Hassall, Arthur Hill
The microscopic anatomy
of the human body in health
and disease
MA
H
BMED
'• . *
• : *<*%1
THE
MICROSCOPIC
THE HUMAN BODY,/,
HEALTH AND DISEASE.
ILLUSTRATED WITH UPWARDS OF 400 DRAWINGS IN
BY
AKTHUK HILL HASSALL M,D. L
AUTHOR OF
A " HISTORY OF THE BRITISH FRESHWATER ALG-ffi ;
LICENTIATE OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LON
FELLOW OF THE LINN^EAN SOCIETY;
MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLA
ONE OF THE COUNCIL OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ALSO OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE DUBLIN NATURAL HISTORY
PHYSICIAN TO THE UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE
COMPANY.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
LONDON:
TAYLOK, WALTON, AND MABERLY,
UPPER GOWER STREET; AND IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER BOW.
1852.
LONDON '.
SPOTTJSWOOOES and SHAW,
THOMAS WAKLEY, ESQ., M.P.,
CORONER, ETC. ETC.
DEAR SIR,
To you I dedicate the accompanying pages, devoted
to the elucidation of a department of minute anatomy
of daily increasing interest and importance.
I thus dedicate this work to you on two grounds ;
the one personal and private, the other public.
On my mentioning the design of this work to you
- and you were one of the first persons to whom it
was mentioned — you were kind enough to express
yourself in terms of approval and encouragement,
and to proffer any assistance in your power in the
furtherance of my undertaking. Of this conduct on
A2
IV DEDICATION.
your part I have ever entertained a pleasing and
grateful remembrance ; and it is this which consti-
tutes the private ground of my dedication.
But I dedicate this work to you on a higher and
more important ground. I have for many years seen
in you the able and strenuous advocate — amidst
much obloquy and misrepresentation — of the rights
of that profession of which we are both members : on
this high ground I conceive you to be entitled to the
gratitude of your professional brethren ; and with
this feeling on my mind of your conduct and services
in a good cause,
I beg to subscribe myself,
Yours, very faithfully,
THE AUTHOR.
PREFACE.
AFTER three years of more or less constant labour, the wel-
come and often-wished-for period of the completion of this
work has arrived, and the author is at liberty to address
himself to his readers, and to explain the motives and the
circumstances which have led to its production.
The idea of this work presented itself to the author's
mind several years since ; it was not, however, until about
the period above referred to, that its actual execution was
commenced.
At the time when its design was first conceived, the
powers of the microscope in developing organic structure
were but beginning to be known and appreciated, and the
importance of its application to physiology and pathology
was but dimly perceived.
At that period, also, but few complete works devoted to
microscopic anatomy had appeared in any language, native
or foreign ; more recently this deficiency, as respects France
and Germany, has been well supplied by the appearance of
several original works, as those of Donne, Mandl, Lebert,
M tiller, Henle, Vogcl, Gerber, and Wagner; England, how-
ever, has not as yet contributed her share of distinct and
independent works on general anatomy : not that our ob-
servers have been idle, or have neglected a field of inquiry
so interesting and important, resting satisfied with mere
translations : a whole host of intelligent and able microscopists
have applied themselves to the investigation of the ultimate
A3
VI PREFACE.
structure of the several tissues and organs, and this with a
pre-eminent degree of success. Amongst the more remark-
able of these investigators the following may be enumerated :
Gulliver, Martin Barry, Busk, Addison, Kiernan, Sharpey,
Goodsir, Tomes, Toynbee, Johnson, Simon, Todd and Bow-
man, Quekett, Erasmus Wilson, Hughes Bennett, Carpenter,
Rainey, Handfield Jones, and Gairdner.
The results of the labours of these observers have not as
yet, however, been embodied in a separate work ; but some of
them have been mixed up with works on descriptive anatomy
and physiology, as in Sharpey's edition of Quain's Anatomy,
in Carpenter's " Principles " and " Manual " of Physiology,
and in Todd and Bowman's " Physiological Anatomy." The
last is an admirable book, full of original research and im-
portant facts.
Now, one of the purposes, the accomplishment of which
has been attempted in the following pages, has been the col-
lecting together of the numerous communications on general
anatomy to be found scattered through the pages of our
different scientific periodicals, and their combination into a
whole.
The further objects which the author has had in view in
the production of this work have been simplicity of descrip-
tion, fidelity of representation, and the addition of such facts
and particulars as have occurred to himself in the course of
his own investigations ; and he may take this opportunity of
observing, that in but few instances has he written upon a
subject without previous investigation.
That a work similar in character to the present was needed
is proved by the foregoing details ; and that the objects above
referred to have been, to some extent at least, accomplished,
is shown by the favourable reception which has hitherto been
accorded to this undertaking.
The author considers it right, in justice to himself, that
certain disadvantages under which the work has been pro-
PREFACE. Vll
duced should be mentioned: these were, constant engagement
in general practice, much anxiety, and, though last not least,
ill health. These would have been sufficient to have deterred
many from the undertaking altogether. Although this has not
been the effect upon the author, yet it cannot be questioned
but that they have operated in some respects to the dis-
advantage of the work ; and he begs that it may be taken
neither as the measure of that of which the subject is capable,
nor of the author's powers of observation and description
exercised under more favourable circumstances of health,
leisure, and feeling.
The author makes these few remarks not in order to
deprecate any fair criticism, but simply that the truth in
reference to the production of this work may be known in
justice both to the writer and the reader.
Having said thus much in relation to the work itself, the
author has now the pleasing task of returning his acknow-
ledgments to those who have in any way assisted him in his
laborious though most agreeable task ; these are particularly
due to the following: Mr. Quekett, Dr. Handfield Jones, Pro-
fessor Sharpey, Mr. Tomes, Mr. Bowman, Mr. Busk, Pro-
fessor Owen, Mr. Canton, Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Letheby, Dr.
Robert Barnes, Mr. Ransom, Mr. Pollock, and Mr. Gray, of
St. George's Hospital, Mr. Hett, and Mr. Andrew Ross : they
are also due to Mr. Drewry Ottley ; Dr. Radcliffe Hall ;
Mr. Coppin, of Lincoln's Inn ; Messrs. Welch and Jones, of
Dalston ; Mr. Berry, of James Street, Covent Garden ; Mr.
Cowdry, of Great Torrington ; Dr. Jones, of Brighton ; Dr.
Chambers, of Colchester ; Mr. Milner, of Wakefield ; Mr.
Walker, of St. John's Street Road ; Mr. Ringrose, of Pot-
ter's Bar ; Dr. Halpin, of Cavan ; and Mr. H. Hailey, of
Birmingham.
To Dr. Letheby I hope shortly to have a second oppor-
tunity of rendering my thanks, in connection, viz., with the
work on crystals, entitled " Human Crystallography," an
A 4
Vlll PKEFACE.
announcement of which appeared some months since, and
towards the completion of which considerable materials have
already been collected.
To Mr. Hett my thanks are especially due for having, at
considerable trouble and inconvenience, furnished me with
very many of the injections required to illustrate Part XV.
of the " Microscopic Anatomy ; " these, together with nu-
merous other injected preparations of that gentleman which
I have seen, have been of first-rate quality ; and the mi-
croscopic anatomist has reason to hail the advent of such
a man to the cause of general anatomy with the highest
satisfaction.
To Mr. Andrew Ross, on this, as on a former occasion, I
have to express my obligations, Mr. R. having at all times
furnished me with any information I might require, as well
as provided me with any necessary apparatus.
Thus much for friends. If in the inditing of this work I
have made a single enemy I am sorry for it, and still more
so if I have given any real occasion for offence. If in differing
from other observers as to certain facts and conclusions I
have expressed myself in such a manner as to wound their
feelings, as in one or two instances I fear I may have done,
I much regret it : the differences amongst men whose com-
mon aim is the knowledge of truth as manifested in the
works of creation should never be deep or lasting ; for this
community of purpose should ever be a firm bond of union
between such men, seekers after truth, and should displace
from their minds the lesser and grosser feelings of rivalry
and ill-will.
Netting Hill,
July 27th, 1849.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
FLUIDS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
ARTICLE I.
The LYMPH and CHYLE. General description of Lymphatics and
Lacteals, 1 . Characters and Structure of Lymph, 4. Ditto of Chyle, 5.
Ditto of Fluid of Thoracic Duct, 7. Corpuscles of Thymus, 9.
ARTICLE II.
The BLOOD. Definition, 13. Coagulation of the Blood, without the
Body, 14. Formation of the Clot, 15. Formation of the Buffy Coat
of the Blood, 18. Cupping of the Clot, 20. Coagulation of the
Blood in the Vessels after Death, 21. Signs of Death, 21. Globules
of the Blood, 24. The Red Globules, 25. The White Globules, 39.
Molecules of the Blood, 64. Blood Globules of Reptiles, Fishes, and
Birds, 66. Capillary Circulation, 69. Circulation in the Embryo of
the Chick, 74. Venous and Arterial Blood, 80. Modifications of the
Blood Corpuscles the results of different external Agencies, 85.
Modifications, the results of Decomposition occurring in Blood aban-
doned to itself without the Body, 86. Modifications, the results of
Decomposition occurring in Blood within the Body after Death, 87.
Causes of Inflammation, 87. Pathology of the Blood, 89. Importance
of a Microscopic Examination of the Blood in Criminal Cases, 116.
ARTICLE III.
Mucus, 122. General characters, 122. Mucous Corpuscles, 126.
Nature of Mucous Corpuscles, 129. The Mucus of different Organs,
132.
X CONTENTS.
ARTICLE IV.
Pus, 137. General characters, 137. Identity of the Pus and Mucous
Corpuscle, 138. Distinctive characters of Mucus and Pus, 141. Dis-
tinctions between certain forms of Mucus and Pus, 146. Detection
of Pus in the Blood, 147. False Pus, 149. Metastatic Abscesses, 149
Venereal Vibrios, 150.
ARTICLE V,
MILK, 153. Serum of the Milk, 154. The Globules, 155. Colos-
trum, 160. Pathological Alterations of the Milk, 163. The Milk of
Unmarried Women, 167. The Milk of Women previous to Confine-
ment, 167. The Milk of Women who have been delivered, but who
have not nursed their Offspring, 169. Milk in the Breasts of
Children, 169. Different kinds of Milk, 169. Good Milk, 171,
Poor Milk, 174. Rich Milk, 175. Adulterations of Milk, 176.
Formation of Butter, 177. Modifications of Milk abandoned to itself,
and in which Putrefaction has commenced, 178. The Occurrence of
Medicines, &c. in the Milk, 180.
ARTICLE VI.
The SEMEN, 181. Spermatozoa, Form, Size and Structure of, 182.
Motions of the Spermatozoa, 189. Spermatophori, 193. Develop-
ment of the Spermatozoa, 195. The Spermatozoa essential to Ferti-
lity, 198. Pathology of the Seminal Fluid, 201. Application of a
Microscopic Examination of the Semen to Legal Medicine, 204.
ARTICLE VII.
SALIVA. — BILE. — SWEAT. — URINE, 207. The Saliva, 208. The
Bile, 210. The Sweat, 211. The Urine, 213. Pathology of the
Urine, 215.
PART II.
SOLIDS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
ARTICLE VIII.
FAT, 222. Form, Size and Structure of the Fat Corpuscle, 222. Dis-
tribution of Fat, 229. Disappearance of, 231.
ARTICLE IX.
EPITHELIUM, Distribution of, 233. Tessellated Epithelium, Structure
of, 235. Conoidal Epithelium, naked and ciliated Structure of, 237.
Development and Multiplication of Epithelium, 242. Nutrition of
Epithelium, 243. Destruction and Renewal of Epithelium, 243.
CONTENTS. XI
ARTICLE X.
EPIDERMIS, Distribution, Form, Structure, and Development of, 247.
Epidermis of the White and Coloured Races, 250. Destruction and
Renewal of Epidermis, 250.
ARTICLE XL
The NAILS, Structure of, 253. Development of, 255.
ARTICLE XII.
PIGMENT CELLS, Structure and Varieties of, 257.
ARTICLE XIII.
HAIR, Form of, 263. Size of, 264. Structure of, 264. Growth of,
271. Regeneration of, 272, Nutrition of, 273. Distribution of, 274.
Colour of, 276. Properties of, 277. The Hair of different Ani-
mals, 278.
ARTICLE XIV.
CARTILAGES, 281. True Cartilages, 281. Fibro-Cartilages, 285. Nu-
trition of Cartilage, 287. Growth and Development of Cartilage, 289.
ARTICLE XV.
BONE, Structure of, 294. Growth and Development of, 303. Acci-
dental Ossification, 313.
ARTICLE XVI.
TEETH, Structure of, 314. Development of, 319. Caries of, 325.
Tartar on, 326.
ARTICLE XVII.
CELLULAR or FIBROUS TISSUE, 327. Inelastic or White Fibrous
Tissue, 328. Elastic or Yellow Fibrous Tissue, 329. Development
of Fibrous Tissue, 334.
ARTICLE XVIII.
MUSCLE, 336. Structure of Muscle, 337. Structure of the Unstriped
Muscular Fibrilla, 337. Structure of the Striped Muscular Fibre, 339.
Union of Muscle with Tendon, 346. Muscular Contraction, 346.
Development of Muscle, 351.
ARTICLE XIX.
NERVES, 356. Structure of, 356. Cerelro- Spinal System. Secreting
or Cellular Structure of, 356. Tubular Structure of, 359. Sympa-
thetic System, 361. Gelatinous Nerve, Fibres of : 362. Structure of
Xll CONTENTS.
Ganglia, 365. Origin and Termination of Nerves, 366. Pacinian
Bodies, 368. Development and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue, 371.
Researches of M. Robin, 374.
ARTICLE XX.
ORGANS of RESPIRATION, 378. Aeriferous Apparatus. Bronchial
Tubes, and Air Cells, 379. Vascular Apparatus, 381. Pathology, 383.
ARTICLE XXI.
GLANDS, 388. Classification of Glands, 391. A.. Follicles, 393. Stomach
Tubes, 395. Fallopian and Uterine Tubes, 396. Solitary Glands, 397.
Aggregated Glands, 398. B. Sebaceous Glands, 398. ; comprising the
Meibomian Glands, 400. Glands of Hair Follicles, 401., the Carun-
cula Lachry malis, 402. Glands of Nipple, 402., and Glands of Prepuce,
403. Mucous Glands, 403. ; including the Labial, Buccal, Lingual,
Tonsilitic, Tracheal, and Bronchial Glands ; also the Glands of the
Uvula, Brunners and Cowper's Glands, 403. Brunners Glands, 406.
Cowper's Glands, 407. c. Salivary Glands, 407. Lachrymal Glands,
408. Mammary Glands, 408. Liver, Structure of, 409. Pathology of,
419. Prostate Gland, 422. D. Sudoriferous Glands, 424. Axillary
Glands, 426. New Tubular Gland in Oxilla, Plate LVIL, fig. 4 b.
Ceruminous Glands, 427. Kidneys, 427. Secreting Apparatus of, in-
cluding Tubes, Malpighian Bodies, and Epithelial Cells, 428. Vas-
cular Apparatus of, 431. Development of the Kidney, 436. Pa-
thology of, 442. Testis, 475. E. Thymus Gland, 477. Thyroid Gland,
479. Supra-renal Capsules, 481 . Spleen, 483. r. Absorbent Glands,
486. Villi of the Intestines, 487.
ARTICLE XXII.
