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COLLECTION 
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WILLIAM SCHAUS 
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PRESENTED 
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NATIONAL MUSEUM 
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ELAMORPHOSES or LEPIDOPTERA ~ 


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FROM SAN ie BEAUTE yin Sem 2 
THE PREB PUBLIC MUSEUM, LIVERPOOL, 


B. DUKINFIBLD JONES, CE, 


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JAN INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 


ee. By T, J. MOORE, OMZS8.L plane 


CCURATOR OF THE MUSEUM. = 


METAMORPHOSES OF LEPIDOPTERA 


FROM SAN PAULO, BRAZIL, 


IN THE FREE PUBLIC MUSEUM, LIVERPOOL. 


BY 


EK. DUKINFIELD JONES, C.E., 


CORRESPONDING MEMBER, LIT. AND PHIL. SOC., L’POOL. 


WITH NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF 
NEW FORMS 


By FREDERIC MOORE, F.Z.5. 


AND 


AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE 


By T. J. MOORH, C.M.Z.S.L., 


CURATOR OF THE MUSEUM. 


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INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 


Some few years since Mr. Dukinfield Jones, a young Civil 
Engineer of Liverpool, called at the Museum for the purpose 
of naming a small collection of Moths and Butterflies which 
he had collected during a recent professional visit to Brazil. 
Calling to mind the numerous collections of a similar kind 
brought home by travellers or sent from the country for mere 
trade purposes, I took the liberty of suggesting to him, that 
instead of confining his attention, on his proposed return to 
Brazil, to procuring and preserving Lepidoptera in their 
perfect state, he would obtain much more satisfactory results 
by collecting and studying their metamorphoses. The occu- 
pation would be in itself far more interesting, with much 
greater promise of additions to knowledge. 

This seed of suggestion fell on good ground, as shown by 
his papers in the Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophi- 
cal Society of Liverpool. The present communication is 
further evidence of its author’s zeal and diligence in cul- 
tivating the field suggested to him; but by no means 
displays all that he has accomplished. In a letter dated 
March 18, 1881, announcing the shipment of the collection, 
he makes the following statement :— 

““T regret that I have had to hurry greatly over the 
descriptions. You will probably observe that they are 
nothing more than dates of pupation, &c., from No. XXX, or 
thereabouts, to the end. I found the time was getting go 
short that I should not have finished them at all if I had 
written each as fully as I did at first. The present series 


24 


does not profess to include more than the full-fed larva, the 
pupa, and the imago. I hope hereafter I may have more 
time to devote to the subject, and work out the changes from 
the egg to the perfect insect. It has been very tantalizing to 
me this season to have to neglect so many caterpillars from 
want of leisure for feeding them. And not only this, but my 
work, requiring me sometimes in the town and sometimes up 
in the hills, prevents my keeping any living creatures at 
either place, for they would be sure to be left without food 
some time or other. 

‘“‘T have tried collecting specimens and transferring them 
to trees in the neighbourhood of my ranch, so that I could 
look at them without having to keep them in the house. 
But the results have not been satisfactory ; for the larvae were 
sure to get full-fed and wander away whilst I was in town. 

“You will see that the Nos. of the species are not consecu- 
tive ; for instance, Nos. V, VI, VIII, XI, XII, &ec., do not 
appear. I'his is because I have not all the species in all three 
stages, having perhaps found only one specimen of the cater- 
pillar, and kept it to work through the metamorphoses. These 
species I hope to send you at some future time, if I am 
fortunate enough to find specimens to complete the series. 

‘‘T have now worked out eighty-three species, and have 
some pup now that I am anxiously watching to see what 
new glory they will produce.” 

The present paper includes forty-six species, five of which 
are believed to be new to science. The total of eighty-three 
species worked out by the author’s own unaided exertions in 
two or three years whilst busily engaged in laborious pro- 
fessional duties, compares not unfavourably with the results 
obtained in the same line of research conducted under the 
far more favourable conditions of a high official position» 
abundant help, artistic and otherwise, and (it is not un- 
charitable to suppose) the smaller amount of high-pressure 


25 


prevalent when this century was young. [I allude to the 
instance I had in mind when I gave the advice mentioned at 
the commencement of this note; namely, to the collection of 
Metamorphoses of the Lepidoptera of Java made by the late 
Dr. Horsfield between the years 1813 to 1819, one of the 
most extensive on record, yet falling short of 200 species. 
(See Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Musewm 
of the Hon. East India Company. By Thomas Horsfield, 
M. and Ph.D., F.R.S., and Frederic Moore. Vols. 1 and 2, 
1857-9. London, Wm. H. Allen & Co., wherein a large 
number of these metamorphoses are figured and described.) 

Dr. Horsfield records in his ‘‘ Catalogue” how he fitted up 
a large apartment adjoining his residence with breeding-cages 
and receptacles for chrysalides; how he went out daily in 
search of caterpillars, accompanied by his most intelligent 
native assistants, several of whom were told off to provide 
suitable daily food, to watch the caterpillars and their 
changes, and to submit them in due time and season to the 
draughtsman. He also relates the elaborate means taken to 
secure the identity of each individual through all its varied 
changes. Equal labour and care was in every instance 
required in reference to the present collection, and all had to 
be done by the author single-handed. To testify that it has 
been done with the utmost-.care and exactness is my bounden 
duty. 

It remains only to state that the larva, pupa, and imago of 
a species when worked out was indicated by the same 
Roman numeral; that a separate sheet of paper was devoted 
to each species and bore the same number ; this in the order 
in which the species was worked out, and having no reference 
to ultimate scientific arrangement. The critical determina- 
tion of the species has, at the recommendation of the Rev. 
H. H. Higgins, been intrusted by the Library and Museum 
Committee to my brother, who strongly recommends that 


26 


drawings of all the larve and pups, and especially the new 
species, should be published, a luxury much to be desired, 
but not now, at any rate, to be indulged in. All the insects 
whose life-history is given in the following pages, were most 
kindly presented by Mr. Dukinfield Jones to this Museum, 
and have been carefully arranged to show the larva, pupa and 
imago of each species side by side. 

Since this paper was first put in print, for the Proceedings 
of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool,* Mr. 
Jones has arrived home. He has kindly replaced a few 
damaged specimens in the collection by better examples; and 
has enabled me to correct, in this issue, the few errata which 
he detected in that above referred to. 


T. J. MOORE, 


Curator. 


* Vol. XXXVI., pp. 325-377; Plates III.-VI. Other communications on 
Brazilian Entomology, by Mr. Jones, will be found in previous volumes. 


SYSTEMATIC 


RHOPALOCERA. 
Family NyMPpHALID2. 


Subfam. Danaine. 
LXII.—Danais Erippus. 
XXV.—Mechanitis Lysimnia. 


Subfam. Morphine. 
XLI.—Morpho Hercules. 
III.—Morpho Epistrophis. 


Subfam. Brassoline. 
XXXIV.—Brassolis Astyra. 
XIX.—Opsiphanes Glycerie. 


Subfam. Acreine. 
XV.—Acrea Pellenea. 
LXXXII.—Acrea Alalia, variety. 


Subfam. Heliconiine. 
LXIX.—Eueides Dianasa. 


Subfam. Nymphaline. 
LIII.—Juvonia Cenia. 
VII.—Ageronia Amphinome. 


Family PapinionIDZ. 
Subfam. Pierine. 
XXIV.—Catopsilia Philea. 


Subfam, Papilionine. 
XXXI.—Papilio Thoas. 
XLV.—Papilio Grayi. 
XXXVIII.—Papilio Evander. 
XLII.—Papilio Lysithous. 


Family HEspERIDs. 
XXI.—Pyrrhopyga Palemon. 
LIVY.—Goniuris Proteus. 


HETEROCERA. 
Family SpHineipm. 
LV.—Dilophonota Ello. 
LXI.—Argeus Labrusex. 
XXVIII.—Pachylia inornata. 
XIII.—Sorocaba anomala. 


27 


ARRANGEMENT. 


Family CHaLcostD2. 
LXXII.—Pheochlena tendinosa. 


Family Arormp”. 
XXX.—Daritis sacrifica. 
XLVI.—Motada lateralis. 


Family ————? 
XXXIII.—Perophora albistriga. 
TX.—Perophora externa. 


Family NoroponTIpm. 
XXIX.—Aneurocampa lateralis. 


Family SarurniiDm%. 
T.—Automeris sp? 
I1.—Automeris Metea. 
XX.—Molippa Sabina. 
LXXV.—Arsenura erythrine. 
LX.—Attacus Aurota. 


Family Limacopip. 
LXVII.—Pinconia ochracea. 
LXXX.—Neomiressa argentata. 
LXXIX.—Narosa rufotessellata. 


Family LastocaAMPIDz. 
IV.—Eaeles Laocoon. 
XVII.—Megalopyge Citri. 
XXXV.—Megalopyge dorsimacula. 
LXXXI.—Megalopyge sp? 
XL.—Megalopyge Tharops. 
XXVII.—Hydrias Deusta. 


Family GuLoTruLipm. 
LVII.—Cabralia trifasciata. 


Family APAMUD2. 
L.—Prodenia Commeline. 
Prodenia variolosa. 


Family Canpipz. 
LII.—Gonodonta fulvangula. 


Family Remicup2. 
LI.—Remigia mensuralis. 


F. MOORE. 


28 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA 


RHOPALOCERA. 
Family NympHaLips. 
Subfam. Danaine. 
LXII.—Danais Eniprvs. 

Papilio Erippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 3, fig. a. B. (1775). 
Papilio Archippus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. p. 49 (1798). 
Smith, Abbott, Ins. Georgia, i., pl. 6. 

Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, March 6, 1880. 

The caterpillar feeds on a species of Asclepias, and is found 
full-fed at the end of February. (See fig. 1, plate VI.) 

Pura. a, March, 1880. 


When full-fed the caterpillar suspends itself by the tail, 
and in that position changes to the beautiful pale green 
chrysalis, ornamented with a ring of gold round the abdomen 
and gold spots on other parts of the body. 


Imaco. a, b. 


The butterfly appears a fortnight after the caterpillar is 
full-fed. 


XXV.—Mecuanitis Lysimnia. 
Papilio Lysimnia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 161 (1798). 
Hubner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. fig. 187-8. 
Ova. 


The beautiful white eggs are laid in clusters of about a 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 29 


dozen on the upper surface of the leaf of a species of Solanum 
on which the caterpillar feeds. I have sometimes found the 
egos on the underside of the leaf also. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, May 30, 1878. 


Caterpillars that emerged from the egg on April 22nd, 
1878, were full-fed on May 30th. The colour is a dull 
white with a bluish tinge, and there is an orange mark at the 
joints of the segments; on each side of the segments there 
is a long fleshy protuberance. They are very sluggish in 
their habits, and are to be found in clusters on the underside 
of the leaves of the Solanum. 


June 22, 1878; Pupation, 23 days. 


a, Hatched, Ap. 22; Full-fed, May 30; Imago, 
Pupa. 
b, c, May, 1878. 


When full-fed the caterpillars hang themselves up by the 
tail in a cluster on the underside of the leaf, and one of 
these families of chrysalids after the change has taken place — 
is a lovely sight. The appearance is that of pure burnished 
gold, which in the sunshine is dazzlingly beautiful. A 
couple of days before the butterfly emerges, the markings of 
its wings become very visible through the delicate shell of 
the pupa, and the latter becomes shaded with dark steel blue 
and the prismatic colours of tempered steel. 


a, Full-fed, May 10; Imago, June 2, 1878 = 23 days. 
Imaco. b, 99 3) be) 39 33 
é, 3 May ils. ,,, Janes; 


39 


The butterfly appears about three weeks after pupation. 
It is a very common species, and flies in shady places in 
woods and campos. ‘The flight is slow and graceful, and the 
fly is constantly settling upon the leaves of the trees, where 
it stays slowly opening and shutting its wings. 


30 METAMORPHOSES OF 


Subfam. Morphine. 
XLI.— MorpHo HeERcvuuLgs. 


Papilio Hercules, Dalmann, Anal. Ent. p. 40 (1828). 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Dec. 20, 1878. 


The caterpillars were found on the stem of a “‘cipo,” or 
climber, on the Serra da Cantareira, near San Paulo, on 
Dec. 16th, 1878. They were in a cluster of about twenty 
individuals. The colour is brick-red, with tufts of black and 
of white hairs in rings round the segments. The black hairs 
are barbed, and cause a good deal of irritation if one gets 
them between one’s fingers. The caterpillar has a disagree- 
able smoky sort of smell, something like that of No. III. 
(Morpho Epistrophis), but at the same time quite distinct. 


Pura. a, January, 1881. 


On Dec. 20th some of the specimens were full-fed, and 
became of a dull greenish colour. They hung themselves up 
by the tail, and in a few days changed to the robust green 
chrysalis. The chrysalis is marked with a white bloom, 
especially on the wing-cases, which bloom easily rubs off. 
(See fig. 2, plate ITT.) 


a, § Full-fed, Dec. 20, 1878; Imago, Feb. 8, 
1879 = 50 days. 

b, # Jan. O1, 1881. ¢,) 9 Janel Ssh: 

d, 2 Feb. 12, 1881. 


The splendid imagos appeared at the beginning of February, 
being in the pupa state about seven weeks. These grand 
butterflies are very common at the Cantareira, where they 
sail about in hundreds on a hot day. Sometimes half-a- 
dozen will be seen in a group, chasing one another round 
and round, or having a dance with one of their pearly 
cousins, M. EHpistrophis. 


Imaao. | 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 81 


TII.—Morpno Epistropais. 


Leonte Epistrophis, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. 
(1816-24.) 
Ova. 
The eggs of this species are laid in clusters of twenty or 
thirty on the upper side of the leaf of the food plant, and 
incubate in about fifteen days. 


a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Dec., 1878. 
b, Cast skins Dec., 1879. 


After emerging from the egg, the young caterpillars are 
very sluggish, and apparently do not move at all for a couple 
of days. For some weeks after they are hatched they scarcely 
eat anything, and do not seem to grow at all. They lie ina 
cluster on the under side of the leaf, radiating from a centre, 
their great black heads pointing outwards and presenting a 
very curious appearance. They probably hybernate during 
the cold season, for I have found specimens at the end of 
July still very small. The food plants that I have found the 
caterpillar upon are all forest trees, two of them belonging to 
the Papilionacez. 


LARVA. 


The caterpillars are social, and hang in a cluster on a leaf 
of the tree quite close together, and very beautiful they look 
with their intricate mosaic markings and soft downy hair. 
At night they separate to feed, returning to the same leaf in 
the morning, which leaf is covered with a silken web to give 
security to their hold. When walking they have a curious 
habit of wagging the head up and down. I have noticed the 
same habit in other caterpillars, but the motion is generally 
from side to side. The object of this wagging of the head 
seems to be to drive the preceding caterpillar on when the 
brood is marching in single file to its feeding ground, or back 
to its resting place, for I have only observed this habit in 
those caterpillars that live in clusters. The whole lot of 


32 METAMORPHOSES OF 


caterpillars, walking close one after the other, wag their 
heads in this way to touch up the “ tail” of the individual 
in front of each, the effect being very comical. I have found, 
when changing them to new food, that the only way to get 
them to move was to imitate this movement of the head with 
my finger applied to their tails. If the caterpillars were in 
their resting position, I could generally start the whole regi- 
ment by tickling the hindermost ones, who in their turn 
stirred up those in front, till they all got on the move. 

The caterpillar has a very unpleasant and peculiar odour 
that is quite indescribable. The mandibles are very power- 
ful, and are capable of giving a severe bite if their owner is 
annoyed. In eating, the noise of the crunching of the 
leaves is considerable. 

When full-fed the caterpillar hangs itself up by the “‘ tail,” 
the size diminishes, and the bright colours become dull and 
suffused with a greenish grey colour. They are full-fed in 
December. 


a, In spirit, immediately after change. 
Pura. 1b, Dry. Full-fed Dec. 12, 1877. Imago, Jan. 
23, 1878 = 42 days. 

