7" of coal, 170” of shale
Coal ^ o , 5 4 6б
Coal (stony) . 5 o 5 + oF 6
Coal : : 207

No. 4—at a depth of 260i feet ài described in the record
as composed of—

in

Strong coal ö 2 А . 5 3
Coal . 3 ; в ; 5 Ў 10 at: 4” of coal.

No. 5—at a denen of 375 feet 9 inches and described as
composed of—

1 „

Coal o > 5 - o E ó 2 6

Coal (stony) . o А o 5 6

Coal . > 6 o à c o ‚ 1 о
Carbonaceous shale o 3 )9' 3” coal, 1' o" shale.

Coal : 5 E Д 2\0

Carbonaceous shale . o 9

Coal 2 6

No. 6—at a depth of 388 ау 7 inches and described as
composed of—

`

„

Coal

Coal (stony) .

Coal

Coal (stony) .

Coal (fair 1 99 5 5
Coal c с А

8' 10” coal.

„ооо NES
м оо о о а

С)
N
~
=
©
—

i

108 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

Had these sections been correct, each one of the above seams
would have been thick enough to be worked at a profit supposing
the coalto be of the average Indian quality. On comparing the
record with the boring cores, however, I found that, with the excep-
tion of No. 3, each one of these seams had been badly recorded;
carbonaceous and even argillaceous shales had been raised to the
dignity of coal to such an extent that the idea of working these
seams (except No. 3) could not be entertained. The section of
No. 3 would be more correct if stated :—

ГД „

Carbonaceous shales. з 0

Coal > . 4 7
Stony shale o 517 1” of coal.

Coal 5 c 2 0

Stony shale о 047)

Coal B o 6

It has been remarked that the object of the Kodopali borehole
Dhoramuda, No, 6 was to prove the lower Barakar measures.
Borehole. At present as stated the lower Barakars
have not been touched. It was evidently with this object still
in view that the Director of the Geological Survey advised the
deepening of the Kodopali borehole. Could this have been carried
out at the time, a definite opinion as to the value of the field
would in all probability by now have been arrived at. Unfortu-
nately the boring contractors were not equipped with deep-boring
tackle, and when later the work of proving the lower Barakars
was undertaken, it was considered a better plan to bore through
the whole thickness of the Barakar rocks. Owing undoubtedly
in a very greát measure to the inaccurate topographical map the
thickness of the Barakars appears to have been under-estimated
andasa consequence the site of the borehole—Dhoramuda—was
chosen, too high, geologically speaking, for the object of the bore-
hole to be accomplished with the tackle at hand.

It must not be understood, however, that this boring has served no
useful purpose, for it certainly has proved that at this spot and
consequently at all others on the same geological horizon, the depth
at which good coal lies in the lower Barakar measures (supposing it

( 20 )

COAL EXPLORATIONS, 109

to exist there at all) is such as to render it unworkable in the
present state of Indian mining.

In a direct line from the Dhoramuda (No. 6) to the Kodopali
(No. 4) borehole is a distance of fully six miles. The country is
very jungly so that good surface exposures are practically absent.
Under these conditions it is obvious that any figures intended, at
present, to fix the relative horizons of the Kodopali and Dhoramuda
borehole must be viewed with a very elastic mind. I have stated
earlier in this paper that there appears to be still a thickness of
some 500 to 600 feet of measures between the bottom of the Dhora-
muda and the top of tke Kodopali boreholes, but for the reason
given above this can be but a very rough approximation.

Owing to their different geological horizons no correlation of
seams in the (Dhoramuda) borehole can of course be established
with those of the Kodopali borehole. Nos. s and 6 boreholes of
Dr. King (Rec. Geol, Surv. Ind., Vol. XIX) appear to have passed
through the same rocks as the Dhoramuda borehole.

The seams met with at depths 184 feet and 62 feet in No. 6 bore-

m EO ide hole (Dr. King) may be taken as the represent-
Dhoramuda to those atives ofthe seams proved by the Dhoramuda
бей per ERN borehole at depths of 772 feet and 685 feet 9

n inches ; and those at 203 feet, 114 feet, and 37
feet in Dr. King's No. 5 borehole as representatives of seams proved
at Dhoramuda at 471 feet, 338 feet, and 309 feet.

The data for such supposition are as follows :—

Dr King's No. 5 borehole lies (as nearly as I can gather from the

Cu Е уи Records) ¿ mile to the rise of the line of strike
the Dhoramuda (1899) of the beds at the Dhoramuda borehole, The

dip is not very constant over the intervening
country, but 1 in 12 is perhaps a fair average. From this it can be
found that a seam near the surface at the No. 5 borehole of
Dr. King (near Khaliabahal) will be about 276 feet deep at
Dhoramuda, This gives the correlation for Dr, King's No. 5 bore-
hole, and since the main sandstone bands fall in more or less

(21)

110 READER : REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

with this, little doubt can remain as to its probable correctness,
Reasoning similarly with Dr. King'sNo. 6 borehole the carbon-
iferous bands proved can be correlated as illustrated. This correla- .
tion is of great use in indicating which of the seams proved by the
Dhoramuda borehole are exposed in the Lillari nala, For instance,
Dr. King (Rec, Geol. Surv. Ind, Vol. XIX page 212), shews
that the first coal struck in his No. 5 borehole was the same as that
exposed near Khaliabahal and the first in his No. 6 borehole that ex-
posed near Bonjari. From the boring record of the Dhoramuda hole
one is able to mark out eight seams of coal as appearing to be of

workable thickness :— Ft. dee.
1? described as 24 ft. of carbonaceous shale and coal at . * 255 cap
29 D » 16 ft. of coal (shaly) at . А . D D 3092 وو‎
MED » 1o ft. of coal (shaly) at . . . . . 471 »

45.» o 4341t..6 ins. coal (shally): at - c . B BEN um
Y ^, o5» I5ft. 6 ins. coal (shaly) at a Na eti Ж ms fon
6? $5 дў 9 ft. oins. coal (shaly) at З . > О 672 55
75 $5 q 5 ft. 9 ins. coal (shaly) at 5 o . A 6853 ,و‎
89 УУ ss Ка .0:1ms.coal (shaly) at . 5 : oe е 8017

On looking at the boring core it can at once be seen that
Nos. т, 3,4,5,6 and 7 can be dismissed from
No. ı in Dhoramuda . . a
borehole, the Khaliabahal further consideration as of no practical use
exposure. ; A А
whatever, being simply cases of bat, 7.e»
bituminous shales—sometimes grit sandstones included, —raised to
the dignity of coal. It is of interest to note, however, that No. 1 is
indentical with the Khaliabahal exposure. Now during my work
in the field this season I sank a little shaft in this exposure and
satisfied myself that it did not contein coal of sufficient thickness
or quality good enough to be workable.

The section obtained was: —

Ft. In.
Top clay . . 5 . . . . . e „2 ©
Shale А 5 P . К à . . . 5 . о 4
Coal . ^ . 5 5 E e . 5 5 5 O4
Shale . è . . . А . . B . 5 04
Shale with coal pipes : . 4 . è - 5 „аша
Shale . . ° . . . . . . . . ‚1 о
Coal. Y с E > » 3 . 5 = З .06
Shale . > . - . с À . - è TOMS
Coal . А E . . . . 5 . 6 . .o 2

Shale . о c o . . . . $ . 5 “о 2/5

Sandstone base

( 22 )

COAL EXPLORATIONS.

There is as will be seen 1 foot of coal in the whole section.

111

To

form an idea of the nature of such coals, 1 extracted some of this foot

of coal and tested it getting upwards of 25 per cent. ofash.

general analysis of the whole seam gave :—

Moisture
Volatile matter
Fixed carbon .
Ash

Dr. King's

Perhaps also it will be as well to record that the No. 7 seam is

No. 7 in Dhoramuda a
borehole, the Bonjari the same as Dr, King's 7 foot seam
exposu.e.

deep in his No. 6 borehole. Т also s

the one exposed near Bonjari and therefore

at 62 feet
ank a small

shaft into this exposure and obtained the following section :—

Carbonaceous shale
Ironstone
Carbonaceous shale
Coal
Carbonaceous shale
Coal
Carbonaceous shale
Coal
Carbonaceous shale
Coal
Carbonaceous shale
Sandstone base

>

Here again then is an insignificant thickness of coal.

=

Ft. In
2

© © m © © © OR о

NX ND BR MONO

À test on

the coal alone gave upwards of 35 per cent. of ash, An average

analysis throughout the seam is given by Dr. King :—

%
Moisture . A . 544
Volatile matter . 25'03
Fixed carbon 4 . E 9207.22

Ash

23

112 READER : REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

These two seams just discussed (Nos. т and 7) may be taken as
typical of the other four (Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6), and all can therefore
be dismissed from further consideration.

This leaves us then with only two (Nos. 2 and 8) coal-seams of
workable thickness in the Dhoramuda borehole. No. 2 described in
the Record as 16 feet of shaly coal appears from the core to be—

Ft. In.
Coal . 3 7
Shaly band o 8
Goal £ тоо 7! 3%” coal, 1^ o3" shale.
Shaly band o 4%
Coal . I 9

No. 8 is as described 4 feet of coal.

CHAPTER IV.
WORKABLE THICKNESSES OF COAL PROVED.

So far then only four seams of coal out of the many struck have
upon examination proved to be of workable thickness. Beginning
at the top and in descending order these are :—

1? The seam proved in the Dhoramuda borehole at a depth
of 309% feet, the section of which is given just above
and is shewn to be composed of 7 feet 3% inches coal
with one foot of shale interbedded.

2? The seam proved in the Dhoramuda borehole at a depth
of 768 feet, containing four feet of coal.

3° The seam proved in the Kodopali borehole at a depth of
3523 feet, composed of 7 feet 1 inch of coal with
one foot of shale interbedded,

4? The Eeb bridge seam of which the best section obtained

| shows 7 feet 10 inches of coal with 8 inches of bat (hard
bituminous shale) interbedded,
I have made careful analyses of these four
Quality of the coal. B 4
: seams and tested their calorific powers.

It must be remembered, however, that the samples of Nos. 1, 2;
and 3 seams, of which the analyses were made, were taken from the
cores of the diamond drill boreholes put down in February 1899

( 24 )

COAL EXPLORATIONS. 113

(Dhoramuda) and 1896 (Kodopali. The cores had of course
weathered, but I am inclined to think that the analysis may be taken
as fairly representative of the seams, in the neighbourhood of the
boreboles.

The tests on the Eeb bridge seam were made on fresh general
samples extracted by myself from little shafts put down this year
near the outcrops.

The following are the results of the analyses :—

NO. 1.—DHORAMUDA AT A DEPTH OF 309% FEET.

Top 3’ 7". Middle 1’ 114”. Bottom 1” 9”.

% % %

Moisture . o ó o 73 79 9'8
Volatile matter . - o 219 25'4 211
Ash (white) : o b 40°0 351 307
Fixed carbon : 9 30°8 316 "1 4
100'0 IoG'O 100'0

ee

No. 2.— DHORAMUDA AT A DEPTH OF 768 FEET.

Moisture o > c 5 a . с : 6'2
Volatile matter . - © . С . Я 19°0
Ash (yellowish white) . - 6 . o 5 31'4
Fixed carbon 5 C 5 ó Е o 6 43'4

100°0

No. 3.— KODOPALI AT A DEPTH OF 352% FEET,

Top 4’ 2". Bottom 2’ 6",

| % x

Moisture 7 2 5 6 2 o 46 75

Volatile та ег А - . c - 1775 19'6

Ash (reddish) Д 5 5 5 5 35°3 344

Fixed carbon o 5 : 5 5 42'6 38'5
100'0 300'0
==

(25)

114 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

No. 4.—THE EEB BRIDGE SEAM.

R7 (south of RS (near

Bridge). Rampur).
% %
Moisture A О $ 5 a : o S'o go
Volatile matter . . : Б à б 20'9 24'3
Ash (buff) . o o 5 5 б o 18'9 11'8
Fixed carbon . о . 0 o a 522 5470
100'0 100'0

Considering the above results it will be seen that Nos. ı, 2, and

3 are not of good enough quality to be of themselves workable and

it is a question whether No. ı can at present

NE be profitably used for any purpose. As time

goes оп, however, it is not unlikely that a seam even of this quality

may be in demand, but for the present I do not think such a seam

can be considered as a factor in the value of the field. No. 2 is a

little better, but is a thinner seam. It is not,

Rosier however, unlikely that in the near future this

seam together with No. 3, which is of about the same quality, but a

little better section, may be worked for local consumption, mills, etc.

For high temperature, e.g., smelting, etc., the seam is of but small
value.

No. 4! is the seam “ par excellence?" of this coal-field. The coal
is of good steam quality and is eminently suited for locomotives or
stationary boilers. It is free burning, does not clinker and leaves
a buff coloured ash. Its average calorific power is 12'7. It is non-
caking and compares very favorably with Raniganj coals.

The Eeb river seam then if it can be proved to cover sufficient

PADS workable area and maintain section and qual-
Practical considerations. ity similar to that proved at the two exposures,

1 The analyses of the samples from the two outcrops of this seam, t.e., К? and
RS, will be seen to differ considerably in amount of ash. In the earlier part of this
paper I have reasoned that these outcrops are outcrops ОЁ the same seam. The
possibility of their being two seams must not, however, be overlooked; in fact the
difference in percentage of ash is an argument in favour of this, but perhaps not a
very strong one, since the two exposures are a mile and a quarter apart.

(26)

COAL EXPLORATIONS. . EI 115

К? and К°, can be considered, per se, profitably workable. There is
every reason to suppose that the seam extends over the greater por-
tion of the Barakar area being low down in the Barakar horizon.
On the sketch-plan I have marked what from present geological
data would appear to be the outcrop of this seam, but as has been
previously remarked, data are very few and surface evidence wanting»
so that the mapping of the outcrop can only be looked on as an
approximation.

The question arises as to how to prove the extension and capabil-
ities of this seam, The best way, of course, is to prove the outcrop
of the seam for some distance. Starting say from R® exposure near
Rampur a series of hand boreholes might be put down along a
line going westward towards Durlipali. Such boreholes, however,
must be put down in a systematic manner and the exact relation-
ship of the section of any one to that of the previous one and the
Eeb river seam be ascertained before another borehole is put down
further to the west. The same method might also be applied along
the line of the outcrop marked as running northwards from Rampur,
but sufficient ground would, in all probability, be proved in the first
case to warrant mining operations and plant. As far as the outcrop
on the right bank of the Eeb river is concerned, it should not be lost
sight of even if, as supposed is the case, it represent a patch cut off
by a fault from the main area, There is ample room fora small
plan ; it is not unlikely, however, that water will be a trouble.

I have stated previously that the bottom of the Dhoramuda
borehole appears to be from 500 to 600 feet
above the top of the Kodopali borehole and that
the bottom of the Kodopali borehole has not struck the Talchirs.

Sketch section A illustrates what I think is approximately the

General consideration.

relation of these boreholes to one another. I have scored in red the
lengths unproved by the Dhoramuda and Kodopali boreholes which
may amount to from 600 to 8oo feet or more.

The thickness of measures above the Kodopali borehole—refer-
ence B in Horizontal Section A.—appears to have been proved by
Dr, King (Vol. XX, Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., boreholes Nos. 7 and 8), but

СИ)

116 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD,

since no record is kept of the exact positions of the boreholes put
down in this exploration and no relationship definitely established
between them, it is not possible to draw up a complete vertical section
nor even to be certain that the ground is thoroughly proved. However
by surface observations I satisfied myself that no workable coal-
seams were present in this zone, and I am therefore able to dismiss
it from further consideration.

As regards the lower unproved length—reference D, Section A—
it is in this zone that the Eeb river seam occurs, I gave special
attention to the area occupied by the rocks of this length, but was
unable to get data from which to compile a complete section. In
my preliminary report on this area I advised that a borehole should
be put down to prove this lengthor he Kodopali borehole com-
pleted to the Talchir Rocks. A good place for such a borehole
would be ¿ mile east-south-east of Kodopali. A borehole so placed
should pass through the Eeb seam and be of great help in fixing
its exact horizon and facilitating the determination of its outcrop.

From a commercial point of view then I would advise further
enterprise, a good seam ofsteam coaland also
two seams of coal of rather inferior quality, but
of workable section (which might be used for mills and local con-
sumption; having been proved to exist within easy reach of the
railway. It is necessary, however, before putting down plant to
work the main seam, to prove its extension. It has been recom-
mended that, while this work is being undertaken, the lowest 200
feet of the Barakar measure should be proved by a Diamond boring
put down on to the Talchirs about ¿ mile east-south-east of Kodo-
pali. It is not possible to state with any idea of certainty what the
actual depth of such a borehole will be, but I do not think it will
exceed 600 feet—it will probably be much less.

Conclusion.

( 28 )

APPENDIX.

Appendix.

BORING RECORDS, RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

The Dhoramuda Borehole, Lillari Valley.

Strata passed through.
Alluvial clay (sandy) д . . 5
Soft loose brown grey sandstone (coarse) .

Brown and white sandstone . О а
Carbonaceous shale . . . . .
Sandstone C . А B ° E
Grey sandy shale . © . . .
Dark shale о e D o . .

Grey sandy shale . . . . .
Dark slaty shale 6 o D б .

Grey sandy shale . 2 : . .
Coal : ` © o .
Shale (ауу: 5 A . O
Sandstone . . о D . 6
Coal © o o . . . .
Shale, grey . . . . .
Coal c о o о

Sandstone 6 © o а D
Sandy shale . 6 o : О
Carbonaceous shale . ò o o .

Sandy shale c

Shale clay С D .

Sandy shale

Grey sandstone с с >

Grey shale . 6 o E
Grey sandy shale . o 5 .
Shaly sandstone c

Coal(shaly) . с O 2
Shaly sandstone and grey shale!

Coal (shaly) : :

Grey sandstone

Coal (shaly)

Grey sandstone shales ders
Coal (shaly) . 5 e 5 о ©
Fossiliferous shales .

Carbonaceous shales carrying tbi hands of shaly coal

Sandy blue shale . ; 5 c
Shale carrying coal .

Grey shaly sandstone E .
Carbonaceous shale and coal (Ghaly)) D

Blue and grey sandstone (shaly) >
Coal (shaly)
Argillaceous shales .

B

117

Thickness in feet.

Carbonaceous shales with 3" £o в” КОЛ of coal asd 07 22)

Grey sandstone д
Grey and blue shaly shales

.

e 14

. Сыл .
о © ده‎ Nm a = Nm ә оз N N A an
N N
a arn

e
л

6°5

24 (1)

29 )

118 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

Thickness in feet.

Black trap and carbonaceous shale . o a o б o . 625
Coal (shaly) . Ü д о n о à c o А . 10 (3)
Grey and blue shales б . . 5 д o о o » 23

Coal (shaly) . , ә Q d 5 с o С y + 35 (4)
Blue and grey sandy shales . . E o o . . eee 18:5

Coal (shaly) . . - - > o o о n a à
Blue and grey sandy EI . 6 . А о B А o 24
Coal (shaly) . 6 . . © 5 : M а
Grey sandstone carrying КОО: of Coal с o ö . с “28
Coal (shaly) . с o c . о - o о o IES
Grey sandstone : : . . . . . . б . 125
Coal (good) . o ó . а 5 & : o 51225
Grey and blue shale and cubo А . o . à А . 58°75
Coal (shaly) . ü . o : . + 155 (5)
Sandy grey shales with 3" Seams is of ОЙ o ^ 2 Е . 85
Coal (shaly) . ó ; А : А z " a
Carbonaceous shales with coal. o А А 1 } E De o

Coal (shaly) . 5 д A С к А 5 А A 0.6) (6)
Grey shaly sandstone E 6 o о à 5 D о +> 475
ОВА SGB CG оо @ 6 ME)

Shale and sandstone b д ; a > А д 4 ENSIS
Coal (shaly) . е A р A A И К à : 5
Dark blue shale and grey sandstone o o С ; о o 57055,
Coal (shaly) in parts fair . o о o o o ` o A! (8)
Carbonaceous shales and coal shales. d 8 6 à o 15
Grey and brown sandslone a : А : А 5 5 „82145
Dark blue carbonaceous shales . : У a 5 a о 7
Dark grey shale A 5 Ё 8
Carbonaceous shale with coal . : c à e 6 К 2
Blue shale o O E . О . 2

ToTAL . 8284 feet,

THE KODOPALI BOREHOLE,

Alluvial soil . , a Å 5 г е ; : 5 o
Laterite . с &
Ironstone band - - . . . - - o б a 4
Chalk . c > 6 3 ns Fe E . A o o (5
Bituminous shales . . : o 5 О a - 18:5
Shaly coal with 2" and 4' shale nee E б ò ‘ 5 e 3 (1)
Shale ^ z с 5 - o o - : 6 ci o. A
Argillaceous shale . : 5 : . 2 : c . Io
Fine dark grey shaly ea 4 . c o 5 . IS:
Argillaceous shale . c . : с 5 . Gc di
Fine dark grey shaly O. 2 : . . . А ALO

Blue argillaceous shale 7

Coarse grey sandstone with CEN iun usta 22

Slaty shale . а д : : - > 5 с n 5

Coal (shaly) . А T 6 a 6 B AZ
( 30 )

Thickness in feet.

APPENDIX.
Argillaceous shales . О O c . . . . б
Fine bluish grey shaly sandstone 5 : o 6 С А ©
Hard grey sandstone o О с 5 О o . ó 6
Coal (shaly) . А Ё 2 2 О B o
Argillaceous shales, light Sud ЫК . . . . D . .
Fine grey and blue sandstone . . e . E ° B °
Shale 6
Grey «оп (shaly)
Argillaceous blue shales . :
Shaly coal о S ö A ә o 5 c .
Hard brown clay o ; o
Shales 5 .
Grey sandstone, micaceous Ad e A ton рап a : : Н

Grey sandstone, соагѕе and fine with shale partings .
Grey shaly micaceous fine blue sandstone .
Coarse grey sandstone with shale partings (Conglomerate:

Grey shale 3 5 a о : А с . . c О
Соа1 о 5 6 o o 3 c
Grey shaly blue O
Blue shale o

Grey shaly BO

Slaty dark shales o
Argillaceous shaly sandstone
Blue shales, argillaceous

Grey sandstone shaly and micaceous . o . o s D à
Conglomerate . С o 6 6 o o D i © 6
Shale with pyrites . 0900 o o с o А .
Shale 0 - o o 5 б 5 : o .
Grey sandstone (coats) . c o С :
Shale

Very coarse grey Er one with Dies

Shale

Clay shale with cto a

Carbonaceous shale . . o 5 ó

Shale (coaly) . 2 E ü 5 D D

Carboniferous shale . А C o 6 А o О

Do. (coaly) o ö б .
Carboniferous shale

Do. (coaly) 5 5 ө : 3 o > 1
Carboniferous shale . o o . o 5 6 o ó o
Do. (coaly)
Carboniferous shale . р .
Do. with light shale ne
Coal(shaly) . o
Shale >
Coal g
Shale, light and it ous . 5 o o - . .
Coal à : o 6 d я А 5 А c È
Carbonaceons shale . ; ; : К 5 о g B О

6
14°75

1°25

2°5
195

119

120

READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

Coal, shaly i d
Coal D C
Carbonaceous shale
Coal, shaly

Coal 5 o o о 5
Coal, shaly . 5
Carbonaceous shale . i б
Coal : а б meee
Shaly band 0 6 ò
Carbonaceous shale .

Coal
Seam ord Stony coal

Coal 3 à
Shale d ` о
Coal o 5 :
Carbonaceous shale .
Coal E C 5
Carbonaceous shale ог strong coal
Coal о о
Shale о SÉ б 5
Stony coa: or carbonaceous shale
Coal д o a . o
Stony coal or carbonaceous shale
Coal G o o o .
Carbonaceous shale . 5
Coal . o
Carb :naceous shale
Coal 5 o D
Carbonaceous shale .
Coal : E
Carboaaceous shale . . :
Coal o . c - 3
Stony coal or carbonaceous shale
Coal o
Ston y coal А

Coal 5 i : o =
Stony coal . . . .
Coal (fair 1 foot) » . .

Coal . . . . =
Stony ceal or carbonace us shale
Coal : с é
Stony coal or carbonaceous shale
Coal 5

Carbonaceous shale . .
Coal . . . О .
Carbonaceous shale

Coal > :
Carbonaceous shale .

Coal

Carbonaceous shale

(205219)

Thickness in feet.

(2)

(5)

(6)

APPENDIX. I21

Thickness in feet.

Coal o 5 D С © 5 б 3 ID SA
Carbonaceous date. 5 n . 5 5 > o > o RE
Coal o o o 5 ò S 5 y 5 + O'50
Carbonaceous db О : o о о . d 5 SR ALSO
Coal > 5 O o o o o T Р + 050
Carbonaceous вате o 3 ә SIR: à T 4 . ЧО!25
Coal o 5 o o > о E . E o 1-110725
Carbonaceous Shale 5 5 - a . o 5 : . 0°66
Coal 5 25 5 > o b + 5 o е 1 O50
Carbonaceous shale > 5 - o > 2 5 : 0:83
Coal с > о . . . 5 E : і . 2'50
Carbonaceous ШЕЙ > 5 . б 5 o б E = «11033
Coal 6 о о - 5 2 5 5 E - . . o'66
Carbonaceous ар o o o . о b 5 . 066
Coal б o o > © ó : 5 5 2 2 25910120
Carbonaceous shale o : b c : с o 3 Anz
Coal ó 5 ò 5 o с С © , ; о . 050
Carbonaceous shale. c 5 3 à a о › à ST
Coal © o o o : o o ` 5 b D s 40/20
Carbonaceous shale. a o 5 i T > 01:20
Coal and shaly beds Continue for 37 ft. : B à ; i 62 Ry
Fine sandstone о 5 o 5 ; o 3 : b o
TOTAL . 4855 feet.

No. 5 BOREHOLE,

Surface soil , Я . 6 Я . 5 o 6 6 4
Various clays . o . 10
Dark brown shaly RNE ang clay 1
Carbonaceous shale 6
Fine grey shaly sandstone a 9 c . o а 5 SENT
Carbonaceous shale С 1 e j С 212
Slight :arbonaceous fine Sra PISO 4
Grey shaly sandstone. . . . . А . 1
Carbonaceous shaly sandstone 5 ó > o о Е « iM
Grey and carbonaceous shaly sandstone . E : ; 3 6
Coal o о о 5 о o a 5 E E 9
Carbonaceous : hale’ 5 : с : o о o 5 PS:
77 shaly sandstone Дд o 2 5 I
57 shale с D : 1
P shaly sandstone . E 7 y 2 1
27 shale . c è б р 4 2 r
57 and grey chaly denne 5 . б 5 ‘ 4
Whiteshaly sandstone . o 5 . o с с . 6
Carbcnaceous shaly sandstone . 5 А > 5 . SHIT
5 shale and grey shaly addons o ن‎ ó 2 ©
Grey shaly sandstone б g o а 5 c o 2 лч
Carbonaceous shale 2 d p А D D A 4 5 . 5
Coal . MEI, . ONE C : GOES EE sc етв

—
[09]
сә
w

122 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

Thickness in feet.

Carbonaceous shale 6 О : ó А o 6 C o 0
Coal с à О © ; А 2 E 5 c А SA
Carbonaceous shale : - С 5 e : 5 IZ
Coal and shaly sandstone o : o 5 О i : e U
Carbonaceous shale 8 o o a о 5 5 6 en
Hard grey shaly sandstone c é à o . : © al
Coal o д d A ° 5 ó 5 o 2 o 5. 2G
Grey shaly sandstone a o с 5 о T : atl
Carbonaceous fine shaly tere 5 c B à 5 A TIMEAS

eb shale . t 5 z à Б 6 5 . IO
Grey shaly sandstone 5 o 5 5 5 5 $ . 20
Yellow and mottled clays . c c : - A 2 3
Carbonaceous shaly sandstone 5 o о o - 5 4
White shaly sandstone . o : е 6 b 5 5 a 8)
Grey shaly sandstone o : - 2
White sandstone 5 д О E 5 5 ` . 15
Carbonaceous shaly Sandstone 1

РА shale and coal > : © o A . Жз
Coal o о 6 o 5 а o à 5 EUIS
Carbonaceous shale Sud сс a . 5 . 1
Grey shaly sandstone - . > - . . - . Soo

TOTAL . 221 feet.

Water tapped at 14 ft. which flowed over surface to the end.

No. 6 BOREHOLE.

Surface soil . : ö c > : " E 9
Soft brown sandstone E 3
Soft yellow sandstone 3:
Soft brown sandstone with dA 3
Brownsandyclay . 6 А š : 2 . E Sog)
Grey shaly sandstone . 5 > . < 5 . . 2036
Brown ,, tn . : 0 c . . . . "T
Carbonaceous shaly sandstone . ` . . . . + 4
Grey shaly sandstone . . а . . . . . 6
Carbonaceous shale А . . : 9
» and coal . 2 6 A . 9
Coal > à 5 o à E 2 17.
Carbonaceous grey iens sandstones and coal. . - 5 5 p- H
Grey and carbonaceous shaly sandstone 4
Carbonaceous shaly sandstone г З - à . 3
Coal and carbonaceous shale . - . . о б А 6
Carbonaceous fine shaly sandstone . с о а А 5
Grey shaly sandstone : * > 5 = » + . I
Grey and yellow sandstone . 5 : . : 1
Grey shaly sandstone and coal . . 5 > o E 2
Grey shaly sandstone : . . . . Š . 2

3220)

APPENDIX, 123

Thickness in feet.

