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[Frontispiece^ Vol. xxxii.]

TEANSACTIONS

THE INSTITUTION

MINING ENGINEERS.

VOL XXXII -1906-1907.

Edited by M. WALTON BROWN, Secretary.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne : Pubushed i\y the Institction.

pRiKTXD BY Andrew Reid & Co., Limited, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

1908.

[All rights of publication or traivilation are rcstrvfA.]

ir>.woi«

ADVERTIZEMENT.

The InBtitution, as a body, is not responsible for the statements and opinions
advanced in the papers which may be read or in the discossions which may take
place at the meetings of the Institution or of the Federated Institutes.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXH.

Ad vEBnzKM ent

Contents

OmcKBS

List of Membebs

HoMORABY Members .

Members

PAOS.

PAOK.

Associate Members ...

... Ivii

Associates

Ixi

Students

... Ixviii

xui

Subscribers

... Ixxi

ziii

Non-Federated

... Ixxiii

xiv

GENERAL MEETINGS.

The Institution of Mining Engineers.

1906. PAo«.

Sept. 12. —Seventeenth Annual General Meeting ( Haniey ) 149

Election of Officers, 1906-1907 149

Seventeenth Annual Report of the Council 1 50

Books, etc., added to the Library 156

Exchanges 156

Accounts ... 157

Report of the Delegate to the Conference of Delegates of
Corresponding Societies of the British Association for the

Advancement of Science, York, 1906. By J. A. Longden ... 164

"A New Pocket- transit." By W, Denham Verschoyle 166

Discussion ... 168

"Gypsum, and its Occurrence in the Dove Valley." By T,

Trafford Wynne 171

Discussion 184

•* Notes on Cauldon Low and the Manifold Valley, North Staf-
fordshire." By E. B. Wain and J. T. Stobbs 193

Discussion ... ... 196

Discussion of Mr. Sam Mavor's paper on the ** Practical Problems

of Machine-mining" ... ... 197

Discussion of Dr. J. A. Roelofsen's paper on ** Bye-product Coke

and Huessener Bye-product Coke-ovens " ... 198

Discussion of Mr. T. Adampon's paper on ** Goaf -blasts in

Mines in the Giridih Coal-field, Bengal, India" 203

Visits to Works, etc. : —

Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Company, Limited 207

Sneyd Collieries, Limited 210

Stafford Coal and Iron Company, Limited 211

IV CONTENTS.

The International Association for Testing Materials.
1906.
Sept. 3 to 9. — Fourth Congress ( Brussels)

1906.

Manchester Geological and Mining Society.

Oct. 9. — Annual General Meeting (Manchester)

Annual Report of the Council, 1905- 1 906

Election of Officers, 1906-1907

Accounts

Fossil-shells from Chorley

Coal in Kent

Discussion of Mr. A. J. Tonge's paper on "Underground Fans

as Main Ventilators " ... ...

" The Boultham Well at Lincoln." By William McKay

Discussion

l^ov. 13. — General Meeting (Manchester)

Discussion of Mr. W. McKay's paper on " The Boultham Well

at Lincoln"

"Presidential Address." By Charles Pilkington

Discussion '

Dec. 4. — General Meeting ( Manchester )

Discussion of Mr. Sam Mavor*s paper on "Practical Problems of

Machine-mining"

Discussion of Messrs. W. N. Atkinson and A. M. Henshaw's

paper on * * The Courrieres Explosion "

1907.

Jan. 8. — General Meeting (Manchester)

Horizontal and Vertical Sections of Coal-measures from Rishton,

Lancashire, to Pontefract, Yorkshire

Discussion of Mr. J. T. Stobbs' paper on "The Value of Fossil
MoUusca in Coal.measnre Stratigraphy "

PAiJB.

220

225
225
229
230
233
234

234
245
252
350

350
352
361
499

499

507
515
515
516

CONTENTS. V

Thh Midland Counties Institution ot Engineers.— 6\)?i/iwMerf.

1906. PAGE.

Sept. 8. — Annual General Meeting (Nottingham). — Continued.

Discussion of Mr. A. Hall's paper on "The Stanley Double-
heading Machine " 136

Discussion of Mr. J. A. Longden's paper on "Colliery-
consumption" 140

Discussion of Mr. A. J. Tonge's paper on " Underground Fans

as Main Ventilators" 143

Discussion of Mr. Charles Latham's "Notes on the Detection
and Estimation of Inflammable Gases in Mines by Means of

Flame-caps" 147

Dec. 8.— General Meeting (Derby) 336

Discussion of Mr. J. Piggford's paper on "The Two-stage Air-
compressing Plant at Teversal Collieries " 336

Discussion of Messrs. W. N. Atkinson and A. M. Henshaw's

paper on "The Courrieres Explosion" 340

Discussion of Mr. C. Latham's "Notes on the Detection and
Estimation of Inflammable Gases in Mines by Means of
Flame-caps" 348

Midland Institute of Mining, Civil and Mechanical Engineers.
1906.

July 19. — Annual General Meeting (Low Moor) 43

Annual Report of the CouncU, 1905-1906 44

Accounts 46

Electionof Officers and Council, 1906-1907 49

Representatives on the Council of The Institution of Mining

Engineers, 1906-1907 49

" The Pneumatogen : The Self -generating Rescue-apparatus,

compared with Other Types." By R. Cremer 51

Discussion 71

Visits to Works, etc. : —

Low Moor Ironworks ... 73

" An Account of Sinking and Tubbing at Methley Junction
Colliery, with a Description of a Cast-iron Dam to Resist an

Outburst of Water." By Isaac Hodges • 76

Discussion 98

Nov. 6. — General Meeting (Leeds) 253

Discussion of Mr. T. Beach's paper on " * Black Ends: ' Their

Cause, Cost and Cure " 254

* • Presidential Address. " By J. R. R. WUlson 256

Discussion 285

Dec 12.— General Meeting (Wakefield) 362

* * Cost of an Electrical Unit at a Colliery. " By Percy C. Greaves 363
Discussion of Mr. P. C. Greaves' paper on the " Cost of an
Electrical Unit at a Colliery ;" and Mr. A. J. Tonge's paper
on " A Colliery -plant : Its Economy and Waste " 365

CX)KTENTS.

The Mining Institute op Scotland.

1006.

Cot. 13.— General Meeting (Edinburgh)

DiBcuBsion of Mr. K. McLaren's paper on ''The McCutcheon

Gas-detector"

Discussion of Mr. James Caldwell's paper on the *' Electric
Power-station, Winding-gear and Pumping-plant of the

Tarbrax Oil Company, Limited "

** A Diamond Hand-boring Machine." By John B. Thomson ...

Discussion

Dec. 13.— General Meeting (Hamilton)

"Effects of Acceleration on Winding-torc|ues, and Test of

Tarbrax Electrical Winding-plant." By George Ness
Discussion of Mr. John B. Thomson's paper on ** A Diamond

Hand-boring Machine "

" Tests of a Mine-fan." By John B. Thomson

**The Wolf Safety.lamp." By L. H. Hodgson

Discussion

"Acetylene Safety-lamps." By L. H. Hodgson

Discussion

PAOS.

100
100

102
107
110
286

287

293
295
300
304
305
307

The Nobth of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineebs.

1906.
Aug. 1. — Greneral Meeting, to receive the Members of the American Insti-
tute of Mining Engineers (Newcastle-upon-Tyne) 1

Visits to Works, etc. : —

Dawdon Colliery

Horden Colliery

Aug. 4.— Annual General Meeting (Newcastle-upon-Tyne)

Election of OflBcers, 1906-1907

Annual Report of tha CottOQi!, 1905 1906

CONTENTS. vil

The North of Kngland Inhtitute of Mining and Mkchanical Enoinbkbs. —
ConiintutL

*^^" PAGS.

Oct. 13. — General Meeting (Newcastle-upon-Tyne) —Coii/tnuec/.

Discussion of Mr. Sam Mayors paper on "Practical Problems

of Machine-mining '* 391

** The Valuation of Mineral Properties. " By T. A. O'Donahue . . 399

Discussion 417

Dec. 5.— Excursion Meeting (Swalwell) 420

Electric Plant, Ax well Park Colliery 420

Dec. 8. — General Meeting (Newcastle-upon-Tyne) 525

Discussion of Dr. J. A. Smythe's paper on ** Deposits in a Pit-
fall at Tanfield Lea, Tantobie, County Durham " 526

Discussion of Mr. W. Maurice's paper on ** A Rateau Exhaust-
steam-driven Three-phase Haulage Plant " 527

'* Experiments Illustrative of the Inflammability of Mixtures of
Coal-dust and Air." By P. Phillips Bedson and Henry

Widdas 529

Discussion 531

"Liquid Air and its Use in Rescue-apparatus." By Otto

Simonis 534

Discussion 539

** Sinking through Magnesian Limestone and Yellow Sand by
the Freezing-process at Dawdon Colliery, near Seaham
Harbour, County Durham." By E. Seymour Wood ... 651
Discussion 577

The Nobth Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Enoineebs.
1906.

July 9. — General Meeting (Stoke-upon-Trent) 30

"Notes on the Feed-water of Colliery-boilers." Hy A. E.

Cooke ... 31

Discussion 38

Nov. 12. —Annual General Meeting (Stoke-upon-Trent) 422

Annual Report of the Council, 1905-1906 422

Accounts 424

Annual Report of the Treasurer, 1 905- 1 906 426

Annual Report of the Librarian , 1 905- 1 906 426

Election of Officers, 1906-1907 427

Prizes 427

« • Presidential Address. " By John Newton 428

"The Courriferes Explosion." By W. N. Atkinson and A. M.

Henshaw 439

Dec 10. -General Meeting (Stoke-upon-Trent) 493

•* Improved Constructions of Rails and Rail- joints for Collieries,

Mines and Quarries." By John Bentley 494

Discussion '^97

Vlll

CONTENTS.

The South Staffordshikk an'i> Wakwk^kshire Institutk ok Mining Enginkkrs.

1906. .AUK

Oct. 22.— Annual Cieneral Meeting; (Birmingham) *iOS

Election of Officera, 1906-1907 808

Accounts 309

Annual ReiKirt of the Council, 1905-1906 810

"Presidential Address." By F. A. Graystou .^12

Dec. 5.— General Meeting (Walsall) 320

*' lioilers for Colliery Purposes." By F. C. Swallow 321

Discussion ... ... 326

" Walsall Coriwration EKtric Supply." By S. L. Tliacker ... SliO

Discussion ... 33;')

APPENDICES.

-Notes of Papers on the Working of Mines, Metallurgy, etc., from
the Transactions of Colonial and Foreign Societies and Colonial

and Foreign Publications 579

'* Cutaneous Infectivity of Ankylostomiasis. " By Gino Pieri ... 579

** Mining Legislation in Holland." By. J. G. Bousquet 579

** Underground Temperatures in the Pas-de-Calais, France."

By Felix Leprinco-Ringuet 5S0

** Seasonal Distribution of Earth-tremors " :—

( 1 ) By F. de Montessus de Ballore 5S1

(2) By F. de Montessus de Ballore 581

''Earth -tremors in Greece during the Years 1900 to 1903." By

D. Eginitis ... 582

** Earthquake of 1903 in Calabria, Italy " : -

(1) By Mario Baratta ... 683

(2) By G. Mcrcalli 583

" Earthquake in Finland, 1902." By J. E. Rosberg ... 584

CONTEXTS. IX

APPENDICES.-Conr»n«€//.
I. — Notes of Papers, eio* -^Continued, |.aok.
•* Tertiary Coal-deposita of Ruda, Dalmatia. " By F. von Kemer 598
'* Carboniferous Marine Strata in Hungary." By Fritz Freeh 599
''Petroleum-bearing Rocks of Komarnik-Mikova and Luh, Hun-
gary." By Julius Noth 60()

"Petroleum- and Ozokerite-deposits of Boryslaw, Galicia."

By J. Grzybowski 601

** Pyritic Deposits of Kazanesd, Hungary." By Anton Lackner 602
** Copper-ores and Wolfram-ores in Southern T>to1." By

J. Block 603

•* Formation of the Belgian Coal-measures." By A. Renier 604

•*A Marine Band in the Charleroi Coal-measures, Belgium."

By Ren^ Cambier 606

'* Fauna and Flora of the Lower Coal-measures of Baudour,
Hainaut " : —

(1) By J. Comet 606

(2) By Armand Renier 607

** Lower Division of the Liege Coal-measures, Belgium." By

P. Fourmarier 607

'* Marine Bands in the Upper Coal-measures of Mons, Belgium."

By J. Comet 608

*' Campine Coal-field, Belgium." By M. Lohest, A. Habets

andH. Forir 608

' < Manganiferous Iron-ores of Lienne, Belgium. " By Joseph

Libert 611

" Coal-basins of Carmaux-Albi, France. " By Jules Laromiguii^re 612
** Coal-field of French Lorraine " : —

( 1 ) By Jules Bergeron and Paul Weiss 613

(2) By R. Zeiller 613

(3) By J. Bergeron 614

'•Unsuccessful Borings for Coal in Picardy, France." By J.

Gosselet 615

'•Shear-planes in the St. Etienne Coal-field, France." By P.

Termier and G. Friedel 615

** Iron -ore derived from Glauconite, Ardennes, France." By

L. Cayeux 616

"Magnetic Iron -ore of Dielette, Lower Normand}-." By L.

Cayeux 617

'• Auriferous Stibnite of Martigne, Brittany." By O. Stutzer ... 617
'• Gold and Silver in the Trias of French Lorraine." By Francis

Laur 618

** Metalliferous Deposits of the Val de Ville, Alsace." By —

Ungemach 619

" Asphalt ic Limestones of the Gard, France." By P. Nicou ... 620

• ' Phosphatic Deposits of France. " By 0. Tietze 622

" Aix-la-Chapelle Coal-field, Germany." By H. Westermann ... 623
"Recent Bore-holes and Sinkings in the Rhenish- West phalian

Coal-field." By P. Krusch 625

X CONTEXTS.

APl?ENDlCE8,-CoiUiHued.

PAOB.

II. — Report of the Corresponding Societies' Committee and of the Con-
ference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, York Meeting, 1906 ... 627
Research-committees appointed by the General Committee at

the York Meeting : Angust, 1906 628

The Corresponding Societies of the British Association for

1906-1907 630

Catalogue of the more important Papers, and especially those
referring to local Scientific Investigations, published by the
Corresponding Societies during the Year ending May 31st,
1906 634

Index ...

643

List of Plates :—

l»Ai*E.

PAti K.

PoaTRAIT OF

SiK Leks Knowlks,

XIV

318

Bart.

mtitiffiece

334

... •..

XVI

388

... .«.

XVII., XVIIL, XIX., XX.

m., IV., V.

, VI., VII.

XXL, XXII. , XXIIL

vin., IX.

128

XXIV., XXV

492

...

184

XXVI

496

XI.

240

XXVII. , X XVIIL, XXIX.

XII.

... ...

252

XXX., XXXL, XXXIL

XIII.

292

XXXIIL, XXXIV.

! r)76

LIST OF OFFICERS. XI

THE INSTITUTION OF MINING ENGINEERS.
OFFICERS, 1906-1907.

padtsspreeidentd (ex-qficioj.

Mr. William Nicholas Atkinson, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Bridgend.

Mr James Cope Cadman, The Cloughs, Newcastle, Staffordshire.

Mr. James Stedman Dixon, Fairleigh, Bothwell, Glasgow.

Sir Lees Kxowles, Bart., Westwood, Pendlebary, Manchester.

Sir William Thomas Lewis, Bart., Mardy, Aberdare.

Mr. John Alfred Lonoden, St€uiton-by-Dale, Nottingham.

Mr. George Arthur Mitchell, 5, West Regent Street, Glasgow.

Mr. Henry Copson Peaks, Walsall Wood Colliery, Walsall.

Mr. Arthur Sopwith, Cannock Chase Collieries, Walsall.

Sir Lindsay Wood, Bart., The Hermitage, Chester-le-Street.

pteeident.

Mr. MAURICE DEACON, Brookfield Manor, Hathersage, Sheffield.

It)ice>"ptedi^ent6.

Mr. Thomas Douglas, The Garth, Darlington.

Mr. James Tennant Foroie, Mosspark, Bothwell, Glasgow.

Mr. William Birkenhead Mather Jackson, Ringwood, Chesterfield.

Mr. Robert McLaren, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Craigmore, 77, Colin ton

Road, Edinburgh.
Mr. John Herman Merivale, Togston Hall, Acklington, 8.0. , Northum1)erland.
Mr. Thomas Wilfred Howe Mitchell, Mining Offices, 25, Regent Street,

Bamsley.
Mr. Robert Thomas Moore, 142, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow.
Mr. John Newton, Woodlands, Wolstanton, Stoke-upon-Trent.
Mr. Wiijjam Garside Phillips, Ansley Hall Colliery, Atherstone.
Mr. Charles Pilkington, The Headlands, Prestwich, Manchester.
Mr. John Bell Simi*son, Bra<lley Hall, Wylam, S.O., Northumberland.
Mr. John Geoiu;e Weeks, Bedlington, S.O., Northumberland.
Mr. Robert Summerside Williamson, Cannock Wood House, Hednesford,

S.O., Staffortlshire.
Mr. John Robert Robinson Wilson, H.M. Inspector of Mines, West Hill,

Chapeltown Road, Leeds.
Mr. William Outtkrson Wood, South Hetton, S.O., County Diurham.

Councillors.

• Deceased.

Mr. Frederick Robert Atkinson, Duffield, Derby.
Mr. Richard Donald Bain, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Durham.
Mr. Harry Drummond Dawson Barman, 21, University Gardens, Glasgow.
Mr. James Barrowman, Staneacre, Hamilton.
Mr. George Jonathan Binns, Duffield House, Duffield, Derby.
Mr. Archibald Blyth, Lochside, Hamilton.

Mr. Henry Bramall, Pendlebury Collieries, Pendlebury, Manchester.
Mr. Bennett Hooper Brouoh, 28, Victoria Street, London, S. W.
•Mr. Martin Walton Brown, 10, Lambton Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Ill

LIST OF OFFICE HS.

Mr. Charles Spearman Carke.s, Marsden Hall, South ShieKis.

Mr. William Cochran Carr, Benwell Colliery, Newcastle-upon-Tvne.

Mr. William Henry Chambers, Conisborough, Rotherham.

Mr. William Frbuerick Clark, The Poplars, Aldridge, Walsall.

Mr. George Elmslky C'oke, 65, Station Street, Nottingham.

Mr. Frank Coui^son, Shamrock House, Durham.

Mr. Robert VVilson Dron, 55, West Regent Street, Glasgow.

Mr. Thomas Emerson Forster, 3, Eldon Square, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. John William Fryar, Eastwood Collieries, near Nottingham. "

Mr. William Edward Garforth, Snydale Hall, Pontefract. ^

Mr. John Gerrard, H. M. Inspector of Mines, Worsley, Manchester.

Mr. George Clementson Green well, Poynton, Stockport.

Mr. Reginald Guthrie, Neville Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. James Hamilton, 208, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow.

Mr. Arthur Hassam, King Street, Newcastle, Staffordshire.

Mr. Henry Richardson Hewitt, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Breedon Hill lload,

Derby.
Mr. Isaac HoiKiES, Whitwood Collieries, Normanton.
Mr. George Henry Holunoworth, 37, Cross Street, Manchester.
Mr. Georcje P. Hyslop, The Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Company, Limited,

Stoke-upon-Trent.
Mr. Douglas Jackson, Coltness Iron Works, Newmains, S.O., Lanarkshire.
Mr. Thomas Edgar Jobling, Bebside, S.O., Northumberland.
Mr. Austin Kirkup, Manor House, Penshaw, Fence Houses.
Mr. Philip Kirkup, Leatield House, Birtley, S.O., County Durham.
Mr. Charles Cattkrall Leach, Seghill Colliery, Seghill, Dudley, S.O., North-

umberland.
Mr. George Alfred Lewis, Albert Sreet, Derby.
Mr. Henry Louis, 4, Osborne Terrace, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Mr. William McCreath, 208, St. Vincent Street, GlMgow.
Mr John Morison, Cramlingtou House, Northumberland.
Mr. William Charles Mountain, The Hermitage, Gateshead-upon-Tyne.
Mr. David Marr Mow at, Sunimerlee Iron Works, Coatbridge.
Mr. Horace Broughtok Nash, 23, Victoria Road, Bamsley.
Mr. John Nevin, Littlemoor House, Mirfield, S.O., Yorkshire.
Mr. Lucius Trant O'Shea, University of Sheffield, St. George's Square,

Sheffield.
Mr. Henry Palmer, Medomsley, S.O., County Durham.
Mr. Matthew William Parrington, Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland.
Mr. William Saint, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Cromer House, Cathedral Road,

Cardiff.
Fraisk Hotij!ST SiMi^t^N, Heiltjelield Houae, Biaydon-upou-Tyne^ S.O*.

LIST OF MEMBERS. Xlll

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Donotati? Aembets.

* Deceased.

Tfu^ Ifijrtitvtivn of Mining Engineer«.

Hon.M.In8t.M.E.

Each Honorary Member shall be a person who has distinguished himself by his
literary or scientific attainments, or wiio may have made important
communications to any of the Federated Institutes.

John Holand Atkinson, H.M. Inspector of Mines, 2, Devonshire Terrace,

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
William Nicholas Atkinson, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Bridgend.
RiCHABD Donald Bain, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Durham.
Joseph Dickinson, 3, South Bank, Sandv Lane, Pendleton, Manchester.
Sir Akchibald Geikie, Director-General of the Geological Sur\'ey of the United

Kingdom, 28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W. TraivwLCtionH to be sent to The

Geological Classroom, University, Edinburgh.
John (vERBard, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Worsley, Manchester.
Haton de la Gk>UFiLLiERE, 56, rue de Vaugirard, Paris, France.
Frederick Augustus Gray, H.M. Inspector of Mines, 7, Victoria Square,

Penarth.
Dr. John Scott Haldane, 4, St. Margaret's Road, Oxford.
Henrt Hall, I.S.O., H.M. Inspector of Mines, Rainhill, S.O., Lancashire.
''Euilb Harze, rue de la Loi, 213, Brussels, Belgium.
Hugh Johnstone, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Stafford.
Robert McLaren, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Craigmore, 77, Colintou Road,

Edinburgh.
Joseph Samuel Martin, I.S.O., H.M. Inspector of Mines, The Vikings, 16,

Durdham Park, Bristol.
Joseph Thomas Robson, Southfield, Edgware, S.O., Middlesex.
John Martine Ronaldson, H.M. Inspector of Mines, 44, Athole (wardens,

Glasgow.
Arthur Henry Stokes, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Greenhill, Derby.
Jethro Justiman Harris Teall, Director of the Geological Survey of the

United Kingdom, t?8, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.
William Walker, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Doncaster.

Tht Midland Counties Institution of Engineers.

Prof. Frank Clowes, c,o The Registrar, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Bloonisbury

Square, London, W.C.
Edward Eastwood, Railway Wagon Works, Chesterfield.
Charles John Gray, Commissioner of Mines, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South

Africa.
Rev. John Magens Mello, Cliff" Hill, Warwick.
Arthur Henry Stokes, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Greenhill, Derby.

Midland Institute of Mining, Oivil and Mechanical Engineers.

Prof. John Goodman, University of I^eeds, Leeds.

Prof. Percy Fry Kendall, University of Leeds, Leeds.

Prof. Louis Compton Miall, University of Leeds, Leeds. 'Jrantactions to be

sent to The City Librarian, Central Free Public Library, Leeds.
William Henry Pickering, 6, Dacres Lane, Calcutta, India.

tIST OF 1£EMB£RS.

Pbot. William Rifpeb, University of Sheflfield, St. George's Square, Sheffield.
Sib Abthttr William RuCkeb, 19, Gledhow Gardens, South Kensington,

London, S.VV.
Prof. Thomas Ed^vabd Thorpe, The Government Laboratory, Somerset House,

London, W.C.

The. North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers.

Prof. Pbter Phillips Bedson, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon*Tyne.

Transactions to bo sent to The Chief Librarian, Public Library, New Bridge

Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Thomas Bell, 40, Esplanade Road, Scarborough.
Gbokge Stewardson Brady, Park Hurst, Endcliffe, Sheffield. Transactions

to be sent to The Subscription Library, Fawcett Street, Sunderland.
Prof. William Garnett, London County Council Education Office, Victoria

Embankment, London, W.C.
*Prof. Albxanuer Stewart Hersghel, Obser\'atory House, Sloueh.
Prof. George Alexander Louis Lebour, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. TransactioiiH, etc., to be sent to Radcli£fe House, Corbridge, S.O.,

Northumberland.
Prof. Henry Louls, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Transactions

to be sent to The Librarian, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
*SiR Charles Mark Palmer, Bart., 37, Curzon Street, London, W. Transactions

to be sent to The Mechanics' Institute, Jarrow.
Prof. Henry Stroud, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Prof. Robert Lunan Weighton, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

The North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers.

William Nicholas Atkinson, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Bridgend.

John Cadbian, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Queen's Park Hotel, Port of Spain,

Trinidad, West Indies.
Hugh Johnstone, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Stafford.
Henry Skeffington Poolk, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Charles Maddock Stuart, St. Dimstan's College, I^wisham.
•John Ward, 23, Stafford Street, Longton, Staflordshire.
Benjamin Woodworth, 6, Cocknage Road, Dresden, Longton, Staffordshire.

UST OF MEMBERS. XV

Adams, Phillip Francis Burnet, Surveyor.General for the Orange River
Colony, Government Office, Bloemfontein, Orange River Colony, South
Africa. N. £.

Adamson, Robert, Riverlea Mine, Queqae, Matabeleland, South Africa. S. I.

Adamson, Thomas, Giridih, East Indian Railway, Bengal, India. X. £.

Addie, John, De Rietfontein, Sprinffs, Transvaal. S. L

Addie, Robert, c/o Kennedy and Addie, Norfolk House, Laurence Pountney
Hill, London, E.G. S. I.

Agnew, Samuel, Bardykes Colliery, Newton, Glasgow. S. L

Ainsworth, Herbert, P.O. Box 1553, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Ainsworth, John \V. , Bridgewater Offices, Walkden, Manchester. N. E.

AiTKEN, James, 284, Glasgow Road, Blantyre, Glasgow. S. I.

AiTKEN, James, 15, Allan ton Terrace, Femiegair, Hamilton. S. I.

Aukxander, J. G., Sneyd Colliery, Burslem, Staffordshire. N. S.

Allan, Alexander B., 36, Dalziel Drive, Pollokshields, (xlasgow. S. I.

AxiJLN, Francis Gebbie, 17, South Hamilton Street, Kilmarnock. S. I.

Allan, John Frederick, c/o The Caucasus Copper Company, Limited, Bond
Court House, Walbrook, London, KC. N. E.

Allan, Philip, Mina de San Domingos, Mertola, Portugal. N. E.

Allen, Charles, Bents Green, Eccleshall, Sheffield. M. C.

Allen, (iEOROs L., 179, West Georse Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Allen, Richard John, The Escalera Silver Lead Mining Company, Fuen-
caliente, Provincia de Ciudad Real, Spain. S. I.

Allen, Thomas William, Birch Coppice Colliery, Polesworth, Tamworth. M. C.

Allison, J. J. C, Woodland Collieries, Butterknowle, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

Allott, Henry Newmarch, 46, Brown Street, Manchester. M. G.

Allott, James Rayney Leach, Beechwood, The Avenue, Kidsgrove, Stoke-
upon-Trent. M. C.

Allsebrook, George Clarence, Manners Colliery, Ilkeston, S.O., Derby-
shire. " "

Allsop, Samuel, Hartshay Collieries, Hease, Belper.
•Alsop, a. M., Lead Mines, Darley Dale, Matlock.

Altekhein, Charles Rudolf, Hyde House, Park Crescent, Park
Sheffield.

Andersen, Carl, Sandy, Lincoln County, Nevada, U.S. A.

Anderson, Alexander, Farme Cottage, Rutherslen, Glasgow.

Anderson, Alexander, Fleminjzton Electrical Works, Wishaw.

Anderson, Andrew, Hillview, Dykehead, Shotts, S.O., Lanarkshire.

Anderson, George, 20, Copthall Avenue, London, E.C.

Ani»erson, James, Farme Colliery, Rutherglen, Glasgow.

Anderson, John Everard, co The Transvaal Gold-miniug Estate, Limited,
Pilgrims Rest, Transvaal. S. I.

Anderson, Robert Hay, Apartado Postal 866, Mexico, D.F. N. E.

Anderson, Robert Simpson, Benwell View, Bentinck Road, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Anderson, William F., Mill Valley Post Office, Marin County, California,
U.S.A. S. I.

Anderson, Walter G., coThe Duff Development Company, Limited, Kilantan,
via Singapore. S. I.

Andrew, R<.>bert, c/o John Munro, 30, George S<iuare, Glasgow. S. I.

Andrews, Arthur, 10, Ashwood Terrace, Sunderland. N. E.

Andrews, Edward William, 4, Ashwood Terrace, Sunderland. N. E.

•Andrews, Thomas, Wortley Iron Works, near Sheffield. M. 1.

An<;win, Benjamin, The Bungalow, Carbis Bay, S.O., Cornwall. N. E.

Appleby, William Remsen, Minnesota School of Minos, The University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A. N. E.

Abbuckle, Daniel M., Brynheulog, Blaengarw, Bridgend. S. 1.

AiuriiER, Joseph, 48, High Street, Doncaster. M.C.

Archer, John Fletcher, 48, High Street, Doncaster. M. I.

Abcher, Thomas, Mardale Parable, Gateshea<l-upon-Tyne. N. K.

Archer, Wiixiam, Victoria Garesfield, Lintz (ireen, County Durham. X. F.

Archibald, David, Lassodie Colliery, by Dunfermline. S. 1.

Armitage, William, Field House, HutUlersfield. M. I.

Armour, James, St. Abb's, Leven. S. I.

M.C.

Lane,

XVI

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Armson, Jesse, Donisthorpe Colliery, A8hl)y-de.la-Zouch. M. C.

Armstrong, Francis Edwin, 26, Lancaster Avenue, Liverpool. M. C.

Armstrong, (jEORge Herbert Archibald, Castle View, Chester- le-Street. N. E.
Armstrong, Henry, Collingwoocl Buildings, CoUingwood Street, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne. N. E.
Armstrong, William, Wingate, S.O., County Durham. N. E.
Arnot, Thomas, United Collieries, Limited, 109, Hope Street, Glasgow. S. I.
Arnott, Thomas, 12, Garrioch Drive, Kelvinside, Maryhill, Glasgow. 8. I.
Ashley, Theodore, Worthington Colliery, Ashby-de-la-Zouch. M. G.
Ashmore, GEOR(iE Percy, 109, Lansdowne Place, Hove, Brighton. N. E.
AsHTON, Joseph Holford, Waleswood Collieries, near Sheffield. M. I.
AsHwiN, Guy Hamilton, Birk House, Ardsley, Bamsley. M. C.
AsHWORTH, John, 8, King Street, Manchester. M.G.
Ash worth, Thomas, 25, Kesent Road, Fen ton, 8toke-upon-Trent. N. S.
AsHWORTH, Thomas, Kemnal Wood, Chislehurst. M. G.
•Askew, George H., Brayton Domain Collieries, Aspatria, S.O., Cumber-

land.

S. I.
M.G.
M.G

Atherton, Harold Stanley, Heath Cottage, Sharpies, Bolton

Atherton, James, 13, Mawclsley Street, Bolton.

Atherton, Thomas William Turner, co Miss Atherton, 3, Compton

Mansions, Compton Street, London, W.C. N. E.

Athron, Harold Vivian, Laburnum Cottage, Hindley, Wigan. N. E.

Atkinson, Alfred Ashley, Department of Mines, Sydiley, New South Wales,

Australia. M. I.

Atkinson, Cecil Arthur, Trentham, Stoke-upon-Trent. X. S.

Atkinson, Frederick Robert, Duffield, Derby. N. S.

Atkinson, John Boland, H.M. Inspector of Mines, 2, Devonshire Terrace,

Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Atkinson, John William, Stemdale Road, Millhouses, Sheffield. M. C.

Atkinson, Thomas Denham, Hearn House, Chesterfield. M. C.

Atkinson, William Nicholas, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Bridcend. N. S.
Attwood, Alfred Lionel, Kemolinos, por Pedrola, Provincia de Zaragoza,

Spain. N. E.

Aubrey, Richard Charles, Belgrave, Trent Valley Road, Lichfield. N. E.

Austin, Tom Wilson, Shepherds well, Dover. M. C.

Axtell, Thomas, 12, Riversdale Terrace, Sunderland. N. E.

Baddeley, Hiram, Ashville, Stairfoot, Bamsley. M. I.

Badger, William, Jagersfontein Diamond-mining Company, Orange River

Colony, South Africa. M. I.

Baoshaw, James, Brampton Iron Works, Chesterfield. M, C,

LIST OF MEMBEKS. XVl'i

Ball, William Henby, Dalton Main Collieries, Limited, Parkgate, Rother-

ham. M. I.

Balling AL, Neil, Sweet Bank, Markinch. S. I.

BAycBOFT, Robert £., Lay ham Lo^e, Hadleigh, S.O., Suffolk. M. I.

Banham, E. G. , Barrow CoUieriea, Bamsley. M. I.

Barbes, Georoe Marriott, Chinapas, Chihuahua, Mexico. X. E.

Barber, Thomas Philip, Lamb Close House, Eastwood, Nottingham. M. C.
Barber, William, Apedale Collieries, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S.

Barker, M. W., The Penhalonga Proprietary Mines, Limited, Penhalonga,

Rhodesia, South Africa. N. E.

Barman, Harky Drummond Dawson, 21, University Gardens, Glasgow. S. I.
Barnard, Arthur Hort, Denaby and Cadeby Main Collieries, near Rother-

ham. M. I.

Barnard, Robert, Kuardih, Kalipahari P.O., Asansol, Bengal, India. N. E.
Barnes, Arthur Gorell, Glapwell Hall, Chesterfield. M. C.

Barnes, John Shaw, 8, Horton Street, Monks Road, Lincoln. M. I.

Barr, David, Lota, Chile, South America. S. I.

Barr, James, Co-operative Colliery, Wallsend, Newcastle, New South Wales,

Australia. N. S.

^Barr, Peter G., Machanhill House, Larkhall, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Barr, Thomas H., 10, Bothwell Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Barr, William, Greenrige Collieries, Fauldhouse, S.O., Linlithgowshire. S. L
Barraclouoh, Ellis, Crmt House, Featherstone, Pontefract. M. I.

Barraclouoh, Samuel, Union Foundry, Bamsley. M. I.

Barrass, Matthew, Wheatley Hill 'Colliery Office, Thornley, S.O., County

Durham. N. E.

Barrett, Charles Rollo, Whitehill Hall, Pelton Fell, S.O., County

Durham. N. E.

Barrett, William Soott, Abbotsgate, Blundellsands, Liverpool. M. G.

Barrie, Archibald, Blair House, Oakley, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

Barrow, William, Seaton Bum Colliery, Dudley, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.
Barrowkan, James, Staneacre, Hamilton. S. I.

Barrowman, Robert C, Main Street, Kilsyth, Glasgow. S. I.

Barry, Richard Allan, P.O. Box 4180, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. S.

Bartholomew, Charles William, Blakesley Hall, near Towcester. N. E.

Barton, Henry, Central Bank Chambers, Leeds. M. I., N. E.

Barw^ll. W. H., The Woodlands, Treeton, Rotherham. M.C.

Bastow, Stephen Everard, 8, York Road, Trinity, Edinburgh. M.G.

Bates, Matthew John, Highbury, Stocksfield, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.
Bates, Sidney, The Grange, Prudhoe, Ovinffham, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.
Bates, Thomas L., Station Street, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia. N. E.
Bates, William J. » The Silverdaie Collieries, Silv erdale, Newcastle, Stafford-
shire. S. S.
Bateson, Walter Remington, c/o Penny and Duncan, Huanuni, Oruro, Bolivia,

South America. N. E.

Batey, John, St. Edmunds, Coleford, Bath. N. E.

Batby, John Wright, Elmfield, Wylam, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Bathgate, Richard Ged Muir, kendwadih, Kusunda P.O., E.I. Railway,

India. S. I.

Batty, William, Darley Grove, Worsbro' Dale, Bamsley. M. I.

Bauld, Alexander, Lethans Colliery, Saline, Oakley, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

Bauld, James, Florence Cottage, Sanquhar, S.O., Dumfries-shire. S. I.

•Ba^^-dbn, James Barnet, Benkipur P.O., Shimoga District, Mysore State,

India. N. E.

Bawden, William, Tolcame House, Greta Street, Keswick. N. E.

Bayldon, Daniel Henry, 11, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. N. E.

Bayliss, Ernest John, Inglenook, Beedell Avenue, Westcliff-on-Sea, Southend-

on-Sea. N. E.

Beach, Thomas, Birram, Ackworth Moor Top, Pontefract. M. I.

Bealbs, Henry Bateson, 64, Cross Street, Manchester. M. G.

Beard, James Thom, 640, Clay Avenue, Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. N. E.
Bbaton, Samuel, P. O. Box 6202, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. S.

Beaumont, Philip, Church Gresley Colliery, Burton- upon-Trent. M. C.

Bedford, Alfred, Broadbent House, East Bierley, Bradford. M. I.

Beech, Noel Tench, Lilleshall Collieries, St. George's, Wellington, Salop. N. S.

▼OL. XZZir.— 1908.190^7. ^

ZVlll UST OF MEMBEBS.

Bbith, Robert, Bryngwilly House, Kelty, Blairadam, S.O., Kinross-shire. S. I.

Bekenn, Alxxandkb Richabd, The Dundee Coal Company^ Limited, Talana,
NaUl, South Africa. N. K.

Bell, Alax D., Bonne Terre, St. Francois County, Missouri, U.S.A. S. I.

Bell, Joseph Fenwick, Orchard House, North Biddick, Washington, 8.0. ,
County Durham. N. E.

Bell, Reginald, Field House, Western Hill, Durham. X. K.

Bell, Walter, c'o Pyman, Bell and Company, Hull. N. E,

Bell, William Ralph, Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland. N. E.

Bennett, Alfred Henbt, Bedminster, Easton, Kingswood and Parkfield
Collieries, Limited, Easton Colliery, Bristol. N. £.

Bennett, Henry, No. 5, Calle Sauz, La Minas de Rio Tinto, Provincia de
Huelva, Spain. N. E.

Benson, James R., Knowehead Cottage, Dennyloanhead, Bonnybridge, S.O.,
Stirlingshire. S. I.

Benson, Thomas Walter, Colling wood Buildings, Collingwood Street, New-
castle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Benthaus, Dietrich, 9, Hoole's Chambers, Bank Street, Sheffield. M. L

Bentley, Georok, Bradford Colliery, Manchester. M.G.

Berkley, Cuthbert, Highfield House, Durham. N. E.

Berkley, Richard William, Marley Hill, Swalwell, S.O., County Dur-
ham. N. E.

Berry, Richard, Shiels, Kelty, Blairadam, S.O., Kinross-shire. S. L

Bertram, Charles, Lower Commercial Street, Middlesbrough. N. E.

Betts, J. T., Kissy Street, Freetown, Sierra Leone, West Coast, Africa. S. S.

Bever, Augustus, Bowling Iron Works, Bnulford. M. I.

Beveridoe, David, Kelty Colliery , Kelty, Blairadam, S.O., Kinross-shire. S. I.

Beveridoe, James, Crosseatehead, Polmont Station, S.O., Stirlingshire. S. I.

BiGO- Wither, Harris, The Mount, Gathurst, Wi^an. N. E.

BiGGE, Denys Leighton Sblby, 27, Mosley Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Bigland, Hubert Hallam, The Stones, Whitley Bay, S.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

Bigland, John, Henknowle, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

BiNKS, John Charles, 181, Bolton Road, Radcli6fe, Manchester. N. E.

BiNNiE, Robert B. Jardine, Greenfield Foundry, Hamilton. S. I.

BiNNS, Geoiwje Jonathan, Duffield House, Dufficld, Derby. M. C.

Birrell, William, Eeist Park Street, Cowdenbeath, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

Bishop, Geoiuie A., Gartverrie Fireclay Works, Glenboig, S.O., Lanark-
shire. S. I.

Black, Donald, Hillside Cottage, Bathgate. S. I.

Black, James, Dimsyston, Chapelhall, Airdrie. S. I.

WliAiAM Steven&qn. Aatlev. VVoodleafortl. L&ed&

LIST OF MEMBEBS. ziz

BoRROWMAN, James, Westcraigs Farm, Blackridge, S.O., Linlithgowshire. S. I.

BoucHiEB, CiBABLES FiTZHENBY, Straiiffeways House, Piatt Bridge, VVigan. M. G.

BouLTON, VValtkb Gkbard, The Backus and Johnston Company, Calle San
Pedro No. 78, Lima, Peru, South America. M. 0.

BousFiKLD, G. W., Fairfield, Sandal, Wakefield. M. I.

BowEN, Jonathan, Cleveland House, Wellington Road, Bilston. S. 8.

Bowie. Hunter, Lugar Iron Works, Old Cumnock. S. I.

Bow^, W. T., Barrowfield Wire-iope Works, 200, Glenpark Road, Glas-
gow. S. L

Bowman, Archibald, Jun., Betson Street, Markinch. S. I.

Bowman, Francis, Ouston Colliery Office, Chester-le-Street. N. £.

Bowman, John, Bowhill Colliery, Cardenden, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I,

Boyd, Adam A., Broken Hill Proprietary Company, Broken Hill, via South
Australia. 8. I*

Boyd, James, Viewfield, Kilsyth, Glasgow. S. I.

Boyd, John, Co La Campania Carbonifera y de fundicion Schwager, Coronel,
Chile, South America. S. I.

Boyd, John Black, P.O. Box 263, Johannesburg, Transvaal. S. I.

BoYDELL, Thomas, Shirebrook Colliery, near Mansfield. M. C.

Bracken, Thomas Wii^on, 40, Grey Street, Newcastle-upon-T^e. N. £.

Bradbury, John, Engineer's Office, North Staffordshire Railway Company,
Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Bradford, George, Milbanke, Darlington. N. £.

Bradford, George Willlam. M. I.

Bradshaw, Hubert, Yew Tree House, Stoneclough, Manchester. M. G,

Bragg K, G. S., Granville Colliery, Swadlincote, Burton-upon-Trent. M. C.

Braidford, VVilliam, Jun., South Garesfield Colliery, Lintz Green, County
Durham. N. E.

Brain, Frank William Thomas, Trafalgar House, Drybrook, Mitcheldean,
S.O., Gloucestershire. S. S.

Bramall, Ernest E., Croyland, Knighton Drive, Leicester. M. C.

Bramall, Henry, Pendlebury Collieries, Pendlebury, Manchester. M. G.

Bramall, Vincent, Pendleburv Collieries, Pendlebury, Manchester. M. G.

Bramley, George, Clay Cross Works, Chesterfield. M. C.

Bramwell, Hugh, Great Western Colliery, near Pontypridd. N. E.

Brancker, Richard, The Pearson and Knowles Coal ana Iron Company, Limited,
11, Old Hall Street, Liverpool. M. L

Brand, Mark, Glen Shirva, Twechar, Glasgow. S. I.

Braschi, Victor Manuel, Cadena No. 2, Apartado 830, City of Mexico,
Mexico. N. B.

Brash, James, 93, Hope Street, Glasgow. 8. I.

Brass, J. , Houghton Main Colliery, Hanisley. M. I.

Breakell, >ohn E., 69, Itield Road, South Kensington, London, S.W. N. K,

Brewerion, Joseph, 97, Bridge Street, Manchester. M.G.

Brisrley, Thomas H., West End CoUieries, Batley. M. I.

Briggs, Herbert, P.O. Box 1976, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. S.

Brinell, Johan August, Jernkontoret, Stockholm, Sweden. N. E.

Broad, Wallace, British P.O. Box 22.'), Shanghai, China. N. E.

Brodioan, Charles (Bernard, P.O. Box 3, Brakpan, Transvaal. N. E.

Bromly, Alfred Hammond, Tasco, Guerrero, Mexico. N. E.

Brooking, John Henry Chilcote, 4, Moorfield, High West Jesmond,
Xewcastle-upon-Tyne. M.G.

Broom, Robert, Bathville Cottage, Armadale Station, S.O., Linlithgow-
shire. S. I.

Broome, George Herbert, Westport, New Zealand. N. E.

Brough, Bennett Hooper, 28, Victoria Street, Loudon, S.W. N. E.

Brough, Thomas, New Seaham Colliery, Sunderland. N. E.

Brown, Adam, Allan ton Colliery, Hamilton. S. I.

•Brown, Archibald Knox, 7, Princes Square, Bayswater, London, W. S. I.

Brown, Douglas Philip, The Old House, Sowerby, Thirsk. N. E.

Brows, Frederick, Walsall Electrical Company, Walsall. S. S.

Bbown, Franci.s Verrill, 49, Deansgate, Manchester. M. G.

Brown, George, Longriegend Colliery, Airdrie. S. I.

Brown, John, 78, Hill Street, Kilmarnock. 8. I.

Brown, John, Coaltown, East Wemyss, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Bbown, Jethbo Lonobidoe, Tudhoe Colliery, Spennymoor. N. E.

*Brown, Mabtin Walton, 10, Lambton Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.
•Brown, Robebt, Manuelrigg Colliery, Polmont Station, S.O., Stirling-
shire. S. I.

Bbown, Robebt Ouohton, Elswick Collieries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Bbown, Thomas, 208, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. S. I.

♦Bbown, Thomas Forsteb, Springfort, Stoke Bishop, Bristol. N. E.

Bbown, William, Hollandbush Colliery, Dennyloauhead, Bonnybridge, S.O.,
Stirlingshire. S. I.

Bbown, W. Forsteb. Cefn Coed, Malpas, Newport, Monmouthshire. N. E.

Bbown K, James Tabdif, Newdi^ate Colliery, Bed worth, Nuneaton. M. C.

Bbowne, Robebt John. Jharia, E.I.R, Bengal, India. N. E.

Bbuce, John, Port Mulgrave, Hinderwell, S.O., Yorkshire. N. E.

Bbunton, Fbedebick Septimus, 21, EarPs Court Square, London, S. W. M. I.

Bbyham, William, Bank House, Wigan. N. E.

Bbyson, D. R., 45, Hope Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Bbyson, James, Ballengeich, Mid-Calder. S. I.

Buchanan, John, Bedlay Colliery, by Glenboig, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. L

Buchanan, James M., Woodhall CoiUery, Calderbank, Airdrie. S. I.

Buckle, Chbistopheb Ernest, 19, Nightingale Road, Southsea. N. E.

Buckley, Charles Arthur, Miramar, Upper Arthog Road, Hale,Che8hire. M. G.

Buckley, Frank Ernest, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal (^ompany. Limited,
Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Bull, Henry Matthews, Bengal Coal Company, Limited, Rayhara, E.l. Rail-
way, Palaman District, India. * N. K

Bulman, Edward Hemsley, The North Randfontein Gold-mining Comnany,
Randfontein, Transvaal. N. E.

Bulman, Harrison Francis, Leazes Hall, Bumopfield, S.O., County Dur-
ham. N. E.

BuNNiNO, Chables Ziethbn, c/o The British Consular Agent, Panderma, C/On-
stantinople, Turkey. N. E.

BuBOiN, Henby, Rose Cottage, Eckincton, Slieffield. M. C.

BuBLS, Hebbebt Thomas, 11, FouTis Terrace, Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W. N. E.

BuBN, Fbank Hawthobn, 9, Sandhill, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Traiisactiom to
be sent to Floove Grange, Weedon, S.O., Northamptonshire. N. E.

Bubne, Cecil Alfbbd, Ranelagh Cottage, High Wycombe. N. E.

BuBNETT, Cuthbebt, Grange Iron Works, Durham. N. E,

Bubns, Daniel, Flowerbank, Carluke. 8. I.

PUBNS, David, Vallum View, Burgh Road, Carlisle. N. E.

b I ' li N H, J A M Ks , 1 0 , \ Hx ] II u>LK.l C VK-rn^v 1 1 1 , u ti^t^fl s Park , G la«go w . S* L

LIST OF MEMBEBS. XXI

Cabxw, Gkorge, Westfalite Explosive Faotonr, Denaby, Rotherham. M. I.

Cmllow, Charles, The Fife Coal Company, Leven. i<. I.

Caklow, Charles Augustus, Burnlea, Leven. 8. I.

Ca&nes, Charles Spearman, Manden Hall, South Shields. N. £.

Carrixgtos, Arthur, The Downes, Bldeford. M. C.

Carroll, James, Brilliant and St. George Gold-mine, Charters Towers, Queens-
land, Australia. N. £.

Carroll, Miles T., Tananarive, Madagascar. N. E.

Carruthe&s, James, Lovells Flat Coal Company, Milton, Otago, New-
Zealand. S. I.

Carter, Joseph, Rainford Colliery, Rainford, St. Helens. M. G.

Carter, W. H., Bolsover Colliery, Chesterfield. M. C.

Cassbourne, Ambrose Cubitt, 3, St. Nicholas' Buildings, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Casebourxe, Samuel Ward Jackson, Cleveland Terrace, Darlington. N. E.

Cass, Joseph, 568, Liverpool Road, Piatt Bridge, Wigan. M. G.

Casson, Willlvm Walter, St. Bees, S.O., Cumberland. N. E.

Causton, Henry, Clive Street, Tunstall, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Chalmers, George, Morro Velho, Villa Nova de Lima, Estado de Minas,
Brazil, South America. M. C.

Chambers, Alfred, Eastwood, Nottingham. M. C.

Chambers, Arthur Leo, c/o The Messina Transvaal Development Company,
Grenfell Camp, Pietersburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Chambers, Frederick, Hardwick Collieries, Heath, Chesterfield. M. C.

Chambers, (^eorc^e, 238, West George Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Chambers, John Edwin, Brampton House, Brampton Bierlow, Bother-
ham. M. I.

Chambers, J. S., 5, Joukovskaja, St. Petersburg, Russia. N. E.

Chambers, R. E., The Nova Scotia Steel Company, Limited, Bell Island,
Newfoundland. N. E.

Chambers, Stewart, 7, Crown Terrace, Cockenzie, Prestonpans, S.O.,
Haddingtonshire. 8. I.

Chambers, William Henry, Conisborough, Rotherham. M. I.

Chandler, Noel, Hednesford, S.O., Staffordshire. S. S.

Cha>'dlet, Charles, East Bridgford, Nottingham. M. C.

Chaxnino, J. Parke, 11, Broadway, New York City, U.S.A. N. E.

Chapman, C. H., 293, Liverpool Road, Salford, Manchester. M.G.

Chapman, Herbert. M. C.

Chapman, Joseph, Kuard Colliery, Kalipalari P.O., E.I.Railway, Bengal,
India. S. I.

Chapman, Wiixiam Henry, The Hawthornes, Colman Hill, Cradley Heath,
8. ()., Staffordshire. S. S.

CiLAPPEL, Walter Richard Hakjhton, Bradley Wood House, Newton
Abbot. N. E.

Charleton, Arthur George, 5, Avonmore Road, Kensington, London,
W. N. E.

Charlton, Matthew, Poplar Cottage, Whitwood, Normanton. M. I.

Charlton, William, Guisborough. N. K.

•Charlton, William, 10, Tynedale Terrace, Hexham. N. E.

Charltun, William, Alpine Villas, Bloxwich Road, Walsall. S. S.

Charlton, William John, Ashington Colliery, Morpeth. N. E.

Chbesman, Edward Taylor, Clara vale Colliery, Ryton, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

Cheesman, Herbert, Hartlepool. N. E.

Cheesman, Isaa<: Taylor, Throckley Colliery, Newburn, S.O., Northumber-
land. ^ X. E.

Cheesman, Nicholas, Blucher Pit, Newburn, S.O., Northuml)erland. N. E.

Cheesman, William Talbot, 4, Bridgford Road, Nottingham. M. C.

•Chester, Edward Descou, c/o Alf. Ewing, 36, Camomile Street, London,

E.C. N. E.

Chester, Pascal Malverv, Oakwell Colliery, Ilkest-on, S.O., Derbyshire. M. C.

Chicken, Bourn Russell, 212, Osborne Road, Jesmond, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Childe, Henry Slade, 59, Westgate, Wakefield. M. I., N. E.

Christie, E. J. H., Bank Chambers, Fargate, Sheffield. M. C.

%xu

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chbi8T(R, Thomas Tkain, 6, Dundas Street, Edinburgh. S. I.

Geiristophkr, George Alfred, Wigan Goal and Iron Company, Limited,

Standish, Wigan. M. G.

Chbtstle, Thomas, Banksimul^ Colliery, PO., Charanpore, via Asansol,

E.I. Railway, India. N. S.

Chubton, Thomas Harding, Atlas Works, Leeds. M. L

Clacher, Archibald, Hattonrigg Colliery, Bellshill, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Claghorn, Clarence R., Northwestern improvement Company, Headquarters

Building, Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. N. E.

Clark, Charles, Lausdowne, South Road, Smethwick, Birmingham. S. S.

Clakk, C. H., Estate Offices, Newton-le- Willows. N. S.

Clark, Henry, Inglenook, Norton, Stockton-upou-Tees. N. E.

Clark, Robert Blenkinsop, Springwell Colliery, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Clark, Robert F., Bickershaw Collieries, Leigh. " M.G.

Clark, William, 208, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Clark, William, Cranbury Lodge, Park Lane, Wigan. M. G.

Clark, William, Gerson Park, Broxburn, S.O., Linlithgowshire. S. I.

Clark, William Frederick, The Poplars, Aldri<ige, Walsall. S. S.

Clark, William Henry, 108, Cantonment, Kamptee, C.P., India. N. E.

Clarke, E. B., 131, Norfolk Street, Sheffield. * M. C.

Clarke, Joseph, Woodbum, Leycett, Newcastle, Staffordshire. M. C.

Clarke, James A., Ayr Colliery, Annbank, Ayr S. I.

Clarke, Robert, 42, Deansgate, Manchester. M. G.

Clarke, William, Lees Hall, Meersbrook Bank, Sheffield. M. L

Claudet, Arthur Crozier, 6 and 7. Coleman Street, London. K.C. N. E.

Claughton, Gilbert Henry, The Priory, Dudley, Worcestt rshire. S. S.

Clipfe, Albert. N. S.

Clifford, William, Jeannette, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. N. E.

Clive, Robert, Bentley Colliery, near Doncaster. M. I.

Clough, James, Bomarsund House, Bomarsund, Bedlington, 8.0. , Northumber-
land. N. E.

Clough, S., Micklefield Colliery, Leeds. M. L

Clowes, John Laird, Ballengeich Colliery, Ingagane, Natal, South Africa. M. C.

CoATES, GwYN Harrison, Tenter Hill, HucknallTorkard, Nottingham. M. 0.

Coats, William A., Skelmorlie Castle, Skelmorlie, S.O., Ayrsliire. S. L

CoBBOLD, Charles Herbert, Needle Wood, Barnsley. " M. I.

Cochrane, Brodie, Low Gosforth House, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

CocKBURN, Evan, Waldridge Colliery, Chester-le-Street. N. E.

CocKiN, George Marmaduke, Brereton Hall, Rugeley. S. 8.

CocKiN, Thomas Hanson, 120, Harcourt Road, Sheffield. M. L

CoHEN^ E. H. A. J Rand Club, ilohanneaburg, Tranavaftl. S. 1.

LIST OF MEMBEBS. XXlll

Cook, John Watson, Biachester Hall, Bishop Auckland. X. £.

Cook, Thomas, Glasgow Steel Works, Washtord Road, Sheffield. M. I.

Cooke, Hbnrt Moorb Anneslet, The Champion Reef Gold-mining Company of

India, Limited, Champion Reefs P.O., Mysore State, South India. N. E.

CoppKE, EvENCE, 71, Boulevard d'Anderlecht, Brussels, Belgium. N. E.

CoRBETT, Vincent, Blackett Colliery, Haltwhistle, S.O. , Northumberland. N. E.

CoRBETT, Vincent Charles Stuart WoRTLKr, Chilton Moor, Fence

Houses. N. E.

Cork, John, Midland Coal, Coke and Iron Company, Limited, Apedale, New-
castle, Staffordshire. N. S.

CoRLUTT, George Stephen, Wigan. N. E.

Corning, Christopher Robert, 36, Wall Street, New York City, U.S.A. N. E.

CoTTERELL, OsGAR JosEPH, 16, Bank Street, Sheffield. M. C.

Cotterill, H. W. B., 75, Clarence Road, Hillsborough, Sheffield. M.G.

Coui-soN, Frank, Shcunrock House, Durham. N. E.

CouLTAS, Frederick, Deepcar, near Sheffield. M. 1.

Coulter, James, Tranent Collieries, Tranent, S.O., Haddingtonshire. S. I.

Coulthard, Francis, The Result, Whitehaven. X. E.

CocvBs, Harrt Auoustcts, 116, Shortridge Terrace, Jesmond, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. X. E.

Cowan, RBN^acK, Seafield, Bathgate. S. I.

CowBURN, Henry, 253, Westleigh Lane, Westleigh, Leigh. M. G.

Cowie, John, Janetta Cottage, Bentinck Terrace, Galston, S.O. , Ayrshire. S. I.

CowLisHAW, William George, Etruria, Stoke-upon -Trent. X. S.

Cowper-Coles, Sherard Osborn, Grosvenor Mansions, Victoria Street, West-
minster, London, S.W. N. E.

Cox, John H., 10, St. George's Square, Smiderland. X. E.

Cox, Samuel Herbert, 1, St. Helen's Place, London, E.C. M. I.

Craddock, G£0Rr;E, Rope Works, Wakefield. M. I.

Craig, William Young, Brynkinalt Collieries, Chirk, Ruabon. X. S.

Ckameb, Frank Benedict, 7, Kensington Court Gardens, Kensington,

London, W. M. I.

Cbankshaw, Hugh Mason, II, Ironmonger Lane, London, E.C. M.G.

Crankshaw, Joseph, 11, Ironmonger Lane, London, E.C. M.G.

Chaster, Walter Spencer, P.O. Box 216, Kopje, Salisbury, Rhodesia, South

Africa. X. E.

Craven, Robert Henry, The Libiola Copper-mining Company, Limited, Sestri

Levante, Italy. X. E.

Crawford, .James, Damgavil Collieries, by Airdrie. S. L

Cra^hpord, James Mill, Fairlawn, Leasingthome, Bishop Auckland. X. E.

Crawford, Robert, Penicuik Collieries, Penicuik. S. I.

Crawshaw, Charles B., The Collieries, Dowsbury. M. I.

Cremer, Richard, Wellesley Buildings, 49, Aire Street, Leeds. M. I.

Creswick, Alfred Jubb, Gatefield, Sheffield. M. C.

Creswick, Claude, Beech House, Brincliffe, Sheffield. M. C.

Creswick, W., Shariestone Colliery, Xormanton. M. I.

Crichton, a. H., Ciistlepark, Linlithgow. S. I.

Crighton, Hugh, Bute House, Airdrie. 8. I.

Gritchley, James Pkrcival, Batley Hall, Batley. M. I.

Crofton, Charles, 17, Albany Gardens, Whitley Bay, S.O., Northumber-
land. X. K.

Crone, Charles Herbert, Croft View, Killingworth, near Xewcastle-upon-

Tyne. X. E.

Crookston, Andrew White, 188, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. X. E.

Crosbie-Dawson, r;EOK(:R Jamks, May Place, Xewcastle, Staffordshire. X. S.

Crosby, Arthur, Douglas Colliery, Limited, Balmoral, Transvaal. N. E.

Crosland, Robert Wilfrid, HoUesley Bay Labour Colony, near Wood.

bridge. M. I.

Cross, T. Oliver, 77, King Street, Manchester. M. G.

Cross, William Haslam, 77, King Street, Manchester. X. E.

Crossland, a.. Holly House, Middleton, Leeds. M. I.

Crowther, a., Superintendent of Works, Asylum, Menston, Leeds. M I.

CRrz Y Diaz, Emilia no dk la, Calle de Balmes, 88, Barcelona, Spain.

Trarvfoctions to be sent to Ingeniero Director de los Minas de Ribas,

Provincia de Gerona, Spain. X. E.

XXIV

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

CuNNiN«HAM, John Allan, P.O. Box 59, Dundee, Natal, South Africa. N. E.

Cunningham, Robebt, James Place, Roman Road, Motherwell. S. I.

CuBBiE, Andrew F., 16, Scone Gardens, Parsons Green, Edinburgh. S. I.

GuKRiE, David, Norfolk House, 7, Laurence Pountney Hill, London,

E.C. M. L

CuBRiE, Robebt, 14, Som Road, Auchinleck, S.O., Ayrshire. 8. I.

CuRRiB, Waltbr, P.O. Box 220, Bulawayo, Rhodesia, South Africa. N. E.

CuBBT, Michael, Comsay Colliery, Durham. K. E.

CuTHBERTSON, JoHN, Thomsou Street, Kilmarnock. S. L

Cuthbbbtson, William, c'o The Broxburn Oil Company, Limited, Brox-
burn, S.O., Linlithgowshire. S. L

CuTTEN, William Hesby, Billiter Square Buildings, London, E.G. N. E.

CuTTS, Joseph William, Blackwell Colliery, Alfreton. M. C.

Daggab, Henby James, The Associated Gold-mines of Western Australia,

Limited, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. N. E.

Daglish, William Charlton, Littlebum Colliery, near Durham. N. E,

Dakers, William Robson, Tudhoe Colliery, Spennymoor. N. E.

Dai^iel, John, Glespin Collieries, Douglas, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.
Dan, Takuma, Mitsui Mining Company, 1, Suruga-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo,

Japan. X. E.

Daniels, Amos, Bunkers Hill Colliery, Talke, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Danks, Francis, Fortissat Mains, Shotts, S.O., Lanarkshire S. I.

Danks, Samuel, Hadley Park, Wellington, Shropshire. N. S.

Darby, John Henry, Pen y Garth, Brymbo, Wrexham. N. E.

Darling, Fenwick, Eldon Colliery, Eldon, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

Darlington, James, Black Park Colliery, Ruabon. N. E.

Darlington, Peter, Featherstone Main Colliery, Featherstone, Ponte-

fract. M. I.
•Davey, George, The Cabin, Seaforth Road, Westcliff-on-Sea, Southend-

on.Sea. N. E.
Davidson, Allan Arthur, c,'o F. F. Fuller, 138, Salisbury House, London

Wall, London, E.G. N. E.

Davidson, Walter, Stravcnhouse Cottages, Law, Carluke. S. I.

Davies, Alfred, c/o Thomewill and Warham, Burton-upon-Trent. M. C.

Da VIES, David, Cowell House, Llanelly. N. E.

Davies, John, Hanley Borough Colliery, Hanley, Staffordshire. N. S.

Davies, Thomas Joseph, Balls Hill, West Bromwich. S. S.
•Davies, William Henry, The Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Company, Limited,

Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Davies, W. J., Bradley, Bilston. S. S»

Dav lE?^^ William STgPHEy; The PoplarB, MouiiiftJu Ash. K. E,

LIST OF MEMBBRS. XXV

Dickinson, Abthdb, 353, Mansion House Chambers, 11, Queen Victoria Street,

London, E.C. N. E.

Dickinson, C. W., Netherseal Colliery, near Burton -upon-Trent. M. 0.

Dickinson, Gkoboe W., High Coney Green, Clay Cross, Chesterfield. M. C.

Dickson, James, Westhoughton New Colliery, Westhoughton, Bolton. M. G,

DiDHAM, Chambers, The Hurst, Alfreton. M. C.

DiETZscH, Ferdinand, 652-655, Salisbury House, London Wall, London,

E.C. N. E.

Dingwall, William Burliston -Abigail, Apartado 113, Matehuala, San

Luis Potosi, Mexico. N. E.

DiTMAs, Francis Ivan Leslie, Chindwara, Central Provinces, India. N. E.

Dixon, David Watson, Lumpsev Mines, Brotton, S.O., Yorkshire. N. E.

Dixon, George, c/o Bird and Company, 100-101, Clive Street, Calcutta,

India. N. E.

Dixon, Jonathan, Westport Coal Company, Limited, Denniston, New

Zealand. N. E.

Dixon, Joseph Arbistrono, Shilbottle Colliery, Lesbury, S.O., North-

umberland. ^ '^ N. E.

Dixon, James Stbdman, Fairleigh, Both well, Glasgow. N.E., S. L

Dixon, James Thomson, Melrose, St. James' Road, Sutton, Surrey. 8. L

Dixon, Robert. Sankey Wire Mills and Rope works, Warrington. N. E.

Dixon, Walter, 59, Bath Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Dixon, Walter, Birkacre Colliery, Coppull, Chorley. M. G.

Dixon, William, Cleator, S.O., Cumberland. N. E.

Dixon, William Baker, Coalbrookvale Colliery, Nantyglo, S.O., Monmouth.

shire. M. G.

DoBB, Thobias Gilbert, Brick House, Westleigh, Leigh. N. E.

Dobbie, Hugh, Hyderabad (Deccan) Coal Company, India. S. I.

D0BB8, Joseph, Jarrow Colliery, Castlecomer, S.O., County Kil-

kenny. M. G., N. E.

DoBiNSON, Lancelot, Victoria Coal and Coke Company, Park HilU, Wake-

field. M. L

DoBSON, Thomas, The Silverdale Collieries, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S

Dodd, Benjamin, Bearpark Colliery, Durham. N. E.

Dodd, Cyril H., Pentre Hill, Mold. M. C.

DoiSE, Sosthenes, Chaton (Seine et Oise), France. N. E.

Donald, John G., Orbiston Colliery, Bellshill, S.O., Lanarkshire. 8. I.

Donald, Wiluam E., Rhodesia Broken Hill, North Rhodesia, South

Africa. N. E.

DoNALDriON, Robert M., Clyde Iron Works, Tollcross, Glasgow. S. I.

DoNKiN, William, Mines Department, Macequcce, Portuguese East

Africa. N. E.

Dormand, Ralph Brown, Cambois House, Cambois, Blyth. N. E.

Douglas, Arthur Stanley, Low Beechbum Colliery Office, Crook, S.O.,

County Durham. X. E.

DouGi^As, Charles Prattman, Thombeck Hill, Cannel Uoad, Darlington. N. E.
DouGi^s, Ernest, Pemberton Colliery, Wigan. M. G.

Dorr.LAs, James, 99, John Street, New York City, U.S.A. N. E.

Dou<;iJis, Matthew Heckels, Usworth Colliery, Washington, S.O., County

Durham. N. E.

Douglas, Thomas, The Garth, Darlington. N. E.

•Doyle, Patrick, Irylian Engineering, 6, Mission Row, Calcutta, India.

TranACLctionn to be sent to c/o F. E. Robertson, 8, Great George Street,

Westminster, London, S.W.
Draper, Wiluam, Silksworth Colliery, Sunderland.
Drew, Walter Newton, Raincliffe, Ecclesfield, Sheffield.
Drinnan, Walter, Tchiatoura, Caucasus, South Russia.
Dron, Robert Wilson, 65, West Regent Street, Glasgow.
Drysdale, William, Ayr Colliery, Annbank, Ayr.
Duncan, Frederick, 12, Buchanan Gardens, Mount Vernon, Glasgow.
Duncan, Wiixiam G., 15, Thomson Street, Dundee.

DuNKERTON, Eknest Charles, 97, Holly Avenue, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.
Dunn, David Gardner, Ashfield, Cambuslang, Glasgow. S. I.

Dunn, James, 21, Bothwell Street, Glasgow. S. L

Dunn, Robert A., 208, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. S. L

x\l.

XXVI

LIST OF MEMBEAS.

DuMSiBE, Pbteb, Denbeath Colliery, Methil, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

DuNSTOii, George, Clifton Lodge, Thome, Doncaster. M. I.

DuRNFOBD, Herbert St. John, Standard BuildinM, City Square, Lee<ls. M. I.

DuTSON, John, Rotherwood. Handsworth, Sheffield. M. C.

Dtson, John Staki^t, Kirkburton, Huddersfield. M. I.

Dyson, W. H., 40, Montgomery Road, Sharrow, Sheffield. M. I.

Dyson, William H., Dinnins;ton Main Colliery, near Rotherham. M. C.

Eadie, James, Eastfield, Harthill, Whitburn, S.O., Linlithgowshire. S. I.

Eagle, George, Westminater Buildings, 37, Brown Street, Manchester. M. (i.

Eames, Cecil W., Moss Hall Colliery, Piatt Bridge, Wigan. M. G.

Eames, William, South Leicestershire Colliery, Coalville, Leicester. M. C.

Eastlake, Arthur William, Grosmont, Palace Road, Streatham Hill,

London, S.W. N. E.

Eastwood, G. A., Tapton Villa, Chesterfield. M. C.

EcKERSLKir, Frank, Queens Villa, Crofton, Wakefield, M.I.

Ede, Henry Edward, Caherdaniel, Waterville, S.O., County Kerry. N. E.

Eden, Chari^es Hamilton, Glyii-Dderwen, Blackpill, S.O., Glamorgan. N. E.

Edge, Frederic James, 124, St. George's Terrace, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Edmiston, James, Dewshill Colliery, Caldercruix, Airdrie. S. I.

Edmondson, R. H., Garswood Hall Colliery, Wigan. M. G.
Edwards, Edward, Maindy Pit, Ocean Collieries, Ton Pentre, Pentre,

Pontypridd. N. E.
Edwards, George W., The North Witwatersrand Gold-mines, Limited, P.O.

Box 109, Roodepoort, Transvaal. S. I.

Edwards, Herbert Francis, 104, Stanwell Road, Penarth. N. E.

Edwards, Owain Tudor, Mohpani Mines, C.P., India. N. E.

Elce, Geor(}E, Rock Mount. Altham. Accrington. M. G.

Elce, James, Silverwood Colliery, Thrybergh, Rotherham. M. L

Eley, John Jambs, Lofthouse Colliery, near Wakefield. M. I.
Eliet, Francis Constant Andre Benoni Elik du, Compagnie Lyonnaise

de Madagascar, k Ambositra, Madagascar. N. E.
Ellesmere, The Right Honourable the Earl of, Bridgewater Offices,

Walkden, Manchester. Traimactions to be sent to John Henry Vaughan

Hart-Davis, Bridgewater Offices, Walkden, Manchester. M. G.

Elliot, John, Dundee Collieries, Dundee, Natal, South Africa. M. C.

Elliott, Charles Henry, Wombwell Main Colliery, Barnsley. M. L

Elliott, William, Langwith Colliery, near Mansfield. M. C.

Ellis, Thomas Ratcliffe, King Street, Wigan. M. G.

Etttcov Oitarlt?»Cht!!tvvyvp Mn^^i^f^T^ M^in Colliery, Barnsley. M, I.

Elmtihi, Josefh, al, Ferrybrnige lioari, Lasileford. M. I

LIST OF MEMBEAS. XXVll

Fairlky, James, Cr^hcad and Holmside Collieries, Chester-le-Street. N. E.

Faibs, John, South Hiendley Collierv, near Barnsley. M. I.

Fangkn, Stkner August, Aktiesefskabet Norsk Malmexport, Kaljord pr.
Kvitnes, Vesteraalen, Norway. N. E.

Fakmkb, George, Greeba Villa, Church Street, Mexborouffh, Rotherham. M. I.

Faulds, Alexander, Middlesboro* Collieries, Coutlee, Nicola Valley, British
Columbia. S. I.

Favell, Thomas Milnes, Fairwood. Pine Grove, Weybridge. N. 8.

Fawcett, Edward Stoker, Battle Hill House, Walker, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Fenn, Abraham, Tame Valley Colliery, Wilnecote, Tamworth. M. C.

Fexnell, Charles Willl^m, 82, Westgate, Wakefield. M. I.

Fenwiok, Barnabas, 66, Manor House Koad, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Fen WICK, Featherstone, Westgate Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. M. C.

Fes WICK, Percival John, 1, Setton Drive, Mapperley Park, Nottincham. M. C.

Fen WICK, Thomas Emersos, Mayfield, Wolsingham, S.O., County
Durham. M. C.

Ferens, Reginald Huntley, The White House, Morton, Alfrcton. M. C.

Feroie, Charles, P.O. Box 64, Sydney, Nova Scotia. N. E.

Fertiuson, David, 140, Hyndland Drive, Kelvinsidc, Glasgow. N. E.

Ferguson, .James, P.O. Biox 98, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Ferguson, Peter, Croft-en-Righ, Renfrew, S.O., Renfrewshire. S. I.

Field, Edwin Richard, Daylesford, Victoria, Australia. N. E.

Field, John, Hill Top. West Bromwich. S. S.

Fieuzet, Eugene, 4, rue Saint Blaise, Bagn^res de Bigorre, Hautes Pyn'nees,
France. N. E.

FiGARi, Alberto, Apartado 516, Lima, Peru, South America. X. E.

Files, James, 572, Manchester Road, Swinton, Manchester. M. G.

Finch, Johs, 51 and 52, Exchange Buildings, Birmingham. M. G.

FiNt'KEN, Christopher Wiujam Taylor, co Mrs. Pease, Bramley, Hother-
ham. M. I.

FiBHBACK, Martin, Guaranty Trust Building, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A. N. E.

Fish KB, Arthur, The Ashton Vale Iron Company, Limited, Bedminster,
BrUtol. X. S.

Fisher, Charles, Coppice Colliery, near Cannock, S.O., Staffordshire. S. S.

Fisher, Edward Robert, Blaina Lodge, Llandebie, S.O., Carmarthen-
shire. N. E.

Fisher, Gathornb John, Club Chambers, Pontypool. N. E.

Fisher, Henry Herbert, Calle Zapiola, 2075. Belgrano, near Huenos Aires,
Argentine Republic, South America. N. E.

Fleming, Henry Stuart, 1, Broadway, New York City, U.S.A. N. E.

Fletcher, Clrment, The Kindles, Athcrton, Manchester. M. G.

Fletcher, James, State Colliery, Seddonville, New Zealand. X. K.

Fletcher, Lanceix)T Holstock, Allerdale Coal Company, Limited, Colliery
Office, Workington. X. E.

Fletcher, Leonard Ralph, The Hindles, Atherton, Manchester. M. (J.

Fletcher, Walter, The Hollins, Bolton. N. E.

Flint, John, Kadcliffe House, Acklington, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Foor.o, M. J., Old Hednesford Colliery, Hednesford, S.O., Staffordshire. M.C.

FORBE.S, Alexander, 9, Midton Road, Ayr. S. I.

Ford, Charles Frederick Vernon, Marehay Main Collierv. Hipley,
Derby. " M.C.

Ford, James, The Woodlands, Mold. M. I.

Ford, Mark, Washington Colliery, Washington Station, S.O., County Dur-
ham. X. E.

Ford, Stanley Horace, P.O. Box 2056, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Foroie, James Tbnnant, Mosspark, Bothwell, Glasgow. S. I.

Forrest, John Charles, Holly Bank Colliery, Essington, Wolverhampton. X. E.

F0RKE.STER, Hugh C, Tullibody House, Canibus, S.O., Clackniannaiisliire. S I.

Forrester, Robert Henry, Inchterf, Milton of Canipaie, Glasgow. S. I.

FoRSTER, Alfred Llewellyn, Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company,
Engineer's Office, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Forster, .John Henry Bacon, Whitworth House, Spennymoor. N. E.

Forster, Joseph William, New Kleinfontein Company, P.O., Kenoni, Trans-
vaal. N. E.

XXVUl

LIST OF MEMBERS.

FoRSTEB, Richard Pkbcival, Mount Pleasant, Spenn3rmoor. N. £•

FoESTER, Thomas Emkbson, 3, Eldon Square, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E., S. I.

Forsyth, Francis Foster, The Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Company, Limited,
Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Forsyth, James, Park Terrace, Falkirk. S. I.

Forsyth, William, Greenhill Colliery, Cleland, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Foster, George, Hall Road, Rotherham. M. I.

Foster, George, Castlestead, Boston Spa, S.O., Yorkshire. M. I.

Foster, Harold T., Coronation Villas, Bentley, Doncaster. M. I.

FouLis, John Thomas, Durban House, Ranisey, S.O., Isle of Man. N. £.

Foulstone, William, 1, Princess Street, Bamsley. M. I.

Fowler, George, Basford Hall, Nottingham. M. C.

Fowler, George Carrington, Cinder Hill, Nottingham. M. C.

Fowler, George Herbert, Hall End, Tamworth. M. C.

Fowler, W. C, Beeston, Nottingham. M. C.

Fox, George Charles, P.O. Box 1961, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. £.

Frame, Joseph G. , Nightcaps Colliery Company, Southland, New Zealand. S. I.

Frechevillk, William, 35, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. N. E,

Freeman, William, Stafford Coal and Iron Company, Limited, Stoke-upon-
Trent. N. S.

Frew, David Landale, 3, Melrose Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Frew, James, Glenvuc, Dunaskin, S.O., Ayrshire. S. L

Frew, James C, 180, Hope Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Frew, Wiijjam. S. I.

Fryar, John William, Eastwood Collieries, near Nottingham. M. C. , N. E.

Fryar, Mark, Denby Colliery, Derby. N. E.

Fryar, Thomas Lewis, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. N. E.

Fryer, (:!£0RGE Kellett, Bleak House, Broughton Moor, Maryport. N. K.

FUTERs, Thomas Campbell, 17, Balmoral Gardens, Monkseaton, Whitley Bay,
S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Gainsford, Thomas R., Woodthorpe Hall, Sheffield. M. C.

Galletly, William Haldane, c/o Pope and Pearsons, Limited, West Riding

Silkstone Collieries, Normanton. M. I.

Galloway, Robert L., 175, West George Street, Glasgow. S. L

Gaixoway, Thomas Lindsay, 176, West George Street, Glasgow. N. B.

Galloway, William, Cardiff. N. E.

Gardiner, Edgar Tom, Hoppyland House, Albert Hill, Bishop Auck-

land. N. E.

QardN£R. HtrOHj Minaa 8ch wager, C^rou&l, Chik, South America. H. I*

Gardner, Joseph Midi>lkton, Park Vi€?w, Little Houghkjn, Bamsley. M, L

LIST OF MEMBERS. XXIX

Gibson, Samusl H.. Easington Colliery, Castle Eden, S.O., County Dur-
ham. M. I.

GiFTORD, Hbnut J., The Champion Reef Gold-mining Company, Champion
Reef, Mysore State, India. ^, E.

GnjCHRiST, James, Clifton Lodge, Workington. S. I.

Gill, John, St. John's Colliery, Normanton. M. I.

Gill, Thomas, Strafford Collieries, near Bamsley. M. I.

GiLL^PiE, GsoROB H., Ecum Secum Bridge P.O., Halifax County, Nova
Scotia. S. I.

Gillespie, Thomas R., Hillside Cottage, High Blantyre, Glasgow. 8. I.

GiLLMAK, GusTAYE, Ag^uUas, Provincia de Murcia, Spain. N. E.

GiLLOTT, J. W., Lancaster Works, Barnsley. M. L

(iipps, F. G. DE ViSME, Stannary Hills Mines and Tramway Company, North

Queensland, Australia. " N. E.

•Glbnnie, W. H., Hunton Road. Gravelly Hill, Birmingham. S. S.

Glover, James W., Cyprus Government Rsdlway, Locomotive Department,
Famagusta, Cyprus. M. G.

Gloveb, I&bebt Bell, c/o Glover Brothers, Mossley, Manchester. M. G.

GoMSBSALL, James Edwabd, West End, Kavensthorpe, Dewsbury. M. I.

GoNiNOK, Richard, Menzies Consolidated Gold-mines, Limited, Menzies,
Western Australia. N. E.

Goodwin, E. M., Middelburg Steam-coal and Coke Company, Limited, Witbank
Station, Transvaal. N. S.

Goodwin, G. A., St. Asaph Street, Rhyl. M. C.

Goodwin, Robert Harvey, Karaboumou Mercury-mine, c/o C. Whittall and
Company, Smyrna, Turkey. N. K

GooDw^N, William H., Swanwick Colliery, Alfreton. N. S.

Goodwin, William Lawton, School of Mining, IKingston, Ontario,
Canada. N. K.

Gordon, Gavin C, The Cottage, Motherwell. S. L

GouoH, George Henry, Singareni Collieries, Yellandu (Deccan), India. N.E.

Gould, Chalkley Vivian, c/o R. Steel, Beverley Gardens, Cullercoats, Whitley
Bay, S.O., Northumberland. N. S.

GouLDiB, Joseph, Prospect House, Winder, Frizington, S. O. , Cumberland. N. K.

Gowland, Joseph Edwin, Mina Caridad, Aznalcollar, Sevilla, Spain. N. E.

Gracix, John, 10, Shrine Place, Broxburn, S.O., Linlith|rowshire. 8. I.

Graham, Edward, Jun., Bedlington Colliery, Bedlmgton, S.O., North-
umberland. N. E.

Graham, Geoboe, 15, Montaffue Road, Sale, Manchester. M. G.

Graham, Maurice, 115, Ashley Gardens, Victoria Street, London, S. W. M. I.

Grant, John, Blackness, Linlithgow. S. I.

Grattok, R. T., Knifesniith (Jate, Chesterfield. M. C.

Grave, J. U. Roger, 58, Woodbine Terrace, Pinderfield Road, Wakefield. M. G.

Grave, Percy, Guadalajara, Estado de Jalisco, Mexico. N. E.

Graves, Henry George, The Patents Secretary, 2, Bankahall Street, Calcutta,
India. 8. S.

Gray, John, Lumphinnans Colliery, Cowdenbeath, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

Grayston, Frederick Arthur, Glascote House, Tamworth. S. S.

Grazebrook, Algar William, Himley House, near Dudley, Worcester-
shire. S. S.

Greatbatch, George Hawley, Berry Hill Collieries, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Greaves, Horace John, c/o R. H. Longbotham and Company, Limited, Ings
Foundry, Wakefield. M. I.

Greaves, John Henry, 69, Westgate, Wakefield. M. I.

Greaves, J. O., Westgate, Wakefield. M. I., N. K.

Greaves, Percy Christian, Westgate, Wakefield. M. I.

Geuien, Edwin Henry, P.O. Box 1978, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Green, Hugo George Henry, 82, Westgate, Wakefield. M. I.

Green, Joseph, Crag House, Ferry Hill. N. E.

Green, John Dampier, P.O. Box 340, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Greener, George Alfred, 6, Tyvica Crescent, Pontypridd. N. E.

Greener, Thomas Young, West Lodge, Crook, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Grebnhalgh, Robert, Atherton, Manchester. M. (^

Greensmith, Joseph, Monckton Main Colliery, Barnsley. M. I.

Greznsmith, John T., Holly Bank House, Norbriggs, Chesterfield. M. C.

XXX

LIST OF 1£EMB£BS.

Oreensmith, Thomas, c,o J. and G. Wella, Eckington Collieries, Sheffield. M. C.

Gbeenwsll, Allan, 30 and 31, Furnival Street, Holborn, London, E.G. N. E.

Green WELL, George Clementson, Poynton, Stockport. M. G., N. E.

Greenwood, John, c/o The Globe Spinning Company, 1, Marsden Street,
Manchester. M. G.

Gregory, H. E., Marrow House, Worsborough Bridge, Bamsley. M. I.

Gregory, James, Jun., Lowood Villas, Deepcar, Sheffield. M. L

Gregory, John, Sneyd Colliery. Bursleui, Staffordshire. N. 8.

Gregory, John Walter, The University, Glasgow. 8. I.

Gregson, George Ernest, 11, Chapel Street, Preston. N. E.

Gresley, William Stukeley, Avenue Road, Duffield, Derby. N. E.

Grey, Frederick William, Cannon Street House, 110, Cannon Street,
London, E.C. N. E.

Gribben, Edward, Durham, Georgetown, Queensland, Australia. N. E.

Griffith, Nathaniel Maurice, The Sondage Syndicate, Limited, Tilmanstone
Sinkinff, Eythorne, Dover. N. E.

Griffith, Thomas, Maes Gwyn, Cymmer, Forth, Pontypridd. N. E.

Griffith, William, Waterloo House, Aberystwyth. N. E.

Griffiths, Frederick, Pensnett, Dudley, Worcestershire. S. S.

Grundy, Henry Taylor, Blackburn Street, Radclifife, Manchester. M.G.

Grundy, James, Siterampore, E.I. Railway, Bengal, India. N. E.

GuMMERSON, James M., .45, Birkbeck Road, Acton, London, W. N. E.

Guthrie, James Kenneth, Crigglestone Collieries, Limited, near Wake-
field. M. L, N. E.

Henry, Thorncliffe Ironworks and

Habershon, Matthew

Sheffield.
Hadfield, Robert Abbott, Hecla Steel Foundry, Sheffield.
•Haggie, Peter Sinclair, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. M. C, M. I., N. E.
Haggie, Robert Hood, Tynholme, Wealdstone, S.O., Middlesex.
Haigh, Henry Vernon, Lewisham House, Morley, Leeds.
Haines, Joseph Richard, Adderley Green Collieries, Longton, Stafford-
shire. N. S.
Halbaum, Henry Wallace Gregory, 3, Mitchell Street, Birtley, S.O., County

Collieries,
M. L
M.C
S. L
M.C
L

Durham.

Haldane, George, 208, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow.
Hall, Alexander, Rio Tinto Mines, Provincia de Huelva, Spain.
Hall, Arthur, Nuneaton.

Hall, Frederick, Fernleigh, Highfield, Workington.
Hall, John Charlf^^, 7-^ Dun«lajj Street, Sunderland.
Hall, Joseph John, Anhington Colliery, Morpeth.
Hall, Levi J*, Moriand House, Birch Vak^ Stockport

N.E.
S. I.

N. S.
M.C.
N.E.
N.E,
N. K.
M, C.

UST OF MEMBE&S. XXXI

Hardie, W. D. L., Alberta Railway and Coal Company, Lethbridge, Alta,
Canada. S. I.

Hardwick, Francis William, University of Sheffield, St, George's Square,
Sheffield. M. I.

Hare, Samuel, Howlish Hall, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

Hargreayes, Walter, Newmarket and Haigh Moor Collieries, Rothwell,
Leeds. M. I.

Barker, W^illiam, Cannon Street House, London, £.C. M. C.

Harle, Peter, Page Bank Colliery, County Durham. N. E.

Harle, Richard, Browney Colliery, Durham. N. E,

Ha RLE, Robert Alfred, Alma Cottage, Campbell's Hill, West Maitland, New
South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Harper, J. Povey, All Saints' Chambers, Derby. M. C.

Harris, David, Elands Laagte Colliery, Limited, Elands Laagte, Natal, South
Africa. N. E.

Harris, Georqe E., Margherita, Debrugarh, Upper Assam. M. G.

Harris, Henry Charles, 17, Pol war th Gardens, Hyndland, Glasgow. S. I.

Harris, Harry P. , Bryn Dedwydd, Ffrwd, Wrexham. M. G.

Harris, William Scorer, Kibblesworth, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Harrison, Charles Augustus, North Eastern Railway, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Harrison, George Brabbon, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Swinton, Man-
chester. M.G.,N. E.

Harrison, William B. , Brownhills Collieries, near W^alsall. N. E.

Hart-Davis, Henry Vauohan, Wardley Hall, W^orsley, Manchester. M.G.

Hartley, J. W., Drysdale House, Stone, Staffordshire. N. S.

Hartley, Richard^46, Lowther Street, Whitehaven. N E.

Harvey, Reuben H., c,o Dick, Kerr and Company, Limited, Contract Depart-
ment, Praca Castro Alves, 55, Bahia, Brazil, South America. M. G.

Haselden, Arthur, Linares, Provincia de Jaen, Spain. N. E.

Hassam, Arthur, King Street, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S.

Hassam, Wilmot J., 77, Victoria Street, Chesterton, Newcastle, Stafford-
shire. N. S.

Hawker, Edward William, Adelaide Club, Adelaide, South Australia. N. E.

Hawkins, Thomas Spear, Millpond House, Hayle, S.O., Cornwall. N. E.

Hay, James, Jun., Widdrington Colliery, Acklington, S.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

Hay, John, 22, Watson Road, Worksop. M. C.

Hay, Robert, Stanton Colliery, Burton-upon -Trent. M.C.

Hay, Thomas Young, Whitwick Colliery, Coalville, Leicester. M. C,

Hay, William, Shirebrook C«lli(;r>% near Mansfield. M. C.

Haynes, Arthur James, Kilbume Colliery, Derby. M. C.

Heads, Robert William, Bangkok, Siam. N. E.

Heath, Arthur Howard, Newbold Revel, Rugby. N. S.

Heath, Allen S., Temple House, Basford, Stoke- upon-Trent. N. S.

Heath, Sir James, Bart., Ashome Hill, Leamington. N. S.

Heath, John, Sneyd Colliery, Burslem, Staffordshire. N. S.

Heath, J. R., The British Gas Light Company, Limited, Etruria, Stoke-upon-
Trent. N. S.

Heath, Robert, Biddulph Valley Iron W^orks, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Heathgots, C. H., Woodlands, Mansfield. M.C.

Hsdlev, Arthur Morton, Blaydon Burn, Blaydon-upon-Tyne, S.O., County
Durham.

Hedley, Septimus H., Langholnie, Roker, Sunderland.

Hedley, William, Eighton Lodge, Low Fell, Gateshead-upon-Tyne.

Hedley, W. E., Standard Buildings, City Square, Leeds.

Hkinze, F. Augustus, Butte, Montana, U.S.A.

Hbise, Fritz, Hernerstrasse, 45, Bochum, Germany.

Henderson, Andrew, Gartsherrie Colliery, Coatbridge.

Henderson, Charles, Cowpen Colliery Office, Blyth. N. E.

Henderson, James, 40, Nasmyth Place, Kelty, Blairadam, S.O., Kinross-
shire. S. L

Henderson, John, Dimnikeir Colliery, Kirkcaldy. S. I.

EbENDERSON, J. J., c/o Grindlay and Company, 54, Parliament Street, Lon<lon,
S.VV. M.C.

xxm

LIST OF 1£EMB££S.

HsNDEBSON, W., Dalton Main Collieries, Limited, Parksate, Rotherham. M. I.
Hendbbson, William Hope, 120, Bishopsgate Street Within, London, E.G. 8. L
Henriksen, Gudbrand, Inspector of Mines, Nystrand i Eidanger, Nor.

way. N. E.

Henshaw, Albert Mayon, Talk-o'-th'-Hill Colliery, Talke, Stoke-upon-

Trent. N. 8.

Henshaw, Frederick, 14, Carr Street, Ilkeston, S.O., Derbyshire. M. C.

Hbnwood, James, Seaham No. 1 Colliery, West Wallsend, Newcastle, New

South Wales, Australia. N. S.

Hepburn, William, Onibury House, Moorfield Road, Claremont, Pendleton,

Manchester. M. I.

Hbppel, Edward Middleton, Camerton Collieries, near Bath. M. C.

Heppell, William John, Cwmaman Colliery, Abcrdare. N. S,

Hepplewhite, Richard Hutton Frith, Tibshelf, Alfroton. M. C.

Hepplea^-hitk, Wii-liam Hutton, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Blenheim Mount,

St. Ann's Hill, Nottingham. M. C.

Herrmann, Henry J. A., Lokken Grube, Meldalen, Norway. N. E.

Heslop, Christopher, Wood side, Marske, Mill Lane, Saltbum-by-the-Sea. N. E.
Heslop, Grainger, North Moor House, Sunderland. N. E.

Heslop, Michael, Rough Lea Colliery, Willington, S.O., County Durham. N. E.
Heslop. Septimus, New Beerbhoom Coal Company, Limited, Asansol, Bengal,

India. N. E.

Heslop, Thomas, Randolph Colliery, Evenwood, Bishop Auckland. • N. E.
Heslop, William Taylor, St. Grcorge's Colliery, Hatting Spruit, Natal, South

Africa. " N. E.

Hewitson, Thomas, Associated Northern Company, Kalgoorlie, Western

Australia. N. E.

Hewitt, Charles Richard. 122, London Road, Derby. M. C.

Hbwiit, George Colthurst, Serridge House, Coalpit Heath, Bristol. N. E,
Hewitt, Henry Richardson, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Breedon Hill Road,

Derby. M. C,

Hewlett, Alfred, Haseley Manor, Warwick. N. E.

Hewlett, Erne, Ammanford Colliery Company, Limited, Ammanford, S.O.,

Carmarthenshire. N. E.

Hewlett, Howe, Clock Face Colliery, Sutton Oak, St. Helens. N. E.

Hicks, W. M. , University of Sheffield, St. George's Square, Sheffield. M. I.

Hi(iBY, Robert George, Baltic House, 27, Leadenhall Street, London,

E.C. M. L

HiosoN, Charles H., The Chestnuts, Helsby, Warrington. M.G. .

HiGSON, Jacob, Crown Buildings, 18, Booth Street, Manchester. N. E.

Hiu23j:v, Jlihn» Crown Buildixs.gi, IS, Boutli Sirfut, iLuiehfjater. M. L

Hia:^o.v, PfiTER> Crown BmldingB, 18, Booth Str&et^ Manchester. M.G.

LIST OF MEMBERS. ZZXill

HoGO, James, Minas de Heredia, Linares, Soain. S. I.

Hogg, Johk, Ardoch Grove, Cambuslan^, Glasgow. S. I.

Hooo, John, Victoria Enffine Works, Airdrie. S. I.

Hogg, John, Thomley Colliery OflSce, Thomley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

HoLBERTON, WALTER TwiNiNG, Copiapo Mining Company, Limited, Casilla, 48,

Copiapo, Chile, South America. N. E.

HoLBROOK, John, I^ngley Colliery, Heanor, S.O., Derbyshire. M. C.

HoLFORD, William Daniel, Hill House, Old Whittington, Chesterfield. M. C.

HoiJDAT, Roslyn, Ackton Hall Colliery, Featherstone, Pontefract. M. I.

Holland, Laurence, Hamstead Colliery, Great Barr, Birmingham. S. S.

HoLLiDAY, Cyrus, East Ardsley Collieries, near Wakefield. M. I.

HoLUDAY, Martin Forster, Langley Grove, Durham. N. E.

HoLLiDAY, NoRBiAN STANLEY, Bovne Villa, Langley Moor, Durham. N. E.

HoLLiNOWORTH, FREDERICK H., The Oak, Hollinwood, Oldham. M. C.

HoLLiNOWORTH, George Henry, 37, Cross Street, Manchester. M. G.

HoLLiNOWORTH, Henry, EUerbeck Collieries, Coppull, Chorley. M. G.

Holt, Henry, New Hucknall Colliery, Mansfield. M. G.

HoMAN, William McLean, P.O. Box 24, Bethlehem, Orange River Colony,

South Africa. S. I.

HoMERSHAM, Edwin Collett, 19, Broad Street Avenue, Blomfield Street,

London, E.C. N. E.

HoMERSHAM, Thomas Henry Collett, Vulcan Iron Works, Thornton Road,

Bradford. N. E.

Hood, James A. , Midfield, Lasswade. S. L

Hood, Thomas Wighton, New Calyx Drill and Boring Company, 120, East Feny

Road, Millwall, London, E. M. I.

Hood, W^illiam Walker, Glyncornel, Llwynypia, Pontypridd. N. E.

HooGHWiNKEL, Gerald H. J. , Dacre House, Victoria Street, London, S. W. M. G.

Hooper, Edward, Salisbury House, London Wall, London, E.C. N. E.

Hooper, James, Derwent, St. Agnes, Scorrier, S.O., Cornwall. N. E.

Hope, Charles Edward, Vancouver, British Columbia. N. E.

Hope, Edmund Louis, Abbottabad, N. W. Frontier, India. N. E.

Hopkins, Edward. N. E.

HopKiNSON, Austin, 86, Cross Street, Manchester. M. G.

HopKiNSON, Henry, Station Street, Nottingham. M. C.

HopKiNSON, Sam, SiJverhill Terrace, Teversall, Mansfield. M. I.

HopwooD, William, Vron Haul, Buckley, Chester. N. E.

Horne, Thomas Lochhead, Woodlands, Twechar, Glasgow. S. I.

HoRROBiN, William, Bedford Collieries, Leigh. M. G.

HoRRox, Reginald Edward, Carr House, Woodhouse, Sheffield. M. I.

HoRSFiELD, Arthur, 36, Queens Road, Doncaster. M. I.

HoRswiLL, Frederick J., 1218, Chesnut Street, Oakland, California,

U.S.A. N. E.

HouFTON, John Plowright, Bolsover Colliery, Chesterfield. M. C.

Hough, B., Birmingham House, Ruabon. S. S.

Houghton, George, Old Silkstone Collieries, Dod worth, Bamsley. M. I.

Houghton, Henry, Oak Mount, Ormskirk Road, Skelmersdale, Ormskirk. M. G.

House, John, 46, Park Road, Wigan. N. E.

How AT, John Thomson, Stobbs House, Kilwinning, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

Howat, Robert M., Luhrig Appliances, Limited, 32, Victoria Street, West-
minster, London, S.W. S. I.

Howat, William, North Motherwell Colliery, Motherwell. S. I.

Howe, William, IW, Saltergate, Chesterfield. M. C.

HowELLS, David, P.O. Box 5559, Johannesburg, Transvsial. N. E.

Howes, Frank T., Hyderabad (Deccau) Company, Limited, Secunderabad,

India. N. E.

Howl, Edmund, Trindle House, near Dudley, Worcestershire. S. S.

HowsoN, Charles, Harraton Colliery, Chester-le-Street. N. E.

Hubbersty, Henry Alfred, Burbage, Buxton. M. C.

Hugh, James, Thomhill, Blantyre, Glasgow. S. I.

Hughes, Herbert William, 24, Wolverhampton Street, Dudley, Worcester-
shire. S. S.

Hughes, John, Dudley, Worcestershire. S. S.

Hughes, Owen, Hardman House, Hollinwood, Oldham. M. G.

Humble, Joseph, Markham Collieries, Duckmanton, Chesterfield. M. C.

TOL. XXXII.~1906-190T. 0

xwiv

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Humble, William, Lawson Street, Hamilton, Newcastle, New South Wales,
Australia. N. £.

Humble, William Hobsley, Oxcroft Colliery, Bolsover, Chesterfield. M. C.

HuMPHRis, Henry, Blaenau Festinioe. M.G., N. £.

Hunter, Andrew, Alloa Colliery, AUoa. S. I.

Hunter, Chbistopher, Cowpen Colliery Office, Blyth. N. E.

Hunter, David, 101, St Vincent Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Hunter, David, 10, £ast Parade, Leeds. M. I.

Hunter, Gborqe, Tin to View, Douglas Water, Douglas, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Hunter, Jonathan, Leacroft House, near Cannock, S.O., StaflFordshire. S. S.

Hunter, Robert, G>Tnpie, Queensland, Australia. N. E.

Hunter, Sherwood, 20, Mount Street, Manchester. M. G.

HuRD, Frederick Wilson, Raith View, Bothwell, Glasgow. S. L

Hurll, Mark, 144, West Regent Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Hurst, Georoe, 9, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Hurst, George Andrew, Cliffe, Tamworth. S. S.

Hutchinson, John William, Llwyncelyn House, Forth, near Pontypridd. N. E.

Hutchison, George, Shotts Colliery, Shotts, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I,

HuTTON, John George, Torbane, Mudgee Line, New South Wales, Aus-
tralia. N. E.

Hyslop, George P., The Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Company, Limited,
Stokc-upon-Trent. N. 8.

Ingham, E. T., Blake Hall, Mirfield, S.O., Yorkshire.
Ingham, Joshua Lister, Blake Hall, Mirfield, S.O., Yorkshire.
Inglis, Peter, Plean Colliery, Bannockbum, Stirling.
Innes, Alexander, 2, Griqua Terrace, Uddin^ston, Glasgow.
Irvine, John, Terrace Street, Dysart, S.O., Fifeshire.

Jackson, Cyril Frank, Exhall Colliery, Bedworth, Nuneaton.

Jackson, DA^^D, Rankinston Works, by Ayr.

Jackson, Douglas, Coltness Iron Works, Newmains, S.O., Lanarkshire.

Jackson, Henry Herrin, The Drive, Halesowen, Birmingham.

Jackson, J. H., Lower Hagley, Stourbridge.

Jackson, William Birkenhead Mather, Ringwood, Chesterfield.

Jackson, Walter Geoffrey, Prestwick, Witley, Godalming.

Jacob, Frederick Ernest, Westbrook, Swansea.

Jacobs, Lionel Asher, Giridih, E.I.R., Bengal, India.

Jaogar, Joseph, Grange Moor Collieries, Flockton, Wakefield.

James, William Henry Trewartha, Finsbury House, Blomfield

London, E.C.
Jamik-jon, ALKXANDKRt B&lgoiiie Colliery, Markinch.

M.C.

Street,

LIST OF MEMBEBS. XZZ7

Johns, John Harbt (Henry), P.O. Box 231, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.
Johnson, Edward. N. E.

Johnson, Henby, 19, Priory Street, Dudley, Worcestershire. S. s!

Johnson, Henry Howard, The Village Deep, Limited, P.O. Box 1145^

Johannesburg, TransvaaL N. E,

Johnson, James, Boldon Lodge, East Boldon, S.O., County Durham. N. E.'

Johnson, John, 46, Church Street, Barnsley. M, L

Johnson, P. S., Brades Steel Works, near Birmingham. S. 8.

Johnson, Wuxiam, Sidi Alowe, El Biar, Algiers. M.G., N. E.

Johnson, William Henry, Woodleigh, Altrincham. M. (i.

Johnston, J. Howard, c/o Backus and Johnston, Lima, Peru, South

America. N. E,

Johnstone, Hugh, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Stafford. N, S.

Johnstone, James, Belhaven Road, Wishaw. S. L

Johnstone, Ronald, Jun., 190, West George Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Johnstone, Ronald Henry, 190, West George Street, Glasgow. S. I,

JoiCEY, William James, Sunningdale Park, Berkshire. N.E.

Jones, Clement, Neath Colliery, Cessnock, New South Wales, Australia. N. E.
Jones, Evan, Plas Cwmorthin, Blaenau Festiniog. N. E.

Jones, F. J., Bother Vale Collieries, Treeton, Kotherham. M. L

Jones, Herbert Alexander, Myrtle House, Harrogate Road, Undercliffo^

Bradford. M. L

Jones, H. J., 72, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. M. I.

Jones, Jacob Carlos, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Jones, Owen Roland, H.M. Inspector of Mines, 5, Spring Gardens,

Chester. M.G.

Jones, Percy Howard, Ty Ceirios, Pontnewynydd, Pontypool. N. E,

Jones, R. Enos, Whitwell Colliery, Whit well, Chesterfield. S. S.

Jones, Thomas, 1, Princes Street, Great George Street, Westminster,

London, S.W. N. E.

JoYNES, John James, Femdale, Lydbrook, Gloucestershire. N. E.

Kay, Joseph, Agecroft Collieries, near Manchester. M.G.

Kay, Stanley I&bert, 1, Albion Place, Leeds. M. I.

Kayll, Alfred Charles, Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Kayser, Henrich Wilhelm Ferdinand, Launceston, Tasmania. N. E.

Kearney, Joseph Musorave, Wankie (Rhodesia) Coal, Railway and Explora-
tion Company, Limited, Wankie, Rhodesia, South Africa. N. E.

Keighley, Frederick Charles, Union town, Fayette County, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A. N. E.

Keillar, T. W. , Mining Otfices, Wortley, Leeds. M. I.

Krirs, Iohn, Minto Cotta«^e, Cardenden, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

Kell, George P., Warren House, SJieffield Roatl, Barnsley. M. I.

Kellett, Matthew Henry, St. Helen s Colliery, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

Kenrick, .Iohn Painter, c'o Pekin Syndicate, Limited, Ja-mei-sen Works, via
Wei Hiii Fu, Honan, China.

Kerr, Archibald, Bellside Cottage, Cleland. S.O., Lanarkshire.

Kerr, GEOiu;E L., 121, Sinclair Drive, Langside, Glasgow.

Krsteven, Frank, New Monckton Collieries, Barnsley.

Kidd. Thomas, Jun., Linares, Provincia de Jaen, Spain.

KiLPATRiCK, John B., Foulshiels Colliery, West Calder, S.O., Midlothian.

Kin(3, Arthur, Lochgelly Colliery, L chgelly, S.O., Fifeshire.

KiNc;, Af'STiN, Scottdale, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

KiRKRY, Richard, The F'orth Collieries (190."^), Limited, Preston
Prestonpans, S.O., Haddingtonshire.

KiRKBY, William, c o Aire and Calder Navigation, Leeds.

KiRKPATRicK, James, Broomknowe, Gateside, Cambuslang, Glasgow.

KiRKDP, Austin, Manor House, Penshaw, Fence Houses.

KiRKUP. Frederic Octavius, Garestield Colliery, Rowlands Gill, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne. N. E.

Kirk UP, John Philip, Burnhope, Durham. ^ N. E.

Kirk UP, Philip, Leafield House, Birtley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

KiRSOPP, .John, Jun., Lamesley, Gateshead- upon -Tyne. N. E.

Kirtov. Huuh, Kimbleswor^h Colliery, Choster-le-Street. N. E.

KiTCHiN, James Bateman, Woodend House, Bigrigg, S.O., Cumberland. N. E.

r in

L-o

KS,

e'.

XXX VI

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Klkpetko, Fbank, 307, Battery Park Building, 21-24, State Street, New York

City, U.S. A. N. E.

Kneeboxe, C. Maitland, c/o Cerro Muriano Mines, Limited, Estacion de

Cerro Muriano, Provincia de Cordoba, Spain. M. G.

Knight, William Cradock, 14 and 15, Rofigers Chambers, Norfolk Street,

Sheffield. M. C.

Knowles, John, Ince Hall Collieries, Wigan. M.G.

Knowles, Sir Lees, Bart., Westwood, Pendlebury, Manchester. M.G.

Knowles, Robert, Ednaston Lodse, near Derby. N. E.

Knox, Edwin Charles, Arlev Colliery, Coventry. M. C.

Knox, George, Technical and Mining College, Wigan. S. I.

Knox, William, Horden Colliery, Castle Eden, S.O., County Durham. N. E.
KocHS, Albert Victor, 301, Glossop Road, Sheffield. M. I.

KoNDO, R., c/o Furukawa Mining Office, 1, Icchome Taesucho, Kojimachi,

Tokyo, Japan. N. E.

Krickhaus, Karl, Lebong Soelit Mining Company, Limited, near Benkoelen,

Sumatra. S. I.

Kruger, — , Hibemia Company, Heme, Westphalia, Germany. M. I.

KwANG, KwoNG Yung, Lincheng Mines, Lincheng, Chemin de Fer Pekin-

Hankow, via Peking, North China. N. E.

Kyle, Andrew, Airyknowe, Galston, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

Kyle, John, 18, Brewland Street, Galston, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

Laird, Andrew, 95, Bath Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Laird, Joseph, Orbiston Collieries, BeUshill, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. L

Lamb, Robert Ormston, Hay ton. How Mill, Carlisle. N. E.

Lamoxt, Duncan, Bonmahon Copper-mines, Bonmahon, Kilmacthomas, S.O.,
~ - - SI,

M.C.
N. E.
N. E.
M.C.
M.G.
S. I.
Dharwar
S. S.
N. E.
N. E.
S. I.

County Waterford.
Lancaster, James, The Woodlands, Blaina, S.O., Monmouthshire.
Lancaster, John, Auchenheath, S.O., Lanarkshire.
Lancaster, John, Overslade, near Rugby.
Landless, John, Bank Hall Colliery, Burnley.
Landless, John Edward, Habergham Colliery, Burnley.
Lang, William, Wellsereen Cottages, Windyeates, S.O., Fifeshire.
Langford, D. B., Dharwar Gold-mine, Kabulayatkattis P.O.,

District, India.
Laporte, Henry, 35, rue de Turin, Brussels, Belgium.
Larke, Wilijam James, 59, Hillmorton Road, Rugby.
Latham, Charles, The University, Glasgow.
Lathbury, Graham Tampwell, East Indmn Railway Collieries, Giridih, E.LR*,

BeDgaU India. N. E.

LIST OF MEMBEBS. XXXVil

Ledoux, Edmund. M. I.

Le£, John Fobster, Todwick, Sheffield* M. G.

Lbb, John Wilson Richmond, 70, St. Helens Gardens, North Kensington,
London, W. N. E.

Lee, Percy Ewbank, Pontop Colliery, Annfield Plain, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

Lee, Richard Henry Lovelock, Pekin Syndicate, Limited, P'ing-T'an, Ping
Ting Chou, Shansi, North China. N. E.

Leech, Arthur Henry, 11, King Street, Wigan. N. E.

Lees, Frederick, The Rookery, Ashford, Bakewell. M. G.

Less, Thomas Godfrey, Newstead Colliery, Nottingham. M. C.

Leigh, Oswald B., North Lincoln House, Frodingham, Doncaster. M. G.

Lewin, Henry W., 154, West Regent Street, Glwgow. S. L

Lewis, George Alfred, Albert Street, Derby. M. C.

Lewis, John Dyer, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Glanrhyd, Sketty Road,
Swansea. N. E.

Lewis, Percy William, 122, Whitaker Road, Derby. M. C.

Lewis, William Herbert, Swanwick Collieries, Alfreton. M. I.

Lewis, Sir William Thomas, Bart., Mardy, Aberdare. N. E.

LiDDELL, Hugh. N. E.

LiDDELL, John Matthews, Togston Hall, Acklington, S.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

LiDDELL, J. W., Alexandra House, Wyken, near Coventry. S. S.

LiDSTER, Ralph, Langley Park Colliery, I>urhani. N. E.

LiNNEKSR, James George, Peckfield Colliery. Micklefield, Leeds. M. C.

LiSBOA, Miguel Arrojado Ribeibo, Rua Costa Gama, Villa Japur^, Petropolis,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, South America. N. E.

Lishman, Robert Richardson, Bretby Colliery, Burton-upon -Trent. N. E.

LiSHMAN, Thomas, Hetton Colliery, Hetton-le-Holc, S.O. , County Durham. N. E.

Lishman, Tom Alfred, Harton CoIUctv, Tyne Dock, South Shields. N. E.

Lishman, William Ernest, 4, Field House Terrace, Durham. N. E.

Lisle, James, Kroonstad Coal Estate Company, Limited, P.O. Box 118, Klerks-
dorp, Transvaal. N. E.

LiTTLEJOHN, Albert, c/o Scott, Henderson and Company, Loft us Street, Sydney,
New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

LiTEiNG, Edward H., Brookfield House, Long Stanton, Cambridge. N. E.

LrvESEY, John, Rose Hill Colliery, Bolton. M. G.

Livingstone, Archibald, Kinneil Collieries, Bo'ness, S.O., Linlithgow-
shire. S. I.

Livingstone, David. S. I.

Livingstone, Duncan, Raith Colliery, Cowdenbeath, S.O., Fifeshire. S. L

Livingstone, Robert, McNish Place, North Road, Bellshill, S.O., Lanark-
shire.

Llewellin, David Morgan, Glanwem Offices, Pontypool.

Llewelyn, F. W., Alsager, Cheshire.

Lloyd, Edward, 38, Southgrove Road, Sheffield.

Lloyd, W. D., Altofts, Norman ton.

Lochhead, John A., Melita Cottage, Denny, S.O., Stirlingshire.

LocKETT, William, The Cheadle Park Colliery Company, Limited, Cheadle,
Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

LocKwooD, Alfred Andrew, 46, Marmora Road, Honor Oak, London, S.E. N. E.

Lodge, Joshua Carnelley, Ryhill Main Colliery, I'la Wakefield. M. I.

Long, Ernest, c/o W. T. Glover and Company, Limited, Traflford Park, Man-
chester. N. E.

Longbotham, Jonathan, Angel Street, Sheffield. M. I.

LoNGBOTHAM, RoBERT Hall, Ings Foundry, Wakefield. M. L

LoNGDEN, Geoffrey Appleby, Pleasley, Mansfield. M. C.

Longden, John Alfred, Stanton-by-Dale, Nottingham. M. C.

Lonsdale, Talbot Richard, Malton Colliery, near Durham. N. E.

Loos, Albert Edward, Electrical Power Station, Ilkeston, S.O., Derby-
shire. M. C.

Lord, Chadwick, Jubilee Colliery, Crompton, near Oldham. M. G.

Louis, David Alexander, 77, Shirland Gardens, London, W. N. E.

Louis, Henry, 4, Osborne Terrace, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Love, Henry, Arbuthnot Road, Loanhead, S.O., Midlothian. S. I.

xxxvm

LIST OF ICEMBEBS.

LowDON, Thomas, Hamsteels, near Durham. N. £.

LowRANGB, T. B., Peel Square, Barnsley. M. I.

Lucas, Alfbed, 26, Albany Road, Sharrow, Sheffield. M. I.

LuPTON, Abnold, 7, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S. W. M. C M. I., N. E.
Ltall, Edward, 4, Vane Terrace, Darlington. N. E.

Macalpine, George L., Altham and Great Harwood Collieries, Accrington. M. G.
Maoalpinf, George Watson, Altham and Great Harwood Collieries, Accring-
ton.

M.C.
S. L
N. E.
N. E.

^ S. L

McCale, C. H., Damuda Coal Company,^Limited, Sitarampore P.O., E.I.
^ ., ^ . , ,. S. S.

N. E.
S. I.

McAlpine, W^illiam, Queenziebum, Kilsyth, Glasgow.

Macarthcr, James Duncan, Bangkok, Siam.

MacArtuur, John Stewart, 74, i ork Street, Glasgow

McBroom, Archibald, West Longrigj?, Longriggend, S.O., Lanarkshire.

Railway, Bengal, India.

McCarthy, Edward Thomas, Cressenes House, St. Neots.

McCoMB, James, Rankinston, Ayr.

McCoNNELL, James I. , Nunfield, Dumfries S. I.

McCreath, George Wilson, 208, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. S. I.

McCrkath, James, 208, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. N. E., S. I.

McCreath, William, 208, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. S. I.

McCuLLOCH, John, Linkieburn House, Muirkirk, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

McCuLLOCH, John, Shieldhill Colliery, Falkirk. S. I.

McCuLLOCH, Robert G., Carriden, Bo'ness, S.O., Linlithgowshire. S. I.

McDonald, John Alexander, c/o James E. McDonald, 4, Chapel Street,
Cripplegate, Ix)ndon, E.C. N. E.

Macdonald, Symington, 8, Hatfield Drive, Kclvinside, Glasgow. S. L

McDowell, Benjamin Francis, Loughtea, Killaloe, S.O., County
Clare. N. E.

McFarlane, Nigel, Corona, Balmoral Drive, Cambuslang, Glasgow. S. I.

Macfarlane, Rienzi Walton, Cherokee (Mexican) Proprietary, Limited, San
Julian, via Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico. N. E.

McGeachie, Duncan, West Wallseud, New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

MoGowAN, John, Engineers' Department, Corporation Waterworks, Notting-
ham. M. C.

McGregor, Arthur, Mosscastle House, Slamannan, S.O., Stirlingshire. S. I.

McGregor, Hugh Scott, Crown Reef Gold-mining Company, Limited, P.O.
Box 1145, Johannesburg, Transvaal. S. I.

Machen, W., Thorncliffe Collieries, near Sheffield. M. I.

McInerny, Augustin Joseph, 16, rue d*Autriche, Tunis. N. E.

Mack AY, Alexander, c/o Don Victor de Larrea, H.B.M. Vice-Consul, Bilbao,

N.E.

London,

e. S.

N.E.

County
S. f.

M.C.

LIST OF MEMBERS. XXXIX

MgLeujln, Nbil, Idsley House, Spennymoor.

MagLuckie, John, Cross House, Larkhall, S.O., Lanarkshire.

McMillan, James, Jun., Langloan, Coatbridse.

McMuRTRiE, Geobgb Edwin Jambs, Radstock, Bath.

McMuRTRiB, James, 5, Belvedere Road, Durdbam Park, Bristol.

McNaughton, James Jnc, 66, Victoria Street, Westminster,
S.W.

McXeil, Archibald, Anderson Street, Bonmrbridge, S.O., Stirlingshire.

McNeill, Bedford, 25a, Old Broad Street, London, E.G.

McNeill, Kirkwood Hewatt, Island View, Ballycastle, S.O.,
Art rim.

McPhail, James, Grange, Larkhall, S.O., I^narkshire.

McPhee, Hugh, Barberton, Transvaal.

McQueen, David T. H., Glenbum, Wishaw.

McTrRK, Alexander G., Eastwood, Nottingham.

McViE, James, Cadzow Colliery, Hamilton.

Maddison, Thomas Robert, Durkar House, near Wakefield.

Maddison, W. H. F., The Lindens, Darlington.

Maddock, James, The Avenue, Alsager, Cheshire.

Madew, Benjamin, Longwood Hall, l*inxton, Alfreton.

Majumdar, p. K., 28, Francis Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Mallmakn, Paul J., 65 and 66, Wool Exchange, Coleman Street, London,
E.C. N. E.

Mammatt, John Ernest, 1 , Albion Place, Leeds. N. E.

Mann, Wingate Robertson, Bathville, Armadale Station, S.O., Linlithgow-
shire. S. I.

Manning, Arthur Hope, P.O. Box 88, Heidelberg, Transvaal. N. E.

Markham, Arthur Basil. M. C.

Markham, Charles Paxton, Broad Oaks Iron Works, Chesterfield. M. C.

Markham, Gervasb E., Gloucester Villa, Darlington. N. E.

Marks, Hbrbkrt T., c/o Royal Colonial Institute, Northumberland Avenue,
London, W.C. N. E.

Marr, James Heppell, Gastlecomer, S.O., County Kilkenny. N. E.

Marriott, Hugh Frederick, c/o Wernher, Beit and Company, 1, London
Wall Buildings, London. E.C. ^' "

Marsh, T. G., 206, Wolverhampton Street, Dudley, Worcestershire.

Marshall, Eustace Alpin, 37, Queens Road, Southport.

Marshall, John, 34, Dunearn Street, Glasgow.

Marshall, Joe Learoy, Monk Bretton Colliery, Bamsley.

Marshall, William, Castlehill Colliery, Carluke.

Martbn, Edward Bindon, Pedmore, Stourbridge.

Martin, Henry William, Sherwood Newport Road, Cardiff.

Martin, John, Carfin Villa, Carfin, Motherwell.

^LulTlN, Robert, Chapel Coal Company, Limited, Newmains, S.O., Lanark-
shire. S. I.

Martin, Robert Frewin, Mountsorrel, Loughborough. M. C.

Martin, Tom Pattinson, 22, Station Road, Workington. N. E.

Martin, William M., Jamuria Colliery, Nandi Post Office, by Raneegunge,
E. I. Railway, Bengal, India. S. I.

Masterton, John, 31, Warrender Park Terrace, Edinburgh. S. I.

Mathews, David Howell Frederick, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Hoole,
Chester. M. G.

Mathieson, Alexander, Hetton Colliery, Carrington, near Newcastle, New
South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Matthews, E. L., Belvedere Street, Withington Street, Pendleton, Man-
chester. M. G.

Matfhews, Frederick Berkley, Lartington Hall, Darlington. N. E.

*Matthews, R. F., Lartington Hall, Darlington. N. E.

Matthews, Thomas, Belvedere Street, Withington Street, Pendleton, Man-
chester. M.G.

Maurice, William, The Collieries, Hucknall Torkard, Nottingham. M. C.

Mayor, Samuel, 37, Burnbank Gardens, Glasgow. S. I.

Mawson, Robert Bryham, Bickershaw House, Bickershaw, Wigan. N. E.

May, George, Clervaux Castle, Croft, Darlington. N. E.

Mayes, Gkorob Richard, Wyunstay Collieries, Limited, Ruabon. M. I.

. I.

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

Meachem, Frederick George, The Hermitage, Wall Heath, Dudley, Worcester

shire. '^ "

Meachem, Isaac, Perry Park House, Blackheath, Birminghain.
Meares, H. p., 34, Ancastcr Drive, Anniesland, Glaseow.
Mein, Henry Johnson, Carterthome Colliery, Toft Hill,

land.
Mein, James, South Normanton Colliery, Alfreton.
Meldrum, James Jones, Timperley, near Manchester.
Mellon, Hbnrt, Brook Lea, Askam, S.O., Lancashire.
Mellors, James, H.M. Inspector of Mines, 14, St,

field.
Mellt, Edward Ferdinand, Griff Colliery, Nuneaton.
Menzies, John, Auchinraith Colliery, Blantyre, Glasgow.
Menzies, Joseph Frederick, Roslyn, Washington, U.S.A.
Merivale, John Herman, Togston Hall, Acklington, S.O.,

land.

S. S.
S. S.
S. L
Bishop Auck-
N. E.
M.C.
N. E.
N. E.
John's North, Wake-
M. L
M.C.
S. I.
N. E.
Northumber-
N. E.

Mrrz, Charles Hesterman, Collingwood Buildings, Collingwood Street,

Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Metcalf, Alfred T.., United Reefs (Sheba), Limited, Eureka City, De Kaap,

South Africa. N. B.

Meter, G. A., Zeche Shamrock, Heme, Westphalia, Germany. M. I.

Meysey-Thompson, Arthvr Herbert, Sun Foundry, Leeds.* N. E.

Middleton, James, 6, Morriston Gardens, Cambuslang, Glasgow. S. I.

Middleton, Robert, Sheep Scar Foundry, Leeds. N. E.

Midgley, Charles Augustus, Aire and Calder Navigation Buildings, Bridge

End, Leeds. M. L

Miles, Hon. Edward David, Kinellan, New Farm, Brisbane, Queensland,

Australia. N. E.

Miller, Arthur, Bredbury Colliery, near Stockport. M.G.

Miliar, George, Jheria P.O., District Manbhoom, Bengal, India. S. I.

Miller, James, c o George Miller, 367, Byars Road, Hillhead, Glasgow. N. E.
Miller, John D., Rosehall Colliery, Coatbridge. S. I.

Miller, John Henry, 1^'outh Hetton, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Miller, J. P. K., H. C. Frick Coke Company, Scottdale, Pennsylvania,

U.S.A. N. E.

Miller, William, Equitable Coal Company, Dishargarh P.O., Barakar, E.L

Railway, Bengal, India. S. I.

MiLLFJi, W. M., 12, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh. S. I.

MiLLiOAN, Alexander R. S. L

MiLLiOAN, Peter, The Amiston Coal Company, Limited, Gorebridge, S.O.,

Midlothian. S. L

MiLLWABD, AiJsEBT Edward, Manchester Road* Accringtoti, M.G,

LIST OF MEMBEBS. xli

MoREnro, Chablbs Alossnon, 20, Copthall Avenue, London, E.G. N. K

Morgan, Danixl, The Rockenr, Stratton-on-the-Fosse, Bath. S. S.

MosoAK, 6. R., 72, Mansell Terrace, Verandah Street, Swansea. S. S.

MosoAK, John, Stanley Villa, Crook, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

MoBisoN, John, Cramlington House, Northumberland. N. E.

MoRLAND-JoHNSON, Edwasd Thomas, c/o H. T. Johnson, Railway Road,
Urmaton, Manchester. K. E.

MoRBis, John, Lydbrook Colliery, Lydbrook, Gloucestershire. N. E.

Morris, William, Waldridge Colliery, Chester-le-Street. N. E.

Morrison, Daniel, 41, John Dalton Street, Manchester. M.G.

Morrison, Gilbert, East Grange Cottage, East Grange, Dunfermline. S. I.

Morrison, Joseph, Siddick Vilki. Workington. S. I.

Morse, Willard S., c/o American Smelting and Refining Company, 71, Broad-
way, New York City, U.S.A. N. E.

MoRT, Arthur, c/o William Mort, 527, Edge Lane, Droylsden, Manches-
ter. N. E.

Morton, Archibald McG., Littlemill Colliery, Rankinston, Ayr. S. I.

Morton, Charles Peroy, P.O. Box 29, Bulawayo, Rhodesia, South
Africa. M. I.

Morton, Jambs, Ansonhill House, Crossgates, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

•Morton, R. M., Ansonhill House, Crossgates, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

MoTTRAM, Arthur H., La Compafiia De Lota y Coronel, Lota Alta, Lota,
South America. . S. I.

Mottram, Thomas Harrt, H.M. Lispector of Mines, 6, Kelvinside Gardens,
Glasgow. S. I.

Mount- Haes, Andrew, 3, Bellasis Avenue, Streatham Hill, London, S. W. N. E.

Mountain, Montague Brown, Elton Grange, Bury. M. G.

Mountain, William Charles, The Hermitage, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Mow AT, David Marr, Summerlee Iron Works, Coatbridge. S. I.

MuiR, Robert, Polmaise Colliery, Stirling. S. L

MuiR, Robert A., The Bow hill Coal Company, Fife, Limited, Cardenden, S.O.,
Fifeshire. S. I.

MuiR, William N., P.O. Box 19, Dundee, Natal, South Africa. S. L

MuNDLE, Arthur, Murton Chambers, 8, Grainger Street, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

MuNDLB, Harrt Arthur, Marley Hill House, Swalwell, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

MuNOALL, Henry, 20, Royal Terrace, Edinburgh. S. I.

MuNOALL, Walter H. , Crof tweit, Crieff. S. I.

MxjNRO, Neil, Mayfield, Twechar, Glasgow. S. I.

Munro, Robert Douglas, Regent Chambers, 121, West Regent Street, Glas-
gow. S. I.

Munroe, H. S., Columbia University, New York City, U.S.A. S. S.

Murdoch, James, Carnach, Polmont, S.O., Stirlingshire. S. I.

Murray, Robert, Caer-edin, Bo'ness, S.O., Linlithgowshire. S. I.

Murray, William Cuthbert, Clifton House, Sherbum Colliery Station, near
Durham. N. E.

Murray, Thomas Chapman, Lodna Colliery, Jherria, Bengal, India. S. L

Murray, William Hutchinson, Jun., feirklands, Winchburgh, S.O., Lin-
lithgowshire. S. I.

Muschamp, Percy, St. Cuthberts, Berkhamsted. M. I.

MusoRAVE, Henry, 1, Rutland Gate, Claremont Park, Blackpool. M. I.

Mylan, William F., Bank Chambers, Fargate, Sheffield. M. I.

Nambu, Kingo, The Mitsu Bishi Company, Tokyo, Japan ;

ton, 16, Philpot Lane, London, E.C. '
Nash, Horace Broughton, 23, Victoria Roa<l, Barnsley.
Nasmyth, a. H., Donibristle Colliery, Crossgates, S.O., Fifeshire.
Naylor, Alfred, Ibstock Collieries, Leicester.
Neal, John, Jun., Holmeswell House, Middletou, Leeds.
Neate, Charles, Black Park Colliery, Ruabon.
Keilson, George, Crossbasket, High Blantyre, Glasgow.
Ness, George, Scottish Boiler Insurance and Engine Inspection Company,

Limited, 111, Union Street, Glasgow. S. L

Ness, Henry, Townhill, Dunfermline. S. I.

and

c/o

Stock-

eshii

•e.

2lii

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Ness, William Waters van, 622-623, Salisbury House, London Wall, London,
E.C. JKHiN. E.

Nbtter, Albebt John, Deputy Commissioner of Mines, Vryheid, Natal, South
Africa. M. C.

Nevin, John, Littlemoor House, Mirfield, S.O., Yorkshire. M. I., N. E.

Nevin, Thomas, The Hagg, Mirfield, S.O., Yorkshire. M. I.

Newbery, Frederick, 230, Camden Road, London, N.W. N. E.

Newbioin, Henry Thornton, 3, St. Nicholas' Buildings, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Newbould, Thomas, Low Stubbin Colliery, Rawmarsh, Rotherham. M. I.

Newton, John, Woodlands, VVolstauton, Stoke-upon-Trent. N S.

Newton, T. J., Gwynfa Cottage, New Road, Rhosddu, Wrexham. N. S.

Nicholson, Arthur Darling, H.M. Inspector of Mines, 2, Graingerville,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Nicholson, James, Jun., Prudential Buildings, Nelson Square, Bolton. M. (J.

Nicholson, John Hodgson, Cowpen Colliery Office, Blyth. N. E.

Nicholson, Marshall, Middleton Colliery, Leeds. M. I., N. E.

NiERSES, J. W., Kenwadih Colliery, Kusunda P.O., District Manbhoom, Bengal,
India. N. E.

Nightingale, C. F., EudcUion, Westbourne Road, Walsall. S. S.

NiMMO, James, 10, Priestfield Row, Edinburgh. S. I.

NiSBET, Henry, Dunnetta, Hillview, Shettleston, Glasgow. S. I.

NiSBET, James, Summerlee Iron Works, Coatbridge. S. I.

NiSBET, Norman, Houghton Collierv Office, Houghton-le-Spring, S.O., County
Durham. ' N. E.

NivisoN, John, Dykehead Collierv, Larkhall, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Nixon, John, Spratslade Drive, Longton, Staffordshire. N. S.

Noble, Thomas (tEORQE, Sacriston Colliery, Durham. N. E.

NoMi, AiTARO, H6j6 Colliery, Province of Buzen, Japan. N. E.

NoOTT, William R. , Lansdowne Terrace, Nuneaton. M. C.

NoRTHEY, Arthur Ernest, Frias, c/o Seftor Jose M. Restrepo, Honda, Republic
of Colombia, South America. N. E.

NowELL, Abthur Berry, c/o Mrs. Dean, Station Road, Eckington,
Sheffield N. S.

Oakes, C. H., Newlands, Alfreton. M. C.

Oakes, Francis James, Jun., 58, Pearl Street, Boston, Massachusetts,

U.S.A. N. E.

Oates, Robert Joseph William, Rewah State Collieries, Umaria, C. India,

Benj^al Is'agpur Railway. N. E.

O'Dunahi hi, TiiikMAs Aij»vs[i>„ 72, Swinky Road. Wignn, N. K.

LIST OF liElCBESS. zlii

Palkt, Georgb, Glebe House, Whitburn, Sunderland. N. E.

Palmsb, Clauds Bowes, VVardley Hall, Pelaw, Newcaatle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Palmeb, Henry, Medomsley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Pamelt, Caleb, 22, Cromwell Road, Bristol. N. E.

Pamfun, Ell4H Geo rob, Cherry Hinton, Cambridge. N. E.

Parish, Charles Edward, 31, Hanger Lane, Ealing, London, W. N. E.

Parker, Joseph, Appin Crescent, Dunfermline. S. I.

Parkin, J., Glass Houghton Collieries, Castleford. M. I.

Parkin, Larratt Crossley, The Views, Gawber Road, Bamsley. M. I.

Parrington, Matthew William, Wearmouth C-olliery, Sunderland. N. E.

Parry, David Ebenezer, Norton Cannock Colliery, Bloxwich, WalsalL S. S.

Parry, Evan, Wharncliffe Woodmoor Colliery, Bamsley. M. I.

Parsons, Hon. Charles AiiOERNox, Heaton Works, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Pascoe, Thomas, Mount Boppy Gold-mining Company, Limited, Boppy Mountain,
New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Paterson, Andrew James, 24, Lambton Quay, Wellington, New Zealand. N. E.

Paterson, John, Forrester's Buildings, Avonbridge, S.O., Stirlingshire. S. L

Pattison, William, The Sutton Colliery Company, Limited, Sutton-in-Ashfield,
Nottingham. M. L

Paul, John, Lochgelly Iron and Coal Company, Lochgelly, S.O., Fife-
shire. S. I.

Payne, Francis William, Government Insurance Building, Dunedin, New
Zealand. N. E.

Payne, William John Frederick, Ackton Hall Colliery, Featherstone, Ponte-
fract. M. 1.

Payton, Edmund, Yew Tree House, Morleston Street, Derby. M. C.

Peace, George Henry, Monton Grange, Eccles. M.G.

Peacock, F. W., Dixon House, Tipton. N. S.

Pbake, F. G., Walsall Wood Colliery, Walsall. S. S.

Peake, Herbert, Bawtry Hall, Bawtry, S.O., Yorkshire. M. I.

Peaks, Henry Copson, Walsall Wood Colliery, Walsall. S. S.

Peake, R. Cecil, Cumberland House, Redboum, St. Albans. N. E.

Pearse, John Walter, Grivyn6e-lez-Li6ge, Belgium. N. E.

Pearson, Alexander, Parkhouse Colliery, Chesterton, Newcastle, Stafford-
shire. N. S.

Pearson, Andrew, H. M. Inspector of Mines, The Grove, Rutherglen,
Glasgow. S. I.

Pearson, Clement Alfred Ritson, South End Avenue, Darlington. N. E.

Pearson, Hugh, Rock End Terrace, Milngavie, Glasgow. S. I.

Pearson, Johnson, Fern House, Stonegravels, Chesterfield. M.C.

Pearson, James Montgomery, 51, John Finnic Street, Kilmarnock. S. I.

Pbasegood, Walter Garton, Leycett Collieries, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S.

Perl, John Wiluam, Brancepeth House, Thomhill, Dewsbury. M. I.

Peel, Robert, New Brancepeth Colliery, Durham. N. E.

Peet, William, 8, Park Terrace, Worsborough, Barnsley. M. I.

Peile, William, Southampton Lodge, Oakleigh Park, Whetstone, London,
N. N. E.

Pendleton, W. B., The Corrimal Balgownie Collieries, Limited, Corrimal, Now
South Wales, Australia. M. C.

Percy, Frank, Monument Cottage, Wigan Lane, Wigan. Transactions to be
sent to The Librarian, Wigan Free Library, Wigan. M. G., N. E.

Percy, R. F., 10, Ebers Road, Mapperley Park, Nottingham. M. C.

Percy, W. R., Hamilton Lodge, Snerwood Rise, Nottingham. M.C.

Perkin, Herbert, Sefton House, 162, Welldon Crescent, Harrow-on-the-
HiU. M. I.

Perry, Percival John, Villiers Road, Abergwynfi, Blaengwynfi, Port
Talbot. S. S.

Perry, Robert Wiluam, Ipok, Perak, Straits Settlements. S. S.

Phillips, Percy Clement Campbell, Wallsend Colliery, near Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Philups, William Garside, Ansley Hall Colliery, Atherstone. M.C.

Phillips, Walter Hugh, Bikanir, Kajpatana, E. India. M. C.

PiCKSTONE, William, 5, Moor Lane, Kersal, Manchester. M. G.

Pickup, William, Elmwood, Rishton, Blackburn. M.(y.

xliv

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

PiERCY, William, 32, Grainger Street West, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

PiooFOBD, Habst G., Beneal Goal Gompany, Limited, Sanctoria Gollieries,

Barakar, E. I. Railway, India. N. S.

PiOGFOBD, Jonathan, Teveraall, Mansfield. M. G.

PiLKiNGTON, Ghables, The Headlands, Prestwich, Manchester. M. G.

PiLKiNGTON, Edwabd, Glifton GoUieries, near Manchester. M. G.

PiLKiNGTON, Lawbence, Firwood, Alderley Edge, Manchester. M. G.

PiLKiNGTON, Lionel Edwabd, Haydock Gollieries, St. Helens. M. G.

PiLKiNGTON, Leonabd Garnieb, The Parade, Neath. M. G.

PiNGSTONE, Geoboe Abthub, P.G. Box 445, Bulawayo, Rhodesia, South

Africa. N. E.

Place, W. H., Hoddleston Gollieries, Darwen. M.G.

Plummeb, John, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

PocHiN, Fbank Howabd, Fern Bank, Narborough, Leicester. M. G.

Pollard, Joun, 66, Westgate, Wakefield. M. I.

PoLLiTZEB, Samuel Joseph, Terry's Ghambers, 14, Gastlereagh Street, Sydney,

New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Pollock, John, Bumfoothill, Dunaskin, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

Poole, Hobace David, 36, Wood Street, WoUaston, Stourbridge. S. S.

PooBE, Geobge Bentley, 1730, Gupouse Avenue, Scranton, Pennsylvania,

U.S.A. N. E.

Pope, Philip Cbosbv, 196, Deansgate, Manchester. M.G.

PopHAM, John Leyboubne, P.O. Box 669, Bulawayo, Rhodesia, South

Africa. M. G.

PoBTEB, John Bonsall, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Ganada. N. E.
PoBTLAND, His Gbace the Duke of,. Welbeck Abbey, Worksop. M. G.

PoTTEB, Ghables John, Heaton Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Powell, Ghables Henby, Whipstick, South Goast, New South Wales,

Australia. N. E.

Pbeece, George G. L., 30, Great Western Street, Moss Side, Manchester. M. G.
Pbentice, Thomas, Brisdanehill, West Calder, S.O., Midlothian. S. I.

Pbesseb, Hugo, Bettina Schacht, Dotnbrau, Silesia, Austria. M. I.

Pbest, John Joseph, Hardwick Hall, Gastle Eden, S.O., Gounty

Durham. N. K
Pbestwich, Joseph, Elm Bank, 72, Eccles Old Road, Eccles. M. G., M. I.
Pbice, Fbancis Holbobbow Glynn, Longlands Place, Swansea. N. E.
Pbice, J. H., Rowley Regis, Dudley, Worcestershire. S. S.
Pbice, S. R., Dilston House, Gorbridge, S.O., Northumberland. M. G., N. E.
Pbice, Samuel Wabben, The Wern, Peterston-super-Ely, Gardiflf. N. E.
Pbiestley, J. G., Peninsular House, Monument Street, London, E.G. M. I.
Pbingle, John Abchibald, Minas de Passagem, Ouro Preto, Brazil, South
America. N. E.

LIST OF MEMBERS. zlv

Rakkinx, Alixandkr Black, Boswell Cottage, Weit Galder, S.O., Mid-

lothikn. S. I.

Rankine, David, 238, West George Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Rakkinx, David, Craigview, Uphall, S.O., Linlithgowshire. S. I.

Raspass, J. C. T., The Vista-Bella Manjak Company, Limited, San Fernando,

Trinidad, British West Indies. N. S.

Rateau, Auoustb, 7, me Bayard, Paris, France. N. E.

Ravknshaw, Hsnrt Willock, Rutland House, Han well, London, W. N. E.
Rawuk, J., The Knoll, Tankersley, Bamsley. M. I.

Raynkr, Samukl J., Woodbine Villas, Church Lane, Normanton. M. I.

RxAD, H. C, Bnrrakur Coal Company, Paroona P.O., via Sitarampur, E.I.R.,

India. S. S.

RxAVBLL, W., Ranelaffh Works, Ipswich. M. C.

Redfkarn, Walter M., 11, Buteland Terrace, Newbiggin-by-the-Sea, S.O.,

Northumberland. M. C.

Redfern, Alfred, 18, High Street, Knutton, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S.
Redbian, Sydney George, 15, Osborne Terrace, Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. ^^ E.
Redmayne, Richard Augustine Studdert, School of Mining, University Road,

Edgbaston, Birmingham. S. S.

Redwood, Sir Boverton, Wadham Lodge, Wadham Gardens, London,

N. W. N. E.

Rees, D. John Arthur, c/o Frederick Napier White, H.M. Inspector of Mines,

12, St. James' Gardens, Swansea. N. E.

Rees, Ithel Treharne, Guildhall Chambers, Cardiff. N. E.

Rees, Robert Thomas, Glandare, Aberdare. N. E.

Rees, William Thomas, Maesyffynon, Aberdare. X. E.

Reid, Alexander, Witton Lodse, Hoole Road, Chester. TransartioriM to be

sent to c/o Walter A. Reid, o, Golden Square, Aberdeen. M. I.

Reid, Arthur H., 837, Salisbury House, London, E.C. N. E.

Reid, Francis, Riverside, Blackboys, S.O., Sussex. N. E.

Reid, William, 34, Garthland Drive, Dennistoun, Glasffow. 8. I.

Renshaw, William Robert, Phoenix Foundry and Boiler Works, Stoke-upon-

Trent. N. S.

Renwick, Thomas Charlton, Lumley Thicks, Fence Houses. X. E.

Reynolds, William Mackenzie, The Park Collieries, Garswood, Wigan. M. I.
Rhodes, A., The Laurels, 185, Chippinghouse Road, Sheffield. M. I.

Rhodes, Ben Albert, Hallas, Kirkburton, Huddersfield. M. I.

Rhodes, Charles Edward, lAne End House, Rotherham. M. I.

Rhodes, Francis Bell Forsyth, United States Zinc Company, Pueblo,

Colorado, U.S.A. N. E.

Rhodes, Harry, Rotherham Mam Colliery, Rotherham. M. I.

Rhodes, Jeremiah, Shirland Colliery, Alfreton. M. C.

Rhodes, Mark, Rotherham Main Colliery, Rotherham. M. I.

Rich, Francis Arthur, Vincent Road, Remnera, Auckland, New Zealand. N. E.
Rich, William, Trevu, Camborne. N. E.

Richards, Thomas, 32, Darfield Main, Wombwell, Bamsley. M. 1.

Richards, Thomas J., 63, Strand, Ferndale, Pontypridd. N. E.

Richardson, A. M., 44, Victoria Road, Holl)eck, Leeds. M. I.

Richardson, Henry, Eden Mount, Wetheral, Carlisle. X. E.

Richardson, Isaiah, Blainscough Collieries, CoppuU, Chorley. M.(t.

Richardson, James, St. John's Colliery, Normanton. M. I.

Richardson, Melville Dalybll Radford, The White House, Nailstone Wood,

near Leicester. ^L C.

Richardson, Nicholas, c o Mrs. James Richardson, South Ashfield, Newcastle.

upon-Tyne. N. E.

Richardson, Ralph, Barrow Collieries, Bamsley. M. I.

Richardson, Robert, Summerhill House, Blaydon-upon-Tyne, S.O., County

Durham. N. K.

RiCKARD, Thomas Arthur, Mining and Scientific Press, 667, Howard Street, San

Francisco, California, U.S. A. N. E.

Ridley, Norman Backhouse, 2, Collingwood Street, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.
RiDYARD, George Jambs, Shakerley Collieries, Tyldesley, Manchester. M.O.
RiDYARD, John, Hilton Bank, Little Hulton, Bolton. M.G.

dvi

LIST OF MEMBERS.

RiOBT, Franx, Mossfield Colliery, Limited, Longton, Staffordshire. N. 8.

RiGBT, Habold, Greville Lodge, Winaford, S.O., Cheshire. M.G^

RiOBY, John, Greville Lodge, Winsford, S.O., Cheshire. M.G.

RiTSON, John Ridley, Bumhope Colliery, Lanchester, Durham. N. E.,

RrrsoN, Utbick Alexander, Milbum House, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Ritson, William Alexander, 4, Booth Avenue, Withington, Manches-
ter. M.G.

RoBBiNS, Percy Arthur, 60, Wall Street, New York City, U.S.A. N. E.^

Robert, Philip Rhinelander, 618, Orchard Lake Avenue, Pontiac, Michigan,
U.S.A. N. E.

RoBERTON, Edward Heton, Sibpur College, Calcutta, India. S. S.

Roberts, James, Camock Colliery, Cowie, Stirling. S. I.

Roberts, James, Jun., Perran House, Perranporth, S.O., Cornwall. N. E.

Roberts, John, Laxey, S.O., Isle of Man. N. E.

Roberts, Lewis O., Shirebrook Colliery, Mansfield. M.C.

Roberts, Robert, Plas Memi, Festiniog, Blaenau Festiniog. N. E.

Roberts, Stephen, Luipaards Vlei Estate and Gold-mining Company, P.O. Box
63, Krugersdorp, Transvaal. N. E.

Roberts, Thomas, Brownhills House, Tunstall, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S,.

Roberts, William, Bella Vista, Perranporth, S.O., Cornwall N. E.

Robertson, Andrew, 49, Mining Exchange, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. N. E.

Robertson, Daniel Alexander Wilberforce, Metropolitan Colliery, Helens-
burgh, near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Robertson, James, 18, Sixteenth Street, Bowhill, Cardenden, S.O., Fife-
shire. S. I.

Robertson, John, Knowehead Colliery, Dennyloanhead, Bonnybridge, S.O.,
Stirlingshire. S. I.

Robertson, James Robert Millar, Linton, Pitt Street, Milson's Point, Sydney,
New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Robertson, Richard, Woodbine, Cardenden, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

Robertson, Richard, Carronhall Colliery, Falkirk. S. I.

Robertson, Robert, Swinhill Colliery, Larkhall, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Robertson, Robert Inolis, 121, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Robins, Samuel Matthew, 28, Harefield Road, Brockley, London, S.E.
Transactions to be sent to Thomas R. Stockett, Western Fuel Company,
Nanaimo, British Columbia. ^ N. E.

Robinson, Fred, Bentleigh, New Mill, Huddersfield. " M. I.

Robinson, Francis James, Wycliffe, South Parade, Whitley Bay, S.0.»
Northumberland. N. E.

RoEtNsoN, George, Boldon Colli<;ry, S.O,, Co^iuty Durham* K E.

Robinson, (t. C, Brt^rcton and Hiiye* Colliery, Riigeley. N. E.

LIST OP MEMBEBS. xlvii

RoXALDSON, T. S., 51, John Finnie Street, Kilmarnock. ' S. I.

Eoscos, Geoboe, Peel Hall Collieries, Little Hulton, Bolton. M.G.

RosGOE, Thomas, The Old Hall, Mottram, Manchester. M. G.

Roas, Abthub, Moston Colliery, Newton Heath, Manchester. M. G.

Ross, Hur.H, Dean and Chapter Colliery, Ferry Hill. N.E.

Roes, John Alexandbb Geobge, 11, Aingsley Place, Heaton, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. • N. E.

Roxttledoe, AI..FRED Jambs, The Limes, Stone Road, Lightwood, Longton,
Staffordshire. M. I.

Roxttledoe, Alfred Norman, Tyneholme, Osmondthorpe, Leeds. M. I.

RoUTLEDGE, R., Garforth Colliery, Leeds. M. I.

RouTLBDOE, Walton, Dunelm, Glass Houghton, Castleford. M. I.

RocTLEDOE, William Henry, Woodfield Park, Blackwood, Newport, Mon-
mouthshire. N. E.

Rowan, Henry, Foulford House, Cowdenbeath, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

Rowan D, Robert, 59, Westgate, Wakefield. M. I.

Rowbotham, Thomas, Victoria Works, Howard Street, Stockport. M. C.

Rowley, Walter, 20, Park Row, Leeds. N. E.

Roy, Henry, Beechgrove, Bamsley. S. I.

Rudder, Frank P., 10, Madeley Street, Derby. M. C.

RusfBOLD, William Richard, c/o A. T. L. Rumbold, 47, Watling Street,
London, E.C. N. E.

RusHTON, Arthur, Maypole Colliery, near Wigan. M. G.

RusHWORTH, David, Clay Cross Company, Clay Cross, Chesterfield. M. C.

Russell, Archibald, The Cottckges, Newmains, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Russell, Archibald McKerrow, blairholme, Newmains, S.O., Lanark-
shire. S. I.

Russell, Charles, Douglas Colliery, Douglas Water, Douglas, S.O., Lanark-
shire. S. I.

Russell, D., Thomcliffe Collieries, Sheffield. M. I.

Russell, George, 13, Park Circus, Ayr. S. I.

Russell, James, GilbertHeld Colliery, Cambuslang, Glasgo>^. S. I.

Russell, Robert, Coltness Iron Works, Newmains, S.O., Lanarkshire. N. E.

Russell, Thomas, Plevna, Newmains, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Rutherford, Robert, Mainsforth, Ferryhill. N. E.

Rutherford, William, Lindum House, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Rutherford, William, Jun., South Derwent Colliery, Annfield Plain, S.O.,
County Durham. N. E.

Saike, Yoshima, Jagawa Colliery, Buzen, Japan. M. G.

Saint, William, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Cromer House, Cathedral Road,

Carditf. M. G.

Saise, Walter, Stapleton, Bristol. N. K.

Salmohd, James, Woodside Villa. Hamilton. S. I.

Salt, W. G., 9, Leonard Street, Burslem, StafTonl shire. N S.

Samborne, Johk Stukei.y Palmkr, Timsbury House, Bath. N. E.

Sample, James Bertram, Harraton Colliery, Chester-le-Street. N. E.

Sam well, Nicholas, c/o The Mining and Metallurgical Bureau, Limited,

Rangoon, Burma. N. K.

Sanderson, Horace, Boyne Engine Works, Leeds. M. I.

Saser, E. J., CO Kilbum and Company, Calcutta, India. N. S.

Sankey, WiiJiiAM Henry, Jun., 15, Wilmot Street, Derby. M. C.

Saunders, David William Alban, Worcester Chambers, Swansea. N. E.

Saunders, Weston Alpin, c/o P. G. Saunders, Solicitor, Chipping

Norton. M. C.

Saunders, William Thomas, Soci«^te des Mines <le Tuco-Cheira, Puerto de

Snpe, Peru, South America. N, E.

Sava<:k, Arthur Thoma.s Chambers, Shipley, Derby. M. C.

Sawyer, Arthur Robert, P.O. liox 2202, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Saxton, Isaac H., Hasland, Chesterfield. M. C.

Scarborough, George Edward, Newton and Meadows Collieries, Wigan. M.G.
ScHNABEL, Leberf.cht Ferdinand Richard, Salisbury Buildings, 443, Bourke

Street, MellK>urne, Victoria, Australia. N. E.

ScHOLER, Peter, 117, Frances Street, Bellevue, Johannesburg, Trans-

• vaaL N.E.

xlviii

LIST OF MEMBERS.

ScHOLES, Thomas; Oswaldtwistle Collieries, Oswaldtwistle, Accrington,
ScHBBCK, Hbnbique, Minas Penas del Hierro, por Rio Tinto,

Spain.
ScHWABZ, Paul, Otto House, Fleet Street, Bishop Auckland.
ScoBKR, John, c/o J. Young, 8, The Woodlands, Hexham.
Scott, Anthony, Netherton Colliery, Nedderton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Scott, Charles F., Newbell, Consett, S.O., County Durham.
Scott, Elgin, Boryslaw, Galicia, Austria.
Scott, Edwabd Chablton, Woodside Cottage, Totley Rise, Sheffield.

r, Fbedebick Bowes, 28, Queen Street, London, E.C.

M.G.

Hnelva,

S. I.

N. E.

N.E.

N. E.

N.E.

SooTT, Fbedebick Bowes, 28, Queen Street,"London, E.C. N. E.

Scott, George Henry Hall, c/o Thomas Emerson Forster, 3, Eldon Square,

Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

~ " -^. . ^ - - - - j^ g

M. I.
M.G.
S. I.
N.E.
M. L
M. C.
xM.C.
M.C.
N.

Scott, Herbert Kilbubn, 46, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.

Scott, Wiixiam, Westminster Chambers, East Parade, Leeds.

Scott, William B., Eversley Cottage, Middleton, Manchester.

Scott, William R., 7, Horbury Crescent, Notting Hill Gate, London, W.

ScocLAR, George, St. Bees, S.O., Cumberland.

Seaman, Thomas, Oak Cottage, Staveley, Chesterfield.

Seely, Sir Charlks, Bart., ,*Sherwood Lodge, Arnold, Nottingham.

Seely, C. H., Langford Hall, Newark.

Seely, Fbank Evelyn, Calverton Hall, Nottingham.

Selby, John Baseley, Leigh.

Sellebs, Alfbed Ernest &WALD, South Bulli and Bellambi Collieries, Bellambi

P.O., New South Wales, Australia. S. 1.

Sbnior, a.. Park House, Barnsley. " i M. L
Senstius, Friedrich, Wester holter Weg, 43, Recklinghausen, Westphalia,

Germany. N. E.

Settle, Joel, The Hill, Alsager, Cheshire. N. S.

Settle, William, Prestwich, Manchester. M.G.

Severn, Fitz H., Claye's, Limited, Long Eaton, Derby. M. C.

Severs, Joseph, North Walbottle, Newburn, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Severs, William, Beamish, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Seymour, Harold Williams, 31, Victoria Chambers, South Parade,

Leeds. M. I.

Shanks, John, 10, Church Road, Harrington, S.O., Cumberland. N. E.

Share, W. E., Lichfield Road, Rushall, Walsall. S. S.

Shabp, Jacob, Lambton House, Fence Houses. N. E.

Shaw, Alfbed, Bersham Colliery, Wrexham. M. G.

*Shaw, Geobge, Wath Main Colliery, Rotherham. M. I.

Shaw, John, Welburn Hall, Kirby Moorside, S.O., Yorkshire. M. L

Shaw, John William, Monk Bretton Colliery, Barnsley. M. L

LIST OF MEMBESS. zUx

Simpson, Gilbert Pitcairn, 3, Cornwall Terrace, Regents Park, London,
N.W. N. E.

Simpson, John, Heworth Colliery, Felling, S.O., County Durham. N. E

Simpson, John Bbll, Bradley Hall, Wylam, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Simpson, Robert, 175, Hope Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Simpson, Robert, P.O. Box 6398, Johannesburg, Transvaal. S. I.

Simpson, Robert Rowell, Department of Mines, 6, Dacres Lane, Calcutta,
India. N. E.

Simpson, Thomas Vkntress, Throckley Colliery, Newbum, S.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

Sinclair, Francis B., c/o Bruce Peebles and Company, Limited, Pape's
Buildings, Neville Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, M. L

Singleton, Frederick, Manvers Main Collieries, Wath-npon-Deame, Rother-
ham. M. L

Skbrtchijsy, Sydney A. R., Tuxpam, Vera Cruz, Mexico. N. E.

Sladden, Harry, P.O. Box 2844, 6, Barnato Buildings, Johannesburg, Trans-
vaal. N. E.

Slater, C. A., 13, Bridge Street, Hitchin. M. C

Slinn, Thomas, 40, Park Avenue, Whitley Bay, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Sloan, Hugh, Beechwood, New Cumnock, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

Smart, Alexander, c/o Frazer and Chalmers, Limited, Erith, S.O., Kent. N. E.

Smellie, Archibald. Bank Colliery, New Cumnock, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

Smith, Alexander, 3, Newhall Street, Birmingham. S. S.

Smith, Frank B., Calgary, N.W.T., Canada. S. L

Smith, George Douglas, 3, Newhall Street, Birmingham. S. S.

Smith, Gilbert Kirk, Barnes Hall, Grenoeide, Sheffield. M. I.

Smith, George W., Port Elizabeth, South Africa. S. I.

Smith, H., North Side, Queens Dock, Hull. M. I.

Smith, Herbert Sydney, The Timsbury Collieries, near Bath. M. C.

Smith, John, Bickershaw Collieries, Leigh. M. I.

Smith, John, 1, Henshaw Lane, Hollinwood, Oldham. M.G.

Smith, John Bagnold, Westfield House, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Nottingham. M. C.

Smith, Richard Clifford, Ashford Hall, Bakewell. N. E.

Smith, Robert Fleming, Hunters Villa, Parkside, Cleator Moor, S.O.,
Cumberland. N. E.

Smith, Sydney Arthur, 1 , Princess Street, Albert Square, Manchester. M. G.

Bmith, Thobcas, Fernbank House, Kelty, BLairadam, S.O., Kinross-shire. S. I.

Smith, William, P.O. Box 653, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Smith, William, Dalmellinston Iron Works, Ayr. S. I.

Smith, W. Ivan, Fairfield, Pedmore, Stourbridge. S. S.

Smith, William Wooden d, Crossgill House, Frizington, S.O., Cumber-
land. N. E.

Sneddon, James Balfour, Oakbank Colliery, Mid-Calder. S. I.

Snell, Albion Thomas, tSuffolk House, Cannon Street, London, E.G. M. I.

Snow, Charles, South Kirkby Colliery, Wakefield. M. I.

Soar, Edward, Kiveton Park Colliery, Sheffield. M. I.

Soar, Hezekiah G., Frystone Collieries, Castle ord. M. 1.

Soar, M., Warren, Chapeltown, Sheffield. M. I.

Sommerville, Walter, Greenbank, Stane, Shotts, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

SopwiTH, Arthur, Cannock Chase Collieries, Walsall. N. E., S. S.

SoPwiTH, Shelford Francis, Cannock Chase Collieries, WalsalL S. S.

Southern, Edmund Octavius, North Seaton Hall, Morpeth. N. E.

Southern, John, Heworth Colliery, Felling, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Southern, R. W^ A., 33, The Parade, Cardiff. N. E.

Southern, Thomas Angus, The Universal Mining School, Cardiff. M. C.

SouTHwooD, Reginald Thomas Enfield, Nether House, Spencer Road, Putney,
London, S.W. N. E.

Spaceman, Charles, Rosehaugh, Clitheroe. M. (5.

Speakman, Frederi(.*k, Church Street, Leigh. M. G.

Speakman, Harry, Bedford Collieries, Leigh. M. G.

Spence, Robert Foster, Backworth. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Spencer, Ernest Douglas, Glenfield House, Glenfield, Leicester. M. C.

Spencer, Francis H., Pickwra, Bolney, Hay wards Heath. N. E.

Spencer, George, Stanley Lodge, West Hallam, Derby. M. C.

Spencer, John, Globe Tube Works, Wednesbury. S. S.

vol. XXXIL~IfO8-1907. D

LIST OF liEMBEBS.

Spencek, John Watson, Newburn, S.O., Northumberland. N. E^

Spencer, Richard Sydney, New Moss Colliery, Audenshaw, Manchester. M. G.

Spencer, William, Southfields, Leicester. M. C.

Squire, John Barret, 7, Clifton Hill, St. John's Wood, London, N.W. N. E.

Staley, a. H., Clarendon Housf, Earlsdon, Coventry. M. C

Stancliffe, Joe, c/o Henry Cawood Embleton, Central Bank Chambers,
Leeds. M. I..

Standley, William, Northwood, Bewdley. S. S.

Stanley, George Hardy, Technical Institute, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Stanley, Reginald, Manor Court, Nuneaton. S. S.

Stassart, Simon, Ecole des Mines, Mons, Belgium. M. I..

Statham, William, Field House, Chesterton, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S.

Stear, James, Strafford Colliery, Bamsley. M. I*

Steart, Frederick Anthony, Geological Survey Department, P.O. Box 978,
Pretoria, Transvaal. M. I.