ORGANS of the SENSES, 491. TOUCH: Papillary Structure of the Skin,
491. TASTE: Papillary Structure of the Mucous Membrane of the
Tongue, 494. SMELL : Structure of the Mucous Membrane of the
Nose, 500. VISION : Structure of the Globe of the Eye, 505. Schlerotic,
505. Cornea, 506. Choroid, 511. Retina ; 516. Vitreous Body: 519.
Crystalline Lens, 520. HEARING : Organ of, 522. External Ear,
522. Middle Ear, 523. Internal Ear, 525.
APPENDIX.
Pituitary Gland, 534. Pineal Gland, 535. Pia Mater, 537. Pacchionian
Glands, 538. Development of the Fat Vesicle, 538. On the Structure
and Formation of the Nails, 541. On the Ganglionic Character of the
Arachnoid Membrane, 544. Structure of the Striped Muscular Fibrilla,
548. Structure of the Bidb of the Hair, 549. Synovial Fringes, 549.
Structure of the Sudoriparous Glands, 549.
INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
THE WHOLE OF THE FOLLOWING ILLUSTRATIONS ARE ORIGINAL
WITH BUT NINE EXCEPTIONS.
BLOOD.
CORPUSCLES of man, the red with the centres clear,
670 diam. -
The same, the red with the centres dark, 670 diam.
The same, seen in water, 670 diam.
The same, the red united into rolls, 670 diam. -
Tuberculated condition of the red corpuscles, 670 diam.
White corpuscles of man, in water, 670 diam. -
Corpuscles of frog, 670 diam. -
The same, with the nucleus of the red visible, 670 diam.
The same, in water, 670 diam. -
The same, after prolonged action of water, 670 diam.
Nuclei of red corpuscles of frog, 670 diam.
Elongation of red corpuscles of ditto, 670 diam.
Corpuscles of the dromedary, 670 diam.
The same of the siren, 670 diam.
The same of the alpaco, 670 diam.
The same of the elephant, 670 diam.
The same of the goat, 670 diam.
Peculiar concentric corpuscles in blood, 670 diam.
Coagulated fibrin, 670 diam.
The same with granular corpuscles, 670 diam. -
Corpuscles of earth-worm, 670 diam.
Circulation in tongue of frog, 350 diam.
The same in web of the foot of ditto, 350 diam.
Corpuscles in vessels of the same, 670 diam.
White corpuscles in vessels of the same, 900 diam.
Glands of tongue of frog, 130 diam.
Under surface of tongue of same, 500 diam.
-
Plate . Fig.
1
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— . —
2
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— . —
3
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— . —
4
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5
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6
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— ii. —
1
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— ii. —
2
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— ii. —
3
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— n. —
4
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— n. —
5
.
— ii. —
6
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— in. —
1
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— m. —
2
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— HI. —
3
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IV.
1
.
IV.
2
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IV. —
3
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IV.
4
-
IV.
5
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IV. —
6
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— v. —
1
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— v. —
2
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VI-
1
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— VI —
2
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— VII. —
]
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— VII —
2
XIV INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
Red corpuscles of embryo of fowl, 670 diam. - - Plate ix. Fig. 1
The same, in water, 670 diam. - - — ix. — 2
Red corpuscles of adult fowl, 670 diam. - — ix. — 3
The same of young frog, 670 diam. - - — ix. — 4
The same of the adult frog, 670 diam. - - - — ix. — 5
The same united into chains, 670 diam. - - — ix. — 6
DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO OF CHICK.
The cicatricula prior to incubation - - - — x. — 1
The same at the end of first day of incubation - — x. — 2
The same at the thirty-sixth hour - - — x. — 3
The same at the close of the second day - - — x. — 4
The same at the end of the third day - - - — x. — 5
The embryo on the conclusion of the fourth day - — x. — 6
The same at the termination of the fifth day - - — x. — 7
The embryo of six days old - - - - — x — 8
The embryo of the ninth day of development - - — x. — 9
The same at the end of the seventh day, detached • — x. — 10
Ditto at the end of the ninth day, also detached • — x. — 11
MUCUS.
Corpuscles of, in their ordinary condition, 670 diam. - — xi. — 1
The same collapsed, 670 diam. - - — xi. — 2
The same', showing the action of water, 670 diam. - — xi. — 3
The same acted on by dilute acetic acid, 670 diam. - — xi. — 4
The same after the action of undilute acetic acid, 670
diam. - - - - - - — xi. — 5
The same in process of development, 670 diam. - — xi. — 6
Vaginal mucus, 670 diam. - — xn. — 1
JEsophageal mucus, 670 diam. - - — xn. — 2
Bronchitic ditto, 670 diam. - - - - — xn. — 3
Vegetation in mucus, 670 diam. - - - — xn. — 4
Mucus of stomach, 670 diam. - - - - — xn. — 5
Vaginal tricho-monas - - - - — xn. — 6
PUS.
Corpuscles of laudable pus, 670 diam. - - — xm. — 1
The same acted on by acetic acid, 670 diam. - - — xm. — 2
The same treated with water, 670 diam. - — xm. — 3
Epithelial scales from pustule, 670 diam. - — xm. — 4
Corpuscles from scrofulous abscess, 670 diam. - - — xm. — 5
Vibrios in venereal pus, 670 diam. - - — xm. — 6
INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. XV
MILK.
Globes of healthy milk of woman, 670 diam. - Plate xiv. Fig. 1
The same of impoverished human milk, 670 diam. - — xiv. — 2
Colostrum, 670 diam. - - - — xiv. — 3
Ditto, with several corpuscles, 670 diam. - — xiv. — 4
Globules of large size, 670 diam. - - — xiv. — 5
Ditto, aggregated into masses, 670 diam. - - — xiv. — 6
Pus in the milk of woman, 670 diam. - - — xv. — 1
Blood corpuscles in human milk, 670 diam. - - — xv. — 2
Globules after treatment by ether, 670 diam. - — xv. — 3
The same after the application of acetic acid, 670 diam. — xv. — 4
Caseine globules, 670 diam. - - - - — xv. — 5
Milk of cow adulterated with flour, 670 diam. - — xv. — 6
SEMEN.
Spermatozoa and spermatophori of man, 900 diam. - — xvi. — 1
Spermatozoa of Certhia familiaris - - - — xvi. — 2
FAT.
The fat vesicles of a child, 130 diam. - — xvm. — 1
Ditto of an adult, 130 diam. - - — xvm. — 2
Ditto of the pig, with apparent nucleus, 130 diam. - — xix. — 1
Ditto of the same, ruptured, 130 diam. - - — xix. — 2
Ditto of marrow of the femur of a child, 130 diam. - — xix. — 3
Ditto, with the membranes of the vesicles ruptured,
130 diam. - - — xix. — 4
Crystals on human fat vesicles, 130 - - - — xix. — 5
Fat vesicles in melicerous tumour, 130 diam. - — xix. — 6
Ditto contained in parent cells, 1 20 diam. - - — LXIX. — 10
Ditto after the absorption of the parent cell-membrane,
120 diam. - - — LXIX. — 11
EPITHELIUM.
Buccal epithelial cells, 670 diam. - - — xx. — 1
Cuneiform ditto from duodenum, 670 diam. - - — xx. — 2
Ciliary epithelium from trachea of frog, 670 diam. - — xxi. — 1
Human ciliary epithelium from lung, 670 diam. - — xxi. — 2
Ditto from trachea, 670 diam. - - - — xxi. — 3
Tesselated epithelium from tongue of frog, 670 diam. — xxi. — 4
Ditto from tongue of triton, 670 diam. - — xxi. — 5
Ditto from serous coat of liver, 670 diam. - - — xxn. — 1
Ditto from choroid plexus, 670 diam. - — xxn. — 2
Ditto from vena cava inferior, 670 diam. - - — xxn. — 3
XVI INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
Ditto from arch of the aorta, 670 diam. - Plate xxu. Fig. 4
Ditto from surface of the uterus, 670 diam. - - — xxu. — 5
Ditto from the internal surface of the pericardium,
670 diam. - - - _ Xxn. — 6
Ditto of lateral ventricles of brain, 670 diam. - — xxvi. — 6 E
Ditto of mouth of menobranchus lateralis, 670 diam. — xxvi. — 6D
EPIDERMIS.
Upper surface of epidermis, 130 diam. - — xxm. 1
Under surface of ditto, 130 diam. - — xxm. — 2
Epidermis of palm, viewed with a lens only - - — xxiv. — 1
Ditto, magnified 100 diam. - - — xxiv. — 2
Vertical section of ditto, 100 diain. - - — xxiv. — 3
Ditto of one of the ridges, 100 diam. - — xxiv. — 4
Epidermis from back of hand, viewed with a lens - — xxiv. — 5
A portion of same more highly magnified, 100 diam. — xxiv. — 6
Epidermis from back of hand, 100 diam. - - — xxvi. — 1
Ditto, viewed on its under surface, 100 diam. - — xxvi. — 2
Portion of ditto, with insertion of hairs, 100 diam. - — xxvi. — 3
Ditto from back of neck, 670 diam. - - - — xxvi. — 5
Detached cells of epidermis, 670 diam. - — xxvi. — 6 A.
Cells of vernix caseosa, 130 diam. - - — xxvi. — 6s.
Cells of ditto, 670 diam. - -xxvi. — 6c.
NAILS.
Longitudinal section of nail, 130 diam. - - — xxv. — 1
Ditto, showing unusual direction of striae, 130 diam. - — xxv. — 2
Ditto, with different distribution of striae, 130 diam. - — xxv. — 3
Transverse section of nail, 130 diam. - — xxv. — 4
Cells of which the layers are formed, 130 diam. and
670 diam. - - - - - - — xxv. — 5
Union of nail with true skin, 100 diam. - - — xxvi. — 4
PIGMENT CELLS.
Cells of pigmentum nigrum (human), 760 diam. - — xxvn. — 1
Ditto of the same of the eye of a pig, 350 diam. - — xxvn. — 2
Stellate cells of lamina fusca, 100 diam. - - — xxvn. — 3
Ditto more highly magnified, 350 diam. - - — xxvn. — 4 A
Cells of skin of negro, 670 diam. - — xxvn. — 4u
Ditto from lung, 670 diam. - - - - — xxvn. — 4 c
Cells in epidermis of negro, 350 diam. - - — xxvn. — 5
Ditto in areola of nipple, 350 diam. - - - — xxvn. — 6
Ditto of bulb of hair, 670 diam. - - - — xxvm. — 5
INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
XVll
HAIR.
Bulb of hair, 130 diam. -
Root of a grey hair, 130 diam. -
Cells of outer sheath, 670 diam. - -
Portion of inner sheath, 350 diam. - -
Stem of grey hair of scalp, 350 diam. -
Transverse section of hair of beard, 130 diam.
Another section of the same, 130 diam. -
Fibres of the stem of the hair, 670 diam. -
Apex of hair of perineum, 350 diam.
Ditto of scalp, terminating in fibres, 350 diam.
Ditto of same with needle-like extremity, 350 diam. —
Root of hair of scalp, 130 diam. - -
Another form of same, 130 diam. - -
Hair with two medullary canals, 130 diam.
Insertion of hairs in follicles, 100 diam. -
Disposition of hairs on back of hand
CARTILAGE.
Transverse section of cartilage of rib, 350 diam.
Parent cells seen in section of ditto, 350 diam.
Vertical section of articular cartilage, 130 diam.
Ditto of intervertebral cartilage, 80 diam. -
Cartilage of concha of ear, 350 diam.
Cells of intervertebral cartilage, 350 diam.
Section of cartilage and bone of rib, 130 diam.
Ditto of one of the rings of the trachea, 350 diam.
Ditto of thyroid cartilage with fibres, 130 diam.
Cartilage of ossification, 100 diam. -
Section of primary cancelli, 350 diam.
Ditto of same, more advanced, 350 diam. -
Cartilage of ossification, 350 diam. -
Section of cartilaginous epiphysis, 30 diam.-
Ditto of same, with bone, 30 diam.
Ditto of same, more highly magnified, 330 diam.
Section of cartilage and bone of rib, 130 diam.
BONE.
Transverse section of ulna, 60 diam.
Cross section of Haversian canals, 220 diam.
Ditto of same more highly magnified, 670 diam.
Longitudinal section of long bone, 40 diam.
Parietal bone of foetus, 30 diam. -
Portion of same more highly magnified, 60 diam. -
a
-
Plate xxvin.
Fig. 1
-
XXVIII.
— 2
.
XXVIII.
— 3
_
XXVIII.
• 4
_
XXIX.
— 1
-
XXIX.
— 2
-
XXIX.
— 3
-
XXIX.
A
.
XXIX.
— 5
.
XXIX.
— 6
n.
XXIX.
— 7
-
XXIX.
— 8
_
XXIX.
-— 9
_
XXTX.
— 10
-
XXVI.
— 3
~
XXIV.
— 5
XXX.
1
-
XXX.
— 2
-
— XXX.
— 3
-
XXX.
A
-
XXXI.
— 1
-
XXXI.
— 2
-
XXXI.
— 3
-
XXX J.
— 4
-
XXXI.
— 5
-
XXXIV.
— 1
-
XXXIV.
— 2
-
XXXIV.
— 3
-
XXXIV.
4
-
XXXV.
— 1
-
XXXV.
— 2
.
XXXV.
— 3
~
XXXV.
— 6
XXXII.
— 1
-
— xxxn.
— 2
-
XXXII.
— 3
.
— XXXII.
4
.
— XXXIII.
— 1
-
— XXXIII.
— 2
XV111
INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
Plate xxxiu.
Fig. 3
- — xxxni. — 4
- — xxxiu. — 5
6
Spiculse of bone of foetal humerus, 350 diam.
Lamina of a long bone, 500 diam.
Cancelli of long bone of foetus, 350 diam. - - — xxxiu.
Section of femur of pigeon fed on madder* 220 diam. — xxxiu.
Section of epiphysis and shaft of foetal femur, 100 diam. — xxxiv — 1
Transverse section of primary cancelli, 350 diam. — xxxiv. — 2
Section of cancelli more advanced, 350 diam. - — xxxiv. — 3
Ditto of epiphysis and shaft of foetal femur, 350 diam. — xxxiv. — 4
Ditto of cartilaginous epiphysis of humerus, 30 diam. — xxxv. — 1
Ditto of same with bone, 30 diam. - - - — xxxv. — 2
The same more highly magnified, 330 diam. - — xxxv. — 3
Blood-vessels and medullary cells - - - — xxxv — 4
Section of shaft of foetal long bone, 20 diam. - — xxxv. — 5
Ditto of bone and cartilage of rib, 130 diam. - — xxxv. — 6
TEETH.
Vertical section of insisor tooth, seen with lens
Tubes of dentine near their termination, 670 diam.
A not unfrequent condition of same, 670 diam.
Tubes of dentine near their commencement, 670 diam.
Oblique section of tubes of dentine, 670 diam.
Transverse section of ditto, 670 diam.
Transition of tubes into bone cells, 670 diam.
Dilatation of ditto into bone cells, 670 diam.
Section of cementum, 670 diam. -
Ditto of same traversed by tubes, 670 diam.
Ditto of same showing angular cells, 670 diam.
Fungus on section of dentine, 670 diam.
Oil-like globules on section of same, 350 diam.