Yellow shaly sandstone % . . c А E B > с
Carbonaceousshale . : C 6 : : - о о b 6
р » and grey shaly sandstone 5 о c » 5 3
ss shaly sandstone 5 5 С A b © å П
Grey shaly sandstone б 5 Ó B . . . D . 50
Coal E B D J : . б . o ë . . i
Carbonaceous shale . с o О о . О ö o . 4
Coal . B o . 6 б . . . o А . 4
Carbonaceous shale and coal 5 < 5 б à 5 о 6 6
Coal о E 5 D B B С . 5 e B 5 1
Carbonaceous shale and coal b о А a 8 o . д 4
Coal а c О o o . o . © 2 © © б
Carbonaceous shale and coo o b a a 5 . б з 2
Coal . © - o O К о = o 5 E 5 © 9
Carbonaceous shaly sandstone . © 5 o o s a 102
cp shale . o 5 . а о . T a 1
33 shaly sandstone . o O . z o 6
Cr) shale . E 5 = . 5 О е о . 2
cb shaly sandstone . T С о 6 б D o 4
D shale . Е . c 5 à » Ó б 4
m shaly sandstone . 5 . . 6 б © б 1
$5 shale о D 5 о Ó . D b © 1
ээ shaly sandstone . . . o . o E О 2
Yellow sandstone . . . o о . б Ü . b 8
White sandstone . о . . o 5 ° o . 12
Carbonaceous shaly sandstone œ. o D © 5 . . HUE
3? shale . ° б о ° . 0 ° о STO)

TOTAL . 258 feet,

Water tapped at 26 ft.
No. 7 BOREHOLE,
Surface soil and variegated clays о О . . o о a 0G
Vari-coloured shaly sandstone . . G . . ° . IO
Carbonaceous shale . ° о . . . D 5 5 1
Coal and carbonaceous shale o o . . . О 5 E 1
Carbonacaous shale . О 5 o = 5 5 o o ° 1
Coal . C а о e © o 6 о о . б o 3
Carbonaceous shale . o o o . . . D o 5. 2b
Grey shaly sandstone . . . Ó . . . . ti . 5
Carbonaceous shale . . б o © . o . 5 . 4
Grey shaly sandstone , c . . А us . > . 1
Carbonaceous shale . . © А . e . b . 3 8
» shaly sandstone . . E . ° ° А . 8
7; and grey sandstone o . . б . ° ОЛО
2р shaly sandstone . . . о . б . . 2
7; shale . o б © ° б б , А a 1
oF shaly sandstone . © . D . . . . 4
E and grey shaly sandstone . . . . . . 15

124 READER: REPORT ON THE RAMPUR COAL-FIELD.

Thickness in feel.

Carbonaceous shale . 5 o а D > . б . . 4
ср fine shaly sandstone . . . © . . а 1
D shale . . o 5 © © o E E E 3
OD » and coal ` . o T О . . . 4
Coal Й ° . . ° . ° ° ° ° . е 4
Carbonaceous shale . > 5 5 - o o . . e 9

TOTAL . 141 feet,

Water tapped at 15 ft.
No. 8 BOREHOLE,
Surface soil and clay . 5 . о о ò . o o . 6
Vari-coloured sandstones and clays . o 5 б о E . I9
Slightly carbonaceous brown shaly sandstone 6 . . . . 2
Carbonaceous shale . с . З . . : о . D!
ns » With а little coal . o > . e . . 1
$5 shale - 5 6 6 z - о > . 8
» grey shaly sandstone . о . A g 6 ° 5
р shale ; b е d ° . ° ° E 3
m fine shaly sandstone . . . De Se c + 10
ср shale . o . . ° . . E ° . 3
р >» and coal о o 3 . . . ^ . 9
eh » and shaly sandstone 5 . . . * . 28
ib „ and coal . D . О D E . 3
D ns . 5 . . А о > a to
Coal and carbonaceous shale . . . . . . . . 3
Carbonaceous shale . . . . . . . . . ۰ 18
Coal . ° J . . . o e . . " . . 4
TOTAL . 141 feet.

Water tapped at Zo tt.

( 36 )

Memoirs, Vol XXXII, Pl.

Heb River

Average Surface Level

650 f$ above Sea Level

BAR

REFERENCE.

Series proved by Dhoramuda Borehole.

Series proved by previous boreholes & present survey.
Series proved by Kodopali Borehole.

Series not yet satisfactorily proved.

Scale: about 4 inches to 1 mile Hor, & Vert.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

G. Е. Reader, Memoirs, Vol XXXII, Pli.

3 d

is I $

HE $3 P

SM nes ar 2

Se x = Average Surface Level
камтн р ==

650 ft abore Sea Level

REFERENCE.

Art ШЙ ПАТ ae |

N
; SEELEN B Series proved by previous boreholes & Present survey.
SEIN SENS C Series proved by Kodopali Borehole.

TAL! D Series not yet satisfactorily proved.

Scale: about у inches to т mile Hor. & Vert.

HORIZONTAL SKETCH—SECTION A
FROM NEIGHBOURHOOD OF RAMPUR ON THE Ees River THROUGH KopopaLt & DHORAMUDA.

showing the Barakar Measures proved & unproved by the Kodopali & Dhoramuda boreholes.

G. F. Reader. Memoirs, Vol. XXXII, Pl. 2.

REFERENCE.

A Eeb River Seam.
B Supposed ditto.
C Durlipali Seam.?

G. F. Reader.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Memoirs, Vol. XXXII, PI. 2.

$

`

Conglomerate

REFERENCE.
A Eeb River Seam.
B Supposed ditto.
C Durlipali Seam.?

White Sandatene

Conglomerate

HORIZONTAL SKETCH—SECTION B
SHOWING SECTION OF STRATA NEAR THE Eer RIVER.

Note: Conglomerate lies unconformably upon the white sandstone.

С. F. Reader. Memoirs, Vol XXXII, Pl. 4.

1899 Dhoramuda

SHOWING SILWAY COMPANY.

| 255 FT

No. 4 near Kodopali

Barth

Black Shale

ebbles

Coal

nch

Coaly Shale

No. 5 near Job

While sandstone

urface soil

|
parse yellow

andstone

72 "Yhite- moorum,

White sandstone

weh thin seams of coat

= d white
andstone

sai Е
'
" D

С. F. Reader.

SHOWING SUPPOSED CORKELATION OF DHORAMUDA & DR. KINGS Nos. 5 & 6 BOREHOLES.

1899 Dhoramuda
=

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

1886 D" King No.7 1897 Kodopali

Scale 100 Feet—l Inch

1886 DF King

1886 D" King
в

МОТЕ:

1886 DF Куму
No. 6 Dhoramuda borchole proves
the Upper-Barakars

Kodopali borehole proves
the Lower Barakars.

No 7 & No 8 boreholes prove
the middle Barakars.

The Ground below kodopali
borehole remains to be proved.

Memoirs, Vol. XXXII, Pl. 3.

BOREHOLES PUT DOWN BY THE BENGAL NAGPUR RAILWAY COMPANY

Na 1 near Eeb Bridge

ES Whata

150-0

Sandstone

20-0

No 2 Luchkura

2 0

Black shale

Coaly shale

= 9
5 Coaly Shale
Scale 20 Feet=1 Inch

Luchkure Shaft

re 8
> ==] Surface soil

Garne yellow

Sandalone

| While- meorum

Hard. white
sandstone

: ere

BORING SECTIONS RAMPUR COAL - FIELD, CENTRAL PROVINCES.

60-0

Na 4 near Kodopali

Barth

Black. Shale

10

Coal

Coaly Shale

No $ near Job

E

White. sandstone

White sandstone

ШҮ ЕЕЕ

with. thin sems of coal

y
T

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
G. F. Reader. _

Sitaram & Bilpaharı

a 2 Ü
SS \
Hills 1833 x

‚Norte: Two miles north of this confluence Viz:-
Modlia Nala and Eeb River or 1/4 mile north
of the Gorgor-Eeb confluence, Massive Talchir
Sandstones are exposed on the right bank
of the Eeb dipping South East by South y

tesselated Sandstone BN Ry.
Валла" Ed © [= os

'erruginous
Rocks

ОУ

Mag: Mer: 1899.

{р ali

Y
Durli

Sketch-Plan
Of part of the
Rampur Coalfield
Shewing

"A
©

/]
Son EIN BSR STE
Borehole 1438 No.4 „7

Supposed fault (downthrow to the East near Eeb Bridge.) SS * Баета
Assumed outcrops of the Eeb River Coal Seam & Durlipali Shales à N , М А г |
Position of ‘1899! Dhoramuda Diamond Drill borehole. d am L D / 7 K
Do. do ‘896! Kodopali do do | А
Do. do Sundry boreholes put down previously.
‚ Do. little trial pits put down this field Season.
Lines of Sections accompanying Report.

Scale g inches to 1 mile.
| REFERENCES

EN CICR

Assumed Outcrops.

SS FRE ead
608 "Force NY Q Kiraruma pay a

Kiraruma Ф Bo poti ЕЙ

sunk this season...

,A —
77 o > me n is
down previously... » " E A un
ate heights above Sea Level shown thus: а р $
— Ki

Part 3.—Note on the progress of the gold industry in Wynaad, Nilgiri district. Notes on the
representatives of the Upper Gondwana series in Trichinopoly and Nellore-Kistna districts.
Senarmontite from Sarawak.

Part 4—On the geographical distribution of fossil organisms in India. Submerged forest on
Bombay Island. 1

Vor. XII, 1879.

Part ı.— Annual report for 1878. Geology of Kashmir (third notice). Further notices of Siwalik
mammalia. Notes on some Siwalik birds. Notes of a tour through Hangrang and Spiti
On a recent mud eruption in Ramri Island (Arakan). On Braunite, with Rhodonite
from near Nagpur, Central Provinces. Palæontological notes from the Satpura coal-basin.
Statistics of coal importations into India.

Part 2.—On the Mohpani coal-field. On Pyrolusite with Psilomelane occurring at Gosalpur,
Jabalpur district. A geological reconnaissance from the Indus at Kushalgarh to the Kurram
at Thal on the Afghan frontier. Further notes on the geology of the Upper Punjab.

Part 3.—On the geological features of the northern part of Madura district, the Pudukota
State, and the southern parts of the Tanjore and Trichinopoly districts included within the
limits of sheet 80 of the Indian Atlas. Rough notes on the cretaceous fossils from Trichino-
poly district, collected in 1877-78. Notes on the genus Sphenophyllum and other Equise-
taceze, with reference to the Indian form Trizygia Speciosa, Royle (Sphenophyllum Trizy-
gia, Ung.). On Mysorin and Atacamite from the Nellore district. On corundum from the
Khasi Hills. On the Joga neighbourhood and old mines on the Nerbudda.

Part 4.—On the ‘Attock Slates’ and their probable geological position. Оп a marginal bone of
an undescribed tortoise, from the Upper Siwaliks, near Nila, in the Potwar, Punjab. Sketch
of the geology of North Arcot district. On the continuation of the road section from Murree

to Abbottabad.

Vor. XIII, 1880.

Part 1,—Annual report for 1879. Additional notes on the geology of the Upper Godavari basin
in the neighbourhood of Sironcha. Geology of Ladak and neighbouring districts, being
fourth notice of geology of Kashmir and neighbouringterritories. Teeth of fossil fishesfrom
Ramri Island and the Punjab. Note on the fossil genera Nöggerathia, Stbg., Nöggerathiop-
sis, Fstm., and Rhiptozamites, Schmalh., in palæozoic and secondary rocks of Europe, Asia,
and Australia. Notes on fossil plants from Kattywar, Shekh Budin, and Sirgujah. On vol-
canic foci of eruption in the Konkan.

Part 2.—Geological notes. Palæontological notes on the lower trias of the Himalayas. On the
artesian wells at Pondicherry, and the possibility of finding such sources of water-supply at
Madras, -

Part 3.—The Kumaun lakes. On the discovery of a celt of palæolithic type in the Punjab. Palæ-
ontological notesfrom the Karharbari and South Rewah coal-fields. Further notes on the
correlation of the Gondwana flora with other floras. Additional note on theartesian wells at
Pondicherry. Saltin Rajputana. Record of gas and mud eruptions on the Arakan coast
on 12th March 1879 and in June 1843.

Part 4.—On some pleistocene deposits of the Northern Punjab, and the evidence they afford
of an extreme climate during a portion of that period. Useful minerals of the Arvali region.
Further notes on tne correlation of the Gondwana flora with that of the Australian coal-
bearing system. Note on reh or alkali soils and saline well waters. The reh soils of Upper
India Note on the Naini Taldandslip, 18th September 1880.

Vor. XIV, 1881.

Part ı— Annual report for 1880. Geology of part of Dardistan, Baltistan, and neighbouring
districts, being fifth notice of the geology of Kashmir and neighbouring territories. Note on
some Siwalik carnivora. The Siwalik group of the Sub-Himalayan region. On the South
Rewah Gondwana basin. On the ferruginous beds associated with the basaltic rocks of
north-eastern Ulster, in relation to Indian laterite. On some Rajmahal plants. Travelled
blocks of the Punjab. Appendix to ' Palæontological notes on the lower trias of the Hima-
layas On some mammalian fossils from Perim Island, in the collection of the Bombay Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society.

Part 2.—The Nahan-Siwalik unconformity in the North-western Himalaya. On some Gondwana
vertebrates. On the ossiferous beds of Hundes in Tibet. Notes on mining records, and the
mining reccrd office of Great Britain; and the Coal and Metalliferous Mines Acts of 1872
(England). On cobaltite and danaite from the Khetri mines, Rajputana ; with some remarks
on Jaipurite (Syepoorite). On the occurrence of zinc ore (Smithsonite and Blende) with
barytes, in the Karnul district, Madras. Notice of a mud eruption in the island of Cheduba.

Part 3.—Artesian borings in India. On oligoclase granite at Wangtu on the Sutlej, North-west
Himalayas. On a fish-palate from the Siwaliks. Palæontological notes from the Hazaribagh
and Lohardagga districts. Undescribed fossil carnivora from the Siwalik hills in the collec-
tion of the British Museum.

Part 4.—Remarks on the unification of geological nomenclature and cartography. Оп the geo-
logy ofthe Arvali region, central and eastern. On a specimen of native antimony ob-
tained at Pulo Obin, near Singapore. On Turgite from the neighbourhood of Juggiapett,
Kistnah district, and on zinc carbonate from Karnul, Madras. Note on the section
from Dalhousie to Pangi, vid the Sach Pass. On the South Rewah Gondwana basin.
Submerged forest on Bombay Island. {

Vor. ХУ, 1882.

Part ı.— Annual report for 1881. Geology of North-west Kashmir and Khagan (being sixth
notice of geology of Kashmir and neighbouring territories. On some Gondwana laby-
rinthodonts. On some Siwalik and Jamna mammals. The geology of Dalhousie, North-
west Himalaya. On remains of palm leaves from the (tertiary Murree and Kasauli beds
in India. On Iridosmine from the Noa-Dibing river, Upper Assam, and on Platinum
from Chutia Nagpur. On (1) a copper mine lately opened near Yongri hill, in the Dar-
jiling district; (2) arsenical pyrites in the same neighbourhood; (3) kaolin at Darjiling
(being 3rd appendix to a report on the geology and mineral resources of the Darjiling
district and the Western Duars). Analyses of coaland fire-clay from the Makum coal-
field, Upper Assam. Experiments on the coal of Pind Dadun Khan, Salt-range, with
reference to the production of gas, made April 29th, 1881. Report on the proceedings
and result of the International Geological Congress of Bologna.

Part 2.—General sketch of the geology of the Travancore State. The Warkilli beds and
reported associated deposits at Quilon, in Travancore. Note on some Siwalik and Narbada
fossils. On the Coal-bearing rocks of the valleys of the Upper Rer and the Mand rivers in
Western Chutia Nagpur. On the Pench river coal-field in Chhindwara district, Central
Provinces. On borings for coal at Engsein, British Burma. On sapphires recently
discovered in the Nortu-west Himalaya. Notice of a recent eruption from one of the
mud volcanoes in Cheduba.

Part 3.—Note on the coalof Mach (Much) in the Bolan Pass, and of Sharag or Sharigh on
the Harnai route between Sibi and Quetta. New faces observed on crystals of stilbite from
the Western Gháts, Bombay. On the traps of Darang and Mandi in the North-western
Himalayas. Further note on the connexion between the Hazara and the Kashmir series.
On the Umaria coal-field (South Rewah Gondwana basin). The Daranggiri coal-field, Garo
Hills, Assam. On the outcrops of coal in the Myanoung division of the Henzada district.

Pari 4.—On a traverse across some gold-fields of Mysore. Record of borings for coal at Bed-
dadanol, Godavari district, in 1874. Note on the supposed occurrence of coal on the

Kistna.
Vor. XVI, 1883.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1882. Onthe genus Richthofénia, Kays (Anomia Lawrenciana,
Koninck) On the geology of South Travancore. On the geology of Chamba. On the
basalts of Bombay.

Part 2.—Synopsis of the fossil vertebrata of India. On the Bijori Labyrinthodont. On a skull of
Hippotherium antilopinum. On the iron ores, and subsidiary materials for the manufacture
of iron, in the north-eastern part of the Jabalpur district. On laterite and other mangan-
ese ore occurring at Gosulpore, Jabalpur district. Further notes on the Umaria coal-field.

Part 3.—On the microscopic structure of some Dalhousierocks. On the lavas of Aden. On the
probable oceurrence of Siwalik strata in China and Japan. On the occurrence of Mastodon
angustidens in India. On a traverse between Almora and Mussooree made in October 1882.
On the cretaceous coal-measures at Borsora, in the Khasia Hills, near Laour, in Sylhet.

Part 4.— Paleontological notes from the Daltonganj and Hutar coal-fields in Chota Nagpur.
On the altered basalts of the Dalhousie region in the North-western Himalayas. On the
microscopic structure of some Sub-Himalayan rocks of tertiary age. On the geology of
Jaunsar and the Lower Himalayas. On a traverse through the Eastern Khasia, Jaintia, and
North Cachar Hills. On native lead from Maulmain and chromite from the Andaman
Islands. Notice of a fiery eruption from one of the mud volcanoes of Cheduba Island, Arakan.
Notice.— Irrigation from wells in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh.

Vor. XVII, 1884.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1883. Considerations on the smooth-water anchorages or mud
banks of Narrakal and Alleppy onthe Travancore coast. Rough notes on Billa Surgam and
other caves in the Kurnool district. On the geology of the Chuari and Sihunta parganas
of Chamba. On the occurrence of the genus Lyttonia, Waagen, in the Kuling series of
Kashmir.

Part 2.—Notes on the earthquake of 31st December 1881. On the microscopic structure of
some Himalayan granites and gneissose granites. Report on the Choi coalexploration. On
the re-discovery of certain localities for fossils in the Siwalik beds. On some of the mineral
resources of the Andaman Islands in the neighbourhood of Port Blair. The intertrappean
beds in the Deccan and the Laramie group in western North America.

Paré g.— On the microscopic structure of some Arvali rocks. Section along the Indus from the
Peshawar Valley to the Salt-range. On the selection of sites for borings in the Raigarh-
Hingir coal-field (first notice). Note on lignite near Raipore, Central Provinces. The Tur-
quoise mines of Nishápür, Khorassan. Notice of a further fiery eruption from the Minbyin
mud volcano of Cheduba Island, Arakan. Report on the Langrin coal-field, South-west
Khasia Hills. Additional notes on the Umaria coal-field.

Part 4—On the Geology of part of the Gangasulan pargana of British Garhwal. On frag-
ments of slates and schists imbedded in the gneissose granite and granite of the North.
west Himalayas. On the geology of the Takht-i-Suleiman. On the smooth-water anchor-
ages of the Travancore coast. On auriferous sands of the Subansiri river, Pondicherry
lignite, and Phosphatic rocks at Musuri. Work at the Billa Surgam caves.

Vor. XVIII, 1883,

Part 1.—Annual report for 1884. On the country between the Singareni coal-field and the
Kistna river. Geological sketch of the country between the Singareni coal-field and Hy-
derabad. On coal and limestone in the Doigrung river, near Golaghat, Assam. Homo-
taxis, as illustrated from Indian formations. Afghan field-notes.

Part 2.—A fossiliferous series in the Lower Himalaya, Garhwal. Onthe probable age of the
Mandhali series in the Lower Himalaya. On a second species of Siwalik camel (Camelus
Antiquus, nobis ex Fale. and Саш. MS.. On the Geology of Chamba. On the proba.
bility of obtaining water by means of artesian wells in the plains of Upper India. Further
Considerations upon artesian sources in the plains of Upper India. On the geology of the
Aka Hills. On the alleged tendency of the Arakan mud volcanoes to burst into eruption
most frequently during the rains. Analyses of phosphatic nodules and rock from Mus-
sooree,

Part 3.—On the Geology of the Andaman Islands. On a third species of Merycopotamus.
Some observations on percolation as affected by current. Notice of the Pirthalla and
Chandpur meteorites. Report on the oil-wells and coal in the Thayetmyo district, British
Burma. Оп some antimony deposits in the Maulmain district. On the Kashmir earth-
quake of goth May 1885. On the Bengal earthquake of 14th July 1885.

Part 4.—Geological work in the Chhattisgarh division of the Central Provinces. On the Bengal
earthquake of July 14th, 1885. On the Kashmir earthquake of 30th May 1885. On the
results of Mr. H. B. Foote's further excavations in the Billa Surgam caves, On the
mineral hitherto known as Nepaulite. Notice of the Sabetmahet meteorite,

Vor. XIX, 1886.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1885. On the International Geological Congress of Berlin. On
some Palzozoic Fossils recently collected by Dr. H. Warth, in the Olive group of the Salt-
range. On the correlation of the Indian and Australian coal-bearing beds. Afghan and
Persian Field notes. On the section from Simla to Wangtu, and on the petrological
character of the Amphibolites and Quartz-Diorites of the Sutlej valley. :

Part 2.—On the Geology of parts of Beliary and Anantapur districts. Geology of the Upper
Dehing basin inthe Singpho Hills. On the microscopic characters of some eruptive rocks
from the Central Himalayas. Preliminary note on the Mammalia of the Karnul Caves. Me-
morandum on the prospects of finding coalin Western Rajputana. Note on the Olive.
Group of the Salt-range. On the discussion regarding the boulder-beds of the Salt-range.

- Onthe Gondwana Homotaxis.

‘Part 3.—Geological sketch of the Vizagapatam district, Madras. Preliminary note on the
geology of Northern Jesalmer. On the microscopic structure of some specimens of the
Malani rocks of the Arvali region. On the Malanjkhandi copper-ore in the Balaghat dise
trict, С. Р.

Part 4—On the occurrence of petroleum in India. Оп the petroleum exploration at Khátan.
Boring exploration in the Chhattisgarh coal-fields. Field-notes from Afghanistan: No. 3,
Turkistan. Notice of a fiery eruption from one of the mud volcanoes of Cheduba Island, |
Arakan. Notice of the Nammianthalaerolite. Analysis of gold dust from the Meza val-
ley, Upper Burma.

Vor. XX, 1887.

Part r.—Annual report for 1886. Field-notes from Afghanistan: No. 4, from Turkistan to
India. Physical geology of West British Garhwal; with notes on a route traverse through
Jaunsar-Bawar and Tiri-Garhwal. Onthe geology of the Garo Hills. On some Indian
image-stones. On soundings recently taken off Barren Island and Narcondam. On a
character of the Talchir boulder-beds. Analysis of Phosphatic Nodules from the Salt-
range, Punjab. :

Part 2.—The fossil vertebrata of India. On the Echinoidea of the cretaceous series of the
Lower Narbada Valley, with remarks upon their geological age. Field-notes: No. 5—to
accompany a geological sketch map of Afghanistan and North-eastern Khorassan. On
the microscopic structure of some specimens of the Rajmahal and Deccantraps. On the
Dolerite of the Chor. On the identity of the Olive series in the east with the speckled
sandstone in the west of the Salt-range in the Punjab.

Part 3.— The retirement of Mr. Medlicott. Notice of J. B. Mushketoff’s Geology of Russian
Turkistan. Crystaline and metamorphicrocks of the Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and
Kumaun, Section I. Preliminary sketch of the geology of Simla and Jutogh. Noteon the
‘ Lalitpur* meteorite.

Part 4.—Note on some points in Himalayan geology. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of
the Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and Kumaun, Section II. The iron industry of the western
portion of the district of Raipur. Notes on Upper Burma, Boring exploration in the
Chhattisgarh coal-fields. (Second notice.) Some remarks on Pressure Metamorphism
with reference to the foliation of the Himalayan Gneissose-Granite. A list and an
of paperson Himalayan Geology and Microscopic Petrology, published in the preceding
volumes of the Records of the Geological Survey of India,

Vor. XXI, 1888.

Part 1. — Annual report for 1887. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of the Lower Himalaya
Garhwal, and Kumaun, Section III. The Birds’-nest or Elephant Island, Mergui Archi-
pelago. Memorandum on the results of an exploration of Jessalmer, with a view to the
discovery of coal. A facetted pebble from the boulder bed ('speckled sandstone!) of
Mount Chel in the Salt-range in the Punjab. Examination of nodular stones obtained
by trawling off Colombo.

Part 2.—Award of the Wollaston Gold Medal, Geological Society of London, 1888. The-Dhar-
war System, the chief auriferous rock series in South India, On the Igneous rocks of the
districts of Raipur and Balaghat, Central Provinces, On the Sangar Marg and Mehowgale
coal-fields, Kashmir.

Part 3.— Тһе Manganese Iron and Manganese Ores of Jabalpur. ‘The Carboniferous Glacial
Period. The sequence and correlation of the pre-tertiary sedimentary formations of the
Simla region of the Lower Himalayas.

Part 4.—On Indian fossil vertebrates. On the geology of the North-west Himalayas. On
blown-sand rock sculpture. Re-discovery of Nummulites in Zanskar. On some mica-
traps from Barakar and Raniganj.

x Vor, XXII, 1889.

_ Part 1.—Annual report for 1888. The Dharwar System, the chief auriferous rock-series in
South India. (Second notice. On the Wajra Karur diamonds, and on M. Chaper’s
alleged discovery of diamonds in pegmatite near that place. On the generic position of
the so-called Plesiosaurus Indicus. On flexible sandstone or Itacolumite, with special
-reference to its nature and mode of occurrence in India, and the cause of its flexibility.
On Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia.

Part 2.—Note on Indian Steatite. Distorted pebbles in the Siwalik conglomerate. ‘The Car.
boniferous Glacial Period. Notes on Dr. W. Waagen's 'Carboniferous Glacial Period.’
On the oil-fields of Twingoung and Beme, Burma. The gypsum of the Nehal Nadi,
Kumaun. On some of the materials for pottery obtainable in the neighbourhood of Jabal-
pur and of Umaria.

Pari 3. —Abstract report on the coal outcrops in the Sharigh Valley, Baluchistan. On the
discovery of Trilobites by Dr. H. Warth in the Neobolus beds of the Salt-range. Geolo-
gical notes. On the Cherra Poonjee coal-field, in the Khasia Hills. Оп a Cobaltiferous
Matt from Nepál. The President of the Geological Society of London on the Interna-
tional Geological Congress of 1888. Tin-mining in Mergui district.

Рат? 4.—On the land-tortoises of the Siwaliks. On the pelvis of a ruminant from the
Siwaliks. Recent assays from the Sambhar Salt-Lake in Rajputana. The Manganiferous
Iron and Manganese Ores of Jabalpur. On some Palagonite-bearing raps of the Rájmahál
hills and Deccan. On tin-smelting in the Malay Penirsula. Provisional index of the local
distribution of important minerals, miscellaneous minerals, gemstones, and quarry stones
in the Indian Empire. Part ı.

Vor. XXIII, 1800.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1889. On the Lakadong coal-fields, Jaintia Hills. On the Pecto-
ral and pelvic girdles and skull of the Indian Dicynodonts. On certain vertebrate
remains from the Nagpur district (with description of a fish-skull). .Crystalline and
metamorphic rocks of the Lower Himalayas, Garhwál and Kumaun, Section IV. On the
bivalves of the Olive-group, Salt-range. On the mud-banks of the Travancore coast.

Part а.— Оп the most favourable sites for Petroleum explorations in the Harnai district, Baluch-
istan. The Sapphire Mines of Kashmir. The supposed Matrix of the Diamond at
Wajra Karur, Madras. The Sonapet Gold-field. Field Notes from the Shan Hills (Upper
Burma). A description of some new species of Syringosphæridæ, with remarks upon

° their structures, &c. :

Part 3.—On the Geology and Economic Resources of the Country adjoining the Sind-Pishin
Railway between Sharigh and Spintangi, and of the country between it and Khattan
(with a map). Report of a Journey through India in the winter of 1888-89, by Dr.
Johannes Walther, translated from the German, by R. Bruce Foote. Onthe Coal-fields
of Lairungao, Maosandram, and Mao-be-lar-kar, in the Khasi Hills (with 3 plans).
Further Note on Indian Steatite. Provisional Index of the Local Distribution of Im portant
Minerals, Miscellaneous Minerals, Gem Stones, and Quarry Stones in the Indian Empire `
(continued from p. 286, Vol. XXII).

Part 4.—Geological sketch of Naini Tal; with some remarks on the natural conditions govern-
ing mountain slopes (with a map and plate). Notes on some Fossil Indian Bird Bones.
The Darjiling Coal between the Lisu and the Ramthi rivers, explored during season
1890-91 (with a map). The Basic Eruptive Rocks of the Kadapah Area. The Deep

- Boring at Lucknow. Preliminary Note on the Coal Seam of the Dore Ravine, Hazara
(with two plates).

Vor. XXIV, 1891.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1890. On the Geology of the Salt-range of the Punjab, with a
re-considered theory of the Origin and Age of the Salt Marl (with five plates). On Veins
of Graphite in decompösed Gneiss (Laterite) in Ceylon. Extracts from the Journal of a
trip to the Glaciers ofthe Kabru, Pandim, &c. The Salts of the Sambhar Lake in Raj-
putana, and of the Saline efflorescence called ‘Reh’ from Aligarh in the North-Western
Provinces. Analysis of Dolomite from the Salt-range, Punjab.