Steavexson, Addison Langhorne, Durham. N. E..

Steavenson, Charles Herbert, Redheugh Colliery, Gateshe&d-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Steel, Robert, 50, Wellington Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Steel, Robert, Woodhonse, Whitehaven. N. E.

Steeij:, Eli, St. Peter's Chambers, Stoke-uponTrent. N. S.

Steele, Richard, 27, Albion Street, Hanley, Staffordshire. N. S.

Stephenson, Ralph, West Stanley Colliery, Stanley, S.O., County Dur-
ham. ^ N. E.

Stevens, Arthur James, Uskside Iron Works, Newport, Monmouthshire. N. E..

Stevens, James, 9, Fenchurch Avenue, London, E.G. N. E.

Stevenson, Alfred Dearman, Shireoaks Colliery, Worksop. M. C.

Stevenson, Henry, Linhy Colliery, Nottingham. M. C.

Stevenson, Hu(5H, 13, Morav Place, S.S., Glasgow. S. L

Stevenson, Thomas, Eiamock C/ollierv, Hamilton. S. L.

Stevinson, Peter B., Dunholm, Lesbury Road, Hcaton, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Stewart, Alexander, Salisbury House, London Wall, London, E.G. S. I.

Stewart, James, Garesfield Colliery, Rowlands Gill, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Stewart, James E., c/o Pekin Syndicate, Limited, Tientsin, North China. M. G.

Stewart, John H., 215, High Street, Prestonpans, S.O., Haddinetonshire. S. I.

Stewart, Marshall Sophos, Park View Terrace, Muir Road, Bathgate. S. I^

Stewart, William, Foxwood,Kent Road, Harrogate. N. E.

Stewart, William, Tillery Collieries, Abertillery, S.O., Monmouthshire. N. E.

Stirling, James, Morningside House, Newmains, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Stirling, John T. S. I.

LIST OF MEMBEBS. U

SuTCLiFFE, William Hxnbt, Shore Cottage, LittleborouKh, Manchester. M.G.

SuTHBBLAND, Edoar Gresnhow, West Rainton, Fence Houses. N. E.

Sutherland, Robbst, c/o The Transvaal Gold-minmg Estates, Limited, Pilgrims
Rest, Transvaal. S. I.

Sutton, William, Grosmont, 46, Palace Road, Streatham Hill, London,
S.W. N.E.

Sutton, William, Penallta Colliery, Heneoed, Cardifif. M. I.

Swallow. Fbbdebick Charles, Stafiford House, Hednesford, S.O., Stafford-
shire. S. S.

Swallow, John, East Pontop Colliery, Annfield Plain, S.O., County Dur-
ham. N. E.

Swallow, J. F., Mosboro' Hill, Sheffield. M. C.

Swallow, Ralph Storey, Langley Park, Durham. N. E.

Swallow, Wardle Asquith, Tanfield Lea, Tantobie, S.O., County Dur-
ham. N. E.

Swan, Henry Frederick, Walker Shipyard, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

SwANN, Hugh P., Millerston House, Millerston, Glasgow. S. I.

Swete, Oswald Rioketts, Argosy Mine, Ngobevu, via Greytown, Natal, South
Africa. N. E.

Swift, Robert Mountain, Copster House, Thurgoland, Sheffield. M. I.

Swinburne, Umfreville Percy, InsDector of Mines, Pretoria, Transvaal. N. E.

Swindle, Jackson, West House, Swalwell Road, Dunston, Gateshead-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

SwiNNEY, Alfred John George, Lome Villa, Elm Road, Sidcup, S.O.,
Kent. N. E.

Sword, Peter Taylor, Minas de AznalcoUar, Provincia de Seville, Spain. S. I.

Symons, Francis, Ulverston. N. E.

Takagi, Kiichiro, The Mitsui Tagawa Collieries, Buzen, Japan. M. G.

Tallis, Alfred Simeon, The Rhyd, Tredegar. N. E.

Talus, John Fox, The Firs, Ebbw Vale, S.O., Monmouthshire. N. E.

Tansley, a. E., Springfield House, Coppull, Chorley. M.G.

Tate, Simon, Trimdon Grange Colliery, County Durham. N. E.

Tate, Walker Oswald, Grange Hill, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

Taylor, Alfred Henry, Puponga Colliery, CoUingwood, Nelson, New

Zealand. N. E.

Taylor, Hucjh Frank, Sandy croft Foundry Company, Limited, Sandycroft,

Chester M. G.

Taylor, John Thomas, 315, Bolton Road, Darwen. M.G.

Taylor, Thomas, Chipchase Castle, Wark, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Taylor, Thomas, New Moss Colliery, Audenshaw, Manchester. M. I.

Teasdale, Tbomas, Middridge, Heighington, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Telfer, Henry, Jun., 7, Clydeford Drive, Uddingston, Glasgow. S. I.

Tblfer, William H., Glencraig House, Lochgelly, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

Telford, William Hagoerstone, Hedley Hope Collieries, Tow Law, S.O.,

County Durham. N. E.

Tkllwright, William, Sneyd Colliery, Burslem, Staffordshire. N. S.

Tbnnant, John Thomas, James Street, Hamilton, Newcastle, New South

Wales, Australia. N. E.

Terry, Arthur Michael, 23, Claremont Place, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Terry, E. W., Priddock House, Lady Bower, Bamford, Derbyshire. M. I.

Thacker, Sidney Leonard, 39, Union Street, Walsall. S. S.

Thirkeu., Edward Walter, Aldwarke Main Colliery, Rotherham. M. I.

Thom, Archibald, Jun., Moresby Parks, near Whitehaven. N. E.

Thom, James R., Apex Mines, Limited, Brakpan, Transvaal. S. L

Thomas, A., East Greta Coal-mining Company Limited's Collieries and Rail-
way, West Maitland, New South Wales, Australia. N. S.

Thomas, Arthur, Chilecito, Province Rioja, Argentine Republic, South

America. N. E.

Thomas, Ernest Henry, Oakhill, Gadlys, Aberdare. N. E.

Thomas, F. H., Yieldfields Hall, Bloxwich, Walsall. S. S.

Thomas, Iltyd Edward, Glanymor, Swansea. N. E.

Thomas, J. J., Hawthorn Villa, Kendal. N. E.

Thomas, Richard, Cambria Villa, Stockton, New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Thomlins<»n, William, Seaton Carew, West Hartlepool. N. E.

lii

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Thompson, Alfred, Talbot House, Birtley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Thompson, Chablks Lacy, Farlam Hall, Brampton Junction, Carlisle. N. E.
Thompson, F. J., Osborne Terrace, The Promenade, Fleetwood. M.G.

.Thompson, Geoboe Robert, University of Leeds, Leeds. M. I.

Thompson, James, 248, Westhoughton Road, Westhouffhton, Bolton. M. G.
Thompson, James, Apsley House, Penn Fields, Wolverhampton. M. C.

Thompson, John, 9, Yew Terrace, Eaves Lane, Bucknall, Stoke-upon-

Trent. M.C.

Thompson, John G., Bank House, Collins Green, Earlestown, Newton-le-

Willows. N. E.

Thompson, John William, East Holywell Colliery, Shiremoor, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.
Thompson, Lawford Sidney Joseph, Man vers Main Colliery, Wath-upon-

Dearne, Rotherham. M. I.

Thompson, William, 1 and 2, Great Winchester Street, London, E.C. N. E.
Thompson, Walter Harry, 65, Kirkst^U Avenue, Kirkstall, Leeds. M. C.

Thomson, A. C. , The Birches, Mid-Calder. S. I.

Thomson, Arthur Thomas, Manvers Main Colliery, Wath-upon-Deame,

Rotherham.
Thomson, D., Dandote Colliery, N.W. Railway of India, Kurachi, India.
Thomson, George, Bannockburn Colliery, Bannockbum, Stirling.
Thomson, James, Rosevale, Dunfermline.
Thomson, John, Glenarm Lime Works, Lame.
Thomson, John, Eston Mines, by Middlesbrough.
Thomson, John B., Lilac Sheiling, Lilybank Street, Hamilton.
Thomson, Joseph Frederick, Manvers Main Colliery, Wath-upon-Deame,

Rotherham. M. I.

Thomson, Thomas, Fairview, Hamilton. S. I.

Thornewill, Robert, Engineering Works, Burton-upon-Trent. M. C.

Thorneycroft, Wallace, East Plean House, Bannockburn, Stirling. S. I.

Thornton, Norman Muschamp, Seaton Bum and Dinnington Collieries, Seaton

Burn, Dudley, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Thornton, Peter, Miramar, Kinnear Road, Edinburgh. S. I.

Tickle, Gilbert Young, Jun., 10, Waverley Park, Shawlands, Glasgow. S. I.
Tinker, C. S., Meal Hill, Hepworth, Huddersfield. M. I.

Tinsley, James, Bridge House, Ebbw Vale, S.O., Monmouthshire. N. E.

Todd, John Thomas, Blackwell Collieries, Alfreton. M. C, N. E.

Todd. W. G., 69, Norfolk Road, Sheffield. M. I.

TqmitAj Taro, CO Mitaui Miruiig Company, Miike^ Japan, M. L

Tonoe^ AlfrBD Joseph, Hulton Colliery, near Bolton, M.G*

TawNSEND^ Henry GKORuh:, St, John's Colliery, Nonnatiton. M. I.

LIST OF MEMBERS. liii

Turner, Thomas, Caledonia Works, Kilmarnock. S. I.

TuxEN, Peter Vulhelm, 60, Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. N. E.
TwEDDELJ., George Herbert, Edeuholme, Beverley Gardens, CuUercoats,
Whitley Bay, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Tyasj, a. R., Wombwell Main Colliery, Bamsley. M. I.

Tters, John Emanuel, Rewah State Collieries, Umaria, Central India. N. E.
Ttrrell, Joseph Burr, 87, Binscarth Road, Toronto, Canada. N. E.

Ttzagk, Da\^d, Bellingham, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Underhill, Rochpord, Aldridge Colliery, Walsall. S. S.

Uns worth, John, Scot Lane Collieries, Blackrod, Chorley. M. G.

Upton, Prescott, P.O. Box 1026, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Vallentine, Edwin J., c/o G. B. S. Ritchie, Fairlight, Forest Road, Chins-
ford, Essex. 8. I.

Varty, Thomas, Skelton Park Mines, Skelton-in-Cleveland, S.O., York-
shire. N. E.

Vaughan, Cedric, Hodbarrow Iron-ore Mines, Millom, S.O., Cumberland. N. E.

Vauguan, John, Balaclava House, Dowlais. N. E.

Vaughan, John Evelyn, P.O. Box 204, Boksburg, Transvaal. M. C.

Vsasey, Harvey C, Tetulmoorie, Sijua P.O., Manbhum District, Bengal,
India. N. E.

VsRSCHOYLE, WiLLiAM Denham, Taurago, Ballisodare, S.O., County Sligo. N. £.

ViCKERS, P. G., Eiaatwood, Nottingham. M. C.

ViooARS, Matthew Henry, Knutton Farm, Newcastle, Staflfordshire. N. 8.

Wadham, Walter Francis Ainslie, Millwood, Dalton-in-Furness, S.O.,

Lancashire. N. E.

Wadsworth, William Dbakin, Jun., 2, Devonshire Street, Chesterfield. M. C.
Wain, Edward Brownfibld, Whitfield Collieries, Norton-in- the- Moors, Stoke-

upon-Trent. N. S.

Wain, Joseph, Latbrook, (Joldenhill, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Wainwright, John, Howden Clough Colliery, Birstall, Leeds. M. I.

Wales, Henry Thomas, Western Mail Chambers, Cardiff. N. E.

Walker, Charles, c/o The Compafiia De Lota y Coronel, Lota, Chile, South

America. S. I.

Walker, George Biakk, Whamcliffe Silkstone Colliery, Bamsley. M. I.

Walker, Howard James, Bank Chambers, Wigan. M. G.

Walker, H. M., Knypersley, Consleton. N. S.

Walker, James Howard, Bank Chambers, Wigan. N. E.

Walker, John Scarisbrick, Pagefield Iron Works, Wigan. M. C, N. E.

Walker, Thomas A., Pagefield Iron Works, Wigan. N. E.

Walker, William, Cadzow Colliery, Hamilton. S. I.

Walker, William, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Doncaster. M. I.

Walker, William, Gedling Colliery, Nottingham. M. C.

Walker, W. Eaton. Clifton Colliery, Nottingham. M. C.

Walker, William Edward, Lowther Street, Whitehaven. N. E.

Walker, William H., Cardarroch House, Airdrie. S. I.

Walker, William Pinckney, Old Com Exchange, Wakefield. M. 1.

Wall, Henry, Tower Buildings, Wallgate, Wigan. M. G., N. E.

Wall, William Henry, 748, Burrard Street, Vancouver, British

Columbia. N. E.

Wallace, James, Wester Gartshore Colliery, Kirkintilloch, Glasgow. S. I.
Wallace, Robert, Greenfield Colliery, Burnbank, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.
Wallwork, Jesse, Drywood, Worsley, Manchester. M. G.

Walsh, George Paton, 564, Heirengracht, Amsterdam, Holland. N. E.

Walbhaw, John, Astley and Tyldesley Collieries, Tyldesley, Manchester. M. G.
Walters, John Thomas, The Bahbington Coal Company, Nottingham. M. C.
Walters, William Hopkin, Welgedacht Exploration Company, Limited.

P.O. Box 47. Springs, Transvaal. M. C.

Walton, Cecil, c/o The Lowca Engine Company, Limited, Whitehaven. M. 1.
Walton, Jonathan Coulthard, Writhlington Colliery, Radstock, Bath N. E.
Walton, Thomas, Bank Hall Colliery, Burnley. M. G.

Walton, William Henry, Bridgewater Offices, Walkden, Manchester. N. E,
Walton, W. W., Ferryside, S.O., Carmarthenshire. M.C.

liv

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

Wane, Samuel, The Gables, Lodge Brymbo, Wrexham. M. L

Wabburton, John Seaton, 19, Stanwick Road, West Kensington, London,

W. M.C.

Ward, Alexander Houstonnb, Raneesunge, Bengal, Lidia. N. E.

Ward, Frederick Lloyd, Bradford Colliery, Bradford, Manchester. M. C.

Ward, Josiah Stephenson, U, The Drive, Marlborough Avenue, Hillsborough,

SheflBeld. M. I.

Ward, Thomas Henry, Giridih, E.LR., Bengal, East India. N. E.

Ward, Thomas William, EndcUffe Vale House, Ranmoor, Sheffield. M. C.

Wardell, Harry, Rockingham Colliery, near Bamsley. M. I.

Wardell, Stuart Crawford, Doe Hill House, Alfreton. M. C.

Wardlaw, John B., Bhalgora House, Jharia P.O., E. I. Railway, Bengal,

India. S. I.

Wardle, George Robert, Conduit Colliery, Norton Canes, Cannock, S.O.,

StaflFordshire. S. S.

Waring, George William, 44, Wellington Road, Dudley, Worcestershire. S. S.
Warrington, Joseph C. , St. John's Colliery, Normanton. M. I.

Warrington, James Henry, Berry Hill Works, Stoke-upon-Trcnt. N. S.

Warth, Thomas, New Prospect Mine, Tati Concessions, Rhodesia, South

Africa. S. S.

Washington, William, Hawthorn Cottage, Wombwell, Bamsley. M. I.

Waterhouse, Frank H., Denby Granse Collieries, near Wakefield. M. I.

Waterhouse, M. W., Wesley Street, Castleford. M. I., S. S.

Waters, Stephen, Apartado No. 96, Pachuca, Mexico. N. E.

Waterworth, Joseph, Westleigh Collieries, Leigh. M. G.

Watkin, Robert, Deame Valley Colliery Company, Limited, Little Houghton,

Barnsley. M. I.

Watson, Andrew, 10, Kew Terrace, Glasgow, W. S. I.

Watson, Claude Leslie, The Bengal Coal Company, Limited, Raneegunge,

E.I.R., Bengal, India. N. E.

Watson, Edward, c o Spassky Zabod, Akmolinsk, Siberia. N. E.

Watson, Henry R<»wbottom, Loscoe Fields, Codnor, Derby. M. C.

Watson, James, 6, Adele Street, Manse Road, Motherwell. S. I.

Watson, James, Jun., Candie House, Avonbridge, S.O., Stirlingshire. S. I.
Watson, James Thomas, Paparoa Coal Company, Limited, Grey mouth, New

Zealand. M. I.

Watson, Percy Houston Swann, 11, Trafalgar Square, Ashton-under-

Lyne. M.G.

Watson, Simeon, New Hucknall Colliery, Mansfield. M. C.

Watson, Thomas, Trimdon Colliery, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Watts, John, Stafford Coal and Iron Company, Limited, Fenton, Stoke-upon*

Trent. N. S.

LIST OF HEMBEBS. Iv

Wheatley, F. W., 40, Trent Boulevard, Nottingham. M. C.

White, Chaklss Edwakd, Wellington Terrace, South Shields. N. E.

White, Fbederick Napieb, H.M. Inspector of Mines, 12, St. James' Gardens,

Swansea. N. E.

White, Geoboe, Estate OflBce, High Melton, near Doncaster. M. I.

White, Henry, Walker Colliery, jSTewcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

White, J. Fletcher, 15, Wentworth Street, WakeiSeld. M. I.

W KITE, Walter W., c/o The Simplex Coke-oven Company, Temple Bar House,

London. M. C.

Whitehouse, James, C 154, Staff Quarters, East Rand Proprietary Mines, near

Johannesburg, TransvaaL S. S.

Whitehouse, James Malcolm, London Road, Coalville, Leicester. M. C.

WniTEHonsE, William Henry, Highfield House, Lichfield Road, Walsall. S. S.
Whtfelaw, Thomas, 1 12, Wellington Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Whiteside, John, The BothwoU Coal Company, Limited, Holytown, S.O.,

Lanarkshire. S. I.

Whiteside, Robert, Wilsontown Colliery, Wilsontown, by Lanark. S. I

Whitton, John, Inglewood, Pinderfields, Wakefield. M. I.

Whitworth, Charles Stanley, 13, Edmund Street, Rochdale M. G.

Whyte, John, Over Dalserf Cottage, Netherburn, S.O., Lanarkshire S. I.

Whyte, Robert, Clyde Wire-rope Works, Rutherglen, Glasgow. S. I.

WiCKBTT, F., Penarth, Redruth, Cornwall. S. S.

WiDDAS, C, North Bitchbum Colliery, Howden, Darlington. N. E.

WiDDAS, Henry, Whitehaven Castle Estate, Somerset House, White-
haven. N. E.
WiDDAS, Percy, Oakwood, Cockfield, S.O., County Durham. N. E.
Wight, Edward Septimus, Taupiri Coal-mines, Limited, Mine-manager's Office,

Huntly, near Auckland, New Zealand. N. E.

Wight, Frederick William, 5, Bondicar Terrace, Blyth. N. E.

Wight, Robert Tennant, Hallbankgate, Milton, Carlisle. N. E.

WiLBRAHAM, ARTHUR George Bootle, Miua dc ban Domingos, Mertola,

Portugal. N. E.

Wild, Matthew Eyre, Jun., Hallgate Farm, Pilsley, Chestorfield. M. C.

Wilde, W. , Hickleton Main Colliery, Thurnscoe, Rotherham. M. I.

Wilkes, John S., Chaseley, Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham. S. S.

WiLKiE, Neil A. , Beechwood, Harthill, Whitburn, S. 0. , Linlithgowshire. S. I.
WiLKiNs, Llewellyn Hayward, Akaroa, Gatoombe Road, Tufnell Park,

London, N. M. C.

Wilkins, William* Glyde, Westinghouse Building, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania,

U.S.A. N. E.

Wilkinson, Hugh L., The Oudal Coal Company, Limited, Chara Colliery, Chara

Post Office, via Raneegunge, Bengal, India. X. 8.

Wilkinson, Herbert Tatlock, Chloride Electrical Storage Company, Limited,

Clifton Junction, near Manchester. M. G.

Wilkinson, James, Bumgrange, Motherwell. S. I.

Wilkinson, James Richard, Fern Cottage, Staincross, Barnsley. M. I.

Wilkinson, John Thomas, Black Hills Road, Horden Colliery, Castle Eden,

S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Wilkinson, Thomas. M. C.

Wilkinson, William Fischer, Hurstboume Priors, Whitchurch, S.O.,

Hants. N. E.

Wilkinson, William John, The Pilsley Coal Company, Pilsley, Chester.

field. M. C.

Williams, Alpheus Fuller, De Beers Consolidated Mines, Limited, Kimberley,

South Africa. N. E.

Williams, Gardner Frederick, De Beers Consolidated Mines, Limited,

Kimberley, South Africa. N. E.

Williams, Griffith John, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Bangor. N. E.

Williams, Henry J. Carnegie, Bruce Mines, Algoma, Ontario, Canada. N. E.
Williams, John, Dolavon, Llanrwst, S.O., Denbighshire. N. E.

Williams, John Richard, P.O. Box 149, Johannesburg, Transvaal. N. E.

Williams, James Wilson, 15, Valley Drive, Harrogate. N. E.

Williams, Luke, Claremont, Moonah, Tasmania. N. E.

Williams, Robert, 30, Clements Lane, Lombard Street, Loudon, E.C. N. E.
Williams, Thomas, Oakwood, Hexham. M.G.

Ivi

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Williamson, John, The Hills, Cannock, S.O., Staffordshire. S. 8^

Williamson, J. T., Manor House, Cannock, S.O., Staffordshire. S. S.

Williamson, R., The Denaby and Cadeby Main Colliery Offices, Conisborough,
Rotherham. M. I.

Williamson, Robert Summebside, Cannock Wood House, Hednesford, S O.,
Staffordshire. S. S.

Williamson, Thomas, West Hallam Collieries, Ilkeston, S.O., Derby-
shire. M. C.

Williamson, Willl\m, Sherborne, South Park Road, Hamilton. S. I.

Willis, Edward T., Kingsbury Collieries, Limited, near Tamworth. M. C.

Willis, Henry Stevenson, Medomsley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Wilson, Anthony, Thomthwaite, Keswick. N. E.

Wilson, Archibald, Leith Electric Works, Prince Regent Street, Leith, Edin-
burgh. S. I.

Wilson, Archibald Laurence, The New Ravenswood, Limited, Ravenswood,^
Queensland, Australia. N. E.

Wilson, David, Wester Gartshore Colliery, Kirkintilloch, Glasgow. S. I.

Wilson, James, Wellington House, Edmondsley, Durham. N. E.

Wilson, Jamks, Avonhead Colliery, Longriggend, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Wilson, Sir John, Bart., 75, Bothwell Streot, Glasgow. S. I.

Wilson, John, Ashley Place, Flemington, Motherwell. S. I.

Wilson, John, c/o Mrs. Aird, 177, South Cumberland Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Wilson, James R., The Riggonhead Coal Company, Limited, Tranent, S.O.,
Haddingtonshire. S. I.

Wilson, John Robert Robinson, H.M. Inspector of Mines, West Hill, Chapel-
town Road, Leeds. M. I.

Wilson, Lloyd, Flimby Colliery, Maryport. N. E.

Wilson, Nathaniel, East Rand Proprietary Mines, Limited, Mechanical
Engineering Department, P.O. Box 56, East Rand, Transvaal. N. E.

Wilson, Robert, Glencraig Colliery, Lochgelly, S.O., Fifeshire. S. I.

Wilson, Robert, Park Road, Giffnock, Glasgow. S. 1.

Wilson, Robert Gott, Battle Green, Pelton Fell, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

Wilson, William Brumwell, Horden Dene, Easington, Castle Eden, S.O.,
County Durham. N. E.

Wilson, William Brumwell, Jun., Usworth Colliery, Washington, S.O.,
County Durham. N. E.

Wilson, William N. D., Allanshaw Colliery, Hamilton. S. 1.

WiNCHELL, Horace V., c/o Great Northern Railway Company, St. Paul,
Minnesota, U.S.A. N. E.

WiNOATE, John B., 208, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. S. L

Winstanley, (lEORGE HiRAM, 42, Deausjjcate, Manchester. M. G.

LIST OF MEMBERS. Ivil:

WooDBURNE, Thomas Jackson, Bultfontein Mine, De Beers Consolidated Mines,
Limited, Kiraberley, South Africa. N. E.

WooDESON, William Abmstkono, Clarke, Chapman and Company, Limited,
Victoria Works, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

WoODHEAD, Alfred, Low Moor Iron Works, Bradford. M. L

WoODHEAD, W., Beeston Colliery, Leeds. M. I.

Wordsworth, Thomas Herbert, New Moss Colliery, Audonshaw, Man-
Chester. M. G.

WoRSfALD, Charles Frederick, MayiSeld Villa, Saltwell, Gateshead-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Wormald, R., The Worcester Exploration and Gold-mining Company, Limited,
P.O. Box 86, Barberton, Transvaal. M. I.

Wright, Abraham, East Indian Railway, Engineering Department, Giridih,.
Bengal, India. N. E.

Wright, Charles Wiluam, 21, Parkinson Street, Nottingham. M. C.

Wright, Hubert Ttlden, Birdholme, ChesterBeld. M. C.

Wright, Joseph, Arboretum Street, Nottingham. M. C.

Wrightson, Sir Thomas, Bart., Stockton-upon-Tees. N. E.

Wroe, James, York Terrace, Stairfoot, Barnsley. M. L

Wroe, Jonathan, Whamcliffe Silkstone Colliery, Barnsley. M. I.

Wynne, Frederick Horton, 6, Brunswick Street, Newcastle, Stafford-
shire. N. S.

Yates, Thomas, Brynkinalt Collieries, Chirk, Ruabon. N. 8.
Yeoman, Thomas Pressick. Government Collieries, Warora, Central Provinces,

India. N. E.
Yerbctry, Frederick Augustus, Hernosand, Esher Avenue, Walton-on-

Thames N. E.
Yonkkra, Kiyotougu, Hokkaido Colliery and Steamship Company, Mororan,

Hokkaido, Japan. M. l^

Youll, Gibson, BuUi, New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Young, James, 4, Granville Road, Jesmond, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Young, John Andrew, 3, Fountain Avenue, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Young. Robert, 410, South L Street, Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. S. I.

Young, Robert, Bellfield Colliery, Coalbum, S.O. , Lanarkshire. S. L

Young, William, Slievardagh Collieries, Ballynonty, Thurles. M. G.

B00octate Aembers.

Assoc. M. Inst. M.E.

Each Associate Member shall be a person connected with or interested iik
mining, metallurgy, or engineering, and not practising as a mining,,
metallurgical, or mechanical engineer, or some other branch of engineering.

"^ Deceaaed.

Ainsworth, George, The Hall, Consett, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Alder, William, 3, Beech Avenue, Whitley Bay, S.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

Anderson, James Scott, 5.3, Waterloo Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Appleyard, Henry, c/o William Firth, Water Lane, Leeds. M. I.

Armstrong, John Hobart, St. Nicholas* Chambers, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Aspinall, Joein Eccles, Post Office, Roodepoort, Transvaal. N. E.

Atkinson, Alfred, Clarke, Chapman and Company, Limited, Victoria Works,
Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Atkinson, George Blaxland, Prudential Assurance Buildings, Mosley Street,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Baird, Adam H., 1, Grantly Gardens. Shawlands, Glasgow. S. I.

Baker, Eustace Elwell, Brush Electrical Engineering Company, Lough-
borough. S. S.-

Iviii

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

Barr, Alfred C, 153, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. S. L

Barrett, William Scott, Abbotsgate, Blundellsands, Liverpool. N. E.

Barrowman, James, Jun., Staneacre, Hamilton. S. I.

Beauchamp, Frank B., Wood borough House, near Bath. N. E«

Bell. Sir Huoh, Bart., Middlesbrough. N. E.

Bird, Edward Erskinb, c/o George Elliot and Company, Limited, 16, Great

George Street, Westminster, London, S.W. N. EL

Bishop, Clarence Adrian, Engineering and Building Works, Mooi River,

Natal, South Africa. N. E.

Black WELL, George G., The Albany, Old Hall Street, Liverpool M. G.

Borland, James, 8, Seaford Street, Kilmarnock. S. I.

Bowie, Frederick W. J., Barrowfield Wire-rope Works, 200, Glenpark Road,

Glasgow. S. L

Bowie, Willl\m E. P., Barrowfield Wire-rope Works, 200, Glenpark Road,

Glasgow. S. I.

BoYES, Thomas, Largo Bank, Larkhall, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. L

Broadbent, Arthur Cecil, Royal Societies Club, St. James' Street, London,

S.W. N. E.

Broadbent, Denis Riplet, Royal Societies Club, St. James' Street, London,

S.W, Tranjiacticms to be sent to The Library, Royal Societies Club, St.

James' Street, London, S.W. N. B.

Brough, B. C, Stafford. N. S.

Brown, Thomas, Maryfield, Hamilton. S. I.

Brutton, p. M., 17, Sandhill, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

BuRDON, Augustus Edward, Hartford, BedUngton, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.
Burland, R. M., 9, Watson Terrace, Shettleston, Glasgow. S. I.

Cackett, James Thoburn, Pilgrim House, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Capell, Rev. George Marie, Passenham Rectory, Stony Stratford. N. £.

Carr, William Cochran, Ben well Colliery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Chambers, David Macdonald, 23, St. Mary's Mansions, Paddington, London,

W. N. E.

Chambers, Sinclair Wilfred H., Silverwood Colliery, Thrybergh, Rother.

ham. M. L

Chewings, Charles, 85, Edward Street, Norwood, South Australia. N. E.

Cochrane, Ralph D., Hetton Colliery Offices, Fence Houses. TramcuUions to

be sent to W. Cochrane, Willington Colliery Office, Willington, S.O., CounW

Durham. N. E.

Cooper, R. W., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Cope, Wili^iam Henry, The University, Birmingham. N. E.

Coae, W, H.J tlroomgrov*3 House, WitluTigtou. Mancheatfen N* S.

LIST OF MEMBEBS. llx

Firth, William, Water Lane, Leeds. M. I.

Foster, T. J., Coal Exchange, Scranton, Pennfiylvania, U.S.A. N. E.

Frew, Alexander, 90, Dobbies Loan, Glasgow. S. I.

George, Edward James, Beech Grove, Consett, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Gibbon, William Duff, 59, Cambridge Road, King's Heath, Birmingham. S. S.

Gibson, Thomas William, Bureau of Mines, Toronto, Ontario, Canikia. N. E.

Graham, John, Findon Cottage, near Durham. N. E.

Graham, James Parmley, 26, Cloth Market, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Gray, Arthttr Herbert. N. E.

Gray, Francis William, c/o Dominion Coal Company, Glace Bay, Sydney, Cape
Breton, Nova Scotia. M. I.

Greaves, Edward, Oaklands, Grindleford, near Sheffield. M. I.

Greenhow, W. Gordon, Hill view, Cannock Road, Hednesford, S.O., Stafford-
shire. S. S.

Green iJE, John, 45, Hope Street, Glasgow. S. I.

GuNN, SooTT, 18, John Street, Sunderland. N. E.

Guthrie, Reginald, Neville Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Haanel, Eugene, Director of Mines, Department of Mines, Ottawa,

Canada. N. E.

Hall, Charles, 196, Gresham House, London, E.C. N. £.

^Hamilton, Robert, 18, Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. S. I.

Harris, F., Providence Foundry, Burslem, Staffordshire. N. 8.

Haswell, William Spence, Beverley Gardens, CuUercoats, Whitley Bay, S.O.,

Northumberland. N. E.

Hedley, John Hunt, John Street, Sunderland. N. E.

Heeley, George, East Avenue, Benton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Henderson, Charles William Chipchase, c/o John George Weeks, Bedlington,

S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Henderson, John, Ballochmorrie, Pin wherry, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

Henzell, Robert, Northern Oil Works, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Hickman, Edwin, Millfields Road, Bilston. 8. S.

Higginbottom, H. Sharrogk, African House, Water Street, Liverpool. S. S.
HoDGETTS, Arthur, c/o G. W. Hodgetts, Vaal River Estate, Sydney, via

Delpoort's Hope, District Kimberley, South Africa. ^ N. E.

Hopper, John Ingledew, Wire-rope Works, Thornaby-upon-Tees. N. E.

Hugh, William, Woodbum, Blantyre, Glasgow. S. I.

Humphreys- Da vies, George, 5, Laurence Pountney Lane, Cannon Street,

London, E.C. N. E.

Ingold, Herbert, Arnside House, Tinsley, Sheffield. M. I.

Innes, Thomas Snowball, Prudential Buildings, Mosley Street, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne. N. E.

James, Henry M., Colliery Office, Whitehaven. N. E.

Jar VIS, Horace William,* West Dyke, Coatham, Redcar. N. K.

Jeans, James Stephen, 165, Strand, London, W.C. N. E.
Jeffrey, Joseph Andrew, c'o The Jeffrey Manufacturing Company, Columbus,

Ohio, U.S.A. N. E.

Jeffries, Joshua, Hartley Street, Lambton, New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

JoiCEY, James John, 62, Finchley Road, St. John's Wood, London, N. W. N. E.

KiDSON, Arthur, c/o Glaholm and Robson, Limited, Rope Manufacturers,

Sunderland. N. E.

King, Ernest, Wire Mill, Musselburgh. S. I.

Krohn, Herman Alexander, 103, Cannon Street, London, E.C. N. E.

Laird, Archibald Jarvie, Dharwar Reefs Company, Limited, Kabulayatkath,
Dharwar District, Bombay Presidency, India. S. I.

Lamb, Edmund George, Borden Wood, Liphook, S.O., Hants. N. E.

Lambert, Thomas, To^vn Hall Buildings, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Langslow-Cock, Edward Arthur, U. M. Inspector of Mines, Mine Office,
Seremban, Negri Sembilan, Federated Malay States. N. E.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Latimer, William, 3, St. Nicholas' Buildings, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

LiSHMAN, George Percy, Bunker Hill, Fence Houses. N. E..

LoEWENSTEiN zu LoEWENSTEiN, Hans VON, Friedrichstrasse, 2, EIssen-Rubr,
Germany: Transa>ctioiui to be sent to Bibliothek des Vereins ftlr die berg-
baulichen Interessen Im Oberbergamtsbezirk Dortmund, Kssen-Rufaor,
Germany. N. E.

Lowes, William, c/o Reuters Agency, 24, Old Jewry, London, E.C. S. I.

Marshall, Patrick, University School of Mines, Dunedin, New Zealand. N. E.

Mason, F. J., Birchenwood Colliery, Kidsgrove, Stoke-upon -Trent. N. S.

Massey, Thomas Mellor, 19, Slanev Road, WalsalL S. S.

Mayer, John, Sneyd Colliery, Burslem, Staffordshire. N. S.
Meli^or, Edward Thomas, Geological Survey Office, P.O. Box 387, Pretoria,

Transvaal. M. G.

Mitchell, James, Auchengray, Caldercruix, Airdrie. S. I.

Morris, Percy Copeland, 79, Elm Park Gardens, London, S.W. N. E.

Neilson, Thomas H., Thrashbush Colliery, Airdrie.
NiMMO, Adam, 21, Bothwell Street, Glasgow.

S. I.
S. I.

O'Connor, Arthur, K.C, 26, Archbold Terrace, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.
Ormrod, Wilson, Union Buildings, St. John Street, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Palmer, Alfred Molyneux, John Bowes and Partners, Limited, Milburn

House, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Petrie, William, Hickleton Main Colliery, Thurnscoe, Rotherham. M. I.

Pickering, Henry, 13, South Parade, Whitley Bay, S.O., Northumber-

land.

Pickup, Peter Wright Dixon, Rishton Colliery, Rishton, Blackburn
Pollock, John, TuUiallan, Bearsden, Glasgow.
Postlethwaite, John. Chalcedony House, Eskin Place, Keswick.
Pragnell, James Henry, 24, Swinburne Street, Derby.
Preston, Samihel Campbell, Bolton Hey, Roby, Liverpool.
Price, Arthur F., 41, St. Vincent Place, Glasgow.
Prior- Wandesforde, Richard Henry, Castlecomer House, Castlecomer, S.O.,
County Kilkenny. N. E.

Proctor, John Henry, 45, Percy Gardens, Tynemouth, North Shields. N. E.

Quince, William John, P.O. Box 297, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South
Africa. N. E.

N. E.
N. E.
S. L
N. E.
M.C.
M.G.
S. I.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 1x1

Steele, H. 6., Albert Road, Trentham, Stokenpon-Trent. N. S.

Steeples, George, Mark Lane Hotel, Wakefield. M. I.

Steuart, Douglas Stuart-Spens, Royal Societies Club, St. James* Street,
London, S.W. N. E.

Stokes, Henry Gilbert, Comer of Hill and Baxton Streets, North Terrace,
Adelaide, South Australia. N. E.

Strange, Harold Fairbrother, P. 0. Box 590, Johannesburg, Trans-
vaal. N. E.

Taylor, Thomas, Rosendale, The Brampton, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S.

Thompson, Edward, 6, Corporation Oaks, Nottingham. M. C.

Thompson, Oswald, Hendon Lodge* Sunderland. N. E.

Thornton, Thomas, Hermand, West Calder, S.O., Midlothian. S. I.

Todd, James, Overdale, Jesmond, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.
Turner, Charles Edward, Mina Campanario, Valverde del Camnio, Provincia

de Hnelva, Spain. N. E.

Valentine, James, 1, West View, Horwich, S.O., Lancashire. N. E.

Wainbwrioht, Wilfrid Benjamik, c/o The Sudan Mines, Limited, 32, Great
St. Helens, London, E.C. M. G.

Waldie, Thomas, 44, Constitution Street, Leith, Edinburgh. S. I.

Waley, Frederick George, The Bellambi Coal Company, Limited, 9, Bridge
Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. N. E.

Walker, Norman Saville, 4, Dale View, Conisborough, Rotherham. M. I.

Wall, George Young, Halmote Court Office, New Exchequer Building,
Durham. N. E.

Walmesley, Oswald, 2, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C. N. E.

Warren, David D., 19, Waterloo Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Welford, Thomas, Wallarah Colliery, Catherine Hill Bay, New South Wales,
Australia. N. E.

Whitehead, Thomas, Brindle Lodge, Preston. N. E.

Williams, Henry, Llwynswem, Pontardulais, S.O., Glamorgan. N. E.

Wood, Arthur Nicholas Lindsay, The Hermitaffe, Chester-Te-Street. N. E.

Wood, Andrew Selby, Caledonian Buildings, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Wood, Hon. Edward, Garrowbv, Bishop Wilton, York. M. I.

Wrightson, Wilprid Ingram, i^easham Hall, Darlington. N. E.

Young, Mrs. H. E., 617, Michigan Street, Victoria, British Columbia. N. E.

B68ociate0.

Assoc. Inst. M.E.

Associates shall be persons acting as undcr-viewers, under- managers, or in other
subordinate positions in mines or metallurgical works, or employed in
analogous positions in other branches of engineering.

* Deceased.

Adams, Charles J., Whitfield Collieries, Norton-in-the-Moors, Stoke-upon-

Trent. N. S.

Allan, Herbert Durham, Rewah State Collieries, Umaria, Central India,

Bengal Nagpur Railway. N. E.

Allcock, James, Homscroft, Bolsover, Chesterfield. M. C.

Allport, Edward Astton, Lound House, Haxey, Doncaster. N. E.

Archer, Matthew VVilliam, High Priestfield, Lintz Green, County

Durham. N. K.

Armour, William, Deanfield, Irvine. S. I.

Armstrong, Henry, South View House, Greenhill, Murton Colliery, ina

Sunderland. N. E.

Armstrong, William P., Bewicke Main, Birtley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

kii

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Askew, Alfred Hill, 16, Telford Street, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Atkinson, Bebtra.m, Newburgh Colliery, Acklington, 8.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

Bambobough, Jacob, Preston Colliery, North Shields. N. E.

Barkeb, Thomas, Cotes Park, Alfreton. M. C.

Bates, Johnson, 5, Grange Villa, Chester-le-Street. N. E.

Battey, Thomas, Station Road, Shiremoor, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Bayldon, Harold Cresswell, 11, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. N. E.

Beckett, William, Manor Cottaee, Ilkeston, S.O., Derbyshire. M. C.

Bell, Harold Percy, Brook well House, Gilcrux, Bullgill, S.O., Cumber-
land. N. E.

N. E.
N. E.
N. S.
N. E.
N. E.
M.C.
N. E.
N. E.

Bell, William, Plashetts, S.O., Northumberland.

Benson, Herbert Sydney, Whitehill Farm, Chester-le-Street.

Bentley, John, Crackley Colliery, Chesterton, Newcastle, Staffordshire,

Bewick, George, Johnsons Terrace, West Auckland, Bishop Auckland.

Bewley, Thomas, 11, Curtis Road, Fenham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Bexton, Richard, 20, Station Road, Holniewood, Chesterfield.

Blair, Robert, 6, Hamilton Terrace, Whitehaven.

Blandford, Thomas, Tresavean Mines, Limited, Lanner, Redruth.

Booth, Arthur Emery, 120, Derbyshire Lane, Hucknall Torkard, Netting.

ham. M. C.

Booth, Frederic Lancelot, Ashington Colliery, Morpeth. N. E.

Bowes, Thomas, Pontop House, Annfield Plain, S.O., County Durham. N. E.
Brandon, Geoffry, 9, Kensington Gardens, Monkseaton, Whitley Bay, S.O.,

Northumberland N. E.

Brittaix, Samuel, Mitchell Main, Wombwell, Bamsley. M. I.

Bromi^y, Oliver J., The Villas, Cross Heath, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S.
Brown, Edward Utto Forster, Springfort, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, N. E.

BuRDETT, J. C., James Street, Swadlincote, Burton -upon -Trent. M.C.

Burt, Thomas, Hill House, Washington, Washington Station, S.O., County

Durham. N. E.

Carroll, John, Spring Bank House, Newfield, Willington, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

Chambers, Duncan Bernard, Monten Cottage, The Mount, Kimberley,
Nottingham. M. C.

Charlton, William John, Jun., 17, First Pow, Ashineton, Morpeth. N. E.

Gheesman, Matthew Forster, Throckley Colliery, Newbum, S.O., North-
umberland. N. E.

LIST OF MEMBEBS. Ixliii

CowsLL, Edward, Shotton Colliery Offices, Shotton Colliery, Castle Eden, S.O.,
County Durham. N. E.

CowEY, Luke, Hampton Villa, Tibshelf, Alfreton. M. C.

Cowley, Silas Scbafton, 14, Model Street, New Seaham, Sunderland. X. £.

Cowx, H. F., Hilly View, Thornley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

CoxoN, Samuel Georob, Station View, E^h Winning, Durham. N. E.

CoxoN, William Bilton, South View, Crook, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Crawford, Thomas, The Croft, Wrekenton, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Crofton, Charles Arthur, Wansbeck Colliery Company, Limited, Mor-
peth. N. E.

Orombie, David, Church Hill, Dalmellington, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

Crombie, Robert, HoUin Hurst House, Rowlands Gill, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Crowle, Percht, 51, Mainsgate Road, Millom, S.O., Cumberland. N. E.

Crowther, Herbert, Earl Fitzwilliam^s Collieries, EUecar, Barnsley. M. I.

Cu^MiNGS, John, Hamsterley Colliery, Ebchester, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Cunningham, David, Emily Bank, Amiston, Gorebridge, S.O., Midlothian. S. L

Danby, Herbert, Shirebrook Colliery, Mansfield. M. C.

Danskin, Thomas, Springwell Colliery, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Davis, Alfred, Lethbridge Colliery, Alta, Canada. S. I.

Davis, James E., South Medomsley Colliery, Dipton, S.O., County Durham. N. E.
Davison, Francis, Ash Grove House, Hedley Hill Colliery, near Waterhouses,

Durham. N. E.

Daykin, George, 43 and 44, Thomas Street, Auckland Park, near Bishop.

Auckland. N. E.

Dick-Cleland, Archibald Felce, Ria Ora, Trelawny Road, Camborne. N. E.
Dickinson, Archibald, 283, Colne Road, Burnley. M. G.

Dixon, George, 14, Queens Square, Eastwood, Nottingham. N. E.

Dunnett, Samuel, West View House, Coomassie Road, Waterloo, Blyth. N. E.

Eadie, John Allan, Jun., Blaydon Bum Colliery, Blaydon-upon-Tyne, S.O.,
County Durham. N. E.

Elliott, Christopher, 36, Hadrian Road, Wallsend, S.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

EIlliott, J. W., Kirkby Colliery, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Nottingham. M. C.

Elves, Edward, 10, East Terrace, Castle Eden Colliery, Castle Eden, S.O.,.
County Durham. N. E.

Emmerson, George, New Tetturya Coal Company, Limited, Manager's Office,
Katrasgarh P.O., E.I.R., India. N. E.

English, Thomas Weddle, Hal ton Colliery, Whittington, Corbridge, S.O.,
Northumberland. N. E.

Eskdale, John, Ashington Colliery, Morpeth. N. E.

Falcon, Michael, Llanarth Villas, Cross Keys, Newport, Monmouthshire. N. E.
Farnsworth, E., Pye Hill Villas, near Nottingham. M. C.

Fewsteb, John, 4, Belgrave Terrace, Felling, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Field, Samuel, Agents Houses, Newstead Colliery, Nottingham. M. G.

Fisher, Richard, 66, Hamilton Road, Hanley, Staffordshire. N. S.

Ford, Thomas, Blaydon Bum Colliery, Blaydon-upon-Tyne, S.O., County

Durham. N. E.

FoRSTER, Edward Baty, 15, Grange Road, Ryton, S.O., County Durham. N. E.
FoRSTER, Frank, Black Hills Road, Horden Colliery, Castle Eden, S.O., County

Durham. N. E.

Foulstone, Herbert, Borough Foundry, Barnsley. M. I.

Fowler, Robert Norman, Staindrop House, Station Road, New Washington,

Washineton Station, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Fox, John, Littleton Collieries, Huntington, Stafford. S. S.

Fuller, F., Stone Bank House, Kidsgrove, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Gallagher, Patrick, Clifton Row, Netherton Colliery, Nedderton, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne. N. j;.
Galliford, John, 479, Edge Lane, Droylsden, Manchester. M. G.
Galloway, John, Hebbum Colliery, Hebbum, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Jxiv

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Galpix, Sidney Bernard, Fern Villas, Gilt Hill, Kimberley, Notting-
ham. M. C.

GiDNEY, William Henry. N. E.

Glass, Robert William, Ax well Park Colliery, Swalwell, S.O., County

Durham. N. E.

•Goodman, John, North View, Micklefield, Leeds. M.C.

Goodwin, George, 71, Hammersley Street, Hanley, Staffordshire. N. S.

Gordon, George Stoker, 24, Loaisa Terrace, Stanley, S.O., Conn^

Durham. N. E.

-Gore-Langton, Robert Lan(?elot, c/o T. Caplin, Manganese Mines, Chiparo-

palle, Vrzagapatam District, India. N. K

Graham, Cecil, 62, Norfolk Road, Park, Sheffield. N. R

Greene, Jno., Priors Lee, Shifnal. N. 8.

Green well, Alan Leonard Stapylton, Windlestone Colliery, Ferry Hill. N. E.

(iREENWELL, George Harold, Herbert Villa. Mountenoy Road, Rotherham. N. E.

Grey, John Neil, 20, St. Mary's Terrace, Ryton, S.O., County Durham. N. E,

Groves, Henry, Glapwell Colliery, Chesterfield. M. C.

■Guy, John George, Manor House, Wardley Colliery, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, if. E.

Hall, George, Broomhill Villa, Old Whittington, Chesterfield. M. C.

Hall, Joseph Percival, Edmondsley Colliery, Chester-le- Street. N. E.

Hampson, Alexander, St. Helen's Colliery, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

Hardy, William Henry, Holly Cottage, Shipley, Derby. M. 0.

Hare, George, Seghill Colliery, Seghill, Dudley, 8.0. , Northumberland. N. R

Harper, George Octfavious, Greenhead, Chopwell Colliery, Lintc Green,
County Durham. N. £.

Harrison, GEORfiE, Hiffh Park Colliery, Greasley, Nottingham. M. C.

Harvey, John Roger, Moor Lane, Ockbrook, D^erby. M. C.

Harvey, John Wesley, Whaley Bridge, Stockport. M. C.

Hawes, George Arthur, 29, Dene Terrace, Murton Colliery, via Sunder-
land. N. K

Haywood, Frederick, Glapwell Colliery, Chesterfield. M, C.

Heaps, Christopher, 12, Richmond Terrace, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Hedley, George William, Alexander Terrace, Coach Lane Houses, Dinnington
Colliery, Dudley, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Henderson, William, 4, Beatrice Terrace, New Herrington, Philadelphia,
Fence Houses. N. E.

Henshaw, John, Butterley Park, Butterley, Derby. M. c.

Herriotts, Joseph George, Tasra Colliery, Bhugudih, B.N.R., Bengal,
India. N. E.

LIST OF MEMBERS. Ixv

KiBBT, Matthew Robson, c/o A. L. Steavenson, Holywell Hall, Durham. N. E.
Knight, Fbangis W., HartshiU, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Knighton, Jambs, Tinaley Park Colliery, SheflfielcL M. C.

Lawton, Frank, Wall Street, Ripley, Derby. M. C.

Lbi, Ebnxst, Greorge Street, Biddinss, Alfreton. M. C.

LiDDKLL, Chbistopheb, HoQghton Main Colliery, near Bamsley. N. £.

LiGHTLEY, John, Byers Green, Spennymoor. N. E.

Livingstone, Robebt, Lethbridge, Alta, Canada. S. I.
Logan, Reginald Samuel Moncbieff, 20, Boyd Terrace, Blucher Pit, Newbum,

S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Longridoe, John, Castlecomer, S.O., County Kilkenny. N. E.

McCosh, Andrew Kirkwood, Jun., Caimhill, Airdrie. S. I.

MoCc7BBREY, Jambs, Belvidere Terrace, Bellahill, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

McDonald, Francis, 164, Leadgate, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

McGregor, John Edward, 28, Clifford Road, Stanley, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

Magee, Joseph, Granville House, Hanley, Staffordshire. N. S.

Marley, Frederic Thomas, Damodapore Colliery, Nandi P.O., Ranigani,
E.I.R, Bengal, India. N. E.

Marshall, Albert, Florence Colliery, Longton, Staffordshire. N. S.

Marshall, John Joseph. N. £.

Mason, Benjamin, Bumopfield Colliery, Bumopfield,S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Mellor, William, Warmwell Lane, Marehay, Derby. M. C.

Melville, John Thomas, 4, Poplar Gardens, Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Merivale, Charles Herman, Middleton Estate and Colliery Company,
Middleton, Leeds. N. E.

MiLBURN, Edwin Walter, Trevelyan House, Ashington, Morpeth. N. K

MiLBURN, William, Hill House, Ouston, Birtley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Milburne, John Etherington, Stobswood Colliery, Acklington, S.O., North-
umberland. N. E.

Miller, Alexander, South Greta Colliery, near West Maitland, New South
Wales, Australia. N. E.

Minns, Thomas Tate, Jun., Binchester Blocks, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

MiNTO, George William, Harraton Colliery, Chester-le-Street. N. E.

Mitchell- Withers, William Charles, P.O. Box 2969, Johannesburg,
Transvaal. N. E.

Morris, H. S. , Albany House, St. Ives, Cornwall. M. C.

MoRsoN, Farker William, Glenholm, Crook, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Mould, J. E., Berry Hill Colliery, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

MuLLiN'S, William, 7, Belper Road, Hyson Green, Nottingham. M. C.

MusGROVE, William. Heddon Colliery, Northumberland. N. E.

Natsbit, John, No. 48, Tudhoe Colliery, Spennymoor. N. E.

Nelson, CiiarlJss Anthony, c/o Henry Cawood Embleton, 7, Central Bank
Chambers, Leeds. N. E.

Nelson, George Catron, Greenhead Terrace, Chopwell Colliery, Ebchester,
S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Nbsbit, John Straker, Marley Hill Colliery, Swalwell, S.O., County Dur-
ham. N. E.

Newton, Cecil, 163, Tyldesley Road, Atherton, Manchester. N. S.

Nixon, Robert, 11, Hight Street, Brindley Ford, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Oswald, George Robert, c'o The Labuan Coal-fields Company, Limited,
Borneo. All communications to be sent to E. William Oswald, 14, Victoria

Road, Whitehaven. N. K.

Owen, Herbert, Elin Villas, Cross Heath, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S.

Owen, William Rowland, The Sangli Gold-mines, Limited, Gadag, Bombajr

Presidency, India. N. h.

Oxley, Frederick, Baddesley Collieries, near Atherstone. N. S.

Parkin, Thomas Wakefield, East View, Horden Colliery, Castle Eden,
S.O., County Durham. N. E.

VOU XXXII.-1906.1907. ■

Ixvi

LIST OF HEMBERS.

Parkinson, Thomas, Sneyd Colliery, Borslem, Staffordshire. N. 8.

Parbington, Henry Mason, Hill House, Monkwearmonth, Sunderland. N. K.

Parrinoton, Thomas Eluot, Carley Hill, Monkwearmouth, Sunder-
land. N. K

Patrick, J. A., West Pool Villas, Saltergate, Chesterfield. M.C.

Pattison, Andrew, Greenside, Ryton, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Pattison, Charles Arthur, High Grange, Howden-le-Wear, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

PEARSoy, Charles, Whitfield Colliery, Norton-in-the-Moors, Stoke-upon-
Trent. N. S.

Pearson, John Charlton, Swiss Cottage, Westerhope, Newoastle-npon-
Tyne. N. E.

Pedelty, Simon, Broomhill Colliery, Acklington, S.O., Northumberland. N. E.

Peel, George, Jun., 27, Langley Street, Langley Park, Durham. N. E.

Phelps, Charles, c/o Darby and Company, Sandakan, British North
Borneo. N. E.

Plant, William, BassQow Farm, Fenton, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. 8.

PoiJ^ocK, WiLUAM, Hillhead, Coylton, Ayr. S. I.

Potts, Alfred, Albert Terrace, Peases West, Crook, S.O., County Dur-
ham. N. E.

Potts, Laitrance Wylam, c b Mrs. Swap, 9, Richmond Terrace, Felling, S.O.,
County Durham. N. E.

Pratt, George Ross, Springwell Colliery, Gateshead-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Proctor, Thomas, Woodhorn Colliery, Morpeth. N. E.

Pumphrey, Charles Ernest, Greenside House, Ryton, S. 0., County
Durham. N. E.

Ramsay, John Gladstone, Page Bank Colliery, Spennymoor. N. E.

Rees, J. H., East Greta Colliery, West Maitland, New South Wales,
Australia. N. S.

Richardson, Benjamin, 29, Westcott Terrace, Deanbank, Ferry HilL N. E.
Richardson, Henry, Clara Vale Colliery, lUton, S.O., County Durham. N. K
Richardson, William, Pleasley Colliery, Mansfield. M.C.

Ridley, George I)., 16, Gosforth Terrace, South Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-

Tyne.
Ridley, William, Jun., Mary Pit, Blaydon - upon - Tyne, S.O.,

Durham.
RiDP.vTH, Tom R., Medomsley, S.O., County Durham.
RiVKRS, John, Bow Street, Thornley Colliery, Durham.
HoBiNsoN, E., Eckington Collieries, Shefiield.
R J BIN. s O.N, Joiiy William, 3, Victoria Tiirrace, Ka^t Boldon, 8*0.,

N. K
County

N. E.

M.C.
Couivty

N.K

list O^ MEMBElUS. Ixvii

Shaw, Ralph, Birtley House, Lower Chaplin Road, Longton, Stafford-
shire. N. S.

SiMOOCK, Ebnbst Oliveb, 19, Albany Road, Hanley, Staffordshire. N. S.

Simpson, Richard Charlton, Wellinffton Terrace, Edmondsley, Durham. N. E.

Smallwood, Pkrct Edmund, Garesfield Colliery, High Spen, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Snowdon, Thomas, Jan., Oakwood, Cockfield, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Soar, Charles R., Granville Colliery, Swadlincote, Burton-upon-Trcnt. M.C.

Southern, Stephen, Heworth Colliery, Felling, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Spencer, John, Halfway, Sheffield. M. C.

Sproson, Albert, Stafford Coal and Iron Company, Limited, Stoke-upon-
Trent. N. S.

Stapleton, J. W., Haddon Villa, Nottingham Road, Eastwood, Notting-
ham. M. C.

Stark, John, Hawthomebank Cottage, Drumbathie Road, Airdrie. S. I.

Stobart, Thomas Carlton, Ushaw Moor Colliery, Durham. N. E.

Stoker, Nicholas, South Pelaw Colliery, Chester-le-Street. N. E.

Stokob, John Georqe, Alston House, Criffglestone, Wakefield. N. E.

Sumbocrbell, Richard, Preston Colliery, North Shields. N. E.

Sutton, Henrt, Biddulph Valley Collieries, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Swan, William Edward, Washington Colliery, County Durham. N. E.

SwANN, Joseph Todd, Falmouth House, Throckley, Newbum, S.O., Northum-
berland. N. E.

Sword, William, Hall's Collieries, Swadlincote, Burton-upon-Trent. M.C.

Tate, Robert Simon, Black Boy Colliery, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

Taylor, Herbert William, El Bote Mine, Zacatecas, Mexico. N. E.

Taylor, James, Barber, Walker and Company, Beggarlee, Nottingham. M C.

TsASDALB, Thomas, St. George's Colliery, Hatting Spruit, Natal, South
Africa. M.C.

Thomson, James, Oxclose Villa, Mansfield Woodhouse, Mansfield. M. C.

Thornley, George William, 4, Central Drive, Shirebrook, Mansfield. M. C.

TuRNBULL, WiiXTAM, West Holywcll, Backworth Colliery, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Turner, George, Tindale Terrace, Roachbum Colliery, Brampton Junction,
Carlisle. N. E.

Turner, Peter, Shelton Collieries, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

TwEDDELL, George, 51, Double Row, Seaton Delaval, S.O , North-
umberland. N. E.

Tweddell, John Smith, Seaton Delaval Colliery, Northumberland. N. E.

Varley, John, Walker Street, Eastwood, Nottingham. M.C.

Wainwright, William, Heworth Colliery, Felling, S.O., County Dur-
ham. N. K.

Walker, George, Houghton Main Colliery, near Rotherham. M. I.

Walkinshaw, David, ^, Montgomery Place, Newton, Glasgow. S. I.

Walton, Arthur John, Bettisfield Colliery, Bagillt, S.O., Flintshire. N. E.

Walton, ELarry, Durham Road, Consett, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Wardlk, Robert, Edgewell Terrace, Prudhoe, Ovingham, S.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

Wei^h, Arthur, Red House, Tunstall Village, near Sunderland. N. E.

Whitfield, Thomas Cuthbbrt, Trimdon Grange Colliery, County
Durham. N. K.

WiDDAS, Frank, Orchard House, Escombe, Bishop Auckland. N. E.

Wilbkaham, Aakon, Ashwood House, Portland Colliery, Kirkby-in-Ashfield,
Nottingham. M. C.

Wilkinson, John William, South Durham Cottages, Eldon Old Pit, Bishop
Auckland. N. E.

Wilkinson, Maurice Hrwson. N. E.

W^illiams, William, Stanford Merthyr Colliery, West Maitland, New South
Wales, Australia. N. S.

Williamson, Henry Edward, 83, Cromford Road, Langley Mill, Notting-
ham. M. C.

Wilson, Hugh, 18, Grange Villa, Chester-le-Street. N. E.

Ixviii

List OF MBMBEAS.

Wilson, John, 3, Church Street, Uddingston, Glasgow. S. I.

WiNSTANLEY, J. P., C hat terley- Whitfield Collieries, Tunstall, Slokeupon-

Trent. N. S.

WiTHEY, Vincent Frederic, Florence Colliery Office, Longton, Stafford-
shire. N. S.

Woodward, William, 96, Wolverhampton Road, Stafford. M. G.

Wright, William, PoUington Colliery, New Brinsley, Eastwood, Notting-
ham. M. C.

Wynne, Geosoe Reynolds, Hope Cottage, Tarvin Road, Chester. M. G.

YiELDSR, Hugh Lishman, 14, Moor View, Ryton, S.O., County Durham. N. K.
Young, George Ellis, Kimblesworth Colliery, Chester-le-Street. N. £.

StuOcnte.

Stud.Inst.M.E.

Students shall be persons who are qualifying themselves for the profession of
mining, metallurgical, or mechanical engineering, or other branch of engineer-
ing, and such persons may continue Students until they attain the age of
twenty-five years.

Adams, Edgar, The Croft, Sneyd Green, Burslem, Staffordshire. N. S.
Angus, Robert Lawrence, Dalblair Lodge, Old Cumnock. S. I.
Annett, Hugh Clarkson, Widdrington, Acklington, S.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

Bannatyne, Claude, c/o The Dunderland L:on-ore Company, Guldsmedvik-i-
Raven, Norway. S. I.

Barber, Frank S., Sherwood Colliery, Mansfield. M. C.

Barrett, Rolix) Samuel, Whitehill Hall, Pelton Fell, S.O., County Dur-
ham. N. E.

Barrett, Victor. Holmes McNaughten, Etruria Vicarage, Stoke -upon -
Trent. S. S.

Battle, Frederick Alwyn, 18, Clarendon Road, Leeds. M. I.

Blunt, Robert, White House, Smalley, Derby. M. C.

Bolton, Henry Hargrbaves, Jun., High Brake, Accrington. M.G.

BosE, AsoK, The University, Birmingham. S. S.

Bkanfill, Capi-xl Llslk AvLF.rn, Kirkby Colliery, En&t Kirkby, Netting-

list O^ MElfBEAS. Ixijt

Davies, Harky R. G., Brynwood, Basford, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Day, Pbbcy Francis, The Hollies, Sutton-in-Aahfield, Nottingham. M. C.

Deans, J. R., Yew Tree House, Norton Green, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.
Douglas, Albxbt Edward, Beethoven House, Horden, Castle Eden, S.O.,

County Durham. N. E.

Durance, Frederick James, Bleak House, Ilkeston, S.O., Derbyshire. M. C.

Eardley, Harry Vigoabs, Whitfield Colliery Office, Norton-iu-the-Moors,

Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

Eluot, Arthur, 13, Eldon Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Ellis, Francis Henry, Sherwood Colliery, Mansfield. M. C.

Fox, Cyril, The University, Birmingham. S. S.

Gardner, Maurice, Florence Coal and Iron Company, Limited, Longton,

Staffordshire. N. S.

Gilchrist, George Atkinson, 17, Eldon Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Grace, William Grace, Hall Garth Hall, Winlaton, Blaydon-upon-Tyne, S.O.,

County Durham. N. E.

Graham, William, Jun., Solway House, Moresby, Whitehaven. N. E.

Gray, Vivian B., 10, Oakfield Terrace, Glasgow. S. I.

Grayston, George Arthur, Lichfield Street, Tamworth. M. C.

Grosvenor, Stanley L. , Eaton House, Tunstall, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.

GuLLACHSEN, Berent Conrad, Hotel Norge, Bergen, Norway. N. E.

Hanson, Frank Stephen, The Bungalow, Arley, Coventry. M. C.

Hark, James Robert, 92, Market ^reet, Hindley, Wigan. M. G.

Hatton, CHRisroruER, Longford, Cannock, S.O., Staffordshire. S. S.

Hawkins, John Bridges Bailey, Staganhoe Park, Welwyn. N. E.

Heathoote, Clement A., Newstead Colliery, Nottingham. M. C.

Hedley, Rowland Frank Hutton, Lansholme, Roker, Sunderland. N. E.

Heslop, Wardle, 10, Brighton Grove, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Hewitt, Arthur Bernard, Chamwood Villas, Mickleover, Derby. M. C.

Hill, G. Baillie, 370, GiUott Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. S. S.

HiNES, G. E., Baddesley Collieries, Atherstone. N. S.

Hirst, G. F., York House, Handsworth, Sheffield. M. C.

HoBSON, Charles Henry, Beech Grove, Whitwood, Normanton. M. I.

HuGOUP, Ralph, 1, Bentinck Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Humphrys, Herbert John, Chamwood House, Ilkeston, S.O., Derby-
shire. . M. C.

Hunter, Herbert Stanley, Blakelaw, Kenton, Newcastle-upon-Tvne. N. E.

HuTTON, Allan Robinson Bowes, Peases West Collieries, Crook, S.O., County

Durham. N. E.

Ilitfe, Frank Nowell, Haunchwood Collieries, Nuneaton. M. C.

James, Algernon Tinley, Old Blackwell, Alfreton. M. C.

Jepkcock, Harold Charles Firth, Birley Collieries, Sheffield. M. I.

Johnson, Thomas, Jun., The Villas, Silverdale, Newcastle, Staffordshire. N. S.
Jones, Walter, c/o Mrs. Fenwick, The Farm, Wheatley Hill Colliery, Thornley,

S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Kennedy, Augustus John, Snowdown Sinking, Nonington, Dover. M. I.

Kitchin, Matthew, Wynsteth, Park Drive, Harrogate. M. C.

Knox, Thomas Kenneth, The Cliff, Cinder Hill, Nottingham. M. C.

Latham, T. G., Albert House, Terry Street, Dudley, Worcestershire. S. S.

Lawson, Richard Forster, Daisy Hill, Edmondsley, Durham. N. E.

Lee, John Tom, Dinnington Main Colliery, near Rotherham. M. C.

Lister, John Alfred, Linden House, Carlton Terrace, Spennymoor. N. E.

Longbotham, George Norman, c/o Jonathan Longbotham and Sons, Kings

Chambers, Angel Street, Sheffield. M. C.

McCall, Thomas Lockhart, Holmwood, Largo. S. I.
MacGowan, R. C, Ash House, Talke, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.
MacGregor, Donald, Seghill Colliery, Seghill, Dudley, S.O., Northumber-
land. N. E.

Ixx

LtST OF MEMBERS).

MiDDLBBBOOK, JoHN F., Carluighow Mills, Batley. M. I.

MiBZA, RouiKTAN N., 69, Stanmore Hoad, Mount Florida, Glaagow. S. I.

MuNRO, William Maxwkll, 26, Mansionhouse Road, Langside, Glasgow. S. I.

Muse, Thomas Joun, Jun., Gomsay GoUiery, Dorbam. N. E.

17) Hazel wood Avenue, Jesmond,

Newcastle-npon-
N. K

Nable, Feliciano,
Tjne.

Nadin, Raymond, 20, Ashby Road, Burton-upon-Trent. M. C.

Neil, Joun McBean, 87) Stanmore Road, Mount Florida, Glasgow. S. I.

Nicholson, Guy, Hill Top Farm, Old Tupton, Ghesterfield. M. G.

NiCHOi;soN. George Thompson, Dene House, Scotswood, S.O., North-
umberland. N. £.

Ouver, Ernest Hunter, Denewell Avenue, Low Fell, Gateshead-upon-
Tyne. N. E.

Ormond, Percy, Greenhead Terrace, Gbopwell, Ebcbester, S.O., County
Durham. M. G.

Palmer, Harry, The Manor House, Medomsley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.
Palmer, Mkyrick, The Manor House, Medomsley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.
Passmore, R. a., Ennis Doon, Cannock, S.O., Staffordshire. S. S.
Paton, Theophilus, c/o James McCosh, Clydesdale Bank, Dairy, S.O., Ayr-
shire. 8. I.
Peacock, Frank D., Aldridge Colliery, Walsall. 8. S.
Peake, Albert Alfred, Norman Road, Ripley, Derby. M. C.
Phillips, Conincsby W., Maltby Main ColUery, near Rothcrham. M. C.
Pickerinu, B. H., Lawn House, Doncaster. M. I.
Potts, Charles, 8, Trowells Laiie, Derby. M. C.
Pyatt, F., Hucknall Colliery, Nottingham. M. C.

Ramsden, Herbert, P'dgemoor, Rutland Road, Harrogate. M. I.

Richardson, Frank, Stratford House, East Boldon, S.O. , County Durham. N. E.
RiTSON, John Anthony Sydney, Bumhope Colliery, Lanchester, Durham. N. E.
Roberts, Norman Samuel, Aldwarke Main Colliery, Rotherhain. M. L

Robinson, Stanley, Bunker Hill, Fence Houses. N. E.

Ruutledge, Norman Wilkinson, 4, Model Street, Murton, S.O., Countv
Durham. M. I.

Russ, Laurie E. P., Shareshill, Wolverhampton. S. S.

Scott, Walter, c'o William Prentice, Seaforth, New Ciminock, 8.O., Ayr-
shire. 8. I.

LIST OF MEMBERS. Izxi

Tat30t, John Wilfred, Field Head, Batley. M. I.

Thirlwsll, Thomas A., IS, Lynwood Avenue, Bentinck Road, Newcastle-

npon-Tyne. N. E.

Thompson, Gxorob Heron Dinsdalb, Dinsdale Vale, Windsor Avenue,

Waterloo. Blyth. N. E.

Thompson, W. G., Ball Green, Norton-in-the-Moors, Stoke-upon-Trent. N. S.
Todd, N. D., Blackwell, Alfreton. M. C.

ToNO, Frederick Norman, Spring Bank, Astley Bridge, Bolton. M. G.

Tttrner, Charles, Irlam, Manchester. M. G.

Walker, Joseph Noel, 33, Sherbum Terrace, Gonsett, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

Walmbslet, Herman Joseph, 122, London Road, Derby. M. C.

Watt, Herbert Gordon, Great Western Colliery Offices, Pontypridd. 8. I.

Weeks, Francis Mathwin, 3, Catherine Road, Surbiton, Surrey. N. E.

Welch, William Hall, 49, Mitchell Street, Birtley, S.O., County Dur-
ham. N. E.

White, Percy, High Melton, near Doncaster. M. C.

Wild, Robert Powley, Appjegarth, Queens Road, Cheltenham. N. E.

Wilkinson, Ralph Percy, Bummoor Lodge, Fence Houses. N. E.

Wilkinson, William Cullen, Branscombe, Ilkeston, S.O., Derbyshire. M. C.

Wilson, David, Jun , Bankend Cottage, Coalburn, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Wilson, Reginald B., Leak Cottage, Church Lane, Chapel Allerton,
Leeds. M. I.

Wilson, Wiluam, Usworth Colliery, Washington, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Wood, William Ainsworth, 2, Avondale, Banks Avenue, Pontefract. M. I.

Wooton, Wilfred W., Station House, Keele, Newcastle, Staflfordshire. N. S.

Wraith, Alfred Osborn, 73, Lyons Terrace, Hetton-le-Hole, S.O., County
Durham. N. K.

Wraith, Charles Osborn, Thomley Colliery Office, Thornley, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

Wright, Francis Whitworth, Whitwood Collieries, Normanton. M. I.

Wylie, Alexander Matthew, Jun., Langlands, Bridge of Allan. S. I.

Subecribere.

AsHiNOTON Colliery, Owners of, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

City of Birmingham Libraries, Ratcliff Place, Birmingham. S. 8.

Birtley Iron Company, Birtley, S.O., County Durham. N. E.

Briggs, Sons and Company, Whitwood Collieries, Normanton. M. L

The City Librarian, Central Library, Bristol.
The Broken Hill Proprietary Company, Limited, 3, Great Winchester

Street, London, E.G. N. E.

Brunnbr, Mono and Company, Limited, Northwich. N. E.

Bute, The Most Honourable the Marquess of, Bute Estate Offices, Abcr-

dare. N. E.

BUTTERKNOWLE COLLIKRY COMPANY, DarliogtOU. N. E.

The Butterley Company, Derby. TranAoctionA to be sent to Henry Eustace
Mitton, The Laurels, Codnor Park, Alfreton. M. C.

Butters Salvador Mines, Limited, 5 and 6, Bishopsgate Street Without,
London, E.C.

Carlton Main Colliery Company, Limited, near Barnslcy. M. I,

The Ciiarlaw and Sacriston Collieries Company, Limited, 34, Grey Street,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Commissioner of Mines, Johannesburg, Transvaal.

The (-onsolidated Gold-fields of South Africa, Limited, Engineering
Department, 8, Old Jewry, London, E.G.

CowPKN Coal Company, Limited, F, King Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Crichton -Stuart, The Honourable Lord Ninian Edward, House of Falk-
land. Falkland, S.O., Fifeshire. N. E.

Oroudace, Francis Henry Lambton, The Lodge, Lambton, Newcastle, New
South Wales, Australia,

Izzii

LIST OF ICEliBEBS.

Thx Librarian, Public Library, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
Dominion Goal Company, Limited, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. N. E.

DuLAU and Company, 37, Soho Square, London, W.

Durham, The Right Honourable the Earl of, Lambton Offices, Fence
Houses. N. £.

Ellbsmere, The Right Honourable the Earl of, Bridgewater Offices,
Walkden, Manchester. Tranaactums to be sent to John Henry Vaughan
Hart-Davis, Bridgewater Offices, Walkden, Manchester. N. E.

Ei^wicK Coal Company, Limited, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

The Librarian, General Assembly Library, Wellington New Zealand.
The Director, Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, India.

Haggie, D. H. and G., Wearmouth Patent Rope Works, Sunderland. N. E.

Harton Coal Company, Limited, The Harton Collieries, South Shields. N. E.

Hbtton Coal Company, Fence Houses. N. E.
HooFDBUREEL VAN HET MiJNWEZEN, Heorleu, Prov. Limburg, Holland.

JoiCEY, James, and Company, Limited, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

Lambton Collieries, Limited, E, Queen Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

The Library, The Univebsity, Leeds. M. 1.

Lemcke and Bueghner, 812, Broadway, New York City, U.S.A.

LoBL. Grosseche Buchhandlung, Clausthal, Harz, Germany.

LoBT^ Voss Sortment Buchhandlung, Leipzig, Germany.

Londonderry, The Most Honourable the Marquess of, c/o Vincent Charles

Stuart Wortley Corbett, Londonderry Offices, Seaham Harbour, Sunder.

land. N. E.

Mayor and Coulson, Limited, 47, Broad Street, Mile-End, Glasgow. N. E.

The Librarian, The Mitchell Library, Glasgow.

Mitchell Main Colliery Company, Limited, near Bamsley. M. I.

Nathan, ^Aajor Walter, R.E., The Chinese Engineering and Mining Com-
pany, Limited, Tientsin, North China.

New York Public Library, Astor Library Building, New York City, U.S.A.

Newton, Chambers and Company, Limited, Thomcliffe, near Sheffield. M. I.

North Brancepeth Coal Company, Limited, Crown Street Chambers, Dar-
lington. N. E.

North Hetton Colliery, Owners of, Fence Houses. N. E.

LIST OF MEKBEBS. Ixxiii

Stkchsbt, G. E., and Company, 2, Star Yard, Carey Street, London, W.C.
Stella Colliebt, Ownebs of, Hedgefield, Blaydon-upon-Tyne, S.O., County
Durham. N. E.

Thbocklet Colliery, Owners op, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. E.

SciENTiyic Library, United States Patent Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Victoria Garesfield Colliery, Owners of, Victoria Garesfield Colliery, Lintz
Green, County Durham. Transactiona to be sent to H. Peile, Priestman's
Collieries, Limited, Milbum House, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. N. £.

Wearmouth Colliery, Owners of, Sunderland. N. E.

Westport Coal Company, Limited, Dunedin, New Zealand. N. E.

Wyman and Sons, Limited, Government Collecting Department, Fetter Lane,
London, E.C.

laoniifeDerateD.

* Deceased.

AcKROYD, Alfred, Ellerslie, Victoria Crescent, Eccles. M. G.

Adam, William, Blantyre Saw Mills, High Blantyre, Glasgow. S. I.

AoaSsiz, Alexander, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. M.G.

Barnes, J., South Cliff House, 301, Great Clowes Street, Higher Broughton,

Manchester. M. G.

Baxter, Andrew, Whifflet Station, Coatbridge. S. I.

Bell, Thomas, 40, Esplanade Road, Scarborough. M. G.

Black, W. G., 2, Georges Square, Edinburgh. M.G.

Bolton, Herbert, The Museum, Bristol. M. G.

Brancker, Richard, The Pearson and Knowles Coal and Iron Company,

Limited, 11, Old Hall Street. Liverpool. M. G,

Brosck, Ernest Van den, 32, Place de I'lndustrie, Brussels, Belgium. M. G.

•Brown, Martin Walton, 10, Lambton Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. S. I.

Camsbon, William, Finnic Street, Kilmarnock. S. I.

Cole, Robert Heath, Endon, Stoke-upon-Trent. M. G.

Collier, Rev. E. C. , St. Peter's Vicarage, Birkdale, Southport. M. G.

Crawford and Balcarres, The Right Honourable the Earl of, Haigh Hall,
Wigan. M.G.

Dickinson, Joseph, 3, South Bank, Sandy Lane, Pendleton, Manchester. M.G.

Edmondson, J. H., Gars wood Hall Collieries, Wigan. M.G.

Ferguson, David, 140, Hyndland Drive, Kelvinside, Glasgow. S. I.

Geikie, Sir Archibald, Director-General of the Geological Survey of the

United Kingdom, 28, Jemiyn Street, London, S.W. M.G.

Gillott, J. W., Lancaster Works, Bamsley. M. G.

Hall, Henry, I.S.O., H.M. Inspector of Mines, Rainhill, S.O., Lancashire. M. G.
Hall, Levi .J., Morland House, Birch Vale, Stockport. M. G.
Harrower, D. K., Knowe Park, Bo'ncss, S.O., Linlithgowshire. S. I.
Heather, Frank, 47, Mosley Street, Manchester. M.G.
Henshaw, Albert Mayon, Talk-o*-th'-HiU Colliery, Talke, Stoke-upon-
Trent. M. G.
Hewitt, J., 114, Bell Green Lane, Ince, Wigan. M.G.
HiGSON, John, Crown Buildings, 18, Booth Street, Manchester. M.G.
HiNNELL, H. Leonard, 41, Corporation Street, Manchester. M. G.
HoBsoN, Bernard, Victoria University, Manchester. M. G.
HowsiN, EvEUN G., Isles House, Burnley. M.G.
Hull, Edward, 14, Stanley Gardens, Notting Hill, London, W. M. G.
Hutchinson, John William, Llwyncelyn House, Porth, near Pontypridd. M. G.
Hyslop, William, Bank Colliery, New Cumnock, S.O., Ayrshire. S. I.

VOL. ZXXn.-U0MW7. '

Ixxiv

LIST OF MEliBEBS.

JoBLiNG, Albert, 91, Rectory Road, Burnley.
'•JoBLiNG, Henry, 91, Rectory Road, Burnley.

M.G.
M.G.

Ke>^rick, John Painter, c/o Pekin Syndicate, Limited, Ja-mei-sen Works,

via Wei Hui Fu, Honan, China. M. G.

KiNAHAN, G. H., Woodlands, Fairview, Dublin. M.G.

Knight, Henry, Rose Bridge and Ince Hall Collieries, Wigan. M. G.

I^ndless, Richard, Bank Hall Colliery, Burnley. M. G»

Leech, Arthur Henry, 11, King Street, Wigan. M.G»

Logan, William, 6, Merchiston Place, Eflinburgh. S. I.

Lord, James, Hill House, Rochdale. M.G.

Macalpine, George Watson, Altham and Great]] Harwood Collieries,.

Accrington. M. G.

McDonald, John, Glencoe, Cleland, S.O , Lanarkshire. S. I.

McGiLL, James, Craigowan, HoUandbush, Glasgow. 8. L
Martin, Joseph Samuel, I.S.O., H.M. Inspector of Mines, The Vikings, 16,

Durdham Park, Bristol. M.G.

Morrow, Samuel, Palacecraig, Airdrie. S. 1.

NoAR, T. Lamb, c b Mrs. Lomax, Stoneleigh, North Promenade, St. Anne's-on-

t he-Sea, Lancashire. M.G.

Owen, Richard, Pearson and Kuowles' Collieries, Wigan. M.(i.

Pickup, Peter Wright Dixon, Rishton Colliery, Rishton, Blackburn. M. Ci.

Platt, Samuel Sydney, Morredge, Sudden, Rochdale. M. G.

M.G.
Transactions to be

Ramsbottom, James, Church Road, New Mills, Stockport.
Reid, Alexander, Witton Lodge, Hoole Road, Chester.

sent to c'o Walter A. Reid, 6, Golden Square, Aberdeen. M. G.

Robertson, David, 135, Waterloo Street, Glasgow. S. I.

Robertson, John, Jun., 24, St. Vincent Place, Glasgow. 8. I.

Russell, Joseph, Newton Colliery, Newton, Glasgow. S. I.

Russell, Robert, Coltness Iron Works, Newmains, S.O., Lanarkshire. S. I.

Selby, John Baseley, Leigh. M. G.

Settle, Joel, The Hill, Alsager, Cheshire. M.G.

Shuttleworth, The Right Honouilvble Lord, Gawthorpe, Burnley. M.G.

SiMi'^jN, W. W. Wiiikley, iieur Whallcy, Blackburn. M. \'..

TRANSACTIONS

THE INSTITUTION

MINING ENGINEERS.

THE NORTH OF ENGLAND INSTITUTE OF MINING
AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

GENERAL MEETING,

TO BECBIVE THE MEMBERS OF

THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS,

Held in the Wood Memorial Hall, NEwcASTLE-rFON-T\'>'E,

August 1st, 1906.

The Lord Mayor (Sir Joseph Baxter Ellis) extended to the
members of the American Institute of Mininj^ Engineers a most
hearty and kindly welcome, not only to England but to the
Metropolis of the North. He need not say how highly they
appreciated the visit of so important an institute to the heart of
the iron-and-steel industry of England. It was interesting to
know that when visiting Middlesbrough they had seen the great
works and the immense progress that had been made ; but that
great and wonderful industry of Tees-side owed much of its
prosperity to Xewcastle-upon-Tyne and to the men who had gone
there from Newcastle, many years ago, in the persons of the late
Sir Lowthian Bell, Sir Hugh Bell, Mr. H. ^Y. F. Bolckow and
Mr. J. Yaughan. These men laid down what had proved to be
a great industry on the banks of the Tees. He hoped that the
visitors would see many things of interest, while they were in the
district.

The Presidknt (Mr. T. AV. Benson), on behalf of The North of
England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, wel-
comed the visitors to the ancient city of Newcastle, and to the
oldest coal-field in (xreat Britain. Early in the fourteenth

VOL. XXXII.— 1906-1907. ^

Z DAWDON COLLIERY.

century coal was worked at Elswick by the prior and brethren of
Tynemouth, and the burgesses of Newcastle worked coal near
the place where they were then assembled. The appliances were
primitive, and horses were used for haulage, until George
Stephenson and William Hedley invented their locomotive
engines. The safety-lamp was invented by Dr. William Reid
Clanny and by George Stephenson, so that the district was the
birthplace of many inventors who had improved the methods
of mining.

Captaix Robert W. Hunt (Chicago), President of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers, said that the Lord
Mayor was quite right when he spoke of the influence of Newcastle,
and they knew it, even in America, and one of his best friends
in Chicago was a Newcastle man. He did not wonder that
Englishmen loved England, and the moment that one put one's
foot on the shores the beauties of the land captured one. He
returned thanks for the welcome that had been given them and
for the hospitality which they knew they were going to receive.

The following notes record some of the features of interest
seen by the visitors to the collieries, which were, by kind per-
mission of the owners, thrown open for inspection during the
course of the meeting on August 1st and 2nd, 1906 : —

DAWDON COLLIERY. S

pumps. It was then decided to freeze the shafts, so as to sink
through the remaining thickness of Magnesian Limestone, and
92^ feet of Yellow Sands, in a frozen state, rather than erect
additional pumping plant.

In April, 1903, preparatory to freezing, 28 bore-holes were
sunk around each shaft, to a depth of 484 feet and 21 feet into
the Coal-measures. The bore-holes were completed in April,
1904 ; and freezing was then commenced, and continued until
February 16th, 1906. During this period both shafts were sunk
through the frozen limestone and sand into the Coal-measures,
and the whole of the water-bearing strata was lined with cast-
iron tubbing.

The shafts are, at present, being sunk through Coal-measures.
The Castlereagh shaft, at a depth of 810 feet, is passing through
the " filtering post," containing a feeder of water amounting
to about 100 gallons a minute, and this water is being drawn
by the winding-engine. The Theresa shaft is sunk to a depth
of 780 feet, into the filtering post, where a feeder of water
amounting to 100 gallons a minute has been encountered; and
this water is being drawn with the sinking engine, until arrange-
ments are made to deal with it.

The total length of cast-iron tubbing in the Castlereagh shaft
is 450 feet, and below this there is 108 feet of brickwork. The
total length of tubbing in the Theresa shaft is 438 feet, and
below this is 204 feet of brickwork.

There are two sinking-engines, each with cylinders 24 inches
in diameter, and 4 feet stroke ; and drums 8 feet in diameter and
6 feet wide. The locked-coil ropes are 3J inches in circum-
ference.

Steam is supplied from eight Galloway boilers, 30 feet long
and 8 feet in diameter, working at a pressure of 100 pounds per
square inch. There are four sets of Green fuel-economizers,
each fitted with 120 tubes.

There are two Archbutt-Deeley water-softeners capable of
treating 60,000 gallons of water per day. The water is reduced
from 16 degrees to 4 or 5 degrees of hardness by the treatment :
40 pounds of lime and 7 pounds of alkali being used for each tank
of water treated, at a cost of id. per 1,000 gallons.

The horizontal winding-engine at the Castlereagh shaft, with
two cylinders, 40 inches in diameter and 6 feet stroke, fitted with

4 HORDEN COLLIERY.

Corliss valves, has a parallel drum, 20 feet in diameter aud 10
feet wide. It is drawing water from a tank in the Castlereagh
shaft. A sister-engine is being erected at the Theresa shaft.

The walls for the heapstead and screening plant are in
•course of erection.

HORDEN COLLIERY.

The total area of the royalties leased and owned by The
Horden Collieries, Limited, is about 19,000 acres. The Shotton
and Horden collieries have been opened out and developed
during the past six years to work a portion of this property, and
it is intended at a later period to open out and develop two
more collieries at Hesleden and Castle Eden respectively. At
the present time, the production averages 2,500 tons of coal
per day.

The three shafts at Horden were sunk through the Magnesian
Limestone, before entering the Coal-measures at a depth of about
1,050 feet. The north and south downcast shafts are 20 feet,
and the east upcast shaft is 17 feet, in finished diameter.

The north shaft is sunk to the Hutton seam at a depth of
1,200 feet, the total depth of the shaft being 1,260 feet. Sinking
was commenced on November 6th, 1900, and completed on
July 22nd, 1904. In this shaft, water was met with at a depth
of 198 feet, and from this point downwards to a depth of 522
feet, the shaft is secured with cast-iron tubbing. Above and

HORDEN COLLIERY. ^

men and materials underground, and for lifting coal from the
level of the Harvey seam. The north shaft will be used for
working the Hutton and Low Main seams; and the south shaft
for working the Five-Quarter and Main coal-seams.

During the sinking of these shafts, continuous pumping over
a period of three years was necessary, in handling from 3,000 to
nearly 10,000 gallons of water per minute in passing through
the Magnesian Limestone and Yellow Sands before the Coal-
measures were reached.

The tandem-compound winding-engine has four cylinders, 21
inches and 3G inches in diameter by 5 feet stroke taking steam
at a pressure of IGO pounds per square inch, fitted with. Frew
balanced slide-valves and automatic expansion-gear. The two
tlrums on each crank-shaft are 10 feet in diameter and 5 feet
wide. The locked-coil winding ropes are 1| inches in diameter,
and the unbalanced load consists of 4 tons 4 cwts. of coal. The
double-decked cages contain 4 tubs on each deck; and the tubs
on the top decks are discharged by hydraulic rams simultaneously
with those on the bottom deck.

The first portion of the screening plant, consisting of three
main picking-belts and cross-belts for small and nut coal, is
driven electrically.

The sirocco fan, driven electrically, will produce 350,000
cubic feet of air per minute, at a water-gauge of 4 inches. It
has just been completed and set to work.

Visits were also made to the Hylton* and Wearmoutht
collieries of the Wearmouth Coal Company, Limited ; the
Dunston coal-shipping staithes of the Xorth-eastern Railway
Company :* the north pier of the Tyne Harbour ;§ the Wallsend
and AValker works of Messrs. Swan, Hunter and AVigham
Richarflson, Limited; II the Elswiek works of Sir AV. G.
Armstrong, AVhitworth & Company, Limited; IT Alnwick and
Hamburgh castles; and the Roman camps, etc., at the Chesters
and Housesteads.

* Tt-avM. ItiMt. M. E., 1904, vol. xxviii., page 149.

t /6iV/., page 152. t Ibul., page 172. § Ihid., page 158.

I| IhuL, page 187. % /'>»rf.i page 177.

TRAXSACTIOXS.

THE NORTH OF EXGLAXD INSTITUTE OF MININQ
AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,

Held in the Wood Memorial Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne,

AucJUST 4th, 1906.

Mr. T. W. BENSON, Retiring*. President, in the Chair.

The Secretary read the minutes of the last General Meeting,
and reported the Proceeding's of the Council at their meeting's
on Tuly 21st and that day, and of the Council of The Institution
of Mining Engineers.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS, 1906-1907.

The Chairman (Mr. T. W. lienson) appointed Messrs. Norman
B. Ridley, Arthur Mundle, Mark Ford and W. B. AVilson,
junr., as scrutineers of the balloting-papers for the election of
officers for the year 1906-1907.

The Scrutineers afterwards reported the result of the ballot.

AXXUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

Mr. J. G. Weeks seconded the resolution, which was cordially
adopted.

Mr. J. H. Merivale thanked the members for the honour
that they had conferred upon him. He moved a vote of thanks to
the Retiring-President, Vice-Presidents, Councillors and Officers
for their services during the past year.

Mr. Hexry Lawrence seconded the motion, which was
heartily adopted.

Mr. R. S. Anderson moved a vote of thanks to the repre-
sentatives of this Institute on the Council of The Institution of
Mining Engineers for their services during the past year.

Mr. A. MuNDLE seconded the proposal, which was cordially
adopted.

The Annual Report of the Council was read as follows : —

ANNXTAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1905-1906.

The Council regret to have to refer to the great loss that the
Institute has sustained through the death of Mr. William Logan,
a vice-president of the Institute, 1902-1905, and a member since
1867.

The sad and appalling explosion which took place at the
Courrieres colliery, the number of lives lost exceeding that of
any previous colliery disaster, is greatly to be regretted, and
appreciation can only be expressed of the arduous and valuable
services that were rendered by the exploring and rescue-parties.

The following table shows the progress of the membership
during recent years : —

Teiu- ending August Isfc.
Honorary Members ...

Members

Associate Members

Associates

Students

Subscribers

Totals 1.235 1.312 1,349

IWQ.

1903.

1906

2.1

883

921

931

132

112

114

108

161

190

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

Although 99 members of all classes have been added to the
register during the past year, there has been a decrease of 3
members, owing to exceptional losses by death, resignations, etc.

The Library has been maintained in an eflScient condition
during the year; the additions, by donation, exchange and pur-
chase, include 890 bound volumes and 47 pamphlets, reports,
etc. ; and the Library now contains about 10,900 volumes and
337 unbound pamphlets. A card-catalogue of the books, etc.,
contained in the Library renders them readily available for
reference.

Members would render useful service to the profession, by
presentations of books, reports, plans, etc., to the Institute, to be
preserved in the Librarj^ and thereby become available for
reference.

Mr. Frederick Charles Keighley of Uniontown, Fayette
County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., represented the Institute at the
celebration of the two-hundredth anniversary of the birth of
Benjamin Franklin, the founder of the American Philosophical
Society.

G. C. Greenwell gold, silver and bronze medals may be
awarded anually for approved papers '' recording the results of
experience of interest in mining, and especially where deduc-
tions and practical suggestions are made by the writer for the
avoidance of accidents in mines."

G. C. Greenwell bronze medals have been awarded to

ANNUAL BEPOBT OF THE COUNCIL. ^

" Note on the Composition of Coal from the Faroe Islands." By Mr. Roger
Dodds.

* ' Notes on Safety -lamp Oils. " By Dr. George Percy Lishman, Assoc. M. I.M. E.

** The Miners' Worm-disease, as seen in Westphalian and Hungarian Col-
lieries. " By Dr. Thomas Oliver.

** The Action, Influence and Control of the Roof in Longwall Working." By
Mr. Edward Heton Roberton.

"The Development of Explosives for Coal-mines." By Mr. Donald M. D.
Stuart, M.I.M.E.

" Note on the Calorific Effect of Coal from the Faroe Island?." By Mr. R. R.
Thompson.

" Note on the Composition of Dover Coal." By Mr. R. R. Thompson.

During the past year, the concluding part of the Report of
the Committee upon Mechanical Coal-cutti^ig was issued to the
members, who are greatly indebted to the members of the Com-
mittee for this exceedingly valuable report. Mr. H. F. Bulman
has received an honorarium in recognition of his services as
engineer to the Committee.

A Committee has been appointed to enquire into the treat-
ment of coal-dust in collieries, and the results of their investiga-
tions will be communicated to the members in due course.

At the instance of the Council, Prof. Henry Stroud,
instructed Mr. G. C. Wood, a research-student at the Armstrong
College, to make measurements of the specific electrical resist-
ances of the different substances found in mines, and the results
of these investigations, communicated by Mr. G. C. Wood, have
been printed in the Transactions.

The papers printed in the Transactions during the year are as
follows : —

'* The Lander Anemometer."

** A Conveyor for Filling Coal at the Face." By Mr. Leon Andre.

" Improved Dampers for Coke-oven Flues." By Mr. William Archer^

M.LM.E.
*'The Application of Direct Cementation in Shaft-sinking." By Mr. C.

Dinoire.
** A Mechanical Coal-cutter in Queensland." By Mr. William Fryar.
*' The Great Planes of Strain in the Absolute Roof of Mines." By Mr. Henry

Wallace Gregory Halbalim, M.I.M.E.
** Corundum in Ontario, Canada : Its Occurrence, Working, Milling, Con-

centration and Prepai-ation for the Market as an Abrasive.'" By Mr.

David Gillespie Kerr, M.I.M.E.
"The Alnmino-thermic Welding Process, and its Application to General

Engineering." By Mr. J. Stewart MacGregor.
** The Unwatering of the Achddu Colliery, with a Description of the Riedler

Express Pump." By Mr. John Morris, M.I.M.E.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

** Undersea Extensiona at the Whitehaven Collieries, and the Driving of the

Ladysmith Drift." By Mr. John Shanks, M.I.M.E.
** The Barton and Forcett Limes tone -quarries." By Mr. Thomas Teasdale,

M.LM.E.
*' Determination of the Specific Electrical Resistance of Coal, Ores, etc." By

Mr. G. C. Wood.

Excursions were made to Dawdon colliery in September,
1905, and to the Elswick works of Sir W. G. Armstrong, "Whit-
worth & Company, Limited, in June, 1906.

The Institution of Mining Engineers has now completed its
seventeenth year, and the members are to be congratulated upon
its continued success. Meetings have been held during the past
year in Manchester in September, 1905, and in London in June,
1906.

The Chairman (Mr. T. W. Benson) moved the adoption of
the Annual Report of the Council.

Mr. J. H. Merivale seconded the motion, which was adopted.

The Report of the Finance Committee was read as follows : —

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE.

The Finance Committee submit herewith a statement of
accounts for the twelve months ending June 30th, 1906, duly
audited.

TRANSACTIONS.

has been paid for work done in connection with the supple-
mentary volume to An Account of the Strata in Northumberland
and Durham, as proved by Borings and Sinkings, and £60 Ss. 7d.
for the fitting of panels in the Lecture Theatre.

The figures given above show that the total income exceeded
the expenditure by £343 lOs. 5d., and adding to this the balance
of £553 98. Id. in hand at the beginning of the year, there is a
sum of £896 19s. 6d. to carry forward.

The names of 47 persons have been struck off the membership-
list in consequence of non-payment of subscriptions. The
amount of subscriptions written off was £203 18s., of which
£115 16s. was for sums due for the year 1905-1906, and £88 2s.
for arrears. It is probable that a considerable proportion of these
amounts will be recovered by the solicitors, and will be credited
in future years. Of the amounts previously written off, £94 8s.

was recovered during the past year.

John B. Simpson.

AuguM 4th, 1906,

Mr. J. H. Merivale moved the adoption of the Annual
Report of the Finance Committee.

Mr. Thomas Douglas seconded the resolution, which was
adopted.

KEPRESENTATIVES ON THE COUNCIL OF THE INSTI-
TUTION OF MINING ENGINEERS, 1906-1907.
The Chairman (Mr. T. W. Benson) moved, and Mr. George
May seconded, a resolution that the following gentlemen be
elected as the representatives of the Institute on the Council of
The Institution of Mining Engineers for the year 1906-1907 : —

Mr. R. Donald Bain.
Mr. Bennett H. Brouoh.
Mr. C. S. Cabnes.
Mr. \V. CocHBAN Carr.
Mr. Frank Cocuson.
Mr. Thomas Douglas.
Mr. T. E. FoRSTER.
Mr. J. W. Fryar.

Mr. G.'C. Grbknwell.
Mr. Reginald Guthrie.
Mr. T. K. JoBLiNG.
Mr. Austin Kirkup.
Mr. Philip Kirkup.
Mr. C. C. Leach.
Prof. Henry Louis.
Mr. J. H. Merivale.
Mr. John Morison.

Mr. W. C. Mountain.
Mr. Henry Palmer.
Mr. M. W. Parrin(;ton.
Mr. F. R. Simpson.
Mr. John Simpson.
Mr. J. B. Simpson.
Mr. J. G. Weeks.
Mr. W. O. Wood.

The resolution was agreed to.

ACCOUNTS.

Dr.

ThB TRBilSirBBB IN ACCOUKT WITH ThB NoHTR OF EVGLAVIX

FOB THB YbAB BNllING

June 80th, 1905.

To Balance of Accontit at Bankers

„ ,j in Treasurer's hands

„ Outstanding Accounts due from Authors for Excerpts

£ 8. d.

500 17 11

47 12 8

4 18 6

563 9 I

June 30th, 1906.

To Dividend of 7^ per cent, on 179 Shares of £20 each in
the Institute and Coal-trade Chamhers Company,
Limited, for the Year ending June 30th, 1906 ... 268 10 0

„ Interest on Mortgage of £1,400 with the Institute and

Coal-trade Chambers Company, Limited 49 0 0

To Sales of Trangactum*

To SUBSCBIPTIOXS FOB YBAB 1905-1906 AS FOLLOWS :—

752 Members @ £2 28.

86 Associate Members @ £2 28.

139 Associates @ £1 5s.

44 Students @ £1 5s.

45 New Members @ £2 2s.

12 New Associate Members @ £2 28.

16 New Associates @ £1 58.

16 New Students @ £1 5s.

—

317 10 0

44 4 a

. 1.579 4

180 12

173 15

55 0

94 10

25 4

20 0

0
0

2,148 5

ACCOUNTS.

IHSTITUTX OF MlKINS AND MbOHAKIOAL EkGINEBBB
JUNB SOTH, 1906.

Cb.

June 30th, 1906.
By An Account of the Strata of Northumberland and
Durham, as proved hy Boringt and Sinkings

f, Annual Report

,, Banker's Charges

„ Circulars and Advance Copies of Papers

„ Cleaning Wood Memorial Hall, Offices, etc

,, Electric Light

., Expenses of Meetings

„ Fire Insurance

., Fuel

,, Furniture and Repairs

,, Illustrations

., Incidental Expenses

„ Lecture Theatre

„ Library— Binding £64 16 0

Books 23 11 11

Petty Cash

Postages — Circulars

., Correspondence

„ Publications ..

£31 16 6
15 13 10
29 11 3

£ s. d.

52 10 0

85 17 9

21 5 7
49 19 2
46 18 10
25 19 5

3 3 1

13 5 9

18 2 7

22 15 0
2 10 0
5 9 8

60 8 7

s. d.

88 7 11
4 4 3

77 0

15 15
6 3

24 14
114 13

12 12
472 3

26 19 11

„ Prizes for Papers

„ Rates and Taxes

„ Rent of Offices

.. Report of the Committee upon Mechanical Coal-cutting

„ Reporting of General Meetings

,. SaUries, Wages, Auditing, etc

,, Stationery, etc

., Subject-matter Index of Mining, Mechanical and

Metallurgical Literature

„ Telephone Rent

,, Translations of Papers

., Water Rate

lij The Institution of Mining Engineers 1,327 16

Less — Amounts paid by Authors for Excerpts ... 2 11

Bj Balance of Account at Bankers 840 11

„ „ in Treasurer's hands ... 53 9

„ Outstanding Accounts due from Authors for Excerpts 2 18

7 10 0

3 3 6

4 5 0
3 7 8

1,219 5 4

1,325 5 6
2,544 10 10

896 19 6

£3,441 10 4

14 ACCOUNTS.

Db. Thb Tbbaburbb of Thb North of Enolakd iNSTiTrTS of Miniko

£ 8. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d

To 953 Members,

52 of whom have paid Life-compositions.

901
6 not included in printed list.

907 (i>£2 2s 1,904 U 0

To 113 Associate Members,

8 of whom have paid Life-compositions.

105 @£2 28. 220 10 0

To 178 Associates,

1 of whom has paid a Life-composition.

177 @£158 221 5 0

To 56 Students,

56 (i>£l5s 70 0 0

To 28 Subscribing Firms

28 107 2 0

To 44 New Members @ £2 28. 92 8 0

1 New Member, not yet elected @ £2 28. 2 2 0

94 10 0

To 12 New Associate Members (g> £2 2s. 25 4 0

To 16 New Associates @ £1 5s. 20 0 0

To 16 New Stuclfliita {g £1 6s. 20 0 0

2,523 11 O

ACCOUNTS. IS-

AND Mechanical Enginebrs in Accouxt with Subscbiptiokb, 1905-1906. Or.

struck off
paid. unpaid. list.

£ 8. d. £ 8. d. £ 8. d.

28
By 45 New Members, paid ... @ £2 28.
By 12 New Associate Members, paid (a £2 28.
By 16 New Associates, paid ... @ £1 58.
By 16 New Students, paid ... @ £1 Ss.
By 6 New Subscribing Firms, jmid @ £2 28.

By Arrears

By Subscriptions paid in advance

By 752 Members, paid @ £2 2s. 1,579 4 0

By 110 „ unpaid ... @ £2 2s 2S1 0 0

By 3 „ excused payment @ £2 2s. 6 6 0

By 6 ,. dead ^ £2 2s 12 12 0

By 36 „ struck off list § £2 2s 75 12 O

907

By 86 Associate Members, paid ^£2 28. 180 12 0

By 16 ., „ unpaid (| £2 28 33 12 0

By 1 „ ,. excused §£2 28 2 2 0

By 1 „ „ dead (S^ £2 2s 2 2 0

By 1 „ „ struck off list 2 2 0*

105

By 139 Associates, paid @ £1 5s. 173 15 0

By 28 „ unpaid ... @ £1 5s 35 0 0

Bv 2 „ excused ... (^ £1 5s 2 10 0

By 8 „ struck off list @ £1 58 10 0 0

177

By 44 StudenU, paid @ £1 Ss. 55 0 0

By 10 „ unpaid ... @ £1 5s 12 10 0

By 2 „ struck off list... (S' £1 6s 2 10 0

By 25 Subscribing Firms, paid 90 6 0

By 3 „ „ unpaid 16 16 0

94 10

25 4

20 0

....

10 10

0
0

328

18
17

2.249 1

287 IG

0 115 16
0 88 2

0
0

2,536 17
49 19

0
0

2,586 16

419

0 203 18

419 15

2.586 16

£3,210 9

0
0
0

ACCOUNTS.

CO o

TRANSACTIONS. 17

G. C. GEEENWELL MEDALS.

The Chairman (Mr. T. W. Benson) said that the medals
were foimded by their late friend Mr. G. C. Greenwell, who,
as the older generation of the members knew, was an original
member of the Institute, one of the early members of the
Council, and a past-president He had pleasure in presenting
G. C. Greenwell medals to Messrs. W. C. Blackett and E. G.
Ware for their most useful and practical paper on *' The
Conveyor-system for Filling at the Coal-face, as practised in
Great Britain and America."* It was deeply to be regretted that
one of the recipients — Mr. E. G. Ware — had died since the
paper was written ; and he was sure that it was the desire of the
members that the Secretary, in forwarding the medal to the
mother of the deceased gentleman, should convey their regrets
and deepest sympathy.

Mr. W. C. Blackett said that he was very grateful to the
Council for the honour done to him, although his pleasure in
receiving the Greenwell medal was sadly marred by the fact that
Mr. Ware, who had been awarded a companion medal, had passed
away. He was glad that the relatives that he had left would
receive some little comfort from the fact that this distinction
was paid to him after his death.

The Chairman (Mr. T. W. Benson) handed to Mr. M. Walton
Brown the G. C. Greenwell medal awarded to Mr. D. M. D.
Stuart for his paper on " The Development of Explosives for
Coal-mines, "t

Mr. M. Walton Brown, in acknowledging the receipt of the
medal, said that Mr. Stuart was very gratified to receive the
Greenwell medal awarded to him for his paper upon ** The
Development of Explosives for Coal-mines." He assured the
Council that he very deeply appreciated the honour that they
had conferred upon him, and he would treasure that high
distinctive recognition of his endeavour to contribute, in how-
ever small a way, to the great work of the Institute in promoting
the safety of mining.

* Tram. Inst. M. E., 1905, vol. xxix., page 449.
+ Ibid., page 299.

YOI. XXXII.-19O6.J0O7.

TRANSACTIONS.

The following gentlemen were elected, having been previ-
ously nominated: —

Mbmbebs —
Mr Edward William Andrews, Electrical Engineer, 4, Aabwt>od Temkoe,

SunderUnd.
Mr. OwAiN TuDOB Edwards, Mining Engineer, care of The G. I. P. Railway

Company, Mopani Collieries, Central Provinces, India.
Mr. Ernest Long, Electrical Engineer, care of Messrs. W. T. Gloveir and

Company, Limited, Trafford Park, Manchester.
Mr. AuousTiN Joseph McInerny, Mining Engineer, 16, Rue d'Autriche,

TunU.
Mr. William Roberts, Mining Engineer, Bella Vista. Perranporth, 8.O.,

Cornwall.

Associate Member—
Mr. Andrew Sblby Wood, Caledonian Buildings, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne.

Student —
Mr. John Anthony Sydney Ritson, Mining Student, Bumhope Colliery,
Lanchester, Durham.

STOPPING AND RESTAKTING MINE-WAGONS. 19

AN APPLIANCE FOR AUTOMATICALLY STOPPING
AND RESTARTING MINE-WAGONS.*

By Prop. W. GALLOWAY.

The points at which this appliance can be most usefully
employed are at the weighing-machine between the top of the
shaft and the screens, and in front of the cage at the top and
bottom of the shaft. Its functions are to arrest the motion of
a full or empty wagon without shock, to hold it stationary as
long as may be necessary, and then to push it forward, with any
desired velocity, in the direction in which it was originally
moving. These operations are accomplished without the inter-
vention of an attendant, except that, at the instant of restarting,
a lever is moved either by hand or foot which requires only the
smallest imaginable exertion of force on the part of the weigher,
banksman, or hitcher, as the case may be. By this appliance,
all the weighing on the surface and the loading and unloading of
the cages at the top and bottom of the shaft have been effected
automatically, and without a hitch, for upwards of a year, at
Garth colliery, near Maesteg, South Wales, belonging to Messrs.
Elder's Navigation Collieries, Limited.

Figs. 1, 2 and 3 (Plate I.) represent a sectional elevation,
a plan and an end elevation respectively, of its application to a
weighing-machine. A rectangular sheet-iron frame, A, sliding
on eight supports, 5, two on each side of the cylinder, C, and
two fixed to each end of the frame which surrounds the weighing-
platform, carries a set of Fisher catches, c and c', which always
occupy the positions shown in Fig. 1, when left to themselves. The
frame, A, is attached to a piston-rod, B, which passes through
a stuffing-box (in which metallic packing is used by preference),
and is fixed to a piston, d, in the interior of the cylinder, C.
A pipe, e, with a valve, o, which is always open unless some
unexpected emergency arises, connects the inside of the cylinder

* BritiBh patent, 1904, No. 25,344.

20 STOPPING AND RESTARTING MINE-WAGONS.

on the left-hand side of the piston with the air-compressing
engine, which is common to all the other compressed-air
machines used at the colliery. Another pipe, g, with a valve, p,
which is regulated to suit requirements, connects the ends of the
cylinder with each other. A third pipe, /", with a valve, q,
which is opened when the foot-plate, m, is pressed down, and is
closed automatically by the weight, /, passes from the right-hand
end of the cylinder under the floor of the weighing-machine
house to a point where the foot-plate is convenient to the weigher,
and thence out again from under the floor at the other aide of
the house. The compressed air has thus a free passage into
the cylinder on both sides of the piston, and thence into the
pipe, fj as far as the valve, q.

When the valve, q, is shut, the air within the cylinder is
at the same pressure on both sides of the piston ; but the area
of the left-hand side of the piston being less than that of its
right-hand side by the amount of the area of the piston-rod,
the piston, the piston-rod, the frame attached to it, and any
wagon that happens for the moment to be held between the
catches, are drawn towards the left-hand side as far as the piston
can move. The force with which a movement towards either
the left- or right-hand side is effected depends on the relative
areas of the piston and piston-rod on the one hand and the
pressure of the air on the other, all of which must be taken into
account when the required forces are calculated. In approach-
ing the left-hand end of the cylinder, the piston covers the open-

STOPPING AND RESTAKTING MIXE-WAGONS. 21

to a foot, according to the greater or less velocity at which the
wagon has been moving. But the pressure of the air within
the cylinder, now acting like a spring, arrests the forward motion
of the wagon and then draws it bock until it stands directly
over the centre of the weighing-platform. The operation of
weighing having been completed, the weigher places his foot on
the foot-plate and thereby opens the valve, g. The air-pressure,
being thus withdrawn from the right-hand side of the piston,
the latter, together with the frame, is pushed towards the right-
hand side and the catches, c, pressing against the hinder axle
of any wagon that happens to be iji front of them, drive it
forward at a greater or less velocity, according to the greater or
less diameter of the cylinder and the higher or lower pressure of
the air acting on the piston. When the frame has nearly reached
the end of its intended stroke, a knob, n, on the end of a rod, h,
attached to a crank, Z, on the shaft, d", to which the catches, c',
are keyed, comes into contact with a spring, 5, in front of a
standard, k (fixed to the weighing-platform), through a hole in
which the rod. A, can pass freely. The spring arrests the forward
movement of the rod : the catches, c', are thereby depressed ; and
the wagon, continuing to run forward after the frame has come
to a standstill, passes over them, and proceeds towards its destina-
tion. As soon as the hinder axle of the wagon is clear of the
catches, c^, the weigher removes his foot from the foot-plate,
the valve, g, closes automatically, the pressure of the air on the
right-hand side of the piston is restored through the pipe, g,
and the valve, p, and the frame. A, is drawn bark to its original
position, ready to receive another wagon. The rapidity with
which the frame is drawn back depends on the area of the opening
of the valve, p. The frame. A, is covered with a sheet of iron
to prevent coal or rubbish from falling into its interior, and the
only openings in it are those through which the catches, c and c',
project.

The valve, p, can be closed and opened by the same lever
as that which opens and closes the valve, q; in fact this is
applied in the apparatus employed at the weighing-machine at
Garth colliery. In the same apparatus, a chain with a spring
is used, instead of the rod, h (Figs. 1 and 2, Plate I.).
A slide-valve can be used, in place of the valves, p and q ; vertical
catches held up by springs or counter-weights acting on levers

22 DISCUSSION STOPPING AND RESTAKTING MIKE-WAGONS.

can be used, instead of the Fisher catches; steam or water,
under pressure, can be used, instead of compressed air; and
ihe details can thus be varied in many ways.

The points to be specially noted are : that the moving wagons
are arrested gently, held in the desired position, and again dis-
charged with the required velocity without muscular effort on
the part of an attendant, and that, thereby, a substantial saving
in both time and labour, is effected.

The average i*ate at which tubs, ea^h carrying 1 ton, can be
stopped, steadied, weighed and disposed of by this apparatus in
the manner described, as applied at Garth colliery, is six per
minute, or, more accurately, one tub per 9*58 seconds. The
time occupied in pushing a full or empty tub of the same
capacity into the cage and thereby discharging the empty or full
tub, in front of it, is about 3 seconds.

Mr. J. G. Weeks said that the apparatus described by Mr.
Galloway probably removed the difficulty arising from men
pressing on the tubs while they were on the weighing-machine.
Contrivances were in use in this district, which carried out the
same object, without using compressed air, electricity or steam,
as they were simply actuated by the weight of the tub being
piighed against the apparatus^ It wa^ a great advantage in

DISCUSSION STOPPING AND RESTARTING MIKE-WAGONS. 28

Mr. J. H. Merivale, in seconding the vote of thanks, said
that, if the apparatus was combined with some arrangement for
running the tubs out of the cage, it would be exceedingly use-
ful. Still, except for the purpose suggested by Mr. Weeks,
he did not see how they would derive much advantage from
automatic weighing, as they must always have a banksman in
attendance.

Mr. W. C. Blackett pointed out that, in the case described
in the paper, the loading and unloading of the cages at the top
and bottom of the shaft was done automatically, so that a
banksman would not necessarily be in attendance.

Mr. C. B. Palmer said that, at Felling colliery, the tub was
never touched by a workman after leaving the cage until it came
to the tippler. It was crept automatically over the weighing-
machine, it was weighed while moving, upon a long weigh-
bridge, and it was therefore unnecessary for anyone to touch
the tub while on the weighing-machine.

Mr. W. Galloway stated that the apparatus could be made
to deal with any weight of tub, large or small, and that it was
in constant use for running tubs into and out of the cages, both
at the top and bottom of the Garth colliery, near Maesteg. The
latter point appeared to have escaped the notice of Mr.
Merivale.

The vote of thanks was cordially adopted.

Dr. J. A. Smythe's paper on " Deposits in a Pit-fall at
Tanfield Lea, Tantobie, County Durham " was read as follows : —

DEPOSITS IX A PIT-FALL AT TAXFIELD LEA.

DEPOSIl^ IX A PIT-FALL AT TANFIELD LEA,
TAXTOBIE, COUNTY DURHAM.

By J. A. SMYTHE, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Introductian. — This pit-fall, as seen on May 16th, 1905, was
a round hole about 24 feet across and 12 to 15 feet deep. The
section on the west side showed an old peat-bed, underlain by
sandy clay ; the peat thinned out quickly to the east, and the

||ili!4aiJMHyt44^

CP^^

DMcripiiofi of Stmta^

ThickneM Depth
of from

Foflt. Feet.

8oil« c<»nUdtimg a few alftbg of flaggy
BAndfttone^ m&tie grottud 0) 1

Peiit, with atunip«, roots and br&nehefi ...

Sandy clfly, with ** bliu^k iituff " in pockety
ftoa rifts ... ... , ti

DEPOSITS IN A PIT-FALL AT TANFIELD LEA. 26

from its occurrence only beneath it (and from chemical evidence
to be f^ven shortly), there can hardly be any doubt that it was
derived from it. Some of the larger pockets, about 1 foot below
the peat-bed, yielded 2 or 3 cubic inches of the deposit.

Analyses, — The deposit was seen to have a conchoidal frac-
ture and a concentric arrangement of layers, and it could be
peeled somewhat like a boiled onion; on drying in air it lost
76 per cent, of water and formed a hard black substance with
conchoidal fracture, grinding to a dark brown powder. The
peat and the partly decomposed wood embedded in it, formed
brown powders on drying and grinding. These three bodies
will be referred to hereafter as black stuff, peat and wood.

Under the microscope, the black stuff appears as a greenish-
yellow transparent body, stratified, but quite devoid of any plant
structure. The air-dried samples gave on analysis : —

Moistoie.

Ash.

Black stuff

16-43

7-23

Peat

1605

9-75

Wood

14-12

4 12

Volatile
Mfttter.

66-55

Fixed
Carbon.

20-79

49-44
56-00

24-76
25-76

All three yield friable cokes or cokey powders, and the ash
is white in the case of the peat, buff in that of the other two. For
better comparison these results are here recalculated on the
basis of dry ash- free material : —

Volatile
Matter.

Fixed
Carbon.

Black stuff

72-80

27-20

Peat

66-66

33-34

Wood

68-48

31-52

These figures bring out clearly the similarity of the peat
an<l wood. The somewhat higher percentage of volatile matter
in the black stuff is what might be expected, on the assumption
that it is derived from the peat by some process of solution and
deposition. The ultimate analysis of the dry materials gave: —

Carbon Hydrogen. Nitrogen. Sulphur. Ash. (by deference).

Blac..tu« ... t^} t\\] V^ !•« n-.3 30-5.

Peat — — ^'^^ — — —

VV(^ - - 0-92 - - -

The low percentage of total carbon and the high percentage
of volatile matter suggest that the black stuff is similar rather

26 DEPOSITS IN A PIT-FALL AT TANFIELD LEA.

to the carbohydrates than to coal. This is brought out clearly
in the following table^ in which the black stuff is compared with
three of the typical carbohydrates, namely, cellulose, starch,
and cane-sugar.

Total
Carbon

ToUl
Hydrogen.

Volatile
MaUer.

Fixed
OarboD.

CeHulose

44-44

617

87-60

12-40

SUrch

44-44

6-17

83-52

16-48

Cane-sugar

42-11

6-44

79-85

2015

Black stuff (ash-free) ...

65-54

5-80

72-80

27-20

Reference may perhaps be made here to the rise in the per-
centage of nitrogen which accompanies the metamorphosis of
the vegetable matter. According to Prof. A. Delesse,* the woody
parts of plants contain less nitrogen than the leaves, and mosses
are fairly rich in that element. It is thus not unnatural that
the peat, which is only partly made up from wood, should
contain more nitrogen than the wood embedded in it, and that
the black stuff, which has lost all woody structure, should
contain most nitrogen of all.

E.rtraction with Solvents. — Dry chloroform dissolves about 1
per cent, by weight of the black stuff, peat and wood after 3
hours' extraction. The yellow solution leaves a waxy solid on
evaporation of the chloroform, and this solid, on purification
by dissolving in benzene and precipitating with petroleum-ether,
is obtained in the form of a greenish powder, melting about 90^
Cent, and burning with a long, smoky flame when heated on

DEPOSITS IN A PIT-FALL AT TANFIELD LEA. 27

of the constituents richer in hydrogen, and, furthermore, that
the presence of these constituents influences in a remarkable
way the coking power of the coal. Thus a coal with moderate
coking properties is rendered non-coking by treatment with
pyridine, but the pyridine extract has greatly enhanced coking
properties compared with the original coal.

Exactly similar phenomena are met with in studying the
solvent action of pyridine upon the black stuff from Tantobie.
Xot only do the pyridine solutions resemble those from coal, but
the extracts are richer in volatile matter (and presumably in
hydrogen also), and they coke much more readily than the
original stuff itself, and still more so than the extracted residue.
Thus, proximate analysis of the residue and extract from the
pyridine treatment of the black stuff gave the following
results : —

A«h.

0-47
14-56

The original and the residue both gave a cokey powder;
the extract yielded a compact glistening coke. Comparing
these results with the original black stuff, and recalculating all
on ash-free material, the results are as follow: —

Volatile
Blatter.

Fixed
Carbon.

Extract ...

79-24

20-29

Residue ...

48-04

37-41

VoIatUe
Matter.

Fixed
Carbon.

Black stuff

72-80

27-20

Extract

79-64

20-36

Residue

56-30

43-70

Mr. Baker's results* from the pyridine extraction of coal
from the Hutton seam may be compared with the foregoing.
Mr. Baker's figures are here recalculated on the dry ash-free
material: —

Coal

Extract

Residue

It will be noticed that, both in the case of the coal and of the
Tantobie black stuff, the volatile matter is greater in the pyri-
dine extract, and smaller in the insoluble residue, than in the
original materials ; and corresponding to this, the extracts yield
better cokes than the original bodies or the insoluble residues.
♦ TraM, Inst, M, E., 1900, voL xx., page 160.

VolatUe
Matter.

Fixed
Carbon.

30-96

69-04

64-45

46-65

32-84

67-16

28 DEPOSITS IN A PIT-FALL AT TANFIELD LEA.

It is thus evident that, in respect to the action of pyridine,
and to the coking properties of the original material and the
products of extraction, the black stuff bears the closest analogy
to bituminous coal. That it should also resemble, in some ways,
the carbohydrates, as pointed out above, is perhaps not un-
natural when the connection between cellulose and coal is
considered.

Some recent deposits having, apparently, some of the char-
acters of the Tantobie black stuff have been described by Prof.
H. Potonie.* They are formed on the Ahlbecker See from
muddy matters containing animal and vegetable remains, and
are fermented in the absence of oxygen. The consistency of
these muds is that of a jelly; they show a delicate stratification
and a conchoidal fracture very like the bituminous shales with
Cypridina of the Coal-measures. They are so rich in nitrogen
as to be worked for the extraction of ammonia.

The author wishes, in conclusion, to express his best thanks
to Messrs. W. A. Swallow and T. Adamson, of Tanfield Lea
colliery, for having brought this matter to his notice and for
having given him every facility to examine the pit-fall; to
Mr. E. Jeffrey, B.Sc, of the Armstrong College, for carrying
out the four nitrogen determinations embodied in the text;
and to Prof. G. A. Lebour for the references to the foreign
literature quoted in the paper.

ELECTR0-BAB06SAPH FOR MINES.

ELECTEO-BAROGRAPH FOR MINES.*

The Thwaite electro-barograph has been invented to secure
the automatic and audible signalling of a sudden and dangerous
drop of mine-pressure.t It consists of an aneroid barometer, A,
fitted with three dry cells, B, and a signal-bell, C (Fig. 1). The con-
tact-maker, a, may be adjusted at the beginning of each shift, or
any other appointed time, so that the pointer, b, is placed at the

=^L

Fig. 1.— Eleyatton of Thwaite Elegtro-barooraph.

level of the underside of the bar, c. The distance between the
pointer, b, and the brush or contact-maker, d, is adjusted to the
requirements of each mine. As soon as the bar, c, of the
barofneter falls a certain distance, measured by the intenal be-
tween the pointer, 6, and the brush, d, electric contact takes
place between the bar, c, and the brush, d, and the bell rings,
wherever the instrument is placed in the mine.

♦ British patent, October 7th, 1905, No. 20,291.

f '* Can Explofiions in Coal-mines, with their associated Toxic Fatalities, be
prevented," by Mr. B. H. Thwaite, Tram. Inst. M. K, 1905, voL xxx., page 389.

TRANSACTIONS.

NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE INSTITUTE OF MINING
AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

GENERAL MEETING,

Held at thk North Stafford Hotel, Stoke-upon-Trent,

July 9th, 1906.

Mr. J. C. CADMAN in the Chair.

The minutes of the last General Meeting were read and
confirmed.

The following gentlemen, having been previously nominated,
were elected : —

Members —
Mr. Harry G. Piocjford, Bengal Coal Company, Limited, Sanctoria Collieries,

Barakar, East India Railway, India.
Mr. Joseph Ramsden, Madeley Coal, Coke and Brick Company, Limited,

Newcastle, Staffordshire.
Mr. Hugh L. Wilkinson, Bengal Coal Company, Limited, Laikdie Collieries,

Chirkunda, Ha Barakar, East India Railway, India.

AS80CLI.TE —

FEED- WATER OF COLLIER Y-BOILEES. 81

NOTES ON THE FEED- WATER OF COLLIERY-
BOILERS.

By a. E. COOKE.

At the present time coal is being won from great depths, and
as these depths are likely to be exceeded in the future, an
increased consumption of steam will be rendered necessary.
Further, as the question of steam-raising is of importance at
collieries, if it is to be increased by future developments, it will
desei-ve more attention than it has had in the past.

It is not proposed to go into the whole question of steam-
raising, but rather to demonstrate the utility of some apparatus
for dealing with the hard waters which often have to be used in
colliery-boilers. It is only of comparatively late years that this
subject has been taken up by the mining engineers of this
country ; but it is now generally recognized to be an important
factor in the life of the boiler, and as such it requires, from an
economic point of view, careful attention and the soundest know-
ledge that can be brought to bear upon it, this knowledge being
best obtained by observations of detail and the application of
scientific principles. To these points the writer has endeavoured
to pay attention, to the former in practice, and to the latter by
experiments made in the laboratory. It often happens that the
boiler feed-water is supplied from underground and is of
excessive hardness ; and, where there is a great deal of water, a
heavy pumping cost is incurred. When the feed-water has to
be bought from neighbouring authorities this will necessitate its
being used economically, which means the erection of surface-
condensers, so that the exhaust-steam may be utilized as much
as possible.

In such a case as this, an eflficient appliance for softening the
underground water and making it fit for use as feed-water would
be welcomed as a boon.

The advantages claimed for softening water by the most

82 FEEU-WATER OF COLLIERY-BOILEBS.

approved method are as follows : — (1) Increased calorific power ;
(2) lessened deposit of scale; (3) boilers easier to clean; (4)
diminution of pitting, corrosion and grooving; (5) reduced
danger from overheated plates ; (6) increased life of the boilere ;
(7) feed-water pipes kept clear; and (8) prevention of priming.

The chief causes of the hardness of water are due to the
presence of dissolved carbonates and sulphates, which have
accumulated as the water has percolated downwards.

There is some diversity of opinion as to how and when the
water should be treated, whether before or after entering the
boiler. The latter method is often recommended for small
collieries, though why, it is difficult to say: decidedly not on
economic grounds, unless the water is but slightly hard, in which
case only would it be advisable. In this latter instance, the
remedy used is called a " boiler-doctor," and there are numerous
varieties of it in the market. The amount used depends on the
nature of the water, and may vary from i pint to 1 pint per
boiler per day, the action being to prevent the formation of
the deposit altogether, or to render its removal easier. In this
method, however, there seems to be insufficient provision made
against priming, due to the rapid evolutions of gas or alkaline
water.

A case occurred not long ago, which came under the writer's
observation, where, after the adoption of a ** boiler-doctor,"
corrosive action was noticed on the piston-rod, and on further

FEED-WATER OF COLLIERY-BOILERS. 88

cleaning (a very common occurrence), then the addition of the
** boiler-doctor," say of the ammonium-chloride type, has this
effect : — CaCOg + 2NH,C1 = CaCl^ + (NH J2CO3. The ammonium
carbonate passes away readily with the steam, often causing
priming ; and the calcium chloride, however, being very soluble
in water, is held in solution. Further proof of this action may
be seen in the result of two simple experiments, showing really
what does take place inside the boiler; although the tests are
not quantitative and have been made with the ammonium-
chloride type of ** boiler-doctor." (1) Experiment to prove that
priming may occur: add ammonium chloride to water contain-
ing calcium carbonate in solution and heat it over a Bunsen
flame. Ammonium carbonate gas is given off, priming is
evident and calcium chloride is left in solution. (2) Experiment
to show the solubility of calcium chloride in water: take lime-
water and add carbon dioxide by exhalation until the lime-water
becomes turbid, then add a solution of ammonium chloride,
and continue as in the former experiment ; it will be noticed that
the turbidity quickly disappears and no deposit is visible.

In other cases, which have come under the writer's personal
observation, the only noticeable result, after the adoption of a
" boiler-doctor," has been to soften the deposit, that is to say,
not to get rid of it, but to make the cleaning of the boiler much
easier, and upon investigation, this ** doctor " was found to be
of sodium-carbonate type. Other ** boiler-doctors " have been
analysed and found to contain compounds, which are simply
added for the sake of appearance : no other construction can be
placed upon their presence, as they have no effect whatever on
the water, other than colour or smell.

It is not contended that the method already described and
the method to be described subsequently, are the only ones in
vogue for the treatment of boiler-waters, because it often occurs
that there are local remedies, or rather, they would perhaps be
better named if called partial remedies. But these are adopted
on economic grounds, and undoubtedly have a beneficial effect,
tending to minimize the evil resulting from the use of a bad
feed-water and may be quite as efficacious as a " boiler-doctor ";
still, as they depend upon local conditions, they are not capable of
general application, for which reason they are not included in
this paper.

VOL. XXXII.-H06.W07. ^

FEED-WATER OF COLLIERY-BOILERS.

The hardness of water is generally due to the presence of
certain metallic salts in solution, usually the carbonates and
sulphates of calcium and magnesium, and sometimes, in addition,
the chlorides of magnesium and calcium: the former salts, on
being heated with water, form the deposits of scale in the boiler.
If the water is treated before it enters the boiler, the procedure
is totally different.

It is possible to soften hard water by boiling, provided that
the hardness be due to the presence of carbonates only : the
carbonates being deposited by boiling, thus CaH2(C03)3 =
H2O + CO2 + CaCOg. The soluble acid lime carbonate is decom-
posed into water, carbon dioxide which escapes as a gas, and
the insoluble normal carbonate is precipitated.

This method is rarely adopted on a large scale, but slaked
lime is used, its action being to precipitate the carbonates, either
of calcium or magnesium, thus CaH2(C03)3 + CaO = HjO +
2CaC03. The soluble lime salt is thus converted into the
insoluble normal carbonate.

To remove sulphates, another common remedy may be u&ed,
ordinary soda (sodium carbonate). The reaction is as follows:
CaSo4 + Na2C03 = Na2S04 + CaCOa. The soluble calcium sulphate
is then converted into insoluble calcium carbonate, which is
precipitated.

Sodium sulphate and chloride are very soluble and pass into
the boiler, but they are not deposited on the boiler-plates ; neither
is there danger to be feared from priming, because the carbonate

FEED-WATER OF COLLIERY -BOILERS. 35

hardness to the presence of sulphates and chlorides. Both kinds
of hardness are spoken of in degrees or grains of calcium car-
bonate per gallon, the sum of both being called the total hardness
of the water. It is unnecessary to state here details as to how the
degrees and grains per gallon are arrived at, except that the
degree of hardness is obtained from a test made with a standard
soap-solution. From past experience, it has been found that
water of 5 or 6 degrees of total hardness does not require soften-
ing ; but if, by application of the above test, the water is found
to be excessively hard, then it requires treatment.

Kespecting the amount of lime or soda required, this depends
on the hardness of the water, whether temporary or permanent,
and the degrees of hardness of each, and from these available
data the amount required can be accurately calculated.

The necessary plant for treating water on this principle is
usually designed to deal with large quantities, and is therefore
out of the question for small collieries, because of the prohibitive
initial cost, the system of treating being all that could be desired
for simplicity and efficiency. The difficulty of initial cost could,
however, be overcome to a large extent by the adoption of old
boiler-shells as treating tanks : this would allow of a proper
method of treating being proceeded with.

Fig. 1.— Tank for Tbeatino Hard Water. Scale, 8 Feet to 1 Inch.

The arrangement (Fig. 1) is quite adaptable and practicable.
The water is admitted through the supply-pipe. A, into the tank ;
when nearly full, as indicated by a water-gauge, D, the supply
is cut off and the treatment may be proceeded with. Steam is
admitted through a blower, K, and passes into the tank by way of
the pipe, M. This causes a current of water to circulate upwards
through the perforated nozzle, G, through a three-way tap, L.

FEED-WATER OF COLLIERY-BOILERS.

down the vertical pipe to the horizontal pipe, M, and so back
into the tank. This horizontal pipe, J/, has perforations on its
upper side. The tap, /, is then opened, and the prepared
chemical solution from the mixing tank, i?, is drawn slowly
into the circulating current, and by this means is evenly diffused
throughout the contents of the tank. The air-tap, ./, is next
opened and the tap, L, reversed, so causing the air to be forced
into the pipes, iV, near the bottom of the tank, passing into the
tank by means of perforations on the lower side of this pipe. The
object of the lower pipe is to assist precipitation : the air travels
upwards from the perforations, in streams of bubbles, stirring
up some of the precipitate left from previous operations, lying
on the tank-bottom, and thoroughly mixing it with the new
mixture that has just been added. If the ohl sediment had not
been disturbed, the process of precipitation would be verj- slow,
because the new precipitate is so finely divided ; but, on mixing
with the coarser particles of the old sediment, the fine particles
become attached to them and are more readily precipitated.

The length of time of this agitation varies with the hardness
of the water, but 10 to 15 minutes is usually occupied, during
which the water becomes thoroughly treated ; after which the
blower, K, is shut off and the precipitate allowed to settle. The
settling will probably last an hour, aft<»r which the water may
be drawn off through the discharge-pipe, E. It will be noticed
that the top water is being drawn off all the time, by means of
ded by a float, F, which keeps Uie uinuth of the

FEED-WATER OF COLLIERY-BOILERS. 87

The disadvantages of either method of treatment may be
briefly stated to be as follows : — A. " Boiler-doctors," (1) costly
method of treatment ; (2) liability to cause priming; (3) liability
of feed-water pipes becoming choked (owing to bad state of
water) ; and (4) liability to affect metals in contact with them :
internal corrosion, pitting and grooving, having been known to
occur. In addition to the actual cost of the compound, there
is the additional cleaning required, and particularly is this the
case where the feed- water passes through economizers before
treatment, as these tubes are very difficult to clean and often
have to be bored out to remove the deposit B. Tank-treat-
ment^ the initial cost high, but maintenance is slight.

As the advantages have been already stated, it is unnecessary
to repeat them, except to add, that they are all claimed for this
last-named method of treatment in particular.

In an instance of this method of treatment, the tanks used
were square, having a capacity of 12,000 gallons each ; the total
hardness of the water was 70 degrees, that is to say, 70 grains
per gallon and it was required to reduce this to 4 degrees of
total hardness ; to do this, 8 pounds of quicklime and 22 pounds
of soda were required ; and the total cost of softening was less
than Id. per 1,000 gallons.

The necessity for the adoption of either method of treatment
should be determined upon economic grounds, due consideration
being given to the excessive wear-and-tear and cleaning of
boilers, feed-water or economizer pipes, the risks of priming,
possibility of corrosion, and the comparatively high cost of
** boiler-doctors " on the one hand ; and on the other, the
necessary accommodation and the mther heavy initial outlay
involved, which, however, is counterbalanced by the slight cost
of maintenance afterwards.

It is estimated that, to supply a range of ten boilers, with a
capacity for evaporating 14,400 gallons of water each in 24 hours
(total 144,000 gallons), four tanks would be required, each tank
consisting of an old boiler-shell, 30 feet long and 8 feet in
diameter, and each tank being subjected to four operations daily ;
this would mean 144,000 gallons receiving treatment, and as li
hours is sufficient for each operation, the total time occupied in
treating is 6 hours per tank, so that if more water is required,
it can easily be dealt with at the tanks.

88 DISCUSSION — FKED-WATER OF COLLIERY-BOILEES.

The Chairman (Mr. J. C. Cadman) considered that there was
no district in England whei^ the feed-water for boilers required
treating, in a manner similar to the one pointed out by Mr.
Cooke, more than in Xorth Staffordshire. He remembered a
colliery, at Chesterton, where they had about the worst water In
England to put into the boilers. They considered that they were
fortunate when, without artificial means, an improvement was
effected by their being enabled to obtain the effluent-water from
a sewage-farm, and it answered the purpose remarkably well.

Mr. E. B. Wain said that, with regard to the purification of
feed-wat^r for boilers, there was no more difficult district perhaps
than North Staffordshire. It was not an infrequent thing to
find that water for boiler purposes contained 90 to 120 grains of
mineral solids per gallon ; and that meant that for every month's
work there would be 1 J to 2 tons of solids left in an ordinary
Lancashire colliery-boiler. The methods of treatment Mr. Cooke
had referred to, were those which were generally adopted. The
** boiler-doctors " spoken of were generally what might be
termed quack doctors, if they might judge by the large number
of circulars one received almost every day from some firm of
manufacturers, who had got the only thing that could soften
boiler-scales. They were all based upon some form of carbonate
of soda or caustic soda, with the addition of colouring or other
foreign matter. Mr. Cooke had, however, brought out the point
lannT ]);Lrticukrly that the best place for treating the water was

DISCUSSION — FEED-WATEK OF COLLIEHY-BOILEKS. 89

in a simple manner (without any chemical i-e-agents) with the
impurities in the boiler-water. He had found that that method
was the cheapest and most efficient way of dealing with hard
water that contained 80 to 100 grains of mineral solids to the
gallon.

Mr. B. WooDWOKTH presumed that the cost named was for
materials simply, and did not include the cost of the plant or
attendance. He asked whether the air was supplied under
pressure.

A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Cooke for his paper.

HULTON COLLIERY.

MANCHESTER GEOLOGICAL AND MINING SOCIETY
AND NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE INSTITUTE OF
MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

EXCURSION MEETING,
Held at Hulton, Bolton, July 30th, 1906.

HULTON COLLIERY COMPANY, LIMITED.

Atherton, Nos. 3 AND 4 Pits.

Winding-engines. — The No. 3 pit winding-engine, with two
cylinders, each 32 inches in diameter, and a cylindrical drum
15 feet in diameter, is winding from the depth of 900 feet. The
No. 4 pit winding-engine, with two cylinders 36 inches in dia-
meter and a cylindrical drum 18 feet in diameter, is winding
from two different mines at depths of 450 feet and 1,320 feet
respectively. Both engines are controlled by foot- and steam-
brakes, and the ropes are fitted with Ormerod safety detaching-
hooks.

Boilers. — There are eight boilers, four working at a pressure
of 100 pounds per square inch, and four at 150 pounds per

HULTON COLLIERY. 41

capable of standing 26 per cent, of overload for 2 hours, and
run at 3,000 revolutions per minute. The circulating water for
the condensers, of the ejector-type, is supplied by two motor-
driven centrifugal pumps.

These generators supply power for the whole of the work at
the Nos. 3 and 4 pits, with the exception of winding, and for a
considerable portion of the work at the Chequerbent and Ather-
ton No. 1 pits. The power is conveyed to the latter by means of
an overhead transmission-line, about IJ miles long, the pressure
being raised at the power-house to 3,300 volts. At Chequerbent
pit«, the current is applied, without stepping down, to a ven-
tilating fan, driven by a motor of 150 horsepower and to two
motors of 125 horsepower, driving direct-current generators.

The large switchboard in the power-house controls the supply
of power to the Nos. 3 and 4 pits, and the small one, the high-
voltage transmission-line.

Three transformers, situated on the lower floor, are each of
120 kilowatts capacity.

Electric driving is applied to ventilating, screening, pump-
ing, hauling, coal-cutting, boiler-feeding, forced draught,
sawing, air-compressing, briquette-making, and other purposes.
There is also an extensive lighting installation.

Banking and Screening. — The cages are of the two-decked
type, holding three tubs on each deck. The tubs on leaving the
cage gravitate to a creeper-chain, which conveys them to the
weighing-machine at a higher level.

The tipplers are mechanically driven, and the screening is
done by means of shakers. The empty tubs from the tipplers
gravitate round a curve to a creeper-chain, which raises them to
a higher level, whence they gravitate to the back of the pit.
The picking-belts are made of wire-webbing, and the coal is
lowered into the wagons by means of mechanically-controlled
lowering arms. The small sizes of coal are stored in bunkers,
from which the coal is run into wagons by means of trap-doors,
as required.

Railway-sidings, — The railway-sidings lead under the screens,
and thence to the wagon weighing-machine, and a diversion from
the main-line leads to the briquette-siding and briquette-house.

42 IIULTON COLLIERY.

The sidings are so laid that the railway-wagons gravitate gently
to the various points of call, and pass away again when liberated.
The services of the locomotive are not required from the begin-
ning of this operation until the wagons have been filled, weighed,
and placed in the sidings.

Shafts. — There are two shafts, and coal is at present being
wound from three mouthings : — The Trencherbone mine, at a
depth of 450 feet; the Yard mine, at a depth of 900 feet; and
the Arley mine, at a depth of 1,320 feet.

All the underground roadways have been laid out with a
view to facilitate the quick handling of coal.

The Trencherbone mine is equipped with an electrical haul-
ing-engine of the endless-rope type. The mine is ventilated by
an underground Sirocco fan, 30 inches in diameter, rope-driven
by an electric motor of 30 horsepower, producing about 20,000
cubic feet of air per minute at 1 inch of water-gauge.* There
are two large three-throw pumps driven by an electric motor:
one, near the pit, pumping about 10,000 gallons of water per
hour. A Hurd coal-cutter is working in this mine.

The Yard mine is equipped with an electric hauling-engine
of the endless-rope type. It is ventilated by an underground
Sirocco fan, 45 inches in diameter, rope-driven by an electric
motor of 45 horsepower, and producing about 50,000 cubic feet
of air per minute at IJ inches of water-gauge.

TRANSACTIONS. 48

MIDLAND INSTITUTE OF MINING, CIVIL AND
MECHANICAL ENGINEEES.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,
Held at Low Moor, July 19th, 1906.

Mb. T. W. H. MITCHELL, Retibino-Prssident, in the Chair.

The minutes of the previous General Meeting were read and
confirmed.

Messrs. H. Baddeley and James Gregory were appointed
scrutineers of the balloting-lists for the election of Officers and
Council, and also for representatives of the Institute on the
Council of The Institution of Mining Engineers for 1906-1907.

The following gentlemen and colliery firms, having been
duly nominated, were elected : —

Members—
Mr. Dietrich Benthaus, Mechanical and Consulting Engineer, Telephone

Buildings, Commercial Street, Sheffield.
Mr. Robert Clive, Colliery Manager, Bentley Colliery, Doncaster.
Mr. Thomas Hanson Cockin, Mining Engineer, 120, Harcourt Road, Sheffield.
Mr. Joshua Lister Ingham, Director of Ingham Thomhill Collieries, Blake

Hall, Mirfield, S.O., Yorkshire.
Mr. James Thomas Watson, Inspector of ColUeries, WoUongong, New South

Wales.
Mr. Willie Woodhead, Colliery Manager, Beeston Colliery, Leeds.

Associate Member —
Mr. William Petrie, Mechanical Engineer, Hick le ton Main Colliery,

Thurnscoe, near Rotherham.

Subscribers —
The Carlton Main Colliery Company, Limited, Colliery Proprietors,

Bamtley.
The Mitchell Main Colliery Company, Limited, Colliery Proprietors,

Barnsley.
Messrs. Pope k Pearson, Limited, Colliery Proprietors, Altofts, Normanton.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

The Annual Report of the Council and the Accounts were
read and adopted, as follows : —

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1905-1906.

The Council has pleasure in presenting its Annual Report for
the past year to the members of the Institute.

The number of members who have paid their subscriptiona
for the year is 308. A comparison with the numbers for the
year 1904-1905 is shewn in the following table : —

Life Member

1904-1905.

1905-1906.

Members (Class a)

Associate Members (Class h)

Associates (Class (/)

Students (Class e)

264
10
11
16

272
11

7
17

Totals ..

302

308

At the date of closing the accounts, subscriptions were due
from 13 members.

26 members were elected during the year, namely: 15 mem-
bers, 2 associate members and 9 students. 18 members have
resigned since July 1st, 1905.

The Council regret to have to record the death of four
members during the year, namely : Mr. E. Brown, Mr. E. F. D.
Mosby, Mr. G. Spooner, and Mr. Hargreaves Walters.

Thirteen subscriptions in arrear for the year 1904-1905 have

ANNUAL REPORT OF TIIK COITNCIL. 45

The Council has had the question of increased membership
under its consideration. It strong^ly feels that the usefulness of
tlie Institute might be extended if the number of its members
were larger, and urges members to use their influence to secure
new members. Steps have also been taken to secure the support
of colliery companies, and the Council have pleasure in announc-
ing that five companies have signified their intention of sub-
scribing to the funds of the Institute.

The balance at the bank on July Ist, 1905, was £243 Is. ll^d.,
of which £160 has been invested in Great Northern Railway 4
per cent, guaranteed stock at a cost of £196 28. lOd. The
balance at the bank for the year just passed is £46 7s. 5d. and
the cash in the Treasurer's hands, £2 12s. 9d.

The Annual Dinner was held at Barnsley on November 8th,
1905, at which 110 members and guests were present. After
dinner, the members were entertained at an ** At Home '' at the
invitation of the President (Mr. T. W. H. Mitchell).

Four meetings were held during the year, including a joint
meeting with the Midland Counties Institution of Mining En-
gineers. At these meetings the following papei*s have been
read : —

* ** The Reavel Air-compressor at Work." By Mr. W. Price Abell.

" Supplementary Remarks on Systematic Timbering at Emley Moor Col-
lieries." By Mr. H. Baddeley.

'* Practical Notes on Ropes and Capels." By Mr. E. Barraclough.

** * Black Ends/ their Cause, Cost and Cure." By Mr. T. Beach.

'* The Stanley Double heading Machine." By Mr. Arthur Hall.

"An Account of Sinking and Tubbing at the Methley Junction Colliery,
with a description of a Cast-iron Dam to resist Outbursts of Water."
By Mr. I. Hodges.

"Further Notes on Capels for Winding -ropes." By Mr. T. W. H. Mitchell.

The papers read were of a thoroughly practical character, and
dealt with subjects of great importance and interest. The
number of papers is smaller than last year, when ten papers were
read. This is partly due to the fact that one meeting was given
over to the discussion of papers only, at which, in accordance with
the resolution of the Council of May 23rd, 1905, Mr. W. E.
Garforth introduced a discussion on systematic timbering and
methods of controlling the roof in longwall working. The joint
meeting was largely attended, and papers of considerable interest
were read and discussed.

ACCOUNTS.

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

The question of the delay that exists in the publication of
the reports of Institute meetings has engaged the attention of
the Council during the past year. To avoid postponing the dis-
cussion of papers until they have appeared in the Transactions,
advance-copies of the papers to be read at the meetings have
been sent to every member whenever possible. This has entailed
considerable expense in postage and extra printing ; the expense
in postage would be avoided, if members contributing papers
would send the manuscript to the Secretary at least one month,
before the meeting. With the object of preventing the delay ia
the future the Council has given its hearty support to the Council
of the Midland Counties Institution of Mining Engineers in its
action in bringing this matter before the Council of The Insti-
tution of Mining Engineers.

The Report of the Committee of the North of England Insti-
tute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers on Mechanical Coal-
cutting was published during the year. As 67 applications for
copies were made by members, the Council purchased 100 copies
and distributed the G7 copies at cost price.

The Sections Committee is proceeding with the work of edit-
ing the sections supplied by the members, and the Council is
pleased to report that the Director of the Geological Survey and
Museum has consented to publish the sections of the Notting-
hamshire and Derbyshire coal-fields in the same volume with
the Yorkshire sections. As mentioned in last year's report, the
Council of the Midland Counties Institution of Mining Engineers

TRANSACTIONS.

Chambers aad J. R. R. Wilson were appointed assessors to make
the awards. They reported that two of the essays contributed
by students were worthy of prizes, and recommended that the
associate's prize for which there was no candidate should be
awarded to the student candidate whose essay was placed second
in order of merit. The following prizes were awarded : — First
prize for essay by " Vernier," Mr. Norman W. Routledge ; and
second prize for essay by " Scotsman," Mr. Augustus John
Kennedy. The Council, in thanking the donor for his generous
offer, begs to assure him that by his action he has rendered a
valuable service to the Institute, in encouraging study and
research among its members.

A vote of thanks was passed to the examining committee,
consisting of Mr. W. E. Garforth, Mr. J. R. R. Wilson, and
Mr. W. H. Chambers.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL, 1906-1907.

The Scrutineers reported the result of the ballot, as
follows : —

President :
Mr. J. R. Robinson Wilson.

Mr. I. Hodges.

Mr, J. E. Chambers.
Mr. H. St. J. Durnfobd.
Mr. J. J. Eley.
Mr. Thomas Gill.

Vice-Presidents :
Mr. J. L. Marshall.

OUNCILLORS :

Mr. M. H. Habershon.
Mr. Walter Hargreaves.
Mr. K. RowAND.
Mr. T. Stubbs.

I Mr. W. Walker.

I Mr. E. W. Thirkell.

! Mr. G. R. Thompson.

I Mr. W. Washington.

Mr. A. Woodhead.

REPRESE^^TATIVES OX THE COUNCIL OF THE
INSTITUTION OF MINING ENGINEERS, 1906-1907.

Jdr. W. H. Chambers.
Mr. W. E. Garforth.
Mr. I. Hodges.

Mr. T. W. H. Mitchell.
Mr. H. B. Nash.
Mr. J. Nkvin.

Mr. G. B. Walker.
Mr. J. R. R. Wilson.

Mr. J. R. Robinson Wilson, in returning thanks for his elec-
tion, said that he took it as the greatest honour that the members
-could confer upon him. He could also accept it as an indication

vol. XXZII.-1906.ig07.

TRANSACTIONS.

that one of H.M. inspector of mines, in spite of the trammels of
his office, had the same interests as themselves ; the chief of
them being the progress of scientific mining. He ventured
to hope, and thought it was a laudable ambition, that his term
of office might be a record one ; and he would like to feel at its
close that some progress had been made, that the membership
had increased, and that they had done good work. There was no
question that in that district they had some of the finest types
of collieries, and he need hardly say before that meeting, that
they had also some of the most skilled engineers. If they, as
individuals, would take upon themselves the responsibility of
looking after the welfare of the Institute, they were bound to
succeed and become second to none.

The President (ilr. J. R. Robinson Wilson) moved a vote
of thanks to Mr. T. W. H. Mitchell for his services as president
during the past two years. The name of Mitchell had been
honourably associated with the Institute for a great number of
years. Father and son had always had its interests at heart,
and the very least they could do on that occasion was to place
on record their feeling of hearty thanks.

Mr. W. E. Garforth seconded the resolution, which was
carried.

Mr. T. W. H. Mitchell said that whatever he had done in
connexion with the Institute had been a labour of pleasure. He

THE PNEUMATOGEN. 61

THE PNEUMATOGEN: THE SELF-GENERATING RESCUE-
APPARATUS, COMPARED WITH OTHER TYPES.

Bt r. gremer.

The principle on which modem rescue-apparatus are con-
structed, consists in purifying the exhaled air of the user by-
means of suitable chemicals for absorbing the carbonic acid
and moisture, and by restoring the oonsumed oxygen from
receptacles containing the gas in a compressed state.

For storing the gas, more or less heavy and cumbersome steel
cylinders are required, and in order to obtain satisfactory results,
it has been found necessary to add numerous mechanical appli-
ances, which not only considerably increase the weight, but also
add more or less to the complication of the apparatus, as is seen
in the better known types, such as the Shamrock, Giersberg and
Draeger apparatus.

Ever since the invention of forms of apparatus in which
compressed oxygen is used and especially since they took their
present form, efforts have been made to find a substitute for
compressed oxygen, by using chemical compounds which would
absorb the carbonic acid of the breath and simultaneously
generate oxygen.

As described in the early literature on the subject, and as
also mentioned by Mr. G. A. Meyer in his paper on ** Rescue-
apparatus ''* read before The Institution of Mining Engineers^
last month, Prof. Theodore Schwann, of Liege, many years ago
endeavoured to construct an apparatus in which hydrated
barium peroxide acted as the oxygen-generator and air-filtering
material ; but he failed to obtain any satisfactory results by this^
method, and had to adopt the use of compressed oxygen, according
to the principle introduced by Messrs. Y. Regnault and J. Reiset.f
This apparatus was the forerunner of the various forms of breath-

* '* Rescue-apparatus and the Experiences gained therewith at the Gourrieres-
.Collieries by the German Rescue-party," by Mr. G. A. Meyer, 1906, Traits, hist.
M. E., vol. xxxi., page 675.

t **Kecherches chimiques sur la Respiration des Animaux des diverses
Classes," by Messrs. Victor Regnault and Jules Reiset, Annates de Chimie et de
Physique y third series, 1849, vol. xxvi., page 401 ; and Annaien der Chemie wid
Phannacie, 1850, vol. Ixxiii., page 264.

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

ing apparatus of the present day, in which compressed oxygen is
used, and it led later to the construction of the Fleuss apparatus.
After the explosion at the Karwin collieries ten years ago, the
question of life-saving apparatus was revived by Mr. Walcher
von Uysdal and from that time rescue-apparatus had become
more or less an indispensable part of the equipment of collieries
and other mines. By the exertions of Mr. Uysdal, together with
those of Prof. G. Gartner, of Vienna, and Mr. H. Rossner, the
manager of the Karwin collieries, the pneumatophore* was pre-
sented to the mining world, and in a short time was adopted by
many collieries : subsequently, by an order of the Austrian
Mining Department, all collieries in the Ostrau-Karwin coal-
district were compelled to provide the apparatus. Soon en-
deavours were made to improve the original form of the pneu-
matophore, and by the energetic action of Mr. J. Mayer and
Mr. F. Wanz in Austria, Mr. G. A. Meyer, of Berlin, Mr. B. Draeger,
of Lubeck, and others, various types of apparatus were devised.

The unavoidable disadvantages arising from the use of com-
pressed oxygen, however, revived the idea of supplying this gas
by generating it by chemical means brought about by the respira-
tion of the wearer.

In the apparatus of Messrs. A. Desgrez and V. BaJthazard,t
alkaline peroxides were periodically projected into water by
means of clock-work or an electric accumulator, the solution
produced serving to absorb the carbonic acid. This apparatus

THE PNEUMATOOEN. 58

following eixtract is given from their paper on " Apparatus for
Self -rescue from Irrespirable Oases "* : — " The first considera-
tions that we had in mind were the following: lightness, com-
pactness, simplicity in handling, absolute guarantee of security
in use, durability, and low cost. To avoid the disadvantages of
compressed oxygen we endeavoured to produce the oxygen in
such quantities as are required for breathing by chemical means ;
and at the same time avoid the use of heavy and complicated
valves and pressure-regulators." Like Messrs. Balthazard and
Desgrez, these inventors first used sodium peroxide in the form
of sticks or balls, which were thrown, by mechanical appliances,
into water at certain intervals. The exhaled air was made to
pass over the sodium peroxide, which absorbed the carbonic acid,
by means of mica-valves in a manner similar to tiiat adopted
in the pneumatophore.

One great disadvantage of this method of generating the oxy-
gen was the high temperature produced by the chemical re-
action, in consequence of which the air was returned to the
user at rather a high temperature. Whilst Messrs. Desgrez and
Balthazard met this drawback by using low boiling methyl
chloride to cool the air, the inventors of the pneumatogen
considered this method unsuitable to the conditions laid down by
them. Another disadvantage was that, at the commencement
of breathing, the absorption of the carbonic acid was far from
satisfactory, because the caustic-soda solution was dilute and
less active.

In order to absorb the large amount of moisture and the last
traces of carbonic acid in the regenerated air, the inventors
adopted, instead of the solution, solid sodium peroxide as the ab-
sorbing material and the oxygen-generator simultaneously. Thus
great simplicity was attained, but the result was hardly practical :
because, in the first instance, it was not easy to obtain the
chemicals in a proper size and porous state, and, in the second,
it was necessary to divide the apparatus into two parts, namely,
the absorption and air-regenerating chamber, and the oxygen-
generating chamber.

Later the inventors found that the production of oxygen
was considerably greater, and the construction of the appar-

• **Athmung8apparat zur Selbstrettung aus dem Bereiche irrespirabler
Gase," by Professor Max Bamberger and Dr. Friedrich Bock, Zeitschri/t filr
angetoandte Chemit, 1904, vol. xvii., page 38.

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

atus ravLoh simplified if the sodium peroxide were replaced by
higher peroxides having a similar action with regard to car-
bonic acid and moisture. Of such higher peroxides, potassium-
sodium peroxide (KNaOg), free from dust, in coarse pieces and in
a porous state, was found most suitable. This compound yields
twice as much oxygen as sodium peroxide. A smaller quantity of
this, therefore, will suffice to change the exhaled products into
"breathable air within a certain time.

The reactions which take place may be expressed as follows : —
I. KNaOa + HaO = KHO + NaHO + O^.
II. COa + KHO 4- NaHO = KNaCOg 4- H^O.
III. COa + KXaOa = KNaCOa 4- O^.
From which it is seen that the oxygen set free is not only equal to
the carbonic acid absorbed, but a further quantity is liberated
by the absorption of the water, and the exhaled air becomes
richer in oxygen, a result which, with reference to small leakages
or diffusion-processes, is well worthy of consideration.

A vertical section of the generator of the rescue-apparatus
constructed after this principle is shown in Fig. 1 (Plate II.),
whilst in Figs. 13 to 15, the pneumatogen I. type, and in Figs.
16 to 19, the pneumatogen II. type are reproduced.

The essential part of the apparatus, the generating cartridge,
shown in Fig. 1 (Plate II.), is constructed as follows: — The
potassium-sodium peroxide is placed in a cylindrical metal box,

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

By breaking the lead seals, and at the same time making a
tight connection with the respiratory organs of the user on the
one hand, and the breathing-bag on the other, communication is
established with the contents of the cartridge and thus the
apparatus is ready for use.

In the first type of the pneumatogen, intended and constructed
for self-rescue, as shown in Figs. 13 to 15, the cartridge (as
described) is held by a
frame consisting of two
movable parts: each of
these parts carries per-
forating crowns, which are
so placed that they enter
into the necks of the cart-
ridges and break the lead
seals, whilst tight con-
nections between the upper
and lower parts are estab-
lished by means of india-
rubber washers. The upper
crown is provided with a
hose, S, fitted with mouth-
piece and saliva-catcher ;
and the lower crown with
a bag, H. The frame and
cartridge are covered with
a mantle, I, of non-con-
ducting material. Cart-
ridges containing i pound
of peroxide will permit of
the apparatus being used
in irrespirable atmospheres
for at least 45 minutes

when the user walks quickly or works ; and for 90 minutes or
more, when the user keeps quiet or walks slowly.

The whole apparatus is kept folded together in a tin pro-
tecting case ready for use. The weight of the apparatus is
2 pounds, and that of the tin 1 pound 4 ounces. The apparatus
can be kept inside the tin for many years : an occasional examin-

Fio. 13.— Pneumatogen : I. Type.

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

ation of the indiarubber parts and the lead seals only being
necessary.