Pupation takes place three days after the larva is full-fed. 
The pupa is of a beautiful bright green, the venation of the 
wings, etc., being of a darker shade. The insect remains in 
this state for six weeks. 


a, @ , Heb., sre: 
b, d, Full-fed, Jan.; Imago, Feb. 7, 1879. 
Imaco. +c, 2, Feb., 1879. 
|d, @, Full-fed, Dec. 30, 1878; Imago, Feb. 8, 
\ 1879 = 40 days. 
These exquisite butterflies begin to make their appear- 


ance at the end of January, but do not appear in large 
quantities till the middle of February ; the earlier specimens 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 33 


are all males. From the middle of February till the end of 
March the woods about San Paulo literally swarm with 
these lovely insects; sometimes four or five will be seen 
circling round and round, or lazily flapping their great 
pearly wings in the bright sunshine, rather sailing than 
flying. By the end of April they have all disappeared. 
There is only one brood of this butterfly in the year. 


Subfam. Brassoline. 
XXXIV.—Brassonis ASTYRA. 


Brassolis Astyra, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix., p. 457 (1823). 
Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. i., pl. 18, fig. 2. Doubleday 
and Hewits, D. Lep. pl. 59, fig. 1. 


Castnia Langsdorfii, Ménetries, Nouv. Mem. Mose. i., p. 192, 
pl. 5 (1829). 


a, Full-fed, San Paulo, Oct., 1878. 

b, Taken from web lining flower spathe of species 
of palm. The web contained over four 
hundred caterpillars. 


LARVA. 


The caterpillar is social, living in a web spun either in the 
flower spathe or amongst the leaves of a species of palm. 
The number of individuals in one web is sometimes 
enormous. I have found a web spun across a flower spathe 
containing, as above, over four hundred caterpillars. In the 
day time they are to be found closely packed within the web, 
which is very thick and impervious to rain, and at night 
they pour out and feed. Ihave seen large palm trees com- 
pletely stripped of their leaves by this caterpillar. It is 
full-fed at the end of October and beginning of November. 


Pura. a, Full-fed, Oct. 17, 1878; Imago, 
When full-fed the caterpillar descends the palm-tree, and 


34 METAMORPHOSES OF 


searches for a convenient spot for undergoing the change, 
such as the underside of the branch of a tree, the coping of 
a wall, etc. .It then spins the web ready to hook on to when 
changed to the pupa state, and remains for three or four 
days attached by the anal and last pair of abdominal legs; it 
then leaves-go with the abdominal and hangs by the anal 
legs alone for one or two days, when it changes to the 
chrysalis. (See fig. 8, plate IIT.) 


Imago. a, b, c, Dec. 5-14, 1877. © 


The butterfly makes its appearance at the beginning of 
December. It is crepuscular in its habits, never flying till 
about sunset. The flight is powerful and rapid. Groups 
of five or six males and one female may often be seen flying 
backwards and forwards, and occasionally settling on a 
branch of a tree. 

There is only one brood of this butterfly in the year. 


XIX.—OpsIPHANES GLYCERIE. 


Papilio Glycerie, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii., p. 86 (1787). 
Clerck, Icones, pl. 34, fig. 8, 4, 2. 
Potamis S. Cassie, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett., pl. 75, 
£;:3; 4, 2°. 


a, Full-fed specimen and one other. San 
Paulo, April 10, 1878. 


This extraordinary caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the 
banana. In the first stage it is pale yellow, with black head 
covered with curious flat hairs, and the diverging horns on 
the last segment are also black, with a single long hair on 
the point. After the first change of skin, the head becomes 
of a pale pinkish grey colour, and is furnished with eight 
horny excrescences, four on each side, the four anterior ones 


LARVA. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 85 


much shorter than the posterior. On the last segment the 
black appendages also change to the same colour as the 
head. In the last stage the caterpillar is striped longitudi- 
nally with pale blue and green, the stripé¢s being separated 
from one another by narrow yellowish brown lines, and the 
horns on the head and last segment are greatly developed, 
giving the insect a very strange appearance. The caterpillar 
always lies close alongside of the mid-rib of the leaf, and, 
from its close resemblance to the colour of it, is very difficult 
to see at a short distance. It spins a fine white web on the 
leaf, to help it to hold on, and always spins a web in front of 
it when walking. (See figs. 4, 5, plate ITI.) 


a, Full-fed, April 18; Imago, May 10, 1878 = 


Pura. | 
27 days. 


When full-fed, the caterpillar attaches itself to the under- 
side of the mid-rib of the banana leaf by its anal and last 
pair of abdominal legs, the thorax hanging down. In this 
position it remains two days. ‘The third day it lets go with 
the abdominal legs, and hangs by the anal ones only, or by 
its “‘ tail,” as it is generally expressed. At the close of the 
third day it changes to a pale green chrysalis, with a dot of 
gold on each wing-case. (See fig. 6, plate III.) 


a, @ Full-fed April 13; Imago, May 10, 1878 = 
Imago. 27 days. 
b, @ April 27, 1878. c, g April 28, 1878. 


This butterfly is crepuscular in its habits, and is rarely 
seen flying in the daytime. The best time for it is just after 
sundown, when it may be seen flying in the open glades of 
woods, ete., settling on some elevated point, and from thence 
sallying forth in pursuit of its fellows. The flight is quick 
and powerful, and it is difficult to capture except when rest- 
ing. There is a musky smell about this butterfly. 


36 METAMORPHOSES OF 


Subfam. Acreine. 
XV.—Acr#A PELLENEA. 


Actinote Pellenea, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. fig. 741-2 
(1882). 
Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, March, 14, 1878. 


The caterpillars feed on several composite plants, and are 
very plentiful at certain times of the year. They are social 
in their younger stages, living in a cluster on a loose web. 
In the last two stages they are not exactly social, but may be 
found in great quantities on the same plant. The general 
appearance of the caterpillars is much the same in all the 
stages. The spines do not appear to have urticating pro- 
perties. The caterpillars are very hardy, and I have often 
noticed them covered with hoar-frost in the early mornings 
in August and September. There appear to be two distinct 
broods in the year, but the period of any stage extends over 
a considerable time. 

Pura. a, Full-fed, Mar. 1; Imago, Mar. 18, 1878 =12 days. 

When full-fed the caterpillar suspends itself by the “tail” 
to the underside of a leaf or the coping of a wall or other 
shelter, and there undergoes pupation. (See fig. 7, plate IV.) 

Imaco. a, b. 

Specimens full-fed 28th February, 1878, changed March 
1st, and the butterflies appeared on March 13th. This fly is 
one of the commonest in the neighbourhood of San Paulo ; 
sometimes the air quite swarms with them. 


LXXXII.—Acrma Anatia (Variety). 
Acrea Alalia, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. iv., p. 105 (1860). 
Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Jan. 16, 1881. 


The caterpillar was found on a large leaf, like that of the 
horse-radish, growing in a swamp. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 37 


{2 Feb., 1881. 
Pura. |p, Full-fed, Jan. 17; Imago, Jan. 81,1881 = 14 days. 


The caterpillar hangs itself up by the tail to change to the 
pupa state. 


Imago. a, 30, 2. 
The butterfly appears fourteen days after the larva is full 
fed. 


(Norz.—This variety differs from a typically marked specimen in the 
British Museum Collection, in the forewing of both sexes having a broader 
medial transverse blackish area, owing to the absence of the red spot be- 
tween the base of the upper and middle median veins, and the small size of 
the spot between the middle and lower median veins. The hindwing differs 
also, in having a broader medial angular transverse black area, and a broader 
black outer marginal band.—f’. Moore. | 


Subfam. JHeliconiine. 
LXIX.—Eveipes D1anasa. 
Nereis Dianasa, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. (1806-16). 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, April 25, 1880. 


The caterpillar feeds on a species of Passion-flower, and 
was found full-fed at the end of April, 1880. 


a, Full-fed, April 24; Imago, May 14, 1880=20 


Pura. | 
days. 


The caterpillar suspends itself by the tail to undergo 
pupation. The chrysalis is a very remarkable one, being 
covered with long excrescences, four of which on the back of 
the thorax are arranged in the form of a cross. It is also 
remarkable for the faculty of making a squeaking noise when 
annoyed. This is done by violent jerks of the abdominal 
rings, the sliding of one ring over the other causing the 
noise. The sound is very like that made by the Longicorn 
beetles. 

B 


38 METAMORPHOSES OF 


a, Full-fed, April 24; Imago, May 14, 1880=20 


Imaao. | 
days. 


The butterfly appears about three weeks after the cater- 
pillar is full-fed. 


Subfam. Nymphaline. 
LITI.—Junonta Canta. 
Junonia Cenia, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. (1816-24). 


Vanessa Conia, Boisduval & Leconte, Lep. Amer. Sept. 
p- 182, pl. 49. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Jan. 19, 1880. 


This beautiful caterpillar feeds on a species of Anterrhi- 
num. It is covered with branched spines springing from 
beautiful dark blue shiny tubercles, that sparkle in the 
sunshine like gems. The spines do not appear to have 
any venomous properties. 

Pupa. a, Full-fed, Jan. 29; Imago, Feb. 8, 1880 =10 days. 

When full-fed the larva suspends itself by the tail, and 
changes to a robust, slightly spiky, chrysalis. 

Imaco. a, b, c, d. 


The butterfly appears three weeks after the caterpillar is 
full-fed. 


VII.—Acrronia AMPHINOME. 
Papilio Amphinome, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 779 (1767). 
Cramer, Pap. Exot. i., pl. 54, fig E. F. 


a, Penultimate stage. San Paulo, March 14, 
Larva. 1880. 
b, Full-fed. San Paulo, March 19, 1880. 


I have only found this caterpillar in the penultimate and 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 39 


last stages. In the former stage it is black, and is covered 
with spines, and has two curious horns on the head. In the 
last stage the colour changes, the central segments (fourth to 
ninth inclusive) becoming a light: brown colour, beautifully 
marked with an intricate black pattern. The spines on these 
seements are of the same colour, only tipped with black; the 
rest of the segments remain black, and the horns on the 
head are much larger than in the former stage. The food 
plant is a climber that is plentiful in the woods and copses 
round San Paulo. The caterpillar is remarkably active in 
its habits, and gives one the idea of being in a hurry all his 
life. He never seems to walk, but is always on the run. In 
eating the same hurry is observed, as if he was afraid he 
would not get enough before he had to pupate. The slight- 
est shake of the leaf or stem of the plant makes the cater- 
pillars fall to the ground. The spines are venomous, but 
the poison seems weak in its effects. 


12 days. 


a, Full-fed, Feb. 21, 1878. Imago, March 4 = 
PupA. 
b, San Paulo, March, 1880. 


Specimens of the caterpillar in my possession were full-fed 
on Feb. 21st, 1878, and they suspended themselves by the 
“tail.” On Feb. 22nd they changed into the remarkable 
chrysalis with the two horn-like processes on the head. 
These processes do not form till the pupa has emerged com- 
pletely from the skin of the larva, and securely hooked itself 
to the silk that the larva has spun for this purpose. As 
soon as this is done the pupa remains perfectly still, and the 
horns begin to grow. They grow in the manner of a stock- 
ing being turned inside out; when half-grown the end can be 
distinctly observed moving up the inside: The whole opera- 
tion takes place in about two minutes. The pupa is remark- 
able for the great difference in the colouring of individuals, 


40 METAMORPHOSES OF 


Out of ten specimens in my possession, eight were of a dark 
smoky colour, with green patches on the wing covers, and on 
the back of the thorax, while two were almost all green 
beneath and the dark smoke colour on the back. The horns 
in all the specimens were of a burnt-sienna colour, shaded 
with smoke. The difference in colouring does not appear to 
be sexual, but Iam not able to state with certainty whether 
it is or not. (See fig. 8, pl. IV.) 

Imaaco. a, b, c, d, March, 1880. 

On March 4th the perfect insect appeared, eleven days 
after the larva was full-fed. 

The butterfly settles on the trunks of trees in the forest 
with the head downwards, taking short and rapid flights 
every now and then, especially when other butterflies are 
passing, which it delights in chasing. When thus employed 
it often emits loud crackling sounds, very like electric sparks. 
It rarely flies excepting in bright sunshine. 


Family Paprinionipm. 
Subfam. Prerine. 
XXIV.—Carorsiuia PHILEA. 
Papilio Philea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 764 (1767). Cramer, 
Pap. Exot. ii., pl. 173, fig. u. F. Donovan, Ins. China, 
pl. 82, fig. 2. 
Catopsilia Philea, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 92, pl. 35, fig. 
1-4 (1872). 

Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, April 20, 1878. 

The caterpillar feeds on the flowers of a species of Cassia, 
and its colour so closely resembles that of the brilliant yellow 
flowers that it is impossible to detect it at a short distance. 
Some of the individuals have dark green tubercles in rings 
round the segments, others are entirely yellow. ‘This differ- 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 41 


ence in colouring does not appear to be sexual. Specimens 
taken in April, 1878, were full-fed on the 20th of that 
month. 

Dae. he Full-fed, April 23; Imago, May 14, 1878=21 

days. 

When full-fed the caterpillar attaches itself by the “ tail” 
and a loop round the thorax to a twig or other suitable 
object, and next day changes to the chrysalis. The chrysalis: 
is generally of a pale opaque greenish colour, with the veins 
of a lighter shade and tinged with yellow. Two of my 
specimens, instead of being green, were of a beautiful purplish 
pink, the veins being of the same colour as in the green 
specimens. This difference of colouring is not sexual, for 
one of the specimens was a male and the other a female. 
(See fig. 9, plate IV.) 


a, S$ Full-fed, April 23 ; Imago, May 18,1878 = 25 
| days. 

Imaco. +b, ¢ May, 1878. c, 2 June 4, 1878. 

\ ? Full-fed, April 24; Imago, May 18, 1878= 
24 days. 

The butterfly appears about three weeks after pupation. 
After emerging they remain a long time without attempting 
to fly. I have observed specimens that did not leave the 
spot for five days, remaining perfectly still all the time. 


Subfam. Papilionine. 
XXXI.—Papinio THoas. 


Papilio Thoas, Linn. Mant. Plant. p. 5386 (1771), Drury, 
Illust. Exot. Ent. i., pl. 22, fig. 1, 2 (1773). Cramer, 
Pap. Exot. ii., pl. 167, fig. a. B. 

Ova. 


The eggs are laid singly on the upper surface of the young 


42, METAMORPHOSES OF 


leaves of the orange, on which the caterpillar feeds. They 
are spheroidal in shape, and dull orange colour. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, April 20, 1878. 

The strange-looking caterpillar is very sluggish in its 
habits, remaining for hours on the leaf without moving. It 
has a shiny skin that gives it the appearance of being wet, 
and is clammy to the touch. When annoyed it protrudes 
two bright orange-coloured tentacles from the prothoracic 
segment, which have a pungent and disagreeable odour, a 
tiny drop of colourless liquid forming at the end of each 
tentacle. The odour of the liquid is so strong that if it gets 
upon one’s hands it takes a good deal of washing to get rid 
of it. 


Pura. a, Full-fed, March 23, 1878. 


When full-fed the caterpillar fixes itself by the “‘tail” and 
by a loop round the thorax to a branch of the tree, the head 
being uppermost, and in that position it changes to the © 
remarkable chrysalis resembling a rotten twig broken off 
short. 4 
a, d Full-fed, Ap.30; Imago, Sep. 29,’78 = 152 dys. 
bs yao 55 Oct. 20,°78— son: 
Gg +3 eRe », 25,’78=185 ,, 
d, 63 os. OO tg a 20, 10=179° ,; 

Specimens full-fed in April, 1878, produced butterflies in 
August, September, and October. There appear to be two 
broods in the year. 


7 


Imaao. 


XLV.—Paprinio GrRayI. 
Papilio Grayi, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i., p. 365 (1836). 
Chenu, Encycl. Pap. pl. 16, fig. 2 (1857). 
Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, April 10, 1879. 


In the early stages this caterpillar closely resembles that 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 438 


of No. XXXI, Papilio Thoas; but after the last change of 
skin the appearance is quite altered. In this stage it is very 
handsome. The colour of the back is a sort of sage green. 
On the third segment is a crescent of brown having several 
beautiful purplish crimson spots; on the ninth segment two 
bands of the same brown colour cross one another on the 
back, and are dotted with purplish crimson. There are dots 
of the same colour along the sides. The caterpillar possesses 
a pair of scent organs, which are protruded when it is 
annoyed. (See fig. 10, plate IV.) 


Pura. a, April, 1880. 

Specimens in my possession were full-fed 10th April, 
1879, and they attached themselves to the sides of the box 
in the same manner as No. XXXVIII, Papilio Evander, the 
chrysalis of which species they much resemble. 

ie $ Full-fed, Ap. 8; Imago, Sept. 22, 1879 = 167 
Imaco. days. 
ls, Feb., 1878; ¢c, —. 