Pari 2.—Preliminary Report on the Oil locality near Moghal Kot, in the Sheráni country,
Suleiman Hills. On Mineral Oil from the Suleiman Hills. Note on the Geology of the

Lushai Hills. Report on the Coal-fields in the Northern Shan States. Note on the
reported Namséka Ruby-mine in the Mainglön State. Note on the Tourmaline (Schorle)
Mines in the Mainglön State. Note on a Salt-spring near Bawgyo, Thibaw State.

Part 3.— Boring Exploration 27 the Daltongunj Coal-field, Palamow (with a map). Death of
Dr. P. MARTIN Duncan. Contributions to the study of the Pyroxenic varieties of Gneiss
and of the Scapolite-bearing Rocks. i

Part 4.—On a Collection of Mammalian Bones from Mongolia. Further note on the
Darjiling Coal Exploration. Notes on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Sikkim
(witha map). Chemical and Physical notes on Rocks from the Salt-range, Punjab
(with two plates). .

Vor. XXV, 1892.

Part т.— Annual report for 1801. Report on the Geology of Thal Chotiäli and part of the
Mari country (with a map and 5 plates). Petrological Notes or Zhe Boulder-bed of the
Salt-range, Punjáb, Subrecent and Recent Deposits of the valley $lains of Quetta,
Pishin and the Dasht-i-Bedaolat; with appendices on the Chamans of Quetta; and the
Artesian water-supp!y of Quetta and Pishin (with one plate).

Part 2.— Geology of the Saféd Kóh (with 2 plates of sections). Report oz a Survey of tie
Jherria Coal field (with a map and 3 section plates) (out of print.)

Part 3.—Note on the Locality of Indian Tscheffkinite. Geological Sketch of the country north
of Bhamo. Preliminary Report on the economic resources of the Amber and Jade mines
area in Upper Burma. Preliminary Report or the Iron-Ores and Iron-Industries of the
Salem District. On the Occurrence of Riebeckitezz India. Coal oz the Great Tenasserim
River, Mergui District, Lower Burma.

Part 4.—Report on tke Cil Springs at Moghal Kot in the Shirani Hills (with 2 plates).
Second Note oz Mineral Oil from the Suleiman Hills. Or a New Fossil, Amber-like
Resin occurring in Burma. Preliminary notice on the Triassic Deposits of the Salt-range.

Vor. XXVI, 1895.

Part 1.--Annual report for 1802. Notes oz Zhe Central Himalayas (with map and plate).
Note on the occurrence of Jadeite in Upper Burma (with а map). On the occurrence of
Burmite, a new Fossil Resin from Upper Burma. Report on the Prospecting Operations,
Mergui District, 1891-92.

Part 2.—Notes on the earthquake in Baluchistan on the 20th December 1892 (with 2 plates).
Further Note oz Burmite, a new amber-like fossil resin from Upper Burma. Note on
the Alluvial deposits and Subterranean water-supply of Rangoon (with a map).

Part 3.—On the Geology of the Sherani Hills (with maps and plates). On Carboniferous
Fossils from Tenasserim (with 1 plate). On a deep Boring at Chandernagore. Note on
Granite in the districts of Tavoy and Mergui (with a plate).

Part 4.—On the Geology of the country between the Chappar Rift and Harnai in Baluchistan
(with map and 3 plates). Notes on the Geology ofa part of the Tenasserim Valley
with special reference to the Tendau-Kamapying Coal-field (with two maps). On a
Magnetite from the Madras Presidency containing Manganese and Alumina. On His-
lopite (Haughton) (with a plate).

Vor. XXVII, 1894.

Part 1,— Annual report for 1893. Report on the Bhaganwala Coal-field, Salt-range, Punjab
(with map and 2 plates).

Part 2.—Note on the Chemical qualities of petroleum from Burma, Note or the Singareni
Coal-field, Hyderabad (Deccan) (with map and 3 plates of sections). Report om the
Gohna Landslip, Garhwal (with 5 plates and 2 maps).

Part 3.—On the Cambrian Formation of the Eastern Salt-range (with a plate). The Giridih
(Karharbari) Coal-field, with notes on the labour and methods of working (with 2 maps
and 8 plates of sections). On the Occurrence of Chipped (P) Flints in the Upper Miocene
of Burma (with a. plate). Note on the Occurrence of Velates Schmideliana, Chemn,
pae Provelates grandis, Sow. sp., in the Tertiary Formation of India and Burma (with
2 plates).

Part 4.—Note on the Geology of Wuntho iz Upper Burma (with a map). Preliminary
notice oz the Echinoids from the Upper Cretaceous System of Baluchistán. On Highly
Phosphatic Mica-Peridotites intrusive iz the Lower Gondwana Rocks of Bengal. On a
Mica-Hypersthene-Hornblende-Peridotite in Bengal. .

Vor. XXVIII, 1805.

Part 1.— Annual report for 1894. Cretaceous Formation of Pondicherry. Some early allu-
sions £o Barren Island; with a fem remarks thereon. Bibliography of barren Island and
. Narcondam, from 1884 to 1894; with some remarks.

Part 2.— Оп the importance of Cretaceous Rocks of Southern India in estimating the geo-
graphical conditions during later cretaceous times. Report on the Experimental Boring
for Petroleum at Sukkur from October 1803 to March 1895. The development and Sub-
division of the Tertiary system in Burma.

Part 3.—On the Jadeite and other rocks, from Tammaw in Upper Burma. On the Geology of
the Tochi Valley. On the existence of Lower Gondwanas in Argentina.

Part 4—On the Igneous Rocks of the Giridih (Kurhurbaree) Coal-field and their Contact
Effects. Or some outliers of the Vindhyan system south of the Sone and their relation
ѓо the so-called Lower Vindhyans. Notes on a portion of the Lower Vindhyan area of the
Sone Valley. Note on Dr. Fritz NoETLING'S paper on the Tertiary system in Burma, in
the Records of the Geological Survey of India for 1895, Part 2.

Vor. XXIX, 1806.

Part 1.— Annual report for 1895. On the Acicular inclusions in Indian Garnets. On the
Origin and Growth of Garnets and of their Micropegmatitic intergrowths in Pyroxenic
rocks (with 1 plate). Nive

Fart 2.—Notes on the Ultra-basic rocks and derived minerals of the Chalk (Magnesite) hills,
and other localities near Salem, Madras (with 2—6 plates). Preliminary notes on some
Corundum localities tz the Salem and Coimbatore districts, Madras (with 7—9 plates).
On the occurrence of Corundum and Kyanite in the Manbhum district, Bengal. On
the papers by DR. KossMAT and Dr. Kurtz, and on the ancient Geography of
“Gondwana-land.” Note from the Geological Survey of India.

Part 3.— Оп some Igneous Rocks from the Tochi Valley. Notes from the Geological Survey
of India. ]
Part 4— Report on the Steatite mines, Minbu District, Burma. Further notes on the Lower
Vindhyan (Sub-Kaimur) area of the Sone Valley, Rewah. Notes from the Geological

Survey of India.
Vor. XXX, 1897.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1806, On some Norite and associated Basic Dykes and Lava-
flows, iz Southern India (with plates I to II). The reference of the genus Vertebraria.
On a Plant of Glossopteris with part of the rhisome attached, and on the structure :
of Vertebraria (with plates HI to V).

Part 2.—The Cretaceous Deposits of Pondicherri (with plates VI to X). Notes from the.
Geological Survey of India.

Part 3.— Note on Flow-structure in an Igneous dyke (with plate XI) Additional note on the
Olivine-norite dykes at Coonoor (with plate XII), Report on some trial excavations for
corundum near Palakod, Salem District (with plate XIII). Report on the occurrence of
coalat Palana village in Bikanir State (with plate XIV). An account of the geological
specimens collected by the Afghan-Baluch Boundary Commission of 1806 (with plate
XV). Note from the Geological Survey of India (with plates XVI and XVII). `

Fart 4—On Nemalite from Afghanistan. ‘On a quartz-barytes rock occurring in the Salem
District, Madras Presidency (with plate XVIII) Note ona worn femur of Hippopo-
tamus irravadicus, Caut. and Falc., from the Lower Pliocena of Burma (with plates XIX
and XX). On the supposed coalat Jaintia, Baxa Duars. Percussion Figures on micas,
Notes from the Geological Survey of India.

The price fixed for these publications is 1 rupee (25.) each part, or 2 rupees 4s) each
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Note,—The Records cease to be published from the rst January 1898,

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MEMOIRS

OF

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

VOLUME XXXII, PART III.

==

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

===

Director.
С. L. GRIESBACH, C:l.E., F.G.S.

Superintendents.
R. D. ОрнАм, A.R.S.M, F.G.S.: Tom D. La Touche, В.А. (Cantab), F.G.S.:
C. S. Mipptemiss, В.А. (Cantab). 1
Deputy Superintendents:
P. N. Bose, B.Sc. (London), F.G.S.:

T. H. HOLLAND, A.R.C.S., F.G.S.: P. N. DATTA, B.Sc. (London), F.G.S.:
F. Н. SMITH, A.R.C.S.

Assistant Superintendents.
Н, Н. HAYDEN, B,A., B.E.: E. VREDENBURG, B.L., B.Sc. (Paris), A.R.C.S.

Paleontologist.
Fritz NoeTLING, Ph.D. (Berlin), F.G.S.

Specialist.
R. К. Simpson, B.Sc. (Dunelm). .

Sub-Assistants.
Hira Lat: KISHEN SINGH, F.G.S.

Artist. Assistant Curator,
Н. B. W. GARRICK. T. R. BLYTH.

Registrar.
A. E. MacA. AUDSLEY.

Goological Museum, Library, and Office, Calcutta,

Brice Three Rupe,
1902.

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

Vor.

VoL.

VoL.
Уор.

VoL.

Vor.

VoL.
Vor,

I. Royal 8vo, pp. 309, 1859 (out of print). Pt. 1, 1856 (price 1 Re.) : Preliminary
notice on the Coal and Iron of Talchir.—On the geological structure and
relations of the Talchir Coal-field.— Gold-yielding deposits of Upper Assam.—
On specimens of gold and gold dust from Shué-gween. Pt. 2, 1858 (price
2 Rs.): On the geological structure of a portion of the Khasi Hills.—On
the geological structure of the Nilghiri Hills (Madras). Pt. 3, 1859 (price
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Bankura, Midnapore and Orissa.—Qn the laterite of Orissa.— On some fossil
fish-teeth of the genus Ceratodus, from Maledi, south of Nagpur.

II. Royal 8vo, pp. 341, 1859 (out of print). Pt. т, 1860 (price 2 Rs.): On the
Vindhyan rocks, and their associates in Bundelkand. Pt. 2, 1860 (price 3 Rs.)
— On the geological structure of the central portion of the Nerbudda District.
—On the tertiary and alluvial deposits of the central portion of the Ner-
budda Valley.—On the geological relations and probable geological age of
the several systems of rocks in Central India and Bengal.

III. Royal 8vo, pp. 438. Pt. т, 1863 (price 3 Rs.) (out of print). On the geological
structure and relations of the Raniganj Coal-field.—Additional remarks on
the geological relations and probable geological age of the several systems
of rocks in Central India and Bengal.—Indian Mineral Statistics, I. Coal.
Pt. 2, 1864 (price 2 Rs): On the Sub-Himalayan Ranges between the
Ganges and Ravi. : N

IV. Royal 8vo, рр. 450. Pt. 1, 1863 (frice 2 Rs): Report on the Cretaceous
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1865 (price 1 Re.): On the Coal of Assam, &c.

V. Royal 8vo, pp. 354. Pt. 1, 1865 (price 3 Rs.) (oué of print): Sections across
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1866 (price т Re.): On the Geology of Bombay. Pt. 3; 1866 (price 1 Re.)
(out of print): On the Jheria Coal-&ield.— Geological Observations on West-
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VI. Royal 8vo, pp. 395. Pt. 1, 1867 (price 8 As): On the neighbourhood of
Lynyan, &c., in Sind.— Geology of a portion of Cutch. Pt. 2, 1867 (price 2
Rs.) (out of print): Bokáro Coal-field.— Rámgarh Coal-field.— Traps of West-
ern and Central India. Pt. 3, 1869 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.) : Tapti and Nerbudde.
Valleys.—Frog-beds in Bombay.— Oxyglossus pusillus.

VII. Royal 8vo, pp. 342. Pt. 1, 1869 (price 3 Rs.): Vindhyan series.—Mineral
Statistics.—Coal.—Shillong Plateau. Pt. 2, 1870 (price 1 Re.) : Karharbári
. Coal-field.—Deoghar Coal-field. Pt. 3, 1871 (price І Re): Aden water-
supply.— Káranpura Coal-fields.

УШ. Royal 8vo, рр. 353. Pt. т, 1872 (price 4 Rs): On the Kadapah and Karnul
Formations in the Madras Presidency. Pt. 2, 1872 (price x Re): Itkhuri
Coal-field.—Daltonganj Coal-field.— Chope Coal-field.

IX. Royal 8vo, pp. iv. 358. Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs): Geology of Kutch. Pt. 2,
1872 (price т Re.) : Geology of Nagpür.— Geology of Sirban Hill.—Carbon-
iferous Ammonites, pp. 65.
X. Royal 8vo, pp. 359. Pt. 1 (price 3 Rs): Geology of Madras.—Sátpura Coal- .
basin. Pt. 2, 1874 (price 2 Rs.) : Geology of Pegu.
XI. Royal 8vo, pp. 338. Pt.1, 1874 (price 2 Rs): Geology of Dárjiling and
Western Duars. Pt. 2, 1876 (price 3 Rs.) : Salt-region of Kohát, Trans-Indus.
XII. Royal 8уо, pp. 363. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 3. Rs): South Mahrätta Country.
Pt. 2, 1876 (price 2 Rs): Coal-fields of the Naga Hills.
XIII. Royal Svo, pp. 248. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.) : Wardha Valley Coal-
field. Pt. 2, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Geology of the Räjmahäl Hills.
XIV. Royal 8vo, pp. 313, 1878. Geology of the Salt-range in the Punjab.
XV. Royal 8vo, pp. 192. Pt. 1, 1878 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.) : Geology of the Aurunga
and Hutér Coal-fields (Palamow). Pt. 2, 18€0 (price 2 Rs, 8 As): Ramkola
and Tatapani Coal-fields (Sirguja). :

Vor. XVI. Royal буо, pp. 264. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 1 Re. 8 As): Geology of Eastern
Coast from Lat. 15? to Masulipatam. Pt. 2, 1880 (price 1 Re. 8 As.) : The
Nellore Portion of the Carnatic. Pt. 3, 1880 (price 2 Rs.): Coastal Region of

. the Godavari District.

Vor. XVII. Royal 8vo, pp. 305. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 3 Rs.): Geology of Western Sind. Pt.2,
1880 (price 2 Rs.) : Trans-Indus extension of the Punjab Salt-range.

Vor. XVIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 300. Pt. 1, 1881 (rice 2 Rs.): Southern Afghanistan. Pt. 2,
1881 (price 1 Re.8 As.) (out of print): Mánbhum and Singhbhum. Pt. 3,
1881 (price 2 Rs.): Pránhita-Godávari Valley.

Vor. XIX. Royal 8vo, pp. 242. Pt. 1, 1882 (price 2 Rs.): The Cachar Earthquake of 1869.:
Pt. 2, 1882 (price 1 Re): Thermal Springs of India. Pt. 3, 1883 (price
1 Re): A catalogue of Indian Earthquakes. Pt. 4, 1883 (price І Re):
Geology of parts of Manipur and the Nága Hills.

Vol хх: Royal 8vo, pp. 240. Pt. т, 1883 (price 2 Rs. 8 As): Geology of Madura and

innevelly. Pt. 2, 1883 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Geological notes on the Hills in
the neighbourhood of the Sind and Punjab Frontier between Quetta and
Dera Ghazi Khan.

Vor. . XXI. Royal буо, pp. 286 (out of print). Pt. 1, 1884 (price 2 Rs.): Geology of the
Lower Narbada Valley. Pt. 2, 1884 (rice ı Re.): Geology of Kathiawar.
Pt. 3,. 1885 (Price 2 Rs.): Coal-field of South Rewah. Pt. 4, 1885 (price 1
Re.) : Barren Island.

Vor. XXII. Royal 8vo, pp. 344, 1883. The Geology of Kashmir, Chamba, and Khagan.

Vor. XXIII. Royal Svo, pp. 232, 1891. Geology of the Central Himalayas.

Vor. XXIV. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1887 (rice т Re. 8 As.): The Southern Coal-fields of the

Sátpura Gondwána basin. Pt.2, 1890 (price 2 Rs. 4 As.): Physical Geo-

logy of the Sub-Himalaya of Garhwál and Kumaun. Pt. 3, 1890 (price 1 Re.

4 As.): Geology of South Malabar, between the Beypore and Ponnäni Rivers.

Vor. XXV. Royal 8vo, 1896. Geology of the Bellary District, Madras Presidency.

Vor. XXVI. Royal 8vo, 1896. Geology of Налага.

Vor. XXVII. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1895 (price 1 Re.): Marine Fossils from the Miocene of
Upper Burma. Pt.2,1897 (price 4 Rs.): The occurrence of Petroleum in
Burma and its technical exploitation.

Vor. XXVIII. Royal 8vo, Pt. т, 1898 (price 2 Rs.): Notes on the Geological Structure of the
Chitichun region. А note on the Allahbund in the north-west of the Rann of
Kuchh. Geology of parts of the Myingyan, Magwe and Pakokku Districts,
Burma. The Geology of the Mikir Hills in Assam. On the Geology of
Tirah and the Bazár valley. Pt.2, 1900 (price 3 Rs.): The Charnockite
Series, a group of Archæan Hypersthenic Rocks in Peninsular India.

Vor. XXIX. Royal 8vo, 1900 (price 5 Rs.): Report on the Great Earthquake of 12th June
1897.

Vor. XXX. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1900 (price 2 Rs.): Aftershocks of the Great Earthquake of

12th June 1807. Pt. 2, 1900 (price 1 Re.) : Geology of the neighbourhood of
Salem, Madras Presidency, with special reference to Leschenault de la Tour's
observations..Pt. 3, 1901 (price І Re.) : Sivamalai Series of Elæolite-Syenites.
Pt. 4, 1901 (price 1 Re.): Report of the Geological Congress of Paris.
XXXI. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (price 2 Rs.) : Geology of the Son Valley in the Rewah
State and of parts of the Adjoining Districts of Jabalpur and Mirzapur. Pt. 2,
1901 (price 3 Rs.): A Geological Sketch of the Baluchistan Desert and part
of Eastern Persia. Pt. 3 (price І Re.) : Petrological notes on some Peridotites,
Serpentines, etc., from Ladakh. i

Vor. XXXII. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (price І Re.): Recent Artesian Experiments in India.
Pt. 2, 1901 (price 2 Rs.): Report on the Rampur Coal-field.

Vor. XXXIII. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (price 8 Rs): The Kolar Gold-field, being a descrip-
tion of Quartz-Mining and Gold-Recovery as practised in India. Pt. 2, 1901
(price 2 Rs.): Reports on some Auriferous localities in India, Art. 1: The
Gold-fields o£ Wainád. Art 2: Report on the Auriferous Quartzites of Parha-
diah, Chota Nagpur Art. 3: Some auriferous localities in North Coimba-
tore. Pt. 3 (in the Press): The Geology of the Kalahandi State.

Vou.X XXIV. Royal 8vo, Et. 1, 1901 (price 1 Re.) : On a peculiar form of altered Peridotite
in the Mysore State. Pt.2 (inthe Press): Mica deposits of India. Pt. 3 (in
the Press) : Slate Quarrying in Kangra District, Punjab.

Voz. XXXV. Royal 8vo, Pt. 1, 1901 (price 2 Rs.) : Geology of Western Rajputana. Pt. 2
(in the Press), No.1. On a deposit of copper ore near Komai, Darjeeling
District.

VoL.

PALIONTOLOGIA INDICA.

(SER.I, Ш, V, VI, VIIL)—CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF SOUTHERN INDIA, a
ЕРЕ) STOLICZKA, except VoL. I, Pt. 1, by Н.Е. BLANFORD.

Ser. I, & 111.—VoL. 1. The Cephalopoda (1861-65), pp. 216, pls. 94 (6 double).
V.—Vor. II. The Gastropoda (1867-68), pp. xiii, 500, pls. 28.
V1.— Vor. III. The Pelecypoda (1870-71), pp: xxii, 537, pls. 50.

VIII, = Vor. IV. The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Echinodermata, Corals, etc. (187273)
РР. v, 202, pls. 29.

(Ser. II, XI, XIL)—THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE GONDWANA SYSTEM, by
О. FEISIMANTEL, except Vor. I, Pr. 1, by T. OLDHAM and]. MORRIS.

Vor. I, pp. xviii, 233, pls. 72. 1863-79. Pt. 1; Rájmahál Group, Räjmahäl Hills. Pt. 2; The
same (continued). Pt. 3; Plants from Golapilli. Pt. 4; Outliers on. the
Madras Coast.

Vor. II, рр. zli, 115, pls. 26. 1876-78. Pt. 1,; Jurassic Flora of Kach. Pt. 2; Flora of
the Jabalpur Group. ;

Vor. III, pp. xi, 64 + 149, pls. Зо (9 double) (I —X XXI + IA—XLVIIA). aspe -81. Pt.1; The
Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds. Pt. 2; The Flora of the Damuda and
Panchet Divisions. Pt.3; The same (concluded).

Vor. IV, pp. xxvi, 25+ 66, pls. 35 (2 double) (I—XXV + IA—XIVA). Pt. 1 (1882); Fossil
Flora of the South Rewah Gondwana basin. Pt. 2 (1886); Fossil Flora of some
of the coal-fields in Western Bengal. 1

à (SER. IX.)—JURASSIC FAUNA OF KACH.

Vor, 1 (1873-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. WAAGEN, pp. i, 247, pls. бо (6 double).
Vor. Il, pt. 1 (1893). The Echinoidea of Kach, by J. W. GREGORY, pp. 12, pls. 2.
Vor. П, pt. 2 (1900). The Corals, by J. W. GREGORY, pp. 196, I—IX, pls. 26.

Vor. III, pt. 1 (1900). The Brachiopoda, by F. L. KITCHEN, pp. 87, pls. 1—15.

Vor. III, pt.2, Нот (in the Press) The Lamellibranchiata : Genus Trigonia, by F. L.
ITCHEN.

(Ser. IV.)—INDIAN PRE-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

Vor. I, pp. vi,.137, pls. 26. 1865-85. Pt. 1 (1865); The Vertebrate Fossils from the Panchet
rocks, by T. H. Huxrey. Pt. 2 (1878); The Vertebrate Fossils of the Kota-
Maleri Group, by Sır P. DE M. Grey EGERTON and L. C. MIALL and
BLANFORD. Pt. 3 (1879); Reptilia and Batrachia, by К. LYDEKKER. Pt. 4
(1885); The Labyrinthodont from the Bijori group; by R. LYDEKKER.
Pt. 5 (1885); The Reptilia and Amphibia of the Maleri and Denwa groups,
by К. LYDEKKER.

(SER. X.)J—INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA, ¿y
R. LYDEKKER, except VoL. I, Pr. ı, by R. B. FOOTE.

Vor. I, pp. xxx, 300, pls. 50. 1874-80. Pt.1; Rhinoceros deccanensis. Pt.2; Molar teeth
and other remains of Mammalia. Pt.5; Crania of Ruminants. Pt, 4; Sup-
plement to Pt. 3. Pt.5; Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia.

VoL. П, pp. xv, 363, pls. 45. 1881-84. Pt. ı ; Siwalik Rhinocerotide; Pt. 2; Supplement to
Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia. . Pt. 3; Siwalik and Narbada Equide.
Pt. 4; Siwalik Camelopardalide. Pt. 5 ; Siwalik Selenodont Suina, etc. Pt. 6;
Siwalik and Narbada Carnivora.

Vor. III, pp. xxiv, 264, pls. 38. 1884-86. Pt.r; Additional Siwalik Perissodactyla and Pro-
boscidia. Pt.2; Siwalik and Narbada Bunodont Suina. Pt. 3; Rodents
and new Ruminants from the Siwaliks. Pt.4; Siwalik Birds. Pt. 5; Mas-
todon Teeth from Perim Island. Pt.6; Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia, Pt. 7;
Siwalik Crocodilia, Lacertilia and Ophidia, Pt. 8; Tertiary Fishes.

Ver. IV, pt. 1, 1886. Siwalik Mammalia (Supplement 1), pp. 18, pls. б.

» » » 2,1886. The Fauna of the Karnul caves: (and addendum to pt, 1); pp. 40 (19
: <- 58), pls. 5(vii—xi). $
» nn» 3 1887. Eocene Chelonia from the Salt-range; pp. 7 (59—65), pls.:2 (xii—xiii);

(Ser. ҮП, XIV)—TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN.
INDIA, iy P. MARTIN DUNCAN and W. PERCY SLADEN, except Pt. т, by
F. STOLICZKA. КОЕ; i
Ver. I, pp: 16 + 110 + 382 + 91= 599, pls. 5 + 28. + 58 + 13=104. 1871—85. Pti;
Tertiary Crabs from Sind and Kach. Pt. ı (new 2); Sind Fossil Corals and
Alcyonaria, by P. Martin Duncan. Pt. 3. The Fossil Echinoidea of Sind:
Fas. I, The Cardita beaumonti beds; Fas. 2, The Ranikot Series in Western
Sind; Fas. 3, The Khirthar Series; Fas. 4, The Nari (Oligocene) Series;
Fas. 5, The Gaj (Miocene) Series; Fas. 6, The Makrán (Pliocene) Series. .
Blanford. Pt. 4 The Fossil Echinoidea of Kach and Kattywar, by Duncan,
Sladen and Blanford. :

(Ser. XIIL)J—SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, £y WILLIAM WAAGEN, PH.D.

Productus-Limestone Group: VoL. I, Pt.1 (1879) Pisces,.Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6.

2 (1880), Gastropoda and supplement to pt. 1, pp. 114

: (73-183), pls. 10 (1 double), (vii-xvi).

3 (1881). D PP: 144 (185-328), pls. 8 (xvii-.
XXIV). 2

4(1882-85). Brachiopoda, pp. 442 (329-770), pls. 62
(xxv-Ixxxvi). :

5 (1885). Bryozoa—Annelidæ—Echinodermata, pp.
64 (771-834), pls. 10 (Ixxxvii-xcvi).

ў » 6 (1886). Coelenterata, pp. 90 (835-924), pls. зо

= (xcvii-cxvi). : {
x 5 = » 7 (1887). Ccelenterata, Protozoa, pp. 74 (925-98),

- ‚pls. 12 (cxvii-cxxviii). .

Fossils from the Ceratite Formation: Vol. II, pt. 1 (1895). Pisces—Ammonoidea, pp. 324,

» » n »
D xps y n n
В) ” » »

» „ „ »

pls. 40.
Geological Results: Vol. IV, pt. 1 (1880), pp. 1—88, pls. 4.
À n’ n » » 2 (1891), PP- 89—242, pls. 8.

j (Ser. XV.)—HIMALAYAN FOSSILS.
Anthracolithic Fossils of Kashmirand Spiti : Vol. I, Pt. 2 (1899), by Dr. C. Diener, pp. 96, pls. 8..
The Permocarboniferoús Fauna of Chitichun No. I: Vol. I, pt. 3 (1897), by Dr. C. Diener,

рр. 105, pls. 13. : E
The Permian Fossils of the Productus Shales of Kumaon and Garhwal; Vol. I, pt. 4 (1807),

by Dr. С. Diener, pp. 54, pls. 5.
The Cephalopoda of the Lower Trias: Vol. II, pt. 1 (1897), by Dr. C. Diener, pp. 182, pls. 23.
The Cephalopoda of the Muschelkaik: Vol. II, pt, 2 (1895),by. Dr. C. Diener, pp. 118, pls. 31.
Upper Triassic Cephalopoda Fauna of the Himalayas: Vol. III, pt. 1 (1899), pp. by Dr. Von
Mojsisovics, 158, pls. 22.
Trias Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata: Vol. III, pt. 2 (1900), pp. 76, pls. 12 (including
2 double), by Alexander Bittner. - S
Jurassic Fauna : Vol. IV, pt. 1 (in the Press), by Professor Dr. V. Uhlig.

(Ser. XVL)—BALUCHISTAN FOSSILS, ûy FRITZ NOETLING, Pn.D., F.G.S.

The Fauna of the Kellaways of Mazár Drik: Vol. I, pt. т (1895), pp. 22, pls. 13.
The Fauna of the (Neocomian) Belemnite Beds: Vol. I, pt. 2 (1897), pp. 6, pis. EL i
The Fauna of the upper cretaceous (Maéstrichtien) Beds of the Mari Hills: Vol. J, pt, 3 (1897),

. 79, pls. 23.
BE TES : (NEW SERIES)

The Cambrian Fauna of the Eastern Salt-range : Vol. I, pt. т (1890), К. Redlich, pp. 14, pl. т,
Notes on the Morphology of the Pelecypoda : Vol. 1, pt. 2 (1809), Fritz Noetling, pp. 58, pls. 4.
Fauna of the Miocene Beds of Burma: Vol. I, pt, 3 (1001), Fritz Noetling, pp. 378, pls. 25.
Observations sur quelques Plantes Fossiles des Lower Gondwanas: Vol. ЇЇ, pt. I (1902).

R. Zeiller, pp. 39, pls. 7. À

The price fixed for these publications is 4 annas (6 pence).per single plate,

RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

Vor. I, 1868.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1867. The coal-seams of the Tawa valley. On the prospects of
useful coal being found in the Garrow Hills. Copper in Bundelkund. Meteorites.