To use the apparatus, the two parts of the frame are pushed
vigorously together as shown in Fig. 14, whereby the cartridge
is opened, the two joints made perfectly tight and the con-
nection with the mouthpiece and the bag established. The

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

tained. From this box the air enters the bag, H, which is made
of best Para indiarubber, and the air returns in the same way
when exhalation takes place.

Cleaning and recharging of the apparatus is equally simple.
As shown in Fig. 15, the insulating covering and frame is taken
into two parts, and the exhausted cartridge is changed for a.
newly charged one.

Fig. lo. — Pneumatooen : I. Type.

The excellent results obtained with the first type of this ap-
paratus encouraged the inventors to design the second type. To
enable the wearer to use the apparatus for longer periods w^hen
heavy work had to be carried out, it was found, for various reasons,
that a simple increase of the dimensions of the first type of the
pneumatogen did not give satisfactory results. Dr. Bamberger
and Dr. Bock, therefore, designed the second t^-pe of their pneu-

THE PXEUMATOGEN.

matogen, in which three cartridges of the same dimensions and
contents as in the first iype are placed together side by side in a
protecting case made of aluminium, together with a frame con-
sisting substantially of two transverse tubes connected by a yoke.
Both transverse tubes carry three perforating crowns for the three
cartridges, Fig. 16. To the upper transverse tube are attached
two flexible hoses carrying the mouthpiece, the saliva-catcher,
and the nose-clamp, whilst the lower transverse tube is connected
by an aluminium-tube with the breathing-bag, which is made in
the form of a jacket a« shown in Fig. 16. TThen using the ap-
paratus the lead seals of the cartridges are perforated by turning
the screw, R, whereby all the joints are hermetically closed in the
same way as in the first type. The wearer then puts on the

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

of which the user is warned by the high resistance offered to
breathing, the third box is put into action by pulling outward
the handle G (Fig. 18), whereby a sliding tube inside the upper
transverse tube effects a connection with the third cartridge.

The apparatus containing three cartridges, each filled with i
pound of potassium-sodium peroxide, permits the user to remain
in irrespirable gases for 120 minutes when heavy work is done
by the wearer; 80 minutes are counted for work, and 40 for
the retreat. With less
work, the time of using
increases to 3 or 4
hours.

The same apparatus,
provided with cart-
ridges containing 10^
ounces (330 grammes),
permits a compara-
tively longer breathing
time, whilst the dimen-
sions of the apparatus
are only increased 1
inch in length. The
weight of the complete
apparatus provided
with three cartridges,
each containing ^ pound
of peroxide, amounts to
8^ pounds, which is
distributed over the
breast and back.

It is evident that
when the pneumato-
gen is brought into

Fio. 17.— Pnecmatogen : II. Type.

use the breathing-bags of both types are almost empty. It is
therefore necessary to fill them with a quantity of air equal to
that contained in the lungs before the apparatus is brought
into action. In the first type this is effected by providing a spring
frame inside the bag, so that when the latter is taken out of the
tin, the bag inflates and fills itself with the necessary volume of
air automatically.

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

The first tests made with the pneumatogen showed that at
first the generation of oxygen from the peroxide is rather slow,
as the reaction does not properly commence until a certain
temperature is reached. During the first few minutes, there-
fore, the user must avoid any great exertion, but should breathe
quietly, whilst sitting, standing or slowly walking.

With the second type of working apparatus, naturally the time,
before the reaction of Ihe peroxide becomes prompt and energetic, is

comparatively longer.
To avoid any waiting,
and to enable the user
to quickly begin to
walk or carry out
heavy work, it is ad-
visable to fill the bag
previously with a small
quantity of oxygen (600
to 8CK) cubic inches).
This is most simply
done by the use of the
apparatus shown
Fig. 19, which con-
sists of a large recep-
tacle, Sti, containing
oxypen under high

THE PNEXJMATOGEN.

A number of apparatus can be filled simultaneously by con-
necting tbem at the same time with the oxygen-cylinder.

If compressed oxygen is not available, a specially rapid
oxygen-producer may be used, as shown in Fig. 20, in which
oxygen is generated from potassium-sodium peroxide by the
action of water. The oxygen enters through the tube, F, into
the breathing-bag. The oxygen can also be introduced through
the mouthpiece.

Fig. 19.— Pnbumatookn : II. Typk : charijini; the Breathino-bao.

Although the temperature of the inhaled air in the pneu-
matogen is found by measurements to be fairly high, due to the
heat generated by the chemical action, this does not interfere
with the comfort of the user, owing to the almost completely dry
state of the regenerated air. Consequently, in the pneumatogen
the special cooling appliances found necessary in other forms of
apparatus are dispensed with.

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

In the types of apparatus in which compressed oxygen is used,
it is necessary to regulate the supply of oxygen so that it escapes
in a constant and regular stream during the whole time that the
apparatus is in use, whether the user is carrying out heavy work
or whether he remains quiet. In the pneumatogen, the regula-
tion of the oxygen-supply is automatic, so that the quantity of
oxygen produced is proportional to the wearer's requirements.
An increase in the quantity of oxygen required is always preceded

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

injector-valves, etc., which form an unavoidable supplement to
an apparatus using compressed oxygen. If one considers the
exceedingly great differences in pressure prevailing in the latter
apparatus, it is evident that as the pressure of oxygen, amount-
ing to over 1,700 pounds, has to be reduced to a few pounds by
means of a finely made valve with minute holes, there is risk
of danger even to the skilled and experienced user, and it ia
difficult to imagine how the auxiliary valves provided can
decrease such danger, if by accident the supply of oxygen is
cut off; as for instance, small particles of dust may be carried
over by the oxygen, block the pressure-reducing valve, and
so cut off the oxygen-supply. In
such cases, the user, overcome
by excitement through the in-
creasing want of oxygen, may not
be able to manipulate such aux-
iliary valves. Amongst others,
Messrs. J. Mayer and Kohler,* of
Austria, both mining engineers
of great experience in the de-
velopment of rescue - apparatus
have repeatedly referred to the
danger entailed by the use of such
valves. Ok* the various cases
known to the writer, in which most
serious consequences resulted
from the failure of the valves, he
would only refer to the sad case
at Courrieres, where, during the

rescue-work, a member of the rescue-party using a Uraeger ap-
paratus lost his life. The man was found suft'ocated, with the
helmet detached lying beside him ; and, considering the whole
circumstances of the accident, it seems probable that his death
was caused through some failure of the valves.

Referring to the use of nose-clips, the writer, without dis-
cussing the relative merits of helmets, masks or nose-clips, would
state that the objection raised against nose-clips, that they fall
off when the wearer perspires, has been overcome in the case

* ** Ul)€r Kettungsapparate und deren Verwendung im Ostrau-Karwiner
Rcviere und iiber den Sauerstoffapparat System Wanz," by Mr. Johann Mayer,
O^trrtichiMcht ZeitMchrift fiir Berg- und Hiittenwesen, 1904, vol. lii., pages 361,.
379, 394, 410, 427, 618 and 633.

Fio. 21. — Nose -CLIP.

•64 THE PNEXTMATOGEN.

of the new pneumatogen nose-clip. This nose-clip (Fig. 21) is
so constructed that it can be regulated to any form of nose, and
"by means of sticking plaster inside the clip, can be prevented
from slipping oft*.

In order to give the members an idea of the most important
results that Dr. Bamberger and Dr. Bock have attained by the
^construction of their pneumatogen, the writer will refer to the
construction and development of those forms of modern rescue-
apparatus which have been approved and adopted by the mining
world.

The latest type of rescue-apparatus which Mr. W. E. Garforth
•described before The Institution of Mining Engineers last month
is not included, as the writer has been unable to obtain the neces-
sary information during the short time that he had to prepare
this paper. He has also omitted the Fleuss apparatus as he has
failed to ascertain whether in its present form it has been tested
»or adopted.

Figs. 2 to 10 (Plate II.) represent diagrammatic sketches of
the principal forms of apparatus, all of which are based on the
use of compressed oxygen and of various alkalis for absorbing
<?arbonic acid. The illustrations show how the apparatus, from
ihe plain and simple form of the pneumatophore, become more
and more complex through the endeavour to bring them to a
more perfect working state.

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

fied by connecting the oxygen-supply pipe close to the mouth-
piece, in order to supply fresh air to the user more readily, and
by introducing a tube by which the exhaled air is more effectu-
ally conducted to the absorbing material. The carbonic-acid
absorbing regenerator is considerably enlarged and an arrange-
ment for cooling the exhaled air after regeneration, consisting of
a metal pipe about 15 feet long, and placed round the oxygen-
cylinders, is added.

The latest model of the Shamrock-Giersberg apparatus, the
1906 type, is shown in Fig. 9 (Plate II.), and differs from the
previous type mainly in the addition of a special device for the
absorption of moisture and caustic-soda dust, which was found
necessarj% because in many cases the cooling pipes and injector
became choked by the moisture and dust carried over from
the breathing-bag. This device consists of a pipe filled with
kieselguhr (infusorial earth) and connected longitudinally with
the lower horizontal pipe of the cooling arrangement. Two
oxygen-cylinders of larger dimensions have been adopted. A
device for warning the wearer when the oxygen-supply is run-
ning out has been added.

Regarding the Draeger apparatus, which more or less re-
sembles the Giersberg and Shamrock-Giersberg types, the writer
will only refer to the latest type, as shown in Fig. 10 (Plate II.).
In ih'u typo, a special regenerator, in the shape of cartridges.

THE PNBUMATOGEN. 67

The writer has compared the various types of modem rescue-
apparatus in the accompanying table, in which the figures quoted
are taken from data and results obtained in practice. The results
of the comparisons made in the table are briefly as follows : —
The types of apparatus using compressed oxygen are not
absolutely reliable, being complicated in construction and fitted
with numerous valves and joints, some of which are subject
to high pressure; the pneumatogen, however, is free from
such drawbacks. The oxygen is generated in the pneumatogen,
according to requirements, and the supply is reliable. The
pneumatogen of the second type weighs about one fourth, and of
the first type about one-eighteenth of the other forms of ap-
paratus. The warning device is simple and effective. The price
of the pneumatogen of the first type is considerably less than
half that of the second type, and only one-ninth of that of the
Shamrock apparatus. The cost of using the pneumatogen is
slightly higher than that of other forms. This, however, will be
reduced so soon as the potassium-sodium peroxide is manufac-
tured on a large scale, and this can be looked for at an early
date. It should also be taken into consideration that with the
Giersberg, Shamrock and Draeger apparatus, considerable wear-
and-tear, entailing costly repairs, are unavoidable, as the valves
and sensitive metal parts are much affected by oxidation, caustic
potash and oxygen.

Xono of the parts of the pneumatogen are subjected to
high pressure, and the length of connecting piping is reduced
to 6 inches. The whole distance travelled by the generated
oxygen and the exhaled air in process of regeneration, is only
18 to 20 inches.

It has been stated that the use of alkaline peroxides in the
pneumatogen might give rise to the ignition of combustible
materials, but such a danger is avoided by keeping the peroxide
in hermetically sealed cases, when stored ready for use in the
apparatus. It may be pointed out on the other hand that the
danger attending the handling of oxygen, compressed under
the enormous pressure of more than 1,700 pounds per square
inch, has often been referred to by various writers.*

• *« Vorrichtungen zum Nachfiillen der Sauerstoff-Flaschen bei den Ret-
tungsapparaten/' by Mr. Johann Mayer, Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fur Benj- tmd
HutUniceseH, 1899, vol. xlvU., pages 409 and 427.

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

Table I. — Summary of thb Dbtaii;s of Construction of the various Types

Station of the Westphalian Mine-

Tf p(» of ApvBJutiu.

Dnegek Helmut.

Oii»nberg B«tiiiet.

TimQ during which

2 hours, Inchidmg

ApparatnB in present

form unsuitable for

the apparatus can
be \i9eih

heavy working.

long work in irrta-

pirabk gaaeg. •

Reliftbility,

Not relifthle, owing to
roducitig Viblvea,

Not reliable, owing to
reducing valves.

Yalvefl.

1 reducing, 1 injector,
2 dijieharg©, 2 oxy-
gen admioafon and
shut-oJf valves, 2
mica - valve* in
breathing t uben and
1 manoni^ter.

1 reduoing, 1 mjector,
2 discharge, 2 oxy-
gen adQuasioti and
ahut-off valves and
manometer.

Chtygen-cylinderB.

2 cylinders.

2 cylindert.

Cocjling of eicb&l«4l aJr,

Snrfaca.cooler.

Tttbe-oooler,

EegulatloD of oxyg«a-

Constant flupply ; for

Conatant Bupply; for

fiupply.

reg 11 Inline, reduc-
ing, and diacharge,
valve u«ed.

regulating, reducing

and diaeharge, valve

iis«a.

Device for warning.

Automatic! acouatio

User has to work to his

THE PNEUMATOGEN.

OF ReSCPE- APPARATUS TESTED AT THE RESCUE- APPARATUS TesTIN« AND TRAINING

owners' Association at Bochum.

No.

.Shamrock-Giereberg.

Pneumatogen II.

1 ' 2 hours, including

heavy working
under the same
conditions as the
Draeger.

2 Not reliable, owing to

reducing valves.

1 reducing, 1 injector,
2 discharge, I aux-
iliary, 2 oxygen
admission and shut-
off valves and 1
manometer.

2 hours, including
heavy working un-
der the same con-
ditions as the two
previous apparatus.

Absolutely reliable,
because the work-
ing does not depend
on mechanical ap-

Sliances. Smallest
iameter of inlets
and outlets, | inch.

No valves.

Pneumatogen I.

80 minutes, includino
almost constant work
(fixing pipes, etc.)

2 cylinders.

Tube-cooler with
moisture and caustic
soda-dust absorber.

Constant supply; for
regulatinff, reduc-
ing and discharge,
valve used.

Same as the Draeger.

8 Injector and tube.

9 35^ lbs.

10 (>n the back, the

whole oxvffen-ap-
paratus with num-
erous valve-joints,
and one large
breathing • bag in
front.

11 £19 17s. Gd.

12 OS. Od.

No cylinders.

No cooler required.

Same as
gen II.

No valves.

pneiunato-

No cylinders.

No cooler required.

Oxygen generated au- ; Same as pneumato-

tomatically,accord- gen II.
ing to consumption.
No valves required.

One cartridge re- (For self -rescue pur-
served for retreat. ; poses.)

No air - circulation
device required.

8^ lbs.

On the back , perfectly
smooth as a jacket.
Regenerator in
fr. nt, to hand and
in sight. Weight
divided equally be-
tween the chest and
the back.

£7 10s. Od.

6s. lOd.*

No air-circulation device
required.

2 lbs.

The whole apparatus
with the breathing-
bag is carried on the
chest.

£2 5s. Od.
3s. 4d.

* Cartridges for retreat are not required for training purposes.

THE PNBTJMATOGEN.

The writer would especially mention that the pneiimatogen
has long since passed out of the experimental stage, and has
been adopted extensively in the mines of Austria and other
countries. It was used at the Courrieres mines, although,
unfortunately, this was only possible after the German rescue-
party had left.

The practical value of the first type of the pneumatogen,
which is essentially for self-rescue, has yet to be proved. It
affords, however, a most valuable apparatus, enabling men to
pass through noxious gases in mines as well as in other industrial
establishments ; whilst, owing to its exceedingly small weight (2
pounds), it may be carried by rescue-parties, using the larger
working-apparatus, and also used by the rescued persons to pass
through those parts and roadways of the mine that are filled with
irrespirable gases.

In (conclusion, the writer would draw the attention of the
members to the recent valuable and interesting report by Prof.
H. Grahn, who is in charge of the rescue-training and testing
station of the Westphalian Mine-owners' Association, of the
Mining School at Bochum, on " Tests with Rescue-apparatus and
its Improvements.^'* Prof. Grahn summarizes the results of the
tests as follows : —

Regarding the forms of oxygen-apparatus, the two types of the Draeger appar-
atus, and the altered form of apparatus of the Oxygen Works at Berlin (Shamrock
type) fitted with reducing valves and easily accessible purifying tubes, have proved
quite practicable. The Giersberg helmet-apparatus, in its present form, is unsuit-

DISCUSSION — ^THE PNEUMATOGEN. 71

summer at the Bochum Mining School, and that the collieries in
Westphalia, almost without exception, have agreed to take part
in them.

The great interest that is being taken in this country in
rescue-installations is due in no small degree to the members
of this Institute, amongst whom the writer would mention Mr.
W. E. Garforth, Mr. W. Blake Walker and Mr. M. H. Haber-
shon ; and he hopes that by calling attention to the pneumatogen
to have been of some service in the noble work of rescue.

Mr. T. W. H. Mitchell said that the pneumatogen was light,
but he was not sure that it was lighter than the apparatus which
Mr. Garforth shewed them in London. He felt, however, that
it had some small advantage over the other apparatus inasmuch
as it had the third cylinder, and a man always knew that, when
the two others were done, it was time that he stopped work and
returned to fresh air again. He moved a vote of thanks to
Mr. Gremer for his paper.

Mr. W. Walkee (H.M. Inspector of Mines), in seconding
the resolution, said that such papers helped the object that they
had in view of discovering the best ^apparatus for rescue-work.
He had had the opportunity of seeing both types of pneumatogen
in use at thie rescue-station at Tankersley. A man wore the self-
rescue type, for 26 minutes, doing light work, such as building a
stopping with bricks, and at the end of that time came out of the
gallery because the apparatus had become so hot that he thought
something was wrong with it. On examination, it was found
that the paper round the tin containing the potassium-sodium
peroxide was singed and that there was a smell of burning from
the apparatus itself. The second type was worn by a man for 42
minutes doing work which required some energy, such as putting
up a brattice and sawing hard wood, and he was asked to come
out because they could not wait any longer. The apparatus was
hot, and the wearer complained of a dry and hot feeling in his
throat. Mr. J. McMahon had had it on, and he felt the same
thing. The nose-clip, which Mr. Cremer advised, was very efii-
cacious, it could only be got off at the expense of the skin on the
man's nose. The great value of this apparatus was its lightness.

DISCUSSION — ^THE PNEXJMATOGEN.

If it could be made absolutely reliable, and the defects as to heat
remedied, it would be a very useful apparatus.

Mr. J. McMahon said that he had woru the pneumatogen, and
had had a good deal of experience with the Giersberg apparatus,
and the only defect that he could detect in the former apparatus
was the excessive heating. Breathing was simple and easy, and
he could do laborious work when using it. If the heat-defect
were remedied, the apparatus would be a very practicable one.
There was no feeling of fatigue in wearing it, as the weight was
only 8 pounds ; and this was a great advantage when compared
with the weight of the other apparatus, 32 to 37 pounds.

Mr. M. H. Habershon asked Mr. Cremer whether any infor-
mation had been obtained as to the purity of the oxygen
generated by the chemical reaction that he had described.

. Prof. G. R. Thompson said that he had estimated the cost of
oxygen prepared by Mr. Cremer's process; and it was Is. 6d.
per cubic foot, as compared with 3d. per cubic foot, the price
of the oxygen ordinarily supplied, but the system provided at the
same time the absorbent for the carbon dioxide generated in
breathing. He agreed that the expense of generating this
oxygen was chiefly due to the small demand for potassium-
sodium peroxide and that would seem to be the case, for sodium
peroxide, a somewhat similar compound used extensively in
dyeing, was only a third or a quarter of the cost. If the cost

LOW MOOR IKON-WOEKS. 7S

months they would have, from one source or another, a better
form of apparatus than those they had been using.

The resolution was carried.

ifr. Ceemer said that oxygen produced from these chemicals
was absolutely pure, whilst the compressed oxygen supplied by
various manufacturers was not always absolutely pure. There
was no doubt that the temperature, raised by the oxygen genera-
tion, was higher than in other apparatus ; but, at the same time,
the air was considerably drier, and, therefore, the heat should
not be felt so much as in other apparatus, with which it was
always necessary to use a special cooling arrangement. The
temperature was easily reduced by adopting an arrangement
which would cause the air to circulate through an additional pipe
attached to the breathing-bag. By introducing two mica-valves,
the air could be forced to circulate in the pipe, and this would
decrease the temperature enormously. One of the great claims,
however, for the pneumatogen was its simplicity, and as soon as
the mica-valves were adopted, that simplicity would, to a certain
extent, be destroyed. The advantage gained by the lower
temperature was not, in the opinion of the inventors, worth the
addition of two mica-valves ; and in his (Mr. Cremer's) opinion
the wearer would, with experience, get accustomed to the slightly
higher temperature. Table I. showed the exact costs of using
the various apparatus. Prof. Thompson had not considered the
cost of the alkalis used in the other apparatus.

The discussion was adjourned.

LOW MOOR lEON-WORKS.

Low Moor iron is made from ironstone, worked in conjunction
with the Black Bed coal-seam, which lies just below it ; and the
coke used for smelting the ironstone is made from the Better
Bed coal-seam, which is found 120 feet below the Black Bed
seam.

The blast-'fumace plant consists of two furnaces of the follow-
ing dimensions : — (1) Height, 70 feet ; bosh, 18 feet ; hearth, 8
feet; and throat, 15 feet. (2) Height, 70 feet; bosh, 14 feet;

74 LOW MOOB IBON-WORKS.

hearth, 7 feet ; and throat, Hi feet. These furnaces are capable
of producing about 600 tons of cold-blast pig-iron per week. The
vertical direct acting blowing-engine has a steam-cylinder, 40
inches in diameter ; an air-cylinder, 84 inches in diameter, and
a stroke of 5 feet; the steam-pressure is 80 pounds per square
inch ; and the pressure of the blast, up to 6 pounds per square
inch. This engine has been duplicated to meet emergencies.

Electrical Installation. — This installation comprizes one com-
bined unit consisting of a cross-compound horizontal condensing
engine, with double-beat drop-valves for the high-pressure
cylinder and Corliss valves on the low-pressure cylinder. When
running at 96 revolutions per minute with a boiler-pressure of
160 pounds per square inch, it will develop 550 indicated horse-
power. The engine is coupled to a three-phase alternator of 350
kilowatts normal capacity. The power is transmitted to a dis-
tance of i mile at a pressure of 1,000 to 1,050 volts. The current
drives thirty motors ranging from 3^ to 50 brake-horsepower, and
a total of 479 brake-horsepower.

The motors, with the exception of one of 3J brake-horse-
power and the crane-motors, are placed direct on the 1,000 volts
system. A suitable static transformer-plant gives a 250 volts
system for the above exception and also for lighting.

The lighting installation consists of approximately 550 incan-
descent lights and 80 arc lights.

LOW MOOB IBON-WORKS. 76

tuyeres and are capable of being worked with a charge of 30
cwts. of pig-iron. In the puddling furnaces, a weight of about
3 cwts. of refined iron is charged per heat.

The steam-hammers, which have replaced the old tilt-
hammers 8tnd helves, consist of 3 tons, 4 tons, 7 tons and 8 tons
hammers. The plate rolling-mills consist of (1) a 24 inches
plate-mill with 7^ feet rolls, driven by two 60 horsepower low-
pressure beam condensing engines having two cylinders 41 inches
in diameter and 7 feet stroke, attached to the mill and fitted with
reversing gear; and (2) a large plate-mill driven by a horizontal
high-pressure reversing engine with two cylinders, 50 inches in
diameter and 6 feet stroke, working at 50 revolutions per minute,
under a steam-pressure of 60 pounds per square inch. The plate
rolls are 32 inches in diameter and 11 feet long.

The testing-house contains a 50 tons single-lever testing-
machine, fitted with a hydraulic straining cylinder, 10| inches
in diameter and 6 inches stroke, working at a pressure of 1,500
pounds per square inch.

The following paper was read and discussed at the General
Meeting held in Sheffield on April 10th, 1906: —

7G SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY.

AX ACCOUNT OF SINKING AND TUBBING AT
METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY, WITH A
DESCRIPTION OF A CAST-IRON DAM TO RESIST
AN OUTBURST OF WATER.

By ISAAC HODGES.

I. Sinking and Tubbing.

The Methley Junction colliery is situate near the river Calder,
about 8 miles south-east of Leeda. About the yeax 1850, a down-
cast shaft, 11 feet in diameter and an upcast shaft, 10 feet 8 inches
in diameter, was sunk to the Hai^h Moor seam. Great diffi-
culties were encountered in the sinking, owing to bad ground
and large quantities of water, due to the fact that the shafts
passed through the Methley fault, having a veiy wide fracture.
This fault crossed the river Calder, some 1,800 feet away, and
conveyed a feeder from the river to the pits (Fig. 1, Plate III.).
Five lifts, 12 inches in diameter and of 3^ feet stroke, were used
during the sinkings, dealing with a feeder of upwards of 100,000
gallons per hour, which was considered a large quantity of water
for those days. Each shaft was tubbed from 60 feet to a little over

SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY. 77

and dumb-drifts, stables and roadways, with the result that the
crush on the weakened pillar caused difficulties with the tubbing
in the upcast shaft (Fig. 4, Plate III.).

An attempt was made to strengthen the shaft-pillar by
building strong stone packs of dressed-stone blocks at great
expense, but this was not very successful. The ventilation being
produced by a furnace, the leaky tubbing of the upcast shaft was
much deteriorated by sulphur-fumes in conjunction with the
water, the sheathing and plugs being also partly burned out:
so much so, that about 1872 it was decided that the tubbing in
the upcast shaft had become unsafe. That shaft was then
re-lined with tubbing, the new crib being attached to the bottom-
crib of the old tubbing by projections into the pigeon-holes of
the old crib (Figs. 5 and 6, Plate IV.). This reduced the
diameter of the pit from 10 feet 8 inches to 9 feet 6 inches, and 10
feet lengths of bell-mouthed extensions were built at the top and
bottom of the lining to get back to the original diameter. The
re-lining was done by damping-down the furnace at week-ends,
the old tubbing being scraped, re-wedged and re-plugged, and the
new tubbing built. The heat and fumes, however, largely
destroyed the sheathing of the new tubbing before the next week-
end came round to build another length; and, when the new
tubbing was completed and the furnace finally put out, the eon-
traction, together with the defective sheathing and plugs, caused
considerable quantities of water to escape. The foundation crib-
bed of this re-lining was also not a good one, and some water
escaped therefrom ; and, gradually increasing in quantity, it be-
came a serious matter about 1897, when the author of this paper
oame to the colliery.

The decision having been taken to work the Silkstone and
Beeston coal-seams in that district from Whitwood, by rise drifts
through the Methley fault, it was resolved to sink one of the
Methley Junction pits to those seams for ventilation and power
purposes, and for winding men. Before coming to a decision as to
which pit should be sunk, the writer made a careful examination
of the tubbing of each shaft. He found that the tubbing of the
upcast shaft was sound, but the foundation-crib was leaky, with
a gradually increasing quantity of water then reaching about
0,000 gallons per hour; the tubbing in the downcast shaft was

SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION OOLLIEKT.

quite dry, the foundation-crib was tight, and a few test-holes
made in that tubbing shewed strengths and pressures as recorded
in Table I.

Table I.— Thicknesses of Tubbing and Pressures of Water
IN the Downcast Shaft.

Depths from Top of

Thlckneflses of

Actual Pressures
of Water

Oalculated Pressures
of Water

Tubbing.

per Square Inch.

Feet. Inches.

Inches.

Pounds.

Upper Section —

29 6

60 5

91 5

122 5

Lower Section —

152 5

183 5

32i

214 5

The test-holes were made by a fine ratchet-drill boring a
hole, jj^ inch in diameter, and carrying a graduated scale, which
could be read off the instant that water was reached. The tests
were considered fairly satisfactory, and it was resolved to sink the
downcast shaft to the lower seams. Some months afterwards,
the writer, pondering over the differences of the test-thicknesses
of the tubbing, decided to try every segment of a few of the
rings at the base of the upper section, in order to see how far they

srxKnrG and tubbing at methlet junction colliery. 79

uasafe, and particularly so as the metal wa« very much
deteriorated in quality. From the section of the shaft, it will be
seen that the first ring, J, above the crib of the upper section of
tubbing was inside-flanged ; and this was found to be backed with
cement, forming a barrier between the two sections of water,
which explains the different series of pressures (Fig. 2,
Plate III.). The second ring was outside-flanged, and
carried a pipe, I, 6 inches in diameter, having a blank flange,
12 inches in diameter, secured by four studs, | inch in diameter,
which had been used to let out the water behind the tubbing,
so as to ease the pressure during the tubbing-operations and
to aid in fixing the segments. This flanged pipe caused con-
siderable anxiety, as the studs had been badly eaten away by
water trickling down the shaft, in the earlier days : the threads
had quite disappeared, and the nuts were much reduced in size
and strength.

An attempt was now made to ascertain the quantity of water
that had to b© dealt with. The water in the lower section of the
tubbing was quickly run off, and was found to be only a pocket of
water, with a very small feeder. In the upper section, the tubbing
segments were unplugged, until the water-level was reached, and
this level was found to be about that of the river Calder: the
water rising and falling approximately with that in the river.
To ascertain the quantity of water passing from the river, a house
was made in the side of the shaft, at the top of the tubbing, in
which a Tangye pump was fixed, pumping from a semicircular
cistern, slung in the shaft between the back of the conductors and
the tubbing (Fig. 29, Plate VI.). This cistern was fed by
twenty-five indiarubber pipes passing round the shaft, out of
reach of the winding cages, and coupled to the plug-holes in the
segments of tubbing. Continuous pumping of about 10,000
gallons per hour for eight weeks had little effect on the water-
level: the pumping only reducing the pressure by about 3
pounds per square inch. These experiments proving that the
volume of water was a large one, it was decided not to attempt
further to pump the feeder, but to line the shaft with stronger
tubbing.

Before deciding upon the internal diameter of this re-lining,
careful measurements were taken of each ring of the old tubbing

80 SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY.

from a centre-line, and pai-ticularly of the position of the flanged
pipe ; and, from the plotting-plan of these rings, a new centre-
line was determined. Allowing for tubbing with flanges 31
inches wide and lips i inch wide, it was found that an internal
diameter of 9 feet 11 inches could be obtained. To reach this
reduced diameter, the writer decided to adopt three tapered
foundation-cribs, the bottom one, 24 inches wide, tapering from
10 feet 11 inches to 10 feet 7 inches ; the second one, 20 inches
wide, tapering from 10 feet 7 inches to 10 feet 3 inches ; and the
third one, 20 inches wide, tapering from 10 feet 3 inches to
9 feet 11 inches ; with a special base ring, 20 inches wide on the
bottom flange, diminishing to 3J inches on the top flange to carry
the tubbing (Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, Plate IV.). The cribs
were made of metal 1^ inches thick, and were each 5 inches deep,
the base ring of metal 1^ inches thick and 2 feet 6 inches deep,
and the tubbing was 2 feet 6 inches deep and 11 inches thick,
reducing by steps of ^ inch to | inch. The number of segments
used were as follow: 128, 1| inches thick; 128, 1^ inches thick;
128, li inches thick; 128, 1 inch thick; 128, i inch thick; and
176, I inch thick (Fig. 2, Plate III.). The cribs, base ring
and tubbing plates had eight segments to a ring, and all of them
were coated with Ur. Angus Smith's composition. The tubbing
l)late8 were strongly bracketted, and had three bolt-holes in each
flange, so as to be bolted together at the surface and sent down
the pit in rings. Each segment had the thickness cast on the

SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY. 81

not find a good foundation until a depth of 318 feet, necessitating
the laying of the new crib-bed within 120 feet of the coal-seam.
A sound bed was made there by running in granite-concrete,
composed of three parts of 1 inch granite-chippings to one of
cement, floated to a level surface, and allowed to stand for
12 hours. The foundation-crib was placed in position, dowelled
and securely wedged, and the two tapered cribe and the special
base ring were placed thereon. The cribs and ring were further
strengthened by eight oak struts, 12 inches square, tightly
wedged to strong ledges on the shaft-sides, and the whole was
run in solid with rough granite-concrete (5 to 1); a block of
about 50 tons being thus made.

The tubbing segments were then built in position, the
annular space between the old and the new tubbing being filled
with concrete so long as there was space. On reaching the
middle crib of the old tubbing, and opposite to the inside flanged
ring, J, that had been found to be backed with concrete, the new
tubbing was tightly wedged and made solid to form a bed ; and
a 10 feet length of concrete was formed to act as a diaphragm
between the two sections of water, so as to keep the full pressure
of water from the lower length of tubbing, whenever the upper
section of the old tubbing should burst (Fig. 2, Plate III.).

Up to this point, the tubbing had been sent down the pit
in segments, owing to the risk of conveying complete rings past
the dangerous flanged pipe; but, from that point upwards, the
segments were built into rings at the surface and sent down by
a special tool. A double drawbridge was arranged at the surface,
one drawbridge being placed on each side of the pit (Figs. 12 and
13, Plate IT.). The upper bridge had a turntable built in the
centre : the segments being carried by blocks running on overhead
girders to the turntable, the sheathing was attached, the turntable
was revolved, and the segments were bolted together until a com-
plete ring was formed. The rings weighed 3^ to 2^ tons each. The
lower bridge on the opposite side of the shaft carried two projecting
girders to span the shaft, the girders sliding into cast-iron rests
to hold them secure. This bridge was weighted to counter-
balance the weight of the overhanging girders, and was pulled
into i>osition by a barrel-winch, fixed on the bridge, hauling on
a stationary chain anchored at both ends. The lower bridge was

VOL. XXXI 1.-1906.1907. ^

82 SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIEKY.

hauled with the girders over the shaft, the upper bridge was thea
run on so as to be in position for the crab-rope to take up the
ring, and when this was lifted the upper bridge was drawn away
on one side of the pit and the lower bridge, with the girders
attached, on the other side, leaving the shaft clear. The tool for
lowering the tubbing was a cross, hung on chains, made of two
bands of wrought iron, 3J inches wide and f inch thick, riveted
together and having four sliding projections, 1 inch in diameter, to
fit into the plug-holes of the tubbing (Figs. 14, 15, 1(5 and 17,
Plates IV. and T.). These projections could slide about 5 inches,
and, whilst carrying the rings, were held secui-ely in position by
cotter-bolts. On the projections being withdrawn, they swivelled
on a carrying bolt and hung vertically, whilst re-ascending the
shaft. For safety, the workmen were withdrawn from the shaft for
each ring, the crab-rope lowered the ring of tubbing, which guided
itself down the shaft, and the workmen followed on the winding-
rope in a kibble and guided the ring into position. On the workmen
reaching the scaftold, the crab-rope was slackened, the cotter-bolts
in the special tool were taken out, the projections slid back, and the
tool was sent back to the surface on the crab-rope. The work-
men then sent the empty kibble to the surface, and, on receiving
the empty winding-rope, attached it to the scaffold and lifted it
the height of a ring, secured the scaffold by pushing the bolts
into the plug-holes of the tubbing, then disconnected the wind-
ing-rope, sent it to the surface for the kibble again, and, after

SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY. 8S

On the top of the tubbing, a walling crib was fixed, and new
walling, 10 feet in diameter, was built to the surface: the old
pump-house being filled with earth.

The wedging of the tubbing was then commenced from the
bottom, and was carried lightly throughout the whole length: to
be more tightly wedged afterwards, as occasion required.

The decreased diameter of the shaft prevented the winding
cages from being used again ; and, in place of single-decked cages,
carrying tubs side by side, two-decked cages having a single tub on
each deck were designed, each cage running on three wire-rope
conductors (Figs. 18 and 19, Plate V.).* As conductor-weights,
hanging in the sump, would have been a possible danger to the
sinkers below, it was decided to anchor the conductors to the
safety-scaffold, described hereafter, and weight the conductors in
the head-gear. To this end, levers carrying quadrants, to which
the conductors were attached, were provided, and the levers were
weighted sufficiently to take up the slack rope (Figs. 20, 21, 22, 23,
24 and 25, Plate V.). Very little time was required to take a fresh
purchase, whenever the levers had descended so much as to give
too little margin for expansion during warmer days. The steam
and rising-main pipes were re-changed from the upcast to the
downcast shaft, and an additional exhaust-steam main was put in
to keep the free steam out of the upcast shaft.

Whilst designs were being prepared, the tubbing manu-
factured, and arrangements made for putting it into
position, the sinking of the shaft was commenced. The sump
was widened from 10 feet to 11 feet in diameter, by means of a
kibble slung under the winding cages, the brickwork being built
in cement to hold back the water from the old culverts. A
staple-pit was sunk, 81 feet distant from the shaft, for a depth
of 48 feet until favourable strata were reached; and then an
under-level drift, on a slightly rising gradient and made
sufficiently wide for empty and full roads, was driven to meet
the shaft, which by that time had been deepened to that depth

• The references to Figs. 18 and 19 are as follows : A, rising main, 6 inches
in diamete)* ; B, rising main, 6 inches in diameter ; C, steam-pipe, 6 inches in
diameter ; D, rising main, 7 inches in diameter ; E, exhaust-steam main, 5 inches
in diameter ; F, gas-pipe, 2 inches in diameter ; G, single-decked cage ; H, two-
decked cage ; a, wood conductors ; and 6, wire-rope conductors.

84 SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY.

(Fig. 4, Plate III.). The staple-pit was fitted with a steam-
winch and cage to fit the ordinary pit-tub. In the main shaft,
in addition to the balks carrying the keps and the sump-balks
carrying the cages, a safety-8ca£Eold made of close fitting memel,
12 inches square, was built, and covered with a thickness of 3
feet of clay, E (Figs. 26, 27 and 28, Plate VI.).

As the sinking-rope could not run in the centre of the shaft,
owing to the winding-cages running in wood conductors having
only 2 or 3 inches of margin at the meeting, the sinking rope was
run down the side of the shaft and brought into the centre again
below the safety-scaffold (Figs 26 and 27, Plate VI.). The angle
of deflection of the rope was 130 degrees, running on pulleys, 2
feet in diameter, having flanges sufficiently wide to pass the
winding-rope capel, set at centres about 5 feet apart ; and, below
tlie bottom pulley, a frame was fixed, and a detaching hook-plate
was provided. The sinking-rope was boxed down the side of the
shaft and through the safety-scaffold, and the boxes were made
large enough to allow of the rope-capel passing through in case
oi overwinding and detaching. Although, with a geared sinking-
engine, overwinding appeared very improbable, this actually
occurred during the sinking : the winding-engineman, forgetting
himself, over-wound at full speed, the kibble was detached, and
the rope and capel passed through the boxes. The rope was
lowered, replaced on the pulleys, and the capel re-connected to
the kibble with a stoppage of only 2 hours.

The sinking was contipued hi tlip usual way, the kihl

SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIEBT. 85

seam, driving a fan, 2^ feet in diameter, running at about 1,400
revolutions per minute, and forcing the air down ventilation-
boxes, 14 inches square, passing through the safety-scafEold (Figs.
27 and 28, Plate VI.).

When the sinking had reached a depth of about 480 feet, and
was within about 60 feet of the Silkstone seam, the working was
discontinued, owing to the danger that, should an outburst occur
in the defective tubbing and the shaft be connected with the
Silkstone seam, the whole of the Whitwood pits would be flooded
(Fig. 29, Plate VI.). When the re-lining had been completed,
and the shaft thus made secure, sinking was again commenced ;
and, on the Silkstone seam being reached, a connection was made
to the rise drift, which had meantime been driven through the
Methley fault.

To provide ventilation for the opening-out of the Silkstone
seam it was necessary that the new shaft should be an upcast;
and, to allow of this, the under-drift below the Haigh Moor seam
was continued beyond the shaft to a point beneath the main
return-airway of that seam (Fig. 4, Plate III.). Another
staple pit was then sunk to connect the under-drift with this
return-airway, by which the ventilation proceeded, and forward
through the dumb-drift to the upcast shaft. Doors were placed
in that portion of the under-drift which connected with the wind-
ing staple, and the safety-scaffold formed a seal between the
downcast portion of the shaft from the surface and the upcast
portion from the Silkstone seam. The further depth of sinking of
about 240 feet to the Beeston seam was banked at the level of the
Silkstone seam, and the greater poi'tion of the sinking dirt was
stowed in the opening-out workings of that seam, the remainder
passing down the drift and out to the surface at the ^^Tiitwood
Silkstone pit.

II. — Cast-iron Dam in the Upcast Shaft.

Tests made of the tubbing in the upcast shaft proved that
the segments were safe. In ninety-two rings of eight segments
each, 736 tests were made, giving a minimum thickness of 1
inch with a maximum thickness of 1| inches. A scheme was
then considered for underpinning the leaky foundation-crib, with
a view to stopping the flow of water, which had now increased

86 SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY.

to about 10,000 gallons per hour. Whilst those concerned were
thinking of this, a sudden outburst of four or five times the volume
of water occurred, bringing a large quantity of dirt, which filled
the sump at the bottom of the upcast shaft, clogged the pump
suction-pipes at the level of the Haigh Moor seam, and, running
down the other shaft, flooded the Beeston seam. Inspection shewed
that the rock, H, immediately underlying the foundation-crib, and
for about one-third of the circumference of the shaft, had been
pushed into the pit for about 18 inches, reducing the diameter
of the shaft from 10 feet 8 inches to 9 feet (Fig. 3, Plate III.).
This released some of the segments of the foundation-crib, and
the tubbing shewed signs of giving way. Temporary steel
skeleton-cribs were at once got into position so as to prevent the
side of the shaft from being completely pushed in and thus set the
tubbing free to fall ; and seven stout oak cribs, of varying
diametei^s to suit the reduced sizes of the pit, were afterwards
placed in position, and tight wedges were driven between the crib
and the shaft-sides to make it quite secure. The rushes of water
came intermittently, the dirt dammed the water-course tem-
porarily, until the head increased sufficiently to bring dirt and
water together in large volumes. A third pump was rapidly
installed, coupled to the existing steam-pipe, and fitted with a
new suction-pipe to a temporary sump, and with a new rising-
main, 7 inches in diameter and 450 feet long, to the surface :
this work being completed within 3(i hours. During the same
period, tlit* !j tuition -pipes of the other twn pumpa were discoimocted

SINKJNG AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY. 87

of note that the 20,000 gallons of water per hour was pumped
from this cistern, having only a capacity of 1,500 gallons, for
twelve months without any overflowing.

The quantity of water, with an ever-present fear of further
increase should the channel from the river become enlarged,
coupled with the very bad state of the shaft, which prevented
an attempt to tub off a further section, decided the company to
close the shaft with a permanent dam. In designing the dam,
two ideas presented themselves, a cast-iron dam in the shape of a
dome with a horizontal base, or a wood dam built of vertical
logs tapered to form a circular wedge. The wood dam, with,
say, a thickness of 8 or 10 feet, gave a largely increased surface
with which to make a water-tight joint, but it had the disad-
vantage of being perishable and somewhat difficult to build.
The difficulty of using this kind of dam was further increased,
as the writer knew that the sides of the shaft must be weak and
tender: consequently it would be difficult to form an accurate
taper in the broken horizontal strata, and it was impossible to say
beforehand what area of ground must be extracted before solid
ground would be reached. It was also of considerable importance
that no further time than was absolutely necessary should be
taken up in doing the work, not only on account of the risk of
the mining operations increasing the outburst and flooding the
collieries, but also on account of the safety of the workmen neces-
sarily engaged in a dangerous kind of work. On the other
hand, a cast-iron dam was rigid and unyielding, and a slight
subsidence of one side, more than the other, might cause the
horizontal base to become leaky.

After weighing the respective merits, the writer decided
that a cast-iron dome with a horizontal base gave the best chance
of success ; but he designed the crib with an. inclined taper of 40
degrees from the horizontal, so as to allow of some latitude in
casting, as also in the fixing, and to keep the dam watertight,
even should considerable subsidence occur, as the inclined sur-
faces might slide on each other. The shaft was 10 feet 8 inches
in diameter, but the crib was made 12 feet in internal diameter,
and 36 inches wide on the base, giving an external diameter of 18
feet (Figs. 30. 31. 32. 33 and 34, Plate YI.). On the internal

88 SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIEEY.

diameter of the crib was cast a lip, 6 inches wide and 1 inch thick,,
upon which wooden centres were built so as to hold up the dam
during erection. The crib was made in ten segments, 2 inches
thick, each segment containing two internal ribs, 2 inches thick,
with a core-hole, 8 inches by 4 inches, in each division. The dome
was formed of ten segments, owing to the reduced diameter of the
shaft at the point of the outburst, each 2 inches thick with ribs 2
inches thick ; and two of the segments had flanged holes, 9 inches
in diameter. The flanges were provided with six holes for bolts,
IJ inches in diameter, to secure pipes, 12 inches in diameter, that
would be built through the concrete to allow of the 20,000 gallons
of water per hour passing through them whilst fixing. The seg-
ments when jointed together left a hole, 9 inches in diameter, in
the centre ; and this was closed by a cast-iron plug having a heavy
flange. All the segments were arranged for sheathing, xV inch
thick, and the dome-segments had holes 1^ inches in diameter, to
bolt them together and to hold them steady whilst being covered
with concrete. All the segments of the crib aAd of the dome were
coated with Dr. Angus Smith's composition. The dam was
erected in position and carefully fitted together on the surface,
before being sent down the pit. The weight of the dam was as
follows : — Crib, 12 tons 13| cwts. ; dome, 12 tons 9| cwts. ; a total
of 25 tons 3^ cwts.

The proposed closing of the upcast shaft compelled the down-
cast shaft to be changed into an upcast shaft throughout to the

SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY. 89

condition; the furnace, extinguished 35 years before, having
destroyed most of the cribs, and allowed the unmortared walling,
44 inches thick, to sag. The dam could not be placed at the
bottom of the upcast pit, as the coal round the pit had been
taken out. The porch had four openings, the pillars at the comers
being made of dressed stone, and these pillars had long since
split to pieces. A commencement was made 100 feet below the
bottom of the foundation-crib of the bell-mouthed tubbing, where
an old iron-crib formed some support for the walling; but, on
the walling being taken away, it was found that the strata had
perished so considerably by the heat and water that the sides
commenced to run in (Fig. 3, Plate III.). The old crib was
supported by driving in twelve iron plugs, 2 inches in diameter
and 5^ feet long, and the running ground was held back by oak
cribs, 12 inches by 4 inches, each carried on twelve wrought-iron
plugs, 2 inches in diameter and 5 to 7 feet long, each crib being
stepped back, about the width of itself, until stronger ground was
reached. The diameter of the shaft, 10 feet 8 inches, was found
to be widened to upwards of 15 feet before any solid ground was
reached.

As the state of the walling and the tender nature of the
ground caused some alarm to the workmen, the writer decided
to line the length, IJ, of 100 feet of dangerous walling with cribs
and backing deals (Fig. 3, Plate III.). Forty-seven cribs, 5
inches square, made of elm, larch and poplar, having butt joints
and wrought-iron straps, 4 inches wide and | inch thick, each
crib supported on eight punch-props, 18 inches long and 4 inches
square, fastened with iron dogs, and close backed by 7,500 lineal
feet of boards, 6 inches wide and 1^ inches thick, in 4 feet lengths,
were rapidly built and jointed up to the oak cribs, 5 inches square,
supporting the ground at the point of the outburst. This made
the shaft entirely dry and perfectly safe, and the workmen were
much comforted.

The shaft-walling was then stripped downwards in an en-
deavour to find a firm foundation. Nothing likely shewed itself,
until at a depth of 370 feet, a width of 14 feet, with some strong
ground, was found (Fig. 3, Plate III., and Fig. 29, Plate YI.).
This had the disadvantage of being within 12 feet of a horizontal
stone-drift from the Stanley Main seam into the pit. This drift

90 SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIEEY.

crossed the fault, and -g^ve a chance to the water, after being
dammed back in the shaft, to pass down the hade of the fault into
the workings. About 3 feet lower was the mouth of the dumb-
drift from the old furnace. An inspection of the dumb-drift
shewed that the barrel arch was built of sound brickwork and
in good condition ; and it was decided to take the risk of the dumb-
drift, to fill the stone-drift with concrete so as to prevent any
chance of the strata giving way and releasing the fault-hade, and
from the level of that drift to carry up the concrete solid in the
shaft, so as to assist in making an artificial bed for carrying the
dam. A wall, 3 feet thick, was built in the coal-heading just
beyond the line of the fault, at a distance of about 72 feet from the
shaft side, and the drift was filled back to the shaft with rough
concrete, mixed with large blocks of Haigh Moor rock, and well
rammed in layers : about 200 tons of concrete, mixed about
9 to 1, being used.

A light scaffold was built in the shaft, between the level
of the stone-drift and the mouth of the dumb-drift, made of
tramway-rails, 7 inches by 7 inches, side by side, with two
pipes, 7 inches in diameter, built through it, to convey the water.
The shaft was then filled to the level of the dam-bed, about
200 tons of concrete, made 7 to 1, being used, including an
opening, 20 feet in diameter and 3 feet high, cut into the sides
of the shaft so as to dovetail the block of concrete into the natural
strata and to support the dam when the tramway-rails should
have perished (Fig. 3, Plate III.).

SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY. 91

wide, cast inside the crib, and the segments were built in detail
and bolted together. An electric light was kept at the water-
gariand, at the contracted area of the shaft, and during the
passage of the segments a man rode closely behind them to
fend off the segments and to prevent damage to the cribs. When
the dome was completed, the indiarubber pipes from the water-
boxes were passed through the pipes, 9 inches in diameter, in
the dome, the water running below the dome and finding an
outlet through the pipes, 7 inches in diameter, built in the lower
section of concrete. The dome was then cemented solid with
granite-concrete, 3 to 1, to a height of 10 feet, pipes, 12 inches
in diameter and 4^ feet long, being attached to the dome and
built through the concrete. Slag-and-rubble concrete, mixed 5
to 1 to 7 to 1, was carried up a further height of 20 feet, making
30 feet in all, and a total weight of 350 tons of concrete above the
dam, until the wood cribs supporting the old walling were reached.
This large block had the advantage of taking off a great deal of
the pressure from the dam, and of providing such a strength that
should the cast-iron dam perish, at some future time, it may be
expected to withhold the pressure of the strata and remain water-
tight (Fig. 3, Plate III.).

On the concrete reaching the inside of the cribs and the
backing deals, the writer decided that no further object would be
gained by its extension, the main object of the concrete being
to seal up any cracks above the dome that might lead downwards
into the workings, and with the cribs and backing deals lining
the shaft this object could no longer be attained. The total
weight of concrete used in the shait and drift was about 750 tons.

One of the pipes, 12 inches in diameter, was carried a length
of 4i feet higher than the other, and both of the water-boxes
were jointed to this longer pipe, the shorter pipe being sealed
bv a heavy cast-iron plug, dropped down 26 feet to the bed on
the dome, the pipe filled up with concrete, and a plug-flange
bolted on the top. The concrete was then left to set for three
days. It was calculated that the water would take 7 or 8 minutes
to rise the 4^ feet extra length of pipe, and give that time for
sealing up. A rope-ladder was fixed to the cribs, so that, should
the winding aiTangements fail at the critical time, a means of
keeping pace with the water would be at hand. Five persons,

92 SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERT.

consisting of two workmen, the enginewright, the manager and
the writer, went down the pit, and, on the indiarubber pipe being
removed, the water commenced to fill the shaft rapidly. The
heavy cast-iron plug to make the seal, suspended on a light
chain, was then dropped down the pipe, but by some unfortunate
circumstance it became wedged, and it was not until the water
had reached the top of the pipe and some of the party were breast
deep that a desperate pull loosened the plug and it was hauled
out and taken back to the shops to be turned slightly less in
diameter. The upper length of the pipe was then unbolted and
canted on one side, and the water was cleared. At the second
attempt, 8 hours later, the plug passed down the pipe easily (to
effect a more secure joint, an indiarubber pad was fixed on the
plug, and yam and tallow were thrown on the top), and three
kibbles of cement were rapidly emptied in the pipe ; the water,
however, rose rather more quickly than had been anticipated, and
the blank flange could only be put on under water, and four out of
six bolts secured, before the party were beaten out of the shaft.
The water rose 33 feet per hour, reached to the bottom of the
tubbing in 3 hours, and to the top of the tubbing at the river-water
level in 8 hours later. The kibble brought out the men and tools,
and all the cribs and deals were left in the pit (Fig. 3, Plate III.).

An inspection below the dam made immediately afterwards
shewed that the plug and flange of the second pipe had not held
quite securely, and that about 100 gallons of water per hour

SINKIXG AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIEEY.

the surface, 1,335 tons ; a total of 1,713 tons. The area of the
crib is upwards of 140 square feet, giving a total weight of only
12 tons per square foot of area. The cost of the dam is shewn
in detail in Table III.

From the day of entering the shaft to leaving it was exactly
5 weeks. In explanation of this time, it may be pleaded that
considerably more work was encountered than had been esti-
mated; and the time required for the setting of the large mass
of concrete somewhat hindered operations.

Table III.— The Cost op the Dam,

Materials: £ «.

Cast-iron dam, sheathing and bolts 222 0

Cast-iron pipes and bolts, above the dam ... 27 10

Cast-iron pipes and bolts, below the dam ... 10 0

Tramway-rails at Stanley Main drift 10 0

Concrete: Cement £168

Dross

Granite

Sand

Rough stones and bricks

Bricks for the stopping

in the drift

21
26
20
50

15 0 0

CUy

Cribs and backing -deals
Sundries

300
70
102

8 10

Labour :

Including surface-work ; removing upcast head-gear and
buildings ; fixing new head-gear and drawbridge ; erect-
ing dam in position on the surface ; fixing electric -light
engine and cables ; emptying cement, slag, bricks, etc. ;
preparing concrete ; making and fixing cribs ; making
and sharpening tools ; drying clothes ; winding engine-
man and banksmen ; underground labour taking out old
brickwork ; fixing cribs and backing-deals ; building
scaffolds ; and laying concrete and dam ...

750 0 0

840 0 0
£1,590 0 0

The charges incurred in pumping during the preceding
twelve months are recorded in Table IV. ; and this yearly
charge was entirely obviated by the expenditure of £1,590
on the dam, with the additional advantage of extra security
and safety. The wages are taken from the pay-sheets, and
the fuel is calculated on the average monthly consumption of

94 SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY.

500 tons burned at the boilers for the twelve months between
the outburst and the damming of the water, less the average
monthly tonnage burned during the twelve months afterwards.

Table IV.— Charges of Pumping for 12 Months.

Labour :

Pumping.enginemen

Extra windiDg-engiocmen and firemen at week

ends

Additional firemen on week-days

Fud: 6,000 tons at Ss. per ton

Stores : say

Total

The pumping-plant was, in some respects, extravagant of
steam, but the most modern systems of pumping, with electricity
charged at §d. per Board of Trade unit, would not have reduced
the charge below £1,000 per annum, as shewn by the estimate
detailed in Table Y.

Table V.— Estimate of the Cost of Pumping 20,000 Gallons per Hour
TO A Height of 450 Feet, by Electricity.

60 horsepower, including slip and friction, at |d. per Board £
of Trade unit 612

Redemption of capital at 5 per cent. , and interest at 5 per

cent, on the cost of pump, motor, cables and accessories 85

Labour, including winding engineman, banksmen and

£
214

91
130

0
0

£ s. d.
435 0 0

900 0 0
40 0 0

1,375 0 0

SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY. 95

was almost negligible, a small high-speed engine and dynamo
were fixed in the course of one afternoon, and they ran without
trouble or definite attention during the whole of the period.

The writer has climbed up the shaft under the dam to inspect
the general conditions, from time to time, and has noticed that
large stalagmites of a calcareous deposit are being formed.
Analyses shew that the trickle of water coming through the
dam contains 113 grains of solid matter per gallon and that tjie
stalagmites consist of calcium carbonate.

III. — Additional Tubbing in the Upcast Shaft: the Late
Downcast Shaft.

As the writer expected that considerable quantities of water
would have to be dealt with during the later life of the Haigh
Moor seam, owing to the adjoining mines being abandoned, he
decided to put the under-drift and the return-airway, used in
sinking the shaft and to ventilate the lower seams, to the useful
purpose of making a water-standage (Fig. 29, Plate YI.). The
under-drift was lengthened by an addition of 375 feet, the whole
water-standage being then equal to a capacity of 250,000 gallons.
This stone-drift was driven by Champion and Hardy reciprocating
drills at a cheap cost, a black oily shale, about 5 inches thick,
allowing the drift to be kirved or holed. A pumping-enginehouse,
formed in a thin coal-seam about half way up the winding staple,
contained pumps driven by electricity and compressed air
respectively.

The shaft-tubbing was designed sufficiently strong to carry
tubbing at some future date to join up to the taper cribs, 135
feet above, put in the same shaft during 1900, when the Haigh
Moor seam is worked out ; the whole of the water in the Haigh
Moor seam is thus expected to be kept from the lower seams
without the expense of pumping.

In calculating the thicknesses of tubbing required, the writer
investigated the fonnulse stated by various experts; and he was
much struck with their disparity, and with the small margin
allowed for corrosion and general deterioration. For the
Methley Junction shaft, the thicknesses of tubbing calculated
according to formulae approved by Messrs. J. J. Atkinson, G. C.
Greenwell, W. Galloway and AV. Tate are recorded in Table VI. ;

SINKING AND TirBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIERY.

and the writer has appended the thicknesses of tubbing that he
used in the Methley Junction shaft for purposes of comparison.
The experience with the earlier tubbing at this colliery had shewn
that a considerable factor should be allowed for deterioration,
both in thickness by active corrosion, internal and external, and
for deterioration of the quality of the metal ; and, particularly so.
as a diminution of strength had serious consequences, quite out
of proportion to the extra expense incurred in the first instance.

Table VI.— Thicknesses op Tubbing calculated by various Formulae.

Height
of Tubbing.

Name of Expert.

Tubbing in
Methley Junction

! J. J. Atkinson.
Inches.

W. Galloway.

G. 0. OreenweU.

W.Tate.

Feet.

Inchen.

Inohca

Inches-

Inches.

/.-

-Shaft : 10 Fett in Dianuter,

60
100
140
180
220
260

0-22
0-30
0-37
0-44
i 0-51
0-58

005
0-09
013
0-17
0-21
0-25

0-50
0-60
0-69
0-79
0-88
0-98

0-23
0-39
0-54
0-70
0-86
1-00

0-75
0-87
100
112
1-25
1-37

—Shaft: 11 Feet inDiamtt

er.

300
340
380
420

1 0-70

! 0-80

0-90

100

0-32
0-36
0-41
0-45

115
1-26
1-36
1-46

1-27
1-45
1-62
1-79

1-50
1-62
1-75
1-87

■ "The Strength of Tubbing in 8hafts, etc.." by Mr. John J. Atkinson, Trant, N, E. Iiut., 1861,
Tol. ix., page 175.

SINKING AND TUBBING AT METHLEY JUNCTION COLLIEEY. 97

rings formed of steel railway-rails, 85 pounds to the yard,
strongly fish-plated together, 12i feet in diameter, were built
in concrete for a further height of 15 feet.

The foundation-crib, weighing 10 tons, was 11 feet in inside
diameter, 30 inches wide, 6 inches high. It was made of metal, 2
inches thick, and was built in eight segments, each containing two
internal ribs, 2 inches thick with core-holes, 5 inches in diameter,
the segments being arranged for dowel-pins. If inches in dia-
meter and 12 inches deep. On this was built a special base ring,
weighing 8 tons, made in eight segments, 24 inches wide on tha
bottom flange and reducing to 4f inches wide on the top flange,
2 feet 6 inches deep, and made of metal 2 inches thick. The
tubbing segments, eight to a ring, strongly bracketted, IJ inches
thick, 2 feet 6 inches deep, were backed with concrete to the sides
of the shaft.

At the level of the water-standage, a bye-pass was made to
connect the two drifts, a strong wall being built to carry the
concrete behind the tubbing. A 40 feet length of tubbing was
built, and it reached to the level of the new pumping-engine-
house.

As 100,000 cubic feet of air per minute were required to pass
up the shaft, during the tubbing operations, to ventilate the
Silkstone workings, the scaffold had an opening, 6 feet in dia-
meter, fenced off with a circular boiler-plate, 4 feet high. This
opening also allowed of the kibble passing through the scaffold for
the purposes of shaft-examination (Figs. 37 and 38, Plate VIL).

The writer trusts that this record of work done may be of
interest to the members of this Institute, who may have similar
work to carry out. He desires to express his thanks for the inter-
est and enthusiasm shewn by the managers and officials of the
company, without which the work could not have been so satis-
factorily completed, and also to the friends who assisted with
advice during the progress of the operations.

VOL. XXXII.-U06.1M7.

DISCUSSION— SINKING AND TUBBING.

Mr. T. AV. H. Mitchell, in proposing* a vote of thanks to Mr.
Hodges, for his paper, expressed the appreciation of the mem-
bers for the great trouble that he had token in preparing the
accompanying illustrations.

Mr. W. G. Phillips, in seconding the vote of thanks, com-
mented upon the comparatively small amount that Mr. Hodges
had spent, in order to effect a saving of about £1,400 a year.

Mr. E. W. TniRKELL, in congratulating Mr. Hodges upon
his excellent paper, said that in matters of that kind it waa not
always a question of saving expense, but it might be a question
of saving a pit, and Mr. Hodges had shewn an amount of pluck
and grit which the members were bound to admire.

Mr. M. Deacon said that if members would take the time and
trouble to write papers of that practical character, the value of
the Transactions would be greater, and the Institutes would
shew to much better advantage. He was glad to find that
Mr. Hodges had departed from the old-fashioned rules regarding-
the strength of the tubbing. Everybody would agree that if he
had taken one of the formulae quoted in his paper, he would
not have had to wait very long before the whole thing came
in. The question of the strength of the tubbing required
unfettered consideration, from the point of view of the greater
diameter of the shafts no-w than in the past. He thought that Mr.
Hodges had not put too great a thickness of metal, considering-

DISCUSSION— SINKING AND TUUBING. 99

(Mr. Barnes) was not mucli surprised at this, as even at modern
collieries, workings were sometimes commenced too near the
shaft, and destroyed its stability.

The idea of having the thicknesses of the tubbing cast on in
relief figures for future reference was not usual, but it was an
improvement. It was also unusual to coat tubbing and cribs
with protective composition, but it should have the effect of
preventing corrosion, although it might be doubted whether
the coating did not hide flaws, sand-holes and honeycombing.
The sending down of complete bolted-rings of tubbing appeared
to have been a success; but, of course, this could not be done
with tubbing that required wedging. It would be interesting to
know how the horizontal and vertical sheathing was inserted.
The time taken to complete the 140 feet length of tubbing, in
less than two days, probably established a record.

100 DISCUSSION^-THE MCCUTCHEON GAS-DETECTOR.

THE MINING INSTITUTE OF SCOTLAND.

GENERAL MEETING,
Held in Dowell's Rooms, Edinburgh, Ociobeb 19th, 1906.

Db. ROBERT THOMAS MOORE, President, in the Chaib.

The minutes of the last General Meeting were read and
confirmed.

The following gentlemen were elected: —

Members—
Mr. James Aitken, 5, Allan ton Terrace, Hamilton.
Mr. Thomas Chapman Murray, 14, Duke Street, Edinburgh.
Mr. Hugh Sloan, Beechwood, New Cumnock.
Mr. Edmund Bessell Whallet, 4, Kirkbrae Road, Liberton, Edinburgh.

Associate Members—
Mr. Thomas Boyes, Larkhall.
Mr. Thomas Brown, 68, Mitchell Street, Glasgow.
Mr. John Greenlie, 45, Hope Street, Glasgow.

Students—
Mr. VtviAN B. Quay. 10, O&kfield Terrace. Gl&Bg

DISCUSSION — ^THE MCCUTCHEON GAS-DETECTOR.

101

the iatake-air with which the porous ball was filled ; this would
increase the fire-damp indication; and in extreme cases, when
the difference of humidity was very great, the moisture might
produce indications, even in the entire absence of fire-damp.
It was evident from the law of the diffusion of gases that the pres-
ence of carbon dioxide in the air that was being tested, might
reduce or neutralize the indication of fire-damp. The indications
of the instrument were also affected by the difference of tempera-
ture and pressure between the air contained in the porous ball
and the air being tested. In a dusty mine, the porous ball would
become clogged up in a comparatively short time, and this, of
course, would retard diffusion. Apart from these disadvantages,
the instrument was too cumbersome to caiTy, and required too
much preliminary preparation before a test could be made.

Mr. Hexry C. Harris (Glasgow) wrote that Mr. C. Latham's
criticism* of the McCutcheon indicator was unfair, comparing it,
as he did, with the Ansell indicator. The two instruments
certainly worked on the same principle, but the latest invention
by Mr. McCutcheon had great advantages over Mr. AnselPs.
About six years ago, at Armstrong College, Xewcastle-upon-
Tyne, Dr. F. C. Garrett gave a demonstration with the Ansell
indicator, and from what he saw at that time, and from what he
knew about the McCutcheon indicator, the following comparison
might be drawn : —

(1) Principle

(2) Portability

(3) Liquid column

(4) Graduation

Ansell Indicator.

Diffusion of gases.

Not portable for use in
mines.

Fixed, with the following
disadvantages : — (a) A
rise of 2^^ Fahr. in tem-
perature will ring the
bell. (h)A rise of ^ inch
of barometric pressure
will ring the bell.

Not graduated to show
the percentages of fire-
damp present.

McGutobeon Indicator.
Diffusion of gases.
Portable for use in mines.

Not fixed. The column of
azine is under the com-
mand of the user, and
can be altered, at will,
to suit the varying tem-
peratures and pressures
before making a test.

Graduated to show the
presence of from 1 to
6 per cent, of fire-damp.

The McCutcheon instrument should prove of great value to
managers and under-managers, as a delicate fire-damp detector,
viz. : — (1) For detecting small percentages of fire-damp in main

• Traru. Iwt. if. J^.,'1906, vol. xxxi., page 243.

102 Discrssioy — the taebeax oil company, limited.

return air-ways; (2) for detecting small percentages of fire-
damp in main intake air-ways, where shot-firing is being carried
out, and where fine coal-dust existe; (3) for the periodical
examination of mines, where naked lights are in use; and (4)
for use in underground motor-houses.

3Ir. T. Lindsay Galloway (Glasgow) asked whether Mr.
Livingstone had found the instrument very cumbrous to work.

Mr. A. Livingstone (Bo'ness) replied that the detector had
been improved since it was used at Kinneil colliery. He thought
that this instrument was well adapted for use in motor-houses or
any other place where there was any likelihood of gas lodging.

The President (Dr. E. T. Moore) said that the instrument
had the disadvantage that a supply of fresh air was required in
every test. It might be useful for testing main air-ways, but
he did not think that it would be at all likely to replace the
ordinary examination by the fireman.

The discussion was closed, and a hearty vote of thanks was
awarded to the author for his interesting paper.

DISCUSSIOX OF ME. JAMES CALDWELL'S PAPER ON
THE - ELECTRIC PO AVER-STATION, WINDING-
GEAR AND PUMPIN6-PLANT OF THE TARBRAX

DISCUSSION — THE TARBRAX OIL COMPANY, LIMITED. 103

for which the installation was designed did not embrace a peak-
load of 400 horsepower. Under the conditions laid down,
namely, an output of 640 tons in 8 hours from a depth of 420
feet, representing a full load of 25 cwts. per wind, the wind
ticcupying 25 seconds, decking operations 30 seconds, making
the period for a complete wind 55 seconds, it was arranged that
the acceleration-period should be 10 seconds, during which the
load was brought from rest to a maximum speed of 23 feet per
second, at which it was maintained for the next 11 seconds ; and
4 seconds were allowed in which to bring the load to rest. These
conditions then, if adhered to, allow only of a peak-load con-
siderably under that stated. The end of the tenth second must,
therefore, be that instant of time at which the load reached the
maximum, and this was estimated to be about 283 horsepower.
Similarly the negative peak-load was found at the beginning
of the twenty-second second to be 67 horsepower, the efficiency
in this case being reversed, that is to say, the calculated peak-
load was about 84 horsepower; but, with an efficiency of 80
I>er cent., the energy returned to the central supply was at the
rate of (84 x 80^ 100 or) 67 horsepower.

The various functions, carried out at the average colliery,
-comprizing pumping, coal-cutting, hauling, winding, convey-
ing, washing, screening, lighting, ventilating and air-compress-
ing, necessitate widely scattered positions for their operations,
which are effected by eight or ten different engines. The various
means adopted to obtain high thermal efficiency in ordinary prac-
tice are all more or less applicable to these engines; and, with
the exception of the pumping and compressing sets, most of
these engines are worked, as a rule, non-condensing. The
expense of providing and maintaining separate condensers for
eight or more separate engines would be a questionable invest-
ment. Collieries might, therefore, be considered especially adapted
for electrical power- transmission, and the success of such a
winding apparatus as that at Tarbrax mine must go far to solve
objections which have been urged against centralization of power
and electrical distribution. The Ilgner winding apparatus had
great possibilities, and he (Mr. Ness) was of opinion that the
economies to be effected by its application to coal-winding
would, sooner or later, tend to revolutionize the present methods.
Safety was the chief, although not the only, consideration in

104 DISCUSSION — ^THE TARBEAX OIL COMPANY, LIlflTED.

winding? machinery, and any departure from existing practice
would naturally be closely examined from this point of view.
The ordinary steam winding-engine had many disadvantages^
but it was 80 well understood, and there were so many trained
drivers in the country, that comparatively little trouble wa«
experienced in respect to safe working. In most collieries, safety-
appliances were installed which automatically stopped the engine
on emergency, or in the event of failure of the ordinary appli-
ances. In this respect, the Ilgner apparatus appeared to be
abundantly provided. The machine was under perfect control,
and there were safe-guards which would meet any emergency,
such as illness or momentary negligence on the part of the
operator. Electric haulage and electric hoists, or lifts (which
were comparable in this respect), had already long passed the
experimental stage, and the methods of control in these installa-
tions were quite satisfactory. The experience at Tarbrax showed
that the winder was under complete control, and that the details
of the design were eminently satisfactory from the point of
view of safety.

The winder was working at only about half of its rated out-
put, and the economy at present obtained must be considered on
this basis. There could be no doubt that, when working up to
its rated output, the winder would show a still greater economy.
A test was carried out on the winding-plant in July, 1906. The
load per wind was about 12i cwts. of shale. The test extended

DlSCrSSIOX — THE TARBRAX OIL COMPANY, LIMITED. 105

possibly be found that steam-winding would be more economical ;
but for small depths, such as at Tarbrax, there could be no
doubt that such an installation would prove completely success-
ful. In many collieries, where heavy lifts are raised from great
depths, electrical winding, by the Ilgner principle, apart from
the mechanical difficulties which were obvious, would become
commercially impossible on account of the great costs involved ;
but, for 75 per cent, of the collieries in this country, the Ilgner
system of mechanical storage would be commercially and
mechanically successful. It should be remembered, however^
that there were very many collieries where winding absorbed
practically two-thirds of the whole power ; but, with certain
exceptions which would require careful consideration, there was
no reason why, with such a storage and balancing sj^stem,.
mechanical and commercial success should not be achieved in
centralizing the power and transmitting it by electrical means.

Mr. T. Lindsay Galloway asked what was the efficiency
of the winding-engine.

Mr. Ness replied that the efficiency had been adversely
affected by the fact that the load was only 50 per cent, of that
for which the plant had been constructed; and under these
circumstances the whole efficiency was about 47J per cent. He
thought that, as nearly as possible, 115 feet had been traversed
up the shaft when the peak-load was reached. On the day of
the trial, about IG per cent, of the total energy- was returned to
the system when the winding motor acted as an electric brake
and became a dynamo. The cost of the production of an elec-
trical unit might be taken at ^d., so that the cost would be
rather under ^d. per ton of shale raised. He was informed that,,
before electric winding was installed, it took about A cwt. of coal
to wind a ton of shale, and the cost might be roughly reckoned
as about 2d. per ton.

Mr. J. B. Sneddon asked whether the cost of pumping water
had been separated from the cost of winding.

Mr. Xess said that he purposely confined himself to the fact
that by test the figures showed a consumption of 0'8GG unit per
ton of shale raised, and he merely mentioned incidentally the
information which had been supplied to him as to the former

106 J)ISCrSSI()X — THE TARBRAX OIL COMPANY, LIMITED.

cost of winding. His impression was that the cost of pumping
was not included. In the case of the Tarbrax plant, it was prob-
able that the cost would come under the figure given, as the costs
at the central station would be charged against a number of
ditterent operations He had not made an estimate of the
charges for interest, depreciation, oil, stores or attendance; but
id. would probably cover the cost of the unit delivered at the
winding-house switchboard.

Mr. T. Lindsay Galloway said he undei-stood that the cir-
cumstances at Tarbrax were peculiar, and that the winding-plant
could not be compared with an ordinary' winding-plant. He
thought, therefore, that the figure of 47J per cent, given by-
Mr. Ness referred only to the current on the wind. To ascertain
the actual cost accurately there must be a further comparison.

The further discussion was adjourned.

A DIAMOND HAND-BORING MACHINE.

107

A DIAMOXD HAND-BORIXG MACHINE.

By JOHN B. THOMSON.

This short paper is intended to bring before the notice of
the members a handy machine for boring comparatively short
holes and more especially for use in underground work.

Fio. 1.— Hand-borino Machine.

A description of the mechanism is scarcely required, as Figs.
1 and 2 shew the main features of the machine, and the principle
is the same as that of the steam-driven boring machine having a
steel-crown studded with diamonds, a core-tube, and hollow rods
io allow water to be pumped down so as to keep the crown cool

108

A DIAMOND HAXD-BORIXG MACHINE.

and clear away the sediment. The power for revolving the
crown, however, is applied by two men, one driving each of the
handles. The men can maintain a speed of 100 revolutions per
minute on the handles, and the crown-head is direct driven by
gear-wheels at 100 revolutions per minute. While the crown
is revolving, another man works a small hand-pump, a, forcing
down water to clear away the fine sediment. The quantity of
water required is about 3 gallons per minute.

A DIAMOND HAXD-BORIXG MACHINE. 109

is not sufficient to press down the crown, the lever is loaded
with weights, and the ratchet is so placed as to assist the weight
of the rods. These weights are diminished as the weight of the
rods increases; and, when the rods become too heavy, the lever
is brought over to the other side, and weights are added to
counterbalance the weight of the rods.

The crown-head is fitted with diamonds in the usual way, and
eight diamonds of 2^ to 3 carats each are required for a hole 2f
inches in diameter. The diamonds used for boring in the
ordinary run of Coal-measure strata are known as " bort," and
cost about £1 lOs. per carat. For boring in very hard substances
.such as granite or very tough whin, those known as " carbons,'*
are used, and cost about £6 5s. per carat. The crown is fitted
with a spring for breaking off the core. Another very effective
way of doing this is to break up a piece of brick to the size of
peas, and pump it down with the water. The pieces of brick jam
themaelTes in the crown, and when it is drawn away the core
is broken off.

The core is IJ inches in diameter, and when the coal is of a
hard nature cores of this size can be got; but, when it is soft, the
core is broken. However, the sample is usually better than any
that can be got with a hand-saw.

The core-tube, about 12 feet long, is fitted at the top with
a mud-box, which catches any of the heavier grit that the water
may not be able to force to the top, and prevents it from falling
back to the crown-head. The rods are made in 9 feet lengths
and the head-room required underground is about 12 feet from
the pavement to the top; and 6 feet of this height may be made
in the form of a hole, about 3 feet square.

The machine is mounted on wheels, and, when at work, is
clamped to the rails. When the rods are being drawn, it is
run back about 3 feet out of the way. It weighs about 4J
cwts., and measures 6 J feet in height, 5f feet in width, over the
handles, and 4i feet in length ; and it is easily dismounted for
putting underground.

Only four men are required to work the apparatus, two at the
handles, one pumping water and a leader. They take turns
at the handles for i hour at a time, so that each man has 15
minutes of rest in each hour. This number of men can put
down a bore-hole to a depth such that it would be desirable to
draw the rods by other means than a hand-crane.

110 DISCUSSION — A DIAMOND HAXD-BORING MACHINE.

A bore-hole has been put down, with this machine, to a depth
of 725 feet. It was started on May 11th, 1906, and finished on
August 1st, 1906. From 3Iay 18th to 23rd^ inclusive, the borers
were engaged at another shallow bore-hole that had to be put
down at the time. In all, 557 shifts were spent in putting down
this bore-hole, a depth of 725 feet. The diameter of this hole for
90 feet was 4 J inches; thence down to 348 feet, it was 4J inches
so as to allow tubes to be inserted; and, from 348 feet to the
bottom, the hole was 3^ inches in diameter.

As a contrast to this, the time spent at a chisel bore-hole put
down to a depth of 626 feet in the same strata, bored from the
surface, was from March 26th, 1901, to September 27th, 1901;
793 shifts were spent at it. The diameter of this hole was 2^
inches.

Another bore-hole put down with the hand diamond drill was
264 feet deep. It was started on February 28th, 1906, and
finished on March 16th, 1906; and 144 shifts were spent at it.
The diameter of this hole was 2§ inches.

The President (Dr. R. T. Moore) said that it had always
been a wonder to him that the method described, seeing it had
been so much used in the colonies, had but recently been
employed in Scotland. It seemed to him to afford an excellent
way of getting an accurate journal of the strata.

DISCUSSION — A DIAMOND HAND-BORING MACHINE. Ill

get working, as the ordinary lever for chisel-bores required ; and
a hole could be put down in at least one-third of the time that it
could be done with the chisel. He had now made up his mind
that a chisel would never be used again by him in putting down
bore-holes, either underground or on the surface. The hand
diamond-drill was capable of putting down bore-holes to a depth
of at least 800 feet ; and how much further it could go he was
not prepared to say.

Mr. Andrew Kyle (Galston) said that he had placed thirty
chisel-bores in the shale-district before a stiirt was made with
the hand diamond-machine. They could bore with the hand
diamond-machine as compared with the chisel-bore a hole in one-
third of the time in that district; and for underground use, he
maintained that there was absolutely no comparison between
the two. When a depth of 250 feet was attained everything
was against them with a chisel-bore; but with the hand-
machine, even at a depth of 700 feet, they went on as steadily
with four men as they did at the beginning. Four men were
sufficient for boring to a depth of 600 or 700 feet, but with a
chisel-bore seven or eight men were required. A hole had been
put down to the depth of 810 feet at Dalmellington with a hand-
machine; but if the hole was to be put down deeper than
500 feet, they preferred that a steam-machine should be
used. An underground bore-hole, at Oakbank, was com-
menced on April 2nd, and finished on July 7th, 1906, the depth
being 510 feet, passing through over 30 feet of hard whin and
about 30 feet of limestone. These hard rocks, if bored by the
chisel, would have taken over two months. This bore-hole was.
made in about one-third of the time that it would have taken
to bore it by the old style of lever and chisel. An underground
boring at Chambei* colliery, Hollinwood, Manchester, was
started on May 31st, and finished on June 20th, 1904, the total
depth being 220 feet.

The further discussion was adjourned.

112

TRANSACTIONS.

THE MIDLAND COUNTIES INSTITUTION OF
ENGINEERS.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,
Held at Univbrsity CollegEi Nottikoham, Septkmbeb 8th, 1906.

Mr. W. G. PHILLIPS, President, in the Chaib.

The Secretary announced the election of the following

gentlemen :• —

Members—
Mr. Francis Edwin Armstrong, Assistant Manager, Newdigate Colliery,

Bed worth.
Mr. Cyril H. Dodd, Mining Engineer, Pentre Hill, Mold, North Wales.
Mr. Arthur James Haynes, Colliery Manager, Kilbume Colliery, near

Derby.
Mr. Walter Hugh Phillips, Under-manager, EUistown Collieries, Coalville,

Leicester.
Mr. William Walker, Colliery Manager, Gedling Colliery, Nottingham.
Mr. Matthew Eyre Wild, Jun., Colliery Surveyor, Holly Bank, Kimberley,

Nottingham.

Associate Member—
Mr. James Henry Pragnell, 24, Swinburne Street, Derby.

Associates—
Mr. Arthur Emery Booth, Miner, 120, Derbyshire Lane, Hucknall Torkard,

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 113

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1905-1906.

The following statistics show the change of membership and the
financial condition of the Institution for the past three years :—

Tmi

1903.1904.

Ye»r 1904-1906.

Teftrl90S-190a

Honorary Members

Life Members ...

...

Members

...

275

283

Associate Members

Associates

Students

ToUls ...

...

398

407

417

». d.

£ n.

£ •. d.

Cash receipts ...

631

5 0 .

.. 567 14

6 .

.. 572 7 11

Cash payments ...

651

0 2 .

. 546 3

0 .

.. 563 10 11

Bank -balance ...

179 13 11 .

.. 201 5

5 .

.. 211 2 5

Invested funds ...

640

0 0 .

.. 640 0

0 .

.. 640 0 0

Totals ...

£819

13 11 .

. £841 5

5 .

.. £851 2 5

The following table shows the alteration in membership
during the past twelve months, most of the resignations being
caused by members ceasing to pay their subscriptions: —

Lens Add

1904-1905 Dead. Keslgued. Transferred. Elected. Transferred. 1905-1906.

Honorary Members 16 — — — — — 16

Life Members ... 6 — — — — — 6

Subscribing Firm 1 — — — — — 1

Members ... 283 8 10 — 16 2 283

Associate Members 4 — — — 2 — 6

Associates ... 59 — 4 — 9 — 64

Students ... 39 — — 2 5 — 42

Totals ... 408 418

There have been ten general meetings of the members during
the past twelve months, two being those of The Institution of
Mining Engineers, four of this Institution, three of the Midland
Institute of Mining, Civil and Mechanical Engineers, and one a
joint meeting of the two last-named. All have been well
attended, and several interesting papers have been contributed
by the members of the Institution.

The thanks of the members are due to owners of collieries and
other works, who have kindly permitted a thorough inspection of
the same on the occasion of various excursions, and have been
good enough to entertain them most hospitably.

VOL. XXXII.-1908.1W7. 8

114

ACCOUNTS.

2)r.

The Midland Counties^
The Treasukeb in Acxx>unt

289 Members, as per list, 1905-1906
13 has, 6 Life Members, and 7 paid in 'advance

276

2 of whom paid at 15s 1 10 0

274 Members at £1 lis. 6d 43111 0

£ s. d. £ 8. d.

1 Member transferred, at £1 Us. 6d.

4 Associate Members, as per list, at £1 Us. 6d

9S Associates and Students, as per list

5 of whom paid in advance

93 Associates and Students at £1

2 Students paid difference as Members and Entrance-fees

13 New Members and Entrance.fees

2 New Associate Members
1 paid in advance

I New Associate Member at £2 12s. 6d

14 New Associates and Students
4 paid in advance

433 1 (y
1 11 6

6 6 0^

93 0 0

2.^4 0

34 2 6

2 12 6

ACCOUNTS.

115

IVSTTTUTIOX OF ENGIXECRS.

WITH Subscriptions, 1905-1906.

Cr.

Paid.

Unpaid.

Strack off LUt.

£ 8. d.

£ P. d.

£ s. d.

224 Members at £1 lU, 6d

... 352 16 0

32 Members unpaid

,,,

60 8 0

3 Members struck oS

4 14 6

8 Members deceased

12 12 0

7 Members resigned

11 0 6

2 Members at 158.

1 10 0

276

4 Associate Members at £1 Us. 6d.

6 6 0

63 Associates and Students at £1
24 Associates and Students unpaid
3 Associates and Students struck off

1 Associate and Student resigned

2 Associates and Students transferred

63 0 0

2 0 0

24 0 0

3 0 0
1 0 0

1 Member transferred, at £1 lis. 6d. ...

2 Students paid difference as Members,

and Entrance-fees

13 New Members and Entrance-fees
10 New Associates and Students

1 New Associate Member

The Butterley Company

Subscriptions paid in advance

Arrear-subscriptions

1 11 6

2 4

34 2

10 0

2 12

5 5

29 7

549 4 0 103 14 6

510 15 0 74 8 0 32 7 0
38 9 0 29 6 6 16 12 0

48 19 0
103 14 0
549 4 0

Audited and found correct,

JOHNSON PEARSON,

Auditor.

Aufjust 2Ut, 1906.

£701 17 6

316

ACCOUNTS.

O OS

o o o

t-. ift o

tC O O

CO O QG

«* g ^

I H
I H

i? -9 *

a „ ■ • ^ «

I - ?-!

el ss sS ^i'2<A

•eS «». ga i^^e
.t : S S »-S 2 5.f 2 2

lii-g aal £i^ 1^^

4
3

:1 .:!

3 H

J. §

!^
i|

■^ s «^

^ tn g

^ g

U| Cp prj P4 CI r^ «

TEANSACTIONS.

117

The Council have taken an active part in pressing for

the issue of the Transactions to members within a reasonable

period, and at the London meeting of the Council held on June

14th, 1906, the following resolution, which it is hoped will have

the desired effect, was carried : —

In order to expedite the issue of the 'PranscKStions, it is resolved that all
matter for publication in the Transctctians shall be supplied to the Secretary,
properly edited by the local Institutes, within one month of the meeting, and
shall appear in the Transactions and be issued to the members not later than
two months from the date of the meeting 6f which it is the record. The issue
of any part of the Transactions shall not be delayed on account of any local
Institute not conforming to this rule.

The Council much regret to record the death of six members
during the past year, namely : — Messrs. George Lewis, William
Holding, William Nowell, James Pearson, Hargrave Walters
and H. Wilkinson. These were all active members of the
Institution, and, in particular, Mr. George Lewis served the
office of President of this Institution and of The Institution of
Mining Engineers, and rendered invaluable services during hia
membership of 34 years' duration.

The President (Mr. W. G. Phillii>8) moved the adoption
of the report and statement of accounts.

Mr. G. H. AsHWiN (Sheffield) seconded the resolution, which
was unanimously agreed to.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS, 1906-1907.

The report of the Scrutineers was presented as follows: —

President :

Mr. W. G. Phillips.

Vice-Presidents :

Mr. G. H. AsHWix.

Mr. W. Hay.

Mr. J. H. W. Laverick.

Mr. G. C. FowLEB.

Mr. W. H. Hepplewhite.
Councillors :

Mr. J. PlOOFORD.

Mr. P. Beaumont.

Mr. C. R. Hewitt.

Mr. J. Mein.

Mr. G. J. BiXNS.

Mr. J. P. HouFTON.

Mr. E. D. Spencer.

Mr. J. W. Fryar.

Mr. B. McLaren.

Mr. G. Spencer.

Mr. R. H. F. Hepplewhite.

Mr. B. Madew.

Mr. J. T. Todd.

Mr. William Maurice's paper on " A Rateau Exhaust-steam-
driven Three-phase Haulage Plant'* was read as follows: —

118

THKEE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

A RATEAU EXHAUST-STEAM-DRIVEN THREE-PHASE
HAULAGE PLANT.

By WM. MAURICE.

Introduction, — The purpose of this paper is to record the
application (for the first time in British mining practice) of a
new force, as it were, amongst modern methods of power-produc-
tion ; methods the constant object of which is to use the greatest
possible quantity of the heat stored in coal and to transform the
maximum amount of this heat into mechanical work.

Our lamentable incapacity to wrest any substantial pro-
portion of nature's forces from their stores is impressed upon
us forcibly when we contemplate the fact that so far we can
only utilize as useful mechanical energy in our machinery from
2 to 10 per cent, of the heat which is theoretically available.

The chief sources of loss of power to which engineers are
directing their attention are the following: — Coal-dust; gases
which by the incomplete combustion of coal pass into the
chimneys in addition to the immense volume of carbon mon-
oxide which escapes in the same way; radiation from boilers.

THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT. 119

In collieries, the coal got at the pit's mouth for power-pur-
poses is in itself of so little value as not greatly to affect the
cost of production. A big coal-consumption necessitates, how«
ever, so much additional work, which has to be performed by
-expensive manual processes, that in this way the cost of pro-
<iuction is seriously raised. The consumption of more coal
involves the use of mx>re boilers, and this meajis greater capital
outlay, greater amortization, more extensive personnel for
stoking, cleaning and repairs, X)erhaps also water to pay for
(if not directly, then through water-softeners), increased insur-
-ance-rates, and greater probability of breakdown and danger.

By patient and continuous research a good deal has been
done to remedy, at any rate partly, the inefficiencies to which
reference has been made. By the use of high-pressure boilers,
steam-jacketed high-pressure compound and triple-expansion
engines, condensation of exhaust-steam, heating of feed-water,
automatic stoking, and so forth, and more recently by develop-
ments in the use of electric winding-engines, considerably in-
creased efficiency has been gained in mining power-plant.

There remains, however, the energy lost in the exhaust-steam,
and this is all the more serious because non-condensing engines
are the most suitable for winding. Where winding-engines
are used for raising both men and minerals, there can be no
question that it is more satisfactory to have the control of the
engine in the hands of the winder, rather than to have it depend-
ent on the uncertainties of a condensing plant. This statement is
borne out in practical experience by the fact that winding-engine-
men who drive condensing winders usually disconnect the con-
denser, when raising or lowering men. Winding-engines again
are compounded, as another means of economizing steam, but
there is the difficulty of having to set the crank of the high-
pressure cylinder so as never to stop on the dead centre at the
•end of a wind. This can be only partly remedied, because
winding-ropes cannot be always adjusted with sufficient nicety,
and difficulties are liable to arise when they requii*e to be
changed, or when it is necessary to wind from more than one
level. To provide the engineman with an extra lever for the
purpose of admitting high-pressure steam into the low-pressure
cylinder amounts to saving steam on one side and spending it
•on the other, besides complicating the duties of the winder.

120

THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

Consequently it is considered that the most successful winding-
engines are those of the high-pressure non-condensing horizontal
twin type, notwithstanding the fact that the steam exhausted
from them contains an amount of energy equal to from 30 to
40 per cent, of the useful work done.

The exhaust-steam of a continuously-running engine waa first
utilized by Mr. C. A. Parsons, who coupled a turbo-alternator
of his design with the exhaust-steam from the low-pressure
cylinder of a compound engine. This combination might be
regarded as a triple-expansion engine : the turbine forming the
low-pressure cylinder.

In the case of winding-engines (and the same may be said
of reversible rolling-mill engines) the intermittent nature of
the exhaust-steam renders impossible the direct coupling of a low-
pressure turbine, because such a combination would possess
inconvenient variations of speed.

It is to Prof. A. Bateau, professor at the Ecole Sup^rieure
des Mines at Paris, that credit is due for having successfully
overcome this difficulty. The problem is solved by intersect-
ing between the reversible engine and the low-pressure engine
a medium, the purpose of which is to take up the intermittent
exhaust-steam from the primary engine, to accumulate this, to
keep it under practically constant pressure, and to supply it
to the secondary engine just as it could only otherwise be done
by direct supply from the boilers.

THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

121:

the secondary engine, then the purpose of the invention is-
achieved, and the secondary engine can run under a constant
speed driven by this artificial supply of steam.

Thus, it will be seen that the secondary engine, that is, the
turbine, is supplied during part of its run directly with the
exhaust-steam from the primary engine, namely the winding-
engine. During this period, the accumulator or reservoir is
nothing more than a common link between the source of the
steam and the point of utilization. During another period,
the turbine is fed by fresh steam raised (with the help of the-
heat stored in the metal contained in the reservoir) from the-

Fio. 11. — View of Pijlnt.

boiling water, which has been brought to boiling point by the-
passing and remaining of the exhaust-steam during the exhaust-
ing period.

In the Hucknall installation, which has been erected to the
designs of Mr. T. J. Mitchell, the course of the steam may be
traced by reference to the illustrations. From a winding-
engine making 60 draws per hour, the exhaust-steam goes
through the pip)e-connection, B (Fig. 11), to the accumulator, C.
The accumulator contains 50 tons of scrap-iron pit-rails,
assembled horizontally and in parallel layers. Fig. 12 is aDL
end view of the interior of the accumulator.

122

THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLAXT.

From this accumulator the steam passes through the pipe,
E (Fig. 11), the main stop-valve, F (Fig. 13), the turbine-valve,
O, and the throttle-valve, H, into the admission-side of the low-
pressure turbine, I. Thence it passes through eight sets of
discs, the exhaust-pipe, J, the injector-condenser, K, and the
•direct-acting pump (Fig. 14), to the hot well.

But, as the turbine cannot take all the exhaust-steam yielded
by the winding-engine, the accumulator is supplied with an
automatic relief-valve, N (Fig. 11), which is adjusted to open
at an absolute pressure of 16 pounds per square inch. This

THKEE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

128

event of the winding-engine stopping longer than usual, a
direct connection with the main boiler-gallery is made through
a reducing valve, 0 (Fig. 13), which reduces the boiler-pressure
of 55 pounds per square inch to 16 pounds of absolute pressure.
The details of these connections will be found by reference to
Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Plate VIII.). This reducing- valve is worked
automatically by levers as shown, and is set to admit reduced
live-steam from the boilers into the turbine, whenever the wind-
ing-engine remains idle for a longer period than 90 seconds.

Fig. 13.— Rateau Turbine.

The application of this automatic reducing-valve brings out
an interesting and important point bearing on the overall
efficiency of exhaust-steam turbines.

It will have no doubt been frequently observed that, in order
to maintain the required number of draws per hour from a
winding-engine, the boiler-pressure must be kept as near as
possible to the blowing-off point. Consequently, when winding
is delayed, steam blows off at the safety-valves, and energy is
wasted beyond any possibility of recovery. But by the aid of
the automatic reducing valve, an appreciable portion of this
otherwise waste-steam will go through the turbine, just at the

124

THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

moment when the latter cannot obtain exhaust-steam owing* to
the cessation of winding. In this way, a high general efficiency
is obtained, even when working with old low-pressure boilera
and winding-engines, without automatic expansion-gear. In
the case of the Hucknall turbine, it has been noted that there is^
no appreciable change in its speed when fed with steam from
any of the three sources of supply, namely, live-steam, exhaust-
steam and regenerated steam in the accumulator, the automatic
change, from one supply to either of the others, being so gradual
that there is no perceptible difference of pressure on the admis-
sion-side of the turbine. If there is any change in the com-

THKEE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT. 126

The greater part of the power developed by the alternator is
used for haulage in the mine where the plant is installed. Since,
under the local conditions, no coal-winding can go on without
haulage and no haulage can be done without winding, the plant
works under circumstances favourable to economy.

Whilst power is wanted for haulage the turbine can be driven
by exhaust-steam ; but if it had to run, say, for the purpose of
operating electric pumps during the night-shift, or to do
other work during intervals between coal-turning shifts, it would
then be necessary to run on reduced live-steam. The efficiency
of the plant would thus be reduced by nearly 50 per cent., as
compared with that of a good type of compound engine.

It would perhaps have added to the interest of this paper,
if tests could have been carried out showing the consumption of
exhaust-steam per horsepower-hour.

There is undoubtedly a large margin of surplus exhaust-steam
escaping into the atmosphere, and it is probable that the full
output of the generator could be obtained with little more steam
than is supplied by one cylinder of the winding-engine.

Havlage, — ^The Rateau installation was put down primarily
to supply power for underground haulage. The latter presents
no points of novelty. It is an old plant, and works, of necessity,
under conditions the reverse of ideal. The mine has been
producing coal for a period bordering upon half a century, many
districts are exhausted, and a large proportion of the total out-
put is now dependent upon three sets of ropes, all of which are
geared to one source of power. The original scheme consisted
of three vertical multitubular boilers, supplying steam at a
pressure of 60 pounds per square inch to an engine with two
coupled horizontal cylinders, each capable of developing,
approximately, 40 horsepower. This engine drove the above-
mentioned ropes through suitable gearing, each rope-drum being
provided with a claw-clutch of the ordinary type.

An examination of the figures obtained by calculation, and
those since measured by electrical instruments, may prove interest-
ing. The power required in the motor-house could not be deter-
mined by steam-engine tests, the ropes having been extended so
many times that the original installation had J^ecome consider-
ably underpowered.

126

THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

In the mine there are two districts (Fig. 6, Plate VIII.), each
worked by an endless rope, and a third rope which is used to
divide the output of one of these districts into two parts, taking-
half along a bye-road to feed the upper decks of the winding-cage.

No. 1 District. — This district is estimated to deliver 1,000
tons per shift of 7^ hours, but, to allow for delays, the actual
running time is taken at 6 hours. The speed of the haulage
is 4,000 yards per hour, the weight of the empty trams is 6 cwts. ;
and the net weight of the loaded trams is 12 cwts.

To deliver 20,000 cwts. per 6 hours requires (20,000^12 or)
1,660 tubs, that is, (l,66&-7- 6 or) 278 tubs per hour. A speed of
4,000 yards per hour gives (4,000 -f 278 or) 14*5 yards as the
distance apart of the tubs ; and on a road, 3,760 yards long, there
will, therefore, be (3,760 -i- 14*5 or) 260 loaded tubs on the rope.

The net load on the rope is, therefore (260 x 12 or) 3,120
cwts. ; and this gives, allowing for a gradient of 1 in 100 in
favour of the load, a pull of 31*2 cwts. : taking the friction-co-
efficient of the trams as j^s, the power required to pull the trams^
is, therefore, (3,120^-35-31-2 or) 58 cwts. The weight of rope,
at 4 pounds per yard, is (3,760 x 2 x 4 or) 30,080 pounds : assuming
the friction-coefficient of the rope at ^V> ^^e pull will be
(30,080-^20 or) 1,504 pounds. The total pull is, therefore,
(6,49(1 + 1,504 or) 8,000 pounds; and the horsepower will be
(8,000x200 + 33,000 or) 48*5.

Xo. 2 District. — In a similar way, the horsepower required
for Xo. 2 district, which, though considerably shorter, works

THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLAXT. 127'

(1,800 millimetres) in diameter. The shaft, C, is 4*92 inches
(125 millimetres) in diameter. The pinion, D, is 2461 inches;
(625 millimetres) in diameter and 5*91 inches (150 millimetres)
wide. The wheel, E, is 70*87 inches (1,800 millimetres) in dia-
meter and 5*91 inches (150 millimetres) wide. The shaft, F, is;
5*91 inches (150 millimetres) in diameter. The pinion, G, is.
19*68 inches (500 millimetres) in diameter and 5*91 inches (150
millimetres) wide. The pulley, H, is 98*43 inches (2,500 milli-
metres) in diameter and 5*91 inches (150 millimetres) wide. The
shaft, I, is 7*87 inches (200 millimetres) in diameter. The Jfo. 3.
bye-road rope-driving pulley, J, is 39*37 inches (1,000 milli-
metres) in diameter. The rope-driving pulleys, K and M, for
Xos. 1 and 2 districts are each 56*12 inches (1,400 millimetres) ia
diameter and can be put into and out of gear by the clutches^.
L and X.

The diagram (Fig. 9, Plate IX.) gives an idea of the con-
ditions under which the motor works. During the first 2:
minutes, only the No. 2 and the pit-bottom ropes are running,
the current taken being about 50 amperes. Then both ropes are
stopped, and the pit-bottom rope is switched on alone. After
3 minutes, the north rope is started and runs for ^ minute.
From the fifth to the thirteenth minute, the bottom rope runs,,
then No. 2 rope is started and, at 14^ minutes, 'No. 1 rope is.
thrown into gear. The current rises momentarily to 144
amperes, falls to 80 amperes as the ropes acquire speed, and then,
rises, in li minutes, to 90 amperes. This indicates the occur-
rence of something abnormal on the road, perhaps a tram de-
railed, and the driver consequently switches oil. At 17 minutes,,
he starts the No. 1 and pit-bottom rope for about IJ minutes,
then stops to throw into gear the No. 2 rope. The current rises
to 135 amperes, drops to 80 amperes, and shows sharp variations,
of current between 70 and 90 amperes during the ensuing 'i-
minutes. At 22 minutes, the motor is stopped to take No. 2
rope out of gear and starts again with the other two ropes.
At 35 minutes, the rise in the current-line makes it evident that
there is something wrong on the road. The current is switched
off 2 minutes later, and the No. 1 rope is not started again until
43A minutes. This chart was selected to show bad conditions,
partly to indicate what a well-made three-phase motor will do,
and partly to show the disadvantages of working without friction-
clutches.

128 DISCUSSION — THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

Fig. 10 (Plate IX.) shows the average amperage for each
rope, when running separately, by the lines A, B and C. The
amperage, when all three ropes are ninning together, is marked
•by the line D. It will be observed that this line is not equal to
the sum of the currents taken by the separate ropes, since the
latter may assist or retard one another, at certain points on the
journey. The heavy dotted line, E, on the same chart, shows
the average current taken by the motor over a whole day, and
is not calculated from the line D.

It may be interesting, from the point of view of companies
•contemplating the use of current from external sources of supply,
to state that the power-plant consumes 203 Board of Trade units,
and the underground lighting 27 units, as recorded daily on a
^vatt meter.

Allowing 10 per cent, for depreciation of plant, and 5s. per
•day for labour, the cost per unit is l*3d. when working only 250
days per annum. If the turbine ran 250 days per annum on
the full load the cost per unit would be reduced to 0*55d. without
allowing for the saving that would result from the consequent
stoppage of another boiler. If it were possible to have a per-
manent night-load all the year round, the cost instead of falling
again would rise slightly, since the plant would run two-thirds
of its time on reduced live-steam, and would require to have
-charged to it a proportion of the boiler-expenses.

DISCUSSION ^THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLAXT. 129

containing perforated oval tubes. The water covered the per-
forations, and was violently circulated by the steam issuing from
them. As water had nine times greater heat-storage capacity
than metal, the dimensions and cost of the apparatus were
consequently greatly reduced. In reference to the pressure
in the accumulators, as a rule the average pressure was about
i pound per square inch above the atmosphere. It was slightly
greater at Hucknall Torkard, for two reasons : (a) the quantity
of rails available was hardly sufficient to take up enough heat
at atmospheric pressure; and (b) the quantity of steam used
from the winding-engine was so large that the relief -valve was
hardly lai^ge enough, especially as the plant was not working at
full load. The cost per unit appeared somewhat high, but it
should be borne in mind that the average load on the motor was
only about 60 out of a possible 150 amperes, and that the load
varied from 160 to 20 amperes about 50 times per hour. The pit
only worked 8 hours per day, and this also tended to increase the
cost per unit. It had been proved, in steel-works with a variable
load for 24 hours, that the cost including interest, depreciation,
oils, stores, and wages varied from 0'25d. to 0'30d. per unit.
Including plants installed on the Continent, there were altogether
thirty-six Bateau plants, the greater number in G-ermaiiy
and one plant in America. The Hucknall Torkard plant had a
capacity of 150 amperes at 500 volts, and was driven by a Rateau
low-pressure turbine working from atmospheric pressure to a
vacuum of 26 inches.

Mr. Charles H. Mehz (Newcastle-upon-Tyne) wrote that
the installation of a Bateau turbine, receiver and dynamo to
utilize the exhaust-steam from a colliery winding-engine was
interesting, and the experiment was of material value as direct-
ing attention to economies in working and to the importance
of raising coal to bank at minimum power-costs. From data
at his disposal, it would appear that from 4 to 8 per cent of the
total coal-output of the average mine was used for the purpose
of satisfying the power-requirements of the pit-and-surface
plant, so that any economy in these power-requirements was
well worthy of consideration. An efficient power-company
ought, however, to be able to offer electricity to mines on terms
which would compare favourably with the results of the experi-
ment as stated by Mr. Maurice at the end of his paper; and

▼OL. XXXII.-1t06-l907. 0

180 DISCUSSION — THREE-PHASE HAUI^GE PLANT.

one would therefore anticipate that the utilization of the exhaust-
steam of winding-engines on the system described was hardly
likely to be followed extensively, not, at any rate, within the
area of a power-company.

Prof. A. Eateau (Paris) wrote that a few supplementary re-
marks might prove useful, in order to show how it would be pos-
sible, when occasion arose, to surmount the difficulties inherent in
the Hucknall-Torkard installation. It is certain that a heat-
accumulator, utilizing a mass of metal, tends to become too bulky
and especially too costly, when it is a matter of regulating the
escape of steam from powerful intermittent engines. He had
consequently been led to devise an apparatus wherein the heat-
accumulator is constituted by a mass of water, whereof the
calorific capacity is greatly superior to that of the metal utilized
in the Hucknall-Torkard installation. There remained one con-
siderable difficulty to be overcome, namely, the poor conductivity
of water. In the Rateau water-accumulator, the steam penetrates
the liquid in the most intimate fashion, being dispersed therein in
tiny bubbles by means of tubes riddled with perforations of small
diameter. By means of a special arrangement of these tubes, a
very active circulation is set up within the liquid mass, thanks
to which the contact-surface between the steam and the water of
the heat-accumulator is enormously extended, and so the whole
of the water plays an active part in the regeneration of the
steam. One of these appliances has been set up in the works

DISCUSSION — ^THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT. 181

expanded before it is taken up by the turbine. This ease, as
Mr. W. Maurice had pointed out, arises only when the winding-
engine or the rolling-mill have rest-intervals during which the
turbo-generator must, nevertheless, develop current. If these
intervals are not of too long duration, there is evidently nothing
for it but to accept the economically unsatisfactory use of ex-
panded steam by the turbine. Should these intervals, how-
ever, be of considerable duration, it would be advisable to make
use of turbines of the mixed-admittance type; these turbines
have two points of entiy for the steam. In the case of exhaust-
steam, it enters through the low-pressure part of the turbine;
but when it is desired to utilize high-pressure steam, that
steam enters through the first blades (or spirals) of the turbine,
and having passed over these, does its work in the low-pressure
portion. These separate admittances of steam are automatic-
ally regulated by a specially-devised appliance. The utilization
of the steam is, then, in all cases satisfactory from the economic
point of view, and is comparable with, if not superior to, the
results obtained from the best installations of electro-generators
combined with piston-engines.

Among arrangements of the kind just described, that which
has been set up at the Reunion mines in Spain, deserves, perhaps,
special notice. There the question was how to utilize the steam
from a winding-engine by means of a heat-accumulator and a tur-
bine working at the pressure of one absolute atmosphere. The
winding-engine is at work for about 10 hours a day, and the
turbine, having to provide power during every hour of the twenty-
four, is provided with three inlets for steam. This allows of its
utilizing, under the most favourable conditions attainable, steam
derived from the boilers at the respective pressures of 70 pounds
and 135 pounds per square inch. Thus the turbine is supplied
automatically with steam from three distinct sources : exhaust-
steam, steam at 70 pounds, and steam at 135 pounds. (Steam
at 70 pounds or steam at 135 pounds is used, according as one
or other of the boilers is available.)

At the Bethune mines, in France, a centrifugal turbo-com-
pressor, Bateau type, is also driven by low-pressure turbines,
utilizing the exhaust-steam from a winding-engine. These
turbines, two in number, are placed on two parallel shafts to
which the air-compressors are coupled direct. One of the
turbines is provided with high-pressure gear whence exhaust

182 DISCUSSION— THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

takes place into the second low-pressure turbine, which drives
the second shaft of the aii^compressor. The exhaust-steam from
the high-pressure engine, being diverted into the second
low-pressure turbine, this allows of the maintenance of
practically equal power on the two shafts of the turbo-com-
pressor whilst working with live steam. In regard to this point,
it is of interest to note that the Rateau turbo-compressor pro-
vides air at a pressure of 85 pounds per square inch.

From these supplementary remarks, it will be seen that it is
possible so to utilize exhaust-steam that, whenever the main
source of the low-pressure steam gives out, excellent results
may yet be obtained from a given group of electro-generators.

It is clear that each installation must be studied for itself,
in order to utilize in the best manner possible the available
material. The suggested device is ver^^ adaptable, and can be
modified to meet various contingencies. It does not consist in
simply coupling up a low-pressure turbine to a compound piston-
engine, for the last cylinder of which the turbine would act as
a substitute, but it assures the complete independence of both.
He (Mr. Rateau) might venture to assert that his system had now
established itself thoroughly in the realm of industrial practice.
The number of installations at work or under construction
exceeds 30, representing the production of no less than 24,000
additional effective horsepower. In Great Britain, seven installa-
tions supply about 7,000 horsepower.

DISCUSSION ^THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT. 188

Mr. "W. Price Abell (Derby) said that Mr. Maurice pointed
out that winding required a varying power, and argued that a
simple engine was the best for the purpose, and that the
Rat^au arrangement, in conjunction with an accumulator
(and to that he attached the greatest importance), was a prac-
tical and feasible means of equalizing and economizing the
volume of steam required for such a varying consumption as that
possessed by an ordinary winding-engine; and the Kateau
system afforded the beneficial reservoir or equalizer. However,
the varying conditions of a winding-engine did not apply in the
case of an ordinary engine developing a constant power, and he
(Mr. Abell) failed to see that the llateau system would give
a greater economy than any of the efficient compound condensing
engines of the present day. He thought that Mr. Maurice did
wisely in stating, at the outset, the varying conditions which
prevailed, and in leaving the members to draw their own con-
clusions from the work which he had achieved in actual practice.

Mr. R. Laverick (Wollaton) said that in the plant described
by Mr. Maurice, the exhaust-steam was derived from one source
of supply (the winding-engines); and he (Mr. Laverick) sug-
gested instead of having occasionally to use live steam in the
secondary engine that the exhaust steam from the fan-engine,
and the belt-engine, should be utilized in a series of accumula-
tors.

Mr. J. Mein (South Norman ton) asked whether the actual
working of the plant had given entire satisfaction, how
much per ton had actually been saved by the introduction of
the new arrangement, and whether the large capital-expen-
diture had been justified by the saving of fuel that had been
accomplished.

Mr. M. W. Waterhouse (Exhall) asked whether the Rateau
turbine could be run at a speed low enough to drive an ordinary
direct-current installation. It was stated that the automatic
reducing- valve was set, so as to come into operation and to admit
live steam from the boilers into the turbine, whenever the wind-
ing-engine was standing for longer than 1^ minutes. He did
not understand how that was accomplished, and he should be
glad of some further explanation.

134 DISCUSSION THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

Mr. W. Hay (Shirebrook) asked what was the back-pressure
at the winding-engine?

Mr. J. W. Fryar (Eastwood) said that Mr. Maurice had
stated that where condensing winding-engines were used the
condenser was generally disconnected when men were being
raised or lowered ; but for the last forty or fifty years most of
the coal in the North of England had been drawn by condensing
winding-engines, and he had never heard of the condenser being
disconnected when men had to ride in the cage. Mr. Maurice fur-
ther stated that the cranks of compound winding-engines should
be set at opposite centres ; but he (Mr. Fryar) thought that there
was no difficulty in setting them at right angles, and, further, that
there was no difficulty in working compound winding-engines,
either condensing or non-condensing. He felt so sure as to the
efficiency of the Rateau turbine that they were erecting at the
present time, at Bentley colliery, near Doncaster, two Rateau
exhaust-steam turbines, which would utilize the whole of the
exhaust-steam from the compound winding-engines, the fan-
engine, and (during the sinking) from the high-speed non-con-
densing generator-engine. All of the exhaust-steam would be
passed to the accumulator, and thence through the Rateau
turbine to the condenser, in preference to passing the steam
from the engines direct to the condenser. He believed that
exhaust-steam used in that way would show considerable
economy, even when compared with the use of condensing
tile best eiectrieai stations.

DISCUSSIOX THREE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT. 185

tinent had also been running for considerable periods, so that
their reliability was beyond question.

With regard to the points raised by Mr. Mein, the installa-
tion of the Hucknall plant was not at all in the nature of an
experiment; and it was actually the cheapest available means
of obtaining the power required, although the capital cost per
horsepower would seem expensive owing to the small size of the
machine. Before adopting the Rateau system, he (Mr. Maurice)
had examined in detail the capital cost and probable running
expenses of every other means of obtaining the necessary power,
including the installation of a complete producer-gas plant.
Then he saw the machine at the Bruay collieries, and afterwards
saw others under construction. Mr. Mein had commented on
the absence of detail with regard" to the actual running of the
plant, but there was really nothing to say. The turbine had given
practically no trouble, nor had anything else occurred that was in
any way novel. A little difficulty had been experienced in
balancing the rotor, and there had been a few electrical troubles,
but they were such as might occur with any kind of electrical
generator, and had nothing to do with the installation considered
as an exhaust-steam power-plant. The plant was now running
efficiently, and he believed that all the little trials incidental
to the starting of a finely built high-speed machine had been
successfully overcome. The boilers, previously doing the work
of this installation, were worn out, no other source of steam-
supply was available, and eventually the haulage-gear was driven
electrically, and an exhaust-steam turbine was provided to
generate the power. There could be no question that the new
installation was much cheaper to run than the old one; and,
irrespective of interest and depreciation, the cost per ton for
power was 0*06d. It was impossible for any other scheme to
have worked out so low. The old installation cost rather more
than this amount, solely on material for repairs.

It would undoubtedly be advantageous to utilize the exhaust-
steam from all sources, if the power were wanted ; but he had
not troubled to collect other exhaust-steam, because that from
the winding-engine alone was more than he needed.

The turbine ran at a speed of 3,000 revolutions per minute.
There was no inherent difficulty about applying the system
to direct-current generators, and, in fact, the Glasgow instal-

186 DISCUSSION — THE STANLEY DOUBLE-IIEADING MACHINE.

lation was so applied, as also was that at Bruay collieries. The
automatic reducing-valve was of the usual type, and not
specially desij^ned for use with exhaust-steam turbines. The
cost per unit was given at the end of the paper. There was a
little back-pressure on the cylinder of the winding-engine, but
not sufficient to affect the speed of winding or to interfere with
the work of the engineman.

He (Mr. Maurice) agreed in general with the remarks of Mr.
Fryar, and recognized that this regenerative principle should not
be considered so much a rival as an auxiliary to an ordinary
condensing installation.

The President (Mr. W. G. Phillips), in proposing a hearty
vote of thanks to Mr. Maurice for his paper, suggested that they
should have an opportunity for a further discussion on some
future occasion.

The resolution was cordially adopted, and the further
discussion was adjourned.

DISCUSSION OF MR. A. HALL'S PAPER ON "THE
STANLEY DOUBLE-HEADING MACHINE."*

Mr. A. Hall, supplementing his paper, said that in the
costs of working nothing was included for the actual costs of
the air-compressor, the engine driving it, and the heading-

machiiit\^; mid no Mowimvi' wau made for th** vaVup of the cosil

DISCUSSION — THE STANLEY DOUBLE-HEADING MACHINE. 137

in diameter and 9 inches stroke, a pipe 4 inches in diameter
should be used, if the air was to be brought from a distance of
3,000 feet. It could easily be shown that under such con-
ditions the loss due to friction, quite apart from the loss due
to leakage, would absorb a considerable quantity of power,
and add still further waste to the present wasteful system of
compressing air on the surface for use with these machines.
To prove this point, he assumed that the heading-machine would
have a cut-off in the cylinders of 090 stroke, and a working
pressure of 30 pounds per square inch.* Under these circum-
stances, the equivalent free air required would be approximately
800 cubic feet per minute. The problem then was to determine
the initial pressure required to transmit 800 cubic feet of free
air per minute through a pipe, 4 inches in diameter and 3,000
feet long, so that it might have a terminal pressure of 30
pounds per square inch. By D'Arcy's well-known formula, he
found that the initial pressure would be approximately 45 pounds
per square inch. From this it would be seen that, to obtain the
requisite quantity of air at the heading-machine at a pressure
of 30 pounds, the compressor at the other end of the length
of pipes must deliver the air into the pipes at a pressure of
46 pounds per square inch. Assuming ordinary single-stage
compression in each case, the ratio of the power required to
compress this air at a pressure of 30 pounds compared with
that required at a pressure of 46 pounds would be as 19J to 26,
these being the relative mean eii'ective pressures in the cylinder
of an ordinary air-compressor under these conditions. This
ratio was equivalent to a reduction of 30 per cent, in the power
required under these two conditions. In other words, an
electrically-driven compressor placed in-bye to compress the air
at the pressure actually required, only needed to be 70 per
cent, as powerful as if a standard compressor were used on
the surface and the air transmitted through the lines of pipes
in question. He (Mr. Abell) did not disagree with Mr. Hall as to
the sizes of pipes that he had selected, because he realized that
if collierj'-managers put in still larger pipes so as to reduce the
drop, it simply increased the capital cost of the pipes. He
desired, however, to use this opportunity^ of pointing out, from
figures given by practical men in connection with this work,

• Trans, Inst. M. E,, 1905, vol. xxx., pages 604 and 605.

188 DISCUSSION — THE STANLEY DOUBLE-HEADING MACHINE.

such as Mr. Hall was, what a great economy could be obtained
by electrical transmission, and compression underground close
to the working-face. He would like to remark that when the
air-compressor is installed in-bye, close to its work, the initial
pressure, and, therefore, the power of the motor, could be
largely reduced, and also advantage could be taken of the
closeness of the air-compressor to the heading-machine to omit
water-jackets from the compressor, and to compress the air
hot and deliver it in that state to the heading-machine. The
valve-setting on the heading-machine could be altered then
so as to give a much earlier cut-oS, thus enabling a much
smaller air-compressor and motor to be used, and the cost of
heading by means of these machines and in-bye electrically-
driven air-compressors would be further reduced.

Mr. H. R. Hewitt (H.M. Inspector of Mines, Derby) wrote that
he had watched the development of this heading-machine for many
years and the single machine had done useful and rapid work in
Warwickshire ; but, in Derbyshire, where the roads were wider
and higher, he had seen the machine at work driving open-
ing headings, with sets of men further back pulling off the
sides and ripping the roof, where the work was extremely hard
owing to the strong nature of the coal. In coal of a friable
nature it was found difficult to keep the road of a reasonable
width where the double-header was used, and in the re-opening
of the Charity colliery, it was found that the sides of the road-
were continuaJlv rolling oJ!: and that loinrer anrl mar

DISCUSSION — THE STANLEY DOUBLE-HEADING MACHINE. 139

sure of 50 pounds, 104 cubic feet per minute. As Warwickshire
mines are not much troubled by fire-damp, this scanty air-
supply is sufficient for the head-end, but in a long* heading the
air, away from the machine, is somewhat stagnant and foggy.
He thought that considerable difficulty would be experienced
in working a double-header to the rise, owing to its weight of
6 tons, and perhaps the author would describe how this enormous
mass was kept up to the cutting face of a roadway rising 1 in
6 : a usual Warwickshire inclination.

Mr. A. Hall, replying to the remarks of Mr. Abell, said
that the loss of pressure in transmission was somewhat difficult
to calculate. The initial pressure at the air-receiver on the
surface varied from 50 to 60 pounds per square inch, and the
pressure was reduced to less than 40 pounds and possibly 35
pounds at the machine in the pit, a mile in-bye. At any rate, he
thought that the useful effect obtained was not at any time
much less than 50 per cent. He (Mr. Hall) had seen several
in-bye air-compressors at work and he was very favourably
impressed with them, but he thought that the application of
an air-receiver of ample dimensions would enable better results
to be obtained than those that he had witnessed. The heading-
machines were placed comparatively close to the air-compressor,
and it seemed to him that when two heading-machines were run-
ning the compressor was too quickly sucked empty. He (Mr. Hall)
appreciated the views of Mr. Abell respecting the future possi-
bilities and increased advantages of the use of in-bye air-com-
pressors; and he was also in complete agreement with Mr.
Abell as to the desirability of employing pipes of as large a
diameter as practicable, consistently, of course, with economy and
capital-cost.

He (Mr. Hall) agreed, to some extent, with the use of single-
heading machines in the circumstances detailed by Mr. Hewitt,
but in sufficiently hard coal, as in the Derbyshire seams referred
to, he would prefer to use the double-heading machine to drive
a wide heading, as it provided sufficient space for a double tram-
line, more room to get about, and, at the same time, a greater
percentage of round coal was produced, without appreciably
diminishing the distance cut. The quantity of free air that
would issue from a tap, i inch in diameter, at a pressure of
40 pounds per square inch, worked out by Napier's formula,

140

DISCUSSION COLLIERY-CONSUMPTIOX.

was 221 cubic feet per minute. In an anemometer-test recently
made in the mine, a tap, with a circular bore, | inch in diameter,
at a pressure of 45 pounds per square inch, delivered 181
cubic feet of air per minute. He (Mr. Hall) could state
that the air in headings ventilated in this manner was purer
and clearer than many ventilated by means of either
air-pipes, or brattice-cloth, or both. The size of the tap
could, however, be increased so as to give any reasonable
quantity of air. Mr. Hewitt's statement that the charge-
man frequently neglected to leave open the small tap
was purely a question of discipline in the mine, and, in his
experience, on only one occasion had he known the chargeman
to neglect to open the small tap, when the machine was stand-
ing, and unfortunately that happened on an occasion when Mr.
Hewitt was inspecting the mine. With regard to the difficulty
of keeping a machine weighing 6 tons up to its work, when
cutting uphill, at a gradient of 1 in G, it should be remembered
that the frame and the engine of the machine did not travel
as the cut advanced, and the arm and threaded shaft did not
move forward when the frame was advanced. A steel-girder,
placed across the heading, and supported by recesses cut in the
sides, would take the weight of the shafts, whilst the frame was
being pushed forward into position for the next cutting. So
far as Warwickshire was concerned, however, the hills were
usually driven to the dip: a gradient to the rise such as that
mentioned by Mr. Hewitt being usually worked by jigs, and

DISCUSSION COLLIERY-CONSUMPTION. 141

at Is. per ton, and the actual difference in the average selling
price. The average selling prices of 5s. lO^d. and 5s. T^d. were
correct, and showed a saving of 2fd. per ton on the whole
output : the reduction in working cost, 25,200 tons at Is. per ton,
represented £1,250; the 25,200 tons of nut-slack at 4s. per ton,
realized a further gain of £5,000; making a total gain of
£6.250. That amount was very nearly the same figure as
that recorded in his paper, £6,450 ; and a slight addition to the
value of 4s. per ton would make the figures correspond exactly.
He (Mr. Longden) believed that the best smoke-consumer was
the underfeed stoker, and the maker told him that the only
method which he feared was hand-firing. He was pleased to note
that two other speakers had corroborated what he stated — tliat
hand-firing with plenty of boilers was equal to any mechanical
stoker. Mr. Laverick would find all particulars of the trellis-
firebrick-work under the boilers, in his former paper.* This
method of superheating the steam had been in operation at the
Blackwell collieries for thirty years, effecting a saving of 20
per cent, in the consumption of coal. It had been tested with
five boilers at the B winnings: without superheating, five
boilers were required; and when superheating was in use, the
work could be satisfactorily performed witi four boilers. It
was, he admitted, only a rough-and-ready test, but it was fairly
accurate, and it extended over a long period. Many of the
boilers which he put down in 1872 were there still, so that they
had not been much injured. There was some doubt as to
whether the soot would become red-hot and injure the plates,
but it had not happened yet.

Mr. G. Alfred Lewis (Derby) wrote that, whilst he
thoroughly appreciated the importance of economy in coal-
consumption, he could not agree with Mr. Longden's method
of estimating the saving effected. It appeared to him that a
fallacy existed in the reasoning, and the weak point in the
argument was that, with the original small output of 283,000
tons, 7i per cent, was of inferior quality and was sent to the
boilers ; but when the output was increased to 586,000 tons, only
3 per cent, was of the low value. This might possibly have been
the case, but the cause would be better discipline in the pit, and

• **The Evaporative Power 'of Lancashire Boilers," Traivmctioiia of The
Midland Counties Institution of Engineers, 1876, vol. iv., page 22.

142

DISCUSSION — COLLIERY-CONSUMPTIOK.

possibly different conditions of working, wherefore the improve-
ment should not be credited to lessened consumption. By
that assumption Mr. Longden showed an improvement in selling
prices, and that difference was the measure of the advantage
gained. It was easily shewn if 7^ per cent, of any tonnage of
coal was worth, say, 4s. per ton, whether it was burnt or sold,
and the remainder was worth 6s. per ton, that the average value
of the total was [ (7i x 4) + (92^ x 6)^ 100 or] 5s. 10-2d. per ton :
and this value was the same whatever the output might be,
and so the advantage shown by Mr. Longden vanished. Un-
doubtedly a great saving was effected, however, but he con-
sidered that it would better shewn by giving statistics as to the
number of extra boilers, firemen, repairs, etc., that would have
been necessitated had the consumption been maintained at the
original amount of 7^ per cent.

Mr. J. A. Longden said that Is. per ton was taken as the usual
value for colliery-consumption, but he did not assert that it
was the real value of the coal. It was the fact that 25,000 tons
of nut-slack were placed in a position to be sold at a price of
48. per ton. He did not say that the figures were absolutely
and literally correct; he thought that the particulars might
be interesting to the members, and he wanted to bring out the
different methods of calculating the cost. The difference in
the average selling-price when, perhaps, 50 per cent, more coal
rot in one week than in another was most marked: the

DISCUSSION UNDEKGKOXJND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS. 143

The President (Mr. "W. G. Phillips) said that he saw the
force of Mr. Longden's explanation and reasoning, and where
there had been some misapprehension about his points. He
(Mr. Phillips) had always maintained that hand-firing well-done
was better than machine-firing.

DISCUSSION OF MR. A. J. TONGE'S PAPER ON
" TJNGERGROUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS."*

Mr. A. H. Stokes (H.M. Inspector of Mines, Derby) wrote
that the idea of placing a fan underground was not new, for a
ventilating fan fixed underground had worked for many years
at a large mine in Nottinghamshire, but such fan was an
auxiliary fan to assist the ventilation, and not the main venti-
lating fan. There was a large fan on the surface which did away
with any objection arising under the Coal-mines Regulation
Act. Mr. Tonge's idea was that underground fans should not be
secondary or supplementary fans, but that they should do the
whole of the ventilation of the mine or seam, and this led to
the consideration whether such an arrangement could be legally
sanctioned. The third General Rule of the Coal-mines Regula-
tion Act required the fan to ** be in such position and placed
under such conditions as will tend to insure its being uninjured
by an explosion." Could a mining engineer successfully hold
that a fan placed underground, either in a main or a side road,
was not in a place which tended to its injury in case of an
explosion? The air of the mine would have to pass direct to
the fan, and would not the track of an explosion also pass as
direct as the air-current? Experience showed that fans on the
surface had been so fixed as to escape injury, or to receive only
slight injury by an explosion. In any case, they were under
the immediate control of workmen, and could be repaired with
freedom from noxious gases. Explosions were no respecter of
either human life or property belowground. It was essential,
after an explosion, that the fan should be available with as little
delay as possible. In Mr. Tonge's case, the cables might be
broken, the fan shattered, and the shafts for a time blocked to
all ingress or egress to the mine. Was not a fan on the surface

♦ Trans, Inst, M. E,, 1906, vol. xxxi., page 207.

144 DISCUSSION rXDERGROUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS.

free from these disadvantages, if properly erected, and immedi-
ately available ? It was stated that one advantage was an open
shaft at the top, but this could equally be obtained by a fan on the
surface, provided that the headgear was boxed in and the inlet
and outlet for men and tubs passed through enclosed roadways
with doors, leaving the shaft-top open so far as the cages and
bankings were concerned ; but it was pointed out that with such
an arrangement of closed headgear and double doors there was
considerable loss of air due to leakage. That was true, but the
leakage kept the pit-top sweet and healthy for persons working
inside the covered way : it was a small scale of air passing
into the fan-drift. It was surprising how some managers would
complain of a small leakage at the pit-top, whereas various
large leakages through defective coursing of the air-current in
the mine were, he was afraid, frequently ignored. Such mana-
gers should measure the quantity of air passing into the mine,
and then measure the air passing through the first working-place
on the intake side : the leakage would probably surprize many,
and find employment for their skill in remedying the defect.

The suggestion was made that, in large mines, such fans might
be fixed at some distance in the mine and utilized for pushing on
the ventilation. There was one such fan now working in the
Midland district. It was fixed about a mile from the shaft,
but its utility had not proved equal to expectation.

The question of economy was raised, but he failed to see

DISCUSSION UXDERGROUXD FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS. 145

gauge of I inch, B mine with If inches, and C mine with 1§ inches.
Between B and C mines, there was only i inch of water-gauge,
and the volumes were 50,000 and 45,000 cubic feet per minute
respectively. The A mine was evidently a small mine, for there
was only a volume of 18,000 cubic feet per minute. Were there
not many mines having large splits of air with greater variations
in the water-gauge? The logical conclusion was that there
should be an underground fan for every split or variation of
water-gauge, if Mr. Tonge's ideal was to be reached. It would
be interesting to know why Mr. Tonge did not make his com-
parative calculations upon the actual figures from his own mine,
rather than assume a hypothetical standard of five seams having
such an extreme variation of water-gauge. It was more accept-
able to base calculations upon actual facts, rather than upon an
assumed basis which might or might not have its parallel in
existence.

The figures recorded in Table I. were interesting, and if he
correctly understood them under " present conditions " a total
of 69 brake-horsepower appeared to be giving 113,000 cubic
feet of air per minute, whereas under *' anticipated conditions '*
a total of 125 brake-horsepower would give 138,500 cubic feet
of air per minute, an increase of only 25,500 cubic feet of air
for the expenditure of an additional 56 horsepower by the
motors.

He (Mr. Stokes) trusted that any engineer who contemplated
following the plan described by Mr. Tonge, would erect a main
ventilating fan on the surface, in a position as far as possible
to secure it from injury by an explosion, and should he after-
wards desire to use auxiliary fans belowground he should
provide that there was always an attendant in charge.

Mr. A. J. Tonge wrote that he was pleased to have an oppor-
tunity of replying to Mr. Stokes' remarks respecting ** auxiliary
fans." Mr. Stokes referred to a large colliery, where there was
a fan fixed at the surface, and an auxiliary fan fixed underground
that had been at work for many years. This arrangement ap-
peared to have Mr. Stokes' approval ; while the system referred to
in his (Mr. Tonge's) paper met with some disapproval, both as re-
garded the legality and the power of re-entering the mine after
an explosion. He (Mr. Tonge) would simply lay the two systems
alongside of each other, and he thought that there could be no

VOL. XXXII.-19O0-1N7. 10

146 DISCUSSION — TJNDEEGROITND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS.

doubt as to wkich would prove the most effective even after an
explosion: — (a) In Mr. Stokes' example, there was a surface fan
and an auxiliary fan fixed underground; and (6) in the system
suggested by the writer, there were one or more main under-
ground fans and a main surface fan.

After a supposed explosion, let it be assumed that the under-
ground fans in both cases were temporarily put out of action.
Under the system referred to by Mr. Stokes, the surface fan was
repaired, if necessary, and again set to work ; but the ventilation
would not be as effective as before, owing to the loss of the
underground fan, which, one must presume, had been a necessity
for the full requirements of the mine. Under the system
referred to in his (Mr. Tonge's) paper, and assuming the under-
ground fan to be placed out of action, the surface fan was put
to work and was sufficiently large to deal with the whole of the
ventilation. In other words, where the system comprized '' a
surface fan with auxiliary fans," there was a condition of things
in which each fan formed a part of the whole, and the ventilation
was incomplete unless all the fans were at work together ; in
the system of " underground fans as main ventilators '' there were
two complete installations, the underground fans, capable of deal-
ing with the whole of the ventilation while under ordinary
working conditions, and the surface fan acting as a complete
standbye for emergencies and commanding the whole range of
the work.

He (Mr, Tunge) felt assured that Mr. Stokes, whom he never-

DISCT7SSI0F — DETECTION OF INFLAMMABLE GASES IN MINES. 147

large mines, but that did not preclude meeting the requirements
half way by putting one in each mine : more especially as one
great source of loss was at the pit-top, and the double purpose of
economizing air and facilitating work was served.

The paper could not possibly cover the whole ground, neither
did it suggest that all mines were suitable for the double sys-
tem ; but it set forth a practical remedy for difficulties in many
collieries, and the system attained its highest economy in deep
seams of extensive area and high resistance, and where winding
operations were conducted in the upcast-shaft.

DISCUSSION OF MR. CHARLES LATHAM'S " NOTES ON
THE DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF INFLAM-
MABLE GASES IN MINES BY MEANS OF FLAME-
CAPS."*

Mr. A. H. Stokes (H.M. Inspector of Mines, Derby) wrote that
the question raised by Mr. Latham was one of considerable import-
ance, although it was treated more in the style of professional
accuracy than practical management. But few could complain
of Mr. Latham's high standard, namely: — The air must be
free from fire-damp or safety-lamps must be used, and the air-
current must be tested down to 0*25 per cent. : a percentage in
which it was quite safe (so far as gas was concerned) to work
with a naked light. It was to be hoped that Mr. Latham might
some day see that standard legalized, for it would probably
secure a clean sheet from little explosions in the present naked-
light pits : those little " pin-prick " description of explosions,
generally discreditable to all connected with them. But if he
descended from the professional to the practical, it must be
recognized that the law now required the amount of ventilation
passing through the mine to be periodically measured and re-
corded, also the condition thereof, so far as the presence of gas
as shown by the ordinary safety-lamp test. If a record of the
quantity was necessary, why not the quality of the ventilation ?
Surely one was as important as the other, and now that there
were lamps which would fairly accurately c^ive the information
down to 0*5 per cent, of gas, when placed in trained hands,
there should be no difficulty in recording the quality as well as the
• Trans, Inst. M. E,, 1906, vol. xxxi., page 136.

148 DISCUSSIOX DETECTION OF INFLAMMABLE GASES IN MINES.

quantity when the periodical test was made. Personally, he
would say that any lamp clearly indicating 0*5 per cent, was
quite sufficient for all mining purposes, at least if the fire-damp
in the atmosphere was below 0*5 per cent, it might be ignored
for all practical purposes. Upon reference to Table V.,* it would
be seen that there was no variation in the height of flame-cap
between 025 and 0*5 per cent., both percentages giving a flame-cap
of 15 millimetres. How then was the person making the test able
to discriminate whether the t^st should be recorded as 025 or 0*5
per cent? Even the adapter of the lamp could only see a
difference of 1 millimetre or 0040 inch between 0*25 and
0*5 per cent., and this was practically undistinguishable in the
mine. It was of little use having any testing-lamp which would
not give an indication such as could be read or understood by an
ordinary observer. Laboratory-tests and professional readings
of gas-caps were scientifically good, but the mine-test must be
such as a mine-official could use with safety, and read with ease
and accuracy.

With respect to the heat of the hydrogen-flame, Mr. E.
McLaren had pointed out that " the extreme heat had the effect
of burning the gauze. "t He (Mr. Stokes) had a copper-gauze,
in which a hole had been burnt, owing to the incautious use of
the hydrogen-flame, but this danger had appai-ently now been
obviated by the introduction of a stop-pin and steel-wire gauze.

The standard at present used in mines was the flame of an

TRANSACTIONS.

149

THE INSTITUTION OF MINING ENGINEERS.

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,
Held in the Grand Hotel, Hanley, September 12th, 1906.

Sir lees KNOWLES, Bart., President, in the Chair.

Mr. A. M. Henshaw (Past-Pi-esident of the North Stafford-
shire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers) offered a
cordial welcome to the members. It was some years since The
Institution of Mining Engineers had visited their district; the
recollections of the members would be pleasant ones, and he
hoped that the pleasure would be exceeded on this occasion, as
An interesting programme of visits to works had been arranged.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS, 1906-1907.

The Seceetary announced the election of officers for the

•ensuing year by the Council as follows : —

President :
Mr. Maurice Deacon.

Vice-Presidents :
Mr. T. W. H. Mitchell.
Mr. R. T. Moore.
Mr. John Newton.
Mr. W. G. Phillips.
Mr. C. Pilkinoton.

Mr. Thomas Douglas.
Mr. J. T. Foroie.
Mr. W. B. M. Jackson.
Mr. R. McLaren.
Mr. J. H. Merivale.

Mr. J. B. Simpson.
Mr. J. G. Weeks.
Mr. R. S. Williamson.
Mr. J. R. R. WILJSON.
Mr. W. O. Wood.

Auditors :
Messrs. John G. Benson and Sons, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Treasurers:
Lambton & Company, The Bank, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. W. H. Chambers moved a vote of thanks to the retiring
President, Vice-Presidents, Councillors and Officers for their
services during the past year.

Mr. Philip Kihkup seconded the resolution, which was
<;oniially adopted.

▼OL. ZXXTI.-lf06.lM7.

150

ANNUAL REPOET OF THE COUNCIL.

The Secret.ajiy read the Annual Report of the Council as
follows : —

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

The Council report with regret the death of Mr. George
Lewis, a Past - president, and for many years a member of
their body.

The societies forming The Institution of Mining Engineers
continue as before: namely, the Manchester Geological and
Mining Society ; the Midland Counties Institution of Engineers ;
the Midland Institute of Mining, Civil and Mechanical Engin-
eers; the Mining Institute of Scotland; the North of England
Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers; the North
Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers;
and the South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Institute of
Mining Engineers.

The following table exhibits the progress of the membership
since the formation of the Institution in 1889 : —

Year ending

No. of

Totals.

July 3l8t.

Honorary Members.

Membem.

Non-fe<Ierated

1890

1,189

1,239

1891

1,187

1,196

1892

1,401

1,434

1893

1,519

1,552

1894

2,055

... 123

2,191

1895

2,197

... 109

2,319

1896

2,288

2,382

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 161

Although these two meetings secured the attendance of a
considerable number of members, the Council urge all members
to endeavour to take part in the proceedings of the General
Meetings. The influence of the Institution would thus become
more effective, and the value of the Transactions would be greatly
enhanced by the additional discussions which the papers read at
the meetings would secure.

The attention of the members may be directed to the value
of the Transactions containing, in addition to the reports of the
proceedings of the meetings of The Institution of Mining Engin-
eers, the proceedings of the seven federated societies ; and, if
this fact were made known to non-members, an increased mem-
bership of the Institution would follow.

Prof. H. Louis represented the Institution on the com-
mittee appointed by the Council of the Institution of Civil
Engineers to consider the " Education and Training of Engin-
eers."* The thanks of the members has been accorded to Prof.
Louis for his services. The attention of the members is particu-
larly drawn to the recommendations of the Committee.

Prizes have been awarded to the writers of the following
papers, which are printed in the Transactions (vols, xxviii. and
xxix.): —

" The Conveyor-system for Filling at the Goal-face, aa practised in
Great Britain and America." By Messrs. W. C. Blackett and
B. G. Ware.

*' The Occurrence of Underground Fires at the Greta Colliery, New-
South Wales.*' By Mr. Joshua Jeffries.

" Mine-surveying Instruments." By Mr. Dunbar D. Scott.

** The Development of Explosives for Coal-mines.'* By Mr. Donald M.
D. Stuart.

Addresses have been delivered during the year by Sir Lees
Knowles, Bart., President of The Institution of Mining
Engineers ; by Mr. Henry Bramall, President of the Manchester
Geological and Mining Society ; by Mr. W. G. Phillips, President
of the Midland Counties Institution of Engineers ; by Mr. A. H.
Heath, President of the North Staffordshire Institute of Mining
and Mechanical Engineers ; and by Mr. W. N. Atkinson, Presi-
dent of the South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Institute of
Mining Engineers.

• Traw. IiiMt. M. E., 1906, vol. xxx., page 485.

ihi

ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE COUNCIL.

The papers on geology include the following': —

" The Leading Features of the Lancashire Coal-field." By Mr. Joseph

Dickinson.
" The Mining Fields of Southern Bhodesia in 1905." By Prof. J. W.

Gregory.
** Corundum in Ontario, Canada : Its Occurrence, Working, Milling,

Concentration and Preparation for the Market as aa Abrasive."

By Mr. D. G. Kerr.
" The Gold-field of Paracatii, Minas Geraes, Braiil." By Mr. Hugh

Pearson.
•* Petroleum-occurrencee in the Orange River Colony." By Mr. A. E.

Sawyer.
" The Value of Fossil Mollusca in Coal-measure Stratigraphy." By

Mr. John T. Stobbs.
" The Barton and Forcett Limestone-quarries." By Mr. Thomas

Teasdale.
" Geological Notes on Sinking Langsett and Underbank Concrete-
trenches in the Little Don Valley." By Mr. William Watts.

Mining engineering has been the subject of the following
papers : —

" The Application of Direct Cementation in Shaft-sinking." By Mr. C.

Dinoire.
" Considerations on Deep-mining." By Mr. George Farmer.
"The Mining Fields of Southern Bhodesia in 1905." By Prof. J. W.

Gregory.
''The Great Planes of Strain in the Absolute Boof of Mines." By

Mr. H. W. G. Halbaum.
" An Acount of Sinking and Tubbing at Methley Junction Colliery,

with a Description of a Cast-iron Dam to resist an Outburst of

Water." By Mr. Isaac Hodges.
"The Gold-field of Paracatii, Minas Geraes, Brazil." By Mr. Hugh

ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE COUNCIL. 168

'* Non-rotating Wire-ropes, and Tests of Wire-rope Attachments.*' By

Mr. Ernest King.
"Colliery-consumption." By Mr. J. A. Longden.
'* A Spark-arrester for Locomotives." By Mr. William Maurice.
" Further Notes on Capels for Winding-ropes.*' By Mr. T. W. H.

MitcheU.
" The Unwatering of the Achddu Colliery, with a Description of the

Riedler Express Pump." By Mr. John Morris.
"Commercial Possibilities of Electric Winding for Main Shafts and

Auxiliary Work." By Mr. W. C. Mountain.
*• The Two-stage Air-compressing Plant at Teversal Collieries." By

Mr. Jonathon Piggford.
" The Tangye Suction Gas-producer." By Mr. C. H. Treglown.
" Proposed Plant for Winding 250 Tons of Coal per Hour from a

Depth of 3,000 Feet." By Mr. B. Woodworth.

Electricity and its applications have been discussed in the
following papers : —

" Electric Power-station, Winding-gear and Pumping-plant of the
Tarbrax Oil Company, Limited." By Mr. James Caldwell.

** Coal-cutting Machines of the Bar Type." By Mr. William Charlton.

" The Use of Electricity in Collieries." By Mr. P. Barrett Coulston.

" A Mechanical Coal-cutter in Queensland." By Mr. William Fryar.

*' Electrical Power-distribution." By Mr. Robert Loraine Qamlen.

"The Generation of Electricity by the Waste Gases of Modern Coke-
ovens." By Mr. Gerald H. J. Hooghwinkel.

" Practical Problems of Machine-mining." By Mr. Sam Mavor.

" Commercial Possibilities of Electric Winding for Main Shafts and
Auxiliary Work." By Mr. W. C. Mountain.

" Electrically-driven Air-compressors combined with the Working of
Ingersoll-Sergeant Heading-machines, and the Subsequent Working
of the Busty Seam at Ouston Colliery." By Mr. A. Thompson.

" Earth in Collieriee, with Reference to the ' Special Rules for the
Installation and Use of Electricity.' " By Mr. Sydney F. Walker.

"The Capcu;ity-current and its Effect on Leakage-indications on Three-
phase Electrical Power-service." By Mr. Sydney F. Walker.

" Determination of the Specific Electrical Redstance of Coal, Ores, etc."
By Mr. G. C. Wood.

The working of mining machines has been described in the
following papers : —

" A Conveyor for Filling Coal at the Face." By Mr. L6on Andre.
" Coal-cutting Machines of the Bar Type.*' By Mr. William Charlton.
" A Mechanical Coal-cutter in Queensland." By Mr. William Fryar.
" The Stanley Double-heading Machine.*' By Mr. Arthur Hall.
"Practical Problems of Machine-mining." By Mr. Sam Mavor.
" Electrically-driven Air-compressors combined with the Working of
Ingersoll-Sergeant Heading-machines, and the Subsequent Working
of the Busty Seam at Ouston Colliery." By Mr. A. Thompson.

154

ANinXAL BEFOBT OF THE COUNCIL.

The education of engineers has been discussed in the
following papers : —

" Education and Training of Engineers.'* Beport of a Committee ap-
pointed by the Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

" The Education of Mining Engineers." By Prof. J. W. Gregory.

" Mining Education in the Victoria University of Manchester." By
Mr. George H. Winstanley.

The occurrence of fires and the use of rescue-appliances have
been described in the following papers : —

•* A New Apparatus for Bescue-work in Mines." By Mr. W. E.

Garforth.
" Bescue-apparatus and the Experiences gained therewith at the Cour-

rieres Collieries by the German Bescue-party." By Mr. G. A.

Meyer.
" A Gob-fire in the Ten-feet Seam, North Staffordshire.'* By Mr.

W. G. Peasegood.

The manufacture of coke and the utilization of the waste-heat
of coke-ovens are described in the following papers : —

" Improved Dampers for Coke-oven Flues." By Mr. William Archer.
*' ' Black Ends : ' their Cause, Cost and Cure." By Mr. T. Beach.
** The Generation of Electricity by the Waste Gases of Modem Coke-
ovens.** By Mr. Gerald H. J. Hooghwinkel.
** Bye-product Coke and Huessener Bye-product Coke-ovens.*' By Dr.
J. A. Boelofsen.

The following papers have been contributed on mine
ventilation, mine-gases and colliery explosions : —

" The Elba and Clydach Vale Colliery Explosions.** By Mr. James

ANNTJAL BEPOET OF THE COUNCIL. 155

The foregoing lists demonstrate the varied nature of the
papers (64) communicated during the past year and printed in
the Transactions (vols. xxx. and xxxi.). The Council trust
that members will continue to send in papers as liberally as
heretofore. During the past year, '' Notes of Papers (93) on the
Working of Mines, Metallurgy, etc., from the Transactions of
Colonial and Foreign Societies and Colonial and Foreign
Publications," have been continued and should prove of value
to the members.

Mr. J. A. Longden represented the Institution at the meeting
of Delegates of Corresponding Societies of the British Association
for the Advance of Science held in London in 1905.

Members of The Institution of Mining Engineers may
purchase copies, at privileged rates, of the Transactions of the
following Corresponding Societies: — The Australasian Institute
of Mining Engineers, the Canadian Mining Institute and the
Mining Society of Nova Scotia.

The thanks of the members are due to the North of England
Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, who have pro-
vided, as hitherto, free of charges, offices and stock-rooms,
and other facilities, during the past year.

BOOKS, Etc., ADDED TO THE LIBRARY.

Annales des Mines de Belgique, Bruxelles. Vol. x., No. 4 ; and vol. xi., Nos. 1-3.
British Association for the Advancement of Science, London. Report of the

Seven ty-fifth Meeting, held in South Africa in August and September, 1905.
British Society of Mining Students, Birmingham. Journal, vol. xxvii., Nos. 5

and 6.
Chemical and Metallurgical Society of South Africa, Johannesburg. Journal,

vol. vi., Nos. 1-10.
Cory Brothers & Company, Limited, Cardiff. British Coal and Freight Circular

and General Export List, May 3l8t, 1905, to July Slst, 1906.
Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Perii, Lima. Boletin, Nos. 24-36.
Engineering and Mining Journal, New York City. Vol. Ixxx., Nos. 5-26;

vol. Ixxxi., Nos. 1-26 ; and vol. Ixxxii., Nos. 1-5.
Engineering Times, London. Vol. xiv., Nos. 131-160; vol. xv., Nos. 151-177;

and vol. xW., Nos. 178-183.
Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Journal, vol.

clx., Nos. 2-6 ; vol. clxi., Nos. 1-6 ; and vol. clxii., No. 1.
Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London. Transactions, vol. xiv.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Society of Arts, Boston. Technology

Quarterly, voL xviii., Nos. 2-4 ; and vol. xix., No. 1.

156

ANinXAL BEPOKT OF THE COUNCIL.

Mining Society of Nova Scotia, Halifax. Truisactions, vol. ix.

New South Wales, Department of Mines, Sydney. Annual Report, 1905.

— , Greological Survey, Sydney. Mineral Resources, No. 11.

— , — , — . Records, vol. viii.. No. 2.

New Zealand, Department of Mines, Wellington. Annual Report, 1905.

Queensland, Department of Mines, Brisbane. Annual Report, 1905.

— , — , — . Year-book, 1906.

Queensland Government Mining Journal, Brisbane. Vol. vi., Nos. 61-67; and

vol. vii., Nos. 68-72.
South Wales Institute of Engineers, Cardiff. Proceedings, voL xxiv., Nos. 5-8.
United States, Greological Survey, Washington. Annual Reports, 1903-1904 and

1904-1905.
— , _-, _. Bulletin, Nos. 242-274.

— , — , — . Mineral Resources of the United States, 1904.
— , — , — . Monographs, Nos. xlvii. and xlviiL, and Atlas to accompany No.

xxxii.
— , — , — . Professional Papers, Nos. 29-45.
— , — , — . Water-supply and Irrigation Papers, Nos. 119-154.
Western Australia, Geological Survey, Perth. Bulletin, Nos. 16-18 and 20.

EXCHANGES.

Annales des Mines de Belgique.
* Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers.

British Association for the Advancement of Science.

British Society of Mining Students.
*Ganadian Mining Institute.

Chemical and Metallurgical Society of South Africa.

Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Peri\.

Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania.
♦Geological Institution of the University of Upsala.

ACCOUNTS.

i6r

^ »c — o »a >o

o ; _ cc oa <o cs .—

H ' <l| 00 bo C^ 0> lO

^ CO eo ^ -f

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•d 00 ifi »c ic to

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o -^ a *» O fo • JS *

Sgll-^l Is

.2 '^ .S Qn^

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S o .2 -3 -S -^

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.•g

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lu 5 a -g a te

•§ S S fl ^ 5

C ^ ^ 'S fc fc
W •»- — -^ O O

1»
ill

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158
S>r.

ACCOUNTS.

The Trkasubbrs ik account with
Fob thb Ybar

July 31, 1905.

To Investment with River Tyne Commission

„ Balance at Bank, Current Account

„ „ „ Deposit Account

„ „ in Cashier^s hands

July 31, 1906.

To Subscriptions for the Year ending July 3l8t, 1904 —
Federated —
South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Institute of
Mining Engineers

To Subscriptions for the Year ending July 31st, 1905 —
Federated —

Manchester Geological and Mining Society

Midland Counties Institution of Engineers

Midland Institute of Mining, Civil and Mechanical

Engineers

Mining Institute of Scotland

North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical

Engineers

North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical

Engineers

South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Institute of

Mining Engineers

Noii'ft'de rated —
Manchester Geological and Mining Society

To Subscriptions for the Year ending July 31st, 1906 —
Federated —

£ s. d. £ 8. d.

.1,000 0 0

. 426 17 5

111 13 9

0 8 10

1,539 0 0

2 17 0

23 15
14 5

0
0

^ XI \J

13 1

1 18

87 8

9 10

35 3

185 0 9

3 0 0

ACCOUNTS. 159

Thb Inbtitution of Miming Ekoineebs. Cr.

KKDiNO July 31, 1906.

July 31, 1906. £ 8. d. £ 0. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.

By Printing—

Transactions^ ▼ol. xxvii,, printing 40 10 9
„ ,, plates ... 4 3 0

44 1.H 9

„ ,, xzYiii., printing 128 16 4

„ „ plates ... 0 14 2

124 10 6

„ „ zxix., printing 884 2 8

„ „ „ plates ...106 6 3

490 8 11-

„ ,, xxz., printing 404 12 8

,, ,, „ plates ... 75 11 0

480 3 8

,, ,, zxzi., printing 219 4 6

„ „ „ plates ... 35 2 7

254 7 1

,, zxxii., plates ... 2 8 0

2 8 0

1,396 11 1

Excerpts, vol. zzYii. 23 5 5

„ „ xxyiii 5 10 0

„ „ xxix 46 17 11

n x« *7 8 1

„ xxxi 25 2 6

148 3 11

Proofs of Papers for General Meetings 7 0 11

Circulars 14 18 6

1,566 15 3

„ Addressing Transactions, etc 47 10 5

„ Stamps — Circulars 8 11 5

„ „ Correspondence 25 7 10

„ „ Transactions 410 16 11

444 16 2

„ Stationery, etc 100 16 9

„ Insurance of Transactions 3 0 0

„ Binding — Library 3 2 3

„ „ Sundries 0 5 0

„ „ Transactions 11 13 0

15 0 3

„ Reporting of General Meetings 16 16 0

„ Expenses of General Meetings 15 1 9

„ Incidental Expenses 18 10 2

Carried forward £66111 6 £1,566 15 3

160

ACCOUNTS.

Thb Tbrasursbs in aooount with

Brought forward ...

To Local Publications and Authors' Copies —

The Institution of Mining Engineers

Manchester Geological and Mining Society ...

Midland Counties Institution of Engineers ...

Midland Institute of Mining, Civil and
Mechanical Engineers

Mining Institute of Scotland

North of England Institute of Mining and
Mechanical Engineers

North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and
Mechanical Engineers

South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Insti-
tute of Mining Engineers

£ s. d.

£ s. d. £ 8. d.

4,303 13 9

190i-1906.

1906.1906.

17 16 6

46 10 11

0 0 0

12 16 3

0 0 0

0 5 6

0 0 0

3 16 8

2 3 0

16 2 0

0 0 0 32 19 0

1 1 6

4 6

0 4 0

0 0 0

To Sales of Transactions, etc. —

The Institution of Mining Engineers

Manchester Geological and Mining Society ...
Midland Counties Institution of Engineers ...
Midland Institute of Mining, Ciyil and

Mechanical Engineers

Mining Institute of Scotland

North of England Institute of Mining and

Mechanical Engineers

North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and

25 7 3

111 14 4

19041905.

1906-1906.

0 0 0

122 4 9

0 0 0

2 5 9

8 0 0

17 19 5

0 0 0

4 19 6

0 0 0

8 19 5

137 1 7

10 0 68 7 5

ACCOUNTS.
The Institution of Mining Evqiskkjls,— Continued,

Brooght forward

By Salaries, Wages, Anditing, etc

., Indexing Tramaetions

,. Trarelling Expenses

,, Translation of Papers

^ Abstracts of Foreign Papers, vol. xxviii.

,. Barometer Readings, etc

., Calendars

„ Prizes for Papers in vols, xxvi., xxvii., xxviii. and xxix.

Adjustment of Excerpts : —
Mining Institute of Scotland

161

Cr.

-■

- - •. . .-—=:

£ s.

d. £ 8. d.

661 11

6 1,566 15 3

784 7

20 0

28 15

1 iQl 14, 9

6 0

81 0

7 3

17 17

45 0

lil7 1 C

3,168 10 11

1 16

^ Mi a

InTestment with Biver Tjne Commission 1,000 0 0

Balance at Bank, Current Account 170 17 5

„ „ Deposit Account, including Interest 731 6 1

„ in Cashier's hands 5 7 3

1,907 10 9

We have examined the above accounts of receipts and payments,
with the books and vouchers relating thereto, and certify that in
our opinion it is correct.

John O. Benson & Sons,

Chartered Accountants.

NeweoHle-upon- Tyne^

AngnH Uth, 1906.

£5,077 18 2

162

ACCOUNTS.

Thb Imstitution of
Balance Sheet. —

XiabtUtiea.

July 31, 1906.
Sundry Creditors —

Advertizements paid in Advance

Printing, etc.

Postage of Transactions . . .

Abstracts of Foreign Papers in
and zxzi

Barometer Readings

Prizes for Papers in Volumes
and xzxi

Indexing Volumes xxviii., xxix., xxx. and xxxi.

Volumes xxix., xxx.

xxviii., XXIX., xxx.

Balance of Assets over Liabilities, exclusive of the Value
of the Stock of TramactionSy etc.

£ s. d.

£ 8. d.

5 16 8

1,376 10 11

210 0 0

93 15
8 0

0
0

45 0

80 0

0
0

1 ftlQ 9 9

684 16 6

ACCOUNTS. 168

Mining Enoinbebs.
July 31, 1906.

B00et0.

July 31, 1906. £ 8. d. £ 8. d.

Balance at Bank, Current Account ... 170 17 5

„ „ Deposit Account, including Interest 731 6 1

„ in Cashier's hands 5 7 3

Inrestment with Rirer Tyne Commission 1,000 0 0

„ „ „ , Interest to date 11 2 9

Subs^criptions for the Year ending July 81, 1905, Unpaid —
Federated —
South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Institute of

Mining Engineers 1 18 0

Non-federated —
Manchester Geological and Mining Society 9 0 0

1,918 13 6

1 18 0
9 0 0

66 10

13 6

4 15

2 17

118 15

23 15

53 4

Subscriptions for the Tear ending July 31, 1906, Unpaid —
Federated —

Manchester Geological and Mining Society

Midland Counties Institution of Engineers

Midland Institute of Mining, Civil and Mechanical

Engineers

Mining Institute of Scotland

North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical

Engineers

North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical

Engineers

South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Institute of

Mining Engineers

Non-federated —
Manchester Geological and Mining Society

Local Publications and Authors' Copies, Unpaid —

Institution of Mining Engineers

Manchester Geological and Mining Society

Transactions Sold, Unpaid —

Institution of Mining Engineers 3 9 0

Manchester Geological and Mining Society 0 2 11

North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical

Engineers 4 0 0

South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Institute of
Mining Engineers 4 13 8

0 0

1
19

3 10
2 6

288 2 0

3 0 0

20 6 4

12 5 7
Advertizements, Unpaid 255 13 3

£2,503 18 8

164

TRANSACTIONS.

EEPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE CONFERENCE OF
DELEGATES OF CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES OF
THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOE THE ADVANCE-
MENT OF SCIENCE, YORK, 1906.

The report of Mr. J. A. Longden, representing the Institu-
tion, was read as follows: —

Stamton Ibon- works,
nottikgham.

Augtut Wh, 1906.

To THi Prksident and Council of
Thb Institution of Mining £noinkbb8.
•Gentlemen,

The meetings of Delegates to the British Association for the Advancement
of Science appointed by the local Societies, were held at York on August 2nd and
7th, 1906. I regret that I found myself unable to attend the meeting on the first
day, but I was present at that which was held on the second day.

The meeting was presided over by Sir Edward William Brabrook, who
delivered an address.

The desirability of promoting county photographic surveys was introduced
by Mr. W. Jerome Harrison, and carefully considered, but there was a general
feeling that the Geological Section were already dealing with this matter so
efficiently that it would not be advisable to interfere in any way with their existing
arrangements. A committee of five was appointed to meet at Leicester next
year, and bring the subject up again at the Conference of Delegates.