The butterfly appears in September, being more than five 

months in the pupa state. 


XXXVITI.—Papimio EvanpERr. 
Papilio Evander, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix., p. 32 (1819). 
Swainson, Zool. Illust. ii, pl. 101. Boisd. Spec. Gén 
Lepr, p. 277. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Jan. 1, 1879. 


I found a cluster of forty or fifty of these caterpillars on 
the trunk of a Tangierine orange tree on December 30th, 
1878. At night they separated to feed, returning to the 
same spot next day. The scent organ is very large, and the 
odour very strong. I observed that the caterpillar had the 
faculty of even flinging a tiny drop of fluid from the ends of 


44 METAMORPHOSES OF 


the organs on to my finger when I touched its back. The 
fluid has a very disagreeable and pungent smell, and it takes 
more than one good scrub with soap and water to get rid of 
it. On 1st January, 1879, more than half the cluster had 
disappeared, and I captured about a dozen specimens. 


Pupa. a, Jan., 1879. 

The same day that I captured the caterpillars some of 
them fixed themselves to the sides of the box I kept them in, 
and the next day they changed to the chrysalis, resembling a 
rotten twig of the orange; but curiously enough I did not 
finda single chrysalis on the tree on which the caterpillars 
were feeding, nor on any of the surrounding trees. They 
must have dispersed to a considerable distance. 

Poet ie Full-fed, Jan. 3; Imago, Jan. 27, 1879 = 24 dys. 

b Jan.2; ., Sani 2b, 1879—2sidys. 


On January 24th the first butterfly made its appearance, 
having been three weeks in the pupa state. 


? 9) 


XLIT.—Paritio Lysrrnovus.* 
Hectorides Lysithous, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. 
(1816-41). 

Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Jan. 4, 1880. 

The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the ‘‘ Araticu”’ 
(Rollinia ?), and is very sluggish in its habits, spending 
nearly all its time perfectly still in the centre of a leaf. It 
possesses scent organs on the prothoracic segment, but it 
requires a good deal of irritation to make it exert them. 
The smell is not so strong as that of Nos. XXXI and 
XXXVIII, Papilio Thoas and P. Evander. 

Pura. a, Full-fed, Jan. 4; Imago, Jan. 22, 1880=18 days. 

* Papilio Lysithous is the Papilio whose metamorphoses are described 


and figured in the Proc. Lit. & Phil. Soc., L’pool, for 1879-80, Vol. XXXIV., 
p. lxy.; plate 1; the species not having then been ascertained. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 45 


The pupa is attached by its “tail” and a loop round the 
thorax to a twig of the tree, and from its position and colour 
(green, with a few rusty markings,) it looks remarkably like 
a little fruit. The time passed in the pupa state varies 
considerably. 

(4; Full-fed, Jan. 4; Imago, Jan. 22, 1880 = 18 days. 

IMAGO. 14, Do. Oct. 9,1878; ,, Feb. 24,1879=188 ,, 

Specimens full-fed in October appeared as perfect insects 
in February. Others, full-fed in January, produced butter- 
flies in February. I have found full-fed caterpillars at the 
end of February, 1881. It remains to be seen when these 
will produce imagos. 


Family Hersprerip”. 
XXI.—Pyrruoryea PaLeMmon. 
Papilio Palemon, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii., pl. 181, fig. r (1779). 
Hesperia Polybius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii., i. p. 887 (1798). 


Donovan, Ins. India, pl. 51, fig. 2. 
Ova. 


The eggs are laid singly on the young leaves of the Guava. 
I have not been able to determine the time of incubation. 


Larva. a, First, penultimate, and full-fed stages. 


When the caterpillar issues from the egg it is about five 
millimetres in length, and is of a purplish red colour, with 
bright yellow bands. The first thing it does after leaving 
the egg is to make a house within which to retreat when not 
engaged in feeding; this is done by cutting out a piece of leaf 
seven or eight millimetres in diameter, and fixing it on to 
the upper surface of the leaf in such a manner as to leave a 
passage for ingress and egress. When it has grown suffi- 
ciently to enable it to pull the leaves themselves together 
and fasten them with silk, it makes its retreat in that way. 
From its secluded habits it is difficult to see the changes of 


46 METAMORPHOSES OF 


skin. A specimen in my possession was hatched on 25th 
February, 1878. On March 3rd there was a change of skin, 
and on March 14th another. I was not able to determine 
any other changes, and the caterpillar was full-fed on April 
8rd. After the second (or third ?) change, the larva becomes — 
covered with a white powder, that rubs off when touched, and 
the whole skin becomes finally of a dull white colour. 

The caterpillar remains within the leaf during the day, 
and only comes out to feed at night. When annoyed by the 
approach of any insect, it has a curious habit of wagging its 
head and thorax from side to side, and sometimes round and 
round in a circle, striking its head against the sides of its 
house. The noise thus made is considerable. (See fig. 11, 
plate IV.) 

a, San Paulo. Full-fed, April 3; Imago, April 
28, 1878=25 days. 

The pupa is of a pale bluish green, and is covered with 
the white mealy powder. It changes within the leaf, and 
suspends itself by the “tail” and a band round the thorax, 
lying on its back in a more or less horizontal position. 


Pupa. | 


Imago. a, b. 

The specimen that was full-fed on April 3rd appeared as a 
perfect insect on April 28th, giving a dormant period of 
25 days. 

At the end of June, I found other caterpillars full-fed, the 
butterflies of which did not appear till the end of September. 


LIV.—Gonrvunis Proteus. 


Papilio Proteus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i., 2, p. 794, (1767). Smith- 
Abbott, Lep. Ins. Georgia, i., pl. 18. Cramer, Pap. Exot. 
iii., pl. 260, fig. D, E. 
Ova. 
The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves of a sort 


ry 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 47 


of kidney-bean. They are usually in pairs. ‘lime of incu- 
bation not observed. 


a, Larger specimen, full-fed. San Paulo, Jan. 
28, 1880. 


The caterpillar protects itself with a piece of the leaf, 
fastened down on the upper surface of the leaf during the 
early stages. When large enough it bends the leaves them- 
selves together, and makes its retreat in that way. It is pale 


Larva. | 


green in colour, with longitudinal stripes of yellow. 
en i a, Full-fed, Jan. 28; Imago, Feb. 13, 1880=16 
wrt days. 
Pupation takes place in the same way as No. XXI., Pyrrho- 
pyga Palemon. 
a and b, Full-fed, Jan. 29 ; Imago, Feb. 16, 1880 
= 18 days. 


The butterfly appears eighteen days after the larva is full- 
fed. Specimens in my possession were full-fed, as above, on 
29th Jan., 1880, the imagos appearing on Feb. 16th. 


Imago. 


HETEROCERA. 
Family SpuHinerpz. 
LV.—DinorHonota Eto. 
Sphinz Ello, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr., p. 351 (1764). Drury, 
Ill. Nat. Hist. i., pl. 27, fig. 3. 


Dilophonota Ello, Burmeister, Abhand]. Nat. Gesellsch. Halle, 
p- 70 (1855). 
Ova. 
The egg is laid singly on the upper surface of the Man- 
dioca leaf. It is a flattened ovoid in shape, of a pale yellow 
sprinkled with rusty red. 


48 METAMORPHOSES OF 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Feb. 16, 1880. 


When the caterpillar issues from the egg it is about four 
millimetres long and pale green, with a long black horn on 
the last segment. The green colour is preserved through the 
second stage, but the length of the tail or horn is much 
reduced, and becomes reddish in colour. In the last stage 
the caterpillar is of a pinkish smoky grey, and has no horn 
on the last serment. 


Popa. a, Full-fed, Jan. 22; Imago, Feb. 18, 1880 =27 days. 
The caterpillar enters the ground to undergo pupation. 


a, Full-fed, Jan. 24 ; Imago, Feb. 22, 1880 =29 
Imaao. d 
ays. 
The moth appears four weeks after the larva enters the 
ground. I have observed it from the middle of February to 


the middle of March. 


LXI.—Arecrvus Laprusca. 


Sphina Labrusce, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 352 (1764). 
Clerck’s Icones, pl. 47, fig. 3. 


a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Feb., 1880. 
Larva..1b, Ichneumonized specimen, penultimate stage, 
Feb., 1880. 


This caterpillar feeds on the grape vine, and is remarkable 
for its resemblance to a snake, in the last stage. In the 
penultimate stage the marking is less snake-like, and 
there are green patches on the sides of the 5th to 10th 
segments. On the last segment is a long horn, curled 
at the end like a pig’s tail. On the last change of skin 
this horn disappears, and its place is taken by a shiny 
disk. When irritated the caterpillar vibrates the horn or 
the disk, and, in the latter case, the effect of the flash of 
reflected light is very strange. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 49 


a, Full-fed, Feb. 6; Imago, March 17, 1880=40 


Pupa. { days. 


The caterpillar enters the ground to undergo pupation. 


a, Full-fed, Feb. 22; Imago, March 28, 1880=35 
days. 

b, Full-fed, Feb. 17; changed, Feb. 22; Imago, 
March 24, 1880; pupation 31 days. 


The exquisite moth appears five weeks after the caterpillar 
is full-fed. Specimens full-fed 17th February, 1880, pro- 
duced imagos 24th March, as above. 

This moth squeaks like a mouse when violently held in 
the fingers or otherwise irritated. 


Imaao. 


XXVIII.—PacuHyniaA INORNATA. 


Pachylia inornata, Clemens, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 
p- 159 (1859). 


a, Full-fed. Colour changed before entering the 
tase ground. — 
b, Full-fed. San Paulo, March 23, 1879. 


This caterpillar feeds on a species of Ficus, a large tree 
much grown about San Paulo for ornamentation. It is 
full-fed in March and April. When full-fed the appearance 
becomes very much altered by the formation of smoky-black 
rings round the segments, and the duller shade of the green. 
See fig. 12, 18, plate V.) 


86 days. 
b, July, 1878. 


The change to the pupa state takes place in a loose cocoon, 
woven under ground, the small particles of the surrounding 
earth being bound into the texture. (See fig. 14, plate V.) 


a, Full-fed, March 25; Imago, June 19, 1878= 
Pupa. | 


50 METAMORPHOSES OF 


sci 
Imaco. 4b, 2 Full-fed, March 28; Imago, June 25, 1878= 
89 days. 


The moth thus appears very nearly three months after the 
caterpillar enters the ground. 


XITI.—SorocaBa ANOMALA. 


Genus nov. SorocaBa. Forewing short, rather broad and triangular ; 
exterior margin slightly sinuous; costal vein straight; cell extending half 
length of the wing; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the 
cell, second trifid, third being thrown off at two-thirds from its base, and 
fourth at one-half from third; discocellular oblique, bent outward near 
upper end, radial from the angle ; two upper medians from end of the cell, 
second from near the end, and lower at one-half before the end; subme- 
dian nearly straight, with a short basal lower branch : hindwing triangular ; 
costa extending beyond the posterior angle of forewing, exterior margin 
scalloped, abdominal margin long; subcostal joined to costal at a short 
distance beyond the base, two subcostal branches emitted beyond the cell ; 
discocellular bent outward in the middle, radial from the angle; middle 
median near end ‘of the cell, lower at more than half before the end. Body 
somewhat slender; head small; palpi small, porrect, pilose beneath ; 
antennx bipectinate; legs thickish. 

Sorocaba anomala, n. sp. Pale ochreous-brown; forewing of a greyish 
ochreous-brown along costal area, giving it the appearance of a broad costal 
paler fascia; two transverse antemedial and two postmedial slender indis- 
tinct brown sinuous lines; a small brown spot at end of the cell: hindwing 
and body ochreous-brown. Cilia reddish-brown, edged with ochreous-white. 
Expanse two inches. 

Larya cylindrical, smooth, very slightly attenuating anteriorly, head 
small; horn long, slender, smooth; of a pale yellowish olive colour; each 
segment, except the head, with five black transverse dorsal stripes, which 
are joined together at the posterior side and above the spiracle; beneath 
each spiracle is a longitudinal black streak anda slender streak on its ante- 
rior side; horn black tipped. 

Pura small; purplish-black, spiked at apex. 

From the above description of the larva of this anomalous form of the 
Sphingide, it will be seen that in its markings it mimics the larva of a 
Danais, the resemblance being more fully carried out by the presence of the 
long slender horn. (See fig. 15, pl. VI.) 

The genus Sorocaba is allied to Andriasa; Walker (Catal. VII., p. 
1735); which is placed by that author amongst the Bombycide, It is 
also allied to Cressonia and Pseudo-smerinthus.—F’. Moore. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 51 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, March 3, 1878. 


The caterpillars of this species were found in great num- 
bers on a shrub on the outskirts of a wood near San Paulo. 
The horn on the last segment moves on a sort of hinge, and 
when the caterpillar walks it moves the horn from side to 
side in a grotesque manner. When touched, the caterpillar 
bends the horn over towards the side the disturbance comes 
from. The horn is quite soft, and does not appear to have 
any properties of defence. 

a, Full-fed, March 3 ; Imago, March 30, 1878= 
27 days. 

Pupation takes place just below the surface of the ground, 
a slight web, mixed with earth, being made to protect the 
pupa. 

Imago. a, b. 

Specimens in my possession were full-fed on 3rd March, 
1878, and on 30th March the moths appeared. 


Pupa. | 


Family CHaLcosiips. 
LXXII.—PHmocHLHNA TENDINOSA. 
Pheochlena tendinosa, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett., 
18, 45, fig. 89, 90; Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B.M. ii., 

p. 467. 

Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, June 12, 1880. 

The caterpillar was found, full-fed, on a Papilionaceous 
tree on the Serra da Cantareira. 

Pupa. a, Full-fed, June, ; Imago, July, 1880. 

The pupa is attached by the “ tail’? to the upper surface 
of a leaf, the body resting on the leaf. From its position and 
appearance one would take it for a butterfly-pupa rather than 
a moth-pupa. 


Imago. 4, b, c,d. 


52 METAMORPHOSES OF 


The beautiful little moth appeared in July. It is a day- 
flier, and may be taken in hundreds on a hot day, drinking 
on sandy places at the sides of streams. 


Family ARrcriipm. 
XXX.—DaRITIS SACRIFICA. 
Eucharia_ sacrifica, Hubner-Geyer, Zutr. Samml. Exot. 
Schmett. iii., fig. 473-4, 2. 
Taxila crucifera, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. iii., 
p- 765, g¢ (1855). 
Ova. 
The eggs are laid in a cluster on the underside of the 
food plant, which is the same as that of No. IV., Hacles 
Laocoon. Eggs laid April 6th, 1878, were hatched April 21st. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, July 11, 1878. 


The caterpillar is social in its younger stage, but as it 
grows, the individuals wander about and find new feeding 
grounds for themselves. The appearance does not change 
much through the casting of skin. Specimens taken in the 
first stage in February, 1880, changed skin on the 9th, 
14th, 20th, and 27th of that month, and were full-fed on 
March 6th. 


Pupa. a, 

When full-fed the caterpillar spins a light web between the 
stalks of the plant, or in any other convenient place, and in 
this undergoes pupation, which does not take place for 
several days after the web is spun. 

Ais. Dee. 
c, 2. Full-fed, July 12; Imago, Sept. 2, 1878= 

Imaco. 52 days. 

d, #. Full-fed, March 6; Imago, March 24, 
1880=18 days. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 58 


The beautiful moth emerges from the pupa from three to 
seven weeks after pupation. Specimens full-fed March 6th 
appeared March 24th. Others, full-fed in July, did not 
produce the imago till September. There are several broods 
in the year. 


XLVI.—Morapa LATERALIS. 
Motada lateralis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. iv., 
p- 924 (1855). 

Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Nov. 1, 1879. 

The caterpillar is covered with short hairs that cause a 
good deal of irritation if they get between one’s fingers. It 
feeds on a yellow composite flowered plant, something like 
our Ragwort. 

Pura. a, Full-fed, Nov. 10; Imago, Nov. 29, 1879=19 days. 


Pupation takes place within a rough cocoon. 


Imago. a, Full-fed, Nov. 10; Imago, Nov. 29, °79=19 days. 


Specimens full-fed 10th November, 1879, produced the 
moth on November 29th, as above. 


Family —————? 
XXXITI.—PERoPHORA ALBISTRIGA. 


Pamea albistriga, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. v., 
p. 1154 (1855). 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, February, 1881. 