Part 2.—On the coal-seams of the neighbourhood of Chanda. Coal near Nagpur. Geological
notes on the Surat collectorate. The cephalopodous fauna of the South Indian cretaceous
deposits. Lead in the district of Raepur. Coal in the Eastern Hemisphere. Meteorites.

Part 3.—General results obtained from an examination of the gastropodous fauna of the South
Indian cretaceous deposits. Notes on route from Poona to Nagpur vid Ahmednuggur,
Talna, Loonar, Yeotmahal, Mangali, and Hingunghat. On the agate-flake found by Mr.
Wynne in the pliocene (?) deposits of the Upper Godavery. The Boundary of the Vindh-
yan series in Rajputana. Meteorites.

Vor. II, 1869.

Part r.—The valley of the Poorna river, West Berar. On the Kuddapah and Kurnool
formations. Geological sketch of the Shillong plateau. On the occurrence of gold im
the district of Singbhoom, &c. Memorandum on the wells now being sunk at the
European Penitentiary, and at the site for the Central Jail, Hazareebagh. Meteorites.

Part 2.—Annual report for 1868. Note on Pangshura tecta and the other species of Chelonia
from the newer tertiary deposits of the Nerbudda valley. Sketch of the metamorphic
rocks of Bengal.

Part 3.—Preliminary noteson the geology of Kutch, Western India. Contributions to the
geology and physical geography of the Nicobar Islands. $ :

Part 4.—On the beds containing silicified wood in Eastern Prome, British Burma. Mineralo-
gical statistics of Kumaon division. The coal-field near Chanda. Lead in the Raipur dis-
trict. Meteorites.

Vor. III, 1870.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1869. On the geology of the neighbourhood of Madras. On the
alluvial deposits of the Irrawadi, more particularly as contrasted with those of the Ganges.

Part 2.—Geology of Gwalior and vicinity. On the slates at Chiteli, Kumaon. On the lead
vein near Chicholi, Raipur district. The Wardha river coal-fields, Berar and Central Pro-
vinces. Report on the coal at Korba in the Bilaspur district.

Part 3.—The Mohpani coal-field. On the lead-ore at Slimanabad, Jabalpur district. On the
Occurrence of coal east of Chhatisgarh in the country between Bilaspur and Ranchi.
On petroleum in Burma. On the petroleum locality of Sudkal, near Futtijung, west of
Rawalpindi. On the occurrence of argentiferous galena and copper in the district of
Manbhum, S. W. Frontier of Bengal. Assays of iron ores.

Part 4.—On the geology of Mount Tilla, in the Punjab. The copper depesits of Dalbhum and
Singbhum: 1.—The copper mines of Singbhum: 2.—On the copper of Dalbhum and
Singbhum. Meteorites.

Vor. IV, 1871.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1870. Enquiry into an alleged discovery of coal near Gooty, and of
the indications of coal in the Cuddapah district. Mineral statistics of the Kumaon division.

Part 2.—The axial group in Western Prome. Geological structure of the Southern Konkan.
On the supposed occurrence of native antimony in the Straits Setttlements. On the
composition of a deposit in the boilers of steam-engines at Raniganj. On the plant-
bearing sandstones of the Godavari valley, on the southern extension of rocks belonging
to the Kamthi group to the neighbourhood of Ellore and Rajamandri, and on the possible
occurrence of coal in the same direction.

Part 3.—The progress and'results of borings for coal in the Godavari valley near Dumaguden
and Bhadrachalam. On the Narbada coal-basin. Sketch of the geology of the Central
Provinces. Additional note on the plant-bearing sandstones of the Godavari valley.

Part 4—The ammonite fauna of Kutch. The {Raigur and Hengir (Gangpur) Coal-field,
Description of the sandstones in the neighbourhood of the first barrier on the Godavari;
and in the country between the Godavari and Ellore.

Vor. V, 1872.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1871. Rough section showing the relations of the rocks near
Murree (Mari), Punjab. Mineralogical notes on the gneiss of South Mirzapur and adjoin-
ing country.- Description of the sandstones in the neighbourhood of the first barrier on
the. Godavari, and in the country between the Godavari and Ellore.

Part 2—On the geological formation seen along the coasts of Beluchistan and Persia from
Karachi to the head of the Persian Gulf, and on some of the Gulf Islands. Ona tra-
verse of parts of the Kummummet and Hanamconda districts in the Nizam’s Dominions.
The geology of Orissa. Оп а new coal-field in the south-eastern part of the Hyderabad
(Deccan) territory. 1

Part 3.—On Maskat and Massandim on the east coast of Arabia. An example of local joint-
ing. On the axial group of Western Prome. On the geology of the Bombay Presidency.

Part 4.—On exploration for coal in the northern region of the Satpura basin. On the value
of the evidence afforded by raised oyster banks on the coasts of India, in estimating the
amount of elevation indicated thereby. On a possible field of coal-measures in the Godavari
district, Madras Presidency. On the lameta or infra-trappean formation of Central India.
On some recently discovered petroleum localities in Pegu. Correction regarding the sup-
posed eozoonal limestone of Yellam Bile. >

Vor. VI, 1873.

Part ı.— Annual report for 1872. The geology of the North-West Provinces.

Part 2.—The Bisrampur coal-field. Mineralogical notes on the gneiss of South Mirzapur and
adjoining country.

Part 3—Notes on a celt found by Mr. Hacket in the ossiferous deposits of Narbada valley
(Pliocene of Falconer): on the age of the deposits, and on the associated shells. On
the Barakars (coal-measures) in the Beddadanole field, Godavari district. On thegeology
of parts of the Upper Punjab. Coal in India. The salt-springs of Pegu.

Part 4.— Оп some of the iron deposits of Chanda (Central Provinces), Barren Islands and
Narkondam. Stray notes on the metalliferous resources of British Burma.

Vor. VII, 1874.

Part r.— Annual report for 1873. On the geological structure of the hill ranges between the
Indus valley in Ladak and Shah-i-Dula on the frontier of Yarkand territory. On some
of the iron ores of Kumaon. On the raw materials for iron-smelting in the Raniganj
field. On the habitat in India of the elastic sandstone, or so-called Itacolumyte. Geolo-
gical notes on part of Northern Hazaribagh.

Part 2—Geological notes on the route traversed by the Yarkand Embassy from Shah-i-
Dula to Yarkhand and Kashgar. On the occurrence of jade in the Karakas valley, on
the southern borders of Turkistan. Notes from the Eastern Himalaya. Petroleum in
Assam. Coal in the Garo Hills. On the discovery of a new locality for copper in
the Narbada valley. Potash-salt from East India. On the Geology of the neighbourhood
of Mari hill station in the Punjab.

Part 3.— Geological observations made on a visit to the Chaderkul, Thian Shan range. On
the former extension of glaciers within the Kangra district. On the building and
ornamental stones of India. Second note on the materials for iron manufacture in the
Raniganj coal-field. Manganese ore in the Wardha coal-field.

Part 4.—The auriferous rocks of the Dhambal hills, Dharwar district. Remarks on certain
considerations adduced by Falconer in support of the antiquity of the human race in India.
Geological notes made on a visit to the coal recently discovered in the country of the Luni
Pathans, south-east corner of Afghanistan. Note on the progress of geological investi-
gation in the Godavari district, Madras Presidency. Notes upon the subsidiary materials
for artificial fuel,

VoL. VIII, 1875. р ER

Part t.—Anaual report for 1874. The Altum-Artush considered from a geological point of view.
On the evidences of 'ground-ice' in tropical India, during the Talchir period. Trials of
Raniganj fire-bricks. :

Part з (out of print).—On_ the gold-fields of south-east Wynaad, Madras Presidency. Geo-
logical notes on the Khareean hills in the Upper Punjab. On water-bearing strata of

the Surat district. Sketch of the geology of Scindia's territories. sE

Part 3.—The Shahpur coal-field, with notice of coal explorations in the Narbada region.
Note on coal recently found near Moflong, Khasia Hills. :

Part 4.—Note on the geology of Nepal. The, Raigarh and Hingir coal-fields,

Vor. IX, 1876.

Part 1 (out of print).— Annual report for 1875. Оп the geology of Sind.

Part 2.—The retirement of Dr. Oldham. On the age of some fossil floras in India. Descrip-
tion of a cranium of Stegodon Ganesa, with notes on the sub-genus and allied forms.
Note upon the Sub-Himalayan series in the Jamu (Jummoo) Hills. : АШОК

Part 3.—On the age of some fossil floras in India. On the geological age of certain groups
comprised in the Gondwana series of India, and on the evidence they afford of distinct
zoological and botanical terrestrial regions in ancient epochs. On the relations of the
fossiliferous strata at Maleri and Kota, near Sironcha, C. P. On the fossil mammalian

faunz of India and Burma. 1

Part 4.—On the age of some fossil floras in India. On the osteology of Merycopotamus dis-
similis. Addenda and Corrigenda to paper on tertiary mammalia. Occurrence of Ples-
iosaurus in India. On the geology of the Pir Panjal and neighbouring districts.

Vor. X, 1877.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1876. Geological notes on the Great Indian Desert between Sind
and Rajputana. On the occurrence of the cretaceous genus Omphalia near Nameho lake,
Tibet, about 75 miles north of Lhassa. On Estheria in the Gondwana formation. Notices
of new and other vertebrata from Indian tertiary and secondary rocks. Description
of a new: Emydine from the upper tertiaries of the Northern Punjab. Observations

on under-ground temperature.
Part 2.—On the rocks of the Lower Godavari. On the ‘Atgarh Sandstones’ near Cuttack,
On fossil floras in India. Notices of new or rare mammals from the Siwaliks. On the
Arvali series in North-eastern Rajputana. Borings for coal in India. On the geology

of India.

Part 3.—On the tertiary zone and underlying rocks in the North-west Punjab. On fossil floras
in India. On the occurrence of erratics in the Potwar. On recent coal explorations in
the Darjiling district. ^ Limestones' in the neighbourhood of Barakar. On some forms
of blowing-machine used by the smiths of Upper Assam. Analyses of Raniganj coals.

Part 4.—On the Geology of the Mahanadi basin and its vicinity. On. the diamonds, gold,
and lead ores of the Sambalpur district. Note on ‘Eryon Comp. Barrovensis,’ McCoy,
from the Sripermatur group near Madras. On fossil floras in India. The Blaini group
and the ‘Central Gneiss’ in the Simla Himalayas. Remarks on some statements in
Mr. Wynne's paper on the tertiaries of the North-west Punjab. Note on the genera

Chceromeryx and Rhagatherium.

Vor. XI, 1878.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1877. On the geology of the Upper Godavari basin, between the
river Wardha and the Godavari, near the civil station of Sironcha. On the geology of
Kashmir, Kishtwar, and Pangi. Notices of Siwalik mammals. The paleontological
relations.of the Gondwana system. On ‘Remarks, &c., by Mr. Theobald upon erratics in
the Punjab.’

Part 2.— Опт the Geology of Sind (second notice). On the origin of thé Kumaun lakes. On
a trip over the Milam Pass, Kumaun. The mud volcanoes of Ramri and Cheduba.

On the mineral resources of Ramri, Cheduba, and the adjacent islands,

MEMOIRS

OF

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Vor. XXXII, PART 5.

NOTES ON THE “Exotic BLOCKS” OF MALLA JOHAR IN
THE BHOT MAHALS OF KUMAON, by A. VON KRAFFT,
PH.D., Assistant Superintendent, Geological Survey of
India.

Published by order of the Government of India.

CALCUTTA:

SOLD AT THE OFFICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LONDON: MESSRS, KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co.

MCMII

: | "D CALCUTTA:

= GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PRINTING О
8, HASTINGS STREET,

CONTENTS.

——

I. INTRODUCTION.
11. STRATIGRAPHICAL FEATURES.
Ill. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE IGNEOUS ROCKS AND EXOTIC BLOCKS
IV. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA—
(a) The neighbourhood of the Balchdhura Pass.
(2) The Kiogarh High Plateau.
1. The Flysch.
2. The volcanics and exotic blocks.
(c) The area south of the Kiogarh Plateau.
I. Structural features.
2. The exotic blocks.

V. RESULTS.

MEMOIRS

OF

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

NOTES ON THE “ExoTIC BLOCKS” OF MALLA JOHAR
IN THE BHOT MAHALS OF KUMAON, by A. VON
KRAFFT, PH.D.’ Assistant Superintendent, Geological
Survey of India.

L.- INTRODUCTION.

In 1892 Messrs. Griesbach, Diener and Middlemiss discovered
near Chirchun? in Hundés and in the upper Kiogarh valley (Malla
Johar) isolated limestone blocks with permo-carboniferous and triassic
fossils. These blocks which are situated within a synclinal belt of
Spiti shales and flysch and are connected with igneous rocks, were
compared to the “ Klippen ” of Europe.

Griesbach 3 and Diener * have given accounts of their observations
with geological maps. The latter author left the “ Klippen” at first
unexplained, while Mr. Griesbach believed them to be due to faulting,
accompanied by intrusions of igneous rocks. Later on the permo-
carboniferous and muschelkalk fossils collected were described by

1 Died at Calcutta on the 22nd September Igor.

2 | prefer this spelling to that of the Indian Trigonometrical Survey map
(“ Chitichun ") seeing that the name is pronounced “Chirchun " by the natives
of Milam, Strachey in his geological map of Kumaon, Garhwal, and the adjoining
parts of Hundes also spells the locality “ Chirchun." Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
VIL, 1851, pl. XVI. =

3 “Votes on the Central Himalayas.” Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XXVI,
pt. I, 1893, pp. 19 to 25.

^ “Ergebnisse einer geologischen Expedition in den Centralen Himalaya.”
Denkschritten d. k, Akad, d. Wissensch. Wien 1895, pp. 588 to 607.

(a1

828 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

Diener. In a more recent paper Diener? elaborately discussed the
relation of the Himalayan * Klippen" to those of Europe. He
comes to the conclusion that the former differ from all European
occurrences by some remarkable features, the most pronounced being
their connection with igneous rocks. Nor can, in his opinion, any of
the theories advanced with respect to the European.“ Klippen" be
applied to them. Diener inclines to the belief that the most plausible
explanation is that given by Griesbach in the paper quoted.

In spite of the undoubted interest of these occurrences, seven
years elapsed ere another geologist entered the Chirchun area. My
colleague Dr. Walker was sent therein 1899. Unfortunately ill-health
forced him to return in a very short time, but not before he had
obtained a very good collection of permo-carboniferous fossils from
the Peak Chirchun No. 1. These are now being examined by
Professor Diener.

In 1900 I was ordered to Chirchun, but an unexpected obstacle
intervened. My plan of crossing by the Langpaia Lek into Hundes
was frustrated by orders from the Local Government, strictly pro-
hibiting me from entering Tibet. Acting on instructions from head-
quarters then received, I proceeded to Laptal in Malla Johar, which is
British territory.

This area had been visited years ago by Mr. Griesbach (see
pp. 80, 81, 149, and 15s in Mem. XXIII). He noticed the presence
of “basaltic traps, associated with serpentinous masses" which he
considered to be intruded into the cretaceous series flysch), remark-
ing that some of the traps might be contemporaneous. He believes
the igneous rocks “form part of the younger eruptive rocks which are

1 The Permo-carboniferous fauna of Chitichun, No. 1.” Pal. Ind., Ser. XV,
Vol. I, pt. 3.

“The Cephalopoda of the Triassic limestone crags of Chitichun.” Pal. Ind.,
Ser. XV, Vol. II, pt. 3.

See also Fovites, nov. f. ind. ex aff. F, bosnensis in E. v. Mojsisovics. “Upper
Triassic Cephalopoda faune of the Himalaya.” Pal. Ind., Ser. XV, Vol. 111»
pt. I, p. 18, plate IX, figs. 4, 5.

2 « Notes on the Geological Structure of the Chitichun region." Mem Geal.
Surv. Ind., Vol. XXVIII, pt. 1, pp. I to 27.

(2%

INTRODUCTION. 129
largely represented in eastern Hundes, and to which probably a middie
tertiary age must be assigned."

Mr. Griesbach considered the light grey and white lime-
stones eccurring near the Balchdhura pass to be a higher division
of the cretaceous series, equivalent to Stoliczka’s Chikkim
limestone.

The ground was again visited by the expedition of 1892. On
their way to Chirchun, the three geologists passed through the Kio-
arh valley, but being still unaware of the complicated structure of
the neighbouring Chirchun area, they shared the view originally ex-
pressed by Griesbach with respect to the light grey limestones of the
Kiogarh peaks. Subsequently, suspecting that these limestones might
possibly represent exotic blocks they revisited Malla Johar. Their
doubts were justified, for Mr. Griesbach discovered near Talla
Sangcha E.G.!a loose block of a red and white limestone with Fovztes
n. f. ex af. $. bosnensis, E. v. Mojs., which, according to Mojsisovics;
proves the block to belong to the carnic stage of the upper trias.

Diener gave a short description of the neighbourhood of Malla
Sangcha, which is in extract as follows:—

The base of the most western limestone peak is made up of
Gieumal sandstones which show a very complicated dip and are pene-
trated by numerous veins of intrusive rocks. In the upper portion
of the mountain these igneous rocks and the “tufa” associated with
them predominate. The limestone mass itself rests entirely on beds
of a clearly igneous character, without coming into contact with the
sandstone formation.

The highest “crag” forms a steep scarp and is likewise traversed
by veins of a diabase porphyrite. The limestone is of a white and
reddish white colour without any distinct stratification, semicrystalline
and partially altered, especially so where surrounded by intrusions of
igneous rocks. No fossils were found zz situ in the limestone. The
block with Fovites found by Mr. Griesbach is a red marble, apparently
detached from the main mass of the limestone peak and exactly similar

1 E, G. throughout this paper stands for “ encamping ground.”

(СОЗО)

130 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

to some of the famousred Hallstatt marbles from the Salzkammergut in
upper Austria and Styria. This facies differs widely from that of the
carnic beds in the main region of the triassic belt of the Central Hima-
layas. From the presence of the genus S'ovites in the limestone block
found to the east of Talla Sangcha it results that the huge masses of
limestone between the Balchdhura and Kiogarh-Chaldu passes cannot
rest in a normal position on the flysch. Considering the great
thickness of the limestone cap, Diener is inclined to suppose that the
peak is composed of sediments belonging to very different geological
periods, as is the case in the range of Chirchun No. 1, the carnic stage
forming only part of the limestones. These stand in a similar struc-
tural relation to the flysch forming their base, as the limestones of
the Chirchun area do to the Spiti shales.

During the months of July and August 1900 I spent six weeks in
this frontier district and found it to abound with exotic blocks, and
in a few of these I discovered numerous fossils, chiefly ammonites.
I have also obtained geological observations important enough to allow
of an attempt to explain the origin of the blocks being made. The
conclusion at which I arrived, isthat the exotic blocks were brought up
to the surface by violent volcanic outbursts, later disturbances having
thrust the whole into confusion. At the same time, however, it
became evident that nothing but a detailed examination of the whole
block-bearing area would lead to definite results.

'The area worked! out is situated at the head
Area examined.

ee of the Kiogarh river, a tributary of the Girthi

river, which runs from east-south-east into the
Dhauli river, near Malari. To the north, east and south-east
the area is bordered by a high range, which forms two half circles,
connected by the Kiogarh high plateau. The range represents part
of the great watershed between the tributaries of the Sutlej and
the Ganges, and at the same time forms the boundary between British
territory and Hundes. '
The northern semicircle opens towards the west near Talla
1 See Geological Map, pl. 14.

(4)

INTRODUCTION. 131

Sangcha on to rolling plateaus, covered with Spiti shales, which
extend far to the west and north-west. The southern half circle is
shut off to the west by an anticline of triasso-jurassic limestones with a
north to south strike. Both half circles are drained by branches of the
Kiogarh river, meeting in a ravine that traverses the northern
termination of the anticline just mentiond halfway between Talla
Sangcba and Laptal E. Gs. From the northern half circle the Balch-
dhura Pass, 17,590”, leads into Hundes (road to Chilumkurkur)
and the southern one is connected with that country by three practic-
able passes, víz., a nameless pass between Kiogarh No. 3 and No. 4
approximately 18,000’, the Kiogarh.Chaldu pass, 17,440’, and the
Kiogarh-Chirchun pass, 17,960' (road to Chirchun E. G.).

The average height of the district is very considerable, the lowest
point (near junction between the two main branches of the Kiogarh
river) being approximately 13,000', the greatest vertical elevations
rising up to more than 19,000. At no point is the boundary range as
low as 17,000'.

The striking contrast in the configuration of the landscape seen :
everywhere along the great Himalayan watershed is of course con-
spicuous in this area. To the north, speaking generally, the country
descends slowly to an undulating high plateau, while the land south of
the watershed is deeply eroded into steep bold cliffs and narrow
gorges. My work lay on this side of the watershed where there are
much better sections than in the Chirchun area, which forms part of
the Tibetan high plateau.

The extent of the whole block-bearing area

Probable extent of

КЕКЕ УЛ УГЛЫ ПЕ cannot be deliminated in detail We know

from the researches of the expedition of 1892
that it reaches south as far as Kungribingri, 19,170’, and east beyond
the Chaldu river. But how far it extends to the north can so far
only be guessed at. At any rate it includes the Peaks Ghátámémin,
18,700’, and Sami, 17,920’, of the Indian Trigonometrical Survey map.
From the frontier I could see that exotic blocks occur several miles to
the north of Balchdhura No. 2. Exoticblocks may also occur to the

6D

132 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

north of the Niti pass,’ and it is not impossible that they are con-
nected by intermediate occurrences with those of Johar and Chirchun.

IL—STRATIGRAPHICAL FEATURES.
Within the area represented on the geological map attached to this
paper, the following stratigraphical divisions occur, which are in des-
cending order :—

4. Shales, sandstones, etc., upper flysch, 800 to 1,oco feet.

3. Greenish grey sandstone, “Gjeumal. sandstone,” Stol., онна
lower flysch . - А . « доо to боо feet.

2. Spiti shales. Upper jurassic to lowest cretaceous.

1. Grey limestones, ranging from upper trias (dachsteinkalk)
into the middle jurassic.

Triasso-jurassic limestone series.—The lowest division is chiefly
composed of bedded limestones with some massive layers. The lime-
stones being throughout poor in fossils, no subdivision is possible. From
their lower portion Megalodon and other upper triassic fossils are
recorded, while the topmost 300 to 400 feet are proved by fossil contents
to be of middle jurassic age, but no reliable palæontological evidence is
available pointing to either lias or rhætic, although the perfect con-
formity prevailing leaves no doubt that sedimentation has continued
without interruption from upper triassic until middle jurassic times.

The evidence regarding the middle jurassic portion of this lime-
stone mass is twofold. Professor Diener ? collected at two localities
(Shalshal cliff in Painkhanda and Chanambaniali peaks in Hundes)
from the topmost layer, which is made up of red iron pisolites,?
a number of fossils, which were examined by Dr. F. Suess. The
fauna consists of a few cephalopoda, brachiopoda and numerous Belem-
nites (B. sulcacutus, F. Suess) and is according to F. Suess of middle
jurassic age, probably Kelloway.

I myself discovered in Spiti in a section near Gieumal, 350 to 400
feet below the Spiti shales, a well-preserved ammonite, which is very

1 Mr. Griesbach (Mem. XXIII, p. 83) noticed there grey limestones, which
he correlated with the Chikkim limestone. As the latter is not developed in Johar,
it appears possible that the limestones of the Niti pass represent exotic blocks, alt
the more so as igneous rocks are reported from the same area.

? Ergebnisse, l. c., pp. 584 to 586.
* This bed was described by Griesbach (Mem. XXIII) as lias.

(67

STRATIGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 133

closely allied to, if not identical with, Stephanocerus coronatum, Brug.,
a species also characteristic of the Kelloway. We may therefore con-
clude that at the very least 400 feet of the limestone mass in question,
but probably a still greater thickness, belongs to the middle jurassic.

Spitz shales.—The Spiti shales have been subdivided by Mr. Gries-
bach! into three divisions, which have also been adopted by Dr. Diener.
As to the fauna no details are yet available as the description of the
fossils, which has been entrusted to Prot. Uhlig, is not yet concluded.
The main results are however contained in some preliminary remarks
published by Diener ? and are as follows :—

(3) Upper Spiti shales, * Lochambel beds," Diener, most proba-
bly representing Berriasian, but possibly with affinities to
Tithonian and Valanginian,

(2) Middle Spiti shales, “ Chidamu beds,” Diener, full of concre-
tions containing ammonites. Upper jurassic, probably

Kimmeridge.

(1) Lower Spiti shales, full of Belemnites gerardi, upper jurassic.

Gieumal sandstone.— The Spiti shales pass gradually into the
overlying Gieumal sandstone, which therefore is proved to be of creta-
ceous age, in spite of the want of characteristic fossils.

Before describing the cretaceous series in detail it will be well to
point out that there is a considerable lithological difference between
the cretaceous of Spiti and that ot Johar. In Spiti calcareous bands
with fossils are met with in the Gieumal sandstone, which is overlaid
by a white limestone (“Chikkim limestone,” Stol.) and calcareous shales
(* Chikkim shales," Stol., whereas the cretaceous of Johar contains
but an inconsiderable admixture of calcareous deposits. It is almost
solely composed of sandstones and shales and bears a marked similar-
ity to the European flysch.

Upper Flysch—In the upper flysch the following lithological
divisions ? can be distinguished (in descending order) :—

b Red tuffs : 50!
af. a Green tuffs } thin bedded x P n Q { 150!

1 Memoirs XXIII.
OCA CILE
* Compare plates 1 and 4,

134 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

4e. Greenish and grey sandstones, alternating with shales.
Pass through green tuffaceous none upwards

into 4f 6 a ° 300!
4d. Hard, black, its shales, Pasing through comb:
ling shales into 4e 5 C а 30! to 40’
4c. Brown weathering sandstones, Mercure with eiks 10'
4b. Black, crumbling shales o o . 200! to 300!
4a. Red and greenish shales and red shaly RIE . app. roo'
3. Gieumal sandstones : E ` о . . 400! to 500!

The Gieumal sandstone becomes shaly in its uppermost layers,

weathering into long, pencil-shaped fragments. Above this follows —

44. Near the base siliceous red shales of an intense terracotta colour

intercalated with a few bands of red hornstone and splintery

greenish shales. Higher up the shales become calcareous

and earthy, and thin bands of dense, somewhat siliceous,
greenish grey limestones appear.

This series is very conspicuous from a distance, especially so. on
the hills to the north of Talla Sangcha E. G. No doubt it
corresponds to the “ dense red earthy beds" mentioned by
Griesbach! from the flysch of the Chirchun area.

45. consists of black, crumbling alum shales, very similar to the
Spiti shales, but with some peculiar cbaracteristics, such as
the occurrence of flaggy, brown weathering limestones with
many calespar veins and of large, ferruginous concretions.
А negative feature consists in the entire absence :of fossils
beyond plant remains frequently found in the flaggy lime-
stones. This division was also recognized by Mr. Griesbach
in the Chirchun area ! and its resemblance to the Spiti shales
was pointed out, a few traces of delemnites being mentioned.
Its thickness cannot be accurately determined owing to the
disturbances it has undergone.

` 4с. is a grey, reddish brown weathering, micaceous, somewhat gritty
sandstone in a few thick layers with shaly partings.

4d. Hard black, siliceous shales, weathering rusty brown, traversed
by cleavage planes which produce cubical fragments. These

1 Records, L. с., p. 21.

co
ب‎

STRATIGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 135

shales are best seen on the southern slope of the Balchdhura
heights, and in an overfold to the south of Kiogarh Chirchun
Е. С. (plates ı and 4).

This group passes through a small thickness of black, crumbling
shales into—

4e. consisting of grey and greenish sandstone with very thin,

mostly brown shaly layers. A few calcareous bands are
intercalated near the base. This series is very similar to the
Gieumal sandstones but can be distinguished from them by its
abundance of fucoids and indistinct plant remains. The sand-
stones gradually become tuffaceous higher up and pass into
Af. a series of very thin-bedded green tuffs (150^) overlaid by a small
thickness of red tuffs. The former may be identical with “a
hard rock, generally bluish green in colour, which probably
has been formed to a large extent of trappean material,"
which was observed by Mr. Griesbach in the Chirchun area.
Age of upper Flysch.—The upper flysch is throughout devoid of
fossils that might afford any clue as to the age of the various divisions,
and although there can be no doubt that most of them are cretaceous,
the question arises, whether the topmost beds do not extend into the
nummulitics or not.

It will be more convenient to deal with this question after having
described the area in full, and it may suffice to remark here that most
probably the nummulitics are not included in the upper flysch.! As
to the arguments which lead to this conclusion, I may refer the reader
to the last chapter of this Memoir.

III—GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE IGNEOUS
ROCKS AND EXOTIC BLOCKS.
Along the boundary range from Balchdhura No. 2 to the Kiogarh-
Chaldu pass and in the vicinity of the Kiogarh-Chirchun pass the

' The view here adopted differs from that expressed in General Report, 1900-or,
which was published before the present Memoir had been concluded.

9 )

136 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

flysch is overlaid by great masses of basic igneous rocks, which include
a large number of “ exotic blocks”, consisting chiefly of limestones, the
whole resembling in appearance an extraordinarily coarse breccia with-
out any trace of stratification. In describing these masses it will be
convenient to deal first with the igneous rocks and subsequently with
the exotic blocks, imbedded in the former.

(a) The igneous rocks.
Rocks of igneous origin occur, as mentioned above, in the flysch,
the youngest division consisting of subaqueous red and green tuffs.

These have, however, nothing to do with the subaerial basic igneous
rocks we have to consider at present.