Much consideration has been given by the meeting to the subject of railway-
rates, in order to ascertain whether any steps could be taken to secure reduced rates,
under certain circumstances, for members of the Corresponding Societies. Consider-

A NEW POCKET-TRANSIT. 165

A NEW POCKET-TRANSIT.

By W. DENHAM VERSCHOYLE.

The instrument, which is the subject of the following notes,
was developed actually in practice and offers a solution of many
of the difficulties that occur in using the instruments at present
on the market. In making a magnetic survey with any instru-
ment, either underground or overground, of course the local
magnetic currents must cause slight inaccuracies and this instru-
ment does not propose to eliminate these; but, for simplifying

Fic. 1. -Pocket Transit : ready for Use.

the work where the use of this class of instrument is admissible,
it has advantages which should commend it. To determine the
magnetic bearing of a line that terminates at a point which is
•elevated or depressed at a high angle above or below the point
of observation, is not an easy matter with any pocket-instrument,
and, when the point is almost vertically below or above that
of observation, it becomes almost an impossibility with some of
them. With this instrument, however, it makes no difference
how high the vertical angle is; and the instrument has the
kidded advantage that, whilst taking the magnetic bearing, the

VOL. XXXIT.-lMt-lM7. 12

166

A NEW POCKET-TRANSIT.

vertical angle is also automatically recorded, one obeervatiott
giving the two readings. For rapid topographical work or work-
ing in a constrained position, as often occurs in filling in details,
of stoping operations, this is a feature that will be appreciated.
Fig. 1 shows the instrument ready for use, and Fig. 2
as it appears when being carried in the pocket or in its case.
Fig. 3 shows the principle upon which it is constructed; H i&
the magnetic needle to which is attached a scale, G, divided
to i degree : not on the top as in the ordinary prismatic compass^
but on a bevelled edge, which enables the figures to be seen
through a circular window in the side of the compass-box. A

ray of light then coming from
any point. A, on the scale
passes throug-h the circular
win do w and is brought baek
to tilt? L^ye by a prism which
fixed to an arm, I, con-
structed to revolve through
aijy angle about the centre of
the window. An object, F^
being: brought into line with
the cross-wires, at D, and the
sight-hole, B, is easily dis*
cernible at the same moment
that any figures, at A, are pi*o-
jeeted back to the retina.

A NEW POCKET-TEANSIT.

167

The instrument can also be used as a clinometer, and a tripod,
of special design, is provided for those who require it.

In working with the instru-
ment, it is necessary to remember
that the centre is at the point B,
and not at the centre of the
needle. It is easily demonstrable,
then, that any horizontal angle
through which the sight -line,
CF, is moved, with B as the
centre, is equal to the angle
through which AB is revolved
in the same movement with

H>-

Fia. 3. — Construction of Pocket Tbansit.

reference to the centre-point of the needle, the construction of
the instrument being such that AB is always at right angles
to CF (Fig. 3).

The instrument is called the Verschoyle pocket-transit.

Fig, 4. — Pockbt Tbansit taking an Inclined Bearing.

168

DISCUSSION — ^A NEW POCKET-TUAKSIT.

Mr. Benkett H. Broitgh (London) said that the instrument
was ingenious and useful, particularly for rapid and rough topo-
graphical surveys; but he thought that, when the instrument
was used underground, considerable difficulties would there be
encountered owing to insufficient light. He (Mr. Brough) had
not been able to obtain satisfactory results with the prismatic
compass when used underground, and this instrument, although
called a pocket-transit, was really a combined prismatic com-
pass and clinometer. Indeed, it was questionable whether the
term " transit " was quite permissible. Prof. Henry Louis
had invented an instrument with the same object in view, and in
America the Brunton pocket-transit was widely used. The
success of these compass-instruments suggested that there was
a field for such a one as that described, and the ingenious way
in which Mr. Verschoyle had solved the difficulty of being able to
measure a very steep vertical angle seemed to deserve warm
commendation.

Mr. H. Dean (Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne)
wrote that the means described, by which the bearings of lines,
which lie at a considerable inclination to the horizontal plane,
could be observed and their vertical angles recorded, certainly
rendered the instrument capable of more general application
than the ordinary prismatic compass. With regard to the
arrangement by means of which increased distance between the
sights was obtained, in order to enhance the accuracy of the in-

DISCUSSION — A NEW POCKET-TBANSIT. 169

struction it would certainly seem advisable to aim at throwing'
the errors as far as possible in the direction of the vertical rather
than the horizontal angles.

Mr. "W. D. Yerschoyle, replying to the discussion, wrote that
he thanked Mr. Bennett H. Brough for his kind remarks, but he
ventured to differ with him on two points that he had raised. For
working underground it would be found that it was merely a
question of holding the light properly, to achieve perfect results
so far as illumination wa,s concerned. Thus, with a miner's
lamp affixed to the cap, or with a fairly long candle held in the
left hand, readings could be obtained with great facility, and
this could be proved easily in a dark room. With reference to
the use of the word " transit," he believed that this word was
first applied by Roemer about 1690, to an instrument with only
a vertical circle, and therefore its use to take the place of the
word " theodolite," which was essentially aji altazimuth instru-
ment, might be correctly characterized as ** loose." He would sub-
mit as a genei-alization, that any instrument the line of sight of
which could be revolved along a vertical plane might be termed a
** transit," and that this word was more correctly applicable where
revolution in a horizontal plane was not contemplated. In the
name of an instrument like this bi*evity was a good goal to aim at>
and there was perhaps no single word in the language that would
so nearly convey its general characteristics as the word *' transit,'^
a point which Mr. D. W, Brunt on had also evidently realized*
In the completed instrument, however, affixed to the tripod con-
nections, there was a horizontal divided circle, which was so
arranged that the eccentricity of the instrument was over-
come. Whilst, therefore, capable of being used as a pocket-
instrument, it could be fitted in a few seconds for making an
angular survey. This part was, unfortunately, not yet ready for
inspection.

The original design was along the lines suggested by Mr.
Dean, but it was found impossible to obtain the required com-
pactness. In the present design, compactness had been attained,
and every part had been made so strong that only very rough
usage would throw the instrument out of adjustment. The
joints had a particularly long axis and long shoulders to butt
against, so that, in the event of small indentations on any part
of the bearing surface, there was still a large part perfectly true.

170

DISCUSSION — A NEW POCKET-TEANSIT.

It was found by actual experiment that on filling both the joints
with water and grit, such as might be found there in mine-
surveying, the difference of two careful readings with and
without the grit was inappreciable, but on filling up one joint with
more grit than a careful surveyor would ordinarily have there,
a difference of about i degree was observable. For these
experiments, the body of the instrument was fixed immovably.
In actual practice, however, if the theodolite confirmed a survey
made with this class of instrument as within J degree he (Mr.
Verschoyle) thought that the operator was to be congratulated,
particularly if it had been done with a prismatic compass, the
vertical depression or elevation being over 20 or 30 degrees. In
mining and other work it frequently occurred that the vertical
angle was quite as important as the horizontal, and it was a
moot point whether it was not better to have absolute accuracy
in one reading as in this instrument, than possible inaccuracy in
both as in the suggested design, for it was almost a certainty
that there would be a variable inaccuracy from personal or mag-
netic causes, in taking a magnetic reading with any instrument
of this class.

The Chairman (Sir Lees Knowles, Bart.) moved a vote of
thanks to Mr. Verschoyle for his description of a very useful
instrument.

Mr. J. R. Haines seconded the resolution, which was cordially
approved.

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VAI*LEY. 171

OYPSUM, AND ITS OCCUERENCE IX THE DOVE

VALLEY.

By T. TRAFFORD WYNNE.

Papers describing the occurrence of this mineral in Xotting-
lamshire* and in the North of Englandt have already been sub-
mitted to the Institution, but the deposits of the Dove valley
have, the writer believes, not yet been described.

Occurrence. — Gypsum occurs very widely distributed over
the world, especially in the vicinity of deposits of rock-
salt, although much more rarely under workable conditions.

In England, it is found in the marls overlying the salt-
deposits of Cheshire, Worcestershire, Durham and Staffordshire.
The Chartley mine, worked on an extensive scale some years ago,
is in close proximity to the present salt-wells near Stafford. The
workable deposits in England, extending from the Eden valley,
near Carlisle, to Battle in Sussex, lie near a line drawn between
these two places.

It has also been worked on a small scale in Scotland and
Ireland.

The writer has seen extensive deposits in Northern Persia,
near the borders of the great salt-desert. It is there known as
gatch. It is dug from shallow pits, burnt in rough-stone kilns,
and is frequently used for lining the walls and roofs, and for
covering the floors of the houses. It is soft and extremely white,
and closely resembles the gypsum found in detached bodies,
locally called ** self pillars," found near the edges of the main
deposits near Tutbury. The writer has also seen gypsum in
Mexico and other countries.

History. — The history of the use of alabaster by sculptors,
especially for monumental work and church-decoration, dates
back to ancient times, and, so far as the wi*iter can learn, the

• " The Gypsum-deposits of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire," by Mr. A. T.
Metcalfe, Tram. Iiust. M. E., 1896, vol. xii., page 107.

t *• The Gypenm of the Eden Valley," by Mr. David Burns, Traw. Imt. M, E. ,
J903, voL XXV., page 411.

172

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

whole of the stone so used came from mines lying between
Tutbury castle and the site of the present Fauld mines.

" The Hegister of John of Gaunt," now in the office of the
Duchy of Lancaster, records that a monument was erected by
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, to the memory of his Duchess,
in St. Paul's Cathedral in 1363 : the chief material being
alabaster sent from Tutbury, and the cost, including carriage^
was £486.

At an earlier date than this, alabaster was largely U8ed in
the archway of the great western doorway of Tutbury church,
commenced in 1080. This shews that its use in sculpture dates,
back to the Norman conquest ; and it was probably well knowa
in France at an even earlier date. The use for monumental
purposes is also shown by the fact that when Tutbury church
was restored, in the early part of the last century, several large
alabaster slabs were found with inscriptions dating from 1622
to 1681.

As far back as 1371, the great centres of the trade in alabaster
were Burton-upon-Trent, Nottingham and York. The smaller
pieces were apparently supplied from Chellaston in Derbyshire ;
but, as at present, when large blocks were required they were
obtained from Tutbury.

On the small hills in the vicinity of Castle Hayee, between
Tutbury and Fauld, may still be seen the remains of shallow
excavations from which the blocks of alabaster were extracted
the past. These blocks do not appear to have been portions of

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY. 178^

extracted from Messrs. J. C. Staton & Company's mine at Fauld,
and sent to be used in the New York palace of Mr. J. K.
Yanderbilt.

Dr. Robert Plot makes some interesting remarks respecting^
gypsum, when used for plaster-making.*

Composition and Varieties of Gypsum, — Gypsum or sulphate
of lime is composed of 320 per cent, of lime, 46*5 per cent, of
sulphuric acid and 209 per cent, of water. Its specific gravity
varies from 2*31 to 2*33. In a pure crystalline state, it is clear
and translucent with a pearly lustre, but according to the degree
with which it is mixed with other minerals it is grey, yellow,
brown or black, and opaque. It crystallizes in right rhombie
pi isms with bevelled edges. The varieties comprise: (1) anhy-
drite or anhydrous sulphate of lime, containing 41*2 per cent^
of lime and 58*8 per cent, of sulphuric acid ; (2) fibrous gypsum,
composed of fine white fibres ; (3) radiated gypsum, having a
radiated structure; (4) selenite, including foliated transparent
gypsum ; (5) snowy gypsum ; and (G) alabaster, the massive form
of gjrpsum.

Geology. — Sulphate of lime is found in most of the geological
formations. The workable beds in the northern and midland

* Beside the Stones that serve the necessities of Mankind, there are others
in this County that will serve to adorn, both his Buildings and his Person i
such as Alabaster, wherewith the Chore at Lichfield, joyntly with Cannel-
coal (as I noted before) is delicatly paved in imitation of Marble : as well indeed
it may, rather with this than any thins else. ... Of the latter sort whereof, I
could hear of none in this County, that dug near Frodswell Hall (where there i3 a.
small vein tit only for flooring rooms, not thought worth the pursueing) and in
Heylinds park, where t<>o it was anciently gotten ; being, as I was inform \i, as
hard, as that which is gotten South of Marchineton Church, which being likewise
but of a courser kind, is prepared for making plaistcr for floors, seelings, and the
walls of Needle-work houses, in this Method : First they lay on the ground a.
stratum of wood (which is best) or a load of wood and coal mixt together, upon
which they pile as much rough Alabaster ; then iireing the wood they let it burn
together till 'tis out, which makes the Alabaster so soft and brittle, that it needs-
only thrashinff to reduce it to powder, the greater parts whereof being separated
from the smaller by a seive, the former mixt with water are used for flooring, and
the finer for seeling and walling of Houses. When they lay their floors whether
for dwelling or Moult-houses, they wet a whole tub full and throw it down
together ; but when they seel or parge with it, they wtt it by degrees, which
they call gageing ; and in both cases lay it on, and spread it as fast as they can,
for it hardens, (as Plaister of Paris) in a very little time : the Walls and Seelinga
made with it having this convenience, that they are presently sweet, having
nothing of the ill smell of those made with Lime and hair ; and the walls of their
houses enduring like stone, if the plaister fall not out from between the Timber,
as it sometimes does for want of grooving it round within side before the
plaister be laid on ; which if done, it enters the grooves whilst it is soft, and
cannot any way fall out of them, when once it is hardened. — The Natural
History of Stafford-shirt, by Dr. Robert Plot, 1686, page 173.

174

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VAIXEY.

counties of England are found in the New Red Marl or Upper
Keuper division of the Trias. In Sussex, the deposit occurs in
the Purbeck beds.

The method of deposition of these beds is a question which does
not seem to have been as yet properly elucidated. Sir Archi-
bald Geikie says : *' The study of the precipitations which take
place on the floors of modem salt-lakes is important in throwing
light upon the history of a number of chemically-formed rocks.
The salts in these waters accumulate until their point of satura-
tion is reached, or until by chemical reactions they ai*e thrown
•down. The least soluble are naturally the first to appear, the
water becoming progressively more and more saline till it
reacnes a condition like that of the mother-liquor of a salt-work.
•Gypsum begins to be thrown down from sea-water when 37 per
•cent, of water has been evaporated, but 93 per cent, of water
must be driven off before chloride of sodium can begin to be
deposited. Hence the concentration and evaporation of the
water of a salt-lake having a composition like that of the sea
would give rise first to a layer or sole of gypsum, followed by
one of rock-salt. This has been found to be the normal order
among the various saliferous formations in the earth's crust.
But gypsum may be precipitated without rock-salt, either because
the water was diluted before the point of saturation for rock-
Tsalt was reached, or because the salt, if deposited, has been
subsequently dissolved and removed."* This theory would
necessitate the belief that the deposits, now being considered,

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY. 175

the river Dove and afterwards with the river Derwent of Derby-
shire. Both of these lastnamed rivers have their source in lime-
stone regions, and it may be that the beds of gypsum have been
originally carbonates and afterwards changed by the action of
springs into sulphates. Again, the rivers may have had some-
thing to do with the deposition of the gypsum-beds. In the case
of the Dove valley, it rather seems that the river had cut through
the overlying strata and denuded the beds and so exposed them
on the valley-side. It must be noted that the gypsum is here
found only on the south side of the valley and considerably above
the present river-level. The section (Fig. 2, Plate X.) affords
some idea of the position of the deposit with reference to the
river Dove.

Uses of Gypsum, — The massive form of gypsum, known as
alabaster, is much used by sculptors, especially in the construc-
tion of fonts, reredos, pulpits and memorial tablets in churches.
It is also used for pillars in, and for lining the walls of, large
public buildings, such as the Holbom Restaurant, the Coliseum,
and many large hotels, banks, etc., in London and elsewhere.
It is only in a few places that the gypsum is found sufficiently
" massive " to be suitable for use as alabaster-blocks, and hence
these may be considered as somewhat of a " bye-product " in
gypsum-mining, except in the Dove valley.

The bulk of the gypsum extracted from the mines is sent to
plaster-mills, where it is manufactured into Italian plaster,
plaster of Paris, Parian cement, Keens cement, floor-plaster,
mineral, and various patent plasters or secret mixtures.

The uses to which these plasters are put are very varied. The
finer varieties aie largely used in the arts, and in various industries
fcr mould-making and other purposes. The best and commoner
varieties of plaster, Parian cement and Keens cement, are used
for the internal lining and ornamentation of buildings, and a
large quantity is absorbed in manufacturing blocks or slabs of
plaster for use as fireproof partitions, etc.

Statistics. — ^Within recent years there has been a great
increase in the quantity of plaster produced in this country.
In 1881, only 79,498 tons were produced, divided between Derby-
shire 12,928 tons, Nottinghamshire 49,(504 tons, Staffordshire

176

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

7,456 tons, and Sussex 9,510 tons; while in 1905, Staffordshire
produced 50,592 tons, the total for England being 255,508 tons
(Table I.).

Table L- Output of Gypsum in England.

QuanlitT OUmined.

Count IM

5SS,

Frrm

ToUli.

TotaJ

V«lH^

IS05.

■

T<WM.

Tewtii. i Tom.

Cutuberl&iid ..

^073

29,021 51,694

15,085

I>erb^Vfilure

B,mi

^ n,BM

4,442

Nottmghamahire

48J92

22,574 71,306

33,36S

Someraet

—

4.800

4,B00

795

SUfTordshire

29,808

29,80S

12,500

8llSfl€X

7,418

— .

7,416

3,731

WeattnorlMid ,

1.440

%4H

3,924

1,914

Yorkshire ,..

ToiftU

—

— "

UMia

69,479

177,892

71,835

1900.

.o^

Ton,^

Cumberland ..

24,594

17,200

41,794

g.3£9

Dt^rb3»hive ...

10,289

—

10,289

4,630

NoltiugJiiimshtre *..

49,9^3

27,559

77,492

32.208

Somerset

— *

S,110

5,110

1,265

SUffordshire

47J36

— ■

47J*i6

15,700

Suasex ...

17,768

—

17,768

5,730

1 WeatmorJRnd

2,400 5,440 7.840

1,750

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

177

Gypsum-deposits of the Dove Valley. — It has long been recog-
nized, by those who have studied the subject, that it is to the
presence of these deposits under and in the hills from which the
breweries derive their water-supplies that the pre-eminence of
the beers brewed in Burton-upon-Trent is due ; and this fact,
as well as the ancient history of the deposit already alluded to,
gives a special interest to the study of the deposits of the Dove
valley.

The deposit,
so far as at pre-
sent proved, lies
near the village
of Hanbury and
just to the south
of the road
which leads from
Tutbury castle
to Sudbury. The.
three mines,,
which are now
working, are
situated close to
this road (Fig. 1,
Plate X.). Two
of the mines
are situated at
Fauld (Fig. 6),
and one at Dray-
cott-in-the-Clay.
The mine oper-
ated by Messrs.
J. C. Staton &

Company at Fauld has been worked by them or their predecessors
for very considerably over 100 years. It was originally an open
quarry, and there is still to be seen the old kiln where the gypsum
was burnt, and the threshing-floor, where the burnt stone was beaten
with flails into powder and in that condition it was sold as
plaster. In those days, 60 to 80 years ago, the production of
alabaster and plaster was so limited that it was customary, when
a large building-operation was entered upon, for the owner or

FlQ. 6.-ENTBANCE TO FaULD MiNE.

178

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

builder to pay down a lump sum to the quarry-master, sending an
agent to see that he obtained the quantity of alabaster or plaster
contracted for, and that it was not sold elsewhere.

Messrs. J. C. Staton & Company had another quarry adjoining
the old one, but both are now abandoned owing to the cost of
removing the overburden, and the deposit is worked as a mine
by means of a tunnel running into the hill-side.

The stone is dressed and sorted (Figs. 7 and 8) at the tunnel-
entrance and then sent over a private railway into the valley
(Fig. 9), over the river Dove to the North Staffordshire railway

GYPSUM IX THE DOVE VALLEY.

179-

The gypsum is found cropping out on the hill-side, and has.
been proved to be a continuous though irregular deposit, which
runs back, how far has not yet been ascertained, into the hills.
The gypsum is of the massive variety, crystals being very rarely
met with. All classes of stone are mined, from large alabaster
blocks, either pure white or veined or coloured, and the best white
gypsum from which the highest grades of plaster are made,,
through the various grades, down to stone so mixed with marl
as to be valueless. Anhydrite, or, as it is called locally, ** hard
stone," is met with in varying quantities.

Kkf

•7r ': .

^^^l^H^*^

'^^b*^^

'■^^affi'*'"^

Fig. 8.— Dbessing-sheds at Fauld Mine.

It is difficult to account in any satisfactory way for the
presence of this anhydrite in the gypsum. Mr. D. Burns states
that in the Eden valley it is found about the middle of the seam,
and apparently it is there of about the same thickness through-
out. In the Dove-valley deposit, it is found, according to the
writer's experience, sometimes in one part and sometimes in an-
other part of the seam, although never immediately in contact with
the roof or floor of the mine, and it comes in and goes out without
any apparent reason. There seems to be no dividing line and no

180

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

clear cleavage between the gypsum and the anhydrite. The
hard stone is often intimately mixed with the best gypsum-stone ;
it then has much the same appearance, and, at times, it is only
l)y testing with the pick that the hard stone can be detected.
Jf ear the surface, anhydrite is rare, and it seems to increase with
the thickness of cover. Where the seam is at its thickest, and
at times it runs over 20 feet thick, a seam of anhydrite is often
found above the usual height of the stone, with a further thick-
ness of stone of the best quality above it. Fig. 3 (Plate X.) gives
an idea of the occurrence of the hard stone : a shews the seam of

GYPSUM IX THE DOVE VALLEY.

181

18 a problem for the chemist to discover whether the anhydrite
could not be hydrated by some simple method and so made of
commercial value.

As the workings proceed further into the hill, the quantity
of anhydrite seems to increase, and it then occurs more fre-
quently near the middle of the seam. It still does not form
a continuous seam, but will extend for 15 or 20 feet at one place
and will then dis-
appear, only to
reappear at some
distance further
on. There is no
apparent reason
either for its
coming in or go-
ing out. It does
not seem to be af-
fected by water,
as it is found in
some parts of the
mine where con-
siderable quan-
tities of water
are met with.
The writer is un-
able to evolve
any satisfactory
theory to account
for the presence
of anhydrite in
the gypsum-de-
posit, and all that

occur to him appear to be inadequate, when examined in the
light of experience.

An interesting feature of these gypsum-deposits, but one
which adds considerably to the cost of working, is the presence
of '* wash-holes '' (Fig. 4, Plate X.). They are circular holes,
varying in size, which run up through the stone, and often
through the hard roof-marl, into the softer overlying marl. Some
of these holes are large and circular in form, and appear to have

VOL. XXXII.-ig06-1907. ^3

Fio. 10. -Man borincj a Shot- hole in Fauld Mine.

182

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

been formed by the " swirling *' action of water. The cavities
of wash-holes are usually empty. Other holes are found, con-
sisting of long, narrow fissures filled with the soft earth which lies
above the marl-roof. These fissures are found when approach-^
ing any surface-depression, and require to be timbered.

The roof of the deposit is composed of hard marl containing
still harder blue marl ** bullets.*' It stands very well when dry,
but in wet places a layer varying from 18 inches to 3 feet in
thickness soon ** sags " and, where a road requires to be kept
open, this must be either pulled down or timbered. Oak props,

GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

183

Methods of Working. — There is nothing- special about the
methods of getting out the gypsum stone for the mills. The
system adopted is a kind of pillar-and-stall. There is, however,
not the regularity in size of the stalls and pillars that is usual
in coal-mines, as this depends so much on the varying conditions
in different parts of the mine, how the roof stands and the quality
of the rock. The great aim being to leave as little good stone as
possible in the mine, the pillars are, so far as possible, left where
the stone is inferior. They are generally left large enough to
be cut through again when the working-places are finished. The

Fio. 12.— Men sawing an Alabaster-block in Fauld Mine.

rock is soft, and easily bored with auger-drills (Fig. 10). This
is done by hand, and so quickly that there seems no encourage-
ment to go in for mechanically operated drilling-plant. Powder
is used entirely for blasting.

The method of obtaining blocks of alabaster is more com-
plicated, as it is of the utmost importance that they shall not be
in any way shaken by blasting. Where good solid rock occurs,
and it appears suitable for cutting into alabaster blocks, all blast-
ing in the immediate neighbourhood is stopped (Fig. 11). The rock
is first " topped " : that is, the roof is undercut just above the good

184 DISCUSSION — GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

stone and it is then blown down with lightly-charged shots, until
the rock is cleared for about 4i feet to 5 feet back, and about
2i feet to 3 feet in height above the block, and this space is avail-
able for. the workmen (Fig. 5, Plate X.). A gutter about 10
inches wide is then cut along the back of the block, for such a
length as may be considered advisable, and others at each end, so
that the block, generally 4^ feet wide and from 4 feet to 20 feet in
length, is entirely separated from the rest of the rock, except at the
bottom. The thickness of the block is then determined : usually it
will be half the thickness of the rock, so as to obtain two blocks of
equal size. A line is marked along the block at the height
required, and auger-holes are bored through the block. Steel
feathers and wedges are then inserted in the auger-holes, and
the block of alabaster is forced from its bed. It is then turned
over, examined, and any inferior stone dressed off. If too large,
or if one end should prove to be inferior or shaken, the block is
sawn (Fig. 12) into such lengths as may be desirable, and it is then
ready to be loaded on to waggons and sent to the artist or manu-
facturer. It is unfortunate that every block does not turn out to
be good alabaster, and a large percentage prove, after going to
eonsiderable expense, to be valueless.

Extent of Deposit. — It is difficult to estimate the probable
extent of the deposit beneath the Hanbury hills, although the
question is a most interesting one. There are at present no data
to gu upon as in how mid where the deposit is cut off; but, fr

DISCUSSION' GYPSUM IX THE DOVE VALLEY. 185

deposits were of Tertiary age, unlike those of Nottinghamshire,
Staffordshire and Cumberland, which were Triassic, and those of
Sussex, which were of Purbeck age. The alabaster-deposits at
Yolterra in Tuscany had also long been worked. He could not
agree with the author that the method of deposition had not yet
been properly elucidated : Sir Archibald Geikie's views appeared
to be perfectly clear, and were supported by the fact that the
formation could be seen in progress in the Dead Sea of Palestine,
and in the Great Salt Lake of Utah. These views were further
confirmed by Mr. Wynne's observations on the Salt Lakes of
Persia. Gypsum was very largely used as a fertilizer, as well as
in the manufacture of Portland cement, and a considerable
amount was used in the ** Burtonization '' of beer. He regretted
that more particulars were not given regarding the manufacture
of plaster, for in this branch of industry there had been prac-
tically no technical progress ; and the manufacture was now
almost as it was in 1G86, when described by Dr. Robert Plot,
except that coal replaced wood and the steam-engine was some-
times used instead of horses for driving the mills. Scientific pro-
gress had hardly touched the technology of plaster. Manu-
facturers did not concern themselves about the temperature of
burning, or about the degree of fineness of the material. These
considerations had recently induced the International Associa-
tion for Testing Materials to appoint a Committee to deal with
gypsum, and to ascertain whether it would not be possible to
draw up a scheme for the unification of the methods of testing
that material.

Mr. G. A. Lewis (Derby) said that, in the various districts
where gypsum existed in this country, the conditions of working,
the thicknesses, and the qualities of the stone varied to a con-
siderable extent. In the Eden valley, the seam attained a thick-
ness of 30 feet, and it was partly quarried in open-works, and
partly- mined : the system depending upon the amount of
cover. In Nottinghamshire, the deposit consisted of almost
contiguous, roughly spherical masses of gypsum, with a thick-
ness varying from G to 12 feet, somewhat flattened on the top.
The method of working was to extract the masses of gypsum,
and to leave the intervening strata as pillars to support the
roof. The better qualities of stone were, however, found in two

186 DISCUSSION — GYPSUM IX THE DOVE VALLEY.

thin seams overlying the main seam, and these two seams were
won by ripping* down the roof, where the thicker seam had
been previously extracted. The mine at Mountfield, Sussex,
was of greater interest to mining engineers, as it was the only
gypsum-mine in this country worked on the longwall system;
and it was, of course, the only mine where the conditions of the
seam, the roof, the floor, etc., were sufficiently regular to make
such a system possible. The question of anhydrite was a most
interesting one, and he had met with the largest quantities in
the thick seams of the Carlisle district. His experience had
been that wherever there was a level roof on the top of the
deposit at Carlisle, the anhydrite was nearly always found in
considerable thickness in the middle of the deposit; they occa-
sionally came across fissures in the rock, where the water had
had access to the gypsum in years gone by, and, wherever these
fissures were found, there was no anhydrite in the seam. He
was consequently led to the conclusion that wherever water had
free 'access, the anhydrite had been changed into true gypsum,
and that the original deposit consisted wholly of anhydrite
which, in the course of ages, had been converted into pure
gypsum. He could not agree with Mr. Brough that the manu-
facture of gypsum was antediluvian. The progress made could
not (it was true) be compared with that shewn in the develop-
ment of the iron-and-steel industries, but the improvements were
of a far-reaching character, and the method of treatment and
(iiiJiT wutild compare favourabh' with mimv othei

DISCUSSION — GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY. 187

substantial progress made in Staffordshire in the measures
adopted for treating the gypsum and preparing it for market.
He (Mr. Wain), through the kindness of Mr. Trafford Wynne,
had been able to inspect the up-to-date machinery in use at the
Tutbury works, and was impressed by the extent and efficiency
of that plant. The arrangements were conducive to economy,
and, at the same time, it was interesting to note that in the
preparation of some of the finer qualities of plaster very great
care had to be taken, and some of the finest kinds were specially
hand-picked and scrubbed with a brush before grinding. Large
quantities of plaster were used in the manufacture of pottery, for
mould-making, etc., and it was satisfactory to know that the
local supplies were not likely to be exhausted in the immediate
future.

Mr. J. T. Stobbs said that the authoriiy quoted as to the
origin of gypsum was Sir Archibald Geikie, but a later authority
was Prof. Van t'Hoff, who had proved experimentally that the
salts were separated out in the order of crystallization. Mr.
Wynne stated that the principal deposits of gypsum were found
in valleys, such as the Eden, the Dove, etc., and the water flowed
from the Carboniferous Limestone region ; in other words, the
writer was trying to connect the deposition of gypsum with the
accidental occurrence of rivers. He suggested that the occur-
rence of deposits of gypsum in these localities was not sufficiently
explained by the fact that it was only in these districts that
deposits of Trias were known to occur at the surface; for the
Trias, even where overlain by later formations, would also be
found to contain deposits of gjpsuni.

Mr. Charles Chandley (Xottingham) said that he had put
down some bore-holes in one of the salt-lakes of Australia, some
years ago, and the water contained, amongst other salts, a
saturated solution of sulphate of lime. The strata passed
through were curiously analogous to the beds containing gypsum
in Nottinghamshire.

Mr. David Burns (Carlisle) wrote that Mr. T. Trafford
Wynne's paper failed to throw light on the origin of gypsum.
The author stated that gypsum occurred in the marls overlying
the salt-deposits, and then quoted Sir Archibald Geikie to shew

188 DISCUSSION GYPSUM IX THE DOVE VALLEY.

that gypsum below and rock-salt above was ** the uoimal order
among the saliferous formations in the earth's crust."* Un-
fortunately, the geologists of the present day were too much
like the ethnologist who claimed to be throwing light on the
origin of the human race by pointing out the house that a friend
lived in before he occupied his present dwelling. The study of
the deposition of minerals on the bottom of salt-lakes was most
interesting, but as the gypsum that they contained had been
dissolved from gypseous rocks elsewhere, the explanation of the
origin of gypsum was as remote as before the investigation began.
The quotation from Sir Archibald Geikie might, however, afford
some explanation of the source of the gypsum that the author
had seen surrounding a great salt-area in Northern Persia. Given
a sea, irregularly fed by mineral waters, with no outlet, and
under a tropical sun, it was conceivable that, at the beginning
of each dry season, a maximum of gypsum would be deposited
round the shallow margin, and that later salt would be deposited
in the central area. Mr. AVynne gave the general composition
of gypsum and anhydrite, but if he could give the exact analyses
of these two rcK'ks as they occur in the Dove valley, he would
add much to the value of the discussion. He (Mr. Burns) had
been told of analyses shewing considerable silica in the anhydrite,
but he had never been able to meet with one. Gypsum had
generally been found in valleys, because it occurred among soft
and perishable marls, but there was no reason why the same beds
of gypsum should not extend under hills, where the marls extend.

DISCUSSION — GYPSUM IX THE DOVE VALLEY. 189

meaning. There was probably, however, on the average, more
anhydrite in the Eden valley than in the Dove valley, for reasons
to be given. Mr. Wynne stated that the best gypsum was often
found close to the hard stone, but this Was very exceptional in
the North of England, the usual rule being that the best gypsum
occurred where there was least ** cobble.*' Anhydrite followed
the same laws in the Dove and Eden valleys in respect to the
cover: that was, the greater cover afforded the greater pro-
portion of anhydrite. He (Mr. Bums) had given sections to
shew the connection of water with the absence of anhydrite,
and it was unfortunate that Mr. Wynne had not given
sections to prove the contrary. The distribution of water
in the mines now was scarcely relevant evidence, as the course
of the water underground might be very different since the
mines began to be worked. If Mr. Wynne had found anhydrite
adjacent to a wash-hole, like that shewn in Fig. 4 (Plate X.)
it would be most important evidence. Wash-holes in them-
selves did not present any difficulty, and were similar to those
found in limestone. The round and smooth walls of these holes
were due to the uniform solubility of the gypsum, and not to any
swirling action of the water. When of the form shewn in Fig. 4
they must have been continuously, or, during the wet season,
quite filled with water. The balls in the roof were very interest-
ing, and should they prove to be the representative of the *^ 'green
bed " in the Eden valley, they would be a further proof of the
identity of conditions in the two valleys when the gypseous rocks
were laid down. He (Mr. Burns) would be obliged if Mr. Wynne
would state whether he ever worked the gypsum to its limit, and
found it abutting against marls of its own age. He had always
found that it was cut off by boulder-clay or other superficial
deposits. In Fig. 3 (Plate X.) Mr. Wynne showed an inverted
dome at the bottom of the bed, under the dome at the top. If he
had found in his experience in the Dove valley, that this was a
usual occurrence, he (Mr. Burns) would be surprised and puzzled :
he might safely state that there was no approach to such irregu-
larities in the case of the deposit in the Eden valley. If the top
of the gypsum in Fig. 3 (Plate X.) was correctly drawn, it
shewed that the marls rested unconformably upon it, as he found
that they did in the Eden valley : that was, the top of the gypsum
had been a land surface subject to subaerial denudation, before

190 DISCUSSION — GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

the deposition of the marls. Assuming that the maximum of
anhydrite was found in the centre of the depth of the original
bed as laid down, which was extremely probable, he arrived, with
the help of Fig. 3, at the following comparisons : — In the Eden
valley the original bed had been 29 to, say, 23 feet thick, while
the Dove bed had been 26 feet thick. The denudation in the Eden
valley had been more irregular, leaving the rock in places nearly
of its original thickness, but sweeping it entirely away from
large tracts. The denudation in the Dove valley had been more
uniform, leaving the bed continuous for several miles (Fig. 1
Plate X.), but it had planed down the whole bed till the process
was arrested by the harder anhydrite (Fig. 3, Plate X.).
Consequently, the hard rock was now found at the top of the
remaining bed, and in the centre of a dome. Seeing that the two
deposits had been of almost identical thickness when formed, one
would naturally expect the same proportion of anhydrite in the
two valleys. There could be little doubt that there was a less
proportion in the Dove area now. This had probably arisen from
the difference in the denudation, placing the anhydrite at the
upper surface of the deposit in the Dove valley, where it had
been altered by moisture into the excellent rock, d (Fig. 3), but
keeping it in the centre of the deposit in the Eden valley,
where, unhappily, it had been better preserved. That, to his
mind, was about the most conclusive evidence hitherto pro-
duced that anhydrite had been gradually altered into gypsum.
If the inverted dome shown at the bottom of the gypsum (Fig. 3)

DISCUSSION — GYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY. 191

the conversion of anhydrite into gypsum, more strongly and
confidently. He pointed out that the deposits of gypsum lay
along a line : could that line have been a continuous one in
Triassic times from Carlisle to Tutbury? The close similarity
of the two beds would almost warrant such a belief.

Mr. T. Teafford Wynne, replying to the discussion, said
that he was neither an experienced geologist, nor yet a manufac-
turer of plaster, but simply a mining engineer who had had a few
years' experience in this particular branch of mining. Mr.
Brough seemed to have somewhat misunderstood the terms used
in the trade : gypsum that had been baked or calcined and
afterwards ground to powder was known as " Italian plaster,"
and plaster of Paris was gypsum, broken and ground to any
desired degree of fineness, and then boiled on open hearths.
Within the last few years, great improvements had been made
in the mode of boiling: circular hearths on which the plaster
was constantly kept stirred by mechanical means, having been
substituted for " slip-hearths " and hand-labour. The stuff
described by Dr. Plot, which Mr. Brough appeared to think was
substantially the same as what was now sold as plaster of Paiis,
more resembled *' floor-plaster," which was now but little used.
The International Association for Testing Materials, memtioned
by Mr. Brough, appeared to have fallen into the common error
of expressing an opinion before enquiring as to the facts. It
would, he ventured to think, have been better if they had made
at least some enquiry into the subject before they began to
criticize.

Mr. Bums' explanation of the stone lying above the anhy-
drite being the best stone was very interesting, and appeared
to be confirmed by the fact that there was no well-defined
cleavage between good gypsum-stone and anhydrite, in fact, at
times, they appeared to be homogeneous. The depressions in
the floor of the deposit were numerous, the thickness of the
stone was very variable, sometimes it thickened upward, and
sometimes downward, but most often as shown in Fig. 3 (Plate
X.). The writer had not, at present, found the limit of the
gypsum-deposit, except at its outcrop, and so far as the deposit
which he was working was concerned, he confessed that he had no
desire to do so. He had within the last month found anhydrite.

192 DISCUSSION — tiYPSUM IN THE DOVE VALLEY.

not in close contact with a wash-hole, but within 9 feet of one.
It was found in a ** top *' as shown in Fig. 3, and about 6 feet
from the edge of the high top the workmen broke into a *' wash-
hole."

He wished also to make it clear that he did not put forward
any geological theories of his own, but he merely stated facts
as they appeared to him, and left it to his readers to form their
own conclusions.

The Chairman (Sir Lees Knowles, Bart.) said that the value
of the paper principally depended on the personal observations
and the special knowledge of the writer with regard to the Dove-
valley deposits. He proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Wynne for
his paper.

Mr. M. Walton Brown seconded the resolution, which was
cordially approved.

CAULDOX LOW AXD THE MANIFOLD VALLEY. 193

NOTES ON CAULDON LOW AND THE MANIFOLD
VALLEY, NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE.

By E. B. wain and J. T. STOBBS.

After skirting the eastern outcrop of the Pottery coal-iield,
from Milton station to Stockton Brook, the railway passes over
rocks of Lower Coal-measure and Millstone Grit age, which
now and again are unconformably overlain by Buiiter Con-
glomerates or Keuper Sandstone. At Leekbrook, red Triassic

Fig. 1.— Blast DisiiODCiNo 30,000 Tons of Carboniferous Limestone,
rt TO 6, IN Cauldon Low Quarries.

sandstones, showing current-bedding, rest on the black shales of
the Pendleside series, and in No. 2 cutting of the Leek light
railway specimens of Sphenopteris lanceolata, Feistmantel {non
Guthier) have been collected from a plant-bed : Posidoniella Ictvis
and Pterinopecten papyraceus also occur there.

Pendleside shales may be observed in the cuttings, almost all
ihe way from Leekbrook to Cauldon station, and tliey are much
crushed and contorted — perhaps the North Staifordsliire phrase
** all of a ruck " most aptly describes their occurrence. They

194 CAULDOX LOW AND THE MANIFOLD VALLEY.

contain a fair amount of carbonaceous matter, and near Water-
houses a spoil-lieap, formed of the debris from one of the railway-
cuttings, has fired spontaneously. In the cutting through these
shales, nearest Cauldon station, layers of large calcareous bul-
lions are found: they are very fossil if ero us and have yielded: —
Glyphioceras hilingue (?J, Glyphioceras retictdatum, Orthoceras
sp. and Posidoniella Icevis. In the shales themselves, Posidoniella
Icevis is abundant, and a single fragment of Dicrenodus dentaius
has been obtained.

At Cauldon Low, a large quarry (Fig. 1) of Carboniferous
Limestone of very pure quality is worked by the North Stafford-
shire Railway Company : it is sent as a fluxing agent for the
blast-furnaces of North and South Staffordshire, and is largely
used in the chemical works of the Northwich district. The
following analyses show the composition of this limestone: —

Blue Limestone.

White Limestone.

Lime * . . .

55-40

55-35

Magnesia

0-47

Alumina and oxide of iron

trace

Silica

0-45

0-35

Phosphorus

trace

Sulphur

trace

Carbonic acid, etc

43-68

43-83

10000 100-00

''.This equals pure oarbouate of lime, 98 91 and 98*84 per cent.

The top of the hill is about 1,200 feet above sea-level, and the
area quarried is about 300 acres : the height of the face of the

CAULDON LOW AND THE MANIFOLD VALLEY. 195

The beds of limestone all belong to the Dibunophyllum-zone,
and in this locality fossils are not very abundant. Large gastro-
pods are found (Naticopsis sp., Bellerophon sp., being the
commonest and generally occurring as casts, known as " turns "
to the quarrymen), and that rare brachiopod Productus humerosus
is occasionally obtained, as well as Chonetes papilionacea,
Orihotetes crenistria, etc. The probably-faulted junction of the
Pendleside Series and the Carboniferous Limestone may be
noted beside the schools at Waterhouses. Near this village the
highest beds of the Carboniferous Limestone are exposed :
they are characterized by a " rolled-beach " bed of Producti and
the presence of C*yathaxonoid corals.

From Waterhouses to Beeston Tor, the water of the river
Hamps, in dry weather, is all carried in underground channels ;
and at the latter place, which forms the junction of the rivers
Manifold and Hamps, the same remarkable disappearance of
the water from the bottom of the Manifold valley may be noticed.
The picturesque gorges and sinuosities of this valley, produced
by a combination of geological causes, are much admired. The
precipitous scarps reveal repeated and rapid folding of the beds,
the solubility of which under weathering action is very unequal,
and thus a variety and boldness of feature has been produced
which constitutes the singular charm of Carboniferous Lime-
stone country. The higher beds in the locality are irregularly
cherty.

Thor's cave, near Wetton, has been produced in the way just
mentioned by the action of a stream. In the cave-earth forming
its floor, the remains of extinct mammalia and human imple-
ments were discovered.

The limestone-quarries of Wetton and the surrounding dis-
trict were the collecting-ground of Samuel Carrington, who
supplied many specimens to Thomas Davidson in the preparation
of his great monograph on British fossil Brachiopoda. The
Xottingham Museum contains an excellent collection of Car-
boniferous Limestone fossils from this neighbourhood — probably
part of the result of Carrington^s labours.

The Ecton copper-mine, near the terminus of the railway,
was at one period of great importance. In 1080, Dr. R. Plot
recorded in his Natural History of Staffordshire that it had been
worked for several years, but was stopped before he visited the

196 DISCUSSION — CAULDON LOW AND THE MANIFOLD VALLEY.

place, because of the competition of Swedish ores. He stated that
the veins were from 24 to 150 feet deep, and that the ore was smelted
at Ellastone.* John Mawe, in 1802, gave an account (with a
figured section of Ecton Hill) of the mine in his Mineralogy
cf Derbyshire, He recorded that, in addition to copper-pyrites,
galena, fluor, calcite and barytes were found, " the famous vein
being what the Germans call a stock-work.' 'f At that time the
mine was one of the deepest in Europe, going down to 1,320
feet : it was extremely productive, and employed more than 1,000
persons. ** The rich ore was in ama^ng large heaps, being in
some places 70 yards broad and in others not above ten."* It
was taken to Cheadle, Staffordshire, for smelting, that being
probably the nearest locality where good coal was being worked.
The mine was finally closed in 1891, again due to the competition
of cheaper imported ores. There are extensive copper-works
at Froghall and Oakamoor, which no doubt formerly worked
up the ore produced at Ecton and smelted at Cheadle.

The scenery throughout the Manifold valley may be classed
amongst the most beautiful in this country ; but until recently it
has been inaccessible, except to pedestrians. The opening, last
year, of the light railway from Waterhouses to Hulme End has
now brought it within easy reach of the Potteries and the Man-
chester district.

In conclusion, the writers desire to express their indebtedness
to Mr. G. J. Crosbie Dawson, F.G.S., chief engineer to the

DISCUSSION — PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING. 197

seen the forge in which the first drill was made, and that the
first shot fired was in the Ecton mine. The drill was made by
one of the German miners brought over in 1636 by Prince Rupert
for working the mine. Marks of these drills could still be seen
in the so-called Dutchmen's adit, the name of which indicated
that it was driven by German miners.

The Chairman (Sir Lees Knowles, Bart.) moved a vote of
thanks to Messrs. J. T. Stobbs and E. B. Wain for their interest-
ing paper.

Mr. P. KiRKUP seconded the resolution, which wa« cordially
approved.

DISCUSSIOX OF MR. SAM MAYOR'S PAPER ON THE
" PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE^MINIXG."*

Mr. C. H. Merivale (Leeds) said that the use of coal-cutters
on sledges increased the length cut by 8*] per cent., but, in one
seam, their use had been somewhat restricted. The section com-
prised 17 inches of top coal, 8 to 24 inches of stone, and 6
inches of bottom coal. The cut could only be made in the soft
stone, below the top coal. This stone varied in thickness, even
on a face only 500 feet long, so that the height of the cut, above
the floor-level, had to be continually altered. This could easily
be done by packing up the sleepers, where rails were used ; they
had tried to raise the sledge-machine, by sliding flat boards
below it. Possibly Mr. Mavor might suggest another method,
by which the position of the cut could be altered, while the
machine was running, through a vertical distance of 18 inches.

Mr. Sam Mavor said that the altering of the vertical position
of the cut was a matter of no difficulty, within the limits of about
9 inches, and the Pickquick cutter was provided with adjusting
screws for altering the position of the cut. A range of 18 inches
might be possible by a modification of the same arrangement,
but to raise the machine 18 inches by such means would, he
feared, render it rather unstable ; and it would be liable to
vibrate unless a very special base was used.

• Trans. Inst, M. E,, 1906, vol. xxxi., page 378.

VOL. XXXII.-MOe-MOT, 14

198

DISCUSSION — ^BYE-PEODUCT COKE-OVENS.

DISCUSSION OF DE. J. A. ROELOFSEN'S PAPER OK
"BYE-PRODUCT COKE AND HUESSENER BYE-
PRODUCT COKE-OVENS."*

Mr. B. DoDD (Bearpark Collieries) wrote that bye-product
coke-ovens were successfully introduced into the county of
Durham in 1881 and 1882 by Messrs. Pease and Partners,
Limited, at Crook, and by the Bearpark Coal and Coke Company^
Limited, at Bearpark ; and these ovens of the Simon-Carves
type are still working successfully, and give as good results as
any other retort-ovens: the Huessener and Solvay ovens being
modifications of this type. The chief difference in retort-ovens
is between vertical and horizontal flues ; but, so far as uniform
heating is concerned, there appears to be little difference. In
vertical-flued ovens, the flues are difficult to see into, the leaks
are not so easily seen as with horizontal flues, and, consequently,
they get a credit for tightness which they do not possess. It
should, however, always be remembered that the oven is only a
part of a bye-product plant; and, perhaps, the least important
part.

The quantity of bye-products obtained and the ease of work-
ing depends upon the power of the plant for condensing and
dealing with the gases given off. The speed of carbonization
and the regularity of heating depends upon the quality and
steadiness of the condensation, and upon the regularity with
which the gases are returned to the ovens to be burnt in the
flues ; and, therefore, the plant should be considered as a whole.

DISCUSSION — ^BYE-PEODUCT COKE-OVENS. 19^

received and coked, was only 67*69 per cent, of coke containing'
3*97 per cent, of moisture or 63*72 per cent, of the coal received.
Together with the coal, a considerable amount of hydrogen in
the form of water was introduced into the ovens, washed coal
being used containing 10*6 per cent, of water; and, when this
was taken into consideration, the yields did not appear any better
than that of older plants.

It would add considerably to the value of the paper if the
results of the hand-charged and compressor-loaded batteries
were compared. Judging from the time that the Port Clarence-
plant had been working, the advantages of one method over the
other did not appear to be sufficiently marked to have brought
about the introduction of a uniform system throughout; or
possibly hand-loading possessed some especial advantages.

It was satisfactory^ to learn from Dr. Roelofsen that retort-
coke gave good results in the furnace, as this confirmed what had
been stated by the makers of retort-coke for the past 16 years :
namely, that retort-coke, if properly used in up-to-date furnaces^
would give satisfactory and economical results.

It was also satisfactory to know that the prejudice which had
existed against retort-coke was being overcome. When this class-
of coke was introduced into the county of Durham 15 years ago,
the makers, not being blast-furnace owners, had to sell it in.
the open market ; and blast-furnace owners, from prejudice and
in order to buy at the lowest prices, looked upon it with apparent
disfavour. But, its advantages being now realized, it was largely^
used, and blast-furnace owners were purchasing coal and erecting-
ovens to make this class of coke.

In manj' districts, thinner seams, which were more difficult to-
clean, and seams containing shale-bands would be worked; and
it was almost certain that retort-ovens would be improved and
adapted to work with mixed shale and coal for the production of
hydrocarbons and other chemicals, at the collieries : the result-
ing cinders being looked upon as a bye-product. In this way,
much of the matter now wasted in spoil-heaps would be utilized
with profit to colliery-owners, and a great national saving would
be effected, while the pure coal would be sold for coke-manu-
facture.

Mr. J. Kenneth Guthrie (Newcastle-upon-Tyne) wrote that
he could not agree with the conclusions of Dr. Boelofsen, as to

^00

DISCUSSION — BYE-PEODUCT COKE-OVENS.

the superiority of horizontal flues ; and he was strongly of opinion
that the vertical type of flue was much superior, since the distri-
bution of the heat was the most perfect possible and the direc-
tion of the flame throughout was the natural one (that was,
upwards), by means of its own buoyancy and not on account of
•chimney-draught. The draught, required for combustion, was
reduced to a minimum, compared with that of the horizontal
flue, where the gases had to travel long distances. In the
vertical type of flue there was an equalization of pressure between
the oven and the flues, so that leakages of gas from the inside
•of the ovens to the heating-flues, or vice-versa, were practically
avoided. This equilibrium of pressure was of the utmost import-
ance, as being the only efficient means of preventing the harm-
ful passage of chamber and flue-gases through the joints of the
separating flue, and the consequent loss of bye-products. The
resistance of the wall was enhanced by the vertical-flue system,
as the heating flues ran perpendicularly along all that portion
of the oven-wall against which the coal could exert any pressure,
and the divisions between the flues formed vertical strengthening
ribs. This was especially advantageous when coals of only
«lightly shrinking and even expanding nature were coked, such
as occurred in the case of all coals low in volatile matter. In
horizontal flues, built of hollow tiles, with expanding coals, the
weaker flue-walls were apt to be crushed by the pressure exerted
by the coal. The vertical-flue system had the further advantage
that it could better withstand the compression-loads due to the

DISCUSSION — BYE-PfiODUCT COKE-OVENS. 201

of the bye-product oven dated from 1896, when Mr. K. Hilgen-
stock introduced the heating of the vertical flues of the Otto
oven, by Bunsen burners inserted in accessible passages placed
underneath the oven-block; at the same time dispensing with
the preheating of the air by regenerators. The success of
the new departure was proved by the greatly increased number of
ovens built after this design, and the efforts of others to build
after the same plan, so far as patent rights would permit. The
horizontal flue received very little support in Germany, the home
of the retort-oven ; and it might be added that the first builders
of that system had abandoned it, and had become converts ta
the rival system.

The temperature-curve would have been more interesting if^
instead of showing only one line, it gave curves taken at different
points of the oven. These would differ greatly, as the car-
bonization commencing from the outside, the moisture was here^
driven off quickly ; and the time extending until the inside was
reached, where the carbonization was completed, and where the
moisture was last driven olf.

Dr. J. A. RoELOFSEx said that he quite agreed with Mr. Dodd
as to the ease of inspecting ovens with horizontal flues, as com-
pared with vertical flues. It was also of the greatest importance^
that the bye-product plant should be constructed in such a way
that the gases evolved were readily removed from the hot ovens,
were thoroughly cleansed and deprived of their bye-products,,
and then returned in a regular and uniform flow to the oven-
burners. With large apparatus, especially with large exhausters^
going at a slow speed, this was readily attained without the use
of gas-holders. The latter were only necessary where surplua
gas was used for consumption in gas-engines. He had given
the yield of tar, sulphate of ammonia and benzole per ton of
coke made, and also the percentage-yield of coke and breeze-
It was, therefore, a matter of easy calculation to find out
the yield per ton of coal charged into the oven. The figures
quoted by Mr. Dodd as the actual working results of 52 weeks were
evidently taken from a paper on Huessener coke-ovens read in
1904 by the late Mr. C. Lowthian Bell.* The yield of 6769 per

* ** The Manufacture of Coke in the Hiissener Oven at the Clarence Iron-
works, and ita Value in the Blast-furnace,'* by Mr. C. Lowthian Bell, The Journal
of the Iron and Steel Inatititte, 1904, vol. Ixv., page 1S8.

202 DISCUSSION BYE-PEODUCT .COKE-OVENS.

cent, was calculated on the coal as it was received from the
collieries and before it was washed, the yield of coke and breeze
as obtained from the coal actually charged into the ovens was
74'45 per cent., and the difference between these figures repre-
sented the loss in the washery. The consumption of raw coal at
the old battery of 60 ovens at Clarence in 1903 was 105,000 tons ;
and since the publication of Mr. Bell's paper a new battery of (>0
Huessener ovens had been erected, which were somewhat higher,
and carbonized between 15 and 20 per cent, more coal than the
old ovens in the same time. Coal charged in the compressed
state, by means of a charging machine, gave on the whole a
firmer coke than that charged by hand. In the case of coal
which ordinarily did not give a very hard coke, the improvement
was very marked and of great value ; but, with coal such as that
now being used at Clarence, which gave even with ordinary hand-
charging a veiy hard and solid blast-furnace coke, the advantages
of using a compressing machine were not so evident, and before
adopting the compression of the coal at their old ovens, as well
as at the new ones, they wished to have more information and
a more extensive experience.

He thought that Mr. Guthrie underestimated the value of
division-walls between the ovens, for not only did they strengthen
the whole structure, but they separated adjoining ovens, with the
result that most repairs could be effected without laying off the
adjoining ovens. Where there was no such division-wall, one
row nf burnera heated two adjoining oven- walls, and it wiis

DISCUSSION — GOAF-BLASTS IN MINES IN GIBIDIH COAL-FIELD. 203

course, " hollow tiles " must never be used in coke-oven construc-
tion, and, so far as he was aware, they were not used, at present,
in any of the various systems of coke-ovens. If Mr. Guthrie would
carefully read the description of the Huessener ovens in his paper
he would see that there were no ** hollow tiles.'* Although the
division-walls naturally added to the length of the whole struc-
ture, and perhaps slightly to the initial cost of the plant, at the
same time they added very largely to the life of the plant and
■considerably reduced the amount of necessary repairs. Finally,
he would like to point out that the first builder of bye-product
■coke-ovens, in the modern sense of the word, in Germany was the
late Mr. Alfred Huessener; and that the Huessener oven still
retained its principal feature, namely, horizontal flues, and
there was no likelihood of any change in the direction of the
vertical system.

DISCUSSION OF MB. T. ADAMSON'S PAPER ON " GOAF-
BLASTS IN MINES IN THE GIRIDIH COAL-FIELD,
BENGAL, INDIA."*

Mr. W. H. Pickering (Chief Inspector of Mines in India)

has written the following remarks respecting " A Serious

Danger in Bengal Coal-mining " : —

The roof over the coal-seams in Bengal is, for the most part, very
strong sandstone, free from joints and smooth partings, and it requires
little timbering. In these conditions, the falls of small pieces of stone
from the roof, which cause so many deaths in most coal-mines, are com-
paratively rare; but, unless proper mining methods are adopted, the remark-
ably sound roof becomes a serious danger, instead of being a factor of safety.
Some managers and owners, presuming on the naturally safe conditions,
drive the galleries so wide, and leave such small pillars that the roof falls
over a large area, and crushes the small supporting pillars. This always
results in a serious waste of coal, and frequently there is a grave danger of
a loss of life on a very large scale. This danger, in some cases, will become
•even more serious in the future, when larger areas are mined, if the present
methods are persisted in. Lives are not only endangered by the direct
fall, but, when the roof falls over a large area, an air-blast is produced, and
the air is forced through the galleries with such a velocity that it has the

effect of an explosion. Two lives were lost from this cause but

a much more serious disaster was probably averted by the fortuitous visit
■of Mr. Grundy, the Inspector for No. 1 Circle, to Mouthdih mine, Sitarampur.
When inspecting the colliery, Mr. Grundy came to the conclusion that the
-workings would soon collapse, and when I made an inspection with him

* Traw. Inst, M,E,, 1905, vol. xxix., page 425 ; and vol. xxxi., page 494.

204 DISCUSSION GOAF-BLASTS IN MINES IN GIBIDIH COAL-FIELD.

a few days afterwards the indications were more pronounced, and it was
evident that the roof in one part might fall at any moment, and extend
over a large portion of the mine, for some of the galleries were 20 feet wide,
the pillars irregular, and many less than 12 feet square, and the seam was
18 feet thick. The owners appeared to be sceptical, but listened to reason,,
and stopped the working of the mine. This course was justified by events,,
for only two days afterwards, and without further warning, the roof fell
over an area of 5,000 square yards, and broke through to the surface. The
air-blast was so violent that the mine was wrecked, and 'the earth-tremors
caused by the blast and the fall were felt ^ mile from the mine. The mine
became waterlogged and it has not yet been possible to inspect it undei^
ground. The blast, however, had rushed up the shafts and inclines, and
gave striking evidence of its violence on the surface. At one shaft, the
blast lifted the headgear bodily, leaving only three uprights standing,
and the pit-trolley, winding-pulleys, broken pieces of the headgear, etc.,
were blown some distance from the pit-top. At another shaft, the top of
the headgear with the winding-pulleys was blown oflf, the pit-trolley was
broken in pieces, and large pieces of timber were blown 50 feet away.
Large stones were hurled up the inclines. It was most fortunate that the
pit's company had been withdrawn, for no one could have been in the
mine at the time of the collapse and escaped alive. At this mine, the pillars
were being thinned without regard to systematic working, but in any case it
would have been impossible to extract the pillars in safety owing to their
smallness and irregularity, and the excessively wide galleries. Another
collapse of workings happened at Deshergarh, where an area of 32,000 square
yards of surface subsided with buildings and a main road, and it was pro-
vidential that only one life was lost. In this case, the mischief had been
done underground 20 years ago.

If the workings are properly designed, the pillars may be safely ex-
tracted, and, though the air-blasts will be a danger, ample warning of the
fall will be given, precautions can be taken, and the roof will only break
down over the area from which the coal is extracted, and will not crush
over the pillars. Systematic pillar-working is in progress at several mines.

DISCUSSIOX GOAF-BLASTS IN MINES IN GIRIDIH COAX-FIELD. 205

as chowhidars or small tell-tale pillars. Thus, 98 per cent, of the coal
had been won, and only 2 per cent. lost. This is ideal mining, but the
extraction of such a percentage would not be possible over the whole
area of the mine.* .... The regularity of the Kurhurbaree workings, com-
pared with the irregularity of the other excavations, is most striking.f

Mr. T. Adamson wrote that goaf-blasts were not confined to
Bengal coal-mines, as had been fully demonstrated in the
discussion of his paper. The remarks made by Mr. Pickering
showed that, when a mine was properly worked by forming
pillars of sufficient size, the leaving of tell-tales (chowkidars}
in the goaves, the systematic sounding of the roofj and
listening for roof-movements several times during the shift hy
the mine-officials, as practised in the Joktiabad and other Giridih
mines,§ ample time was given, between the first indication of
weight on the chowkidars and the collapse of the roof, to remove
all the workmen to a place of safety. On the other hand, when
a mine was worked on a system (or want of a system) like that of
Kasunda, a positive danger existed.

Akin to goaf-blasts was the action of creep, which generally
produced wind-blasts. This ocurred where a large area was cut up
into small pillars, and when an attempt was made to remove them^
the roof settled on the pillars and crushed them out. A case of
this kind happened at the Warora colliery, Central Provinces^
India, in the early part of 1906. The pillars were being worked
back, when suddenly, during one night, a large goaf-fall took
place, which caused a serious subsidence of the surface and
let down the main line of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway,
under construction. Luckily the fall took place during the
night, when there was no one in the mine. Had the fall taken
place during the day, when 700 men were at work, the result
might have been serious. The pillars were crushed out nearly
back to the shaft, and the mine was, in consequence, abandoned.

The writer agreed with Dr. Robertson || that the possible
effects of goaf-blasts deserved further investigation and dis-
cussion.

• Trans, Inst. M. E., 1905, vol. xxix., Plate XIV., page 430.

t Report of the Chief-inspector of Mines in India, for the fear ending Slst
Dtctmher, 1905, by Mr. W. H. Pickering, 1906, page 10.

X Trans. Inst. M. E., 1903, vol. xxv., pages 10-13.

§ Ibid., 1906, vol. xxxi., page 500. |{ Ibid., page 499.

sou TBANSACTIONS.

Mr. W. G. Phillips proposed a vote of thauks to the Presi-
•dent and Council of the North Staffordshire Institute of Mining
and Mechanical Engineers for making the arrangements for this
successful meeting ; and to the owners of works, etc., to be visited
by the members.

Mr. J. H. Merivale seconded the resolution, which was
cordially approved.

Mr. J. Nevin moved a vote of thanks to Sir Lees Knowles,
Bart., for his services in the chair.

Mr. A. SoPWiTH seconded the resolution, which was cordially
approved.

SHELTOX IRON, STEEL AND COAL COMPANY, LIMITED.

207

SHELTON IRON, STEEL AXD COAL COMPANY, LIMITED.

Deep Pits.

The Deep Pits work the lower seams of the North Stafford-
shire coal-field. Two shafts, the upcast and downcast, are used
for winding, each 17 feet in inside diameter.

At the east and downcast shaft, the winding-engine, with two
cylinders, 40 inches in diameter and 7 feet stroke, is fitted with
slide-valves and Melling variable cut-off gear. The parallel
drum is 24 feet in diameter, and the locked-coil winding ropes
are 5J inches in circumference.

At the west and upcast shaft, the winding-engine, with two
cylinders 32 inches in diameter and 6 feet stroke, is fitted with
Cornish valves and Markham automatic trip-gear. The parallel
drum is 20 feet in diameter. The locked-coil winding ropes are
4f inches in circumference.

The east shaft is 2,661 feet deep, and winding takes place
from a depth of 2,190 feet. The west shaft is 2,595 feet deep,
and winding takes place from a depth of 2,550 feet. It is in-
tended, however, upon the further development of the seams,
to wind the output from the 2,550 feet level at the east shaft,
and the output from the 2,190 feet level at the west shaft. The
pit-head frames, built of steel lattice-girders, are 72 feet high to
the centre of the pulleys, 18 feet in diameter. From the frames
are suspended ten locked-coil conductors in the east shaft, and
eight conductors in the west shaft, each 4i inches in circum-
ference. From 6 to 8 tons of cast-iron weights are attached to
each conductor, so as to produce sufficient tension.

Ventilation is produced by a Walker fan driven by a com-
pound engine. The high-pressure cylinder, 22 inches in dia-
meter, is fitted with Corliss valves, and the low-pressure cylinder,
40 inches in diameter, is fitted with Meyer cut-off gear. The
fan, 26 feet in diameter, is driven by eighteen ropes, IJ inches in
diameter. A Chandler fan, 12 feet in diameter, driven direct
by a compound single-acting Chandler engine, is provided as
a stand-bye.

Steam is produced from two batteries of Lancashire boilers.

208 SHELTON IRON, STEEL AND COAL COMPANY, LIMITED.

At the east pit, there are seven boilers, 30 feet long and 8 feet in
diameter, and one 30 feet long and 9 feet in diameter; and at
the west pit, two boilers 30 feet long and 9 feet in diameter.
The pressure of steam is 150 pounds per square inch.

The continuous-current electric plant consists of three Mather-
and-Platt combined generating sets, each of 200 horsepower, at
500 volts.

The seams lie at an angle of 15 degrees, and horizontal
tunnels from the winding levels at each shaft cut the following
workable seams: — Moss, Yard, Ten-feet, Bowling Alley, Holly
Lane, Hardmine, Banbury and Cockshead.

The underground electric haulage comprizes one endless-rope
set of 135 horsepower; one endless-rope set of 60 horsepower ; two
main-and-tail-rope sets of 50 horsepower; one endless-rope set
of 36 horsepower ; one direct-dip haulage of 50 horsepower ; and
one dii-ect-dip haulage of 20 horsepower.

Pumping is effected by one three-throw pumping set of 30
horsepower, working against a head of 1,600 feet; and one three-
throw set of 30 horsepower, pumping from a depth of 640 feet
to the surface.

The screening-plant comprizes five mechanically-driven
tipplers, delivering coal to one burgy shoot and four shaking-
screens. There are four coal-picking belts, each 5 feet wide and
60 feet long ; and the cobble and slack belts are also 5 feet wide.

shelton iron, steel and coal company, limited. 209

Electric Generating Station.

Two Koerting' two-cycle double-acting gaa-engines of 360
brake-horsepower are direct-coupled to dynamos. The surplus
ga's from the coke-ovens is used for driving these engines. There
is a stand-bye high-speed steam-set and dynamo, of 200 horse-
power.

The water-supply for the entire plant is pumped by two elec-
trically-driven turbine-pumps.

Etruria Iron-and-steel Works.

There are four blast-furnaces, 70 feet high ; and two blast-
furnaces, of older type, 55 feet high. There are eleven hot-blast
Cowper stoves, 20 feet in diameter and 60 feet high ; and one
stove, in course of erection, is 22 feet in diameter and 70 feet
high. There are three beam-type blowing-engines and one
vertical blowing-engine. Basic pig-iron is produced for steel-
manufacture, together with forge, foundry pig-iron and special
cylinder-iron.

There are eight Siemens basic-steel open-hearth furnaces,
with nineteen Dawson-type gas-producers : five furnaces being
of 22 tons capacity, two of 30 tons, and one of 40 tons. The
largest furnace has regenerators at the back of the furnace and
under the charging platform, and the building is prepared for the
installation of an electrical overhead crane, with a view to using
molten metal direct from the blast-furnaces.

The whole of the steel is rolled down in the cogging-mill,
adjacent to the steel-melting shop, and either transferred direct
without re-heating to the finishing mill, with rolls 32 inches in
diameter ; or, if rolled into slabs and billets, these are sheared to
the lengths required and loaded into wagons for the small mills at
the Shelton works. The cogging-mill is served by six coal-fired
vertical ingot-heating furnaces, and the ingots are charged and
transferred to the cogging-mill by two steam travelling-cranes.
The cogging-mill, with rolls 38 inches in diameter, is driven by
a horizontal engine, with two cylinders 42 inches in diameter
and 5 feet stroke, geared 2 to 1 to the mill-train. The powerful
steam-driven vertical shears are capable of cutting hot blooms,
10 inches square.

The girder rolling-mill, with rolls 32 inches in diameter,
comprizes the usual roughing and finishing train driven direct

210

SXETD COLLIERIES, LIIOTED.

by a powerful engine, with two cylinders 50 inches in diameter
and 4i feet stroke, capable of developing 5,000 horsepower. A
25 tons electrically-driven overhead crane serves the cogging
and girder-mills.

All bars, joists, etc., after being cut by the hot saws, are
transferred to the electrically-operated hot-skid cooling-benches ;
and are loaded either direct into wagons, or transferred to the
large finishing shed, 120 feet wide and 300 feet long. Two 5
tons electrical overhead cranes cover the whole area of the shed.
The high-speed saw, 3^ feet in diameter, driven by a motor of
135 horsepower, will cut a joist, 12 inches by 6 inches, when
cold, in less than 1 minute.

Shelton Irox-axd-steel Works.

All the well-known brands of bar-iron are made at the
Shelton forge, and rolled to various sections at the adjacent small
mills. Small steel sections are also rolled here. In addition to
the two forges, there are three bar-mills, with rolls 16 inches,
12 inches and 10 inches in diameter respectively ; a light plate-
mill, with rolls 22 inches in diameter; and a sheet-mill, with
rolls 21 inches in diameter.

There are also foundry, fitting, locomotive and wagon repair-
ing shops.

SNEYD COLLIERIES, LIMITED.

tlnue cual-dniwing mU and one upcast mi.

STAFFORD COAL AND IKON COMPANY, LIMITED. 211

No. 4 pit, sunk to a depth of 2,643 feet, is working the Cocks-
head, Holly Lane and Bowling Alley seams. The winding-
engine has two cylinders, 42 inches in diameter and 7 feet stroke,
and a parallel drum 24 feet in diameter. Hydraulic tub-
changing apparatus is provided both at the surface and under-
ground; and eight wagons, in a four-decked cage, are changed
simultaneously. At present, however, two-decked winding cages-
are in use, holding four wagons.

The ventilation is accomplished by means of a rope-driven
Walker fan, 24 feet in diameter, having a capacity of 350,000
cubic feet of air, with a water-gauge of 5 inches, when running
at 120 revolutions per minute.

The power-house contains two steam-driven alternators, eacb
of 250 kilowatts capacity, and a direct-current plant, for light-
inor and excitation, of 50 kilowatts capacity. A Rateau exhaust-
steam turbine, connected to a three-phase alternator of 500 kilo-
watts capacity, is in process of erection. All the auxiliary
machinery underground, and most of it on the surface, is operated
by about thirty three-phase motors, varj^ing from 3 brake-
horsepower to 150 brake-horsepower.

The screening-plant, recently constructed of the most modern
type, comprizes four tipplers arranged for dealing with the
various classes of fuel. The main coal belts are of bar construc-
tion, so that any slack coal made on the belt is removed before
the coal is delivered into the truck. Jib-ends, operated by an
electric motor, are provided at the ends of the belts.

Steam is provided by nine Lancashire boilers, with natural
draught, the chimney being over 200 feet high. Superheaters
are attached to eight of the boilers, the average amount of super-
heat imparted to the steam varying from 130^ to 150° Fahr.

The range of shops comprizes a smithy, with four fires and
an electrically-driven power-hammer, saw-mill, joiner's shop and
fitting-shop.

STAFFORD COAL AND IROX COMPANY, LIMITED.

The works of the Stafford Coal and Iron Company, Limited,
are situated about 2 miles from Stoke-upon -Trent. They con-
sist of two groups of pits, blast-furnaces, chemical works and
brick-works.

^12 STAFFORD COAL AND IRON COMPANY, LIMITED.

No. 1 Colliery.

The Pender and upcast shaft, 13 feet in diameter, is sunk to a
<lepth of 1,028 feet. The Great Row coal-seam, 8 feet thick, is
proved at a depth of 851 feet, and the coal is drawn from the
Woodmine inset at a depth of 980 feet. The shaft is fitted
with eight wire-rod guides, four to each of the double-decked
cages, taking two tubs on each deck, about 10 cwts. of coal
l)eing carried in each tub. The head-gears are made of steel
lattice-girders, 60 feet high. The vertical winding-engine, with
two cylinders, each 36 inches in diameter and 6 feet stroke,
works a conical overhead drum, 18 to 21 feet in diameter.

The Kemball and downcast shaft, 16 feet in diameter, is sunk
to a depth of 1,030 feet. The Basseymine ironstone (from 1 foot
to 6 feet thick, resting on a seam of coal 2 feet 6 inches thick)
is proved at a depth of 662 feet, from which the stone is drawn.
The shaft is fitted with guides and cages similar to those in
the Pender shaft. The headgears are of timber 60 feet high.
The winding-engine is of the same type and dimensions as that
at the Pender shaft.

The Bourne and downcast shaft, 8 feet in diameter, and
sunk to a depth of 1,054 feet, is used for water-drawing, and
as a second outlet from the Great Row seam. The shaft is
fitted with two wire-rod guides, one on each side of a double-
decked cage carrying one tub on each deck. The headgears are
of timber. The horizontal winding-engine, with two cylinders
22 inches in diameter and 4 feet stroke, works a cylindrical drum,

STAFFORD COAL AND IRON COMPANY, LIMITED. 213

•clutch-gear near the pit-bottom. A second endless rope, working
the level crut from the shaft to the junction of the two dips, is
also driven o£E the clutch-gear in the pit-bottom. The clutch-
gear is driven by a strap-rope carried down the Pender shaft
from a compound haulage-engine, having cylinders, 22 inches
and 38 inches in diameter respectively and 4 feet stroke, driving
through gearing and clutches, two pulleys, one of which drives
the Great Row haulage strap-rope, the other being intended to
drive the endless-rope haulage in the Basseymine seam.

The endless-rope haulage in the Basseymine seam is driven
direct by an engine on the surface. The ropes, carried down the
Bourne shaft, work a dip about 2,100 feet long with an average
gradient of 1 in 8. The rope works above the tubs, which are
attached by means of lashing chains.

The ventilation of the Great Row and Basseymine seams is
•efEected by a Walker fan, 24 feet in diameter, rope-driven from a
tandem-compound engine, having cylinders 18 inches and 28
inches in diameter respectively and 4 feet stroke. This engine
also drives a dynamo of 160 amperes at 220 volts : the current
being used for lighting on the surface and in the pit-bottoms,
and for driving a small pump in the Kemball shaft.

The steam is supplied by eight Lancashire boilers.

No. 2 Colliery.

The Sutherland and downcast shaft, 16 feet in diameter, is
sunk 1,828 feet, recovering the Ash coal-seam, 6 feet 3 inches
thick, at a depth of 1,780 feet, the coal being drawn from an
inset made at this depth. The shaft is fitted with eight wire-
rod guides, four to each of the double-decked cages, taking two
tubs on each deck. The head-gears are made of steel lattice-
girders 60 feet high. The winding-engine with two vertical
<;ylinders, 36 inches in diameter and 6 feet stroke, drives an
•overhead conical drum, 20 feet to 23 feet in diameter.

The Homer and upcast shaft, 16 feet in diameter, is sunk
^,520 feet to the Moss coal-seam, which is not now being worked.
The Ragmine ironstone is drawn at this shaft from the Knowles
coal-seam inset at a depth of 1,455 feet. The Ragmine is a
clayband ironstone, consisting of bands of dirt and stone, with a
working-face of about 5 feet. The shaft-fittings and headgears

VOL. XXXII.— 1908-1907. 1^

214 STAFFORD COAL AXD IROX COMPANY, LIMITED.

are similar to those at the Sutherland shaft. The winding-
engine is similar to that at the Sutherland shaft, with the excep-
tion of the conical drum, which is smaller, having diameters of
18 feet to 21 feet.

The mechanical haulage in the Ash coal-seam consists of a
main-dip rope from the surface, drawing up a dip to a point
360 feet from the pit-bottom, and a main rope electric haulage-
gear drawing up a crut-dip to a point in the main dip 2,100*
feet from the shaft. The main-dip rope is driven by an engine
having two cylinders, 16 inches in diameter and 46 inches
stroke, and a drum 4 feet in diameter. The rope is taken down
the Sutherland shaft, and carried in troughs to the top of the
dip. The journey consists of 21 loads. The dip, 3,000 feet long,,
has an average gradient of 1 in 8. The electrical haulage con-
sists of a direct-current motor of 40 horsepower driving through:
belt-and-spur gearing, a drum, 3^ feet in diameter, drawing a
journey of seven loads up the crut-dip, 900 feet long, with an_
average gradient of 1 in 6.

The ventilation of the Ash and Ragmine seams is effected
by an open-running Waddle fan, 45 feet in diameter, driven by
an engine with a single cylinder, 32 inches in diameter and 4 feet
stroke.

Steam is supplied from a range of nine gas-fired Lancashire
boilers.

Electrical Plant.

STAFFORD COAL AND IRON COMPANY, LIMITED. 216

Blast-furxacks AND Bye-product Eecovery-plant.

There are four blast-furnaces 65 feet high. The blast is
supplied by one vertical blowing-engine, with a steam-cylinde-r
40 inches in diameter, and an air-cylinder 90 inches in diameter
and 5 feet stroke; also by two vertical blowing-engines, with
steam-cylinders 3'^ inches in diameter and air-cylinders 66 inches
in diameter and 4^ feet stroke. There are also in reserve two
vertical blowing-engines, with steam-cylinders 32 inches in
diameter and air-cylinders 78 inches in diameter and 4 feet
stroke.

The furnace-gases, on leaving the blast-furnaces, are taken
to the bye-product works, where pitch, oils and ammonium
sulphate are obtained. The washed gas is used for heating the
blast for the furnaces and for raising steam.

Steam for the blast-furnace plant is supplied by a battery of
nine gas-fired Lancashire boilers, and the bye-product works are
supplied by a battery of six gas-fired Lancashire boilers.

Brickworks.
The marl for brickmaking is brought from a marl-hole to
the brickworks by a single-span aerial ropeway. The marl is
treated in a Swinney brickmaking machine with a double-ended
pug, making wire-cut bricks, which are dried in a drying-shed
heated by slack-fired flues. The bricks are fired in eight kilns.

Surface-works.

The surface-works comprize mine-hearths, shops, stores, iron-
foundry, brass-foundry, and the usual railway-sidings. Two
locomotives are employed in shunting, etc., and one is employed
in conveying the slag from the furnaces to the cinder-tip. There
are carpenters', pattern-makers', blacksmiths', fitters', boiler-
makers', electricians' and locomotive-repairers' shops. The shaft-
ing, driving most of the machines in the shops, is driven by a
horizontal engine with a single cylinder 10 inches in diameter
and 12 inches stroke.

The machines in the fitting shop are served by a runway
fitted with 1 ton blocks.

Florence Colliery.
The seams worked comprize the Main coal, 6 feet thick ; the
Moss coal, 5 feet thick; and the Yard coal, 7 feet thick. The
coal is wound from two shafts, 105 feet apart.

216 STAFFORD COAL Aim IRON COMPANY, LIMITED.

The No. 1 and upcast shaft, 12i feet in diameter, is sunk
to a depth of 2,538 feet The shaft is fitted with wooden
-conductors to a depth of 1,800 feet, from which depth the Main
•coal-seam is wound. There are two three-decked cages taking
two tubs of coal on each deck, each tub carrying about 10 cwts.
of coal. The Lang-lay winding-ropes are 4i inches in circum-
ference, and their weight is partly balanced by a flat rope, sus-
pended below the cages.

The horizontal winding-engine has two cylinders, 30 inches
in diameter and 6 feet stroke, fitted with Cornish valves and
Barclay trip-gear. The parallel drum, 16 feet in diameter, has
3, brake-path on each side, and is fitted with the Whitmore steam-
brake and over-winding device. Steam, used at a pressure of
80 pounds per square inch, is generated in a range of five boilers,
three of which are fitted with superheaters.

The No. 2 and downcast shaft, 14 feet in diameter for a
•depth of 2,100 feet, and gradually bellied out from this depth to
17 feet in diameter at 2,670 feet, is fitted with wire-rod guides
to a depth of 2,580 feet, at which depth coal is drawn from the
Moss and Yard seams. The four-decked cages take two tubs
on each deck : two decks being loaded simultaneously. Decking
is performed at two landings at the top and bottom of the shaft :
at the top, the empty tubs are brought to the top-decking land-
ing by means of a creeper, the loads gravitating to the screens ;
and at the bottom the loads are lowered to, and the empties raised
iromj the bottom decking-landing by gi-avity-cafges. The locked-

STAFFORD COAL AXD IROX COMPANY, LIMITED. 217

100,000 cubic feet of air per minute at 2 inches of water-gauge.
Tke fan is driven by a horizontal engine, with a single cylinder
32 inches in diameter and 4 feet stroke.

In the Main coal-seam, the mechanical haulage consists of
two endless under-tub ropes and a main-dip rope. An endlesa
rope driven by an electrical haulage-set of 60 horsepower near
the pit-bottom, hauls along a level 2,820 feet long, and down a
crut 840 feet long to the shaft. The second endless rope,,
delivering to the top of the main crut from a level 1,410 feet
long, is driven from a haulage-set by an electric motor of 10
horsepower. The main-dip rope, driven by a haulage-set of 6ft
horsepower, draws up a dip 1,620 feet long with an average
gradient of 1 in 5.

In the Yard coal-seam, most of the workings are to the rise
of the pit-bottom, and the haulage is performed by self-acting
endless-rope inclines. A main jig, 2,580 feet long and driven
upward at a gradient of 1 in 8, is worked by a self-acting
endless rope. The coal from the main jig is lowered to the
pit-bottom down a crut-jig, 360 feet long with a gradient of 1
in 5, by a self-acting endless rope, which also takes the coal from
a district in the Moss coal-seam. The coal from this district is
brought along a level, and down a crut having a gradient of 1 in
5, b}' an endless rope, driven from a haulage-set by an electric
motor of 10 horsepower. A second district in the Moss seam is
reached by a level crut driven out, from near the shaft, for a dis-
tance of 1,050 feet. This crut is worked by an endless rope,
driven from a haulage-set by a motor of 60 horsepower. In
addition to the above main haulage-systems, there are several
portable haulage-sets, working dips and slants in process of
extension.

Four electrically-driven diamond coal-cutters are at work.
In the Main coal-seam, two machines of 24 horsepower are
cutting 1,500 feet and 1,050 feet of longwall-face respectively.
In the Moss coal-seam, machines of 24 and 32 horsepower respec-
tively are cutting 3,000 feet of longwall-face between them.

The water from the shaft is collected in a water-lodge, at a
depth of 480 feet in No. 2 shaft, from which it is pumped to the
surface by a three-throw pump, with rams 5i inches in diameter
and 9 inches stroke, driven by an electric motor of 25 horse-
power.

218 STAFFORD COAL AND IRON COMPANY, LIMITED.

The pit-bottom water, small in quantity, is pumped by a
tliree-tihrow electrically-driven pump from a depth, of 2,400
feet to the water-lodge in the shaft, against a head of 2,100 feet.

The best coal from Xo. 2 pit is sent to a three-tubs gravity
tippler, and delivered upon a travelling belt. The best coal and
cobbles are picked off this belt into trucks by hand, and the
remainder is conveyed by the belt to a shaking screen separating
it into four sizes. The three larger sizes are each delivered by
separate picking-belts on to a fourth belt. The slack from the
shaker is conveyed to one compartment in the coal-storage
tower for the washeiy.

The coal from No. 1 pit (and some coal from Ko. 2 pit) is taken
to two friction-driven tipplers delivering upon shaking screens.
The coal from these screens is discharged on to two picking-
belts ; and the slack is conveyed to the other compartment of
the coal-storage tower for the washery. The coal from the
storage-tower is delivered by two conveyors to two side shaking-
screens at the top of the washery, which has a capacity of 50 tons
per hour.

The screens, in the washery, classify each kind of coal into
four sizes, the three larger sizes of each sort being treated in two
sets of three nut-washers for steam and house coals respectively,
and two kinds of fine coal are treated in two pairs of felspar-
washers. The washed coal from the nut-washers is conveyed
over draining screens and stored in separate hoppers. The fine
coal from the felspar-washers is conveyed to any two of six fine-

STAFFORD COAL AND IRON COMPANY, LIMITED. 219

into side-tipping wagons, and conveyed by an endless rope to the
dirt-tip.

Direct current at a pressure of 550 volts is supplied to the
pits and surface for power: and direct current at 110 volts is
used for lighting on the surface. Direct current at 550 volts
is generated by a compound-wound generator of 300 kilowatts
di*iven by a Parsons turbine ; and a generator of 115 kilowatts
driven by an engine, with two cylinders 16 inches in diameter and
2 feet stroke, supplies current at 550 volts in the night-time when
less power is required. The lighting current at 110 volts is gener-
ated by a direct-current generator, 160 amperes at 110 volts,
driven by a motor, 42 amperes at 550 volts, on the same shaft.
A steam-driven generator, 150 amperes at 110 volts, is kept in
reserve for lighting purposes.

The steam used in the winding, fan and generator-engines is
condensed in a central condensing plant capable of dealing with
78,000 pounds of steam per hour. The steam is led by a main,
30 inches in diameter, into an oil-separator. Thence it passes
into two surface-condensers with 4,200 square feet of cooling
surface each. The cooling water is circulated from the con-
densers through the cooling tower by two centrifugal pumps
driven by two motors of 50 horsepower. The vacuum in the
condensers is maintained by two air-pumps, with air-cylinders
22 inches in diameter and steam-cylinders 15 inches in diameter
and 20 inches stroke. The connecting rods of this engine each
drive, by means of levers, a wet pump, 9^ inches in diameter and
8i inches stroke, and an oil-pump 3 inches in diameter and
8^ inches stroke. The condensed water from the hot well is
pumped to the economizers by a pump.

220 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOE TESTING MATERIALS.

THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR TESTING MATERIALS.
By Bennett H. Beouoh.*

The fourth Congress of the International Association for the Testing of
Materials was held in Brussels, from September 3rd to 9th« 1906, and was
brilliantly successful. The previous Congress was held in Budapest in 1901,
and it had been arranged that the fourth Congress should be held in St.
Petersburg in 1904; but, owing to the Russo-Japanese war and to the death
of the President, Prof. L. von Tetmajer, the idea had to be abandoned.

Prior to the opening of the Congress, which took place on September
3rd, in the Palais des Academies, the King of the Belgians received the
Council of the Association in an audience lasting an hour. At the opening
meeting, Mr. Fr. Berger (Vienna), President of the Association, presided, and
addresses of welcome were delivered by the Belgian Prime Minister and by
the Secretary of the Department of Railways. Prof. F. Schtile (Zurich) read
an address in memory of the deceased President, Ludwig von Tetmajer.
Interesting papers were read on the history of the Belgian iron-industry by
Baron E. de Laveleye, and on the Belgian cement-industry by Mr. Em.
Camerman. The chief limestone-beds in Belgium are at Toumai, on both
sides of the river Schelde, and produce annually 500,000 tons. The Belgian
cement-works are consequently situated for the most part in the vicinity
of Toumai: they produce annually 80,000 to 100,000 tons of Roman cement
and 400,000 tons of Portland cement. In Belgium there is only one slag-
cement works, namely, that at the Cockerill ironworks.

The titles of the reports and papers submitted to the three sections of
the Congress were as follows: —

I.— OFFICIAL REPORTS.

IXTERNATIOXAL ASSOCIATION FOR TESTING MATERIALS. 22^1

"To establish uniform methods for testing cast-iron and finished castings."

By Dr. R. Moldenke, New York.
"The progress of metallography since the Budapest Congress in 1901." By

Mr. F. Osmond, Paris.
"The introduction of international specifications for testing and inspecting

iron and steel of all kinds." By Dr. A. Rieppel/ Nuremberg.
"Impact-tests on notched bars." By Mr. Ed. Sauvage, Paris.

B. — Natubal and Aeteficial Building-stones and Cements.
"Accelerated tests of the constancy of volume of cements." By Mr. Bertram

Blount, London.
"The decomposition of cements in sea-water." By Prof. H. Le Chatelier^.

Paris.
"Examination and valuation of the resolutions of the conferences of 1884

to 1893, concerning the adhesive strength of hydraulic cements." By-
Mr. R. Feret, Boulogne.
"Experiments made with a view of determining the methods for testing

pozzuolanas." By Mr. R. Feret, Boulogne.
"Determination of a uniform method for the separation of the finest particles

in Portland cement by liquid and air processes." By Prof. M. Gary,

Gross-Lichterfelde-West.
"The relation of chemical composition to the weathering qualities of build-
ing-stones ; the influence of smoke, especially sulphurous acid, on build-

ing-stones; and the weathering qualities of roofing-slates." By Prof.

A Hanisch, Vienna.
"Trials of Swiss roofing-slate, together with some importations": (a) "The

formation and texture of clay-slate," by Prof. Dr. A. Heim, Zurich;

(6) "Results of physical-chemical researches," by the late Prof. L. von

Tetmajer.
"To establish methods for testing pozzuolanas with the object of determining

their value for mortars.' By Mr. G. Herfeldt, Andemach.
"Determination of the litre-weight of cement; the strength of real hydraulic

cements; and the determination of a standard sand." By Prof. F.

Schiile, ZUrich.
"Teste for resistance to weathering of sandstones." By Prof. H. Seipp,

Vienna.

C. — Other Materials.

"The methods of testing the protective power of paints used on metallic

structures.'* By Mr. E. Ebert, Munich.
"Methods of testing pipes." By Prof. M. Gary, Gross-Lichterfelde-West.
"Raw and boiled linseed oil." By Mr. A. Grittner, Budapest.

D. — Miscellaneous.

"Unification of methods for testing materials." By Prof. N. Belelubsky,

St. Petersburg.
"Methods of testing indiarubber." By Mr. Em. Camerman, Brussels.
"Uniform nomenclature of iron and steel." By Prof. H. M. Howe, New

York, and Prof. Albert Sauveur, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
"Investigations of asphalt." By Messrs. V. Ei^epelka and F. Lunge, Ziirich.
"Fixing a uniform definition and nomenclature of bitumen." By Prof. G.

Lungfe, Ziirich.

422 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR TESTING MATERIALS.

"Principles of a standard method of testing wood." By Prof. Max Rudeloff,

Gross-Lichterfelde-West.
*' Proposals regarding tests for ascertaining a practicable method, applicable

on a small scale, of showing the resistance of wood to putrefaction.'*

By Prof. Max Rudeloff, Gross-Lichterfelde-West.
"Tests to determine the durability of wood." By Dr. C. von Tubeuf,

Munich.

II.— NON-OFFICIAL PAPERS.

A. — Metals.

"Punching as a testing method." By Mr. L. Bade, Paris.

"Remarks on the influence of the shape of the saw-notch in the present

method of testing for fragility." By Mr. F. Barbier, Paris.
"The allotropic transformations of nickel-steels." By Mr. O. Boudouard,

Paris.
"Determination of the points of allotropic transformation in iron and its

alloys by measurements of the variations in their electrical resistances

at different temperatures." By Mr. O. Boudouard, Paris.
"Examination of various metals by the Brinell method." By Mr. P. Breuil,

Paris.
"The phenomena of deformation and rupture in iron and mild steel." By

Messrs. G. Cartaud, Ch. Fremont and F. Osmond, Paris.
"Testing metals by bending notched bars." By Mr. G. Charpy, Montlu90u.
"Influence of temperature on the resistance of metals." By Mr. G. Charpy,

Montlu9on.
"Determination of the degree of fragility and of homogeneity of rail-steel

by impact-tests with notched bars." By Prof. S. Drouginine, St.

Petersburg.
"New magnetic test-methods." By Mr. L. Fraichet, Puteaux.
"A new apparatus for automatically drawing the load-strain diagram due

to impact." By Prince A. Gagarine, St. Petersburg.
"A new dynamometer: limit of elasticity used for measuring forces and

description of a machine for compression-, tensile- and bending-test^."

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOH TESTING MATERIALS. 223

■** Graphic representation of the process of setting in the case of cements."
By Prof. M. Gary, Gross-Lichtcrfelde-West.

"New weathering tests with natural stones." By Prof. M. Gary, Gross-
Lichterfelde-Weat.

*' Experiments on the elasticity of Sicilian limestones." By Mr. M. Greco,
Palermo.

*'The shearing strength of cement-mortars." By Mr. M. Greco, Palermo.

"The normal consistency of cement-mortars." By Mr. J. Maliiga, St.
Petersburg.

"Trials made at La Rochelle on the action of sea-water on mortars." By Mr.
E. Mayer, La Rochelle.

""The necessity of modifying the process actually followed in analysing
c«ment-mortars and in sampling them." By Mr. E. Maynard, La
Rochelle.

"** Mechanism of the deterioration of cement-mortars, and the rapid determina-
tion of their behaviour in the sea by the manner in which they decom-
pose." By Mr. E. Maynard, La Rochelle.

^*The resistance of stone to compression, with elastic substances interposed
between the surfaces in compression." By Prof. G. S. Pace, Palermo.

C. — Other Materials and Miscellaneous.

"The mechanical examination of manufactured indiarubber." By Mr. P.

Breuil, Paris.
"Tests with steam, gas and water-tubes." By Prof. H. I. Hannover,

Copenhagen.
^* Relation of timber-tests to forest-products." By Prof. W. K. Hatt, Lafayette,

U.S.A.
"Asphalt- tests." By Mr. Holde.
"Making the neutral axis visible by means of circularly polarized light." By

Mr. O. Honigsberg, Vienna.
■"Frictional resistance on lubricated surfaces." By Prof. F. Kick, Vienna.
"A simple method of adapting the principle of automatic registration to

lever-testing machines." By Mr. M. Mesnager, Paris.
*' Transmission of forces to the interior of eiastic solids." By Mr. M.

Mesnager, Paris.

The section dealing with metals was presided over by Mr. J. Magery
<Namur), and he was supported by honorary presidents, representing the
TariouB nationalities present, and including Messrs. S. Popper (Austria),
E. Saladin (France), H. Wedding (Germany), Bennett H. Brough (Great
Britain), P. A. M. Hackstroh (Holland), D. ChernofE (Russia), J. Tonello
J Rabassa (Spain) and J. A. Brinell (Sweden).

The discussions were well sustained, particularly in reference to the
value of welding-tests, of impact^tests with notched bars, and of Brinell
hardness-tests. Although the report of the Committee was to the effect
that it was not feasible to establish standard welding-tests, the Congress
expressed the wish that the problem should be further studied, and that
opportunity should be given for carrying out scientific researches on the
nature of welding. As regards impact bending-tests with notched bars,
the views expressed were widely divergent, but the Congress agreed that
this method of testing appeared capable of yielding very interesting results.
The Brinell ball-test for hardness was more generally approved, the Con-
gress resolving unanimously that it was desirable that, in addition to

224 INTEENATIONAL ASSOCIATIOX FOE TESTING MATERIALS.

tensile tests, Brinell hardness-tests should be made as frequently as possible,
with a view to recording information.

The section on cements was presided over by Mr. !£. Levie (Charleroi),
and the miscellaneous section was presided over by Mr. E. Boussel (Malines).

In the report on the nomenclature of iron and steel. Prof. H. M. Howe
(New York) and Prof. A. Sauveur (Harvard University) expressed the view
that it would be well to decide on a definite carbon-content to serve as a
boundary line between ingot-iron and ingot-steel, between puddled iron
and puddled steel, and between any other varieties of wrought iron and
weld-steel. Two plans had been considered. One was to draw this line at 0*32
per cent, of carbon or its equivalent in other elements, for the reason that
this carbon-content appears to correspond to the critical point in the diagrams
of Sir W. Koberts- Austen and Prof. H. W. B. Boozeboom. This had the merit
of corresponding to a definite physical boundary. The other plan was to
draw the boundary at 0*20 per cent, of carbon, because this was a con-
venient point to separate the important classes "soft steel" and "half-hard
steel," so that if this point were adopted, "ingot-iron" would be synonymous
with "soft steel," and "ingot-steel" would be the equivalent of the two
classes " half-hard steel " and " hard steel."

For tests of hydraulic cements, the Congress resolved unanimously to
recommend the employment of prismatic test-pieces measuring 4 centimetres
by 4 centimetres by 16 centimetres (1*58 inches by 1'58 inches by 6*30 inches),
to be tested first by bending and then by compression between steel plates
4 centimetres (1-58 inches) in width. The normal sand should be, if possible,
a quartzose natural sand, obtained between screens of 64 and 144 apertures
per square centimetre (about 412 and 930 apertures per square inch). The
normal sand from Freienwalde is especially recommended. The test should
be made with six test-pieces prepared simultaneously in a plastic condition,
preserved in the mould for 24 hours in a moist atmosphere, and placed
under water until the moment of the test. The recent development of the
use of armoured cement was not ignored by the Congress, and after con-
siderable discussion a committee was appointed to investigate the matter.

The recommendations made by Prof. Max Rudeloff (Berlin) regarding
te6t« of wood were accepted, with tbo modification that the normal

ANirUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 226

MANCHESTER GEOLOGICAL AND MINING SOCIETY.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,

Held in the Rooms op the Society, Queen's Chambbbs,

5, John Dalton Street, Manchester,

October 9th, 1906.

Mr. henry BRAMALL, Rbtirino President, in the Chair.

The following gentlemen were elected, having been previ-
ously nominated : —

Members—
Mr. John Henry Chilcote Brooking, Mechanical and Electrical Engineer,

86, Northumberland Road, Old Traflbrd, Manchester.
Mr. Clement Fletcher, Mining Engineer, The Hindles, Atherton, near

Manchester.
Mr. Albert Edward Millward, Mining Engineer, Manchester Road,
Accrington.

Associate Member —
Mr. Marcel Dctbois, 6, Rue Gounod, Paris, XVII., France.

Student —
Mr. Walter Pearce, Mining Student, 1, Green Lane, Heaton Moor,
Stockport.

The Honorary Secretary (Mr. Sydney A. Smith) read the
Annual Report of the Council as follows: —

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1905-1906.

In presenting the sixty-eighth Annual Report (the second
fiince the federation of the society with The Institution of
Mining Engineers) the Council have pleasure in congratulating
the members upon another successful session.

The Honorary Treasurer's statement of accounts shows that
the financial position of the society is thoroughly satisfactory^
tilthough, during the year, heavy expenditure has been incurred
in providing the rooms with additional furniture, etc. The
increased amount of subscriptions of federated members is a
noteworthy item.

226

AXNTJAL EEPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

During the year the elections to membership have been as
follows: — 1 honoraxy member, 10 federated members, 2 feder-
ated associate members, 3 federated student members, and a
total increase of 16.

Nine members, non-federated, have been transferred to the
federated members' and 1 to the associates' list; and 1 federated
member has been transferred to the non-federated members' list.
The withdrawals by death, resignations and other causes have
been 1 honorary member, 5 federated members and 10 non-
federated members.

The following table shows the changes in the list of mem-
bers for the year, from which it will be not^d that the number
of federated members ha« increased to 211 as compared with
187 on last year's list, an increase of 24 during the year.

The classification of the membership for the year 1905-1906^
is shown in the following table : —

CUssiflcation.

Mon-reaerataa
Memben.

Feaeratea
Memben.

Total*.

Honorary Members

—

Members, inclusive of Life Members

192

256

Associate Members

—

Associates

—

Students

—

Totals

211

286

While your Council are happy in having to. record a smaller
number of deaths dui-ing the pcLst year than on many former

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 227

tax on coal, and, dealing with tlip question of wages as a factor in
the cost of production, submitted that the high standard of
wages now maintained rendered it imperative that such costly
labour should be utilized to the best advantage by the adoption
of any improvements (mechanical or otherwise) tending to reduce
the amount of labour, or to make it more efficient, and conse-
quently more economical. Mr. Bramall indicated a number
of ways, in which he thought economies might be effected.

In addition to the annual meeting, eight ordinary meetings
have been held in the Society's rooms, and one excursion meet-
ing has also been held during the year. The average attendance^
has been very good.

During the session, important papers on geological subjects
were read by Mr. Joseph Dickinson, Mr. John Gerrard and Mr.
William Watts; mine engineering has been the subject of
papers by Mr. William Watts, Mr. Alfred J. Tonge and Mr.
James Ashworth ; and the application of electricity in collieries
has been dealt with by Mr. Gerald H. J. Hooghwinkel and Mr.
P. Barrett Coulston.

The following is a complete list of papers and short com-
munications brought before the Society during the year 1905-
1906, and published together with the discussions thereon in
its Transactions, and also in the Transactions of The Institution
of Mining Engineers: —

** The Elba and Clydach Vale Colliery Explosions." By Mr. James Ashworth^

»* Presidential Address." By Mr. Henry Bramall, M.Inst.C.E.

** The Use of Electricity in Collieries." By Mr. P. Barrett Coulston, M.I.E.E.

** The Origin of Fossil Life." By Mr. Joseph Dickinson, F.G.S.

•'Fossils at Bradford Colliery, near Manchester." By Mr. John Gerrard^

H.M. Inspector of Mines.
** Marine Fossils in the Banks of the River Tame." By Mr. John Gerrard,.

H.M. Inspector of Mines.
**The Generation of Electricity by the Wskste Gases of Modern Coke-ovens."

By Mr. Gerald H. J. Hooghwinkel, M.I.E.E.
*' Underground Fans as Main Ventilators." By Mr. Alfred J. Tonge.
** Alternative Schemes of Pumping and Supplying Water by Gravitation for

the Use of Collieries." By Mr. William Watts, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S.
*' Geological Notes on Sinking Langsett and Underbank Concrete-trenches

in the Little Don Valley." By Mr. William Watts, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E.,.

F.G.S.
' * Report of Delegate to Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies.

of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, London, 1905."'

By Mr. WilUam Watts, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S.

226

ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

During' the year the elections to membership have been as^
follows: — 1 honorary member, 10 federated members, 2 feder-
ated associate members, 3 federated student members, and a
total increase of 16.

The following table shows the changes in the list of mem-
bers for the year, from which it will be not«d that the number
of federated members has increased to 211 as compared with
187 on last year's list, an increase of 24 during the year.

The classification of the membership for the year 1905-1906-
is shown in the following table : —

ClMsiflcation.

«on-ieaerM6a
Membere.

reaeratea
Memben.

Totals.

Honorary Members

—

Members, inclusive of Life Members

192

255

Associate Members

—

Associates

Students

—

Totals

211

286

While your Council are happy in having to. record a smaller
number of deaths during the past year than on many former

AXXUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 227

tax on coal, and, dealing with the question of wages as a factor in
the cost of production, submitted that the high standard of
wages now maintained rendered it imperative that such costly
labour should be utilized to the best advantage by the adoption
of any improvements (mechanical or otherwise) tending to reduce
the amount of labour, or to make it more efficient, and conse-
quently more economical. Mr. BramaJl indicated a number
of ways, in which he thought economies might be effected.

During the session, important papers on geological subjects
were read by Mr. Joseph Dickinson, Mr. John Gerrard and Mr.
William Watts; mine engineeiing has been the subject of
papers by Mr. William Watts, Mr. Alfred J. Tonge and Mr.
James Ashworth; and the application of electricity in collieries
has been dealt with by Mr. Gerald H. J. Hooghwinkel and Mr.
P. Barrett Coulston.

** The Elba and Clydach Vale Colliery Explosions." By Mr. James Ashworth^

** Presidential Address." By Mr. Henry Bramall, M.Inst. O.K.

" The Use of Electricity in Collieries." By Mr. P. Barrett Coulston, M.I.KE.

" The Origin of Fossil Life." By Mr. Joseph Dickinson, F.G.S.

** Fossils at Bradford Colliery, near Manchester." By Mr. John Grerrard^

H.M. Inspector of Mines.
** Marine Fossils in the Banks of the River Tame." By Mr. John Gerrard,.

H.M. Inspector of Mines.
"The Generation of Electricity by the Waste Gases of Modern Coke-ovens."

By Mr. Gerald H. J. Hooghwinkel, M.I.E.E.
** Underground Fans as Main Ventilators." By Mr. Alfred J. Tonge.
** Alternative Schemes of Pumping and Supplying Water by Gravitation for

the Use of Collieries." By Mr. William Watts, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E., F.G.S.
"Geological Notes on Sinking Langsett and Underbank Concrete-trenches

in the Little Don Valley." By Mr. William Watts, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E.,.

F.G.S.
"Report of Delegate to Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies-

of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, London, 1905."'

By Mr. William Watts, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S.

•228

AXXUAL EEPORT OF THE COXTNCIL.

Mr. John Gerrard exhibited specimens of fossil shells from
the marine bed (at a depth of 2,076 feet) at Bradford colliery,
and also specimens from the marine bed in the banks of the
river Tame at Dukinfield.

A joint excursion of the members of this Society and of the
Tforth Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engin-
eers, was made, on J\ily 30th, to the No. 4 Atherton pit of the
Hulton colliery; and, under the leadership of Mr. Alfred J.
Tonge, 73 members and friends inspected the underground fans
described in Mr. Tonge's paper, ** Underground Fans as Main
Ventilators," and the electrical equipment and other plant as
described in the account of the excursion issued in the Trans-
actions. The Society is indebted to the Hulton Colliery Com-
pany, Limited, for the excellent arrangements made for the
convenience of the party on that occasion.

The following papers, printed in the Transactions of the

Institution of Mining Engineers, have been discussed at the

Society's meetings : —

"The Miokley Conveyor." By Mr. J. W. Batey.*

"The Conveyor-system of filling at the Coal-face, as Practised in Great
Britain and America." By Messrs. W. C. Blacketb and R. G. Ware.f

Last year, it was the privilege of this society that one of its
members, Sir Lees Knowles, Bart., was elected as President of
The Institution of Mining Engineers, for the year 1905-1906.
Sir Lees Knowles has performed the duties of this office with
tlignity, and to the great satisfaction of the members of the

ANNUAL HEPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 229

Considerable improvements and additions to the library have
been made during the year, several new book-eases and book-
shelves have been provided, and a new catalogue of the books,
maps and periodicals is being compiled, and will shortly be
issued to the members. Reference to the valuable publications
of the United States Geological Survey has also been greatly
facilitated by the use of the card-index, and it is hoped that
members will avail themselves of these increased facilities by
making free use of the library.

The thanks of the Council are tendered to the authors of
the various papera and other communications, for their valuable
contributions to the work of the Society, and, in conclusion, the
Council desire to impress upon every member the desirability
of taking a still greater interest in this work, by regularly
attending the meetings, by introducing new members, and by
bringin-g forward any matter which would be of intercst to the
Society and to The Institution of Mining Engineei-s.

The Statement of Accounts was presented on behalf of the
Honorary Treasurer (Col. George H. Hollingworth) as annexed.

The Chairman (Mr. H. Bramall) moved the adoption of the
Council's Report and Balance Sheet.

Mr. Robert Winstanley* seconded the resolution, which was
unanimously approved.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS, 1906-1907.

The following officers were unanimously elected for the

ensuing year: —

President :
Mr. Charles Filkincston, J. P.

Vice-Presidents :
Mr. John Ashworth, C.E. I Mr. Alfred J. Tonoe.

Mr. Geor(4e B. Harrison, H.M.I.M. ' Mr. Geor<.e H. Winstanley, F.G.S.
Honorary Treasurer: Mr. Gkoroe H. Hollingworth, F.G.S.
Honorary Secretary: Mr. Sydney A. Smith, Assoc. M. In at. C.E.

VOL- XXXTI.-190e-1907. '"

230

ACCOrXTS.

ACCOUNTS.

231

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oocQooeo

is* ^

St;

"Is

a, «

lilli
^! ill

R as

ill

.2 S S

si «

.5 c

I r

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8

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282

TUANSACTIONS.

Mr. H. Stanley Athebton.
Mr. E. 0. Bolton.
Mr. C. F. BoucHiEB.
Mr. Vincent Bramall.
Mr. W. Ollekenshaw.
Mr. William Pickstone.

Mr. J. Barnes, F.G.S.

Councillors :

Mr. P. C. Pope.

Mr. John Robinson.

Mr. W. H. Sutcliffe, F.G.S.

Mr. Jesse Wallwork.

Mr. Percy Lkb Wood.

Mr. T. H. Wordsworth.

Honorary Auditors:

I Mr. George H. Winstanley, F.G.S.

Mr. John Gerrard (H.M. Inspector of Mines) said that lie
proposed Mr. Bramall's election a year ago, and then said that
Mr. Bramall would be the right man in the right place. He
was sure that the members, during the past year, had found
those words to be true; no one could have better filled the
office of President than Mr. Bramall had done, and it was only
fitting that they should express their appreciation. He there-
fore proposed that they express to Mr. Henry Bramall their
sincere and hearty thanks for the admirable manner in which
he had performed his duty as President of the Society.

Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, in seconding the proposal, said
that he was expressing the feelings of every member when he said
that they were extremely grateful to Mr. Bramall, their retiring
President, for the way in which he had conducted the business
of the Society during the past year.

FOSSIL SHELLS FBOM CHORLEY. 288

great pleasure in moving that the best thanks of the Society be
accorded to Mr. Sydney A. Smith for his services as Honorary
Secretary during the past year. Without Mr. Sydney A.
Smith's assistance, the President would have given but poor
satisfaction; and he thought,, really, that greater thanks were
due to Mr. Smith, who did everything within his power to
promote the interests of the Society.

Mr. Geo. B. Habjiison (H.M. Inspector of Mines), in second-
ing the motion, said that he had seen, perhaps, moi-e of the
Honoraiy Secretary's work than the President.

The resolution was passed with cheers.

FOSSIL-SHELLS FROM CHORLEY.

Mr. JoHX Gerrard (H.M. Inspector of Mines) exhibited
shells obtained from the Mountain mine measures at Chorley.
One series from a marine bed comprized Pterinopecten (Avwulo-
pecten), Dimarphoceras (Goniatites), Posidoniella, etc. Another
series from a fresh- water bed comprized Carbonicola rohustay
Carhonicola acuta and Carbonicola aquilina. A seam of coal
had been worked for some years at Chorley, and called the
Mountain mine; and recently a shaft had been sunk from this
seam, about 270 feet in depth, and a lower seam of coal had
been found. The marine shells were found about 63 feet below
the upper seam and about 1 foot below a coal-seam, 10 inches
thick. The 'freshwater shells were found about 5 feet above
the lower seam. The problem to be decided was whether the
Upper seam corresponds to the Upper Mountain mine and whether
the Lower seam corresponds to the Lower Mountain mine. The
position of the marine bed was different from that of the marine
bed in the Billinge section ; or in the Rochdale, Bacup, Burnley
and Accrington sections; or in the Halifax and Yorkshire
sections. He (Mr. Gerrard) hoped that it might be possible to
bring before the society a section of the sinking. He was
indebted to Mr. James Cunliffe, the manager of the colliery,
who had very kindly enabled him to obtain the specimens.

Mr. Joseph Uickinsox thought that the shells were similar
to those which guided Mr. P. W. Pickup in cutting through the
fault at Rishtfm colliery.

284 DISCUSSION — ^UNDERGROUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS.

Mr. H. Stanley Atherton said that at Chorley colliery,
about 150 feet above the top workable mine, there was a
self-faced flag-bed, which was very similar to that found at
Sprinig^ Vale, near Darwen, This discovery was the first means
of its identification in the section of the Burnley coal-field.

COAL IN KENT.

Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins exhibited some specimens of coal
recently found at Waldershare, in Kent. Three seams were
found : — The first seam, 20 inches thick, at a depth of 1,818 feet
7 inches ; the second seam, 40 inches thick, at 1,881 feet 4 inches ;
and the third seam, 54 inches thick, at 1,908 feet 9 inches. The
seams rested upon fire-clay floors and had hard bind roofs. These
coal-seams, discovered in a new locality, proved the truth of
the observations which he had addressed to the Society since
the year 1880. He hoped, at some future time, to give the
Society the results of his enquiry into the range of the coal-
fields of Somerset and South Wales, eastward into Kent.

DISCUSSION OP MR. A. J. TONGE'S PAPER ON
" UNDERGROUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS."*
Mr. H. W. G. Halbaum (Birtley) wrote that Mr. Tonge's
avflt^m of placing the fang belowground certaiiilA^ had two atroni

DISCUSSION — UNDEEGROUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS. 285

the fans belowground, it was not at all clear that, on the whole,
the system was superior to the ordinary practice of placing the
plant entirely aboveground. One serious objection to Mr.
Tonga's method was that it made the upcast shaft the seat of
the higher pressure, as compared with the downcast column ; and
that, in fact, appeared to be an evil inseparably associated with
the system. The first result of that difference of shaft- pressures
was to establish a minus water-gauge against the entire ventila-
tion of the pit. The second result was that the inevitable leak-
age through the separation-doors (Plate V.*) was not, as under
the surface-fan system, a comparatively harmless leakage of
fresh air from the downcast shaft to the upcast shaft, but a most
objectionable and even dangerous leakage of foul air and gases
from the upcast shaft into the great trunk intake-currents of the
mine or mines. In the event of an accident to any one set of
separation-doors, the result would inevitably be the wholesale
fouling of the entire ventilation. Members would readily per-
ceive the real force of that objection by reflecting that, under
Mr. Tonge's method, the pressure of any given layer of air in
the upcast shaft must necessarily exceed that of the outer
atmosphere, whilst the pressure of any given layer in the
downcast shaft must necessarily be less than that of the outer
atmosphere. In each case, the difference of pressure obtaining
between the given layer and the atmosphere would be equal to
the pressure due to friction in the shaft overhead. In the upcast
shaft, that difference was plus, while in the downcast shaft, the
difference was minus, so that the motive column of leakage from
the upcast shaft to the downcast shaft in any given horizontal
plane was equal to the motive column expended on friction in
both shafts above the given plane.

One could not pass over the possibility of accidents to separa-
tion-doors, it was a contingency that should not be left out of
account, and the possibility was by no means a remote one. Con-
sider the case, say, of the A seam. It followed from the character
of the differential shaft-pressures that, under Mr. Tonge's system,
the separation-doors would require to be hung so as to open
against the superior pressure in the upcast shaft. A slight coal-
dust explosion on the main intake-airway of the A seam would,
just like other similar blasts, travel against the wind and back

• Trajui. Ijuit, M, E., 1906, vol. xxxi., page 218.

236 DISCUSSION UNDEEGEOrXD FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS.

to the downcast shaft Its momentum would carry it across
that shaft, and it would collide with the separation-doors, throw-
ing them open with more or less violence, and very possibly
damaging them to such an extent as to render them useless. The
blast of such a minor explosion, or even the shock of a heavy
shot blown out on the intake-airway might do so much, and yet
leave the fan at the other side of the upcast shaft uninjured.
In such a case, the still-revolving fan would exhaust the noxious
fumes from the intake air-way by way of the workings, and
passing them through itself would expel them, for the greater
part, through the frames of the broken doors, into the downcast
shaft ; and it would do this simply because, under Mr. Tonge's
system, the downcast shaft was a region of much lower pressure
than the upcast. Under the ordinary surface-fan arrangement,
an accident to the separisition-doors merely suspended the ventilat-
ing current in the working-places; but Mr. Tonge's method,
under similar circumstances, positively transformed the current
into a death-dealing engine of destruction. That consideration
appeared to furnish a fatal objection to the use of underground
fans as main ventilators for fiery or dusty mines. Under such
a system, the provisions of the Coal-mines Regulation Act would
require to be reversed, and matters would have to be so arranged
that any explosive blast capable of injuring the separation-doors
should instantly and automatically put out of action the entire
series of fans at work underground. Otherwise, pending the
getting to work of the stand-bye plant at the surface, the whole

DISCUSSION — UXDERGEOUXD FANS AS MAIN VENTILATOES. 287

to a kind of preferential stock upon which constant uniform
dividends had to be paid, irrespective of the question as to
whether the ventilating plant were placed on the surface or
underground. The utmost that could be attempted was to save
a percentage of that which was itself a mere percentage of the
total cost. From that point of view, such illustrations as that
of the five mines requiring from 1 to 5 inches of water-gauge
each,* where the one system costs 66 per cent, more than the
other, seemed to be singularly far-fetched and unpractical.
Neither Mr. Tonge nor any other engineer could save 60 per
cent, of a sum, of which 60 per cent, was already paid away, and
of which a further percentage was required for actual necessaries.

Furthermore, if one referred to Table I.t it appeared that the
practical economical results were as shadowy as the theoretical
illustrations. It was there recorded that 25 horsepower in the
air were obtained from 69 brake-horsepower of the motors.
Those practical results accruing from Mr. Tonge's method
should be compared with the over-all efficiencies lately obtained
by motor-driven fans of the Waddle and of the Capell types
working under the ordinary system.

He (Mr. Halbaum) could not help feeling sceptical with
regard to the claims advanced, on the score of largely increased
economy, for Mr. Tonge's system of underground fans. Because
(1), as previously stated, that system of ventilation began, owing
to its unhappy distribution of shaft-pressures, by setting up a
water-gauge against its own work. (2) Air was a material that
required to be handled \GJry gently, and Mr. U. Murgue had laid it
down, as the first principle of fan-design, that the machine should
receive the air without shock. The air at a regulator, again, was
practically killed by shock. Hence, it was notorious that shock
was, in the case of all gaseous fluids, a merciless destroyer of
pressure. Instead of a moderately sized fan at the surface, Mr.
Tonge had installed three small fans underground; the dia-
meters varied from 30 to 45 inches, and the revolutions from 400
to 600 feet per minute. Under present conditions the fan on
the A mine was 30 inches in diameter and the water-gauge at
580 revolutions per minute was | inch. The useful water-gauge
was therefore, about one-third of the theoretical water-gauge

* Tram. ImL M. E., 1906, vol. xxxi., pages 211 and 212.
+ Ibid., vol. xxxi., page 209.

288 DISCUSSION — UNDEEGEOUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATOES.

due to that speed of the periphery: most of the rest being
destroyed by shock, as at an ordinary regulator. The accelera-
tion which it was attempted to impart to the air was unreason-
able, and was inseparable from disastrous shock. Mr. Tonge
claimed that he had done away with regulators. The truth was
that he had simply called the real regulator by another name :
his regulator was a more wasteful machine than the ordinary one,
for it created by power, and then destroyed by power, a greater
surplus of pressure than the difference i-equired as between the
seam of minimum drag and that of maximum dra^. It was such
gratuitous wastes of power that largely accounted for the fact
that 69 brake-horsepower were required at the motors to generate
26 hoi-sepower in the air as shown in Table I.*

Mr. Tonge further spoke of " the convenience of being able to
regulate the supply of air in one mine, as in the case of the under-
ground fans, without affecting any other ; '*t and that discovered
at once the profound fallacy of which Mr. Tonge had become
enamoured. The fact was that, at Hulton colliery, the venti-
lating plant consisted of three units, each one of which continu-
ally reacted against the other two. It was the case at all
collieries that the ventilation of one seam reacted against the
ventilation of all the others, but it was surprising to find that
Mr. Tonge imagined that his particular system enabled him tb
evade those reactions. He (Mr. Halbaum) was inclined to think
that the system at Hulton colliery accentuated the severity of
such reactions, although he did not intend to argue that point.

DISCUSSION ^UNDERGROUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS. 239

fans were at work. For example, if the faa in the A mine acted
alone whilst those in the B and C mines stood still, the flow of
air produced by the A fan would take the course indicated by
the arrows in Fig. 1 (Plate XI.). If the B fan acted alone,
whilst the A and C fans stood still, the situation would be that
delineated in Fig. 2 (Plate XI.); and if the C fan were to
run alone, whilst the A and B fans stood still, the air-currents
would flow as shown in Fig. 3 (Plate XI.). In each figure,
the full-line arrows showed the air-current43 of greater pressure.
Thus each fan continually endeavoured to reverse the ventilation
produced by the other two, and each was obliged to do work in
simply bringing the air to rest, as it were, before it could propel
its own current through its own mine in the proper direction.
An increase in the speed of any one fan would increase the water-
gauge and volume of air produced by that fan ; and the other
two fans would have to increase their speeds and their already
inflated water-gauges simply to maintain their volumes at the
same values as those obtained before the speed of the first fan
was augmented.

It was thus quite clear that, whether a surface fan or a
number of underground fans were employed, the ventilation of
each seam would react against the ventilation of the others
Hence, to speak of the convenience of regulating the supply of
air in one seam without affecting any other was to speak of a
myth and an impossibility.

Mr. Tonge stat^^d that a surface fan was obliged to run ** at a
speed, suitable for the one mine of the three which has the
heaviest drag,''* and claimed that the employment of underground
fans avoided or evaded that condition. It would, however, be noted
that all of Mr. Tonge's fans were of similar make, namely, the
Sirocco make ; and it might, therefore, be reasonably inferred
that all would have approximately the same manometrical
efliciency. It might from that be again inferred that the fan on
the A mine, having to produce only | inch of water-gauge, would
not need to run at so great a tangential velocity as the fan on
the C mine, where the required water-gauge was 1§ inches ;
and still less would it need to have such a tangential speed as
that of the fan on the B mine, where the water-gauge required
was If inches. The facts of Mr. Tongc's practice, however, as

* Trans, Inst. M. E., 1906, vol. xxxi., page 210.

240 DISCUSSION ^UNDEEGEOUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS.

compared with this deduction from his theory, proved that the
three fans ran at practically the same tangential velocity ; in
other words, they all encountered the same resistance, namely
the resistance of the mine of maximum drag. The tangential
velocities of the three fans (calculated from the results recorded
in Table I.*) were as follows : — A seam fan, 75'9 feet per second ;
B seam fan, 76*6 feet per second; C seam fan, 750 feet per
second ; the mean velocity of the three fans, 75'8 feet per second ;
and the maximum and minimum speeds differed from the mean
by 1 per cent. According to Mr. D. Murgue's tables, the theoretical
depression due to this mean speed was 2*57 inches of water-gauge.
The fan on the A mine exceeded the mean speed, and the
normal water-gauge of that mine, according to Mr. Tonge, was
I inch. How did Mr. Tonge account for the balance? What
did he mean by the " normal '' water-gauge of the mine ? What
did he mean by speaking of his three fans " each running at the
nearest speed to the mine-requirements,"t when all three fans
were ninning practically at the same speed ? For the tangential
speed was the only speed that correlated with water-gauge.
What, again, was the use of a smaller visible water-gauge, unless
it was associated with a lessened tangential velocity ? And where
was the economic difference between destroying the surplus
water-gauge at a regulator in the mine, and destroying the same
surplus at an unduly contracted orifice of passage in the fan?
And finally, with regard to shock, would Mr. Tonge state what,.
in bis npioion, was the normal or radial accelemtiim in feet

DISCUSSION ^UNDERGROUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS. 241

aggerated notions as to the amount of pressure-difference exist-
ing between the upcast and downcast shafts. In the case of a
surface fan this might be verj^ considerable, for it amounted to
practically the whole water-gauge of the fan; and any leakage
through old mines or other mouthings might amount to a very
serious loss. With underground fans, the pressure-difference
was very small, and remained constant, in a portion of the water-
gauge on the various mines, so long as the quantity of air passing
up or down the shafts remained constant; and, further, as the
water-gauge increased, due to the extension of the mine or
reduction in the size of the airways, the proportion of the shaft-
resistance was reduced. One observed fact might be mentioned, »
to show how small the shaft-resistance, or the difference of shaft-
pressure, actually was. When the three fans described in his
(Mr. Tonge's) paper were fully at work, any roadway directly
connecting the two shafts in other seams was approximately in
a state of balance, and the air-currents alternated in direction
with changes of atmospheric temperature. The actual water-
gauge readings taken at the three fans upon the quantities of air
referred to in the paper, confirming this statement, were re-
corded in Table I. ; and on a mine water-g^uge of 6 inches the
shaft-friction would be 2, 2 and 3 per cent, respectively. In-
cluded in the so-called shaft water-gauge was also the water-
gauge due to the resistance of the air-way from the fan to the
upcast-shaft, so that, as proved by experiment, the two shafts
were almost of equal pressure, more influenced by temperature
than by frictional resistance, and for all practical purposes might
be taken as reservoirs of air.

Table I— Ratios of Mine and Shaft Water-gauges.

Name of Mine.

Water
Mine.

Inches,

**"shaft and
Outlet A irwaTfi.
Inohes.

Per cent.

2 ..

010

11-4

.. If

010

6-1

0-16

10-9

Mr. Halbaum's assumption that 50 per cent, or more of the
fan water-gauge was due to shaft-resistance was thus very much
beside the question in this particular instance, and in all cases
where the conditions were suitable for the use of underground fans.
If it were possible to have so large a propoi*tion as 50 per cent., it
must almost of necessity occur in the case of a mine having low

242 DISCUSSION — ^UNDERGROUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS.

water-^uges, with short and proportionately large air-ways and
considerable air-currents, and with restricted area in the shafts.
The latter conditions were named in his (Mr. Tonge's) paper as
being suited to the use of surface fans. It was this abnormal
shaft-resistance that caused Mr. Halbaum to foresee such catas-
trophes by the leaving open "of the separation-doors ; for, where
the shaft-resistance was so small, the amount of air passing
through the open doors depended rather upon the position of the
fan relative to the upcast-shaft than upon any other cause. In no
case, in the mines in question, did the whole of the air return
back through the separation-doors when open. In one case,
the air actually passed from the downcast to the upcast, and
not vice versa as prophesied. Any accidental leaving open of
the separation-doors would thus be less dangerous than if a
surface fan were the ventilator, for the air in the latter case
would pass straight from the downcast- to the upcast-shaft,
leaving the workings untouched ; while, in the assumed case of
an explosion knocking down the doors, and the underground
fan continuing to run, fresh air would still be delivered into
the workings. He might point out, however, that any assump-
tion of the separation-doors being blown down without damage
to the other parts of the mine drew upon one's imagination
very far, for a simultaneous action would take place on the
fan air-lock doors and casing, which were equally open to the
haulage-road, and were specially arranged so as to give way
under such circumstances. This would have the effect of short-

DISCUSSION — ^UNDEEGEOUND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATORS. 243

had assumed that many of these things had been discussed and
arranged for, rather than deal with them in the somewhat hyper-
critical manner which he seemed to have preferred, as the ar-
rangements for putting in underground fans were not necessarily
similar to those of surface fans, but this surely went without
saying.

A fan must be capable of doing the maximum duty required
during the lifetime of the mine; and it usually corresponded
to the highest water-gauge, and, therefore, to the highest speed at
which the fan would have to run. A fan would give its majLi-
mum efficiency for a certain quantity, speed and water-gauge,
and for these only. Any variation in any of these three
quantities implied a lowered efficiency. The fan should there-
fore be designed to give its maximum efficiency at somewhere
about the middle of the life of the mine. At any other than the
best speed, there was one particular quantity and water-gauge,
that is, one particular orifice, which gave the best efficiency for
that speed. The speed at which the fan had actually to be
run was that at which it would drive the required volume of
air through the mine. As a rule, it was probable that the mine-
orifice did not coincide with that which gave the best efficiency
at this speed, but probably corresponded to a much lower efficiency.

In the early days of the mine, therefore, not only was the
efficiency low, owing to the lower speed at which it was neces-
sary to run ; but, unless the mine-orifice happened to agree with
the most efficient orifice for that speed, the actual efficiency
would be less than the best that could be obtained at that low
speed. ' This accounted for the somewhat low fan-efficiency
obtained at present in this the third year of the working of the
underground fans at Hulton collieries.

The requirements of each mine had first of all to be tested^
it was found that the A mine had a lower resistance than the
B and C mines, and a note in his paper was made of the fact
that it was intended to change the motor (and consequently the
speed of the fan).*

Mr. Halbaum did not appear to grasp the point that each
mine was developing, and therefore continually requiring a
higher water-gauge. This was met by increasing the size of
the motor-pulley, and, consequently, the speed of the fan, or by

* Trails, Inst. M, E„ 1906, vol. xxxi., page 208.

244 DISCUSSION — ^UNDERGEOXIND FANS AS MAIN VENTILATOES.

reducing the artificial resistance : the former affording a coarse,
and the latter a fine, adjustment. He did not claim to have
abolished regulators as stated ; but, as he had pointed out, the
amount of pressure dropped in these resistances was small com-
pared with what would be necessary in the case of a single
surface fan. Already in the case of the B fan, the development
of the mine had required an increase in the fan-speed, and the
pulley had been changed. Mr. Halbaum's remarks on tan-
gential velocity savoured somewhat of hair-splitting, and were
more a matter of fan-design. Practical experience proved that
the characteristic of a fan, when working at a duty much below
that for which it was designed, differed very greatly from the
theoretical characteristic, and was different for different fans.
Mr. Halbaum had, moreover, taken no account of the blade-
angles, which considerably affected the relation between the speed
and the water-gauge.

He thought that Mr. Halbaum would now be prepared to
admit that, where the shaft-resistance was so low, the
stopping of one or more fans did not affect the other
fan or fans to any appreciable extent. It was found by experi-
ence that the air-currents through the standing fans were very
small, and their direction was chiefly determined by the tem-
perature of the two shafts, varying between day and night.

Mr. Halbaum had referred to the reaction of one fan upon
another, as though it was something beyond that due to shaft-
friction, whereas there was no other possible cause, and this had

THE BOULTHAM WELL AT LINCOLN. 245

THE BOULTHAM WELL AT LINCOLN.

By WILUAM McKAY.

Introduction, — The city of Lincoln and suburbs were prac-
tically dependent for the supply of water upon the river Wi-
tham, which was contaminated by the sewerage from the farms,
hamlets and towna near its banks, right away from its source.
The City Council decided to bore for a fresh supply of pure
water, and directed the Waterworks Committee to secure ten-
ders for the boring of a deep bore-hole to supply at least
1,000,000 gallons of water per day.

The contract for boring was let, and operations were com-
menced in October, 1901. A bed of running sand having
been found near the surface, metal tubbing, 12 feet in inside
diameter, was constructed upon the ground in segments bolted
together in the usual way, the joints being made with sheet-
lead. The tubbing was placed in position, and pressed down
by weights, and the sand and other material was taken out of
the inside. The segments of the cast-iron tubbing were 5
feet long, 5 feet wide, and 1§ inches thick, with stiffen-
ing ribs across the centre, and all the flanges were bracketed
between the bolt-holes. The flanges were 1§ inches thick,
and the brackets and ribs 1 inch thick. The bolts, IJ inches
in diameter, were spaced 9 inches apart. This process
was continued until a depth of 27i feet of tubbing was put
down: about 5J feet of the tubbing being pressed into the
underlying clay of the Lias formation, so as to keep back the
surface-water.

Erection of Machinery. — Long pitchpine baulks were placed
across the tubbing from north to south, upon which cross baulks
were placed, serving as pillars upon which other long baulks
were placed to support the engine-bed, engine, head-gear, etc.
The machinery consisted of a high-pressure horizontal engine,
with two cylinders, each 10 inches in diameter, with com-

246

THE BOFLTHAM WELL AT LINCOLN.

pound gearing, fitted with a drum for a flat-rope for winding
purposes, a vertical cylinder in which a piston was placed to
work the boring tool, a back-screw to clamp the rope (and to
give slack rope when boring operations were proceeding), a
vertical multitubular boiler to work at 100 pounds pressure,
etc. There were two pulleys: one fixed on the top of the ver-
tical cylinder; and the other served as a guide, at the back of
the head-gear, in a positio^ between the drum and the main
pulley.

Boring and Tuhing, — Actual boring operations commenced
in March, 1902. The borijig tool consisted of a long bar, about
4i inches in diameter, with a steel block at the bottom end,
a bow and ratchet at the top end and two guards, one fixed on
the bar a little above the block, and the other fixed immediately
below the bow and the ratchet. The cutters and shells were
made secure to the block with washers and nuts. When
boring, the horizontal winding-engine and the drum were at
rest, the back screw having been screwed up, and the rope
was clamped so that it could not move from that point on the
drum. The vertical cylinder then did the actual work of bor-
ing: the piston working inside this cylinder pushed up the
pulley over which the rope was conveyed, and raised the tool
attached thereto a distance of about 8 feet. The tool was
dropped automatically, and the cutters, striking on the bottom

ttifi BOttTHAM WELL AT LINCOLK. 247

was placed in position. The lowest tube was fitted with a shoe
which rested on the bottom.

After putting in this length of tubes, the size of the bore-
hole was reduced, and a new block and guards were introduced
to suit the reduced diameter of the hole. After this change
had been made, boring was continued for a further depth of
200 feet, until the sides again became troublesome, and 200
feet of additional tubes, 2G inches in diameter, were placed in
position. A further reduced hole was bored for another depth
of 100 feet, and it w^as lined with tubes 24 inches in diameter.

The boring was continued of reduced diameter until a depth
of about 885 feet was reached; but the sides of the hole then
gave way whilst boring was in progress, fell down on to the top
of the tool, and jammed it fast. Whilst the borer was trying to
liberate the tool, the rope bi*oke, and the tool was lost for the
time being. It was then decided to sink the well in order to
recover the tool, and to proceed to a further depth with the
boring apparatus.

Sinking, — In 1904, the writer expressed the opinion that the
700 feet of tubes could be got out, the tool recovered, and the
sinking continued to a depth of 900 feet within twelve months,
and this work was accomplished within the time specified. After
making the top of the shaft secure, rails were laid on the baulks
80 that the carriage for the hoppets might run over the mouih
of the shaft.

The sinking of the shaft was commenced in April, 1904, every
care having been taken not to disturb the tubbing, because of
the danger of letting in the surface-water. To ensure this
end, hangers (Fig. 1, Plate XII.) made of iron bars, *d\ feet
long, 2i inches wide and \ inch thick, and twisted at the top
end, were bolted to the bottom flange of the tubbing. On the
hangers wa4> placed a skeleton-ring (Fig. 4, Plate XII.) made of
iron bars, 2^ inches wide and I inch thick, composed of segments
made to templet, with two holes on cither end. One end of
each segment was cranked, so that when bolted together the ends
overlapped each other. Boards, 0 feet long, 9 inches wide, and
1 inch thick, were placed at the back of the ring, and wedged tight
so as to keep the sides secure, and to prevent any subsidence
below the metal tubbing. A skeleton-ring was placed every

THfi BOtJLTHAM WELL AT LlNCOLK.

6 feet in depth, the length of the hangers (Fig. 2, Plate XII.), and
boarded behind. Each length of boards overlapped the other
by about 1 foot (Fig. 8, Plate XII.).

Sinking had not proceeded very far before a cavity was found,
which had been caused by the sides having given way during the
previous boring operations. This cavity waa filled before proceed-
ing further with the sinking.

When the sinking had reached a depth of 37 feet below the
bottom of the tubbing, a double bricking-ring was put in, foimed
by placing one ring, 9 inches wide and 8 inches thick, inside
another, and bolting them together with pieces of plank, 21
inches long, 9 inches wide and 3 inches thick, reaching from the
front to the back of each segment (Figs. 5 and G, Plate XII.),
and the brick-work lining of the shaft was built upon it.
All the bricking in this length was solid work, four courses
of stretchers, and one course of headers or binders laid with
mortar, composed of 1 part of Portland cement to 3 parts by
measure of fine riddled Ti-ent sand (Fig. 8, Plate XII.).
When bricking, all the boards, skeleton-rings and hangers
were taken out, one length at a time, so as to allow the
bricking to be built solid into the sides, in order to make it
doubly sure that no surface-water could get down at the back
of the brick- work. The top part of this length was done in
quarters. Wooden segments were placed at intervals below
the metal tubbing, and built in solid, so that the tubbing was
efficiently supported-

TMfe IjouLtiiAm Well At LIncoLI^. 249

In the siiikinfj^ of this shaft, several hard beds were passed
through, some of which were almost entirely composed of am-
monites and other shells, which in many cases could not be
drilled by ratchet-machines, and hand-drilling was adopted.

When the sinking had reached a depth of 400 feet 11 inches,
the shaft was reduced in inner diameter from 12 feet to 9
feet (Fig. 9, Plate XII.). The sinking of this well was somewhat
more difficult than an ordinaiy shaft, on account of the tubes,
30 inches in diameter, being inserte<l down to the 400 feet level,
and these had to be taken out one at a time as they were freed.
Below the depth of 400 feet, the tubes, 26 and 24 inches in
diameter, were removed in the same way. This process con-
tinued until the sinking reached a depth of 700 feet, and the
last of the tubes had been removed. At this point another diffi- ,
culty presented itself, as the bore-hole, open for nearly 200
feet below, had to be filled up. The sinking was then con-
tinued until the lost tool was recovered at a depth of 885 feet,
and further until a depth of 891 feet 7 inches was reached. At
this point a bricking-ring was put in, and the length bricked
up ; and as this was supposed to be the last length of bricking,
bearer-holes were made in the upper part of it to carry a scaffold.

Boring. — About 9 feet of sinking was done below the last
ring, and the bottom was levelled. A guide-pipe, 0 feet long
and 3 feet in diameter, was put down and enclosed in concrete,
so as to keep it in position. Another pipe, of the same dimen-
sions, was bolted on the top of the other, and enclosed in con-
crete to within 1 foot of the top of the guide-pipe. Besides keep-
ing the guide-pipes in position, this concrete made a good weU-
bottom, being composed of 1 part of Portland cement mixed
with 5 parts by volume of broken bricks, mixed with sand and
gravel. Two steel girders were placed in the bearer-holes and
made fast, two other girders were placed across the fixed girders
with a wooden roller on each, and when the boring was proceed-
ing, the loose girders were placed close to the rope, one at each
side, and bolted to the fixed girders, so as to serve as a stay and
to keep the rope more rigid when moving up and down. Boring
had not proceeded far, on account of the marl being softened by
contact with water, before the sides gave way to such an extent
that the tool worked at a higher level at the end of the day than

860

ttife BOULTHAM well at LtNCOLJf.

at ihe beginning. The bore-hole was then emptied of water
and loose marl. Two skeleton-rings were inserted and boarded
up, and concrete was filled in behind the boards so as to support
the sides. The sides were maintained by this method, but pro-
gress was slow. After passing through two hard blue bands
and a rock-bed, a little water was again tried, and the sides soon
became again troublesome. The bore-hole had to be cleai d
out by the use of buckets, and another ring inserted, boardc !,
and concreted, so as to support the sides. Boring was then re-
sumed and continued, almost without water, until the sides gave
way, and then tubes, fiO inches in diameter, were inserted.
Boring was again resumed, but did not continue long on account
of the red marl not being strong enough to stand, when in water.
It was then decided to abandon the boring, and to recom-
mence sinking operations until near the Xew Red Sandstone.

The tubes, concrete and guide-pipe were taken out, and sink-
ing operations recommenced in June, 1905, and continued until
a depth of 1,502 feet 3 inches had been reached. During the sink-
ing of the last 150 feet, a pilot-hole was kept in advance, so as to
prevent any unforeseen inrush of water. After bricking up the
last length, the pilot-hole, 3 inches in diameter, was continued
to a depth of 59 feet 3 inches below the last ring, and water was
tapped on March 21st, 1906, at a depth of 1,501 feet G inches.
The last 3 inches was bored in New Red Sandstone (Table I.).

THE BOULTHAM WELL AT LINCOLN. 261

Bricking, — The lower 5 or 6 feet of every length of brick-
work was built in solid, so as to make each length self-support-
ing, even if the bricking ring should happen to give way.

Ventilaiioii. — The shaft was ventilated by a small fan that
forced fresh air through circular air-pipes, each 12 inches in
diameter and G feet long. Bearers and pudlocks were inserted
at certain distances, and the air-pipes were clamped to every
bearer so aa to prevent them from falling down, if the bolt
should break. The shaft served aa the return airway.

Strata, — The strata sunk through comprized Liassic clays,
marls and shales ; I pper. Middle and Lower Rhaetic marls and
shales; and Keuper marls (Table II.).

Table. II.— Section of

Strata sunk through in the Sinking and

Boring of

BouLTHAM Well,

NEAR Lincoln.

Thickneu Depth from

of Strata. Surface.

Ft Ins. Ft Ins

Soil

... 4 0 4 0

Sand and gravel

...

... 18 0 22 0

Lias

... 618 11 640 11

Upper Rhaetic...

... ... ...

... 16 0 656 11

Middle Rhaetic

... ••• ...

... 18 2 676 1

Lower Rhaetic...

... . •• •«.

17 10 692 11

Keuper Marls ...

... ...

... 868 4 1,661 3

New Red Sandstone

0 3 1,661 6

The Lias formation contains many fossils of various species,
such as ammonites, belemnites, giyphites, and other shells.
The upper portion of the sinking is in Lia.s, to a depth of 640
feet 11 inches, the bottom being about G20 feet below the sea-
level.

The Upper Rhaetic beds of dark red marl, 16 feet thick,
lie immediately between the Lias and the Middle Rhaetic beds
of dark shale, 18 feet 2 inches thick, containing a large num-
ber of fossils, pyritized imprints of shells and ammonites. When
sinking through these strata, many loud '' groumps " were heard ;
and, in fact, they were constimtly on the move, when exposed
to air. The Lower Rhaetic beds, of strong grey marl or shale
and rock-band, are 17 feet 10 inches thick.

The Keuper marls, underlying immediately the Lower
Rhaetic beds, comprize i*ed marls interbanded with gypsum beds,
g^reen and blue bands, rock-beds and bands, gypsum-uodule beds

252

THE BOTTLTHAM WELL AT LINCOLN.

aad thin layers of gypsum. In sinking through this series, the
only fossil found appeared to be a detached portion of a plant-
stem or branch (Voltzia). The sinking of this shaft was com-
pleted without any serious accident.

Water'Sup]}ly. — The flow of water from the pilot-hole, after
the lead plug had been put down, was at the rate of nearly
9,600 gallons per day of 24 hours. After the bottom of the
shaft had been closed with cement-concrete, and the guide-pipe
fixed, the water percolated through the concrete at the rate of
3, GOO gallons per day of 24 hours. A boring, with a hole 33 inches
in diameter, was made from the bottom of the shaft at a depth of
1,502 feet 3 inches, until on approaching the New Red Sand-
stone, the water broke through and lifted the tool several feet,
although its weight was about 2^ tons, showing that the pressure
waa very great. The breaking in of the water was heard at the
surface, like the rolling of thunder, and the water rose in the
shaft to a height of 180 feet in 15 minutes: consequently the
flow must have been at the rate of 6,868,800 gallons per day
of 24 hours. The water rose rapidly up the shaft to the surface-
level in less than 24 hours, and continued to run away at the
surface at the rate of 8,000 gallons per hour.

The boring operations are still proceeding.

TRANSACTIONS. 25S

MIDLAND INSTITUTE OF MINING, CIYIL AND
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

GENERAL MEETING,

Held at the Philosophigal Hall, Park Row, Leeds,

NovBMBEB 6th, 1906.

Mb. J. R. ROBINSON WILSON, President, in the Ghaib.

The minutes of the Annual General Meeting were read and
confirmed.

The following gentlemen were elected, having previously
been nominated —

Membebs—
Mr. Ghbistopheb William Tatlob Fincken, AssiBtant Undermanager,

Bramley, near Rotherham.
Mr. Edwabd Llotd, Oivil Engineer, 38, Southgrove Road, Sheffield.
Mr. Ohables An<]USTrs Midolet, Electrical Engineer, Standard Buildings,

Leeds.
Mr. Pebcy Muschamp, Mining Engineer, Spitsbergen Goal and Trading

Gompany, Gom Exchange, Sheffield.
Mr. Hebbert Peake, Managing Director of Strafford GoUieries, Bawtry Hall,

Y orkshire.
Mr. James Richardson, Mechanical Engineer, St. John's Golliery, Normanton.
Mr. Roland D. Sheard, Engineer, Messrs. Spnrr, Inman &, Gompany,

Limited, Wakefield.
Mr. Gharles Straw, Golliery Manager, Emley Moor Gollieries, near Wakefield.
Mr. George Edward Stringer, Mining Engineer and Golliery Manager,

Park Mill Gollieries, Glayton West, Hnddersfield.
Associate Members—
The Hon. Edward Wood, Garrowby, Bishop Wilton, York.
Mr. Norman Savilb Walker, 2, Dale View, Gonisbro', near Rotherham.

Student—
Mr. John F. Middlebrook, Mining Student, 11, Hereford Road, Harrogate.

Subscribing Firms —
Messrs. H. Briggs, Sons & Gompany, Limited, Whitwood Gollieries, Nor-
manton.
Messrs. Newton, Ghambers & Gompany, Limited, Thomcliffe Gollieries^

near Sheffield.
Messrs. Skinner & Holtord, Limited, Waleswood Gollieries, near Sheffield.

yol. xxxiL-uoGosgr. 18

254 DISCUSSION — BLACK ENDS : THEIR CAUSE, COST AND CURE.

DISCUSSION OF MR. T. BEACH'S PAPER ON " ' BLACK
ENDS': THEIR CAUSE, COST AND CURE."*

Mr. W. McD. Mackey asked whether Mr. Beach could give
infonnation with regard to the amount of gas used, and how
long the doors would last.

Mr. T. Beach said that, when he had the privilege ol bringing
the flued door before the members, it was to some extent in an
experimental stage, and he now offered further particulars as to
what had since been done. The flued doors, which had been used
experimentally since August, 1905, were still in use. They had
never been repaired, and, to all intents and purposes, were still
in a good and sound condition, and would probably last a good
deal longer. At the present time, 78 flued doors were in use
out of a total of 90, and they quite fulfilled his anticipations in
respect to the complete prevention of the formation of seconds
coke and waste of slack at the oven-ends. Regarding the
economies effected by the door, he had taken a few figures from
the colliery-books, and, in giving them, he desired to acknowledge
the consideration that he had received from his firm in being
allowed to publish them. Table I. shows that the actual quantity

Table I.— Comparative Statement of Seoonds Coke made at Sntdale
Coke-ovens in 1905 and 1906.

Number of
Weekending SeoondsCoke. Weekending Seconds Coke. Flued Doors

in Use.
Tons. cwte. Tons. cwts.

1905, Sept. 6 24 9 1906, Sept. 5 5 12 52

DISCUSSION — BLACK ENDS : THEIR CAUSE, COST AND CURE. 255

completed. Assuming coke to be worth 128. per ton, the differ-
ence in value between seconds and best coke at 5s. per ton, and
bye-products at 3s. 3d. per ton of coal put into the ovens, the
value of the saving effected might be taken as shewn in Table II.
It had been found essential to set the flued blocks in a
stiff, rigid and strongly constructed door-frame. The light
steel door was unsuitable, as it allowed the blocks to expand and

Table n.— Value of Savings pee Week at Coke-ovens.

£ 8. d.
6*56 tons* of unbornt slack, yielding 70 per cent, of coke, 4*59

tons at 128 2 16 0

21 tons of seconds coke, converted into best coke at 5s. per ton 5 5 0

Bye-products on 6*56 tons at 38. 3d. per ton 1 1 3

Total saving per week £9 13

* The tonnage of unbumt slack is estimated from the average waste per charge, which was experi-
mentally determined to be 70 pounds per oharge. the number of charges per week benig 810.

crack when some of the crude gas from the oven escaped into
the flue. He (Mr. Beach) was unable to give the exact number
of cubic feet of gas used to heat the doors ; but, whatever it
might be, it had no appreciable effect upon the volume of gas
returned to the ovens from the recovery-plant. There had always
been sufficient surplus gas, after feeding the ovens and doors,
to supply two gas-engines for driving the recovery-plant, ex-
hausters, pumps, etc. ; and another gas-engine for electric
lighting, etc., was now on the works ready for installation.

The Peesident (Mr. J. R. R. Wilson) delivered the following
address : —

256

PBESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

By J. R. R. WILSON.

In addressing you as President of this Institute, I would at
once acknowledge the great honour that you have conferred upon
me, and confess that I may come far short of your opinions of
what the occupant of this chair should be able to perform. Of
all the great names which have gone before me, I yield to none
at all events in the desire to do you service.

You may very naturally expect me to treat you to copious
statistics showing how mining in this country, especially in
regard to safety, has improved. This has been done so fre-
quently and so well by others, that I wish to avoid it as far as
possible, and I propose to glance through mining history from
early times, and then to ofiPer a few suggestions as to what the
future may have in store.

I will preface my remarks with a new feature in presidential

addresses, by quoting part of an eighteenth century sermon: —

Every science is the foundation of some art beneficial to men, and while
the study of it leads us to see the beneficence of the Laws of Nature, it calls
upon us also to follow the great end of the Father of Nature in their employ-
ment and application. I need not say my brethren what a field is thus opened
to the benevolence of knowledge : I need not tell you, that in every department
of learning there is good to be done to mankind : I need not remind you, that

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 257

Cannot mining engineers rightfully claim by some of their
labours and research, that they also have described wiser methods
of preventing poverty, and suggested additional means of
increasing the beneficial productions of nature?

John Whitaker* mentions a grant of lands made by the
Abbey of Peterborough, dated 853, which seems to prove that
coal was known and used in Saxon times. By this grant,
certain payments in kind were reserved to the monastery, as one
night's entertainment : " Ten vessels of Welch ale, .... two
casks of common ale, sixty cart-loads of wood, and twelve of
. fossil or pit-coal.''

The first Act of the Scotch Parliament relating to mines is
dated May 26th, 1424, and applies to gold and silver, ordaining
that if " thre halfpennys of siluer may be fynit out of the punde
of leide The lordis of parliament consentis that sik myne be the
kingis as is vsuale in vthir realmys."t

Yorkshire seems to have been a very early coal-producer.
In 1308, a licence was granted by the lord of the manor to dig
for coals in the greaveship of Hipperholme; and in 1515, in
records of the court leets connected with the manor of Wakefield,
coal is mentioned as being wrought at Flockton.

In 1590, John Thomborough, Dean of York, took out a
patent " to purify pit-coal and free it from its offensive smell " :
doubtless, one of the early attempts to manufacture coke.

It also smelt in the mine, for Dr. Kaye, or Keys, writing in
1555, mentions, probably for the first time, the appearance of
noxious gases in mines : —

We also have in the northern parts of Britain certain coalpits, the un-
wholesome vapour whereof is so pernicious to the hired labourers, that it
would immediately destroy them, if they did not get out of the way as
soon as the flame of their lamps becomes blue, and is consumed. These
mines are of a bituminous nature : and the proof of the presence of bitumen,
is a certain stone, black, hard, scaly, and bituminous, which we thence derive
for the service and fuel of our fires. Pliny calls it Obsidian; we term it
Sea-coal, or Newcastle, or Smithy coal, names borrowed either from the mode
of its carriage, from the situation in which it is found, or from the use to
which it is applied : for it is dug up in places near to New Castle, a famous
city of England; it is carried thence by ships to the other parts of the king-
dom; and it is used by smiths to soften their iron. J

* The History of Manchesta^ 1771, vol. i., page 304.

t AcU of the ParliamentH of Scotland (record edition), vol. iL, page 6, c. 13.

X JoaniiM Caii Briianni de Ephemera, Liher unuM, non ante ctditus, 1556,
page 143 ; and A History of Shrewsburyy by Messrs. H. Owen and J. B.
Blakeway, 1825, vol. 1., page 346.

258

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

The position of those employed in mines was, no doubt,
originally that of slavery. Though serfdom died out in Scotland
in the fourteenth century, the last claims proved being in 1364,
compulsory service was known long afterwards. Vagrants and
sturdy beggars were obliged to find a master, or be liable to
pains and penalties. In 1606, it was enacted by the Scottish
Parliament that no person should fee or engage any colliers,
coal-bearers, or salters, without a testimonial from their last
master, showing a reasonable cause for their removal; and if
anyone engaged them without such certificate, the master from
whom they had deserted could claim them within a year and
a day, and they had to be given back within 24 hours, under
pain of a fine of £100 Scots. The deserters were also to be
punished. By the same Act, commission was given to the
owners of eoal-heughs and salt-pans to apprehend and put to
labour all vagabonds and sturdy beggars.* I am inclined to
think that this Act has been repealed.

About the same time, an Act was passed in Scotland con-
firming former Acts against the export of coal as *' the haill coill
within this kingdome sail in a verie schorte tyme be waisted and
consumed " ; t and in 1625 it was proposed to impose a duty of 48
shillings Scots on every ton of coal exported in strange ships. J This
proposal was rigorously opposed by the coal-owners, who urged
that unless foreign vessels were employed, as there was not enough
shipping in the country to transport nearly all the coal worked, the
coal-trade would be ruined, the pits stopped, and many hundreds

FRESIDENTIAI. ADDRESS. 259

estates. . . . Some south gentlemen hath, upon great hope of benefit,
come into this countrey to hazard their monies in coale-pits. Master
Beamont, a gentleman of great ingenuity and rare parts, adventured into
our mines with his ^30,000; who brought with him many rare engines,
not known then in these parts; as the art to boore with iron rodds to try
the deepnesse and thicknesse of the coale; rare engines to draw water out
of the pits; waggons with one horse to carry down coales from the pits, to
the stathes, to the river, etc. Within few yeares, he consumed all his money,
and rode home upon his light horse. «

A little later, about 1076, Roger Xorth describes coal-mining
in his day as follows : —

Coal lies under the stone; and they are twelve months in sinking a pit.
Damps, or foul air, kill insensibly; sinking another pit, that the air may not
stagnate, is an infallible remedy. They are most in very hot weather. An
infallible trial is by a dog; and the candles shew it. They seem to be
heavy sulphurous air not fit for breath; and I have heard some say that
they would sometimes lie in the midst of a shaft, and the bottom be clear.
The flame of a candle will not kindle them so soon as the snuff; but
they have been kindled by the striking fire with a tool. The blast is
mighty violent; but men have been saved by lying flat on their bellies.f

In 1812, an explosion occurred at Felling colliery, by which
92 lives were lost. This accident created an impression in
the neighbourhood, and, together with the writings of Dr.
William Reid Clanny, a local medical man, and others, it was
the means of a society being formed in Sunderland for enquiring
into the causes of explosions and devising means for their pre-
vention. This society had a very important •bearing upon the
future of mining. At their invitation, Sir Humphrey Davy
visited the North of England in the autumn of 1815, and the
result of his visit was undoubtedly the invention of the safety-
lamp. The society had previously issued its first report, in
which it quoted from a letter written to the society by Mr. John
Buddie, who was then the leading viewer in the north. His
opinion as to the prevention of explosions was by efficient venti-
lation, which had a different meaning in those days ; and he
described the methods adopted. Of the steel-mill invented by
Mr. Carlisle Spedding in 1760, he says : —

On approaching the firing point with steel mills, they [the sparks] grow
still more luminous, and assume a kind of liquid appearance, nearly resembling

• Chorographia : or, a Survey of NeufcasUe upon Tine, by Mr. William Gray,
1649, pages 24 and 25 ; reprint, 1S13, pages 30 and 31 ; and reprint, 1S84, pages
84 and 86.

t The Life of the Right Honourable Francis Norths Baron of Guilford, by
The Hon. Roger North, third edition, 1819, vol. L, page 261 ; and Annals of Coal
Mining, by Mr. Robert L. Galloway, 1898, vol. i., page 160.

260

PKESIDENTIAL ADDBESS.

the sparka arising under the hammer from iron at the welding heat. . . .
When the inflammable gas predominates in the circulating current, the sparks
from the steel mill are of a blood red colour; and as the mixture increases,
the mill totally ceases to elicit sparks.*

One could imagine that statement provoking a lively dis-
cussion, had The Institution of Mining Engineers existed at that
day. Explosions are recorded, however, as being due to the
steel-mill.

They believed, 100 years ago, as we do now, that the greatest
safeguard in working is to get rid of the gas ; the means adopted,
however, were somewhat different. A scientist, writing in
1816, says: —

When the gas escapes only in regular and moderate quantities, the miner
may explode it as he goes on, without producing any other effect than a pleasing
phosphoric phenomena in the working, or a flash like the flash of a musket. But
this, after being practised for years, unfortunately strengthens the idea of
security, and the mind is incapable of informing itself what hidden reservoirs
may be broken into in the future progress of a mine. A fact so simple,
and yet so incontrovertible as this, can but impress everyone with con-
viction, and produce the natural inference, that the most desirable and most
valuable improvement in a colliery would be afforded by an invention to
counteract this operation of nature.'t

In May, 1813, Dr. William Beid Clanny exhibited a lamp and
read a paper before the Royal Society on " The Means of Pro-
curing a Steady Light in Coal-mines, without the Danger of
Explosion." The«lamp was also exhibited in Newcastle-upon-
Tyne in October of the same year; and on another occasion
several gentlemen tried the lamp in a room filled with an ex-

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 261

George Stephenson also invented a lamp which was tested in

October, 1815, in Killingworth colliery. There was no difficulty,

I believe, in finding an explosive mixture; and it is reported that

the light at once went out. Mr. J. H. H. Holmes, who gave

much time to the question of improving the ventilation of

mines, wrote as follows : —

Mr. Stephenson is an engineer employed at the Killingworth Main
colliery, so that whatever from local or practical information is required for
the construction of a safe lamp he was possessed of, and undoubtedly claims
great merit, if the invention produced was from his own genius. As I was
present at a general meeting of the Society at Newcastle, when this lamp
was presented, and made some experiments myself upon it, I am enabled
correctly to describe the apparatus. ... In regard to this lantern having
been tried in a mine six weeks previous to its appearance at the meeting, I
must express some doubts, as it certainly did not wear the appearance of so
old a practitioner; and as Mr. Stephenson appeared totally ignorant of the
manner in which the air and gases operated upon the light.*

This statement does not sound very flattering to Mr.

Stephenson. Sir Humphrey Davy, after experimenting with

very small tubes, undoubtedly discovered the principle of the

wire-gauze. Mr. J. H. H. Holmes was very jealous of Dr.

Clanny's pre-eminence. He stated that: —

Dr. Clanny had experimented with a tube, having a small perforation
to convey the air from a pair of double blast bellows. After this it was
not difficult to find out that small air apertures would answer the same
purpose: from hence the safety concentric canals, etc., follow in regular
succession of ideas; and ultimately the gauze wire apertures are the ex-
tremity of refinement, upon a principle clearly originating with Dr. Clanny.t

This gentleman had made experiments with Dr. Clanny, and
is very proud of the advantages to be obtained by the use of
this lamp. He mentions one instance where the downcast-shaft
at a colliery was under repair, and the only entrance for the
horsekeeper was by the upcast-shaft, and so inbye, where '* he
would be compelled to pass through a region or tornado of
inflammable air " ; and he explains how a bore-hole had been
put down from one seam to another which was worked out, in
order to drain off the gas which was coming up staples and
fissures in the strata; and it was this part of the mine which
the horsekeeper had to pass. *' When the wind is north, north-
north-east or north-west," he says, '^ the gas is going down ; but

* A TrecUise on the Coal-mineH of Durham and NorthumlKrland^ by Mr. J.
H. H. Holmes, 1S16, pages 187 and 188.