The caterpillar of this species lives in a movable case, 
beautifully formed out of the leaves of the food-plant, a 
herbaceous plant with beautiful purple flowers (Melastoma ?). 
The case is slung up or rather bound up amougst the leaves 

C 


54 METAMORPHOSES OF 


with a loose web, and can be readily moved from one place to 
another by the caterpillar. 


Pupa. 
When full-fed the caterpillar closes up the ends of the 
case with silk, and undergoes pupation. 


a, Full-fed, March 26; Imago, Oct. 12, 1878= 
200 days. 

Taco. b, Full-fed, March 26; Imago, Oct. 17, 1878= 
205 days. 


Specimens in my possession were full-fed at the end of 
March, 1878, and produced the moth in October, as above 
stated. 


IX.—PEROPHORA EXTERNA. 


Perophora externa, n. sp. Male and female. Brownish grey ; forewing 
with a transverse antemedial pale ochreous-brown angulated fascia, which 
also crosses the base of the hindwing ; a very oblique postmedial blackish- 
brown line which extends to near apex, and is then acutely bent inward to 
the costa ; this line is outwardly bordered by ochreous-brown, and followed 
by a submarginal brown fascia; at end of the cell is an elongated hyaline 
spot: hindwing with a medial transverse blackish line, continued from 
that on the forewing, and broadly bordered outwardly by brown. Body 
brownish-grey. Expanse ¢ 12, ¢ 2 inches. 

Nearest allied to P. orthane and P. vittata, Walker. It is quite distinct 
from P. sanguinolenta, Felder.—F. Moore. 

(2 Cases of larve fixed for pupation, San Paulo, 

LaRva. Jan., 1878. 


(b, Full-fed. San Paulo, Dec. 11, 1877. 


This caterpillar lives in a hard hammock-like case formed 
of the excrement, joined together with silk and mucilage. 
The case is suspended from the twig on which it feeds by 
silk threads, and is generally slung in a more or less vertical 
position, so that the curved end protects the upper opening 
from rain. Both ends of the case are alike, and the cater- 
pillar puts his head out at either end with equal facility. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 55 


In its habits it closely resembles the allied species noticed 
in Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. of Liverpool, vol. XXXIII. 
p- Ixxvil. 


Pura. 

When full-fed the larva attaches the upper end of the case 
to a twig, and pupation takes place. 

Imaco, a; 2. 3b, do: 


Specimens in my possession were full-fed in January, 
1878, and the moths appeared on 1st March. 


Family NoToDoNTIDE. 
XXIX.—ANEUROCAMPA LATERALIS. 


Cossus lateralis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. Vii., 


p- 1520 (1856). 
Ova. 


The eggs are laid in a cluster round a thin twig of a spe- 
cies of Melastoma that is very common in swampy places 
round San Paulo. Time of incubation not observed. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, April 20, 1878. 


I found specimens in the penultimate stage at the begin- 
ning of April, 1878. The last change of skin took place 
April 12th, and the caterpillars were full-fed on the 20th. 
(See fig. 16, pl. VI.) 


Pura. a, Full-fed, April 20; Imago, Aug., 1878. 

The caterpillar enters the ground to pupate, and forms a 
tough cocoon, into which are woven small particles of earth. 
a, Full-fed, April 20; Imago, Aug. 10, 1878 

= 112 days. 


The specimens full-fed on April 20th, produced the per- 
fect insect at the beginning of August. 


Imaao. 


56 METAMORPHOSES OF 


Family SATURNIIDE. 


I.—AUTOMERIS SP —— ? 


Automeris sp ? Dull greyish sienna-brown in male, burnt sienna- 
red in female; forewing with a narrow transverse yellowish slightly waved 
antemedial band, and an oblique straight postmedial band, both bands being 
slenderly bordered outward with brown; a slender irregular-oval discocel- 
lular mark: hindwing with a large discal black bordered, yellow ringed, 
irregular circular blind ocellate patch, in the middle of which is an oval 
black spot, this spot being white speckled at each end, and has a contiguous 
white-speckled streak on each side; beyond the patch is a submarginal 
slender black scalloped line and a contiguous narrow red band, 


Expanse ¢ 3}, 2 32 inches. 


The above is doubtless a named species, but I have been unable to iden- 
tify it.—F. Moors. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Dec., 1878. 


The caterpillar of this species is common in the neighbour- 
hood of San Paulo. There appear to be several broods in 
the year. It feeds on a great variety of plants. I have found 
it on Iris, Gladiolus, Banana, Rose, Scabious, several 
composite plants, and many others. It is sluggish in its 
habits, remaining for a long time in one spot as long as it 
has food. The spines are very venomous, the effects of the 
poison when injected into the skin being very severe, causing 
violent pain for some hours. 


Pupa. a, Full-fed, Jan. 1, 1878; Imago, Jan. 31=30 days. 


Pupation takes place in a light cocoon spun between leaves 
or in any other convenient place. 


a, 2 Full-fed, Dec. 24, 1877; Imago, Jan. 20, 
1878 =27 days. 

b, ¢ Full-fed, Jan. 1, 1878; Imago, Jan. 31, 
1878 = 30 days. 


Specimens as above produced the perfect insect in January, 
1878. Another brood was full-fed at the beginning of April, 


ImMaGo. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 57 


the moths appearing at the end of that month. There is a 
considerable difference between the shade of the male and 
female, and the males also vary much in colour. I have 
found them almost buff and also of a deep chestnut. 


II.—Avtomeris METEA. 
Phalena B. Metea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv., pl. 304, fig. a. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Dec., 1877. 


This species feeds upon a Solanum that grows plentifully 
in waste places in the neighbourhood of San Paulo. It is 
a very handsome caterpillar, the body being a deep velvety 
black and the tufts of spines brilliant lemon yellow. The 
spines are very venomous, and produce violent irritation when 
brought in contact with the skin. 


Pura. a, Full-fed, Dec. 8, 1877; Imago, Jan. 11, 1878. 


Specimens in my possession in December, 1877, began 
to spin their dark-coloured gummy cocoons on the 8th of 
that month between leaves of the Solanum and in the corners 
of the boxes. The cocoon is remarkable for the curious 
perforated diaphragm that closes the upper end, and through 
which the moth makes its escape. 


a, 2 Full-fed, Dec. 8, 1877; Imago, Jan. 11, 
1878=34 days. 

b, g Full-fed, Dec. 7, 1877; Imago, Jan. 8, 
1878=382 days. 


The perfect insects appeared from 31 to 33 days after 
beginning to spin. There is a great difference in the colour 
of the male and female, the former being of an ashen grey 
tinged with olive ; while the latter is of a dull reddish brown. 
I noticed a second brood of this moth in the middle of April. 


Imago. 


58 METAMORPHOSES OF 


XX.—Mourppa SaBIna. 


Molippa Sabina, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. vi., 
p- 1845 (1855). 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, March 9, 1878. 


The caterpillar feeds upon ‘‘ Unha de vacea,” a papilionaceous 
tree with large white flowers. It is gregarious in its habits. 
In the day time it is to be found in clusters of twenty or 
thirty individuals on the trunk of the tree on which it feeds. 
At night they ascend the tree and feed, descending in the 
morning to the same spot. They are beautiful caterpillars, 
the body being ashen grey marked with black and crimson 
dots. It is covered with tree-like tufts of venomous spines 
of a whitish colour tipped with black. 

After emerging from a change of skin the caterpillar goes 
through a series of extraordinary contortions, apparently 
twisting itself into knots and then undoing them. The 
object of this is no doubt to unfurl the spines, which are of 
course quite soft and more or less crushed together as they 
come out of the old skin. I have observed the same contor- 
tions in many other spiny caterpillars. When full-fed the 
colour changes to a dark yellowish brownish grey. 


Pura. a, San Paulo, March, 1878. 


Pupation take place within a dark brown semi-transparent 
cocoon spun between leaves, etc. The length of time the 
insect remains in the pupa state varies greatly. Some 
specimens that were full-fed in March, 1878, produced imagos 
in April; others did not appear till the middle of October. 


a, 2 Full-fed, March 6; Imago, April 16, 1878 
= 41 days. 

IMAGO.) » + Full-fed, March 17; Imago, Oct. 15, 1878 
= 212 days. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 59 


The moth varies a good deal in colour, some specimens 
being shaded with a pink colour, especially in the posterior” 
wings. When disturbed it has a habit of curling up the 
abdomen and erecting the wings till they nearly touch, back 
to back, ‘‘ shamming dead.” 


LXXV.—ARSENURA ERYTHRINE. 
Bombyx erythrine, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii., p. 169. 

Larva. a, Full-fed, April 11, 1880. Campinas. 

I took the caterpillar on a species of Bombax, at Campinas, 
at the end of March, 1880. In the daytime it congregates 
in clusters on the branches of the tree, feeding at night. A 
friend in Campinas, from whose tree I took my specimens, 
told me he had killed hundreds of them time after time, to 
save the tree from being stripped of its leaves. 


Pura. 
“My specimens were full-fed early in April, and entered the 
ground to undergo pupation. 
a, Full-fed, April 11; Imago, Sept. 18, 1880 
= 155 days. 


Some of the moths made their appearance in August, others 
in September, and I have still (March, 1881) one pupa alive. 


ImaGo. | 


LX.—Attacus AvROTA. 


Bombyx Aurotus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii., p. 108. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Feb. 6, 1880. 


The caterpillar of this species feeds upon a shrub that 
erows in damp places, usually at the sides of streams or 
swamps. It is of a pale green colour, with small orange- 
coloured tufts of spines, which do not appear to have urti- 
cating properties. 


60 METAMORPHOSES OF 


a, San Paulo, April, 1878; contains pupe of 


euEhs parasitical dipterous fly. 


The change to the pupa state takes place in a beautiful 
pendent cocoon of excellent silk. The upper end of the 
cocoon is attached to a leaf or twig, and the silk is continued 
several inches down the twig, so that the cocoon, when torn 
off, has a long stalk to it. 


Imago. a. 

The magnificent moth appeared on 14th March, five weeks 
after the caterpillar was full-fed; but I believe there are 
many broods of this moth in the year, and the length of time 
spent in the pupa state probably varies a good deal. 

This moth seems very liable to the attacks of a parasitical 
dipterous fly, many specimens of which I have bred from the 
cocoons. 


Family Limacopipz. 


LXVII.—PIncontIaA OCHRACEA. 


Genus noy. Pinconra: forewing short, broad: costa convex at the 
end, apex almost pointed, exterior margin very oblique and convex; sub- 
costal slightly bent at the emission of its first branch, which starts at one- 
third before end of the cell, trifid, the second being thrown off above the 
end of the cell is bent downward and then curves upward to the apex, the 
third being given off near its end ; fourth branch bifid, emitted from end 
of the cell, curving upward and touching the second, fifth from one-third 
beyond its base; discocellular bent inward, lower end very oblique, radial 
from upper end of the cell; a slender discoidal veinlet emitted within the 
cell from angle of the discocellular ; third median (or lower radial) at an 
angle before end of the cell below the upper, second and first (or lower) at 
equal one-fifth each before the end, the two last much curved; upper and 
lower submedians much recurved: hindwing long, almost pyriform ; costal 
and sub-costal apparently united to near end of the cell; discocellular very 
oblique, bent in the middle, upper radial from the angle, lower at half way 
below it; a slender discoidal veinlet emitted within the cell from below 
upper radial; middle median at one-half and lower at two-fifths before end 
of the cell; submedian and internal recurved. Body pilose; palpi small, 
porrect, slender; antenne (broken) ; legs densely pilose. 

Pinconia ochracea, n, sp. Male deep yellowish-ochreous : forewing with 
all the veins, except the costal, dark brownish-ochreous: hindwing slightly 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 61 


brighter ochreous, veins less distinct. Thorax and legs bright ochreous, 
Expanse 2 inches. 

This insect is allied to the genus Dalcera. It also has much the appear- 
ance of Ammallo nervosa, Felder, but differs considerably from the latter 
in both the form of wings and in their venation.—F. Moors. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, April, 1880. 


This remarkable caterpillar was found on the Ameixa 
(Eriobotrya Japonica) at the end of March, 1880. It is quite 
white and translucent, looking just as if made of Venetian 
glass. The abdominal legs are wanting, their place being 
indicated merely by slight swelling of tlie skin. The motion 
of the caterpillar when walking is exactly that of a slug, a 
series of waves passing along the surface of the abdomen, 
from the rear to the front. 


a, Full-fed, April 12; Imago, May 6, 1880 = 
24 days. 

Pupation takes place within a cocoon, spun on the surface 
of a leaf or other suitable place. The cocoon is remarkable 
for the hexagonal hole left in the outer layer of silk in the 
centre of the cocoon. 


a, Full-fed, April 12; Imago, May 5=23 days. 
b. 

Specimens full-fed at the beginning of April, produced the 
perfect insect at the beginning of May. When the moth 
emerges, it protrudes the pupa as far as the abdomen from the 
cocoon, the empty shell remaining in that position. 


Pupa. 


ImaGo. | 


LXXX.—NEOMIRESSA ARGENTATA. 


Nyssia argentata, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. v., 
p. 1134 (1855). 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo. 


The caterpillar feeds on the orange, and was found full- 


62 METAMORPHOSES OF 


fed in April, 1880. It is a beautiful caterpillar, being blue 
green, with yellow mosaic pattern on the back, and four 
crimson spots, two on the last segment and two on the fourth 
segment. It is thickly covered with spines, which are 
extremely venomous. The appearance of the whole insect 
is that of Venetian glass. The abdominal legs are wanting, 
and the caterpillar glides along like a slug. 


Pura. a, Dec., 1880. 


Pupation takes place in a hard, almost spherical, cocoon, 
spun on the upper surface of a leaf or other suitable place. 


a, Full-fed, April 18; Imago, Dec. 18, 1880= 


Lea: 268 days. 


The moths appeared in December. To emerge from the 
cocoon a circular trap door is cut, and the pupa partly 
protrudes through this. 


LXXiX.—NAROSA RUFOTESSELLATA. 


Narosa rufotessellata, n. sp. ¢ ?. Forewing very pale yellow; crossed 
by seven erect blotchy-red bands, of which the basal second and outer-edge 
of the sixth are of a darker colour, the latter also being broadest and 
enclosing a similar coloured terminal spot beyond end of the cell, thus 
leaving a bare space before the apex: hindwing very pale red towards the 
inner border in male and entirely of a pale red in female; cilia pale yellow. 
Thorax very pale yellow, with a red collar and lower streaks; abdomen red, 
tuft pale yellow. Expanse ¢}3, ¢ 1, inch.—F. Moorg. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Feb. 29, 1880. 


This remarkable caterpillar was found full-fed on Cedrela 
at the end of February, 1880. Its appearance is most 
grotesque. The abdominal legs are wanting, and it slides 
along in a slug-like manner. But instead of going steadily 
and smoothly it rolls from one side to the other, giving one 
the idea of its being drunk. From each segment project 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 63 


two long brown mossy-looking protuberances, which lie in a 
horizontal position, giving the caterpillar the appearance of a 
shrivelled leaf. 


Pura. a, Jan., 1881. 


Pupation takes place in a hard black cocoon, spun on the 
surface of the ground at the foot of the tree. The mossy 
excrescences are dropped off before the cocoon is spun, and 
are loosely arranged on the outside of the cocoon. 


a and b, Full-fed, Feb. 29; Imago, Dec 14, 1880 
= 306 days. 


The moths appeared in December, 1880. On emerging, 
the pupa is partly protruded through the opening in the 


Imaao. | 


cocoon. 


Family LastocaMPIpé. 
IV.—Eactes Laocoon. 


Phalena B. Laocoon, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 11, pl. 117, fig. 
A, Ba Ore ge 


Eacles princeps, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. vi., p. 
1374, ¢ (1855). 

Ova. 

The eggs of this species are laid singly on the upper side 
of the leaf of the food-plant, and there are seldom more 
than two or three on the same plant. The colour is a pale 
yellow, and the shape ovoid, flattened on the side attached to 
the leaf and the opposite side. The time of incubation I 
have not yet determined. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Feb. 1880. 