A number of rock specimens brought back were kindly determined
by Mr. T. H. Holland, who provided me with the following short
notes :—

Petrological evidence.— Most of the rocks present the characters
of lava flows, generally basic in composition, but too much altered for
precise determination, and many of these can be referred to as andesites.
They have generally a pilotaxitic structure, but their ferromagnesian
silicates having been altered beyond recognition, they may as often
be related to the diabases as to the andesites: the distinction is not
important. Many are distinctly amygdaloidal, but in some the cavities
now filled in with calcite may have been the result of secondary altera-
tions." Other specimens are spherulitic pitchstones which fall into
line with the amygdaloidal and other structures which indicate a vol-
canic (surface) origin for most of therocks. Опе rock is a serpentine,
which has resulted from the alteration of a peridotite.

Aspect in the field—In Johar one generally meets with loose
débris, consisting of large and small blocks of green and red andesite
and finer volcanic material, mixed with a multitude of pieces of sedimen-

1 A rock specimen collected by Diener near Talla Sangcha was examined by
C.V. John, and his notes are communciated in Diener, “ Ergebnisse," p.599.
V. John described this rock as an amygdaloidal diabase. It appears to represent

a type of near affinity to those of my own collection which Mr. Holland deter.
mined as amygdaloidal andesites (see above).

(HORS)

GENERAL CHARACTERS. 137

tary rocks. I was for some time in doubt as to whether this does not
represent a volcanic agglomerate. Especially the southern slope of
the Balchdhura heights where no outcrop of solid rock is seen such an
explanation might appear correct, and I met with occurrences remind-
ing me of volcanic bombs. Round balls of amygdaloidal andesite, ap-
proximately 2 feet in diameter, on being broken up, were found to con-
tain calcite kernels, large in the centre, and decreasing in size towards
the periphery. А+ the same locality I observed blocks of coarse breccias
composed of green andesite and red limestone. pieces.

I do not, however, now believe that true agglomerates are anywhere
existent in Johar. The same loose débris, such as is met with at the
Balchdhura heights, is also found in many other places, where it is
obviously produced by the weathering of lavas in which a large
number of foreign fragments are involved. These curious lavas are,
for instance, 20 situ round the base of the Kiogarh plateau. It thus
appears certain that the loose masses alluded to represent débris from
lavas, not volcanic agglomerates. The round balls of andesite des-
cribed above can well be brought into accord with this explanation. In
two places I observed a spheroidal or sack-like structure in solid lavas,
no doubt the result of weathering. To this spheroidal weathering we
may attribute the bomb-like balls. This is the better justified by the
solid crust generally seen in true volcanic bombs, being wanting.
Finally, as regards the breccias composed of andesite and red limestone,
found at the Balchdhura heights, they also accompany the lavas, and
are in situ. North of the Kiogarh-Chaldu pass and to the south-east
of Kiogarh-Chirchun pass breccias were met with in close connec-
tion with the spheroidal lavas just mentioned.

Fragmental rocks.—A few remarks as to the fragmental rocks
occurring occasionally among the lavas may be added. The breccia
found north of the Kiogarh-Chaldu pass is of a peculiar character.
The fragments according to Mr. Holland are chiefly altered pitchstone,
probably andesitic in composition, others are serpentine. The narrow
interstices between the fragments are filled up by densely red limestone
of a laminated structure, the laminae being parallel to the surfaces of

(и)

138, KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR,

the pitchstone fragments. lt appears that in the original limestone,
fragments were crushed together with the harder volcanic rocks, with
the result that the limestone now apparently forms the cement of the
breccia. Volcanic tuffs are often met with but never in a fresh condition.
A specimen of tuff was found by Mr. Holland to contain fragments of
various derivation, including quartzites and volcanic rocks.

Age of volcanics.— The volcanic rocks of Johar are younger than
the flysch. This follows first from their overlying the latter and
secondly from the fact that blocks, derived from various divisions of -
the flysch series, even the tuffs (2f) are met with among the volcanics.
The latter must be considered equivalent in age to the volcanics of the
Indus valley, viz., lower tertiary.

Origin.—As to their mode of origin they are clearly subærial.
This must be concluded from their petrological and geological features,
and from the absence of all proof of a subaqueous origin. The
volcanics show no trace of bedding, the fragmental constituents are
angular, never rolled, and no sedimentary deposits are connected
with them.

As stated in the introduction, these rocks were previously con-
sidered intrusive rocks, a theory which can no longer be maintained.
Distribution and petrological habitus clearly indicate their surface
origin, and this is further corroborated by their being folded together
with the flysch under conditions which exactly recall sedimentary beds.
There must of course bevolcanic vents and dykes, through which the
igneousrocks have reached the surface, but the sources of discharge
no doubt lie outside Johar, v2z., to the north or north-east of it within
Hundés, as nowhere in the area examined have intrusive dykes been
discovered. It is true that in places volcanics are mixed up with the
flysch, but this can in almost every instance be proved to be the result
of later disturbances.

*T have twice followed the route along which Diener ascended from Talla
Sangcha towards Kiogarh No. 1, but completely failed to discover the “numerous
veins of intrusive rocks ’’ which Diener reported. Nor have I observed intrusions
anywhere else in the flysch of Johar, although I examined this district much more
closely than any previous observer,

( 12 )

GENERAL CHARACTERS. 139

There is, however, another. subordinate mode of occurrence of
igneous rocks to be considered. In many of the limestone blocks thin
igneous veins, traversing the blocks from end to end, are to be seen.
These are instances of true intrusions. Wherever these veins are
present the limestones are much altered and marmorised. As a
rule ten or more veins are seen running parallel to each other at
regular intervals, a feature which is probably due to their following
bedding planes. Twice I met blocks with intrusions, which evidently
have been plicated, for they described narrow angles.

The igneous rocks thus intruded resemble in macroscopic appear-
ance those surrounding the blocks.

The explanation of these intrusive veins affords no difficulty.
They must have been formed while the limestones were still zz situ,
although they had then already been acted upon by the igneous rocks.
Most likely therefore these limestones are derived from volcanic necks
and thus resemble in origin the volcanic blocks mentioned above.

(4) The exotic blocks.

Exotic blocks abound to such an extent that the number of those
exceeding 10 feet in diameter alone must be calculated to be many
hundreds while the smaller blocks are quite innumerable. The
volcanics of the Kiogarh high plateau especially are extremely rich
in exotic blocks. It would therefore be impossible to mark on the
map even the larger blocks separately. The course I followed was to
indicate those only which were found in any way remarkable, either
by their fossil contents, conspicuous forms, isolated position, etc.
Accumulations of large blocks, which contain little volcanic material —
such as occur in the Kiogarh heights (for instance Kiogarh No. 3) —
were marked as singlelimestone masses. The rest were left unmapped.

The exotic blocks are of various lithological descriptions. Most
of them are grey or red limestones, but in places sandstone blocks
are common. Rarer types are blocks consisting of tuffs and shales,

But these blocks being of sedimentary origin, lithological characters

(Оз)

140 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

areof small importance compared with the question as to which
stratigraphical horizon they represent. This could of course only be
satisfactorily ascertained were fossils from; many of them available.
I need hardly say that this is not so; indeed by far the greater part is
entirely unfossiliferous, and this cannot be wondered at, seeing that
they are imbedded in igneous rocks and have in ninety-nine cases out
ofa hundred been highly altered. It was only by examining many
hundreds of blocks that I was able to obtain fossils here and there.
Weeks of unsuccessful search were thus now and then only inter-
rupted by a fortunate find. But in most cases, when once discovered,
the fossils were to be had in large numbers. Other blocks. could be
determined with more or less certainty by their lithological characters,
and thus I obtained evidence of the representation of several horizons,
one being palaozoic, the others mesozoic. Some of these horizons
are identical with those found in the exotic blocks of the Chirchun area,
but most of them are new. They are:

1. Permo-carboniferous (E. Blocks 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19 (?)
on map). Blocks of this age were chiefly traced in the hills to the north-
west and west of the Kiogarh-Chirchun pass. A loose block containing
fossils of that age was observed in the neighbourhood of Malla Sangcha
E. G. and had no doubt rolled down from the higher slopes of Kiogarh
No. 1.

Lithologically the permo-carboniferous limestone may be described
asa massive, light grey and red, marble-like crinoid-limestone with
many cleavage planes. Large sections of crinoid stems (app. 4 inch in
diameter) form a most characteristic feature. Blocks of this age
rarely exceed 30’ to 50” in diameter, E. B. 9 alone being of larger
dimensions ! (at least 300 cubic feet). Whereas on Peak Chirchun
No. r, which is composed of limestone of this age, fossils abound,
the permo-carboniferous blocks found in Johar are very poor in fossils.
The only locality which yielded a larger number of specimens is
E. B. 9, but here also several days’ search was required to obtain

1 See PI. 4.

(140)

GENERAL CHARACTERS. 141

satisfactory collections. The fauna is identical with that described by
Diener from Peak Chirchun No. т, as is proved by the following list of
fossils, kindly communicated by Prof. Diener ‘==

Productus abichi, Waag.

Ў) gratiosus y;

» chitichunensis, Dien,
Marginifera typica, Waag.
Enteletes, sp. ind.

Uncinulus timorensis, Beyr.
Hemiptychina himalayensis, Dien.
Camorophoria purdoni, Dien.
Spirifer wynnet, Waag.

m tibetanus, Dien.
Martinia, dis. sp.
Lyttonia sp. ind.
Spirigera royssit, Lev.

2. Lower trias (E. B. 20 on map). One large block was dis-
covered with numerous cevhalopoda of lower triassic age, situated
about 13 miles to the north of Kungribingri No. 2 at the right angle
formed wherethe boundary range turns from a south to north direc-
tion to the east.

The rockis of a dark red, earthy limestone, thin bedded, with a
few grey layers. The cephalopodaare mostly of indifferent preserva-
tion being filled by calcite. Most of the fauna collected belong to the
genera Flemingites and Danubites, two very characteristic genera of
the Himalayan lower trias (horizon of Fleming ites rohzlla). A coms
mon species is Danubites nivalis, Dien. Other genera represented
are Meekoceras, Hedenstroemia, Prosphingites and a genussimilar to
Pseudosageceras, Dien. This fauna awaits further examination.!

Lower.triassic blocks are not recorded from the Chirchun area.

1 The Meekocerata were recognised to contain species unknown from the
horizon of Flemingites vohilla of the Himalayan series, while the species common
tothe latter are wanting in E. B. 20. This points to faunistical peculiarities
being present, yet I have little doubt that they are of small importance.

(158)

242 KRAFFT : EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

3. Lower Muschelkalk (2). On the southern slope of the Balch-
dhura heights I found a loose block with a few fragmentary and badly
preserved ammonites. One of these shows ceratitic sutures, another
is in transverse section and sculpture similar to Procladiscites jasont,
Dien, 'This block may be of lower muschelkalk age and equivalent
to the lower muschelkalk horizon discovered by Middlemiss in the
Chirchun area.! The state of preservation of the fossils excludes any
definite statement.

4. Ladinic or Lower Carnic stage (E. B. 1 on map, pl. 1, and
section 1 on pl :2). Somewhat below E. B. I foundseveral loose
specimens of dark red, very ferruginous limestone with Daonella
indica, Bitt. As these fragments are lithologically identical pum E.
B. 1, the fossils must have come from it.

The specimens are of large size, like fig. 11 on pl. vii in Bittner's
Memoir on the Brachiopoda and Bivalves of the Himalayan Trias.?
E. B. 1 consists of thin-bedded limestones, alternating with very thin
bands of dark red shales and differs from any other I met with. Dao-
nella indica was previously assigned exclusively to the lower carnic
stage (“ Traumatocrinus limestone" of the Shalshal cliff section with
Foannites cymbiformis) but has been found subsequently in Spiti
and in Painkhanda in the ladinic stage of the muschelkalk too. E. B.
1 may therefore represent either of these horizons.

Blocks with Daonella indica are not recorded from the Chirchun
area.

5. Upper Carnic stage (E. B. 2 on map, section 1 on pl. 12 and
pl.3). About one mile to the north-west of the Dalchdhura pass at
approximately 18,000 ft. a block was discovered, the richest in fossils
and at the same time the least influenced by igneous rocks of any I
observed. It is a marble like that of the famous Hallstatt beds of the
eastern Alps, bright red, massive, and not in the least earthy.

A very large and well preserved collection of ammonites with a
few bivalves and brachiopoda was obtained from this block. I have so

* Pal. Ind., Ser. XV, vol II, pt. з.
3 Pal. Ind., Ser. XV, vol. 111, pt. 2.

GENERAL CHARACTERS. 143

far identified the following three species with forms described from
the Himalayan “ Daonella beds” :—

Cladiscites subaratus, v. Mojs.
Phylloceras ebneri 9p. gg
Fuvavites (griesbachites) medleyanusA

The commonest genus of the fauna is Cladiscites, a species belong-
ing to the group of Cladiscites tornatus being the leading fossil,

Other genera are: Tropıtes, Arcestes, Placites, Fovites, Nautilus,
etc. Of the rare Tropttes, species resembling 7. suóóullatus, T.
acutangulus, T. barthi, and T. spinosus, v. Mojs., occur.

This fauna also awaits detailed examination.

There can be no doubt that it represents the Tropites horizon of
the carnic stage, being equivalent to the “Subbullatus beds” of the
Alps and the Tropites limestone of Spiti and Byans.

The loose block with Fovztes n. f. ind. ex. aff. 7. boszensıs found
by Mr. Griesbach near Talla Sangcha E. G., belongs to this horizon,
this species being also present in my collections from E. B. 2.

Carnic blocks are not recorded from the Chirchun area.

6. Dachsteinkalk (?) Exotic block 8 (pl. 7) and Kiogarh high pla-
teau (plates 2 and 3). The predominant rock of the exotic masses
is a light grey, dolomitic massive limestone. Its main distribution is
in the mountains between the Balchdhura and Kiogarh-Chaldu passes
(Kiogarh high plateau), but blocks of light grey, dolomitic limestone
were also found elsewhere.

Unfortunately not even a trace of a fossil was observed, but it is
probable that the limestones represent chiefly the Dachsteinkalk.

Grey limestone blocks are also recorded from the Chirchun area,
Griesbach and Diener likewise consider them Dachsteinkalk.

7. Lower Lias (E. Bs. 4, 6, 7, 16, 17 on map, plates 3 and 8). No

1 This species of hitherto doubtful geological position I found recently in the
topmost “ Daonella beds ” of the Bambanag cliff, immediately below the “ Hauer
ites beds," Diener.

(7)

144 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

doubt the most interesting of all the blocks are those of lower
liassic age. Five belonging to this horizon were observed, of which two
(16 and 17) have yielded a considerable number of lower liassic ammo-
nites. These are situated about 1} mile west-north-west of the Kiogarh-
Chirchun pass and the other three, poorer in fossils, 4, 6, 7, lie near
Malla Kiogarh E.G. The rock is a very earthy, brick red, rather
thin-bedded, nodular limestone, with a few thick grey layers. This
type of block is the most characteristic of all, and when once closely
observed can be recognized from afar by its characteristic tint.

The fauna, containing as it does several species of Arzetites, is of
an unmistakable lower liassic type. The commonest genus of the
fauna is Phylloceras. |

This is the first record of lias fossils being found in India.

It is of particular interest that the facies is the Alpine one. My
specimens are in preservation identical with the lias of Adneth near
Salzburg (Austria).

8. Spiti shales (?)
Balchdhura heights.!

9. Gieumal sandstone (?)
The Balchdhura heights are made up of masses of unfossiliferous
shales and sandstones. The sandstones are lithologically indistinguish-
able from the Gieumal sandstone, and the shales associated with them
are black alum shales. I believe that these masses represent Gieumal
sandstone and Spiti shales; as fucoids are wanting in the sandstones,
we have no reason to correlate them with the upper flysch sandstones
(ae). There only remains the Gieumal sandstone with which to com-
pare them. Accordingly we may consider the shales to be Spiti shales,
viz., the uppermost division, which in the normal sections alternates
with the Gieumal sandstone.
Sandstone blocks, all apparently Gieumal sandstone, are common
throughout the exotic masses, but nowhere do they dominate so much

as in the Balchdhura heights

* Pl. 1 and section 1 on pl. 12.

GENERAL CHARACTERS. 145

10 Upper Flysch Sub-Division 4b. (E. Bs. 3, 14 on map).
Within the igneous rocks south of the Balchdhura pass, I observed a
block consisting of thin-bedded brown limestones, with shaly partings
which could at once be recognized as belonging to sub-division 45 of
the upper flysch.

On the heights south of the Kiogarh plateau, between E. Bs. 15
and r5, black shales of the same sub-division, with ferruginous concre-
tions and brown weathering flaggy limestones occur.

11. Upper Flysch Sub-Division (4f). Green tuffs, representing
sub-division 4/, were observed in the igneous rocks of the Balchdhura
heights close to E. B. 1. This occurrence had to be left out on the map.

The last mentioned four horizons are not recorded from the Chir-
chun area.

In conclusion I must remark that among the very numerous
unfossiliferous limestones there are many of a red colour, resembling
the Tropites limestone. Most of the blocks offer no clue whatever to
their age.

Origin of red and grey limestone blocks.—Leaving the four young-
est horizons (Spiti shales and flysch) out of consideration, we will now
deal in some detail with the older horizons up to the lias. We must
of course presuppose that the blocks, found within the volcanics of
Johar, originally formed part of one and the same series at some dis-
tance from their present place of occurrence. This theoretical series we
: 5 may call the “ Tibetan Series!" as it must needs

“€ Tibetan Series.” 9 E T

be n situ somewhere in Tibet, and we may com-
pare it first with the corresponding beds observed in the normal sec-
tions of the Himalayas.

Comparison with “ Himalayan Series."—The comparison leads
to the conclusion that each single sub-division of the Tibetan series
known so far, from the permo-carboniferous up to the lias, differs
from the corresponding Himalayan division.

! [ mean to restrict this term to the sequence from the permo-carboniferous up
to the lias, which differs in facies from what is seen in the Central Himalayas.

( a9 )

146 f KRAFFT : EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

Permo-carboniferous.—As "regards this system, there is no
sequence of beds known in the Himalayas which could be compared
either palæontologically or lithologically with the red and white
limestones of the exotic blocks. In most of the sections of the
younger palæozoics of the Himalayas there is a marked unconformity
at the base of the Permian Productus shales,! and this would lead to the
conclusion that the. permo-carboniferous is wanting. There is only
one section known in which the gap appears to the filled up (Lio
in Spiti), but this section has not yet been worked out in full detail.
But even supposing faunistical equivalents to the permo-carboniferous
should be discovered there, their lithological equivalents are undoubt-
edly absent as the series in question consists of conglomerates, sand-
stones, shales and grey limestones.?

Lower Trias.—' The lower trias of the Tibetan series appears to
be the exact equivalent to the “ horizon of Flemingites rohilla” 3 of
the Himalayan series. There appear to be certain faunistical pecu-
liarities, but as far as І can judge they are of no great importance.
Lithologically, however, there is a very marked difference, the horizon
being in the Himalayan series represented by grey or black limestones
with intercalated bands of black shales.

Lower Muschelkalk.— As regards the lower muschelkalk, the case
is much the same as with the lower trias. The fauna, which was
described by Diener from red limestone blocks near Peak Chirchun No.
1 (Middlemiss crag) occurs in the Central Himalayas in grey lime-
stones with Spirzferina stracheyi below the horizon of Ceratites
thuillieri.*

Ladinic or lower Carnic stage.—Beds with Daonella iudica occur
in the Himalayan series in the ladinic stage as well as in the lower

! See Griesbach, Mem XXIII, p. 65 ; Hayden, General Report, 1899-1900,
p.187. In Spiti the unconformity occurs at the base of a calcareous sandstone,
underlying the Productus shales.

? Hayden, General Report, 1899-1900, p. 188.

3 This new term I introduced to replace the term “ Subrobustus beds,” Diener,
Ceratites subrobustus having been proved to belong to the lower muschelkalk.

* General Report, 1899-1900, p. 205, and 1900-1901, p. 26.

( 20 )

GENERAL CHARACTERS. 147

carnic stage, but their facies is of a dark, mostly black and shaly
limestone and therefore differs widely from that of the equivalent divi-
sion of the Tibetan series.

Upper Carnic stage—The Tropites horizon of the Himalayan series
is developed in Spiti as a grey, brown weathering, somewhat shaly,
nodular limestone with few, badly preserved ammonites! At the
Bambanag cliff, where this horizon has only recently been discovered
by myself? it is a grey, shaly limestone alternating with grey shales,
which belong to the topmost “ Daonella beds." These limestones of
the Bambanag cliff also differ faunistically from the Himalayan and
Tibetan Tropites horizon by the apparent absence of the genus Z'ropztes
and the general paucity of cephalopoda. In Byans, the Tropites horizon
is represented by grey limestones including a rich and well preserved
fauna of cephalopoda, among which Zropites is found. The fauna
appears to be very much richer than that of Exotic Block 2 and to
differ moreover by the absence of the genus ClJadiscites, which is se
abundant in the Tibetan facies.

“ Dachsteinkalk” (?)— Great masses of unfossiliferous, grey, dole-
mitic limestones, occurring among the exotic blocks, were correlated
with the dachsteinkalk of the Himalayan series. It is necessary te
state that there is no complete lithological identity between the two,
the Tibetan grey limestones being massive throughout, while the
Himalayan dachsteinkalk is well bedded.

Lias.—It has been shown above, that the lias must be looked for
in the Central Himalayas in a series of conformable, grey limestones,
ranging from upper triassic into middle jurassic. It is possible that
limestones, including a species resembling Spiriferina obtusa, Oppel.,
which I found in Spiti in a section near Gieumal, represent the lias,
but so far no unmistakable liassic fossils have been recorded. The
red cephalopod limestones traced in Johar thus differ widely from
the equivalent Himalayan beds, both in facies and by the fauna they
include.

1 General Report, 1899-1900, p. 218.
= وو‎ » 1900-1901, p. 28.

148 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

We therefore learn from this comparison of the Tibetan with the
Himaiayan series that, though in two cases (lower trias and lower
muschelkalk) a striking faunistical similarity exists, the two series
differ entirely in lithological description, three of the horizons (permo-
carboniferous (7), Tropites limestone and lias) being distinguished
faunistically as well. The only horizon which affords! points of simi-
larity is the dachsteinkalk.

Comparison with European Alps.—To compare the Tibetan series
with occurrences of similar lithological features outside Tibet, we
must turn to the European Alps, where we find rocks of striking re-
semblance in the “Hallstatt limestones” and the red liassic limestones.
The lithological resemblance is indeed so great that we are justified
in supposing that the same physical conditions prevailed in the two
areas. These conditions set in in Tibet at an earlier date (permo-
carboniferous) than in the Alps (upper muschelkalk). They coincided
in both areas during upper carnic and lower liassic times, but it
appears that during noric times red limestones were deposited in the
Alps but not in Tibet.

“Hallstatt” facies.—' The Alpine Hallstatt facies is confined to
more or less limited areas, being chiefly met with near Hallstatt,
Hallein and Berchtesgaden in the Austrian and Bavarian Alps.
According to Schlosser! it includes all the triassic beds ‘from the
“Werfen shales” (lower trias) upwards. The lowest division, the
“ Haselgebirge " (uppermost lower trias and lower muschelkalk),
which is characterised by the occurrence of salt, has apparently no
lithological equivalent in the Tibetan series and is therefore of no
interest here.

All the rest of the Hallstatt facies, however, with its three. main

divisions: (1) “ Schreyeralm” or “ Lärcheck” limestone and (upper

1 Dr. Max. Schlosser, * Das Triasgebiet von Hallein” Zeitschrift d. Deutsch.
Geol. Gesellsch, Vol. L, part 2, 1898.

It is sufficient for the present purpose to consider the Alpine occurrences alone.
- Those of Bosnia and Dalmatia can be left out of consideration.

( 22 )

GENERAL CHARACTERS. 149

muschelkalk, horizon of Ceratites trinodosus), (2) carnic and (3) noric
Hallstatt beds, contain red fossiliferous limestones.

Whitish and grey limestones occur along with the red, and the
red noric Hallstatt limestones pass in places into the dachsteinkalk.
While the red yield great numbers of fossils, chiefly cephalopoda,
the grey limestones are poor in organic remains.

There also occur breccias, made up of red, earthy and grey lime-
stones. All the lithological varieties of the facies pass rapidly into
each other, even within one and the same layer.

Red Alpine Lias—The red liassic limestones of the Alps resemble
in many ways those of the Hallstatt trias with which they are also
closely connected geographically. Changes of facies are common
although on the whole red limestones prevail. In the Hagengebirge,
south of Salzburg in Austria, I myself ! observed coarse breccias
which answer in description those recorded from the Hallstatt beds.

Red Alpine limestones, no deep sea deposits.—The red Alpine
limestones have been looked upon by some authors as deep sea
deposits, a theory which owing to its bearing on the origin of the
Tibetan series will have to be shortly discussed here.

As to the Hallstatt limestones, an observation, made by Prof.
Koken, who described their Gastropod fauna,? is of great importance.
Koken noticed that large specimens and species almost invariably show
traces of old fractures, which had healed during the lifetime of the
animals and which had locally interrupted the sculpture, without in any
way hindering the normal growth. From this Koken concludes that
the animals lived in comparatively shallow, very rough water, perhaps
in the vicinity of cliffs, which were washed by a strong surf. “ Any
deep sea character is hereby excluded.” This conclusion is in accord-
ance with the occurrence of breccias as recorded by Schlosser.

I arrived at similar conclusions with respect to the red liassic lime- `
stones of the Hagengebirge.

? Jahrbach Geol. Reichsanstalt Vienna, Vol, 47, part 2, 1897.
? Abhandlungen Geol. Reichsanstalt Vienna, Vol. XVII, part 4, 1897, p: 3:

(239)

150 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

A careful examination convinced me that these were laid down
on the slopes of large reefs of dachsteinkalk, which they eventually
overlapped, owing to a rise in the coast line. This, in connection
with the occurrence of breccias, proves them to have been formed in
comparatively shallow water.

We therefore come tothe conclusion that the red Alpine limestones
are not deposits of a deep sea, but of comparatively shallow water in the
vicinity of grey limestone reefs, and we may conclude that the origin
of the red Tibetan limestönes was a.similar one. On the other hand
stress must be laid on the absence of sandy and shaly materials, which
clearly points to an open sea, and this is no doubt, as Mr. Griesbach
suggests,! owing to the Tibetan rocks having been deposited at a greater
distance from the old Indian continent, than the Himalayan series.

From the above it appears improbable that red limestones should
be of wide and equal distribution within the Tibetan series. More likely
they represent local formations, while grey limestones form the predomi-
nant rock, and we may suppose that they pass into the latter in the
same way that the noric Hallstatt limestones pass into dachsteinkalk.

This conclusion would be well in accordance with the observation,
that within the volcanics of Johar grey limestones, mainly in huge
masses, form the most prominent foreign element, whereas the red
blocks—at least as far as size is concerned— play a comparatively
unimportant róle.

If the above be correct, it would of course follow that the grey
dolomitic limestones represent not only dachsteinkalk but have à
considerably wider range. The term “ dachsteinkalk ” applied to
them must accordingly be understood to be of a provisional character.

In the foregoing remarks the exotic blocks, representing Spiti
shales, Gieumal sandstone and upper flysch were left out of con-
sideration. There is no reason why we should not assume them to
have come from the same regions as the limestone blocks and we may
conclude that the jurassic and cretaceous divisions following above
the Tibetan series are of a character lithologically identical to those
seen along the Indo-Tibetan frontier.

1 Loc. cit., р. 25.

( 24 )

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. 151

IV.-DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA.
(а) The neighbourhood of the Balchdhura Pass.

The boundary range rises up north of the Balchdhura pass to an in-
significant peak, Ralchdhura, 18,110,’ whence it runs north-west to a
second point marked on the Trigonometrical Survey map, Balchdhura
No. 2, 18,500”. Between these two points the range describes
a curve ? with its convex side towards Hundés. Within this are two
high peaks, the Balchdhura heights, as I call them; the eastern
measuring 18,900' the western slightly less.

Structure of Flysch.—To the west of Balchdhura No. 2 the bound-
ary range is composed of Gieumal sandstone with remains of the
upper flysch series, vis, the red shales and limestones (44) which
alone are preserved,

About half a mile west of Balchdhura No 2, the upper flysch is
faulted against the Gieumal sandstone. On the slopes to the south and
south-east of the Balchdhura heights a magnificent flysch section, the
best I have seen, is exposed.

The beds have a constant dip of 10 to 15° to the north-east.
Ascending this section we meet with a certain amount of folding in
the black shales (42), but higher up it is almost undisturbed as far as
the topmost flysch beds, where there is a very striking feature.
Tuffs, almost horizontal, first green, then red, end in a sort of narrow
ledge, to which a débris slope descends from a small thickness of red,
folded tuffs. This upper, folded tuff band yielding easier to weather-
ing than the slightly inclined tuffs below, the formation of a ledge and
a débris slope is easily understood, but the question, how the sudden
change from unfolded to folded beds can have been brought about,
is more difficult to answer. It must of course be due to faulting,
but the latter is of an unusual and remarkable character.

The ledge, with its accompanying features, can be seen following
the curve of the boundary range, for at least 2 miles, from Balchdhura

! Pls. 1 and 3; section 1 on pl. 12.
? Not marked on the map.

152 KRAFFT: EXOTIC. BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

No. 2 to the northern scarp of Kiogarh No. r. Near the latter it is
particularly well pronounced (see woodcut below).

Balchdhura Heights

eae /
Fig. 1. Folded and undisturbed tuffs (4f ) in boundary range,
S. E. Balchdhura pass.