+ Ihid.y page 204.

262

PBESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

when south-east or east-by-north, the gas is given up and rushes
through this aperture in the most violent manner." The ]amp
was used here, ** and by this means the man was enabled regu-
larly to attend to his cattle."* This enthusiast was quite aware that
improvements cost money, for he says, in 1816, "I am aware
that the coal-owner has at all times but a speculative property,
and frequently sinks an immense capital without knowing how
far the deposit of coals may answer his expectations ; and some-
times, owing to the working of too great a number of pits at
one time, and consequent depreciation in the market, is rendered
a great loser by his trade. "t

Dr. Clanny was not long in improving his lamp and adopt-
ing wire-gauze above the glass. Mr. Matthias Dunn, one of
the first inspectors of mines, says, ** to Dr. Clanny, beyond all
doubt, belongs the honour of first conceiving the idea, and
of executing a lamp to burn safely in an explosive atmosphere.
. . . In the year 1815, however, the safety-lamp of Sir H.
Davy was discovered; and . . . has been the means of re-
covering millions of value in coal, otherwise irrecoverably lost.
It was on the first of January, 1816, that the lamp was first
tried by me at Hebburn colliery. "J

The feeling of the coal-owners in the matter can be gauged
by a speech made in September, 1817, when the colliery-pro-
prietors of the noi-th of England entertained Sir Humphrey
Davy at dinner in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Mr. J.. G. Lambton,.
in presenting a service of plate, said : —

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 26S

stances. Not a sing-le failure has occurred — ite absolute security is demon-
strated. I have, indeed, deeply to lament more than one catastrophe, pro-
duced by foolhardiness and ignorance, in neglecting* to use the safeguard
you have supplied ; but these dreadful accidents even, if possible, exalt ite.
importance. If your fame had needed anything to make it immortal^
this discovery alone would have carried it down to future ages, and connected
it with benefits and blessings.*

In 1833, Mr. Carleton Tufnell, a commissioner appointed
to carry out the provisions of the Factory Act, made enquiries
into the condition of the miners in Lancashire. His report dis-
closed a state of affairs which, to-day, seems to us to be well nigh
impossible. The cruelty to children, the revolting condition of
women and girls, and the barbarous methods of mining gener-
ally, make one ashamed that those responsible could call them-
selves Englishmen. There were doubtless exaggerations made
and also some misconceptions, for it is stated that after Mr.
Cobbett " had been lecturing at Newcastle and adjacent towns in
the autumn of 1832 ; in the interval of a week or two, the in-
habitants of the neighbourhood were not a little surprized to
read, in the Political Register, the following paragraph : —
* Here is the most surprizing thing in the whole world ; thou-
sands of men and thousands of horses continually living under-
ground : children born there, and who, sometimes, never see
the surface at all, though they live to a considerable age/ '*t
For children, in this outburst, perhaps one should read horses.

In March, 1834, a petition was presented to the House of
Commons on behalf of the coal-masters and miners of Stafford-
shire, praying for a scientific board to examine all lamps in-
tended to be offered for sale to the public as safety-lamps to be
used in collieries, and to direct the stamping of all such as they
shall approve, and to prohibit the sale of any as safety-lamps>
which shall not be so approved. This was really the outcome
of experiments by interested persons to show how unsafe the
Davy lamp might become in fire-damp. That petition had not
yet been granted. Perhaps, even after this lapse of time, the
present House of Commons may consider the matter.

In August, 1839, a number of South Shields gentlemen,
appalled by the great loss of life in collieries, formed themselves
into a committee to investigate mining accidents. They took

* The HUtory and Description of Foviil Fuel, by Mr. John Holland, 1836,.
page 277.

t Ibid., page 241.

264

PRESIDENTIAL ADDBESS.

a great mass of evidence, and made a report. They made several
suggestions, amongst them being one for a proper inspection
of the mines by Government officials; and they pointed out
that the practice had been adopted on the Continent for a long
time with the best of results.*

In 1842, the report of a Royal Commission appointed to
enquire into the employment of children in mines was published ;
and a woeful state of affairs was revealed. Children of three
or four years of age were taken into the pits. I can well remem-
ber one or two old men telling me that they were carried into
one of the north country pits, when they wore petticoats, at the
age of four.

Women were largely employed underground in Scotland,
Lancashire, Yorkshire and South Wales. Some twenty years
ago, an old underviewer remarked to me after we had visited the
working place of an old collier, *' Bill's a good chap, but he's
not as good a man as his wife; she used to tram for me." But
all colliers were not satisfied with the condition of things. It
is reported that a meeting of some 300 of them was held in
Bamsley, and they passed a resolution that ** the employment of
girls is highly injurious to their morals; that it is not proper
work for females; and that it is a scandalous practice." After
stormy debates in both Houses of Parliament, chiefly in the
Upper one, the Royal assent was given on August 10th, 1842,
to the Act which provided that no women and girls were to be
employed underground, nor boys under the age of ten years;

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 265

not 80 much the coal-owners as the butties, who were generally also
the landlords of the adjacent public-houses ; while the colliery-
owners were the proprietors of the "tommy-shops." Between
them the poor colliers seem to have been betwixt the upper and
nether millstones, and no wonder they created disturbances and
organized strikes. Their meetings, amongst other things, seem
to have been productive of the formation of co-operative societies
and trades unions; and in these days certainly, they were bom
of oppression by despotic employers against weak and ignorant
workmen. In July, 1844, Mr. S. Tremenheere, the inspector
who was appointed under Lord Ashley's Act to make enquiries,
but not to enter the mines, made his first report after examining
the Scottish coal-districts. He mentioned that the proprietors
had been compelled to use ponies for haulage, instead of female
labour, and that the change had actually proved economical.

At this time a meeting was held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne
which resulted in a Bill getting so far as to be printed and cir-
culated. It provided for the country being divided into districts,
each under a registrar ; to obtain returns from the mines ; correct
plans of the workings ; names of owners and lessees ; sections of
strata; number of seams and their inclination; direction of
faults, etc., and the system of working adopted. Rather a fore-
cast of much more recent legislation.

Serious explosions were terribly frequent : the public generally
were startled, and the miners in various parts of the country met
from time to time, discussed the dangers of their calling, and
sent petitions to Parliament.

In August, 1845, the Government appointed Sir Henry T. De
la Beche and Dr. Lyon Playfair to enquire into the cause of
colliery-explosions, and, if possible, to advise as to the measures
for their prevention. Many of the large collieries, one ought to
bear in mind, had only one shaft, divided by a wooden brattice.
The commissioners ti'avelled about and obtained information,
and made their report in June, 1846. Briefly, they condemned
a large number of mines, classing them as wretched, and the
officials who managed them as very ignorant. They suggested
" Careful and judicious inspection by competent persons," and
anticipated very good results from it.

There were several explosions in different parts of the country
during this year. The colliers continued to hold meetings and

266

PBESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

send petitions to Parliament. In May, 1847, tke Miners' Asso-
ciation of Great Britain seAt a petition asking for legislation;
they also asked for the appointment of inspectors to visit all the
mines ; and suggested that the inspectors should have very large
powers. Earl Fitzwilliam brought some of these petitions before
the notice of the House of Lords.

In January, 1849, an explosion occurred at Darley Main
colliery, near Barnsley, by which 75 lives were lost, caused, as most
of such disasters were, by the use of naked lights and great laxity
in the management. The Government were again pressed to do
something, and Lord WhamclifEe was successful in moving for
the appointment of a select committee to enquire into this sub-
ject. The commission reported not only upon the general con-
dition of British mines, but upoA that of foreign mines also;
and agreed that the latter were better, and the officials and
workmen employed there superior in education to those em-
ployed in Great Britain. Evidence was given pointing out the
necessity for two independent shafts, and for better systems of
ventilation ; and, of course. Government inspection of the mines.

In 1850, the Act was passed which first provided for Govern-
ment inspectors entering any mine, as well as examining all the
works and machinery upon the surface, and enquiring into all
matters relating to the safety of those employed : really the first
Parliamentary interference with the actual management of
mines. The mines of the country were now producing some
50,0(K),rK)0 tons of coal per annum, ami triviuer emplovment to

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 267

some criticism upon many of their suggestions. He points out —
and how often comparisons of this nature have been made —
that since the safety-lamp came into use the number of deaths
by explosion had increased ; and since inspectors were appointed,
that the deaths had multiplied alarmingly.

The inspectors compiled a list of fatal accidents for the years
1851 and 1852, and the total was 2,040, so another select com-
mittee was appointed to make enquiries. This committee re-
ported in June, 1854. Every side of mining was touched upon ;
coal-owners, viewers, workmen, and inspectors were all drawn
upon for opinions. Great stress was laid upon the provision of
better ventilation; and this committee reported in favour of
the furnace; they also suggested some rules to be enforced by
legislation. Of course, the number of inspectors was to be
increased, and this time it was suggested that their salaries be
augmented.

On August 14th, 1855, the Royal assent was given to an
Act which embodied the principal feature of the committee's
report, and provided for General Rules and Special Rules. And
on August 28th, 1860, another Act was passed which increased
the number of Genei-al Rules to fifteen ; the age of prohibition
of boys was raised, and education of some kind secured to them.

About the middle of the last century, the system of ventila-
tion, that is, where there was any system at all, was almost
entirely by furnace, usually fed by return-air. It is recorded
that one of the hottest shafts at this period (1850) was at Marley
Hill colliery, in Durham, where the average temperature was
1680 Fahr., and at Hetton colliery it was 145° Fahr. The
volume of air per minute obtained at a few of the largest
collieries was as follows: — Hetton, 190,000 cubic feet; South
Hetton and Murton, 132,895 cubic feet; Wallsend, 121,360 cubic
feet; and Haswell, 100,000 cubic feet: this result being obtained
by splitting the air-currents, a system which was now beginning
ta be understood (it was introduced about 1840).

At Hetton colliery, we learn that the air was divided into
sixteen different currents. Prof. J. Phillips stated that the
average length of the air-courses in the larger collieries did
not now amount to 3 miles. Mr. Dunn mentions in his Historical,
Geological and Descriptive View of the Coal Trade that, at the
beginning of the nineteenth century, the air-current at Hebburn

268

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

colliery traversed at least 30 miles. In Yorkshire, the introduc-
tion of large volumes of air into the mines may be said to have only
commenced at the middle of the century. Until 1845, the Oaks
colliery, Barnsley, then the deepest in Yorkshire (848 feet), was
ventilated by means of a fire-lamp placed in a recess in the upcast-
shaft — though furnaces had long been in use in other parts of the
country.

About 1850, the best ventilated mines in Yorkshire were
Honeywell colliery, Barnsley, with 39,666 cubic feet; Oaks col-
liery, 31,000 cubic feet; and Darley Main colliery, 30,000 cubic
feet ; and the furnaces in many cases were supplied with fresh air.

As far back as 1811, Mr. John Buddie applied a steam- jet at
Hebbum colliery, as a temporary expedient for getting rid of
some gas, when the furnace was considered dangerous. He
placed the jet nearer the top than the bottom of the shaft.

In 1828, a steam-jet was used in a more permanent fashion at
a colliery in Wales, but it was not until 1840 that the question
was considered seriously. Opinions apparently differed very
greatly as to the useful effect of this system. Numerous experi-
ments were made, jets were tried at the top, part way down, and
at the bottom of the shafts: with furnaces, with boilers in the
pit, and without either; but generally, when any reasonable
amount of air was obtained, the results could be attributed
largely to the heat of the shaft. I cannot find any correct account
of a steam-jet being used where the shaft was previously cold.

One of the earliest instances in which mechanical ventilation

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 269

as being admirably adapted for the purpose for which it is intended. The
construction^ we understand, is of a very simple description; but Sfuch is its
power and capacity, that it is calculated to extract between eight [thousand]
and nine thousand gallons of gas or air per minute, which is driven at the
rate of 65 miles per hour. With this apparatus in operation, the inventor
expresses his fullest confidence that the pit may be entered at all times
with lighted lamps, and with the most perfect safety. At the top of the
shaft, a small gas-cock is fixed, by the means of which the state of any
pit may be at any time ascertained with the g^atest precision. The great
advantage of the principle on which this apparatus is constructed is, that
instead of forcing the atmospheric air into the pit, as by the old plan, it
first extracts the hydrogen gas, and the atmospheric air then follows down
the shaft, thereby rendering an explosion impossible. — Leeds Times* By
this machine the ventilation can be multiplied to an incredible extent, making
the draft of air through the mines 31 times greater than at present. — Wigan
Gazette, t

In 1837, one of these machines, 5 feet in diameter and 2 feet
wide, was applied at the Osmondthorpe colliery, Leeds, to get
rid of the products of a fire, which had originated from an
explosion. Mr. Fourness was really the first in this country
to make mechanical ventilation an actual success.

In 1842, Mr. Benjamin Biram, viewer at Earl Fitzwilliam's
collieries, patented several rotarj- machines on the screw prin-
ciple. In the same year, he applied a fan at Elsecar colliery.
It was placed at the bottom of the shaft, and driven by a jet of
water impinging upon small buckets on its peripherj\ It was
used a few years and then replaced by a horizontal fan at the
surface. A few years later, this gave place to another Biram
fan, 23 feet in diameter and 4i feet wide, with a single inlet;
this fan is still at work and exhausting a large quantity of air.
In 1841, we first hoar of the water-gauge, and a few years later
its use became common in the mines. And now great interest
was taken in the ([uestion of ventilation, a« the Proceedings of
the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Mining Journal of
that period show; and the various controversies were of great
benefit to the mining community.

In Yorkshire, we are familiar with the fact that it was in
1811 that John Blenkinsop, of Middleton collieries, Leeds, took out
a patent and ran a locomotive engine from the colliery to the town
--using toothe<l wheels and rails. Two veal's later, AVilliam
Hedley, of Wylam colliery, after many experiments, took out

• The Mining Jmwnaiy 1837, vol. iv., page 71.
t,/fciV/., 1837, vol. iv., page 166.

VOL. XXXlX.-l906-lfl07. 19

270

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

a patent for a locomotive which would draw a train of loaded
waggons by the friction of the wheels upon the rails. Speaking
of a second engine, constructed with two cylinders, Mr. Matthias
Dunn says, '' This engine succeeded so well that it drew eight
loaded waggons at the rate of 4 or 5 miles per hour, and completelj'
superseded the use of horses, which at that time was a ruinous

expense to the colliery In justice, therefore,

to Mr. [AVilliam] Hedley, he is entitled to the honour of being the
inventor of the present principle of locomotion.'** In 1814,
George Stephenson fitted up an engine at Killingworth colliery,
the motion of which was communicated to the wheels of the engine-
carriage by means of an endless chain instead of cog-wheels;
and its action depended upon the friction of the wheels upon
the rails. Every schoolboy has learned what an influence this
invention had upon the trade of the country, and the coal-trade
in particular.

Wire-ropes appear to have been first used in mines in the
Harz mountains, in 18*H, and two or three years later they were
introduced to the notice of British coal-owners. Mr. M. Dunn
seems to h«ave been a pioneer in this as in many other matters,
and used the first iron-wire winding-rope for a staple pit in St.
Lawrence colliery, Xewcastle-upon-Tyne, in 1840.t

About 18JJ0, conductoi-s of wood were patented by Mr. John
Curr, who had charge of the Duke of Norfolk's collieries, at
Sheffield. They soon became common in the Leeds and Barns-
ley district!^ also, lu well as conductorB of iron-rods. Mr. Viivr

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 271

time the winding-engine had been a combination of a drum
actuated by a water-wheel, which, in its turn, was supplied with
water by the fire-engine. Mr. Cuit, writing in 1797, estimated
that there were at that date 30 or 40 of these water-wheel gins
with their fire-engines in use in the north of England.

In the deep mines of the future, we may revert to a system
carried out at the end of the eighteenth century. At one or two
collieries in the Whitehaven district, the coal was wound in v.
succession of lifts. Mr. John Holland states that, ** In the Alfred
pit, at Jarrow, there is a 30 horse steam-engine erected at a depth
of about 130 fathoms below the surface : it is used in raising the
coals up a shaft which unites with the workings, carried out 45
fathoms deeper still : there is likewise at the profound depth
indicated by these two shafts, another steam-engine, to draw the
coals up an inclined plane that lies coincident with the dip of
the strata.''*

The year 18()2 will always be memorable for the disaster at
Hartley colliery, where the beam of the pumping-engine broke,
and, falling down the pit, practically sealed up the mine. There
was only one shaft here, divided by a wooden brattice, and 204
poor creatures lost their lives. Their sacrifice gained for their
fellow-workmen, that same year, an Act which rendered such
mantraps impossible in the future. One wonders why the
division-brattice in some of these mines was not often destroyed,
for one reads that streams of water were allow^ed to trickle down
the brattice to- prevent the furnace from setting fire to the
timber. It is interesting to note that the first patent for
mechanical coal-cutting dates from this year.

There was still much clamour for improved conditions of
underground labour, and each year provided its most eloquent
advocate in the w^ay of great loss of life from explosions. More
commissions were appointed and reports made. Yorkshire
became very prominent with the Oaks collieiy-explosion in
December, 18G(), when 334 men and boys, and an unusually
large number of volunteer explorers lost their lives. The death-
quota that year was 1,500.

The passing of the 1872 Act, introducing certificates for
managers, and a good code of general rules ; and the 1887 Act,

* The Histori/ and Description of Fossil Fuel, by Mr. John Holland, 1835,
page 200.

272

PRESIDENTIAL ADDBESS.

providing that assistant or under managers shall also be certi-
ficated, brings us to fairly modem times to which further refer-
ence need not be made, excepting to make a comparison (Table
I.) showing the improvement that has taken place in regard to
safety, in the last 55 years.

Table I. — Ratio of Mobtality from different Causes of Accidents in
and about mines classed under the coalminks regulation' acts, per
1,000 Persons Employed, and per 1,000,000 Tons of Mineral Raised.

Death-rate from AccidenU p«r 1,000 Persona Employed.

Underground.

Year.

By Ex

^Llnn- ByFaUa
?l^°°" I of

Shaft

Miacel-
laneoufl

"dam^ «~^"^- '''''^'"**- A«:Su.

1851

I 1872

1887

1905

1-86
0-40
0-3r)
0-26

1-90
1-37
1-10
0-75

1-27
0-40
0-20
0 09

0-42
0-65
0-44
0-40

From all
Causes i
Uuder- ;
grouud.

Above-
ground.

5-46
2-96
214
1-49

0-99
0-89
0-81
075

Death-

rate from i

A(.«ide»ts
ITnder-
-^ , ground and

Under- Above-
ground ground per
""'' 1.000.000

and
Above-
ground.

4-55
2 53
1-89
1-35

Tons of
Mineral
raised.

19-34
8-59
6 '75
4-64

And this improvement is not to be attributed entirely to
legislation ; it is due to the spread of knowledge : to the spirit
of the times; to scientific institutes like our own; it is due
to the enhanced value placed upon human life; and, now I
would say, for no class of labour is there greater solicitude and
care, on the part of employers and ofticials, than for those who

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 273

producers and gas-engines of large power, the dynamo and
electric motor, the quick-revolution engine and the water-tube
boiler. Those of you who are controlling large modern mines
do not need to be told of the progress that is being maintained
in all departments of mining ; and we all appreciate the necessity
for continually tailing advantage of every discovery and every
practical invention.

From the trend of labour-legislation and the development of
true socialistic ideals, we may look in the near future for extensive
changes. The environment of a large colliery will be very much
in the nature of a self-contained village. We shall see a church,
free in the best sense of the word, free to radiate all the good it can,
without cramping the honest aspirations and opinions of its ad-
herents ; an institute for mental and physical recreation ; schools
that will endeavour to teach the young how to live, as well as
acquire smatterings of pseudo-science. A hospital for the relief
of all connected with the mine, which will embrace a staff of
nurses, who can devote some time to house-visitation, and,
perhaps, instil into the wives of the workmen some of the advan-
tages of common-sense in tending sickness. The girls will have
a cookeiy school, so that when they come to preside over house-
holds, they will be equipped with one factor that will make for the
increased worth and contentment of the men — the caring more
efficiently for their bodies.

At evening classes for the boys they will be allowed the use of
the colliery-shops with electrically-driven machinery, where they
will probably notice that the larger fly-wheels of engines are
smoothly cased at the sides to prevent loss by friction. The
best boys will rise most quickly to the best-paid positions. They
will discover that knowledge pays. Some of the cleverer boys,
after passing certain courses of study in the local school, will be
assisted to the universities : and perhaps a few also will get their
articles of apprenticeship to the colliery-manager, with the addi-
tion of a small salary, so that they may not starve their bodies
while they are endeavouring to enlarge their minds. A chil-
dren's library will be connected with the school, and will be
under the charge of the teachers, who, while having a part in the
selection of the books, may also, by their influence, guide the
reading of their pupils.

Perhaps one of the newest features in the surroundings will

274

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

be an isolated building, somewhat akin to an engine-house, in
close proximity to the coke-ovens, and known by the name of
the crematorium.

A co-operative store will continue to attract custom by the
large dividends paid. The workmen's cottages must approach
more nearly to those associated with the garden-city movement.
They will naturally be erected so that the prevailing direction of
the wind will take the little smoke that is made away from them.
The houses, while preserving a certain uniformity, will vary in
size, and all have gardens. Some of the larger houses will receive
lodgers, and a list of them will be kept at the office of the gentle-
man known as the social secretaiy. Attempts will be made to
allow workmen to become the owners of their dwellings; and
these houses will be built apart from the rest, upon land kindly
given by the lessor of the minerals, in order to lessen the cost
and encourage thrift. These houses, of course, will be paid for
iiirough the means of increased weekly rent: one of their dis-
tinguishing features will be a good roomy general living apart-
ment, and the elimination of the stiffly furnished and rarely
used un(M)mfortable parlour. It will probably be a rule, in the
case of coal-getters, for supplies of coal to be delivered to the
houses of those who have wrought them : and one can undei-stand
that the wife of the day-wageman will always ask for the number
of the " motty '' or token.

The refuse will be taken away and consumed by the waste-
gases from the coke-ovens, or in some other economical form of

PKESIDEXTIAL ADDRESS. 276

In the management of the concern, a committee of workmen
chosen by themselves will assist the officials in settling all ([ues-
tions between employer and employed, and take pai-t in control-
ling the organizations in the village. The manager will find it
helpful to meet all his underground officials together, excepting
those on duty at the time, every week, and discuss all under-
ground questions with them. All will be invited to come with
suggestions previously placed upon the agenda«-paper. The
workmen's committee will join them once a month : amongst
other things they will settle the question of distances at which
timber should be set ; when the men should travel outbye by the
return-air roads, etc. All workmen will be encouraged through
their committee to make suggestions, and all having a monetaiy
value to the employer will be paid for. All officials will be
provided with suits of blue cloth, someone having discovered that
it adds to their dignity and promotes efficiency.

Most of the higher officials in every department will be cer-
tificated men of some kind. We shall then probably revert to
former methods of selecting officers, not because they have a
cei-tificate, and are cheap, but for their capacity and experience.

One of the most capable officials will be the social secretary,
a man of many sides. All men applying for work must first
interview him ; and if the interview is satisfactory, he will pass
them on to the official who may employ them. He would also
under the committee have charge of the institute, and be the
recognized leader in all forms of recreation, whether of a mental
or a physical kind. He would look after the letting of the
houses, and keep an eye on those which accommodated lodgers.

The chemist, in addition to having charge of the production
of pure coke, and the production and use of gas, will also see
to the quality of the water used, the purity of all oils and grease,
and the general preservation of ropes and colliery-stores.

The under-manager will take care that a deputy has never
more than 50 men under his supervision in an ordinary longwall-
face. ('oal-cutting by machinery, even in the thicker seams,
where the gradient is not too excessive, will be the rule; and
this will come about not for economical reasons, or because it
promotes better timbering and general safety, but because the
miner will decline to do this, the most arduous part of all mining
operations.

276

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

The lighting of pit-bottoms and approaches, already very
satisfactory' in many places, will be much extended ; on the
principle that a man is much safer in the light, and, with the
recollection that you can have a good light for Id. an hour,
whereas an idle man may cost you 9d. an hour.

It is marvellous to-day to see how the weighmen at some of
the large concerns get through a big day's output. I think that
they may have a somewhat easier time in the future, when they
get all tubs weighed automatically: the motty number being
called out, the weighman will depress a key of that number, and
the exact weight and number will be recorded upon a travelling
tape; the weighmen will copy the records and preserve the tape
in cases of dispute.

More managers. I believe, will see the advantage of eon-
touring the plans of the underground workings, like a surface
ordnance-map. Some already have the levels carefully marked
upon the plans : but the lines of equal altitude, showing the
wonderful hills and dales in an apparently regular coal-field,
will be of very great service in laying out any system of haulage,
and of immense value in designing how an upper or lower seam
should be worked.

As a knowledge of ambulance-work is even now almost essen-
tial to everj^ man applying for a colliery-manager's certificate, we
all expect to see considerable extension in this direction; no
official without an ambulance-certificate will obtain employment.
Rescue-stations, in groups, will be imperative within half-an-

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

277

life at the rate of one-sixtieth of the average wages in respect of
each year for which the contribution has been paid. On leaving
his employment, a contributor would receive his own contribution
only: a slight inducement to remain at one place. At death,
the contribution with 2J per cent, interest, together with the
company's contribution, would be paid to the relatives. At
death, after the pension had been received for a time, the same
contribution as above, less the amount paid in pension.

One has occasionally to think out the problem of what to
do in the case of a surface-fire, when the downcast shaft may be
endangered. Some means of readily reversing the ventilating
current will naturally be of the greatest assistance. I am in-
debted to Germany for the idea of a safety-shaft; at the Sham-
rock collieries, Westphalia, I saw an arrangement like the follow-
ing:—The downcast and upcast
shafts are connected together
by a drift, just below the sur-
face on the level of the fan-
drift. At some point in this
drift, between the two shafts,
is a third or safety shaft, or
rather an independent entrance
to the drift. It is arranged
entirely for cases of emergency^
so that should, say, a fire break
out about the surface of the
downcast - shaft, the downcast
could be quickly sealed oft' above the level of the drift, that
is at the low landing, by a cover kept in readiness for the pur-
pose ;' this cover could be in the form of a scaffold with iron
leaves, or in several ways which will suggest themselves to you ;
then the entrance to the emergency-shaft would be opened and
allow the air to travel on the drift into the downcast pit. In
case of a fire in the downcast-shaft, when it might be necessary
to reverse the ventilation and cause this shaft to be an upcast;
the doors, A and B, in the fan-drift (Fig. 1), would be closed;
and the door, C, would be opened : the top of the upcast being at
the same time altered to admit the fresh air.

Many minds are already at work upon that most serious
problem — coal-dust. Perhaps some of our new mines will

Fi«. 1.— Abranoement of a

SAVKTYSKAn.

278

PKESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

be laid out so that the travelling roads will be the main-intake
airways; the haulage-roads will also be in the intake air, but
the currents will be regulated much below the speed of those in
the travelling-roads: when I say travelling-roads, it does not
imply that the workmen will always walk. Of dust, we may
read in some new Act, " it shall not be allowed to accumulate
in the roadways '' ; which can be met by not allowing it to go
into the mine ; and, by using dust-tight tubs and sprinkling the
tops of full ones with water before the tubs c(^me into contact with
such a current of air as is likely to carrj' away the dust. The
same Act may probably say that ** reasonable precautions shall
be taken to prevent dust caused in screening from finding its
way into the mine." At some of the large mines this will be
interpreted as meaning that the screens must not be erected
nearer than 300 feet to the downcast-shaft.

We are continually being reminded of the destructive effects
of this agency, and there is some action that as yet we little under-
stand. The results of some dust-explosions seem in no way
commensurate with our conception of their propagation. A
blown-out shot may or may not originate a disaster; it would
seem to depend upon the character of the wave produced; and
its violence as to whether or not detonation was set up in the
galleries of the mine. I am hoping that one of our professors
of mining will, in the future, have something to tell us upon this
abstiiise subject.

To-day and to-morrow are both times of large outputs and

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 279

adopted with considerable success. A first-class concrete
(matured) will withstand a crushing strain of nearly 5,000 pounds
on the square inch. It is easily applied, is about three times
the strength of good brickwork of the same thickness, and makes
a perfect joint with the strata irrespective of any inequalities.
In the case of pressure due to a considerable head of water, the
lining can be very much strengthened by a form of ferro-con-
crete ; and a ready and ettective way when the shaft needed a
temporaiy lining, would be to leave in the skeleton-rings and
hanging rods, some 2 inches from the side, and embed them in
the concrete. In an actual case supplied to me from Belgium,
the lining was inserted in 3 feet lengths, some 10 inches thick,
and a length of 12 feet was completed within 24 hours. The
advantages over brickwork were : — Less area and less quantity
excavated in the shaft, and consequently greater speed ; less
thickness and less quantity of lining, and cheaper materials. On
the whole, the balanc^e was very much in favour of the use of
concrete.

As an example : with a shaft, 20 feet in diameter, having a
head of water of 100 feet, the thickness of brickwork to withstand
that pressure would be 4 feet 4 inches ; that of concrete 1 foot
3 inches, allowing a maximum working stress of 166 pounds per
square inch for bricks and 400 pounds per square inch for
concrete: and cast-iron tubbing only 1 inch (according to
recognized formulae, a thickness of 0'35 inch would suffice for
a working stress of 15,000 pounds per square inch, if retention
of shape and wedging and corrosion had not to be taken into
account).

I think for deep pits where the run is continuous, that there
will bi' no difficulties with rope-guides. Where intermediate
landings are necessary they are distinctly objectionable ; and
then either wood or inverted channel-steel, or the two combined,
are to be preferred. For some time I held the opinion that tliere
was considerable risk with rope-guides, for the reason that vibra-
tions set up by the cage might bo gradually intensified until
collisions occurred. After considerable observation and some
experiment I have come to the conclusion that the vibration in
a properly-fitted shaft is very small. Prof. (j. R. Thompson, of
Leeds University, and myself have made a few experiments in
deep shafts with a form of pendulum suspended in the cage, free

280

PBESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

to oscillate in every direction. At the end of the pendulum
was a sliding pen which recorded upon a sheet of paper, upon the
cage-decking, all the movements of the cage in ascending and
descending ; the results were very interesting. It perhaps does
not always strike one that in a shaft, say, 2,700 feet deep, the
velocity of a wave, in a rope of that length of proper strength and
suitably weighted, would only be about 400 feet per second. To
minimize any tendency to vibrate in unison, the guides could
be weighted unequally, so that the waves in the respective
ropes would not be of the same pitch. A further help to
smoothness of running would be the adoption of locked-coil rope-
guides. Experience would suggest having two rubbing ropes
between the cages, and allowing the cages to touch them ;
the clearance that is required is at the corners. Ten guides in
a shaft heavily weighted at the bottom cost a great deal in metal
alone; it would not be at all difficult to diminish considerably
the quantity of metal by attaching a lever at the end of each
guide, and placing the weight upon the lever. German engineers
do not agree with us in the use of i-ope-guides, at any rate for
their conditions. Their opinion is unmistakable in the follow-
ing quotation: — ** Ag a relic of the time when English capital
and English engineers had taken foothold in some of the mines
of this district, we still find in Westphalia some rope-guides.
Even to-day such are in use at the Zollem collieries, whilst in
the Erin and Hansa collieries, this kind of conductor, so highly
characteristic of English mining, had to give way to wooden

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 281

or a water-gauge, which would at all times tell what the fans
were producing.

I think that we may all anticipate further legislation affecting
mining. It will be of interest to those working thick coal it,
in the future, in moderately thick seams, leaving in a mine
more than a certain percentage of good coal, will be punishable
by a fine. We should then not have the anomaly of a thickness
of coal, which in one part of a district may be considered a good
workable seam, in another part being left behind in the goaf.

It would not seem unreasonable if, in unproved coal-areas,
where a prospective colliery-owner has spent money in proving
the minerals, he should, unless otherwise compensated, be entitled
after commencing to work coal, to dediict from the rent the cost
incurred in boring. And it would be of advantage to the industry
if it were compulsory for royalty-owners to sell or lease their
coal to the nearest mine-owner at a fair valuation. And, on the
other hand, the nearest mine-owner on receiving notice from the
royalty-owner should accept a lease upon equitable terms, to
-commence from a period when the working- faces should reason-
ably reach ihe area in question.

vSpeculation, however, is rather treacherous ground. Of one
thing we are all convinced, that, whatever the future produces,
it will require good men; men who can combine a high theo-
retical training with practice; and I trust and believe that the
educative value of this Institute will be one of the factors in
providing them.

Appendix A. — Safety-lamps.

[Fig. 2] represents the [Dr. W. R. Clanny early] lamp as it now is
ready for use. a. The body of the lamp, constructed of copper or block
tin ; />, a conical tube which carries off the air (deprived of its
oxygen by combustion) through the water in the cistern, c ;
d is a cistern containing water to keep the lamp cool, if
necessary ; e, the window of the lamp made of very thick
glass ; /, the candle, supported upon a tin stand ; g^ a
cistern containing water through which the air is forced
by the bellows ; A, a tube from the bellows which conveys
air for supporting the combustion of the candle. An elastic
tube may be fixed to the valve of the bellows in case of
necessity, by which to draw atmospheric air from any
distance to supply the lamp. *

Fk;. 2. Dr. W. R. * A Tread-He on the Coal-mine^ of Durham antf Xorfh-

Clanny's Lamp. mnhedand, by Mr. J. H. H. Holmes,* 1816, page 113.

282

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

[Fig. 3] represents the lamp upon Dr. Clanny's original principle in a
more portable and improved shape ; the strata of water being dispensed vfith,
and the air urged in by bellows through the oil which supplies the lamp.
.... o, a tube fixed to the lamp, and which conveys the air; 6, lamp for
oils ; c, air apertures under the burner in the oil ; d, conducting
tube, to which an elastic tube, having the
bellows at one end, is fixed ; e, a pin passed
through the tube to prevent the lamp from
falling out ; /, bellows ; ^, the glass. *

[Fig. 4] represents the lamp invented by
Dr. Clanny for passing the air necessary for
the combustion of the candle through a cis-
tern of steam ; a, tube by which air in
admitted ; &, tube fitted air-tight in the
smaller tube a, and which supports the water
and steam cistern ; c, cistern in which the
water is kept boiling by the flame of the lamp ;
dy d, tubes, through which the air, after pas-
sing up the tube 6, descends to supply the
combustion of the lamp and then passes up the
sides of the cistern out of the chimney ; c,
bottom fitted air-tight ; /, the glass, t
[Fig. 5 represents Mr. R. \V. Brandling's lamp, depending upon the idea
that purer air will always be in a lower stratum.] This lamp was constructed
of tin, being about 12 inches by 8 [inches] square, and was supplied with a
bellows chamber at the top for the purpose of accelerating the draught of air.
.... a, the bellows; 6, the perforations for the air to pass out of the lamp»
over which lies a small piece of wood hing^ on with leather as a valve;
c, the glass; d, the oil lamp; e, a belt by which the lamp is carried;
f, the clastic tube [for taking in air].J

Fig. 3.— Dr. W.
R. Clan NY's
Lamp.

Fig. 4.— Dr.

W.R.CLAN.

NY's Lamp.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

28.S

[Fig. 7] represents Sir H. Davy's lamp, with the air feeder and chimney,
furnished with the concentric metallic canals; . . . the sides are of horn or
glass made air-tight, and at the top is a hollow cylinder covered with a
cap to prevent dust from getting into the lantern.*

[Fig. 8] represents a lamp upon the same principle as [Fig. 7], with con-
centric metallic air feeders at the bottom, and a glass chimney with similar
canals in the top, and covered with a tin plate.*

[Fig. 9,] a metallic gauze lamp, with screens of wire gauze, and so con-
structed that the wick may be trimmed without inconvenience.*

Fio. 8.— Sir H.
Davy's Lamp.

Fig. 9.— Sir H.
Davy's Lamp.

Fio. 10.— Mr. G. Stephen-
son's Lamp.

[Fig. 10] represents this [George Stephenson's] lamp : o, the lamp made of
copper ; 6, the glass chimney fitted air-tight in the lamp, and .... enclosed
in a case of tin with holes of about a quarter of an inch in diameter, cut out
for the escape of the light ; c, the cover or tin case so perforated ; rf, rf, rf, rf ,
air holes. The principle of this lamp is its being supplied with air through
small perforations at the bottom. f

Appendix B. — Important Dates Connected with the Coal-trade.

853. Grant of lands by the Abbey of Peterborough: and requires twelve
cart-loads of fossil or pit-coal.

1210-1219. Charter of Earl of Winton to Monks of Newbattle granting
lease of pit-coal.

1239. Henry III. granted to men of Newcastle-upon-Tyne a licence to
dig coal outside the walls.

124C. Coal, having become an article of export, obtained the name of
sea-coal.

1283. Municipal statutes of Berwick contain regulations for selling pit-
coal alongside vessels importing it.

1424. First Act of the Parliament of Scotland relating to mining.

1555. Dr. Kaye mentions appearance of noxious gases in mines.

1563. Act of the Parliament of Scotland, restraining export of coal.

1590. Dean of York took out a patent to purify pit-coal.

• A TrealMe on the Coalmines of Durham and Northumberland, by Mr.
J. H. H. Holmes, 1816, page 199.

t Ibid,, page 188.

284

PRESIDENTIAIi ADDBESS.

1606. Act of the Parliament of Scotland that no one should employ any
person without testimonial showing cause of remoyal from last master.
1710. Explosion at Bensham colliery and 75 lives lost.

The first steam-engine, north of the Tyne, erected at Byker

1714.
colliery.
1732.
1736.
1760.
1769.

Fire-lamps or furnaces 'first used at Fatfield colliery, Durham.
Act punishing with death all who set fire to pits.
Carlisle Spedding invented the steel-mill.

Malicious Injuries Act, punishing, with transportation, wilful in-
jury to colliery-property.

1784. Act passed that, in case of any number of persons above five,
buying and re-selling coals, they shall be deemed guilty of unlawful com-
bination to advance the price of coals and be liable to be punished by indict-
ment.

1790. John Curr invented underground tramways of cast-iron.
1795. Up to this period, pillars in the deep pite had been given up as
lost: the robbing of them was now introduced by Mr. Thomas Barnes, and
a quarter of what remained was taken away.

1795. Introduction of cast-iron tubbing in rings at Walker colliery on
the Tyne.

1796. Mr. John Buddie put in tubbing at Percy Main colliery, in
segments bolted together.

1800. An Act for the security of collieries and mines.

1805. Segments of tubbing were put in, without bolts, at Howden pit;
and this method usually adopted in this country ever since.

1807-1810. First mention of mechanical ventilation in the form of an
air-pump, at Hcbburn colliery.

1811. John Blenkinsopp, of Middleton colliery,, Leeds, took out a
patent for a locomotive engine.

1813. William Hedley of Wylam colliery on l^ne, took out a patent
for a locomotive engine which would draw a load by the friction of the
wheels upon the rails.

1814. George Stephenson built a locomotive engine at Killingworth

DISCUSSION — PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 28^)

1850. Act providing for the appointment of inspectors of minerf.

1851. lioyal School of Mines inaugurated.

1855. Act to amend the law relating to the inspection of coaI-mine6.

1860. Act for the regulation and inspection of mines.

1862. Hartley colliery disaster and Act prohibiting single shafts.

1866. Oaks colliery-explosion, where 334 lives were lost.

1872. Act to consolidate and amend the Coal-mines Acts.

1880. Employers' Liability Act.

1887. Act to consolidate with amendments the Coal-mines Acts, 1872 and
1886.

1894. Coal-mines (Check-weigher) Act.

1896. Act to amend the Coal-mines Beg^ation Act, 1887.

1897. Workmen's Compensation Act.

1900. Workmen's Compensation Act, Amendment.

1900. Prohibition of Child Labour Underground Act.

1903. Act to amend the Coal-mines Regulation Act, 1887 (Granting of
Certificates).

1905. Act to amend the Coal-mines Regulation Act, 1887 (Weighing of
Minerals).

Mr. J. Nevin, in proposing a vote of thanks to the President,
said that he knew from experience the difficulty which there was
in finding anything new to say to the members, but Mr. Wilson
had surmounted that difficulty with great success.

Mr. H. B. Nash, in seconding the vote of thanks, said that
the members had all listened to the address with a great deal
of interest and pleasure. It took one back to the days when
mining was very different from what it was at the present time,
but he thought that they were now only following out the sound
principles that were then laid down. As to the future, the
President followed almost on the same lines in his address as
he (Mr. Nash) had followed when he was president, in expressing
the opinion that in a few years, except for winding purposes,
nothing but gas and electricity would be used for driving the
various engines and machinery about a colliery.

The annual dinner was held subsequently.

VOL. XXXII.-1906.1907.

286

TEANSACTIOXS.

THE MIXING IXSTITTJTE OF SCOTLAND.

GENERAL MEETING,
Held in the Hall of the Institute, Hamilton, December 13th, 1906.

Dr. ROBERT THOMAS MOORE, President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the last General Meetinj^ were read and
confirmed.

The following gentlemen, who had been duly nominated,
were elected : —

Member —
Mr. James Sommerville, Gatehouse, Climpy.

Associate Member—
Mr. Archibald Jarvie Laird, Kelvinbank, Smith Street, Glasgow, W.

Students —
Mr. Reginald Butcher, 35, Stirling Road, Trinity, Edinburgh.
Mr. George Brown Crookston, Myrtle Park House, Crosshill, Glasgow.
Mr. RoHiNTAN N. MiRZA, 69, Stanmore Road, Mount Florida, Glasgow.

EFFECTS OF ACCELERATION ON WINDING-TORQUES. 287

EFFECTS OF ACCELERATION ON WINDING-TORQUES^
AND TEST OF TARBRAX ELECTRICAL WINDING-
PLANT.

By GEORGE NESS.

The valuable contribution to the Transactions, given by
Mr. James Caldwell in his paper upon the electrical installation
at the works of the Tarbrax Oil Company, Limited, at Tarbrax
and Cobbinshaw,* has induced the writer to offer some remarks
upon the effects of accelemtion upon winding-torques, and also-
to place before the members the results of some tests carried out
upon the Tarbrax winder.

The peak-load depends upon the acceleration chosen; and^
upon the question of the best acceleration-period, members caiL
refer with advantage to the able contribution of Mr. M. Georgia
and the discussion thereon.t

The force required to produce any given acceleration, being-
designated F, the acceleration by a, the mass moved by M, and
its weight by W, and the acceleration produced by gravitation^
g, then : —

F_ _ l^ia _ a
W ~ % ~ ^'

and F = ^" (1>

Let u be the velocity at the beginning of any second of time ;
V, the velocity at the end of that time ; and S, the space passed
through in the time under consideration; then: —

v' = w2 + 2aS; r2 - u' = 2aS; and "^-^ = aS.

W
Multiplying both sides by the mass, — , then : —

* "Electric Power-station, Winding-Kear and Pumping-plant of the Tarbrax
Oil Company, Limited," by Mr. James Caldwell, Tram, Imt, M. E., 1906, vol.
xxxi., page 221.

+ ** Notes and Considerations on Systems having Work of an Intermittent
and Irregular Character to Perform : Methods of Load. compensation," by Mr.
Maurice Georgi, Trans. Inst, M, E., 1904, vol. xxviii., page 89.

288 EFFECTS OF ACCELERATIOX ON WINDIXG-TORQUES.

And from equation (1), it follows that: —

^^■%^"*> = FS (2)

FS represents the pull, F in pounds (to produce the given
acceleration throughout the seconds of time in question), multi-
plied by the space S passed through in feet, giving an accelera-
tion-torque, FSy in foot-pounds. To obtain the total energy in
foot-pounds developed in this time, the static torque, w (weight
in pounds to be lifted) multiplied by S, the space passed through,
has to be added. And therefore : —

-550- = ^■^-
Allowing 80 per cent, for tJie efficiency of conversion, then : —

^ — W) TSl — ~ H-P. to be developed by the

winding-engine.

The left side of the equation (2) is the more suitable for use in
connection with electrical winding, and gives the energy exerted
in producing acceleration during any second of time in terms of
the initial and final velocities.

Let W be the weight in pounds of the masses to be acceler-
ated ; w, the weight in pounds or unbalanced load to be raised ;
tij the initial velocity in feet per second ; v, the terminal velocity
in feet per second ; a, the acceleration in feet per second ; and
g, 32*2. The total torque, T, is equal to the sum of the accelera-
tion-torque and the static torque, that is: —

EFFECTS OF ACCELERATION' OX WIXDIXG-TORQrES.

2S9

I. From Table I. will he seen the great increase of energy-
required to produce rapid acceleration, the peak-load being
reached at the end of the acceleration-period. From this instant,
only the static toiTjue requires to be dealt with; and this is
constant until the beginning of the retarda'tion-period, neglecting
the difference in pull due to unbalanced ropes.

Table I.

-Reijitivk Energy required during the Last Second of the
accelkhation-pkriod.

Accfleration-
l»eri<xl.

Acceleration
per Set-oml.

('0

Velocity at
lk>giiining of
I^st Seooncl.

(«)

Feet.
2400

Velocity at Eml ,
of fjMJt Set-on*!.

'r 1

Feet.

625 -

- ir

R<4ative

Enenty to

pnwluce

Acceleration.

SecontU.
25

Feel.
100

57600

49-00

1-25

23-75

625 -

564-06

60-94

1-62

23-38

6-25 -

546-62

78-38

2-50

22-50

625 -

506-25

118-75

5-00

20-CO

6-25 -

40000

225 -CO

25 00

0-CO

625 -

0-00

625-00

There is no class of work which presents more obstacles to
electrical application than that of winding from mines. The
erratic nature of the load, the variations in speed, and the fre-
quency of starting, stopping and reversal, combined with the
necessity for absolute control, constitute a grouping of con-
ditions, which, in the earlier days of electrical science, would
have been declared insurmountable. Apart altogether from
the difficulfies of winding, the (luestion of the power-factor is
one that has to be considered very carefully from the point of
view of efficiency.

In the case of the Tarbrax plant, when it is worked to its
maximum, there will be a torcjue varying from zero to about
280 horsepower thrown on and of^' every half minute or so. It
is only by some such steadying or balancing system, as has been
introduced, that a steady voltag(» could be maintained in the
main circuit from which both power and lighting are taken.
The writer does not intend to enter into any description of the
plant, that having already been fully dealt with by Mr. Caldwell.

In the beginning of Tuly, 19()(), at the request of the Tarbrax
Oil Company, Limited, Mr. E. 1). Munro carried out a series
of tests with a view to ascertaining the efficiency of the plant
under working conditions, and the writer, being associated with

290 EFFECTS OF ACCELERATION OX WIXDING-TORQUES.

him in this work, was enabled to make close observations as to
the working of the plant. Representatives were also present on
behalf of the Tarbrax Oil Company, Limited, and of the con-
tractors who laid down the plant.

Previous to the teM, all the instruments to be used were
carefully calibrated.

On the three-phase line at the switchboard, an integrating
wattmeter of the Ferranti type, No. 95,743, was inserted, and
connected up to the neutral point. By this means, the total
units delivered to the winding-system during the test were
measured. A Thomson direct-reading wattmeter was also
inserted into one of the phases. By means of these instruments,
the whole power absorbed by the main flywheel motor-dynamo,
including the power for excitation, was measured over the time
occupied by the test. Instantaneous readings were occasionally
taken from the Thomson wattmeter, shewing the power that was
being absorbed at any particular period, thus enabling the power-
factor to be arrived at, by comparison with the readings on the
volt-meter and ampere-meter at the same moment. In the circuit
between the flywheel dynamo and the winding-motor, con-
tinuous recording ampere-meters and volt-meters of the Nalder-
Thomson type with centre zero position were inserted, and a
complete register of the current-direction and potential during
the different winds was obtained.

The test was started at 10*40 a.m., and continued until 1 p.m..

EFFECTS OF ACCELERATION ON WINDING-TORQUES. 291

During each wind about 12i cwts. of shale were raised, the
winding-plant being operated at about half the normal output
for which it was designed. Table II. records the readings of
the Ferranti integrating wattmeter. These results shew that
throughout the test the average power-consumption was 0*541
unit per wind ; and, allowing 12^ cwts. for each wind, this
shews a power-consumption of 0'866 unit per ton of shale raised
during the test.

The diagrams obtained from the recording instruments in the
continuoiis-current circuit between the flywheel-dynamo and the
winding-motor, are more or less similar in character. For the
purpose of calculation, No. 61 diagrams of the volt and ampere
records have been selected (Fig. 2, Plate XIII.). From these, a
combined diagram (Fig. 3) was prepared, which shewed the total
power given out during the wind to be 1,140,412*5 watts, whilst
from the winding-motor when acting as a dynamo, 203,000 watts
were returned to the flywheel-motor, giving a total consumption
of 937,412*5 watts, and this is equal to 0*2003 unit per wind,
representing an efficiency of 48J per cent.

The winding-motor torque attained the maximum in 5i
seconds after the start of the wind, when the output was 104
kilowatts or 140 horsepower. At the end of 15 seconds, no
further power is taken from the flywheel-motor ; reversal of the
current-direction occurs at the end of 15 J seconds; and, at the
twentieth second, there is a maximum of 64*6 kilowatts or 86*6
horsepower being returned by the winding-motor to the source
of supply. At the end of the twenty-fourth second, the current
rises in a positive direction, and at the end of the twenty-sixth
second, it has reached a maximum of 85 amperes, gradually
dying away until at the end of 42 seconds it has reached a zero
value. The voltage, however, has become zero at the end of the
twenty-fifth second, so that there is no loss of power (Fig. 2, Plate
XIII.). This rise of the ampere-curve is probably due to residual
magnetism, and it is merely referred to, as previous to making
an analysis of the ampere-diagram, it gave the impression that
a loss of power was occurring.

The power taken to run the flywheel motor-generator from
the three-phase mains varied from 15 to 45 kilowatts. This
shews greater unsteadiness than was anticipated, but it is ex-
plained by the automatic slip-resistance having been designed

292 EFFECTS OF ACCELERATION OX WIXDIXG-TOEQUES.

for the absorption of a greater maximum power, in the raising
of two hutches from the mine, instead of one as at present.
Owing to the load being small, the power-factor is also adversely
affected, varying from 007 to 0*84, and having an average of
about 0"7. The low power-factor necessarily lowers the efficiency
of the plant, but with a power-factor of 09, the efficiency would
be relatively high.

With reference to the working of the winder, it ran smoothly,
and so quietly that it was practically impossible to tell whether
the winding drum and motor were at rest or in motion, unless
the eye was turned upon them. The manipulation is simple and
easy. The men in charge show complete confidence, and there
is no hint of nervousness in the handling of the machine, which
is under the most perfect control.

The flywheel motor-generator produced no undue vibration
at anj^ alteration of velocity, and the bearings were cool. The
whole electrical plant was satisfactory, and the commutation was
sparkless during the whole course of the trial.

Table III.- Estimated Cost of an Electrical Wixding-plant.

Generators (including stand-by set), switchboard, buildings, boilers,

brickwork, chimney and cabling £8,500

One-third of this amount is charged against the winding-plant ... £2,833
Winding-plant, foundations, and buildings 2,800

Total capital charges .. . £5,633

DISCUSSION A DIAMOND HAXD-BORING MACHINE. 298

exact consumption in Board-of -Trade units to wind a ton of
material at a certain speed, with an efficiency which must im-
prove as the output is increased to a nearer approximation of
the rated tonnage per shift.

In regard to the commercial aspect, there are no figures
available, but Table III. contains an estimate of the cost of an
installation of similar power which will serve as a guide, and
can be used as a basis for the consideration of each individual
case.

This estimate includes the cost of '5,000 feet of cabling,
all the necessary spare parts, and also a stand-by set. This
last item, for ordinary purposes, might be considered unnecessary
when spare parts are kept, as the best makers will undertake to
deliver duplicate parts within 24 hours. If the standing charges
of a stand-by set are dediu-tcd from the above estimate, with a
conesponding reduction of the capital-charges of the power-
station and switchboard, a deduction of £1,000 might be made
in the proportionate and therefore total charges against the
winding-plant, giving a saving of £100 per annum in deprecia-
tion and interest, or 0'07d. per ton, thus reducing the total cost
to 0-698d. per ton of shale wound from a depth of 420 feet, with
a total output of 640 tons per shift of 8 hours. The efficiency,
however, at the rated output must necessarily be somewhat higher
than the assumed, which is base<l on the records obtained during
the test, but this will only lower the fuel-cost per ton, the
standing charges remaining constant.

DLSCUSvSION OF MR. JOHX H. THOMSON'S PAPER ON
"A DIAMOND HAND.J30RING MACHINE."*

Mr. William Smith (Dalmellington) wrote that he had had
the hand diamond-boring apparatus at work for over twelve
months, and it had given excellent results. The deep hole,
mentioned by Mr. Andrew Kyle, was put down by hand-labour
to a depth of G39 feet. At that depth, the diamond machine
was applied with the result that three times the depth per week
was cut, and it cost os. less per foot than boring by hand.

• Trarvi. Inst. M, E., 1906, voL xxxii., page 107.

294 DISCUSSION — A DIAMOND HAND-BORING MACHINE.

Mr. Andeew Kyle (Galston) said that, in regard to the
point raised by Mr. T. L. Galloway at the last meeting as to the
relative cost of diamond-boring by the hand as compared with
steam, the advantage wajs in favour of diamond-boring by hand
by about £30, when taken to a depth of 500 feet. TMien a
greater depth than that was wanted, it was desirable to provide
against the occurrence of soft strata; and, under such circum-
stances, the use of a steam-driven machine was preferable. In
shales, the chisel-drill was as cheap and as quick, but scarcely
as reliable as the diamond-drill; in hard rocks, the diamond-
drill was cheaper ; and in extraordinarily hard rocks the propor-
tion of advantage was greater, as shown by Mr. Smith's remarks.

Mr. J. Balfovk Sneddon (Mid Calder) said that, so far as his
experience went, he endorsed Mr. Kyle's remarks. Indeed, he
was inclined to think, if Mr. Kyle continued in the progress
that he was making, that he would soon be able to put tie
chisel-drill in an antiquarian museum. It would be used simply
to dig holes, allowing the diamond-drill to proceed downward
from that point.

Mr. TnoMAS Thomson said that a bore-hole had been made
by a hand diamond-machine since the last meeting. It was
started on October 29th, and on December 12th it had reached
a depth of 510 feet. Supposing that the cost was more by the
diamond-drill than by the chisel-drill, the dift'erence was fully
recouped by the amount of time saved.

TESTS OF A MINE-FAN.

295

TESl^ OF A MINE-FAN.

By JOHN B. THOMSON.

The following tests were made on a Capell fan for the pur-
pose of ascertaining whether the combined mechanical efficiency
of the fan and of the engine attained 60 per cent. The writer
who had been asked to read a paper, having these tests beside
him, thought that it would afford a good opportunity of eluci-
dating what seemed to be a mystery or inaccuracy, which will
be referred to, after the figures are placed before the members.

The Capell fan is 8^ feet in diameter and 3i feet broad,
getting air at one side and exhausting out of the mine. The
diameter of the ear is 5 feet 9 inches, equal to an area of 26

square feet. The fan is driven by a
steam-engine with a single cylinder,
9 inches in diameter and 16 inches
stroke, having a piston-rod at one
end, 1| inches in diameter. The
fan is belt-driven, the ratio of the
pulleys being 2^ to 1. One of the
pulleys, however, was altered be-
tween the first and second tests,
making the ratio 5 to 3. The
rectangular upcast - shaft, 7 feet
long and 5 feet wide, is used exclus-
ively as an air-shaft. The ear of
the fan is 18 feet from the edge of
the upcast-pit, and the fan-drift is built of brick, with a cement-
concrete roof and floor.

All the tests were made when the pit was entirely clear of
workmen.

Fig. 1.— Fan -drift.
ScAij!;, 4 Feet to 1 Inch.

I. The first test was made on September 23rd, 1905. When
the engine was running at 90 revolutions and the fan at 225

296

TESTS OF A MINE-FAN.

revolutions per minute, four indicator-diagrams were taken from
each end of the cylinder, shewing a mean pressure of 54*895-
pounds per square inch and 2498 horsepower.

The air was measured in the fan-drift, about midway between
the upcast-shaft and the fan. The drift was divided into nine
spaces (Fig. 1), and shelves were placed in the centres of the
spaces to support the three anemometers, which were used, after
being calibrated at Kew. The anemometers were allowed to run
for 5 minutes in each space, so as to get a fair average. The
results of these tests are recorded in Table I. It will be noticed
that the quantities of air in Xos. 1 to 6 spaces were positive, and
that they were negative in Nos. 7, 8 and 9 spaces. The average
speed of the engine, when the air was being tested, was 92
revolutions and of the fan 2'iO revolutions per minute, so that the
power in the air at 90 revolutions per minute should be (22'42 x
90-^92 or) 21*9^^ horsepower. The mechanical efficiency was
(21-93 X 100 -f 24-98 or) 87*8 per cent. When these figures were
worked out the result seemed to be absurd, and it was decided ta
make another test.

II. The second test was made on October 14th, 1905, and, as
already mentioned, the ratio of the pulleys had been altered
since the first test. In this case, the speed of the steam-engine

Table I.— Results of Experiments upon a Capell Fan.

TESTS OF A MINE-FAN.

297

The air was measured in the fan-drift as in the first test.
The top shelf having* been broken, a new one, a little thicker,
was substituted, and made a slight difference in the area of the
spaces. Table II. shews the results of this air-test, and it will
be again noticed that the readings are positive in the first six
spaces and negative in the last three spaces. The horsepower
in the air being 18'38, and that of the engine, 21-27, the
mechanical efficiency was 8G'4 per cent.

Table II.— Results of Experiments upon a Capetx Fan.

v^ ^# A^«/^ Velocity '
Sti.^ H^'^ of Air per Quantity of Air per MiimU*. |
oymx. opme. Minute.

WaU^r-

«auKe.

Horsepower in
the Air.

Square
Feet.

1 3-930

2 4-500

3 1 3-930

4 3-725
1 5 3-725

6 3-725

Feet.

3,981
3,565
3,225
2,531
1,541
J, 653

Cubic Feet.
15,645

16,042

12,674

9,428

5,740

6,157

Cubic Feet. '

65,686
- 7,673

Inches.

1-93
2-Jl
2-09
1-90
1-86
1-86

Hon»e-
iwwer.

4-76
5-33
4-17
2-82
1-68
1-80

-0-54
-1-07
-0-57

Horsepower.

20-56
- 2-18

7 ' 3-725 - 506

1 8 i 3-725 ,-1,009

9 3-725 !- 545

1 1

- 1,885

- 3,758

- 2,030

1-80
1-81
1-78

Totals; 34-710

—

58,013

1-90

—

"18-38

III. The results of the two tests, being* .so near one another,
pointed to some other reason for the high efficiencies shewn than
inaccurate testing ; and, seeing that there was such an eddy in
the fan-drift, it was derided to make another test and measure
the air at the bottom of the upcast-shaft. A rather unusual cir-
cumstance at the colliery allowed this to be done with very
little trouble. The upcast-shaft is sunk to the Ell coal-seam a
depth of 324 feet. This seam is not being worked at present,
and a short drift, 120 feet long, leads from the bott>om of the up-
cast-shaft to the top of a blind pit, sunk to the lower seams now
being worked and ventilated, so that all the air that goes to the
fan passes through this drift on its way to the upcast-shaft.

The third test was made on November 11th, 1905. The steam-
engine was running at a speed of 120 revolutions and the fan
at 200 revolutions per minute. The mean indicated pressure
taken from 12 dia^^rams was 33*89 pounds per square inch, and the
en^ne produced 20*56 horsepower. The quantity of air passing

298

TESTS OF A MIXE-FAX.

through the drift in the Ell coal-seam was 43,035 cubic feet
per minute; and the observations recorded in Table III.,
were taken, in order to calculate what the volume should be in the

Table III.— Observations in the Ell Coal-seam.

29 08 inches.
29-44 „
62^ Fahr.
62° „
2*03 inches.

Barometer, at surface

Do. , at Ell coal-seam, downcast side
Thermometer, at surface, in atmosphere

Do. , in fan-drift

Water-gauge, in fan-drift

Do. , in Ell coal-seam

116

fan-drift. The difference of (203-116 inches or) 087 inch
in the readings of the water-gauges is equal to 006 inch of
mercury; and, consequently, the actual barometric pressure in
the Ell coal-seam would be equal to (2944 + 006 or) 29-50 inches
of mercury. The volume of air, calculated at the pressure
in the fan-drift, would consequently be (43,035 x 29*50 -^2908 or)
43,656 cubic feet per minute. The water-gauge due to the
differences of temperature, calculated on the depth of the Main
coal-seam, 393 feet, was 0*11 inch; and the actual water-gauge
due to the fan was (203 — 011 or) 1*92 inches. The horsepower
of the ventilation is (43,656 x 192 x 52 -f- 33,000 or) 1320. The
mechanical efficiency was (13'20 x 100 -^ 20*56 or) 64*2 per cent.

This result seems to be a nearer approach to the real efficiency
than that obtained in the two former tests, and the question arises
as to why the anemometers should register a greater velocity in
the fan-drift than is due to the quantity of air actually

TESTS OF A MINE-FAX. 299

have been measured in the fan-drift had it been made during
the third test, would have been (40,964 : 43,035 : : 56,033 : ) 58,865
cubic feet per minute; the horsepower of the ventilation would
have been (58,865 x 1'92 x 52 ^33,000 or) 178; and the mechan-
ical efficiency would have been (17*8 x 100 -=- 20*56 or) 86*5 per
cent.

From the results of these tests, it seems to be incorrect, when
testing a fan for its mechanical efficiency, to measure the
quantity of air in the fan-drift, as the velocity of the air, taken
so near the fan, is influenced by it in the same way as air rushing
through a regulator, when a factor has to be introduced to allow
for v€n<i contra eta.

Mr. L. H. HoDGsox read the following paper on ** The Wolf
Safety-lamp '■ : —

800

THE WOLF SAFETY-LAMP.

By L. H. HODGSON.

On July 3rd, 1835, Mr. John Buddie, in giving evidence
before a Select Committee on Accidents in Mines, stated, in
regurd to the coal-mines in the Lothians and Fifeshire, that very
little fire-damp was met with in them, *' so trifling that it is not
worth while naming them. . . . You have to search for gas
as a curiosity in them."* How often it happens, where fire-damp
is only to be found so very rarely, that accidents occur. Seeing
no danger for so long, one is apt to become careless in the
examination of workings, and when gas is detected it comes
as a surprise, and disaster often follows. It has been authorita-
tively stated that a mine known to give off gas is safer than
one wheie the danger arises only at very wide intervals, as it
tends to keep the officials on the alert. And, when detected, how
necessaiy it is to know in what pi-oportion in relation to the
air the danger exists : remembering that should there be 9i per
cent, of fire-damp, the mixture is at its highest explosive point.

Xow, when one has a real safety-lamp, such as the Wolf, this
danger can be ascertained when only J per cent, of fire-damp is
L^ut, Tills percent afft' has been established by the Pieler

THE WOLF SAFETY-LAMP. 801

pressed cold, and when finished it is doubly tinned (thus pre-
venting corrosion), previous to which the top cover containing
the wick, igniter and filling apparatus is fixed, and the vessel
filled with specially prepared cotton-wool (§ ounce, which has a
maximum absorption of 30 drachms). The wick is brought to
the bottom of the vessel, and is so regulated by the wick-adjuster
that it is impossible to obtain a smoky flame — thus lengthening
the life of the gauzes, and assuring a clear light throughout the
shift. It is necessary, before this can be attained, to bum a
lamp, when first it is used, for a few minutes, and then the lamp-
attendant will determine how much wick should be left above the
wick-tube, so as to afford the maximum of light without
smoking.

The friction-igniter consists of a metal box fitted with a
scratcher and a hinged door, to the outside of which is fixed a
thumb-spring for fixing it into position. The pull-bar, to which
a scraper is attached, is placed (after the igniting strip is fitted
into position) so that the scratcher and scraper come together,
causing an igniti(m of the cap on the strip, and thus the wick
is lighted.

To fill the oil-vessel, so that only sufficient benzine is absorbed
by the cotton-wool (allowing of no waste) and that no liquid
be left unabsorbed in the vessel, an automatic filling apparatus
has been introduced ; it is fitted with one or more taps, as may
be found necessary. A glass i-eseivoir is placed above the tap,
with a capacity of 2 ounces (slightly more than the maximum
absorption of the cotton-wool), and at the top a brass tube is
inserted, extending on the outside to near the top of the tank, it
is then bent and brought downward to the mouth of the tap.
As soon as the cotton-wool has absorbed sufficient benzine, air
rushes up the tube and prevents any further flow; and, conse-
quently, should an oil-vessel, containing, say, 9 drachms, be
put under the tap, only 21 drachms more will be added
before the charging, is automatically stopped. The top of the
tank is provided with a safety-valve and inner cylinder, covered
with wire-gauze (784 meshes per square inch) which allows any
•excess of air and vapour to escape. The larger apparatus, fitted
with two or more taps, is placed on a cast-iron stand, and is addi-
tionally provided with a glass-guage, a wing-pump, and circular
stands, carrying the oil-vessels, and these are, by a lever and

VOL. XXXII -.1«W-1»07. 21

802

THE WOLF SAFETY-LAMP.

counterbalance weight, brought up to the required height for
filling. The wing-pump is attached by a pipe i inch in
diameter to the storage-vessel placed adjacent to the lamp-room,
so that the attendant never needs to handle the liquid. The
capacity of the tanks varies from 9 to 19 gallons.

To ensure' the safe locking of the lamp, the oil-vessel is
provided with two threads, with a maximum thickness of J inch,
in which three apertures are cut; into these the anchor-head of
the magnetic lock successively falls, when the parts of the lamp
are fitted together, three distinct clicks being heard.

The standard brass-ring contains the magnetic lock, which is
dust-proof. The air-inlet ring is fitted with double wire-gauze,
and, for fixing the same firmly against the glass cylinder, it is
provided with two small projections, which are forced by a
circular key through small slots in the standard ring, upon
which they ride and are turned back to the check placed upon
this ring. Perpetual washers are used for all joints, and they
have been found to be more durable than asbestos.

Inside the top ring supporting the bonnet, a series of strong
steel springs are fixed : they hold the glass firmly in position, and
are of such a tension that they take up the little expansion of
the glass that takes place whilst the lamp is in use. The bonnet
is made of seamless, steel, pressed cold, and is treated in a similar
manner to the oil-vessel. Both the inner and outer gauzes are
fitted with fixed copper rings, which ensui^s that their norma?
shape will be maintained while being cleaned. The inner gauze

THE WOLF SAFETY-LAMP. 30$

mines, for the usual velocity in a main intake is, say, 12 to l^
feet per second, and round the face, say, 5 to 8 feet per second.
Of course, one may -get a velocity of 90 feet per second, when
cages are running in an upcast shaft; but no safety-lamp yet
manufactured can withstand such a velocity, excepting an
electric lamp. As before stated, the Wolf safety-lamp is.
capable of detecting as low as J per cent, of fire-damp, a matter
of much importance. The Wolf lamp is fitted with a flat wick
I inch wide, and gives a light equal \o 1*43 candlepower;
and, fitted with a round wick, it produces a light of 102 candle-
power. This latter is, however, much higher than the candle-
power of most other types of safety-lamps. The time of burning
of this lamp is 16 hours when fitted with a flat wick, and 20
hours when fitted with a round one.

Remembering that a lamp fitted with a flat wick, f
inch wide, when fully charged with 30 drachms, bums
16 hours, therefore, while burning 9 hours it will consume
16'88 drachms or 84*40 drachms during five days; and at
7d. per gallon, the co«t will be 0*46d. per lamp for a week
of five shifts. With a round wick, this cost is reduced to 0*37d.
per lamp for five shifts. The oil- vessel will only require
to be loaded with the maximum charge, 2 81 times during the
five shifts for a wick f inch wide, and 2*25 times for a round
wick. The life of the cotton-wool is considerable, it having been
known to last 14 years; but, should inferior benzine be used,
the wool becomes choked with impurities, and its life is materially
curtailed. When it is necessary to replace the wool, this is
readily effected by withdrawing it through the filling aperture.

Numerous severe tests have been made as to the safety and
efficiency of the Wolf lamp by wellknown and recognized author-
ities : for instance, the Eoyal Saxon Mining Commission,
strongly recommended the use of this lamp in all collieries.* The
Prussian Fire-damp Commission tested the Wolf lamp many
times with every success. t Other mining commissions have
similarly expressed their approval, and Mr. G. Chesneau, the
inventor of the Chesneau gas-iesting safety-lamp, has reported

* **Unter8Uchuneen iiber Sicherheitslampen," by Messrs. G. Kreischer and
CI. Winkler, Jahrhuch fUr (ia-H Berg- unci Hiittenwesen im Koniffreiche Stichsen,
1884, part i., page 62 ; and Tram, N.E. Inst,, 1885, vol. xxxv., page 13.

t Trails. Imt, M. E., 1893, vol. v., page 601.

S04

DISCUSSION ^THE WOLF SAFETY-LAMP.

to the French Fire-damp Commission as to the advantages of
the Wolf safety-lamp.*

Owing to the Wolf lamp being fitted with an internal fric-
tion-igniter, it has been the means of saving hundreds of lives in
mines. The Courrieres disaster on March 10th, 1906, would not
liave been so appalling if those who survived the explosion had
been able to relight their lamps. In that disaster, 13 workmen,
led and encouraged by a miner called Nemy, were not rescued
until 21 days had elapsed, and a large percentage of the 1,100
killed had succumbed, as proved by post-mortem examination,
several days after the explosion. The colliery is now equipped
with 4,000 Wolf safety-lamps.

The President (Dr. B. T. Moore) said that the idea of the
igniter appeared to be a good one, and he did not think that the
Coal-mines Regulation Act would prohibit its use. The object
of the regulation was obviously to prevent men from having a
naked light in a fiery mine; but, so long as the igniter was
placed inside the lamp, there seemed to be no contravention of
the law. He understood that the Wolf safety-lamp was largely
used on the Continent with satisfactory results. Recently, there
seemed to be a feeling amongst inventors of safety-lamps that it
was desirable to get a fireman's lamp which would detect 0*16
per cent, of fire-damp. He rather thought that this was a
misapprehension, and it ought to be carrected.

ACETYLENE SAFETY-LAMPS. 805

ACETYLENE SAFETY-LAMPS.

By L. H. HODGSON.

As long ago as 1836, Prof. E. Davy, of the Royal Society,
Dublin, accidentally discovered acetylene gas, by making a
carbide with potassium and noting that it decomposed in water,
and that the resulting gas burned with a brilliant flame. But
it was not until 50 years after, namely, in 1892, that calcium
carbide (CaCg) was produced at a commercially cheap rate by
Prof. H. Moissan, who, by chance, whilst conducting experiments
with an electric furnace, noticed that the walls of the furnace,
consisting of lime, fused into a liquid state at 3,000^ Cent., and
that a combination, between it and the carbon of the electrodes,
produced calcium carbide. Oddly enough, during the same year,
Mr. T. L. Willson, by accident also, whilst experimenting upon
the reduction of metallic substances in a similar furnace, found,
having had lime with tar and other forms of carbon in the
furnace, " a hard crystalline mass " which gave rise to a violent
evolution of gas when brought into contact with water, the gas
being inflammable and burning with a smoky flame. This
discovery by Mr. Willson resulted in the manufacture of calcium
carbide on a large scale at Spray, in North Carolina.

The materials used for the manufacture of calcium carbide
are quicklime and coke. Care must be taken in selecting a
lime free from such impurities as phosphorus, sulphur,
magnesium, aluminium and silicon, and the burning is done in
gas-kilns so as to prevent the fuel from affecting the resulting
lime. Mountain Limestone is generally used, as it sometimes
contains 99 per cent, of pure material. The carbon used is
usually coke; but it is possible to use anthracite or charcoal:
the former, if pure, answers well ; but the latter often contains a
quantity of phosphorus, and is not easy to use.

A good quality of foundry or furnace-coke, specially pre-
pared, is suitable for making carbide. It is manufactured from
a moderately bituminous coal, burnt in a specially prepared

506 ACETYLENE SAFETY-LAMPS.

oven, the coal being crushed fine, screened and washed. The
proportions are 100 parts of lime to 68 or 70 of coke, and both
ingredients are ground to a fine powder.

After numerous experiments, extending over several years,
a safe and efficient acetylene safety-lamp has been introduced.
It will only be necessary to point out the slight differences of
construction as regards the treatment of the calcium carbide in
the benzine safety-lamp. The oil-vessel becomes the receptacle
for the calcium carbide, and is filled two-thirds full, thus allowing
one-third for the expansion of the carbide when saturated with
ivater. The upper vessel or the water-container is fitted with.
n filling aperture, an internal friction-igniter operated from the
outside, and a water-and-gas shut-off, which comes into 'action
separately, that is, when the outside lever is turned 45 degrees
from left to right, the water is shut oft' and no further genera-
tion of gas takes place, but the lamp continues to bum and the
residue is consumed in a few minutes; but should the lamp
need to be instantly extinguished, the lever is turned the
full 90 degrees, or as far as the lever will go. The gas thus
enclosed gradually escapes through the by-pass. A safety-
valve or by-pass is placed adjacent to the burner. Should the
Jamp be required immediately after it is extinguished, it is
advisable to allow, say, five seconds to elapse before bringing the
internal friction-igniter into operation, as the pent-up gas issues
with i-xtra volocity, pi-oduring, when lighted, a slight puff, which

DlSCrSSIOX — ACETYLEXE SAFETY-LAMPS. 807

to the size of the lamp. The carbide-chamber, for 6 hours'
burning, when three-quarters full, contains 4 ounces. Carbide
may be purchased in quantities at 3d. per pound, and conse-
quently the cost will be 0*125d. per hour, per 10 candlepower, or
3*75d. for 5 shifts of G hours.

The large acetylene safety-lamp, of 60 candlepower, is fitted
with a water shut-off, which considerably assists in the economical
burning of the lamp, as hitherto, it has been necessary to regulate
the charge of calcium carbide to the time that the lamp is
required to bum. The carbide-chamber, for 20 hours' burning,
is filled with 3J pounds. The cost of burning is slightly less than
id. per hour, or 0008d. per candlepower per hour. The working
of this lamp is in every way similar to that of the small safety-
lamp, except that it is fitted with four water-droppers, which
must be seen to be dropping freely, before it is fixed to the
carbide-container.

The President (Dr. R. T. Moore) remarked that the acetylene
lamp afforded a very brilliant and luminous light. Might not,
however, the heat from the lamp be an objectionable feature in
handling?

Mr. L. H. Hodgson said that this type of lamp was being
used oflicially in mines in Great Britain, but not at present by
the workmen. The acetylene safety-lamp certainly did become
hot when held stationary, but it was easily handled, when used
in the examination of mines. He believed that one lamp would
do for two miners.

The discussion was closed, and a vote of thanks was accorded
to Mr. Hodgson for his interesting papers.

808

TRANSACTIONS.

THE SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE AND WARWICKSHIRE
INSTITl^TE OF MINING ENGINEERS.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,
Held at the University, Birminoham, October 22nd, 1906.

Mr. F. A. GRAYSTON, President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the last General Meeting and of Council
Meetings were read and confirmed.

The following gentlemen were elected : —

Honorary Member—
Mr. Hugh Johnstone, H.M. Inspector of Mines, StaflFord.

Member—
Mr. Robekt William Perry, Ipok, Perak, Straits Settlements.

Students—
Mr. AsoK BoSE, The University, Birmingham.
Mr. Ira Cyril Frank Statham, Clayhanger, Brownhills.

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1 8

810 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

The Annual Eeport of the Council and the Treasurer's
Accounts were read as follows : —

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1905-1906.

The Council report that during" the past year there has been
an improvement in regard to membership, there being a net
increase of 6, bringing the total to 180, as against 174 last
year.

They regret to record the death of Mr. William Nowell,
a wellknown member in Warwickshire.

The receipts for the year are rather less than usual; the
•expenditure being about the same, there is a small deficit of
£3 Os. lid. ; and the bank-balance now stands at £201 13s. 2d.
The arrears of subscriptions are large, amounting to £168.

The Committee appointed to investigate the method of work-
ing the Thick coal-seam of South Staffordshire and Warwick-
shire has held several meetings during the year, and a list of
questions was sent to all members and others who were in a
position to give information regarding the past and present
methods of working the Thick coal-seam. The questions were
also printed in the Transactions, but the Council regret to report
that the Committee has met with very meagre support, and would
urge members who are possessed of valuable and useful informa-
tion to kindly place the same in the hands of the Committee, so
that it may be put on permanent record in the Trcmsactions of

ANNUAL REPOET OF THE COUNCIL. 311

Council resolved, at the meeting of February 5tli, 1906, to make
the experiment of holding the meetings of the Institute altern-
ately with Birmingham, at Dudley, at Walsall, and at
Nuneaton. The first meeting under the new arrangement was
held at Dudley, on April 4th, 1906 ; and, after a conference with
the Walsall members, the meeting for that town has been held
over imtil December.

The Institution of Mining Engineers continues to make
very satisfactory progress. There has been a substantial in-
crease in the membership, and 64 papers have been read before
the local Institutes during the year.

A sub-committee was appointed to consider the administra-
tion of The Institution of Mining Engineers, and their report is
a very favourable one indeed. They were able to get a reduc-
tion of £170 per annum in the cost of the Transactions, and on
all other points the investigation was most satisfactory.

The thanks of the Institute are due and are hereby tendered
to the University of Birmingham, for providing rooms for the use
of the Institute.

The President moved a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. W. Is.
Atkinson, the retiring president, and to the other officers, for
their services during the past year.

The motion was put and carried unanimously.

The President (Mr. F. A. Grayston) delivered the follow-
ing address : —

812

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

By F. a. GRAYSTON.

I must first thank you for having elected me your President
for the ensuing year, an honour which I much appreciate,^
particularly when I bear in mind the number of eminent men
who have filled the presidential chair of this Institute in the
past. It will be my endeavour to promote the best interests of
the Institute during my year of office, and I feel sure that I
shall be supported in my efforts by the whole of the members.

The Secretary has read his report on the result of the work
done during the past year, from which it appears that the
number of members has increased, and that the financial position
of the Institute is satisfactory.

The papers read during the past year have been of an instruc-
tive and interesting character, and our best thanks are due to
those members who have kindly taken the trouble to write
them; and I need hardly say that the Council will be pleased
if they will furnish further papers, although it is not quite
reasonable for the whole of this work to be done by one section

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 318

•owing to the extension of mines beyond the area of the visible
•coal-fields.

In our own immediato neighbourhood, there is ample room
for investigation and study of this science. I need not do more
than refer to the geological knowledge of a prominent and most
useful member of this Institute in his lifetime, the late Mr.
Henry Johnson, as it enabled him to form a reliable opinion as
to whether or not the Staffordshire Thick coal-seam extended
under the red rocks, which bounded the eastern side of the coal-
field, and ultimately led to the establishment of the Sandwell
Park, and afterwards of the Hamstead colliery. Both of these
collieries were sunk through strata then regarded as Permian,
but now known as the Keele series, lying at the top of the
Carboniferous system.

Since that time, extensions have taken place in the same
manner in Warwickshire on the western side of that coal-field,
and I think that it would be of interest to the members if I laid
before them some data which I have on the subject of a possible
further extension of the Coal-measures under the Keele series,
and the Xew Bed Sandstone, which intervene between the eastern
boundary of the South Staffordshire coal-field and the western
boundary of Warwickshire (Plate XIV.).

The distance between the visible portions of the two coal-fields
at the nearest point, situate towards the northern end of each,
namely, Aldridge in Staffordshire, and Wilnecote in Warwick-
shire, is about 10 miles. The farthest distance intervening is
at the southern end of the two coal-fields, namely, from the
neighbourhood of Halesowen, East Worcestershire, to Craven
•colliery, near Coventry, Warwickshire, the distance being
about 22 miles.

The intervening rocks at the surface starting from Aldridge
are Buntcr conglomerates, which extend to Hints in Warwick-
shire, a distance of 6i miles, except a patch of Pennian strata
near Little Aston, and another at Hints. At the last-named
place, a fault dipping eastwards shows the Keuper marls at the
surface, and they continue to Fazeley close to the western side of
the Warwickshire coal-field. A large fault, running near here
in a north-easterly direction having an upthrow to the south-
east, brings the Coal-measures to the surface. It can be traced
in a north-easterly direction for some miles, but southward the

814

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

course of the fault is hidden by the alluvium of the river Tamej^
and it is difficult to say how far it extends in that direction^
The throw of this fault has not yet been proved, but it is probably
of considerable magnitude.

Some of the Seven-feet coal-seam has been worked near Tam^
worth on the upper side of a large fault, correspciiding in position
with this one, and the Coal-measures were found on the down-
throw side of this fault at a depth of some 510 feet from the
surface, so that the throw must be less than that, or the strata
are thrown down by a series of smaller faults.

At the southern end of the Staffordshire coal-field, starting^
from near Halesowen and proceeding eastwards, after passing
over a short distance of the Keele and Bunter series, the Keuper-
is found at the surface and extends to the Keele rocks lying to
the west of the Craven colliery, near Coventry. Situate midway
between these two extremes, there is Sandwell Park colliery in.
Staffordshire, and, nearly due east of the same, ihe Arley colliery
in Warwickshire, the intervening rocks at the surface being
practically the same as those that I have just mentioned.

We thus have on the eastern side of the exposed South
Staffordshire coal-field, from a little south of Aldridge down to
the extreme southern end, the Keele series, and the same on the
western side of Warwickshire from Kingsbury to Craven colliery.
The Tunnel and Newdigate collieries have been sunk through
these roekg, within recant years, on the Warwickshire side, and»

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 815.

positions of these coal-seams are practically summarized in the

Report of the Royal Commission on Coal-supplies, which reads.

as follows : —

In the northern section, the productive Coal-measure series contains many
workable coal-seams, of which the chief are the Deep, Shallow, Cinder, Bass,
and Yard, the Old Park, Four-feet, Five-feet, the Brooch, and some upper
seams. This nomenclature applies to the centre of the Cannock Chase dis-.
tricts, but the names of several of the seams vary within short distances.
When followed from north to south through the coal-field, the South Stafford-
shire productive Coal-measures, as already pointed out, decrease in collective,
thickness. Owing to the g^radual dying out of the intervening sandstones and
shales, some fourteen of the coal-seams of the northern district come together,
to constitute the famous Thick coal of the southern section (or Thick coat
district). The Deep coal and the Shallow coal unite to form the Bottom
coal, and the Bass and the Yard to form the New Mine. In addition to these,
the chief of the coal-seams of the southern district are the Heathen and th^
Brooch coal, the last lying at the top of the productive series. South of an
east-and-weet line, drawn from Birmingham to Stourbridge, the coal-seams of
the South Staffordshire productive series begin rapidly to deteriorate; owing
to the intermixture of clayey and non-carbonaceous matter with the coals.
A line joining the Manor pits, near Halesowen, with the sinking near Wassel
Grove, may be looked upon as marking the practical limit of the profitable
Staffordshire coal-seams in the southern direction.*

Besides the coal-fields in South Staffordshire enumerated in.
the extracts that I have just read, there are numerous beds of
ironstone; but for my present purpose I will refer only to
the Gubbin ironstone immediately below the Thick coal-seam,,
and to the New Mine or White ironstone found a few feet
above the Sulphur coal-seam.

Turning to the Warwickshire coal-field, it may be divided into
the northern or Tamworth division and the southern or Xuneaton
division. There are certain characteristics pertaining to each
division, but the various workable coal-seams extend, speaking
generally, over the whole coal-field. Tlie Seven-feet seam is the
most persistent, and whilst at the Tamwoiih end it varies from
5 to 6 feet in thickness, and in one or two instances even more,^
it gradually thins as it approaches the southern end. This remark
also applies to the coal-seams below the Seven-feet seam, whereas
those above attain a greater thickness as they go southward.
The intermediate strata, consisting of shales, sandstones, and
marls, also diminish in thickness as they approach the southern

* ** Report on the Available Coal-resources of District B (Staffordshire,
Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Shropshire, and a small portion of South Derby-
shire)," by Prof. Charles Lapworth and Mr. Arthur Sopwith, Final lieport of the
HoycU Commis^on on Coaf-nupp/ies, 1905 [Cd. 2355], part iii., page 4.

816

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

end of the coal-field — ^for instance in the neighbourhood of Tam-
worth the total depth of strata from the Seven-feet coal-seam to
the topmost seam is about 400 feet. They diminish to 270
feet at Baddesley colliery, near Atherstone, and to 70 feet at
Hawkesbury colliery, near Bedworth. The coal-seams, found
at the last-named colliery, above the Seven-feet coal-seam, attain
a thickness of 27 feet 7 inches, including 2 feet 11 inches of
partings, clay and marls.

In the Tamworth division, the Thin coal-seam, lying imme-
diately above the Seven-feet seam, is separated at some places
by only a few inches of bat, and in other parts of the same
district by several feet. The upper portion of the seam is of a
sulphurous nature. Above this, there are some ten thin seams
of coal, the aggregate thickness of which is 22 feet, but all
coming close together in the neighbourhood of Bedworth.
Below the Seven-feet seam, the Double and Bench coals are
worked to a limited extent, but they are tender and not generally
regarded with favour by colliery-owners.

Whilst in the northern end the seams are nearly level, they
lie at a great angle of dip at some of the older collieries in the
southern end. At Ansley Hall colliery, the dip for nearly 2,700
feet from the shaft is 1 in 2 ; still further south, at Wyken
colliery, the Coal-measures dip at an angle of 21 degrees west-
wards for some distance ; and at the Craven colliery, the southern-
most colliery in the coal-field, but now closed, the dip is as much

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 317

At Kingsbury colliery, situate some 6 miles to the north-
vest of Arley, where the shafts are in the Coal-measures, the
"depth to the Ryder seam is 634 feet, and to the Seven-feet seam,
S79 feet. It is noticeable that the strata intervening between
the coal-seams are thinner than at Hall End colliery, situated
about 2 miles north-east. At Kingsbury colliery, although the
shafts are sunk to the Seven-feet seam, that seam is no longer
in work there, owing to its inferior quality — in fact, it generally
deteriorates from ihe village of Wilnecote to Kingsbury colliery.
Considerable difficulty, entailing a great outlay, has been in-
curred in proving the Ryder seam at this colliery, and there was
practically no Ryder coal between the two shafts. It was found
near the southern shaft, and two main roads were started in a
south-westerly direction in the coal. It was, however, lost sight
^f after driving 240 feet ; the roads were continued for 345 feet,
when the coal was again found, but only to be lost aiter driving
in it a further distance of 480 feet, and not found again until
an additional 1,620 feet had been driven in barren ground. At
that point the coal wa« again met with, and has been worked
regularly ever since. This barren ground is undoubtedly a wash-
out fault, of which there is ample evidence underground. The
-owners are entitled to our congratulations on the result of their
untiring and courageous efforts to prove the existence of this
<!oal at their colliery.

It is worth while to notice that, though the Coal-measures
in the Nuneaton district dip to the west, those at Arley rise
to the west, and it is not improbable that, when the Coal-
measures at Xuneaton have dipped for a mile or so in length,
the dip lessening as the seams extend to the west, eventually
finding the horizontal position, they may rise in the opposite
"direction, and thus correspond with the dip at Arley.

As is well known to the members, borings have been made in
recent years to test the existence of the Coal-meaaures under
the red rocks lying between the two coal-fields, with varied
success. Whilst coal-seams were found at a depth of some
1,800 feet by a bore-hole near Packington, the boring at Little
Aston, near Streetly, has not been successful, as the depth of
1,950 feet was bored in the red rocks all the way and no Coal-
measures were reached.

VOL. xxxii.-i9o«.ifla7. 22

818 PRESIDEXTIAL ADDRESS.

Other bore-holes have been put down between Packingtom
and Coventry, and if any of the members are acquainted with,
the section of the strafa passed through, I am sure that the-
Council will be pleased to receive any information that can be-
given with respect to them.

Meanwhile, it may perhaps be interesting to consider how
far identification of the coal-seams in the two coal-fields can be
made. I have given some consideration to the matter, but have-
confined myself, so far as South Staffordshire is concerned,
to the Thick coal-area south of the Bentlej' fault, as, on looking
at the Geological Survey map it appears to me to be probable
that this part of the coal-field could be more definitely correlated
than the area north of the fault.

As already mentioned, the most persistent seam of coal in
Warwickshire is the Seven-feet, and I have many reasons for
believing that it is identical with the Xew Mine coal-seam of
Stait'ordshire. The Thin coal over the Seven-feet coal in that
rase is the Sulphur coal of Staifordshire, and the ironstone
usually found at a distance of some 21 feet above the AVam^ick-
shire Thin coal is the Xew Mine or Whiie ironstone of Stafford-
shire. The Smithy coal-seam of Warwickshire, with the iron-
stone measures above, I consider to be the Heathen coal and
Gubbin ironstone of Staffordshire, and the nine or ten thin
coal-seams above the Smith}' in Xorth Warwickshire, measuring

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 819

is nothing inconsistent in concluding that the seams in each
district are identical.

Although it may often be necessary, in order to make a com-
plete correlation of coal-seams, to call in the assistance of the
palaeontologist, I think that there is in this instance sufficient
information apart from this to justify the conclusion that the
seams of the two coal-fields are the same.

Of course, even if this be taken for granted, there is the
all-important question as to how far they extend under the area
of the interv^ening red rocks. There is the risk that the Silurian
rocks underneath may prevent the Coal-measures from existing
in an extensive area without interruption. In fact. Prof.
Edward Hull has given an opinion that these two coal-fields are
one, but divided to some extent by tongues of older rocks.*
Whether this be so or not, the whole question is one of great
importance to everyone having an interest in the mineral
resources of this district, and I have no doubt that it would be a
source of profit and pleasure to any member who might take it
up. I hope that these may not be few in number, and that they
will lav before the members the result of their work.

A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Grayston for his
interesting address.

* The CoaJ-fehU ofOrmt /h'ifaiv, by Prof. Edward Hull, fifth edition, 1905,
page 276.

,320

'TRANSACTIONS.

THE SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE AND AVARWICKSHIRE
INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS.

GENERAL MEETING,
Held at the George Hotel, Walsall, December 5th, 1906.

Mr. F. a. GRAYSTON, President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the Annual General Meeting and of Council
Meetings were read and confirmed.

BOILERS FOR COLLIERY PURPOSES. 821

BOILERS FOR COLLIERY PURPOSES.

By F. C. swallow.

Of the variety of subjects upon which the modern colliery
manager is required to direct his attention, the important ques-
tion of the most economical and eflScient means of generating
his steam-supply is frequently neglected. The steam-consump-
tion at different collieries varies in a remarkable degree, and may
range in coal consumed (at the boilers) from as low as 1^ per
cent., to as much as 11 per cent, of the total output, when the
collieries under comparison are working full time. Thus, taking
as an example the standard of output as 1,000 tons per day, from
a depth of 1,000 feet, when the conditions of haulage, pumping
and winding are approximately similar, and placing* the value
of the fuel at Is. per ton in each case, this price representing the
commercial value of the fuel in the books of the company, the
coal-bill for an annual output in each case of say 250,000 tons
is equivalent to about £187 10s. per year, when the colliery-
consumption is lA per cent, of the output, and to £1,375 per year
when the colliery-consumption is 11 per cent., or a difference in
favour of the economically managed colliery of no less than
£1,187 10s. per year, in the coal-bill alone, irrespective of labour
and cost of maintenance. It is obviously difficult to make a fair
comparison of collieries in this respect, as the circumstances and
conditions may be so vastly different; at the same time, there
are undertakings where the above illustration can be applied.

The original boiler-plant of a colliery may have performed
good service ; but, owing to inevitable depreciation of the boiler-
plant and engines, and the consequent reduction of the working
pressure, a state of affairs may have been reached after an
extended term of jears, when a considerable waste in fuel and
in engine-power exists, and losses occur which cannot be
remedied unless a complete replacement is made. The writer
has experienced the work of having to replace, with Lancashire
boilers, a whole range of egg-ended or cylindrical boilers, which

322

BOILERS FOR COLLIERY PURPOSES.

had become exceedin-g'ly wasteful, and were, besides, unable to
maintain the supply of steam demanded of them, owing to
general depreciation, on two separate occasions, and at the same
time maintain the output of the collieries. In both instances,
when a centralization of power and more efficient steam-plant
had been installed, the coal-bill fell from its original level of
between 10 and 12 per cent., to an average of about 6 per cent,
of the total output.

Of late years, the increased application of electricity as a
motive power, instead of steam, for colliery-work has greatly
reduced the colliery-consumption, and this is a means whereby
old boiler-plants may be, in some instances, almost wholly dis-
pensed with, whilst at the same time no loss of output is caused.
A central power-station for a group of collieries is the ideal
arrangement, when circumstances admit of the outlay which
such a scheme involves.

The colliery-consumption of the majority of collieries in the
district embraced by this Listitute ranges from G to 11
per cent, of the output. Thus, taking the output during the
year 1905, namely, about 16,500,044 tons, this is equivalent
to a consumption of from 1,000,000 to 1,750,000 tons of fuel per
annum for steam-generation at the collieries of the district.
Although the commercial value of the fuel will not exceed about
2s. Gd. per ton at the pit-mouth, still this fuel has cost between
6s. and Gs. per ton to get, and it represents a cost of between

BOILERS FOR COLLIERY PURPOSES. 323

demanded of them, when it invariably happens that the boilers
have to be forced to do the work. This is obviously a very bad
policy, for it not only does harm to the boilers, but it also results
in waste of fuel, owing* to the fuel not being- efficiently consumed ;
and a larg-e percentage is wasted with the ashes, on account of
the too frequent cleaning- and poking of the fires.

As pointed out in the Report of the Royal Commission on
Coal-supplies of 1905, collieries are extremely wasteful in the
'Consumption of coal, no doubt to a large extent because the fuel
used is generally of inferior quality and of small value. It is
also pointed out in the same report that if the whole of the
plant of the collieries in the United Kingdom were modem plants
of the best description the consumption of coal would be only
about one half of what it is to-day.

One of the principal sources of loss at a colliery^ may be the
large number of wasteful and decrepit auxiliary-engines which
are at work at considerable distances from the boiler-plant ; and,
although the boiler-plant itself may be good, still the colliery-
consumption is high, owing- more to the state of the machinery
than to the inefficiency of the boilers. It is, therefore, obvious
that, where such circumstances exist, the first step towards a
remedy is to overhaul the steam-cylinders and valves, and to
see that the steam-pipes and joints are covered and maintained.

The tendency at the present time is to instal boilers to
work at from three to five times the working pressure that was
in vogue 20 or 30 years ago, and also to superheat the steam,
thus obtaining drier steam at the engines and consequently a
higher efficiency.

Since high-pressure steam has been introduced for collieiy-
work, water-tube boilers of two or three wellknown types are be-
ginning to have consideration for collieiy purposes. It is
found that the water-tube type of boiler is, besides being safer
than the Lancashire, more economical for even intermittent
•engines (such as the winding-engine), as the generation of steam
is more rapid than is the case with the Lancashire boiler: con-
sequently, less steam-reserve is required, and there is less waste
by radiation. But it is also found that, owing to the large
number of tubes and small parts connected with the water-tube
4:ype of boiler, where sedimentation and incrustation are liable

324

BOILERS FOR COLLIERY PURPOSES.

to take place, some form of water-softening" plant must W
installed also, where the water is hard. The initial outlay ia
consequently heavy, and thus the water-tube boiler is unfortun-
ately still inaccessible to many.

Table I. illustrates the comparative efficiency of various types
of boilers employed at some collieries in this district.
Tablb I. — Efficiencies of Eao-ended, Lancashire and Stirlino Boilers.

Dimen-
sions.

Type of
Boiler.

tt ^ .Si

8te.m- . ^Stl
^^'' ^^^ r.

I Feet. Feet,

Egg-ended ...

Lancashire ...

I Stirling

Water- tube

35
30

Pounds. Pounds.

43 I 2,295
132 ' 4,700
129 15,450

Approx-
imate

Capac-
ity of

Boiler.'

Temper-
ature of
Feed-
water.

Horse-
power.

57-4
117-5
136 0

Approx-
imate
Ef&ei-
ency.

Degrees
Fahr.

70
70

Per
Cent.

34 0
62-5
630

Grate-
area.

Heating
Surface.

Water
evapor-
ated
per
Pound
of Goal.

Square
Feet.

210

1,150

1,725

Pounds.
2-94

5-40

* Forty imunds of steam are taken us the e<iuivBlent of 1 horseiwwer.

The Stirling" boiler was installed to drive a three-phase 50
cycles, 650 volts, alternating-current generator of 150 kilowatts.
There are three upper steam-drums and one lower or mud-drum
connected by three sets or banks of tubes 3J inches in diameter.
The tubes are slightly curved near the ends, so as to allow them to
enter the drums normally ; and to provide for the free expansion
and contraction of the boiler. The tubes are very tightly ex-

BOILERS FOE COLLIERY PURPOSES. 325

In cortsideriiig this question of the type of high-pressure
boiler best suited for colliery purposes, the writer is of opinion
that for colliery winding and steam-driven hauling-engines,
running intermittently, the Lancashire boiler has a good deal to
recommend it, apart from economy. But, for continuously-run-
ning engines of the high-speed type, to work at a pressure of,
say, 150 pounds and upwards per square inch, the water-tube
boiler is the ideal type, on account of its higher efficiency and
the enhanced safety.

An impoi-tant consideration is the maintenance of the maxi-
mum boiler-pressure over a good term of years. If an engine-
be designed, and will give the best results at a pressure of, say,.
150 pounds jx'r square inch, there would be a serious loss of
efficiency if the working pressure of the boiler-plant must be
reduced, on account of indications of weakness in the plant.
In the cylindrical type of boiler, it is not advisable to rely upon
the maintenance of the working pressure for which it was origin-
ally built, for more than 10 to 15 years, on account of the
deterioration of the shell-plates, unless the feed-water is very
good or is treated for hardness, if it is not naturally a good
boiler-water.

In the case of a water-tube boiler, it is, the writer believes,
possible to maintain the maximum working pressure for a muck
longer term of years than is the case with a Lancashire boiler,,
as the defect of any tube or tubes can be remedied by replace-
ments at a reasonable cost, and within a short space of time.
Water-tube boilers are now almost invariably adopted for electric
power-stations, other than for colliery-work, and their installa-
tion has yielded most satisfactoiy results. It is thus equally
advisable that this type of boiler should be installed at collieries
where high-speed engines are employed.

As to the comparative advantages or disadvantages of one
or two types of water-tube boilers, the following points are
prominent, namely: —

(1) It is the writer's opinion that there is not much, if any,,
difference in the efficiency of steam-generation by having the
tubes inclined from the horizontal position, as in the Babcock-
and-Wilcox type of boiler, or in the vertical position, as in the
Thornycroft, Fleming, Ferguson or Stirling boiler.

526 DISCl'SvSIOX — BOILERS FOR COLLIERY PFRPOSES.

(2) For the horizontal-tube type of boiler, it is claimed that,
^s the tubes are slightly inclined, the water and steam have a
more natural circulation, the gases meet the tubes at right angles
and being thus disseminated give the maximum amount of heat
to the water. "Whereas, in the case of the vertical-tube type of
boiler, the gases, travelling at the same angle as the tubes are
placed, do not strike the tubes so effectually, although the gases
have a longer distance to travel and to give out their heat.
Further, in the horizontal-tube type of boiler, dust is liable to
accumulate on the tubes. This, as is wellknown, is a bad con-
ductor of heat, thus causing reduction of efficiency ; but, in the
<?ase of the vei"tical-tube type of boiler, the dust falls off the tubes
and does not so readily adhere to them. In the Lancashire boiler,
dust accumulates in the flues to a great extent, and cannot
readily be removed.

(3) The horizontal-tube type of boiler is, owing to the tubes
being straight and more accessible, the easiest to clean, and the
tubes also are more readily changed or replaced. The main-
tenance and repair of water-tube boilers are undoubtedly more
<*ostly than with Lancashire boilers, as the tubes and drums must
be kept clean, else the boiler soon loses efficiency, and this
operation requires the labour of two men for about three days
per boiler.

(4) Water-tube boilers are certainly safe as regards liability
to explosion. This is a special feature in their favour, the only
part that is liable to burst being the tubes, and when they do

DISCUSSION — BOILERS FOR CX)LLIERY PURPOSES. 827

«ent. He thought that IJ per cent, could only be attained
under the most favourable conditions, and, it was, he believed,
the minimum yet reached at any colliery.

Mr. Alexander Smith said it was somewhat refreshing to
hear colliery managers advocating economy in fuel, and im-
pressed one with the change that had taken place since the days
when no consideration was paid to the large quantities of coal
-consumed at collieries. From a long experience, he favoured
Lancashire boilers for use at collieries. A Staffordshire engineer
of considerable repute had declared that a plain egg-ended
cylindrical boiler could be set in such a way, that the results
would compare favourably with those obtained from Lancashire
or water-tube boilers; but he (Mr. Smith) did not agree with
that statement. He was surprised at the little difference of use-
ful effect shown in the experiments or tests, between the Lan-
•cashire and the Stirling boiler. "With only those results, and
taking into consideration the lower capital-outlay, the difficulties
from bad water, and the facility for cleaning and burning
inferior fuel, the advantages seemed to be with the Lancashire
boiler. He knew a case where the tubes of a Babcock-and-
Wilcox boiler had been burnt through at one end in a compara-
tively short time, owing to the use of a cleaner that was too
short and wedged the deposit at this end. There were cases
where the use of water-tube boilers was advantageous, because
•of the small space that they occupied compared with their power;
and, given the essential conditions of good water, good fuel and
good stoking and attention, the results were good. For a
colliery, however, where all these conditions did not prevail (and
this was evident in Mr. Swallow's ease, for his Lancashire and
water-tube boilers did not give the evaporation that they ought
to have done), the Lancashire boiler took a lot of beating.

Mr. S. L. TnACKER said that the relative economy of types of
boilers was by no means the only consideration; and an im-
portant question to decide was whether the initial cost and main-
tenance of the water-tube boiler would be repaid by the given
percentage of saving in colliery-consumption on the colliery-
output. He thought that the fuel consumed for colliery pur-
poses was, in' many instances, a bye-product of the working of
the collierj% and not altogether a marketable one. Also he

828 DISCUSSION — BOILERS FOR CX)LLIERY PURPOSES.

thought that it was not correct to base the estimated saving on
the average cost of production of the coal at the pit-mouth, as it
should nithor be based on the selling price of the fuel used. He
agreed with ilr. Smith's remarks as to the relative merits of
Lancashire and water-tube boilers. A good feature of the water-
tube boiler was the saving of floor-space by the high capacity
obtained in one given unit ; in the case of the Walsall generating-
station, 12,000 pounds of water were evaporated per hour from
single units. He did not altogether agree with Mr. Swallow's,
statement that the changing of the tubes did not require skilled
labour, as he thought that the work of replacement, expanding
of ends, etc., required a higher degree of mechanical skill than
was usually possessed by the average labourer. The inside of the^
tubes in the boilers of the Walsall power-station were cleaned by
means of rotating scrapers driven bj^ a small water-turbine.

Mr. H. C. Peake said that he had taken great interest in
Mr. Swallow's paper, as he was making experiments with a
Lancashire boiler. He was inclined to favour the Lanc4ishire
type of boiler for collierj^ purposes, because of the large reserve
of contained water to draw upon. His experiments had been
rather rough-and-ready, the water evaporated being measured
from marks made on the water-gauge. The experiments were^
made with a Cornish boiler, put down about 30 years ago, with a
chimney, 60 feet high ; with good stoking and good fuel he had
obtained an evaporation of 10 pounds of water with a consump-

DISCL'SSION — BOILEES FOTE COLLIERY PIRPOSES. 829

accumulated in the boiler-flues, and whether the water-evapora-
tion per pound of fuel of the water-tube boiler had diminished
since the testa, referred to in the table, were made.

Mr. F. C. Swallow said that the consumption of 1^ per
cent, mentioned in his paper referred to two or three special
collieries in the counties of Derbyshire, Durham and Xorthum-
berland. Water-tube boilers were much more costly to
maintain ; thus, at a colliery in South Wales, with 16 boilers,
the cost of maintenance was, on an average, £27 198. per boiler
per annum. He had found that a man of the labouring class,
a little above the average, with a little instruction, was able to
keep the boilers in efficient repair. Very much could be achieved
by good stoking; but, if mechanical stoking were employed, the
stoking difficulties would be removed. The value of slack
in South Staffordshire was about 2s. 6d. per ton, but in Xorth-
umberland and Durham, it was much more valuable, almost as
high as the value of coal. In South Wales, it was more valuable
than in South Staffordshire, steam-coal slack being worth Ts.
per ton at the pit-mouth. The class of fuel used in the boilers
under review was ordinary pit-slack.

Mr. F. A. Grayston proposed a votte of thanks to Mr.
Swallow for his valuable paper.

Mr. Alexander Smith, in seconding the resolution, said
that the members were particularly obliged to Mr. Swallow, as
such a paper brought out the experiences of other colliery
managers and conduced to ample discussion.

Mr. S. L. Thacker read the following notes on "Walsall
Corporation Electric Supply": —

380 WALSALL CORPORATION ELECTRIC SUPPLY.

WALSALL CORPORATION ELECTRIC SUPPLY.

By S. L. THACKER.

IXTRODUCTIOX.

The history of the electric-lighting movement in Walsall ex~
tends as far back as 1882, when a public company obtained
powers under the Electric Lighting Acts for supplying current ;
but nothing was done, and the powers consequently lapsed.

In 1890, the Corporation applied for and obtained a Pro-
visional Order, and retained Mr. Frederick Brown as their con-
sulting engineer. Mr. Brown prepared a scheme in 1891, and,
after a visit to America in connection with the South Stafford-
shire tramways, his report was laid before the Council in 1892,
tenders were obtained in 1893, and powers were granted by the-
Local Government Board for a loan of £22,000 in 1894, the^
works being opened in 1895.

The boundaries of the area to be supplied necessitated a
high-tension system of distribution, and Mr. Brown advised
the adoption of what is known as the '' Oxford " system : the con-
tinuous current generated at 2,000 volts being distributed by
high-tension mains to rotary transformers, which supply the

walsall coeporation electric supply. 881

Descriptiox of the Plaxt.

Boiler'hou.^e. — As already mentioned, the first plant installed
consisted of two Lancashire boilers, 30 feet long and 7i feet in
diameter, without cross-tubes, each having" an evaporative
capacity of 0,000 pounds of water per hour from and at 212^
Fahr. These have been since supplemented by two Babcock-and-
Wilcox water-tube boilers, each having a capacity of 6,000 pounds
of water per hour ; and two more Babcock-and-Wilcox boilers,
each having a capacity of 12,000 pounds of water per hour : the
two latter being supplied with, superheaters in the boiler-flues.
There is also in process of installation a Stirling water-tube
boiler, equal to 12,000 pounds of water per hour, bringing the
total boiler-capacity up to about 2,500 horsepower. The main
flue from the boilers passes to a chimney-stack, 150 feet high and
5 feet in internal diameter.

Two Worth ington duplex pumps and two "Weir pumps supply
feed-water to these boilers, and a lirown-Berrj'man feed-
water heater was installed as part of the original plant. In
this type of heater the steam circulates through coils of tubes
and the water outside : any deposit falling into a mud-drum at
the bottom. This heater has sincf^ l>een supplemented by a
Green economizer, with 320 tubes and the usual scrapers, driven
by an electromotor. The drop in temperature of the flue-gases
passing through the economizer rendered it necessary to supple-
ment the draught by a Chandler exhaust-fan, 7i feet in diameter,
running at 320 revolutions per minute*. A bye-pass flue is
provided, to that when the economizer is not at work the gases
may pass direct to the chimney-stack. The boiler-house also
contains a surfac(»-condenser, with air and circulating pumps
driven by a vertical engine.

KnffiitC'hoHSi. — The original plant consisted of three Parker
tw()-pol(^ continuous-current generators of 80 kilowatts capacity
at 2,000 volts, direct-coupled to Bumstead-and-Chandler engines
of 120 horsepower, running at 350 revolutions per minute, and
these were afterwaids supplemented by two exactly similar sets*
each of 180 kilowatts. The engines of these generators are
single-acting compound-tandem, with splash-lubricatitm and
flywheel governors, the two smaller ones having two cranks
and the larger ones three cranks. Upon a suppl}' of current

532 WALSALL COEPORATIOX ELECTRIC SUPPLY.

being required for the tramways, two further four-pole gene«
rators were installed, each of 350 kilowatts capacity, and coupled
to Chandler engines: these being double-acting compound-
tandem, with three cranks and forced lubrication. The whole
of these engines have piston-valves driven, in the case of the
smaller engines, by eccentrics and in the larger sets by a rocking
lever from the crank-pin end of the connecting rod.

The armatures of the generators are wound on the Eickemeyer
system, specialized by Messrs. Thomas Parker, Limited, by which
-each section is separately wound on a former and insulated before
being put in position. This method, with modifications, has
been adopt^ed by other makers, and is of considerable importance
in high-voltage machines, for, while ensuring the highest arma-
ture insulation, it facilitates repairs in the event of a bum-out.
The generators are separately excited from a current at 110 volts,
supplied by four small exciter- sets, which also provide current
for the. station and workshop motors and station-lighting. At the
present time, a Parker generator of 400 kilowatts capacity,
<;oupledto a Belliss-and-Morcom compound double-acting engine,
with three cranks, is being installed.

Switchboard, — The switchboard is divided into two sections,
the old section on a wooden frame with wide slate-panels, and
the new section on a completely fire-proof frame, with narrow
panels, necessitating the use of edge-reading instruments.

WALSALL CORPORATION ELECTRIC SUPPLY. 385

Cables. -The original high-tension feeders were concentric
indiarubber-insuhited cables, drawn through iron pipes. Subse-
quent cables, both high and low tension, were all of the Callender
bitumen-insulated type, laid in cast-iron and wooden troughs,
and filled in with bitumen. The latest feeders are Callender
paper-insulated and lead-sheathed cables laid solid in the same
way.

Method of "Working.

There are two separate sets of central-station omnibus-bars
for lighting and traction, which, however, can be paralleled by a
suitable switch, and all the generators with the exception of
Xos. 1 and 2 have change-over switches, by which they can be
connected to either set of bars. The starting of transformers,
and their conti'ol and regulation, is carried out from the central
stiition, and for the purpose of this description the writer has
selected one generator and one transformer to illustrate the
method, eliminating a few minor connections to avoid confusion.
Fig. 1 (Plate XV.) is a diagrammatic sketch of the connections
for one generator-panel of the switchboard. Current is supplied
from the exciters to the low-tension omnibus-bars at 110 volts,
and thence to the generator-field coils, G-F, passing through a
single-pole switch, S, and a regulating-rheostat, R-R. This resist-
ance is used to regulate the excitation of the generator-fields, and
thus the electromotive force of the high-tension current. Nor-
mally, the switch is in the position, Si ; but, upon taking any
generator oft' the supply, the switch is thrown over to the position
So, thereby short-circuiting the generator-fields, and absorbing
the self-induction. The leads fit)m the generator-commutator,
G-C, are taken to the high-tension double-pole switch, HS, the
current passing through the coils of the magnetic cut-out,
M-C, and thence thrcnigh the ammeter, A, to the high-tension
omnibus-bars. S-C is the shunt-coil of the magnetic cut-out, it
is connected across the low-tension exciter omnibus-bars to bring
out the high-tension switch in the event of a reversal of the main
current.

Fig. 2 (Plate XV.) is a similar diagram of the connections of
one transformer-panel of the main switchboard, and Fig. 3 is a
diagram of the switch-connections at a sub-station.

Leads from the high-tension omnibus-bars are connected

VOL. XXXII.-190C190T, ''^

834 WALSALL CX)RPOEATIOX ELECTRIC SUPPLY.

through an ammeter, A, and the coils of the magnetic cut-out,
M-C (Fig. 2), to a double-pole high-tension switch, HS, exactly
similar to the generator-switch, and from this switch the trans-
former feeders, T-F, pass out to the sub-station : a rheostat, R-R,
bein-g inserted in the positive feeder for starting and regulating
purposes. One pair of feeders runs from each transformer-panel
in the main station to each transformer located in the sub-
stations. Pilot-wires, P-W, run back from the low-tension side
of each transformer to a voltmeter, V, in the main station, and
u short-circuit switch, S-CS, is placed aci-oss each pair of pilot-
^vires, the use of which will be explained shortly.

Referring now to the sub-station diagram (Fig. 8), each
transformer is a double-pole motor-generator with an armature
having a high-tension and a low-tension winding and high-
tension and low-tension commutators, H-TC and L-TC. The
fields are excited by low-tension shunt-coils, but thpy also have
a high-tension winding in series with the high-tension armature
winding". For the purpose of illustration, the two windings are
shown separately.

Upon closing the high-tension starting switch in the main
station, HS (Fig. 2), current at 2,000 volts comes in by the
feeders, T-F, and passes round the series-field winding, Sr-F, and
through the high-tension winding of the armature. This starts
the transformer as a series motor, and, as the machine gets up
speed, the low-tension voltage rises and is indicated at the main

DISCXJSSIOX — ^^VALSALL CORPORATION ELECTRIC SUPPLY. 335

'which opens this switch in the event of an excess of current.
The long-range switch, L-RS, has a ratchet-and-pawl movement,
and is so arranged that the succeeding short-circuiting of the
pilot-wires will bring out the switch ; and, to take a transformer
off the circuit, the whole operation is categorically reversed.

In conclusion, the author tenders his thanks to Mr. Alexander
Wyllie, the resident engineer, and to Mr. R. G. Pratt, one of the
station-engineers, for their courtesy and for the information fur-
nished for the purposes of this paper.

Mr. Arthur SopwiTn asked what was the variation of the
load. Of course, for municipal work, the running of tramways
and lighting, it was an easy matter to foresee the load, and if not
known beforehand it was soon determined in practice; but at
mines, they had to deal with extreme variations of the load.

Mr. S. L. Thacker replied that the variation of the load was
■considerable, but it was usually a gradual one. There was no
sudden fluctuation of the load, such as they would be likely to
get at mines, owing to the jamming of coal-cutters, etc. The day-
load was light, and it was then possible to shut down the gene-
rating plant and run from the batteries. As the load increased,
the various units were put on to supply, until the maximum
period was reached from 5 to 8rJ0 p.m.

The President (Mr. F. A. Giayston), in proposing a vote of
thanks to Mr. Thacker, said that the members were extremely
obliged to him for his paper.

Mr. Alexander Smith seconded the resolution, which was
unanimously approved.

836 DISCUSSION — TWO-STAGE AIR-COMPRESSING PLANT.

THE MIDLAND COUNTIES INSTITUTION OF
ENGINEERS.

GENERAL MEETING,
Held at the Technical College, Derby, December 8th, 1906.

Mb. G. J. BINNS, Vice-Presidext, in the Chair.

The Secretary aunounced the election of the following-
gentlemen : —

Members -
Mr. Jabez Emmerson, Colliery Manager, Bagworth, near Leicester.
Mr. Frank P. Rudder, Engineer, 10, Madeley Street, Derby.
Mr. John Thompson, Manager's Assistant, 20, Birch Villas, Netherthorpe,
Staveley, Chesterfield.

Associates—
Mr. Sidney Bernard Oalpin, Miner, Fern Villas, Gilt Hill, Kimberley,

Nottinghamshire.
Mr. David M6ndey, Electrical Engineer, Rosemary Street, Mansfield.

DISCUSSION — TWO-STAGE AIR-COMPBESSING PLANT.

387

quarry) ; and (c) by a system in wliicli the fire is placed in the
compressed air. This system (Fig. 1) was invented by Mr. David
Bannister, employed by Messrs. Crawshaw and Warburton,
Limited, Dewsbury. The compressed air is led into a chamber,
a, sufficiently large to hold a good-sized lamp, and admission is
obtained through a man-hole, 6. The stove-lamp, e, with three

y//Awy///7//////////////////////////////^^^^

y///////////////////////////////^^^

Fio. 1.— Bannister Air-heateb.

burners (3 inches wide) has an oil-capacity to bum for 24 hours
or longer. This lamp is lighted and secured air-tight inside the
chamber, whilst the air, under pressure, supporting the combus-
tion, flows through and is heated by the lamp. The lamp is placed
sufficiently low down in the chamber so as to allow of its burn-
ing freely and to prevent it from being blown out. The appliance
could be amplified by arranging that the lamp could be adjusted
from the outside and oil pumped into the lamp, so that the casing
need seldom be opened. A Bannister apparatus has been working
for 5 years, in everyday work, at Messrs. Crawshaw and War-
burton's Dewsbury collieries; and another installation has been
recently erected. For simplicity and efficiency, this appliance
commands the attention of users of compressed air; and every
credit is due to Mr. Bannister, the inventor.

(2) Taking Mr. Piggford's data as to his second source of
efficiency, namely, the adoption of two-stage air-compression,
he (Mr. Abell) noted that the .air i& compressed to 25 pounds
per square inch in the first stage, and to 60 pounds per square
inch in the second stage. It will be recognized that thermal

VOL. XXXII.-1906-1907.

388

DISCUSSION TWO-STAGE AIR-COMPRESSING PLANT.

efficiency can be increased by an expenditure of capital that
cannot be warranted ; hence the question arises, at what pres-
sure, by stage-compression, is the greatest commercial efficiency
obtained? In other words, scientifically, an isothermal curve is
required ; whilst for commercial efficiency, a blend of the iso-
thermal and adiabatic curves is required. With large air-com-
pressors, from which Mr. Piggford has derived certain data, it is
commercially sound to use two-stage air-compressors for a final
pressure of 60 pounds per square inch, so as to pass
the air through an intercooler when it leaves the low-pressure
cylinder, thereby cooling it down to atmospheric temperature
and reducing the volume of air in course of compression. On
the other hand, two-stage air-compression costs in capital
outlay more money for a given power. However, if the power
be large, the cost of two-stage air-compression is justified ; but
it is not if the power be small. In large air-compressors, such
Table I. — Comparison of Sinols-staqe and Two-stage Air-Comprsssobs.

(a) Single-stage Air-compressor.

(6) Two-stage Air-compressor. ]

DeUvery-
pressuresof

Air per
Square Inch.

Temperatures of Air.

Delirery-
pressureof

Air per
Square Inch.

Temperatures of Air.

Adiabatic 1
or Theoretical I Probable.
Compression. |

A<Uabatic
or Theoretical
Compression.

Probable.

Pounds.

30
60

Degrees Fahr. 1 Degrees Fahr.
25S 1 120
374 180

80 433

160 [ 529

Degrees Fluhr.

160
220

as the one under consideration, the volupie uf air in relation to

DISCUSSION — TWO-STAGE AIR-COMPRESSING PLANT. 889

cial value under the abovementioaed conditions, that is a blend
between the adiabatic and the isothermal curves. The tempera-
tures with two-stage air-compression recorded in Table I. ought
to be obtained with good jacketing, but without the use of after-
coolers. They probably would not represent average practice,
with long-stroke air-compressors presenting large cylinder-areas,
where the cooling is not so effective as in smaller machines ; and>
to cover this, it is safe to add 20^ to 30^ Fahr. to the tem-
peratures.

(3) In Eiedler and Sturgeon air-compressors, the volu-
metric efficiency is high, as clearances have been reduced, and
the old bye-pass arrangement has, in many cases, been forgotten.
At the same time, he (Mr. Abell) had seen many large air-com-
pressors in which the clearances were large, and the bye-pass
would very materially increase their efficiency. In some in-
stances, he (Mr. Abell) had seen simple short grooves cut at
either end of the air-cylinder, so that the compressed air con-
veyed from the delivery to the suction-side at the end of every
stroke raised the volumetric efficiency to 90 per cent, of the
theoretical efficiency.

The Chairman (Mr. G. J. Binns) said that he anticipated that
Mr. Stokes would have something to say with regard to the
suggested placing of a paraffin lamp close to the coal-cutter.

Mr. A. H. Stokes (H.M. Inspector of Mines) thought that
the objections to the use of a paraffin lamp were so patent to
everybody present that it was unnecessary* for him to call
attention to them.

The Chairman (Mr. G. J. Binns) said that mining engineers
had been anxious to remove lights right away from compressed-
air receivers. There had been cases in which lights had got into
receivers and played havoc with the hydrocarbons deposited
there. These matters required careful consideration, and al-
though the suggestion seemed to indicate a simple and efficacious
way of increasing the power of compressed-air plant, there might
be reasons which would make the members hesitate before
adopting the Bannister system.

Mr. W. Price Abell maintained that the use of enclosed
lamps was incomparably safer than the open naked fires now in

840 DISCUSSION — ^THE COURHIESES EXPLOSIOX.

use, and which were rendered unnecessary by Mr. Bannister's
arrangement. Mr. Bannister had devised his arrangement to
avoid the use of naked fires as a surer means of safety than the
open fires used by Mr. Piggford at the Teversal collieries.

DISCUSSION OF MESSRS. W. N. ATKINSON AND
A. M. HENSHAWS PAPER ON '* THE COURRltRES
EXPLOSION."*

Mr. A. H. Stokes (H.M. Inspector of Mines) said £hat he was
sure that there was one point upon which everyone in that room
would agree with him, and that was in an expression of sorrow
for the poor fellows who had lost their lives, and of sympathy for
that still larger number of people whose bread-winners had been
taken from them. As a body of engineers, they would concur
with him in recoi^ding their sympathy in connection with the
greatest mining catastrophe that the world had ever known.
Members who had read the paper under discussion would
see at once how difficult it had been to find out the initial
cause of the explosion; and, lamentable as the loss of life had
been, he thought that they were less interested in discussing the
number of deaths than in finding out what was the cause. The
members should next consider what precautionary measures ought
to be taken to prevent a catastrophe of a similar nature — though
probably never so big — in this country. The number of deaths

DISCUSSION — ^THE COUBRI&BES EXPLOSION. 841

in which it occuiTed? Members who had been so unfortunate
as to be present after a big explosion would know that sometimes
one part of the mine had received the full force of its power;
while in another part, ventilated by a distinct and separate
split, men had continued at work without knowing that any-
thing had occurred. Surely that brought home to them the
value of having the districts so split up by ventilation that
any catastrophe which occurred would, so far as possible, be
isolated. That was one lesson to be learned from this
terrible catastrophe. They would also notice from the paper
how difficult it was to say where the explosion originated.
The writers stated that, after several inspections and the closest
consideration of all the circumstances, the most probable explana-
tion which suggested itself was that a shot had miss-fired on the
previous day, and that at the time of the explosion the men were
engaged in cutting it out. The writers allege that it was the only
feasible explanation to which they could oome ; but, if the shot had
missed fire on the previous day, it wa.s strange that some of the
officials should not have known and recorded it, for the men, he pre-
sumed, would go out and not work in a place where there was a
miss-fired shot and a tape-fuse had been used for firing it. All the
officials were killed, and it was impossible to say whether the miss-
fire had been reported verbally to them or not. He (Mr. Stokes)
understood that similar holes had been found before and since the
explosion. There was another difficulty which the writers of the
paper had felt : the heading was rather large in sectional area^ and
the shot must not only have been a blown-out shot, but the
flame must have travelled 30 feet before it struck the dust lying
on the floor and raised it into flame. Let the members try
and imagine a flame travelling 30 feet and then striking and
igniting the dust ; let them further bear in mind that this dust
was not the fine flour found in main roadways ; but that it was
lying in a new clean heading that was being driven daily.

There appeared to be one explanation with respect to the
origin of the explosion which the writers did not entertain or
discuss, namely: — The possibility of the fourth man in the
Lecoeuvre heading being engaged, on the top of the fourth air-
pipe, in handling the explosives, or manipulating a charge, and
that this had exploded and caused the extensive shattering of
the pipe. In support of this suggestion, there were the facts

842 DISCUSSION — THE COUBRlilSES EXPLOSION.

that the man's leg and arm were blown from his body and found
9 feet away, and that the air-pipe was broken into numerous
fragments. The air-pipes, lying on the floor, formed an easy
pla-ee to rest the explosives upon the top ; the distance from the
face would make it a likely place for dust to be found on the floor
due to the filling of tubs ; and the explosive, if so fired, would be
placed almost in contact with the dust and have every opportunity
of igniting it. It was the fourth air-pipe that was so shattered
into small fragments. The adjoining pipes were bent and little
broken. The man may have been taking apart either the actually
recovered charge (if there had been a miss-fire) or in some other
way handling the explosive. The fourth air-pipe had been blown
into a large number of small pieces ; and this eifect might be
expected if a high explosive had been exploded upon it.

In considering this suggestion, many things appeared to sup-
port such a theory, whereas the cutting out of a miss-fired shot
and striking the detonator was surrounded by many improba^
bilities, not the least being that similar holes had been observed
before and since ; the long distance, 30 feet, that the flame would
have to travel before it struck the dust on the floor, whereas in
the experimental gallery at Frameries, with a similar charge
and under similar conditions, the flame was observed to travel
only G feet (No. 1 experiment). Nos. 7 and 8 experiments
were made under artificial conditions, which did not exist in
the Lecoeuvre heading at the time of the explosion. He (Mr.
Stokes), however, agreed with the writers that probably " the

DISCUSSIOX — THE COUBRliBES EXPLOSION. 848

Mr. William Maueice (Hucknall Torkard) said that every
member would join with Mr. Stokes in expressing their sym-
pathy in the warmest possible manner with all those who had
suffered in any way by this terrible catastrophe. There were
one or two points suggested to him,- partly by the paper under
discussion and partly by the official report* on the Courriferes
explosion : — (1) Whether the time had not arrived for the
members to revise their ideas on the subject of dust explosions,
and (2 ) whether the treatment of dust by water was not more
in the nature of a pretence than a genuine contribution to the
safety of mines. He (Mr. Maurice) gathered from the general
trend of published statements that coal-dust was considered the
only explosive dust to be found in a mine, and that watering or
otherwise preventing the accumulation of dry coal-dust was the
only satisfactory method of preventing dust-explosions. Hold-
ing the view that gases were not actually explosive, except
when mixed with air or oxygen, and then only when the mixture
was in certain definite proportions, he regarded it as an estab-
lished fact that any kind of dust in a state of suspension might
act as a substitute for air or oxygen and so render explosive any
medium in which it might be suspended. If that were so, it
seemed to him to be rather disturbing to generally accepted
views. He (Mr. Maurice) did not believe that any system of
watering now in use really touched the dangerous dust to any
appreciable extent, and he ventured to think that just as the
enclosure of explosives in water for safety had given way to
improvements in the explosives themselves, so would the analogous
treatment of coal-dust fall back before other and better methods.

Mr. L. W. DE Geave (Derby) said that when he visited the
CouiTieres collieries he was much struck with the fact that the
whole of the workings were interconnected. It was probable
that the cause of the explosion would never be known for certain.
A blown-out shot, in the presence of finely divided coal-dust,
would, of course, be sufficient, but he understood from Mr.
Stokes' remarks that the nearest dust was said to be 80 feet
distant. The detonation of hydrocarbons would generate gas,
which, under certain conditions, could be ignited ; but without

* Rtport to H.M, Secretary of State for the Home Department on the DUojiter
which occurred ai CourrUres Mtne^ Pan de dUain^ France^ oh March lOth^ 1906,
by Messrs. H. Cunynghame and W. N. Atkinson, 1906 [3171].

844 DISCUSSION — THE COURRlt&ES EXPLOSION.

having had further opportunities of studying the paper he did
not care to advance a theory.

Mr. Chables Chandley (Nottingham) inquired whether the
stoppings built round the fire were found intact, or if not, in
which direction they were blown out ; and he suggested that there
might have been a leakage of carbon monoxide at the stoppings.

Mr. Benjamin McLaren said that the fire had been enclosed
by means of stoppings, which were completed on the night before
the explosion. Of the five stoppings on the return side, Nos. 1,
4 and 5 were found intact, and Nos. 2 and 3, which were simply
brick walls, instead of being blown outwards, as they would have
been had the fire caused the explosion, were blown inwards
towards the fire.

Mr. J. Mein (South Normanton) remarked that it came out
with startling clearness that there was either no gas present in
connection with the explosion, or that (if present) it was
infinitesimal in quantity. He thought that the balance of proba-
bility was that there was no gas. After three months, although
the ventilation had been suspended, they could not find a trace
of gas even with the hydrogen-flame test. Holes had also been
drilled into the coal, and not the slightest trace of gas had been
found. That was one of the most startling features in connection
with this sad affair, and it had impressed him very much. He
believed that some members, who had been practising their pro-

DISCUSSION — ^THE COUHRll:S£S EXPLOSIOX. 845

removed and another put into its place, and if there had been
any number of bad detonators, they could have been removed
with safety, until the shot had been fired. If the conclusions
of the writers were correct, namely, that the explosion was caused
by an accidentally-fired detonator which had been left in a missed
shot, then it clearly followed that if this tube-arrangement had
been employed, the Courrieres disaster would have been avoided.

Mr. A. H. Stokes asked where this arrangement was in use.

Mr. Mein replied that many good things were not in use now,
and that they would be in use before members were very much older.

Mr. A. H. Stokes said his only reply was that he hoped that
the use of the detonator-appliance, just described, would be
deferred for a few years.

Mr. G. H. AsHWix (Shefiield) said that he was not sure
whether he understood Mr. Maurice correctly; but he thought
that he expressed the view that watering the roads in the mine
would not be an effective way of dealing with the dust-difficulty.
If that were so, he would remind Mr. Maurice that the evidence
given in an enquiry into a colliery explosion in South Wales a
short time ago proved that the explosion was practically confined
to one part of the pit, because efficient watering was in operation.

Mr. W. Maurice was afraid that he had not made himself
sufficiently clear on the question of watering. He agreed that
a thorough wetting of the area, in the vicinity of a shot-hole, for
example, might be contributory to safety, but it was not local
watering that he had in mind. He wa« thinking of systematic
attempts to render mine-air humid. These he regarded as
failures, but he admitted that spraying appliances were useful
for keeping roads in good order or for watering local areas.

Mr. G. Spencer (West Hallam) thought that the only inference
to be drawn from the paper was that coal-dust was the most
fruitful source of explosions. Whatever might be the origin (a
blown-out shot or otherwise) it was particularly necessary to
remove as far as possible the dust-danger. Several thousand
pounds had been expended at a large colliery in providing what
was expected to be an efficient water-spraying appliance, and it
had proved a failure. Instead of expending a large sum on

846 DISCUSSION — THE COUBRlilSES EXPI«OSION.

such plant, he (Mr. Spencer) believed that a moderate expenditure
would provide an apparatus on the vacuum-cleaning principle,
which could be applied to removing the dust from the roof and
sides of roads.

Mr. A. H. Stokes remarked that two or three speakers had
been discussing the question of dust generally ; what they had to
consider in this case, however, was not the firing of a shot on a
main roadway, which had been in use for 20 or 30 years; but,
taking the paper as affording a correct explanation, a shot fired
in a new heading, which had a clean face day by day. Then the
question arose whether coal-headings should be watered every
time that a shot was fired. Such regulations were necessary when
shots were fixed in a main roadway, where the dust was thick
and like flour, but he wanted the members to consider the place
where this explosion was supposed to have occurred, a heading,
which was being continued daily, where they could not expect
to find anything like the dust that they met with in a roadway.

Mr. P. Beaumont (Church Gresley) said that the Courriferes
explosion raised the question of detonation. He thought that the
evidence rather opposed the idea of an explosion originating from
carbon monoxide as suggested by Mr. C. Chandley; and he
ventured to suggest that it was not fiame or heat but detonation
which fired the dust. He believed it was possible that a
sudden detonation could produce such effects in the form of air-
vibrations that a certain mixtui^e of air and coal-dust, becoming

DISCUSSION — THE COURRliEES EXPLOSION. 847

than that specified for the purpose. Would it not be possible
for experiments to be made with powerful detonators alone, to see
whether similar results could not be obtained in that way ? It was
obvious that no amount of waterings in the Courrieres collieries
would have prevented that shot, although he agreed that if certain
safety-zones had been actually laid off, it waa probable that
this enormous disaster would have been averted, or, at all events,
restricted in area. It appeared advisable that a pit should be
divided into districts, and if an explosion occuiTed, the effects
might be thus limited to the smallest possible area.

Mr. C. Chandley observed that the members were rather
apt to look upon coal-dust as being required in very large quan-
tities to form an explosive mixture. He would remind them,
however, that 10,000 cubic feet of gas were produced from a ton
of coal by destructive distillation. It required only a very small
amount of coal-dust to be brought into contact with heat to be
destructively distilled, and to produce a considerable volume of
ga5, which, with air, became an explosive mixture. The explo-
sion of coal-dust differed, therefore, from the explosion of any
other dust. In one case gas might be generated, while in the
other there was merely rapid combustion. The liability to explo-
sion of new coal-dust in a heading or stall due to the accidental
application of heat was much more serious than that of old coal
and other dust on the roads, and these facts supported what Mr.
Stokes had been urging, that they must look to a serious change
in the method of dealing with coal-dust at the face.

The Chairman (Mr. G. J. Binns) wished to associate himself

very strongly with Mr. Stokes in the remarks that he had made

as to their feelings of sympathy with everyone affected by this

great disaster. At one time the Courrieres collieries were famous

throughout the world for the extreme safety of their method of

working ; and, the particulars being published,* many engineers

had examined the methods of timbering, which had reduced

the death-rate from falls of roof and side to a very considerable

extent at the Courrieres collieries. Some of the coal-seams

were absolutely inverted, and the roof and floor were extremely

erushed. The seam in which the explosion occurred must have

been harder than one that he had examined, seeing that explor

* Minea aiid Quarries : Geiiend Report and Statistics for 1899 j page 74 ; and
TraiM. Inst, M, E., 1900, vol. xx., page 164.

848 DISCUSSION — ^DETECTION OF INFLAMMABLE GASES IN MINES.

sives were in use. Mr. Stokes' remarks as to the isolation of dis-
tricts were noteworthy, and the Couniferes explosion rather con-
troverted the contention sometimes made (not by H.M. inspectors
of mines or mining engineers, or by colliery managers) by the
labour party, that all pits should be connected and that shafts
should be sunk every J niile or so. Mr. Beaumont's remarks as
to the possibility of the explosion being caused by detonation were
extremely valuable. Mr. de Grave had made some experiments
with detonators in gas; and he hoped that he would follow
them up with similar experiments in dusty air, as the results
might throw considerable light on a question which had now
assumed the utmost importance.

The further discussion was adjourned.

DISCUSSION OF MR. C. LATHAM'S "NOTES ON THE
DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF INFLAMMABLE
GASES IN MINES BY MEANS OF FLAME-CAPS."*

Mr. C. Chandley remarked that this paper had been treated
somewhat lightly, and Mr. Latham had been rather chaffed
about it; but, personally, he thought that Mr. Latham's position
was unassailable. The paper did not seem to be introducing
veiy much more than a plea for the use of various kinds of
fire-damp detectors. So far as he knew, these detectors were
found only in lamp-cabins, and they never heard of them

DISCUSSION — DETECTION OF INFLAMMABLE GASES IN MINES. 349

atmosphere, or for protection in case of emergency? If the
safety-lamp was used, generally speaking, to allow men to work
in an explosive atmosphere, the members need not trouble about
fire-damp detectors, as safety-lamps had their own limitations ;
but if they were to be used as precautionary or emergency-
lamps only, he did not see how mining engineers could avoid
the conclusion that the safety-lamp should be able to detect the
smallest quantity of gas in the presence of dust, and therefore
detectors should be used systematically. The logic of Mr.
Latham's position seemed to be quite obvious, however dis-
agreeable it might be.

Mr. AsHvviN asked how a safety-lamp could bum in an
explosive atmosphere?

Mr. H. R. Hewitt (H.M. Inspector of Mines) said that
evidently Mr. Ashwin was referring to an atmosphere containing
over 3 per cent, of fire-damp, in which case a test with a lamp
capable of detecting a very small percentage would probably be
dangerous. In any tests that were made, the ordinary safety-
lamp reduced to a blue flame should be first tried, and, if gas
was present, the object of making the test was accomplished. He
(Mr. Hewitt) would like to see all return-airways tested for as
low a percentage of fire-damp as 1. It was probable that there
were hundreds of mines in this country where the return-airways
would show 2 per cent, of fire-damp, which were now considered
and reported as being free from gas, from the fact that none had
been seen. He did not consider that a lamp or instrument for
finding less than would an ordinary safety-lamp, should be placed
in the charge of either a deputy or collier, but that the tests
should be made by the manager or a capable assistant. He
agreed with Mr. Latham that the terms " flameless " and *' safe,"
as applied to explosives, were unfortunate in view of the three
months' duration of the use of a permitted explosive where such
a quantity of gas is found as to be " indicative of danger." He
agreed with Mr. Latham that a much smaller quantity of gas
than could be seen by an ordinary safety-lamp was ** indicative
of danger," and should be prepared for and its consequential
results guarded against by stringent precautions.

The further discussion was adjourned.

850 DISCUSSION — THE BOULTHAM WELL AT LINCOLN.

MANCHESTER GEOLOGICAL AND MINING SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING,

Held in the Rooms of the Socibtt, Queen's Chambers,

5, John Dalton Street, Manchester,

November ISth, 1006.

Mr. CHARLES PILKINGTON, President, in the Chair.

The following gentlemen were elected, having been previously^
nominated : —

Members —
Mr. Francis Verrill Brown, Mechanical and Electrical Engineer, 49^

Deansgate, Manchester.
Mr. William Lowbridoe Hobbs, Mining Engineer, 100, Bolton Road,.

Pendleton, Manchester.

Associate Member—
Mr. James Cunliffe, SI, Moor Road, Chorley.

DISCUSSION OF MR. W. McKAT'S PAPER ON "THE
BOULTHAM WELL AT LINCOLN.*

DISCUSSION — ^THE BOULTHAM WELL AT LINCOLN. 861

was found at a depth of 955 feet below the surface. The first
3 inches of the boring, below the depth of 1,561 feet 3 inches,
passed through New Eed Sandstone. Since then, boring opera-
tions had been continued, but he did not know the exact depth.
Salt had not been found in the boring.

Mr. Joseph Dickinson remarked that rock-salt overlaid the
New Red Sandstone in Cheshire.

The Peesident (Mr. Pilkington) said that, in sinking a bore-
hole near Warrington, weak brine had been found at a depth of
100 feet ; and, it being found that all the deeper bore-holes in
the neighbourhood had salt in them, the boring was abandoned.

Mr. W. McKay said that, in the case of the Boultham well,
it appeared that the salt had disappeared from this particular
area, and that only layers of gypsum were left. In some parts
of Lincolnshire, water had been found impregnated with salt;
but, at Gainsborough, at a depth of 1,515 feet, splendid water
had been found, and an equally good result was anticipated from
the Boultham well.

The President (Mr. C. Pilkington) asked whether the supply
of water was diminishing.

Mr. W. McKay replied that, on the contrary, it had increased
at Gainsborough, from the time that it was tapped up to the
present time. He believed, however, that it was taking the
supply from other districts. On this assumption, Lincoln,
being on the lower level, would, no doubt, take the water from
other places.

The President (Mr. Charles Pilkington) delivered the follow-
ing " Presidential Address " : —

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

By CHARLES PILKINGTON.

It 18 customary for your President to deliver an address
at the opening of the session. I am sorry that I cannot give
you one on some geological subject: for this Society was prim-
arily geological, and to the geologists we owe its foundation and
its establishment as a successful and useful institution. Perhaps,
if geologists read mining papers and miners read geological
papers, the discussions would be more lively ; but scientific men
are so very severe in argument, not to say vicious in their search
after truth, that I dare not adopt this suggestion, and so fall
back on surer ground and briefly review some of the mining
problems with which we are face to face.

All professions and trades change as time goes on, owing
to new inventions and methods, but mining is subject to greater
changes than most other businesses, and colliery-proprietors,
mining engineers and officials, are well aware that, speaking
generally, they must prepare themselves to meet great and
increasing difficulties, for although there is plenty of coal left in
this country, most of the easily-won seams are worked out;
tuid there remain for ua^ at any rate in the wellknowii districts.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 863

merable tracings, and where he has spent some four or five years
in learning to use the miner's dial and to plot accurately. Xow
it is necessary that he should be taught discipline, if he has to
learn to command, and it is necessary that he should be a com-
petent surveyor ; but it is not necessary that he should spend the
best years of his apprenticeship, when his mind is most capable
of receiving impressions, in learning to becoming a past master
in the use of the dial. It is true that the pupil is occasionally
sent to see some work carried out according to instructions ; and,
if he is fortunate, he may later on have charge of a pit in connec-
tion with and under a certificated manager for a month or so ; but
I think that a rather wider range should be given to him, if he is
being educated to take the position of a colliery manager, should
he prove to have grit enough to take it. He should know more of
mechanical engineering than was formerly thought necessary,
although he need not go into those technical details which are
better left to the expert. He should be well grounded in elec-
tricity, and know something of building. The modem student
has a great advantage over the man of the past, for he has the
use of such excellent mining schools as those of Manchester and
Wigan (speaking of this district only), equipped with every
modern luxury in the way of capable teachers, good models and
diagmms. But it is one thing to learn at a school and another
to have knowledge ingrained into one's system by familiar use,
and there are things which can be taught at a colliers' far better
than anywhere else. He should for instance, amongst other
things, learn by personal experience something of the cost and
nature of the materials that he uses and of the coals sent to the
surface. Xow, these were supposed to be more or less depart-
mental secrets when I was young ; and an inquisitive pupil was
regarded with some suspicion. There ai*e certain things that
may have to be kept secret, but if you are educating a youngster,
and want him to become useful, the more that you let him know
the better. In saying this I do not suggest that the education of
the surveyor should be neglected : far from it, I would give him
the best facilities to learn his work, and better instruments to
work with than are supplied at some collieries. I would not
have him answer such an advertizement as appeared lately in
a Yorkshire paper: — "Wanted a surveyor at a large colliery,
30s. a week." But the talents required for surveying and the

VOL. XXXII.-4M6-1M7. 25

854 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS .

talents required for management are not the same, and may not
be combined in the same individual. The very exactness of
detail required from the surveyor might develop into a niggling
habit of thought in a manager.

The first practical question to which I would call your attention
is that of coal-cutting by machinery. There are some members
who have given to this question their best thought and work, and
have generously passed on to us the result of their labours ; but
the general frame of mind in the past has been too cautious and
conservative. It is nearly thirty years since I first handled a
coal-cutter underground, and yet how few comparatively were in
use ten years ago. It is, to a certain extent, the fault of their
makers and introducers, who in the past claimed for them far
more than they could possibly achieve. Most of the early state-
ments about cost and speed of cutting were absolutely unbusiness-
like, and naturally caused hard-headed mining men to fight shy
of trying the machines. But it is different now, for we have a fair
amount of independent figures to go upon, not only giving the work
done in a certain time, but the time re(iuired for preparing the
places for the machines, the cost of repairs and management,
the amount of breakdowns over a given period, and the capital
outlay. There are some twenty or thirty different machines
on the market worked by compressed air or electricity, so that
we have a much larger choice than we originally had. This is
very important, for one machine is suitable to work under one

PBESIDEXTIAL ADDRESS. 855

But, even under the most favourable circumstances, coal-
cutting requires an immense amount of personal care, fore-
thought and management ; and few elderly men can adapt them-
selves to the work, as questions that are novel in themselves
occur with vexatious frequency. The man who has charge of a
district or mine, where cutting machines are used, should be
bred young to the work, if possible ; and there is no doubt that
the managers, whom we are educating now, will be far more
successful in this department than the elder men of the present
day.

These remarks apply equally to underground coal-conveyors^
which have received little attention up to the present time. They
are successful enough, as far as the work done is concerned, but
they are usually very cumbrous and expensive to move. A light,
easily-driven and quickly-moved arrangement is wanted, but it
is only half-invented at the present time.

New pits will generally have to be deeper than the old ones,,
and the problems of cheap and safe winding are many and
diflBcult. Tlie immense weight of 3,000 feet of winding-rope,
and the full load at starting, together constitute a great difficulty.
Many attempts, more or less successful, have been made to over-
come it: some of the best, so far as balancing the load is con-
cerned, fill the pit with ropes, each difficult to examine, and the
breakage of one of which might cause inextricable confusion and
long stoppage. It seems to me that the best solution is the coni-^
cal-grooved drum of some modern design.

The great cost of the pits and machinery will make it neces
sary that one set of shafts shall serve a very large area, and
consequently wind a large quantity of coal. Therefore the dis-
tance from the pit-bottom, at which work can be safely carried
on, is now occupying attention ; but an arbitrary limit, such as
had been proposed, would, in many cases, put a coUiery with
deep pits in the Bankruptcy Court, and throw the colliers out
of work. Safety is, of course, the important factor; and, when
the limits are being approached, a very small area of workings
worked at very high pressure, with improved ventilating
machinery and large roads, may enable us to work with safety
and health at great distances from the shaft.

To achieve the best result, ponies must bo kept out of the

^56

PRESIDENTIAL ADDKESS.

pit, and tHeir places taken by hauling-engines driven by com-
pressed air or electricity.

The use of coal-cutting machinery, at the far end, in a hot
and distant district, driven by compressed air, will help to cool
the atmosphere and to improve the ventilation. Here is a
question for some member to work out: what is the best way
of doing it? A long length of pipes direct from the surface is
expensive to lay down and difficult to keep in order. Air-
compressors, near the far end, driven by electricity, seem a
plausible solution; but the heat developed at the compressor
must be equal to the cold created at the face, so that there is no
gain in temperature unless a small current of fresh air passes
•over the motor and air-compressor direct into the retum-airway.
I think that science may find in the future some means cheaper
than the suggested use of liquid air to help us ; but, in all these
things, cheapness is an absolute necessity. The more power
that we use in winning a ton of coal, the more it behoves us to
economize the fuel which creates that power, and here we must
turn for help to mechanical engineers. I know, by experience,
that they are always ready, but let them see to it that they do
not frighten us by excessive costs.

Greater depth means greater heat, and another enemy may
have to be encountered. There are now mines in Great Britain
hot enough to propagate the larvae of AnhjJostoma. Given a
1 ittle diimpnesft and the presence of one contamintvted pei^on.

PKESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 857

medical certificate being obtained stating that he is free from this
disease. Any district where a case is known to exist should be
declared an ** infected district " under the Infectious Diseases Act,
and miners going from that to another hot district should be re-
quired to produce a doctor's certificate that they are free from the
malady. It has been found that ankylostomiasis is easily diagnosed
by an examination of the blood ; and the medical authorities of the
different countries and other areas should appoint properly quali-
fied men to detect the disease. There has been a case lately in
Scotland ; last year there was a case in Manchester ; it is known
that the disease exists in Cornwall ; and it seems to me that
the less time we lose in establishing national precautions the
better. There can be no doubt that the workmen will endeavour
to have this disease included amongst the accidents for which
compensation is paid ; but the worst aspect of the misfortune
would be the suftering and annoyance caused to the men them-
selves.

This brings me naturally to the subject of sanitation. From
time to time, a disturbance is made about the dirty condition of
many of our pits, designs of earth-closets and pails are discussed^
and rules are drafted and printed, but they are difficult to enforce.
The subject is an unsavoury one, and when the management's
conscience is appeased by providing the apparatus and posting
the rules on the headgear, the subject is often allowed to slide
into its old channel. It is a somewhat difficult question, and the
edvication of the workmen, as well as the proprietors, into a
proper frame of mind on the subject appears to be the most
eft'ectual way of dealing with it.

I now come to the dust question : one of the most important
of the day. According to a recent report,* the great Courrieres
disaster was mostly, if not entirely, due to a dust-explosion. I
do not think any of us wanted any more proofs of the dust
danger ; but we do need more experiments as to the best way of
removing it, and the deeper and hotter the mine, the greater
will be the difficulty. In new pits it may be easy to keep screen-
ing and sorting arrangements at some distance from and, if pos-

* Report to H.M, Secretary of State for the Home Department on the
DufOMter which occurred ai Courriere'i MinCy Pas de Calais^ France, on March lOth^
1906, by Messrs. H. Cunynghame and W. N. Atkinson, 1906 [Cki. 3171].

358

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

fiible, on the north-east (or opposite side to the prevailing wind)
of the downcast pit, so a* to prevent the dust from descending.
But we are still face to face with the dust created in the mine, and
it must be remembered, where mechanical haulage is used, that
the dust of the main wagon-roads, although less in quantity, is
much more dangerous than it used to be, when ponies pulverized
the warrant, or shale, which, mingling with the coal-dust, reduced
its explosiveness. In deeper and hotter mines, it would not be
advisable to water the roads, as this would have a tendency to
propagate Ankylostoma, and, by creating a moist and hot atmo-
sphere, prove injurious to the colliers' health. It seems to me that
in the deep mines of the future there are only two known things
that we can do, and these are : — (1) To use st^el or iron tubs,
which will not allow the dust, made in transit, to fall on the
roads; and (2) to have periodical cleanings of the main wagon-
roads, perhaps using a jet of compressed air to remove the dust
from the crannies of the sides and roof.

If we could have something in the nature of a vacuum-cleaner,
using compressed air in an injector or fan to deliver the dust into
a long water-tank or wagon, wherein the water was agitated, it
might help us; but dust occurrs in such quantities that it is
difficult to deal with it. Mr. John Gerrard, in his evidence before
the Royal Commission on Mines, refers to such an apparatus
having been coupled to a screen. Some five or six years ago,
something of the kind was tried at a revolving screen at the
CQlIieries with which I am coiiDeciod, but it was not

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 859

fathers : no longer rough-and-tumble, now that it is worked by
skilled engineers, with the best pumps and winding tackle in the
world, but still the same in principle. This is doubtless in most
cases the best and cheapest; but it has its limits, and even when
successfully applied, as it has been at the Maypole colliery,
Wigan, and at Manton colliery, Nottingham, the cost of some of
the depths per foot must have been enormous.

One of the great difficulties at increased depths is the great
pressure on the pumps, which causes the sand to cut the clacks
and rams to pieces so quickly ; and, when everything is pumping
at full stretch, it is often a very serious and difficult operation to
change a pump. The " Tomson," a modified pumping system,
is in use in Germany : as soon as the pit is started, if necessary,
or as soon as the volume of water and depth of lift warrant it, two
large cylindrical tanks, each suspended by two strong capstan-
cables, are placed on each side of the pit, and these tanks follow
the sinkers, and are lowered down, foot by foot. Into these
tanks, two large cylindrical buckets are dipped, using the
capstan-cables as guides, and by this means a large quantity of
water can be safely wound out of the shaft. The sinking
pumps proper, driven by compressed air or electricity, pump into
these tanks ; and, as the lift is small, say, 10 to 30 feet, there is
comparatively little cutting of the valve-seatings and rams, and
a comparatively small motor will lift an immense body of water.

The question of tubbing versus pumping is a very momentous
one, and after we have worked it out to the best of our ability
with the data to hand, it is difficult to arrive at a definite conclu-
sion. It might help us if we had more figures giving the
decrease of work done at large colliery pumping-stations as
years go by. These figures might be collected from time to
time, and calculations worked out from them; they would cer-
tainly be of scientific interest, and they would lead to discussion
and might prove of great value.

Should tubbing be decided upon, what is the kind to be used?
The ordinary British method is to place the plain sides of the
tubbing inside the pit, the ribs being towards the strata, and
the joints made watertight with wooden wedges. The so-called
German method, but which I believe was first used in Great
Britain, has the flanges turned towards the centre of the pit, and
is put in as the pit goes down, each ring being concreted to the

360

PRESIDENTIAL ADDKESS.

strata behind, after it Las been secured with bolts to the ring^
above. The segments of this tubbing are much larger than those«
ordinarily made in Great Britain, being about 5 feet square : all
the joints are planed, a thin strip of lead being inserted, when
they are bolted to each other. I think that tubbing smooth
on the inside is better for ventilation and safer in case of
anything falling in the pit, as there are no projecting flanges
to receive a blow, but the other is more easily inserted and easier
to repair. Should any papers be communicated on this subject,
I hope that the question of the thickness of the tubbing will be
discussed : for, although some formulae are recorded in handbooks
on mining, the information is untrustwoi-thy, as little attention
is paid to the depth and frequency of the flanges and ribs.

At the present time, a committee, appointed by the Lancashire
and Cheshire Coal Association, has been preparing plans and col-
lecting information preparatory to the establishment of a rescue-
station. Leigh has been chosen as a central spot, and I hope
that an office, storerooms for oxygen life-saving appaiutus, and
the various other appliances suitable for a rescue-station will soon
be erected, together with a long gallery, in imitation of a road-
way in a pit, with all the obstacles of broken timber and fallen
roof through which a rescue-party might have to force its way
after an explosion. The Committee hope to train men from
every district of Lancashire and Cheshire, not only in the use
and upkeep of the various life-saving appliances, but also to

DlSCrSSIOX PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 861

late Majesty's chief inspector of mines, we have one of our oldest
and most respected members.

And now, grentlemen, although I have not given you anything
new in this address, or gone into any detail on any subject, I
hope that my remarks may stimulate others to carry on care-
fully and diligently research in the various subjects mentioned ;
and that, through their efforts, this Society may not only receive
benefit enuring to its own members, but be the means of for-
warding the solution of many of those difficult problems that
affect the safe and successful working of that mineral, upon
which the prosperity of our country so largely depends.

Mr. Joseph Dickinson, F.G.S., in moving a vote of thanks
to the President for his address, said that while he agreed with
the President on most of the points mentioned in his address, he
would, if discussion were not forbidden, call attention to one
on which there might be a difference of opinion. The formal
examination of a collier for ankylostomiasis might, he thought,
be left with the manager.

Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins seconded the vote of thanks, which
was carried with acclamation.

The President (Mr. Charles Pilkington), after acknowledg-
ing the vote of thanks, said that he did not think that a manager
would, as a rule, be able to tell whether or not a man was suffer-
ing from ankylostomiasis.

Mr. Mark Stirrip, F.G.S., read a paper on *' The New and
the Old Geology ; and the Xew Ideas of Matter.''

562

TBANSACnONS.

MIDLAND INSTITUTE OF MINING, CIVIL AND
MECHANICAL ENGINEEBS.

GENERAL MEETING,
Held at Wakefiei.d, December 12th, 1906.

Mb. J. R. R. WILSON, President, is the Chair.

The following gentlemen, having been duly nominated, were
elected : —

Members—

Mr. WnxiAM Clarke, Mining Engineer, Lees Hall, Meersbrook, Sheffield.

Mr. Robert George Hioby, Mining and Civil Engineer, Baltic House,
27, Leadenhall Street, London, E.C.

Mr. Harold C. Jenkins, Electrical Engineer, Bank Chambers, Fargate,
Sheffield.

Mr. William F. Mtlan, Electrical Engineer, Bank Chambers, Fargate,
Sheffield.

Mr. Joe Stancltff, Mining Engineer, 185, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.

Mr. Horace Tremlett, Manager of the Montrose Gold-mining and Explora-
tion Company, Limited, Johannesburg, Transvaal.

COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIEBY. 868

COST OF AX ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

By PERCY C. GREAVES.

The writer, in presenting the following notes, simply wishes
to place before the members the actual cost of producing elec-
tricity at a colliery under normal conditions. It is not contended
that it is produced as cheaply as possible. He has found opinions
■differ greatly as to the actual cost, and as he has made an experi-
ment he thinks that it may be of interest to the members.

The plant used for the experiment consists of two 50 kilo-
watts generators, working at a pressure of 500 voltfi, built by
Mr. AVilson Hartnell, and coupled directly to two Willans
central-valve engines running at 460 revolutions per minute
under a steam-pressure of 100 pounds per square inch. The
boiler is attached to this plant alone, so that accurate results
can be obtained. The period of the trial was one week.

The motors and machinery driven by this generator are as
follows: — One 24 kilowatts motor driving a main-and-tail-
rope haulage-plant; one 1 horsepower motor driving a centri-
fugal pump ; one 42 horsepower motor driving a ram-pump ; one
10 horsepower motor driving a ram-pump; one 15 horsepower
motor driving machinery in fitting-shops; and three Diamond
coal-cutters driven by motors of 20 horsepower each. In addition,
there are 115 lights in the pit-bottom, coupled in series.

The two dynamos are run in parallel, and, at a certain period
of the day, one is stopped and the other does the work alone.
A self-recording watt-meter was put down to ascertain the
number of units used by the plant. In one week, from Saturday
night to Saturday night, 4,400 units were consumed; during
the same period the boiler used 33 tons 12 cwts. of coal. The
following stores were consumed by the plant: 9 gallons of
engine-oil, J gallon of cylinder-oil, and 2 pounds of waste. The
wages of the attendants, one on each shift, were £2 12s. The
quality of the coal used was very inferior, 8 tons being bastard

864 COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

eannel, while 17 tons 17 cwts. of coal had been in stock for about
two years, and, in the writer's opinion, the full value of this fuel
was 3s. 6d. per ton. Consequently, on this basis, the costs were
as follows : — Coal, 33 tons 12 cwts. at 3s. Gd. per ton, £6 178. 7d. ;
oil, 9J gallons, 18s. (3d. ; wages, £2 12s. ; cleaning waste, 2
pounds at 2d., 4d. ; and the total cost of £9 8s. 5d. is equivalent
to 0'51d. a unit. In addition to this, there is the depreciation of
plant and interest on the outlay.

A portion of tliis plant was bought when prices were high,
so that it is hardly a fair criterion ; but, taking the cost of the
boiler, engine-house, and two plants at £2,000, and allowing
15 per cent, for depreciation of plant and interest on capital, it
would amount to £5 15s. 4d. per week, and the cost of insurance
of the dynamos is 2s. 6d. per week. The total cost will then
become £15 6s. 3d. or 0-83d. per unit.