The caterpillar feeds upon a composite plant with purple 
flowers (Knapweed ?) that grows plentifully in the campos 


64 METAMORPHOSES OF 


and waste places round San Paulo. The colour during 
the first stage is black, with a light brown patch in the 
middle segments; the spines of the anterior segments are 
very long, and are terminated with a curious crescent-shaped 
knob. With each change of skin the colour alters consider- 
ably, the black disappearing and a brown tint taking its 
place; the diagonal markings along the sides become more 
and more distinct. After the last change of skin the colour 
is much the same as during the penultimate stage, but 
lighter in shade and suffused with a pinkish grey. The 
spines on the anterior segments are still very long, and have 
a white transparent appearance and a black tip. Their 
resemblance to glass is remarkable. But after a few days 
the pinkish grey gradually changes into bright green, and the 
spines diminish in length and become red. The spines are 
venomous, and cause considerable pain when brought in 
contact with the skin; but the effects are not so violent as 
in many other species. When annoyed the caterpillar flings 
its head back to strike the offending object with the spines. 
(See fig. 17, plate V.) 


Pura. a, Full-fed, Dec. 7, 1877; Imago, Jan. 17, 1878. 


When fuil-fed the caterpillar enters the ground, and there 
undergoes pupation. 


a, & Full-fed, Dec. 7, 1877; Imago, Jan. 17, 
1878=41 days. 

b, — Full-fed, Nov. 30, 1880; Changed, Dec. 6; 
Imago, Jan. 15, 1881=40 days. 


Imaco. 


The moth appears about six weeks after the caterpillar 
enters the ground. There is a good deal of variety in the 
marking of specimens. In some of the females the ‘‘ death’s 
head”’ on the anterior wings is very distinct. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 65 


XVII.—MEGALOPYGE CITRI. 


Phalena B. Citri, Anon. Ins. Surinam, i., p. 31, pl. 12. 


Podalia Citri, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. vii., 
p. 1715. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, March 16, 1878. 


The caterpillar of this species is found, full-fed, from the 
middle of March to the middle of April. I have taken it on 
a Papilionaceous tree, called here “ Unha de Onga,” or 
Puma’s claws; on Cedrela, Palma Christi, a species of Ficus, 
and on the orange. ‘The colour of the body is a pure dead 
white; the tubercles, from which spring the very long dark 
hairs, are of a purplish pink colour. At the roots of the long 
hairs are tufts of venomous spines, which cause very severe 
pain and inflammation if brought in contact with the skin. 
This caterpillar and some others of the same genus are so 
very venomous that it is dangerous to handle them, the 
spines even penetrating the hard skin of the fingers or palm 
of the hand. Most of the other venomous caterpillars can 
be taken up with impunity if the spines are not allowed to 
come in contact with the softer skin of the back of the 
fingers or hand. 


Pupa. 


The cocoons are spun in clusters about the branches of the 
tree, usually at a fork, and closely resemble the bark of the 
tree. The outer covering is very large and loose; inside this 
there is a second envelope, and beneath this again is the 
closely woven carinated case within which the insect changes 
to the pupa state. Pupation does not take place for several 
months after the caterpillar is full-fed. In August I found 
the larva still unchanged, though much reduced in size. 
Though almost motionless when I opened the cocoon, it still 
had activity enough to repair the damage done. 


66 METAMORPHOSES OF 


Imago. a, 2; b, 33 ¢, &. 


The moth appears in January, having been in the dormant 
state ten months. There is a strong and unpleasant smell 
about this moth. 


XXXV.—MEGALOPYGE DORSIMACULA. 


Podalia dorsimacula, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 
vii., p. 1717 (1856). 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, March 1, 1878. 


This caterpillar feeds upon several plants; but I have 
generally found it on a Melastoma(?) For description see 
Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Liverpool, 29th April, 1878, vol. 
XXXil., pp. cii.-civ. and plate.* 


Pura. a, Full-fed, March ; Imago, Oct., 1878. 


Pupation takes place within a closely spun cocoon, in the 
outside layer of which the long red hairs of the larva are 


* Mr. Dukinfield Jones modestly omits all reference to his personal expe- 
rience of the extremely venomous property of the spines of the larva of this 
insect, as related in his communication to the Society, above referred to. 
To test the reputed ill character given of it by the Brazilians, he experi- 
mented on himself at 11 a.m., by pressing the back of one of these cater- 
pillars on the back of his left hand, till he could feel the prick of the spines. 
In ten minutes he had violent pain and swelling on the hand, and, shortly 
after, paininthe armpit. All his remedial measures were ineffective, and the 
pain was suggestive of boring with a red-hot iron. It lasted for some hours, 
distressed him in the night, and left a soreness which continued to the third 
day. The marks of the spines, thirty-six in number, were still visible more 
than a fortnight after. The experiment was so very convincing that I have 
not heard of a repetition of it. The description of the larva is as follows. 
‘* The whole body is covered with long red-brown hairs, which grow in tufts 
arising from the centre of each segment, and at the base of the long hairs 
are bunches of venomous spines, which are quite concealed by the hairs. 
The body is very soft and fleshy, and of a paler colour than the hairs. There 
are six pairs of abdominal legs, the first and last pair, however, not being 
fully developed. The head is very small, and is, when eating, quite covered 
with a fleshy mantle, formed by the first segment of the body. When 
walking, the head is protruded a little.”—T. J. Moors. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 67 


interwoven; at each end of the cocoon several small holes 
are left in the weaving. Pupation does not take place for a 
considerable time after the cocoon is spun. 


Imago. a, Full-fed, March; Imago, Oct. 28, 1878. 


The moth appears in October, seven months after the larva 
is full-fed. This moth and other allied species have a pecu- 
liar and disagreeable odour. On emergence from the cocoon, 
the head and thorax of the pupa are protruded, and the empty 
shell will be found in that position in all cases where the 
moth has come out. 


LXXXI.—MEGALOPYGE sP—— ? 


The specimen, a female, is too much broken for identification. It has 
a reddish woolly body, the wings apparently grey, with indistinct blackish 
streaks between the veins. — F’. Moors. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, March 16, 1878. 


The caterpillar feeds on the Cedrela, and is full-fed in 
March. It sometimes appears in such quantities as to strip 
the trees of their leaves. The body is covered with beautiful 
bright chestnut hairs that lie in wavy ridges down the body ; 
round the sides the hairs are black, and two curious forked 
black tufts of hair arise from the ends of the caterpillar. 
(See fig. 18, plate VI.) 


Pupa. a, Dec., 1880. 


The cocoons are spun in great clusters on the trunk of the 
tree, fifty or a hundred being often found in one cluster. 
The outside covering is thick and woolly, and inside this is 
formed the hard cocoon. This is ovoid in shape, with the 
anterior end flattened where the trap-door is formed through 
which the moth makes its exit. 


Imago. a, Full-fed, March, 1880; Imago, Dec. 17, 1880. 
The moth appears in December. The head and thorax 


68 METAMORPHOSES OF 


of the pupa are protruded from the cocoon when the moth 
emerges. 

The caterpillars seem very liable to disease, for I have 
observed that a great number die in the cocoon without 
pupation taking place. 


XL.—Meraatoryer THaRops. 
Phalena B. Tharops, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv., pl. 859, fig. a. 2 . 


Hydrias Tharops, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. vi., 
p- 1404. 


a, Full-fed. San Paulo, March, 1878, and 


Larva. earlier stage, March, 1881. 


This remarkable caterpillar feeds upon the guava tree, and 
is found full-fed in March and April. It is covered with 
long partridge-coloured hairs, which are drawn together into 
a grotesque curl at the posterior end of the caterpillar. The 
abdominal feet are very slightly developed, and the motion 
is more gliding than walking. At the tubercles from which 
the long hairs spring there are clusters of highly venomous 
spines, the urticating properties of which are very great. 
(See fig. 19, plate VI.) 


{* Full-fed, March 14, 1878; Imago, Jan. 29, 
Pars 1879 =821 days. 


The cocoon is remarkable for the beautiful way in which 
the caterpillar adapts it to the surface it has chosen for it. 
One specimen in my possession spun on a twig of the guava 
he had been feeding upon, and he arranged his cocoon so per- 
fectly round the twig, and ornamented it with little bits of 
bark so well, that at a short distance it looked exactly like a 
thickening of the twig. Others spun on the sides of the box, 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 69 


and in their case the cocoon was spread out flat. Pupation 

does not take place for some months after the spinning of 

the cocoon. 

a, & Full-fed, March 18, 1878; Imago, Jan. 29, 
1879=317 days. 

b, 2 Full-fed, March 15, 1878; Imago, Jan. 29, 
1879 = 820 Days. 


Imaco. 


The moth appears in January, ten months after the cater- 
pillar is full-fed. 


XXVII.—Hyprias Devusra. 


Hydrias Deusta, H. Scheff. Lep. Exot. Sp. Ser., pl. 19, 
fig. 91 (1854). Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 
vi., p. 1398. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, April 24, 1878. 


This handsome caterpillar feeds on a shrub growing in the 
woods around San Paulo. The appearance is very little 
altered in the different stages. Specimens in my possession 
changed the skin 1st March, 14th and 28th March, and 8th 
April, being full-fed April 24th. The caterpillars are social, 
passing the day in a cluster on the upper surface of a leaf, 
and separating at night to feed. 


Pura. a, Full-fed, Ap. 20; Imago, June 17, ’78=58 days. 


The cocoon is spun in any convenient spot, such as a 
hollow in the trunk of a tree, etc., and is remarkable on 
account of the skin of the caterpillar being thrust out through 
the posterior end when pupation takes place. 


Imeaoerds 2 Dy x. 


Specimens full-fed at the end of April, produced the moth 
at the beginning of July. 
D 


70 METAMORPHOSES OF 


Family GLoTTuLIps. 
LVII.—CaBRALIA TRIFASCIATA. 


Genus noy. CapratiA. Forewing elongated, triangular; costa very 
nearly straight, slightly arched at apex; exterior margin obliquely convex ; 
cell extending two-thirds length of the wing; first subcostal emitted at 
one-third before end of the cell; second at one-ninth, bifid; fifth from end 
of the cell, and touching third near its base; discocellulars from angles 
near end of the cell, radials from the angles; middle median from near end 
of the cell, lower at one-fifth before the end; submedian at a wide distance 
from the median: hindwing triangular; two subcostals from end of the 
cell; discocellular bent inward near upper end, radial from near lower end; 
two medians from end of the cell, lower at one-third before the end. Body 
rather stout ; antenna filiform ; palpi porrect, compact, second joint stout, 
third joint small and conical; legs short, stout, slightly pilose. 


Cabralia trifasciata, n. sp. Forewing with a pale pinkish-ochreous band 
along the costa, another down the exterior margin, and an oblique short 
discal band, the interspaces being grey, the bands margined with a blackish 
line and bordered with white: hindwing pinkish-white. Body hoary grey; 
thorax with a broad pinkish collar. Expanse 1 inch. 


Larva black, with a few short very slender black hairs; each segment 
with four transverse dorsal prominent narrow yellowish stripes, which on 
the fifth to twelfth segments enclose the spiracle within a yellowish spot ; 
front legs black; claspers, hind-legs and abdomen beneath yellowish. 


This is another instance of the larval form mimicking that of a Danais. 
(See fig. 20, plate VI.)—F. Moore. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Feb. 8, 1880. 

The caterpillar was found, full-fed, on a prickly climbing 
plant, on Feb. 8th, 1880. 

Pura. a, Feb. 18, 1880. 


Pupation takes place in a closely-spun cocoon, into the web 
of which small particles of the surrounding substances are 
woven, so as to make the cocoon less conspicuous. 


a, Full-fed, Feb. 8; Imago, March 5, 1880 = 
Imago. 26 days. 


The moths appeared March 5th, being in the pupa state 
about four weeks. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. Til 


Family APAMIIDm. 
* L.—PropENIA COMMELINA”. 


Phalena Commeline, Smith and Abbott, Lep. Ins. Georgia, 


Me. pskOg, pl. gd. 
LARVA. 


The caterpillar feeds on cabbage, convolvulus, and some 
other plants. Specimens found full-fed in middle of Janu- 
ary, 1880. 

Pura. 

When full-fed the caterpillar enters the ground, and there 
undergoes pupation. 

Imaco. 


Specimens full-fed 14th January, produced imagos on 38rd 
and 4th of February. 


* With this number (L) was also forwarded— 
PRODENIA VARIOLOSA. 
Prodenia variolosa, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. xi., p. 722 (1857). 
Prodenia cosmioides, Walker, 1. ¢. xv., p. 1678 (1858). 


This is quite a distinct species from P. commeline.—F. Moore. 


Family CaLpipm. 
LII.—GonopoNTA FULVANGULA. 


Gonodonta fulvangula, Hubner-Geyer, Zutr. Samml. Exot. 
Schmett. figs. 737-8. 


Gonodonta Maria, Guénee, Noct. ii., p. 369. 


Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Jan. 22, 1880. 


The caterpillar feeds on the Araticu (Rollinia ?), and is at 
first black. But each change of skin alters its appearance, 
bright red spots appearing, and the black changing into a 
beautiful and intricate grey pattern. 


72, METAMORPHOSES OF 


Pupa. a, February, 1880. 


Pupation takes place in a cocoon, which is partly formed 
of bits of leaf woven into the web, and sticking out in all 
directions. 


a, Full-fed, Jan. 21; Imago, Feb. 9, ’°80=19 days. 
Imago. ) 


The moth appears about three weeks after the caterpillar 
is full-fed. 


Family Remiaiip%, . 
LI.—REMIGIA MENSURALIS. 


Remigia mensuralis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 
xiv., p. 1499 (1858). 
Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, Jan. 14, 1880. 


These caterpillars appeared in great numbers in January, 
1880, in the neighbourhood of San Paulo, feeding on 
‘“‘capim,” a sort of coarse grass much grown for feeding 
horses, etc. 

Pura. a, Full-fed, Jan. 14; Imago, Jan. 28, ’80=14 days. 

Pupation takes place in a cocoon spun between the blades 
of grass. 

Imago. a, Full-fed, Jan. 14; Imago, Jan. 28, ’80=14 days. 


The moth emerges from the pupa fourteen days after the 
larva is full-fed. 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 73 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Fig. 1* .........Plate VI ...Danais Hrippus, larva, p. 28. 
w Qesvccose se » LIL... Morpho Heroules, pups, p. 30. 
y Oencascceee y LID... Brassolts Astyra, pupa, p. 53. 
» 4,5,6 ... , ILL...Opsiphanes Glycerie, larve and pupe, p. 34. 
p Varcervercsee y» LY ...Acrea Pellenea, pupa, p. 36. 
yp 84. esececeee » IV ...Ageronia Amphinome, pups, p. 38. 
v Q.-.ecocceee y» LV ...Catopsilia Philea, pups, p. 40. 
per Obeeaeesene » IV...Papilio Grayi, larve, p. 42. 
vw AL... » IV ...Pyrrhopyga Palemon, larva, p. 45. 
» 12,138,14  , V_...Pachylia inornata, larve and pupa, p. 49. 


PO” ekeewce , VI...Sorocaba anomadla, larva, p. 50. 
Pee OhitatenS oes » VI1...Aneurocampa. lateralis, larva, p. 55. 
foal Wig coe acer »  V...Hacles Laocoon, larva, p. 63. 


» 18 ...0.- » WI ...Megalopyge sp., larva, p. 67. 
SA UME AER » VI ...Megalopyge Tharops, larva, p. 68. 


v 20*.....0. » WI ...Cabralia trifasciata, larva, p. 70. 


* Drawn by Mr. J. Chard, Museum Draughtsman, by whom the 
collection has been mounted for display; all others drawn by Mr. E. 
Dukinfield Jones. 


4S Ie 


y 


* nS 


“hs ete et a eS 


{ » i) eo oe 


PLATE Ill. 


PLATE IV 


PLATE V 


= — 


SI a —_— 


PLEAD Evie 


Fig IB. 


SONES 


ached 


PAULO, ‘BRAZIL, 


enlorraer~ 


~ comnesionpixa MEMBER LIT. AND PHIL. § s0C., xPo0L. 


ote. a 4) x 7 


NOMENCL ATURE. AND DESCE 


sa HET a 


een amas a 4 


_ NEW EORMS. - : or . 


2 


METAMORPHOSES OF LEPIDOPTERA 
FROM SAN PAULO, BRAZIL, 


IN THE FREE PUBLIC MUSEUM, LIVERPOOL. 


BY 


EK. DUKINFIELD JONES, C.E., 


CORRESPONDING MEMBER LIT. AND PHIL. SOC., L’POOL. 


WITH NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF 
NEW FORMS. 


By FREDERIC MOORE, F.Z.S. 