Section of secondary dentine, 350 diam.
Ditto of bicuspid tooth, seen with lens only
Vertical section of enamel, 220 diam.
Enamel cells, seen lengthways, 670 diam. -
Cross section of cells of enamel, 670 diam. -
FIBROUS TISSUE.
Longitudinal section of tendon, 670 diam. - - — xxxix. — 1
Transverse section of same, 670 diam. - - — xxxix. — 2
White fibrous tissue, 670 diam. - - — xxxix. — 6
Mixed ditto, 670 diam. - - - — xxxix. — 7
Yellow fibrous tissue, 670 diam. - - - — XL. — 1
Different form of ditto, 670 diam. XL. — 2
Development of blood-vessels, 350 diam. - XL. — 3
Areolar form of mixed fibrous tissue, 330 diam. - — XL. — 4
Blood-vessels of pia mater, 350 diam. XL. — 5
XXXVI.
— 1
XXXVI.
— - 2
XXXVI.
— 3
XXXVI.
— 4
ZXXVI.
— 5
XXXVI.
— 6
XXXVI.
— 7
XXXVI.
— 8
XXXVII.
— 1
XXXVII.
— 2
XXXVII.
— 3
XXXVII.
— 4
XXXVII.
— 5
XXXVII.
— 6
XXXVII.
— 7
XXXIX.
— 3
XXXIX.
— 4
XXXIX.
— 5
INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
XIX
Development of white fibrous tissue, 670 diam.
Portion of dartos, 670 diam.
Section of corpora cavernosa, slightly magnified
- Plate XLIII. Fig. 2
- XLIII. 3
- XLIII. 4
MUSCLE.
Portion of striped muscle, 60 diam. -
Fragment of unstriped ditto, 670 diam.
Muscular fibrillse of the heart, 670 diam.
Fragment of striped muscle of frog, 350 diam.
Fibres and fibrillse of voluntary muscle, 350 diam. -
Fibres acted on by acetic acid, 350 diam.
Ditto in different degrees of contraction, 350 diam. -
Union of muscle with tendon, 130 diam.
Transverse section of muscular fibres, 350 diam.
Fibres of voluntary muscle of foetus, 670 diam.
Zigzag disposition of fibres, 350 diam.
Striped muscular fibre and fibrillae, 670 diam.
NERVES.
Tubes of motor nerve, 670 diam. ...
The same after the action of spirit, 670 diam.
The same after the action of acetic acid, 670 diam. -
Portion of Casserian ganglion, 350 diam.
Nerve tubes of cerebellum, 670 diam.
Ditto of cerebrum, with clear cells, 670 diam.
Varicose condition of ditto, 670 diam.
Filaments of great sympathetic, 670 diam. -
Cells of grey matter of cerebellum, 670 diam.
Ditto of same, inner stratum, 670 diam.
Caudate ganglionary cells, 350 diam.
(Spinal cord, Medulla oblongata, Cerebellum.)
Ditto from locus niger of crus cerebelli, 350 diam. -
Ditto from hippocampus major, 350 diam. -
Ditto from locus niger of crus cerebri, 350 diam.
Pacinian bodies, natural size
Ditto, magnified 60 diam. ....
A single Pacinian body, 100 diam. -
An anomalous Pacinian body ...
Two other anomalous Pacinian bodies
Cells from corpus dentatura of cerebellum, 350 diam.
XLI.
1
XLI.
2
XLI.
— 3
XLI.
— 4
XLII.
— 1
XLII.
— 2
XLII.
— 3
XLII.
— 4
XLII.
— 5
XLIII.
_ 1
XLIII.
— 5
XLIII.
— 6
XLIV.
— 1
XLIV.
— 2
XLIV.
— 3
XLIV.
___ A
XLIV.
— 5
XLIV.
— 6
XLIV.
— 7
XLV.
1
XLV.
2
XLV.
3
XLV.
— 4
XLV.
— 5
XLV.
— 6
XLV.
— 7
XLVI.
1
XLVI.
— 2
XLVI.
— 3
XLVI.
4
XLVI.
— 5
XLVI.
— 6
a 2
XX
INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
LUNG.
Pleural surface of lung, 30 diam. -
Ditto, with vessels of first order, 30 diam. -
Ditto, magnified 100 diam.
Section of lung injected with tallow, 100 diam.
Casts of air-cells, 350 diam.
Section of lung injected with size, 100 diam.
Pleural surface of lung, with vessels of second
order, 100 diam. -
Section of lung, with air-cells uninjected, 100 diam.
Capillaries of lung, 100 diam.
GLANDS.
Follicles of stomach, with epithelium, 100 diam.
Ditto of large intestine, in similar condition, 100 diam
Ditto of same, without epithelium, 60 diam.
Termination of follicles of large intestine, 60 diam. -
Follicles of Lieburkuhn in duodenum, 60 diam.
Vessels of ditto of appendix vermiformis, 100 diam.
Ditto of same of stomach of cat, 100 diam.
Stomach tubes, cross section of, 100 diam -
Longitudinal view of stomach tubes, 220 diam.
Ditto of the same, 100 diam.
Villi of small intestine, with epithelium, 100 diam.
Ditto, without epithelium, showing lacteals, 100 diam.
Vessels of villi in duodenum, 60 diam.
Ditto of same in jejunum, 60 diam.
Ditto of same of foal, 60 diam.
Solitary glands of small intestine, natural size
Ditto of large intestine, slightly magnified
Aggregated or Peyers glands, 20 diam.
Side view of same, 20 diam. -
Sebaceous glands in connection with hair, 33 diam. -
Ditto from caruncula lachrymalis -
An entire Meibomian gland, 27 diam.
Illustrations of Mucous glands, 45 diam.
Parotid gland of embryo of sheep, 8 diam. -
Ditto of human subject, further developed, 40 diam.
Mammary gland, portion of, slightly magnified
Ditto of same, with milk globules, 90 diam.
Ditto of same, more highly magnified, 198 diam.
Liver, section of, showing the lobules, 35 diam.
Surface of ditto, showing the intra-lobular veins, 15
diam. --__-_
Section of liver showing the hepatic venous plexus,
20 diam. - - - - -
. Fig. 1
XLVII.
— 2
XLVII.
— 3
XLVIII.
— 1
XLVIII.
2
XLVIII.
— 3
XLIX.
j
XLIX.
— 2
XLIX.
— 3
L.
— 1
L.
2
L.
— 6
L.
— 7
LII.
O
LI.
— i
LI.
— 2
L.
— 3
L.
4
L.
— 5
LII.
— 1
LII.
— 2
LI.
— 3
LI.
— 4
LI.
— 5
LXII.
— 6
LI.
— 6
LII.
— 3
LII.
— 4
Mil.
— 3
Mil.
1
Mil.
— 2
Mil.
— 4
LIV.
— 1
LIV.
— 2
LIV.
— 5
LIV.
— 3
LIV.
— 6
LIV.
— 4
- LV. —
INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
XXI
- — LV. — 5
Vessels of portal system, 20 diain. - - Plate LV. Fig. 3
Section of liver, showing interlobular vessels, 24 diam. — LV. — 4
Surface of liver, showing portal capillary system, 20
diam. -
Ditto, showing both hepatic and portal venous systems,
20 diam. ------
Ditto, with both systems completely injected, 20 diam.
Ditto, with portal vein and hepatic artery, 18 diam. -
A terminal biliary duct, 378 diam. -
Secreting cells of liver in healthy state, 378 diam.
Ditto, gorged with bile, 378 diam. -
Ditto, containing oil globules, 378 diam.
Prostate gland, calculi of, 45 diam. -
New tubular gland in axilla, 54 diam.
Tubulus of ditto, 198 diam. -
Ceruminous glands, portions of, 45 diam.
Sudoriferous gland, tubulus of, 198 diam.
Kidney, tubes of, with epithelium, 99 diam. -
Cross section of elastic framework, 99 diam. -
Ditto of framework and tubes, 99 diam.
Section of vessels in tubular part of kidney, 33 diam.
The same vessels seen lengthways, 33 diam. -
Tubes with epithelium, 378 diam.
Corpora Malpighiana of kidney, injected, 40 diam. -
Uriniferous tubes of a bird, 40 diam.
Corpora Malpighiana of the horse, 40 diam. -
Intertubular vessels of surface of kidney, 90 diam. -
Transverse section of injected kidney, 67 diam.
Uninjected corpora Malpighiana -
With capsule, 100 diam.
Without ditto, 100 diam.
Malpighian body, more highly magnified, 125 diam.
Afferent and efferent vessels of Malpighian tuft, 45 diam
Epithelial cells of the tubes, 378 diam.
Testis, tubes of, 27 diam. - -
Tubes of ditto, more highly magnified, 99 diam.
Vessels of thyroid gland, injected, 18 diam. -
Vesicles of ditto, viewed with a lens only
Ditto of same, magnified 40 diam.
Ditto of same, showing the structure of their walls,
67 diam. - - - - -
Lobes and vesicles of same in their ordinary condition,
27 diam. - .... — LXI. — 5
Nuclei of vesicles of thyroid, 378 diam. - — LXI. — 6
Follicles of thymus, with vessels, 33 diam. - - LXI. — 7
Capsule of ditto, 54 diam. - - — LXI. — 8
LVI.
— 3
LVI.
— 4
LVI.
— 2
LVII.
— 1
LVII.
— 2A
LVII.
— 2s
LVII.
— 2c
LVII.
— 3
LVII.
— 4A
LVII.
— 4s
LVII.
— 5
LVII.
— 4c
LVIII.
i
LVIII.
— 2
LVIII.
— 3
LVIII.
A
LVIII.
— 5
LVIII.
— 6
LXIX.
— 1
LIX.
— 2
LIX.
— 3
LIX.
— 4
LIX.
— 5
LX.
— 2
.
A
.
B
LX.
— 3 A
LX.
— SB
LX.
— 3c
LX.
— I
LX.
— 4
LXI.
1
LXI.
— 2
LXI.
— 3
- LXI. 4
XX11
INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
Nuclei and simple cells of same, 378 diam. - - Plate LXI.
Fig. 9
Compound or parent cells of ditto, 378 diam. - — LXI.
— 10
Spleen, nuclei and vessels of, 378 diam. - — LXII.
— 1
Supra-renal capsule, plexus on surface of, 54 diam. - — LXII.
— 2
Tubes of ditto, 90 diam. - - - - — LXII.
— 3a
Nuclei, parent cells, and molecules of ditto, 378 diam. - - LXII.
— 3b
Vessels of supra-renal capsule, 90 diam. - - — LXII.
— 5
Pineal gland, compound bodies of, 130 diam. - — LXIX.
— 7
Pituitary gland, cells and fibrous tissue of, 350 diam. — LXIX.
— 8
ANATOMY OF THE SENSE OF TOUCH.
Epidermis of palm of hand, 40 diam. - - — LXIII.
— 1
Ditto of back of hand, 40 diam. - - — LXIII.
2
Papillae of palm of hand, 54 diam. - — LXIII.
— 3
Ditto of back of hand, 54 diam. - - - — LXIII.
— 4
Epidermis of palm, under surface of, 54 diam. - — LXIII.
— 5
Ditto of back of hand, under surface of, 54 diam. - — LXIII.
— 6
Vessels of papillae of palm of hand, 54 diam. - — LXIII.
— 7
Ditto of same of back of hand, 54 diam - - — LXIII.
— 8
ANATOMY OF THE SENSE OF TASTE.
Filiform papillae, with long epithelial appendages,
41 diam. - - — LXIV.
— 1
Ditto, with shorter epithelial processes, 27 diam. - - LXIV.
— 2
Ditto, without epithelium, near apex of tongue, 27 diam. — LXIV.
— 3
Ditto, without epithelium, near centre of same, 31 diam. — LXIV.
— 4
Filiform and fungiform papillae, without epithelium,
27 diam. - - LXIV.
— 5
Peculiar form of compound papillae, 27 diam. - LXIV.
— 6
Filiform papillae in different states, 27 diam. - — LXIV.
— 7
Ditto, with epithelium partially removed, 27 diam. - — LXIV.
— 8
Follicles of tongue, with epithelium, 27 diam. - — LXV.
— 1
Ditto, without epithelium, 27 diam. - - — LXV.
2
Ditto, viewed as an opaque object, 27 diam. - - — LXV.
— 3
Filiform papillae from point of tongue, 27 diam. - — LXV.
— 4
Follicles and papillae from side of ditto, 20 diam. - - LXV.
— 5
Simple papillae, with epithelium, 45 diam. - - — LXV.
— 6
Filiform papillae, with ditto, 18 diam. - — LXV.
— 7
The same, viewed with a lens only - - - — LXV.
— 8
Side view of certain compound papillae, 20 diam. - — LXV.
— 9
Simple papilla from under surface of tongue, 54 diam. — LXV.
— 10
Compound and simple ditto from side of tongue, 23
diam. - - — LXV.
— 11
INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
XX111
A caliciform papilla, uninjected, 16 diam. - - Plate LXVI. Fig. 1
Ditto, with the vessels injected, 16 diam. - - — LXVI. 2
Filiform papillae near centre of tongue, injected, 27
diam. - - — LXvi. — 3
Ditto near tip of tongue, injected, 27 diam. - - — LXVI. 4
Simple papillae, injected, 27 diam. - - — LXVI. — 5
Fungiform ditto, injected, 27 diam. - - — LXVI. 6
ANATOMY OF THE GLOBE OF THE EYE.
Vertical section of cornea, 54 diam. -
A portion of retina, injected, 90 diam.
Section of schlerotic and cornea, 54 diam. -
Vessels of choroid, ciliary processes, and iris, 14 diam.
Nuclei of granular layer of retina, 378 diam.
Cells of the same, 378 diam. -
Ditto of vesicular layer of retina, 378 diam.
Caudate cells of retina, 378 -
Cells of the membrana Jacobi, 378 diam.
Fibres of the crystalline lens; a, 198 diam.; #, 378 diam.
A condition of the posterior elastic lamina, 78 diam.
Peculiar markings on same, 78 diam.
Crystalline lens of sheep, slightly magnified
Fibres of lens near its centre, 198 diam.
Stellate pigment in eye of sheep, slightly magnified -
Venae vorticosse of eye of sheep, injected
Conjunctival epithelium, oblique view of, 378 diam.
Ditto, front view of, 378 diam. -
Ciliary muscle, fibres of, 198 diam. -
Gelatinous nerve fibres of retina, 378 diam.
Cellated structure of vitreous body, 70 diam.
Fibres on posterior elastic lamina, 70 diam.
Portion of the iris, 70 diam.
Epithelium of crystalline lens, 198 diam.
Ditto of the aqueous humour, 198 diam.
Hexagonal pigment of the choroid, 378 diam.
Stellate pigment of same, 378 diam.
Irregular pigment of uvea, 378 diam.
— LXVII.
— 1
— LXVII.
— 2
LXVII.
0
LXVII.
— 4
LXVII.
— — o
LXVIT.
— 6
LXVII.
— 7
LXVII.
— 8
LXVII.
— 9
LXVII.
— 10
LXVII.
— 11
LXVII.
— 12
LXVH.
— 13
LXVII.
— 14
LXVIII.
— 1
LXVIII.
— 2
LXVIII.
— 3
LXVIII.
— 5
LXVIII.
— 4
— LXVIII.
— 6
LXVIII.
— 7
— LXVIII.