The trial was continued during the following week, when
4,428 units were used, and the results were as follows : — Coal, 34
tons 4 cwts. at 3s. 6d. per ton, £5 19s. 8d. ; oil, 9i gallons,
18s. Gd. ; waste, 1 pound, 2d. ; wages, £2 12s. ; boiler-cleaning,
48. ; interest, depreciation and insurance, £6 17s. lOd. ; making a
total cost of £15 128. 2d. or 0-83d. per unit.

Having made these two tests, the writer thought that he would
like to know how many units were used by a coal-cutter in
normal working, for which purpose all the lights and other

DISCUSSION COST OF AX ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY. 865

The coal-cutting machine was working about 1,700 yards
from the switch-board where the test was taken, and thus all
losses by transmission were taken into account.

It may be explained that an electrical unit is 1 kilowatt-
hour (1,000 watts per working hour) and this is equal to 1-34
horsepower acting for 1 hour. It was defined by Act of
Parliament in 1882.

DISCUSSION OF MR. P. C. GREAVES' PAPER OJf THE
**COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COL-
LIERY,"* AND MR. A. J. TONGE'S PAPER ON "A
COLLIERY-PLANT: ITS ECONOMY AND WASTE."t
Mr. G. Blake TTalker (Barnsley) wrote that he had been
asked to open the discussion on these very interesting papers
but would have preferred this to have been done by someone
who could have brought the results of original investigation and
experiments, which, unfortunately, he had not recently been
able to do. At various times different departments of mining
engineering attracted special attention, and the subject which was
at the present moment most engrossing was that of the produc-
tion of economical power, to which question Mr. Tonge had ably
addressed himself. There were plenty of reasons for this. The
pressure of highly competitive times, the increased requirements
for power, and the general low efficiency of collieiy-machinery
as compared with that employed in other industries, constituted
one set of reasons. Another was the knowledge of the marvellous
strides recently made in connection with the generation of
electricity, the advent of the large gas-engine, and the exhaust-
turbine. The low efficiency of the steam-engine as a
utilizer of heat had long been the despair of engineers. Losses
occurred at every stage, in the fire-box, in the boiler, in the
steam-pipes, in the ports and in the cylinders. Hence only about
6 per cent, of the heat produced was converted into work. To
quote the evidence of Mr. G. T. Beilby before the Royal Com-
mission on Coal-supplies,t "When it becomes generally recog-
• TraiM. Imt. M. E., 1906, vol. xxxii., page 363.
t Ihid.y 1905, vol. xxix., page 153 ; and 1905, vol. xxx., page 249.
X Second Report of the Royal Commission on Coal-sapplies, 1904 [Cd. 1991],
vol. ii., page 43.

36G DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTEICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

nized that the power required in mines and factories can be
obtained at one-fourth to one-half of its present cost, the
transformation from steam to g^s will proceed very rapidly."

Gas, however, was not the only way of increasing the efficiency
of fuel, and the whole question of the comparative economy to be
derived from steam-engines of the highest type, steam-turbines
and gas-engines, had recently been exhaustively treated by Prof.
Georg Baum, Berlin, in a paper* which had appeared since Mr.
Tonge's paper was written. He (Mr. Walker) did not think that
he could contribute more usefully to this discussion than by
giving some of Prof. Baum's conclusions. Here are a few useful
figures: take the cost of steam with a plant of two Cornish
boilers, each with 860 square feet of heating-surface, produce
together 3*2 tons of steam in one hour, or 76*8 tons in 24
hours. If fired 12 hours a day and 300 days in the year, stand-
ing cold six days in the year, the following figures may be
taken : With coals at 9s. per ton, a capital outlay of £1,400, and
an efficiency of plant of 70 per cent., the cost of a ton of saturated
steam would be about Is. 7d. If the coal be put at 4s. 6d., the
cost of a ton of saturated steam would be about lld.t At Scharn-
horst colliery, near Dortmund, the waste-gases from eighty Otto
bye-product ovens are used under ten boilers. The quantity of
steam produced is 378 tons per diem. The feed-water tempera-
ture was 134° Fahr. from a central condensation-plant. {

Mr. Tonge gives a comparative table of the relative efficiency
of electric and steam driving.§ Table I. contains the particu-

DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTEICAL UNIT AT A COLLIEEY. 867
Table I.— Costs of Steam-power and Electrical Powsb at a

SiLESIAN COLLIEKT.

Hteam-power. Electrical-power.

Description of PUnt.

Power
used.

Cost

Cont '!^>
of •»»{ Cort

Cost
of

Saving.

«;;

Workin
during tl

iSi

Work-
ing.

—

Hon»t»-
uower.

Day*. £ n. d.

£ Dayn.

£ ».

I !• Haulage-winches ...

"^18

300 0 7 6

112 300

0 4

2- RoDe-haulaffe. 1

300 0 8 6

128 300

0 6

|300 0 8 6

127 300

0 6

300 0 8 6

128 300

0 6

VentilatinK faQS* 1

360 'O 18 6

333 360

0 16

270,

® 9

360 1 I 10 0

640 360

1 4

441

}) )t 3

360 !l 11 6

567 360

1 4

441

126

Screening

300!() 14 6

217 1300

0 11

166

Centrifugal pumps, 1

360 0 10 0

1801360

0 2

144

10.

360 0 10 0

180 360 0 2

144

11.

360 0 10 0

180 360 0 2

144

12.

Belts ... 1

300 0 11 0

165 300 0 8

120

13.

300 0 11 0

166 300: 0 8

120

14.

!, . 3

306 0 11 0

166 300 0 8

120

15.

Coal-hoists... 1

300:0 6 6

98 300 0 4

16.

310 0 16 0

232 300 0 11

166

17.

Ash-hoist

360

0 2 0

36 360 0 1

18.

Workshops

360

0 5 0

88 360 0 6

19.

Electric lighting ...

100
692

.360

1 8 0

604 360

1 4

432

£2,89^

Totals

£4,146

£1,262.

at the Liege Exhibition, gives some figures with regard to a
colliery central-statioa plant to yield 1,200 electrical horsepower
continuously.* The cost, detailed in Table II., may seem large,
and is perhaps for a higher class of work than is usual at

Table II.— Cost of Electrical Plant to Generate 1,200 Horsepower.

Two gas-motors, each of 600 horsepower, including
pipe-mains, erected complete

One gas-motor of 600 horsepower, in reserve

during cleaning, stoppages, etc.
Three dynamos, including pulleys

Switchboard ... ... ...

Two exciters ...

Foundations ...

Enginehouse

Travelling crane, 16 tons capacity
Contingencies, say, 20 per cent

for use

Total

£8,000

4,000

4,500
860
600
600

1,250
600

4,060

£24,360

Oliickauf, 1906, vol. xlii., page 1035.

368 DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

British collieries, but it is just as well to be on the safe side.
The establishment or plant cost of this central station is about
£20 per horsepower, or £27 per kilowatt. Leaving the cost of
reserve-motors out of account, the actual cost of a number of
completed plants is detailed in. Table III.* With large plants,
the establishment-charges vary to the advantage of the cost of
production so that a plant with an output of 5,150 horsepower
or 3,790 kilowatts, inclusive of purifying plant, should be in-
stalled for £14 per kilowatt.

Table III.— Actual Costs of Elbctrical Plants of 120, 550, 900 and 1,800

HORSKPOWEB.

Engine-output ... horsepower
Electric output ... kilowatts

Cost of electrical plant : dynamo
Do. switchboard

120

£375
100

£475

£1,700

2,145

475

£4,320

£49

: machines.

550
404

£1,015
75

900
662

£2,650

1,800
1,315

£5,000*
850

ToUls

£1,090

£2,650

£2,000
7,225
2,650

£11,875

£18

£5,850

Plant.costs : purifying plant

Do. gas-engine plant ...
Do. electrical plant

Totals

£1,650
4,889
1,090

£7,629

£3,000

14,450

5,850

£23,300

Plant-costs per kilowatt

* Three

£19

£17

The cost of working a gas-power plant of 1,200 horsepower is
somewhat as follows : — The value of coke-oven gas may be taken
at a low figure, because hitherto an equivalent amount of heat

DISCUSSION COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY. 869

various plants, estimates the cost as follows : — Gas-engines and
connections, £20,300; purifying plant, £3,000; and reserve-
•engines, £4,650 : a total of £27,950. On account of the heavy
wear-and-tear of gas-engines, he reckons interest at 16 per cent,
or £4,473 a year, equal to 12s. 5d. per working hour, a consider-
ably higher figure than the 7s. used in the previous estimate.*

Table IV.— Cost of Working a Gas-power Plant of 1,200 Horsepowsr.

Interest and sinking fund

Cost of gas

Attendance

Cooling water

Oil

Cleaning

Total

i\.

<i.

—

Mr. Tonge uses a Parsons turbine to produce electricity, and
gives the efficiency of this engine at 19 pounds of steam per
indicated horsepower. Table Y., detailing experiments on a
Melms-Pfenniger turbine of 500 kilowatts, gives an even better
result, namely, 1714 pounds per kilowatt-hour, or 11*88 pounds
per horsepower-hour.t This excellent result is in a great
measure due to the use of superheated steam.

Table V.— Experiments

[)y A Melms-Pfenniger Turbine of

500 Kilowatts.*

No. of Experiment.

Percentages of full load

100

Empty
with

exciter

Load in kilowatts

500

400

280

150

Average number of revolutions

2,459

2,469

2,477

2,489

2,516

per minute.

Absolute pressure of steam enter-

201

200

202

192

196

ing the turbine in pounds per

square inch.

Temperature of steam in degrees

Cent.
Weight of condensed steam in

319-4

312-4

308-2

306-2

289-2

1714

17-46

18-48

22-44

pounds per kilowatt- hour.

Turbines possess the great advantage of being suited to the
use of highly superheated steam, and an experiment recently
carried out in the Technical School at Dresden holds out hopes
• aiiickauf, 1906, vol. xlii., page 1036. t Ihid,, page 1137.

I Ibid,, page 1137.

VOL. XXXII.- 1806.1W7. 26

870 DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTEICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

of further advantage from the interposition of a second super-
heater between the high-pressure and low-pressure portions of
the turbine. The experiments were made upon a turbine of
the Layal type, with a capacity of 100 kilowatts. Steam is
passed into the turbine through a superheater, and the exhaust-
steam passes through a tubular regenerator before going to the
condenser. The surplus heat is used for heating the feed-water.
A second superheater is interposed at the i)oint at which the
expanded steam has a pressure of about 15 pounds per square
inch and the saving thus effected is very important, as will
be seen from the figures detailed in Table YI.* It was.

Table VI.— Experiments with Superheated Steam in

A La\

AL Turbine.

Superheat of steam.

Degrees Cent.

300

400

500

600

(1) Single turbine, with
regenerator.

Percentage of efficiency
due to superheating.

12-3

17-5

22-6

27-9

(2) Double-Btftge turbine:
initial steam - pres-
sure 105 Dounds per
square inch,final pres-
sure 15 pounds per
square inch in high-
pressure section, and
15 to 14 pounds per
square inch in low-

Superheating : high -
pressure stage.

Degrees Cent.

1
300 i

300

30O

Superheating: low-pres-
sure stage.

Degrees Cent.

300

400

500

600

pressure section. With
superheating between
high - pressure and
low -pressure sections.

Percentage of efficiency
due to superheating.

9-2

161

22-7

DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLUE&Y. 871

Mr. F. Sehulte estimates the cost of a plant, with turbines of
1,200 horsepower, at, say, £20,000 (see Table VII.) as compared
with £27,000 for a gas-engine plant.*

Table VII.— Cost of Turbine-plant of 1,200 Horsepower,

Buildings £460

Steam-turbogen, of 1,200 horsepower 5,250

„ reserve, of 600 horsepower 3,000

Transformer, switchboard, etc 650

Crane 160

Steam-pipes 300

Duplicates, 10 per cent 900

Boiler-house 2,600

Boilers 3,200

Seating, chimney, etc 800

Feed-pumps, steam-separators, etc 375

Contingencies 2,000

Total ... £19,675

Mr. W. Maurice recently described the exhaust-steam turbine
on the Rateau system, at the Hucknall Torkard collieries.t
There can be no doubt that this remarkable invention forms one
of the greatest and simplest means of reducing colliery-con-
sumption at old pits. The primary engine, developing 1,100
horsepower at 0144d. per horsepower-hour, costs 13s. 3d. per
hour; the secondary plant, developing 500 horsepower at 0096d.
per horsepower-hour, costs 4s. per hour, and also 600 horsepower,
at nil; and the total of 2,200 horsepower will cost 0*094d. per
horsepower-hour, or 178. 3d. per hour. The value of the coal
used to produce the power would, therefore, be reduced from
£6,750 to £4,500 per annum. It is to practical savings of this
nature that such a paper as Mr. Tonge's should direct us.

Mr. J. F. Lee (Dinnington) wrote that mining engineeri
were generally content with making comparisons, instead of get-
ting at the actual cost of producing electrical motive power for
coUiei-y-work, and the information given by Mr. P. C. Greaves
was interesting, as it afforded some idea of the cost of obtaining
an electrical unit with a direct-current plant. There was some
difficulty in getting at the output of motors with varying loads,

* Gliickauf, 1906, vol. xlii., pages 1140 and 1141.

t ''A Rateau Exhaust-steam-driven Three-phase Haulage Plant," by Mr.
W. Maurice, Trans, Inat, 'M. E,, 1906, vol. xxxii., page 118.

S72 DISCUSSION COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

such as those working hauling and other kinds of colliery-plant ;
and for this purpose it was necessary to have check readings so
as to obtain reliable figures, by having a double set of instru-
ments, or to have them tested to ensure accuracy, as from his (Mr.
Lee's) own experience, unless the output was checked one was
apt to be led astray. He noticed that Mr. P. C. Greaves had
made two separate tests, which came out at exactly the same
cost per unit. This was satisfactory as a comparative test, but for
the accuracy of the actual cost it would be interesting to know
how the readings of the self-recording wattmeter were checked.
Were there two in use, or was the instrument tested before and
after the trials, so as to ensure a correct record of the work ? The
cost of 0*51d. per unit, without depreciation and interest on
capital, seemed rather high, as compared with the results of some
tests made by the writer on a three-phase plant. An induction-
test was run for 6 hours on a generator of 225 kilowatts, actuated
by a Robey cross-compound condensing engine, with a rope-
driving connection to the generator. Separate boilers were used
80 as to arrive at the amount of fuel consumed, and the following
results were obtained : — Mean indicated horsepower, 407 ; mean
electric horsepower, 298; loss in friction of engine, ropes and
generator-bearings, 27 per cent. ; and overall efficiency, 73 per
cent. The costs were as follow: — Fuel, 7 tons of ordinary pit-
slack, made through holes, 1 inch square, at 4s. per ton, £1 8s. ;
stores, 9d. ; labour, lis. 9d. ; and the total, £2 Os. 6d., was equal
to O^Mod. per unit on ilw output nbtaiiitMl,

DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLMEBY. 873

and, in the application of electricity to winding, a failure
might not be rapidly localized. Simplicity was worth a great
deal, and the steam winding-engine was a very simple machine
which rarely went wrong : when it did go wrong, the fault was
quickly found. But that waa not the case with an electrical
machine, and the economy would soon be gone if they had 300
to 400 men in a pit, drawing wages for nothing, while a machine
was being examined. When tests were made, the conditions
were usually the best for the purpose, and if anything went
wrong it was a case of *^ that is no use, we will start again,''
but that was not what happened at a colliery. • There were many
things that interfered with the economy of an irregular-running
engine, which was dependent upon normal conditions for the
economy that it claimed. He (Mr. Chambers) also asked with what
sort of engines the comparisons had been made. He was afraid
that they were not made with the most efficient steam-engine,
whilst he took it that the electrical installations were of the
most modem type. They could find steam-engines that were
exceedingly extravagant, but why should such engines be used
for these comparisons!-^ A high-class steam-engine, situated
close to the boilers, where the steam was condensed and the
heat utilized to heat the feed-water, so that it went back into
the boilers at boiling point, was a good and economical machine.
He did not know that they had had any mechanical expert to
take up the case on behalf of the steam-engine : they had had
plenty of experts to advocate electricity, some to serve their
self interests, but so far as he knew, no mechanical engineer
had gone deeply into the question as to how far a steam-engine
could l>e made to give lietter results than those in the com-
parisons set before them. At a recent meeting of electrical
engineers, Mr. C. P. Markham mentioned a winding-engine which
he described as the most economical in the country,* and Mr.
W. C. Mountain, although an electrical engineer, at an electrical
engineers' meeting, ha<l made out a very good case for the
steam-engine.t

As to coal-consumption, they had the quality of the coal

* Jonmial of the Iiistitntioii of Electrical Ewjiueers, 1906, vol. xxxvi., page 520.

t '* Electric Winding in Main Shafts considered Practically and Com-
mercially," Journal- of the Iiuttitution of Electrical EngineerHj 1906, vol. xxxvi.,
page 499 ; and ** Commercial Possibilities of Electric Winding for Main Shafts and
Auxiliary Work," Tram. /iw/. M. E,, 1906, vol. xxxi., page 329.

S74 DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

to consider. The same coal that was burned for steam-boilers
might not be suitable for gas-engines. At the colliery to which
he referred, the coal used for generating steam passed through
meshes, 0118 inch (3 millimetres) square : it contained 25 per
cent, of ash and about 16 per cent, of water. It was of no use
for gas-making, and indeed was of no use for anything but the
purpose for which it was used. It was produced at coal-washers,
and they had been at a great deal of trouble to find what to do
with it. They had succeeded in utilizing it for raising steam, it
was unsaleable, and if they had not burned it they would prob-
ably have had tp put it on the refuse-heap. Such circumstances
as these had a very important bearing upon the economical
investment of capital in machinery and engines.

A colliery manager was supposed to know a good deal: he
knew something about mining, he had to be a fairly expert
diplomat, and he was supposed to be something of a financier, a
civil engineer, a lawyer, a geologist, a horse-dealer, a timber-
merchant, an electrical engineer, a metallurgist, a chemist, a
doctor, an accountant, and one or two other things; but they
could not expect him to be expert in all of them. As a solicitor
on a knotty point took counseFs opinion, they wanted some
assistance in the intricate problems with which they had to
deal.

Another important point was that collieries were not like
permanent works; and they only lasted as long as the coal.
There was no value in the plant of a worked-out colliery, which

DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY. 876

liery was completed, except when a quick and large return on the
investment was assured. Before existing steam-engines were dis-
carded as obsolete and extravagant, it was worth while to con-
sider what could be done to improve them and at what cost, by
altering the valve-gear and putting on condensers, such as were
usually provided for the prime motors of an electric installation ;
and the probability was that in many cases it would be found to
be much less expensive and attain a near proximity to the highest
eflBciency.

Mr. H. St. J. Durnford (Leeds) thought that Mr. Greaves
had put a low price upon his coal, as it should be worth more than
3s 6d. per ton. He asked how the price at which current could
be bought from, say, the Yorkshire Power Company, Limited,
compared with 0'83d. per unit, quoted in the paper, and also
how Mr. Greaves' figures compared with Mr. Walker's.

Mr. M. H. Habershon (Thomcliffe) said that, in Westphalia,
a company having several hundred miles of cable collected the
electric power generated at the collieries in the district, and
paid |d. per unit for it. At a meeting of the Institution of
Electrical Engineers held at Leeds, in 1905,* it was stated that
the cost of generating electric current with an engine of 500
indicated horsepower driving a dynamo of 270 kilowatts, working
3,000 hours per annum with an average load of 80 per cent, and
coal at 6s. 8d. per ton, amounted to 0'418d. per brake-horsepower-
hour; and with a suction gas-plant of similar capacity, on the
same average load, but with anthracite-cobbles at 25s. per ton,
the total working cost was estimated at 0*3od. per brake-horse-
power-hour.

Referring to Mr. Tonge's remark as to the possibility of
effecting economies in fully developed mines more easily than in
new ones, he thought that it was open to doubt, and things might
rather be the other way about. It had been given in evidence
before the Royal Commission on Coal-supplies,t that at one
colliery an increase of 1,000 feet in the depth of the workings
had increased the coal-consumption from 5 to 10^ per cent.

♦ " Power-ga8," by Dr. F. H. Bowman, EUrlriail Rei-iewy 1905, vol. Ivi.,
paffe 666; Electrician, 1905, vol. liv., page 1005; and Co/h'nn/ (iuarfiian, 1905,
voi. Ixxxix., page 582.

t Fir^t Report of the Royal CommiHAion on CofU-'<npplie.% 1903 [C<1. 1725],
vol. ii., page 21.

876 DISCUSSION COST OF AX ELECTRICAL UXIT AT A COLLIERY.

If Mr. Tonge's conclusion was correct, he (Mr. Habershon^
thought that it was a strong argument in favour of electric
driving being adopted at new collieries. The steam-consump-
tion of 83 pounds per horsepower-hour in the coal i*aised, stated
to be probably as low as could be obtained with an ordinary
non-condensing winding-engine, showed that there was a margin
for economy with compound engines and condensing plants, and
if some member would give the Institute the results of similar
tests of such engines the information would be extremely
valuable. With regard to the efficiencies of 0'82 and 0*85 for
the electric and steam drives given by Mr. Tonge in Table Y.,*
he thought that it should be remembered that in the case of the
electric drive, 49 horsepower was being used for coal-cutting at
a disttince of about 3,300 feet, which could not be done with
steam, so that the slightly higher efficiency of the steam-drive
was more apparent than real.

Mr. Alfred Lucas (Sheffield) said that an explanation of
the somewhat low efficiency of the plant described by Mr. Greaves
was that on the full week's running, the load-factor was 26 kilo-
watts per hour whereas the totul plant capacity was 100 kilowatts.
The figures given by Mr. Lee referred to a generator of 220
kilowatts running at full capacity for six hours, which was a verj^
ditterent condition.

Mr. Isaac Hodges (iS'ormanton) said that he was glad that at

DISCUSSION — COST OF AX ELECTRICAL UXIT AT A COLLIERY. 877

engine than credited to the advantage of electricity. He thought
that it would be wise on the part of colliery managers to look
carefully into the merits of their existing plant, and see how
far it could be modernized and made economical before deciding
to root it up in favour of large electrical installations, as he
was of opinion that steam-plants had been removed for
defects that might have been easily remedied, and thus made as
efficient as electrical plants at a tithe of the cost of the exchange.
At the Whit wood collieries, by bringing the steam-engines
nearer to the boilers and fitting them with expansion-gears,
by removing steam-mains from pit-shafts, and by coupling under-
ground machineiy to existing compressed-air plants, an economy
of upwards of £'^,000 per annum in fuel alone had been made
without resorting to any system of electricity, and this had the
great advantage of having involved no particular capital ex-
penditure. It should not be forgotten that the greatest faults
of steam-plants were the serious losses caused by condensation
in long steam-mains. Thi*ee years ago he had occasion to
discontinue the use of a main-and-tail-rope hauling-engine, with
a single cylinder 18 inches in diameter and 3 feet stroke, run-
ning at 70 revolutions per minute, situated underground at a
depth of 450 feet : and the steam-main was left in the shaft for
the purpose of supplying steam to a pump in the same seam.
Greatly to his surprise, scarcely any reduction in fuel resulted
from the stoppage of the steam-engine; but, when the pump was
driven by compressed air, and the steam -main had been removed
from the shaft, two Lancashire boilers, 28 feet long and 8 feet
in diameter were dispensed with, although the steam-main had
been encased with strips of woven-silicate-cotton yarn and
protected by a further covering of canvas and pitch.

From experiments extending over a period of several years at
the T\Tiitwood collieries, he (Mr. Hodges) had ascertained that the
cost of steam raised by means of Haigh-moor smudge (containing
22i per cent, of ash, screened through holes § inch in diameter, 8
pounds of fuel being burnt per indicated horsepower-hour and
priced at 3s. (id. per ton), when used in first-elass colliery engines,
was 0'18d. per indicated horsepower-hour for fuel onl}', includ-
ing the fuel used in banking fires during nights and week-ends
amounting to 18*33 per cent, of the total consumption. The
cost of labour employed in firing and removing ashes, including

878. DISCUSSION — CX)ST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

the cost of water, was 0*05d. per indicated horsepower-hour;
the interest on capital expended on boilers, with fittings and seat-
ings, pumps and feed-pipes, house and chimney at 4 per cent,
and depreciation on capital at 5 per cent., was 004d. ; making
a total working cost of 0'27d. per indicated horsepower-hour ; and,
allowing 15 per cent, for loss in conversion, it was equal to 0'31d.
per brake-horsepower-hour.

It might be assumed that Mr. Greaves, with his modern
high-speed steam-power plant and with coal also at Ss. 6d. per
ton, would produce his power at an equal or less cost than.
OSld. per brake-horsepower-hour ; and he (Mr. Hodges) could not
understand why Mr. Greaves' coal-cutters should have cost |d. per
brake-horsepower-hour, a loss of nearly ^d. per unit in trans-
mission. He (Mr. Hodges) would like Mr. Greaves to state the
cause of such a high loss as 60 per cent., and, if possible, give
the details, as he was distinctly of opinion that equal results
could have been achieved by compressed air. The very smaJl
load-factor, it had been pointed out, was the chief difficulty that
the Yorkshire Electric Power Company had to overcome in offer-
ing sufficiently low prices to collieries. He himself had found
great difficulty in guaranteeing a high load-factor, and was not
surprised that Mr. Greaves should have been unable to show
a higher load-factor than 27 per cent. He congratulated Mr.
Greaves on his plant being erected in two units, as he had found
from experience that a plant of several units, running in parallel,
was the only means of allowing the apportionment of the power

DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIEET. 879 .

Per the purposes of this discussion, the period from 1*30 p.m. on
November 29th to 1*30 p.m. on December 6th, 1906, was taken,
and 20,052 Board-of-Trade units were produced. Two Lancashire
boilers, 30 feet long and 8 feet in diameter, working at a pressure
of 100 pounds per square inch, used 89^ tons of coal valued
at £15 2s. 3d. ; enginemen and firemen's wages were £5 48. ;
stores cost 17s. 9d. ; cleaning boilers and flues, 3s. ; the total cost
was £21 7s., equal to about 0*26d. per unit; and, including
•capital charges, etc., the cost would be 0'49d. per unit.

Mr. W. B. Shaw thought that Mr. Greaves' figures were
valuable, because they were taken over a considerable period
and under working conditions. Few statements of the actual
working costs of colliery generating plants, particularly small
plants, had been published. Special tests of steam-consump-
tions at different loads were of little value as a guide to the
coal-consumption of a small plant taken over the whole year;
for, as had been pointed out, so much depended on the load-
factor.

The following results of a test of a small generating plant
at Hulton colliery would, he thought, illustrate this point. Two
non-condensing engines, each driving by a belt an 88 kilowatts
•direct-current generator, showed a consumption on full load
of 64' 5 pounds of steam per kilowatt-hour, equivalent to, say,
lOi pounds of coal. The steam used with no load on the
generators amounted to slightly more than 40 per cent, of that
used on full load. Taken over a whole year, the coal-consump-
tion exceeded 20 pounds per kilowatt-hour.

Table VIIL- Costs of Wobkino Turbo-cienebatino Plant at Hulton

Ck)LUEBY.

Year.

1904.

1905.

1906 (10 months).

! Per

Totahj. 1 Kilowatt-
hour.

Totals.

Per

Kilowatt-
hour.

1 Per

Totals. Kilowatt-
j hour.

Weight of coal

Coat of coal at 58. 6<I. per ton

Wages

Storea

Intereat at 5 per cent, and
depreciation at 10 i)er cent.

Tot*lco8t

Kilowatt-hours generate<l . .
Load-factor*

3.059 tons
£Ml
£*66
£53

£1.691
£3,051

5 3 pounds
0156«1.
0087d.
Ot)lOd.

0315d.

3.298 tons
£932
£505
£80

£1.782

5*4 pounds
0163.1.
0089d.
0 014<1.

0-313d.

4.220 tons 44 pounds
£1,160 0129d.
£581 0-064d.
£90 Ot)10d.

£1.996 0-222tl.

0-568d.

£3,299

0579d.

£3.827 1 0425d.

1,28
0

9,000
54

1.366,000
049

2.164.000
045

* The loa<l-factor is the proportion of the average load to the maximum loa<l during the year.

880 DISCUSSION COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

The actual working costs for the generating plant mentioned
in Mr. Tonge's paper had been accurately kept for the last
three years, and the results (Table VIII.) showed that much
greater economy could be obtained from a large modern plant
as compared with the smaller and older type mentioned above.
The total capacity of this plant was, at present, 1,000 kilowatts
(an additional generating set having been added in 1905), and
steam was supplied by four Lancashire boilers, 30 feet long and
8 feet in diameter. Various classes of coal of inferior quality
were used, and the price of 5s. 6d. per ton was perhaps somewhat
high. He did not think that power-companies could compete
with these results; and, where the amount of power required
was sufficiently large, there was no doubt that it was cheaper
for a colliery to have its own generating plant. Where the
installation of a small plant was contemplated, the offer of a
power-company, if at all reasonable, should be seriously con-
sidered, and would probably show an advantage over a private
supply. If the power required was likely to increase steadil}-
in amount, a temporary supply from the power-company might
be arranged for a number of years, until the units used per
annum reached a sufficiently high figure to justify the outlay on
a private generating plant. The capital-outlay, up to the present
time, on the generating plant at Hulton collieiy, to which the
table of costs given above referred, amounted to £17,817 or
£17*8 per kilowatt installed. One third of the plant might be
regarded as spare. The importance of the capital-outlay in its

DISCUSSION COST OF AX ELECTMCAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY. 881

■electrical engines of modern type were generally contrasted with
steam-engines of the old type, and that it was necessaiy to
have some practical information of the actual saving when good
electrical engines and good steam-engines were coatrasted; but
his paper was intended to be a thoroughly practical one, and
the costs and figures therein given, so far as they applied to
electricity, had been realized over a definite period of
time. The difficulty in such cases was not to obtain
the electrical results, but the results relating to steam-engines
at collieries. For purposes of comparison it was necessary
to get a fair average of the steam-consumption in colliery-
engines, and he had taken as fair an average as he could, having
grouped together figures given by other engineers, and covering
some 60 engines in all. Among these were high-class engines,
such as compound condensing engines, etc., and he believed
it would be found that his assumption of 56 pounds per
indicated horsepower-hour would be rather under than over the
average of colliery-engines. Mr. Isaac Hodges had corroborated
the statement made in his paper, and also Mr. M. H. Habershon's
remarks, that it was possible to effect savings upon present steam-
plant by modernizing the engines and employing proper con-
densing arrangements, provided the engines were placed com-
paratively close to the boilers. Mr. Hodges had also shown
how difficult it was to economize; and he agreed with him, if
the engine was only a fair distance from the boilers, no matter
what type of engine was employed, that the power lost by con-
densation of the steam in the pipes quite overwhelmed the
economy obtained in the engine.

Managers should not lose sight of the fact, that in adopting
labour-saving appliances some useful secondary power was
generally necessaiy, and that only in a few directions could
labour-saving appliances be applied without the use of either
compressed air or electricity. The first question, therefore, was
not only as to what saving could be effected by using electricity
as against steam, but whether it was possible to develop
thoroughly a colliery without the use of a secondary power-
plant. Having taken a general view of their requirements,
managers would probably find that some other power than steam
was requisite ; and once they had come to this conclusion they had
a further question to decide as to which of the two powers they

882 DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

would employ. Should it be decided to adopt electricity, it then
became a matter of urgent importance to take into consideration
the question of doing as much of the other work as possible
through the same medium. The full economy of electricity, as
against steam, could only be obtained upon such broad lines as
these. If it were assumed that electricity was an absolute
necessity at a large colliery, say for coal-cutting or other labour-
saving appliances, and the capital-expenditure was estimated for
so much, of the power as was used under necessitous conditions,
it would almost certainly be found that the ratio of capital-
expenditure to the upkeep of the plant would be considerably
reduced by embracing as much other work as possible ; winding-
engines, however, being quite excepted in this connection.

Mention had been made of the load-factor, and of the reduc-
tion in cost per unit to be obtained if a higher load-factor could
be guaranteed. It was an interesting question as to how far
economies could really be secured by putting on all regular-run-
ning engines as well as irregular-running ones, such as coal-
cutting machines, and by a judicious arrangement of working
the machines throughout the day. The reduction in price charged
by large power-companies upon steady and high loads would, in
all probability, outweigh the capital-expenditure on such parts of
a colliery-plant as were not of necessity required to be driven
electrically. He (Mr. Tonge) had, however, not wished to digress
into this matter in his paper, but since it was read two years
ago, other figures had been obtained, and it might be of interest

DISCUSSION — COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY. 88S

it showed a considerable advantage in favour of the electrically-
driven fan over the furnace. Further economies had been obtained
at the same colliery by employing high-pressure motors driven
from the central colliery generating-station. These high-pressure
three-phase motors had taken the place of two steam-engines,
which were used for driving a direct-current plant, it being
found preferable to retain the direct-current installation and so
save the cost of replacing all the motors by three-phase motors.
The high-pressure motors absorbed 640,000 electric horsepower-
hours in the year. The average electric horsepower was 74, the
steam consumed per electric horsepower-hour was 22 pounds;
and the coal consumed, at an evaporation of 6'3 pounds, amounted
to 1,009 tons per year, and at 5s. 6d. per ton it cost £286. Under
the old conditions, the same average electric horsepower con-
sumed 4,610 tons of coal in the year, or over four times the
amount used with high-pressure motors. The great difference in
the ratio between the electrically-driven plant and the steam-
driven plant was largely accounted for by the low loads at
certain parts of the day, when the steam-engines were working
very uneconomically. When the engines were working at full
load, tests were made and it was found that the ratio of electric
to steam-driving in coal consumed was only as 1:2. The saving
effected by this alteration had therefore amounted in the first
year to £981.

Mr. P. C. Greaves thought that Ss. 6d. per ton was a suflScient
charge for the coal. With regard to the question of buying
current, he did not think that they would be able to get
it at less than Id. per unit from power-companies whose capital-
outlay he regarded as a hindrance to their competition with
collieries. He agreed that the matter of load-factor was most
important. He confirmed Mr. Hodges' view on that question,^
because at another colliery, with a plant of similar dimensions^
namely, 100 kilowatts, and a larger number of motors than at the
plant that he had described, the load-factor was less. There was
a loss in the transmission of electricity, and the same voltage was
not obtained at the far end. Fnder perfect conditions, with big
enough cables, there might be almost an absence of loss, but he
had never yet come across the pit where such conditions pre-
vailed. The coal-cutters took more power than he anticipated^

884 DISCUSSION—COST OF AN ELECTRICAL UNIT AT A COLLIERY.

and he thought that it would be found in practice that they took
much more than the so-called 10 or 20 horsepower, as repre-
sented. Mr. Lee's figures were hardly a fair comparison, because
he only took a few hours* trial with a large load-factor, and if
he took a whole week the result per unit would be very different.

The discussion was closed.

BOWBURX WINNING. 386

THE ]SrORTH OF ENGLAND INSTITUTE OF MINING
AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

EXCURSION MEETING OF ASSOCIATES AND STUDENTS,
Held at Bonvburn Winning, Septkmber 10th, 1906.

BO^\^UEN WINNING.

By a. L. STEAVENSON.

At Bowburn winning, a shaft was seen in the process of being
^unk by piling through the thick Glacial Drift of clay and sand,
which covers the surface in the neighbourhood of Durham
city.

As this difficult material was known to exist, a bore-hole had
been put down a few feet from the position of the proposed pit,
finding no rock until a depth of 15G feet 9 inches had been
reached (Appendix). It was then determined that the shaft
would necessitate piling, and the pit was started 25 feet in dia-
meter, in order to make sure of finishing with a shaft 13 feet in
diameter. The pit was sunk by ordinary methods to a depth of
89 feet 3 inches, through stony clay; and, on penetrating for a
depth of 18 feet into the loamy clay (No. 0 bed, Appendix), it
was determined that piling must begin at once.

The cribs, a, were (> inches square, with backing-deals, 6, li
inches thick and 7 inches wide, and tied with stringing-deals, c,
1\ inches thick and 7 inches wide. The cribs were spaced 21
inches apaii:, with punch-props, d, 4 inches in diameter. The
lowest crib of this timbering was inserted at a depth of 101 feet,
and the lower portion was lined with grpoved and tongued deals,
e, 1\ inches thick and 7 inches wide (Figs. 1 and 2, Plate XVI.).

A crib, ^ G inches square, was then suspended by chains,
leaving a space of 2i inches for the passage of the piles; and
below this a similar crib, //, was laid but not hung, the segments
being fastened together above and below, by iron plates, 3 feel
long, 3 inches wide and i inch thick, bolted with six through-

VOL. XXXXI.-1906.W07. ^7

886

BOWBURX WINNING.

bolts, and going down with the piling. The pitchpine piles, A, 7
inches wide and 2J inches thick, were scarfed for a length of 6
inches, and blacklead was applied to make them travel easily. The
piles were driven downward by blows from a ram of pitchpine,
worked by three men : one standing near the lower end, and two
at the top end. Longer rams were used as the piles descended into
position. As the piles went downward, the sand below was
removed, so as to keep the sinking-curb going down ; and, when
lowered far enough, other cribs, a, 6 inches square, were placed,
spaced 15 inches from centre to centre. The first section was 15
feet long.

When these piles were driven down, the cribs were lined with
deals, c, IJ inches thick and 7 inches wide, as before. A second
crib was hung, leaving a space for another ring of piles : the out-
side diameter being 21 feet 6i inches. A second length of
piling was then driven down a distance of 15 feet, and a third
length of piles in the same way, the outside diameter of the
piling being 20 feet 4 inches. These piles were 18 feet long and
shod with sheet-iron, ^ inch thick. The heads of all the piles
were hooped with iron, 2^ inches wide and \ inch thick.

The last crib having entered the sandstone, the usual method
of sinking was resumed. After another length of 6 feet had
been accomplished, a good crib-bed was made, and all this bad
ground was walled off with two rings of firebrick-lumps, i and it^
12 inches long, 9 inches wide and 3 inches thick, and cement-
grouting, j, 3 inches thick, between them. The space behind

BOWBURX WINNING. 887

with by two pumps slung in chains from the surface. It is
expected that the Low Main seam will soon be reached, and at
the first good rock, the water will be tubbed oft*.

The shaft was started 25 feet in diameter, so as to make sure
of getting a finished size of 13 feet in diameter ; but having been
successful in getting down with less loss of dimensions than was
expected, a size of 15 feet in diameter has been adopted.

Few similar sinkings necessitating piling have been required
in this district ; but the late Mr. G. C. Greenwell described the
piling of a pit at Framwellgate Moor GO yexirs ago* In that
case, the pit was started with a diameter of 30 feet, and ended
with a diameter of only 14J feet. Timber of sufficient strength
not having been used, at one point the pit was filled with ashes;
and the sinking was recommenced with stronger timber, eventu-
ally getting into blue metal-stone at a depth of 120 feet.

The late Mr. Edward Potter described the piling of a pit
through the sand at the bottom of the Magnesian Limestone.t
In this case, the pits having been tubbed to a depth of 456 feet,
were belled-out from 14 feet, the finished size, to a diameter of
21i feet. As much as 9,306 gallons of water per minute was
pumped at one time.

About J mile to the east of this Bowburn pit is an old shaft
sunk by the late Mr. Quelch. He was most unfortunate, for,
having passed through the Low Main and Hutton seams, both
too thin to work in those times of 50 years ago, he bored
to a point at which he should have found the Bustybank seam.
However, there happened to be a nip-out, and he abandoned the
sinking with, no doubt, considerable loss. Had his pit been sunk
a few feet further west, he would have got nearly 5 feet of coal, as
proved by the present owners. The moral to be drawn is : " In
cases of importance do not trust a single bore-hole." This old
pit is lined with timber tubbing, and it is still quite good.

The late Mr. G. C. Greenwell described the mode of inserting
timber tubbing,^ and stated that it was not uncommon to see a

* A Praclicai Treatise on Afine Engineering^ by Mr. G. C. Greenwell, 1855,
page 127 ; and second edition, 1869, page 160.

+ ** Murton Winning in the County of Durham," by Mr. Edward Potter,
Tram. N. E. Inst, 1856, vol. v., page 43.

X A TretUise on the Winning and Working of Coffiei-ie-s, by Mr. Matthias
Dunn, 1848, page 92 ; and second edition, 1852, page 49. A Fracticai Treatise on
Mine Engineering, by Mr. G. C. Greenwell, 1855, page 135 ; and second edition,
'9» page no.

888

BOWBURN WINNING.

tub of this description sustain a pressure of 300 feet of water.
The previous system of plank-tubbing, used when sinking- Heb-
bum colliery in 1790, is also described by Mr. G. C. Greenwell.*

Appendix.— Section of Strata passed in a Bore-hole at Bowburn
Winning, January, 1906.

Thick-

Depth

Thick-

Depth

ness of

from

ness of

from

<fo. Description of StraU.

StratA.

Surface.

No. Description of StraU. Strata.

Surface.

Ft. Ins.

1 SoU

1 0

8 Leafy clay 16 8

130 0

2 Yellow clay

1 2

2 2

9 Stony clay ... ..22

132 2

3 Stony clay

4 Sand - parting, with

14 2

16 4

10 Loam 3 4

135 6

11 Clay, loam, sand

water

0 7

16 11

and gravel, with

5 Stony clay

72 4

89 3

water 6 9

142 3

6 Loamy clay

19 7

108 10

12 Stony clay 14 6

156 9

7 Quicksand

4 6

113 4

13 Freestone 6 3

162 0

Note. — The borers stated that, so far as they could judge, there would not
be any great feeders of water to be dealt with, but it will be observed that, from
the depth of 90 feet, difficult ground was encountered.

TRANSACTIONS. 889

THE NORTH OF ENGLAND INSTITUTE OF MINING
AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

GENERAL MEETING,

Held in the Wood Memorial Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne,

OcTOBKB 13th, 1906.

Mr. J. H. MERIVALE, President, in the Chair.

DEATH OF MR. JOHN DAGLISH.

Mr. Thomas Douglas said that, as one of the few surviving"
original members of the Institute and for many years a personal
friend of the late Mr. John Da^lish, he felt that he might say
a few words with referenre to his recent death. The Institute,
like everything else, had a beginning ; and, i-ecalling the earliest
day in the life of the Institute, he well remembered meeting
the late Mr. John Daglish and the late Mr. Nicholas Wood, along
with a few other gentlemen, on July 'ird, 1852, the outcome of
which meeting was the establishment of the North of England
Institute of Mining Engineers. It was to the mining engineers
of that period, and others since eminent in the profession, that
the members were largely indebted for the position which the
Institute enjoyed and had always maintaiiijed, for the purpose of
disseminating every possible influence to guide others in refer-
ence to matters connected with mine-engineering; and if there
was one man more than another who had advanced the interests
of the Institute it was their late friend. Of course, in that con-
nection, he excepted the late Mr. Nicholas Wood, who took such
an enormous interest in the Institute, and to whom they had
been so greatly indebted for its maintenance in the large amount
of time that he had devoted and the great number of papers that
he had gathered together for the information of the members.
He (Mr. Douglas) proposed that the members should express to
Mr. Daglish's widow their deepest sympathy in her bereavement,
and their high appreciation of her late husband's merits and of
the help which he had given to the Institute during the many
years that he had been connected with it.

390

TRANSACTIONS.

Mr. A. L. Steavexson, in seconding the proposal, remarked that,
although he himself did not become a member of the Institute until
1855, he was well avare of the great interest that Mr. Uaglish
had always taken in the affairs of the Institute. He had written
many papers, and conducted many experiments and tests, notably
with regard to mine-ventilation. As involving the loss of a per-
sonal friend, Mr. Daglish's death was a very great shock to him-
self, and he was sure that it was a very great loss to the Institute.

The President (Mr. J. H. Merivale) said that Mr. Daglish
was one of the original members, and by his death only three
now survived, namely, Mr. Charles William Anderson, Mr.
Cuthbei-t Berkley and Mr. Thomas Douglas, all of whom the
members hoped might be spared for many years yet to come.
Mr. Uaglish had taken an interest in that Institute from its
inception in 1852, up to the day of his death, and although he
was not in a position as yet to stat« anything officially, yet there
was reason to believe that Mr. Daglish's name would continue to be
connected with the Institute in a tangible way for all time to come.

The resolution was sympathetically adopted.

The Secretary read the minutes of the last General Meeting,
and reported the proceedings of the Council at their meetings on
August 18th, September 29th and that day, together with the pro-
ceedings of the Council of The Institution of Mining Engineers.

DISCUSSION — DAMPERS FOR COKE-OVEN FLUES. 391

Associates—
Mr. Francis McDonald, Miner, 164, Leadgate, S.O., County Durham.
Mr. Isaac Scobib, Under-manager, Woonona, near Sydney, New South
Wales, Australia.

Student —
Mr. William Graham, Jun., Apprentice Mining Engineer, Solway House,
Moresby, Whitehaven.

DISCUSSION OF MR. W. ARCHER'S PAPER ON
" IMPROVED DAMPERS FOR COKE-OVEN FLUES."*

Mr. A. M. Hedley asked whether Mr. Archer could give
any idea of the comparative costs of the dampers described in
the paper, and the cost of renewals and repairs over a certain
period, as compared with a damper of more simple constriction.
The first type of damper consisted of a cast-iron frame with
inner cross-stays of solid bar-iron, covered and protected by over-
lapping fire-clay lumps; and in the second type, a framework
of tubes was enclosed by a series of fire-clay lumps, air being
admitted into the tubes for the puipose, as he took it, of keeping
them cool and preserving them from being injured by the intense
heat. The first type of damper seemed to be much simpler, and
would probably cost less.

Mr. W. Archer said that the first cost of either damper was
as cheap as that of any steel-plate damper. The plate-and-quarl
damper was, if anything, more costly than the tube-and-quairl
damper. A plate-and-quarl damper had been in use for three
years, so that, in a case of that kind, the first cost was not a
serious matter. The c<Dst could not be stated, as the life of the
plate-and-quarl damper was still running.

DISCUSSION OF MR. SAM MAVOR'S PAPER ON
"PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING.^'t
Mr. H. M. Hobart (London) wrote that, until the last few
years, continuous-current motors were almost exclusively used
for driving coal-cutters, and many manufacturers took up the
standpoint that the polyphase motor could not be applied to
such work. One leading reason related to the greater diameter,

* Trans, Inst. M. E., 1906, vol. xxxi., page 163.
+ P)id., 1906, vol. xxxi., page 378.

892 DISCUSSION PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE-MIMXG.

thea considered to be a necessary attribute of a jwlyphase motor,
as compared with the equivalent continuous-current motor. The
difficulty, however, had proved to be far less formidable than
these manufacturers believed, and amongst the machines which
Mr. Mavor had described, a number were equipped with poly-
phase induction motors. It was important to emphasize the
great advantage of low periodicity for such work. This might
be explained as follows : A rotor-speed of not more than 750
revolutions per minute was generally preferred for such a motor ;
hence, when it must be operated from a 50-cycle circuit, it must
have eight poles, whereas when operated from a 25-cycle circuit
it has but four poles. Obviously, four-pole windings could be
brought upon a much smaller periphery than eight-pole wind-
ings. Thus, for low-periodicity circuits, a much better design
could be provided for a given limiting diameter.

There were a number of ways of approaching the problem
of providing sufficient starting torque for a polyphase motor.
When the motor was of the squirrel-cage type, there was the
advantage of absolutely no moving contacts. But, on the other
hand, any considerable amount of starting torque was, in a
simple squirrel-cage motor, associated with a considerable rotor
loss when running at constant speed ; and, as a motor for coal-
cutter purposes must be of the totally enclosed type, this com-
paratively great loss in the rotor circuits constituted a con-
siderable disadvantage. Nevertheless, excellent results had been
obtained with squirrel-cage coal-cutter motors, due largely to the

DISCUSSION — PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHIXE-MINING. 898-

motor was proportioned with a very low resistance, and it would,
consequently, have a negligible starting torque. During con-
stant-speed running, however, its rotor losses were exceedingly
small, and the temperature-rise was consequently smaller for the
given overall dimensions. Such a motor could be a little smaller
than the standard squirrel-cage motor customarily used for a
coal-cutter machine, but there was the extra expense and extra
space required for the starting motor, which was not very much
smaller than the running motor. Nevertheless, the design was
capable of being worked out very compactly, and with less over-
all height than was necessarily associated with a motor in which
the starting and running properties were embodied in a single
rotor.

A great variety of arrangements had been devised by various
engineers for obtaining a good starting torque in polyphase
motors, and, at the same time, avoiding the consequent large
rotor loss during regular running. While many of them were
too complicated to be adopted in such a case as a coal-cutter
machine, where great strength and simplicity was an essential,,
several of the less complicated devices were well worthy of con-
sideration in connection with the problem. The arrangement
which he (Mr. Hobart) had previously described was, however,,
the simplest, and much might be said in its favour as a sound
engineering proposition.

Continuous-current motors were largely free from these
disadvantages with regard to starting; on the other hand, the
commutator was by no means a desirable component of a coal-
cutter motor, and the general favour with which polyphase
motors had been received by mining engineers indicated that
there was a large future for them in coal-cutting machinery.

Mr. T. E. FoRSTER said that the description of the working of
coal-cutting machines, and the opinions put forward, agreed very
much with those recorded in the lie port of the (\)mmittee upon
Mechanical Coal-cutting of this Institute, but Mr. Mavor had
hitd the advantage of bringing his information a great deal
fui-ther up to date ; and, if members had not already considered
the paper, it was well worth looking into.

Dr. J. R. M. EoBERTsox (Sydney, New South Wales) wrote
that there appeared to be little necessity for Mr. Mavor to-

^94 DISCUSSION — PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING.

deplore his want of mining experience in view of the thoughtful,
well expressed, and sound manner in which he reasoned out the
various mining problems that together have so close a bearing on
the success of coal-cutting machinery. No exception could, he
thought, be taken to the views enunciated in the laying-out of
underground works suited to the conditions, and the reasons for
flo doing. So far from being a novice, Mr. Mavor possessed
exceptional knowledge of exact mining, which few having long
-experience could approach. If mine-officials could in all cases
be got to conduct operations on the sensible and correct lines
that Mr. Mavor (an electrical engineer) so clearly laid down,
a great step towards the more general use of coal-cutting
machinery would be certain. The indifference or veiled hostility
of some officials, towards adapting systems to new conditions, was
in many cases the cause of the non-introduction of coal-cutting
machinery.

In the general arrangement and distance between roads, the
direction of the cutter-face relative to the cleavages of the coal
and of the roof, Mr. Mavor in the main follows the admirable
practice so clearly laid down by Mr. W. E. Garforth ; * and
little, he thought, could be said to improve upon these views.
They appeared to embrace the whole of the qu€^sltions that
determined the success of coal-cutters, and there could be little
doubt, with the advance of knowledge and the supervision of
operations by educated go-ahead young engineers with exact
ideas, that the prejudice that had in the past militated against

DISCUSSION PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHIXE-MINIXG. 895

however worked, any (»oal-seam under 5 feet in thickness should
be paid for by an addition (in the Southern district) of Jd. per
ton per inch to the standard rate. This rendered the working of
the seams by hand impossible.

A large area of coal at Mount Kembla collieiy being con-
siderably under the standaitl height, and considered by the
Arbitration Court unfit for minei*s to recover by ordinary
methods, a resolution was passed to endeavour to recover the coal
by means of machines. The coal-seam, in the portion selected
as a trial, varied in thickness between 3 feet and 4 feet 4 inches.
The coal is a steam coal and tender, it breaks in more or less
columnar masses, and it has no very distinct cleavages. The
floor is hard dark sandstone or fakes, the roof is dark and
strong sandy bands, fakes or sandstone. It has very little dip
and rise, gives off no water and an inappreciable amount of gas.
The floor, however, is in parts crumpled inti) irregular rolls that
begin at nothing, increase in size and again taper away. These
are not frequent, nor in this district are they of large size :
seldom more than 1 foot in height. There are no faults in the
i mile of face selected. These physical features were the factors
that were considered in determining the selection of the machines.
In the harder and higher coal of the Newcastle and Maitland
districts, Ingersoll punching machines, Sullivan chain-breast
loal-cutters and Jeffrey chain-breast cutters had been at work.
jVone of these were considered adapted to the conditions, while
disc machines, it was argued, would have a difficulty in getting
over rolls in the floor, and it was thought that the coal-seam, when
undercut, would fall and possibly jam the disc. After mature
consideration, a medium-sized Pickquick machine was ordered,
together with an experimental direct-current plant of 50 kilowatts
at 500 volts to provide power for haulage, pumping and cutting
machines. The armoured cables were laid one on each side of
the main road, in a trench with the usual junction-boxes and
face-cables. At first, the face was formed on the planes or
facings of the seam. When the machine was ordered, the seiTiccs
of a competent mechanic were engaged from the makei*s. No
difficulty was experienced at all with the machine, and, in the
course of a few days, the men had mastered the working of
it. To his (Dr. Robertson's) surprise, all the forebodings of
difficulties disappeared as day and week passed without any

896 DISCUSSION ^PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING.

hitch occurring. To emphasize the statements of Mr. Mavor,
the machine was started on a face parallel with the planes or
facings of the coal. It was found that an undercut 4i feet deep
and the shaking of the machine brought the seam down in
flakes. To avoid flitting, the machine cut in both directions;
but it was found that when the bar cut in front these falls of
coal often enveloped the machine, causing many delays. In the
belief that this could be remedied by cutting more on end, by a
series of short cuts, the face was wheeled round sg as to cut
half on end. This was an improvement, and by a continuance of
the short cuts the cutting face was brought at right angles to
the facings. By the use of a suitable carriage, instead of cut-
ting in both directions, the machine now only cuts one way with
the bar behind, and it is flitted for a contract price of 15s. per flit.
The miners being unaccustomed to the seam, and having
successfully convinced the Arbitration Court that seams, 3 feet
thick, were unfit for men to work in, to be consistent carried out
this belief by a marked indisposition to work in this section.
To facilitate filling, the roads were brushed and built up to 9
feet wide and spaced to 30 feet centres, but much difiiculty haa
been experienced in obtaining fillers. This deficiency has caused
many delays, and restricted the work of the machine. To remedy
this, the use of face-conveyors was considered ; but, considering
the high rates paid for labour and the lower price received for
Australian coal compared with that current in Great Britain, it
did not seem possible even to adopt a simple form of conveyor of

DISCUSSION PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACIIIXE-MIXING. 397

of being able to reduce this by the new method suggested.
Ordinary longwall worked by hand would give possibly a larger
percentage of small coal. Gradually, the opposition and the
general hostility of some of the workmen, not only to machines
but to those who work them, are being worn down and will doubt-
less, in a short time, disappear.

Meanwhile, the face has been extended to a straight length
of 1,350 feet, and a second machine has been obtained. The plan
differs somewhat from that advocated by Mr. Mavor in that this
face is worked from end to end with two machines, which, follow-
ing each other, work about 750 feet distant, thus giving more
time for filling. The roof gives little trouble. The small rolls
in the floor when first struck wear down the pick-points, but no
difficulty has been experienced in directing the bar and the
machine itself over these irregularities. One machine has been
working constantly for 15 months and the second for 3 months.
Neither of these machines has caused any trouble whatever:
there have been no breakdowns, and the repairs have practically
been ??//. Owing to inexperience, the machines at first received
much rough usage. Contrary to the experience of others in Xew
South Wales, who adopted American-made machines that have,
as a rule, given great trouble and caused heavy expenditure for
repairs, the machines at Mount Kenibla collieiy (being regularly
examined and cleaned) have causeil no stoppages, have had no
breakdowns, and have incurred very little expense. Working
at a distance of J mile from the generator, they absorb an average
of 11 to 12 horsepower, and cut from 17 to 21 inches per minute —
one with a 4i feet undercut and the other with a 5i feet under-
cut. As a rule, the seam sags down from the roof when cut;
but, occasionally, it requires a small shot to bring it down. The
brushing is strong and is heavy to shoot, and possibly in course
of time this expense may be somewhat reduced by increasing the
distance between the gate-roads ; but sufficient experience has
been gained already to state that the heavy penalty imposed by
the Arbitration Court can be saved by those who essay to work
seams thinner than the arbitrary standard. The thin seams
will be wrought by coal-cutters at possibly less cost than that
paid for the thick seams, and then will realize all anticipations.

Naturally, having many unforeseen difficulties to overcome,
the first machine has not produced the amount of coal that it will

898 DISCUSSIOX — PR.\CTICAL PROBLEMvS OF MACHIXE-MINIXG.

from this time onwards, provided that the present conditions
prevail : but, for the first year, with many short cuts and stopp-
ages due to the coal btung unfilled, etc., 23,000 tons were undercut,
and a large increase on this is anticipated in the future.

The absence of anj^ breakdowns is a tribute to the care and
excellence of the workmanship and design of the Pickquick
machine, which should be known to those who delay introducing
machines, because of the fear of trouble from breakages that
have certainly been in this case conspicuous only by their
absence. In some of the Newcastle collieries, w^here the character
of the coal-seam and the conditions are entirely different, the
owners would have a wider range of machines to choose from to
do their undercutting ; but, so far as he had proceeded, he
thought that for the conditions in the South, he could have
selected no machine that would have so well fulfilled the require-
ments, or one that would have given so little trouble.

In respect to the renewal of picks, these are changed as a rule
once in a shift, and this is not a lengthy or a difficult operation ;
but he had always held, and had expressed this to the makers,
that by adopting some of the many special steels now on the
market, picks could be produced that would give much better
results. Some weeks ago, a friend, who had Sullivan machines
at work in a very hard coal-seam, complaine<l of the frequent
necessity of changing the pick-points. He accepted the offer of
a set of pick-points, free for a trial, made of Bowler steel, with
the result that, whereas he was formerly obliged to change these

V.4XrATI0X OF MINERAL PROPERTIES. 89^

THE YALUATIOX OF MINERAL PROPERTIES.

By T. a. O'DONAHUE.

I. — Discounting Deferred Values.

Introduction. — The writer's primary object, in submitting*
this paper to the members, is to call attention to the rules usu-
ally adopted for discounting deferred values. The absurdly low
present values given by tables calculated at compound interest,,
when high remunerative rates of interest are necessary and
the defeiTed period exceeds a few years, induced the writer
to investigate the matter, and he concluded that the customary
method of determining the present value was not sound. Were
it not that the writer's independent conclusions appeared to
agree with those laid down by an eminent actuary, he would
have had some hesitation in presenting his views. He haa^
thought it desirable to give, at the same time, a resume of the
subject generally.

Tlie valuation of a mine or a mineral estate presents unusual
difficulties as the special risks to which the revenue are sub-
ject and the peculiar character of the property necessitates
the application of certain principles not common to the valuation
of other properties. The work which a mining engineer, en-
gaged on a valuation, has to perform is twofold : the first part
depends for its worth on the ability and experience of the
engineer, and the second part on the accuracy of the actuarial
principles applied to determine the value.

General Procedure. — The valuer first estimates the annual
revenue that may be derived from the property, and the number
of years during which this revenue may be expected to be
realized. He next decides upon the rate of interest, which, after
due regard to the character of the property, he considers a suit-
able return for the risk, and then he is in a position to estimate
the present value. It follows that, at the end of the term of
years fixed for revenue, a mineral estate may be taken as value-

400

VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES.

less. A colliery may be treated practically in the same manner,
for the plant at breaking-up prices cannot have mnch present
valne ; and apart from this there are usually obligations to be
performed on the termination of the lease, such as the restoration
of the surface and other lessee's covenants, and this may be left
io cover them. Should, however, the engineer consider that the
plant at the end of the term would have an appreciable value in
excess of the obligations due to the lessor, the present value of
such sum must be calcidated and taken into consideration in the
purchase money.

liedemption of the Principal. — In estimating the present
value, it is necessary that the annual revenue should be such as
not only to aiford the specified interest on the principal, but
such additional sum as will enable a purchaser to redeem his
original capital. The amount to be reinvested should be large
enough to redeem the principal, by a safe investment, which
would yield an absolutely certain income as a trust security,
and should not be calculated at the high rate of interest, which
the risk of a mineral property necessitates for reasonable invest-
ment.

AccHinulative and Remunerative Ifates of Interest, — The posi-
tive accumulative rate of capital is fixed by the increments due
to<the interest that can be obtained from an investment, in
which the principal and interest are absolutely secure. Theoreti-

VALUATION OF MINERAL PBOPEBTIES. 401

-this country, calculated over a long period of years, was not
more than 3 per cent., after allowing for redemption of capital.
He supported his statement by more or less authoritative figures,
and while his estimate of profits was perhaps low, the error
must be small.

The rate of interest to be calculated as the basis of a specu-
lative transaction is divisible into two parts: — (1) Interest at
the accumulative rate, which is the actual earning power of the
principal ; and (2) interest or insurance for the risk taken. It
follows, therefore, that a speculation which yields anything
greater than this accumulative rate has been successful, no
matter how much it falls short of the rate calculated as the basis
of the purchase.

The remunerative rates of interest adopted for the valuation
of mineral properties vaiy between wide limits. For coal-mines
in this country, the rate of intei'est generally ranges from 6 to
15 per cent. A thorough knowledge of the circumstances and
experience of similar transactions can alone enable the mining
engineer to fix, with any degree of accuracy, the rate of interest
on which he should base his calculations so as to obtain equitable
results.

Valuation of Mineral Estates. — Frequently a valuation has
to be made on the slenderest foundation, and it is not surprising
if the estimate be often ver>' wide of the realized price. Take
the case of a mineral estate, which can only be worked to a
profit by an adjoining colliery. The gross royalty value of the
minerals at current prices can be estimated with more or less
accuracy; but, if a revenue be not assured by a lease of the
mines to the collieiy company, an estimate based on a probable
prospective revenue may be entirely at fault. Competition
generally decides the value of a commodity; but, in this case,
there is practically no competition, the ultimate purchaser of
the coal must be the colliery company, and they must be de-
pended upon for the revenue. It is, therefore, in their power to
dictate terms ; and, in the event of these being refused, they
can render the estate valueless by leaving the minerals un-
worked. It is improbable that such an extremity would be
resorted to, for if the mines were offered on reasonable terms
it would be to the interest of the colliery owners to accept them.

VOL. XXXII.-19M.1907. * 28

402 VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES.

But what is more frequently done, when a difficulty about terms--
arises, is to defer the working of the mines for some time, and^
as a consequence, to depreciate their present value. A valuation
under such circumstances cannot claim to be precise ; but this-
objection applies more or less to all valuations based on high
remunerative rates of interest, for the use of a high remunerative-
rate presupposes uncertainty as to the realization of profits.

Valuation of Collieries, — To form an opinion upon the value
of a colliery, the engineer requires an estimate of {a) the total'
quantity of workable coal available, (6) the annual output, -
(c) the annual profits, {(J) the value of the plant, etc., at the-
end of the term, and (e) the cost of fulfilling all obligations at
the end of the term. Innumerable points arise for consideration
before any satisfactory estimate can be made. To obtain the-
total quantity of coal available for sale, proper allowance must
be made for colliery-consumption, faults, barriers and pillars
which will be required to be left for support : all seams must
be included, which it is thought may be workable to a profit
during the term, although it may be deemed advisable to divide
the total life of the colliery into two or more periods, so as to
differentiate the profits according to the quality of the seams
likely to be worked in each period, and the probable cost of
getting. The estimate of the annual output may be conditional
on the expenditure of a certain sum in development, and this
must be allowed for when determining the present value of the

VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES. 403^

royalty payments on abandoned coal, and other costs incidental
to winding up.

The original capital may be reduced by the amount recover-
able at the end of the term to ascertain the sum which has to be
redeemed by the sinking fund ; or a sinking fund may be allowed
for, large enough to redeem the original capital, and the present
value of the recoverable capital may be calculated at a practic-
able rate of interest. Theoretically, the latter method would be
more advantageous to a purchaser, for the sinking fund would
be taken at an accumulative rate of interest and the present
value of the recoverable capital would be taken at a slightly
higher rate. In practice, however, there would be little dififer-
ence, for the valuer would be inclined to estimate the recoverable
capital at the minimum, if it were accounted as redeemed capital ;
and would make a more generous estimate if it were to rank a*
profits.

Discounting Deferred Values. — In the case of a mineral estate
from which there is no immediate revenue, the engineer, with a
knowledge of the circumstances, forms an estimate of the period
which must elapse before revenue commences ; and, having fixed
the probable annual revenue and its term, calculates the present
value on the basis of a deferred annuity. This method is
generally followed, but there appears to be a diversity of opinion
as to how the interest accumulating during the deferred period
should be calculated. The preneral custom appears to be to base
the valuation on the principle that compound interest, at the
high rate stipulated for the purchase, should be allowed during
the deferred period ; and that interest at the high rate should be
allowed during the period of revenue on the amount thus accumu-
lated. This stipulation, in the writer's opinion, is erroneous, and
cannot be accepted as yielding equitable results. The purchaser
of a deferred annuity must be placed in no better and in no
worse position than if his purchase were an immediate annuity.
The method given above puts a purchaser in a much better
position, as is obviously shown when the remunerative rate of
interest is high and the deferred period is a long one.

To take the problem in its simplest foi-m, say it is required
to find the present value of a sum of money due some years
hence. If the rate of interest agreed upon as the basis of

404

VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES.

the transaction be what may be termed a " practicable '' rate,
the present value should be such as would accumulate at com-
pound interest, at the end of the deferred period, to the money
due. Should, however, a high rate of interest be stipulated, the
purchaser anticipates interest at that rate on his principal, but
the accumulations of interest cannot be expected to acquire
interest at the high rate: because the interest is not capital
risked by the purchaser, and is therefore not entitled to insur-
ance, but should acquire interest at a practicable rate.

It may be argued that it is entirely a matter of arrangement ;
and that the purchaser, knowing the method to be adopted,
stipulates for a remunerative rate of interest accordingly. Prac-
tically, if the parties to the transaction were able to accurately
gauge the conditions, so as to afford comparison with some
standard, it would be of no great consequence which method was
adopted. The writer, however, is of opinion that to stipulate
for compound interest, at a high remunerative rate, is illogical ;
and that it affords no ti-ue basis for comparison and is misleading.

Say, a purchase is made on a 10 per cent, basis. Taking the
purchase money as £100, if the investment proves as successful
as is anticipated and the interest is realized annually, the
purchaser obtains a profit of £10 each year. He may use the
profits to purchase gilt-edged securities, in which case he would
obtain, say, 3 per cent, on them ; or he may speculate again for
a 10 per cent, rate of interest. If the second course were
followed and proved successful, he would have obtained 10 per

VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES. 40iV

year, but that the transaction is successfully closed at the end of
the second year, the purchaser is entitled to 10 per cent, interest
during the second year on the accumulative amount of his princi-
pal, that is to say, 10 per cent, on £103, together with the £10
due for the first year, or, in all, including principal, £120'3 ; but
if interest be paid at the high rate on the accumulative amount
of the principal during the second year he is not entitled to any
interest on the £7, the amount of the insurance to cover the
risk. The purchaser risks the amount of the principal at the
accumulative rate, but the £7 is part of the money for which
he has speculated, and, whether the purchaser obtains the whole
or part of it, depends upon the success of the speculation. It
cannot be assumed that this money ranks as capital and is
invested in the speculation.

If a man effect a speculation which is to be closed on the
same day, his possible loss is limited to his purchase money ; and
it would be absurd to allow him to increase his shares, in the
event of the speculation being successful, by adding to it any
portion of the money gained in the speculation. Similarly,
the £7 is not money risked, nor is it part of the natural accumu-
lative value of the principal ; and to calculate interest at the
high rate on this amount would be equivalent to giving the
purchaser the option of increasing his shares if the speculation
were successful, while limiting his losses in the event of failure.

The investor must increase his holding to the extent of the
natural increase of the capital at the accumulative rate, but it
is not logical to assume that the extra interest, for which the
speculation is made, can be invested in the transaction to ac-
quire interest at the remunerative rate. Whether the calcu-
lation be based on the assumption that the profits are realized
annually during the deferred period and invested to acquire
interest at the accumulative rate, or that the remunerative rate
of interest is to be allowed on the amount of the capital increased
at the accumulative rate, is immaterial, as both methods are
logical and the results are identical. The former method is
the way in which the problem is viewed by Mr. George King,*
who appears to consider it as axiomatic that the profits must be
calculated as accumulating at the lower rate of interest. A
consideration of the operations of the fund by each method for
a number of years will be instructive.

* The Theory of Fmance, by Mr. George King, third edition, 1898, page 38.

406

VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES.

Let it be required to find what sum should be paid four years
hence in consideration of a present advance of £100, the re-
munerative rate of interest being 10 per cent, and the accumu-
lative rate 3 per cent.

(a) By the first method, taking the profits as accumulative :

Principal ...

£100 00000

First year's interest

...

1000000

•Second year's interest :

10 per cent, on the principal

£1000000

3 per cent, on the previous year's interest

0-30000

10-30000

Third year s interest :

10 per cent, on the principal

£1000000

3 per cent, on the accumulated interest, £20 30000

0-60900

10-60900

Pourth year's interest :

10 per cent, on the principal

£10 00000

3 per cent, on the accumulated interest, £30*90900

0-92727

10-9-2727

' years being

The amount due at the end of four

£141-83627

(b) By the second method, taking the accumulative amount
of the principal and allowing interest at the remunerative rate
on that amount :

Principal

First year's interest

Second year's interest : 10 per cent.

amount of the principal, £103

Third year's interest : 10 per cent, on the accumulative amount

on the accumulative

£100-00000
10-00000

10-30000

VALUATIOX OF MINERAL PKOPERTIES. tl07

:actions, the interest is generally stated in rate per cent, but for
anathematieal calculations it will be found to facilitate opera-
tions if the interest be converted to rate per unit. Whereas
the commercial custom is to give the interest on 100, the interest
is required on unity ; and the rate per cent, must, therefore, be
divided by 100 to obtain the rate per unit. The sum of any
principal and its interest together is called the amount.

If the interest on a loan be calculated on the principal only,
for the whole time of the loan, it is said to be simple interest.
If the principal be increased at fixed periods by the interest
ihen due, and the interest for each succeeding period be calcu-
lated on the original principal together with the previous accu-
jnulations of interest, it is termed compound interest.

Unless otherwise stated, the unit of time for the calculation
•of interest is one year, and when compound interest is stipulated
for, the interest is convertible, that is to say, it is added to the
principal each year. Strictly speaking there is no such thing as
simple interest, for interest due must have an accumulative
value. What is meant, when simple interest is made a condi-
tional term of a loan, is that the period at which interest becomes
convertible is for some longer period than one year. In such
a case the annual rate of interest is stated, but it is the nominal
rate of interest that is given and not the effective rate. Thus,
if the conditions of a loan were 5 per cent, per annum simple
interest for three years, the 5 per cent, is the nominal rate of
interest and it would be more 'correct to say that the rate of
interest was 15 per cent, per three years, the word ** simple "
"being deleted. Similarly, it frequently happens that a loan
is made for compound interest with the condition that the
interest is to be convertible at shorter periods than one year.
In such a case, the nominal rate of interest per annum is less
than will be actually realized. Thus, say, the conditions of a
loan are 5 per cent, per annum and the interest is to be paid
half-yearly, here o per cent, is the nominal rate of interest, for
if half a year's interest be paid each half year, the actual interest
paid is greater than 5 per cent, per annum : for the first half
.yeai-'s payment of interest in any one year may be invested, and
interest acquired thereon during the second half of the year.
The conditions would have been more correctly stated by fixing
^he rate of interest as 2i per cent, per half year.

408 VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES.

For purposes of distinction, the rate of interest which
can be obtained on capital invested with a minimum of risk is
termed the accumulative rate, and when a higher rate of interest
is stipulated to cover risk it is termed the remunerative rate.

Annuities. — ^An annuity is a periodical payment amounting
to a certain annual sum. The tenn or status of an annuity may
be a fixed number of years, when the annuity is termed certain,
or for an uncertain period to be determined by a particular
event. An annuity that is to be paid indefinitely is termed a
perpetuity.

The first payment of an annuity payable annually is assumed
to become due at the end of the first year for which the annuity
is made, and in the case of a deferred annuity, payable annu-
ally, the first payment is assumed to become due one year after
the period of deferment. Similarly, if the payments of an
annuity have to be made at more frequent intervals than one
year, the first payment is assumed to become due at the end of
the first period of the term for which the annuity is made.

If it be required that the first payment of an annuity be
payable at the beginning of the term, it is called an annuity due.

Redemption or Sinking Fund, — The terms of purchase of an
annuity certain must be such that the annuity will provide not
mereh' interest on the outhiy at the stipulated rate, but also
such additional sum, as will, if invested as obtained, amount

VALUATION OF MINERAL PBOPEBTIES. 40»

fact that a portion of the principal is redeemed each year of
revenue. Theoretically, the annuity should provide interest at
the stipulated rate on the outstanding capital only. As, how-
ever^ a purchaser makes his bargain on the assumption that the
annuity will provide interest at the specified rate on his original
outlay during the whole of the term, this is the principle adopted
in the formulae and is the one universally accepted.

Rules and Examples.

I. — The amount of £1 in n years, — If the principal be £1 and
the interest be at the rate of r per £ per annum, the amount to
which the principal accumulates in one year will be l + r, and if
this amount be invested for another year at the rate r, its amount
at the end of the second year will be (l + r) (l + r) or (1 + r)^; and,
generally, £1 invested at the rate r, compound interest, for n
years, will amount to (1 + r)\

Where r is the rate of interest, or interest on 1, or rate per
cent, divided by 100 ; n, the term of years ; and i2*, the amount of
1 in w years at the rate r ; then: -B" = (l + r)* . . . (1)

(a) Example. — What is the amount of £1,000 in eight years
at 4 per cent, compound interest ? The rate, r, equals 4 divided
by 100 or 004; and the amount of 1 equals (l + 004)» or 104® or
1*368569. The amount of £1 at 4 per cent, in eight years is
consequently £1-368569, and the amount of £1,000 is £1,368-569.

If the interest is to be calculated for a unit of time other than
one year : that is to say, if the interest is to be convertible at greater
or less frequent periods than one year, the same principle holds.
Thus, say, the interest is realized m times per year, the interest for
each unit of time being r/m (where r is the nominal rate of
interest for a year). Then the amount of £1 in one year is

1 + — J , and the amount of £1 in Ji years is f 1 + — J . (la)

{b) Example, — What is the amount of £1,000 in eight years at
4 per cent, per annum, the interest being convertible half-yearly ?
It should be noted that 4 per cent, per annum is the nominal rate
of interest, the actual rate of interest being 2 per cent, per half

year. The rate, r, equals 004, vi is 2, and — is 002. The

amount of £1 for eight years is (l + 002)2^« ^j. i.q216^ and \'02^^
equals 1372785. The amount of £1 in eight years is £1-372785^
and the amount of £1,000 in eight years is £1,372'785.

410 VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES.

It is obvious that 4 per cent, per annum, convertible half-yearly
for eight years, amounts to the same as 2 per cent, per year for
sixteen years.

II. — The amount of £1 per annum in n years, — As the first
payment of an annuity becomes due at the end of the first year,
the amount of an annuity of 1 at the end of the first year is 1 ; at
the end of the second year, the annuity amounts to l+(l + r) ; at
the end of the third year, to l + (l + r) + (l + r)^; and, generally,
the amount of the annuity of 1 in w years equals 1+(1 + 0H"

\l + rf .... +(l + r)»-i equals ^^^^tr^l.

Where r is the rate of interest or interest on 1 ; and 22*, the
amount of 1 in w years at the rate r or (1 + r)"; then the amount

of 1 per annum in n years equals .... (2)

(a) Example. — What is the amount of £100 per annum in eight

years at 4 per cent ? The rate, r, is the interest on 1, or 4 divided by

104®— 1
100 equals 0*04. The amount of 1 equals - As before,

104® equals 1-368569. The amount of 1 equals jr?r, equals

0-04

004

~"(V(U — ^^ 9*214225; and the amount of £100 per annum equals

£921-4225.

If the annuity be payable by equal instalments m times in a

VALUATION OF MINEBAL PBOPE&TIES. 411

invested at the rate, r, will jdeld an annuity of r indefinitely.
Therefore the value of a perpetuity of 1 is - . . . (3)

The value of a perpetuity of 1 at 4 per cent, is 1 divided by 0*04
or 25.

IV. — The value of a deferred perpetuity. — A principal of 1
invested at the rate, r, will amount in n years to 5" ; and if this be
invested it will yield rxR* indefinitely.

Therefore, where r is the rate of interest or the interest on 1 for
one year ; 7J, the number of years that the perpetuity is deferred ;
and i2**, the amount of 1 in « years at the rate r, or (1 + r)*; then

the value of a perpetuity of 1 deferred n years is ^ . (4)

(a) Example. — What is the value of a perpetuity of £10
deferred four years at 4 per cent ? The rate, r, equals 4 divided by
100, equals 0*04; and R" equals 104* or 1-16986. The value of a

deferred perpetuity of £1 is 0^x4^16986 ^^0'0467 944 ^^ ^^'^^^^ ^
and the value of a deferred perpetuity of £10 is £213*701.

V. — The present value of £1 due n years hence, — It has been
shown that a principal of 1 invested at the rate, r, for one year
amounts to 1 + r; and, consequently, 1 is the present value of
l-hr due one year hence. Therefore the present value of 1 due a

year hence is ;-t— . Similarly, as (l-|-r)" is the amount of 1 in n

years, it follows that 1 is the present value of (l+r)" due n years
hence.

Where r is the rate of interest or the interest on 1 for one year ;
w, the term of years ; and 72", the amount of 1 at the rate, r, in
n years, or (1+r)'*; then the present value of £1 due n years

henceis^-j-L^,ori, (5)

(a) Example. — AVhat is the present value of £600 due eight
years hence, at 4 per cent, per annum ? The rate, r, equals 4

divided by 100 or 004. The present value of £1 equals ... , .^./x^xs

^^ VCUJ^ ^^ t.o('Qgg~Q ^^ 0*73069 ; and the present value of £600 is
£438*414.

412

VALUATION OF MINERAL PBOPE&TIES.

The above rule is correct only when the rate of interest takeD
as the basis of the calculation is approximately the accumulative
rata If the nature of the transaction be such that a high rate of
interest has to be allowed for remuneration, the rule ceases to give
equitable results. The principle on which the calculation must be
based is to place the purchaser of the deferred payment in the same
position at the end of the term as that in which he would be if he
had invested his capital in operations involving the same element
of risk as the deferred payment and yielding interest annually.
Assuming that such operations were successful, he would have
realized the remunerative rate of interest on his capital each year„
and these profits could be invested as obtained, so as to increase at
an accumulative rate.

If s be the remunerative rate of interest and r the accumulative
rate, the amount of s per annum in n years, by rule (2) is

if*— 1

s X . Taking the principal as unity, to find the amount of

the principal, under these conditions, 1 must be added to the

amount of the interest. Thus the amount of 1 in n years is

iJ*— 1
1+5X . The reciprocal of this expression gives the present

value of 1 due n years hence. Therefore, where r is the accumulative
rate of interest ; s, the remunerative rate of interest ; ii", the amount
of 1 in w years at the rate r or (l-hr)"; then the present value
1

of 1 in n

VALUATION OF MINEItAL PBOPEBTIES. 418

Where r is the interest on 1 ; and R^ is the amount of 1 in
n years or (l + r)*; then the redemption fund per annum that

ydW amount to 1 in n years is ^^ .... (7)

(a) Example. — What redemption or sinking fund must be in-
vested annually at 3 per cent, to redeem £200 in 20 years ? The
Amount jR* equals l-OS^o or 1-806111. The redemption fund for 1 is

0*03
1-806111 -.1 ^^ 0-037216; and the redemption fund for £200 is

£7-4432.

Should the interest on the redemption fund be invested m

times per annum, and the interest be convertible m times per

annum, the reciprocal of the rule (2a) must be applied. The

redemption fund per annum, the interest being convertible m times

(7a)

per year, is /^ . ^\ _;^

{b) Example, — What annual sinking fund will amount to £200
in 20 years at 3 per cent. ; the sinking fund being invested half-
yearly, and the interest being convertible at the same intervals?

0;03 003

The sinking fund for 1 is ("i . 0;03\"^^^_^ or 1-015^ - 1 ; 1-015*«

equals 1*814018; and i.qi4qio_i equals Q.oi^Qto or 0036854.
The sinking fund per annum to produce £200 is therefore £7-3708.

VII. — The present value of an annuity. — The amount of an

/?*— 1

annuity of 1 in n years was shown by rule (2) to be . The

present value of such an annuity must be such a sum as would, if
invested at the rate, r, for n years, be equal to the amount of the
annuity. Taking the present value as P, the amount of P at the

7?* — 1

rate, r, in n years equals Px jR* ; and Py.R^ equals •

Where r is the rate of interest, or interest on 1 for one year ;
n, the term of years ; and 72*, the amount of 1 at the rate r in
n years, or (1 +r)" ; then the present value of the annuity, P, equals
iJ" — 1
W^r ^^)

(a) Example. — What is the present value of an annuity of

414

VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES.

£100 for eight years, allowing interest at 3 per cent ? The rate, r,

equals 3 divided by 100 or 003 ; and /Z« equals 103® or 1-26677.

rn, . 1 r '. ^1 • 1-26677-1 0-26677

The present value of an annuity of 1 is ^.2g^yy^0'03 ""' (FOMOOSl

or 70197 ; and the present value of an annuity of £100 is £701-97.

Iri the rule given above, the redemption fund is assumed to
accumulate at the same rate of interest as is calculated on the
principal. When a high rate of interest is taken as the re-
munerative rate on the principal, the rule will not apply, as the
redemption fund could not be invested with safety to acquire
interest at the same rate. Under such circumstances, it is neces-
sary, therefore, to assume that the redemption fund accumulates at
another and lower rate of interest.

Taking the present value of an annuity as P and the remunera-
tive rate of interest allowed on the principal as 5, the annuity must be
such as will yield Pxs; and, in addition, a suflBcient sum for the
redemption fund such as will redeem the principal at a lower rate
of interest, r. The redemption fund that will redeem P in w years

was shown by rule (7) to be Px^-n^^ — ?• Therefore, the annuity,

P equals ( ^ — T'*"* ) > ^°^ ^^^ ^^ annuity of 1, where s is the

remunei-ative rate of interest on the principal; r, the rate of
interest on the redemption fund ; Ji. the term of years ; and B^, the
amount of 1 in w years at the rate i\ or (1 + r)"; then the present

value, P, equals ;," - (9)

VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES 416-

If the annuity be payable by equal instalments m times per
year, and the interest be convertible at like intervals; where s is
the nominal remunerative rate of interest per annum ; r, the rate of
interest per annum on the redemption fund ; n, the term of years ; and
m, the number of times per annum that the instalments of the annuity
are payable and the interest on the redemption fund is convert-
ible, the present value of an annuity of 1 is . (9fl')-

eight years, payable half-yearly, allowing a purchaser 10 per cent.

interest and redeeming the principal at 4 per cent., interest on the

redemption fund being convertible half-yearly ? The rate, s,

equals 10 divided by 100, or 010; r equals 4 divided by 100, or

r 0*04i

004; m equals 2; ^ equals ^ or 002; and 102^Ms 1-372786.

The present value of an annuity of 1 is ^rrrj , or

(l-t.002)^>^8-l + ^'^^

004^ ^^.^Q- "^ 0107300 + 010' '' ^'^^^^^ ' ^^^ '^' P^"^"^'

1-372786-1

value of an annuity of £100 is £482392.

An examination of the operations of the fund will show more
clearly what the calculation allows. To redeem a principal of 1 by
half-yearly investments at 4 per cent., with the interest convertible

004

half-yearly, requires an annual sinking fund of pr^ruT^n^^ — T> ^^

0107300. The redemption of the purchase money requires a
sinking fund of 482-392 x 0107300, or £51'76076 ; the provision of
10 per cent, interest on the purchase money requires £48 2392 ;
making a total of £99*99996. The annuity of £100 therefore meets
these conditions. It should, however, be noted that the £48*2392
provided by the annuity as interest on the principal, is payable
by half-yearly instalments, therefore the actual rate of interest is
5 per cent, per half year, an effective rate of rather more than
10 per cent, per annum. The 10 per cent, is the nominal rate
of interest, and is so defined in the formula.

VIII. — The present value of a deferred annuity, — As has been
previously stated, when a high rate of interest is allowed on the

416

VALUATION OF MINEBAL PROPERTIES.

principal, the payments of the interest must be assumed to accumu-
late at another and lower rate. Where P is the present value of
an annuity of 1, the amount of P and its accumulated interest at

(iJ"— -In
1+5 X J, where s is the

remunerative rate of interest and r the accumulative rate of
interest. The amount of an annuity of 1 for n years at the rate

r was shown by rule (2) to be . The amount of the princi-
pal and its accumulated interest at the end of the term should
be equal to the amount of the annuity ; and, consequently,

P { \ + sX j equals . This equation can be shown to

be identical with the equation (9), giving the present value of an
immediate annuity, which is as it should be, as the amount of the
principal has been taken for exactly the same period as the term of
the annuity. The problem which is under present consideration,
however, is that of a deferred annuity, and if d be the period of

deferment the expression becomes PyY + sx J equals ;

where s is the remunerative rate of interest ; r, the accumulative rate
of interest : n, the term of the annuity ; rf, the term of deferment ;
R^, the amount of 1 in n years at the rate r, or (1 + r)*; and R^^^,
the amount of 1 in n + rf years at the rate, r, or (1 + r)*"^**;
then the present value, P, of a deferred annuity of 1 is

DISCUSSION — VALUATION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES. 417

To show clearly the principle on which the formula has been
constructed, the writer will assume that £330'25 has been invested
under the conditions stated, and he will show that the operation
of the annuity complies with the requirements ;

Principal £330-250

Interest at the rate of 15 per cent, on £330 '250 equals £49'537>

and £49*537 per annum for 10 years at 3 per cent, amounts to 567*892

The amount of the principal at the end of deferred period is therefore £898 *142

When the term of revenue commences :
Interest at the rate of 15 per cent, must be provided on the outlay £49*537
Interest at the rate of 3 per cent, on the amount of £567*892

to which the interest has accumula ted 17 *037

Redemption fund to produce £330*25 in 20 years at 3 per cent. ... 12*291
And there remains, to produce the £567*892 of interest accumu-
lated during the deferred period ... 21*135

The total revenue being £100*000

The sum of £21*135 per annum invested at 3 per cent, for
twenty years amounts to £567*897 ; which practically agrees with
the £567'892 required.

Prof. Henry Louis said that he thought that the views of the
writer in regard to discounting deferred values were illogical.
Mr. O'Donahue appeared to be of opinion that money invested
to return interest a few years hence should receive what they
might call a " risky rate " on the capital only, and the ordinary
rate upon the interest. This would be perfectly sound, provided
that one received the interest; but, when the principle was
applied to a coal-mining proposition, it would be found that it
did not apply at all, because the risk of not receiving the interest
(or what was looked upon as ranking as such) was, at least, as
great as that of losing the capital. He differed on this point
from Mr. O'Donahue, as it seemed to him that the risk wiis
fully as great during the preparatory period of sinking as
during the period of working, and, therefore, anyone who in-
vested his money before that time was entitled to the high rate
of interest.

Mr. T. E. FoRSTER said that there seemed to be as many
opinions and as many theories on this subject as there were stars

VOL. XXXII.-190C1»07. 29

418 DISCUSSION — VALUATIOX OF MINERAL PROPERTIES.

in the sky, but the only principle that would pass the authorities
of Somerset House, was the principle laid down by Mr. George
King.*

ilr. T. A. O'DoNAHL'E, replying to the discussion, wrote that
he quite agreed with Prof. H. Louis that the risk is as great
during the deferred period as during the period fixed for revenue,
and his rule is based on that assumption : the rate of remunera-
tion allowed during the deferred period being identical with
that of the annuity-term; and his argument is that it should
not be greater. Prof. H. Louis stated that the method ** would
be perfectly sound, provided that one received the interest."
Were the revenue assured, there would be no justification for a
high remunerative rate of interest; and therefore the principle
could not be sound with such a condition. Mr. T. E. Forster
should not be taken seriously in his reference to the stars — the
fingers of one hand would have afforded a better simile. So far as
he was aware, there were not more than three theories on the sub-
ject which could be put forward with any reason ; and he did not
know of any that had been published except the two dealt with
in his paper. The Somerset House test is certainly a criterion of
the practical utility of the rule, though it is not necessarily
a convincing one of its logical accuracy. He had, however,
good reason to believe that the principle laid down was accept-
able to the officials of the Estate Duty Office ; but, to make the
matter more certain, he submitted his views to the Secretary.

DISCUSSION — VALUATION OF MINERAL PEOPEETIES. 419

identical results with that f^iven by Mr. King. He had, however,
retained the elementary values for the factors, so as to enable the
mining engineer to apply the rule more easily. He desired to
make it clear, although Mr. King ha<l deduoed a rule to comply
with certain conditions, that he was not disposed to say that the
particular conditions premised were alone permissible; in fact,
Mr. King stated that he ha<l but little experience of the problem,
as it was outside his own special sphere, and was of the opinion
that the conditions should be decided by mining experts. On the
other hand, he (Mr. O'Donahue) contended that the principle laid
down was the correct one from which to obtain equitable results,
and the Somerset House authorities apparently held the same
view.

Mr. Edwin Kenyon delivered a lecture on the ** Transmission
of Power by Ropes."

The President (Mr. »T. H. Merivale) moved a vote of thanks
to Mr. Kenyon for his useful lecture.

The motion was cordially approved.

420

AXWELL FAKK COLLIERY.

THE NORTH OF ENGLAND INSTITrTE OF MINING AND
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

EXCURSION MEETING,
Held at Axw-sll Pabk Collikbt, Swalwkll, Dkcbmbkb 5th, 1906.

ELECTRIC PLANT, AXWELL PARK COLLIERY.

The machinery throughout Axwell Park colliery is worked
by electric power, comprizing hauling, pumping, ventilating,
winding, screening, disintegrating, elevating, etc.

The winder is employed especially for the raising and lower-
ing of workmen at a shaft near the face of the workings, as the
bulk of the coal is conveyed by rope-haulage through a drift
some distance away. It comprizes an Hgner motor-generator
set, consisting of a three-phase motor of 33 horsepower at 550
volts, a variable-voltage generator of 23 kilowatts, an exciter of 2
kilowatts, and a flywheel, weighing about 25 cwts. These are all
supported on one foundation-bed, connected by rigid and flexible
couplings, and they run at 1,200 revolutions per minute. The
bearings are arranged for oil-ring lubrication. The momentum
of the flywheel would enable a complete wind to be made, after
gutting off the supply of current to the motor. The winde

AXWELL PARK COLLIERY. 421

similar to those generally used with Ilgner winding plants, except
that the magnetic brake is also controlled by the speed-regulating
handle. It is, therefore, quite impossible for the motorman to
apply the operating brake, except when the controller-handle is
in the neutral position ; and, for the same reason, it is also impos-
sible to start the winder before the operating brake is off. The
speed can be controlled within 2^ per cent, of the maximum. By
a suitable arrangement of cams fixed to the depth-indicator, the
speed of the cage may be automatically reduced, and gradually
brought to rest at the end of a wind, and thus prevent over-
winding. Cams are also fitted to regulate the rate of acceleration
at the commencement of each wind. It is further intended to
fix a second controller inside the cage, so that the attendance of
onsetters and banksmen will be unnecessary during the night
shift. For this purpose, it is proposed to use a flexible cable
suspended beneath the cage. By means of an automatic slip-
regulator connected to the rotor circuit of the three-phase motor,
the speed of the motor, and, consequently, of the flywheel, may be
controlled within certain limits. Energy in excess of 33 horse-
power is obtained from the flywheel, and it is again stored during
the inten^als between the winds. The maximum speed of wind-
ing is 8 feet per second ; the depth of the shaft, 255 feet ; the
period of a wind, 40 seconds ; and the interval, 15 seconds.

The car for loading the coke-ovens has a carrying capacity
of 4 tons, it is equipped with a series-wound motor of 10 horse-
power and a British-Thomson-Houston controller. The current
is obtained from a trolley-wire suspended along the centre of each
track. The car automatically opens and closes the hopper-
slides when loading, and the car-driver can work the bottom-slides
of the car by means of levers fixed to the footplate, and thus
discharge the coal into the coke-ovens without leaving his posi-
tion on the car.

The electric current is generated at the Blaydon station of the
Priestman Power Company, from the waste heat of Otto-Hi Igen-
stock coke-ovens installed at Blaydon Bum colliery. It is
supplied to Axwell Park colliery in conjunction with the County
of Durham Electric Power Distribution Company, Limited, at a
pressure of 5,500 volts on the three-phase system, and it is
transformed to a pressure of 550 volts for use at the colliery.

422 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE INSTITUTE OF MINING
AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

ANNQAL GENERAL MEETING,

Hkld at the North Stafford Hotkl, Stoke-upon-Trbnt,
November 12th, 1906.

Mr. a. H. heath, Retirino-Presidknt, in the Chair.

The minutes of the last General Meeting were read and
confirmed.

The following gentlemen, having been previously nominated,
were elected: —

Honorary Member—
Mr. H. Johnstone, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Stafford.

Associate Member—
Mr. W. H. Core, Withington, Manchester.

ANNUAL REPOET OF THE COUNCIL. 428

During the year general meetings were held in September,
October, December, January, March and July, with excursion
meetings in June and July.

The following papers were read during the year: —

" Notes on the Feed- water of Colliery Boilers." By Mr. A. E. Cooke.
" Presidential Address." By Mr. A. H. Heath.

''A Gob-fire in the Ten-feet Seam, North Staffordshire." By Mr. W. G.
Peasegood.

The Council regret that only two members have come forward
with papers during the year, and would welcome an increase
during the current year. With this object in view they renew
the offer of prizes, of the value of (a) £3 3s. and (6) £2 2s., for
the best paper read at general meetings during the current year
by (a) Members and Associate Members, and (6) Associates and
Students.

In September, 1905, the Duke of Sutherland ofiEered Trentham
Hall to the County Council for the purposes of a college for
higher education, but the representatives of the various bodies
negotiating the matter concluded that the site near Stoke railway-
station was more preferable on which to erect a suitable building.
The present idea is to erect an institute on this site, and equip
laboratories for mining, pottery, chemistry and physics, with
suitable lecture and meeting rooms. The estimated cost is
£12,000, and it is thought that the County Council would pro-
vide one-half the amount (£6,000) on the understanding that
the remaining half is provided locally. Of this other half
(£6,000), it is hoped that colliery-owners and the Mining Insti-
tute will raise £3,000, leaving £3,000 to be raised by pottery-
owners and others. The amount in the bank at June 30th, 1906,
to the credit of colliery-owners and the Mining Institute, was
£1,257 IGs. lOd., and a further sum of £413 10s. has been
promised. Steps are now being taken with the view of raising
the £6,000 locally, to enable the matter to be pushed to a
practical issue.

The last session of the County Council Mining Classes was
the most satisfactory ever held in Xorth Staffordshire, the
number of enrolled students being 435. The results of the
examination were most encouraging. The prizes were dis-
tributed on December 9th, 1905, by Prof. T. Turner, and the
gathering was in every way a success.

ACCOITNTS.

ACCOUNTS.

425

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ii I • s

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£•♦* BO * ^

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J •

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c^ >o

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;§

^ OS

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8 : •:

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426

TRANSACTIONS.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TREASURER, 1905-190().

The Treasurer submitted the following statement of the
accounts for the year ending July Slst, 1906: —

The total receipts amounted to £288 16s. lid., of which
£243 ISs. 6d. is for current-year subscriptions, £30 13s. received
for arrears, £10 Is. 5d. for sundries, and £4 48. subscriptions
paid in advance. It is with regret that the Committee have to
report that, owing to a serious falling-off or laxity in the pay-
ment of subscriptions, the arrears for the year amount to £120,
and, adding £121 88. brought forward, there is a total of £241 8s.
now owing.

The result of the year's working has been to decrease the
•credit-balance from £147 8s. 9d. at the end of the previous year
to £127 16s. 7d. at July 31st, 1906. And in order that the
Institute may be successfully carried on the Committee desire
to impress on dilatory members the necessity of prompt payment
of their subscriptions.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN, 1905-1906.

The Librarian (Mr. F. H. Wynne) reported as follows : —
During the year, 41 volumes of transactions and publica-
tions of various societies and institutions have been bound, and
added to the already valuable and extensive collection of litera-
ture relating to miniMg and allied subjects in the possession of
this Institute. It is necessaiy again to point out the dis-

TRANSACTIONS.

427

Mr. J. R. Haines seconded the adoption of the reports, and
the motion was carried.

Mr. John Xewton moved a vote of thanks to Mr. A. H. Heath
for his services as President during the past two years.

Mr. J. C. Cadman seconded the resolution, which was cordially
approved.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS, 190G-1907.

The following officers of the Institute were elected for the
ensuing year: —

President :
Mr. John Newton.

Mr. J. R. Haines

Mr. F. E. Buckley.
Mr. W. G. CowLisHAW.
Mr. G. J. Cbosbie-Dawbon.
Mr. J. Gregoby.

Vice-Presidents :
I Mr. A. Hassam.

Treasurer :
Mr. Thomas Ashworth.

Secretary :
Mr. F. R. Atkinson.

CJOUNCILLORS :

Mr. J. Heath.
Mr. H. Johnstone.
Mr. G. E. Lawton.

Mr. W. LOCKETT.

I Mr. G. p. Hyslcp.

Mr. J. Maddock.
Mr. W. G. Pkasegood.
Mr. J. T. Stobbs.
Mr. F. H. Wynne.

PKIZES.

Prizes have been awarded to the writers of the following
papers : —

** Notes on the Feed -water of Colliery Boilers." By Mr. A. E. Cooke.
*• A Gob-fire in the Ten-feet Seam, North Staffordshire." By Mr. W. G.
Peasegood.

The Presidkxt (Mr. John Xewton) delivered the following
Presidential Address " : —

428

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

By JOHN NEWTON.

I thank you most sincerely for the honour that you have
conferred upon me by electing me as your President for the
ensuing year. It is an honour which I much appreciate and
value. I consider that the Institute of Mining and Mechanical
Engineers is one of the most, if not the most, useful institution
in North Staffordshire, having for its object the advancement of
its most important industry, and the education, not only of the
rising generation, but men of mature years. I think you
will agree with me when I say that none of us are too old to
learn, and that it is not only necessary to keep ourselves well
informed as to new methods for advancing the science of our
industry, but duly to consider the requirements of our various
callings, and to endeavour, by an inter-communication of ideas,
to encourage the introduction of fresh methods and the improve-
ment of those already in existence.

I have one sincere regret in connection with my election to-
day, and that is, a feeling of incapacity to fill the position as
President of this Institute in the manner which its importance
deserveB, and its usefulness demands. The Frt^sident, to justify

PEESIDENTIAL ADDEESS. 429

whole of the founders of the coal and iron industries of North
Staffordshire. In fact, with two exceptions, our Presidents have
been colliery managers : all of them, men of grit and persever-
ance, and mainly self-made men.

The North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical
Engineers was founded in December, 1872 : 63 members being en-
rolled in that month. During the first year, until December, 1873,
100 members were enrolled, but only 7 of these original members
are still with us. I think, with one exception, that the remainder
have passed away. During the period which has elapsed since
the formation of the Institute, we have had associated with our
society all the men of note who have been connected with the
coal and iron trades of North Staffordshire, in this generation,
besides others, although not so closely allied with the district,
yet whose connection with any Institute would at once stamp
it as ujseful, and worthy of the consideration of all who have
the welfare of their country at heart, and desire to see its trade
and industries develop. Thomas Carlyle said " All true work
is sacred ; in all true work, were it but hand-labour, there is
something of divineness," hence the appreciation of the labours
of our best men who have been, and also those who still are,
connected with the industry for which our Institute was founded,
whose efforts are true work* I cannot, of course, in this
address even mention the names of all deserving of appreciation,
but to know that we have had such men connected with our
Institute should spur us on to emulate them, so that in 30 years'
time the younger members of to-day may be able to look back
and view with satisfaction the progress that they have been able
to make, and the advantage that they have taken of the oppor-
tunities which presented themselves.

Our first President was the late Mr. T. S. Wilkinson, and
although, through misfortune, he was obliged to sever his con-
nection with the coal trade, still he showed his appreciation of
our Institute, and his desire for development and progress, by
becoming the first President.

Our next President, the late Mr. Charles James Homer, was
in many ways a most remarkable man. He was one of the founders
of our Institute, and the position which we hold to-day is due

480

PEESIDENTIAL ADDBESS.

very largely to his energy and perseverance. He was born on
August 17th, 1837. He was a pupil under the late Mr. William
Forshaw at Lord Granville's collieries and ironworks (now
belonging to the Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Company, Limited)
from 1852 to 1856, during which period rolling-mills and blast-
furnaces were erected and the collieries and works considerably
developed. In 1864, he became general manager of the
Chatterley ironstone-mines at Tunstall. About 1868, Mr. Homer
erected almost the first set of iron lattice-work pithead-frames,
if not in the country, at least in North Staffordshire. At the
time, these pithead-frames were very much appreciated by all
the leading mining engineers of this country'. In 1871, Mr.
Homer promoted the formation of the Chatterley Coal and Iron
Company, Limited, of which he became managing director. A
private line of railway, over 2 miles long, was constructed to
connect these collieries with the towns of Tunstall and Burslem.
In 1871 and 1872, he constructed another railway, about 5 miles
long, constituting a loop on the North Staffordshire Railway,
and opening up the Adderley Green valley at Bucknall. This
line became the property of, and is now worked by, the North
Staffordshire Railway Company ; the output of several important
collieries is distributed by means of this route. In 1873, Mr.
Homer became associated with the late Duke of Sutherland,
Sir John Pender, and Mr. John Bourne, in the development of the
mines of the Stafford Coal and Iron Company. This was virgin
ground, and was held by some experts to be outside the North

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 481

The late Mr. Daniel Adamson was our President from 1876
to 1878. He was a self-made man, but a born engineer, and
after serving his apprenticeship made rapid progress towarda
that position of eminence, for which he was highly qualified and
ultimately attained, in the engineering world. Those of us who
had the pleasure of hearing his inaugural address on April 11th,.
1877, will remember it as an intellectual treat. It was un-
doubtedly a great honour to have our Institute presided over
by a man occupying so important a position in the engineering
world, and one so much sought after because of his extraordinaiy
ability and experience. He was also prime mover in the inaugura-
tion of the Manchester Ship Canal, and the success of that under-
taking was largely due to his untiring energy.

Daniel Adamson was bom at Shildon, Durham, in 1818, and in 1835 became-
a pupil of Mr. Timothy Hackworth — the first man who ever performed the
functions of locomotive superintendent to a railway — at the Shildon works of

the Stockton and Darlington Company Mr. Adamson introduced many

improvements in connection with his business, and was in the front rank for
activity and enterprise. In 1852, he patented the flang«-seam for high-pressure

boiler-flues He also patented improvements in the superheating of steam

between cylinders of compound-engines, etc. In 1857 and 1858, he first applied
steel in the construction of steam-boilers, and subsequently made more than
2,800 ste«l boilers for working at pressures varying from 60 pounds to 250
pounds per square inch. In 1858, he patented hydraulic lifting-jacks, and
improvements in the application of hydraulic power for riveting metallic
structures. During 1861 and 1862, he built a triple-expansion compound-engine,
and in 1873, a quadniple^xpansion compound-engine In 1862, he com-
menced the making of steel boilers by drilling the rivet-holes through the two
plates together after the plates are put into position. This method of drilling
holes is now generally demanded in the practice of boiler manufacture. In
1863 and 1864, he erected the Yorkshire steel-works at Penistone, and was part
owner of the first works in this country that depended entirely on the

making of steel on a large scale solely by Bessemer plant At the annual

meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute on the 9th of May, 1888, while he
held the oflice of President, Sir Henry Bessemer, at the request of the Council,
presented to Mr. Adamson the Bessemer gold medal. Without in any way
making an invidious comparison. Sir Henry said the unanimous decision of the
Council to award the medal to Mr. Adamson met with his most cordial and
entire approval In 1863, Mr. Adamson patented improvements in con-
verters for Bessemer steel. In 1863 and 1864, he introduced improved blast-
engines for Bessemer blows In official life, Mr. Adamson was a pro-
minent figure. He was on the Commission of the Peace for the county of
Chester, and was also a Magistrate for the city of Manchester. He was
director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, in whose important func-
tions he took great interest ; and ho was the President of the Iron and Steel
Institute for 1888 and 1889, being one of the original members of that body.*

• AfimUes of fke Proceeding.^ of The Institution of Civil Engineers, 1890>
vol. c, pages 374-376.

PKESIDEXTIAL ADDKESS.

The late Mr, John Strick was our next President, for the
years 1878 to 1879. He wa« one of the orijrii^al members. I
think I may say that he was well known to us all, and held in the
highest possible esteem. Although not demonstrative, the kind-
liness of his disposition and the constancy of his character
appealed to all who knew him. He thus created a very large
circle of friends. He took very g^at interest in our Institute,
and did all in his power to extend itfi usefulness. Since his
death, his widow has presented to the Institute all his technical
works, which form a very valuable portion of our library and
will preserve his memory in the minds of those who knew him,
and will hand down his name to posterity.

Mr. W. Y. Craig was our President from 1879 to 1881, and
during his presidency much good work was done: Mr. Craig
himself contributing very valuable papers, besides imparting in
other ways much useful knowledge. He at all times impressed
upon the members the importance of mutual exchange of ideas,
and in his inaugural address delivered on February 9th, 1880,
he gave us some very sound advice as to what it is necessary to
do and to study, in order to secure the best results from the
human mind. Mr. Craig has been and still is a profound
thinker; a large-minded man of very great experience. He
never puts forth an opinion without having previously studied
or thoroughly understanding his subject. He is of a kind dis-
position, slow to offend, but determined of purpose, and always

PRESIDENTIAL ADDBESS. 43S

large collieries in North Staffordshire, having" aeted as consulting
engineer respecting them from time to time. He has also
occupied a position as consulting engineer for the Cannock
Chase, Westminster, Hanraer and Powell Duffryn collieries.
He has also reported upon, and valued, some of the large col-
lieries in Westphalia belonging to the Prussian Mining Com-
pany. AVith the late Mr. Joseph Cooper, Mr. Craig became
owner of Podmore Hall colliery in 1870, and it was worked by
them conjointly up to the time of Mr. Cooper's death in 1880.
Mr. Craig then became sole owner, and worked Podmore Hall
and Hayeswood collieries together until 1890, when they were
sold to the Midland Coal, Coke and Iron Company, Limited.
In 1870, the output at Podmore Hall colliery was 100 tons per
day, and when it was transferred to the Midland Coal, Coke and
Iron Company, Limited, the two pits yielded an output of 1,400
tons per day. I think such a record of work speaks volumes
for the ability and untiring energy of Mr. Craig, whom we are so
proud in being able to number as one of us.

The late Mr. John Brown was our President from 1881 to
1883. Mr. Brown's life and works gained for him the respect
of everyone connected with the coal trade of North Staffordshire.
His, too, was a name that brought credit to our Institute, and
raised it in the estimation of all kindred Institutions in the
country. He was a man of quick temper, and this at times was
a cause of trouble to him. He began his technical education in
the office of the late Mr. John T. Woodhouse, of Ashby-de-la-
Zouche, and became an articled pupil in his office in the year
1848, subsequently acting as Mr. Woodhouse's principal assist-
ant. In 1854, he commenced business on his own account in
Barnsley. He was engaged along with Mr. Howell in a difficult
investigation regarding Lord Granville's collieries in Stafford-
shire, and his extensive knowledge and accurate reports soon
gained for him the confidence of a large clientele. He was
appointed engineer to the Lundhill Colliery Company after the
disastrous explosion in this company's pit in 1857. He here
introduced the dumb drift, a device whereby the gases coming
with the ventilation-current from the workings were discharged
into the upcast shaft at a higher level than the furnace, without
coming into contact with it. Mr. Brown's consulting practice

VOL. XXXII.-1906-1W7. 30

484

PRESIDENTIAL ADDBESS.

was not confined to this country. He reported on mining pro-
jects in Denmark, Russia and Portugal. In 1869, he became
engineer for the Cannock Chase Colliery Company, and was
instrumental in developing that important coal-field. As early
as 1862 he made the plans from which No. 2 pit of this field was
constructed. Mr. Brown was afterwards appointed engineer to
the South Staffordshire Mines Drainage Commissioners, and
from 1874 to 1879 acted as consulting engineer to the Mid-
Cannock Colliery Company. In 1880 he removed to Birmingham,
where he continued and extended his consulting and arbitrating
practice. Mr. Brown was elected a member of The Institution
of Civil Engineers in 1858, he was a fellow of the Geological
Society, a member of the Iron and Steel Institute, and numerous
other kindred institutions in this country. His retentive
memory, a strictly methodical system of working, a markedly
judicial habit of mind in criticizing the ca«es laid before him,,
a frank and kindly manner, led to his being widely trusted in
arbitration cases, and his advice in private enterprises was highly
valued. Mr. Brown died on August 24th, 1888, in his sixty-
fiith year, having been born at Stafford in 1823.

I cannot leave the subject of our past-Presidents without
referring to the late Mr. William Heath. He was a man that
we all knew, and I think I may safely say that he had the love and
respect of all those with whom he came into contact. I had the
pleasure of his friendship for aiaiost forty years, and at times

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 485

this did not prevent their continuing. They risked all, but the
result has proved that their judgment was sound, for we all
know that this colliery is now one of the best and most lucrative
of our collieries in North Staffordshire.

There is a name among the oldest members of our Institute
which stands boldly forward as one of the pioneers of the coal
and iron trades of North Staffordshire. I refer to the late Mr.
Robert Heath. He joined ouj* Institute in March, 1874, and,
although not an active member, he was foremost in the develop-
ment of the coal and iron trades of this district. Mr. Heath
did not, until late in life, take any part in public work. In
fact, !^r. Heath was so engrossed with his own work, that he did
not consider that he could spare the necessary time for the
fulfilment of any public ofiice. He was a believer in self. Mr.
Craig's remarks when retiring from the presidency of this
Institute, may be well applied to Mr. Heath, and I think are
worth repeating. He said, " I can only say that I vacate this
position with feelings somewhat of a mixed character. In the
first place, I feel reluctant to recognize the fact that to-day
terminates a period of ofiicial work during which, by your
indulgence, by the opportunities which you have afforded me,
and by the assistance you have ever given me, I have been
able to be more useful to my fellow-men than I believed I
<!ould possibly have been, had I continued, as hitherto, to devote
the whole of my attention to private affairs. We know it is
quite possible — indeed it is a fact — that men not unfrequently
give too little attention to private affairs, and that their minds
are drawn from them by meddling with the business of other
people, but there is also an error which may be committed in
the opposite direction, and that is by devoting too much exclu-
sive attention to private matters, and living in the world as if
we were living entirely for ourselves. That, in my opinion,
is a great error, and one valuable experience which I have gained
(luring the two years I have presided over this Institute is this —
that there is satisfaction and real value, considered both with
reference to one's self and one's fellow mortals, in giving up
some portion of time and some portion of one's means for the
benefit of society."* Mr. Heath recognized this rather late in

* Tramaction-H of the Xorth Staffordshire TnMit Ue of Miuhnj and ^fe^:hauical
Ewjintern, 1881, vol. vi., page 5,

486

PRESIDENTIAL ADDBESS.

life ; no doubt he would have enjoyed life better, and the com-
munity generally would have benefited had he done so
earlier. The Staffordshire Sentinel of October 14th, 1898,
published the following interesting biographical sketch of his
life, which, I think, is worth quoting.

Mr. Robert Heath was bom at Sneyd House, Burslem, od. August 14th,
1816, and was consequently in his seventy-eighth year at the time of his
•death. His father^ who bore the same name, was a mining engineer, of
considerable attainments, and at this time held the post of manager of
the Sneyd colliery. Mr. Heath was educated at Dr. Magnum's school,
Etruria Hall, which he left when fourteen years of age to assist his father,
who had taken over the management of the Clough Hall collieries for the
Kinnersley family. Mr. Heath, senior, was in many ways a remarkable man,
and this district owes much to his energy. The Ghiide to the Iron Trade
of North Staffordshire, published in 1874, makes the following reference to
him, — " In the development of the ooal and ironstone resources of North
Staffordshire the name of the late Mr. Heath must always be honourably
identified. He it was who advised the Kinnersleys to open up the rich
mineral property on their vast estate near Kidsgrove, where sixty years ago
were erected under the same advice, the first ironworks in North Stafford-
shire." Mr. Kinnersley had the highest esteem for both father and son
to whom in turn he entrusted the management of his works. Mr. Heath
worthily deserved the title of a great captain of industry. His career was
•one long and almost unbroken series of successes, and the scope of his under-
takings ever extended. To sketch his life as a business man is to give
practically a history of the rise and development of the iron trade of
North Staffordshire. His father, as manager of the Clough Hall works for
Mr. Kinnersley, was one of the founders of the industry which now finds
employment for so many thousands of hands. He built the first forge and
mills in North Staffordshire, in 1838, and they were set to work by Mr.
Heath, senior, in 1840. At that time there was a strong prejudice against
produced on the hot*blct^t system, and Mr. Kiimersley declined to

FBESIDENTIAL ADDBESS. 487

was one of the largest and most important in the country, and it is said
that to-day it is one of the most extensive and valuable undertakings own^d
by one family in England. Mr. Heath subsequently leased the mines at
Norton from Lord Norton, then Sir Charles Adderley, and set up ironworks
on a large scale. The lease of the Grange colliery, Cobridge, was acquired
from Lord Camoys, and in 1867, the Ravensdale ironworks were purchased.
Seventeen years later, Mr. Heath obtained the lease of the Brownhills
colliery, Tunstall, from Messrs. N. P. Wood Brothers, and as recently as 1887,
he took over the Brown Lees colliery, Biddulph, from the executors of the
late Mr. Edward Kinnersley. Twenty years agt> he purchased the freehold
of the Biddulph estate, and has since enlarged it by the purchase of adjoin-
ing land. Mr. Heath retired from active participation in business in 1886,
and the concern has since been carried on by his four sons acting in partner-
ship. The firm, in the early part of the present year, took over the
Kidsgrove pits, having previously acquired the Clough Hall estate from the
representatives of Mr. Thomas Kinnersley, and disposed of part of the surface
to the company now carrying it on as a pleasure-resort.

Another gentleman whose memory comes forcibly to my
mind, while addressing yon, who was a geologist, and, in fact, one
of the cleverest men whom we have ever had associated with this
Institute, that is the late Mr. Charles Eugene De Ranee. During
his life he accomplished much, but to the members of this Insti-
tute particularly, he was a source of pleasure and information
such as very few men could be. He was a most courteous and
polished gentleman, and we all think of his untimely end with
sorrow.

There are many other names to which one would like to pay
homage, would time permit. Among these, I may just mention
our late courteous and indefatigable secretary, Mr. T. R. Haines,
to whom was due, to a groat extent, the energy and go that
characterized the proceedings of this Institute in the early years
of its existence, and for a period of over 25 years, Messrs. Thomas
Ashworth, AV. X. Atkinson, Jas. C. Cadman, A. M. Henshaw,
Hugh R. Makepeace, A. R. Sawyer, F. Silvester, E. B. Wain,
B. Wood worth, and others.

When one looks back at the early history of our Institute,
and remembers with what determination and energy its pro-
ceedings were conducted, that is, before its federation with The
Institution of Mining Engineers, one naturally enquires for
the cause of its lethargy of to-day.

I shall have to appeal to our young men. They are our only
hope, and I fully believe that if proper accommodation and

488 PRESIDENTIAL ADDBESS.

facilities were g-iven them, we should not have to complain of
the results. Something ought to be done, and at once, to house
the mining students in a proper manner, and thus give them the
opportunity of developing the knowledge that they have obtained
at the elementary schools and continuation classes. The Bolton
scheme ought to be pushed, and if, during my year of office,
I can do anything to forward this project, I shall feel that my
time has not been waated.

Mr. A. M. Hexshaw moved a vote of thanks to the President
for his address.

Mr. G. P. Hyslop seconded the resolution, which was cordi-
ally approved.

THE COURHIKRES BXPLOfilON.

4S9

THE COURElilEES EXPLOSION.

By W. N. ATKINSON and A. M. HENSHAW.

I. — Introduction.

On the morning of Saturday, March 10th, 1906, at a few
minutes before 7 o'clock, an explosion occurred in the pits of the
Courrieres Coal Company (Compagni© des Mines de Houille de
Courrieres), Pas-de-Calais, France, which, in its appalling magni-
tude, overshadows all previous catastrophes recorded in the his-
tory of coal-mining. Eleven hundred men and boys lost their
lives, and four pits were devastated.

Fig. 16.— Courrieres Collieries, No. 2 Pit.

The explosion was attended by circumstances of intense
human interest, and by phenomena involving questions of vital
importance to everyone engaged in the industry of mining.
The writers, who visited the collieries on two occasions after the
explosion, spending 16 days underground, feel that they are
fulfilling a duty in recording as fully as possible in the following
notes, the facts and conclusions resulting from their investigations.

VOL. XXXIL— 190MM7-

440

THE COURRlilEES EXPLOSION.

2. — Collieries.

The collieries of the Courrieres Coal Company, comprizing
fourteen pits, are situated some 60 miles south-east of Calais, near
tlie town of Lens ; and the importance of the undertaking- may
be realized at once from the facts that nearly 10,000 persons are
employed in it and that the output exceeds 2^ million tons of
coal per annum.

The concession held by the Courrieres Coal Company and
granted by the State comprizes 13,489 acres (5,459 hectares), ex-
tending 5*8 miles (9,400 metres) from north to south and 3*7
miles (5,900 metres) from east to west. Operations were com-
menced in the year 1853 by the sinking of No. 1 pit, which is

THE COTTERliRES EXPLOSIOT^". 441

the hooking'-places, are of the following diameters : — ^No. 1 pit
11 feet 6 inches (3*50 metres) ; No. 2 pit, 12 feet 8 inches (3-85
metres) ; Nos. 3 and 4 pits, 14 feet 6 inches (4*40 metres) ; Nos.
5, 6 and 7 pits, 14 feet 9 inches (450 metres) ; Nos. 8 and 9 pits,
15 feet 1 inch (4G0 metres) ; No. 10 pit, 15 feet 5 inches (470
metres); and Nos. 11, 12 and 13 pits, 15 feet 9 inches (480
metres). Coal is drawn at nine of the shafts. They are generally
partitioned at one side, so as to form a compartment in which
ladders are placed (Fig. 3, Plate XVII.).

The horizontal winding-engines, of massive design and con-
struction, have two cylinders and two drum-pulleys for flat ropes.
The cylinders vary from 295 to 37*4 inches (0*75 to 0*95 metre)
in diameter, and the stroke from G30 to 72*8 inches (1*60 to 1*85
metres). The engines, at the newer pits, are fitted with Beumaux
controllers for automatically regulating the speed and for the pre-
vention of over-winding.* The winding-engine at No. 13 pit
has compound cylinders.

The boilers, numbering about 100, are of the semi-tubular
type, and are generally worked at a pressure of 85 pounds per
square inch (6 kilogrammes per square centimetre).

Ventilation is effected by fans of the Mortier, Guibal, Ser and
Bateau types.

Air-compressing engines are installed at all of the pits ; and at
No. 13 pit the cylinders are two-stage. There are 17 compressors
actuating about IGD hauling-engines, pumps, fans and drills
underground.

There are elaborate and extensive screening arrangements,
and at some of the pits the slack is washed and sold for the
manufacture of coke.

The cages at the old pits have three de(»ks, and carry two tubs
on each deck. At the new pits, the cages have two decks carrying
four tubs on each deck. The cages are usually fitted with
automatic grips engaging with the guide-rods in the event of
the rope breaking, and they are also fitted with detaching-hooks,
which, upon coming into operation, suspend the cage and stop
the engine by moving a valve.

The ropes are of aloes and flat, and the guide-rods are of oak.

AVater is raised by cage-tanks and by pumps of the
Worthington and Burton types.

* Trails, Inst. M, K, 1892, vol. iii., page 1026.

442

THE COUBRlfeRES EXPLOSION.

The pit-tubs are well-built of steel, but some wooden tubs
are still in use.

At the new pit, excellent bath-rooms are built providing
accommodation for 150 men at one time.

3. — ^Coal-measures.

The Pas-de-Calais Coal-measures are entirely concealed below
Cretaceous strata, in place of the Upper Carboniferous measures
which have been denuded. The Chalk contains large quantities
of water, and in sinking the fi-eezing process is generally adopted.
In the shafts, the water is kept back by tubbing of oak and some-
times of iron. Under the Chalk, there is a bed of impervious
clay, which prevents the water from passing downward to the
under-lying Coal-measures.

Table L— Pabticulabs of Wokking CJoal

-SEAMS.

ATer«fe AnftlftM.

llo.fifFU«

S^\ 0™^'^

Atcmte

tSST

IfidivtriAl tlH.

vwIaLI *^™^ ii<»

Fixed

VototU*

AMb.

1 !

CftfbOD.

MMUif.

P*r

Per

' n. InPL

d«nt.

oetii.

«?cnt.

eteum .. 2 g

Sieam^ dpuieBiio «ikd

briquettes. !

7wid0...

Q<Mng

2 10

Steftm, poildLmg^
coke and domestic ,

«t3,4,5,

G«i ...

S 7

Steam, gi^ and

6,9,10,

domestic. 1

11 and
»5

THE CX)UBBli:R£S EXPLOSION. 448

139 feet 9 inches (42*60 metres), the average thickness of those
worked being 3 feet 3 inches (about 1 metre). In quality, the
seams may be grouped as detailed in Table I.

The seams worked in the pits affected by the explosion were
10 in number and their names in descending order are sis
follows: — Julie, Mathilde, Augustine, C6cile, Ste. Barbe, Jose-
phine, Marie, Amee, Eugenic and Adelaide. In the southern
part of the concession, where the folding occurs, the seams are
duplicated, the upper series being found in reverse order.

5. — Systems of Working.

Owing to the faulted and contorted character of the measures
and the great number of seams, the system of working presents
special features. The usual custom of opening out is to drive
north and south from each shaft, at vertical intervals of from
05 to 165 feet (20 to 50 metres), main cross-measure drifts or
howettes (Fig. 2, Plate XVII.). These drifts, which are of great
length, cross the faults and undulating measures, intersecting
the various seams at many points. From these intersections,
level roads are driven east and west, and workings opened from
them in the seams. In this way, a large number of separate
districts are formed, more or less bounded' by faults, but fre-
quently extending to and joining the workings from other shafts.
Communications are also established between the bowettes at
different levels and with districts above or below, by vertical
shafts or staples, of which there are a great number. These
staples are generally of large size, fitted with cage and ladder
compartments, and by their means the coal from different levels
is lowered by gravity or raised by engines and brought to one
hooking-place at each pit. Communications between districts,
or recoveries away from the main bowettes, are made also by
stone-drifts or recoupages. It will be understood how the system
of working naturally lends itself to extension and intercommuni-
cation, and eventually to the joining-up of the different pits and
seams right across the concession.

These communications, however, have not only been con-
sequent upon the natural conditions and the system of working,
but they have been rendered neoessaiy as a means of ventilation
by reason of the custom generally practised of sinking the shafts
singly ; thus Nos. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 13 pits are all single
shafts, whilst Nos. 4 and 11, 5 and 12, and 6 and 14 pits aie

444

THE COUEaiERES EXPLOSION.

sunk in pairs or near together. All these shafts are connected
underground. The systems of working adopted comprize pillar-
and-stall, and longwall in stepped faces, either to the rise or on
the level. The roads are large and well kept, and the excellent
system of timbering is a special feature. This was, as will be
remembered, the subject of a special investigation and report on
behalf of the Home Office in 1901.* The Courrieres Coal Com-
pany succeeded in reducing the death-rate due to falls, from 0*76
per 1,000 persons employed during the 10 years 1870-1879, to
015 per 1,000 persons employed during the 10 years 1890-1899.
At the Mining Exhibition held in 1905, at Arras, the Courrieres
Coal Company was awarded a first prize for the excellence of
its working and general arrangements.

Haulage is done principally by horses, compressed-air engines
being used for descending places and for winding at staples.
Ascending places are worked by gi-avity.

The coal is practically all worked by hand, but a few percus-
sive machines of the IngersoU-SuUivan or punching type are in use.

The system of ventilation appears to be elaborate and some-
what complicated, but efficient.

The plans accompanying these notes are not intended to
show the details of the working-places, faces, faults or goaves.
They show the main roads and principal workings only of the
pits aAected by the explosion.

G. — Fire-damp.

THE COURRIERES EXPLOSION. 445

the deep from the 1,086 feet (331 metres) level. At the time of
the explosion, 250 safety-lamps were ia use in Nos. 4 and 11 pits,
90 in Xo. 2 pit, and a few in the Marie north-east headings at
No. 3 pit.

The writers were informed by Mr. G. Leon, chief inspector of
mines of the district, that since the explosion samples of air
have been analysed, and tests made with the Chesneau lamp,*
without revealing the presence of any fire-damp; and although,
during the writers' inspection, the ventilation had not been re-
stored, no trace of fire-damp was found by the ordinary benzine
safety-lamp.

Generally speaking, the roadways and workings were dry
and dusty, and no system of watering or other method of dealing
with the dust had been adopted.

Little importance has been attached, hithei'to, in France, to
the dangers of coal-dust, it being held generally that without
fire-damp coal-dust would not in itself produce or propagate an
explosion beyond a comparatively short distance. In the Pas-de-
Calais coal-field, explosions have been rare and of small extent.

7. — Explosives.

Blasting was freely resorted to for stone-work and coal-
getting. The explosives are not submitted to any practical
tests for safety a^j in Great Britain, but for use in mines pro-
ducing fire-damp, or in dusty mines, the law requires that the
explosive must confoim to the conditions stated in a Ministerial
circular, dated August 1st, 1890, as follows: — (1) The products
of their detonation must not contain any combustible matter,
such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, solid carbon, etc. ; (2) their
temperature of detonation must be below 1,900° ^Cent. for work
in stone and below 1,500° Cent, for work in coal. Each cartridge
must bear a label indicating its composition, so as to enable the
users themselves to verify the temperature of detonation according
to a given foraiula.t

The composition of the explosives used in coal, at the
Courrieres collieries, were as follows: — (a) No. 1 Favier powder,

• "A Fire-damp Indicator," by Mr. G. Chesneau, Traivi, Inst. M, E.y 1893,
vol. iv., page 617*

t Report of the (French) Commission on the Use of Explonves in the Presence
of Fire-damp in MintSy 1890, page 162.

446

THE COURRIERES EXPLOSION.

nitrate of ammonium 88 per cent, and biniti-onapthalene 12 per
cent. ; and ( b) grisounite-couche, nitrate of ammonium 95*5 "per
cent, and trinitronapthalene 4'5 per cent. The composition of the
explosive used for stone-work was as follows : — Grisounite-roche,
nitrate of ammonium 91*5 per cent, and binitronapthalene 8*5
per cent. No gunpowder was used. Grisounite-couche and
grisounite-roche comply with the official regulations, and are
regarded as " safety explosives." It will be seen that these
explosives compare very closely with some of the British per-
mitted explosives.

The explosives were supplied by the company, the cost being
deducted from the miners' wages. The detonators were carried
by appointed officials, and given out in Ihe pit to persons requiring
them. Where safety-lamps were in use, shots were fired elec-
trically by an official ; where naked lights were used, the miners
fired their own shots by means of safety-fuse and detonators.

8. — Aeea affected by the Explosion.

Five only of the pits require particular attention as being
directly concerned in the explosion, namely, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 10 and
11 (Fig. 1, Plate XVII.). These pits are situated in the southern
part of the concession. Nos. 4 and 11 pits in the south-west are
near together. No. 3 pit is a single shaft situated 3,900 feet to
the east. No. 2 pit is a single shaft 4,200 feet farther to the east,
and No. 10 pit is a single shaft, 1,500 feet to the south of No. 2 pit.

THE COUKltlEaES EXPLOSION. 447

No. 2 pit was a winding skaft and upcast for Nos. 3 and
10 pits.

No. 10 pit was a winding and downcast shaft, No. 2 pit being
its upcast.

There were fans at Nos. 2, 3 and 4 pits.

9. — Fire in the Cecile Seam.

A fire, which had broken out underground a few days prior
to the explosion, has been the subject of much comment; and it
will be convenient, in relating the circumstances attending and
following the explosion, to commence with this incident.

Between March 6th and 7th, 1906, smoke and smell from the
fire were first noticed in a return-airway through goaf or old
workings between the 919 and 1,070 feet (280 and 326 metres)
levels in the Cecile seam near, and to the south-west of. No. 3
pit. Fig. 5 (Plate XIX.). It had been dealt with by the erection
of stoppings in the roadways leading into and from the area
affected : two stoppings being built on the lower or intake side,
and five on the upper and return side. During the night of March
9th, Mr. Rene Petitjean, the company's principal engineer, was
in the No. 3 pit superintending this work and saw the stoppings
closed before leaving ; Mr. Gabriel Barrault, the manager of No. 3
pit taking over the charge on the morning of March 10th. No
danger appears to have been apprehended from this fire, and the
pits continued working as usual.

10. — Explosion.

Table II. shows the number of persons ordinarily employed
underground in all the pits of the company.

Table IL— Number of Workmen employed Underground.

No. of Pit.

Morning Shift.

Afternoon Shift.

563

212

539

161

4 and 11

768

292

5 and 12

702

210

6 and 14

813

292

679

305

282

642

287

529

260

5,642 2,147

448

THE COUERIERES EXPLOSION.

On the morning of Saturday, March 10th, 1,665 persons
descended Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 11 pits, and everirthing" appears to
have proceeded as usual until a few minutes before seven o'clock,
when the explosion occurred. The first intimation of the disaster
at the surface was the emission of dense clouds of dust and smoke,
accompanied by a loud report at Nos. 3, 4 and 11 pits. At No. 11
pit, the cage was thrown up towards the pulleys and disarranged,
and some of the roof covering was blown off. At No. 4 pit, the
covering at the top of the pit was blown open, but not damaged :
one man working in the fan-drift was killed, but three others who
were with him escaped. The damage at the top of No. 3 pit
was chiefly at the landing-floor, but was not considerable. At
No. 2 pit, the explosion caused no damage at the surface.

None of the three fans were damaged, and they all continued
running.

11. — Rescue-operations and Reopening of Mines.

The officials and workmen immediately commenced the
arduous work of rescue. Mr. Petit jean went to No. 3 pit, and
quickly found that the fan was not exhausting from the mine,
the ventilating compartment of the shaft having been destroyed.
His first care was to attempt to restore the ventilation. He tried
to descend, but finding it impossible to move the cages, he
detached the rope of the lower cage and replaced the upper cage
by a hoppet. On descending the shaft he found that the
partitions, guides and ladders hud been destroy t*d, completely

THE COUERIEEES EXPLOSION. 449

the 1,257 feet (383 metres) level, one man was found alive, and
ten or twelve in the south bowette. Some 25 others were rescued
from Nos. 4 and 11 pits during the day.

At No. 2 pit, the work of rescue was organized by the
engineers, Messra. P. Voisin and A. Pegheaire. Mr. Voisiu fell
asphyxiated in the cage, and his leg, which was outstretched,
was broken ; Mr. Pegheaire was also disabled by after-damp.

The work was courageously pursued by other officials and
workmen, but at 7*30 a.m. No. 2 shaft became impassable,
the slmft being filled with after-damp. The work of rescue was,
however, continued from No. 10 pit.

Mr. Leon, the chief inspector of mines for the district, with his
assistants, Messrs. Heurteau and Leprince-Ringuet, arrived at
the colliery at an early hour.

Complying with article 14 of the decree of January 3rd,
1813, which makes it incumbent upon the State engineers to
assume control iu accidents of this nature, Mr. Leon immediately
took full charge of the operations, descending No. 11 pit himself,
and sending Mr. Heurteau to No. 10 pit, and Mr. Leprince-
Ringuet to No. 3 pit. At 6 p.m., Mr. 0. Delafond, inspector-
general of mines, arrived from Paris. He descended No. 11 pit,
and visited the other pits.

The work of rescue had been prosecuted meanwhile with great
courage, and throughout the day many men and boys were
brought out alive by Nos. 10 and 11 pits up to a late hour.
At 9*30 p.m., 13 men were brought out from the hooking-place
at 994 feet (303 metres) at No. 3 pit by way of No. 10 pit, and
four othei*s from the Julie road. At Nos. 4 and 11 pits, rescues
were effected up to 10 or 11 p.m., when two members of a rescue-
party lost their lives in trying to penetrate the south workings
of the 1,080 feet (331 metres) level, from which quarter two men
had just staggered to the pit. Thus, at the end of the first day,
of the 1,665 men who descended Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 11 pits that
morning, over 1,100 were still belowground, and the condition
of the dead, found burnt, mutilated and a.sphyxiated, seemed to
leave little hope of others being found alive.

On Sunday, March 11th, Mr. Leon ordered a further explora-
tion of the workings of No. 3 pit by a party led by Mr. Leprince-
Ringuet, accompanied by delegate-miner Simon, by way of Nos. 10
and 2 pits. At the same time, Mr. Domezon was continuing

450

THE COtJBRI^KES EXPLOSION.

the work at Nos. 4 and 11 pits by the aid of such feeble ventila-
tion as could be obtained by repairing doors, though after-damp,
coming from No. 3 pit, rendered the work extremely dangerous.

At 2 p.m.", Mr. Leprince-Ringuet's party returned. They had
again explored as far as the landing of No. 3 pit without result,
and delegate-miner Simon expressed himself strongly that further
search was hopeless.

The situation then was as follows: — At No. 3 pit, it was
found to be impossible to remove the blockage and re-open the
shaft in any reasonable time by ordinary means. During the
first day Mr. Elie Reumaux, director of the collieries of the Lens
Coal Company, had suggested blasting away the obstruction by
dynamite, whilst other engineers proposed the dropping of a
heavy weight to make at least a better passage for the ventilation
and possibly for the hoppet. These proposals, however, did not
meet with approval, and Mr. Petitjean, who had himself been
working at the obstruction, considered that such measures would
probably aggravate the difficulty by causing greater obstruction
and possibly damage to the shaft itself. Mr. Petitjean, again
descending, imagined he heard cries from the bottom. By this
time he had cleared a passage down to a depth of 558 feet (170
metres), and now tried to pass a lamp and a written message
through the debris to the men below. It was, however, quite
impossible to do so. About this time, a rescue-paiiy ivoni No.
10 pit reached the hooking-place at a depth of 994 feet (303
metres), and found 13 men whose cries had been heard by Mr.

THE COUBRliiRES EXPLOSION. 451

Mr. Delafond therefore decided to reverse the ventilation by
closing No. 11 shaft, closing No. 3 shaft and starting its fan,
and transforming Nos. 2 and 4 pits from upcasts into downcasts.

It was thought that the reversal of the ventilation would not
jeopardize the position of any men who, by a remote chance,
might still be living in any cul-de-sac in the mine.

The change was made, and No. 3 pit fan was started on
Sunday evening, March 11th. Some doubt was felt, however, as
to whether the No. 3 pit fan would, in the blocked condition of
the shaft, create a sufficient current of air from Nos. 2 and 4 pits,
and towards Monday evening, March 12th, it was found that,
notwithstanding the assistance from a water-fall, No. 4 pit still
acted as an upcast.

It was therefore decided to continue No. 4 pit as an upcast
shaft, and its fan was again set to work.

The position now was as follows: — The top of No. 11 pit,
which had been a downcast and winding shaft, was closed.
No. 4 pit was still an upcast. No. 3 pit was closed, and was now
entirely an upcast. No. 2 pit was converted from an upcast shaft
to be the sole downcast, and was now the only pit from which
recovery-work could proceed.

On this day, March 12th, the Westphalian salvage corps,
under the leadership of Mr. G. A. Meyer,* arrived from Germany;
and a corps of fire-brigade men from Paris, equipped with oxygen-
breathing apparatus of various types. They did not effect any
saving of life, but their presence did much to restore confidence,
and they did useful work in assisting to remove the bodies.

On Thursday, March 15th, a fire, presumably caused by the
explosion, was discovered in the Josephine seam, at a point, a,
about 2,625 feet (800 metres) noiih-west of No. 2 pit (Fig. 7, Plate
XXI.).

In the face of this new danger, and in the absence of water
or other means of immediately attacking the fire, Mr. Delafond
ordered the erection of three stoppings near No. 2 pit in the
bowette, at 1,116 feet (340 metres), leading to the Josephine seam,
and one stopping in the bowette, at 1,004 feet (306 metres), lead-
ing to the Julie seam above the fire, from which level it was sus-

* ** Rescue-apparatus and the Experiences gained therewith at the Courrieres
Collieries by the German Rescue-party," by Mr. G. A. Meyer, Trans, Imt. if. E.y
1906, vol. xxxi., page 675.

452

THE COXTHRlijaES EXPLOSION.

pected that air might pass to the fire through the strata (Fig. 7,
Plate XXI.). The erection of these stoppings closed the only
remaining entrances to the workings of the pits affected by the
explosion.

At a consultation held on March 17th, it was decided to make
an attempt to master the fire, and accordingly the stoppings in the
bowette, at 1,116 feet (340 metres), were replaced by iron doors,
through which a range of water-pipes was laid. On the following
day, the work of extinguishing the fire by water under pressure
was commenced by direct attack, and by cuttings into and around
the site of the fire. In this work, the Westphalian and Paris
salvage corps did good service, dividing themselves into four
parties with four men in each, equipped with respiratory
apparatus.

The task of extinguishing the fire was under the direction of
Mr. Fumat, Ostricourt collieries, who has had a large experience
of underground fires, and had placed his serv^ices at the disposal of
the Courrieres Coal Company. On March 22nd, Mr. Paul Weiss
was sent from Paris by the Minister of Public Works to assist
Mr. Leon, and on March 27th, there being by that time a sensible
diminution of the fire, the stopping in the bowette, at 1,004 feet
(306 metres), was opened, thus re-establishing communication
with No. 3 pit by way of the Julie level and the No. 3 pit bowette,
at 919 feet (280 metres). The work of enlarging this road was
taken in hand on March 28th and 29th.

The Westphalian salvage corps returned to Germany on

THE COURRliRES EXPLOSION. 458

of the time in a eul'de-sac to the south of No. 3 pit, where they
escaped the after-damp ; but they had wandered over many parts
of the mine vainly ti-ying to get out by the Josephine and Ste.
Barbe workings before their last and successful attempt by the
Julie road. The two brave leaders of this party were decorated
with the Cross of the Legion of Honour, and each man received
a gold medal in recognition of his endurance.

Great consternation and excitement naturally followed this
marvellous escape, as, contrary to all expectations, there even
yet appeared to be a possibility of others still living in the pits.
New explorations were immediately organized, and every acces-
sible part searched with the utmost expedition ; precautions,
which prudence had dictated when only dead bodies were to be
expected, being ignored.

During these two days (March 30th and 31st), nearly the
whole of the workings of No. 3 pit were visited, and by April Ist,
routes from No. 2 pit by No. 3 pit even to No. 4 pit, were
travelled without finding any more survivors. Attention was also
directed to Nos. 4 and 11 pits, and on March 30th, the day of the
escape, the reopening of these pits was urgently desired; but,
on the one hand, there was to be considered the risk of interfer-
ing with the ventilation of No. 3 pit, which it was so urgent to
explore, and on the other hand, some i^epairs to the winding-
engine, which had been going on during the time that the pit
had been standing, were not completed. It was, therefore, not
until the evening of April 2nd that the exploration of No. 11 pit
was commenced. Thcvse explorations were particularly difficult,
owing to the numerous and large falls, and the absence of
ventilation.

On April 4th, the marvellous escai)e of another miner named
Berthon has to be recorded. He had sui-vived 25 days after the
explosion, and was found close to Nos. 4 and 11 pits. Beiihon
worked at the face of the main west level in the Marie seam, at
the end of the north bowette at a depth of 1,086 feet (331 metres).
When the explosion occurred, he, with others of his comrades,
tried to escape. Most of his comrades fell on the way to the
pit, Berthon himself lost consciousness, but he eventually re-
vived and returned to the face. He appears afterwards to have
wandered about the main roads and in the neighbourhood of the
pits, living on the food of his dead comrades. He was found in

454

THE COUaRIEBES EXPLOSION.

a dazed condition, and did not seem to have realized his position,
or the long" time that he had been in the mine.

The exploration of Nos. 4 and 11 pits was vigorously pur-
sued; but, owing to the difficulties encountered, progress was
tedious and slow. On April 18th, an explorer, wearing an oxygen-
apparatus with a helmet, was suffocated. He was supposed to
have made too much exertion in passing over some falls, to have
been out of breath, and to have removed his helmet.

The exploration of Nos. 4 and 11 pits was not completed
until April 30th.

On June 20th, a second fire, 6, was discovered in the Josephine
seam, north-east of No. 3 pit (Fig. 7, Plate XXI.). It was
promptly dealt with by the erection of stoppings in its vicinity,
eleven bodies being enclosed within the stoppings. One of the
stoppings has since been opened and two bodies recovered ; but,
as the fire revived, it was necessary to rebuild it. A further
attempt will shortly be made to extinguish this fire. It is
believed that the two fires in the Josephine seam were caused by
the explosion.

12. — General Observations on the Cause of the Explosion.

Before proceeding to a detailed account of the effects of the
explosion in the workings, the notes will be more clearly followed
if the writers now state that the general result of their obser-
vations leads them to the conclusion that the destructive agent

THE COUBRli:S£S EXPLOSION. 455

the whole of the workings of the four pits, fouling a large number
of quit« separate and independent workings and separate venti-
lating currents, including the main intakes even to the downcast
shafts, in which roads the dynamic effects were particularly vio-
lent. It is difficult to conceive such a condition of things, and
even an outburst of g-as of the most sudden and extensive char-
acter in any one district could not possibly have spread over such
an extensive and divided area of workings and brought about
the conditions necessary to produce a fire-damp explosion of this
magnitude.

Neither is it possible to conceive the occurrence simultan-
eously throughout the whole of the workings and intake-airways
of even a small percentage of fire-damp, such as would with coal-
dust produce an explosive mixture over the large area affected.

So far as the writers can judge, there is no evidence that
can be brought to support the theory of so widespread an
appearance of fire-damp. No alarm was raised before the explo-
sion, and from the appearance of many of the victims and from the
statements of the survivors, ordinary work was proceeding every-
where at the moment of the explosion.

An explosive medium must therefore be sought, which could
and did exist over the whole area devastated. Such a medium
is to be found in coal-dust, and, in the writ(»rs' opinion, coal-dust
alone is sufficient to account for all the phenomena produced.
Investigation has proved the existence of dry and inflammable
dust throughout all the parts traversed by flames ; and, on the
other hand, numerous instances were observed where the ex-
plosion stopped on arriving at places where dust was either absent
or of a very shaly nature, or where the roadways were sufficiently
wet to prevent the further passage of flame fed by coal-dust.
Deposits of charred and coked dust were plentiful in all parts of
the mine traversed by the explosion, including intake-airways,
thus affording good evidence of the combustion of dust. The
dynamic effects of the explosion were coinciilent and co-extensive
with this combustion and passage of flame.

In endeavouring to arrive at the cause and place of origin of
the explosion, the usual practice was followed of noting the
indications of the direction of force as shown by the projection
of different materials and tracing those indications back to their
common source.

TOL. XXXIT.-190«-19C7. ^^

456

THE COITBRIERES EXPLOSION.

13. — Theoey of THE Fire in the Cecile Coal-seam.

Before proceeding further, it will be well to discuss the fire
in the Cecile coal-seam, as it was at first believed to have caused
the explosion ; and it has since assumed much prominence in
various theories as to its furnishing fire-damp or inflammable
gases produced by distillation of the coal.

As before stated, the roadways leading into and from the fire
had been closed by seven stoppings, which were completed during
the night previous to the explosion (Fig. 5, Plate XLX.). Nos.
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 stoppings on the return side of the fire were built
or faced with brickwork, and as the roads were in the solid coal
of the shaft-pillar they were apparently good and tight. Nos. 6
and 7 stoppings on the intake side were built of dry stone and
stowing, and were erected in goaf-roads.

After the explosion, No. 7 stopping, the outer one on the
intake side, was found to be intact. There was no evidence of
explosion at the stopping, but there was clear evidence that flame
had traversed the level below and had gone into and up the rise
goaf-road to within 100 or 120 feet of the stopping, where it
ceased. Of those on the return side, Nos. 1, 4 and 5 stoppings
were also intact, but Nos. 2 and 3 stoppings, brick-walls without
any stowing, were blown down and the bricks projected inwards,
thus suggesting that the force of the explosion had come from a
district outside the stoppings. This view was afterwards con-
firmee! by other indications found at the pit and at the staple near

THE COXTRRliaES EXPLOSION. 457

in the Cecile seam or in the workings of the Ste. Barbe or
Josephine seams lying below. The suggestion, therefore, that
the fire in the Cecile seam played any part in the explosion may,
the writers think, be dismissed. Not only was there no evidence
to support this suggestion, but, on the contrary, there were
abundant indications that the explosion came from another dis-
trict and passed by the district of the fire, breaking down and
blowing in Nos. 2 and 3 stoppings in its course.

14. — Effects of the Explosion.

Proceeding now to an account of the effects of the explosion
in the roads and workings, the fate of the workmen and the
tracing of indications, the writers commence with Nos. 4 and 11
pits. These pits are close together : No. 11 was a downcast and
winding shaft, and No. 4 an upcast shaft only. They were con-
nected with Nos. 3 and 5 pits, from each of which No. 4 pit drew
certain splits of air. The main landing or hooking-place at No.
11 pit was at the 1,267 feet (383 metres) level, to which point, by
north and south bowettes, and various staples, the coal was
brought. At the hooking-place and the staples near the pit, 34
men and boys were burnt and killed, and 4 escaped.

Nos, 4 and 11 Pits.

In Nos. 4 and 11 pits, the following seams were being worked :
— Cecile, Ste. Barbe, Josephine, Marie, Ameo, Eugenie and Ade-
laide; and they will be described in the same order.

Cecile Seam (Fig. 5, Plate XIX.). — Two small districts were
being worked to the south-west at the levels of 981 feet (299
metres) and 1,086 feet (331 metres). The explosion did not reach
these workings, but all the workmen were killed by after-damp.
A question was raised as to whether 2 of these men (Sevin and
Chatelain), in the 1,086 feet (331 metres) level, with others close
by in the Ste. Barbe seam, had not lived for some time after the
explosion. This point is referred to later, in the note on the
report of the Camot Commission (Appendix V.).

To the south-east of Nos. 4 and 11 pits were other small
workings in the Cecile seam, at a depth of 981 feet (299 metres)
with a communication to No. 3 pit. Some 15 men were killed

458 THE COUERlilEES EXPLOSION.

by after-damp, and the explosion in this road of communication
was stopped near No. 3 pit for lack of inflammable dust (No. 13
analysis, Appendix I.).

Sainte Barbe Seam (Fig. 6, Plate XX.). — To the south-west,
there were two districts at the 1,080 feet (331 metres) level.
The explosion entered these districts by the south bowette and
the Josephine seam at the 1,080 feet (331 metres) level, but did not
extend over the whole workings. Forty-three persons were killed.
From the part reached by the recovery drift, two men, Broy
and Delplanque, escaped late in the evening of the day of the
explosion. They were found with Sovin and Chatelain, previ-
ously mentioned, who, with four others, were found dead and
clothed, with their food-boxes and bottles empty. This matter
will be referred to again later in the notes on the report of the
Carnot Commission (Appendix Y.).

To the south-east, there were other workings partly in the Ste.
Barbe seam, and partly in the Ste. Barbe reversed seam, at the
1,080 feet (331 metres) and 981 feet (299 metres) levels. The
men, 13 in number, were killed by the explosion in the 1,080 feet
(331 metres) level, and by after-damp in the 981 feet (299 metres)
level.

Josephine Seam (Fig. 7, Plate XXI.). — This seam was
worked extensiyely at the Nos. 4 and 11 pits, some 174 persons
being at work. All were killed except five at the extreme end

THE COURRIERES EXPLOSION. 469

pit, and the north and south bowettes, at the 1,08G feet (331
metres) level, then by the north bowette to the Josephine north-
east district, and by the south bowette to the Josephine south-east
and south-west districts.

From the Josephine south-east and south-west districts, there
were three important connections, A, B and C, to the Josephine
airway leading to No. 5 pit, and, near these connections, Xos. 1
and 2 samples of dust were taken from the floor and sides (Appen-
dix I.). The roads were not used for haulage, but only for travel-
ling* and ventilation, and the dust, of which there was not a large
quantity, was mixed with stones and shale. The analysis of the
fine portion screened through safety-lamp gauze shows that it
was apparently too impure to be inflammable, and this fact
undoubtedly saved No. 5 pit from disaster.

Marie Seam (Fig. 8, Plat« XXII.). — Large districts were
being worked to the north, south, east and west near Nos. 4 and
11 pit«. The route of the explosion was clearly by the Josephine
communication from No. 3 pit, and the indications of direction
were consistent with those already noted in the Josephine work-
ings. Flame reached the north and south bowettes at 1,086 feet
(331 metres), and traversed all the Marie workings except those
to the extreme north and a small separate district to the south
at the deeper 1,267 feet (383 metres) level. All the men, 11 in
number, from these lower Marie workings, and eight from \he
Marie north distiict, escaped or were rescued on the day of the
explosion. The man Berthon, who escaped after living 25 days
in the mine, worked at the extreme end of the last west level
in the north district. About 126 persons were killed by the
explosion, or died by after-damp in the Marie workings of
Nos. 4 and 11 pits.

Ame€ Seam (Fig. 9, Plate XXIII.). — There were two districts,
one to the north from the bowette at 1,086 feet (331 metres), and
another to the south from the bowette at 1,257 feet (383 metres).
The explosion reached the north district by the bowette at 1,086
feet (331 metres), and also by a staple from the Marie seam above.
Flame could not with certainty be said to have traversed more
than the main level, but of the 67 men employed only five
escaped.

460

THE COUERliRES EXPLOSION.

The Amee district to the south was at the lower level of 1,257
feet (383 metres), and there was a communication by a staple
from the Marie seam at 1,086 feet (331 metres), near Nos. 4 and
11 pits. Flame came down this staple from the Marie seam,
and traversed the short Amee incline, which was dry and dusty,
to the bottom, where it was fortunately arrested. The level here
was a packed rood, the dust was stony, and there were two wet
places. Nos. 3 and 4 samples of dust (Appendix I.) were taken
as shown on the plan. Two men in the path of the explosion
were killed, but all the others, 77 in number, escaped.

Eugenie Seam (Fig. 10, Plate XXIV.). — A district was worked
to the north from the bowette at 1,086 feet (331 metres). It
was not reached by flame. Forty-six persons were at work, of
whom 31 died from after-damp. A district not working to the
south from the bowette at 1,257 feet (383 metres) was not reached
by the explosion. Only 4 men were at work, and they escaped.

Adelaide Seam (Fig. 10, Plate XXIV.).— At the 1,257 feet
(383 metres) level, the Adelaide seam was worked to a small
extent from the south bowette. The explosion did not reach
this district, and 24 of the 25 workmen escaped.

The examination of Nos. 4 and 11 pit« had so far resulted in
clear evidence that the explosion as indicated by the direction of
force had come from No. 3 pit by the Josephine road, which

THE COUEEli:RES EXPLOSION. 461

The explosion reached No. 2 pit from the west by the Jose-
phine road at the 1,116 feet (340 metres) level. Two men work-
ing at the landing close to Xo. 2 shaft were killed by after-damp,
and a boy close by, but opposite the road from the Josephine
seam, was also killed. He was said to have been burnt. From
this point, the south bowette, at 1,116 feet (340 metres), offered
the best route for the extension of the explosion to the south-east
districts, and also to No. 10 pit. In the south bowette at 1,116
feet (340 metres), near, but to the south of, the boy last mentioned,
were other boys who escaped to No. 10 pit. This bowette was
arched with brickwork and limewashed : opposite to the entrance
to the Josephine seam, the brickwork was blackened with soot,
but the blackening ceased a few feet to the south ; and at a
point, a short distance farther south, where the bowette turns east
to the Ste. Barbe seam, No. 7 sample of dust was taken from the
floor (Fig. 7, Plate XXI.). It is clear from the analysis, that its
non-inflammable character prevented the extension of the explo-
sion to the south-east workings of No. 2 pit, and to No. 10 pit,
where some hundreds of men were at work.

The effects of the explosion in No. 2 pit will be described by
taking the seams in descending order.

Julie Seam (Fig. 4, Plate XVIII.). — This seam was worked
from No. 2 pit to the north by the north bowette at 1,004 feet
(306 metres), which was also connected by staples near the pit
with the landing and the bowette at 1,116 feet (340 metres).
The ventilation was effected by a current from No. 3 pit, to
which there was a communication by the north bowette at 919
feet (280 metres). The explosion did not reach the workings in
the Julie seam, nor did it ascend to the 919 feet (280 metres)
level at No. 3 pit. No. 8 dust sample, taken in the north bowette
(Fig. 7, Plate XXI.) at 919 feet (280 metres), was of a shaly
character, as shown by the analysis. Of 116 persons in this
seam, all escaped except 17, 7 of whom, making light of the
alarm raised and staying at their work, were killed by after-
damp, and 5 men died after being removed to the surface.

It may be remarked that this Julie road was the route by
which the recovery-work to No. 3 pit was conducted, the Jose-
phine road being impassable, at first by reason of falls, and
later by the products of combustion from the fire in the Jose-

462 THE COUERIERES EXPLOSION.

phine seam. Upon the occurrence of the fire and the erection
of the stoppings on March 15th, the Julie route was closed, and
remained so until March 27th, when the stopping" in the bowette
at 1,004 feet (306 metres) was opened. From No. 2 pit there
was a road of communication with No. 6 pit, but as this was at the
higher level of 699 feet (213 metres), it was not affected by the
explosion.

Sainie Barhe Seam (Fig. 6, Plate XX.). — There was a small
district near No. 2 pit communicating with the bowettes at 1,004
and 1,116 feet (306 and 340 metres) by staples, which the explo-
sion does not appear to have traversed. Some 34 men were at
work here, 12 of whom escaped.

Josephine Seam (Fig. 7, Plate XXI.). — This seam was exten-
sively worked across practically the whole stretch between
Nos. 2 and 3 pits. The route to No. 3 pit was by self-acting
inclines from the 1,116 feet (340 metres) level at No. 2 pit to the
Josephine upper levels, and thence by a recovery-drift to the Marie
level and the north bowette in No. 3 pit at 1,070 feet (326 metres).
There was a second route to the north end of the bowette at 1,070
feet (326 metres) by roads over the recovery-drift in the seam.
The indications of force in the Josephine seam at No. 2 pit showed
that the explosion came from the direction of the workings of
No. 3 pit, and that flame traversed practically the whole district
with considerable violence: falls and damage being extensive,

THE COUERIERES EXPLOSION. 468

west Josephine level at 1,070 feet (326 metres), near No. 3 pit ;
(2) by the Ste. Barbe west level at the same depth; and (3) by the
west levels in the Cecile seam, near the southern end of the
bowette. Higher up in No. 3 shaft, at the depth of 994 feet (303
metres), there was a communication with No. 2 pit by way of
the Josephine and Ste. Barbe seams. Still higher, at the depth
of 919 feet (280 metres), by way of the noi-th bowette at the depth
of 919 feet (280 metres), there was the communication with No. 2
pit by the Julie road, so frequently referred to.

The seams worked at No. 3 pit were as follows : — Mathilde,
Augustine, Cecile, Ste. Barbe, Josephine, Marie and Adelaide.

Mathilde Seam (Fig. 4, Plate XVIII.) — There was a small dis-
trict to the north reached by staples from the bowettes at 919
and 1,070 feet (280 and 326 metres). The explosion failed to
reach this district by reason of the bowette at 1,070 feet (326
metres) being wet, a road to the bowette from the Josephine
seam not having inflammable dust, and the explosion not having
extended to the bowette at 919 feet (280 meti-es). ITiirty-seven
men were at work, of whom 6 were saved. They made their way
to the 994 feet (303 metres) landing at No. 3 pit, were found, and
brought out by No. 10 pit. They were part of the group of 13
men rescued at 9'30 p.m.

Augustine Seam (Fig. 4, Plate XVIII.). — Six men were em-
ployed in a small district below the Mathilde workings, last re-
ferred to. The explosion did not reach this district for the
reasons thei-e given, but none of the men were saved.

Cecile Seam (Fig. 5, Plate XIX.). — To the south-east, a small
district was being worked, employing' 24 men. The explosion
entered this district by way of the bowette, at 1,070 feet (326
metres): the force in the bowette coming from the north. All
the men were killed.

On the west side of the bowette, at 1,070 feet (326 metres), a
level to the west communicated with Nos. 4 and 11 pits. The
explosion traversed this level as far as the bottom of the rise place
in which the fire-stoppings in the Cecile seam were built, and
about half way up the rise place. Several samples of dust were
taken at Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13. Analyses are given in

464

THE COUERIEEES EXPLOSION.