SECOND SERIES. 


rm) 6 th &? . 
Proe. Li a gPhilos.Soe.ki y2 PP.) Vols 


7 


ie rege ia “a 


at 


ae ay £27: 
Veta sy See 


INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 


The following paper, read before the Literary and 
Philosophical Society of Liverpool, April 30th, 1883,* is a 
continuation of the one communicated to that Society in 
November, 1881, and is a description of the metamorphoses 
of twenty-eight species of Brazilian Lepidoptera, illustrated 
by specimens, which specimens I have had very great 
pleasure in presenting to the Liverpool Free Public Museum. 

I regret that this series is not so complete as the former 
one; in many cases the larva or pupa is wanting, either 
from the fact that I only found one specimen of the larva, 
and so was not able to preserve the insect in the three 
stages, or from my having mislaid some of the pupe on 
leaving San Paulo. For, unfortunately, I find several pup 
that I thought I had with me are missing. However, on 
consulting Mr. T. J. Moore, the Curator of the Museum, as 
to whether I should describe only those species that I have 
in all three stages, and leave the others until completed at 
some future date, he replied, ‘‘A bird in the hand is worth 
two in the bush;” and on that principle I have given the 
descriptions of some species whose life-history I have really 
worked out, but which are not yet represented in the collec- 
tion by examples of each state, hoping to have at some future 
time the good fortune of obtaining specimens to make each 
species complete. 

The critical determination of the species contained in 
this second collection, as in the first, has, at the recom- 
mendation of the Rev. H. H. Higgins, been intrusted by the 
Library and Museum Committee to Mr. Frederic Moore. 

Ee Dow: 
30th April, 1883. 


*See the Society’s Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII, p. Ixxvi and pp. 233-259 
and Plate. 


SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT. 


RHOPALOCERA. 


Family NyMpHALID. 
Subfam. Danaine. 
{Group Danaorp Hexiconina.) 
LXX,—Sais Euryanassa. 


Subfam. Aerenine. 
LXXVI.—Actinote Alalia. 


Subfam. Nymphaline. 


LXVI.—Dione Juno. 
XLIII.—Dione Vanille. 


LXXI.—Pyrameis Braziliensis, n. sp. 


XXITI.—Ageronia ferentina. 
VIII.—Heterochroa Syma, var. 
XCIV.—Siderone Isidora. 


Family Paprnionipz. 


Subfam. Pierine. 


LXXXIV.—Synchloe Monuste. 
LXXXVI.—Leptophobia Aripa. 


Subfam. Papilionine. 


LXV.—Papilio Bunichus. 
LXXVII.—Papilio Polydamas. 
LXXXIII.—Papilio Protodamas. 


HETEROCERA. 
Family SpHinaipz. 


XCV.—Philampelus Vitis. 
V.—Philampelus Anchemolus. 
LXXXV.—Amphonyx Tapayusa, n. sp. 
Family ZyemniDz. 
XIV.—-Saurita Cassandra. 


Family NoropontTipz. 
XCIII.— Aneurocampa Mingens. 


Family PsycHip2. 
LVIUI.—Genus ————_? 


Family SatrurNniipm. 
XX VI.—Automeris illustris. 
XVIII.— Automeris ophthalmica, n. sp. 
C.—Attacus Arethusia. 
XLVII.—Attacus Jacobee. 


Family LasiocaMPipz. 


XLIV.—Syssisphinx Molina. 
XC.—Mesotages trilunula. 
XXXIX.—Megalopyge fuliginosa, n. sp. 
LXIV.—Hyleria falcifera. 


Family Tineipa. 
XCVII.—Endrosis Braziliensis, n. sp. 


The above arrangement includes only those species which are enumerated 
in this paper. In the following page they are incorporated with the species 
contained in the previous collection, as given in the Proceedings of the 


Society for 1881-2, p. 331. 


F, MOORE. 


COMBINED SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 


MR. DUKINFIELD JONES’ 


OF 


OF 


FIRST AND SECOND COLLECTIONS 


BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


RHOPALOCERA. 
Family NyMPHALIDE. 


Subfam. Danaine. 
LXII.—Danais Erippus. 


(Group Danaorp HeEticonina). 


LXX.—Sais Euryanassa. 
XXV.—Mechanitis Lysimnia, 
Subfam. Morphine. 
XLI.—Morpho Hercules. 
UI.— ss Epistrophis. 
Subfam. Brassoline. 
XXXIV.—Brassolis Astyra. 
XIX.—Opsiphanes Glycerie. 
Subfam. Acreine. 
XV.—Acrea Pellenea. 
LXXVI.—Actinote Alalia. 


LXXXII,—Actinote Alalia, var. 


Subfam. Heliconiine. 
LXIX.—Eueides Dianasa. 


Subfam. Nymphaline. 


LXVI.—Dione Juno. 

XLITL.— ,, Vanille. 
LXXI.—Pyrameis Braziliensis. 
LIII.—Junonia Cenia. 
VII.—Ageronia. Amphinome. 
XXII— ,, ferentina. 
VIII.—Heterochroa Syma. 
XCIV.—Siderone Isidora. 


Family PAapmionip&. 


Subfam. Pierine. 
XXIV.—Catopsilia Philea, 
LXXXIV.—Synchloe Monuste. 


LXXXVI.—-Leptophobia Aripa. 


Subfam. Papilione. 
XXXI.—Papilio Thoas. 


XLV.— oy) nay. 
XXXVIII.—Papilio Evander. 
XLII. — »  Lysithous. 
LXV.— » Bunichus. 
LXXVII. »,  Polydamas. 
LXXXIII. »,  Protodamas, 


Family Hesperip2. 


XXI.—Pyrrhopyga Palemon. 
LIV.—Goniuris Proteus. 


HETEROCERA. 

Family Spuineipz. 
XCV.—Philampelus Vitis. 
Vie .. Anchemolus. 
LV.—Dilophonota Ello. 
LXI.—Argeus Labrusce. 
LXXXV.—Amphonyx Tapayusa. 
XXVIII.—Pachylia inornata. 
XIII.—Sorocaba anomala. 


Family Zy¢mNiDz. 
XIV.—Saurita Cassandra. 


Family CHaucostipz, 
LXXII.—Phezochlena tendinosa. 


Family Arctiupz. 


XXX.—Daritis sacrifica. 
XLVI.—Motada lateralis. 


Family Psycouim. 


LVIII.—Genus? ~ 
XXXIII.—Perophora albistriga. 
Ix.— 


99 externa. 


Family NotoponTIpDz&. 


XXIX.—Aneurocampa lateralis. 
XCIiI.— 53 Mingens. 


Family SaturnupZ. 


I.—Automeris sp. ? 

Il.— 53 Metea. 
XXVI.—.,, illustris. 
XVIII.—,, ophthalmica. 
XX.—Molippa Sabina. 
LXXV.—Arsenura erythrine. 
LX.—Attacus Aurota. 

C.— 3 Arethusia. 
XLVITI.—Attacus Jacobee. 


Family Limacopipm. 


LXVII.—Pinconia ochracea. 
LXXX.—Neomiressa argentata. 


LXXIX.—Narosa rufotessellata. 


Family LastocamPipz&. 
TV.—Eacles Laocoon. 
XLIV. —Syssisphinx Molina. 
XVII.—Megalopyge Citri. 


Family Lastocamprpm—continued. 


XXXV.—Megalopyge dorsimacula. 


LXXxI.— __,, sp.? 
XL.— 35 Tharops. 
XXXIX.— _,, fuliginosa. 


XC.—Mesotages trilunula. 
LXIV.—Hyleria falcifera. 
XXVII.—Hydrias Deusta. 
Family GuorruLipz. 
LVII,—Cabralia trifasciata. 


Family APAMIIDE. 
L.—Prodenia Commeline. 

5 variolosa. 

Family Canpipm. 
LII.—Gonodonta fulvangula. 


Family Remie1p2. 
LI.—Remigia mensuralis. 


Family Trnzip%. 
XCVII.—Endrosis Braziliensis. 


F. MOORE. 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


RHOPALOCERA. 
Family NYMPHALIDE. 
Subfam. Danaine. 
Group Danaorp HELIconina. 
Genus Sars. Hubner. 
LXX.—Sars EvRYANASSA. 
Ithomia Euryanassa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. iv., p. 101 
(1860) : Reise, Novara, Lep. 11., pl. 44., f. 1. 
Larva. Full-fed. San Paulo, 16th June, 1881. 


The caterpillars of this species are found in great 
quantities on the leaves of a species of Datura, the eggs 
being deposited in clusters of about two hundred on the 
underside of the leaves. The caterpillar is quite smooth, 
with a velvety black skin and a red head. 


ee 16th June, 1881. 
Pupa. 
Imago, 6th July, 1881. 


When full-fed the caterpillar becomes suffused with a 
greenish tint, and hangs itself up by the tail to undergo 
pupation. The chrysalis is a very compact and neat one. 
It is of a semi-transparent brown colour, thickly dotted 
with black. 


eee ‘Full-fed, 16th June, 1881. 
; aes, 6th July, 1881. 


pe days. 


{2c days. 


The very delicate and beautiful butterfly appears three 


8 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


weeks after pupation. It is a common fly in San Paulo, and 
is often seen in the streets of the town, where it has probably 
been reared in some garden at the backs of the houses. 
There are several broods in the year. 


Subfam. Acreine. 
Genus ActinotrE. Hubner. 
LXXVI.—ActTInoTE ALALIA. 
Acrea Alalia, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. iv., p. 105 (1860). 


Larva. Full-fed, San Paulo, 28th October, 1881. 


The caterpillar feeds upon a shrub, the name of which I 
do not know. Ihave taken it in the forest on the Serra da 
Cantareira, near San Paulo. It is of a pale bluish colour, 
and is thickly covered with spines, which apparently have no 
venomous properties. 


Pupa. Not preserved. 


The caterpillar hangs itself up by the tail to undergo 
pupation. The chrysalis is of a creamy white colour, 
ornamented with black veins and a double row of black 
spines on the back. 


a, 6 Full-fed, 28th Oct., 1881. ) |, 
Tmasectein Nov ieeiea) sae 
b, & Full-fed, 28th Oct., 1881. , 


Imago, 16th Noy., 1881. j 19 days. 


Imaco. 


The butterfly emerges in a little under three weeks from 
the time of pupation. 


[Norz.—A variety of this species, reared by Mr. Dukinfield Jones, is 
described in the former paper, published in the Proc. of the Lit. and Phil. 
Soc. of Liverpool, 1881-2, p. 340, No. LXXXII, and in Museum Report 
No. 2, p. 36.] 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 9 


Subfam. Nymphaline. 
Genus Dione. Hiibner. 
Syn. Agraulis. Boisd., Doubleday. 
LXVI.—Dione Juno. 
Papilio Juno, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 111., pl. 215, f. B.c. (1782). 
Larva. Full-fed, San Paulo, 21st April, 1880. 


The caterpillar feeds on a species of Passion-flower, and 
is often found in company with No. XLIII, Dione Vanille, 
var. It is more social in its habits than the latter species, 
and may be taken in clusters of a dozen or so on a single 
leaf. It is of a dark brown colour, and is covered with 
spines. 

Full-fed, 21st April, 1880. 

PUPA 


21 days. 
Imago, 12th May, 1880. rola 


When about to undergo pupation the caterpillar attaches 
itself by the tail to the stalk of the food-plant, the coping of 
a wall, or other convenient spot. 


Full-fed, 21st April, 1880. 


pau: ieee, 12th May, 1880. 


{2a days. 


The butterfly emerges three weeks after pupation. 


XLIII.—Dione VaniIuLz (variety). 
Papilio Vanille, Linn. Syst. Nat. i., 2, p. 787 (1767). 
Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii., pl. 212, fig. a.z. 
Larva. Full-fed, San Paulo, 14th April, 1880. 


The caterpillar of this insect feeds upon the leaves of a 
Passion-flower that is common in the neighbourhood of 
San Paulo. It is of a pale brown colour, with dark longi- 
tudinal stripes down the back, and is covered with horny 
spines. 


10 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


Pupa. Full-fed, 14th April, 1880. 


When full-fed the caterpillar wanders away from the 
food-plant, and seeks a convenient spot, such as the coping 
of a wall or other protected situation, where it suspends itself 
by the tail and undergoes pupation. 


a, Upper side, Full-fed, 15th Ap., 1880. 
Imago, 2nd May, 1880. 
b, Under side, Full-fed, 14th Ap., 1880. 
Imago, 30th April, 1880. 


17 days. 
Imago. 


lio days. 


This beautiful butterfly is very common ; in fact, it is one 
of the commonest about San Paulo. It emerges from the 
chrysalis sixteen days after the caterpillar is full-fed. 


Genus Pyramets. Hubner. 


LXXI.—Pyramets BrazI.iensis, n. sp. 


Pyrameis Braziliensis, n. sp.:—Forewing with the basal area golden- 
brown, from thence to the apex purplish-black ; obliquely across the disc is 
a series of bright red spots, two of which are in the middle of the cell, and 
form an irregular-shaped letter S, the ends of which are very broad, and the 
outer end tipped with white at its external angle; two small conjoined spots 
are beyond lower end of the cell, followed by a quadrate spot centred with a 
white dot; below these is a larger oblique quadrate spot, followed by a small 
spot near the posterior angle ; beyond the end of the cell is a transverse 
white streak crossed by black veins, and near the apex is a transverse series 
of four small spots, the upper and lower of which are white, the two 
middle ones being minute and bluish-white ; beyond these is a submarginal 
lunular line, the upper end of which is purplish-white and the lower end 
pale brown. Hindwing with a purplish-black basal mark, a discal cen- 
trally-angled band and a distinct submarginal lunular band, these bands 
enclosing two ocellated spots and an intermediate black dot; along the 
extreme outer margin is a row of black angular spots. Cilia alternated 
with white. Body golden-brown, Expanse 2 to 24+ inches. 


[Norz.—Pyrameis Myrinna, a very distinct species from the above, 
was also collected by Mr. Dukinfield Jones in the same locality as 
P. Braziliensis, but its metamorphoses not having been worked out, the 
specimens remain in his private collection.—F. Moore. | 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 11 


Larva. Not preserved. 
a,b. Nests made by larva amongst flowers of 
food-plant. 


The caterpillar is of a silvery grey colour, with bands of 
dark brown round the segments, which are covered with long 
spines. The food-plant is a kind of ‘‘ everlasting flower,” 
called by the Brazilians ‘‘ Marcello,” the flowers of which 
are dried and used for stuffing pillows. The caterpillars are 
solitary, only one or two being found on the same plant ; and 
in the earlier stages they make a sort of nest amongst the 
flowers, into which they retire when not feeding. 


Full-fed, 20th April, 1880. 
Imago, 24th May, 6 


When full-fed the caterpillar suspends itself by the tail, 
and in that position changes to the pupa state. 


a, Upper side. Full-fed, 20th Ap., 1880. 
Imago, 24th May, _,,. 

b, Under side. 

The butterfly appears five weeks after the larva is full- 


fed. In its habits it somewhat resembles Junonia, delight- 
ing in sunning itself on bare patches of ground in the 


Pura. 34 days. 


Imaco. | 1s days. 


Campos. 


Genus Acrronta. Hubner. 
XXIJ.—AGERONIA FERENTINA. 
Nymphalis ferentina, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix., p. 428 (1823). 

Larva. a, Full-fed. San Paulo, March, 1878. 

The caterpillar feeds on the same plant, or closely allied 
species, as No. VII (Ageronia Amphinome). It is of a grey 
colour, and is covered with horny spines, with two large 
horns on the head. It is smaller than A. Amphinome, and 
has not the same restless habits. 


12 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


a, Full-fed, 6th March, 1878. 


Imago, 16th Bs oe 10 days. 


Pupa. 


When full-fed the caterpillar hangs itself up by the tail 
to undergo pupation, the pupa state lasting ten days. 


a, Full-fed, 6th March, 1878. 


Imago, 16th ,, * 10 days. 


Imago. | 


The butterfly is common in the neighbourhood of San 
Paulo. In its habits it closely resembles A. Amphinome, 
settling on the trunks of trees with the head downwards and 
the wings spread out against the bark. From its resting- 
place it every now and then takes short flights after passing 
friends, circling round and making a noise like a series of 
electric sparks. 


Genus Heterocuroa. Boisd. 
VITI.—HetERocnroa Syma (variety). 


Nymphalis Syma, Godart, Ene. Meth. ix., p. 874 (1828). 
Hubner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett, fig. 571-2. 


Larva. a, Full-fed, San Paulo, 1882. 