For the whole of this distance the fault follows the strike of the
beds exactly. This peculiar fault can only be properly understood
when compared with more complicated disturbances, seen in
the upper flysch round the base of the Kiogarh high plateau.
As the comparatively soft flysch deposits are overlaid by rigid
masses, which must have been. originally of a considerably greater
thickness than is now observed, it is conceivable that, when the
country was subject to lateral pressure, it was principally the flysch
that yielded, and it also appears natural that the disturbances thus
effected should be most pronounced in the neighbourhood of the
boundary towards the overlying masses. The latter appear to have
evaded the pressure by being pushed to some extent over the flysch.
We will see below that the country south of the Kiogarh plateau
is more intensely disturbed than the districts alluded to above, with
the result that there the volcanics are folded together with the flysch.

( 26 )

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA, 153

Volcanics.—As soon as we have passed the folded tuff we come
on the southern slope of the Balchdhura heights upon loose débris,
chiefly composed of amygdaloidal andesite and red limestones. No
outcrop of igneous rocks Zz situ was here observed. Involved in the
débris we find large exotic blocks of various description.

Exotic blocks.— Of these I have first to mention one of green and
red tuffs (4 7), found due south below the western summit of the Balch-
dhura heights. It is greatly contorted and crushed but has a general
steep dip towards north-east (70° to 80°). The pressure it has
sustained is also indicated by almost every single bedding plane being
slickensided. Red limestone blocks, mostly small in size, are also seen.
Two of the largest of these have yielded fossils, vzz., E. B. 1 Daonella
indica, E. B. 2 ammonites of upper carnic stage.

Exotic block 1.—Block 1 is of a longish form, divided up into
several more or less disconnected parts by débris of green andesite.
On the whole it can be said to dip towards north-east and strike about
north-west to south-east, but neither dip nor strike are constant
throughout its entire length. Faults abound and strong crushing is
noticeable, the andesite being even folded into the red limestone
locally.

Exotic block 2.—Block 2 with its upper carnic cephalopod fauna
crops out from a débris slope to the south-south-east of the eastern
summit. No bedding can be seen. The limestone is in part altered
and only after some search did I find fossils in it. Near it is another
rather large limestone block of pinnacle shape, made up of vertical
beds, but this did not yield any fossils.

As regards the Balchdhura heights proper, they are of a peculiar
description, being composed chiefly of greenish sandstones and shales,
with a few isolated, densely red limestone blocks.

Gieumal sandstone blocks.—Besides these foreign elements, of
which the two first I believe represent Gieumal sandstone and Spiti
shales, igneous rocks play an unimportant part. We shall see later on
that in the Kiogarh plateau also foreign elements predominate in places
to such an extent as to exclude almost entirely the igneous rocks.

270)

154 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

Seen from afar the Gieumal sandstones look as if they were bedded,
and this no doubt was the case originally. But on closer examination
this bedding is no longer recognized. The apparent layers of sand-
stone are found to be split up by innumerable small faults into angular
fragments. Often the shaly matter has been the lubricant by means
of which one block was pushed over another. The interstices between
the blocks are as a rule filled out by breccia-like matter of shale
with small pieces of sandstone. Large sandstone blocks make up the
actual heights. The western summit is formed by a huge block with
particularly bold outlines.

Balchdhura Pass.—Descending from the Balchdhura heights
towards the pass we soon come upon lavas partly altered into
serpentine. Thus a flat, conical elevation on the ridge near E. B.
2 is composed of that rock. A specimen of serpentine from the -
frontier range south-east of the Balchdhura pass was found by
Mr. Holland to be an altered peridotite with chromite. The top of the
range is thinly studded over with limestone and sandstone blocks, the
latter being here again occasionally of large size (see woodcut below).

Fig. 2. Blocks of Gieumal sandstones in basic igneous rocks near
Peak Balchdhura, 18,110!

( 28 )

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. 155

(4) The Kiogarh High Plateau."

About one mile south-east of the Balchdhura pass there rises an
extended mountain mass with a number of peaks, ranging from 18,000’
to somewhat above 19,000'.?

High Plateau.—The whole is a wide high plateau, intersected by
two rivers (Sami and Ghátámémin rivers) and by four passes, leading
from these rivers and their branches into Johar. The plateau character
is most pronounced to the west of the Sami river (Kiogarh No. r,
No. 2 and No. 3). The country between the Sami and Ghátámémin
valleys is modelled out into a broad ridge and a similar ridge borders the
Ghátámemin valley to the east. Towards Johar the plateau ends pre-
cipitately in high, steep cliffs. There is therefore between the Balch-
dhura and Kiogarh-Chaldu passes no real dividing range with equally
steep declivities on either side. The boundary coincides, it is true,
with the watershed, but this is formed by the edge of a plateau.

The Kiogarh peaks were in 1892 recognized to be exotic masses
(see introduction). Messrs. Griesbach, Diener and Middlemiss could
not however attempt anything beyond a superficial examination of
the area.

In the following I propose to describe first the flysch base and
afterwards the masses that make up the Kiogarh plateau proper.

1.—The Flysch.
Gieumal sandstone.— The Gieumal sandstone encircles the Kiogarh
plateau, without touching it, to the west, extending to the east nearly
as far as Malla Kiogarh E. G.

1 Plates 2 and 3. Section 2 оп pl. 12.

? Asthe Trigonometrical survey map contains only a few names of localities
which are insufficient for the purpose of a detailed description of the area, I have
introduced the following new names : Kiogarh No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and
No 6 (the latter peak is called * Kiogarh” only on the Trigonometrical Survey
map), “Sami Valley” (see pl. 2), “Sami Pass,” “Ghâtémémin Pass,”
* Ghátámémin Valley,” “Sami Е. G.” * Balchdhura E. G.," * Kiogarh Chirchun
E. G” Talla Kiogarh E. G. I and 11,” “Malla Kiogarh E. G. I and II.”

(1929/59)

156 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

On the whole the beds dip towards the high plateau but are in
many places folded and faulted. A beautiful reversed fault is exposed
in the deep ravine of the Kiogarh river, near Talla Kiogarh I. E. G.,
being marked by a strip of red shales (4 a), hemmed in between
two masses of Gieumal sandstone. A very complicated structure sets
in east of Talla Kiogarh E. G. At the latter locality the sandstone
disappears in a steep, almost vertical flexure with a north to south
strike. Further east it again comes to the surface, greatly folded, and
reaches for some distance up the various branches of the Kiogarh
river. On this base of Gieumal sandstone rests the upper flysch.

Upper Flysch.—We have seen in the preceding chapter that the
sequence is but little disturbed in the neighbourhood of the Balchdhura
pass. The sketch on Pl. 13 shows that in ridges J, Папа Ш no dis-
turbances are present beyond the folding of the tuffs (sub-div. 4 /) and
a general incline of the beds towards east and north-east, In ridges
IV and V folding sets in in the sandstone (4 e), but the series is com-
plete both here and in ridge VI. Ridge VII is a disturbed, incomplete
flysch section, On the shales (4 4) the igneous rocks follow imme-
diately. The higher flysch beds are wanting. Passing to the south-
west side of the Kiogarh plateau we find much the same feature as on
ridge VII. Nowhere is the upper flysch series complete. As a rule
the youngest sub-division visible is formed by the shales and flaggy
limestones (4 4), but occasionally the brown sandstones (4 с) are met
with. Small outcrops of the tuffs (4 /) occur in some places but never
ina normal position. Asarule they project from the black shales
(4 4). No traces of the hard shales (4 4) nor of the sandstones with
fucoids (4 e) are seen. The latter reappear however in great force on
the Kiogarh-Chaldu pass.

Black shales form the chief component of the ridges descending
from the Kiogarh plateau towards south-west. For this reason the
structure is difficult and often impossible to unravel. Unfortunately
the brown limestones intercalated with them seldom afford any help
in this respect, as instead of forming clear outcrops, they weather into
débris, producing light brown patches on the black shale ground.

(23023)

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. 157

I must therefore confine myself to mentioning a few discon-
nected observations that testify to the fact of intense disturbances
having taken place.

From the passes between Kiogarh No. ı and No. 2 and Kiogarh
No. 2 and No. 3 branches of a small river run down towards south-west
to a valley bounded on the north-west and south-east by ridges. The
ridge north-west of this valley is composed, as far as the upper
flysch is concerned, entirely of the red shales (44) and the black
shales (45), the latter rich in ferruginous concretions. On these
shales follow immediately the igneous rocks, the rest of the upper

flysch series being entirely absent.
On the ridge south-east of the same valley the Gieumal sandstone

is overlaid by the red and green shales (44) and the black shales (42).
Light brown patches, produced by the weathering of the flaggy
limestones, appear in several places and seem to indicate that the
shales are folded. Higher up the tuffs (4f) appear. These are over-
laid by black shales (44) and these again by tuffs. The latter
eventually disappear beneath igneous rocks.

Between these two ridges, at the base of Kiogarh No. 2, one
exposure is as follows : flaggy limestones and shales (45) are laid into
narrow zigzag folds. Above this follows an outcrop of tuffs (4 f)
covered higher up by débris from Kiogarh No. 2.

The upper part of the flysch ridge ascending to Kiogarh No, 3
from Malla Kiogarh I. E. G. is very similar to the foregoing. It is
composed almost entirely of the black shales (42), but here remains of
the sandstones (4c) crop out from among the shales. The latter
reach up to the débris that surrounds the base of the peak.

In the nullah ascending to the Sami pass black shales with brown
flaggy limestones (45) and tuffs (47 ) are seen folded into each other.
The brown sandstones (4c) occur here too, but there is no trace of
the sandstones (4e). Outcrops of tuffs are again met with higher up
on either side of the nullah about half a mile south of the pass. The beds
are horizontal and are covered below Sami E. G. by volcanics with
completely altered limestone blocks.

Further south-east towards the Kiogarh-Chaldu pass the same

3E )

158 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

features prevail as in the above described ridges. But near the pass
the sandstones with fucoids (47) come in and form the ridge over
which the pass leads into Hundes.

2.— The volcanics and exotic blocks.

Volcanics —In the Kiogarh high plateau the volcanics attain
their highest deveiopment. The thickness of these rocks is more con-
siderable than either north or south of the high plateau and the number.
and rise of the exotic blocks exceeds anything seen elsewhere. On
the whole we can distinguish a lower and an upper division. The
lower one is composed of lavas, including small
and large limestone and sandstone blocks, while
the upper division represents a gigantic accumulation of igneous and
non-igneous rocks in which grey limestones prevail, mixed with dark
lavas and smaller blocks of red limestone,

Two divisions.

These two divisions are well seen in the south-west scarp of the
Kiogarh high plateau, whereas in the north-west and north-east
slope of Kiogarh No. 1 they are but indistinctly marked.

At the south-west slope of Kiogarh No. r and to the north of the
Kiogarh-Chaldu pass outcrops of solid igneous rocks are seen which
are practically free from foreign elements. Everywhere else exotic
blocks abound, being of all possible sizes and various descriptions.

Exotic Blocks. —Red and grey limestones are most common.
They are greatly altered, traversed by intrusive veins and often per-
fectly saturated with igneous matter, which has entered all the minor
fissures. In addition to this they have undergone great crushing.
This not only appears from the abundance of faults, but also from
the folded intrusive veins. Red and grey limestones are completely
mixed up with each other. In the ridge ascending from south-west
towards Kiogarh No. 1, I met with a block of thin-bedded, red lime-
stone, shut in between two large masses of grey limestone.

Scarcity of fossils.—The limestones are mostly devoid of any
AAN fossil remains and I have only been able to trace

one fossiliferous horizon. A loose block found

near Malla Sangcha E. G., yielded a number of brachiopoda identical
( 32 )

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA, 159

with types described from the peak Chirchun No. 1. Inspite of many
days’ search all over the Johar side of the Kiogarh plateau, I did not
find a single fossiliferous block 77 situ.

Greenish grey sandstone blocks are also often seen, but nowhere
do they alone compose large tracts, as in the Balchdhura heights,

А rare type of block is represented by thin-bedded, brown limestones
(45) of the upper flysch. These crop out from volcanic débris at
the foot of the northern scarp of Kiogarh No.1. The limestones
are greatly contorted but show a general dip towards east (E. B. 3 on

map, section 3 on pl. r2).

In describing the actual high plateau we may start from Kiogarh-
No. 5 and thence proceed towards the north-west. I must remark that,
as the watershed forms the boundary of Hundés, which country I was
not allowed to enter, my description must of necessity be incomplete.

Kiogarh No. 5.—Approaching Kiogarh No. 5 from the Kiogarh-
Chaldu pass we soon leave the sandstones with fucoids (де) for the
basic igneous rocks, «composing the boundary range up to the
base of Kiogarh No. 5. They are for the greater part weathered into
débris, but in one locality, on the western slope of the boundary
range, not far from E. B. 8, an outcrop of lavas with spheroidal
structure is seen. With them is associated the pitchstone breccia
described above.

Exotic blocks are seen in many places. The largest (E. B. 8)
is represented in the photograph on, pl. 7, which distinctly shows
the striking contrast between the dark, basic, igneous rocks and the
light grey limestones. E

Reaching the base of the actual summit of Kiogarh No. 5 we
arrive at a larger dolomitic limestone mass rising in steep cliffs to a
height of approximately 200 feet. It seems as if it were one huge block,
but very likely this is not the case, as igneous rocks crop out in places
ofthe limestone (see drawing pl. 10). I have little doubt that peak
Kiogarh No. 5 is like Kiogarh No. 3 (see next page) actually made up
of an accumulation of huge limestone blocks mixed with some igneous
material, but to ascertain this, the Tibetan side of the mountain should
also be examined.

—

WwW
сә
—

#60 KRAFFI: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

Ghätämemin Pass.—To the north-west Kiogarh No. 5 descends to
the Ghátámémin pass, which is within the volcanics. From this pass
the narrow Ghátámémin valley descends (N 20’E) into Hundes. This
valley would probably afford a very good section through the masses
composing Kiogarh No. 4 and No. 6. I could see from the pass that
in the steep eastern scarp of these peaks igneous rocks are exposed,
which include huge grey limestone blocks.

Kiogarh No. 4.—Kiogarh No. 4 is on its western and southern
slopes almost completely covered over with débris, in which limestones
predominate. Patches of dark igneous rocks cccur within thelime-
stone debris, as for instance on the ridge descending towards Sami
pass. |

Kiogarh No. 5.—Kiogarh No. 3 is steeply inclined towards south
west, but on the other side gradually descends into the Sami valley. In
the woodcut below it may be seen that the peak is not a single block,
but consists of several huge blocks, piled upon each other, with volcanics
between.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. 161

A longish patch of igneous rocks (diabase according to Mr. Holland's
determination of a hand specimen) is seen near the top of Kiogarh
No. 3 on pl. 3.

Kiogarh No. 2.—Kiogarh No. 2, the lowest of the Kiogarh peaks,
is in outline similar to Kiogarh No. 3. This again is more likely an
accumulation of limestone blocks than a single block, although I am
bound to say that I have not noticed any volcanic material within the
limestones.

Kiogarh No. 1.—A view from the pass between Kiogarh No. 1
and No. 2 towards the interior of the high plateau is seen on pl. €.
The limestones have all been marked in the photograph as dachstein-
kalk although subordinate red limestones are also seen. The plateau
is made up of igneous rocks and limestones, which apparently com-
Pose the distant peak Ghátámémin, seen to the right on the photograph.
I noticed thereabouts large masses of densely red limestones, which
in tint recall the liassic blocks. The igneous rocks with the limestones
included reach towards the west almost up to the summit of Kiogarh
No. 1 and there cover a number of huge, grey limestone blocks
which on the south-west, north and north-west scarps of Kiogarh No. r
are exposed in perpendicular walls.! In the north-west slope of
Kiogarh No. 1 one meets with large blocks everywhere, becoming more
and more considerable in size towards the top of the peak.?

The photograph on pl. 5 taken from a high ridge in the north-east
scarp of Kiogarh No. 1 may serve to give an idea of the coarse, tumul-
tuous accumulation of rocks composing this peak.

Exotic block in Flysch.—Before leaving the Kiogarh peaks,
mention must be made of a few exotic blocks that occur within the
upper flysch near Malla Kiogarh I. E.G. (E. Bs. 4, 5, 6, 7). Blocks
4, 6, 7 are of liassic, block 5 probably of triassic age. All these occu: =
rences are associated with igneous rocks and surrounded by the black

1 The outlines of these blocks had to be considerably simplified on the map. _

? Limestones and igneous rocks have been distinguished in the drawing on
pl. 2 as far as possible by lettering. But it would be impossible to show the confu

sion prevailing more than approximately. The limestones, though not exclusively
grey, have all been marked as dachsteinkalk.

162 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR,

shales (45). Block 4 is made up of almost horizontal strata of concre-
tionary limestones, the lower beds being grey, the upper red. I found
no fossils in these, but the lithological character of the rock makes
its liassic age pretty certain.

Block 5 is а massive, much altered, red limestone, very poor in
fossils. It has yielded one ammonite strongly resembling Sageceras
and appears thus to be of middle or upper triassic age.

Block 6 yielded some specimens of Arietites. Belemnites and ill-
preserved bivalves are common in certain earthy layers. The beds
have а low dip towards north. I united this block on the map with a
small outcrop of presumably liassic limestone to the south-west of it,
which is completely unfossiliferous and shows vertical beds.

Block 7 yielded an ill-preserved specimen of PAylloceras. Seeing
that the dip is the same as in the neighbouring block 6, the two may
be connected subterraneously.

It is clear that the occurrence of these igneous rocks and exotic
block in the midst of the upper flysch must be due to¿disturbances.
Similar instances will be described below from the area south of the

Kiogarh plateau (see also “ Results ").

(с) The area south of the Kiogarh Plateau (Plates 4, 8, 9,
and sections 3 and 4 on plate 13).

1.— Structural features.

South of the Kiogarh plateau the structure assumes a more com-
plicated character.

Triasso-jurassic anticline.— T here is to the west the triasso-
jurassic anticline, which, appearing underneath the Spiti shales in
the ravine of the Kiogarh river somewhat below Talla Kiogarh I. E.G.,
gradually ascends towards the high peak Lahur (app. 18,000 feet).

(30)

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. 163

East of the anticline a thrust-fault is seen, and what lies east of
the latter consists of flysch and the eocene igneous rocks, no older
beds than Gieumal sandstone being exposed. The fault appears to
have been originally anarrow syncline which was subsequently con-
verted into a thrust-fault with the result that parts of the lower limb of
the original syncline were cut out.

The anticline is of a dome shaped character. At the base it is
denuded down to the middle jurassic limestones, Spiti shales being
preserved in one small patch only. The eastern limb, however, includes
Spiti shales, Gieumal sandstone and part of the upper flysch. This
limb is generally of a simple structure, the dip being low, but in the
neighbourhood of the fault, the structure becomes complicated. I
have already described the flexure which suddenly sets in at Talla
Kiogarh II, E.G., and further east the beds, chiefly Gieumal sandstones
with remains of upper flysch, are laid into narrow zigzag folds until
the fault is reached.

We have now to consider the structure of the area to the east of
the fault.

Near Kiogarh Chirchun E.G. a magnificent section is exposed,
plainly showing an overfold made up of Gieumal sandstone, upper
flysch and the eocene volcanics (see pl. 4).

Over-fold in Flysch.—The longer limb of the overfold is little dis-
turbed and represents from the Gieumal sandstone up to the sandstones
(46), a normal sequence of beds. Above the last mentioned sandstones
the tuffs (49) should be found, but they must be wanting as they were
nowhere observed, a fact which, as will be shown below, must be ex-
plained by denudation having preceded the volcanic eruptions. In
the case of the overfold a small reversed fault is seen which traverses
the brown sandstones (4c), and the hard shales (44).

In the lower limb, which is partly encumbered by débris, the only
flysch divisions visible are the red shales (42) and the sandstones (де).
This overfold borders to the west on-the great thrust-fault. Here

(6323)

164 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR,

an anticline of Gieumal sandstone is seen, which is covered by remains
of the red shales (42). Between this and the sandstones (4e) the basic
igneous rocks have been squeezed out and reduced to a lens-shaped
complex, connected with a block of completely altered limestone
(E. B. то), and further north-east in the strike of the fault-plane,
there is another very large limestone block of permo-carboniferous
age (E. B. 9), which also originally belonged to the lower limb of the
overfold, but has been isolated by denudation.

The fault-plane also cuts through the lower part of a ridge situated
between two branches of the Kiogarh river (ridge II in section 3, pl.
12). The features are much the same as further south, but there
are no igneous rocks seen along the fault. The black shales (42),
here partly preserved, are followed immediately by the sandstones (4c).

Further north the fault could not be traced, but the exotic blocks
seen near Malla Kiogarh I. E.G., may be supposed to lie in the strike of
the thrust-plane, which may account for the abnormal position of these
blocks also. ;

Towards the south the fault crosses the range and then runs along
the western foot ofthe ridge which bears E.B. 20. The greater
part of the flysch is here cut out, but owing to the inaccessibility ! of
this area, the structure could not be cleared up satisfactorily.

Sections through ridges near Kiogarh Chirchun E.G.—To
the east of the overfold we come upon another complicated section.
The beds descend in a low dip to the east and cross the path
leading to the Kiogarh-Chirchun pass. At this place one of the
branches of the Kiogarh river cuts a ravine through them, thus
affording a very good exposure. (See ridge I in section 3 and sec-
tion 4, pl. 12). At the base of the ridge there are the sandstones
(4e) and faulted on top of them a small thickness of shales and sand-
stones representing part of another mass of division 4e. The beds
therefore are doubled owing to a reversed fault (a—a), which is very

1 To work out this corner I had to camp at 18,000 ft. Unfortunately I was
driven down by heavy snow after a short stay.

(338)

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA, 165

sharply marked, as the upper sandstone beds can be seen to be cut
off abruptly by the fault,

Above the upper sandstone remains of igneous rocks are seen, but
the tuffs (4/) are not present here either. The volcanic: are overlaid
by black shales with thin-bedded brown limestones (42), the result of a
second reversed fault (j—42). Recurring patches of débris from the
brown weathering limestones suggest great complications in the struc-
ture of sub-division 44, which have been indicated on the section by
a number of diagrammatic folds.

The two faults are also seen in ridge П to the north of Kiogarh
Chirchun E.G.! We have seen above that in this ridge the sandstones
(де) follow above the great thrust-fault, which traverses the lower part
ofit. At first these sandstones lie almost flat, but rather more than
half way up an eastern dip sets in abruptly, the result of fault a—a.
In this ridge the shales, which are noticed in ridge I, are completely
cut out. Above the sandstone remains of igneous rocks are found here
too, but they disappear at the ridge and are cut out further north. The
igneous rocks are here as in ridge I overlaid by black shales (fault
¿—b). Further north the sandstones (4e) reach as far as Malla Kiogarh
I, where they disappear under the shales 43 (pl. 3). South of ridge I,
the structure isless clear, but it can be seen that the volcanics swell
out considerably in this direction. Here again compact lavas are
seen which show the same spheroidal structure as those near Kiogarh-
Chaldu pass. They contain small blocks of a densely red limestone

and are associated with breccias made up of andesite and red lime-
stone.

These igneous rocks are connected with those which further west
cover the root of the overfold, and this indicates that the sandstones
overlying fault a—a in ridge I represent a wedge that thins out
towards west. East and south of these igneous rocks shales (45) are

met with, which are no doubt faulted against them (fault 2—2 in
ridge I).

! See also view on pl. 3 to the right.

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166 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

2.—The Exotic blocks.

South of the Kiogarh high plateau igneous rocks occur in three
patches. The largest of these is very complicated in outline, owing to
the disturbances it has undergone. It is remarkable for its very
interesting blocks. Of these E Bs. 9, 13, 15 to 18 and 20 yielded
fossils, pointing to permo-carboniferous (9, 13, 15, 18), lower liassic
(16,17) and lower triassic age (20). Other horizons represented are:
Gieumal sandstone, dachsteinkalk and upper flysch, sub-division 45
(14 on map). We will first consider the—

Permo-carboniferous blocks.—E. B. 9 is the largest of that age
found in Malla Johar. It is comparatively little altered, no doubt in
consequence of its size. As recorded above, rare permo-carboniferous
brachiopoda are found in it. A few fossils of this age were also found
in blocks 13, 15 and 18. A permo-carboniferous age can safely be
inferred with respect to blocks 11 and 12, as large crinoid stems
abound in them. Block ro and several others (left out on map) are
of doubtful age. What has been mapped as E. B. 18, is a large
number of blocks of red and white limestones (pl. 9). They yielded
a few permo-carboniferous species.

Lower Liassic blocks.—In the vicinity of E. B. 18 intensely red,
conspicuous patches of débris are seen. In these ammonites of lower
liassic age were found. In one place the limestone is zz situ (partly
to be seen on pl. 9). There it is noticed that the rock is bedded,
concretionary, chiefly of red colour but with a few grey layers, thicker
than the red beds. It is impossible to say how many liassic blocks
were originally present, as they have all been more or less decomposed
into large patches of débris. We can distinguish two main occurrences,
one (E. B. 17) situated near E. B. 18 and the other, E. B. 16 some-
what higher up near the crest of a ridge running from south to north.

Lower triassic blocks (Fig 4 below).—On the frontier ridge south
of the liassic crags an occurrence of red limestones with ammonites

( 40 )

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA, 167

of lower triassic age was discovered. This again is not a single block
but an accumulation of large sized blocks.

ee
A XENA
N

Fig. 4. Exotic block 20 from North.

The collections referred to were made from the small peak seen to
the left on the above woodcut.

This small peak consists of rather thin beds, dipping approximately
80? south-east and striking south-west to north-east. The limestone
is chiefly red with subordinate grey layers. It rests on green andesites
and volcanic breccias.

To the east the block borders on the black shales (45) which
compose the boundary range to a short distance beyond the Kiogarh-
Chirchun pass. Thin-bedded distorted brown” limestones of the
upper flysch (42) crop out from the débris slope south of the E.
B.; but I could not determine whether these represent another
block or not. Débris of red limestone connects the small block I have
just described with similar limestones capping the boundary range
further west, which are also underlaid by igneous rocks. This latter

(АУ)

168 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

part of E. B. 20 also extends for some distance south, where the
boundary range turns round towards peak Kungribingri No. 2. The
rock is extremely altered and calcspar veins abound in it, but there is
an approximately horizontal bedding seen in places. "Traces of ammo-
nites, resembling Danubites and Flemingites are not uncommon, in
spite of the altered state of the rock. From the highest point of block
20 (app. 18,500') it may be seen that igneous rocks reach down
towards south-east into a valley running in the direction of Chirchun
E. G. In this valley exotic blocks also occur.!

Unfossiliferous blocks. —We now proceed to consider the un-
fossiliferous blocks.

Sandstone blocks, apparently representing Gieumal sandstone, may
be seen almost everywhere, especially near the liassic block No. 16,
where they are perfectly denuded out of the igneous rocks and near
E. B. 12 (see. pl. 4 and map).

Grey limestones (dachsteinkalk) occur in one or two places in
the vicinity of the liassic blocks. The limestone is decomposed into
small débris heaps. i

E. B. 14 is an occurrence of black shales extremely crushed and
weathering rusty brown, which looks exactly like certain palæozoic
shales. Ferruginous concretions being common and brown weathering
flaggy limestones with plant remains interbedded, there can be no
doubt that the occurrence represents sub-division 44 of the upper
flysch.

Two small patches of igneous rocks are seen at a short distance to
the north and north-east of the Kiogarh-Chirchun pass. The larger
of these includes an accumulation of large blocks, mapped.as exotic
block 19 (pl. 8). This is one of the most conspicuous blocks of
the area, but unfortunately is devoid even of traces of fossils. The
limestone is much altered, massive, of a red and white streaky colour;

1 One of these exotic blocks is represented on both Mr. Griesbach's and Dr.
Diener’s maps. In addition to these I have marked two others which I noticed
from a distance.

(2429)

RESULTS. 169

and in my opinion is of the permo«carboniferous block type. On one
side it is bordered by black shales (44), on the other side by igneous
rocks (5).

V.—RESULTS.

In the preceding chapters all but occasional references to the
question of the origin of the exotic blocks has been purposely omitted.
The subject is one whose complexity deserves a special treatment,
which could not be undertaken before the area had been fully described.

Before proceeding to express my own view, 1 must deal with the
theories applied to the European “Klippen” which are discussed
by Diener in connection with the exotic blocks of Tibet and Johar.
As, however, none of these holds good in the present case, I do not
propose to enter at any length into this subject, and I may be allowed
to refer the reader for more detailed information on these theories
to Prof. Diener’s paper.

Exotic blocks not due to structural causes.—It will be found that,
with the exception of one, all the theories in question, as well as that
advanced by Mr. Griesbach, consider the “ Klippen ” to be the result
of one or the other form of structural causes, be it faulting (Griesbach),
crushing of anticlines (Neumayer and Studer-Moesch), or overthrusts
(recumbent folds) (Bertrand and others).

One theory (Stache-Uhlig-Renevier) applied to Carpathian and
Swiss occurrences, explains the “ Klippen ” as outcrops of an older series,
unconformably overlaid by younger deposits. 1 need hardly say that
in no respect can the latter theory be seriously discussed in connection
with the Johar and Chirchun blocks.

Those which assume structural causes would imply that the exotic
blocks were brought into existence by the disturbances which lead to
the upheaval of the Himalayas. This, however, is not the case. We
have seen that the volcanics, which include the blocks, were folded
together with the flysch. From this we can only conclude that the
volcanics and consequently also the exotic blocks were pre-existent to

( 43)

170 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

those disturbances, and any causal connection between the latter and
the blocks is therefore impossible.

Nor is it at all conceivable that folding or faulting should have
brought about those features, which were described in the above
chapters. None of the theories alluded to would explain the presence
of the volcanics and their intimate connection with the exotic blocks.

A simple and as I believe satisfactory solution of the problem is,
however, obtained if we attribute the exotic blocks to volcanic out-
bursts.