Appendix I. No. 9 analysis is of dust from the floor and sides
of the rise place, 16 feet below If o. 7 stopping", where there was no
evidence of flame or force. No. 10 analysis is of dust from a point
about half-way up the rise place, and seamed to be the farthest
point reached by flame. No. 11 analysis is of coked dust found in
crusts on the timbers near No. 10 sample. No. 12 analysis is of
dust from the floor and sides of the Cecile level at the bottom of
the rise place. The level was traversed by flame to this point;
but beyond it no coal was being drawn, and the character of the
dust changed. No. 13 sample was taken from a point 200 feet
west of the rise place, and its non-inflammable character, as
shown by the analysis, accounts for the explosion being arrested
and prevented from extending to Nos. 4 and 11 pits by this route.

A short distance to the south, there is another level from
the same bowette in the Cecile reversed seam. The explosion did
not' reach this level, owing to the fact that the bowette was quite
wet for 200 feet (60 metres) between the two levels.

Near the landing, at 919 feet (280 metres), of No. 3 pit, the
manager, Mr. Gabriel Barrault, with 3 officials and 12 men, were
at work completing the upper stoppings of the fire in the Cecile
seam. They were all killed. There was distinct evidence of
force having come up the pit and the staple, as shown by the
destruction and projection of fixtures, tubs and other materials at
the pit and at the top of the stiiple.

There was no evidence of flame at the 919 feet (280 metres)
level or near the stoppings, but, as before stated, two of the

THE COUEEIjfeRES EXPLOSION. 466

From the same bowette at 1,070 feet (326 metres) and the
staple, and approached also by the north bowette at 919 feet (280
metres), was a north-east district in the Ste. Barbe seam. This
district was not traversed by the explosion, owing to the wet
condition of the bowette at 1,070 feet (326 metres), and to there
being no explosion in the bowette at 919 feet (280 metres). These
two districts were connected at the top of the staple by a roadway,
which, to the west, was only used for ventilation, and was not
dusty. The absence of inflammable dust prevented the explosion
from extending from one district to the other. From the second
district, 24 men out of 58 escaped, some at 8 a.m., and others at
530, 7*30 and 9*30 p.m. They came out by the Julie road, but
some died on the way. Three others got to the landing at 994
feet (303 metres) at No. 3 pit, whence, as part of the group of 13,
they were rescued at 9*30 p.m. and taken out by No. 10 pit.

To the south-east of No. 3 pit, the Ste. Barbe seam was worked
from the Cecile level at 1,070 feet (326 metres). The explosion
entered by this level, and traversed part of the district. Of 49
men only 5 escaped. They, too, found their way to the landing at
994 feet (303 metres) at No. 3 pit. To the west of the south
bowette, at 1,070 feet (326 metres), 22 men died by after-damp in
the levels in the Ste. Barbe and Ste. Barbe reversed seams, and 2
succeeded in reaching the landing at 994 feet (303 metres) at
No. 3 pit, being rescued at 9*30 p.m. ITie explosion was prevented
from traversing the first level, in the Ste. Barbe seam, by the
non-inflammable character of the dust, and the second level, in
the Ste. Barbe reversed seam, by the wet place in the bowette at
1,070 feet (326 metres).

At the southern end of the south bowette at 1,070 feet (326
metres), there is an eaai level in the Ste. Barbe reversed seam
leading to the Adelaide and Eugenie seams, from which came 8
men of the party of 13 who escaped twenty days after the explo-
sion. It was in the cul-de-sac in this district (Fig. 10, Plate
XXIV.) that the party spent most of the time. The explosion did
not enter the district, being arrested by the wet place in the
bowette at 1,070 feet (326 metres).

Josephine Seam (Fig. 7, Plate XXI.). — This seam was worked
extensively from No. 3 pit, the north-east and principal district
lying between Nos. 2 and 3 pits, and adjoining the Josephine

466

THE COURRIERES EXPLOSION.

workings of No. 2 pit. The connections with No. 3 pit were,
firstly, by the north bowette at 1,070 feet (326 metres), and the
Marie level at the same depth ; secondly, by the Josephine level
from the same bowette farther north ; and thirdly, by an upper
road from the northern part of the district to No. 3 pit by the
upper bowette at 994 feet (303 metres). There was also a staple
from this upper road down to the bowette at 1,070 feet (326 metres),
at a point about 394 feet (120 metres) north of the Marie connec-
tion. Flame traversed nearly the whole of this district. Coke
was plentiful, and there were signs of great violence. All the
workmen, numbering 110, were killed.

On Maj^ 22nd, Mr. Heurteau, assistant inspector, found what
appeared to be the remains of a blown-out shot-hole, 20 inches
(50 centimetres) deep, and 4 inches (10 centimetres) in dia-
meter at the mouth, at the face of the Lecoeuvre heading (Fig. 7,
Plate XXI.). There were also indications of force apparently
outwards from this face. Much importance is attached to this
place, and the question will be discussed more fully later.

To the north-west of No. 3 pit, a small district of the Jose-
phine seam was worked from th© Marie west level at 1,070 feet
(326 metres). The explosion entered by this level, and all the
workmen, numbering 8, were killed.

To the west, and commencing from near No. 3 pit, south
bowette, at 1,070 feet (326 metres), is the Josephine communica-
tion with Nos. 4 and 11 pits. At numerous points along this
road) evidence was obser^^L^d of force from No. 3 pit to Nos. 4 and

THE COUERlfeRES EXPLOSION. 467

bowette at 919 feet (280 metres) and the No. 3 pit ventilating
compartment at 758 feet (231 metres). The explosion did not
reach this district, being stopped by the wet part of the south
bowette at 1,070 feet (326 metres). Of 35 men at work, 5 only,
including Pruvost and Neny, who remained in, were saved.
They belonged to the party of 13 who escaped on March 30th.
The 8 others of this party worked in the Ste. Barbe, Adelaide and
Eugenie districts, on the opposite side of the south bowette at
1,070 feet (326 metres), where the explosion was also prevented
from entering by the wet part of the bowette.

15. — Blowx-out Shot in the Leccetjvre Heading.

Attention may now be directed to the blown-out shot in the
LecoBuvre heading, and in the first place to the evidences of force
pointing to that quarter as the locality of the origin of the
explosion.

It has been made clear that the indications had so far been
traced to the level at 1,070 feet (326 metres) in No. 3 pit. At
the pit and staple, the force had been upwards from this level,
and in the south bowette, at the same depth, a train of broken
tubs was found thrown to the south by a force from tho north.
In the north bowette, near No. 3 pit, the arched girders were
blown out by a force coming along the bowette from a point
further north.

The indications so far described led the writers, therefore, to
that part of the workings lying to the north of No. 3 pit at the
level of 1,070 feet (326 metres), and in that district the indica-
tions point to the Lecceuvre heading, in which the blown-out
shot-hole was found, as the point of origin (Fig. 7, Plate XXI.).

Certain evidence appeared at first to be inconsistent with that
view. In the bowette to the north of the Marie junction, there
were indications on a number of full tubs of force from south
to north, and at the Josephine staple down to the 1,070 feet
(326 metres) level, there were indications that the explosion had
gone up it ; whereas the nearest route from the Lecceuvre heading
would have been down the staple, and from the north in the
bowette.

An examination of the roads connecting the site of the shot
with the north bowette at 1,070 feet (326 metres), the roads to the
top of the Josephine staple down to 1,070 feet (326 metres), and

468

THE COITRRliRES EXPLOSION.

the Marie north-east level, afforded an explanation of these appar-
ent discrepancies in the direction of the force ; the explanation
being that sections of these roads (as shewn by Nos. 16 and 17
dust samples, Appendix I.) were free from inflammable dust; and
that, in consequence, the explosion had not followed the shortest
routes eitlier to the bowette or to the staple, but had gained access
to both by way of the upper Josephine road at the bottom of the
Lecoeuvre self-acting incline, to the east by this road and thence
to the main Josephine level at 1,070 feet (826 metres), near the
recovery-drift. Here the force divided, one force continuing
east to Xo. 2 pit and the other force going back west by the
recovery-drift and the Marie north-east level at 1,070 feet (326
metres) to the north bowette at the same depth, again dividing
north and south in the bowette at the Marie junction.

The north bowette, at 1,070 feet (^2i\ metres) in No. 3 pit,
was, at the time of the writers' examination, in a wet condition,
and this was principally accounted for by the passage of steam
from the Josephine fire and owing to the gutters being blocked
by falls. The writers were informed, however, that the bowette
near the staple had bc^n wet before the explosion — although this
part, of it had been traversed by flame, as evidenced by the
blackened surfaces and coked dust found near the bottom of
the staple (No. 20 coke sample). There was also the usual coating
of dust found after explosions in dusty roads. The passage of
the explosion in this part of the bowette is no doubt accounted
for by the iuet that the Josephine .staple was used for tinping coal

THE COTTI^RIEa^S i;xpjX)S|QN,

469

Fia. 18.— Face of Lecxbuvbk Heading, 8howin(} Shot-hole, Heap
or Coal, Three Bodies and Dnimis.

470

THE C0I7BRI&BES EXPLOSION

coal, and at the face, near the upper left-hand comer, was a shot-
hole, which had the appearance of having blown out. It was 20
inches deep, shattered in its interior, and enlarged at the mouth

THE COURRIERES EXPLOSION.

471

of 33 feet (10 metres) from the face. On the floor at the face was a
heap of about 4^ tubs of coal and slack (No. 156), and on this lay
the naked bodies of three men, the brothers Lecceuvre (No. 157).

Close to the face, amongst other debris, were a pick (No. 49),
a hammer (No. 51), a wedge (No. 68), an iron bar (No. 155),

Fig. 20.— Cuttino alongside of Shot-hole in Lecosuvre Heading.

drills (Nos. 55 and 07), lamps (Nos. 46 and (il), and a broken
tub (No. 60). A few feet farther out were a drilling-machine
(No. 47), drills (Nos. 41, 50, 5*3 and 54), a scraper (No. 44),
double-pointed hammers or picks (Nos. 45, 50 and 115), the
broken platform of a Sullivan holing-machine (Nos. 147 and 148),
and a quantity of blown-out timber (Nos. 151, 152, 153, 154, etc.).

VOL. XXX1L- 1WMU1W7.

472

THE COUERIERES EXPLOSION.

Fig. 18 shows the general appearance of the face, the shot-
hole, the heap of coal, and other debris, and parts of the bodies
of three men. Fig. 19 is a closer view of the mouth of the shot-

THE COURRIERES EXPLOSION. 478

The heading had been ventilated by air-pipes laid on the
floor at the right or lower side. These pipes were thrown out
of place and much broken; the fourth pipe (No. 139), which
would be probably in the line of the shot, was broken into a great
number of pieces (Fig. 22).

At a distance of 62 feet (19 metres) from the face and under
a fall of roof, the body of a fourth man Qso. 129) was found,
minus an arm (No. 128) and a leg (No. 127), which were found 10
feet (3 metres) farther outbye.

The heading was exceptionally dusty, probably owing to the
use of the Sullivan machine for holing. There were plentiful
indications of flame in the heading, coked dust being found in
profusion on all objects and on the coal-sides of the heading near
the face. The bodies of the men were deeply burned. Prac-
tically all the timber was blown out in the heading ; and, up to
within about 30 feet of the face, from 1 to 3 feet of the roof had
fallen. No fire-damp had ever been seen in this district of the
pit before the explosion, and open lights were in use. At the
time of the writers' inspection, although the heading had been
unventilated for nearly three months, no trace of fire-damp could
be detected by the hydrogen lamp.

The explosive used was No. 1 Favier powder, and the men
fired their own shots with fuse and detonator.

In this case, no missed or blown shot had been reported ; and,
as all the men and ofiicials concerned were killed, it was impos-
sible to get any direct evidence as to what had taken place during
the day preceding or on the morning of the explosion.

16. — Cause of the Explosiox.

After several inspections and consideration of all the circum-
stantial evidence, the most probable explanation that suggested
itself to the writers' minds was that the shot in question had missed
fire on the previous day; that at the time of the explosion the
men were engaged in cutting out the shot ; and that in so doing
they struck the detonator and thus exploded the charge. Fig. 20
shows a recess about a foot wide to the right-hand of and above
the shot-hole. This appeared to have been formed by pick-work,
and might have been part of the operation of cutting out a missed
shot. If the hole contained four cartridges, the detonator would

474

THE COURRIEHES EXPLOSION.

be within an inch of the front of the hole remaining in the face.
The charge of this shot, consisting of from 141 to 17*6 ounces
(400 and 500 grammes) of Xo. 1 Favier powder, blowing out of
a short open hole into an accumulation of dry dust on the floor
of a dry and dusty heading, was sufficient, the writers think, to
create an inflammation of explosive violence, which, propagated
by dust alone, extended throughout the mine, and produced all
the terrible effects observed.

Against this explanation, it was suggested that coal-dust
alone would not produce an explosion of such violence as to
account for the evidences of force in the immediate locality. To
this it may be replied that, in addition to the force developed
by the explosion of coal-dust, there was also the force due to the
explosive itself; and experiments since made with No. 1 Favier
explosive and coal-dust from the Lecoeuvre heading have proved
that the dust can be readily ignited with explosive violence
(Appendix III.).

It has also been suggested that the presence of a small per-
centage of fire-damp was not improbable, seeing that the heading
was advancing in an unworked area of coal, and that the parallel
place was being driven alongside a fault. It is impossible for
the writers to assert positively that no fire-damp was present at
the moment of the explosion ; but it is an important fact that
none had been found previously, and recent work at the face
and bore-holes put forward and into the fault have failed to
discover any trace of fire-damp (Fig. 7, Plate XXI.).

THE COUKRIEBES EXPLOSION.

475

the pipes after they were brought out of the pit, but the fact
that the shattered pipe was in the line of the shot, and the
difficulty of accounting for the presence of fire-damp in pipes
on the floor where men were working with naked lights, makes
it appear to the writers that the shot was the more likely cause,

H
\A

although neither explanation perhaps accounts satisfactorily for
the peculiar damage to the pipe in question.

Against the suggestion that the men were engaged in cutting
out the shot, it has been pointed out that only eight tubs of coal
were found at and between the face and Xo. 3 pit, and that this

476

THE COURElfeRES EXPLOSION.

quantity does not represent the amount of coal which would have
been removed by cutting the coal away in front of the charge,
and further, that the two hours, between 5 and 7 a.m., would
not suffice for the work. To this objection the writers would
remark that eight tubs of coal so nearly represent the quantity
of coal that the cutting would involve, that along with absence of
knowledge concerning the previous contour of the face the
objection is not a weighty one. The work of cutting out a shot
would be performed with the greatest possible despatch, as such a
method of disposing of a shot was absolutely prohibited.

It is probable that the story of that unfortunate morning
will never be reconstructed from ascertained facts; but, after
reviewing all the available evidence and considering all the
arguments, the most probable explanation appeared to be that
the explosion originated in the Lecoeuvre heading, and was one
of coal-dust alone, that the shot in question was the immediate
cause, and that it was fired inadvertently by a blow in the process
of cutting out the charge which had previously missed fire.

17. — Experiments with No. 1 Favier Powder and Coal-dust.

With regard to the explosive, No. 1 Favier powder, and the
possibility of ignition of coal-dust by it, there appears, from
various experiments, to be no room for doubt upon the point.

Since the Courrieres disaster, experiments have been made
with No. 1 Favier powder and Josephine coal-dust at the experi-
mental gallery at Frameries, placed at the disposal of the

THE COUBRliRES EXPLOSION.

477

of the tube were placed six frames of fir and oak, at the following
distances : 14*4 feet, 354 feet, 535 feet, 591 feet, 046 feet and
707 feet (4-40 metres, 10-80 metres, 16-30 metres, 1800 metres,
19*70 metres and 21*55 metres). A few of the experiments are
recorded in Appendix III.

These experiments proved conclusively the dangerous char-
acter of No. 1 Favier powder when exploded in the presence of
dust, under conditions such as those that existed in the Lecoeuvre
heading.

Some experiments, carried out in Germany in 1897, were made
on a number of explosives in an artificial gallery 111*6 feet
(34 metres) long, in various mixtures of fire-damp, coal-dust
and air, the explosive being fired from a cannon in the usual way
at one end of the gallery.* Table III. shows the result of these
tests with No. 1 Favier powder in coal-dust. It is also stated
that ** No. 1 Favier powder ignited whirling coal-dust without any

Table III. —Experiments with No. 1 Favier Powder at Gelsenkirchen.

No. of
Experi-
ment.

ishtof

Fire-

Temperature.

1 Remilt.

Explosive uaed.

Co^lHlUgt. 1 ^^p

<>f the Gallery.

Of th€

Degs.
Fahr.

500

Dust.

Ounceu.

6-7

GrAmnitt).

190

Ck)al.du8t

None

Pah?!
69 0

DogH.

Cent.

Degs.
Cent.

, No explo-

10-2

288

Coal-dust

None

410

33-8

1 sion.
No explo-

3
4

13-6
12-8

386
363

Coal-dust
Coal-dust

None
None

46-4
57-2

8
14

33S
37-4

sion.

Explosion.

] Explosion.

admixture of fire-damp, using a charge of 12'8 ounces (363
grammes). One would, therefore, hardly call this a safe explo-
sive for use in AVestphalian coal-mines."

18. CONXLUSIOXS.

The distinguishing features of the Courrieres explosion were
the wide area that it covered and the great loss of life that it
caused. These results were chiefly due to the fact that the
workings of the several pits were connected by roads, which there
are very strong reasons for believing cont^^iinod no fire-damp, but

* ** Weitere Versuche betreffend das Verhalten von Sprengstoffen gegeniiber
Schlagwettem und Kohlenstaub auf der berggewerkschaftlichen Verauchsstrecke
zu Braubauerschaft bei Gelsenkirchen" (Experiments with Explosives), by Mr.
F. Heise, Gluckanf, 1897, vol. xxxiii., pages 617-523 and 544-549.

478

THE COURRIERES EXPLOSION.

did contain inflammable dust. The recognition of this fact is of
even greater importance than to know the initial cause of the
explosion, because, whilst it cannot be disputed that explosions
may be initiated either by explosives or by naked lights, there is
still some scepticism as to whether explosions can either be
initiated or propagated by coal-dust in the entire absence of
fire-damp.

If the writers' conclusion, that the explosion was started by
a blown-out shot of Xo. 1 Favier explosive, is correct, it should
emphasize the fact that all explosives used in coal-mines are
capable of igniting gas or coal-dust. If, on the other hand, the
explosion was initiated by fire-damp, it shows the great danger
of using naked lights in any dusty coal-mine.

Whether the Courrieres explosion was initiated by a blown-
out shot or by a local explosion of fire-damp, does not, in the
writers' view, interfere with the main conclusion that it was
through the agency of coal-dust that the explosion was carried
throughout the mine. The fact of supreme importance remains,
namely, that, however originated, an explosion may traverse the
whole extent of the largest mines by means of coal-dust alone.
The writers have no doubt that this was the case at Courrieres.

The prevention of such wide-spreading dust explosions is a
subject requiring the most serious attention of those concerned
in the management of collieries. It opens a wide field for experi-
ment and discussion, as to the most efficient and practicable

THE COUERIERES EXPLOSION. 479

maintained in such repair that the small coal will not be scattered
in transit. In some cases dangerous dust is carried into the pit
from the screens at the surface by the intake-air. To prevent
the production of dust in dry mines is, perhaps, impossible, but
it is neither impossible nor impracticable very greatly to reduce
the danger ; and, until efficient measures to that end are more
generally adopted, the writers cannot feel that mining engineers
have done what is necessary to combat one of the greatest ele-
ments of danger with which they have to contend.

Although the plan of connecting the workings of a large
number of pits is not generally practised in Great Britain, and
the loss of life in any one explosion has never reached the terrible
figures seen at the Courrieres collieries, there are not a few large
collieries where the workings extend for several miles, and the
various seams are more or less connected by roads available for
the passage of a dust explosion. In such collieries upwards of
one thousand persons are not infrequently employed at one time,
so that the circumstances connected with the Courrieres explosion
and the lessons to be learnt need to be carefully considered. In
such extensive and dusty collieries effectual means should be
taken to guard against the dangers so painfully forced upon
the writers' notice by this lamentable catastrophe. The destruc-
tion of the No. 3 shaft, which so seriously interfered with the
rescue-work, proves the liability of bratticed shafts to be blocked
by an explosion.

The loss of life at Courrieres was as follows : Killed under-
ground, 1,089; brought out alive, but subsequently died, 7;
rescuers killed underground, 3 ; killed on the surface, 1 ; a total
of 1,100 persons. In addition, 98 horses were killed.

19. — Recovery of Bodies.

The recovery of the bodies was naturally a difficult and pro-
tracted task. Excellent sanitary precautions were taken, as set
out in Appendix IV. Sickness has not been reported amongst
the persons employed in the recoverj-work. The bodies were
disinfected where found, and were coffined and sent to bank as
soon as the roadways were passable. Identification was possible
in the majority of cases, even to the last. Some of the bodies

480

THE COURRIEKES EXPLOSION.

presented a mummified appearance; but generally, and particu-
larly in wet places, they were in various stages of advanced
decomposition.

On arriving at the surface, they were examined by doctors,
who were always in attendance, for signs of burning, asphyxia-
tion, or other special features. The doctors stated that, so far
as could be ascertained, none of the dead survived the day of the
catastrophe.

The bodies were recovered as follows : — During March, 189 ;
April, 306 ; May, 271 ; June, 210 ; and July, 91. Further bodies
were recovered up to August 24th ; and on November 10th, 1906,
13 bodies had not been found, namely : 2 lost in Nos. 4 and 11
pits; 2 burnt in the first fire in the Josephine seam at No. 2
pit; and 9 enclosed within the stoppings of the second fire in
the Josephine seam at No. 3 pit.

The writers cannot conclude their paper without expressing
their great obligations to the State authorities and engineers,
and to the engineers and managers of the Courrieres Coal Com-
pany, for their great assistance rendered in the investigations, and
their readiness in furnishing information and material for this
paper.

The writers trust that their work has added at least some
contribution of value to the knowledge of the causes of colliery
explosions, and particularly that attention may be directed to
the question of coal-dust, so as to result in some diminution of

THE COUERliBES EXPLOSION.
APPENDIX I.— Analyses of Dust, Etc.— Con/tniced.

481

No. of i
Samide.'

Deicription of Dtwt.

Obserrations.

4 and 1 1 Dust from the floor and
sides of the Josephine
west level, at 981 feet
(299 metres) ; air and
travelling road to Xos.
' 5 and 12 pits.*

3 I 4 and 11 Dust from the Am^

south-west level below
} T the staple from the

Marie seam, at 1,086
; • feet {IVM iiiftresj.t

4 4 and 11 ■ Dust from th^ ?^ime Ami^'e
; I level, hut ne&r the top
! of the staple to the Ade-
laide seam, at 1,257 feet

i (383 metres), t

5 ' 4 and 1 1 j Dust from between the
I flanges of the vertical
I side of a girder-arch,
I &dhtiriDg by the force of

I its projection, ^n the
jfuutli boweLte, at 981

I iv^i iW& metres), near
Nos. 4 and 11 pits.*

6 4 and 1 1 ! Dust from the floor of the

' bowette, at 981 feet

I {299 metres ^ ncivr the

girder Itwt referred to.*

7 I 2 ... South bowette, at 1,116

i feet (S40 metres), Bkbout

230 feet (70 metres)

from No. 2 pit, and main

road com mnuicA ting

' I with No. 10 pit.*

8 ,3 ...North bowette, at 919 feet

(280 metres), and about
1,312 feet 400 inetim)
\ , north of No. 3 pit.

9 3 ... Dust from the rfoor of a
I rise place in the gciuth-

west (V'L'ile deani, &i

1,070 feet (326 metres),

; and 16 feet (5 metres)

j ; below No. 7 stopping. J

10 ' 3 ... Dust from the floor of

the same rise place,
I near the farthest point

reached by the flame. J

11 : 3 ..., Crust of coked dust de-
I posited on the timber,
< about halfway up the

rise place to No. 7
stopping. J

No explosion

Explosion ar-
rested

No explosion

No explosion
No explosion

Explosion ...

Coke result-
ing from ex-
plosion

CompoBition of Duat.
VoUtUe

Fixed
Carbon.

Per
cent.
42-60

26-60

29 00

31-30

3600

25-75

38-45

39-40

44-58

56-65

Matter.

Per
cent.
26 00

14-85

19-20

Ash.

Per
cent.
32-40

58-66

51-80

21-70 147-00

26-90

19-65

25-55

22-86

38-10

64-60

36-00

37-76

I
27-42 128-00

I
1810 I 26-25

Fig. 7, PlaK- XXI.

t Fig. 9. Plato XXIII.

I Fig. 5. Plate XIX.

482

THE COITBRI&RES EXPLOSION.

APPENDIX I.— Akaltsbs of Dust, Efrc,— Continued,

>?^:^ ^0. <d Fit

tkacrlpticm of Diat,

ObMriifcilDtu.

12 3 .- Buitlromthefiftorof the
C^cile level, at 1,070
feet (32 1) metres K »ti the
bottoni of the rbe pl&ee
referred to in Nus, 9,
10 a£td 11 &n&Lyse«.:^

13 3 ., Dust from the Cl>ci\e \

kvel, \kt 1,070 feet
I I (3i6 nietre«), aame aa

above, but 230 fe«t (70
I metres) farther west.j

Joa^phinG north - east
kvel, at 1,070 feet (326
metres) : sample of
co»l from the interior
of the Bhot-hole at the
face of the LeciFUvr©
heading.*

Jos^'phiiie north ^ east ,
level, ftt 1,070 feet (:*26 [
inetreB) : diwt from the
floor of the Lecceavre
heading, near the face. *

DuBt fronj the JoKephme
main north tevel, at
1,070 feet (326 metreel,
leading from the )ki wette
at the same depth to the
Lec4i?uvre headiug**

Dust from the Jueephine
ait' way Ut the top of
the Jog^phine stftple

15 3

17 3

Exploaion

Explosion ar.
rested

Explosion ...

Explosion ar-
rested

Exploaion ar-
reated

CkimpoMltLofli of iHowt,

CkrbOfL

cent.
45 76

24-60

65-50

67 15

a5-45

19-60

MmU«t

cent.

27-37

15-20

2935

S4W

22-25

1545

28S7

59-90

6-lfi

e*8§

42'SO

64-S5

THE COUBEI^EES EXPLOSION.

488

ash, determining the non-combustible ingfredients or inert matter, are of
epecial significance and interest.

Samples of dust for analysis should be collected with caie, and all the
circumstances present considered and noted. The results of the analyses
may frequently be perplexing, if not misleading, because of (1) the difficulty
of obtaining, in small quantities, an average sample of the dust of a given
length of roadway; (2) the possibility that the deposit alter the explosion
differs from that eodsting before the explosion by reason of (a) the removal
of the orig^al dust by the force of the blast, (6) the deposit of new dust
brought from another place by the blast, and (c) the chemical change
resulting from the combustion more or less of the dust during the pass-
age of flame. Samples of dust, taken from roads beyond the limit of
flame, may give reliable figures to guide one in considering the quality of a
non-inflammable dust ; but other factors must be taken into account, namely :
dryness, quantity, probably the size of the road, the intensity of the ex-
plosion and the flame arriving at the place, its velocity, and the character
of the dustHsloud carried by it.

Samples of dust taken from a road after the passage of flame may be
much altered in character in varying degrees, according to the intensity and
duration of the combustion during the passage of the explosive flame. The
results of the analyses would, in the case of partially-burnt dust, show low
percentages of carbon and volatile matter with a correspondingly high per-
centage of ash. The examination of such dust, after explosion, under a
microscope will generally reveal globular or shelly particles of fused coke.

APPENDIX II.— Explanation of Fig. 11, Plate XXV.

1. — Timber thrown out-bye, with a
piece of air-pipe embedded at one
end. The small sketch shows a
plan and elevation of this object.

2. — Sleeve of a shirt.

3. — Piece of cloth.

4.— Compressed-air pipe.

6. — Piece of air-pipe.

6.— Clothing.

7. — Piece of air-pipe.

8. —Two pieces of board from a door.

9. —Fuse and clothing.
10. — Piece of fuse : burnt ?

1 1. —Cord : door-cord ?

12. —Small bottle : broken.
13. —Clothing.

14. — Tub on its wheels, under a fall.

15. —Board and iron of tub : the wheels

are at No. 31.
16. — Broken piece of timber, with a piece

of air-pipe embedded in it.
17. — Piece of board.
18.— Board, part of tub, No. 15.
19.— Sock.

20.— Hinge.

21.— Box of tools.

22. -Board.

23. — Five machine-picks, and a bundle

of tallies, No. 23.
24. — Piece of iron from a tub.
25. —Piece of fuse : burnt ?
26.— Lamp, No. 442 ; Henri Lecoeuvre.
27. — Fragments of clothing.

28. - End of fuse, 20 inches or 0*50 metre

long: burnt?

29. — Iron drag.

30. — Iron drag.

31.— Wheels, part of tub, No. 15.
32. - Piece of leather-belt.
33.— Iron bar, No. 347.
34.— Iron bar. No. 351.

35. — Piece of air-pipe.

36. —Piece of fuse : burnt ?
37.— Tally, No. 165.

38. —Two pieces of iron from a tub.

39 —Bundle of tallies, No. 146, and

pieces of cloth.
40. —Leather hatband.

484

THE COUBRliiRES EXPLOSION.

41.
42.
43.
44.

45.
46,
47.
48.

43.

60.
5K
52.
53.
54,

67.

60.

61.
62.

64.
65.

-DrilL

— Piec« of leather hatband.

—Iron bar, No. 317-

--Scraper.

--Pick.

"Lamp, No. 548*

^Drilling -machine.

— Rftmmcr, with the big end towEu^i

the f*ce,
"Pick,
-Drill.
— Hammer.
-Plank.
-DrilL
—Two drilla.
— Twiated drill, head covered with

pieeeii of ototh.
—Pick.
— Pteoe af fuse, 20 inchei or 0-50 metre

long : burnt,
— Shoe-
—Leather hat.
—Leather loop, far carrying a lamp in

the hat.
—Lamp No. 443 : Joseph Leeo^uvre.
—Two feet of a treat Je.
— Numeroua fragmenta of cloth ing,

between the side of the tub and

the Bitle of the beading.
—Shove], with the pan in the coal

and the haodb under the tub.
—Two ends of leather-beltij 4 inc^he#

or O'lO metre each in length,

81.^Powder-boit,
82. ^Knitted vest.
83. -Sock.
84. - Waistcoat,
ia -Shirt.
S6.— Shirt.

87. - Voftt,

88. —Piece of air- pipe.
89- —Piece of air-pipe.
90, —Piece of air. pipe.
9L —Piece of air -pipe.
ft2. —Piece of air. pipe,
03.— Piece of air-pipe.
&4. -Piece of air- pipe.
95. —Piece of air. pipe*

96.— Pieces of timber, apparentlj belotig-

ing to a trestle.
97.— Piece of air-pipe.
98.— Timber.
99.— Air- pipe.
100.— A Lr pipe.
1 01. — Air-pipe.
102.— Air -pipe.
1 03. --Air- pipe.
104>— Air- pipe.
105.— Air 'pipe.
106.— Air-pipe^
107- —Air pipe.
lOS.— Air^pipc.^
109. —Air-pipe,
no.— Air -pipe.
111.— Air-pipe,
112.— Air -pipe.

THE COUERliEES EXPLOSION.

485

131. — Five pieces of square trestle-
timber.

132. — Three pieces of square trestle-
timber ?

133. — Mouldiness on the side of the
heading.

134. —Piece of cloth.

135.— Fallen timber, with a piece of air-
pipe embedded in it, on the side
towards the face.

136. — Square timber.

137. —Piece of leather- belt.

138. — Fuse, 20 inches or O'oO metre long,
burnt ? and pieces of cloth.

139. -Fourth air-pipe (Fig. 22), broken
into small pieces, and found
scattered over 33 feet or 10 metres
out-bye.

140.— Collar of air-pipe No. 139 was
found in air-pipe, No. 1 18.

141. — End of air-pipe.

142.— Pieces of timber and pieces of air-
pipe under a fall.

143. — Tramway intact out-bye from this
point.

144. — Piece of a hat.
145.-Pieces of cloth.
146. - Square trestle- timber ?
147. — Platform of drilling-machine.
148.— Plank from platform of drilling-
machine.
149.— Trestle of drilling-machine.
160. —Piece of fuse, 6 inches or 0*16

metre long.
161. — Square timber.
152.- Timber, 3 feet 7 inches by 6 inches

by 6 inches or 1*10 metres by 0*16

metre by 0*12 metre.
163. —Timber, 2 feet 5 inches by 6 inches

by 4 inches or 0*76 metre by 0'12

metre by 0*11 metre.
154.— Timber, 2 feet 7 inches by 4 inches

by 4 inches or 0*80 metre by 0*11

metre by O'lO metre.
155.— Iron bar. No. 360.
156. — There were 4i tubs of coal lying at

the face : No. 66 tub was nearly full.
157.— Bodies of three men : the brothers

Lecceuvre.
158. — Oil-can.

APPENDIX III. — Experiments with No. 1 Favieb Powder and Coai,-du8t.

No. 1 Experiment. — Charge, 14* 1 ounces (400 grammes) of No. 1 Favier
powder without dust or fire-damp. Flame was observed as far as the second
window, or 7 feet (2 metres) from the cannon. Mechanical effect, slight.

No. 3 Experiment. — Charge, 7*0 ounces (200 grammes) of No. 1 Favier
powder and 13*2 pounds (6 kilogrammes) of dust, put into suspension by the
first fan. No flame observed.

No. 4 Experiment. — Charge, 10*6 ounces (300 grammes) of No. 1 Favier
powder and 13*2 pounds (6 kilogrammes) of dust. No flame observed.

No. 5 Experiment. — No. 3 experiment was repeated. Flame observed for
66 feet (20 metres). The first frame was disturbed. Coke or charred dust
began at 2 feet (0*60 metre) and extended as far as 39 feet (12 metres).

No. 7 Experiment. — Charge, 14*1 ounces (400 gimmes) of No. 1 Favier
powder. The dust of a preceding experiment was left in the tube, and a new
quantity of 13*2 pounds (6 kilogrammes) was put into suspension by each fan.
The flame leapt out of the tube for a distance of 7 feet (2 metres) and
retired. There seemed to be two successive flames from Nos. 13, 14, 15
and 16 windows. The first and fourth frames were displaced. Coke was
deposited as far as 59 feet (18 metres), and was found on both sfdes of
the frames.

No. 8 Experiment. — Charge, 14*1 ounces (400 grammes) of No. 1 Favier
powder. The dust (13*2 pounds or 6 kilogrammes) was put into suspension
by the second fan, which was afterwards stopped. Dust (6*6 pounds or 3
kilogrammes) was spread by a hand-sieve for a length of 30 feet (9 metres).

486

THE COUERlfeRES EXPLOSION.

and 6*6 pounds (3 kilogrammes) was put into motion by the first fan. Flame
shot out of the gallery, for a length of 23 feet (7 metres), and coke was
deposited on the whole length of the gallery. The frames werr intact*
but the sixth frame was burnt.

No. 19 Experiment. — Charge, 17*6 ounces (500 grammes) of No. 1 Favier
powder. Dust (6'6 pounds or 3 kilogrammes) was distributed over the last
30 feet (9 metres) and 6*6 pounds (3 kilogrammes) was thrown into suspen-
sion by each fan. A ventilating pipe from Courri^res colliery was wedged
obliquely against the top part of the gallery, its centre being 23 feet (7
metres) from the cannon. A wooden tub from Courri^ree colliery was placed
in the gallery at 21 feet (6*50 metres) from the entrance. A disc of paper closed
the end of the tube. Flame shot out of the gallery to a length of more than
49 feet (15 metres), and set the grass on fire on the slopes. The tub was
projected outside for a distance of 13 feet (4 metres), and partly destroyed.
A clot of liquid tar was observed 16 or 20 feet (5 or 6 metres) from the
end of the gallery. Coke was deposited over the whole length, but it was
lees abundant than in some previous experiments, less sticky, and more
spongy. It was deposited on the sides of the frames facing the cannon.
The frames were intact, except the first and third. The pipe had fallen, and
was slightly damaged at the end.

APPENDIX IV. — Instructions as to the Santtabt P&xcatttions to bx

TAKEN BY THE WORKHEN ENGAGED IN ReCOYXRINO THE BoDDBS.

1. — All workmen employed at the Nos. 2 and 4 pits shall, before
descending, bathe themselves about the face, neck and hands with a solu-
tion of quassia amara. For this purpose, the engineers will have two
vessels containing this solution at the pit-top. It will be prepared by the
storekeeper by extracting 17-6 ounces (500 grammes) of quassia-chips in a
bucket of water. After the men have descended, the storekeeper will return
the pails to the store, after having emptied their contents.

2. — ^The explorers engaged in the g^asee, the coffin-bearers, and generally
all those who are exposed in the neighbourhood of bodies, shall move

THE COUEHIERES EXPLOSION. 487

with a layer of calmette mixture, consisting of 80 parts of powdered coal,
10 parts of sulphate of iron and 10 parts of chloride of lime. An ample
supply of this mixture will be kept in the pit.

6. — The same precautions aa for bodies must be taken for portions of
bodies, if any, found under falls. They will, of course, be coffined.

7. — Until the arrival of the Draeger apparatus, the workmen placing
bodies in coffins will wear Poteau maaks and indiarubber-gloves. Their
clothing must not be loose.

8. — (a) On returning to the surface, the gloves must be soaked for 6
minutes in a 1 per cent, solution of permanganate of potash. This will colour
them red, and they must then be soaked in a 2 per cent, solution of bisulphite
of soda, until the red colour disappears. They must then be rinsed in clean
water. (6) Wool and flannel clothing, vests, shirts, etc., and boots are dis-
infected by formol : these last after brushing with sublimate powder, (c) All
other clothing will be disinfected by stoving under pressure.

9. — Dead horses must be well sprinkled with cresol, and afterwcurds
covered with calmette mixture. Workmen engaged in the pits and roads,
which have been flooded, should bathe their hands, feet and face in a
solution of sublimate before washing.

Ben^ Petitjean.
Engineer directing the work of rescue.
Seen and approved,

Dr. Soitbtiss.

APPENDIX v.— Commission of Inquibt.*

The escape of survivors from the mine 20 and 25 days after the explosion,
and reports circulated to the effect that others, who might have been
rescued, had lived for some time, created a great sensation, and led to accusa-
tions of lack of skill and courage on the part of those directing the operations.

This gave rise to the appointment by the State of a Commission of
Inquiry, consisting of Mr. Adolphe Camot, inspector-general of mines; Messrs.
Louis Aguillon and Edmond Nivoit, inspector-generals of mines; Messrs. Cordier
and Bernard ifcvrard, delegrate-miners ; and Mr. H. Kuss, chief inspector, as
secretary. The Commission discussed in their report : (1) The principle of the
intervention of the State inspectors in the operations. (2) The abandonment
of measures to remove the obstruction in No. 3 pit, and the reversal of the
ventilating current. (3) Whether the State inspectors were to blame in not
consulting the representatives of the miners, and notably the delegate-miners.
(4) The erection of the stoppings after the discovery of the Josephine fire at
No. 2 pit, and particularly the stopping in the bowette at 1,004 feet (306
metres) leading to the Julie Seam. (5) The resumption after March 30th
of the explorations which had been abandoned on March 11th. (6) The
question of workmen who may have perished in the mine since the catas-
trophe.

* "Rapport de la Commission charg^e par M. le Ministre des Travanx
Publics, des Postes et des T^l^graphes de procdder k une enqnete sur les conditions
dans lesquelles ont ^t<^ effectues par les ing^nieurs de I'^tat les Travaux de
Sauvetage k la suite de la catastrophe survenue aux mines de Courri^res le
10 mars 1906," Journal Officid, August 11th, 1906.

VOL. XXXII.-M06.1907. 34

488

THE COUBRIERES EXPLOSION.

As theee are questions which must have occurred to many who have
followed the published accounts of the disaster, the writers give the gist
of the arguments and conclusions of the Commission.

The Commission failed to agree in their conclusions, and Messrs. Cordier
and 'kyTa.rd, delegate-miners, sent in a minority report which was published
in the newspapers. The Minister of Public Works then instructed the
Commission to re-open the inquiry. In their final report, Messrs. Cordier
and ilvrard still hold views opposed to those of the majority.

The points coming under inquiry were discussed as follows: —
1.— The French law by a decree of January 3rd, 1813, articles 14 and 17,
requires the authorities to intervene when a fatality occurs and the bodies
are not recovered, or when there is a probability of survivors. The execu-
tion of the work is to be under the direction of the State engineer, or,
in his absence, of experts, appointed by the authorities. The owners and
engineers of neighbouring mines are required to furnish in men and materials
any assistance which may be required. It was, therefore, to conform to
the law that the State inspectors assumed authority and control.

2. — Messrs. Cordier and ]&vrard, the minority, held Mr. A. Bar, the
Courrieres Coal Company's technical director, to blame, for not adopting the
proposal to dear the obstruction in No. 3 pit by dynamite, or otherwise, and
they charge him with having been guilty of an inexcusable fault. The
majority of the Commission confirmed the action of Mr. Bar in his decision,
which was taken after consulting with the authorities. Messrs. Cordier
and l^vrard condemned the reversing of the ventilation, declaring that it
jeopardized the safety of any one still in the mine. The majority held, on
the contrary, that No. 3 pit being blocked, the reversal of air was necessary
and justifiable for the safety of the rescuers. Had survivors been suspected,
they could not have been reached before the main roads had been cleared of
bad air. On the question of the independent ventilation of Nos. 4 and 11
pits, which would have permitted rescue-work to proceed at these pits, the
majority commend the prudence of Mr. O. Delafond, who believed that it would
have been impossible to isolate that current from the fire in the C^ile seam,
which threatened the rescuers with an unknown danger. The Commission

THE COUKRIERES EXPLOSION. 489

necessary as was at the time believed, it was not possible to form any other
opinion on March 17th. In any case, the stopping, at 1,004 feet (306 metres),
was reopened 24 hours before the survivors of March 30th attempted to
come out. They stated that the whole operation of dealing with the
Josephine fire commended itself to them.

5. — ^Messrs. Cordier and ^vrard asked whether the descents at Nos. 4 and
11 pits of April 3rd and 4th were not undertaken with a view to restore the
pits rather than to search for survivors. The majority replied that it was
ridiculous to suppose that the numerous officials wlio conducted those
searches, including State engineers and workmen's delegutee, would have
undertaken an exploration full of danger for such a purpose, and that
although Berthon came out on April 5th, it could not be expected that
every comer of the pit could have been searched by that date, seeing that
the full exploration was not completed before April 30th, owing to the great
damage found in the roads and the presence of a poisonous atmosphere.

6. — Upon the question as to whether any workmen had perished in
the mine after the catastrophe, and, if so, whether the death of those work-
men was any reproach to the engineers who had charge of the rescue-work,
Messrs. Cordier and l^vrard did not hesitate to reply in the affirmative to
these questions, and they made the following statement: —

" On March 31st, the gang Blaise, Simon and Pelabon found at the
landing, at 994 feet (303 metres), in No. 3 pit, 4 bodies where there had only
been one on March 10th. C. Surmont, an employee of the company, a sub-
inspector of No. 2 pit, had made a further deposition. He had declared
before the Commission that he had seen, after the escape of the 13 men,
in the Julie level, 11 bodies, which were not there on March 10."

" On April 4th, in No. 4 pit, at 1,086 feet (331 metres), we, Messrs.
Cordier and ^vrard, made an exploration of the landing, proceeding by
the south bowette to the Josephine, Ste. Barbe (in part) and C^ile seams.
We found there bodies of miners naked to the waist and evidently sur-
prised whilst at work, but further in the Ste. Barbe and C^cile seams we
encountered bodies of workmen who were clothed. In the Cecile seam we ascer-
tained that certain of the air-pipee had been blocked, one with clothing placed
on the face of it, and another with a block of coal. There we found food-
boxes, bottles, a box of eggs (opened), and all empty of their contents. These
are evident proofs that men had survived, had expected to be saved, and had
attempted, whilst waiting rescue, to keep away the bad air which was
coming to them."

"The discovery of new bodies, after the resumption of rescue-work,
which were not there on March 10th and 11th, the 13 who escaped, the
situation of the dead discovered by ourselves and their attempts at self-
preservation, all prove absolutely that these unhappy men had wandered
in the workings of the mine without being discovered, from March 10th,
the day of the catastrophe, up to April 4th.''

To this statement, the majority of the Commission replied that the
observations made by Messrs. Cordier and 6vrard in the visit which they
thought it advisable to make privately to the No. 11 pit on April 4th were
badly interpreted by them, and a little more circumspection would have
shown them an error of vital importance. The district which they visited
was occupied on March 10th by 8 workmen: — ^That is to say, in the
Cecils No. 2 branch, at 1,086 feet (331 metres), to the east of the recovery-
drift (Sevin and Ch&telain), ventilated by air-pipes from the recovery-drift;
in the face of the recovery-drift (Laurent and Lef^vre), ventilated by a pipe

490

THE COURRIERES EXPLOSION.

pasaing through the door in the Ste. Barbe road; and in the Ste. Barbe
second branch (Delplanque, Danel, Broy and Lucas), ventilated by a pipe of
which one branch went to one face and the principal branch to the other.
Two of these 8 workman (Delplanque and Broy) were saved on March 10th
in the evening, as recounted by Mr. Domezon in his deposition to the
Oommisadon on April 2nd. The depositions signed by Delplanque and Broy
received by the State engineers on March 17th and 19th were formal. It
was they and their comrades who stopped the pipe to keep back the fumes
which invaded their places. Three of them made a first attempt to escape
by the recovery-drift, one of these perished in this attempt and the second,
Broy, nearly met the same fate. At 8*30 p.m., the 7 survivors, sensible of
the bad air invading the face where they were taking refuge, resolved to
attempt to escape, cost what it might. Three fell in the Ste. Barbe road,
the second branch where their bodies had been found, and 2 in the recovery-
drift, Broy and Delplanque alone escaping to the pit. They had since
declared that they did not hear any calls from any other survivors. Im-
prisoned in their place, from 5 a.m. until 8*30 p.m., it is not astonish-
ing that these 8 workmen sustained themselves on the provisions in their
food-boxes, in their bottles, and the eggs that one or other of them had
carried for his morning repeat.

Concerning No. 3 pit, two facte were advanced. According to Messra.
Cordier and ^vrard, Surmont, an employee of the company, had declared
before the Commission that he saw 11 dead in the Julie gallery, which were
not there on March 10th. Although the deposition of Surmont was im-
mediately afterwards rectified by that of the v^rificateur Blaise, it did
not figure, with such precision, in the notes taken by the secretary and
embodied by him in the verbatim report. The Commission made further
inquiries. Delegate-miner Simon, in his explorations of March 10th and 11th,
and Mr. Leprince-Hinguet on March 11th, had seen and noted 8 bodies in
the Julie main level, at 919 feet (280 metres), and 3 bodies in the bowette
at the entrance of the Julie level, making a total of 11 bodies, of which
7 had been recognized and 4 were unknown. Delegate-miner Simon had
formally declared that he did not see on March 30th any other bodies

THE COURRI^RES EXPLOSION. 491

two leg^. No. 245 body had the face protected by a woollen scarf partly
burnt, the parts of the face not protected showing extensive bums, the
breast presented numerous bums, also the belly and the two legs. The
doctors' report concluded as follows: — "We conclude that these 4 workmen
had been at first burnt, but that death was caused by poisoning by carbon
monoxide, and the bums not presenting any signs of healing indicated that
their decease was not later than March 10th.''

The majority of the Commission conclude their discussion of this point as
follows: — In the presence of these formal declarations, we are compelled either
to admit simply, that these 4 unfortunate men were on March 10th at the
point where they were found on March 30th, and that by some circumstance
they were not seen, or that at any rate they had not long survived their bums
and the poisonous gases which followed the explosion, and came to die
at the landing of No. 3 pit shortly after the exploration of March 11th, as
they had died in all other parts of the mine. Sad as is this statement, one
must remember that there are few great explosions where the victims of
asphyxiation after the explosion are not more numerous than those of the
explosion proper. It is a general and well-known fact, and is proved at
Courrieres as elsewhere. The proof is found in the recital of the sur-
vivors: Broy and Delplanque, of whom we have spoken, belonged to a
gang of 8 workmen, 6 of whom were asphyxiated more than 12 hours after
the explosion. The 13 survivors of March 30th belonged to gangs, one of
wliich lost 5 men who went to sleep the first day under the action of the
carbon dioxide and never awakened, and the other gang lost 3 men on the
second or third day, as shown in the deposition of the survivors. Berthon,
the survivor who came out on April 4, was one of a numerous gang
who fell victims all along the road in trying to save themselves. In a
general way, although many workmen had been attacked directly by the
flames, it was certain that many others had been poisoned by carbon
monoxide or asphyxiated by carbon dioxide, some in their working-places,
which were invaded by the bad air, and others during their attempts to
escape. What we can say is that the workmen, who had thus succumbed,
found death in sleep without enduring the suffering which they would have
had to undergo if they had been imprisoned in a confined place, where
they would have been tortured by hunger or by the gradual rarefaction
of the respirable air.

In the final report, the majority of the Commission, Messrs. Camot,
Aguillon, Nivoit and Kuss, arrived at the following conclusions: —

1. — The intervention of the State engineers was in conformity with the
laws regulating mines. Besponsibility therefore cannot be placed upon any
agent of the company for any steps taken while the State engineers were
in chargfe. The delegate-miners had no legal claim to be heard: they
might have presented their observations in their reports, but they did not
avail themselves of this facility.

2. — There was no evidence that any miners, who had survived the ex-
plosion, and who might have been rescued had died in the mine. Post-mortem
examinations had demonstrated that those who were stated to have died
a long time after the explosion were burnt and asphyxiated at the beginning.
The evidences found in the pit, which seemed to suggest that men had lived,
were caused by those who escaped, or by those who died on the first day.
The 8 miners, who were with the 13 who escaped, were asphyxiated, 5 on the
first day and 3 on the second or third day.

492

THE COURBIERES EXPLOSION.

3. — ^The rescue-operations were particularly difficulty owing to the extent
and destruction of the workings. The programme and measures adopted
were in accordance with the practice of good mining, and as required bj
the circumstances. The removal of the obstruction in No. 3 pit by violent
means was not feasible, and presented risks of grave consequence. No. 3 pit
not being acessible, the reversal of the air-current was justified by apprehen-
sion of danger from the C^ile fire. It helped to clear the pit of irrespirable
gases which had prevented the earlier escape of the 13 survivors. The
establishment of the stoppings in the Josephine and Julie roads was necessi-
tated by the fire which broke out after the explosion. This fire created a
situation extremely perilous for the rescuers, and called for measures of
prudence and caution to prevent a new catastrophe. The stoppings during
the time that they were closed did not constitute a danger to any survivor.

4. — In consequence, the majority of the Commission hold that it was not
possible to reproach those responsible for the organization and carrying out
of the operations of rescue.

TRANSACTIONS. 498

THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE INSTITUTE OF MINING
AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

GENERAL MEETING,

Held aT|The Nokth Stafford Hotel, Stoke- upon-Trent,

December 10th, 1906.

Mr. JOHX NEWTON, President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the Annual General Meeting were read and
confirmed.

The following gentlemen, having been previously nominated,
were elected : —

Members—
Mr. C. A. Atkinson, Stafford Coal and Iron Company, Limited, Stoke-upon-

Trent.
Mr. C. H. Clark, Estate Office, Newton-leWiilows.
Mr. C. V. Gould, West View, Oakhill, Stoke-upon-Trent.
Mr. John Nixon, Baddesley Colliery, Atheratone.
Mr. William Simons, Basford, Stoke upon-Trent.
Mr. E. P. Turner, Longton.

Associate Members—
Mr. B. C. Brouoh, SUfford.
Mr. F. Harris, Providence Foundry, Burslem.

Associates—
Mr. L. Clivb, CheU Lodge, Burslem.

Mr. C. Newton, 163, Tyldesley Road, Alherton, Manchester.
Mr. J. P. WiNSTANLEY, Whitfield Colliery, Tunstall.

Student—
Mr. M. Gardner, Stafford Coal and Iron Company, Limited, Stoke-upon-Trent.

Mr. John Bentley read the following paper on ** Improved
Constructions of Rails and Rail-joints for Collieries, Mines and
Quarries " : —

494

RAILS AND RAIL-JOINTS FOR COLLIERIES

IMPROVED COjNSTRUCTIO:!^S OF RAILS AXD RAIL-
JOINTS FOR COLLIERIES, MIXES AND QUARRIES.

By JOHN BENTLEY.

In these days of excessive competition, lessened hours of
labour and increased wages in coal- and ironstone-mines, it has
become absolutely necessary to look about for possible reduc-
tions of working costs, and avoidance of waste in materials ;
and, whether the individual savings be large or small, the
aggregate amount will most likely total up to so much as to
make the difference, in many mining ventures, between a loss
and a moderate profit. With such an idea in view, the writer
had for a considerable time paid close attention to the con-
struction of underground railways, and now he is pleased to
have an opportunity of laying before the members a description
of improved rails and rail-joints, which are likely to be advan-
tageous both as regards efficiency and as regards economy
wherever they are adopted.

When laying an underground tramroad or railway, it is
exceedingly difficult, in the semi-darkness of the mine, with
an ordinary bridge-rail laid on a sleeper with a butt-joint, to
secure its proper alignment, and considerable care must be

RAILS AND RAIL-JOINTS FOR COLLIERIES. 495'

I. — In this design, a piece of the arch or top of one end of a
bridge-rail is cut out, so as to form a groove or gap (about 1 inch
long and J inch wide), vertically downward through the arched
portion of the bridge (Fig. 1, Plate XXVI.). The opposite end
of the rail has a projection formed by cutting away a portion of
the end and side-flanges and welding or squeezing together, by
suitable means, the remaining portion of the end so as to form
a projection (Fig. 2, Plate XXVI.). When laid in position, the
projection or tongue of one rail fits into the groove of the ad-
jacent rail, thus forming a smooth and almost rigid joint. A
great advantage is that one nail in each rail will suffice, instead
of the two required in the ordinary method, each rail receiving
the benefit of the nail in the adjacent rail. A further point to
be considered is the preservation of the sleepers ; for, by this
method, they may be used several times, whilst under the
ordinary system it seldom happens that a sleeper, which has had
four nails driven into each of its ends and taken out, is of any use
for relaying.

II. — The bridge-rails used in this design are of the ordinary
description, but nail-holes are not required at either end. The rail
is fixed in a chair or clip constructed of steel-plate, cast-steel or
malleable-iron, having a longitudinal raised central portion of a
proper size to fit into the under part of the end of a bridge-rail and
the end of an adjacent rail in alignment (Fig. 3, Plate XXVI.).
The chair or clip has an edge turned up on each side parallel to the
longitudinal raised portion, so as to prevent any possibility of the
rails lifting off the chair or clip (Fig. 4, Plate XXVI.). These
chairs or clips (Fig. 5, Plate XXVI.) are secured to the sleepeis
by nails or bolts; and, when laid in position, the rails slide into
the chair, and nailing is not required. This method has a
special advantage in having the chaii-s or clips fitted to the
sleepers, to the proper gauge, before they are taken into the
mine ; whereas, in the ordinarj^ method of laying rails, it some-
times happens that the miner lays his rails either too wide or too
narrow for the gauge of the wheels of the tubs, and so con-
tributes very largely to the trouble of tubs getting off the road,
thus causing delay in colliery-locomotion. A further advantage
will be derived from economy in sleepers, as they will last longer,
not being subject to the destruction caused by careless removal oJE
the rails from the sleepers by means of a pick in the ordinary way.

496 BAILS AND RAIL-JOIXTS FOR COLLIERIES.

III. — The design of the third method is essentially the same
in principle as that last described. The central raised portion
and the turned-up edge correspond with similar features in the
second system above-mentioned, the only difference being that,
instead of the lugs or projection, with holes for nailing or bolt-
ing the chair on the top of the sleeper (Fig. 3), both ends of the
chair are turned downward, Figs. 6, 7 and 8 (Plate XXVI.), form-
ing a clip on two sides of the sleeper, so that it may be nailed
at the sides instead of on the top of the sleeper. It will be
noticed that two nail-holes are shewn (Fig. 7), but in actual
practice one nail placed in the middle on each side is quite
sufficient to keep the chair or clip firmly in position. It is
almost needless to repeat, that the advantages claimed for the
methods previously described apply equally to this particular
form of chair or clip.

IV. — The fourth method is particularly well adapted for use
in longwall and drift-work, or similar places where the rails
and sleepers aie required to be removed and relaid at frequent
intervals. This form may be better described as a plate, rather
than as a chair. It consists of a plate, with a raised central
portion, fitting into the under part of a bridge-rail, with a nail-
hole on each side of the plate for fastening it on the sleeper
^Figs. 9, 10 and 11, Plate XXVI.). As in the two previously-
described chairs, the plates are attached to the sleepers, to the
proper gauge, before they are sent into the mine. The advantage

DISCUSSION — BAILS AND ItAIL-JOINTS FOR COLLIERIES. 497

is passed through the rail and clip or plate, thus forming a
firm joint which will not allow the rails to slip on a steep incline,
such as a jig or engine-dip.

In conclusion, a few of the advantages to be obtained by the
adoption of the proposed improvements in rails and rail-joints
for collieries, mines and quarries, may be summarized as
follows : —

(1) Simplicity in construction is a great feature in the case
of these rails and joints. (2) Economy in materials, such as
sleepers, nails, etc., as well as in cost of labour in repairing
roads. (3) Dislocation of underground traffic is avoided or
lessened. (4) Derailment of tube and trams is likely to be
reduced to a minimum. This has been proved by severe tests
on underground roads, where cases of tubs getting off the rails
are now almost unknown. (5) Accidents are lessened in number,
where caused by props being knocked out by derailed tubs or
trams. And (6) saving of labour in laying and relaying temp-
orary roadways, such as are required in longwall or drift-work.

Mr. W. G. Peasegood asked what length of rails had been
laid down with the new chairs.

Mr. J. Bentley replied that he had laid, approximately, 1,500
to 1,800 feet; and he was now developing a working where the
new method would be solely used.

Mr. J. C. C ADMAN asked what was the cost of an underground
chair as compared with a steel sleeper.

Mr. J. Bentley said that the chairs cost about 4d. each and
could be used anywhere, while steel sleepers cost from lOd. to
Is. 3d., and could only be used in exceptional cases. More-
over, he found an advantage where the floor was hard, in being
able to use shorter and narrower sleepers, and they were not liable
to split by having nails driven in the centre.

Mr. H. Johnstone asked what effect rust had upon the chairs
when they were required to be taken off.

Mr. J. Bentley said the chairs were tarred, so as to preserve
them somewhat against rust, which would only be formed

498 DISCUSSION — KAILS AND ItAIL-JOINTS FOR COLLIERIES.

in very exceptional cases, where the water was of a corrosive
nature. This difficulty would be easily overcome by turning'
back the edges, which were turned over, and lifting the rail ofE.

Mr. J. R. Haines asked how the joints were made, when two
sections of rails, one higher than the other, were connected
together.

Mr. J. Bentley said that the same thing happened in any
method, and only one section of rails should be used consecu-
tively. As a matter of fact, he used four section of rails, but
they were kept separate and one section only was used in each
district.

The President (Mr. John Newton), in moving a vote of
thanks to Mr. Bentley for his paper, said that the ideaa appeared
to be perfectly mechanical and applicable.

Mr. B. WooDWORTH, in seconding the resolution, said that
the proposals would bring about an improvement and economy
in colliery-working; and no difficulty would be experienced in
jointing the simple tongued and grooved type, to suit their use
on steep dips, when required.

DISCUSSION PRACTICAL PKOBLEMS OF MACHIXE-MINING. 499

MANCHESTER GEOLOGICAL AND MINING SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING,

Held in the Rooms of the Sooiett, Quern's Chambebs,

5, John Dalton Stbeet, Manchesteb,

Decembeb 4th, 1906.

Mb. CHARLES PILKINGTON, Prksident, in the Chaib.

The following gentleman was elected, having been previ-
ously nominated: —

Mbmbbb —
Mr. Geoboe Alfbbd Ghbistopheb, Mining Engineer, Wigan Coal and Iron
Company, Limited, Standish, Wigan.

DISCUSSION OF MB. SAM MAYOR'S PAPER ON
"PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING."*

Mr. Sam Mavor said that many of the subjects discussed in
his paper were of a controversial character; some of the points
indicated a distinct departure from the practices that obtained
in certain districts ; and, if he was wrong, he would like to hear
from those who were continuing the old practices that he
condemned.

The President (Mr. Charles Pilkington) said that his com-
pany were so afraid of the disadvantages of the bar coal-cutter
that they had not tried one. They had several pick, the ordinary
disc, and one or two other machines. They thought that, if the
bar machine had enough strength, and if the cutters were not
liable to be torn out by coming against iron nodules, it would be
a very useful tool. He would like to hear whether it was easy to
keep the bar machine against the face in mines where the dip
was steep, say, 1 in 3^.

• Trana, IvH, M. E,, 1906, vol. xxxi., page 378 ; and vol. xxxii., page 391.

5(»0 DISCUSSION — PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING.

Mr. Alfred J. Tonge said that he agreed with Mr. Mavor
when he said that it was a mistake for managers to place the coal-
cutter in a part of the pit where they knew that it could not suc-
ceed, and then expect it to succeed. Managers should take the
advice of engineers who had had experience of coal-cutting by-
machinery, and should work in accordance with their instruc-
tions ; and he believed that then more coal-cutters would be
found at work in mines. Advance in underground mining must
almost certainly be accompanied by, and accomplished through,
the introduction of machinery; and he thought that the coal-
cutter would bring forward the better conditions that many
managers were trying to get. He rather disagreed with Mr.
Mavor's remarks about an increase in the number of gate-roads.
Mr. Mavor said that, if more coal was taken down a gate-road,
that was sufficient justification for making other gate-roads. He
(Mr. Tonge) thought that such a statement should be qualified
by many other conditions ; but he was sure that it was not quite
right to say that an added gate-road was justified according to
the amount of coal that went down it. While gate-roads were
convenient for filling the coal quickly, they also meant greater
areas of exposed surface, and therefore greater liability to acci-
dent. He rather preferred, where possible, a reduction in the
number of drawing roads and the carrying of one main road in
each district.

DISCUSSION — PRACTICAL PBOBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING. 501

elusion that the machines tried were not suitable for their
purpose. They had, however, benefited from their experience,
and they hoped at some future time to be able to adopt the use
of mechanical coal-cutters on a large scale.

The President (Mr. Charles Pilkington) said that a young-
man, who had been trained to work with machines, would get
better results from any coal-cutter than an older man who
approached the subject with fixed ideas. The colliery manager
and the workmen should both be trained to the work. He might
mention that, in using a compressed-air coal-cutting machine, the
noise of the exhausted air was confusing to those working near it.

Mr. Sam Mavor, replying to the discussion, said that, al-
though his paper was not written in special advocacy of the bar
type of machine, he might be permitted to say that the Presi-
dent's fears as to the strength of the bar machine were un-
founded, and that the low cost of repairs was freely acknowledged
bv those who had experience of it. Ironstone-nodules of small
size were not troublesome ; and, if of large size, the bar machine
would, if the head-room permitted it, cut over them ; or the bar
could be swung out of the holing, the machine drawn past the
obstruction, and the bar cut in again and the work would be
continued; but, if a disc machine came into contact with an
obstruction, considerable time was lost. With regard to the
inclination, he had quoted a case in his paper, in which 1 in 3^
was mentioned; that was the maximum inclination with which
he had had to deal. When cutting across the dip (the face being
advanced to the rise), no machine was easily kept up to the face,
owing to the constant thrust upon the props due to the weight of
the machine, but the bar type presented no special diflBculty in
this respect. With regard to the width between the gateways, he
(Mr. Mavor) thought that the practice in Lancashire and in York-
shire, in this respect, was at fault, in many cases at least. He
admitted, however, that it was impossible to dogmatize in ques-
tions of this kind, as every case should be decided in accordance
with local factors ; but he thought that both in Lancashire and
in Yorkshire, the distance between the gate-roads in many cases,
might be decreased with profitable results.

The responsibility of using electrically-driven coal-cutters in
gassy seams was a question that the mining engineer must

-502 DISCUSSION — PRACTICAL PKOBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING.

decide; but he submitted that there were ways of overcoming
this difficulty. An interesting example had come under his
notice within the last few weeks : — In a naked-light pit, a thin
seam of coal, about 19 inches thick and of excellent quality, had
not been worked because of gas. The proprietors were reluctant
to work it, as the use of safety-lamps might have been imposed
throughout the colliery. After experience of the use of coal-
cutters in other seams, the manager adopted their use in this
thin seam also, and, by means of an auxiliary electrically-driven
fan, a sharp air-current was sent along the face; the copious
ventilation, in the relatively small working-area, dispelling all
risk from gas. He did not suggest that this was a panacea for
every case where gas was found, but he had little doubt that
there were many cases where tie adoption of this method would
prove advantageous.

In cases where the present output per foot of working-face was
small and the cost of maintaining the gateways was large, he
felt assured that there was a wide field for economical working
by coal-cutting machinery. There could be no doubt, however,
unless the old systems of working were altered, that the machines
would not be used to the best advantage. The noise created by
a compressed-air machine was a perfectly valid objection, but an
arrangement had been introduced by which the exhausted air was
turned into an enclosed crank-chamber, and thus to a large extent
the noise was muffled.

DISCUSSION — ^PEACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING. 508

to try and make record cuts in order to increase the output per
cutter. The output might be increased, although that was
doubtful, but any reduction in the cost of cutting was more than
counterbalanced by the enhanced cost of repairs which increased
out of all proportion to the increase in the output, and also by the
greater frequency of breakdowns and the disorganization of the
whole system which they produced.

Mr. Mavor recorded in Table I.* those costs which were
affected by the output per cutter per shift, namely, machine-
labour and interest and depreciation of cutter, as about 10 per
cent, of the total cost. It was, therefore, evident that an increase
of even 50 per cent, in the cutting speed of the machine would
only aflPect the total cost by 3J per cent. It ought to be possible
to obtain far greater real savings than this by studying and
organizing the other operations which made up the total cost,
and Mr. Mavor had gone very fully into the way in which this
could be done. There could be no doubt that the commercial
failure of many cutters was due to this point not being suffi-
ciently recognized. He thought that makers were somewhat to
blame in pandering to the desire of purchasers by boasting of
the achievements of their machines in that respect. The electric
cutter suffered most from this kind of abuse. The compressed-
air machine stopped and refused to move, and there being no
flywheel-effect, as in the case of the electric cutter, little or no
harm was done to the working part«. In this respect, the
three-phase machine was superior to the direct-curi'ent, and
what many people formerly regarded as a vice was in reality
a virtue. This tendency of the three-rhase machine to pull up
when overloaded certainly did prevent the machine from being
abused to the same extent as the direct-current — actual experi-
ence shewing that the cost of upkeep was distinctly less per ton
than with the direct-current machine.

He (Mr. Shaw) had had an opportunity of comparing the work-
ing of two similar cutters by the same makers, a three-phase and
a direct-current, both cutting to the same depth in hard fire-clay
in the same seam. The direct-current machine was driven at
the highest possible speed, and the average cut per shift was
about 60 per cent, greater than with the three-phase machine : it
being impossible, for the reason sta/ted above, to drive the
• Trans, Inst. M. E., 1906, vol. xxxi., page 388.

VOL. ZXXII.— 1906-1907. 35

504 DISCUSSION — ^PEACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING.

latter at greater speed. The wear-and-tear on the g^earing,.
shafts and bearings was at least four times as great in the direct-
current cutter. Shafts which were never bent or strained in the-
three-phase machine continually gave trouble in the direct-current
cutter, and bearings and gearing, which only lasted weeks in.
the latter, lasted as many months in the other machine.

With regard to the actual cost of picks and repairs, Mr.
Mavor's figures seemed very low. The results at Hulton colliery
for the same items, taken over a period of three years with a
number of cutters, both direct-current and three-phase, workings
in seams ranging from 23 to 48 inches, show a minimum cost of
6'4d. per ton ; and, during one year, the cost had been as high
as ll*4d. for a group of five machines. The accounts from which
these costs were taken had been most carefully kept and included
all wages, material and stores chargeable to the repairs and
maintenance of the coal-cutting machines.

Mr. Mavor suggested a system of periodically overhauling
coal-cutters after the manner of rolling stock; and this was no
doubt an excellent idea where the number of machines in the
same mine warranted it. A fairly successful system was to give
a fitter charge of two coal-cutters, not necessarily in the same
mine, and to make him responsible for keeping them in proper
working order. It was his duty to go down and see the cutter
actually working at least every other shift; and this, in addition
to giving him the opportunity of seeing the working parts in

DISCUSSION — PRACTICAL PBOBLEMS OF MACHINE-iaNING. 505

dases of bearings being completely worn out in a few days' time
owing to neglect of lubrication, followed by the impossibility of
effective lubrication after tlie bearing clearances had become ex-
cessive. Gearing, too, very rapidly deteriorated after the relative
position of the shaft had been allowed to alter owing to wear in
the bearings. With bevil-gearing this was particularly the case,
and he had recollection of two bevil-wheels, costing something
like £10, completely ruined in three shifts owing to the want of
proper adjustment. In his experience, bevil-gearing required a
great deal of skill and intelligence to adjust; its use in coal-
cutters should, he thought, be avoided as far as possible, and,
where it was used, proper provision should be made for taking up
the end-thrust. This latter was a point to which many makers
seemed to pay insufficient attention. He thought, also, that
all gearing, wherever possible, should be enclosed and run in a
thick oil-bath. Mr. Mavor pointed out that the coal-cutter was
a machine-tool of special design, working under exceptionally
trying conditions. In his experience, the fitter who was respon-
sible for repairing it should be highly skilled and intelligent, and
should if possible have had some experience of the making of
machine-tools. Mr. Mavor advised care in the use of lubricants.
The ordinary cheap engine-oil, as used for colliery-purposes,
was certainly useless for lubricating anything but the slowest
running shafts of coal-cuttei-s ; and when melted with a large
proportion of solidified oil, it was found very satisfactory for use
on enclosed gearing.

Mr. Mavor stated that the alternating-current squirrel-cage
motor, with the switch submerged in oil, afforded the greatest
security, but that the use of oil in switches should be avoided if
possible. AVhy should it bo avoided ? He had had such a switch
in use on a coal-cutter for three years, he had had absolutely no
trouble due to the oil, and he (K)uld state that it was the most satis-
factory switch that he had used on any coal-cutter. So long as the
oil-switch was designed to have a proper head of oil above the
sparking points and the insulation of the switch and leads was of
such a nature that the oil had no deteriorating action on it, the oil-
switch was, in his opinion, the best switch for underground
alternating-current work. There was the objection that the
oil might leak or waste away, but this should not occur in any
properly-designed switch; and it was not so serious a difficulty

506 DISCUSSION — ^PEACTICAL PBOBLEMS OF MACHINE-MINING.

as that of keeping intact the lid-joint of the ordinary coal-cutter
switch.

Most people would agree with Mr. Mavor's statement that
the chief risk attending coal-cutters lay in the trailing cable,
and this, he thought, pointed to the moral that these cables
should be carefully designed and made of the best material.
Cheap low-grade cables should not be tolerated. He formerly
had had serious trouble with the trailing cables, chiefly owing to
the unsuitability of their design, but he had now used for several
years cables made to his own design, with entirely satisfactory
results. The main features of the construction of these cables
were as follows; — ^A thick padding surrounding each conductor
over the insulation ; a copper-wire armouring, of small gauge,
serving as an earth-shield ; and an outer braiding of hard and
durable waterproofed cord. These cables had a long life, were
exceedingly flexible and handy, and were almost proof against
breakdown due to falling materials and similar damage.

With regard to power-supply, Mr. Mavor pointed out the high
cost of generating when power was produced by an independent
plant put down for coal-cutting only. Where a power-company's
supply was available, there was little doubt that power for this
purpose could be bought more cheaply than it could be produced
by an independent supply; and where electric power was used
for other purposes, if the total amount was comparatively small,
and the demand was intermittent and of a highly fluctuating
ekaracter, the purchaso of power would in many caaes he the

DISCUSSION — ^THE COUBBI&RES EXPLOSION. 507

DISCUSSION OF MESSRS. W N. ATKENSON AND A. M.
HENSHAWS PAPER ON "THE COFRRlilRES
EXPLOSION."*

Mr. A. M. Henshaw, after -givmg a detailed description of the
explosion, said that the pits produced little fire-damp, and the best
evidence of that was that none was found after the explosion.
When the members considered the area covered by the explosion,,
it was impossible to believe that even a sudden outburst of fire-
damp could have fouled so extensive a ran^ of workings, and
caused such an explosion as would account for all the effects
observed. The roads were dry and dusty, especially the parts
traversed by flame. The disastrous result was to be attributed to
coal-dust alone.

Before the authors' visit, some of the main roads had been
cleaned, without indications being recorded. They traced the
indications to a common source, and this led them to the north
side of No. 3 pit at the 1,070 feet (326 metre) level. On May
18th, one of the writers went into the road in the Marie seam from
the Josephine seam, and foimd leading indications ; and on May
22nd, Mr. Heurteau found a blown-out shot-hole in the face of the
Lecoeuvre heading in the Josephine seam. This shot-hole, as the
point of origin, was consistent with all the other indications found.
The most probable explanation was that the shot in question had
missed fire on the previous day ; that at the time of the explosion
the men were engaged in cutting out the shot ; and that in doing
so they struck the detonator and exploded the charge. He (Mr.
Henshaw), therefore, attributed the explosion to a blown-out shot
and coal-dust.

He (Mr. Henshaw) hoped that his brief remarks would enable
the members to follow the discussion with interest. He directed
particular attention to the important lesson to be drawn from
the disaster, that the great extent of the explosion and the
terrible loss of life were due to the presence of dry coal-dust in
the roadways and workings of the mines ; and in this, the most
disastrous explosion ever recorded in the historj^ of coal-minings
the dangers of coal-dust were, in his opinion, most clearly
demonstrated.

Mr. Henry Hall (H.M. Inspector of Mines) said that it was
• Trans. InaU M, E.y 1906, vol. xxxii., pages 439 and 340.

508 DISCUSSION — THE COU£&I£££S EXPLOSIOX.

absolutely necessary that all the facts should have been brought
before the members in the interests of the British mines. The
members would all agree that the enquiry had been put into
most excellent keeping, in the hands of Mr. Atkinson and Mr.
Henshaw. It remained for the members to enquire into the
matter fully. He hoped that the result would be that some steps
would be taken such as would render so appalling a disaster
impossible in this countr5\ So far as the criticism of the paper
was concerned, it struck him as most singular that the whole of
the information depended upon what the authors thought them-
selves. When they had an enquiry in Great Britain, an
endeavour, as far as possible, was made to f^ei information from
those who worked in the pit on previous days, and from any of
the survivors. Information of that kind was absolutely absent
in this enquiry, and that he thought was possibly the greatest
drawback that could be mentioned with regard to the enquiry
itself. The paper itself was most complete and reflected great
credit on the authors. Speaking generally, he (Mr. Hall)
thought that the conclusion of the authors of the paper was
right — that the disaster was caused solely by coal-dust — but the
details were open to criticism, where, for instance, they
endeavoured to fix the origin of the explosion. The membei-s
all knew that this was most difficult, and it very seldom had been
done with absolute certainty. He thought, however, that the
authors could be excused if they had not quite satisfied the
meimbers with regard to the site of the explosion. They bad

DISCUSSION THE COURRIERES EXPLOSION. 609

experimental station, not 150 feet long but 1,500 feet long, and
45ee whether that model gallery could be blown up by coal-dust in
the way suggested. If it could not be blown up in this way, then
mine-owners ought not to be called upon to undertake the pre-
cautionary watering of their mines. He was afraid that mining
•engineers in France were unprepared for such an explosion as
that which occurred; and it seemed to him that they had very
little knowledge of how to proceed after the disaster, and many
steps were taken of very doubtful utility. He was not quite
-certain that mining engineers in Great Britain were in a much
better position. When an explosion occurred in this country,
there was no one upon whom the duty devolved of saying what
steps should be taken to rescue those left in the mine. He
thought that some action should be taken, so that some person
or some committee should be consulted before any mine was
closed, while men dead or alive remained in it. To put the
responsibility, however, solely on H.M. inspector of mines was
almost more than any man should bear.

Mr. John Gerrard (H.M. Inspector of Mines) congratulated
the authors on the success which they had attained ; and the ful-
ness of the information given proved the immense pains that
they must have taken. It was fitting that such a terrible catas-
trophe, the greatest in the annals of mining, should be
thoroughly enquired into by British mining engineers, and he
thought that it would be impossible to have found anyone better
qualified than the authors of the paper. One could not but be
struck by the extraordinary facilities rendered them : the owners
of the collieries, their engineers, and the inspectors of mines
must have received the authors with open arms; and for his
part, he was anxious that this should be fully recognized.

The cause of the immense loss of life at Courrieres opened out
a wide field for discussion — the shafts, the roadways connecting
the workings with the shafts, coal-dust, explosives, underground
fires, discipline, mines-inspection, etc. If there was anything
to be learned from that terrible disaster, it was their duty to
apply the lessons to British mines with a view to the prevention
of a similar loss of life in this country. Mr. A. 31. Henshaw had
spoken of the cause of that disaster as being a blown-out shot.
He (Mr. Gerrard) was not going to differ from him, but he would

(

510 DISCUSSION — THE COUERIERES EXPLOSION.

like to examine the question for a moment, because on previous,
occasions shots had been called blown-out shots, which, to his
mind, were not blown-out shots at all. Could this be directly
called a blown-out shot? In point of fact, it would not have
been fired if the detonator had not been exposed. It was sup-
posed that the detonator was struck by a pick. The starting of
the force in this case was quite different from that seen so many
times at the start of a coal-dust explosion. The smashing of the
air-pipe, which took the air from the face, was in itself
interesting ; and, if fire-damp had been found, the members could
understand the bursting of the pipes in that extraordinary out-
ward manner, or coal-dust in the pipe might explain it. He
regretted that there was no information with regard to the
amount of ventilation that passed through the mine. He asked
whether the Government officials, in taking possession of the
mine, acted on their own initiative absolutely or whether they
consulted with the engineers.

Mr. A. M. Henshaw replied that they consulted with the^
engineers.

Mr. Gerrard remarked that it was foreign to his experience.
It had always been customary to work together with the engineers
that assembled; and nothing was done without the approval of
the engineers. The direction of operations by Government
officials seemed to be open to very serious question, and was^
extremely undesirable. One of the most interesting points in

DISCUSSION — ^THE COUEEliRES EXPLOSION. 511?

was burnt by tbe ig^nition of fire-damp by a naked ligrbt, and
some fire-damp was met with in the lowest level in Tfos. 4 and 11
pits in 1903, 1904 and 1905. It seemed that all hope of any
survivors being in the pit appeared to have been abandoned up
to the time of the appearance of 13 men, twenty days after the
explosion. It was stated that the blast did not appear to have
been so violent as in some British explosions, yet that there were
traces of violence in some parts and notably in the intake-air-
ways. Then in connection with the fire, which was discovered
in the C^cile seam before the explosion, it was a rather strang-e
coincidence that the stoppings were closed just a. little time befoPb-
the explosion took place. The mode of re-entry after the explosion
did not meet with general approval. Four days after the*
explosion, there was a general strike of the miners throughout
the Pas-de-Calais district. A new trade-union was formed, and
five days afterwards the Minister of the Interior had an inter-
view with the officials. The iron door for passage, which was
introduced in each stopping, when extinguishing the first fire
in the Josephine seam gave rise to the allegation that the restora-
tion of the mine was more the object in view than the rescue of
the entombed miners; and that resulted soon afterwards in a
change being made. Bitter attacks found expression against
the explorers, although some of them lost their lives in their
endeavours. The miners' agents on the Commission of Inquiry
made a premature minority report, throwing the responsibility on
the owners, alleging repeated warnings to them that the mine
was dangerous. The majority report, however, followed and
cleared the engineers of all blame, and testified to their exer-
tions. A member of the Mines Commission of the Chamber of
Deputies visited the mine and took evidence; and, afterwards,
in a debate in the Chamber, criticized the owners, to the eftect
that the State engineers were insufficient in number and the
functions of the miners' agents too restricted, — the result being
to rely ujwn the declaration of the Government to ascertain
tne responsibilities, and, if occasion arose, to enforce all require-
ments of the law. Meanwhile, the Parquet at Bethune
acquitted the State engineers of all blame in the recent opera-
tions; and it was stated that medical examination of tlie bodies^
had established the opinion that of the bodies recovered none,,
so far as ascertained, had survived the day of the explosion.

^12 DISCUSSION — THE COUREIERES EXPLOSION.

For the purposes of his report, Mr. W. X. Atkinson went
underground eighteen times between May 4th and 18th, and
between June 22nd and 29th, the first view being made 55 days
after the explosion. Mr. Henshaw also seemed to have
made ample views. Before the commencement of the view,
therefore, exploration had ©fifected many changes, and road-wa3'^s
formerly dry and dusty had become wet with water. Steam
also from the water used in extinguishing the first fire in the
Josephine seam had moistened some roadways.

After tracing the direction of the explosion, the writers came
to the conclusion that it was caused through a blown-out shot
in the Lecoeuvre heading, that probably the shot was fired while
the men were attempting to cut it out, and that in all probability
it was a dust-explosion without the presence of gas. The writers,
however, agreed that the actual cause might never be ascertained ;
and, in coming to this conclusion, they gave some good, although
not completely convincing, reasons. The mines were singularly
free from fire-damp, and were chiefly worked with naked lights.
Pai-tially coked dust was observed in the parts traversed by
flame. The first fire in the Josephine seam was attributed to the
flame of the explosion; and the second fire was attributed to
the same cause. The former fire was found in the return-airway
of the Cecile seam three or four days before the explosion, the
explosion following soon after the closing of the stoppings, and
as the explosion did not appear to have occurred at the fire, it
was supposed that gas was distilled from the fire into the

DISCUSSION THE COUHEIERES EXPLOSION. 518

apparently that ignition might light coal-dust. If fire-damp
aided, naked lights were unsafe in dusty mines, unless watered.
The explosion opened out a wide field for experiment ana discus-
sion. The experimeots made by Mr. Henry Hall* with gun-
powder and other explosives fired from a cannon into sprinkled
coal-dust in an old shaft showed clearly that such dust could
be ignited and some force developed, yet in these experiments
as seen by himself the force was less destructive than in ordinary
fire-damp explosions. Similar lack of vigour was noticed at the
Courrieres collieries. He (Mr. Dickinson) had produced a spark
many times from compressed air alone, but never repeated from
the same body of air once exploded. It would be interesting to
know the amount of ventilation at the Courrieres collieries,
as it was not stated by the authors. Also, whether among such
extensive workings any new opening was being made on the dip,
from which atmospheric pressure might have helped fire-
<lamp to ascend into the workings. Such sudden appearances
had occurred; or the stoppings, shutting oft* the tire in the
Cecile seam, might have disarranged the ventilation. Of the
total number of safety-lamps enjoined by the regulations, 250
were used in Nos. 4 and 11 pits and the other 90 in Xo. 2 pit.
All these lamps were in use in the pits that exploded. The
rescue-operations had been criticized, but he would say that such
operations required nerve and care. As to this point it should be
noted that after-damp and fire-damp are poisonous gases unless
diluted, and therefore pits containing such might not be entered
with impunity for a longer time than a person could hold his
breath unless he was provided with some reliable breathing
apparatus. It was satisfactory to know that the report of the
officials of the Courts of Justice on the responsibilities and points
of law was expected to contain much valuable evidence.

The Peesident (Mr. Charles Pilkington) remarked that there
appeared to have been a certain amount of interference by the
State engineers in the management of the pits, with which he
certainly did not agree. He could hardly believe that it was a

* Report of Experiments to te^t the Effects of Blanting with Gunpoxoder in
Dry and Dusty Colliery Workings in the Entire Absence of Fire-damp, by Mr.
Henry Hall, 1890 ; and Report madt by desire of the Secretary of State to the Royal
Commission on Explosions from Coed-dust in Mines, by Mr. Henry Hall, 1893
iC.^7,185J.

514

DISCTTjSSION — THE COUBEI^RES EXPLOSION.

fact. It was the last thing that a British inspector of mines,
would desire. The engineers and managers, responsible for a
pit before an explosion, were the men to take charge of it after
the accident. H.M. inspectors of mines were, of course, always,
present on such occasions, and rendered valuable assistance, and
tneir advice was always gladly received; but, if they took the
management out of the hands of the colliery engineers, he could
quite understand that things might go wrong.

LANCASHUtE AND YORKSHIRE COAL-MEASURES. 515

MANCHESTER GEOLOGICAL AND MINING SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING,

Hbld ni THX Rooms of thx Sooistt, Quiin's Chambxbs,

5, John DAim>N Strsbt, Manchxsteb,

Januabt 8th, 1907.

Mb. CHARLES PILKINGTON, Pbbsidbnt, in the Chaxb.

The following gentlemen were elected, having been previously
nominated : —

Membbbs—
Mr. James Files, Mining Engineer, 402, Bolton Road, Clifton, Manchester.
Mr. T. Oliveb Cross, Mining Engineer, 77* King Street, Manchester.

Associate Member—
Mr. Wilfrid Benjamin Wainewbioht, Los Angeles, California, United
States of America.

Mr. William Watts, delegate of the Society to the meeting
of the Corresponding Societies of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, held at York on August 2nd and 7th,
1906, read his report of that meeting.

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SECTIONS OF COAL-
MEASURES FROM RISHTON, LANCASHIRE, TO
PONTEFRACT, YORKSHIRE.

Mr. John Gerrabd (H.M. Inspector of Mines) exhibited hori-
zontal and vertical sections of the Coal-measures from Rishton,
in Lancashire, to Pontefract, in Yorkshire. The section had been
prepared, on the Lancashire side, by Mr. William Pickup, of
Rishton colliery, who had shewn the position of the Upper and
Lower Mountain mines, in connection with the district of Rish-
ton; by Mr. George Elce, who had shewn the position of the
Arley mine, and the Upper and Lower Mountain mines at
Altham ; and by Mr. Edgar O. Bolton, of Burnley colliery, who

616 DISCUSSION — LVALUE OF FOSSIL HOLLUSCA.

had shown in a very clear manner the position of the seams in
the Burnley district. The first portion was carried to the end of
the Lancashire basin, then came the moorlands through the
Millstone and other grits until the Yorkshire coal-field was
reached. The section shewed the Halifax seams which were said to
correspond to the Mountain mines of Lancashire ; it was extended
to Bradford, Low Moor and Cleckheaton, until it included the
higher seams, such as the Middleton Main, which might or
might not have some relation to the Arley mine; and finally
it showed the thicker seams near Xormanton, and so on to Ponte-
fract. The section was really the outcome of a discussion which
took place some six or seven years ago. A Committee was
appointed of members of tbis Society and of the Midland Institute
of Mining, Civil and Mechanical Engineers, to work together and
try to correlate the seams of Lancashire with those of Yorkshire.
He (Mr. Gerrard) did not say that the section carried matters veiy
much forward in connection with the work of coiTclation, but it
was a first step, and shewed the position of the diilerent coal-
seams; and upon this section mining engineers could advance
their favourite theories so far as they chose to go. The section
now exhibited belonged to friends in Yorkshire, and before hand-
ing it over to them he thought that it might be shewn at this
meeting. The distance covered by the section was about 60
miles. The absolute break between the two districts was clearly
shown. He was very grateful to the gentlemen he had named
for the* work that tbey had done.

DISCUSSION — VALUE OF FOSSIL MOLLUSCA. 51T

fordshire; and with, this key to their sequence it was com-
paratively an easy matter to go to the other coal-fields and see how
far the sequence held in them. The presence of these different
forms was a true indication of the coal-seams in their vicinity.
It was everybody's experience that one never found anything^
unless one looked specifically for it, and that one always found
what one looked for specifically. If these forms were diligently
looked for, he believed that they would be found. In Yorkshire,
workers were taking up this matter in earnest, and he did not
doubt that in a very few years they would be able^ to add very
much to their store of knowledge of this question. Mining engi-
neers required some scheme for the unification of their know-
ledge of the Coal-measures, so that when a man, who had been
trained in one coal-field and knew its sequence, went to another
coal-field he could, almost at once (if the knowledge were codified
and registered and recorded), pass from the sequence of the new
coal-field to that with which he was already familiar.

To some extent that need was met by classification of the
Coal-measures, and classification had been taken up by different
workers and based on different grounds. Almost everybody had
adopted the Upper, Middle and Lower Coal-measure divisions
until the last few years. That classification had the advantage of
being rough-and-ready, but a division, a threefold division, of
3,000 feet or more of Coal-measures was not, and never could be,
refined enough for the practical needs of the mining engineer,
who wanted to know with much greater particularity where he
was, in proving faults, in putting down bore-holes, and in sink-
ing, than simply to know whether he was in the Upper, Middle or
Lower Coal-measures. Another disadvantage of that scheme was
that the Upper, Middle and Lower divisions of one district were
not correlative with the Upper, Middle and Lower divisions
respectively .of other coal-fields. That was a serious disadvan-
tage; people acquainte<l with the characteristics of, say, the
Middle Coal-measures of one coal-field, when they went to
another coal-field were often misled. They found that certain
organic forms were either present in, or absent from, the Middle
Coal-measures in the new district, and the result was that they
had to get their bearings afresh, ah initio, for the new coal-field.
The Upper, Middle and Lower terms had been adopted by palaeo-
botanists ; but the trouble was that they had so many transition

-618

DISCUSSIOK — VALUE OF FOSSIL HOLLUSCA.

series. As a matter of fact, the Coal-measures were one great
transition series so far as fossil plants were concerned, and tliat
introduced an amount of uncertainty into the correlation by
plant-remains that was most perplexing to the practical mining
engineer. Then, there was a recent classification based on
•colour, such as a red, or a g^rey, or a pale-grey, or a red-and-grey
series. Xow, no classification of the Coal-measures based on
colour could be of much service to the mining engineer. Colour
was, geologically, one of the most uncertain things, depending,
us it did, so largely on fortuitous changes produced by weather-
ing, and it was unsafe to base any classification of the
Coal-measures on the fact that a majority of the strata were either
grey or red. Practical mining engineers had attempted the cor-
relation of the coal-seams of individual fields by reference to
their physical characters, and by comparing sections of coal-
seams of a certain thickness and quality, and lying at a certain
depth above or below other seams of a certain thickness and
quality. They had, on such data, joined up one seam with
another, and that was what he called ** the arm-chair method of
correlation." It was based on the variable data above-men-
tioned ; and a classification that was based on such variable data
<;ould not be reliable. Eventually he had been driven to try
the system of correlation by the mollusca.

There was, he (Mr. Stobbs) found, considerable scepticism as
to the value of these fossil shells, and it rested with those who

DISCUSSION — LVALUE OF FOSSIL M0LLX7SCA. 619

•arig^ht, would convey useful knowledge as to the true horizon of
the strata.

Instances where the mollusca would be of special service, and
examples where they had already proved so, might be cited:
in coal-fields like those of Lancashire and Yorkshire, where the
Coal-measures were overlain unconformably by newer rocks
(Triassic or Permian), great care should be exercised when
sinking through them to the underlying Coal-measures. It
was of the first importance that the mining engineer should
know, when he had sunk or bored through the former, the
horizon reached in the Coal-measures, and undoubtedly mollusca
would be able to help him most. His (Mr. Stobbs') confidence on
this point was based on experience gained in mining operations,
as he had proved the utility of mollusca in determining horizons
even in borings. In the Cheadle coal-field, a bore-hole was put
through measures which had never been passed through before
and were not exposed at the surface, and it was important that
the parties responsible for the bore-hole should know what seams
had been passed through. The fossils found in a core, 3 inches
in diameter, enabled him to identify the Four-feet seam ; and a
further examination of the cores shewed a new marine bed about
-81 feet above the Dilhome coal-seam of that district. About a
year later, when a shaft was being sunk in the same coal-field,
he found the same marine bed, and he was able, therefore, to
state that 81 feet lower down they would get the Dilhome coal-
seam ; and some months later that coal was found at that exact
depth. Of course, great care was required; the shells should be
•authoritatively recognized, and their diagnostic value should be
properly assessed.* He (Mr. Stobbs) appealed to the younger
members to assist him, as workers were needed in every coal-field.
In taking up this work they would have the satisfaction of feel-
ing that they were making discoveries and adding to scientific
knowledge, and that they were acquiring skill in recognizing
the different forms and in looking for them. He assumed that
the members would agree that the engineers of the future had
their work cut out for them, and it was the more necessary^ that
in this generation they should settle the question of the distri-
bution of mollusca in the Coal-measures, so that this problem, at
any rate, would not be a future source of uncertainty and anxiety.

• Trans, InM, M. E,, 1905, vol. xxx., page 456.

VOL. XZXU.>la06-1907. 36

520

DISCUSSION — VALUE OF FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.

In the future, as a result of accurate accumulated work in differ-
ent coal-fields, this question, now in portions of the sequence in
a state of undesirable uncertainty, would be so established that it
would be possible to define the position of any seam or band in
the Coal-measures with the certainty that one now, in the case
of winding-engines of given power, determined the quantity of
coal that could be raised from a certain depth in a given time.

Mr. H. Stanley Athebton urged the desirability of forming
a band of workers in this field of enquiry' who would render to
Lancashire something of that service which Dr. Wheelton Hind
and Mr. J. T. Stobbs had rendered to Xorth Staffordshire.

Mr. A. RusnTON exhibited fossils found in the roof of the
Wigan Nine-feet or Trencherbone seam, at Maypole colliery,
Abram. They formed part of a shell-bed lying on the roof,
within 3 feet of the coal-seam. He had worked the Trencherbone
seam in the Manchester district, and the Wigan Nine-feet in
collieries lying to the north of Wigan, but he had not found
these shells previously in the roof of that coal-seam. They
appeared to be of a local distribution at Majrpole colliery.

Mr. William Ollerenshaw remarked that mining engineers
and others who had experience in coal-mining were agreed that
a more reliable method and system of correlating coal-seams was
required, as it had been repeatedly proved that the present
system was unreliable. The Two-feet or cannel coal-seam, in the

DISCUSSIOK — LVALUE OF FOSSIL M0LLX7SCA. 621

ceed on the lines advocated by Mr. Stobbs, it would prove a much
safer method, and that the present unsatisfactory correlation of
coal-seams would be improved in the future.

Dr. Wheelton Hind said that he was pleaded to find that his
work on the Coal-measure moUusca of twelve years ag^ was
bearing good fruit, and delighted that Mr. Stobbs was proving
the value of these fossils in practical mining. He (Dr. Hind)
approached these fossils from a biological standpoint at first,
and it was only later on that the accumulation of facts of distri-
bution shewed him the value of certain species as accurate indices
of horizons in the Coal-measures. He had attempted to sketch
out the distribution of the genera Carbonicola, Anthracomya and
Naiadites, as far as was then possible, in the strata of the various
coal-fields of Great Britain. One zone of great importance,
characterized by the presence of Anthracomya Phillipsi, denoted
the top of the workable coal series in most of the coal-fields. At
Bristol, a higher zone occurred, but this was recognized by its
flora. Marine could be readily distinguished from non-
marine bands, as the structure of marine shells, their ornament,
large tfeeth, and anatomy differed markedly from those of fresh-
water forms. In marine bands. Gasteropoda, or coiled shells.
Cephalopoda or chambered shells, and Brachiopoda occurred
with lamellibranchs, but were never found in freshwater beds
where the shells belonged to the Unio type, just as in the rivers
and lakes of to-day.

Mr. William Pickup said that a correction should be made in
the paper.* The words " Upper Mountain " should read " Upper
Foot.*' The marine shells referred to were not found above the
Upper Mountain, they were always found above the Bullion or
Upper Foot coal, a seam lower in the series than the Upper Moun-
tain, and generally found by itself, but sometimes it combined
with the Lower Mountain mine.

Mr. John Gebrakd sincerely hoped that some of the younger
members would take up this work. He was quite sure that if
the.y once got interested in it they would go on and never regret
their perseverance. The work was not only interesting, but
exceedingly valuable in connection with mining.

• Traits, Imt. M. E., 1905, vol. xxx., page 449, Lancashire coal-field,
paragraph [d).

522 DISCUSSIOK — VALUE OF FOSSIL MOLLTJSCA.

Mr. Walter Baldwin wrote that Mr. Stobbs and Dr.
Wheelton Hind were to be congratulated upon the good work
that they had done in Staffordshire. They had shewn that
" zoning " the Goal-measures could be carried out upon a sound
basis. He regretted that, in the Lancashire and other coal-fields,
mining engineers had been slow to search for and to adopt these
useful indices. The key which Mr. Stobbs and Dr. Wheelton
Hind had discovered in Staffordshire would, he believed,
undoubtedly open the doors of other coal-fields. He regretted that
in the Lancashire coal-field, the material, at present to hand, was
scanty, and the field-workers were few; and, until both were
increased, the value of moUusca would not appeal to the practical
man. He hoped that the effect of Mr. Stobbs' paper and the
present discussion would be that all members, who were engaged
in sinking or driving drifts, would look out for fossil mol-
lusca; let them note as nearly as possible the vertical distance
above or below the nearest seam of coal, and submit the fossils
to some recognized expert for determination. The result of such
observations, when collected, would prove most useful and of
great value to all engaged in the coal-mining industry as well as
to the general geological student.

Whilst engaged as resident engineer, a few years ago, in
sinking a deep puddle-trench for a reservoir, he (Mr. Baldwin)
encountered three thin coal-seams associated with a marine band
containing Goniatites, Orthx)ceras, Pterinopecten, etc. He was
thus able to refer the coals to the Holcombe or Brooksbottoms

DISCUSSION — LVALUE OF FOSSIL MOLLUSCA. 628

(de Koninck), 0. obttisum (Brown), 0. Browni and 0. subsulcaium;
Glyphioceras reticxdatum (Phillips) ; Dimorphoceras Gilbertsoni
(Phillips) ; and Gastrioceras carhonarium (L. von Buch), and G.
Listeri (Martin). A very similar assemblage holds good for
Starring, Deamley, Dulesgate and Besom Hill, near Shaw. About
135 feet above the Arley mine at Sparth, near Rochdale,* he (Mr.
Baldwin) had found Carbonicola acuta in large numbers associated
with C, turgida (not common) and C, rohusta (rare) ; and
Naiadites modiolaris, N. triangularis, N, carinata and N, elongaia.
These were accompanied by that wonderful collection of Arthro-
poda discovered last year by Mr. W. A. Parker and exhibited
and described by Dr. Henry Woodward at the meeting of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science held at
York. He (Mr. Baldwin) asked whether any Arthropoda had
been found at or about this horizon above the Cockshead coal-
seam of North Staffordshire. In his opinion, this horizon ought
to be watched at many localities, as well in Yorkshire, as in
Nottinghamshire, Lancashire and in North Staffordshire. '

Mr. Joseph Dickinson, F.G.S., wrote requesting that the
name of the coal-seam with which the well-known fossil-horizon
occurred in the Lower series of the Lancashire coal-field, might
be corrected in the present paper. t It was erroneously called
the Upper Mountain instead of the Upper Foot coal-seam : the
Upper Mountain being a seam higher in the series than the
Upper Foot seam. In East Lancashire, this well-marked horizon
continued over and with the Foot coal alone. But in North
Lancashire, the Foot coal dipped down to the Gannister coal, and
the two together formed the Four-feet Mountain mine in North
Lancashire.

Mr. J. T. Stobbs accepted the correction concerning the use
of the name Upper Foot instead of Upper Mountain mine
printed in his paper. Referring to Mr. Rushton's remarks, he
said that he would like to know whether it had been actually
demonstrated that the Wigan Nine-feet seam was the Trencher-

* ** Notes on the Palseontolosy of Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale," by Mr. W.
Baldwin, Tranmctiona of the Rochdale Literary and Scientific Society ^ 1903-1905,
voL viii., page 82; and ** Bellinurua bellulus from Sparth, Rochdale," by Mr.
W. Baldwin, Trawfoctions of the Manchester Geological and Mining Society,
1903, vol. xxviiL, page 198.

t Trans, Inst, M. E., 1905, voL zxx., page 449, Lancashire coal-field, para-
graph (d).

624 DISCUSSION — LVALUE OF FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.

bone seam. He appreciated Mr. Ollerenshaw's reference to the
necessity of having some more reliable guide to the nature of
coal-seams than the lithological features that had hitherto been
80 much trusted by mining engineers.

The President (Mr. Charles Pilkington) suggested that a
committee of the members should be formed to carry on these
investigations.

TRANSACTIONS. 525

THE NORTH OF ENGLAND INSTITUTE OF MINING
AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

GENERAL MEETING,

Hbld in the Wood Memorial Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne,

December 8th, 1906.

Mr. J. H. MERIVALE, President, in the Chair.

The Secretary read the minutes of the last General Meeting,
and reported the proceedings of the Council at their meetings
on November 24th and that day.

The following gentlemen were elected, having been previously
nominated : —

Members—

Mr. Walter Robert Abel, Mechanical Engineer, 8, Queen's Gardens,
Benton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. Evan Cockburn, Colliery Manager, Waldridge Colliery, Chester-le-
Street.

Mr. John Aijjin Cunningham, Inspector of Boilers, P.O. Box 59, Dundee,
Natal, South Africa.

Mr. George Dixon, Colliery Manager, c/o Messrs. Bird and Company, 100
and 101, Clive Street, Calcutta, India.

Mr. Clement Jones, Colliery Manager, Neath Colliery, Cessnock, New South
Wales, Australia.

Mr. George Henry Hall Scott, Mining Engineer, 3, Eldon Square, New-
castle-upon-Tyne.

Associate Members —
Mr. William Eastwood, 93, Scar Lane, Milnsbridge, Huddersiield.
Mr. James Parmley Graham, 26, Cloth Market, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Mr. Robert Norman Redmayne, Woodside, Low Fell, Gateshead-upon-Tyne.

Associates—

Mr. Tom Stkwartson Cockbain, Under-manager, Usworth Colliery, Wash-
ington Station, S.O., County Durham.

Mr. Thomas Crawpord, Surveyor, The Croft, Wrekenton, Gateshead-upon-
Tyne.

526 DISCUSSION — DEPOSITS IX A PIT-FALL AT TANFIELD LEA.

Mr. John George Guy, Under-manager, Manor House, Wardley Colliery^

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Mr. Andrew Paitison, Back-overman, Clara Vale Colliery, Ryton, S.O.,.

County Durham.
Mr. Henry Richardson, Master-shifter, Clara Vale Colliery, Ryton, S.O.,.

County Durham.
Mr. William Ridley, Jun., Surveyor, Mary Pit, Blaydon-upon-Tyne, S.O.,.

County Durham.

Students—
Mr. Andrew D. Brydon, Mining Student, Millbum, Darlington.
Mr. Archibald Felce Dick-Cleland, Mining Student, 9, Cross Street, Cam-
borne.
Mr. John Ai^red Lister, Mining Student, 18, Baff Street, Spennymoor.
Mr. Thomas John Muse, Jun., Mining Student, Comsay Colliery, Durham.
Mr. Robert Powlby Wild, Mining Student, 9, Cross Street, Camborne.

DISCUSSION OF DR. J. A. SMYTHE'S PAPER O^
"DEPOSITS IN A PIT-FALL AT TANFIELD LEA,
TANTOBIE, COUNTY DURHAM."*

Dr. J. A. Smythe submitted samples of the deposit, a black
gelatinous substance or ** black stuff,'' found under an. old peat-
bed in a pit-fall at Tantobie. It was distinguished by a conceTi^
trie arrangement of layers and conchoidal fracture, and evidently
corresponded to the saprokoll of Prof. H. Potonie. From its
occurrence only beneath the peat-bed, it was evidently derived
from the peat, a view which was strengthened by its similarity in
L-amposition ; and the higher nitrogen- eon tent was also in har-

DISCrSSION — THBEE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT. 527

as a transition-product between the cellulose of plants and some
of the more important constituents of coal. According to Prof.
H. Potonie's theory, it represented the raw material from which
cannel-coal was made.

Prof. Hexby Louis said that he had been very much
interested in Dr. Smythe's work, which demonstrated a possible
mode of origin of coal. The experiments of Dr. Martin Ekenberg,.
Stockholm, less known in this countiy than they deserved
to be, shewed that it was possible to convert peat into a
substance practically indistinguishable from ordinary coal, by
the action of superheated steam at high pressures. Those experi-
ments, taken in conjunction with Dr. Smythe's communication,,
seemed to offer some clue to the processes which converted woody
and peaty matter into coal.

Prof. P. P. Bedson congratulated Dr. Smythe on what must
be considered as a very valuable and interesting contribution
to the subject of the conversion of woody matter into coal.

The President (Mr. J. H. Merivale) said that Dr. Smythe
appeared to have supplied the missing link between vegetation
and coal.

DISCUSSION OF MR. W. MAURICE'S PAPER ON "A
RATEAU EXHAUST-STEAM-DRIVEN THREE-PHASE
HAULAGE PLANT."*

Mr. W. C. Mountain believed that there was an important
future for the Rateau turbine, in connection with the utilization
of the exhaust-steam from winding-engines. It was stated that,
one kilowatt could be produced for every 38 pounds of steam at
atmospheric pressure, exhausted to a vacuum of 26 inches from
a winding-engine ; and, consequently, if the winding-engine used
more than 38 pounds of steam per horsepower, more power would
be developed by the exhaust-steam than by the engine. In a
plant of this description near Doncaster, it was hoped that 1,000
kilowatts would be produced from the exhaust-steam of two
winding-engines, an additional amount of power from the

• Trana. Inst, M, E., 1906, vol. xxxii., page 118.

528 DISCUSSION — ^THBEE-PHASE HAULAGE PLANT.

oxhaust-steam that would otherwise have been wasted. He
understood that the plant at Hucknall colliery, described by Mr.
Maurice, was giving very economical results.

The President (Mr. J. H. Merival-e) remarked that the
arrangement seemed to be taking away the character of the old
winding-engine, in regard to which they had hitherto prided
themselves that it was the most wasteful of steam of any kind
of engine.

INFLAMMABILITY OF COAL-DUST AND AIE. 629

EXPERIMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE INFLAMMA-
BILITY OF MIXTURES OF COAL-DUST AND AIR.

By p. PHILLIPS BED80N, D.Sc, and HENRY WIDDAS, B.Sc.

Some years ago, Dr. Rud. Holtzwart and Dr. Ernst von Meyer
described* an apparatus for and a method of testing the inflam-
mability of mixtures of coal-dust and air. Briefly, the appar-
atus consisted of an arrangement whereby the dust wa« projected
by a blast of air through a gap between two platinum-wires,
and thus subjected to a series of electric sparks.

Experimenting in the manner described by Messrs. Holtzwart
and von Meyer, and convinced of the utility of this method of
examining the question of the inflammability of mixtures of
coal-dust and air, the authors have extended and modifled the
apparatus in such a way as to enable them to study the question
on a somewhat larger scale, and at the same time to gain, if
possible, information which may prove serviceable in investi-
gating' the question of explosions in which coal-dust and other
inflammable dusts play a part.

The apparatus consists of a bottle, a, about 116 cubic inches in
capacity, closed by a stopper, in which are three glass-tubes,
one, b, connected with a foot-bellows, a second, c, connected with
a U-tube, d, containing mercury and serving as a manometer,
whilst the third tube, e, is attached by indiarubber-tubing to the
explosion-apparatus. The explosion-apparatus consists of a glass-
tube, m, li inches in diameter, attached to a cubical tin-box, f,
4 inches long, provided with mica-windows, ^, at the back and
front, circular openings above, h, and below, ^, and, on either
side, cylindrical collars, j and k, serve as a means of attaching
the glass-tubes, I and m, 1^ inches in diameter. Through the
circular opening at the bottom, t, the gas-jet, g, used to inflame
the dust is introduced ; or the inflammation may be eftected by an
electrically-heated coil of platinum-wire, suspended between
copper-wires, introduced through L

* **Ueber die Ursachen von Explosionen in Braunkohlen-briquettefabriken
<The Causes of Explosions in Brown-coal Briquette Works)," Diiiglers Poly tech-
nUches Journal, 1891, vol. cclxxx., pages 185 to 190 and 237 to 240.

580

INFLAMMABILITY OF COAL-DUST AND AIB.

The method of working is as follows: — A weighed quantity
of dust is brought into the wide tube, 7n, on the left side of the
box, and the tube is closed by a cork, 5, carrying the glass-tube, n,
connected with the compressed-air supply. The air in the bottle
is compressed to the desired amount by the foot-bellows, the gas-
jet, q, having been brought into position in the box, the tap, />, is
quickly opened, and, by the blast of air, the dust is blown into
the flame, g, and the behaviour of the dust carefully noted.

Fio. L— Elevation op Dust- explosion Box.
Scale, 8 Inches to 1 Inch.

The first series of experiments shown comprized the ignition
of mixtures of finely-ground brown-coal and air by (a) electric
sparks, (b) a platinum-wire heated electrically, and (c) a small gas-
flame. In the second series of experiments, the behaviour of
finelv-jgi-Qund dust of each of the follnwiinr materiaLs was aht^wn, a

DISCUSSION INFLAMMABILITY OF COAL-DUST AND AIE.

581

inflammation. The different stages of the biiming of a mixture
of ordinary coal-gas and air, developing into explosive combus-
tion, was illustrated by an experiment.

Experiments were also shown in which the fact that mixtures
of air and dust of combustible materials comported themselves like
mixtures of air and a combustible gas was illustrated.
In these experiments an apparatus represented in
Fig. 2 was used. It consists of a glass- tube, a, 1^
inches in diameter and 3 inches long, closed at the
lower end by a cork, 6, through which passed a
funnel-shaped glass-tube, c, connected with a foot-
bellows ; the wide end of c was covered with cotton-
gauze, d. The upper end of a was covered by
cotton-gauze, 6, kept in position by a metal collar,/.
On the cotton-gauze, e, a quantity of coal-dust, g,
was placed, and into the collar, a tube, A, some
8 or 12 inches long was fitted. The whole apparatus
was held in a vertical position.

By means of a blast of air from the foot-
bellows, a cloud of dust was produced in the
vertical tube, h, and ignited by a flame brought
to the mouth, i, of the tube. When the dust
was burning at the open end, i, the air-current
was slackened and the flame was seen to travel
down the tube, h, igniting the explosive mixture
of air and dust in the loWer part of the tube.
The combustible dusts used in these experi-
ments were coal-dust, finely divided aluminium and
lycopodium.

Fio. 2.— Eleva-
tion OF DUST-
explosion
Tube.

Scale, 4 Inches
TO 1 Inch.

Prof. P. P. Bedson gave a demonstration with the apparatus
described in the paper, prefacing the demonstration with the
statement that he had the benefit of the collaboration of Mr.
Henry Widdas in this investigation, since Mr. Widdas, as the
holder of the Scholarship of the Institution of Mining and
Metallurgy given annually to Armstrong College, was enabled
to extend his years of study and devote himself to research.

Mr. W. C. Blackett asked what result might be expected if
the tubes were prolonged so as to have greater resistance, so to
speak, in front of the explosion. Would it be expected to develop

682 DISCUSSION — INFLAMMABILITY OF COAL-DUST AND AIB.

a greater pressure of the atmosphere and a corresponding increase
in the violence of the explosion ? In other words, would the air,
if it was at greater pressure, develop a higher explosive effect ?

Mr. F. CouLSON asked what would be the effect of a con-
tinuous supply of coal-dust throughout the full length of the
tube, and whether such a continuous supply of dust, if disturbed,
would increase the severity of. the explosion.

Mr. T. E. FoBSTEB asked whether Prof. Bedson proposed to
make any experiments, so as to shew what amount of moisture
should be present to make the dust non-explosive.

Mr. M. Ford asked what was the condition of the dust, in
regard to fineness, that had been used in the experiments.

Mr. P. KiRKUP asked, supposing that the tube were consider-
ably lengthened, and had a layer of dust distributed along ita
entire surface, whether the explosion would extend over the
whole distance. He also asked, as regarded the coal-dust which
had been used, whether this dust was actually obtained in the
mine, and, if so, whether it was obtained from a haulage-way, or
return-airway, at the working-face, or elsewhere.

Mr. W. C. Mountain asked whether the coal-dust used in the
experiments was actual dust as found in the pit, or whether it
had been specially ground for the purpose of the experiments.

DISCUSSION — INFLAMMABILITT OF COAL-DUST AND AIB. 58&

made as to the influence of dant, but he imagined that dant
would have a deadening influence. "With regard to the effect
of prolonging the tubes, the experiments which had been made
were not suitable for deciding the point ; they required an explo-
sion in a closed chamber.

As to the continuous supply, it would depend on the
manner in which the coal-dust was supplied. If the coal-
dust was lying on the bottom of the tube, they could fire along
the tube without disturbing the dust, but if the dust was dis-
turbed, and was raised in a cloud, firing at the end of the tube
would have a very marked effect. In the case of dust lying on
the bottom of the tube, the flame would pass over it; but, if it
formed a cloud, and was in motion, it was much more readily
inflammable. He hoped, at some future time, to be able to com-
municate the results of experiments dealing with the influence
of moisture.

The President (Mr. J. H. Merivale), in moving a vpte of
thanks to Prof. Bedson and Mr. "Widdas for the demonstrations,
said that coal-dust was becoming a classic question in connec-
tion with Armstrong College, for Prof. Freire Marreco directed
his attention to it upwards of 30 years ago, and Prof. Bedson took
up the question on the occasion of the explosion of an air-
receiver at Ryhope Colliery some 23 years ago. The members
were exceedingly indebted to him and his coadjutors, and hoped
that they would continue to give them the benefit of their
researches for many years to come.

The vote of thanks was heartily adopted.

Mr. Otto Simonis read the following paper on " Liquid Air
and its Use in Rescue-apparatus '' : —

4^84 LIQUID AIR AXD ITS USE IS EESCUE-APPARATUS.

LIQUID AIR AND ITS* USE IN RESCUE-APPARATUS.

By otto SIMONIS.

Some years ago, the writer had the pleasure of exhibiting to
ihe members a mining rescue-apparatus, fed by compressed
oxygen, and it represented one of the first self -feeding rescue-
helmets constructed. Since that time, science and practice have
continually worked to improve upon this class of life-saving
apparatus.

The so-called regenerating appliances, which strove to over-
■come the short period of the supply of self-feeders by regenerat-
ing processes, have, after the efforts of Mr. G. A. Meyer, of
Heme, Westphalia, and Mr. E. Giersberg, of Berlin, been brought
to the utmost perfection by the Berlin Oxygen Company, and
especially after a separation in this firm by the Dragerwerk, of
Liibeck. These appliances had, however, the great disadvantages
of great weight, high temperature in the helmet, and heating of
the air regenerated by a chemical process ; in addition, there was
the danger, always present, of some of the particles of the ab-
sorbent being carried into the lungs and producing serious

LIQUID AIE AND ITS USE IN EESCUE-APPAKATUS.

585

The entire apparatus, weighing about 14 pounds, is easily
carried on the back without any encumbrance, and it gives an
absolutely pure and deliciously cool air-supply for up to 3 hours'
working. It does not contain any chemicals ; it is without any
•complications whatsoever; there is not a single valve in the
whole apparatus; and its use does not require any special
training.

FRESH AIR J *~ RESPIRED AND SURPLUS AiR ^

FlO. 1.— DiAOBAM OF THE AeBOLITH LiQUID-AIB ReSCUE- APPARATUS.

Scale, 6 Inches to 1 Inch.

Atmospheric air liquefies at a temperature of —191^ Cent.,
and is compressed to about the seven-hundredth to eight-
hundredth part of its original volume. Consequently 1 gallon
of liquid air will evaporate into 700 to 800 gallons (110 to 130
-cubic feet) of atmospheric air.

This principle has been applied in the following manner: —
A solid-nickel receptacle, a, packed with asbestos-wool, 6, in-

yOL. XXXII.-19(M-1907.

586

LIQUID AIR AND ITS USE IX RESCUE-APPARATUS.

sulated against outside and atmospheric influences by a vacuum-
space, c, an air-space, d, a layer of felt, e, and a leather cover, f^
measuring about IG inches long, 11 inches wide and 4 inches
thick, is carried on the back like a knapsack (Fig. 1). The
nickel vessel, a, has an inlet, i, for the liquid air, provided with
a screw-cap, j. The outlet for the vaporized air is connected by
a flexible-metal tube, h, to the combined pipe, /, leading to the

fireman's face-mask
or miner's mouth-
piece, m. The vesseV
a, is traversed in a
diagonal direction by
a tube, 9, fitted with
radiators, ;7, connected
at the upper end by
a flexible well-insu*
lated metal-tube, fi^
to the combined pipe,
I, and at the lower
end by the tube, if, to*
a double air-bag, r
and iT, which is fitted
on the back of the
vessel, 17, and attacshed
to the leather cover.

LIQUID AIR AND ITS USE IX RESCUE- APPARATUS.

687

2/, at the bottom of the second bag, for the issue of the exhaled
air, mixed with any superfluous fresh evaporated air at over-
pressure. The combined pipe, Z, consists of strong braided india-
rubber tubing, to which a fireman's face-mask, w, covering the
mouth, nose and eyes, or a miners mouthpiece, with nose-
pinchers, etc., may be screwed on at will. The alarm-clock, z^
is provided so as to give timely warning that the supply of liquid
air is nearing the end.

When carried on the back, in actual work, the apparatus^
when fully charged
weighing under 25
pounds, affords full
use of both arms, and
is no encumbrance
whatsoever (Figs. 2
and 3).

When the desired
quantity of liquid air
has been poured into
the nickel vessel (1
quart giving at least
J hour's work), 1 gal-
lon equal to 3 hours'
work being the maxi-
mum capacity of the
vessel, pure and de-
liciously cool air will
evaporate and flow to
the face-mask. The
harder the person
works, the more hot
air will be exhaled
into the diagonal ra-
diator-pipe, and the
more fresh air will

be vaporised by the increased amount of heat. Consequently^
the air-supply is automatically regulated, and increases with
the requirements of the wearer. Any surplus vaporised air,
which may not be used, will pass downward with the exhaled

Fig. 3.~Aebolitu Liquid-air Rescuk-
appabatus.

588 LIQUID AIK AND ITS USE IN RESCUE-APPARATUS.

air, purifying it at the same time, and will be stored in and
distend the double bag, at the back of the apparatus, and
will, as soon as the pressure becomes excessive, escape into the
open air. The fresh air-supply is ample under all requirements,
and the air in the double-bag* can always be utilized as a breath-
able reserve-supply.

The fresh air-supply is absolutely pure, as the always high
percentage of oxygen increases with the time that the apparatus
is in use. The liquid air contains about 2 parts of oxygen to 1
part of nitrogen. The nitrogen evaporates more quickly than the
oxygen, and, consequently, the wearer works under the best
possible conditions.

Liquid air can be stored in the vacuum-vessels aesigned by Sir
James Dewar, and will then lose, under ordinary atmospheric
conditions, not more than 5 to 10 per cent, by evaporation per day.
It can, even at the present moment, where no purely commercial
use for liquid air has been universally adopted, be purchased
for 5s. per gallon ; whereas it can be produced by small plants
at Is. per gallon, and by large plants at 6d., 3d., or even less
per gallon. Liquid air can be transported with absolute safety
by rail or car. Fcr central rescue-stations or large coal-mines,
however, it would certainly be desirable to erect an air-lique-
fying plant. A plant, requiring about 8 horsepower, producing
about 1 gallon of liquid air per hour, and not occupying more
than about 45 square feet, can be bought for about £400.

DISCUSSIOX — LIQUID AIE AXD ITS USE IX RESCUE- APPARATUS. 58&

Mr. B. Cbeker (Leeds) wrote that as the evaporation of the
liquid air, absorbed by the asbestos-wool packing in the aerolith,
was caused by the heat from the exhaled air, such evaporation
would most likely be not very uniform. Partly water- vapour and
carbon dioxide would freeze upon the inner side of the diagonal
tube, reducing the sectional area of this tube and possibly blocked
this entirely, lessening in any case the uniform exchange of heat,
so that less and less air would evaporate from the receptacle during
the lengthened use of the apparatus. The produced fresh air (110
to 130 cubic feet per 3 hours, or 0*61 to 0*72 cubic foot per minute)
appeared too small, as more than 1*60 cubic feet per minute were
needed when the wearer had to carry out heavy work. Therefore
a considerable amount of exhaled air would have to be re-inhaled
without the carbon dioxide being perfectly eliminated during the
short time allowed for cooling between two respirations. A
further serious drawback of the aerolith apparatus in practical
use was undoubtedly the non-existence of any appliance by which
the wearer was warned that the supply of liquid air was nearing
exhaustion. After the latter had been evaporated, the frozen
carbon dioxide in the exhaling tube would evaporate, and this gas
would then be inhaled. For the practical use of apparatus, like
that described by Mr. Simonis, a constant large storage of liquid
air was absolutely necessary. This stock could not be kept in small
Dewar vessels, but would have to be kept in sheet-iron vessels,
containing about 11 gallons, fitted with an isolating wool-
mantle. The loss, by evaporation, of liquid air in such vessels,
containing 11 gallons, amounted to about i gallon per
hour. The air-liquefying machine, therefore, must be able to
supply this loss, and, when the apparatus was in use, it must pro-
duce the consumed air, that was J gallon per hour. There-
fore, the machine would have to produce at least (J + i = ) #
gallon of liquid air per hour. Further, as liquid air had the
property of generating nitrogen only at the beginning of its
evaporation, still more air had to be liquefied in order to keep
^ gallon of usable liquid air in stock. The cost of air-
liquefying, therefore, amounted, for one i^scue-apparatus kept
ready for use, to at least | gallon or 3d. per hour, or to 2s. 6d.
per day of 10 working hours. Ten rescue-appliances would
require a liquefying machine with a capacity per hour of about
ti + (JxlO) = ] 4 gallons; and the cost would be (4 gallons at

540 DISCUSSION— LIQUID AIR AND ITS USE IN RESCUE- APPARATUS.

3d. or) Is. per hour, or lOs. per day. The cost of a Linde air-
liquefying machine, with a capacity of 20 litres or 4*4 gallons
per hour, was £1,500. These machines were easily thrown out of
order, and it was very probable that a second machine, to be used
as a reserve, would be necessary. The wear-and-tear of these
machines was considerable, and the annual depreciation should,
therefore, be reckoned at 15 to 20 per cent, of the cost-price,
that was, for the abovementioned machine, £225 to £300 per year.
He was afraid, owing to the continuous evaporation of the
oxygen and the nitrogen from the liquid air in the receptacle,
that a concentration of the heavy gases (argon, krypton, xenon,
etc.) would occur, and after about one year, the receptacle would
not contain 11 gallons of liquid air but almost the same
quantity of liquid argon, etc., unfit for breathing; and conse-
quently, the whole amount stored would have to be replaced.

Mr. W. Morton Jackson (Manchester) wrote that liquid air
was produced at the works of the British Oxygen Company,
Limited, and though he was quite ready to admit that it possessed
many characteristics which indicated its peculiar suitability for
use in rescue-apparatus, he was of opinion that (1) its extreme
volatility at ordinary temperatures and (2) the fact that the
oxygen and nitrogen did not evaporate from it in constant pro-
portions, must render its proper control in such apparatus a very
difficult matter. He might mention that the Uewar vacuum-
vessels were made of glass, and he did not know of any metallic

DISCUSSION — LIQUID AIR AND ITS USE IN RESCUE-APPARATUS. 541

iirhatever from heat, and there was absolutely no liability of any
particles getting into the breathing-tubes. With this apparatus,
it was possible to climb over falls, move heavy stones, and crawl
through low and narrow places without any distress. With the
Vienna type of pneumatogen, however, the heat caused by the
chemical action had hitherto been found an inconvenience; but
lie was informed that a new type was being introduced, which did
not possess this fault. He thought that the loss of 5 to 10 per
cent, of liquid air per day from evaporation might be some detri-
ment to its employment in rescue-apparatus, and it was possible
that the most likely application would be as an auxiliary to some
oxygen apparatus ; but, until some commercial use was found for
liquid air, he was afraid that it would not be likely to supersede
oxygen. He asked Mr. Simonis to explain more clearly how the
'expired air was voided from the apparatus.

Mr. Joseph Dickinson (Pendleton, Manchester) wrote that he
had seen previous inventions for the same purpose and witnessed
tests, in poisonous gases and under water, intended to show the
use of such apparatus for re-entering mines with the ventilation
•destroyed by explosion or fire; and he had assisted in the mine
where bags, containing chemical preparations, were breathed
through, but he could not say that on any occasion had he known
life to be saved by the use of any such invention. In most of the
Tescue-operations, the party is composed of true heroes: other
persons with distaste for such work, or having important letters
to write, or being imperatively wanted elsewhere, being excused.
There is risk to those who take part in the work, and in it delay
occasionally occurs by an explorer being knocked down, or his
head cut by a fall of stone, requiring attention, or it may be his
being sent out amid his requests that his name may not be men-
tioned lest it might alarm his wife or friends. On rare occasions,
some delay also occurs by excessive zeal inducing venture into
poisonous gas requiring attention; and exceptionally excessive
staggering occurs that apparently might be restrained. When
thus advancing, time is occupied in bratticing between distant
cut-throughs to make up temporarily blown-out air-stoppings,
which might be saved if some reliable portable breathing-
apparatus were at hand. The use of such apparatus is also ap-
parent when being lowered in a disarranged shaft, and for ex-

642 DISCUSSION — LIQUID AIR AND ITS USE IN RESCUE- APPARATUS .

ploring in advance of the air-column. One hails, therefore, with
satisfaction, the new aerolith with liquid air in a case, without
chemicals, valves or complication, the whole weighing 26 pounds-
— that is, assuming the transition of air from the liquid to the
gaseous state to be reliable. It should not be supposed, however,
that former inventions for the same purpose are devoid of such
usefulness. One great obstacle has been to trust to such apparatus
amid such varied surroundings. Even the representing persons,
after exhibiting joiner's work in poisonous gas, when protected
by the apparatus, have declined the fine advertisement offered of
entry into a pit, alleging the risk to be too great. Ordinary-
explorers may be reliable men, yet they might not think it pru-
dent to isolate themselves among newly-loosened debris, the touch
of which is critical, and with a bag on their back weighing 25
pounds, which might be destroyed. Besides this, let them
imagine, after passing through irrespirable gas, them coming to
a miner stronger than themselves shut in an unbreathable cul-de-
sac or stocking-end. A drowning man loses consciousness. Those
only who have realized how their arms have become pinned and
their head submerged by the unconscious person (probably kind
and good under ordinary circumstances) know fully what desper-
ation maj^ and does bring about. The rescuer might have to give
up his apparatus. Hitherto, the safety-lamp has proved invalu-
able for testing at the front when re-entering. A reliable breath-
ing-apparatus might assist; but taking in fresh air for all is
requisite. Caution is therefore needed in making advances too

DISCTTSSIOX — LIQXnD AIE AKD ITS USE IN EESCUE- APPARATUS. 648-

any great risk was involved in the erection of an apparatus for
the production of liquid air, because such a machine could be
used at any time, not only for producing liquid air but also for
the production of oxygen.

Captain J. A. Hamilton (Chief Officer of the London Fire
Brigade) wrote that experiments had been carried out at head-
quarters with the following smoke-helmets: — Chapin-Sherman,
Draeger, Fleuss-Siebe-Gorman, Konig, Vajen-Bader and Simonia
liquid air. The difficulty in connection with the liquid-air
helmet, however, was that if liquid air was not readily obtainable,
a special plant had to be installed, which cost about £400. The
liquid air evaporated at the rate of about 6 per cent, per day, and
it was necessary to have very special containing vessels. The
cost of maintenance was about 58. per week for each helmet.
He (Captain Hamilton) had not yet adopted any self-contained
helmet in the London Fire Brigade, as the experiments were
not completed. The pattern now used by the Brigade was the
Konig helmet, but it was not a self-contained one.

Mr. Otto Simonis (London), replying to the discussion, wrote
that he was well conversant with oxygen-appliances ; he had
himself worked in the Draeger apparatus for 1^ hours,
not very long ago, and he was sure that anybody who had used
the Draeger apparatus would certainly have been delighted,
after about ^ hour's work, if he could have been supplied with
air at a lower temperature. He certainly admitted that the
Draeger apparatus was almost brought to perfection, so far as
regeneration through caustic soda and other chemicals was con-
cerned, but the very use of these was a danger. It might be inter-
esting to Mr. Habershon to know that he (Mr. Simonis) had
brought both the Draeger and the Giersberg apparatus to this
country in 1903, and that he had despatched one of the first
mine-equipments with Draeger apparatus to the colonies.

He certainly agreed with Mr. Joseph Dickinson, who dealt
with the subject from a different point of view, that it required
a hero at all times to go and do rescue-work. So far as he was
personally concerned, he would have no hesitation whatever in
going down into a pit with the apparatus to do such work,
always provided that he was not going alone. He considered

544 DISCUSSION — LIQUID AIR AND ITS USE IX RESCUE-APPARATUS.

that it was every man's duty to attempt the rescue of a fellow-
creature, who might be in danger; but it was an absolutely
undue risk to do so alone.

He was on the most friendly relations with Mr. 0. Suess and
the Hanseatischen Apparatebau-gesellschaft, and the aerolith
apparatus was identical with theirs.

He was pleased to notice that Captain J. A. Hamilton, who
was, at the present time, experimenting with a Simonis liquid-
air helmet, confirmed the statement that the cost of maintenance
was about 5s. per week. The Konig helmet, referred to by
Captain Hamilton, was not a self-feeding helmet, but one to
which the air was pumped through a tube.

The storage of liquid air in metal tubes, suggested as a
necessity by Mr. Cremer, would be detrimental, and he would
strongly advise Mr. Cremer not to remain in the neighbourhood
of such a loaded tube, as within a very short time the explosive
power of the liquid air would be developed, and the tube would
explode with about three times the force of dynamite. There
was no reason for not storing liquid air in Dewar vacuum-vessels
of 0*44 gallon (2 litres) or 1*10 gallons (5 litres) capacity and cer-
tainly he was, as well as everybody else, handling this material
very successfully. The percentage of argon, krypton, xenon,
etc., in liquid air, referred to by Mr. Cremer, was so small that it
was of no practical importance.

The produced quantity of fresh air of 130 cubic feet, or about
0*7 cubic foot per minute, was for all practical purposes an

DISCUSSION — LIQUID AIE AND ITS USE IN RESCUE- APPARATUS. 545

12s. Therefore, for every practice of 2 hours, the Simouis appar-
atus was 9s. cheaper than the Draeger apparatus and lis. less
than the pneumatogen ; but this saving was diminished by the
loss through evaporation. In a rescue sub-station, requiring 4*4
gallons (20 litres) of liquid air always in store, the loss, when
stored in Dewar bottles, would be at the rate of 5 per cent, per day,
or 022 gallon (1 litre) or 3d. per day, or £4 lis. 3d. per annum.
Therefore, this sub-station required, for replacement, 11 gallons
(5 litres) of liquid air every fifth day. The standard number of
pactices in Austria and Germany was four times per week, and
this necessitated, including evaporation, a supply of, say, 0*88
gallon (4 litres) per week-day. Consequently, a liquefying plant,
with a capacity of 11 gallons (5 litres) per hour, working 60 hours
weekly, would suffice to supply twelve rescue sub-stations ; and
it would cost, including the expense of erection, say, from £500
to £600.

Four practices per week, at twelve sub-stations, implied 2,500
practices per annum, and the saving of the Simonis against the
Draeger appliance, at 9s. per practice, amounted to £1,125, and
against the pneumatogen apparatus to £1,375. If, in this
•country, the number of practices were reduced to the absolute
minimum of one per week at every sub-station, or 600 per annum,
there would be a yearly over-production of about 1,760 gallons
{8,000 litres) of liquid air from the plant for re-sale, and there
would be a saving against the Draeger of £270, and against the
pneumatogen of £330. From these savings the loss from evapora-
tion of £4 lis. 3d. per sub-station, or, say, £55 must be deducted;
and the net saving would be £215 or £275 respectively. The
1,760 gallons (8,000 litres) of over-produced liquid air might be
sold to iron-works or blast-furnaces at, say, only 2s. 4d. per
gallon, or a profit of Is. 2d. per gallon (6d. per litre, or a profit of
3d. per litre), or £100 per annum. In addition, the liquid-air
plant would, at the same time, have produced compressed oxygen,
which was marketable everywhere nowadays. Consequently, at
a central rescue-station in a mining district, with sub-stations at
the various pits, a liquid-air rescue-installation would, through
the profit on the surplus liquid air and through savings, as com-
pared with other rescue-systems, even calculated under the most
unfavourable assumption of only one practice per week, very
nearly balance its own cost.

646 DISCUSSION — ^LIQUID AIE AND ITS USE IN EESCUE- APPARATUS.

He thought that he had clearly shewn that the Simonis appar-
atus had not only far-reaching advantages for its wearer, but
that it had also the great advantage of being more economical
than any other system. As soon as the use of liquid air for com-
mercial purposes had. become more general, a central rescue-
station, with spare plant, would be able to sell such quantities of
liquid air as would give a satisfactory return on the cost of erec-
tion and maintenance of the plant for rescue-work.

Dr. J. Adamson (Hetton-le-Hole) wrote that Mr. Simonis*
paper was very interesting, and, as the subject was comparatively
new to him, he felt that he was not at present competent to make
any remarks. He was strongly of opinion, however, that the
members of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, trained as they
were to act in unison and to obey at once any orders given, were
eminently fitted to carry out the use of rescue-apparatus at
mines.

Mr. Stuart C. Wardell (Alfreton) wrote that, in his opinion,
a liquid-air rescue-appliance was not of much use except for
exploring main roads that were free from falls and obstructions,
and that it would not be of much help where roads were nearly
closed with only room to crawl over. Members of the St.
John Ambulance Brigade would be glad of any instruction that
had for its object the saving of life, and they would gladly avail
themselves of any training in the use of rescue-appliances, but

DISCUSSION — LIQTJID AIE AXD ITS USE IX EBSCUE-APPAJtATUS. 547

it was hoped that they would always be able to call on a reliable
body of men to send anywhere, as well as to test various appli-
ances that might be invented.

Mr. B. Richardson (Barrow collieries) wrote that members
of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, employed at individual col-
lieries, could most suitably be trained in the use of rescue-appli-
ances. These appliances must be available quickly in case of
accident, and, consequently, must be worked by men employed at
the colliery; further, there must be enough trained men at each
colliery to relieve one another from time to time. A head official
must not lead an exploring party, as his services would be
required in other directions after a serious explosion. He did
not think that rescue-appliances would enable those wearing them
to perform quite what most people expected, as they were cumber-
some things at best; and, after an explosion, in his experience,
the roads which had to be travelled were usually in such a con-
dition as not to admit of anything of a larger size than the body
of a man to get through with safety. Rescue-appliances would
be useful in conjunction with an ordinary exploring" party, to go
a little in advance and to repair stoppings temporarily, so as to
restore the ventilation. They would also be useful in the case of
a man being prostrated by dangerous gases in a place, and, if
they could be got there quickly enough, no doubt he would be
rescued ; but, under ordinary conditions, in his opinion, too much
was expected from their use.

In Yorkshire, there are central stations supported by three
or four collieries, where, say, six men are sent at a time so that
they may be thoroughly trained; and arrangements are being
made so that, in addition to these men, each colliery will employ
a man thoroughly acquainted with the appliances. These may
then be kept at each colliery for use in case of accident, and this
man would ensure that they were absolutely in perfect working
order before any person was sent into the mine.

Mr. Arthur Ellis (Wigan) wrote that, in April last, a com-
mittee was appointed by the Lancashire and Cheshire Coal
Association to consider the advisability of forming a rescue-
brigade and station in connection with the association, and many
meetings had been held since that date to discuss the question
from all points of view. The members of the committee had

648 DISCUSSION — LIQUID AIR AND ITS USE IN EESCUE- APPARATUS.

visited rescue-stations that had been already established at
Tankersley and Tformanton, and had an opportunity of seeing*
various forms of apparatus in use. It would appear that it waa
quite practicable to train miners in the use of the apparatus,
although a considerable amount of training might be necessary,
as the apparatus in the hands of an untrained man was worse than
useless. The idea of the committee was that an experimental
gallery should be built in connection with the central station,
capable of being charged with a noxious atmosphere, and made
to represent, as far as possible, the conditions that would be
encountered in a travelling-road underground after an explo-
sion. The workmen from the various collieries would attend the
station periodically for courses of instruction, and, after they
had become accustomed to wearing and carrying the apparatus,
they were to be exercised in the experimental -gallery in a noxious
atmosphere for short periods. It was hoped in this way that a
considerable number of men, from each of the collieries taking'
part in the scheme, would become accustomed to the use of the
apparatus, and be able to work whilst wearing it. The class of
men who were to be trained were ordinary colliers, but he believed
that preference would be given to members of the different ambu-
lance-classes, and it was not anticipated that there would be any
difficulty in instructing intelligent men in the use of the apparatus.
Although he (Mr. Ellis) had had no practical experience in the
matter, he thought, from what he had heard, that there would be
no difficulty in the way of training such mt^n as belonged to the

DISCUSSION — LIQUID AIR AND ITS USE IN RESCUE- APPARATUS. 54^

In regard to the nature of the apparatus to be used, it was
difficult to speak with any degree of confidence, as, apparently,
there were several kinds of apparatus, none of which
appeared to be absolutely perfect as yet. In one class of helmet^
with a glass front, the wearer's mouth was free, and the wearer
was able to speak and be heard to a certain extent; while, in
another class, the mouth-piece was held in the mouth and the
wearer could not speak. It had been suggested that a rescue-
party should consist of four or five men, the leader of the party
wearing a glass-faced smoke-helmet, and it would be his duty to
give directions and instructions while the work was in progress ;
while the other members of the party, who were to be the workers,
would wear the other class of apparatus.

Mr. Claude B. Palmer (Pelaw-on-Tyne) wrote that the train^
ing of workmen at collieries to assist in rescue-work, and to be
of assistance for the proi>er use of the various rescue-appliances,
was an important subject. The men, in the first place, should
be holders of first-aid certificates of the St. John Ambulance
Association and thoroughly efficient in ambulance-work. This
could only be obtained by constant practice, which was not pos-
sible under the system of attending classes in first-aid during a
course of five or six lectures ; and the mere fact of men passing
examinations in first-aid was not sufficient to make them
thoroughly efficient.

The branch of the Association, known as the St. John Ambu-
lance Brigade, met all requirements to train ambulance-men
thoroughly, as the rules of the brigade, to ensure efficiency, in-
cluded provisions that the members must each be re-examined
in first aid annually and attend a minimum of twelve drills or
practices each year; and they also were required to be present at
an annual inspection, when their efficiency was tested in drill and
in the use of the stretcher.

The St. John Ambulance Brigade was formed for the pur-
pose of carrying on the work begun by the Association in teach-
ing first-aid students to be thoroughly efficient; and, at many
collieries, there were now divisions and corps of the St. John
Ambulance Brigade who were competent to take over the work of
rescue-stations, and to be thoroughly trained in their use. The
members of the brigade, being drilled, were accustomed to dis-

550 DISCUSSION — LIQUID AIB AND ITS USE IN BESCUE- APPARATUS.

"cipline, and well organized under oflBlcers who knew them and who
could rely on them for any emergency. The system of having
drills throughout the year, at which there was practice in first
aid, rendered the men always eflScient, as was required by the
brigade-orders.

At those collieries where there were divisions of the brigade^
the men took the greatest interest in the work, and there was a
great competition amongst themselves to be efficient. There
would consequently be little difficulty in extending their work to
the handling of the various appliances used for rescue-work.
Unless the workmen were thoroughly drilled in the manipulation
«of these appliances, thei-e was a great danger that such appliances
would not only be useless when most required, but they might be
the means of a rescue-party losing their own lives. There should
be constant practice in the use of the rescue-appliance, and the
men must be accustomed to act under recognized leaders. These
practices should be held occasionally down the pit, and when
possible the parties should explore into old and disused workings
^o as to get accustomed to travel in rough ground and over falls.

The President (Mr. J. H. Merivale) moved a vote of thanks to
Mr. Simonis for his interesting paper.

Mr. M. Walton Brown seconded the resolution, which was
•cordially approved.

SINKING BY THE FEEEZTNG-PEOCESS.

561

SINKING THROUGH MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE AND
YELLOW SAND BY THE FREEZING-PROCESS AT
DAWDON COLLIERY, NEAR SEAHAM HARBOUR,
COUNTY DURHAM.

By E. SEYMOUR WOOD, M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S.

I. — ^Inteoduction.

Dawdon colliery (Fig. 32), situated on the north-east coast,
ubout a mile south of Seaham Harbour, will work the under-sea
coal-royalty, leased by the Marquis of Londonderry from the
Crown.

Fio- 32.— Dawdon Colliebt.

II. — Geology.

The shafts are sunk on the eastern land-limit of the Durham
■coal-field. The Coal-measures crop out at the surface on the
western side of the coal-field and dip towards the coast-line, where
they are covered by Permian rocks, consisting of Magnesian Lime-
stone, Marl Slates and Yellow Sand. The map (Fig. 1, Plate
XXVII.) shows the area of the Permian rocks. The first section

TOL. XXXIX.-M0W9a7. 38

Jb^i

SINKIXG BY THE FREEZING-PROCESS.

(Fig. 2, Plate XXVII.) is taken from Harton colliery in the north
to Castle Eden colliery in the south, the second section (Fig. 3^
Plate XXVII.) from Moorsley colliery in the west to Dawdoii
colliery in the east, and they show the thicknesses of the
Permian rocks as proved in the shafts of the neighbouring^
collieries.*

The difficulties in sinking shafts in this district arise from
the occurrence of the Magnesian Limestone and the underlying^
Yellow Sand, the latter being usually found as a quicksand.
Both of these strata contain large quantities of water.

Very difficult sinkings through this ground were experienced
at the adjoining collieries of Haswell, Horden, Murton, Byhope,.
tJeaham, Seaton and South Hetton, all of which were sunk by
the open-pit pumping process. In the sinking of the shafts at
Marsden colliery, insurmoitntable difficulties were experienced
with the pumping-plant system, and the shafts were finally sunk
by the Kind-Chaudron system.

At Dawdon, the Coal-measures are overlain by the following
thicknesses of strata : — Soil, 1 foot ; boulder-clay, 5 feet 6 inches ;
old beach-gravel, 4 feet 6 inches; and Permian rocks, com-
prizing Magnesian Limestone, 356 feet 10^ inches ; Marl Slates,.
3 feet li inches ; and Yellow Sand, 92 feet 4 inches (Table III.).

The Magnesian Limestone, 356 feet 10^ inches thick, was,
as usual, full of gullets giving off large quantities of water. Some

SINKING BY THE FBEEZING-PROCESS. 555

grey sand, 75 feet; brown-grey sand, 17 feet 4 inches; and
below the last-named lies grey stone, 1 foot thick.

The Coal-measures were found at the depth of 464 feet
4 inches.

III. — Sinking of Shafts with Pumping Machinery.

The first sod of the Theresa shaft was cut by the Marchioness
of Londonderry, and the first sod of the Castlereagh shaft by
Viscount Castlereagh on August 26th, 1899; and sinking was
commenced on March 19th, 1900.

Theresa Shaft. — The Theresa shaft, 20 feet in diameter, was
sunk to a depth of 350 feet by means of pumps, and lined with
225 feet of cast-iron tubbing and 96 feet of brick-walling.

The plant in the shaft comprized two pumping sets, 24 inches
in diameter; one pumping set, 25 inches in diameter; and two
Evans vertical sinking pumps, with steam-cylinders, 24 inches
in diameter, and ram-plungers, 16 inches in diameter and 24
inches stroke, jointly capable of dealing* with 7,000 gallons of water
per minute. The water was pumped to the level of a drift, 90
feet below the surface, through which it ran to the sea-beach.

The largest feeder was 6,075 gallons per minute (Table VI.).

At a depth of 349 feet 6 inches, a drift was driven from this
shaft to the Castlereagh shaft, to take the water from that shaft.
The water was run down a bore-hole lined wih steel tubes, 9i
inches in diameter (Fig. 4, Plate XXVII.).

From the bottom of the shaft, three bore-holes were put
down to test the thickness of the sand. It was found at a depth
of 19 feet below the pit-bottom, and estimated at 84 feet thick.

The sinking operations in this shaft were stopped on May
17th, 1902, to allow the Castlereagh shaft to reach the same depth,
and in order that both shafts might be sunk simultaneously
through the sand.

Castlereagh Shaft. — The Castlereagh shaft, 20 feet in diameter,
was sunk to a depth of 204 feet, and lined with 88 feet of cast-
iron tubbing and 96 feet of brick-walling.

The water from this pit was run off by the bore-hole to. the
Theresa shaft (Fig. 4, Plate XXVII.). Two Evans pumps,
similar to those in the other shaft, pumped any excess of water
which did not drain through the bore-hole.

554

SINKING BY THE FREEZIXG-PROCESS.

At a depth of 200 feet, the feeder of water was 5,750 gallons
per minute, and, together with 1,300 gallons per minute flowing
into the bottom of the Theresa shaft and drift, the tQtal quantity
of water being pumped was 7,050 gallons per minute (Table IV.).

The pumping of such a feeder of water before reaching the
Yellow Sand, and the probability that the feeders would be
greatly augmented in sinking through the sand-bed, led to the
consideration of the question whether it would be desirable to
erect additional pumping plant or to carry out the sinking of the
shafts through the sand-bed in a frozen state. On serious delibera-
tion, it was decided, after a conference with Mr. J. B. Simpson,

SINKING BY THE FEEEZING-PBOCESS.

555

80 long as should be necessary for the purpose of sinking the
shafts and of renewing or of completing the existing or any
further tubbing of the same.

The freezing process may be divided into four stages: — (1)
The boring of the holes to receive the freezing-tubes and the
insertion of the freezing-tubes ; (2) the freezing of the strata, or
the making and the maintaining of the ice- wall; (3) sinking
within the ice-wall, and inserting all necessary tubbing ; and (4)
thawing the ice-wall and extracting the freezing-tubes.

■

Ftg. 34. —East Side of Sinkimg-sheds and Freezing-house.

(a), — Boring the Holes.

Previous to the boring of the holes to receive the freezing-
tubes, a fore-shaft, c, 36 feet in diameter, was formed round
each shaft, sunk to a depth of 8 feet and brick-lined, d, to the
surface (Fig. 5, Plate XXVII.). Boring was started at this level,
the holes being placed equidistant round a circle 30 feet in
diameter (Figs. 6 and 7, Plate XXVIII.). The purposes of the
fore-shaft (Fig. 5, Plate XXVII.) are as follows:— (1) To fix
securely a tube, e, perfectly vertical, to act as a guide-pipe, the
object being to keep the bore-holes as vertical as ever possible ; and
(2) to have a convenient chamber, c, in which all connections
between the collectors and freezing-pipes, f and g, can be made,
and from which each individual freezing-tube can be controlled ;

556

SINKING BY THE FEEEZING-PROCESS.

and to take observations of the temperatures and watch the
circulation of the brine in the freezing-tubes.

Castlereagh Shaft, — Boring was commenced at the Castle-
reagh shaft on May 20th, 1903, with three boring-machines,
each driven by a vertical engine. Three small Worthington
pumps were used for pumping water into the bore-holes, and
two steam-winches for lifting and lowering the rods and tubes.

Twenty-eight bore-holes were marked off on a circle 30 feet
in diameter surrounding the shaft (Fig. 6, Plate XXVIII.).
Trouble was met with at Nos. 7 and 8 holes, necessitating the
boring of extra holes, Xos. la and 8a, the whole being completed
by April 7th, 1904. The depth of each of the holes was 484
feet. The average time occupied in boring each hole was 24
days (Table 1.)

Table I.— Time occupibd in bobino the Holes to receive the Frbbzino-

TUBES AT THE CaSTLEBEAGH ShAFT.

»o. of
bote.

Borini

Tinw.

Ha of
Boni-

Boriii*

T!*q«L

OomiiicfKML

fmi^Md.

3
4

5
6
7

7«

1903,Mftj20 1903, June 10

,. Oct. 14 „ Nuv, 6

1904, Jan. JO ,1904, Jan. 2H

1003, Dec. 1 „ Jiin. 6

„ Sept. S 1903, Oct. 9

„ July 30, „ Aug. 30

„ July S' „ July 28

1904, Mar. 23 1 1904, April 7

i903,Juui* 12 1903. July 6

23
18
37
32
31
21
15
25

1 18

' 19

! 21

' 23

1903. July 26
„ July 2
„ May 29
„ Nov. 3
„ Sept. 9
„ Nov. 28
1901, Ian. 0
1903, Dec. 24
„ Nov. 8

190.1, Aug. 14
,, .luly 25
,, July 1
„ Nov. 27
„ Oct. 7
„ Dec. 23

1904. Fek 7
,. Jan. J 7

1903, Dee. 3

"S5

24
33
24
28
26
23
24
26

SINKING BY THE FREEZING-PROCESS.

557

The average time occupied in boring each hole to a depth of
484 feet was 24 days (Table II.) The quantity of water used
for boring was about 11,000 gallons per hour.

Table II.— Time occupied in bobino the Holes to receive the Freezing-

tubes AT the Theresa Shaft.

No. of Boring

No. of

Boring

Bore-

hole.

Commence<L | Finished. |

hole.

Commenced. | Finished.

Days,

1903, June 23 1903, July 16

1903, Oct. 12

1903, Oct. 30

„ July 17 „ Aug. 6

„ Nov. 16

„ Dec 3

„ Aug. 8 „ Aug. 28

„ Dec. 12 1904. Feb. 5

„ Sept. li „ Sept. 23
1904, FeU 7 j 1904, Feb. 24

1904, Feb. 16 „ Mar. 9

„ Mar. 9. „ Apr. 22

„ Jan. 5i „ Jan. 24

1903, Nov. 4 1903, Nov. 24

1903, Nov. 30 1903, Dec. 19

21 i „ Aug. 4 „ Aug. 31

„ Oct. 28: „ Nov. 21

22 „ Oct. 9 „ Oct. 27

„ Sept. 27 „ Oct. 20

23 „ Dec. 21 1 1904, Mar. 3

„ Aug. 30 „ Sept. 17

24 1904, Mar. 3 „ Mar. 26

11 „ July 13 1904, April 6

25 1 „ Jan. 28 „ Feb. 20

12 „ June 23 1903, July 12

26 11903, Nov. 23 1903, Dec. 13

13 „ July 28 „ Aug. 16

27 i „ Oct. 21

„ Nov. 10

14 „ Aug. 18 „ Oct. 3

28 1 „ Sept. 8

„ Oct. 9

14a' „ Dec. 9 „ Dec. 20

146

„ Dec. 22 1904, Jan. 18

Average time

All bore-rods and chisels were made of steel, with a hole
passing down the centre for the circulation of water to wash out
the borings.

All the holes were bored to a depth of about 130 feet with a
chisel, 9J inches in diametor, and then lined with tubes, 9^
inches in diameter. From that point, the holes were bored with
a chisel 8 inches in diameter, inner tubes, 7 J inches in
diameter, being put down from the surface. The holes were
carried down to a depth of 4ti0 feet, entering into the Coal-
measures, where the sand was cut oif in most of the holes. The
remaining depth of 24 feet was bored with a chisel, 6J inches
in diameter. When the full depth was attained, a lining of
iubes, 6J inches in diameter, was placed inside the whole length
of each bore-hole. This lining was necessary to secure the whole
depth of the hole, to keep it clean, and to act as a guide when
introducing the freezing-tubes.

(6). — Plumbing the Bore-holes.

The plumbing of the holes was done from a scaffold, h, 29 feet
above the bore-holes. The phimb, connected by a wire, i, passing

558

SINKING BY THE FBEEZIN6-PBOCESS.

over a small pulley^ jj to a dram, h^ was set to the centre of the-
hole, lowered down in 33 feet lengths, and the deviation measured
and calculated (Fig. 5, Plate XXYII.). This system of plumbings
was proved to be absolutely unreliable (Figs. 6 and 7, Plate
XXVIII., showing the deviation of the bore-holes). A more
perfect system of surveying and finding the exact position or
deviation of a bore-hole for this purpose could be advantageously
employed.

It is most important that the bore-holes should be as nearly^
vertical as ever possible. This was overcome to some extent at
Dawdon by the use of a strong vertical pipe, e, in the fore-shaft^
as a guide, and by using very strong lining tubes. If the hole-
becomes much out of plumb, these lining tubes gradually work
themselves fast, and cannot be turned or twisted round in the hole^

(c). — Freezing-tuhes.
The freezing-tubes (Fig. 8, Plate XX^^II.) comprize : —(1) An.
outer tube, a, 5 inches in diameter, in lengths of 16 feet ; they
are inserted to the whole depth of the bore-hole, and the bottom.
end is closed. (2) An inner tube, 6, 2\ inches in diameter^
reaching to within 33 feet of the bottom of the tubbing at each
shaft, where a special double nipple, c, with an inside thread,
was placed, making a connection with the outer tube. The air-
space, dy formed between the outer tube, a, and the inner tube, h,
down to this point acts as an isolating chamber, and prevents any
direct connection with the strata, thus protecting the tubbing-
from severe frost. An expansion-joint, e, was placed midway be*

SINKING BY THE FREEZING-PROCESS.

55»

engines of 135 horsepower, driving" four ammonia-compressors
(Figs. 9 and 10, Plate XXVIII, and Figs. 35 and 36). One steam-
engine, A, with a cylinder 192 inches in diameter and 31^ inches^
stroke, and fitted with Rider expansion^ear, ran at 72 revolutions
per minute. The other steam-engine, B, with a cylinder, 19|
inches in diameter and 19J inches stroke, and fitted with Meyer
expansion-gear, ran at 120 revolutions per minute. The steam
had a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch. Both of these
engines transmitted their power by belting to a shaft, C, by which
two compressors, F and G, were driven. Two compressors, D and

Fio. 35.— Fbeezing-plan't.

E, were coupled direct to one steam-engine, A. The ammonia-
compressors were of the following dimensions : — D, one cylinder,.
13 inches in diameter and 24 inches stroke; E, one cylinder,
11 inches in diameter and 31^ inches stroke ; F, one cylinder,.
10 inches in diameter and 20 inches stroke ; and G, one cylinder^
10 inches in diameter and 20 inches stroke. All the ammonia-
compressors were double-acting, with two cylindrical suction-
valves on the right side and two pressure valves on the left side.
The freezing system is the same as in all ammonia-plants
(Fig. 11, Plate XXVIII.). The ammonia, at a pressure of 150

-560

SINKING BY THE FEEEZING-PROCESS.

pounds per square inch, was circulated through the spiral pipes, by
in five cooling-condensers, c, and liquefied by the extraction of
heat, effected by circulating through the condensers (Fig. -iT)
14,000 gallons of cooling water per hour. The liquid ammonia
passed to four refrigerating-tanks, d, containing 20,000 gallons of
brine, expanded through an expansion-valve, e, and circulated
through 2,000 feet of spiral tubing, /*, in each tank, reducing the
temperature of the brine to —17^ Cent. (14^ Fahr.), and was then
conveyed to the compressors, a, to be compressed again to 150
pounds per square inch. The first charge of li(iuid ammonia
placed in the compressors weighed 16 cwts.

The cooling

water for use in
Ihe condensers
was pumped
from the sea,
and its tempera-
i lire varied from
0^ to W Cent.
Ul'^ to 64^
Fahr.)^ accord-
ing to the sea-
son of the year
(Fig, 12, Plate
XXIXX

The brine, a

1 i * i» trtiy

SINKING BY THE FREEZING-PEOCESS.

561

Castlereagh Shaft. — The freezing- plant was connected to
the Castlereagh shaft on April 22nd, 1904, 18 holes being put
into circulation, and the remaining 11 holes were put into
circulation on the following day.

The temperature of the brine going to the pit was —13*5^
Cent. (7*7o Fahr.) and on returning it was -G^ Cent. (2120
Fahr.). The temperature of the brine on the closing of the
ice-wall and at the commencement of the sinking of the shaft
on November 7th, 1904, was —17° Cent. (1*4^ Fahr.) and on re-
turning it was -13° Cent. (S'Oo Fahr.).

On June 9th, 1904, careful measurements were made, show-
ing the i)osition of the water in the shaft, and it was found

Fig. 37.— Spiral Tubes for Coolino-condensebs and
refrioeb4tiok-taxks.

that the water-level was influenced by the height of the sea-
tides (Fig. 13, Plate XXX.). The wat^r-level varied from 13i
to 23^ inches and was felt in the shaft 2 to 4 hours after high
water and low water at Seaham Harbour.

It was decided to fill the bottom of the shaft with concrete,
so as to stop the rise and fall of water in the shaft, with its
accompanying displacement of water, which might delay the
formation of the ice-wall. From July 20th to 22nd, 1904, 190

562

SINKING BY THE FBEEZING-PBOCESS.

tons of concrete were put down the shaft, filling the space above
the level of the bottom crib of tubbing, and this stopped the
water flow (Fig. 14, Plate XXX.). There was no further varia-
tion of water-level in the shaft until the ice-wall closed, when
a rise of about i inch per day was recorded (Fig. 15, Plate XXX.).

The temperature of the water in the shaft, when freezing
commenced, was 9^ Cent. (48*2^ Fahr.), and it decreased to — 0'5^
Cent. (3110 Fahr.) at the bottom and 1^ Cent. (SS'S^ Fahr.) at
the top of the shaft, during the formation of the ice-wall.

On October 12th, 1904, when the water was drawn out of the
shaft, it was found that ice had formed on the tubbing for about
40 feet above the concrete; it was thin at the top, thickening
towards the bottom to about 3 feet thick on the concrete and
round the sides of the tubbing.

Sinking was then commenced in this shaft.