— 8
LXVIII.
— 9
LXVIII.
— 10
LXVIH.
- 11
LXVIII.
— 12
LXVIII.
— 13
LXVIII.
— 14
ANATOMY OF THE NOSE.
Mucous membrane of true nasal region, 80 diam. -
Ditto of pitutiary region, injected, 80 diam.
Capillaries of olfactory region of human foetus, 100
diam. .....
LXIX. — 1
LXIX. — 2
- — LXIX. — 12
XXIV INDEX OF THE ILLUSTKAT1ONS.
ANATOMY OF THE EAR.
Denticulate laminae of the osseous zone, 100 diam. - Plate LXIX. Fig. 3
Tympanic surface of lamina spiralis, 300 diam. - — LXIX. — 4
Inner view of cochlearis muscle of sheep - — LXIX. — 5
Plexiform arrangement of cochlear nerves in ditto,
30 diam. - - — LXIX. — 6
VILLL
Villi of foetal placenta, injected, 54 diam. - - — LXII. — 4
Ditto of choroid plexus, 45 diam. - - — LXIX. — 9
Plates VIIL, XVII., and XXXVIII., have been entirely omitted, in
order to make room for more important matter. Plate VIIL was to
have illustrated the solid constituents of the chyle : of these the principal
are the granular corpuscles so often figured in this work ; an entire
plate was therefore scarcely necessary to illustrate this subject.
Plate XVII. was to have exhibited the comparative anatomy of the
spermatozoa : this plate also could be well dispensed with. Lastly,
Plate XXXVIII. was to have shown the development of the dentinal
tissues : this, although the most requisite of the three plates, could also
be omitted without injury to the work.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
It is to be understood, that all the figures given in the following plates
are magnified 670 times, unless when the contrary is stated.
PLATE I.
THE BLOOD OF MAN.
Fig. 1. The hunian red blood corpuscle, showing its natural
form and appearance when brought fully into focus,
in which case the centre always appears light.
Scattered over the field will be seen one or two
white corpuscles.
2. The same, with the centre dark, in consequence of
the object not being brought fully into focus.
3. The same in water, in which the red globules lose
their flattened and discoidal form, becoming cir-
cular, and presenting a smaller surface to view ; the
white corpuscles at the same time, and under the
influence of the same agent, are seen to have
increased considerably in size.
4. The same, united into rolls, as of miniature money in
appearance.
5. The same, showing the peculiar granulated and vesi-
culated appearance which they so frequently pre-
sent under such different circumstances.
6. The white corpuscles of the blood, in water, in which
they enlarge considerably in dimensions, often
appear nucleated, and after long immersion burst.
•
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATED.
PLATE II.
THE BLOOD OF THE FROG.
Fig. 1. The blood corpuscle of the frog, both red and white,
with the nucleus of the former seen indistinctly.
2. The same, with the nucleus distinctly visible, the
difference arising from the greater length of time
during which the latter has been removed from the
system.
3. The same, in water, showing the change of form
which the red blood corpuscle, as well as its con-
tained nucleus, undergoes in that fluid, and also the
enlargement of the white corpuscles.
4. The same, showing the effect of the prolonged action
of water on the red corpuscles ; the nuclei are now
not merely circular, but most of them have become
eccentric, and certain of them have escaped alto-
gether from the membranous capsular portion of
the corpuscles, which and the nuclei are seen lying
side by side as distinct structures.
5. The nuclei, separated from the capsule by the action
of acetic acid.
6. Shows the extraordinary deformity and elongation of
which the red blood corpuscles are susceptible
when subject to any extending force, or even to
lateral pressure. In the figure the extension has
been exerted on the corpuscles by means of the
filaments which fibrin in coagulating runs into, and
a portion of one of which may be seen uniting the
corpuscles.
If.
on
oo
6.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE III.
For the blood from which the figures contained in this
plate were made, as well as some of those of the following
plate, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Ogilby, the
Secretary of the Zoological Society, who, on my application
to him, promptly and courteously forwarded to me the per-
mission requisite to enable me to obtain it.
Fig. 1. The red and white blood corpuscles of the drome-
dary ; in water the former became perfectly sphe-
rical.
2. The same, of the SIREN.
3. The same, of the Alpaco.
:
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Represents the blood corpuscles of the elephant, red
and white, which are the largest hitherto discovered
amongst the mammalia.
2. Exhibits the blood corpuscles of the goat, both red
and white, which are amongst the smallest as yet
made known in the class to which they belong.
3. Peculiar concentric corpuscles, taken twenty-four
hours after death from a polypus contained in the
heart of an old man.
4. A portion of fibrin, removed from a small cavity
situated beneath the buffy coating formed on some
blood which had been abstracted from a woman the
subject of epileptic fits, and for which she was bled;
it exhibits the granular and fibrous structure, which
the spontaneously coagulable element of the blood
invariably assumes in solidifying
5. A portion of fibrin, constituting the buify coat, and
which formed a thick membrane on the surface of
the blood abstracted from the woman already alluded
to; it exhibits more clearly the fibrous construction
of the fibrin, the fibres being rendered more appa-
rent by. the action of corrosive sublimate, and also
some of the white corpuscles which are found
usually in such abundance in the so called inflamma-
tory crust. All false membranes have a constitution
precisely similar.
6. Blood corpuscles of the earth worm in various states;
those contained in the lower half of the circle repre-
present them as they appear in the liquor sanguinis,
or plasma, in which most of the corpuscles speedily
assume a stellate form, as do those of most of the
invertebrate animals, and in which state they bear
a close resemblance to the hispid pollen granules of
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
the order Composites ; the stellate form of the cor-
puscles is speedily followed by their considerable
enlargement, rupture, and disaggregation ; the cor-
puscles represented in the upper half of the circle
have been acted upon by water, in which they
quickly lose their radiate aspect, swell, increase to
two or three times their original dimensions, ex-
hibit their contained molecules more clearly, and
which may frequently be seen in a state of the
greatest activity ; finally, the corpuscles become de-
formed in shape and burst. It may here be
remarked, that the blood of most of the Invertebrata
is colourless, arising from the fact of their blood
containing but one form of corpuscle, the colourless
blood corpuscle. In the Annelida, indeed, the
blood is red ; the colouring matter, however, is not
contained in the corpuscle, but in the plasma.
el Ufa
\
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Exhibits the circulation in a portion of the tongue of
the frog, the larger vessel is seen to be accompanied
by a nerve, as is usually the case, and in all the vessels
are shown the red and white blood corpuscles, with
their differences of form, size, structure, colour, and
position ; the general direction and appearance of
the muscular fibres, are likewise indicated. This
figure is magnified 350 diameters.
2. Represents the distribution of the smallest capillaries
in the web of the foot of the frog, in which it is seen
that the blood corpuscles circulate only in single
series, the pigment cells, cellular tissue of the paren-
chyma, and the beautiful hexagonal and nucleated
tessellate epidermis are likewise exhibited. This
figure is magnified to the same extent as the last.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE VI.
Fig. 1. Is a more highly magnified representation of the cir-
culation in the capillaries of the web of the foot of
the frog ; in it the white and red corpuscles as well
as the epidermis are more clearly defined, two of the
white corpuscles are seen to be of an oval form, re-
sulting from compression between the red blood
discs and the walls of the vessels. This figure is
magnified 670 diameters.
2. Exhibits a portion of a larger vessel also taken from
the web of the foot of the frog, in it the white cor-
puscles are seen to have collected in considerable
quantity, as they are frequently observed to do after
long exposure of the web to the action of the air ;
two cells or globules of a very peculiar structure
are likewise figured, these open on the surface and
possibly are mucous crypts. This representation
is magnified 900 diameters.
VL
'tcvrswd' & C? vrtfl
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE VII.
Obs. It is scarcely necessary to observe, that the com-
parative anatomy figures are introduced in this work for the
purpose of illustrating in a more satisfactory manner than
could be otherwise accomplished, certain points, especially the
more obscure ones, connected with human anatomy.
These figures should, therefore, by no means be regarded
as taking the place of any of those which should illustrate
human anatomy, and not one of which, deemed to be of im-
portance, will on any account be omitted ; they should be
deemed not as substitutes, but as additions to the original
design of the work, and which cannot but enhance very con-
siderably its value.
Fig. 1. Represents a portion of the under surface of the
tongue of the frog, magnified 130 diameters, and on
which are seen, first, numerous glands, mostly
spherical, and traversed by a tortuous vessel in
which the blood corpuscles are tossed about as it
were in a vortex; and, second, mucus crypts, the
apertures of which are apparent. Donne has ob-
served these bodies, but believes them to be formed
by nervous loops, and appears to have overlooked
the orifices alluded to : these I found to be figured
in a drawing of the tongue of the frog, sent me by
Dr. Waller, but unaccompanied by any explana-
tion.
Fig. 2. A portion of the same, magnified 500 diameters,
shewing the incurrent and excurrent vessel of the
gland, the mucus crypts, and the net-work formed
by the epithelium.
'
SiannaraL&C
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE IX.
DEVELOPMENT AND DISSOLUTION OF THE RED BLOOD
CORPUSCLE.
Fig. 1. Represents the development of the red blood corpuscle
of the embryo fowl, on the third day of its growth,
obtained from one of the vessels of the area vascu-
losa : this is seen to be of many different sizes, the
smaller being scarcely a third the volume of the
larger discs, and consisting of but little more than a
nucleus and an envelope. Numerous molecules are
likewise visible, scattered over the field.
Fig. 2. The same in water.
Fig. 3. The red blood corpuscles of the adult fowl, mostly in
different stages of dissolution ; the larger and deeply
coloured corpuscles, represent the fully developed
discs ; the larger and pale ones, with the distinct
nuclei, those the dissolution of which has just com-
menced ; the smaller and colourless ones, red blood
discs in advanced stages of dissolution, the sole
remains of which at length is the nucleus, also
represented in the figure.
Fig. 4. The red blood corpuscle of the young frog in different
stages of development. First, it is seen as a small
and granular body of a circular form ; secondly, it
assumes an oval shape, but still retains its granular
constitution, and but little exceeds its former
dimensions. In this its second stage of develop-
ment it is still colourless : it soon however grows in
size, and acquires a greater or less degree of colora-
tion ; so that when it has attained one half or two
thirds of its size, it is nearly as deeply coloured as
the full-grown blood disc : the colourless granular
nucleus and the coloured and perfectly smooth outer
portion of each globule are not at first distinctly
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
separated from each other, the former being at its
origin rather large and without any defined margin :
it soon however shrinks in size, and assumes a
regular oval shape. Crescentic bodies, occasionally
met with in the blood of the frog, and probably of
vegetable nature, are also represented in the figure.
Fig. 5. The red blood corpuscle of the adult frog, in different
stages of dissolution. In examining a drop of the
blood of a full-grown frog, a much greater uniformity
in the size of the red blood discs will be observed,
than exists in that of the very young animal, fewer
corpuscles being in process of development in the
former than in the latter.
Fig. 6. Blood corpuscles of the adult frog united into chains,
an arrangement which appears to be intimately
connected with the coagulation of the fibrin.
•flute IX
Stannard & C
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE X.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO OF THE CHICK.
Fig. 1. The appearance of the cicatricula in the yolk prior
to incubation.
Fig. 2 The same at the end of the first day of incubation ;
the halones are now distinctly visible, as also the
area pellucida, and nota primativa, or first rudiment
of the young chick.
Fig. 3. The same at the termination of the thirty-sixth hour
of incubation ; the halones have become more marked
and expanded, the nota primitiva larger, and traces
of blood-vessels are now for the first time dis-
tinctly visible in the germinal membrane.
Fig. 4. The same at the close of the second day ; the pulsa-
tion of the heart and the vessels of the area vasculosa
are clearly visible ; within them the coloured cor-
puscles may be seen circulating.
Fig. 5. The same at end of the third day of development ;
the area vasculosa has now extended itself to two
or three times its former dimensions.
Fig. 6. The embryo on the conclusion of the fourth day ; the
head, the eye, and the budding of the allantois
are now seen in addition to the parts previously
noticed.
Fig. 7. The embryo at the termination of the fifth day ; the
wing and the foot have made their appearance;
the limits of the area vasculosa cannot now be
seen, it extending over two thirds of the surface of
the egg ; after this and the following day, the
periods of its complete development, the area
suffers an arrest of growth, and the vessels contract
and carry but little blood, until at length they are
entirely obliterated. The allantois has on this day
attained a considerable size, and its further growth
proceeds with the utmost rapidity.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 8. The embryo six days old with the allantois separated
from the area vasculosa and the yolk, &c.
Fig. 9. The embryo of the ninth day of development, seen
through the allantois, which now invests nearly
the entire surface of the yolk, and beneath which
the collapsed and faintly coloured vessels of the
area vasculosa may still be discerned. The purpose
fulfilled by the distribution of such innumerable
vessels in the membrane of the area vasculosa, and,
subsequently in the allantois, is but temporary, and
is doubtless connected with respiration, the blood
in these vessels being submitted to the influence
of the oxygen of the air which enters the egg
through the pores contained in its shell ; the vital
fluid is thus regenerated and afterwards reconveyed
to the embryo itself, from which it first proceeded.
At the completion of the development of the chick,
the allantois undergoes the same obliteration of its
vessels which the area vasculosa previously suffered.
Fig. 10. The embryo at the end of the seventh day of
development removed from its membranes.
Fig. 11. The same at the end of the ninth day, also separated
from its membranes.
Such is a brief sketch of the marvellous development of
the embryo of the chick.
fta,:
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
It is to be understood, that all the figures given in the following plates
are magnified 670 times, unless when the contrary is stated.
PLATE XL
MUCUS.
Fio-. 1. Mucus corpuscles of their ordinary size, form, and
appearance.
Fig. 2. The same collapsed, owing to the density of the fluid
in which they are contained ; these corpuscles are
capable of resuming the circular form by the addi-
tion of water.
Fig. 3. Represents the action of water on the mucus cor-
puscles, in which they increase very considerably in
dimension, the nucleus which is usually single
becoming at the same time more distinct.
Fig. 4. The same acted on by very dilute acetic acid, under
the influence of which the originally single nucleus
becomes divided into two parts, the portion of the
corpuscle external to these remaining granular.
Fig. 5. Exhibits the action of undilute acetic acid, under
which the nucleus becomes divided into from two
to five or even more parts, the enveloping portion
of the corpuscle losing its granular texture, and
appearing perfectly smooth and transparent.
Fig. 6. Mucus corpuscles in process of development, ex-
pressed from the cavity of a gland situated in the
mucous membrane lining the upper portion of the
rectum of a child who died of English cholera.
9
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XII.
MUCUS.
Fig. 1. Represents an example of vaginal mucus obtained
during parturition, and containing blood corpuscles.
Fig. 2. Is a representation of cesophageal mucus.
Fig. 3. Exhibits the mucous corpuscles contained in some
bronchitic mucus, and obtained from a patient labour-
ing under chronic bronchitis. The mucus was ropy
and tenacious, and many of the corpuscles were
rendered of an oval form by the pressure exerted
upon them by the filaments, of which the fluid por-
tion of true mucus is constituted.
Fig. 4. Vegetation contained in the same mucus as that from
which the previous figure was made.
Fig. 5. Mucus from the stomach.
Fig. 6. Is a representation of the vaginal tricho-monas of
Donne, copied from the atlas appended to the
" Cours de Microscopic."