The caterpillar feeds on a species of bramble, and is of a 
dark green colour, covered with protuberances with spines at 
the ends. When not eating, it rests with the thorax raised 
and the head bent down, giving it a very grotesque appear- 
ance. When full-fed the colour changes to a dull yellowish 


brown. 
a, Empty shells, Full-fed, 21st Feb., 1878. 


Popa. Imago, 6th March, ,, 
b, In spirit, Full-fed, 8th April, 1878. 


lis days. 


The caterpillar hangs itself up by the tail on the under- 
side of a leaf or other suitable spot, to undergo pupation. 
The pupa condition lasts about a fortnight. 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 13 


a, Upper side. 
Imago. +b, Under side, Full-fed, 2nd Dec., 1881. 
Imago, 14th Dec., _,, p12 days. 


This butterfly is very common in the neighbourhood of 
San Paulo, especially at the edges of swamps and similar 
situations. Its flight is like that of the Vanesside, a few 
sharp vigorous strokes, and then a gliding motion, with the 
wings almost horizontal. There appear to be many broods 
of this species in the year, as I have found the full-fed 
caterpillar in February, April, October, and December. 


Genus SIDERONE. Hubner. 
XCIV.—SipERonE IsrpoRa. 


Papilio Isidora, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii., pl. 235, fig. 
eer. (Lion) 


Larva. Not preserved. 


I took only one specimen of this caterpillar full-fed on 
23rd December, 1881. It had already left its food-plant, 
and was searching for a suitable place for pupation. The 
caterpillar is smoke colour, and has two fleshy protuberances 
on the thorax and a pair of horns on the head. 


ae 23rd Dec., 1881. 
PUPA- |Tmago, 7th Jau., 1882. 
On December 24th the caterpillar suspended itself by the 
tail, and pupation took place on the 26th. 
; Full-fed, 23rd Dec., 1881. 
righ is 7th Jan., 1882. 


The curious butterfly appeared a fortnight after the cater- 
pillar was full-fed. When at rest it closes the wings 
together, and stands head downwards on the trunk of a tree, 


Lis days. 


lip days. 


14 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


in which position it has a remarkable resemblance to a dry 
leaf. 


Family Paprrnionipz. 
Subfam. Pierine. 
Genus Synontoz. Hubner. 
LXXXIV.—SynceuLort Monvste. 
Papilio Monuste, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 760 (1767). 
Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii., pl. 141, fig. Fr. 

Ova. On Nasturtium leaf, San Paulo, March, 1881. 

The eggs are laid in clusters of about fifty, on the upper 
side of the leaf of the food-plant. Time of incubation not 
determined. 

Hatched, 21st March, 1881. 


Changed skin, 25th __,, x 
2 BED, Ass 


LaRva. =! 29th i ¥ 
55 Ist April, as 
Full-fed, 6th iy zs 


The caterpillar feeds on Nasturtium, and is of a pale- 
green colour, covered with minute purple tubercles. 


Full-fed, 6th April, 1881. 
Imago, 20th ,, e 


The caterpillar attaches itself by the tail, and a loop 


Pura. | 14 days. 


round the thorax, to a wall, paling, &c., to undergo pupa- 
tion. 
Full-fed, 6th April. 


14 days. 
Imago, 20th ,, 


Imaao. | 


The butterfly appears a fortnight after the caterpillar is 
full-fed. 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 15 


Genus LeptopHosia. Butler. 
LXXXVI.—LeprorpHopia ARIPA. 
Pieris Aripa, Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. i., p. 528 (1836). 
Larva. Full-fed. San Paulo, 26th March, 1881. 


The caterpillar is green, and feeds on Nasturtium. I 
took it full-fed at the end of March, 1881. 


Pura. Not preserved. 


The caterpillar fixes itself by the tail, and a loop round 
the thorax, for pupation. 


Full-fed, 26th March, 1881. 


IMaGo. | Imago, 6th April ” 


ji days. 


The dormant period is remarkably short in this species, 
the butterfly appearing eleven days after the caterpillar is 
full-fed. 


Subfam. Papilionine. 
Genus Papintio. Linn. 
LXV.—Papinio Bunicuus. 


Menelaides Bunichus, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. 
Papilio Bunichus, Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. i., p. 308. 


Larva. Full-fed. San Paulo, 4th Dec., 1877. 


This caterpillar feeds upon a species of Aristolochia. It 
is covered with soft fleshy protuberances, and has a V-shaped 
scent organ on the first segment, which is protruded when 
annoyed. The colour is almost black, with a reddish tinge, 
and there is a creamy-white diagonal stripe, beginning on 
the sixth and ending on the protuberance on the seventh 
segment. 

Full-fed, 10th March, 1880. 

Pura. | 


Imago 30th ,, » 
When full-fed the caterpillar attaches itself by the tail 


20 days. 


16 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


and a thread round the thorax, to the underside of a branch 
of a tree or the coping of a wall, or other similar situation, 
and in that position undergoes pupation. 


a, g 
Imago. b, 2 Full-fed, 10th March, 1880. 


Imago 30th ,, es + 20 days. 


The butterfly emerges three weeks after pupation. It is 
avery common species, and there are several broods in the 
year, fresh specimens having been taken in the spring 
(August and September), being one of the earliest of the 
larger butterflies that appears after the cold season, and also 
in December, and again in March and April. 


LXXVII.—Paprinio Ponypamas. 


Papilio Polydamas, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 747 (1767). 
Drury, Exot. Ent. i., pl. 17, fig. 1, 2. 


Larva. Full-fed. San Paulo, Oct., 1881. 


This caterpillar feeds upon a species of Aristolochia that 
is a rare plant in the neighbourhood of San Paulo, and 
consequently the caterpillar is rare also. It is of a smoky 
brown colour, marked with numerous diagonal dark stripes, 
and is covered with short and slender fleshy protuberances. 
On the first and tenth segments the lateral protuberances 
are movable, and the caterpillar twitches them up and down 
in an odd way as it walks. There is a V-shaped scent organ 
on the pro-thoracic segment that is exserted when the insect 
is annoyed. 

a, Full-fed, 28th Oct., 1881. 

Pupa. Imago, 24th Nov., ,, 27 days. 

b, Ichneumonised specimen. 


The caterpillar attaches itself by the tail and a loop 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 17 


round the thorax to the trunk of a tree or the coping of a 
wall, &c., for pupation. 


Full-fed, 28th Oct., 1881. 27 days 
Imago. Imago, 24th Nov., ,, 


The butterfly appears about four weeks after pupation. 
Though the caterpillar is difficult to obtain, owing to the 
rarity of the food-plant, the butterfly is by no means rare. 
It is, in fact, very plentiful at certain seasons of the year. 


LXXXIII.—Papinio Proropamas. 
Papilio Protodamas, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep., p. 322 (1836). 
Larva. Not preserved. 


I took this caterpillar in the forest on the Serra da 
Cantareira in January, 1882. It very closely resembles 
No. LXXVII, but is of a paler colour. It feeds upon a 
species of Aristolochia (not the same as the food-plant of 
No. LXXVII). 


(Full-fed, 22nd January, 1882, 


Pups. Imago, 15th February, ER FO 


The caterpillar attaches itself by the tail and a loop round 
the thorax to the surface selected by it on which to undergo 
pupation. 

Full-fed, 22nd January, 1882. 


Imago, 15th February, }2 ie 


Imago. { 


This butterfly seems to be a forest species, and is rarely 
met with in the open plain, where its close ally (No. LXXVII) 
Papilio Polydamas delights to sport. 


18 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


HETEROCERA. 
Family SPHINGIDE. 
Genus PHruaMPELus. Harris. 
XCV.—PuHinaMpPELus VITIS. 
Sphinx vitis, Linn. Mus. Ulr., p. 354 (1764). 
Sphinx fasciatus, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins., pl. 20, fig. 1 (1776). 


a, Penultimate stage. 


Larva. tr Last stage, not full-fed. 


The caterpillar feeds upon a species of Jussiea that 
grows in marshes and at the sides of streams. It has a 
large yellow flower, something like an evening primrose. In 
its earlier stages the caterpillar is green, with the characteris- 
tic diagonal markings of the Sphingide; but after the last 
change of skin the colouring undergoes a remarkable change, 
the markings being very intricate and the general colour a 
rich madder brown. It is very subject to attacks of an 
ichneumon. Out of some twenty specimens I only succeeded 
in rearing three moths, the rest being all ichneumonized. 


Pupa. Not preserved. 


‘The caterpillar enters the ground to undergo pupation. 
Full-fed, San Paulo, 7th Jan., 1882. 
Imago, 6th Feb., ,, 


The moth appears a month after the caterpillar enters 
the ground. 


Imaao. 30 days. 


V.—PHILAMPELUS ANCHEMOLUS. 


Sphinx Anchemolus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii., pl. 224, fig. o. 
(1782). 


Larva. Not preserved. 


The caterpillar of this species feeds on the grape-vine. I 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 19 


only took one specimen of the larva, and having worked it 
through to the perfect insect, am unable to place it in the 
collection. This specimen I took near San Paulo, on 21st 
December, 1877. It was five inches in length, and about 
three-quarters of an inch thick. There was no horn on the 
last segment, only a slight hump. The colour is green, 
thickly peppered over with very minute black dots. 


Full-fed, 28rd December, 1877. 
Imago, 5th February, 1878. 


When full-fed the caterpillar changes to a smoky brown 


Pupa. | days. 


colour, and enters the ground for pupation. 


$ Full-fed, 28rd December, 1877. 
Imago, 5th February, 1878. 


The magnificent moth appeared about six weeks after the 


Imago. | |44 days. 


caterpillar was full-fed. 


Genus AmpHonyx. Poey. 
LXXXV.—AmpnHonyx TapPayusa, n. sp. 


AmpHonyx Tapayusa, n. sp. Forewing hoary, rusty tinted; with a 
whitish basal spot, two sub-basal transverse zigzag slender white bands, 
the interspace between which is numerously black-scaled, two medial 
transverse inwardly oblique zigzag black bands, and four discal similar 
bands ; from the outer discal band, near its upper end, is a black zigzag 
line curving to the apex; a black streak also extends from the inner middle 
band between the two upper median veins to the outer discal band; the 
interspaces between the submedian and lower median veins to the outer 
discal black band, and between the two discal bands to the costal end, as 
well as broadly along the upper median vein, are of a paler rusty colour ; the 
remaining interspace between the two lower medians and the upper median 
and subcostal is greyish; the outer border of the wing is also indistinetly 
traversed by whitish zigzag marks, and there is a distinct white spot at end 
of the cell. Hindwing with a large basal orange-yellow spot and broad 
black costal and marginal band, the discal area being semitransparent and 
traversed by black veins. Body, hoary; tegule bordered by black; 
abdomen with a lateral black line and four upper lateral spots, the anterior 
spot being white and the others yellow. Expanse 6} inches. Allied to 
A. Duponchellii,_F. Moore. 


20 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


Larva. Full-fed, San Paulo, Feb., 1881. 


The caterpillar of this magnificent species feeds on the 
Aratica (Rollinia?), and is by no means uncommon from 
February to May. It is of a bright green colour. There is a 
purplish horn, with a rough warty surface, on the eleventh 
segment, and a white diagonal stripe runs from the base of 
the horn to the ninth segment. When full-fed the‘colour 
becomes somewhat paler and duller. When annoyed this 
caterpillar has a habit of flinging its head round and striking 
the offending object. It also often bends itself backwards 
into a horse-shoe, holding on to the twig by its anal and 


last pair of abdominal legs. It prefers the leaves at the ends 
of the twigs for food, and hides amongst the untouched 
leaves lower down, where it is not easily detected, owing to 
its green colour. I have generally found it by observing the 
bare twigs and searching amongst the leaves. (See Plate 
Vi, fig. 1) 
Pura. Full-fed, April, 1882. 
When full-fed the caterpillar enters the ground for 
pupation. 
Full-fed, 13th Feb., 1881. 
ey ae 7th April, 1881. 


The moth emerges about two months after the caterpillar 
enters the ground. 


| 54 days. 


Family Zyamnipm. 
Genus Saurita. Boisd. 
XIV.—Savrita CASsANDRA. 
Sphinx Cassandra, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii., p. 806 (1767). 


Larva. Not preserved. 


I found only one specimen of this caterpillar in the woods 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 21 


near San Paulo, in the middle of March, 1878. It is short 
and stumpy, and is thickly covered with velvety hairs that 
give it a beautiful glossy appearance. 


“ i Full-fed, 14th March, 1878. 
per Imago, 30th March, 1878. 


On March 14th, the caterpillar began to spin, or rather 
to build, its very beautiful cocoon, which it did in a very 
remarkable manner. Choosing a spot on the wall of my 
room, it began by plucking itself and laying the hairs round 
it in an oval shape, attaching them to the wall with gum. 
Then another layer was laid on the first, and so on, building 
up the cocoon in the most workmanlike way. It was a 
wonderful sight to watch the little creature lay the hairs 
down so symmetrically, first on one side and then on the 
other, building a house out of its cast-off clothes. The 
hairs are very beautiful under the microscope, being barbed 


lie days. 


all the way up, the barbs being so long and fine us to give 
the appearance of feathers. 


a, Full-fed, 14th March, 1878. : 
ue Oe Imago, 30th March, 1878. ji days. 


The moth emerged on March 30th. It is a beautiful 
insect, the wings being black and the body glistening with 
scarlet and blue. 


Family NotToponTipm. 
Genus ANEUROCAMPA. Boisd. 
XCIII.—ANEvRocAMPA MINGENS. 


Aneurocampa Mingens, Boisd. H.Sch. Lep. Exot., pl. 18, 
f. 83. 


Larva. Full-fed. 22nd April, 1881. 


This remarkable caterpillar feeds upon a species of Mela- 
stoma. I have taken it full-fed in December and in April. 


22 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


The colour is bright green. A white line passes down each 
side, above the stigmata, from the fourth to the tenth 
segment, and there is a crimson band, bordered on the front 
with pale blue, across the thorax. The eleventh segment is 
ornamented with bright yellow swellings, which the cater- 
pillar has the power of puffing out and making very con- 
spicuous. ‘This brilliant colouring is a good illustration, as 
pointed out to me by Professor Herdman, of the theory that 
it is really a protection to the caterpillar to be conspicuous ; 
for this caterpillar possesses the remarkable power of ejecting 
from its mouth a fine jet of acid fluid upon any enemy that 
attacks it. This fluid has a very pungent smell, and, I 
should imagine, would be quite sufficient to make any bird 
drop the caterpillar. And, no doubt, in time the birds would 
learn not to attack so objectionable a mouthful, and so the 
caterpillar would not run the risk of being damaged by their 
beaks. The amount of fluid discharged is equal to a good- 
sized drop, and it can be repeated several times, though it 
takes a good deal of irritation to cause a second or third dis- - 
charge. The precision with which the jet is directed upon 
the offending object is remarkable. I have tested the 
acidity of the fluid with blue litmus, which was immediately 
reddened. (See Plate VII, fig. 2.) 


Full-fed, 22nd April, 1881. 


Imago, 2nd Nov. _,, | 194 days. 


Pupa. | 


When full-fed, the caterpillar spins a gummy cocoon 
on the surface of the ground, and attaches to the cocoon 
leaves, bits of earth, ete. On breaking open a cocoon in 
August, I found the insect still in the larval condition. 
Pupation took place in September, five months after the 
caterpillar was full-fed. 


Full-fed, 22nd April, 1881. 
Pp 


Imago. { Imago, 2nd Nov., _,, 


194 days. 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 23 


The moth appeared at the beginning of November, more 
than six months after the caterpillar was full-fed. 


Family Psycuipm. 
LVIII.—Genus ————— ? 


a, Full-fed, San Paulo, 1882. 
b, Larva cases. 
BLES | c, Web spun by larva when walking over a 
smooth surface. 


This remarkable caterpillar makes a tapering, conical, 
almost cylindrical case, in which it spends its life, never 
under any circumstances leaving this case. It feeds on a 
variety of plants, and I have found it in great numbers on a 
species of Mimosa. The case is quite smooth, and without 
any sticks or bits of leaf, which are employed by most species 
of this group which have come under my notice. 

The caterpillar often lets itself down by a thread when it 
wants to move to new feeding-ground. The feeding of all 
the species of this group that I have observed, appears to be 
very irregular and intermittent. The caterpillars will some- 
times secure themselves temporarily by binding the mouth of 
the case to a twig or a leaf, and remain for several days, or 
even weeks, without eating; then they unfasten themselves, 
and move about and eat. They are full-fed about December, 
I fancy; but the exact date is very difficult to ascertain, 
owing to the above habit of intermittent feeding. The 
appearance of the caterpillar when walking with the case 
hanging down from the leaf, and the way in which he sud- 
denly draws the case over his head, and shuts tight the 
baggy mouth, when disturbed, are very comical. 