We have seen above that the exotic blocks are involved in volcanic
rocks and it cannot for a moment be doubtful that both the volcanic
and non-volcanic rocks came into existence simultaneously. No more
likely conclusion can therefore be drawn, than that the exotic blocks
are caused by volcanic eruptions. They must be derived from rocks
which were shattered into pieces by steam blasts and hurled up and
ejected or floated upwards by erupting lavas through volcanic vents.

The exotic blocks thus must be understood to be fragments, torn
from rocks 27 situ, through which the eruptive forces opened their
way. In many cases the limestones had been intruded by igneous
rocks, previous to their being torn off and ejected, and some of them
underwent great pressure subsequently with the result that the veins
were plicated.

Let us for a moment put aside those huge masses of grey lime-
stone and Gieumal sandstone, found within the Kiogarh high plateau
and the Balchdhura heights respectively and only consider the accu-
mulation of lavas and smaller non-volcanic blocks, which is general in
Johar. Numerous instances of similar occurrences from other parts
of the world can be quoted, which are universally explained by
volcanic outbursts. The fragments of slate, which largely make up
the volcanic cones of the Eifel, the fragments of cretaceous limestones
found on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, the abundant non-volcanic
materials imbedded in the carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Firth of
Forth, sandstones with rhaetic fossils, limestones with liassic fossils

1 Geikie, Transactions Roy. Soc., Edinburgh, Vol. XXIX, 1880.
(AN

RESULTS. 171

and fragments of cretaceous (?) chert, recently discovered in the vent
of a tertiary volcano on the Isle of Arran;!limestones with fossils
included in tuffs of the volcano of Santorin;? crag-shaped, marmorized
limestones and alabaster found in the crater of the volcano Palandokan
in Armenia ;? further, pieces of older rocks, “crowded with crinoids
occurring in the eocene traps of the Indus Valley,* all these occur-
rences fall more or less into line with the exotic blocks of Johar
and Tibet. These instances could be greatly augmented, but those
mentioned will suffice.

Counter arguments.—The theory here advanced was shortly dis-
cussed and rejected by Diener in his * Ergebnisse," p. 606. According
to him it would be wrong to imagine that the exotic blocks had been
torn off from the depth and brought up by igneous rocks, like the ejec-
ted fragments of cretaceous limestone in the lavas of Mount Vesuvius.
His arguments are that the unaltered state of the limestones of Peak
Chirchun No. 1 and the good preservation of the fossils even on the
contact with the igneous rocks as well as the absence of contact
minerals exclude this theory.

These arguments might, however, be met by counter arguments.
First of all we know now that fossiliferous blocks are greatly in the
minority the bulk being entirely altered. Diener himself noticed
this near Talla Sangcha (l. c. p. 600), remarking that the limestones
are “for the greater part crystalline, marmorized and highly altered in
the contact."

On the other hand the little altered state of and the occurrence of
well preserved fossils in a few of these innumerable blocks does not
tell as much against my theory as Diener was inclined to believe.

The limestones ejected by Mount Vesuvius have yielded several
hundred species of shells, which cannot have been of very bad preser-
vation, since they were specifically determinable.®

1 Summary of progress of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom for
1899, p- 133-

? Fritsch Zeitsch. d. Deutsch Geol. Gesellsch, XXIII, 1871, p. 208.

з Abich, Geologie des Armenischen Hochlandes, Western half, 1882, p. 76.
^ Lydekker. Mem. XXII, p. 113.

5 Judd, Volcanoes, p. 45.
(124519)

172 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

In his description of the carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Firth
of Forth basin Sir A. Geikie! remarks : “Ina great many cases the
fragments of shale, sandstone and other sedimentary strata imbedded
in the ejected débris are so unchanged that they cannot on a fresh
fracture be distinguished from the parent beds at a short distance
from the vent. The Spirifers, Lingulae, Crinoids, C yprid-cases,
Ganoid scales and other fossils are often as fresh and perfect in the
fragments of rock imbedded in tuff as they are in the rock zz situ.”
Indeed in most of the occurrences compared above with the volcanics
of Johar, determinable fossils have been found.

The absence of contact minerals is a. still less conclusive objection.
Diener himself describes Peak Chirchun No. t as being traversed by a
dyke and yet no contact minerals were found. Nor have I discovered
any near the intrusive veins so often met with in exotic limestone
blocks. If then they were not produced by these intrusions, there is
no necessity why they should be present at all.

But there is another more powerful objection that might be raised
to the theory advanced above.

We have so far not taken into account those huge, grey limestone
masses, found within the Kiogarh high plateau and the large masses
of Gieumal sandstone occurring in the Balchdhura heights. The size
of these blocks is so stupendous, that the impossibility of their being
ejected through volcanic vents might be urged. I am unfortunately
not in possession of exact data as to the volume of the largest blocks,
yetthere can be little doubt that some of them are many thousand
cubic yards in bulk. To bring up such enormous masses, eruptive
forces are required infinitely more violent than those to which the
non-volcanic fragmental materials of Mount Vesuvius or the Eifel are
due, and yet this is, in my opinion, the only possible explanation. We

1 Transactions Roy. Soc., Edinburgh, Vol. X XIX, 1880, p. 459.

? There can be no questicn of the large blocks being in origin essentially
different from the smaller ones. The limestone fragments met with are of all sizes
from small pieces up to huge blocks, the two extremes being linked by every
possible intermediate size. On the whole, the higher we ascend in the volcanics,
the larger the blocks, but also the largest ones are surrounded and partly covered
by igneous rocks, in which small sized limestone fragments occur.

( 4$ )

RESULTS. 173

must indeed assume that the geological phenomenon is the same in
Johar and Tibet as in the instances quoted, but that the scale on which
it worked was a very much larger one. This latter assumption is fully
justified by the fact that the volume of the fragmental materials as a
whole and the size of many of the detached blocks exceeds anything
known from the instances alluded to above.

Lam not aware of any occurrence in other parts of the globe
which could be directly compared to the one here in question, but the
extreme violence sometimes displayed during volcanic outbursts may
be illustrated by a few instances.

As to recent volcanoes the outbursts of G. Pepandajan in Java in
1772 may be quoted. According to J. Junghuhn! an area of more
than 20 square miles was covered to an average thickness of 50 feet
by lava blocks and finer detritus, erupted during a single outburst.
Measured from the middle of the crater to the most distant boundaries
of the ejected material, this area had a length of more than eight miles.
The volume of the erupted masses is said to have been 29,343 million
cubic feet. :

The volcano of Cotopaxi has been known to throw out, to the dis-
tance of eight or nine miles, a mass of rock about one hundred cubic
yards in volume.’

Attention may further be drawn to a remarkable occurrence in the
tertiary basalts of the Isle of Mull, described by Sir Archibald Geikie.?
Near the summit of Sgurr Dearg, bedded basalts enclose “a lenticular
band of exceedingly coarse breccia, consisting mainly of angular
pieces of quartzite with fragments of amygdaloidal basalt. In the midst
of the breccia lies a huge mass or cake of erupted mica schist, at least
100 yards long by 30 yards wide, as measured across the strike up the
slope of the hill....... A little higher up, other smaller, but still large blocks
of similar schist are involved in the basalt. As the huge cake of mica

1 “Java,” 1854, p. 103:

2 Lyell, Principles of Geol., Ed. то, vol. II, 1863, p. 223. p a

3 «On the history of volcanic action during the tertiary period in the British

Isles.” Transactions Roy. Soc., Edinburgh, vol. ХХУ, 1890, p. a
47 )

174 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

schist plunges into the hill, its whole dimensions cannot be seen, but `
there are visible at least 15,000 cubic yards, and which must weigh
more than 30,000 tons."

Sir Archibald Geikie thinks there can be no doubt that these
enormous fragments were torn off from the underlying crystalline schists
and were floated upwards in an ascending flow of molten basalt.

Site of volcanoes uncertain.—But now the question arises: Where
are these volcanoes situated? As they were in action during eocene
times we cannot of course expect to find well preserved cones any-
where, but remnants of these must be present, and it should be
possible at least approximately to fix the site of these old volcanoes.

At present, however, no direct attempt can be made in. this
direction, as our knowledge of the structure of the Tibetan districts
to the north, north-east and east of Johar is extremely limited. We
know from Strachey's researches that great masses of “ greenstone”
are found in Hundes, v/z., to the west of the Manassarawar lake and
to the east of. Kiunglung on the Sutlej. These rocks are according to
Strachey older than the subrecent deposits of Hundés ! and no doubt
contemporaneous with the Indus valley volcanoes and with those of
Johar and the Chirchun area. It appears that they represent lava
flows, but no details are known.

On the other hand I could see from the boundary range that the
Johar volcanics extend several miles to the north, north-east and east
into Hundés, especialy in the Kiogarh high plateau, the eastern
limits of which are yet unknown.

The country intervening is, according to Strachey, covered with
mesozolc and subrecent deposits.

In view of the huge size of some of the blocks ejected, the
position of the Kiogarh high plateau in the centre of the Johar volcan-
ics and the great thickness of the latter, it might be supposed that
the sources of discharge lie within this plateau. Butthere are other
considerations to be borne in mind. The absence of dykes in the
flysch in Johar points to the volcanic vents being at a greater distance,

* Loc. cit., p. 310.
( 48 )

RESULTS. 175

and the same must be concluded from the unusual facies of the lime-
stone blocks ejected.

From all we know, we cannot but infer that the Himalayan, and
not the Tibetan series, is ¿2 situ below the Kiogarh high plateau.

Messrs. Griesbach and Diener were of different opinion, but at
that time the Tibetan lias was not yet known. Dachsteinkalk and
younger beds were found to be close to the Spiti shales—flysch belt of
the same description as elsewhere.! There was therefore no question
of a change of facies in these beds, and as regards the peculiar charac-
ters of the permo-carboniferous, lower muschelkalk and upper carnic -
horizons of the Tibetan series, even then observed, they were explained
by the assumption of a change of facies taking place towards the north.?

By the discovery of the Tibetan lias, the aspect of the question has
been considerably altered.

The occurrence of the Himalayan triasso-jurassic, grey limestone
series, close to the belt of sedimentary rocks, appears now in a
perfectly different light. Far from being natural, as it had seemed to
be, it is a most striking feature and difficult to explain. Instead of
changing their facies, we now know that at least the younger beds
remain unchanged up to the margin of the belt, and this being so, it
is probable that the older horizons behave in the same way.

Consequently we are not justified in assuming that the Tibetan
facies should be 27 situ below the Kiogarh high plateau.

Conflicting evidence.—The evidence is therefore decidedly conflict-
ing. On the one hand the existence of vast masses of detached blocks
points to the vents occurring within or close to the Kiogarh high
plateau, while on the other hand the facies of the ejected blocks almost

1 Viz. in the anticline to the south-west of the Kiogarh plateau and in the
Chanambaniali peaks to the east of Chirchun E. G. The expedition of 1892
ascertained that in these peaks a regular series from the Spiti shales down to the
dachsteinkalk is exposed, which differs in no way from what is seen in the
Himalayan series (Diener, “Ergebnisse, ” p. 585).

? [n a syncline at the head of the Dhauli river (Mem. XXIII, p. 171, fig. 23)
the series from the carboniferous quartzite up to the Spiti shales is of the Hima-

layan facies. This locality is not more than 7 or 8 miles distant from Peak
Chirchun No. 1.

HO)

176 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.,

forces us to suspect the sources of dischargeto lie much farther to the
north.

It would appear either that the facies changes very rapidly or that
the erupted masses are spread over an enormous area. As both these
eventualities seem equally improbable, we find ourselves face to face
with an obstacle, at present unsurmountable.

Events before and after the volcanic eruptions.—Having in the
foregoing discussed the volcanic outbursts, which gave rise to the exotic
blocks, we must now consider the events that happened before and
after the eruptions. :

In the first place the age of the uppermost flysch beds will have to
be discussed, a question which has so far scarcely been touched upon.
To arrive at a conclusion we must start from the Indus valley tertia-
ries. The nummulitic beds of this area are limestones, shales, sand-
stones and conglomerates, with which the volcanic traps are in the
main contemporaneous.! The nummulitics appear to extend eastwards
as far as the area north of the Niti pass; for Mr. Griesbach mentions
contorted nummulites from a series of altered beds, which also. is
connected with igneous rocks.?

Flysch in its entirety of cretaceous age.— The features observed
in Johar are however entirely different. We have seen that subaqueous
tuffs appear in the topmost flysch series, but these are of small thick-
ness and cannot be compared with the contemporaneous traps as re-
corded from the Indus valley. Limestones with Vummulttes were
nowhere found. On the other hand we meet with subaerial volcanics
which overlie the tuffs and are decidedly younger, including asthey do
fragments of the latter. At the same time these volcanics are free
from any contemporaneous sedimentary beds. Now we cannot but
assume that the lavas of Johar have been erupted during the same
period as the traps of the Indus valley, viz., that they are of eocene
age. The most likely conclusion therefore is that the flysch does not
reach into the lower tertiaries, but is in its entirety of cretaceous age.

! Lydekker. Memoirs, XXII, p. тїт.
? Memoirs, XXIII, p. 83.

RESULTS. : 177

Elevation of sea floor. —As the subaqueous tuffs are abruptly
overlaid by clearly subaerial volcanics, we must infer that, at least
locally, an elevation of the sea floor has taken place, and this would
point to the sedimentary beds having for some time been subject to
subaerial denudation.

Subaerial denudation, previous to volcanic outbursts. —As regards
the latter, І must confess that no conclusive evidence is available, but
the absence of the tuffs (4/) in the sections south of the Kiogarh high
plateau is no doubt an argument of some weight. Mr. Griesbach’s
map of the Chirchun area further shows in two places igneous rocks
overlapping the flysch and the Spiti shales, a feature which would be
perfectly congruous with denudation, preceding the outburst of the
valcanoes.

Later disturbances —As stated above the volcanic outbursts
were followed by disturbances. These are the more intense the farther
south-east we go, and this fact can be accounted for by a change in the
strike.!

To the north-west of Laptal, there is a broad, slightly disturbed
belt of Spiti shales and flysch striking north-west to south-east. This
belt becomes gradually much narrower and more complicated further
south-east, the strike changing to north-south, and it ends within the
corner described by the boundaries of Dharma, Johar and Hundés.?
Thus the Spiti shales dwindle down to narrow strips and the triasso-
jurassic anticline appears, while the structure of the flysch gets
gradually complicated. At the same time there appears in Hundes
the anticline of the Chanambaniali peaks, as a counterpart of the
anticline of the Lahur.

Effect on volcanics.—' These disturbances have affected the volcanics
too, but only in the south-east corner of the belt. In the neighbour-
hood of the Balchdhura heights they were of too small an intensity to
have any perceptible effect on the volcanics, while the thick and rigid
masses of the Kiogarh high plateau appear to have resisted a pressure
that caused.great complications in its more easily yielding flysch base.

' See also Griesbach, Memoirs, XXIII, and Diener, Ergebnisse, p. 604.
? See geological map in Griesbach, Memoirs, X XIII.

(бг J)

178 KRAFFT: EXOTiC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

To the south of the Kiogarh plateau, however, where the igneous
rocks may originally have been less in force, they participate in the folds
and faults like the sedimentary components of the country. This is
why we find exotic blocks within the flysch, those either isolated from
the igneous rocks like E. B. 9, or connected with remnants of them like
E. B. 19. This must be borne well in mind, if we want to understand
the Chirchun area, which is also situated within the narrow, compli-
cated southern termination of the Spiti shales— flysch belt.?

Comparison of Chirchun area with Fohar.—This area will now
have to be compared with that of Tohar, in order to ascertain whether
the explanation given for the origin of the exotic masses is in accord-
ance with what is recorded from the Chirchun area.

The description given by Diener is in extract as follows *:—

The limestone blocks of the Chirchun area are of much smaller size
than those of Malla Johar. They exhibit in their strike an almost
semi-circular arrangement, forming at the same time three distinct rows
or zones.

1. The most northern of these rows has been but superficially
reconnoitred by Mr. Middlemiss. It is made up of three blocks,* vzz.,
Chaldu No. 1 and two lower cliffs lying on the eastern scarp of that
peak. The latter is an isolated mass of a white, semi-crystalline lime-
stone with a north-east strike. Lithologically it is exactly similar to
the permo-carboniferous limestone of Peak Chirchun No. ı. Apparently
it rests on Gieumal sandstone and on the igneous rocks, associated with

! Also E. Bs. 4, 5, 6 and 7 might here be mentioned. They have no doubt
been involved in the fiysch by similar disturbances as block 9. i

2 Griesbach, Records 1. c., mentions “numerous tight folds and narrow
anticlinals," the dip “changing constantly and rapidly."

3 Memoirs, XXVIII, Part 1, pp. 6 to 12. The geological mapping of the
Chirchun aree was compiled. from Diener's and Griesbach’s maps. The whole
of theflysch is marked with light green, the colour which in Johar repre-
sents upper flysch only. А compilation from both maps was unavoidable.
Mr. Griesbach's map has the great advantage of showing the igneous rocks,
which were left out entirely by Prof. Diener. On the other hand Diener mapped
certain blocks which were not indicated by Griesbach.

* Mr. Griesbach's map shows one block only.
5 Not shown on map.

(52

RESULTS. 179

the latter. The occurrence is marked on Diener’s and Griesbach’s
maps as permo-carboniferous.!

2. A central row of much greater extent and containing by far
the largest number of isolated blocks, stretching from Peak Kungri-
bingri, 19,170’, towards the watershed of the Chaldu and Chirchun
rivers.

This row is formed by :—

(a) A block south of the Kiogarh-Chirchun pass. It was not
examined in detail, but appeared to consist of a bright
coloured limestone.?

(4) Top of Kungribingri, 19,170’, a small block of white
limestone resting on greenish Gieumal sandstone, with.
out fossils.? :

(c) A block in the immediate vicinity of Chirchun E. G., in the
ravine descending from the Kiogarh-Chirchun pass
towards the Chirchun river. This block is almost
entirely imbedded. in Spiti shales.*

(4) A block near the low pass west of Peak Chirchun No. т.
It yielded a few sections of Bryozoa and corals.

(e) At the same locality also a few blocks with Monophyllites
and Xenaspis (?) (lower muschelkalk) were observed."
Blocks (4 and e) rest on Spiti shales.

1 Fossils being wanting, the age of these limestone: is uncertain. 1 conse-
quently marked them as blocks of uncertain age, and the same course was followed
in most of the Chirchun blocks, whose age is not established.

2 According to Diener it is entirely imbedded in Spiti shales, while
Mr. Griesbach shows “rhztic” (middle jurassic) (?) limestones bordering on it.
Griesbach, І. c, р: 22, remarks there are several blocks in the ravine west of
Chirchun E. G. І alsc noticed them from E. В. 20 (see map).

3 Copied from Diener, who ascended the Peak.

^ According to Griesbach's map rhztic middle jurassic (?) limestones border
on it from south-east. Diener marks another small block near block (c) which
does not appear on Griesbach’s map. The latter shows instead a patch of igneous
rocks overlapping the Spiti shales and fl sch. Copied from Mr. Griesbach's
map.
$ Copied from Diener. Griesbach’s map shows this block further south-
west than Diener's.

5 Copied from Diener, not marked by Griesbach.

153)

180 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

(/) Block composing Peak Chirchun No. 11 rich in permo-
carboniferous fossils. According to Diener it is difficult
to say whether the block actually comes into contact with
the Spiti shales or with *the intrusive rocks and their
tufa" only, the two being mixed up together. The in-
trusive. character of the igneous rocks is said to be
proved by the existence of a vein, running up the side of
the block. The crown of the latter is composed of
igneous rocks. The latter * penetrate in succession the
Spiti shales and the block in question.’ According to
Diener, no distinct stratification is seen, whereas
Griesbach recognised (Records 1. c., р. 23) an almost
horizontal stratification.

(g) A block immediately to the east of Chirchun No. 1, about
130 feet high, of conical shape, resembling lithologically
the dachsteinkalk.2 This block is surrounded to the
north-west and south by “ intrusive rocks”. The eastern
slope was not visited.

(4) A long ridge,’ forming a continuation of Chirchun No. 1,
towards north-east and north,is capped by masses of
limestone similar in appearance to the block of Chirchun
No. 1. The strike gradually passes from north-east to
north. These limestone masses, mapped by Diener as one
lenticular block (permo-carboniferous), were not examined
in detail.

This central row describes a flat semicircle with its convexity
towards south-east.

3. The southern row, considerably shorter than the central one, is
made up of three small blocks to the west and north of Lochambel-ki-

! Copied from Mr. Griesbach’s map.

* Copied from Prof. Diener, Griesbach shows this block one mile north-north-
eastof Chirchun No.1. This block anda block two miles north of Lochambel-ki-
chak E. G., also dachsteinkalk were coloured with the same tint as the grey
dolomitic limestone blocks of Johar. Whether the rock is the same or not I am
of course unable to decide.

3 Copied from Griesbach.

( 54 )

RESULTS. 181

chak E. G. and by an outcrop of dachsteinkalk in the Spiti shales two
miles north of this E.G. The latter outcrop may be an inlier of the
upper triassic limestone of Peak Chaldu No. 2.

One of the three small blocks is of permo-carboniferous age (not
mapped) the other two! are lower muschelkalk with Monophyllites,
Xenaspis, etc., developed in a Hallstatt facies.

Diener's description no doubt disagrees in most important respects
with the theory I have advanced above. He speaks here again of in-
trusive rocks and recognises a semi-circular arrangement of the exotic
blocks, to which he attributes great structural importance.

Great weight is attached both by Mr. Griesbach and Dr. Diener to a
dyke seen in the block that makes up Chirchun No. 1, and this is taken
as a proof of the intrusive character of the igneous rocks, which are
asserted to traverse in succession both the Spiti shales and the
block.

I have no doubt this dyke answers to the veins so often seen in the
exotic blocks of Johar, and altogether the feature appears to be
exactly the same as elsewhere, a limestone block with intrusive veins
resting on volcanics by which its top is also covered. That the
igneous rocks should pierce through the Spiti shales is not compatible
with the results of my own observations, all accounts pointing to the
conclusion that the sources of discharge of these rocks lie elsewhere.
If there were a dyke in the Spiti shales, one should expect it to be very
clearly seen as the igneous rocks are harder than the shales. Nothing
of the sort has been recorded.

Diener deems the semi-circular arrangement of the exotic blocks
to be of vital importance, on the grounds that the rows run diagonally
to the direction of the Himalayan folds outside the Chirchun area.

The northern and southern rows are too indistinct to deserve much
attention, but the “central row” can to a certain extent be recog-
nised in Diener's and Griesbach's maps, although the two maps differ
in detail. It is оп these maps pretty well pronounced from Chirchun
No. 1 north and north-eastwards, but to the south-west of that peak it

ı Copied from Diener, not shown by Griesbach,

(55 >)

182 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR.

is no longer clearly seen. Indeed it appears somewhat far fetched to
say that the few scattered blocks to the south-west of Chirchun No. 1
form a continuation of the latter. 3

The northern continuation of the ridge to which Chirchun No. ı
belongs was admittedly seen from a distance only. І also saw it from
afar (pl. 11); my impression of the structure of this range differs how-
ever widely from that of Diener. At any rate it is not made up of a
single, lenticular limestone mass, but represents a hilly country, which
from its predominantly dark colour appears to be chiefly igneous.
This is studded over, not only on the top of the range but also on its
slopes with numerous light coloured limestone blocks! That this
range has, as a whole, a slightly semi-circular bend is in my opinion the
consequence of erosion, as the same curve is followed by the Chalda .
river that washes its western slope.

In view of the foregoing the arrangement of the blocks in rows can
hardly be said to be an established fact. The only district where such
rows might be suspected from the maps in hand has never even been
visited by a geologist, much less closely examined, and what can be
seen from a distance tells, in my opinion, more against than in favour

of the theory.
There still remain a few points which I should like to shortly

discuss in connection with Diener's description. Of the exotic blocks
observed by the expedition of 1892 some rest on Gieumal sandstone,
others on Spiti shales and are either connected with igneous rocks
or perfectly free from. them. I may be allowed to point out how
these features might have been brought about.

In cases where igneous rocks are preserved, we are not absolutely
obliged to think of disturbances. Denudation of the country, previous
to the terrestrial eruptions, might account for these instances. Such
an explanation might, for example, be correct in the case of Peak
Chirchun No. ı, which then would represent a patch of lava with a
large exotic block involved in it, the whole resting on Spiti shales.
The fact that these are much crushed and contorted below the peak

1 Indicated on pl. 11 by small crosses.

( 56 )

RESULTS. 183

(Griesbach, 1. c., p. 23) offers no objection to this hypothesis, as it
may well have been brought about subsequently.

In cases where no lavas are recorded, they must either have
been decomposed beyond recognition, the origin of the blocks being
then possibly as pointed out above, or else such blocks have been
isolated completely from the igneous rocks by disturbances, in a
similar way as the large block No. 9 near Kiogarh Chirchun E. G.

Thus I do not think that any of the facts recorded from the
Chirchun area can be said to be in discord with the explanation I have
given for the origin of the exotic blocks.

I therefore come to the conclusion that the exotic blocks of Johar
and Chirchun have nothing whatever to do with the “ Klippen” of
Europe. Beyond a certain similarity in appearance no affinity can
be discovered between them. While none of the European occur-
rences is connected with igneous rocks, their origin being according
to all accounts due to structural causes, the exotic blocks of Tibet and
the adjoining frontier districts are intimately connected with volcanics
and owe their existence to volcanic action.

I am however well aware that no completely satisfactory solution
of this problem has yet been obtained. Not only are the sources of
discharge of the volcanics unknown, but also the facies of the exotic
limestone blocks is still a mystery, which is far from being satis-
factorily cleared up, and there are several other questions of no small
importance which require further research in the field. It is earnestly
to be hoped that it will some time be possible to survey in detail those
uninhabited districts, which lie beyond the Indian frontier, for then
only can we expect to completely unravel a problem, which is no
doubt among the most attractive in Indian Geology.

(2057)

INDEX TO PLATES,

ا
Basic igneous rocks, chiefly andesite.‏ .5

4/. Green and red tuffs.
4e. Greenish sandstones.

4. Upper flysch. | 44. Black, siliceous shales.
? Upper creta- 4с. Brown sandstones.
ceous. 46. Black, crumbling shales.

44. Red and greenish shales and red
earthy limestones.

3. Lower fiysch (“ Gieumal sandstone," Stol.) ? Lower creta-
ceous.

2. Spiti shales (upper jurassic).

. Grey limestone mass, ranging from upper trias (dachstein-
kalk) into middle jurassic.

L. Red lower liassic limestones (pl. 9).

D. Grey dolomitic limestones, probably chiefly dachsteinkalk.

P, Red and white permo-carboniferous limestones.

ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.

. Balchdhura heights from south.
. Kiogarh high plateau from Peak Balchdhura, 18, 1 to’.

D » 5 » range south of Talla Kiogarh
. С.

. Overfold south of Kiogarh Chirchun E. G.
. Northern scarp of Kiogarh No. т.

. Eastern slope of Kiogarh No. 1.

. Exotic block 8 and Kiogarh No. 5 from

from Photo-

south-west. graphs.

. Exotic block 19 from north-east.

. Exotic blocks 17 and 18 from south-east.

. Kiogarh No. 5 from Ghátámémin pass.

. View from Kiogarh-Chaldu pass towards Hundés.

. Section r, through boundary range north of Kiogarh river.

» . 2, through Kiogarh No. 1.

3, through ridges east and north of Kiogarh Chir-
chun E. G.

» 4, through country south of Kiogarh river.

„

‚ Geological map of Malla Johar and adjoining parts of

Hundes.

WOODCUTS.

. Folded and undisturbed tuffs (4/) in boundary range south

of Balchdhura pass, p. 152.

. Blocks of Gieumal sandstone in basic igneous rocks near

Peak Balchdhura, 18,110’, p. 154.

. Kiogarh No. 3 from south-east, p. 160.
. Exotic block 20 (lower trias) from north, p. 167.

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INDEX.
W. S. W.
D Grey dolomitic limestones.

5 Basic Igneous rocks.
17 Green & red Tuffs.
%e Greenish Sandstones.
4d Black Siliceous shales.

4с Brown Sandstones.

4b Black crumbling shales.
Ja Red & greenish shales.
3 Gieumal Sandstone.

2 Spiti shales.

if

Grey limestone mass. -

A. von Krafft.

INDEX

5 Basic Igneous rocks.

17

Green & red Tuffs.
Greemsh Sandstones.
Black Siliceous shales.
Brown Sandstones
Black crumbling shales.
Red & greenish shales,
Gieumal Sandstone.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Balchdhura Heights 189001) Balchähura, 16110
BalchdhwaNe.2 gm 1 £32 Balchähura Pass
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Section 1

Section 2 2

SECTION THROUGH KIOGARH No. | AND ITS NORTHERN RIDGES.

Memoirs, Vol. XXXIT, Pl.

INDEX

Grey dolomitic limestones
Basic Igneous rocks
Green & red Tuffe
Greenish Sandstones.
Black Siliceous shales.

с Brown Sandstones

Black crumbling sheles
Red & greenish shales

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.
A. von Krafft. Memoirs, Vol. XXXII, Pl. 13:

S.W. М.Е.

INDEX

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SECTION THROUCH COUNTRY S. OF KIOGARH RIVER.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

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[E Dachstein Kalk to Middle Jurassic

EXOTIC BLOCKS
ВШ Upper Flysch E. B. 3 & 14
ШШШ Lower Flysch Balchdhura Heights E. B. 12
ШИШЕ Lower Lias (red limestone) E. B. 4, 6, 7, 16 & 17
IE Gray dolomitic limestone, chiefly Dachstein Kalk. E. B. 8 (Kiogarh Peaks etc.)
(UD Middle & Upper Trias (red limestone) E, B. 1, 1a, 1b, 1с, 2 & 5 in Chirchun area.
EEE Lower Trias (red limestone) E. B. 20
IE Permocarboniferous (red & white limestone) E.B 9, ga, 9b, gc, 11, 13, 15, 18 & 19.
Chirchun No, 1. 17749) Y
( 7740) 3 [/

| ИШЕ Blocks of Uncertain age E. B. 1o

Part 3.—Note on the progress of the gold industry in Wynaad, Nilgiri district. Notes on
the representatives of the Upper Gondwana series in Trichinopoly and Nellore-Kistna
districts. Senarmontite from Sarawak.