It may here be observed that the above is the
only instance of a copied figure being introduced
into this work, and that in no case where it is pos-
- .sible to procure subjects for original drawings will
copied ones be admitted.
xir.
si. Kth
6
EXPLANATION OF THE PLAT!-.-.
PLATE XIII.
PUS.
Fig. 1. Is a representation of an example of laudable pus
formed on a granulating surface on the arm of a
child, the consequence of a burn. In this figure,
one or two oil globules are likewise introduced.
Fig. 2. The same acted on by acetic acid, and showing the
compound nuclei.
Fii>. 3. Pus corpuscles treated with water, many of them
exhibiting but a single nucleus. This example of
pus was obtained from a pustule formed around the
root of the nail, and induced by a prick received
during dissection.
Fig. 4. Epithelial scales remarkable for the great size of their
nuclei, and obtained from a small pustule situated
beneath the nail of one of the fingers, and which
pustule was also the result of a prick received in
dissecting.
Fig. 5. An example of pus obtained from an old scrofulous
abscess : the corpuscles in it are seen to be mostly
broken up into the primary molecules of which they
are constituted.
Fig. 6. An example of venereal pus, showing the peculiar
animalcules described by Donne.
The whole of the figures contained in this and
tin- two preceding plates illustrate human micro-
scopic anatomy.
flate , W,
'•; et-Uth,
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
It is to be understood, that all the figures given in the following plates
are magnified 670 times, unless when the contrary is stated.
PLATE XIV.
MILK.
Fig. 1. The globules of the healthy milk of a woman.
Fig. 2. The globules contained in impoverished human milk,
which are seen to be smaller in size and fewer in
number than in ordinary milk.
Fig. 3. An example of colostrum, on the first day, obtained
from a young woman aged 19, delivered of her
first child, and showing the size and arrangement of
the ordinary milk globules, as well as the structure
and appearance of the peculiar colostrum corpuscles.
Fig. 4. The same colostrum of the same age, containing a
greater number of the colostrum corpuscles.
Fig. 5. The same colostrum, on the same day, exhibiting the
great size of the cream globules, which appear
frequently to present rather the aspect of oil than
that of true milk globules.
Fig. 6. The milk globules aggregated into masses, as occurs
in cases of engorgement of the breast.
Flafc
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XV.
MILK.
Fig. 1. All example of pus in the milk of woman.
Fig. 2. The same of the blood corpuscles in human milk.
Fig. 3. The appearance of the milk after treatment by ether.
Fig. 4. The same after the application of acetic acid.
Fig. 5. Caseine precipitated from the filtered serum by acetic
acid.
Fig. 6. A specimen of the milk of the cow in which
adulteration with starch was revealed by treatment
with the iodide of potassium.
For many of the examples of human milk upon which my
observations were made, and from which several of the figures
were prepared, I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Robert
Barnes, District Surgeon to the Queen Adelaide Lying-in
Hospital.
Slant
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XVI.
SEMEN.
Fig. 1. The spermatic animalcules and " seminal granules "
contained in the human semen as ejaculated, mag-
nified 900 diameters, and to which are added several
spermatophori magnified to the same extent, and
introduced to render the representation of the de-
velopment of the spermatozoa of man more com-
plete. The larger seminal granules mostly contained
a single distinct nucleus, which renders it probable
that they are spermatophori in progress of develop-
ment.
Fig. 2. Represents the several stages of evolution of the
spermatic animalcules of certhia familiaris (common
creeper) ; /, an adult spermatozoon taken from the
orifice of the vas deferens ; a, seminal granule pro-
cured from a very collapsed testicle in the winter
season ; b to k, spermatophori in different stages of
development taken from a testicle in summer,
during turgescence.
This figure is copied from Wagner's Elements of Special
Physiology.
k 2
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
The figures contained in this and the following plate are magnified
130 diameters.
PLATE XVIII.
FAT.
Fig. 1. A portion of the great omentum of a child aged
seven years. The fat cells are seen to be small,
perfectly globular, and aggregated into clusters,
which lie near to and in the course of the blood-
vessels.
Fig. 2. A portion of the fat of an adult taken from over the
gluteus muscle. The fat cells in it are observed
to be of larger size, and many of them are poly-
hedral ; these cells are also seen to be held in union
by an enclosing membrane of cellular tissue.
TlaU
tt iO-llt*; del et hth
Stnnnnrd,JkC0 imp
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XIX.
FAT.
Fig. 1. Fat vesicles of the pig, in which the appearance of a
nucleus was produced by moderate compression be-
tween two plates of glass.
Fig. 2. The fat vesicles of the pig ruptured by compression
between two plates of glass : the contents of the
cells are seen escaping from their enclosing mem-
branes.
Fig. 3. Fat cells, forming part of the marrow contained in
the femur of a child aged about ten years ; in these
a large nucleus-like body is visible, the formation
of which probably depended upon a change in the
condition of the contents of the cells induced by
decomposition.
Fig. 4. The same cells in a further stage of decomposition :
the membranes of the cells have become ruptured,
and are clearly seen broken and empty, lying beside
their escaped contents, which either become broken
up and assume the form of drops of oil of different
sizes, or remain entire, in which case they fre-
quently exhibit the crystalline appearance por-
trayed in figure 5.
Fig. 5. Human fat vesicles, on the surface of which crystals,
supposed to be those of margaric acid, radiating
from a centre, have appeared ; their presence is to
be regarded as an indication that decomposition has
begun to affect the contents of the cells.
Fig. 6. Fat cells, contained in a small melicerous tumour
removed from over the nasal bones, in all of which
a nucleus-like body was clearly visible.
The tumour from which the figure was taken
O
was kindly forwarded for examination by Mr.
Ransom, of the University College Hospital.
m
FlattJUX.
Z titter, del. (*(il/!,.
imp.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
The figures in this plate are magnified to the same extent as those of
most of the plates illustrating the work, viz. 670 diameters.
PLATE XX.
Fig. 1. Buccal epithelial cells in different stages of deve-
lopment, from their earliest condition, in which
they bear the form of mucous corpuscles, to their
fully developed state. For a representation of the
epithelial cells of the vagina and ossophagus, see
Plate XII. Jigs. 1 and 2.
2. Cylindrical or cuneiform epithelial cells taken from
the duodenum of a child seven days old : those of
the adult are in every respect identical ; the group
of angular cells at the inferior part of the figure
represents the summits of the cuneiform epithe-
lial cells.
note. JCT
U- Miller, diletlifh
JtanardtCe. imp
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXI.
Fig. 1. Ciliary epithelium from the trachea of the frog ; it
will be seen that the form of the cells is very dif-
ferent from that of mammalia.
Fig. 2. Human ciliary epithelium contained in the fluid ex-
pressed from a portion of lung taken from its ex-
treme periphery, and apparently consisting of air-
cells alone. It is mixed up with cells of tesselated
epithelium.
Fig. 3. Human ciliary epithelium from the trachea ; both
side and end views of the cells are given.
Fig. 4. Tesselated epithelium from the tongue of the frog.
Fig. 5. Tesselated epithelium from the tongue of the Triton :
the nuclei are seen to be very large, their great size
affording an illustration of the law which has already
been announced, viz. that all the corpuscular ele-
ments of the animal organisation, whether those of
the epithelium, the glands, cartilages or muscles
stand in relation with the dimensions of the blood
discs ; where these are large, the other corpuscles
are formed on a similar relative scale.
It is probable that the law admits of extension,
and that all the elements of the animal structure
bear a relation in size to the red blood discs.
Mr. John Quekett made the interesting observ-
ation, some time since, that the relative size of the
lacuna? of bone corresponded with that of the blood
corpuscles, a further illustration of the accuracy of
the law referred to.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,
Wishing to test the truth of this law in as satis-
factory and conclusive a manner as possible, I
applied to Professor Owen for a specimen of the
Siren or Proteus, animals remarkable for the dimen-
sions of their blood discs, and that gentleman kindly
placed at my disposal an example of the Meno-
branchus lateralis, a member of the same peren-
nibranchiate group, and the blood corpuscles of
which " are rather larger than those of the Proteus,
but not so large as those of the Siren." In this
animal I found, as I had anticipated, that the
soundness of the law was fully maintained.
The law announced would doubtless be cited by
those physiologists who entertain the idea that all
the corpuscular elements of the animal fabric proceed
from the red blood disc, as a proof of the truth of
their theory, against which, however, I conceive that
sound and conclusive arguments may be urged.
itletlOk
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXII.
All the figures in this plate are human.
Fig. 1. Tesselated epithelium from the serous coat of the
liver ; from some of the cells the nuclei have
escaped.
Fig. 2. Ditto from the choroid plexus ; the spines described
by Henle as proceeding from the angles of the cells
must be of unusual occurrence, as I have never yet
seen them.
Fig. 3. Ditto from the vena cava inferior in different stages
of development, from the white corpuscle of the
blood upwards.
Fig. 4. Ditto of the arch of the aorta ; some of the cells are
seen to have lost their nuclei.
Fig. 5. Ditto from the surface of the uterus of a woman who
died suddenly during lactation.
Fig. 6. Ditto from the internal surface of the pericardium.
TMeJM
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXIII.
The figures in this plate are human, and are magnified 1 30 diameters.
Fig. 1. Upper surface of epidermis, raised by means of a
blister from over the region of the heart of a
woman : it exhibits the cellular constitution of the
epidermis, the papillae and apertures of the sebaceous
and sudoriferous glands.
Fig. 2. The under surface of the same, exhibiting the infun-
dibuliform processes of the epidermis sent down to
the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands.
*r 2
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXIV.
STRUCTURE OF EPIDERMIS.
Fig. 1. A portion of the epidermis of the palm of the hand,
magnified with a simple lens, showing the direction
of the ruga3 in that situation, and the arrangement
of the apertures of the sudoriferous glands. Each
of the ridges figured is made up of square compart-
ments, the divisional lines of which run at right
angles to the ridges, passing across the apertures
referred to. These several compartments again are
indented on their under surface with the papilla?
of the sensitive skin.
Fig. 2. A portion of the same magnified 100 diameters.
Fig. 3. A transverse section of the ridges of the epidermis of
the palm of the hand, showing a side view of the
apertures of the sudoriferous glands, their spiral
ducts, the thickness of the epidermis in the situa-
tion mentioned, its composition of superimposed
layers of cells, and its mode of connexion with the
true skin.
Fig. 4. A longitudinal section of one of the ridges magnified
to the same extent as the previous figure, viz. 100
diameters : in this the composition of the thickened
epidermis of adherent layers of cells is better seen,
and the difference in the form of the superficial
and deeper seated cells may also be observed.
Fig. 5. A portion of the epidermis removed from the back
and outer part of the hand, showing the, disposition
of the folds in that situation, the arrangement of
the papillae, the disposition of the hair follicles and
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
hairs, and the apertures of the sudoriferous and
sebaceous glands. .Magnified with a simple lens.
Fig. 6. A piece of the same magnified 100 diameters, show-
ing that each line is a furrow or groove, a provision
which allows of a very great extension of the epi-
dermis.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXV.
STKUCTUKE OF NAILS.
Fig. 1. A longitudinal section of the nail of the middle
finger magnified 130 diameters, showing the direc-
tion of the striae or laminae of cells of which the
nail is composed, and which usually pass from
above downwards and forwards. In the section
shown in the figure, the obliquity of the striae is
but slight ; the under surface of the nail is distin-
guished from the upper by its smooth outline.
Fig. 2. The same, in which the striae are disposed more ob-
liquely, but in a contrary and unusual direction;
viz. from above downwards and backwards.
Fig. 3. Other longitudinal sections, in one of which the
striae run, almost vertically.
Fig. 4. A transverse section of nail magnified to the same
extent as the former figures ; in it the striae are
parallel to the surface, and are less strongly marked.
Fig. 5. The detached cells of which the superimposed layers
of nails are composed ; the smaller cells are mag-
nified 130 diameters, the larger 670.
Fig. 4. Plate XXVI. represents the peculiar and beautiful
manner in which the nail and the papillary layer
of the true skin are united.
n 2
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 4. A transverse section of the nail of the middle toe of
an adult magnified 100 diameters, showing its
lamellated structure, and the mode of its connexion
with the papillary layer of the dermis by mutually
interlocking processes. This mode of union is ex-
cessively firm, and is precisely that employed by
carpenters, and known by the appellation of " dove-
tailing."
Fig. 5. A portion of epidermis removed from the back of
the neck by means of a blister, and magnified 670
diameters. The younger cells are seen to be filled
with a straw-coloured fluid, the serum extracted
through the agency of the vesicant.
Fig. 6. A. Some detached cells of epidermis, obtained by
scraping the sole of the foot, magnified 670 diameters.
Cells in a similar state exist beneath the nails,
around the nipple, and on the surface of the body
of new-born children where the creamy scum formed
by them and intermingled with fatty matter poured
out by the sebacious glands has been named
Vernix caseosa. (See C.) — B. Cells of some mag-
nified 130 diameters. — D. Cells of epithelium from
the mouth of the Menobranchus lateralis : they are
introduced for the purpose of showing the accuracy
of the law of the relation in size of the several
elements entering into the composition of the animal
frame. — E. Two or three epithelial cells of the
lateral ventricles of the brain. I have recently as-
certained that the epithelium of the frontal sinuses
is as stated, ciliated. I cannot help suspecting,
however, that it is not in all cases so. No amount
of care has succeeded in the detection of ciliary
epithelium in the ventricles of the brain. The epi-
dermis of tritons and frogs consists of hexagonal,
translucent, and adherent cells, containing distinct
granular nuclei.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXVI.
STRUCTURE OF EPIDERMIS, &C.
Fig. 1. A portion of epidermis taken from the back and
outer part of the hand, magnified 100 diameters,
and viewed on its upper surface, showing the
elevations by which it is marked, and which are
produced by the papilla? of the true skin.
Fig. 2. The same viewed on the under surface, showing the
depressions occasioned by the papilla?. The number
of apertures of the ducts of the sudoriferous and
sebacious glands is, in reference to that of the
papilla?, about one of the former to six or seven of
the latter.
Fig. 3. A portion of epidermis magnified 100 diameters,
removed from over the pubis of a woman, and dis-
playing the apertures of the hair follicles, and the
manner in which the hairs issue from them. Some
of the follicles contain but a single hair, others two
or even three : it is probable that this last is the
normal number of hairs enclosed in each follicle
wherever situated, but which in the adult is not
generally encountered in consequence of the con-
tinual removal to which hairs are subject. It is
about the apertures of the hair follicles that the
scurf is formed, and concerning which a very erro-
neous notion prevails, viz, that it is constituted of
desquimated epidermis. Scurf does not in the
least exhibit the structure of epidermis, but simply
consists of the inspissated secretion of the sebacious
glands, and many of which, opening into the hair
follicles, account for its collection around their
orifices.
,
•
I
'••£11
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXVII.
PIGMENT CELLS.
Fig. 1. Pigment cells and granules taken from off the inner
surface of the choroid membrane of the human eye,
magnified 670 diameters.
Fig. 2. The pigment cells of the inner surface of the choroid
of the eye of the pig, magnified 350 diameters.