Pura. Pupation takes place within the case. 


24 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


3 Not preserved. 
Taco. ? Preserved in spirit, March, 1880. 


The female moth is wingless, legless, and mouthless, and 
is, in fact, almost nothing more than a living bag of eggs. 
The male is of a dull brown colour, with a long abdomen, 
and the wings are narrow and long, and almost devoid of 
scales at the tips. Unfortunately, I am not quite certain as 
to the identity of the specimens I have, two species having 
been mixed together; so I delay placing the male in the col- 
lection until some future date, when I hope to procure males 
of whose identity there can be no doubt. 

The female does not leave the case when she emerges 
from the pupa, but is fertilised, and lays her eggs in the 
empty pupa-shell, and for some time after laying the eggs 
she still remains in the case. On March 13th, 1880, I found 
several specimens that had left their cases, that were 
hanging up in my room, They had laid all their eggs, and 
were mere bags distended with air, and they rolled about on 
the table in a helpless way, reminding me forcibly of 
maggots. The skin was blown quite tight, like a bladder, 
and the trachee could be traced beautifully through the 
thin integument. To see whether there was anything but 
air inside the animal, I placed one of them under bisulphide 
of carbon fumes for a minute or two, and when dead, as I 
thought, I punctured the abdomen. A slight pressure forced 
the air out of the insect, and it became a wretched shrivelled- 
up bit of skin. I then introduced a pipette, and blew the 
skin out again. But, to my astonishment, after all this, the 
effects of the bisulphide passed off, and the moth revived, 
apparently none the worse for the operation. 

On cutting open one of the cases that the moths had left, 
I found the pupa-shell full of already hatched larva. The 
effect was most wonderful. I slit the pupa-case open a little, 
and the tiny caterpillars came pouring out in myriads. In 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 25 


another case I cut open, I found the female moth still inside 
alive, below the pupa skin, which was full of young cater- 
pillars, and she was distended with air, as the other speci- 
mens. 


Family SaTurnipm. 
Genus Avtomertis. Hiibner. * 
XXVI.—AUTOMERIS ILLUSTRIS. 


Hyperchiria illustris, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., 
vi., p. 1285 (1855). 


Larva. Not preserved. 


This caterpillar is a very beautiful one. It is about three 
and a half inches in length when full-fed, and is bright green 
in colour. It is covered with long tree-like tufts of yellowish 
green spines, which are very venomous, and has a small light 
blue spot at the stigmata. 


a, Full-fed, San Paulo, 20th Feb., 1878. 


Imago, 7th June, ,, j107 days. 


Pupa. | 


This caterpillar changes to the pupa condition within a 
slight cocoon spun amongst leaves. 
a, d Full-fed, 20th Feb., 1878. 

Imago, 7th June, x 
Oye 
The moth emerged at the beginning of June. 


Imaao. 107 days. 


XVITI.—AUTOMERIS OPHTHALMICA, N. sp. 


Automeris ophthalmica, n. sp.—Female. Dull cinnamon-red; forewing 
with an antemedial transverse indistinct narrow black zigzag line, and a 
distinct black oblique postmedial nearly straight line terminating at the 
apex; atthe end of the cell is a large irregnlar angulated black-bordered 
mark ; crossing the upper part of the disc is an indistinct darker red fascia, 


26 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


and there is a very indistinct pale zigzag line traversing the submargin. 
Hindwing brighter coloured, the outer border and cilia being pale cinnamon- 
yellow ; on the centre of the wing is a very large black ocellus, with a 
narrow pale yellow outer border, and a yellow-margined broad curved brown 
central spot, traversed by a slender white angular line; beyond the ocellus 
is a narrow black discal wavy line. Sides of thorax bordered with yellow. 
Expanse 4} inches. —F. Moorr. 


Larva. Not preserved. 


I found only one specimen of this caterpillar, feeding on 
a species of Iris, near San Paulo, at the beginning of 
December, 1877. When full-fed it was three inches and a 
half in length. The body is of a deep black colour, and is 
covered with long tufts of venomous spines, which are of a 
rich chestnut colour near the body, and black at the tips. 
When irritated, the caterpillar made a curious clicking 
sound, apparently with the mandibles. (See Plate VII, 
fig. 3). 

a, Full-fed, 18th Dec., pea ET: 7 
Imago, 16th April, 1878.)~~" °?Y*: 


The caterpillar began to spin on December 18th. The 
cocoon is slight, and is spun between the leaves of the food- 
plant. While in the pupa state the insect from time to time 
gave a series of violent shakes and twistings within the 


Pura. | 


cocoon. 
a, 2 Full-fed, 18th Dec., 1877.) 


Be Imago, 16th April, 1978.) 119 days. 
The beautiful moth emerged on April 16th. 


Genus Arracus. Linn. 
C.—Atracus ARETHUSIA. 
Attacus Arethusia, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., v., 
p- 1204 (1855). 


Trad ee from newly-spun cocoon, Theresopolis, 
Organ-Mountains, 16th Nov., 1882. 


—— eS 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA, 27 


The caterpillar apparently feeds upon a tree called by 
the Brazilians, Herva de lagarto, for I found great numbers 
of cocoons surrounding a tree of this species. But, unfor- 
tunately, I did not find a single caterpillar that had not 
begun to spin, and therefore am not certain of the food- 
plant. 


Full-fed, Theresopolis, (about) 16th Nov., 1882. 

Popa. | Imago, on my return to Liverpool, Feb. to 

April, 1883. 

The cocoons were spun on twigs of the low shrubs about 
the tree on which, I imagine, the caterpillars feed. The 
silk was spun a good way down the twig, to strengthen it in 
case of accident. 


a, d Full-fed, 16th Nov., 1882. 
rien Imago, Feb., 1883. 
| b, ° Full-fed, 16th Nov., 1882. 
Imago, Feb., 1883. 

The moths began to appear in January, but the greater 
part of them emerged in February, and five out of about 
twenty pupe delayed their exit until the middle of April, one 
not having yet made its appearance in the perfect state. 
Many of the moths were deformed, owing probably to their 
being shaken and disturbed by their journey while pupating. 
Several of the moths had got turned end for end in the 
cocoons, and were unable to make their exit. This was also, 
most likely, owing to the fact of the cocoons being shaken 
about while the insect was still in the larval condition, and, 
perhaps, in an inverted position when pupation took place ; 
for, of course, the pupa itself could not possibly reverse its 
position in the cocoon. 


28 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


LXVII.—Attacus JacoBmam. 


Attacus Jacobee, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. v., 
p- 1211 (1855). 
Ova. 
The eggs are laid in rows, and there are from six to nine 
in a cluster. I have not determined the time of incubation. 


Larva. Not preserved. 


The caterpillar feeds upon several different plants, and I 
have taken it full-fed in October and February. In the 
earlier stages it is of a yellowish colour, and the spines 
black. When full-fed it is bright green, with a white 
diagonal stripe on all the segments from the fourth to the 
eleventh, inclusive. The stigmata are black. The spines 
are light blue, and very minute. There is a red patch at 
each side of the anal legs. (See Plate VII, fig. 4.) 


Full-fed. San Paulo, 28th Oct., 1879. 


Pura. lane 3rd Dec., _,, 


} 86 days. 


When full-fed the caterpillar spins a white silken cocoon 
on a stalk of grass or other suitable plant, and in this under- 
goes pupation. 

a, 3 San Paulo, 1879. 
Imaco. b, 2 Full-fed, 28th Oct., 1879. 


Imago, 3rd Dec. _,, 36 days. 


The beautiful moth appears about five weeks after the 
caterpillar is full-fed. 


Family Lastocampipm. 
Genus SyssispHinx. Hubner. 
XLIV.—SyssispHinx Motta. 
Phalena Molina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv., pl. 302, fig. B. F. 


Larva. Not preserved. 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 29 


I took one specimen of this caterpillar full-fed and 
walking on the ground, near San Paulo, on the 4th of 
March, 1879. It was green, and had four curious curved 
horns on the thorax. 

Pura. Not preserved. 

The same day that I found the caterpillar it entered the 
ground for pupation. 

(a, & Full-fed, San Paulo, 4th 
March, 1879. + 29 days. 
| Imago, drd April, 1879. 
b, 2 San Paulo, April, 1882. 
The moth appeared a month after the larva entered the 


Imaco. 


ground. 


Genus Mxsotaces. H. Sch. 
XC.—MESOTAGES TRILUNULA. 
M. trilunula, H. Sch. Lep. Exot., pl. 81, f. 465. 

Larva. Full-fed, March, 1881. 

This remarkable caterpillar feeds on several kinds of 
grass, and also some kinds of “‘ taquara,” or native bamboo. 
It is covered with curious mossy hair, of a golden brown 
colour. The ends of the hairs are many of them flattened 
out like an oar. 


Full-fed, 15th March, 1881. 
Imago, 19th April, ,, 

When full-fed the caterpillar spins a cocoon of silk and 
its own hairs, weaving the hairs into the fabric, and making 
the cocoon look remarkably like the caterpillar itself. 
Full-fed, 15th March, 1881. 
Imago, 19th April 53 

The moth appears five weeks after the caterpillar is 
full-fed. 


Pupa. | 35 days. 


Imago. 35 days. 


30 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


XXXTX.—MEGALOPYGE FULIGINOSA, 0. sp. 


Megalopyge fuliginosa, n. sp.—Female. Dull fuliginous-brown, semi- 
diaphanous; forewing with an indistinct ochreous-grey spot at end of the 
cell, and a transverse submarginal slightly-waved band. Body olivaceous 
ferruginous-brown; antenne white; front of head, palpi, and legs 
blackish. Expanse 28 inches.—F. Moons. 


Larva. Full-fed. San Paulo, March, 1881. 


The caterpillar feeds on the Guava. It is very short and 
fat, and is covered with feathery hairs, black, white, and 
chestnut colour, beautifully blended. At the roots of the 
hairs are clusters of venomous spines with powerful urticating 
properties. 


Pura. Not preserved. 


Pupation takes place within a tough cocoon, with a “ trap- 
door” at the anterior end, which is flattened and carinated. 
It is surrounded by a thickly woven web, in which the hairs 
of the caterpillar are mixed. When the moth emerges, the 
skin of the pupa is left protruding from the orifice. 


Imago, January, 1879. 
b, 2 January, 1879. 


The moth appears ten months after the caterpillar is full- 
fed. 


a, 2 Full-fed, March, 1878. 
Imaao. 


Genus Hyuterra. Hubner. 
LXIV.—HYLERIA FALCIFERA. 
H. falcifera, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii., i., f. 1-4. 


Larva. Full-fed. San Paulo, 24th February, 1880. 


The caterpillar feeds on a species of Mimosa that is 
common, and often used for hedges near San Paulo. It is 
social in its habits, remaining in large clusters in a loosely 
spun web during the day, and separating to feed at night. 


aks pe es 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 31 


Pura. Not preserved. 


Pupation takes place within a gummy cocoon surrounded 
by a soft woolly web, and in their natural state probably the 
whole brood spin together in one mass, as I have found 
the broods of allied species in just such masses. 


Full-fed, 24th February, 1880. 


Imago, 11th April, n |46 days. 


IMAGo. | 


The moth appears between six and seven weeks after the 
caterpillar is full-fed. 


Family TIneIpz&. 
Genus Enprosis. Hiibner. 


XCVII.—Enprosis BRrazIviensis, 2. sp. 


Enprosts BrazIuiensis, n. sp.—Forewing pale brownish-white, numer- 
ously covered with dark-brown scales, these brown scales forming a dark 
dentate streak at base of the cell, a small spot in middle of the cell, a 
similar spot beneath it below the cell, an irregular broadish transverse 
streak at end of the cell, and a streak along each vein towards extreme 
outer margin, these vein streaks being transversely confluent and thus form 
a series of pale oval marginal spaces; cilia pale brown, with dark brown 
spots. Hindwing ashy-grey; cilia pale brown. Head and thorax pale 
brownish-white, thickly interspersed with brown scales; abdomen brownish, 
naked ; antenne and palpi pale brown ; forelegs blackish above, with pale 
tarsal bands; midlegs and hindlegs pale brown; middle tibia and tarsi 
with blackish bands; hind tarsi with blackish bands. Expanse, 5, to 
if; inch,—F. Moors. 


a, Full-fed, San Paulo, June, 1882. 


Larva. (b, Long tubes formed by larvee on dead bark. 


This caterpillar was taken on the posts of my ‘‘ rancho,” 
at the Cantareira Waterworks, San Paulo, in May, 1882. 
It lives in a small chamber excavated in the dead bark of a 
tree, and from the mouth of this chamber it forms a long 
tube of silk and minute particles of bark. The tube is very 
soft and flexible, and the free end is very loose and baggy, 
forming an excellent covering for the caterpillar when 


32 METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 


feeding. When the caterpillar is full-fed the tube is eleven 
centimetres in length, the diameter at the end attached to 
the bark is a little over a millimetre, and the free end 
between two and three millimetres. The caterpillar itself is 
only twelve millimetres in length when full-fed. It never 
leaves the tube, and is very timid, darting with wonderful 
rapidity into the chamber in the bark upon the least alarm. 
The head and first segment of the caterpillar are shiny black, 
the rest of the body being a dull semitransparent drab. 
The free end of the tube is generally lightly secured to the 
surface of the bark, so that when the caterpillar retreats into . 
the bark the end is not blown away from the surface. I 
tried some experiments to see whether the caterpillar could 
in any way reach the bark from the open end of the tube, in 
case it should be blown loose. I raised the tubes about half- 
way down by bits of paper, leaving the mouths from half an 
inch to an inch from the surface. After a short time thos® 
that were only raised half an inch had attached themselves to 
the bark. As the caterpillar emerged from the chamber in 
the bark, and moved along the tube, the latter curved slightly 
inwards, so that the caterpillar was able when he reached the 
end to catch the surface with his legs, and draw the tube 
down to the bark. The curvature of the tube was so distinct 
that it suggested the idea of its being done intentionally, by 
the caterpillar pulling together the threads of the side of the 
tube next the bark; but I am inclined to think it was in 
reality only the effect of the weight of the caterpillar as he 
advanced. In those cases in which the tubes were raised 
three-quarters of an inch and an inch, the caterpillars failed 
to reach the surface of the bark. It is probable that the end: 
of a tube very seldom does become loosened from the bark, 
and in case such an accident should happen, the caterpillar 
waits till the wind blows it against the bark, where the 
loosely woven fabric is very likely to catch. 


METAMORPHOSES OF BRAZILIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 33 


I am informed by Mr. A. Libert, late of Trinidad, that 
he has seen similar tubes in that island. 


a, ‘Tubes on large piece of bark, swollen out in 
centre into bulb containing pupa. 
Pupa.{b, Bulb cut open, showing pupa. 
Full-fed, 13th June, 1882. ) 
Imago, 2nd Sept., j81 days. 


When the caterpillar is full-fed, it draws up the tube in 
the middle, and swells it out into a bulb five millimetres in 
diameter, in which it changes to the pupa state. The tubes’ 
are by this operation reduced from eleven to six centimetres 
in length. 

On June 13th some of the caterpillars were full-fed, and 
preparations for pupation began. By June 27th nearly all 
the tubes had the bulbs formed, but pupation did not take 
place till later, for the caterpillars could still be traced darting 
into the bark if the tubes were disturbed. 


, Full-fed, 13th June, 1882. 


Ee (Imago, 2nd Sept., et seq. 


{31 days. 


The tiny moths appeared at the beginning of September. 
When they emerged they hid themselves in the cracks of the 
bark, and did not seem at all inclined to fly away. When 
touched they gave a kind of jump, and ‘‘shammed dead.” By 
holding my ‘‘ killing bottle ” below them, and touching them 
on the head, I was able to kill them without any damage. 


Explanation of Plate :— 

Fig. 1. Amphonyx Tapayusa, n. sp., larva, p. 19. 

2. Aneurocampa Mingens, larva, p. 21. 

», 3 Automeris ophthalmica, n. sp., larva, p. 25. 
4, Attacus Jacobee, larva, p. 28. 


Mill 


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Full text of "Metamorphoses of Lepidoptera from San Paulo, Brazil, in the Free Public Museum, Liverpool"

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