Part 4 —On the geographical distribution of fossil organisms in, India. Submerged forest
on Bombay Island. ,

Vor. XII, 1879.

Рат? 1.—Annual report for 1878. Geology of Kashmir (third notice). Further notices of
Siwalik mammalia. Notes on some Siwalik birds. Notes of a tour through Hangrang
and Spiti. Ona recent mud eruption in Ramri Island (Arakan). On Braunite, with
Rhodonite, from near Nagpur, Central Provinces. Palæontological notes from the
Satpura coal-basin. Statistics of coal importations into India.

Paré 2.—On the Mohpani coal-field. On Pyrolusite with Psilomelane occurring at Gosalpur,
Jabalpur district. A geological reconnaissance from the.Indus at Kushalgarh to the
irm at Thalon the Afghan frontier. Further notes on the geology of the Upper

unjab.

Part 3—On the geological features of the northern part of Madura district, the Pudukota
State, and the southern parts of the Tanjore and Trichinopoly districts included within
the limits of sheet 80 of the Indian Atlas. Rough notes on the cretaceous fossils from
Trichinopoly district, collected in 1877-78. Notes on the genus Sphenophylum and
other Equisetacez, with reference to the Indian form Trizygia Speciosa, Royle (Sphe-
nophylum Trizygia, Ung.). On Mysorin and Atacamite from the Nellore district. On
an from the Khasi Hills. On the Joga neighbourhood and old mines on the Ner-
udda. :

Part 4—On the 'Attock Slates’ and their probable geological position. On a marginal
bone of an undescribed tortoise, from the Upper Siwaliks, near Nila, in the Potwar, Pun-
jab. Sketch of the geology of North Arcot district. On the continuation of the road
section from Murree to Abbottabad.

Vor. XIII, 1880.

Part 1—Annual report for 1879. Additional notes on the geology of the Upper Godavari
basin in the neighbourhood of Sironcha.. Geology of Ladak and neighbouring districts,
being fourth notice of geology of Kashmir and neighbouring territories. Teeth of fossil
fishes from Ramri Island and the Punjab. Note on the fossil genera Nöggerathia, Stbg.,
Nöggerathiopsis, Fstm., and Rhiptozamites, Schmalh., in paleozoic and secondary rocks
of Europe, Asia, and Australia. Notes on fossil plants from Kattywar, Shekh Budin, and
Sirgujah. On volcanic foci of eruption in the Konkan.

Part 2.—Geological notes. Palæontological notes on the lower trias of the Himalayas. On
the artesian wells at Pondicherry, and the possibility of finding such sources of water-
supply at Madras.

Part 3.—The Kumaun lakes. On the discovery of а celt of palæolithic type in the Punjab.
Palzontological notes from the Karharbari and South Rewah coal-fields. Further notes on
the correlation of the Gondwana flora with other floras. Additional note on the artesian
wells at Pondicherry. Salt in Rajputana. Record of gas and mud eruptions on the
Arakan coast on 12th March 1879 and in June 1843.

Part 4.—On some pleistocene deposits of the Northern Punjab, and the evidence they afford
of an extreme climate during a portion of that period. Useful minerals of the Arvali
region. Further notes on the correlation of the Gondwana flora with that of the Aus-
tralian coal-bearing system. Note on reh or alkali soils and saline well waters. The reh
soils of Upper India. Note on the Naini Tal landslip, 18th September 1880.

r Vor. XIV, 1881.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1880. Geology of part of Dardistan, Baltistan, and neighbouring
districts, being fifth notice of the geology of Kashmir and'neighbouring territories. Note
on some Siwalik carnivora. The Siwalik group of the Sub-Himalayan region. On the
South Rewah Gondwana basin. On theferruginous beds associated with the basaltic
rocks of north-eastern Ulster, in relation to Indian laterite. On some Rajmahal plants.
Travelled blocks of the Punjab. Appendix to 'Palzontological notes on the lower trias
of the Himalayas.’ On some mammalian fossils from Perim Island, in the collection of the
Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

à

Part 2.—The Nahan-Siwallk unconformity in the North-western Himalaya. On some Gond-
wana vertebrates. On the ossiferous beds of Hundes in Tibet. Notes on mining records,
and the mining record office of Great Britain ; and the Coal and Metalliferous Mines-
Acts of 1872 (England). On cobaltite and danaite from the Khetri mines, Rajputana ;
with some remarks on Jaipuïite (Syepoorite). On the occurrence of zinc оге (Smithsonite
and Blende) with barytes, in the Karnul district, Madras. Notice of a mud eruption in the
island of Cheduba. { : А

Part 3.—Artesian borings in India. On oligoclase granite at Wangtu on the Sutlej, North-
west Himalayas. On a fish-palate from the Siwaliks. Palæontological notes from the
Hazaribagh and Lohardagga districts. Undescribed fossil carnivora from the Siwalik hills
in the collection of the British Museum. E

Part 4—Remarks on the unification of geological nomenclature and cartography. On the
geology of the Arvali region, central and eastern. On a specimen of native antimony
obtained at Pulo Obin, near Singapore. On Turgite from the neighbourhood of Juggia-
pett, Kistnah district, and on zinc carbonate from- Karnul, Madras... Note on the section
from Dalhousie to Pangi, тїй the Sach Pass. On the South Rewah Gondwana basin.
Submerged forest on Bombay Island, : ;

Vor. XV, 1882.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1881. Geology of North-west Kashmir and Khagan (being sixth `
notice of geology of Kashmir and neighbouring territories). On some Gondwana laby-
rinthodonts. On some Siwalik and Jamna mammals. The geology of Dalhousie, North-west
Himalaya. On remains of. palm leaves from the (tertiary) Murree and Kasauli beds in
India. On Iridosmine from the Noa-Dibing river, Upper Assam, and on Platinum from
Chutia Nagpur. On (1) a copper mine lately opened near Yongri hill, in the-Darjiling
district; (2) arsenical pyrites in the same neighbourhood; (3) kaolin at Darjiling (being
3rd appendix to a report on the geology and mineral resources of the Darjiling district
and the Western Duars). Analyses of coal and fire-clay from the Makum coal-field, Upper
Assam. Experiments on the coal of Pind Dadun Khan, Salt-range, with reference to
the production of gas, made April 20th, 1881. Report on the proceedings and result of
the International Geological Congress of Bologna. Ў

Part 2.—General sketch of the geology of the Travancore State. .The Warkilli beds and
reported associated deposits at Quilon, in Travancore. Note on some Siwalik' and Nar-
bada fossils; On the Coal-bearing rocks of the valleys of the Upper Rer and the Mand
rivers in Western Chutia Nagpur. On the Pench river coal-field in Chhindwara district,
Central Provinces. On borings for coal at Engsein, British Burma. On sapphires re-
cently discovered in the North-west Himalaya. Notice of a recent eruption from orie of
the mud volcanoes in Cheduba. 0

Part 3.—Note оп the coal of Mach (Much) in the Bolan Pass, and of Sharag ог Sharigh
on the Harnai route between Sibi and Quetta. New faces observed on crystals of stilbite
from the Western Ghäts, Bombay. On the traps of Darang and Mandi in the North-
western Himalayas. Further note on the connexion between the Hazara and the Kashmir
series. On the Umaria coal-field (South Rewah Gondwana basin). The Daranggiri coals ,
field, Garo Hills, Assam. On the outcrops of coal in the .Myanoung division of the
Henzada district. i

Part 4—Ona traverse across some gold-fields of Mysore. Record of borings for coal at
Beddadanol, Godavari district, in 1874. Note on the supposed occurrence of coal -on the
Kistna.

Vor. XVI, 1883.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1882. On the genus Richthofenia, Kays (Anomia Lawrenciana,
Koninck). On the geology of South Travancore. On the geology of Chamba. On the
basalts of Bombay.

Part 2.—Synopsis of the fossil vertebrata of India. On the Bijori Labyrinthodont. On a
skull of Hippotherium antilopinum. On the iron ores, and subsidiary materials for the
manufacture of iron, in the north-eastern part of the Jabalpur district. On laterite and
other manganese ore occurring at Gosulpore, Jabalpur district. Further notes on the
Umaria coal-field. à

Part 3—Onthe microscopic structure of some Dalhousie rocks. On the lavas of Aden.
On the probable occurrence of Siwalik strata in China and Japan. On the occurrence of
Mastodon angustidens in India. On a traverse between Almora and Mussooree made in
October 1882. On the cretaceous coal-measures at Borsora, in the Khasia Hills, near
Laour, in Sylhet. |

Par? 4—Palæontological notes from the Daltonganj and Hutar coal-fields in Chota Nagpur.
On the altered basalts of the Dalhousie region in the North-western Himalayas. On
the microscopic structure of some Sub-Himalayan rocks of tertiary age. On the geology
of Jaunsar and the Lower Himalayas. On a traverse through.the Eastern Khasia,
Jaintia, and North Cachar Hills. On native lead from Maulmain and chromite from the
Andaman Islands. Notice of a fiery eruption from one of the mud volcanoes of Cheduba
Send, Arakan. Notice. —Irrigation from wells in the North-Western Provinces and

: Oudh. j : У

Vor. XVII, 1884.

Part г. — Annual report for 1883. Considerations on the smooth-water anchorages or mud
banks of Narrakal and Alleppy on the Travancore coast. Rough notes on Billa Surgam
and other caves in the Kurnool district. On the geology. of the Chuari and Sihunta
parganas of Chamba. On the occurrence of the genus Lyttonia, Waagen, in the Kuling
series of Kashmir.

Part 2.—Notes on the earthquake of 31st December 1881. On the microscopic structure of
some Himalayan granites and gneissose granites. Report on the Choi coal exploration.
Onthere-discovery of certain localities for fossils in the Siwalik beds. On some of the
mineral resources of the Andaman Islands in the neighbourhood of Port Blair. The
intertrappean beds in the Deccan and the Laramie group in western North America.

Part 3.—On the miscroscopic structure of some Arvali rocks. Section along the Indus from
the Peshawar Valley to the Salt-range. On the selection of sites for borings in the
Raigarh-Hingir coal-field (first notice). Note on lignite near Raipore, Central Provinces.
The Turquoise mines of Nishápür, Khorassan. Notice of a further fiery eruption from
the Minbyin mud volcano of Cheduba Island, Arakan. Report on the Langrin coal-field,
south-west Khasia Hills. Additional notes on the Umaria coal-field.

Part 4.—On the Geology of part of the Gangasulan pargana of British Garhwal. On
fragments of slates and schists imbedded in the gneissose granite and granite of the
North-west Himalayas. On the geology of the Takht-i-Suleiman. On the smooth-water
anchorages of the Travancore coast. On auriferous sands of the Subansiri river, Pon-
dicherry lignite, and phosphatic rocks at Musuri. Work at the Billa Surgam caves.

Vor. XVIII, 1885.

Part ı.— Annual report for 1884. On the country between the Singareni coal-field and the
Kistna river. Geological sketch of the country between the Singareni coal-field and
Hyderabad. On coal and limestone in the Doigrung river, near Golaghat, Assam.
Homotaxis, as illustrated from Indian formations. · Afghan field notes.

Part 2.—A fossiliferous series in the Lower Himalaya, Garhwal. On the probable age of
the Mandhali series in the Lower Himalaya. On a second species of Siwalik camel (Camelus
Antiquus, nobis ex Fale. and Caut. MS.). On the Geology of Chamba. On the pro-
bability of obtaining water by means of artesian wells in the plains of Upper India.
Further considerations upon artesian sources in the plains of Upper India. On the
geology of the Aka Hills; Onthe alleged tendency of the Arakan mud volcanoes to
burst into eruption most frequently during the rains. Analyses of phosphatic nodules and
rock from Mussooree.

Part 3—On the Geology of the Andaman Islands. On a third species of Merycopotamus.
Some observations on percolation as affected by current. Notice of the Pirthalla and the
Chandpur meteorites, Report on the oil-wells and coal in the Thayetmyo district, British
Burma. On some antimony deposits in the Maulmain district. On the Kashmir earthquake
of 30th May 1885. On the Bengal earthquake of 14th July 1885. .

Part 4.—Geological work in the Chhattisgarh division of the Central Provinces. On the Bengal
earthquake of July 14th, 1885. On the Kashmir earthquake of goth May 1885. On the
results of Mr. Н. B. Foote's further excavations in the Billa Surgam caves. On the
mineral hitherto known as Nepaulite. Notice of the Sabetmahet meteorite.

Vor. XIX, 1886.

Part 1.— Annual report for 1885. On the International Geological Congress of Berlin. On
some Palzozoic Fossils recently collected by Dr. Н. Warth, in the Olive group of the
Salt-range. Оп the correlation of the Indian and Australian coal-bearing beds. Afghan
and Persian Field notes. On the section from Simla to Wangtu, and on the petrologi-
cal character of the Amphibolites and Quartz Diorites of the Sutlej valley.

Part 2.—On the Geology of parts of Bellaryand Anantapur districts. Geology of the Upper
Dehing basin in the Singpho Hills. On the microscopic characters of some eruptive
rocks from the Central Himalayas. Preliminary note on the Mammalia of the Karnul
Caves. Memorandum on the prospects of finding coal in Western Rajputana. Note on
the Olive Group of the Salt-range. On the discussion regarding the boulder-beds of the
Salt-range. On the Gondwana Homotaxis. E

Part 3.—Geological sketch of the Vizagapatam district, Madras. Preliminary note on the
geology of Northern Jesalmer. On the microscopic structure of some specimens of the

Malani rocks of the Arvali region. On the Malanjkhandi copper-ore in the Balaghat

district, C. P. à

Part 4.—On the occurrence of petroleum in India. ‘On the petroleum exploration at Khátan,
Boring exploration in the Chhattisgarh coal-fields. Field-notes from Afghanishtan: No. 3,
Turkistan. Notice of a fiery eruption from one of the mud volcanoes of Cheduba Island,
Arakan. Notice of the Nammianthal aerolite. Analysis of gold dust from the Meza
valley, Upper Burma. $

VoL. XX, 1887.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1886. Field-notes from Afghanistan: No. 4, from Turkistan to ` |

India. Physical geology of West British Garhwal; with notes on a route. traverse

through Jaunsar-Bawar and Tiri-Garhwal. On the geology of the Garo Hills. On some

Indian image-stones. On soundings recently taken off Barren Island and Narcondam.
On a character of the Talchir boulder-beds. Analysis of Phosphatic Nodules from the
Salt-range, Punjab. :

Part 2.—The fossil vertebrata of India. Оп the Echinoidea of the cretaceous series of the
Lower Narbada Valley, with remarks upon their geological age. Field-notes: No. 5—to
accompany a geological sketch map of Afghanistan and North-eastern Khorassan. On the
microscopic structure of some specimens of the Rajmahal and Deccan traps. On the
Dolerite of the Chor. On the identity of the Olive series in the east with the speckled
sandstone in the west of the Salt-range in the Punjab. :

Part 3.—The retirement of Mr. Medlicott. Notice of J. B Mushketofi's Geology of Russian
Turkistan. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of the Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and
Kumaun, Section I. Preliminary sketch of the geology of Simla and Jutogh. Note on the
* Lalitpur’? meteorite.

Part 4.—Note on some points in Himalayan geology. Crystalline and metamorphie rocks of
the Lower Himalaya, Garhwal and Kumaun, Section II. The iron industry of the
western portion of the District of Raipur. Notes on Upper Burma. Boring exploration
in the Chhattisgarh coal-fields. (Second notice) Some remarks on Pressure , Meta-
morphism, with reference to the foliation of the Himalayan Gneissose-Granite. A list and

index of papers on Himalayan Geology and Microscopic Petrology, published in the.

preceding volumes of the records of the Geological Survey of India.

Vor. XXI, 1888.

Part r.—Annual report for 1887. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of the Lower Himalaya,
Garhwal, and Kumaun, Section III. The Birds'-nest or Elephant Island, Mergui Archi-

pelago. Memorandum on the results of an exploration of Jessalmer, with a view to-the '

discovery of coal. A facetted pebble from the boulder bed ('speckled sandstone") of
Mount Chel in the Salt-range in the Punjab. Examination of nodular stones obtained
by trawling off Colombo. ;

Part 2—Award of the Wollaston Gold Medal, Geological Society of London, 1888. The
Dharwar System, the chief auriferous rock series in South India. On the Igneous rocks
of the districts of Raipur and Balaghat, Central Provinces. On the Sangar Marg and
Mehowgale coal-fields, Kashmir. К

Part 3.—The Manganese Iron and Manganese Ores of Jabalpur. ‘The Carboniferous
Glacial Period.’ The sequence and correlation of the pre-tertiary sedimentary forma-
tions of the Simla region of the Lower Himalayas. “

Part 4.—On Indian fossil vertebrates. On the geology ofthe North-west Himalayas. Оп

blown-sand rock sculpture. Re-discovery of Nummulites in Zanskar. On some mica
traps from Barakar and Raniganj. s

.

Es

Vor. XXII, 1889.

Paré 1.—Annual report for 1888. The Dharwar System, the chief auriferous rock-series in
South India. (Second notice) On the Wajra Karur diamonds, and on M. Chaper's
- alleged discovery of diamonds in pegmatite near that place. On the generic position
of the so-called Plesiosaurus Indicus. On flexible sandstone or Itacolumite, with special
reference to its nature and mode of occurrence in India, and the cause of its flexibility

On Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia.

Part 2—Note on Indian Steatite. Distorted pebbles in the Siwalik conglomerate. ‘The
Carboniferous Glacial Period? Notes on Dr. W. Waagen’s ‘Carboniferous Glacial
Period.’ On the oil-fields of Twingoung and Beme, Burma. The gypsum of the Nehal
Nadi, Kumaun. On some of the materials for pottery obtainable in the neighbourhood of
Jabalpur and of Umaria. E

Part 3.—Abstract report on the coal outcrops in the Sharigh Valley, Baluchistan. On the
discovery of Trilobites by Dr. H. Warth in the Neobolus beds of the Salt-range. Geolo-
gical notes. On the Cherra Poonjee coal-field, in the Khasia Hills. On a Cobaltiferous
Matt from Nepäl. The President of the Geological Society of London on the Interna-
tional Geological Congress of 1888. Tin-mining in Mergui district.

Part 4—On the land-tortoises of the Siwaliks. On the pelvis of a ruminant from the
Siwaliks. Recent assays from the Sambhar Salt-Lake in Rajputana. The Manganiferous
Iron and Manganese Ores of Jabalpur. On some Palagonite-bearing raps of the Räj-
mahál hills and Deccan. On tin-smelting in the Malay Peninsula. Provisional index of
the local distribution of important minerals, miscellaneous minerals, gemstones, and quarry
stones in the Indian Empire. Part 1. Sami

Vor. XXIII, 1890.

- Part 1.—Annual report for 1889. On the Lakadong coal-fields, Jaintia Hills. On the
Pectoraland pelvic girdles and skull of the Indian Dicynodonts. On certain vertebrate
remains from the Nagpur district (with description of a fish-skull). Crystalline and
metamorphic rocks of the Lower Himalayas, Garhwál and Kumaun, Section IV. On the
bivalves of the Olive-group, Salt-range. On the mud-banks of the Travancore coast.

Part 2.—On the most favourable sites for Petroleum explorations in the Harnai district, Balu-
chistan. The Sapphire Mines of Kashmir. The supposed Matrix of the Diamond at
Wajra Karur, Madras. The Sonapet Gold-field. Field Notes from the Shan Hills, (Upper
Burma). A description of some new species of Syringosphæridæ, with remarks upon their
structures, &c.

Part 3.—On the Geology and Economic Resources of the Country adjoining the Sind-Pishin
Railway between Sharigh and Spintangi, and of the country between it and Khattan |
(with a map). Report of a Journey through India in the winter of 1888-89, by Dr.
Johannes Walther, translated from the German, by R. Bruce Foote. ,On the Coal-fields of
Lairungao, Maosandram, and Mao-be-lar-kar, in the Khasi Hills (with 3 plans). Further
Note on Indian Steatite. -Provisional Index of the Local Distribution of Important
Minerals, Miscellaneous Minerals, Gem Stones, and Quarry Stones in the Indian Empire
(continued from p. 286, Vol. XXII). А vs

Part 4— Geological sketch of Naini Tal; with some remarks on the natural conditions
governing mountain slopes (with a map and. plate). Notes on some Fossil Indian Bird
Bones. The Darjiling Coal between the Lisu, and the Ramthi rivers, explored during
season 1890-91 (with a map). The Basic Eruptive Rocks of the Kadapah Area. The
Deep Boring at Lucknow. Preliminary Note on the Coal Seam of the Dore Ravine,
-Hazara (with two plates). 3

Vor. XXIV, 1891.

— al report for 1800. On the Geology of the Salt-range of the Punjab, with a
он es of the Origin and Age of the Salt-Marl (with five plates). On veins
of Graphite in decomposed Gneiss (Laterite) in Ceylon. Extracts from the Journal of a
trip to the Glaciers of the Kabru, Pandim, &c. The Salts of the Sambhar Lake in Rajpu-
tana, and of the Saline efflorescence called ‘Reh’ from Aligarh in the North-Western
Provinces. Analysis of Dolomite from the Salt-range, Punjab. . A
Part 2—Preliminary Report on the Oil locality near Moghal Kot, in the Sheräni country,
Suleiman Hills. On Mineral Oil from the Suleiman Hilis. Note on the Geology of

the Lushai Hills. Report on the Coal-fields in the Northern Shan States. Note on
the reported Namsèka Ruby-mine in the Mainglón State. Note on the Tourmaline
(Schorle) Mines in the Mainglón State. Note on a Salt-spring near Bawgyo, Thibaw
State. 5 :

Part 3.—Boring Exploration iz the Daltongunj Coal-field, Palamow (with а map). Death of
Dr. P. Martin DUNCAN. Contributions ѓо the study of the Pyroxenic varieties of Gneiss
and of the Scapolite-bearing Rocks. = 1

Part 4.—On a Collection of Mammalian Bones from Mongolia. Further note on the Darjiling
Coal Exploration. Notes on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Sikkim (with a
map). Chemicaland Physical notes on rocks from the Salt-range, Punjab (with two
plates). ы

Vor. XXV, 1892. :

Part 1.—Annual report for 1891. Report on the Geology of Thal Chotiáli and part of the
Mari country (with a map and 5 plates). Petrological Notes om ¿he Boulder-bed of the
Salt-range, Punjéb, Sub-recent and Recent Deposits of the valley plains of Quetta,
Pishin and the .Dasht-i-Bedaolat; with appendices om the Chamans of Quetta; and the
Artesian water-supply of Quetta and Pishin (with one plate).

Part 2.—Geology of the Saféd Kóh (with 2 plates of sections). Report on a Survey of the
Jherria Coal-field (with a map and section plates) (out of print).

Part 3.—Note on the Locality of Indian Tscheffkinite. Geological Sketch of the country
north of Bhamo. Preliminary Report or the economic resources of the Amber and Jade
mines area iz Upper Burma. Preliminary Report on the lron-Ores and Iron-Industries
of the Salem District. On the Occurrence of Riebeckite iz India. Coal on the Great
Tenasserim River, Mergui District, Lower Burma.

Part 4.—Report on the Oil Springs a? Moghal Kot iz the Shirani Hills (with 2 plates),
Second Note on Mineral Oil from the Suleiman Hills. Oz a New Fossil, Amber-like.
Resin occurring in Burma. Preliminary notice om the Triassic Deposits of the
Salt-range.

Vor. XXVI, 1893.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1892. Notes on the Central Himalayas (with map and plate),
Note on the occurrence of Jadeite in Upper Burma (with a map). On the occurrence
of Burmite, a new Fossil Resin from Upper Burma. Report oz the Prospecting Opera-
tions, Mergui District, 1891-92.

Part 2.—Notes on the earthquake in Baluchistán on the 20th December 1892 (with 2 plates)
Further Note oz Burmite, a new amber-like fossil resin from Upper Burma. Note on the
Alluvial deposits and Subterranean water-supply of Rangoon (with a map),

Part 3.—On the Geology of the Sherani Hills (with maps and plates). On Carboniferous
Fossils from Tenasserim (with 1 plate). On a deep Boring a? Chandernagore, Note oz
Granite in the districts of Tavoy and Mergui (with a plate).

Part 4.— Оп the Geology of the country between the Chappar Rift and Harnai in Baluchistán
(with map and g plates). Notes on the Geology of a part of the Tenasserim Valley with
special reference to the Tendau-Kamapying Coal-field (with two maps). On a Magnetite
from the Madras Presidency containing Manganese and Alumina. Ox Hislopite (Haugh-
ton) (with a plate).

Vor. XXVII, 1894.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1893. Report om the Bhaganwala Coal-field, Salt-range, Punjab
(with map and 2 plates).

Part 2.—Note on the Chemical qualities of pertroleum from Burma. Note on the Singareni
Coal-field, Hyderabad (Deccan) (with map and 3 plates of sections). Report or the
Gohna Landslip, Garhwal (with 5 plates and 2 maps).

Part 3.— Оп the Cambrian Formation of the Eastern Salt-range (with a plate). The Giridih
(Karharbari) Coal-field, with notes on the labour and methods of working (with 2 maps
and 8 plates of sections). On the Occurrence of Chipped (?) Flints ¿n the Upper Miocene
of Burma (with a plate). Note om the Occurrence of Velates Schmideliana, Chemn.,

аай as grandis, Sow. Sp., in the Tertiary Formation of India and Burma (with 2
plates).

Part 4.—Note on the Geology of Wuntho iz Upper Burma (with a map). Preliminary notice
on the Echinoids from the Upper Cretaceous System of Baluchistan. On Highly Phos-
phatic Mica-Peridotites intrusive in the Lower Gondwana Rocks of Bengal. On a
Mica-Hypersthene-Hornblende-Peridotite in Bengal.

Vor. XXVIII, 1895.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1894. Cretaceous Formation of Pondicherry, Some early allusions
to Barren Island;.with a few remarks thereon. Bibliography of barren Island and Nar-
condam, from 1884 to 1894; with some remarks.

- Part 2.— Оп the importance of Cretaceous Rocks of Southern India in estimating the geogra-
phical conditions during later cretaceous times. Report on the Experimental Boring for
Petroleum at Sukkur from October 1893 to March 1895. The development and Sub-
division of.the Tertiary system in Burma. | Rae

Part 3.—On the Jadeite and.other rocks, from Tammaw ir Upper Burma. On the Geology
of the Tochi Valley. On the existence of Lower Gondwanas zz Argentina.

Part 4.— Оп the Igneous Rocks of the Giridih (Kurhurbaree) Coal-field and their Contact
Effects. On some outliers of the Vindhyan system south of the Sone and their relation
to the so-called Lower Vindhyans. Notes on a portion of the Lower Vindhyan area of
the Sone Valley. Note on DR. Fritz NoETLINGS paper on the Tertiary system in
Burma, in the Records of the Geological Survey of India for 1895,.Part 2. :

Vor. XXIX, 1896.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1895. On the Acicular inclusions in Indian Garnets. On the
Origin and Growth of Garnets and of their Micropegmatitic intergrowths in Pyroxenic
rocks (with 1.plate). mA А ) Ё

Part 2.—Notes on the Ultra-basic rocks and derived minerals of the Chalk (Magnesite) hills,
and other localities near Salem, Madras (with 2—6 plates). Preliminary notes on some
Corundum localities ¿1 ¿he Salem and Coimbatore districts, Madras (with 7—9 plates).
On the occurrence of Corundum and Kyanite in the Manbhum district, Bengal. On the
papers by DR. Kossmat and Dr. KURTZ, and on the ancient Geography of “ Gondwana-
land. Note from the Geological Survey of India.

Part 3.—On some Igneous Rocks from the Tochi Valley. Notes from the Geological Survey
of India. 5

Part 4.— Report on the Steatite mines, Minbu District, Burma. Further notes oz the Lower
Vindhyan (Sub-Kaimur) area of the Sone Valley, Rewah. Notes from the Geological
Survey of India. К

Уог. ХХХ, 1897.

Part 1.—Annual report for 1806. On some Norite and associated Basic Dykes and Lava
flows i» Southern India (with plates! to II). The reference of the genus Vertebraria.
Ол a Plant of Glossopteris with part of the rhisome attached, and on the structure
of Vertebraria (with plates III to V).

Part 2.—' The Cretaceous Deposits of Pondicherri (with plates VI to X). Notes from the
Geological Survey of India.

Part 3.— Note on Flow-structure in an Igneous dyke (with plate XI). Additional note on
the Olivine-norite dykes at Coonoor (with plate XII). Report on some trial excavations
for corundum near Palakod, Salem District (with plate XIII). Report on the occurrence
of coalat Palana village in Bikanir State (with plate XIV). An account of the geolo-
gical specimens collected by the Afghan-Baluch Boundary Commission of 1896 (with plate
XV). Note from the Geological Survey of India (with plates XVI and XVII).

Fart 4.—On Nemalite from Afghanistan. On a quartz-barytes rock occurring in the Salem
District, Madras Presidency (with plate XVIII). Note on a worn femur of Hippopotamus
irravadicus, Саш. and Falc., from the Lower Pliocena of Burma (with plates XIX and
XX). On the supposed coal at Jaintia, Baxa Duars. Percussion Figures on micas.
Notes from the Geological Survey. of. India.

Є price fixed for these publications is 1 rupee (2s.) each part, ог 2 rupees 145») each
olume. ;

Notz.—The Records ceased to be published from the rst January 1898.

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