Fig. 3. Displays the linear and branched disposition of the
stelliform pigment cells of the lamina fusca of the
eye of the pig. A similar disposition of these cells
also exists in the human eye, but in light-coloured
eyes is not strongly marked: the branches com-
mence on the posterior part of the lamina, mis-
called fusca, since in some instances it is jetty black,
are at first thick and closely arranged ; as they ap-
proach the anterior part of the eye, however, they
diminish in size, and are separated by distinct in-
tervals. This figure is magnified 100 diameters.
Fig. 4. A. Human stelliform pigment cells of the eye, mag-
nified 350 diameters. B. Pigment cells of the
skin of the negro enlarged 670 diameters, c. Pig-
ment cells from the lungs magnified to the same
extent.
Fig. 5. A portion of the epidermis of the negro magnified
350 diameters, and, viewed on its under surface,
the pigment cells are seen to be collected prin-
cipally in the furrows which exist between the
papillae, the depressions produced by which are also
represented in the figure.
Fig. 6. A portion of the epidermis removed from the areola
around the nipple of a woman recently delivered,
and also viewed upon its under surface. It is seen
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
to differ solely from the epidermis of the negro in
the smaller number of pigment cells contained in it.
Ols. Pigment cells and granules frequently exist in the fibres
of the external surface of the sclerotic of some ani-
mals, as the. pig ; and it is probable that in some
instances they may be found in those of the eye of
man.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXVIII.
STRUCTURE OF HAIR.
Fig. 1. shows the structure and depth of implantation of the
entire root of a hair of the scalp, magnified 130
diameters : it displays the two sheaths which in-
clude the stem, and its dilated extremity, the bulb,
and which is seen to rest upon a distinct cellular
vesicle ; the outer sheath completely surrounds the
base of the hair, and cuts it off from all direct
vascular supply ; the vessels, however, which
nourish the hair are seen to ramify on the external
surface of this sheath, which is also observed to be
surrounded by fat vesicles, the root having passed
through the thickness of the skin and imbedded
itself in the subcutaneous and fatty cellular tissue.
Fig. 2. The root of a grey hair forcibly removed from the
scalp ; in this the outer sheath is seen to be broken
off just above the place at which the stem begins
to dilate into the bulb ; a similar rupture almost
invariably occurs in the outer sheath of all hairs,
whether coloured or uncoloured, which are forcibly
uprooted. The contrast between the coloured and
the uncoloured hair is striking.
Fig. 3. The cells of which the outer sheath is composed :
magnified 670 diameters.
Fig. 4. A portion of the inner sheath seen on its inner sur-
face, and magnified 350 diameters ; this is lined
with a layer of elongated and nucleated cells ; the
outer portion of this sheath is distinctly fibrous, the
fibres being formed out of the cells, the nuclei of
which become absorbed : the inner surface also ex-
hibits transverse markings, the impressions of the
scales of the stem of the hair.
Fig. 5. Some of the pigment cells, of a multitude of which
the bulb of the hair is composed : magnified 670
diameters.
nm
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXIX.
STRUCTURE OF HAIR.
Fig. 1. A portion of the stem of a grey hair of the scalp,
magnified 350 diameters, showing the medullary
canal, the fibres of the stem, and the outer imbri-
cated scales.
Figs. 2, 3. Transverse sections of hairs of the beard : mag-
nified 130 diameters.
Fig. 4. The fibres of the stem of a hair : magnified 670 dia-
meters. It is most probable that these fibres
originate in the same way as those of the inner
sheath, viz. in nucleated cells.
Figs. 5, 6, 7. Apices of hairs : figs. 6. and 7. represent, the
points of two hairs of the scalp, magnified 350 dia-
meters ; and fig. 5. that of one of the perineum.
All hairs taken from this region, as well as those
of the axilla, present similar obtuse extremities,
which probably result from the constant friction
to which they are subject in those situations.
Figs. 8, 9. represent the roots of two hairs of the scalp
removed with the comb ; the sheaths, vesicle, and
lower portion of the bulb having remained behind.
All hairs removed with the comb and brush pre-
sent the same appearances, that of fig. 8. being by
far the most common form: magnified 130 dia^
meters.
Fig. 10. A hair from the whisker, magnified 130 diameters,
and containing two medullary canals.
a» HIX.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXX.
STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE.
Fig. 1. A transverse section of the cartilage of a rib, mag-
nified 350 diameters, showing the perichondrium
and the compressed cells of the margin of the
cartilage. It is most probable that it is in the
space between the perichondrium and the external
surface of the rib that the chief development of
new cells takes place.
Fig. 2. A transverse section of the same, showing the parent
cells, which are situated more deeply in the car-
tilage of the rib.
Fig. 3. A vertical section of the articular cartilage of the
head of the first phalanx of the second finger, in-
cluding also a portion of the bone, the cancelli of
which contain numerous bone cells, and the spaces
between which are filled with fat vesicles : magni-
fied 130 diameters.
Fig. 4. A vertical section of the outer part of an inter-
vertebral cartilage, including a portion of the bone.
But few corpuscles, and these for the most part
calcified, occur in the outer part of these carti-
lages : the medullary cells of the bone are seen to
be filled with fat vesicles, granular nucleated cells,
and effused blood corpuscles. It sometimes hap-
pens that a layer of true articular cartilage is formed
on the surface of the bone, and then the fibres of
the fibro-cartilage take their origin from it, and not
from the bone itself: 80 diameters.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXI.
STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE.
Fig. 1. A thin transverse section of the cartilage of the
concha of the ear : magnified 350 diameters.
Fig. 2. The cells of the centre of an intervertebral car-
tilage in the different stages of their develop-
ment.
Fig. 3. A longitudinal section of the cartilage and bone of
the rib of an adult, showing the mode of union
between* the two: magnified 130 diameters.
Fig. 4. A transverse section of one of the rings of the
trachea ; in these the cells are so closely aggre-
gated that but little room is left between them for
intercellular substance : 350 diameters.
Fig. 5. A transverse section of the thyroid cartilage of a
young man eighteen years of age, in which fibres
analogous to those of the fibro-cartilages have
made their appearance : 130 diameters.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXII.
STRUCTURE OF BONE.
Fig. 1. A transverse section of ulna, magnified 60 diameters,
showing the Haversian canals, the difference in the
size of those situated on the outer and inner por-
tions of the section, the systems of the lamellae by
which each canal is surrounded, and the bone cells
placed between the lamellae.
Fig. 2. Cross section of Haversian canals, magnified 220
diameters, showing the lamellae and the bone cells
with their anastamosing canaliculi more distinctly.
Fig. 3. The same, still more highly magnified, viz. 670
diameters.
Fig. 4. Longitudinal section of long bone, magnified about
40 diameters, showing the Haversian canals, seen
lengthways, the direction of the lamellae and the
bone cells.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXIII.
STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF BONE.
Fig. 1. Parietal bone of human foetus, aged about two
months, magnified 30 diameters.
Fig. 2. A portion of same, magnified 60 diameters, showing
. the bone cells in process of development, some of
which are seen lying loose in the spaces between
the speculae, and which were destined, eventually,
to become included in the ossific deposition.
Eig. 3. Speculae of bone of a foetal humerus, showing the
gradual deposition of the bony matter in the meshes
of fibrous tissue, and altogether independently of
cartilage, magnified 350 diameters.
Fig. 4. Lamina of a long bone, magnified 500 diameters,
drawn from a preparation kindly placed at the
author's disposal by Dr. Sharpey, by whom the
structure figured was first described.
Fig. 5. Cancelli of one of the long bones of a human foetus,
magnified 350 diameters, showing the vast numbers
of granular corpuscles which the medullary cells of
bone of every age contain, but which are especially
abundant in foetal bones ; the larger cells are mag-
nified 750 diameters.
Fig. 6. Cross section of the femur of a pigeon fed for 24
hours upon madder. This drawing was made from
a beautiful preparation belonging to Mr. Tomes,
and lent me by that gentleman. Magnified 220
diameters.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXIV.
DEVELOPMENT OF BONE*
Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of the epiphysis and a portion
of the shaft of a foetal femur at the ninth month,
magnified 100 diameters, and showing the colum-
nar arrangement of the cartilage cells, together
with the increased size of the lower cells, and the
invading spiculae of the newly formed bone.
Fig. 2. Transverse section of primary cancelli, magnified
350 diameters, showing the included nuclei of car-
tilage cells contained in the medullary cells or
spaces.
Fig. 3. Transverse section of primary cancelli, magnified to
the same extent as the last figure, in a more ad-
vanced stage of their formation, many' of the first
formed cancelli or septa having been absorbed as
well as the cell wall of the cartilage corpuscles
themselves.
Fig. 4. Longitudinal section of the epiphysis and a portion
of the shaft of a foetal femur at the ninth month,
magnified 350 diameters.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXY.
DEVELOPMENT OF BONE.
Fig. 1. A transverse section of the cartilaginous epiphysis
of the lower end of humerus, magnified 30 dia-
meters, showing the apertures of the canals by
which it is traversed.
Fig. 2. The same in connection with the bone : in this figure
it will be observed that there are fewer canals, that
these are of larger calibre, and that the cartilage
cells are disposed around them in a radiate manner
in groups.
Fig. 3. One of the apertures of the canal more highly mag-
nified, 330 diameters, showing more clearly the
arrangement of the cells around it, the contents of
the canal being granular corpuscles and blood-
vessels, as well as the fact that the intercellular
spaces nearest to the opening are the last to be-
come converted into bone : in most of the me-
dullary spaces of the second tier the granular
corpuscles have already made their appearance, the
cartilage cells having been removed by absorption.
Fig. 4. The blood-vessels of the medullary cells of a young
bone near the epiphysis injected. For the speci-
men from which this figure was drawn I am in-
debted to the kindness of Mr. Quekett of the
Royal College of Surgeons.
Fig. ,"). Transverse section of the shaft of a foetal long bone,
displaying the fact that in foetal bones there are no
llaversian canals, such entirely consisting of me-
dullary
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 6. Transverse section of the rib of an adult, magnified
130 diameters, passing obliquely through the junc-
tion of the cartilage with the bone : in the upper
part of the figure the cancelli are seen, including
the terminal portions of the lowest tier of cartilage
cells.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXVI,
STRUCTURE OF TEETH.
Fig. 1. Vertical section of incisor tooth magnified with a
lens only, and showing the three constituents of
which every human tooth is composed, viz., supe-
riorly the enamel, inferiorly the cementum, and in
the centre the dentine, traversed in the midst by
the medullary cavity.
2. Tubes of the dentine, showing their ordinary mode
of termination in connection with the cementum3
magnified 670 diameters.
3. A not unfrequent condition of the tubes of the den-
tine, showing their repeated division, and their con-
nection with bone cells near their termination. 670
diameters.
4. Tubes of the dentine near their commencement from
the pulp cavity seen lengthways : one of the tubes
may be observed to divide in a dichotomous man-
ner. 670 diameters.
5. Oblique section of tubes of the dentine.
6. Transverse section of ditto.
7. Displays the breaking up of the tubes of the dentine
into bone cells: this occurs principally near the
terminations of those tubes which pass towards the
cementum, and not of those which run towards the
enamel: this condition does not present itself in
every tooth. 670 diameters.
8. Tubes of the dentine midway between their origin
and their termination, dilated into bone cells. 670
diameters. This figure is taken from a specimen
kindly lent me by Mr. Tomes.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXYI1.
STRUCTURE OF TEETH.
Fig. 1. Section of cementum magnified 670 diameters; in-
ternally, but really near the outer margin of the
cementum, some imperfectly developed bone cells
may be observed, each surrounded by a clear space,
having some resemblance to a cell wall ; externally,
and bordering upon the dentine, a closely aggre-
gated layer of still more imperfectly formed bone
cells are seen.
2. Section of same traversed by tubes, continuations
of those of the dentine. 670 diameters.
3. Section of cementum, showing a number of small
angular cells, and which may frequently be ob-
served in that portion of the cementum which lies
near to the dentine.
4. Oblique section of healthy dentine, over the surface of
which a fungus has developed itself. It is no un-
common circumstance to meet with sections thus
completely invested with a similar fungus ; I have
seen several such. 670 diameters.
5. Oblique section of dentine, in which numerous bright
globules, having a resemblance to oil globules, are
observed to be present. 350 diameters.
6. Section of secondary dentine, and which also contains
haversian canals. This drawing was made from a
preparation belonging to Mr. Tomes. 350 diameters.
7. Transverse section of bicuspid tooth, showing the
presence of an haversian canal in the cementum,
magnified with a leris only. This drawing has also
been made from an interesting preparation, the pro-
perty of Mr. Tomes.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXIX.
STRUCTURE OF TENDONS, TEETH, AND FIBROUS TISSUE.
Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of a tendon, showing the pre-
sence in it of nucleated fibres of elastic tissue ; these
are best seen after the application of acetic acid,
but may be clearly recognised without the employ-
ment of that re-agent. 670 diameters.
2. Transverse section of same, from which it becomes
evident that the fibres are branched.
3. Vertical section of enamel, magnified 220 diameters.
The enamel cells thus lowly magnified give the
section a fibrous appearance.
4. A portion of enamel magnified 670 diameters, and
showing the enamel cells still more clearly.
5. Transverse section of enamel, showing the hexagonal
form of the enamel cells.
6. Inelastic fibrous tissue magnified 670 diameters.
7. Mixed fibrous tissue : the threads of the elastic fibrous
tissue may be recognised by their tortuous course
and more defined outline.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XL.
STRUCTURE OF FIBROUS TISSUE.
Fig. 1. Example of elastic fibrous tissue in its ordinary
form, taken from the crico-thyroid membrane, and
magnified 670 diameters.
2. Form of elastic tissue, constituting the elastic coat of
many blood-vessels of medium calibre. 670 di-
ameters.
3. This figure illustrates various stages in the develop-
ment of blood vessels. At first a transparent and
tubular membrane is surrounded by a single coil of
elastic tissue, subsequently other coils and filaments
appear, the filaments principally take a longitudinal
direction on the tubular membrane, but some also
pass circularly around this ; these threads- are nu-
cleated, and belong to the second form of elastic
tissue, and which is elsewhere encountered in the
human organisation, as in tendons, the dartos, &c.
350 diameters. In h the threads are shown sepa-
rately.
4. A peculiar areolar form of mixed fibrous tissue mag-
nified 130 diameters, and principally encountered in
the great omentum.
5. Blood vessels from the pia mater. All the smaller
vessels present a similar structure, their coats being
formed of nucleated filaments of elastic tissue. 350
diameters.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES!
PLATE XLI.
STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE.
Fig. 1. A portion of the surface of a striped muscle mag-
nified about 60 diameters, showing the distribution
of the blood vessels and fat globules.
2. A fragment of unstriped muscle ; the fibres, with
their nuclei, in one half of the figure are less dis-
tinct than in the other, the filaments in the second
half having been submitted to the action of acetic
acid. 670 diameters.
3. Muscular fibrillse of the heart ; previous to the ac-
tion of acetic acid they are observed to be trans-
versely striped ; this re-agent however obliterates
the stripes and reduces the fibrillae to the same
condition as those of unstriped muscle. 670 dia-
meters.
4. A fragment of a muscle of the frog, showing the
distribution of the capillary vessels and nerves ;
the tubules of these last are observed to terminate
In ganglion-like bodies situated between the mus-
cular fibrillae. 350 diameters.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XLIL
STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE.
Fig. 1. Muscular fibres and fibrillae of a voluntary muscle;
in one of the fibres the fibrillae have given way,
thus allowing the sarcolemma to become apparent.
This figure, as well as most of the remaining figures
on this plate, are all magnified about 350 diameters.
2. Voluntary muscular fibres acted upon by acetic acid,
which brings clearly into view a number of granular
nuclei ; these nuclei are contained in the fibrilla?,
many of which are unstriped, and two of which are
represented in the figure separately.
3. This figure represents particulars in reference to
muscular contraction ; in a, a fibre is shown which
has been placed upon the stretch, the striae in it
are observed to be somewhat distant, b represents
the same fibre in a state of normal and ordinary
contraction, the diameter of the fibre is seen to be
much greater and the striae closer, c, the torn ex-
tremity of a fibre immersed in water prior to the
total extinction of its irritability, and which is ob-
served to be very greatly contracted ; the difference
of distance between the striae in the contracted
and uncontracted portions of the fibre is very re-
markable, d, a fibre which still retained its irrita-
bility immersed in water ; this has caused the fibre
to curl up, to become irregular and undulated ; the
transverse strise have disappeared, the longitudinal
markings at the same time being more apparent ;
in e the extremity only of the fibre has been im-
mersed in water.
4. Shows the great variety in the size of the fibres of a
muscle, the form of the extremities of the fibres, and
the mode of union between these and the tendon.
130 diameters.
5. Transverse section of muscular fibres and intervening
capillaries.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
the ridges are marked out into quadrangular spaces,
each of which corresponds with a division of the
fibrillaa themselves. Now this form of the surface
of a striped fibre is especially interesting from the
fact of its enabling us to afford a satisfactory ex-
planation of the nature of the stria3 themselves.
The most recent explanation given of the formation
of the striae of the voluntary muscular fibre, and
which has been generally adopted, is, that it depends
upon the circumstance that the lines on the fibrilke
are placed so as exactly to correspond with each
other, and that thus a number of smaller lines con-
cur to form a larger one, the stria of the entire
fibre. Such an exact arrangement of the lines on
the fibrillae there is little doubt does really exist, but
it is yet insufficient to explain all the characters
presented by the muscular stria?. Thus, although
the strias are usually strongly marked and broad,
yet they have no certain characteristics, either as
to position or appearance. In what way then is
the muscular stria produced ? A careful examina-
tion of a recent muscular fibre with an object glass
of the one-eighth of an inch focus will satisfy the
observer, that the muscular stria is not a thing of
shape and substance itself, but a mere shadow, caused
by the ridges into which the surface of the fibre is
raised, and which sometimes falls on one side the
ridge, sometimes on the other, and frequently in the
groove which runs between the ridges, according to
the direction of the light, and the focus in which
the object is viewed. Of the correctness of this
explanation it does not appear to me that there can
be a shadow of doubt.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XLIV.
STRUCTURE OF NERVES.
Fig. 1. Tubes of a motor nerve. The space between the two
lines on each margin indicates the thickness of the
white substance of Schwann. The waved tube
represents the appearance presented by the nervous
tubules, when separated from each other in water.
670 diameters.
2. The same in spirit, showing the nucleated threads
of which the neurolemma is made up.
3. The same in acetic acid, which breaks up the semi-
fluid contents of the tubes into globules resembling
those of oil.
4. Portions of Casserian ganglia magnified 350 dia-
meters* In one of the figures the ganglion cor-
puscles are naked ; in the other they are invested
with a nucleated capsule.
5. Nerve tubes of the white substance of the cerebellum
mixed up with the clear cells described in the text
as forming a considerable portion of the white sub-
stance of the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal marrow,
and nerves of special sense.
6. Nerve tubes of the white substance of one of the
hemispheres of the cerebrum, mixed up with the
peculiar cells already referred to.
7. Tubes of the cerebrum in a varicose condition.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
The majority of the figures in the following Plates were made with the
assistance of the Camera Lucida, and the same instrument will be em-
ployed in the delineation of all future figures wherever practicable.
PLATE XLV.
Fig. 1. Filaments of the Great Sympathetic magnified 670
diameters.
Fig. 2. Cells of the grey matter of the Cerebellum, outer
stratum.
Fig. 3. Ditto, inner stratum.
Fig. 4. Caudate ganglionary cells from the grey matter of the
Spinal Cord, Medulla Oblongata, and Cerebellum,
magnified 350 diameters. Those from the first
locality are distinguished from the rest by their
larger size ; those from the second situation by their
smallness and elongated form, and the cells from
the cerebellum by their intermediate size and flask
shape.
Fig. 5. Caudate ganglionary cells from the Locus Niger of
the Cms Cerebelli, 350 diameters.
Fig. 6. Minute caudate cells from the Hippocampus major,
350 diameters.
Fig. 7. Ditto, from the Locus Niger of Crus Cerebri, 350
diameters.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XL VI
Fig. 1. Pacinian corpuscles attached to the cutaneous nerves
of the palm of the hand. Natural size. After
Todd and Bowman.
Fig. 2. Pacinian corpuscles magnified 60 diameters.
Fig. 3. A single Pacinian body more highly magnified, viz.
100 diameters.
Fig. 4. An anomalous Pacinian body from the mesentery of
the cat. After Todd and Bowman.
Fig. 5. Two other anomalous Pacinian bodies from the same
animal. The latter reduced from Henle and K6L-
liker.
Fig. 6. Ganglionary cells from the Corpus Dentatum of the
Cerebellum, 350 diameters.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XL VII.
Fig. 1. The pleural surface of a portion of Lung magnified 30
diameters. This figure conveys an accurate idea of
the form and great abundance of the air cells.
Fig. 2. Pleural surface of a section of Lung showing the dis-
tribution of the vessels of the first of the three
orders of sizes mentioned in the text.
Fig. 3. Ditto of Lung magnified 100 diameters. The vessels
in this are not injected, but are represented as they
appeared in a section which had become slightly
dried.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XL VIII.
Fig. 1 . A section of Lung from "beneath the pleural surface
magnified 100 diameters, injected with tallow
Fig. 2. Casts or models of the Air Cells magnified 350 dia-
meters, representing the variety in size and form
of these cells as well as the shape and number of
the openings of communication.
Fig. 3. Deep section of Lung injected with size : the majority
of the cells are observed to be filled with the casts
tipped with colouring matter : other cells may also
be seen without casts : these have evidently been
cut across, exposing to view the ciliated epithelium
which lines them.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XLIX.
Fig. 1. A portion of the pleural surface of the human lung,
with the vessels of the second order injected.
Magnified 100 diameters.
Fig. 2. A section of the human lung, showing the natural
appearance and form of the air cells as seen with-
out injection, also exhibiting numerous particles
of the conoidal ciliated epithelium which lines
them.
Fig. 3. Capillaries of the human lung. Magnified 100 dia-
meters. The drawing was made from a very beau-
tiful preparation injected by Mr. Quekett.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE L.
Fig. 1. Follicles of the stomach as they appear when lined
with conoidal epithelium. 100 diameters.
Fig. 2. Ditto of large intestine in a similar condition.
Fig. 3. Cross section of stomach tubes, magnified 100 dia-
meters. The tubes are parcelled uot into sets only
when about to pierce the follicles into which they
open ; and it is rare to get a good view of them
thus disposed in bundles, each of which corresponds
to the base of a follicle.
Fig. 4. Longitudinal view of stomach tubes, magnified 220
diameters, showing the spheroidal or glandular epi-
thelium with which they are lined, as well as the
dilated extremities in which they terminate.
Fig. 5. Ditto, magnified 100 diameters.
Fig. 6. Follicles of the large intestine without epithelium,
and cut off, so as to admit the passage of light
through them — when not thus shortened, their
apertures appear dark, in consequence of the non-
transmission of the light. 60 diameters.
Fig. 7. Terminations of the follicles of the large intestine.
Magnified 60 diameters.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LI.
Fig. 1. Blood vessels of the follicles of the appendix vermi-
f or mis injected. Magnified 100 diameters.
Fig. 2. Blood vessels of the follicles of the stomach of a cat
beautifully injected. The drawing was made from
a preparation of Dr. Hanfield Jones. 100 diameters.
Fig. 3. Villi of the upper part of the small intestine, mag-
nified 60 diameters. Drawing made from a pre-
paration of Dr. Jones.
Fig. 4. Ditto, from the lower portion of the same.
Fig. 5. Ditto of the foal, injected white and red, the arte-
ries being red and the veins white. Magnified 60
diameters. Drawing made from a preparation pre-
sented by Professor Hyrtle of Prague to the Lon-
don Microscopical Society.
Fig. 6. Solitary glands of the large intestine in a case of
cholera in a child. Magnified with a lens only.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LII.
Fig. 1. Villi, showing the layer of epithelial cells with which
they are generally covered, especially during the
intervals of digestion. Magnified 100 diameters.
Fig. 2. Ditto, uncovered by the layer of epithelium figured
in the previous drawing, and showing the lacteals,
as well as the granular cells, which the villi always
contain, whether in an active or passive condition.
Fig. 3. Peyer's Glands in the cat. Magnified 20 diameters.
The vessels in the villi, between the glands, are in-
jected ; but those of the glands themselves are not
vso, and this accounts for their being uncoloured.
Fig. 4. Vertical section of the mucous membrane of the
ileum of the cat, showing the flask-like form of
Peyer's Glands. No essential difference exists be-
tween these glands, as they occur in most of the
Mammalia, and in the human subject. This and
the previous drawing were prepared from two very
perfect preparations, kindly lent me by Mr. Quekett.
Fig. 5. Follicles of Lieburkuhn in the duodenum. Magnified
60 diameters.
Fig 6. Solitary glands of the small intestines uninjected, of
their natural size, and as they occurred in a case of
muco-enterite.
PLATE LIII.
Fig. 1. A sebaceous gland from the caruncula lachrymalis in
the human subject ; the follicles, on closer exami-
nation, I find to be provided with minute hairs,
similar to those which are present in the sheep and
some other animals.
Fig. 2. An entire Meibomian gland.
Fig. 3. Sebaceous glands in connection with a hair of the
scalp. These glands are easily procured still at-
tached to the hair follicle, provided the portion of
integument from which they are to be obtained be
permitted to undergo a slight degree of decom-
position.
Fig. 4. Illustrations of mucous glands. The centre figure
represents a portion of a gland and several of the
apertures by which the follicles in the larger mu-
cous glands communicate with each other.
TLdtlUl
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,
PLATE LIV.
Fig. 1. A portion of the parotid gland of an embryo of the
sheep four inches long, showing it in the very
earliest condition of its development in which it
can be traced ; the follicles, although arranged in
clusters, are yet separate and independent of each
other. After Miiller. Magnified 8 diametres.
Fig. 2. Shows a further development of the parotid gland
in the human subject ; in this figure the follicles
are closely aggregated in clusters, each cluster re-
presenting a miniature lobule.
Fig. 3. A portion of mammary gland filled with milk glo-
bules.
Fig. 4. A section of liver showing the form of the lobules
and the arrangement of the secreting cells. The
light spaces in the centre of the lobules indicate
the position of the central hepatic veins.
Fig. 5. A portion of mammary gland, but slightly magnified.
Fig. 6. Ditto, more highly magnified, showing clearly both
its small granular secreting cells and the milk glo-
bules.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LV.
Fig. 1. A portion of the surface of the liver showing the
lobules and the intra-lobular hepatic veins. The
injection has filled only the larger vessels, and has
scarcely penetrated to the capillaries.
Fig. 2. Section of liver in which the hepatic venous system
has been very completely injected, and the portal
(in yellow) only slightly so. The communication
between the vessels of different lobules is also well
shown. Drawing made from a preparation of
Dr. Hanfield Jones.
Fig. 3. Would appear to be a portion of the portal system ;
the injection was thrown in from the ductus com-
munis choledochus. When introduced in this way,
this system always becomes irregularly filled ; and
the lobules are not circumscribed as when the in-
jection enters directly by the portal vein.
Fig. 4, A section of liver in which the interlobular portal
vessels are shown. The injection in this case also
fills only the principal vessels, and has not ex-
tended to the capillaries.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LVL
Fig. 1. A portion of the surface of the liver, in which the
portal capillary system has been injected.
Fig. 2. Section of liver, in which both the portal vein and
the hepatic artery have been injected, the red ves-
sels indicating branches of the hepatic artery.
The drawing was made from a very perfect in-
jection kindly lent me for the purpose by Mr.
Quekett.
Fig. 3. A portion of the surface of the liver, in which both
the hepatic and portal venous systems are well
shown, each being distinct. Drawing made from
a preparation of Dr, Hanfield Jones.
Fig, 4. A section of liver, in which both the portal and he-
patic venous systems have been completely injected
from the portal vein.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LVIL
Fig. 1. A terminal biliary duct, copied from a drawing of
Dr. H. Jones.
Fig. 2. Secreting cells of the liver. The group lettered a
represents the cells in the usual condition in which
they are met, when submitted to observation : in b,
the cells are gorged with bile, while in c, they con-
tain numerous fat or oil globules.
Fig. 3. Concretions or calculi from the prostate gland.
Fig. 4. a represents an hitherto undescribed form of tubular
gland occurring in the region of the human axilla
in close connection with the large sudoriferous
glands which are there met with. It differs from
these last, however, in several particulars, but
principally in the smaller calibre of the tubes, and
the presence (clearly shown by the action of acetic
acid) of innumerable nuclei in the walls of the tubes,
and of which these would appear to be principally
constituted. In b and c, the differences in the size
and structure of the tubes in the two glands are
shown.
Fig. 5. Ceruminous glands. I cannot detect the slightest
difference between these glands and ordinary sudo-
riferous glands, with which, it would appear, they
must be considered to be identical.
I
•t
.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,
PLATE LVIII.
Fig. 1. Tubes of the kidney, showing their general character,
and but slightly magnified.
Fig. 2. Cross section of the elastic framework in which both
the secreting tubes and the Malpighian bodies are
enclosed.
Fig. 3. Cross section of both the elastic framework and the
secreting tubes themselves.
Fig. 4. Oblique section of the veins contained in the tubular
part of the kidney, showing their arrangement in
sets.
Fig. 5. The same vessels seen lengthways.
Fig. 6. Secreting tubes of the kidney, in different condi-
tions : in one the cells are seen to form a regular
pavement epithelium ; in a second the central canal,
along which the urine, secreted by the Malpighian
bodies and cells of the tubes, flows, is shown ; in
a third the cells are irregularly disposed, and this is
generally found to be the case in the tubes of the
central part of the kidney, and when the kidney
is not perfectly fresh; in a fourth there are no
secreting cells, and the structureless basement
membrane of the tubes alone remains.
w£
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LIX.
^
Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of kidney, showing the corpora
Malpighiana.
Fig. 2. Uriniferous tubes of a bird (Gallus indicns), showing
their pinnatifid arrangement. Drawing made from
a preparation of Professor Hyrtl, in the possession
of the Microscopical Society of London.
Fig. 3. Corpora Malpighiana of the horse. Drawing made
from an injected preparation by Professor Hyrtl.
Fig. 4. Vessels of the surface of the kidney. The capil-
laries are situated in the interstices between the
tubes.
Fig. 5. A transverse section of the kidney more highly mag-
nified, showing the convoluted vessels of the cor-
pora Malpighiana, as well as the capillaries which
encircle the uriniferous tubes.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,
PLATE LX.
Fig. 1. Tubes of the testis slightly magnified, showing their
general appearance and arrangement.
Fig. 2. Uninjected corpora Malpighiana. a is enveloped
in its own proper capsule, while in b this has been
removed. Additional observations have convinced
me that these complicated bodies are invested, in
addition to the thick elastic covering spoken of
in the text, with an inner and much thinner
membrane : and that it is this which is to be
regarded as the proper Malpighian capsule. This
covering, I conceive, is conveyed to each Mal-
pighian body by the afferent artery, from which
it is reflected over the Malpighian dilatation and
plexus of vessels ; and it may often be seen as a
distinct structure partially separated from the other
constituents of a Malpighian body. The frame-
work of elastic tissue, which invests on every
side the tubes and Malpighian bodies, is every-
where continuous by its outer surface, that of one
tube with that of the neighbouring tubes, and
that of the Malpighian body is also continuous
with that of the tubes which surround this Mal-
pighian body. On the other hand, the proper and
thin Malpighian capsule is smooth on its outer sur-
face, and not connected by this surface with any
other structure, save the afferent and efferent ves-
sels along which it is continued. This general
continuity of the elastic framework is well shown
in Plate LVIII. fig. 2.
Fig. 3. A9 a Malpighian body, more highly magnified, dis-
playing innumerable small oval and granular cells.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
The majority of these, I am now disposed to think,
are contained in the walls of the vessels constituting
the Malpighian plexus. The figure b is after Bow-
man, and shows the afferent artery and the efferent
vein of the Malpighian tuft, also the connection
of the tube with the Malpighian body itself; c,
loose epithelial cells of the tubes.
Fig. 4. Tube of the testis, more highly magnified, displaying
the innumerable granular cells which fill the tube
as well as the structure of the tube itself.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXL
Fig. 1. Vessels of thyroid gland. 18 diameters.
Fig. 2. Vesicles of slightly enlarged thyroid, viewed with
a lens only.
Fig. 3. Ditto of same, magnified 40 diameters.
Fig. 4. Ditto of same, magnified 67 diameters, showing the
fibrous structure of their walls, and their cellular
and nuclear contents.
Fig. 5. Lobes and vesicles of thyroid, magnified 27 dia-
meters, as seen in a gland in its ordinary condi*
tion.
Fig. 6. Granular nuclei of vesicles of thyroid. Magnified
378 diameters.
Fig. 7. Two follicles of thymus gland, magnified 33 dia-
meters, showing the plexus of vessels which in-
vests them.
Fig. 8. A portion of the capsule of thymus, magnified 54
diameters, showing the ternary disposition of the
vessels.
Fig. 9. Granular nuclei and simple cells with fibrous tissue
of thymus. Magnified 378 diameters.
Fig. 10. Compound cells of thymus. Magnified 378 diame-
ters.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXIL
Fig. 1. Granular nuclei, blood-vessels, and fibro-elastic tissue
of spleen. Magnified 378 diameters.
Fig. 2. Plexus of vessels on the surface of supra-renal capsule.
Magnified 54 diameters.
Fig. 3. A. Tubes of supra-renal capsule. 90 diameters. B.
Nuclei, parent cells, and molecules of the same. 378
diameters.
Fig. 4. Vessels of the foetal portion of the placenta. Mag-
nified 54 diameters. These are seen to terminate
in the villi in loops.
Fig. 5. Ditto of the supra-renal capsule, showing the plexus
on the surface of the organ, the long intertubular
vessels, and the central plexus. 90 diameters.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXIII.
Fig. 1. Epidermis of palm of hand, magnified 40 diameters,
showing its disposition in ridges, and the apertures
of the sudoriferous glands.
Fig. 2. Epidermis of the back of the hand, magnified to the
same extent, showing its furrows, hairs, and aper-
tures of sudoriferous ducts.
Fig. 3. Papillae of palm of hand. Magnified 54 diameters.
Fig. 4. Ditto of back of hand. Magnified to the same extent.
Fig. 5. Epidermis of palm of hand, seen upon its under sur-
face, showing pits or depressions for the reception
of the papillae, and the ducts of the sudoriferous
glands. Magnified 54 diameters.
Fig. 6. Epidermis of the back of hand, viewed upon its under
surface as a transparent object, and showing de-
pressions for the papilla3 and the ducts of the sudo-
riferous glands. Magnified 54 diameters.
Fig. 7. Blood-vessels of the papillae of the palm of the hand,
a single loop corresponds to each papilla. Mag-
nified 54 diameters.
Fig. 8. Ditto of the back of the hand. Magnified 54 diame-
ters.
.*: 3
LIII.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXIV.
Fig. 1. Filiform papillae of the tongue near its centre, with
epithelial appendages attached. Magnified 41 dia-
meters.
Fig. 2. Ditto of same near its apex, with epithelial appendages
attached ; these are seen to be much shorter than
in the previous case. Magnified 27 diameters.
Fig. 3. Ditto near the apex of the tongue, with the epithelium
removed, showing their cupped form, and the ar-
rangement and number of the secondary papillae
around their edges. Magnified 27 diameters.
Fig. 4. Ditto near the centre of the tongue, in which situa-
tion the secondary papillae are seen to be much
longer and more slender than in the previous
figure, their apices falling together, and so ob-
scuring the excavation in the centre of each filiform
papilla. Magnified 31 diameters.
Fig. 5. Filiform and fungiform papillae of the tongue, de-
prived of their epithelium. The size, form, and
structure of the fungiform papillae are well shown,
as well as the simple papillae situated in the fossa
around the base of one of the fungiform papillae.
Magnified 27 diameters.
Fig. 6. Filiform papillae ; some deprived of their epithelial
processes, others still retaining them. In the centre
of the figure two filiform papillae may be seen oc-
cupying the position of a fungiform papilla, being
situated in a fossa studded with simple papillae,
27 diameters.
Fig. 7. The centre of this figure represents a peculiar form
of compound papillae, occupying the position of a
x 4
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
fungiform papilla, but intermediate in structure
between it and a filiform papilla. 27 diameters.
Fig. 8. Filiform papillae, showing their tubular form, with
the epithelial processes partially removed, and ex-
hibiting numerous simple papillae placed between
the compound ones. 27 diameters.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXV.
Fig. 1. Mucous follicles of tongue, from under surface, clothed
with their epithelium. Magnified 27 diameters.
Fig. 2. Ditto, with the epithelium removed, viewed as trans-
parent objects. Magnified 27 diameters.
Fig. 3. Ditto, with the epithelium removed, viewed as opaque
objects. 27 diameters.
Fig. 4. Filiform papillae, still invested with epithelium, from
the apex of the tongue near the tip. In this situ-
tion the filiform processes are almost entirely ab-
sent, and the cupped form of the papillae is well
seen. 27 diameters.
Fig. 5. Mucous follicles and compound papillae, still invested
with epithelium, from the side of the tongue. Mag-
nified 20 diameters. These compound papillae ap-
proach the fungiform in structure.
Fig. 6. A side view of two simple papillae of the tongue par-
tially invested with epithelium. 45 diameters.
Fig. 7. Ditto of filiform papillae, with epithelium and epi-
thelial processes still adherent. 18 diameters.
Fig. 8. The same viewed with a lens only.
Fig. 9. Side view of compound papillae situated at the sides
of the tongue posteriorly to the caliciform papillae :
the simple papillae of which they are made up are
dilated at the extremities. 20 diameters.
Fig. 10. Simple papillae from the under surface of the tongue.
Magnified 54 diameters.
Fig. 11. Compound and simple papillae from the side of the
tongue, but posteriorly to the caliciform papillae.
Magnified 23 diameters.
Plate, LTI
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXVI.
Fig. 1. A single caliciform papilla, with the epithelium
removed, showing the numerous secondary papillas
by which it is covered. 16 diameters.
Fig. 2. Ditto, in a similar state, with the vessels of the pa-
pillae injected. 16 diameters.
Fig. 3. Filiform papilla near the centre of the tongue, with
the vessels injected. 27 diameters.
Fig. 4. Ditto near the tip of the tongue, also injected. 27
diameters.
Fig. 5. Simple papillae, injected. 27 diameters.
Fig. 6. A fungiform papilla, injected, surrounded by several
filiform papilla, also injected. 27 diameters.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXVII.
Fig. 1 . Vertical section of cornea, showing the conjunct! val
epithelium, the cornea proper, posterior elastic la-
mina, and epithelium of the aqueous humour. 54
diameters.
Fig. 2. A portion of the vascular layer of the retina, in-
jected. From a preparation belonging to Mr.
Quekett. 60 diameters.
Fig. 3. Section of schlerotic and cornea at the junction of
the two parts. In the schlerotic, the spaces between
the fibrous tissue are seen to be more or less
rounded, while in the cornea they are elongated
and tubular. 54 diameters.
Fig. 4. Vessels of tunica Ruyschiana, ciliary processes, iris,
and membrana pupillaris, injected. From a foetal
preparation injected by Mr. Hett. 14 diameters.
Fig. 5. Nuclei of the granular layer of the retina. 378
diameters.
Fig. 6. Cells of the same. 378 diameters.
Fig. 7. Transparent cells of the vesicular layer of the retina.
Magnified 378 diameters.
Fig. 8. Caudate cells of the retina. 378 diameters.
Fig. 9. A portion of the membrana Jacobi. 378 diameters.
Fig. 10. Fibres of the crystalline lens, a, magnified 198 dia-
meters ; b9 magnified 378 diameters.
Fig. 11. Tuberculated condition of the posterior elastic la-
mina, as seen near its margin. 78 diameters.
Fig. 12. Peculiar markings on posterior elastic lamina. Mag-
nified 78 diameters.
Fig. 13. Surface of crystalline lens of the sheep, slightly
magnified, showing the three radii, and the course
of the fibres.
Fig. 14. Fibres of the lens near its centre, where they are
much smaller than on the surface. 198 diameters.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXVIII.
Fig. 1. Globe of the eye of the sheep, magnified 3 dia-
meters. The schlerotic being removed, the choroid
is seen, as well as the disposition of the stellate
pigment cells, which lie in the intervals between
the venae vorticosae, and which consequently follow
a similar disposition.
Fig. 2. The same, showing the venae vorticosae injected.
Magnified 3 diameters.
Fig. 3. Conjunctival epithelium, oblique view of, 378 dia-
meters.
Fig, 4. A portion of the ciliary muscle. 198 diameters.
Fig. 5. Conjunctival epithelium, front view of. 379 dia-
meters.
Fig. 6. Gelatinous nerve fibres of retina. 378 diameters.
Fig. 7. Cellated structure of the vitreous body. 70 dia-
meters.
Fig. 8. Elastic fibres lying on the anterior surface of the
posterior elastic lamina. 70 diameters.
Fig. 9. A portion of iris, showing its blood-vessels and
muscular fibrillae. 70 diameters.
Fig. 10. Epithelium of the crystalline lens. 198 diameters.
Fig. 11. Ditto of the aqueous humour. 198 diameters.
Fig. 12. Cells of the hexagonal epithelium of the choroid.
Magnified 378 diameters.
Fig. 13. Cells and fibres of the stellate pigment of the
choroid. 378 diameters.
Fig. 14. Irregular pigment cells of the uvea. 378 diameters.
Pio^UJJU
-ItM,
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXIX.
Fig. 1. A portion of the mucous membrane of the olfactory
region of the sheep, showing the apertures of the
mucous follicles, and the pigment which covers its
surface. 80 diameters.
Fig. 2. Blood-vessels of the pituitary region, injected. From
a preparation belonging to Mr. Quekett. 80 dia-
meters.
Fig. 3. Denticulate lamina of the osseous zone of the la-
mina spiralis, seen on the vestibular surface. «, free
edge of the teeth ; b, margin towards the axis of the
cochlea ; c, granular cells lying upon the same. 100
diameters.
Fig. 4. Tympanic surface of a portion of lamina spiralis of
the cat. a, termination of the cochlear nerves at the
border of the osseous zone, with capillaries ramify-
ing over them ; b, inner clear belt of the mem-
branous zone; c, marginal capillary on the tym-
panic surface ; d, pectinate portion of the mem-
branous zone ; e, outer clear belt of membranous
zone, torn from the cochlearis muscle. 300 dia-
meters. After Todd and Bowman.
Fig. 5. Inner view of cochlearis muscle of the sheep. «,
line of attachment of membranous zone of lamina
spiralis, of which a portion, b, remains attached.
The surface below this line is in the scala tym-
pani ; the surface above, the scala vestibuli. c,
projecting columns, with intervening recesses, in
the vestibular part of the cochlearis muscle. After
Todd and Bowman.
Fig 6. Plexiform arrangement of the cochlear nerves, seen
in the basal coil of the lamina spiralis, treated with
hydrochloric acid. There are no ganglion globules
y
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
in this plexus, which consists of tubular fibres, a,
twig of cochlear nerve in the modiolus, its fibres
diverging and reuniting in I, a band in the plexus
taking a direction parallel to the zones. From this,
other twigs radiate, and again and again branch and
unite as far as the margin of the osseous zone, c,
where they terminate. From the sheep. 30 dia-
meters. After Todd and Bowman.
Fig. 7. Compound cellular and calcareous bodies of the
pineal gland. 130 diameters.
Fig, 8. Granular cells and fibrous tissue of the pituitary
gland. 350 diameters.
Fig. 9. Villi of the choroid plexus, showing their epithelium
and blood-vessels. 45 diameters.
Figs. 10 and 11. Illustrations of the development of fat. a
represents the vesicles contained in parent cells ;
b the same after the absorption of the parent cell
membranes. Magnified 45 diameters,
Fig. 12. Dilated capillaries of olfactory region of human
foetus. 1 00 diameters. From a preparation belong-
ing to Mr. Quekett.
PERIODS OF PUBLICATION.
PAKT
I.
August
1846,
ending
page 38.
Plate
III.
II.
September
1846,
55
,5 76.
„
VI.
m.
October
1846,
55
,5 114-
„
X.
IV.
November
1846,
55
„ 151.
55
XIII.
V.
December
1846,
51
„ 190.
55
XVI.
VI.
January
1847,
55
,5 228.
55
XX.
VII.
February
1847,
55
„ 262.
55
XXIII.
VIII.
March
1847,
55
„ 294.
55
XXVI.
IX.
May
1847,
55
„ 326.
V
XXXI.
X.
July
1847,
55
„ 362.
55
XXXV.
XI.
September 1847,
55
55
XLIV.
XII.
February
1848,
55
„ 398.
55
XL VIII.
XIII.
April
1848,
„
„ 442.
55
Lit
XIV.
September
1848,
„
55
LX.
XV.
August
1849,
55
„ 570.
55
LXIX.
ERRATA.
Page 10. line 11. for " other" read " latter."
26. line 4. for " which" read " this."
75, 76. for " allantois " read " area vascidosa."
77. line 36. for " their " read " its."
83. line 27. omit the word " that."
Plate IX. for "area" read "area."
Page 146. line 18. for " tessilate" read " tesselate"
191. line 4. for " ciliae " read " cilia."
193. line 6. for " Strichnine" read " Strychnine."
200. line 19. for " Spallanzoni " read " Spallanzani. "
220. line 14. for "brinous" read " fibrinous."
290. line 22. for " proposition " read " conjecture."
475. line 29. before the word "contained " insert the article "the.
477. line 8. for " exist " read " exists."
494. for " chorion " read " chorium."
496. line 21. for " varies" read " vary."
535. line 3. for " grandular " read " granular. "
"!,,i, /.All
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