The following difficulties with the freezing-tubes were en-
countered: — On October 31st, 1904, the brine in Xo. 15 hole was
found to be circulating indifferently; the central tubes were
taken out, and they were found to be broken off below the
expansion-piece in the freezing-tube at a depth of about 320 feet.
Repeated attetnpts were made to draw the broken length; and
eventually some of the drawing instruments were broken off and
lost in the hole. On April 9th, 1905, a freezing-tube, 3 inches
in diameter, with a closed end and a central tube, were placed
within the old freezing-tube, as far as the hole was open; and
circulation was maintained by this means from that date. This

SINKING BY THE FEEEZING-PEOCESS.

563

3 inches in diameter, was continued through the Magnesian
Limestone and Yellow Sand, in the ice-wall, down to the Coal-
measures. On the completion of this hole, it waa found that
the freezing-tube, 3 inches in diameter, could not be made to
pass through the hole drilled in the old freezing-tube. On
June 19th, 1905, when sinking through the drift between the
Castlereagh and the Theresa shafts, on a level with the obstruc-
iion in No. 16 freezing-tube, a hole was cut
back in the Magnesian Limestone near the
drift and the tube, *, was exposed (Fig. 6,
Plate XXVIII). It was then found that the
freezing-tube had deviated from the vertical
at the expansion-joint, and that the tube
underneath Ihat joint had been bored through.
The expanding piece and part of the tube
beneath were cut out (Fig. 38), a fresh hole
was bored from that point in the ice-wall to a
depth of 460 feet, lined with freezing tubes,
3 inches in diameter, from the surface, con-
nected to the collectors, and circulation was
maintained in it until the end of the freezing.
The length of time required to form the
ice-wall in this pit was 185 days. The ice-
wall was maintained for 353 days ; the brine
was cut off from the shaft on October 19th,
1905 ; the total time of freezing at this
shaft being 538 days.

Theresa Shaft, — The freezing plant was
connected to the Theresa shaft on June 10th,
1904, three holes being put in circulation,
and on July 18th, the whole of the freezing-
iubes were put in circulation. The tempera-
ture of the brine going to the pit was —13° Cent. (8*6^ Fahr.)
and on returning -85° Cent. (16*7° Fahr.).

The water-level in this shaft was also affected by high tides
and low tides at sea, the displacement being almost the same as
at the Castlereagh shaft (Fig. 16, Plate XXX.). The water in
this pit was tested by taking samples ; it was found to contain
7 per cent, of salt at the bottom of the pit and 3 per cent, at

Fig. 38.— No. 16
Freezing -TUBE.

564

SINKING BY THE FHEEZIXG-PHOCESS.

water-level ; and, after the water had been pumped out of this
pit for two days, it was found to remain uniform at 3 per cent,
throughout the shaft.

On August 31st, 19()4, the bottom of the shaft was fUled witk
debris, A, to above the level of the bottom crib of tubbing (Fig. 17,
Plate XXXI.). After allowing time for it to settle, 90 tons of
concrete, B, were deposited, on September 8th, 1904, on the top of
the rubbish so as to stop the rise and fall of water, as influenced
by the tides.

On November 1st, 1904, 15 feet of water was drawn out of
the • shaft to test whether the ice-wall was formed, but the
level of the water gradually rose up to November 7th, when a
further depth of 35 feet of water was drawn out (Fig. 18, Plate
XXXI.) ; and from this depth, the water commenced to rise very
rapidly till it reached water-level. The rise and fall of the water-
level again proved that the ice-wall was not formed ; and on
November 21st, 1904, 14 tons of concrete, C, were put down the
shaft (Fig. 17, Plate XXXI.). As the rise and fall of water still
continued, on November 30th, 1904, 25 tons of concrete, D, were
put down tlie shaft, and the rise and fall of the water then ceased
(Fig. 18, Plate XXXI.).

On Januaiy 18th, 1905, another attempt was made to test
the ice-wall at this shaft, and the water was drawn out to a
depth of 27 feet 4^ inches. The water-level, thereafter^
gradually rose, until on January 28th, 1905, it had risen 3 feet

SINKING BY THE FHEEZING-PHOCESS. 565-

drawu out, and careful observations were taken of the ice-deposit
on the sides of the tubbing as the water-level was lowered. A
bare place, ah (that is a portion of the tubbing not covered with
ice), was found to run for some considerable depth on the west side-
of the shaft at the position of No. 22 bore-hole (Figs. 22 and 23,
Plate XXXII.). On reaching a depth of 132 feet, a feeder of 1,000
gallons per minute, issuing from the bottom of the shaft, proved
conclusively that the ice-wall had not been formed.

The shaft was filled as quickly as possible with water by^
diverting the overflow from the cooling tanks, so as to minimize,,
as far as possible, the breach in the ice-wall. It was then,
found that the water-level was again influenced by the tides.
Fig. 19 (Plate XXXI.) records the variations of the level of the-
water from January 15th up to and including March 4th, 1905.
On February 27th, 1905, 90 tons of concrete, E, were put into the-
shaft, and the rise and fall of water was stopped (Fig. 17, Plate
XXXI).

From the diagram (Fig. 29, Plate XXXIII.) showing the tem-^
peratures of the brine going down the central tube and retuming^
to the surface, the loss of temperature in the strata at each
hole, and from observations of the ice-deposit exposed on the
sides of the tubbing on February 2l8t, 1905, it was thought that
the breach in the ice-wall was in the vicinity of No. 22 hole on
the west side of the shaft. To strengthen the ice-wall at this
point, it was decided to put down a new bore-hole, a, adjacent ta
No. 22 hole, in the ice-wall, and to fit it with freezing- tubes-
(Fig. 7, Plate XXVIII.). On May 27th, 1905, this hole was com-
menced ; but the frost was so severe in the ice- wall that, despite
every precaution, the rods, chisels, etc., were many times frozeiL
fast in the hole and it had to be overbored. This hole was^
eventually abandoned at a depth of 284 feet, on August 12th,,
1905.

On August 10th, 1905, the shaft was again tested, and all
the water was drawn out. It was found that the ice-wall had
formed, the bottom of the shaft showed a mass of ice, 3 feet 6.
inches thick all round the tubbing (Figs. 20 and 21, Plate
XXXII.). This diagram shows clearly the action of the double
nipple and isolation-chamber, c, as the thickness of the ice in-
creases, where the freezing-tubes come into direct contact with the
strata, and decreases where the isolation-chamber comes into effect..

i566

SINKING BY THE FREEZING -PROCESS.

On clearing away the ice in the bottom of the shaft, sinkings
was commenced on August 14th, 1905. The temperature of
the brine going to the shaft was -19^ Cent. (-220 Pahr.),
and it was returning at a temperature of — 16^ Cent. (3*2^ Fahr.).

The temperature of the water in this shaft at the commence-
ment of the freezing was 11^ Cent. (51*8^ Fahr.), and it decreased
io 050 Cent. (3290 Fahr.) on the formation of the ice-wall.

The circulation of brine to this shaft was cut off on February
16th, 1906. The total time of freezing and maintaining the
ice-wall was as follows: — Forming the ice-wall, 392 days;
maintaining the ice-wall, while sinking, etc., 186 days ; the total
time of freezing being 578 days. The length of time taken to
freeze this shaft was increased by drawing out the water from the
shaft before the ice-wall was sufficiently strong to stand the pres-
sure put on it.

(e). — Sinking in the Frozen Ground,
Through the limestone, naturally hard but with its hardness
intensified by the frost, explosives were used to blast out the
rock. Great care was required in placing the shot-holes and
regulating the quantity of explosive used, to prevent any breakage
of the freezing-tubes surrounding the shaft and so cause a leakage
of brine, which might damage the ice-wall. The following shot-
firing regulations were adopted : —

A. Black compressed powder must be used for all shots.

B. Sumping holes must not be more than 50 inches deep.

Not more than

SINKING BY THE FREEZING-PROCESS.

667

that holes on the side had to be drilled by rock-drillin^g
machines and the stone removed by stub and feather. Little
Jap hand pneumatic rock-drilling machines were also used for
this work and gave very good results in dry ground. To protect
the sinkers' hands from frost-bite and their eyes from being cut
by sharp pieces of rock and sand from pick and drill-rod points,
leather gloves and gauze-goggles were provided.

Castlereagh Shaft. — After all the water had been drawn out of
the Castlereagh shaft, sinking was commenced on October 17th,
1905. All ice and soft concrete were removed from the bottom.
Eight holes were drilled in the concrete, through specially
prepared stuffing-boxes that could be shut, should there
be any inrush of water up the holes (Fig. 26, Plate XXXII.) to

Table m.—SKcmoN or Strata sunk thbough in the Castlereagh
Shaft, Dawd'>n Colliery.

Thick-

Depth

Thi

ck-

Depth

new of

from

nessof

from

No. Description of Strata. Strata.

Surface.

No. Description of Strata.

Strata.

Surface.

Ft.

Inn.

Ft.

Inn.

Ft.

Ins.

Ft. Ins.

AUuvium —

Coal -measures—

1 Soil 1

19 Very hard grey

2 Clay 5

post-girdle

464 4

3 Gravel 4

20 Dark - grey shale,
with red shale-

Magiienian Limestone —

bunds

485 4

4 Strong marl, with

21 COAL

485 7

limestone-girdleB 50 10

22 Grey shale

488 0

5 Limestone, with

23 COAL

492 41

strong marl-part-

24 Grey post

494 7

ings • 32

6 Marl, with gullets 84

25 Seggar-clay

26 COAL

506 3

179

507 1

7 Hard grey lime-

27 Grey shale

28 Dark-grey shale ...

29 COAL

512 10

stone 34

213

515 8

8 Yellow limestone.

515 n

with red marl ... 13

226

30 Dark -grey shale ...

lOi

516 8

9 Hard grey lime-

31 Grey post, with

stone 65

292

shale panels
32 Very hard grey

526 5

10 Grey and yellow

limestone ... 17

309

post

527 6

11 Yellow limestone... 22

331

33 Grey post, with

12 Hard grey lime-

shale partings ...

539 6

stone 5

337

34 Dark-ffrey shale ...

35 Grey snale

540 3

13 Hard grey lime-

640 7

stone, in panels 30

367 m

36 Post-girdle

540 9

Marl Slate- ^ l„.

37 Grey shale

Ft. Ins.

541 0

14 Softshale .. 0 U

38 COAL ... 1 5

15 Hard shale... 1 11^

39 Stone .0 IJ

3G9

\\\

40 COAL ... 1 10^

16 Fish-bed I

371

544 5

41 Seggar-clay

548 10

Yellow Sand—

42 Grey shale

552 1

17 Blue-grey sand ... 75

446

43 COAL

552 8

18 Brown-grey sand... 17

463

44 Seggar-clay

563 6

VOL. XZXII.-U06-1M7.

568

SINKING BY THE FREEZING-PBOCESS.

ascertain whether the strata below the concrete were frozen.
These holes were put down about 4 feet into the rock. Subse-
quently, two holes were put down to a depth of 15 feet into the
rock. ITie whole of the concrete was then removed, and sinking
was commenced in the frozen strata at a depth of 203 feet 2
inches in the Magnesian Limestone, on October 31st, 1905
(Table III.).

At this depth, the ice-wall was not frozen solid across the
shaft, there being an unfrozen core in the centre. Diagrams
(Figs. 27 and 28, Plate XXXII.) were taken to show the ice-ring
inside the shaft on December 9th, 1905, and January 8th, 1906.
A fortnight later the whole of the shaft-bottom was frozen solid.

As is UBual in Magnesian Limestone, large gullets were
found ; and as these were invariably filled with ice, they showed
the previous presence of large quantities of water.

The progress of the sinking through the Magnesian Lime-
stone was slow, owing to the shot-firing restrictions. The aver-
age progress in rock was 5i feet per week, and including sinking,
and tubbing and wedging, etc., it was 4i feet per week. In the
Yellow Sand, the pix)gress was 20 feet 10 inches per week, and
including sinking, and tubbing and wedging, etc., it was 7A
feet per week.

Table IV. -Account of the Cast-ibon Wbdgino-crirs in thr
Castlereagh Shaft, Dawdon Colliery.

No. of
Crib.

Deiicrii)tion of HtraU forming th«.« B<mI
of thf Crib.

1 Marl, with gullets

Deiith from
Surf we.
Ft. Inn.

140 2

Remai%a.

Water-feeders reduced from

SINKING BY THE FREEZING-PROCESS.

569

The making of the crib-beds, laying the cribs and putting on
the tubbing and wedging of the same were rapidly done, the dry-
ness of the pit ond other conditions being very favourable for
this work (Table IV.)

On approaching the drift from the Theresa shaft, bore-holes
were put down to prove that it was properly frozen before
holing into it.
The top portion
of the drift was
found to bo
solid ice. The
drift (Fig. 39),
filled with sand
frozen hard,
was eventually
timbered off.

When work-
ing at the level
of the drift, the
opportunity
was taken to
cut out the rock
and to expose
No. 16 freezing-
tube, part of
which was
eventually cut
out at that
point (Fig. 38).
A new hole
was bored from
the surface,
through the top
freezing - tubes
and through

the ice-wall, into the Coal-measures, and small freezing-tubes
were inserted in it.

When the last length of tubbing had been inserted, and
wedged in the Magnesian Limestone at a depth of 356 feet
llf inches before entering the sand, bore-holes were put down

I- III

ill J

-- — ♦_

'^ 1

I'i -'^

BtJ»S0^ w

1*^'

^'ijm

^i\

f^n

•'1 %

>• -1

-^ ^ .. ~ ^

^^^ i

Fio. 39.— Drift between the Castlereagh and Theresa
Shafts, as found in the CASTLEREAtai Shaft.

670

SINKING BY THE FREEZIXG-PROCKSS.

with rock-drills, through special stuffing-boxes (Fig. 2(i, Plate
XXXII.), to avoid an inrush of water, to prove whether the
sand was frozen. Five bore-holes were attempted : Nos. 1
and 5 holes were lost through the rods freezing in the holes ;
No. 2 hole was bored 51 feet 2 inches; No. 3 hole, 18 feet 6
inches ; and No. 4 hole, 25 feet. The strata passed througrh in
No. 2 hole comprized limestone, 8i feet; fish-bed and shale, 3^
feet; and into frozen sand, 39 feet.

On July 22nd, 1905, the sand was struck at a depth of 371
feet, and found to be frozen hard. So great was the intensity
of the freezing, that the sand resembled hard grey freestone,
although pieces readily crumbled away when held for a short
while in the hand. On being exposed to the atmosphere the
sand soon became soft and fell to pieces. In the shaft-bottom,
the frozen sand was so hard that blasting had to be continued
throughout the deposit. The upper portion of the frozen sand
was tested, and found to contain 12 per cent, of water. Some
of the ground passed through towards the bottom contained a
very much larger percentage of water, and girdles of ice inter-
mingled with the sand exposed in the sinking, proved the pre-
vious presence of free water. The temperature of the frozen,
sand in the bottom of the pit was — 14° Cent. ((1*8° Fahr.).

The Yellow Sand was found of two colours : blue-grey sand,
75 feet thick; and brown-grey sand, 17 feet 4 inches thick.

At the bottom of the sand, lying unconformably on the
Coal-measures, there was a hard irregular mass, about 1 foot

SINKING BY THE FREEZING-PROCKSS. 571

in the frozen sand; and a metal crib and foundation-course, 18
inches wide, was laid, and a lift of tubbing, backed with con-
crete was inserted.

On August 2nd, 1905, the Yellow Sand was passed through,
and the sinking entered the dark-grey shale of the Coal-measures.
The sinking was continued 7 feet into the Coal-measures; and
a crib-bed was formed in the frozen ground at a depth of 468
feet 4 inches. A metal crib and foundation-course, 15 inches
wide, was laid, a length of tubbing, backed with concrete, was
put in, and the sand was closed otf. On shearing back, to make
the last named crib-bed, Nos. () and 7 freezing-pipes were ex-
posed : No. G pipe, c^ just cleared the metal crib, but No. 7 pipe, rf,
had to be cut out to allow the metal crib to be laid (Fig. G, Plate
XXVIII.).

Sinking was resumed to a further depth of 49 feet, and the
bottom of the ice-wall or frozen ground passed through (Fig. 30,
Plate XXXIII.).

On August 18th, 1905, a crib-bed was laid at a depth of 510
feet G inches, and a lift of tubbing was built from it.

The bottom foundation crib-beds were made at a depth of 535
feet 1 inch. Two metal foundation-cribs, the bottom one 18
inches wide and the top one 22 inches wide, were laid, and the
tubbing was completed (Fig. 31, Plate XXXIV.).

The section of the metal tubbing put into the shafts was |
inch thick at the water level, increasing J inch for each 60 feet in
depth, the bottom length being li inches thick.

On September 25th, 1905, when sinking through the Coal-
measures in the frozen ground, at a depth of about 48G feet
while drilling sump-holes, one of the holes struck a feeder of
water under suflScient pressure to force a jet of water 20 feet
up the shaft and of very low temperature. The hole was
plugged, but when the pressure was allowed to run off, the
quantity of water was found to be very small. It was thought
that the water had come from a ** pocket," which had not been
frozen, and that it had been subjected to great pressure owing to
the expansion of the fiozen ground.

l^hcresa Pit, — Sinking in the frozen ground was effected in
the Theresa shaft on somewhat the same lines as at the Castle-
reagh shaft.

The sinkers were sent into this shaft on August 14th, 1905,

572

SINKING BY THE FEEEZING-PROCESS.

to take out the ice on tlie sides of the tubbing and in the bottom
of the shaft (Fig. 40). When all the ice had been removed,
three holes were bored thi-ough the concrete to ascertain whether
the underlying ground was thoroughly fixwen. Leading bore-
holes were kept in advance, until the drift to the Castlereagh
shaft was passed and the Magnesian Limestone struck at a depth

of 354 feet.

Rr»ntING BY THE FREEZING-PROCESS.

678

Tablk v.— Section of Strata Sunk through in the Theresa
Shaft, Dawdon Colliery.

Thlck-
neiM of
Strata.
Vt. Inn.

1 0

5 0
3 0

No. Description of Strata.

AUumum —

1 Soil

2 Clay

3 Gravel

- Magnesian Limestone^

4 Marl, with hard

limestone panels 6

5 Marl 22

6 Limestone 6

7 Strong bedded marl 66

8 Strong marl, in

blocks 64

9 Hard limestone,

honeycombed ... 60

10 Grey marl 4 "

11 Grey limestone 73

12 Grey limestone, with

large gullets, filled
with yellow lime-
stone 23

13 Hard grey limestone 31

Marl Slate- ^ j^

14 Soft shale ... 0 I

15 Hard shale... 1 3

16 Fish-bed 0

Yellow Sand —

17 Blue-grey sand ... 78

18 Bro wn -grey sand ... 14

Depth

from

Surface.

Ft. InB.

1 0
6 0
9 0

6
0
0

109

1
7
7
7

174

6
7
4

234
239
312

9
4
8

4
0

3.36
367

0
0

104

368
369

Thick-
ness of
Strata.
Ft. Ins.

Depth

from

Surfa«*.

Ft. Ins.

447 7J
462 3

No. Description of Strata.

Coal-measures —

19 Very hard post-

girdle 1 1 463 4

20 Dark - grey shale,

with red shale-
bands

21 COAL

22 Grey shale

23 COAL

24 Grey post

25 Seggar-clay

26 COAL ... ....

27 Grey shale ...

28 Dark-grey shale ..

29 COAL

30 Dark -grey shale ...

31 Grey post, with

shale-partings ... 1 II

32 Very hard grey post 110

33 Grey post, with

shale-partings ... 4 11

34 Dark-grey shale ... 1 2

35 Post-girdle ... 0 2

36 Dark-grey shale . . 0 10

37 Grey post 2 6

.38 Grey shale 13 0

39 COAL 3 4

40 Seggar-clay ... 4 11

41 Grey shale 2 11

42 COAL 0 7

43 Seggar-clay ... 4 9

18 7

481

0 3

482

2 10

485

4 8

489

1 9i

491

10 7

502

0 l\\

503

6 Oi

509

2 1

511

0 Zi

511

0 91

512

514 1

515 11

520 10
522 0

522 2

523 0
525 6
538 6
541 10
546 9
549 8
650 3
555 0

Table VI.— Account of the Cast-iron Wkdging-cribs in thk Theresa
Shaft, Dawdon Collierv.

No. of
CMb.

Description of Strata forming
the Be<l of the Crib.

1 Hard limestone, honeycombed

2 Hard limestone, honeycombed ... 226 9

3 Grey marl . .

4 Grey limestone, with large gullets,

filled with yellow limestone

5 Hard grey limestone, frozen

6 Blue-grey sand, frozen

7 Blue-grey sand, frozen

8 Dark -grey shale, with red shale-

bands, frozen

9 Grey shale

10 and

11 Grey shale

Depth from

Surface.

Remarks.

Ft. Ina.

196 2«

Water-feeders reduced from

6,075 to 1,100 gallons

per minute.

226 9

Water-feeders reduced from

2,850 to 1,470 gallons

per minute.

236 5

Water-feeders reduced from

1,560 to 400 gallons per

minute.

327 11

Water-feedcrs reduced from

1,720 to 380 gallons per

minute.

354 Hi

Frozen ground.

390 5i

Do.

431 5i

Do.

468 7

Do.

508 4

530 9 Double wedging-crib.

574

SINKING BY THE FREKZIXG-PROCESS.

sinking through the sand. After 34 feet had been sunk in the
sand, a crib-bed was made at a depth of 890 feet 5 J inches in
the frozen ground and a metal crib with a foundation-course, 15
inches wide, and tubbing, backed with concrete, to secure the top
portion of the sand and fish-bed, was inserted. Sinking was
again continued for 45 feet 3 inches in the frozen sand; a second
crib-bed was laid at a depth of 431 feet 5^ inches and a metal-
crib with a foundation-course, 15 inches wide, and tubbing,
backed with concrete, was inserted.

4. -a

•

SIXKIXG BY THE FREEZING-PROCESS. 575

(f). — The Thawing of the Frozen Ground,

One of the refrigerator-tanks was disconnected from the
ammonia-circnit, in order that it might be used to thaw the
frozen ground, to allow of the withdrawal of the tubes, and
to allow of the pressure of water coming gradually upon the
tubbing. A steam-pipe was connected to the spiral tube, and
a circulating pump wa« coupled to the tank and to the collectors
of the freezing-tubes at the shaft. The tank was then filled
with brine, and steam was passed through the spiral tubes, warm-
ing the brine which was circulated by the pump through the
tubes in the shaft.

Castlereagh Shaft. — The temperature of the brine, —18^ Cent.
(— 0*4^ Fahr.), left in the freezing-tubes at the end of the freez-
ing of this shaft on October 19th, 1905, was found, on November
6th, 1905, to have risen to 0^ Cent. (32o Fahr.).

The circulation of warm brine was commenced on November
7th, 1905. The temperature of the brine going to and return-
ing from the shafts is recorded in Table VII.

Table VTI.— TiMPBRATUKEft of the Bbine employed in Thawijto

THE ICS-WALL AT THE CaSTLEREAGH ShAFT.

Temperatures of Brine:
(Mng to Shaft. Returning from Shaft.

Degrees Degrees Degrees Degrees

Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr.

1906.

Nov. 9

410

32-0

„ 20 ...

82-4

68 0

., 23 ...

87-8

71-6

„ 29 ...

62-6

65-4

Dec. 4

68 0

62-6

„ 8 ...

69-8

64-4

On November 26th, 1905, 19 days after beginning to thaw
the ice-wall, a pressure of water was found to exist behind the
tubbing, and a plug was blown out of one of the segments, 255
feet below the surface.

A large coke-fire lamp or brazier was suspended by chains
to the sinking rope, on December 1st, 1905, and run slowly
up and down the shaft to heat the air and melt the ice on
the top lengths of tubbing and on the brickwork near the
surface.

Two pressure-gauges were fitted to the tubbing to record
the pressure of water behind it: one, pla>ced at a depth of 30G

VOL. XXXlI.~lMe.lN7. 40

576

LINKING BY THE FREEZING-PEOCESS.

feet below the top of the tubbing, recorded a pressure of 130
pounds per square inch ; and the other, at a depth of 360 feet,
recorded a pressure of 160 pounds per square inch.

The circulation of warm brine was maintained until January
2nd, 1906.

Theresa Shaft. — The same system of thawing was used in
the Theresa Shaft as that used at the Castlereagh shaft. Warm
brine was circulated from February 28th to May 4th, 1906.

Three holes were drilled, with an auger, § inch in diameter,
through the sheeting below each of the cribs of the tubbing, in
both shafts, to be used for ascertaining what was taking place
behind the tubbing during the thawing of the ice-wall. These
holes acted as vent-holes both for air and water as the ice-wall
thawed and prevented any " air-lock " from taking place. Water
was allowed to run from them until the ice-wall was thoroughly
thawed, and they were then wedged tight.

(g), — Removal of the Freezing-tubes,
Castlereagh Shaft. — The drawing of the tubes from the Castle-
reagh shaft was commenced on February 21st, 1906. The
central tube was taken out of each hole. The freezing-tubes
were removed by means of a drawing tool, which waa lowered
into the tube, at the end of solid-steel rods, a pair of clamps
was bolted round the rods, and an upward pressure was brought

DISCUSSION— SINKING BY THE FHEEZING-PfiOCESS. 677

Table VIII. records tlie lengths of freezing-tubes that were
lost in the respective holes.

The withdrawal of the freezing-tubes at the Castlereagh
shaft was finished on April 17th, 1906, 8 weeks from the
commencement.

Theresa Shaft— On May 2nd, 1906, the withdrawal of the
central and freezing-tubes was commenced, and the whole of the
tubes were withdrawn, none being lost, on May 25th, 1906, 3
weeks and 2 days from starting.

The bore-holes at each shaft were filled with gravel and
sand, after the tubes were extracted, the upper poiiion of the
holes near the surface, in some cases, being filled with cement-
concrete.

The writer is greatly indebted to Mr. V. W. Corbett, mining
agent and director of the Londonderry Collieries, Limited, under
whose management the works in connection with the Dawdon
winning have been successfully carried out, for permission to
publish the facts and infoimation detailed in this paper.

Mr. T. E. FoRSTER said that one point was very clearly
brought out in Mr. Wood's paper, and it would probably explain
what had happened in other sinkings, namely, the necessity of
preventing any circulation of the water. The diagrams showing
that, until a sufficient quantity of concrete was thrown into the
pit, the circulation of the water could not be stopped, were
very interesting. Probably, when sinkings had to be made by
this process, it would be better that the freezing should be com-
menced from the top. He would like to ask whether there was any
difficulty with the tubbing when the ground was thawed. He
was under the impression that the tubbing used at Dawdon was
that ordinarily used in the district, and was not fitted with flanges
inside the pit and bolted together. He would like to know what
thickness of concrete-backing had been used.

Mr. E. Seymour Wood said that no difficulty had been ex-
perienced with the tubbing, when the ice-wall was being thawed;
the only thing that happened to it was the blowing out of one of

578 DISCUSSION SINKING BY THE FREEZING-PROCESS.

the plug-holes. The entire tubbing was backed with concrete, 4J
inches thick, through the whole depth of the Yellow Sand, up to
the Magnesian Limestone.

Mr. Bennett H. Broigii (London) noted with interest that
the results of the author's experience proved that the plumbings
of bore-holes was an absolutely untrustworthy method of deter-
mining the deviation from the vertical. Various ingenious
devices had been described* for determining the deviation, by
means of a magnetic needle enclosed in a glass-phial filled with
a hot solution of gelatine, by etching glass with hydrofluoric
acid, and by an electric recording apparatus. With an instru-
ment of the last-named type, Mr. H. F. Marriottt had detected
enormous bore-hole deviations at the Turf mines, Johannesburg.
For surveys of bore-holes in connection with the freezing process
of shaft-sinking, excellent results had been obtained with instru-
ments of the stratameter class, in which a compass-needle and a
plumb-bob were regulated by clockwork. The various instru-
ments of that class were described in detail in a recently pub-
lished work by Mr. F. Freise.J

The President (Mr. J. H. Merivale), in proposing a vote jf
thanks to Mr. Wood for his paper, said that that gentleman and
the owners of the colliery were to be congratulated on having
completed their difficult, expensive and arduous sinking by the
freezing system.

NOTES OF COLONIAL AND FOREIGN PAPERS. 679

APPENDICES.

I.— NOTES OF PAPERS ON THE WORKING OF MINES, METALLURGY.
ETC., FROM THE TRANSAC'HONS OF COLONIAL AND FOREIGN
SOCIETIES AND COLONIAL AND FOREIGN PUBLICATIONS.

CUTANEOUS INFECTTVITY OF ANKYLOSTOMIASIS.

lyivfezione da Aivchilosioma per la Via cutanea. By GiNO PiERi. Atti delta
Beale Accademia dei Lincei, 1905, aeries 5, BendicoiUi, vol. xiv., pa^es
547-554.

Premising that he has been at work on this important subject since 1901,
the author g^ves an account of the experiments which he has carried out in the
Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy directed by Prof. B. Graasi.

On December 4th, 1901, he placed on his own skin, and on that of Drs. B.
Grassi and Noe, seVcral thousands of larvae of Anki/losfoma, but the results
are described as inconclusive. Further experiments, in the course of 1903, were
purely negative in regard to the transmission of the infection through the
skin. But, as a result of the experiments made on dogs by the author in the
course of 1905, and of the evidence accumulated by other experimenters, he
admits unreservedly that ankylostomiasis can be transmitted through the skin
by mature larvae. Nevertheless, he regards ingestion through the mouth as
the principal mode of infct^tion, and addiices the evidence in favour of this
contention, as against the contrary opinion upheld by Drs. Calmette, Breton
and Liebmann (that infection through the skin is the chief cause of the
trouble).

He also lays stress on the following points : (1) Not all the larvae that come
into contact with the skin pierce through it; (2) not all the larvae that do
pierce through the skin actually reach the intestine; and (3) the experiments
on animals show that the older the subject of the experiment is, the less
easily, rapidly, and abundantly, does infection through the skin take place.

L. L. B.

MINING LEGISLATION IN HOLLAND.

Nofe siir la Legislation Min^rale des Pays- Bos. By J. G. Bousquet. Annaies den
Mines, 1905, series 10, M^moires, x>ol. vii., pages 123-140.

Until recently the mining code of the Netherlands consisted purely and
simply of the French la^ of April 21st, 1810, subsequently modified in some
respects as to its form. It is true that the law was interpreted by the Dutch
Government in a fashion that did not accord with French or Belgian notions
of jurisprudence, those who applied for mining concessions being compelled to
agree to certain additional clauses (in the matters of expiry of lease, prelim-
inary security, etc.) which would be regarded as illegal in France or Belgium.

Consequent on the discovery in Dutch Limburg of that coal-basin, which
has since been found to extend westward into Belgian Limburg, the Campine,
and the province of Antwerp, the Dutch Government felt impelled to supple-
ment and modify previous legislation by the enactment of the laws of June

VOL. X\XII.-1906.1U07. 41

680 NOTES OF PAPEES IN COLONIAL AND FOHEIGN

2l8t, 1901, July 24th, 1903, and April 27th, 1904. A French translation of the
full text of these laws is given by the author in an appendix.

There appeared to be little doubt that the discovery of the new coal-basin
Was destined to bring about g^at chang^es in the industrial position of the
Netherlands, but the key-note of the situation was the fixed determination of
the Government to reserve for the State at least a certain portion of the coal-
field. As the result of the bore-holes, there was in 1898 a race for minings
concessions on the part of sundry capitalists. Finding that the task of allott-
ing these equitably would probably prove all but impossible, the Dutch Govern-
ment instituted in 1899 a special Commission to investigate the whole question.
The results of the/enquiry may be summed up as follows: — ^The area over which
workable coal-seams extend in Dutch Limburg amounts to 35,830 acres, of
which part should be reserved for working by the State. This reserved portion
would cover about 11,120 acres, and probably contains about 820 million tons
of coal. The remainder should be allotted in concessions of not less than 1,235
and not more than 2,471 acres, in order to encourage legitimate competition.
It was noted, by the way, that most of the existing concessions were in the
hands of foreign capitalists or foreign syndicates, and that the demands for
fresh concessions totalled up to an area which was more than three times that
of the proved coal-field. Weighty reasons were assigned for the State-working
of a portion of the coal-field, one being that the State-mines would serve as a
model or a standard for the private collieries to work up to; also, that con-
sumers would thereby be protected from the abiises that arise from the forma-
tion of rings or trusts. As a people, the Dutch have no great bent towards
mining enterprise nor much experience in it ; and, if the State did not inter-
vene, the Commission foresaw that all the new mines would fall into the hands
of foreigners. The Government, in 1901, presented a bill based on these conclu-
sions to Parliament, but the drastic resolution was passed to reserve the
entire area of 36,830 acres for working by the State ; then by the law of 1903, the
Government reserved to itself the right of searching for coal north and east
of the known coal-field for six years thereafter, leaving very little ground open
to the enterprise of private prospectors. By the law of 1904, the abrogation of
concessions, when granted, is declared, if mining operations have not been

THANSACnONS AND PERIODICALS. 581-

extremely hard, light, and short, suspended by very elastic brass wires within a
long steel shell which was screwed to the lower extremity of the boring-rods.
The results proved that the average vahie of the geothormic degfree in the Silu-
rian and Devonian strata, consisting of a succession of clay-slates and quartzitic
g^ts many times repeated, is expressed in terms of depth by 185 J feet; this
implies that the conductivity of these rocks is very great indeed. The results
obtained by the author in the Cretaceous rocks and in the Coal-measures are too
divergent to permit of an average being struck ; but, at Drocourt, near Fresnoy,
the gBothermic degree of the Coal-measures is expressed in terms of vertical
depth by 132^ feet. Calling the geothermic degree /i, the conductivity of a
given rock k, and the vertical flow of heat per unity of surface q, the author
shows that n=qlk. The practical result of the measurements recorded by
him is, that at a depth of about 4,000 feet, the new pits to be sunk in the
south of the Pas-de-Calais will have to deal with temperatures varying between
95° and 105° Fahr. At the same depth in Lorraine, the temperatures already
met with in the new bore-holes for coal range from 120° to 130° Fahr.

L. L. B.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARTH-TREMORS.

(1) Siir /« Lfois de Repartition meivfiielle des Tremblcment^ dt Ttrre, By F. dk

MoNTESSUS DE Ballore. Bulletin de la Soci^td helge de G4ologie, de
PaUontologie et d*Ifi/drologiej 1908, I'oL xx.f Proccs-verbauXf pages 183-191.
The author points out that it is a merely fortuitous coincidence that,
in temperate regions, seismic phenomena appear all the year round to follow
the variations of the barometer. Barometric pressure can hardly be invoked
as a factor, with any sense of proportion, in the case of those earthquakes
which are of deep-seated origin. These macroseismic phenomena must be
regarded as entirely distinct from microseismic movements, which are mere
minor vibrations of the most superficial portion of the earth's crust, due to
an infinite variety of causes — some of these causes being hardly determined
or understood as yet.

(2) Sur les pr6lendues Lois de Repartition mensuelle des Tremhlements de Terre,

By F. DK MoNTESSUS DB Ballore. Comptes-rendus heMomadaires des
Sdances de VAcad4mie des Sciences, 1906, vol, cxliii., pages 146-147.

Collating the records of about 60,000 earthquakes from 81 different cata-
logues, which the author has recently examined, he arrives at the result that
the maximum of apparent seismic frequency occurring in October to March in
latitudes higher than 45 degrees is 90 per cent., and from April to September
10 per cent. ; and from October to March in latitudes lower than 45 degrees,
47 per cent., and from April to September, 49 per cent. (4 per cent, being
neither maximum nor minimum). Therefore, northern regions (lying in lati-
tudes higher than 45 degrees) show an enormous predominance of the maximum
apparent seismic frequency during the cold season, while the southern regions
(lying in latitudes lower than 45 degrees) are comparatively neutral in this
regard.

Remembering that the number of slight earth-tremors is incomparably
greater than that of strong or violent shocks, and that the average man if
within doors and resting perceives the slighter tremors far more easily than
when he is out of doors and engaged in active work, these results are immedi-
ately explicable. In the northern regions, it is in the cold season, from October
to March, that people spend most of their time indoors, and that there is least
outdoor work done; whereas in the southern regions the conditions of life are

582 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

much the same all the year round. The personal factor furnishes thus a key
to this supposed seismic maximum in winter ; and the conclusion remains that
earthquakes are equally likely to occur at any season of the year.

L. li. B.

EARTH-TREMORS IN GREECE DURING THE YEARS 1900 TO 1903.
Etude des S^ismes suri^nw en Qrice pendant les AniUes 1900-1903, By D. EoiKins.
Annalea de I'Observatoire National d'Athene-^, 1906, vol, iv,, pages 135-145.

Some account is g^ven of the progT^ss recently made in the organisation of
the Hellenic geodynamic department, started by the author at the Athena
Observatory in 1892. Several hundred workers, stationed in various locali-
ties all over the kingdom, are entrusted with the systematic observation of
earth-tremors; and at five localities (Athens, Calamate, Chalcis, Zante and
Egion) the observing-stations are now equipped with Agamennonc seismo-
graphs.

From January, 1900, to December, 1903, inclusive, no less than 1,284 seis-
mic shocks were recorded in Greece, the greatest number in any one year
(414) being observed in 1902. The annual average for the quadrennium (321),
is very much less than the annual average (631) observed in the years 1893 to
1898; while in the year 1899 no less than 567 seismic shocks were recorded.
The only shock that had destructive effects during the period under review,
was the suflRciently violent earthquake which centred in the island of Cythere.
All the other shocks were comparatively feeble, especially in relation to their
frequency. Tlie general monthly average was 27, as compared with a monthly
average of 44 shocks in the years 1893 to 1898; in both periods, however, it
is noteworthy that shocks were more frequent in the cold than in the hot
season. Seismicity appears to increase from November to February, and
thenceforward diminishes almost continuously imtil October, the months of
greatest earthquake frequency being January, February, March and April.
With regard to diurnal frequency, shocks appear to be more numerous by night
than by day, the maximum occurring between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m., and more
especially between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. And this contrast cannot be put down
to the fact that, in the quiet of the nocturnal hours, shocks are more easily

TEANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 583

EARTHQUAKE OF 1005 IN CALABRIA, ITALY.

(1) // fjrande Terremoto calahro deW 8 Seltembre 1905. By Mario Baratta.

Atti delta Societd toHcana di Scitnze naturcUi, 1906, Mtmorie^ vol, xxii.,
pages 57-80, mth 2 figures in the text,

A slight fore-shock was felt by some persons at about 11 p.m. on September
7th ; but the principal shock started about 245 a.m. on the 8th, with a thrice-
repeated violent saltatory motion, succeeded after an interval of a couple
of seconds by undulatory movements of variable direction, giving the impres-
sion of torsional motion, and lasting for at least 35 seconds. A loud rumbling
noise, comparable to the thunderous roar of a heavy railway-train entering
a tunnel, began a little before the shock, and lasted throughout it with increas-
ing intensity. The town of Monteleonc suffered serious damage, a great num-
ber of buildings being wholly or in part reduced to ruins, or at least rendered
uninhabitable. A very few houses escaped, owing to their exceptionally
solid construction and to the direction in which they were oriented. This
town furnishes another example of the fact that buildings founded on solid
rock are, by comparison with those the foundations of which rest upon a
rubbly or loose subsoil, comparatively immune to seismic phenomena.

A description is given of the destructive effects of the earthquake in the
outlying villages, and the author observes that, poor as the general type of
building is in Monteleone itself, the methods and materials in use in these
villages are still more open to criticism. At Stefanaconi, (>5 persons were killed
on the spot, and 30 were seriously injured; Piscopio, a village numbering 1,162
inhabitants, was utterly destroyed, 59 persons being killed and 250 injured;
84 were killed in the parish of San Gregorio d'Ippona, where the bell-tower
of the church crashed to the ground. At Cessaueti, the same phases of salta-
tory and undulatory motion were observed as at Monteleone; 7 persons were
killed, and half a score injured. The havoc wrought was much greater in all
those ca^es where buildings were founded on loose or rubbly subsoil. This
factor is of equal importance, in appraising the result of earthquakes, with
the architectural factor (mode of building and materials used).

The earthquake of September 8th is termed by the author " polyceutric,"
because within the area of greatest intensity there was a principal epicentrum
in the Monteleone district ; another one in the neighbourhood of Ajello-Marti-
rano; and, in all probability, a third in the belt defined by Montalto-Uffugo-
Rcnde.

(2) Sur le TrenMement de Terre caiahrais du 8 Septtmf>re 1905, By G. Mercalli.

Comptes-reiidtis hebdomadaireH des Stances de VAcadimie des Sciences, 1907,

vol, cxtiv,y pages 110-112.
This author points out that the following phenomena were monitory fore-
runners of the great earthquake: (1) two minor shocks which took place
between September 3rd and 8th, in the Basilicata region; (2) a preliminary
recrudescence of activity in the Stromboli volcano, and a very apparent earth-
tremor throughout Western Calabria on the morning of August 29th; (3)
a great increase of hydrogen sulphide in the thermal waters of Sambiase
(Nicastro); and (4) a slight earth-tremor, which was felt about 1 hour before
the principal shock, throughout the area subsequently devastated by that shock.
The great Calabrian earthquake was unaccompanied by any permanent dis-
location of the subsoil, and so the author classifies it among the seisms which
are usually termed "perimetric," ))ut to which he assigns the api)ellatioii "inter-
volcanic." The devastated area included no less than 44 villages or hamlets; it
measured 62 miles in length from Bisignano to Mileto, and 25 miles in its

584 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOEEIGN

greatest breadth between Olivadi and Briatico. That the epicentrum was
deepseated is shown by the fact that the earthquake was recorded by the instru-
ments in all the scismological observatories of Europe, and as far afield as
Japan and the Philippines, Toronto and Cape Town. The complication and
the variability in direction of the movements — saltatory, undulatory and grira-
tory, already mentioned in Dr. Baratta's memoir — are attributed by Dr. Mer-
calli to the rcsurge of the seismic waves from against the mass of crystalline
rocks which ranges throughout the devastated area, and also to displacement
of the epicentrum in the course of the earthquake. The very irregular distri-
bution of the damage to buildings, etc., was due to a variety of causes. Given
equal intensity, the seismic movements wrought greatest havoc in viUages
built on slopes or on isolated, not very extensive, eminences; also in those
built on the Pliocene yellow sands, on the loose Miocene molasse, on patches
of Quaternary alluvium and on talus-slopes, or on the rubble formed by the
subsoil decomposition of the crystalline rocks. Moreover, the effect of the
shock was most disastrous at the contact of these rocks and the overlying
Tertiary or Quaternary deposits, on account of the sudden stratigraphical
unconformity coinciding with a great difference of elasticity in the mass through
which the earthquake was travelling. The great loss of life is largely attribut-
able to the wretched structural conditions of the habitations, which were
mostly old and but scantily repaired after having been damaged in previous
earthquakes. Dr. Mercalli, after very careful investigation, arrived at the
conclusion that there were really two epicentra : one in the Monteleone district,
and the other in the south-western portion of the upper valley of the Crati.
Numerous after-shocks, no less than 100 in the first three months, followed
hard upon the principal earthquake. He assigns reasons for rejecting any
causal connexion between the coincident renewed volcanic activity of Strom-
boli and of Vesuvius and that earthquake; probably both the volcanic and the
seismic manifestations were due to certain endogenic influences, to which all
the geodynamic phenomena of the region may be ultimately traced.

Although the sea was calm, and there was no wind after the principal
shock, the waters rose and fell, with a periodicity of 7^ minutes, along the
entire Tyrrhenian coast of Central Calabria, the difference from the normal
level attaining at some points a maximum of 4^ feet. L. L. B.

TRANSACTIONS AND PEEIODICALS. 585

"tremor-apophysefi" can be traced stretching into Southern Finland and Rus-
sian Karelia. It is noteworthy that all the records come from localities situ-
ated on a comparatively loose soil (that is, where the immediate substratum
is not solid rock).

In the epicentral area and its immediate neighbourhood, the phenomenon is
described as resembling the roar of an oncoming wind, followed by a very per-
ceptible undulation of the ground, or in places one or two saltatory motions,
and then a general vibration of the soil. Without the immediate neighbour-
hood of the epicentral area, the sepa>rate motions were merged into one. The
direction of propagation is a matter on which extremely various reports have
been obtained : on the whole, it is described either as being from north-west to
south-east, or as precisely the reverse. During the earthquake a sound was
heard comparable to the clattering of rapidly driven carts, and an ominous
cracking in the roofs. Windows rattled, suspended objects swung to and fro,
small fissures appeared in the walls of buildings, and many persons were
aroused from sleep. Church-towers were especially shaken, and in some locali-
ties a screw-like twisting motion was observed. The weather was calm and
very cold, and the barometer much above the normal height. No magrnetic
disturbances were recorded.

There appears to be little doubt that this is a case of an earthquake origin-
ated by faults. The main tectonic lines of the region have the same strike
as the principal axis of the epicentral area. Possibly the enormous transport
of sediment (? removed by erosion) still taking place from this district is con-
tributing to changes in crust-pressure. Moreover, so far as can be ascertained,
secular elevation of the land is more marked to the south-west of the epicentral
area than within it. L. L. B.

CHILIAN EARTHQUAKE OF AUGUST, 1906.
Einige Ergebnisst der Unterauchungen iiher das mittelchUenische Erdbehen vom

16, August 1906. By Hans Steffbn. Petermanna MitttUungtii, 1907,

vol. liii., pctgta 132-138 and a map.
In the macroseismic area embraced by the so-called Valparaiso earthquake
of August 16th, 1906, covering practically a fifth of the South American
continent, only one reliable seismographic record is forthcoming — that,
namely, furnished by the Milne horizontal pendulum at Pilar, in the Argen-
tine province of C6rdoba. In the region west of the Cordilleras where the
most violent shocks occurred, some, what may almost be termed fortuitous,
records were obtained from a few primitive instruments set up by amateurs;
these yielded detailed results only in regard to the direction and intensity
of the shock. The author has, however, been able, by various methods, to
bring together sufficient material for forming a considered opinion as to the
general character of the phenomena.

The shocks perceptible to the ordinary human senses were observed over
the greater part of the South American continent south of latitude 18 degrees
south, from Tacna at the northern extremity of this triangfular area to the
island of Chiloe at the southern extremity. On the east, the line of the Rio
Parand-Rio de la Plata may be regarded as defining the boundary of the
macroseismic belt, although on the north-east that boundary is imcertain.
On the west, the Juan-Fernandez archipelago, lying over 400 miles distant
from the coast at Valparaiso, is the probable boundary. However that may
be, the north-to-south extension of the earthquake (1,740 miles) had only been
exceeded in the Chile-Peru coastal belt on one previous occasion — the disas-
trous shock of May 9th, 1877; while no sufficiently reliable data of the east-

586

NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

to-west extension of former earthquakes are available for comparison in that
direction.

The first perceptible shock on August 16th, 1906, took place about 7-56 p.m.,
and in the central portion of the macroseisraic area it lasted as long as 4 or 5
minutes, being succeeded after an interval of comparative tranquillity by a
more violent shock of barely one minute's duration. Tlie relatively quiet
interval at Santiago cannot have lasted less than 4 minutes. At Pilar, 435
miles away on the other side of the Andes, the aeismographic record chronielc»e
a fore-shock of 9*7 minutes' duration, followed by a principal shock of 12
minutes' duration, then by a succession of alternately feebler and more violent
shocks lasting for about an hour, after which the gradual decrease of the
vibrations was perceptible for a further 77 minutes, the total duration of the
phenomena being thus somewhat over 2{ hours. In the remoter portions of the
macroseismic area the differentiation of the two phases was not perceptible,
the phenomena being described as a remarkably long succession of undulatory
vibrations of uniform intensity. From 30 degrees to near 38 degrees south
latitude, and from the base of the great Cordilleras to the Pacific sea-board,
very marked vertical movements (in the form of fairly-violent saltatory vibra-
tions) were undoubtedly observed. It would almost seem as if the entire macro-
seismic area above defined had been suddenly imbued with a tendency to
centrifugal motion.

The horizontal vibrations appear to have been propagated in all directions,
no single direction being really predominant, and in the cpicentral area there
seems to have been actually torsional movement.

With regard to the intensity of the earthquake, the Commission of Enquiry
appointed by the Chilian Government preferred to make use of the Mercalli
scale (despite its acknowledged defects) instead of the Rossi-Forel scale. The
map constructed on that basis shows that the pleistoscismic area (seventh to
tenth in the scale) embraces the central portion of Chile, between 31^ degrees
and 38 degrees south latitude, from the western base of the Cordilleras to the
shores of the Pacific, the isoseismals defining a series of elongated semi-ellipses.
The major axes of these, for at all events a distance of 310 miles, coincide
approximately with the coast-liue; but at the northern extremity they trend
more inland, their general strike being north 18 degrees east. The concentricity

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 587

The circumstance that, shortly before the commencement of the earth-
quake, heavy showers of rain were experienced over the whole of Central Chile,
appears to have ominously intensified the seismic phenomena in many locali-
ties. Tlius the little town of Limache was razed to the ground, and out of
its 3,500 inhabitants no less than 116 perished on the spot; the surface-soil
there, a loose sand some 4 feet thick, overlies an impermeable clay (over 2^ feet
thick), and so is water-logged after heavy rains. So, too, in the sand-dune
region, which occupies a great extent of the Chilian coast, the effects of the
earthquake were conspicuously manifest — thus San Antonio, a settlement north
of the mouth of the Rio Maipu, was buried by the shifting and collapse of a
dune.

The intensity of the earthquake seems to have diminished far more rapidly
northward than southward, in the coastal region at all events. On the whole,
however, the isoseismals coincide more or less closely with the tectonic lines
defined by the Pacific sea-board, the Central Chilian longitudinal plain, and
the Cordilleras of the Andes. In the southern latitudes, as far as the entrance
of Aranco Bay (37 degrees south latitude), no exceptional motion of the sea
was observed in association with the earthquake-phenomena; but at Coronel,
on the northern shore of that bay, there was a tremendous swell, although the
ocean remained unrippled by the slightest breath of wind. At Penco, which
had on previous occasions suffered from these so-called tidal waves, the three-
fold and fourfold repetition of such waves accompanying the earthquake here
described sent the panic-stricken inhabitants on the trot for the neighbouring
hills. Other seaside localities report similarly alarming waves; but, singu-
larly enough, still farther north, along the coasts of the provinces of Colchagua,
Santiago, Valparaiso and Aconcagua, which suffered most severely from the
earthquake, there was nothing abnormal in the behaviour of the Pacific. The
source of the tectonic disturbance which gave rise to the earthquake must not
be sought in the depths of that ocean.

There is not sufficient evidence at hand to determine whether the tidal
wave observed on the shores of the Hawaii islands was in reality associated
with the Chilian earthquake; but, on the whole, the balance of the recorded
facts tells against such an hypothesis.

Perhaps one of the most interesting features of the earthquake of August
16th, 1906, is the slight elevation of the coast-line in certain districts with the
exception of those lying north of 31^ degrees south latitude arid south of 35
degrees south latitude. This elevation coincides, where it is most marked, with
the areas of highest seismic intensity, and appears to have attained its maxi-
mum (which never exceeded 2-65 feet) in the north. In the Valparaiso area,
after-shocks were still being felt almost daily in March, 1907, that is, seven
months subsequently to the principal shock. L. L. B.

EARTHQUAKES OF 1906 AT MASAYA, NICARAGUA.
Erdbthemerie von Masaya (NicaraguaJ, 1. hU 6. Januar 1900. By Karl Saitkr.

CentralUcUl fiir MiiieroUogie, Oeofoyie mul Paldoiitoloijie, 1906, pages 257-

259, mth a inap in the text.
At 10*30 p.m. on December 31st, 1905, a premonitory fore-shock was felt,
followed at about 5*30 a.m. on New Year's day by a shock sufficiently violent
to cause general excitement in the district. Meanwhile rumblings were heard
at every few minutes' interval, supposedly from the volcano of Santiago, 10
miles or so to the west of the town of Masaya. Light earth-tremors accom-
panied the rumbling. About 5 p.m., the inliabitants were alarmed by a still

688 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

more violent shock, and at 6 a.m. on January 2nd, another earthquake took
place, causing damage to several buildings, many persons being injured by
falling masonry. A series of fifteen lighter shocks followed in the course of
the morning, and four more violent shocks took place between noon and 7*30
p.m. The night was in comparison tranquil, but light tremors occurred with
almost mathematical precision every 2 minutes. Three violent shocks took
place on the morning of January 3rd, while the subterranean rumblings and
slight tremors were practically continuous. The seismic phenomena recurred in
a violent form on January 5th (the shocks on January 4th being comparatively
unimportant), and in the latter half of the day altogether 38 shocks of more
or less intensity took place. At 10 p.m., loud rumbling was heard, followed
by a final violent shock. Complete tranquillity then ensued ; and on January
10th the police-authorities felt justified in requesting the inhabitants of
Masaya, who had fled e/i masse to Qranada, Tisma, Catarina, and other towns,
to return to their homes.

The shocks were not propagated over any considerable distance, nor can
the intensity have been very great, since no building was laid completely in
ruins. The road from Masaya to the lake of the same name is bordered by
crags of tuff, and so much debris crashed down from these that the road was
completely blocked.

The Santiago volcano, which had been active since the summer of 1902,
gave vent to no smoke or steam-cloud during the entire period of the earth-
quakes. It was not until January 9th that a smoke-pillar was observed rising
from it again. It was reported, however, that at the time of the violent shock
which took place at 1*30 p.m. on January 2nd, the parasitic cone of Felon had
opened up, and that smoke and gases had issued from a fissure therein. A
Commission of Enquiry has since stated that a new crater had beg^un to form
between the Santiago volcano and El Pelon, and that gases and steam were
shooting forth from fissures exceeding 16 inches in width.

L. L. B.

CYPERACEJC AND THE ACCUMULATION OF ALLUVIAL GOLD.
Lt Cyptrwt ttiheroam dans Itn Terrains aarifires de Madagascar. By H. Jxtmklle
and H. Perkier de la Batuie. Comptes-rendus htbdomadairts des Stances

TRANSACTIONS AND PEEIODICALS. 589

that such conglomerates are the outcome of the deposition, by the agency of
various micro-organisms, of the oxides of iron which partly make up the black
sands, and that these micro-organisms are powerless to bring about such a
deposition in running water, it will be observed that the requisite life-condi-
tions and environment are found in the mud or slime which is retained during
the dry season among the rootlets and rhizomes of the above-described Cyjyerus.
This will, perhaps, explain also how ferrugfinous concretions often occur on
the slopes of steeply inclined rocks, an impossible situation if mere deposition
of iron in the ordinary way (without the intervention of bacterial agencies) is
postulated. A further suggestion is made as to the possibility that certain
species of bacteria may be capable of acting on gold and causing it to enter
into combination with other substances; and one might then understand how
it is that occasionally gold is found in the conglomerates in the non-free state.

L. L. B.

HUMUS AND THE FORMATION OF BOG- AND LAKE-ORES.

Die Bedeutung der wasserlodichen HumtLsstoffe (Humussole) fiir die Bilduny der
See- und Sumpferze. By Ossian Aschan. Zeitachrift fur praktische
Geoloffie, 1907, vol. xu,, pages 56-62.

In Finland, the "country of the thousand lakes,*' the fresh water (with the
exception of spring-water) is everywhere coloured by the humic substances held
in solution therein, and it has been calculated that the Finnish rivers carry
every year down to the Baltic 1,400,000 tons of such substances. In the same
time they carry down about 1,750,000 tons of inorganic substances.

Careful analyses of the humic material derived from different river- and lake-
waters in Finland show considerable variations in the percentage of carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, which are its principal constituents ; but, cor.
sidering how various in composition and origin are the substances from which
the humic material is generated, there is nothing to give cause for surprise
in this. Leaving nitrogen out of account, it may be of interest to note that the
mean percentages indicate an approximation to the carbohydrates of the cellu-
lose or amylaceous g^up. Bearing this in mind, and noting further the
presence of nitrogenous and phosphorus-compounds, as also (all but invariably)
sulphur in organic combination, the idea suggests itself that, under suitable
conditions, the "humus sole'* (as the author denotes the presumably colloidal
solutions of humic material) may well serve as nutriment for certain lower
organisms. It is surprising how little alteration this material undergoes, in
the course of its journey of 250 miles or so from the Finnish lakes down to the
Baltic; but once in the sea, it oxidizes with comparative rapidity — perhaps
through the agency of certain forms of plankton. In fresh water, the deter-
mining factor in the assimilation of humic products by organisms is probably
the simultaneous presence of certain metallic salts — chiefly those of calcium,
magnesium and iron. In combination with the humic acids they form then
humates. Now, the fresh waters of Finland, flowing over a predominantly
granitic soil, are very poor in salts of lime and magnesia, wherein the sea-
waters are rich; but there remain the possible humates of iron, and these in
all probability play an important part in the formation of the lake- and bog-
ores that are of such frequent occurrence in Finland.

It is a commonplace among geologists that the humic acids in the soil
have much to do with the decomposition and leaching-out of rock-constituents.
But these acids, of themselves insoluble, cannot fulfil their function unless
they are, provisionally at least, taken up by water : in a word, the real decom-
posing agents are the "humus sols." The author agrees in the view that car-

590 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

bonic acid and ammonia, the terminal products of the simultaneous oxidation
of the humic acids, also play a part in the chemical processes involved in the
decomposition of the rock-const it ucnta; but he adds, on his own behalf, the
opinion that biological processes, initiated by certain lower organisms, form
a necessary factor in this humic decomposition. He admits that the attempt
to refer the formation of ordinary lake- and bog-iron-ores to the presence of
soluble humic compounds has hardly gone as yet l)eyond the hypothetical stag^ ;
notwithstanding which he holds that there arc many facts to be adduced in
favour of the hypothesis, among them being the following: — When ferric and
ferrous compounds in solution come into contact with "humus sols," a recom-
bination takes place wherein chemical, and possibly physical forces as well,
come into play. According to the conditions of concentration and to the pre-
sence of definite varieties of ions, after the ferrous compounds have been con-
verted into ferric compounds by the agency of oxygen dissolved in water with
the occasional co-operation of micro-organisms, precipitation of ferric humatcs
takes place, or else they remain in solution. When completely dried at tem-
peratures ranging from 212° to 230° Fahr., the soluble humic substances con-
tain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in proportions that differ but slightly
from those of the multimolecular carbohydrates, in addition to an average
of 2 per cent, of nitrogen, some phosphorus, and sulphur in comparatively
minute quantity. Consequently, as was above suggested, in the presence of
basic substances this humic material would furnish an appropriate nutriment
for lower organisms. In all probability, the ferrous and ferric humates,
whether as precipitates or in solution, are the food of certain micro-organisms,
and are by them decomposed into less complex compounds with the simultaneous
liberation of iron in the form of a hydrated oxide. Tlie organic carbon present
in all the Finnish lake- and bog-iron-ores that have been examined occurs in the
shape of remnants of humic siibstances, and so there appears to be no room
for doubt that such substances play a considerable part in the formation of
these ores. Further analyses of 21 samples of lake-ore and 11 of bog-ore,
showed that they all contained humic acids, in proportions ranging roughly
between 2 and 8 per cent. The very structure of the iron-ores (pisolites, oolites,
etc.) points to the activity of micro-organisms in their formation.

Attention is directed, by the way, to the very common, and in some locali-

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 591

of some 6 square miles), and in the neighbouring, intimately associated,
Drammen granitite. Taking the Borrikdal as an example, a valley which has
a maximum breadth of 300 feet, the ore-deposit in the valley-bottom overlies
the ground-moraine (a sandy boulder-clay) and is in its turn overlain by peat
to a thickness of 8 to 20 inches. The ore-body itself averages 2^ to 3^ feet in
thickness, but sometimes thins down to 4 inches, and occasionally thickens out
to 10 feet. It is evidently of post-Glacial age, and the plant-remains which
are found in it show that it was forming after the migration of the pines
(Pin us mjlrestru) into the district. Whether deposition is still going on to a
small extent is uncertain. The ore is extremely cavernous, and contains much
hygroscopic water when freshly extracted. On drying, it for the most part
crumbles away to powder. That portion of the ore-body which lies close to
the solid rock (quartz-porphyry) that walls in the valley shows a curious inter-
banding of blackish-brown manganese-ochre and brownish-yellow iron-ochre:
the former ore being practically free from clayey particles, and the latter
frequently full of them. Within a foot of the porphyry-wall there is perhaps
more iron-ochre than manganese-ochre, the proportions becoming gradually
interverted as one recedes from that wall, until some 60 feet away iron-ochre
is scarcely present in any proportion worth mentioning. Analyses are given
of the dried ore, the most interesting, perhaps, being that of an average com-
mercial sample containing 41*2 per cent, of metallic manganese. Attempts
have been made to work the Borvikdal deposit on an industrial scale, but so
far only what may be called "samples" have been dug out, to the extent of 100
tons. The author estimates roughly the amount of manganiferous ochre in
sight as equivalent to 10,000 tons of dried ore. Nearly all the fissures in the
quartz-porphyry itself are filmed over with dendritic manganese, and in the
neighbouring Drammen granitite at Myrsateren the films become positively
veins, to such a degree that a few years ago an attempt was made to work them
opencast. Brief descriptions arc given of the manganese ore-deposits of
Flatdal in Telemarken; Idso in the pariah of Strand, district of Stavanger;
and the southern part of Tysvar.

Expressly excluding from consideration the manganiferous nodules which
are known to be forming at the present day in the abysmal'depths of the ocean,
the author proceeds to consider the relationship between iron and manganese
in lacustrine and bog-ores. He quotes in this connexion several analyses,
showing the gradations from an ore containing much iron and little manganese
to one containing a great deal of manganese and scarcely any iron. In regard
to Finnish ores, the rule seems universal that the lake-ores richest in manganese
occur in soft ground where rushy growth flourishes, whereas the ores richest
in iron are found on a hard or sandy bottom where reeds grow. Then, as to
the relationship between iron, manganese, and the other heavy metals in the
crust of the earth and in lake-and-bog ores respectively. In the earth's crust,
the proportion of manganese to iron may be stated roughly as 1 :60 or 60 ; and,
although the difference seems enormous, it will be found that manganese is
actually next to iron in order of abundance. In lake- and bog-ores the propor-
tion is less startling: 1 of manganese corresponds to anything between 26 and
50 of iron; and this is only a very general average, Swedish and Finnish ores
showing a much higher ratio of manganese. It may be observed that man-
ganese possesses a higher solubility-tension than iron, on the whole, and is con-
sequently taken up more easily than iron by the solutions which percolate
through the rocks; the more so that manganese predominantly occurs in the
silicates, from which it is released on weathering with somewhat greater
facility than iron. Chromium, which comes next to manganese among the
heavy metals in order of abundance, is extracted with difficulty by solution

592 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

from the rocks, and so it occurs in quite infinitesimal quantity in the man-
ganiferous iron-ore deposits which are formed by hydrochemical processes.

Turning then to those sedimentary manganiferous deposits, the formation
of which can be explained in the same way as the formation of manganese lake-
and bog-ores, the author reckons among them the finest ore-deposits of the kind
as yet known — ^namely, those of Kutais in the Caucasus and Nikopol on the
Dnieper, the former being of Eocene and the latter of Oligocene age. It may
be noted parenthetically that the Tertiary manganiferous deposits of Russia
account for about one half of the entire manganese-output of the world.
Genetically considered, all the known manganiferous occurrences can be classi-
fied into a series of groups ; among these that which is of greatest industrial
importance is the sedimentary group, more especially the division of lake- and
bog-ores.

A section is devoted to the question of separate precipitation of compounds
of iron and of manganese. This precipitation may be brought about by organic
agencies, animal or vegetable; and also by what may be termed purely chemical
processes. The latter, leaving metasomatic phenomena out of account, and
considering only those that yield oxides and carbonates, result either (1) in
neutral or reductive precipitation; or (2) in oxidic precipitation. Such ore-
deposits as those of Glitrevand and the rich manganiferous lake-ores of Finland
are the outcome of oxidic precipitation from solutions which were originally
richer (by comparison) in iron and poorer in manganese than their precipitates.

In the next section, the reader's attention is called to the enrichment of
metals, the distribution of which is otherwise comparatively limited, in mangan-
iferous deposits. Postulating that, in the course of oxidic precipitation
from solutions originally containing, besides iron and manganese, small quan-
tities of nickel, cobalt, zinc, lead, copper, etc., the main mass of the iron is
precipitated first of all, it follows that these rarer metals must concentrate
together with the manganese in the residuum. And so it proves, in recent
accumulations of lake- and bog-ores, that such metals do occur, even if that
be in infinitesimal proportions; although the ratio is frequently much higher
in manganese than in iron bog-ores. At Glitrevand, for instance, the latter
contain 2 per cent, of zinc, and the ore of Golconda (Nevada) contains 2'78 per

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 598

actual constituents, jnst as much as any other mineral, of the igneous magma,
and he places in the same category those primary ores which have undergone
local concentration or segregation in the magma by a process of natural metal-
lurgy.

The author lays considerable stress on Mr. A. Gautier's theory, that the
water belched forth by volcanoes is really derived from the deep-lying crystal-
line rocks, which, by reason of the increasing irregularity of the pressures to
which they are subjected and the instability of the continuously-contracting
crust of the earth, are folded, dislocated, and broken up. Their broken masses,
coming into contact with the incandescent lava, are thereby sufficiently heated
to lose their combined water. It has been shown that a cubic foot of granite
heated to redness will lose about 0"85 ton of water or steam ; hence, it may be
inferred that the deep-lying crystalline rocks themselves contain enough water
to feed all the mineral springs of which we have any cognizance. The water
thus liberated acts upon the deep-lying rocks, producing in turn an enormous
amount of various gases at high pressure, of the same composition as those
collected from the fumaroles. All this sufficiently accounts for the tremen-
dous power as well as the irregularity of volcanic outbursts. The connexion
between these physico-chemical and hydrothcrmal phenomena and the succes-
sion of chloridic, sulphidic and carbidic fumaroles is shown. The successive
formation of stanniferous, auriferous, plumbiferous and zinciferous ores, etc.,
followed by the evolution of carbonic acid bringing possibly with it iron and
lime, appears to correspond to successive stages of cooling or to increasing
remoteness from the eruptive magma.

The question of the determination of the age of a given ore-deposit is dis-
cussed, and the author points out in this connexion the fundamental distinction
between the metals which are associated with acid, abundantly fumarolic, rocks
and those which are associated with basic rocks. In the first group, the suc-
cession appears to be fairly constant, from gold and tin, accompanied by bis-
muth and tungsten, etc., in the form of chloro-fluorides at temperatures exceed-
ing 932^ Fahr. ; through sulphides (700° to 550° Fahr.) of antimony, lead, zinc
(with copper, iron and cobalt), silver and mercury (below 400° Fahr.) ; to iron,
manganese, etc., as carbonates and possibly chlorides (below 212° Fahr.).
Reasons are assigned for the difficulty which is encountered in attempting to
determine the age of metals of the second or basic-rock group.

The author then gives a brief chronological synopsis, as it may perhaps
best be described, of the various gold, silver, tin, copper, zinc, lead and iron-
ore deposits of the world. He concludes with the rather obvious remark that
metalliferous ores are to be found through practically the entire thickness of
the earth's crust, in the oldest as in the most recent formations, and ore-deposits
are forming nowadays, both seen and unseen. L. L. B.

DIFFUSION-THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF ORE-DEPOSITS.
Remerhmgen zur Diffusion fester Metalle in feste krUtallinviche Gesteine. By
G. B. Treneb. Verhandlungen der haUerlich-hmiglichen geologischen
ReichsamtcUtt 1905, pages 366-370.
At the periphery of the granite-mass of Cima d'Asta a whole series of ore-
deposits occurs, and, in endeavouring to account for their distribution in space,
the most obviously applicable explanation is that of magmatic differentiation.
But this explanation would not hold good unaided, for the ores do not only
occur at the contact-zone of the granite; they have penetrated deep into the
schists which mantle it over. For such circumstances the modern teaching^
in regard to ore-deposits have so far failed to find an adequate physical explana-

694 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

tion; and so the author has endeavoured to solve the problem by pursuing
another line of research, that is, by carrying out experiments in regard to the
diffusion of solid metals or their oxides into solid crystalline rocks. These, he
holds, prove that such diffusion is quite as possible as that of some metals into
other metals. He points out that, so soon as the ores have accumulated by,
let us say, magmatic differentiation at the contact-zone of the eruptive mass,
they find a cool wall in front of them : the molecules will consequently invade
the pores of the schist-mantle, and will fill up such fissures or cavities as
they meet on their way. He is convinced that the phenomena of diffusion play
a considerable part in many geological processes, and more especially in the
genesis of ore-deposits ; but he is very far from claiming that they are a uni-
versal factor, or from wishing to dethrone in their favour the many processes
arising from chemical reactions. He admits, indeed, that many necessary
limitations hedge round the diffusion-theory : for instance, the diffusion-coeffi-
cient of the various metals and ores; the temperature; the magnitude of the
osmotic pressure ; the porosity and permeability of the rock in regard to metals ;
not to speak of the influence of other agencies, such as the chemical reactions
already mentioned, and even the stratigraphical conditions and mineralogical
composition of the rock itself. In this connexion one of the results of his
experiments is of especial interest: mica-flakes appear to oppose an insur-
mountable obstacle to diffusion, and so this can hardly take place at all in
RchistH which include thick continuous bands of mica bedded at right angles
to the direction of diffusion. L. L. B.

FORMATION OF IRON-ORE DEPOSITS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION.
f)her die EiiUtAthung und EinteUnng der EUenerzlagerftUUten. By 0. Stutzkb.

ZeitHchrift fiir d(M Berg-, Hft'Uen- und SaJinenwe^en im preufvnschen Stctatft

1906, tvj/. liv., AbhaiuJUungen, pages 301-304.
Whenever a basalt is examined under the microscope, it is found to con-
tain well-developed octahedra of magnetite, which in some cases form accu-
mulations considerable enough to be of industrial importance : thus, at T&berg
in Sweden accumulations of magnetite of this kind in a gabbro-massif form the
object of mining operations, and similar titaniferous iron-ore deposits occur at

TRAXSACTIOXS AND PERIODICALS. 595

in the course of 10,000 years, the thermal springs of the Laach Lake would form
a deposit of iron-ochre 33 feet thick over an area of 14 square miles.

All the deposits to which reference has so far been made may be trans-
ported to another site by mechanical agencies, or leached out by chemical
agencies, and re-deposited. The iron-ores of Salzgitter and Dornten, north of
Goslar, are a good example of purely mechanical redeposition : angular and
rounded fragments of brown haematite occur there, bound together by a ferru-
ginous cement. The ores are shown to have originated in Jurassic times, and
to have been redeposited in the Cretaceous period. Chemical redeposition, of
which the limonites and bog iron-ores are salient examples, is of much more
frequent occurrence; and there seems to be little doubt that, in former
geological periods at all events, iron-ore deposits have been formed at the
bottom of the sea, such as those of Cleveland and Lorraine, Eressenberg and
Hildesheim.

Nor must the leaching action exerted by springs flowing through rocks rich
in iron be forgotten, precipitating later on the iron which they have thus
leached out of the rocks, although originally the springs themselves contained
no ferruginous particles. Ochreous deposits formed in this manner are to be
seen in the Bunt«r Sandstone district of the Black Forest.

All the iron deposits enumerated above are subject to modification and
metamorphosis through the phenomena of tectonic movement (pressure, etc.),
decomposition and weathering; and thus it is not always easy to solve the
problem of their primary genesis. The following classification is suggested :
(1) Primary deposits, including (a) magmatic differentiates; (6) magmatic lodes;
(0) pneumatolytic-hydratogenous (contact-deposits); and {d) deposits formed
from thermal springs. (2) Secondary deposits, including (a) those formed by
mechanical redeposition; and (h) those formed by chemical leach ing-out and
redeposition. L. L. B.

MAGMATIC SEGREGATION OF IRON-ORES IN GRANITE.
f her tnagmcUische Att-mcheidungen van Eisenerz im Oranit. By J. H. L. VooT.

ZtitAchrifl filr praktmht Gtotogie^ 1907, vol, xv,, pages 86-89, icUh b JigiirtH

in the text.
The author can only explain satisfactorily to himself the occurrence of
deposits of magnetite in several localities in the extensive granit«-area of the
Lofoten isles, in Northern Norway, on the hypothesis that they are the out-
come of a process of magmatic segregation within the granitic magma.

The Lofoten granite, belonging to the fundamental rock-group, is fre-
quently porphyritic, the phenocryste being orthoclase or microcline ; the ferro-
magnesian silicates are developed in it, either in the form of biotite, or in
that of hornblende, and sometimes of both minerals; basic segregates of
amphibolite are of frequent occurrence; the silica-percentage averages 70;
and, finally, the granite sometimes shows signs of intense compression and
sometimes of very little.

At Fiskefjord and in its neighbourhood, on the island of HindO, within
a belt some 6^ miles long and 2 to 2^ miles broad, there are several hundred
distinct magnetite-deposits (reckoning in those of insignificant extent as well
as those of some importance). Some 30 miles farther south-west, on West-
vaago and Gimso, within a belt some 3 miles long and 2 miles broad, there
are at least twenty such deposits — a number that could be easily increased to
fifty, if small ore-bodies a couple of feet or so in length were included. And
these are not the only iron-ore belts within the Lofoten granite-area. They
may be generally described as flattish lenticular masses, which occasionally

▼Olfc XXXn.F-1906.1907. 42

596 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

exceed 820 feet in length and 115 feet in breadth, but are g^enerally of smaller
dimensions ; and by far the g^reater number range from 30 feet or thereabouts
to 80 feet in length, with a breadth of a couple of yards or so. The bedding-
planes of these ore-bodies are sensibly parallel with the structural planes of
the enveloping granite.

Morphologically, the iron-ores here described are comparable with the
segregations of titaniferous iron-ore in gabbros, labradorite-rocks, aug^tic and
nephelinic syenites, etc. ; as also with those of chromite in peridotites, especially
in those cases where these rocks have undergone great compression.

In the immediate vicinity of the ore-bodies, the Lofoten granite is markedly
rich in magnetite, biotite and hornblende. Although the iron-ore is almost
•exclusively magnetite, the deposits arc of variable mineralogical composition.
Thus, in the Fiskefjord area, the magnetite is so commingled with quartz,
hornblende, biotite and sometimes garnet, that the crude ore averages only
from 35 to 38 per cent, of metallic iron. The ore is here of a highly-schistose
structure, resembling in appearance the torrsten or hard ore of Sweden. In
the Smorten-Jorendal area (Westvaago and Gimso), the associates of the magne-
tite are predominantly hornblende, biotite and pyroxene — quartz and felspar
being of sparse occurrence; hereabouts the ore averages 40 to 60 per cent, of
metallic iron, and schistose structure is but feebly (if at all) apparent. In other
portions of the great Lofoten granite-area geologically similar ore-deposits
have been found, averaging from 60 to 65 per cent, of metallic iron. As a rule,
some pyrites, and occasionally magnetic pyrites as well, is associated in vary-
ing quantity with the magnetite. Apatite is also of variable occurrence: in
the Fiskefjord district, the percentage of phosphorus averages 0*2, but is
sometimes higher. In one hole, the author saw an apatitic iron-ore, with
macroscopically visible apatite, somewhat resembling the Gellivaara ore. In
other districts, however, as, for example, Smorten-Jorendal, the percentage of
phosphorus in the ore is quite insignificant (0'03 to 0*05). The granitic pegma-
tite-veins which frequently seam the Lofoten granite are also observed to
strike through the ore-bodies.

There is no doubt that these iron-ores were formed at the time of the
eruption of the granite, and that they accumulated within the granitic magma
by some process of magmatic segregation or differentiation. Perhaps the same

TEANSACTIONS AND PEBIODICALS. 597

mineralized with salts of iron and salts of aluminium. That is why limonite is
always associated with the bauxite which retains the form of oolite after the
dissolution of all the iron (that is, by hydrochloric acid).

In the course of his numerous experiments, the author has endeavoured
to reproduce the varying: particularities of epig^enetic phenomena, and he is
thus enabled to explain why the deposition of iron does not always take place
in a perfectly even manner througfhout the entire limestone-mass. The
slightest variation in structure is sufficient to cause the ferruginous solutions
to flow by certain points without yielding any precipitate, while near by they
may be throwing down great quantities of iron. The difference in volume
between limonitic oolites and calcareous oolites within strata of the same age
is dependent on the difference in density of the two substances; so, too, the
flattened form of the ferruginous oolitic granules contrasts with the sphericity
of the granules in oolitic limestones.

But the history of the pisolitic iron-ores is only a particular case from
among the numerous instances of the change of a calcareous formation into a
ferruginous one, and in all these instances the chief structural features have
been preserved despite, the fundamental alteration in composition. These facts
bear eloquent testimony to the unceasing activity of aqueous solutions circulat-
ing in the subterranean regions of the earth's crust. L. L. B.

STRATIGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OCCURRENCE OF

PETROLEUM.

EinigM uher die Lagerungawrhditnijfse des Erddls. By A. F. Stahl. Chemiker-
zeitung, 1906, vol, xxx,y No. 30, 4t pages.

Premising that it is well-known that the largest quantities of petroleum
are obtained from the summits of anticlinal folds, where the oil, saturated
with gases, is often present in such abundance that it must have been stored
up and concentrated, and cannot possibly have originated where it now occurs,
the author maintains that it must have formed in the practically horizontal
beds of widespread basins, where consequently it was originally distributed over
a very extensive area. In such beds, wherein we cannot hope to find either
locally great accumulations of petroleum or high tension of gases, bore-holes
or sinkings could only meet with scant success. Moreover, the necessity of
getting through a great thickness of barren strata, which generally overlie
the productive oil-bearing beds, has to be taken into account. It may be
postulated that orographic movements, that is, folding of portions of the earth's
crust, originated the concentration or accumulation of petroleum. But such
movements involved also the bursting up and Assuring of the barren strata,
whereby a path was opened to the influence of atmospheric agencies, the final
result being that the productive oil-bearing horizons were brought nearer to
the surface and rendered more accessible to boring operations.

The author distinguishes, however, between two systems of tectonic plica-
tion. With the first, the true orographic or mountain-building folds, are asso-
ciated merely sporadic petroleum-deposits, the industrial value of which is,
to say the least, doubtful. But, with regard to the second, examples of which
are patent in the Caucasus and in Persia, where several ranges of foot-hills
strike parallel with the great mountain-chains, the case is different. He
explains how each elevation here above the average level of the anticlines
received an elliptical form, and constituted thereby an eligible reservoir for
petroleum. In the course of being folded up into anticlines every kind of rock,
except the plastic clays, was inevitably cleft and fissured, such clefts and
fissures favouring, of course, the accumulation of oil ; and so it often happens

598 NOTES OF PAPEKS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

that a bore-hole which luckily penetrates a fissure proves very productive,
while another put down close by, but missing the cleft, fails to strike oil at
the very same horizon.

Plastic clays are an essential factor in the productivity of petroleum-
bearing beds, since they form a hermetic seal closing up the natural reservoirs
of oil and gas : they neither allow the latter to escape, nor do they permit the
access to them of the destructive agencies of the atmosphere. And thus it is
that, where the anticlines are acutely folded, and the strata have been so
fissured as to cleave the argillaceous horizons also, little reliance can be placed
on either the quantity or the quality of the petroleum that is to be got there.

As to synclinal folds, the author avers that only in exceptional cases
could we hope to find productive oil-reservoirs therein. The laws of gravity,
remembering that petroleum is generally associated with natural brine, forbid.

In conclusion, it is pointed out that where marls and shales predominate,
while conglomerates and sands, if present at all, play a very subordinate part,
petroleum of excellent quality, though perhaps in small quantity, may be found.

L. L. B.

TERTIAEY COAL-DEPOSITS OF RUDA, DALMATIA.

Das kohlenfuhrende PcUdogtii voii Ruda in M\ttdd4dmcUie:iu By F. voN Kerner.
Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-kihiiglichen geofogischen Rtichsaivttalty 1907,
pages 134-157, with SJfgures in the text.
Stratigraphical evidence is adduced to show that the utmost extent of the
coal-seam of Ruda, in Central Dalmatia, along the strike cannot exceed a
mile; and stress is laid upon this point, because in non-geological circles the
expectation had been (and perhaps is still) cherished that the seam would be
found to extend far eastwards into the foot-hills of the Prolog range and
equally far westwards to the margin of the Sinjsko Polje. This delusion has
been fostered by the discovery, below the summit of Mount Varda, of a black,
combustible, mineral substance which has some external resemblance to the
Ruda shaly coal; it is probably, however, a peculiar form of the highly bitu-
minous infiltrations which are locally not uncommon in the Cretaceous lime-
stones of Dalmatia. As to the presumed westward extension, the lignites of

TRANSACTIONS AND PEBIODICALS. 5D9

The purest black coal from the seam bums well in an open grate, leaving
but few cinders; in the process of burning it becomes remarkably soft and
coking, and various expert opinions concur in pronouncing it to be a mineral
peculiarly suitable for the purposes of gas-manufacture. An officially con-
ducted analysis in Vienna of the dark-grey so-called ''coal-shale" (the less pure
portion of the seam) yielded the following results : a sample burnt in the open
grate left 34*4 per cent, of ash, and the heating capacity amounted to 3,065
calories ; a sample submitted to gasification yielded 4 per cent, of hygroscopic
water, 45 per cent, of heavy hydrocarbon gases, and 51 per cent, of residues.

The Buda valley, a narrow glen terminating in a great circular expansion,
is the outcome of longitudinal and cross-faulting, and is filled with strata of
later age and of easier erosion than the rocks (Cretaceous limestones and dolo-
mites) which hem it in. The younger strata are assignable to the Eocene and
early Oligocene divisions of the Tertiary system, and, consisting largely of
limestones, limestone-conglomerates and flaggy calcareous marls, may be
separated into three groups, at the base of the uppermost of which lies the
coal-seam. This rests upon a marly, much-fissured limestone, full of CAaro-seeds
and fossil freshwater moUusca. The seam, taken as a whole, is several feet
thick, but consists of various bands of pure black coal and dark-grey coal-shale
separated by marly partings. The immediate roof is a thinly flaggy, marly
limestone, wherein fragments of the branches of a fossil conifer (Araucarites)
and impressions of leaves (such as Dryandra) are of tolerably frequent occur-
rence. This roof, which is bereft of even a trace of coal, is overlain by a litho-
logically similar stratum with which, however, are interbedded several venules
of coal-shale each barely an inch thick. The Buda coal-flora includes twenty-
three species of definitely-determined plants, and perhaps another score the
attribution of which is uncertain : it points to the late Eocene or early Oligo-
cene age of the beds; and the probability is, that in this region the Tertiary
floras were slower to change than the corresponding faunas.

The tectonic structure and the stratigraphy of the Ruda valley are de-
scribed at considerable length, this description forming perhaps the greater
bulk of the paper. L. L. B.

CARBONIFEROUS MARINE STRATA IN HUNGARY.

DoA Mar hie Karbon in Ungarn. By Fritz Freoh. FiUdtani Kdzldny, 1906,
vol. XXX vi,, pages 103-154, m(h SJtgures in the text and 9 plates.

The author describes and figures, first of all, three species of brachiopods
and two of corals from Kornyareva in southern Hungary, the only locality in
the southern Carpathians where Lower Carboniferous rocks are so far known
to occur. He then proceeds to describe and (in most cases) figure fourteen
species of brachiopods, four of lamellibranchs, seven of gasteropods, three of
trilobites and two of corals, from the Ncetsch beds of Dobsina or Dobschau,
remarking by the way that the material is mostly in a very bad state of preser-
vation. He assigns the age of the Kornyareva beds to the upper division of
the Lower Carboniferous (Vis4en); with regard to the Dobsina rocks, which
also belong to that upper division, he shows what forms are common to
the Noetsch beds and to those of Carinthia and Styria, and also what forms are
common to the Lower Carboniferous of Silesia. Except for the occurrence of
cephalopods in the last-named province, the character of the faunas, as well
as the lithology of the rocks, indicates in all these cases deposition in com-
paratively shallow waters. A further comparison is made with the Lower
Carboniferous of Sarayevo in Bosnia and with that of Asia.

In conclusion, the author points out that, hitherto, no fossils of Lower

600 NOTES OF PAFEBS IX COLONIAL AND FOKEIGN

Carboniferous ag^e had been definitely determined from Hung^ary, or from the
southern and eastern districts of the Balkanic peninsula. The Eomyareva
and Dobsina beds are the oldest fossiliferous deposits in the Carpathian region
of Hungfary, and to their occurrence attaches an interesting possibility:
namely, that somewhere in this region, amid the folds of the older Paleozoic
strata « plicated in Carboniferous times, a mass of productive Coal-measures lies
hidden away under a cover of younger sediments. This would approximate to
what is the normal condition of things in the Carboniferous areas of Central
and Western Europe. L. L. B.

PETROLEUM-BEARING ROCKS OF KOMARNIK-MIKOVA AND LUH,

HUNGARY.

ijher die Petroleumvarkommen von Komamik-Mikova und Luh. By Juuns Noth.

Foldtani Kozldny, 1907i vol» xxxvii,, pages 99-104, toith a map and stcticn

in the text.
In three of the ranges of hills belonging to the Carpathian mountain-
nystem, which strike across the frontier southward from Galicia into Hungary,
the occurrence of pertoleum has now been definitely proved. At Eorosmezo,
in Maramaros county, the conditions of the occurrence differ in some respects
from those observed in the Galician deposits; but at Luh and Komamik-
Mikova in the neighbouring counties, the similarity with Galician conditions is
unmistakable, as regards both the tectonic features and the lithological com-
position of the oil-bearing rocks. Sandstones of Cretaceous age rich in calcite,
are followed by red and mottled fucoidal marls, and these again by Nummu-
litic calcareous sandstones. In the north-east of the area described, mottled
clays overlie fine-grained sandstones strongly impregnated with oil; upon
them rest greenish and bluish fucoid-beds and finally Menilite-slates, which
in places have a capping of Magura sandstone. The range of hills constitut-
ing the oil-belt and consisting of the rocks just described is traceable from
Polany, through Ropianka and Barwinek (all well-known Galician localities),
south-eastward across the Hungarian border to beyond Komarnik. The place
where oil was struck at Barwinek is hardly 1^ miles distant from the Hungarian
border, which is there a gently-sloping divide or watershed some 1,650 feet
above geii'level. At Mikova. 1S4 Diilea within Hiingaritin territory, several

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 601

and it is in these, rather than in the Menilite-slates, that boring operations
are likely to prove fruitful. For, if all the oil hitherto struck at Luh is really
associated with the Menilite-slates, payable quantities are not to be expected,
as such petroleum as those beds contain is mere leakage from the older
(Eocene) red marls, etc. L. L. B.

PETROLEUM- AND OZOKERITE-DEPOSITS OF BORYSLAW,

GALICIA.

Boryslaw: une Motiographie gidogiqut. By J. GRZTBOWSm. Btdlttin Inter-
national de VAcadimU des Sciences de Cracouie, 1907, pctgtit S7-124 and 2
plates.

Natural exposures in the oil-bearing and ozokerite-belt around Boryslaw
are so scarce, that, in order to gain a real insight into the tectonic structure
of that supremely interesting district, geologists have to pursue their investi-
gations along a considerable extent of the marginal zone of the Carpathians.
Some of the best exposures are seen in the Nahujowice valley, 5 miles to the
west, also in the Jasienica, Popiele and Tydmienica valleys, and near Tustano-
wice and Truskawiec. The strata are briefly described, and appear to consist
chiefly of an alternation of soft glauconitic sandstones, with brown and grey
shales and clays and occasional conglomerates.

The entire second chapter of the memoir is devoted to the stratigraphy of
the marginal zone of the Carpathians, and the author tabulates the rock-
succession at Boryslaw as follows, his conclusions being strengthened by recent
fossil-finds: — ^The highly-contorted Inoceramus-heda (Ropianka beds) of Upper
Cretaceous age are overlain by massive Jamna sandstones (possibly Cretaceous,
but more probably Eocene). To these succeed the Hieroglyphic sandstones
(among which are intercalated thin bands of red and grey clay) and sandy
marl-slates of undoubted Eocene age; upon which follow the Menilite-slates
(the lower portion of these being very cherty) and the Dobrotow sandstones
and shales of Lower Oligocene age. Then follows an unconformity, the
entire series being capped by the Miocene saline clays (first Mediterranean
stage). The ozokerite-deposits now worked occur in the Dobrotow group.
There Is a grey, slightly marly, unbedded shaly material known as ffyfyca,
which in the north-eastern area of the ozokerite-workings, goes down to depths
of 170 and 200 feet; its petrographical characters assimilate it to the ejecta-
menta of many mud-volcanoes, and in all probability it is in fact the product
of long-extinct mud-volcanoes which must have been active at some epoch
previous to the last orographic movements to which the region has been
subjected.

The ozokerite-veins generally have a steep dip, and their limiting-surfaces,
especially at the foot-wall, are smooth and black as if varnished. The infilling
consists of fragments of the country-rock with which the ozokerite is inter-
mingled; although the latter often occurs independently in big lumps, and
tends indeed to accumulate at either wall of the vein. Crystals of rock-salt
are frequently associated with it. The author distinguishes between (a)
simple and (6) compound veins. The former are generally of no great thick-
ness, while the latter in groups of thin parallel veins often attain a thickness
of 100 feet or so. Occasionally the veins bifurcate, and on passing, say, from
a tough into a soft rock-formation they may be seen to form stringers and
secondary or lateral veins. These stringers, forming layers of pure ozokerite
along the bedding-planes some feet distant from the principal vein, are termed
by the Boryslaw miners plazawka or flat veins. According to the strike, the
veins may also be classified as longitudinal and transverse veins respectively,

602 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

the former striking almost parallel with the country-rock, and the others
almost perpendicular thereto. The principal longitudinal vein now worked
dips 65 degrees northward, strikes between west-north-west and west, thins
out and becomes impoverished towards the south-east while it broadens out
and becomes richer towards the north-west. It is cut across by several
transverse veins^ some of which are of considerable importance. The veins are
evidently the infilling of fissures opened up in a highly dislocated mass of strata.

The petroleum-deposits so far explored in this district extend over a length
of IJ miles (not including Tustanowice) from north-west to south-east, and
over a breadth of little short of a mile. The productive oil-field is cut off on
the north-west by the Ratoczyna valley, beyond which the oil-bearing strata
(but no appreciable quantity of oil) have been struck in various borings. The
north-eastern and south-eastern boundaries of the oil-field have been deter-
mined with some precision, but its south-western limit (towards the mountains)
has not yet been definitely ascertained. The strata pierced through by the
bore-holes, details of fifteen of which are tabulated, are predominantly grey
and brown shales alternating with grey to greenish fine-grained sandstones,
with occasional bands of conglomerate. Basing his conclusions on the results,
however, of no less than 160 borings, the author points out that the principal
oil-horizon (petroliferous sandstone) occurs among or below the deeper-lying
black-shales of the Dobrotow group. This horizon dips towards the middle of
the field some 20 degrees southward, from a depth of (say) 2,000 feet below the
surface to 2,600 feet or more ; and farther south it suddenly drops to a depth
of 3,300 feet, but still farther south again is struck at somewhat shallow^er depths.
Several oil-horizons of variable productiveness are recognized at Boryslaw above
this principal one, this variability having probably something to do with the
Assuring of the strata to which reference has already been made. It may be
added that the author agrees with the view that the ozokerite was originally
derived from the petroleum.

The fifth chapter deals mainly with the tectonics of the area, a study of
which leads to the following inferences: (a) that bore-holes put down farther
south, at all events within the area of the Hieroglyphic sandstones, may pos-
sibly reach at greater depths the Boryslaw oil-bearing beds ; and {h) if Menilitic
cherts are struck, which is to be expected in the course of boring for the deep-

TEANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 60S

porphyry and g^ranodiorite are intruded into this diabase (which covers a vast
area) at many localities, including the mine itself. The granodiorite is qnarried
for building-stone, and dykes of i^ traverse a gabbro which also occurs in the
neighbourhood of the mine.

At the Mikl6s shaft, in the Tataroja valley, upstream from Kazanesd, lodes
of copper-ore 12 to 16 inches thick, striking east and west, are known to occur,,
and in the immediate vicinity are traces of ancient workings where the author,,
however, found only very thin metalliferous lodes.

The question as to whether the gabbro above mentioned is a dyke-rock or
a deep-seated eruptive is of mpre importance than would at first sight appear.
Dr. Karl von Papp inclines to the latter view, and the author agrees with him ;
but Mr. Messena held that the gabbro had broken through the diabase in
dyke-like masses, followed at later periods by the quartz-porphyry, and finally
by the granodiorite. Admitting that the diabase dates from Triassic time,
the gabbro would then have been erupted in company with the melaphyres in
the Jurassic period, the quartz-porphyry in the Cretaceous, and the grano-
diorite in the latest Cretaceous or more probably the Tertiary period. And,,
as a consequence, the metalliferous ores would date from several different
periods.

The author adduces reasons, however, for considering that the gabbro is
really the oldest rock in the area, and that it was succeeded by the diabase.
The great masses of pyrites mined at Kazanesd are possibly of magmatic origin ;
but the action of the quartz-porphyry eruptions had in all probability much
to do with the formation of the ores there, as also in the cupriferous lodes,
which are quite distinct from the stockworks of pyrites. Such lodes traverse
both the gabbro and the diabase (although containing but little ore in the
latter), and are probably the infilling of fissures which were opened up in the
rocks at the time of the diabase-eruptions or perhaps even later.

Some 600 feet away from the mining settlement, the Petrosza valley branches
off from the Tataroja valley, and here recent railway-cuttings have exposed
the diabase and a quartz-porphyry dyke veined with pyrites ; in all probability,
this is the very same dyke that is fonud to be cupriferous in the Pozsorit
mines in a neighbouring valley, and it strikes therefore right across from
one to the other. In the Kaprilor valley, parallel with that of Tataroja,.
copper-ores were at one time actively worked in rocks similar to those above
described, but, owing to insufficient output, mining operations have now been
suspended there. Hie cupriferous lodes in the gabbro-area of Almasel are
geologically similar to the occurrences in the Kaprilor valley, and have been
opened up by a French company. It is found that there the lodes become
richer in depth, and thus it seems possible that the Kaprilor lodes also might
yet repay working ; but the cost of further exploration-work would be heavy.

L. L. B.

COPPER-ORES AND WOLFRAM-ORES IN SOL'THERN TYROL.

Ueber das Vorkomnun von Kup/ererzen wid ScheelU im EruptivgeMtein tnm Predazzo

und anderen Orteti, By J. Block. Sitzungsberichte der Niederrheinischtn

Ot»dl9chaftfUr Natur- und Heilhinde zu Bmn, 1905, pages a68-a82.

The neighbourhood of Predazzo was, at some period later than the Trias,.

a centre of vidcanicity to which the granites, porphyrites, melaphyres and

monzonites of Monte Mulatto (7,065 feet) bear eloquent testimony. On this

mountain, as on Monte Malgola, which towers above Predazzo to the south-east,,

copper- and iron-pyrites and magnetite occur in considerable quantity. The

last mentioned ore was at one time worked on the eastern flank of Monte

604 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

Miilatto> at an altitude of 5,170 feet. On the northern flank of the same
mountain, from the height of 5,250 feet np to the summit much exploration-
i^ork appears to have been attempted in the chalcopyrite-deposits. The
Bedovina mine on the western flank has been opened up in a shatter-belt of
melaphjre (5 feet broad) consisting of narrow fissure-yeins, some of which
are parallel one to the other, while others intersect. These veins are mineral-
ized with chalcopyrite, iron-pyrites, some malachite, scheelite (tung^sten), etc.
The wolfram-ore is again noted, amid stellate aggregates of tourmaline asso-
ciated with fluorspar, in the tourmaline-granite quarries upstream from
Predazzo, on the right bank of the Avisio. A rare associate is arsenical
pyrites. The scheelite is of coarse texture, presents a greasy lustre, and a
pale pea-yellow colour. There appears to be no question of the genetic analogy
between those Monte-Mulatto ores and tinstone or cassiterite-yeins. The
copper-ores, just as those of Bammelsberg and Rio Tinto, average 2 to 3 per
cent, of metallic copper ; but the association of scheelite with them (as at Monte
Mulatto) is an uncommon occurrence, and is of some industrial importance.
Remembering that the metals of the wolfram- and vanadium-groups generally
concentrate in acidic eruptive magmas, we may perhaps invoke the conjunction
of acidic and basic eruptivee in the district here described, as furnishing in
part the explanation of so rare an association.

The marbles and serpentine-rock of the district are described at some
length. L. L. B.

FORMATION OF THE BELGIAN COAL-MEASURES.

Observations pcUSorUologiques sur It Mode de Formation du Terrain houUler heige.

By A. Renieb. Annates de la Sociit6 giologique de Belgique, 1905, vol.

xxxii,, M4moireSy pages 261-314, with \\ figures in the text and 1 plaie.

In the first chapter the author discusses the significance of the terms

'''roof" and "floor" in relation to coal-seams, and points out that the miner is

more apt to differentiate the roof from the floor by their respective litholog^cal

and palseobotanical characters than by their stratigraphical position. Yet it

is manifest that here stratigraphy plays quite as important a part as litholog^

and palaeontology. Generally speaking, the roof is characterized by the

iibaencp of SHumarm feaccettt qs liehria^ the root Iptu of which usuallT occur entire

TSANSACnONS AKD PEBIODICALS. 605

in every caee, been necessarily floated from any g^reat distance; while he
regards the entire Stigtnaria as hamihg undergone fossilization at the spot
where they grew, and therefore that the floor originally constituted in every
case a vegetable soil (or plane of plant-growth, if that term be permissible).
The fact that the appendices of the Stigmaria are often directed obliquely or
vertically upwards as well as downwards leads him to suggest that they pene-
trated after the fashion of rhizomes into a mud that had already been laid
down.

There is another aspect of the question, to which so far little attention
seems to have been devoted. The author figures and describes in detail instances
of the penetration by the rootlets of Stigmaria of those disintegrated plant-
remains which are known to occur in the roofs of coal-seams. He arrives at
the conclusion that all barren strata in the Coal-measures are "roof"; conse-
quently, that the roof as thus defined has no special mineralogical nor any
essential palsontological characteristic, although it often contains disinte-
grated plant-remains. When it has been transformed by the superimposition
or implantation within it of vegetation (chiefly Stigmaria) it becomes a floor.
Wherefore a floor may contain the fossil impressions supposedly characteristic
of a roof, since it is in many cases nought but an altered roof; and, for the
same reason, a ''floor*' may become the roof of a coal-seam, but only when the
parting between it and the next seam is inferior in thickness to the trans-
formed layer or stratum.

The second chapter is devoted to the investigation of the occurrence '^i
more or less erect trunks of fossil trees in the Belgian Coal-measures. Fresh
discoveries of these have been accumulating within recent years, but they do
not always furnish incontrovertible proof of vegetation in situ, since it has
been shown that drift-wood may occur in an erect position within the sedi-
mentary deposits. The finer grained and the more clayey is the sediment at the
base of such a trunk, the greater is the chance that the tree grew where we
now find it ; but this opinion is almost converted into certainty if a number of
delicate rootlets are observed in undoubted connexion with the trunk. The
difficulty of ascertaining this in every case, however, impels us to cast about
for other accessory proofs. One has, of course, to be on one's g^ard against
the possibility that a trunk with roots and all has been washed bodily away
from its original habitat. Indeed, most Belgian geologists who have described
the erect trunks found in their Coal-measures are, to judge from the passages
quoted in this chapter, inclined to disbelieve in the trees having grown where
they now occur ; but the author argues with great persistence and plausibility
ag^nst the drift-wood theory in almost every case.

In his third chapter, he begins with the statement that the formation
of the Coal-measures is the result of the repetition of the cycle: — floor, coal-
seam, roof, . . . floor, except perhaps in the case of certain cannel-coals.
He regards an ordinary coal-seam as the result of the putrefaction in place
and under water of several varieties of plants, and probably (though in a smaller
proportion) of some animal organisms. The hypothesis that coal-seams have
been built up by the continuous superimposition of forests on deposits which
were in process of conversion into peat, does not exclude the probability that
some of the constituents were drifted. In fact, the occurrence of rolled pebbles
actually within the coal, proves that there must have been drifted vegetable
material which by its comparative lightness could act as the carrier of these
pebbles. It seems probable that the area wherein the Belgian Coal-measures
were being deposited was at that time physiographically featureless; and, in
this connexion, it may be recollected that palseobotanists have shown that

606 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

Stigmaria could not have flourished under a g^reater depth of water than 16
feet or thereabouts.

A bibliographical list consisting of twenty-nine entries is appended to this
very ezhaustiye paper. L. L. B.

A MARINE BAND IN THE CHARLEROI COAL-MEASURES, BELGIUM.
D6couverte, dana le Terrain ho^tiller aup4r%eur dt Charleroii d'tm Hout^ Horizon^
fosaUtfirt marin (It plus 4lev6). By Rkke Cambieb. BuUetin de la SocUU
beige de O^ogie, de Paiiontologie et d^ Hydrologies 1908, vol, xx.y Prods-
verbauXy pages 169-171.
Prof. X. Stainier, in his great monograph on the Ck>al-measure8 of
Charleroi and the Lower Sambre, had cited, as the uppermost band contain-
ing a distinctly pelagic fauna, an horizon some 100 feet above the roof of the
Sainte-Barbe seam of Floriffoux, yielding Lingula mytiloides and scales of
Elonichthys, Recently, however, the author has found Lingula mytiloides in
No. 12 pit of the Charbonnages Reunis, at Charleroi, about 20 feet below the
Duchesse or Naye-k-Bois seam; that is, 1,476 feet above the highest horizon at
which that Lingula had been hitherto recorded in the Charleroi basin.

Th« floor of the Duchesse seam is, at this locality, rather gritty in character ;
it passes downward very gradually into a sandy shale; thence into a grey
shale; and finally into a very characteristic g^ey-striped black shale, which
•breaks up into long parallelipipeds and is more or less regularly interbanded
with thin clay-ironstones. Lingula mytiloides occurs in great abundance in this
shale, in two varieties, the smaller and most abundant of which exhibits some
resemblance with Lingula jjarailela of Prof. John Phillips. Throughout the
entire thickness of the shale, but more especially near the bottom and near the
top, Carboni4:ola suhrotunda is found. A fish-scale has been obtained, belonging
apparently to the genus Rhizodopsis. Some vegetable debris, much com-
minuted, also occur; they are, very evidently, drifted material.

This newly-discovered marine-band facilitates the correlation of the Liege
Coal-measures with those of Charleroi, and constitutes another presumption in
favour of the contemporaneity of the two basins. L. L. B.

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 607

species of fishes, cephalopods, lamellibranchs, brachiopods, etc., have been
identified, and permit of the correlation of these barren beds with the Pendle-
side series of British geologists (placed by Dr. Wheelton Hind at the base of
the Lancashire Coal-measures, below the Millstone Grit). The specimens of
Posidaniella at Bandour are remarkably abundant, encrusting the shaly layers
in myriads ; occasionally they are massed together on plant-remains or on the
tests of Orthocerata.

(2) Sur la Flore du Terrain houiller iitf^rUur de Baudour fffainaiU), By Armand
RsNiEB. CompUs-rendus hebdomadairea dea SSances de VAcadHnie des
Sciences t 1906, vol, cxlii,, pages 736-738.
The flora of this barren group was but little known hitherto, and the
collections made at Baudour have enabled Mr. Renier to draw up a list of 39
undoubted species of plants, to which he expects to add at least a dozen others
ere long. These include a great number of ferns, also several species of
Lepidodendron, Calamites, Rhahdocarpus, Trigonocarpus, etc. Westphalian
forms are comparatively rare in this flora, the main features of which are charac-
teristic of the Culm ('Primftre Carbonflora * of Dr. H. Potoni6). It is a flora
which is cert-ainly much older than that of Zone A (established by Prof. R.
Zeiller in the Valenciennes coal-basin) and is easily distinguishable from it,
a point which the author holds to be of great practical importance.

L. L. B.

LOWER DIVISION OF THE LlflGE COAL-MEASURES, BELGIUM.
Note ffur la Zone infirieure du Terrain HouUler de Li4ge. By P. Foubmaiukr.

Annalea de la Soci4U giclogique de Bdgiqtie^ 1906, vol, xxxiii., Mimoires^

pa^es 17-20 and a table.
The author separates the Li^ge Coal-measures into two great divisions,
the lower of which is characterized by the absence, or, at all events, the
great scarcity of any forms of Neuropteris other than Nturopteris Schiehani
of Stur, and by the presence of a zone of Sphenopteris Uceninghausi near the
top. The upper division, on the other hand, is characterized by the abund-
ance of other forms of Neuropteris than Neuropteris Schiehani, as, for example,
Neuropteris gigantea, Neuropteris heterophylla, Neuropteris oUiqua, Neuro-
pteris flexuosa, with Neuropteris tenuifolia and Neuropteris rarintrvis near the
top. He has now been enabled, by the discovery at the Six-Bonniers colliery
in the Seraing district, of a band with big nodules containing undoubtedly
marine fossils (Goniatites and Lingula mytiloides) to correlate these measures
with those of the Herve basin, where a similar marine band, full of nodules
containing Oastrioceras Listeria Pterinapecten and Orthocera^, is known to
occur. Taking the marine band in each case as the starting-point, the suc-
cession of the strata is remarkably similar in the Seraing and Herve dis-
tricts. But the author goes further than this, and assimilates tentatively
the succession at Herstal with that just mentioned. He points out, however,
that in certain parts of the Li6ge coal-field, there is so much variation, both
in the composition and in the succession of the coal-seams, that he would
be a bold man who would claim to trace every seam and venule throughout
the basin.

In his table, therefore, the author does not wish to indicate absolute
synonimity of the strata, but to compare synchronous horizons, this being
the most important matter for the mining engineer, whose chief desire must
be to know whether there is still a great thickness of Coal-measures below
the seams that he is working. L. L. B.

608 NOTES OF PAPERS TS COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

MARINE BANDS IN THE rTPEB COAL-MEASXT^ES OF MONS,

BELGIUM.

Note aur dta LU* d Fossiles marin$ renamtr^ dans le ffouiiier supirienr (H^) au
Charbtmnage du Nard-du-FHnu, a Ghlin. By J. Gobnkt. Annales de la
SocUti gMogiqut dt Belgique, 1906, vol, xxxiiL, Af ^moires, P<H^ 3&-39.

A drift lately started in a northerly direction, at the 1,690 feet level
of the Nord-du-Flenu colliery at Ghlin, has penetrated a hitherto completely
unknown portion of the couchant de Mons coal-basin. Here, at two hori-
zons, 28 feet apart, such well-known brachiopods have been found
as Spirifer hi^fulrafuf and Productun carhonariu^. The uppermost horizon is
in a greyish-blue, soft, unaltered shale of fine texture, of the ordinary type
of Coal-measure shale. In addition to the brachiopods already mentioned, it
has yielded Orfhis resupinata, Athyris plano»ulc€tta, Ptmnopecten papyractus,
and Lingula ( ^ ). It overlies a crushed carbonaceous shale with irregular
venules of coal (a pinched-out coal-seam?), about 2 feet thick; the greyish-
blue shale above-mentioned has a thickness of 30 feet, and the marine band
occurs near the base of it. The lower horizon is in a *greyish-blue to black,
somewhat altered shale, of coarse texture and varying toughness, slightly
over 2\ feet thick, and has yielded Chonetett lague**iana, besides the two brachi-
opods first mentioned. Generally speaking, all these fossils are in good pre-
servation, uncrushed, and easily determinable.

The stratigraphical equivalent of these marine bands (high above the Coal-
measure conglomerate) would be the roof of the Sainte-Barbe seam of Florif-
foux (No. 61 horizon of Prof. X. Stainier), although their fauna recalls that
found by Messrs. C. Blanchard and J. Smeysters, at the Forte-Taille colliery,
below the Coal-measure conglomerate (No. 69 horizon of Prof. X. Stainier).
The Ghlin marine bands cannot be correlated with any of the fossiliferous
horizons previously recorded by Messrs. F. L. Comet and A. Briart, as they
occur among strata which neither crop out at the surface nor had ever yet
been reached in underground workings. The author assumes further that his
readers will not for a moment confound these marine bands with the strati-
graphically much higher <^'arfco/ii<y>/a-band8 recorded by the late Mr. A. de
Vaux at the same colliery of Nord-du-Flenu, at the respective depths of 1,518

TRANSACnOXS AND PERIODICALS. 609*

Kessei, the bore-hole first entered the Carboniferous Limestone, then pene-
trated the Devonian rocks, and was stopped on the verge of, if not actually-
within, the Cambro-Silurian. At Lanaeken, too, after a few feet of the very
lowest Coal-measures had been passed through, the Carboniferous Limestone
was struck. Now, theee industrially barren results at all events solve the
problem of the southern boundary of the new coal-field: the subterranean
trend of the Carboniferous Limestone is approximately indicated by a straight
line drawn from Kessel to Lanaeken. Further, it seems probable that the
axis of the Campine basin is deflected southward between those two pointa
so as te coincide with the general trend of the main folds of the Namur basin,
and the southern boundary of the Coal-measures probably follows to some
extent the same trend. Moreover, the palseontological and paleeobotanical
evidence confirms the mineralogical and lithological evidence, which in its
turn agrees with the deductions drawn from the general stratigpraphy, the
whole furnishing a remarkable instance of concordance between the results
achieved by several investigators working independently along different lines
of research.

The resemblances between the Carboniferous Limestone of Eessel and
that of Yorkshire appear to the authors to furnish an additional confirmation
of the hypothesis previously put forward of a correlation between the two-
coal-fields.

In the third chapter and its appendix, occupying 253 pages, a detailed
account is given of the sections proved by 65 bore-holes in Belgium, 88 bore-
holes in Dutch Limburg, and 69 bore-holes in the neighbouring German terri-
tory. In the last-named sixty-nine, although the Coal-measuies were struck
in nearly every case, only twice are coal-seams mentioned; but lignite was
found in the newer strata overlying the Coal-measures in 24 instances. On
the other hand, coal-seams in the Coal-measures were struck in 56 of the
Dutch, and in 55 of the Belgian, borings.

The fourth chapter deals with the subterranean orography of the Palaeo-
zoic and the Red [Permo-Triassic?] Rocks. Speaking generally, this buried
surface in the Campine constitutes a peneplain dipping very gently north-
north-eastward or northward ; while in Dutch Limburg and the neighbouring
German territory it is extraordinarily rugged, presenting deeply-cut, steep-
sided valleys, separated one from the other by precipitous ridges. On care-
ful investigation, these prove to have a general south-easterly and north-
westerly trend, and are really due to a series of parallel faults ; not, as might
be at first thought, to the agencies of erosion.

A general description of the Coal-measures, as they occur in the area
under review, supplemented by synoptical tables, forms the fifth chapter. A
barren zone (Hh in the sections) is traceable from the west of the Campine
into Dutch Limburg, and makes a fairly good horizon for purposes of classi-
fication, despite its variable thickness (282 to 623 feet). Below these barren
measures, coal-seams are of infrequent occurrence, occasionally interbedded
with shales, and the percentage of volatile matter in the coal never exceeds
26. The deeper down the bore-hole is pushed below the barren measures the
farther apart are the seams met with, and their volatile matter diminishes pari
passu; the average thickness of the 68 workable seams struck in Belgium is
2^ feet, while that of the 85 struck in Dutch Limburg is 3^ feet. Whence
it may be inferred that the seams increase in thickness from west to east.
These Lower Coal-measures in the Campine attain a known thickness of 14,317
feet, 154 feet of which are workable coal ; in Dutch Limburg, out of a proved
thickness of 13,809 feet of equivalent strata, 279 feet are workable coal. The.

610 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

direct superposition of the lowermost Coal-measures on Upper Devonian rocks,
in one or two localities, recalls similar occurrences in Shropshire and Stafford-
shire, where the Carboniferous Limestone is wanting and Coal-measures are
seen to rest immediately upon Cambro-Silurian or upon Devonian forma-
tions.

The Coal-measures above the barren zone are industrially by far the most
important in the Campine, and have been the most actively explored. The per-
centage of volatile matter in the coal ranges from a minimum of 20*2 to a
maximum of 47*1. Generally speaking, this percentage diminishes, though
slowly, as the depth increases. In the middle and upper portions of the series,
the seamB are very numerous and mostly interbedded with shales. It is notice-
able also that, amid a group of coal-seams exhibiting the normal downward
diminution of volatile matter, a seam will suddenly make its appearance with
a percentage of volatile matter far higher than those of neighbouring seams :
this implies the occurrence of cannel-coals. In a proved thickness (in the
Campinc) of 23,544 feet of such measures, no less than 262 seams exceeding 16
inches in individual thickness were passed through, without counting innum-
erable thinner seams, the total thickness of workable coal amounting to 765
feet. In Dutch Limburg, the uppermost portion of this division of the Coal-
measures does not appear to have been explored as yet, and in a proved thick-
ness of 6,221 feet of strata 73 workable seams were struck, yielding a total
of 179 feet of workable coal. The percentage of volatile matter ranges from
17*2 at Wolfshagen to 40 at Huis-Doenrade. Ten important faults are named
in the synoptical tables, and from the maps and sections the Campine Coal-
measures are seen to form two shallow synclines separated by a rather flattened
anticline. In Dutch Limburg, the existence of a more southerly syncline
even than that of the Southern Campine is to be inferred ; the central of the
three synclines is the one that has been most thoroughly explored, but a cer-
tain northward sweep of the strata revealed by the Gheel borings prefigures
the discovery of a fourth and northernmost syncline in the direction of Ant-
werp. Wherever the Coal-measures have been struck in the region described
the dip has proved to be slight ; it increases southward, from the neighbour-
hood of the outcrop of the barren zone onward, and increases still more

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 611

The eighth chapter deals with the faults and the water-bearing horizons,
and in the ninth the conclusions at which the authors have arrived are
Hummarized. L. L. B.

MANGANIFEROUS IRON-ORES OF LIENNE, BELGIUM.

Les Oisements /erro-ma7igan^8\fires de la Lieniie. By Joseph Libebt. Annales
dela SocUU g^dogique de. Belgique, 1905, vol. xxxii., Btdletin, pages 144-154
aiid 3 plates.

About the end of the year 1886 or the beginning of 1887 active working
was begun on the manganiferous deposits of the Lienne valley, a rather out-
of-the-way district, then recently opened up by means of new roads and rail-
way-lines. Three mining concessions had been granted by the Belgian Govern-
ment: of these, one, the Meuville concession, covering an area of 403 acres,
has never been the object of mining operations of any great importance. The
Moet-Fontaine concession (covering 378 acres) was worked for some ten years,
and the Bierleux-Werbomont concession (3,422 acres) was worked for nearly
seventeen years. Operations have now been suspended, for economic reasons.
The rocks of the district are chiefly of Cambrian age, in the Upper Salmian
division of which the manganiferous ores occur among hsematitic phyllites.
West of the river, however. Lower Devonian rocks make their appearance,
mantling over the Cambrian, and in one instance the ore-deposit appears to be
faulted against them.

Now, a glance at the map shows that much of the Bierleux-Werbomont
concession lies outside the area of Upper Salmian, the only metalliferous rock-
group in the district. Indeed the mineral wealth of the region appears to be
localized within a pretty restricted basin barely 2 miles long, and cut into two
nearly equal halves by the Lienne river. The principal and lowest ore-bed
reaches in the central portion of the field a depth of 1,300 feet or more below
the valley-floor. East of the Lienne it has been worked down to a depth of
200 feet from the surface, without any trace of folding having been observed.
From the available data it would be possible to estimate for this bed alone the
quantity of ore as reaching several millions of tons, but when it comes to a
question of actually-workable ore this estimate is subjected to a considerable
discount. Be that as it may, the deposit is still of enough importance to
justify a future resumption of mining operations, when the conditions of the
ore-market prove more favourable and the needs of the metallurgist more
insistent.

Tlie average assays of the ore show a percentage of 38 for iron and man-
ganese combined; the percentage of manganese alone varies from 16 to 18 and
that of iron alone from 19 to 22: the manganese diminishing as the iron
increases, and vire v^rsa. The percentage of silica and alumina averages 30*6,
and may be considered very high ; there is also rather more than 3 per cent, of
lime, in association with sulphur and phosphorus. In truth, the ore is a
mixture of oxides and double carbonates and silicates of iron and manganese:
the oxides occurring chiefly in the superficial portions of the ore-body which
have suffered most alteration from atmospheric agencies, and giving a blackish
tinge to the mass. Deeper down is a dark-brown ore, containing a smaller
proportion of oxides. The double carbonate of iron and manganese occurs in
a subcrystalline form in pinkish-white venules seaming the mass of ore, and
may be properly defined, either as a manganiferous siderite or as a ferriferous
diallogite. Fairly-thick venules of white (juartz arc also of frequent
occurrence.

There is no question that the ore-body is a bedded deposit, and the roof

VOL. XXXII.~l906-loa7. **3

612 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

is very clearly marked off from the floor, the former consisting of a fine-
grained thinly-foliated violet phyllite,and the latter of an alternation of coarse-
grained irregularly-foliated quartz-phyllites with thin bands of manganese-ore.
The principal and lowest ore-bed has an average workable thickness of 2\ feet,
calculated from variations ranging from a minimum of 8 inches to a maximum
of 5 feet. The lie is very irregular, the bed often pinching-out or being dis-
turbed by faults. Moreover, the ore is of so extreme a toughness as to make
its working both difficult and costly.

Some considerable distance above the principal bed occurs another one.
which has been chiefly explored to the rise, on the right bank of the river, by
means of a drift some 600 feet long. A little working has been done on it, and
the ore proves to be of extremely variable composition. On the whole, it
would probably not repay working.

Other outcrops of ore have been recorded, and are mapped by the author ;
but too little exploration-work has l>een done on them to admit of anything
being said in regard to the composition of the ore.

L. L. B.

COAL-BASINS OF CARMAUX-ALBI, FRANCE.
Xott Hur It BoHsin Houilhr de Carmarur-AUn. ^Sy Jules LARoMic.riKRE. Iinfldin
de fa Socitt^ d^Histoire Natureilt de TonJoiatj 1905, ;>af/fcs 172- 177 niui 1 imtp.

Since the author first gave an account of these coal-basins in 1890, a great
deal of fresh evidence has been furnished by the thirteen boriugs which hav*«
been put down within the past fifteen years, and by new deep-level workings.
In the Sainte-Marie pit, Carmaux, four additional coal-seams (designated by
the letters G, H, I and J) have been struck below seam K; and, although
occasionally separated by great thicknesses of grits, conglomerates and shales,
they constitute a notable addition to the richer portion of the Coal-measures.
The united thickness of all the coal-seams (A — J) now proved in the Carmaux
basin exceeds 100 feet.

In the Albi basin, deep-level exploration-work has confirmed the evidence
obtained from the Camp-Grand bore-hole, and the four known coal-seams attain
a united thickness of some 60 to 80 feet. This is without reckoning the seam
of meagre coal (10 to 13 feet thick) which occurs 100 feet below the undermost

TBANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 613

COAL-FIELD OF FRENCH LORRAINE.
(1) Sur r Allure du Bassin Hmiilltr de Sarrehnick tt de son Prolomjtment en
Lorraiiie fran^aist. By Jules Beroeson and Pa** l Weiss. ConipteM-
rendus hebdomadaire^ des S^ncta de VAcaddmit dtn Srience^t, 1906, vol.
cxlii,, pages 1398-1400.

The authors consider the facts which they place on record to be of con-
siderable practical importance, since the hope is thereby fostered of finding,
south of the known Coal-measure area, that part of the basin whence was
derived the overthrust mass which corresponds to the Saarbriicken basin.

The Saare coal-belt extends, with a north-easterly and south-westerly
strike from Nordfeld on the north to Martincourt (in the department of
Meurthe-et-Moselle) on the south, and possibly beyond that. Only in the
northern portion do the Coal-measures crop out at the surface, between Ben-
bach and the Saare valley. They are conformably overlain on the north by
the Lower and Middle Permians, which abut directly against the southern
flank of the Hunsriick, made up of Devonian rocks. South-westward, the Coal-
measures disappear beneath the Mesozoic deposits, and are only revealed by
some scattered workings and more especially by bore-holes, whereof the western-
most are those of French Lorraine. On the south, the coal-belt is suddenly
cut off along an imaginary line passing through Neunkirchen and Saarbriicken,
an interruption generally attributed to a fault which presumably brings
down the Bunter grits against the Coal-measures. The foregoing data lead to
the conclusion that the Saare coal-field does not possess the character of a
basin or syncline to which we are accustomed in so many coal-fields, and a
recent exposure in the Frankenholz concession shows that the Saarbriicken
Coal-measures rest upon an anticline of Autunian grits. This abnormal con-
dition of things is repeated at other localities; thus, at Petite Rosselle and
Merle.s>)afh newer ('oal-measures have been struck beneath older Coal-mea-
sures. Then while, in the Abaucourt boring, Stephanian or Upper West-
phalian strata have been struck at great depths, the Atton and feply borings
(north of the first-named) have traversed Lower and Middle Westphalian
measures, the oldest horizons being nearest the Abaucourt boring: here again
there iieem» to be proof that the newer are underlying the older strata.

All this leads to the inference that the entire Saarbriicken basin is in
reality a great overthrust mass, whereof the southern rim corresponds with the
crest of a buried anticline. The sheet or mantle of Coal-measures has survived
on the northern flank of the anticline, but has been eroded away from its
southern flank. Certain facts are adduced in favour of this hypothesis, and
the age of the overthrust is shown to be pre-Tiiassic. It is further shown
that the overthrust mass could have only come from the south-east. Lower
Carboniferous strata are known to occur on the western flank of the Vosges,
and this implies the existence of a depression in that area at the dawn of the
Carboniferous period. Probably, that depression existed throughout Carbon-
iferous time, and Coal-measure sediments were deposited in it. We know
that the depression (supposedly filled up with Coal-measures) continued during
the Permian, the Triassic, and a part of the Jurassic age, since the respective
strata oi-cur in that area.

(2) Sur la Flore et sur Its Nivea^ix relati/s des Sondages Houillers de Mturthe-tt-
Moselle. By R. Zeilleb. Comptes-rendus hebdomadaires des Stances de
rAcadimie des Sciences, 1907, vol. cxliv., pages 1137-1143.
In this paper, the author gives an account of his examination of no less

than 10,000 plant-impressions, obtained by splitting up the cores from the

614 NOTES OF PAPERS IX COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

bore-holes which have been put down of late years along the presumed pro-
longation of the Saarbriicken coal-field. These bore-holes, nine in number,
have all struck Coal-measures, have panetrated them for considerable depths,
but in no case have reached older rocks. It may be remembered that five coal-
seams have been proved at Pont-a-Mousson, nine at feply, not one at Lesmenila
<in 2,470 feet of Coal-measures), or at Bois-Greney (in 640 feet of Coal-mea-
sures), only five seams exceeding 20 inches in thickness at Atton, four at
Dombasle, one only at Jezainville and at Martincourt respectively, and four
at Abaucourt.

From these many thousand specimens of plant-impressions, the author was
enabled to determine 145 species of plants, some of them hitherto unknown.
He gives a full list of those which are of especial interest, either from the
point of view of the palseobotanist, or from that of the practical geologist
eager to correlate the various horizons. A certain number of species in this
list were supposed until now to be exclusively characteristic of the Saar-
briicken Coal-measures; but the main importance of the author's investiga-
tion resides perhaps in the conclusions which it enables him to draw, as to
the respective horizons of the measures. He shows that the beds passed through
at Abaucourt undoubtedly belong to the Ottweiler group of the Stephauian ;
those traversed in the eight other bore-holes are assigned to various horizons
of the Saarbriicken-schichten (group) of the Westphalian.

There is cumulative evidence that, as one passes from the bore-hole
of Pont-^-Mousson to that of Atton, and thence to that of 6ply, continuously-
lower beds are met with: the uppermost beds of the second bore-hole partly
corresponding with the lowermost of the first-named, and the lowermost beds
of the second corresponding in part with the uppermost beds of the third
bore-hole. Messrs. R. Nickl^s and H. Joly had already surmised that the
Coal-measures of feply were slightly older than those of Atton and Pont-a-
Mousson ; which latter on the other hand would be older than those of Les-
menils, and these in turn older than the Coal-measures of Dombasle. The
palaeobotanical evidence brought forward by Prof. Zeiller entirely confirms
this supposition.

(3) Sur ks D&mes du Terrain Houiller en Lorraine fran^avte. By J. Beroeko.v.

TfiANS ACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 615

UNSUCCESSFUL BORINGS FOR COAL IN PICARDY, FRANCE.
Risvitats de deux Sondciges pro/onds en Picardit, By J. GrOSSELiT. Comptes-
reiuhm hebdoniadaires den Stances de VAcadimie dea Sciences, 1906, vol.
cxHii., pages 201-203.

South-west of Abbeville, the Saigneville bore-hole has just been stopped
at a depth of 1,397 feet from the surface. After passing through 60 feet of
recent and Quaternary deposits, 197 feet of Chalk, 285 feet of Gault and
Lower Cretaceous, and 443 feet of Jurassic, it entered the Devonian grits.
For comparison, the details of the P^ronne bore-hole are given as follows : —
Recent and Quaternary deposits, 33 feet; Chalk, 656 feet; Gault and Lower
Cretaceous, 177 feet; Jurassic, 721 feet; Devonian, 52^ feet (stopped). Besides
the remarkable absence of Triasaic strata, there is a noticeable thinning-out
of the Lias. Indeed, the Jurassic is not only incomplete in its lower members,
but also in its upper, and fossils that can be determined with any certainty
are scarce.

These bore-holes confirm the well-known views of the author in regard
to the subterranean or deep-lying geology of Artois and Picardy. He has
perseveringly maintained that below the Chalk-plain the older systems of
the Dinant basin extend in the form of anticlines of Devonian grits and shales
and synclines of Carboniferous Limestone. Occasionally, a patch of the
Coal-measures is found in the centre of these synclines. On this hypothesis
the bore-holes were put down, for it seemed just possible that in the Somme
valley (which admittedly corresponds to a geological syncline) the underlying
Jurassic and Palaeozoic strata might reproduce the synclinal arrangement of
the overlying Chalk. Here, if anywhere in Picardy, there was a ohance of
lighting upon a good mass of Coal-measures; possibly also on the saliferous
Trias, connecting up the Triassic deposits of Lorraine with those of England ;
and possibly again on the pisolitic iron-ores characteristic of the Bray district.

These hopes have been disappointed, and the bore-holes prove that, if the
Coal-measure basin of Lorraine does really extend far to the westward, its
prolongation must lie to the south of the Bray district. L. L. B.

SHEAR-PLANES IN THE ST. feTIENNE COAL-FIELD, FRANCE.

Sur V Existence de Ph^nom^es de Charriage anUrieurs au SUphanien dans la Region
de Saint- Etienne. By P. Termieb and G. Fbiedel. Cwnptes-rendua
hehdomculaires des Stances de VAcadimie dts Sciences, 1906, t'ol. cxlii., paytft
1003-1005.
Below the Coal-measures of St. fetienne is a curious formation which has
been erroneously described as a sedimentary deposit granitized in places before
the deposition of the Coal-measures; but the authors* investigations now show
it to be a plane of shear or crush, wherein a great variety of rocks, among
which granite predominates, have been mylonized almost beyond recognition.
This testifies to enormous shearing movements, etc., previous to the Stephanian
age. The shear-plane is especially observable in the western portion of the
coal-field on its southern and western margins, forming between the Coal-
measures and the mica-schists in situ an almost continuous belt, extending
for well nigh 17 miles from St. fetienne to Cizeron. Apart from local thicken-
ings, it does not generally exceed 100 to 130 feet in thickness, and has much
the aspect of a sedimentary group underlying the Coal-measures with a near
approach to conformity. But the mica-schists upon which it rests are abso-
lutely unconformable to the Coal-measures, and especially on the southern
border their average strike makes an angle of 45 degrees with that of the

616 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

Coal-measure syncline. There is, conseqently, much the same unconformity,
but a tectonic one, between the mica-schists and the shear-belt : the former
show signs of crushing and dragging-out in the neighbourhood of the latter.
As to the basal conglomerates and red shales of the Coal-measures which over-
lie the shear-belt, the junction being very clearly marked, it may be noted
that pebbles of all the rocks that occur in the shear-belt are found in the con-
glomerates, in exactly the same mylonized condition as that in which they are
in that belt. Hence it may be inferred that these Coal-measures were laid
down in a basin, large areas of the floor of which were covered by the relics
of a shear-belt, which itself was unconformably overlying the mica-schists.
Owing to erosion before and during the deposition of the Coal-measures, parts
of this belt were completely swept away, thus allowing the Coal-measures 1o
rest directly in places upon the mica-schists. Generally speaking, the basal
portion of the belt, especially toughened and compacted by crush, has alone
resisted erosion, and consists chiefly of .mylonized granite. But, in certain
depressions of the andient pre-Stephanian surface, considerable masses of
a granite survive which in nowise resembles the granites of the Central-Plateau
type that are usually seen to traverse the gneisses and mica-schists of the dis-
trict. It is a porphyritic alkaline granite, analogous to those of Mont Blanc
and the Pelvoux. South of the coal-field, in the mountainous region where
the three departments of the Loire, the Haute Loire and the Ardeclie meet,
the highest summits consist of a similar alkaline granite, crushed and lamin-
ated, evidently sheared off by thrust-phenomena from its original site, and
dragged into its present position. Where lay the original site of the rocks
that now form the shear-belt, and of these granites particularly, is a problem
of which the authors have not yet found the solution. L. L. B.

IRON-ORE DERIVED FROM GLAUCONITE, ARDENNES, FRANCE.

Oene^te rVwi Mineral ffe Fer pfir D^composUi&ii de hi Olaiiconte. By L. CAYErx.

CompteH-rendm hehdomwlaires des S^a-nctH dt VAcadimie das ScienrtM, 1906,

rof. cxfii.^ paijts 896-897.

In the department of the Ardennes, in the district of Vouziers, and more

citiHy at Umndprc, a MeiJOJEoic ^Aptiitn) iron-ori; Ima long been worked.

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 617

appearance of glauconite-grains. Hence, it is permissible to conclude that,
in this ore-deposit, the very nucleus of the ferruginous particles is of glauco-
nitic nature, masked by the secondary limonite derived from its decomposition.
Thp Grandpre iron-ore is unique in France in respect of its derivation. Its
structure and its genesis differentiate it definitely from the pisolitic ores with
which it has been hitherto confused. L. L. B.

MAGNETIC IRON-ORE OF DI^LETTE, LOWER NORMANDY.

Structure et Origine probable du Mineral de Fer ma^nUique dt Di^lette (Manche),

By L. Cayeux. CompfeM-rtndus hehdomndaires des S^xmcen de VAcad^mie

des Sciences^ 1906, vol. cxlii., pages 716-718.

This ore occurs along the western margin of the Flamanville granitic

massif, at the north-western extremity of the Cotentin peninsula, in the

form of six vertical beds, intercalated among sedimentary strata which have

been metamorphosed by the granite. Three of these ore-beds are seen to

crop out on the beach at low tide: the others have only been proved by

underground workings extending out to sea. The age of the deposit has

been the subject of some controversy, but there appears to be no longer

any doubt that it dates from the Ix)wer Devonian.

As the result of a micrographic study of specimens of the ore, the author
feels justified in drawing attention to the following salient facts: — (1) The
undoubted existence of ferruginous bodies within the ore which have retained
all the characters of the most typical oolites, with the sole exception of the
concentric structure — this having been destroyed by the development of octa-
hedral crystals of magnetite. Originally this oolitic structure must have per-
vaded the entire mass of the ore. (2) The irrefutable evidence that the
magnetite now occupies the place of constituents which were primarily cal-
careous. ('.{) Consequently, that the ore is derived from an oolitic limestone.
It may be observed that Prof. A. liigot has discovered fossils of the nature
of corals in the immediate neighbourhood of the ferruginous beds, and Dr.
Cayeux identified certain nuclei of the oolitic grains under the microscope
as crinoid-dehris. Two hypotheses as to the actual genesis of the ore are
admissible. The first presupposes that the limestone was directly metamor-
phosed into magnetite and haematite at the time of the effusion of the granite.
The second relegates the replacement of the limestone by iron-ore to a period
long anterior to the effusion of the granite. Pisolitic carbonates or oxides
of iron, on thi?t hypothesis, already made up the ore-beds at the time when
the metamorphic influence of the granite became effective ; and therefore
metamorphic action was confined to a change in the state or combination
of the iron in the ore-deposit. For reasons assigned, the author favours
the second hypothesis. L. L. li.

AURIFEROUS STIBNITE OF MARTIGNfe, BRITANNY.

Da-i Antimonilvorkommen von Martign6 in dtr Brttagn*:. By 0. Stutzer.

Ztitschn/t filr praktUche Geologie^ 1907, voL xv.y pagen 219-221, with 4

fgureM in the text.

The gold-bearing antimony-ores of Martigno-Ferchaud, in the Breton

department of Ille-et-Vilaine, have found but little prominence in geological

and mining literature so far. A few years ago. Baron W. von Fircks studied

the surroundings and general conditions of the Semnon mine, near Martignc,

and presented to the Freiberg Academy a large collection of rock-and-ore-

specimens obtained by him, accompanying each specimen with a detailed

618 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

description of the occurrence and composition of the ores. The country-rocka
are predominantly black slates and yellowish-brown, fine-grained, porous
quartzites, through which courses a greenstone-dyke, some 33 feet in width.
This dyke pitches about 75 degrees north-north-eastward, striking from west-
north-west to east-south-east, and, thanks to erosion, stands out like a reef
or wall at the surface. It can be traced over a distance exceeding f mile,
and is, in fact, the ore-carrier. A petrographical description is given of the
greenstone, as seen under the microscope, and this appears generally to con-
firm the author's surmise that the rock is a highly-decomposed diorite or
diabase.

Besides the stibnite (containing 0*0009 per cent, of gold), the Martigne
ores include arsenical pyrites (with 00008 per cent, of gold), ordinary pyrites,
limonite, and (more seldom) a little native gold. As the limouite and the
native gold are evidently the products of atmospheric decomposition, the
primary ores are restricted to the stibnite, arsenical pyrites and ordinary
pyrites. The gangue consists chiefly of quartz and calcite, with which some
brown spar is associated; vughs or druses are of frequent occurrence. The
black slate at the salband is highly altered and much impregnated with ore,
especially arsenical pyrites. Sericite is found both in the salband and in the
gangue. It should be noted that the ores do not occur as continuous lodes
within the greenstone, as is usually the case with stibnitic quartz-veins, but
form a series of broken and lenticular fragmentary lodes, recalling rather
the "ladder '* or step-lodes of Beresovsk. These minor lodes occasionally inter-
sect and are not seldom faulted, and their dip is predominantly at low angles :
in thickness they range from 6^ feet down to a fraction of an inch. They
rarely pass from the greenstone into the slates, and, when they do so, very
soon nip out.

The lodes are probably the infilling of contraction-fissures in the green-
stone, and from the point of view of their genesis they may be classified
with the similar ore-occurrences of the central plateau of France. The indus-
trial importance of the Martigne stibnites is much discounted, to say the least,
by the considerable proportion of impurities present in the shape of arsenic.

L.L. B.

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 61^

The author is expecting to secure interesting results from two pyritiferous
bands which are known to occur in the Bunter Grit and the Vosges Grit of
Me«rthe-et-Mo8elle. L. L. B.

METALLIFEROUS DEPOSITS OF THE VAL DE VILLfe, ALSACE.

LeA Glt€H mdtalli/ireM du Vol de VUU {AUace). By — Ungemach. BitUetiv de la
SocUU fran^aise de Min&rcUogie, 1906, vol, xxix., pagtn 194*282, ivith 12:
figures in the text and 1 map.

Commencing with a bibliography of the subject (16 entries), the author
points out that the Val de Ville, in the Alsatian Vosges, is, like the neighbouring
Val de Sainte Marie, a very ancient centre of the mineral-industry. Old waste-
heaps, abandoned adits and pits rediscovered in the course of the exploration-
work of recent years, bear witness to its pristine activity. The fact that the
ancient writers, and local traditions also, are dumb in regard to the Val de-
Ville, while they are so loquacious concerning the mineral wealth of Sainte
Marie, is explained when one remembers that very little precious metal has
been got from the former valley, while the rich finds of native silver in the
latter have caused its name to re-echo "through the halls of time."

The upper portion of the Val de Ville, which is alone in question, consists
of gneisses and Palaeozoic shales, a belt of altered granite, some 500 to 800 feet
wide, intervening between the two, and ranging from east to west. Three
groups of metalliferous lodes are described : (1) the predominantly plumbiferous
and cupriferous lodes of Urbeis, which crop out within or around the granitic
belt ; (2) the less numerous lodes of Charbes, which crop out among the shales
on the southern flanks of the heights dividing the valley of that name from
the Steige valley ; and (3) the Triembach lodes, which occur several miles to the
east of Ville in the tract of Permian or Eothliegende rocks.

Beginning with the Urbeis lodes, which yield copper, silver, lead, and
more rarely zinc-ores, the author proceeds in his description from east to west,
premising that all of the lodes pitch very steeply and some are absolutely per-
pendicular. The only mine at present worked is that of Sylvester, started in
1894 : there are three veins of considerable thickness, which yield, in additipn
to the metalliferous ores, a vast number of magnificently-crystallized minerals,
such as quartz, dolomite, calcite, fluorine, siderite, etc. Among the ores,,
tetrahedrite predominates, there is a little chalcopyrite, while galena, blende,
marcasite, bournonite, native arsenic, etc., arc of rare occurrence. The work-
ings are conducted from four different levels joined by several shafts, and the-
main lode has been followed westward as far as the red Permian grit, which
it does not appear to penetrate. The Donner silver-and-lead mine was worked
at intervals from 1894 to 1899, the ores got from the main lode being galena,
chalcopyrite, and an extremely small quantity of tetrahedrite.

The Charbes lodes have all yielded antimony-ores, occasionally zinc-ores,,
but never copper or lead. The Honilgoutte mine worked a series of contorted
lodes of variable thickness, operations having been resumed there in 1894 to
cease again somewhere about 1902. In 1900 as many as 148 workpeople were
employed on that mine.

An attempt has recently been made to start once more the working of the
two Triembach lodes, which crop out among the red grits by the road to Sau-
loch. The gangue, consisting of an altered granite, is frequently cemented by
tetrahedrite, in addition to which ore and chalcopyrite, such secondary
minerals as azurite (in great quantity), malachite, pyrolusite and linionite,
etc., occur.

Eighty pages are devoted by the author to a detailed minera logical and

•620 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

crystallographic description of all the ores and gangae-minerals obtained from
the Val de Ville, but he casts doubt on the formerly reported presence there
of native gold, native silver and cobaltine. The Sylvester tetrahedrite occurs
in two varieties: one rich in arsenic (6*75 per cent.) and poor in silver, and
the other conversely poor in arsenic and rich in silver (5*94 per cent.) : the
former appears to be more distinctly an outcrop-mineral, since in depth
its place is taken by the latter. The presence of as much as 1*63 per cent,
of bismuth is another remarkable characteristic of the arsenical variety. The
argentiferous tetrahedrite occurs in no less than seventy-one different crystal-
line forms, the notation of which is tabulated by the author. L. L. B.

ASPHALTIC LIMESTONES OF THE GARD, FRANCE.

Lea CaXcairtH aaphaltiquej* du Gard. By P. Nicou. AnnalcM d^n Mint.% 1906,
aeries 10, M&moireSf vol. x.y pages 513-568, toitk 16 figtirtA in the text and
3 plates.
The bituminous limestones of the Tertiary lacustrine basin in the depart-
ment of the Gard, hitherto regarded as of no very great industrial conse-
quence, promise, owing to recent discoveries, to rank among the most im-
portant of the kind known anywhere. They are distributed along a bolt
some 22 miles in length and 1^ miles in breadth, striking approximately north
25 degrees east, and may be divided into two groups — on the south, the older
and smaller workings of Servas, Canvas, Le Puech and Les Fumades; on the
north, separated by a gap of 5 miles from the southern group, the mining
concession of St. Jean de Maruejols and the vicinity. Between the two, several
borin^fs have been and are being put down, which have struck asphalt. In
the Upper Infratongrian (Lower Oligocene) division, to which these bitumin-
ous limestones belong, there also occurs the lignite-series of Barjac, Avejan
and Cdlas, the lignites in which are worked on a small scale.

The existence of asphalt has long been known in the region, but the first
Government concessions for mining it were not granted until 1844 : these
applied to the southern group, where the Servas workings alone remain in
full activity. The concession of St. Jean de Maruejols, granted in 1859,

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 621

of bitumen, the middle one is poor and generally unworkable; but it is other-
wise with the uppermost or brown seam and the lowest or black seam. The
seams crop out in a hillside about 650 feet above sea-level, dip west-north-west-
ward with a gradually diminishing steepness (from 30 degrees to nil), and are
disturbed by strike-faults and cross-faults. A peculiar striped appearance,
due to the repetition of thin streaks of bitumen interbanded with the lime-
stone, is occasionally characteristic. The annual output of asphalt from the
Servas concession averaged 600 tons between 1844 and 1890, reached a maxi-
mum of 4,600 tons from 1891 to 1895, and has decreased to 3,300 tons since
1896. In 1904 and 1905, a marked diminution of output was conditioned by
momentary suspensions of mining operations, due apparently to various causes.

Turning then to the northern group of deposits, the author states that
the concession of St. Jean de Maruejols covers an area of some 702 acres: it
was worked at first by inclined drifts, but for some years past all the mineral
has been brought up through a shaft which it was found necessary to sink.
The only seam worked has a thickness (including a central parting of unmer-
chantable stuff) of about 7 feet ; but it is not quite clear whether this is
the sole workable horizon, and fresh exploration-work, the results of which
are not yet available, was started in 1906. Mining operations have been com-
plicated l)y local faults and fissures, and in part arrested by water-feeders.
In January, 1904, a portion of the older workings (eastern district) caved iu,
but as this fortunately happened on a Sunday, no one sustained injury to life
or limb. The total output, from the time when operations were started
there until the end of 1905, is estimated at 130,000 tons. For many years,
and especially in the decade 1881-1890, the greater part of the asphalt was
exported to British India ; but it is how mostly taken up for London and
Berlin.

A description is given of nineteen borings iu the neighbourhood of St.
Jean, directed to the discovery of further workable seams of bitumen; seven-
teen of these were put down in the years 1903 to 1905, and in five or six cases
the results may be regarded as highly promising. Discussing these in detail,
the author arrives at the conclusion that, in every case, the bituminous hori-
zon which has been struck may be correlated with that already worked at St.
Jean, and that its maximum thickness may approximate to 100 feet. The
possible extension of the asplialtic limestone-area is limited on the cast by
the older rocks, and the progressive north-westerly increase in distance from
the surface (or in vertical depth) of the asphaltic formation is conditioned
by the dip of the beds and westward by a series of faults striking generally
north 15 degrees east. Impoverishment is discernible on the north towards
Fontcouverte, while southward the formation seems to di.sappear. How far it
extends to the west is as yet unknown.

Three further bore-holes, put down in 1904-1905 between the northern and
the southern groups of asphalt-workings, failed to strike any workable
deposits.

Various theories of the origin of the bitumen, such as contemporaneous
sedimentation, later sublimation from fumaroles, or from natural distillation
of neighbouring coal-seams (Alais basin), etc., are passed in review; but the
author does not commit himself definitely to any one of them.

In an appendix, he gives a short account of the bituminous oil-shales of
Vagnas, in the department of the Ardeche, which occur at the same geological
horizon (Cenomanian) as the lignites worked farther south at Connaux and
Pont Saint-Esprit in the Gard. These oil-shales strike north-and-south, and
dip 25 degrees westward. They were worked from 1859 to 1869, when mining

622 NOTES OF PAPERS IN COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

operations were suspended. The annual output averaged 6,000 tonn of oil-
shale (producing- 12 per cent, of crude oil) and 1,800 tons of lignite, utilized
as fuel at the shale-distillery on the spot. The overwhelming competition of
American and Russian petroleum, and the expenditure which would be in-
evitably incurred in putting the workings into fit condition again, have
checked any serious attempt to resume operations at Vagnas. L. L. B.

PHOSPHATIC DEPOSITS OF FRANCE.

Die PkoAphattayerstdtten Franhrtichs, By O. Tietzb. ZeitJichrift fiir praktutcht
Oeoiogie, 1907, tH)l, xi\, pages 117-124, with 2 maps in the text.

At one time or another some forty of the French departments have borne
a more or less conspicuous share in the phosphate-output of the country; but,
at the present day, phosphate-workings on any considerable scale are confined
to the departments of the Aisne, Ardennes, Meuse, Oise, Pas de Calais and
Somme. Elsewhere the output has either dwindled to insignificance, or has.
ceased altogether.

Preceding his descriptions of the principal deposits with a bibliographical
list consisting of eleven entries, the author groups together those departments
where the phosphates occur at approximately the same geological horizon.
In the group which includes the Aisne, Nord, Oise, Pas de Calais and Somme,
all the deposits that are still worked belong to the Upper Cretaceous (either
Senonian or Upper Turonian, as the case may be); the Gault phosphates of
Boulogne and the Cenomanian phosphates of Fauquembergues have been
worked out. The pockets in which the rich phosphatic sands (containing
80 per cent, or even more of phosphate of lime) are found occasionally extend
to a depth of 65 feet and more ; but such pockets are nowadays seldom dis-
covered and worked, and the phosphatic Chalk itself has assumed greater
industrial importance. It is not thought that this Chalk is of deep-$4ea
origin, but that the material was laid down in small subsiding basins, varying
in longest diameter from 300 to 10,000 feet, the connexion between wliich
(and oven communication with the open j?ea) was frequently interrupted. A
careful litholog^cal description is given of the deposits, and a comparison
witli the aimikr depo^itj^ of Bergen, in Belgium, lead^ to the conclusion that

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 628

In the Yonne, a seam was at one time worked, directly overlying the
<;r^/?Aaca-limestone at the junction between the Lower and the Middle Lias;
now the phosphate is got from an underlying gravel of flints and extremely-
coarse sand immediately beneath the Brienne marls^ the phosphatic band
averaging 8 inches in thickness. In the neighbouring department of the
Cote d*Or, the Belemnites'limestones of the Middle Lias decompose on weather-
ing into an iron-raddled loam, in which the phosphatic nodules are embedded ;
the best workable phosphates, however, in that department occur in a seam
barely 6 inches thick, which belongs to the upper horizons of the Lower Lias,
yielding from 120 to 160 tons of saleable mineral per acre.

In the Haute-Sadne, pale phosphatic nodules (containing from 27 to 32 per
cent, of phosphoric acid) were got from a band 2 to 8 inches thick, in the
clays of the topmost Lower Lias; while in the department of the Cher, phos-
phatic nodules were worked both, in the Lower Lias and in the much younger
Gault. In the causses (limestone-plateaux) of the southern group of depart-
ments, which includes the Aveyron, Lot, Tarn and Tarn-et-Garonne, the phos-
phates form the infilling of dyke-like fissures extending 300 feet or more down
in the Lower Oolitic limestones. The phosphate is evidently of much later
age than the limestone, is generally white or g^y, but occasionally iron-
raddled, and contains on an average 50 per cent, of tricalcic phosphate (some
times as much as 80 per cent.). Its association in the Aveyron with basalts
and tufifs points to its eruptive origin — probably in the form of a precipitate
from thermal springs. A statistical table of the output from the French
phosphate-workings, covering the years 1886 to 1904 inclusive, accompanies the
paper. L. L. B.

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE COAL-FIELD, GERMANY.

Die Gliedenmg der Aachener Steinkohlenahlagtning au/Orund ihres petrographischen
uml pa/oiontologuichen VerhcdUiiH. By H. Westermann. Verhandhingen
det* iiatHrhistorutchen Vereins der prewHsuchen Rheiidamle, 1905, vol, Ixii.^
pages 1-64 and 1 plate.

The records of the coal-mining industry in this area, extending as they
do over a period of nine centuries, mark it out as the oldest worked colliery-
district on the continent of Europe. Ancient, however, though it may be,
the industry has developed so slowly that it has only attained real economic
importance within the last few decades. Employing at present about 9,000
workpeople, the Aix-la-Chapelle or Aachen colliery-district yields an output of
roughly 2,000,000 tons in the year. In view of the facts just recited, it is per-
haps rather curious that so few geologists have concerned themselves with this
coal-field, so far as published work goes, and no attempt had hitherto been
made to fix the horizon of the productive Coal-measures or to investigate their
possible correlation with those of neighbouring areas, more especially the
Rhenish- Westphalian basin.

The surface of the Aachen coal-field, considered as a whole, slopes north-
eastward, and hydrographically it forms part of the Meuse basin, the most
important east-bank tributary of that river, the Roer, sweeping round the
district in a vast curve, the concavity of which is directed westward. The
basement-rocks are the Cambrian formations of the Venn plateau, upon which
rests unconformably the great belt of Devonian strata, which make up the
terraced north-western scarp of the plateau. The Devonian rocks are imme-
diately succeeded by the Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal-measures,
the latest Palaeozoic formation in the district. On the west, the Coal-mea-
sures are overlain by the Senonian (Upper Cretaceous) deposits, while north-

624 XOTKS OF PAPERS IX COLONIAL AND FOREIGN

ward and eastward they are covered by Middle Tertiary beds mantled over
by widespread sheets of drift. These covering strata attain a thicknens of
some 2,000 feet or more, and are conspicuously water-bearing: the Coal-mea-
8ur€w of the Wurm basin, however, are shut off from them by a clayey band
known as the Jiaggert, which is probably the outcome of the former weather-
ing of the anciently exposed Carboniferous surface.

The coal-field is made up of two distinct basins, one of which dips from
south-west to north-east over a breadth of about 7^ miles; connecting up with
this and dipping in the same direction along the line Moresnet-Aa<>hen-
Neusen, the second basin appears to pass north-westward into a third
basin, that of Dutch Limburg. The two first-mentioned basins are
separated by an Upper Devonian anticline, the northern limb of which ex-
hibits a reversed, that is, a south-easterly dip of the strata. On the north-
western flank of this ridge, the Carboniferous Limestone is wanting, and so
the productive Coal-measures there follow hard upon the Devonian. It is
inferred that a gigantic overthrust of the Devonian has taken place over the
Carboniferous, and is in some way connected with the great Kifel fault which
is traceable through Belgium and French Flanders into the Pas de Calais.
While the north-western or Wurm basin is filled with productive Cnal-Uiea-
sures throughout its entire extent, the Eschweiler or Inde basin (which really
breaks up westward into several distinct basins) is in the valley alone ot the
Inde deep enough to include within itself the Upper Carboniferous. The pre-
cise extent of these basins has not yet been determined; but recent bore-holes
point, at any rate, to an undoubted connexion between the Wurm coal-basin
and that of Dutch Limburg. This basin has been compressed by the north-
ward travelling Aachen overthrust, into a series of sharply-folded minor
anticlines and synclines, the plication diminishing, however, in intensity to-
wards the Dutch frontier. The Inde basin forms a single regular syncline
open to the eastward, but its southern limb is overfolded. Strike-faults and
cross-faults are both very numerous, but the downthrows (with some notable
exceptions) are inconsiderable. The strike-faults probably date from before
the deposition of the Rhenish Bunter Sandstone, while the cross-faults are
of Tertiary age. Singly, the coal-seams exceed seldom '^ feet in thickness;
but. in the Eschweiler basin their combined thickness approaches 46 feet of

TRANSACTIONS AND PERIODICALS. 625-

some importance, are confined to the Eachweiler 'basin, where they occur at
six different horizons, and the so-called main conglomerate (1,300 feet below
the Traube seam) exceeds 160 feet in thickness. The coals of the Inde basin
surpass all other Prussian coals in their calorific capacity; those of the western
portion of the Wurm basin are anthracitic in character.

With regard to fossils, animal-remains are of small importance in this
coal-field as compared with the plant-remains. The latter mostly occur in
the immediate roof of the coal-seams, and, to make his collection of fossil plants,
the author searched every seam that ia worked. Of these plants, he furnishes
an elaborate catalogue, garnished with a running commentary.

Analogies between the Aix-la-Chapelle Coal-measures and those of West-
phalia are emphasized, and reasons are adduced for considering the coal-seams
of the Wurm basin as of later date than those of the Eschweiler basin. Im-
pressions of ferns, comparatively rare in the Eschweiler seams, are extremely
abundant in those of the Wurm basin. The anthracitic character of the coal
in the western portion of the latter basin is possibly explicable as owing to the
metamorphic influence of the mighty overthrust which came from the south-
ward. Where the measures are less sharply folded, the seams are correspond-
ingly more bituminous. The entire thickness of the coal-bearing Carbon-
iferous rocks of the Aix-la-Chapelle coal-field is said to exceed 6,500 feet. Many
bore-holes have been put down within recent years, establishing the connexion
with the Westphalian coal-field, and the only gap at present unfilled measures
some 14 miles in extent. The basins of Mons, Liege and Valenciennes seem
to link up with the Aix-la-Chapelle coal-field on the west.

The paper is accompanied by a bibliography of the subject and a correlation-
table (wlierein it is shown that the productive Coal-measures of Aix-la-Chapelle
extend from below the Millstone (irit into strata which are the etiuivalents
of the so-called "transition " Coal-measures of England). Throughout the paper
the author lays very great stress on the palseobotanical evidence, and he
supplies a range-diagram of the fossil plants. He concludes that deeper-lying
seams than those yet known will, be ultimately struck in the Eschweiler ba^in,
and so, too, in the Wurm basin. The exhaustion of the coal-resources of the
Aix-la-Chapelle district is not likely to occur for many centuries to come.

L. L. B.

IlECENT BORE-HOLES AND SINKINGS IN THE RHENLSH-WEST-
PHALIAN COAL-FIELD.

Utfjer ntut AiifschluJiJ<e im Rhtinisch-WestphalUchtu Steinkohlenbecken, By P.

Krusch. ZeiUchrift der Dtutschen yeologischen OesellHchaft, 1906, xml.

Iviii. , Protokofle, pagta 25-32.
It had long been known that the eastern boundary of the productive
measures in the Rhenish-Westphalian coal-field coincides more or less with
the meridian of Soest, with, of course, certain re-entrants and salients corres-
ponding to the successive anticlines and synclines. Of late years, a series of
bore-holfes have been put down east and south-east of Lippborg, the results
of which tend to show that the boundary of the productive Coal-measures runs
approximately through Hultrop, leaving Lippborg on the west and Hans
Assen on the east. Farther east and east-south-east, however, the Kessel,
Erewinkel and Brockhausen bore-holes show a local eastward extension of the
productive measures. This, in the author's opinion, indicates the existence
of a separate basin, while at Hultrop and Haus Assen an ancient anticline,
consisting of barren Carboniferous, Kulm and Devonian strata, juts out east-
ward into the productive measures. The Krewinkel basin is one of the

^26 NOTES OF COLONIAL AND FOREIGN PAPERS.

synclines of the Witten main basin, and most probably the southernmost
of them.

The above-mentioned bore-holes have also indicated the possibility of coal
being found beyond the boundary of the productive measures. In some cases,
fragments of coal-seams destroyed by the waves of the Cretaceous sea have
been washed down into the fissures which then were open in the Strin^fo-
c<?7>Aa/ux-limestone (Middle Devonian). In other cases, in consequence of the
folding of the strata and the southward thrust of the Carboniferous surface,
patches of Coal-measures have been preserved among the synclines of the older
rocks. But these explanations fail to account adequately for the numerous
finds of abnormally rich gas-coal east-south-east of Unna. Further bore-
holes will doubtless furnish an explanation of the apparent anomaly.

In the course of a few remarks on the cross-faults which characterize the
tectonics of the coal-field, the author draws attention to the extreme variations
in the amount of downthrow along the strike of these faults. Thus, the
Courl fault, beginning at the locality after which it is named, has there a
downthrow of barely 33 feet, while 2\ miles farther to the north-west the
<lownthrow exceeds 1,970 feet; and it diminishes again as rapidly as it in-
creases. In this respect, a cross-fault may be compared with a cross-tear
in a piece of cloth that is stretched and bears a moderate load : a curvilinear
depression of that portion of the cloth is observed which is most heavily
loaded (most subject to the influence of gravity).

The northward depression of the syncline of productive measures brings
•continuously-younger seams within reach, the farther north one goes in the
coal-field; and the younger the seams are hereabouts the more bituminous
they are, generally speaking. But the expectation that only the coals richest
in gas, and plenty of them, would be found in the northern portion of the
Rhenish-Westphalian basin has been falsified. This is mostly due to the
intervention of main anticlines between the synclines and of local synclines
within the same ; and an exception of this kind is illustrated by recent sink-
ings at the Auguste-Viktoria colliery, north of Recklingshausen, where at
horizons which usually yield gas-coals, the meagre coals (upper division) were
struck, vaulted up into an anticline.

A series of bore-holes, put duwn on the left bia.uk *jl f he river Hhine^, west

RBPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES COMMITTEE. 627

II. -REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES' COMMITTEE AND
OF THE CONFERENCE OF DELEGATES OF CORRESPONDING
SOCIETIES OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE-
MENT OF SCIENCE, YORK MEETING, 1906. •

Much consideration has been given by the Committee to the subject of
railway-fares, in order to ascertain whether any steps could be taken to secure
reduced rates under certain circumstances for members of the Corresponding
Societies. Considering, however, the number of railway-companies which would
have to be approached and the diversity of local arrangements, it has been felt to
be impossible for the British Association to deal with the subject as a whole.
Societies which desire concessions should therefore apply directly to the railway-
companies of their respective districts for such privileges ; and with the view of
strengthening such applications the Council of the British Association, on the
recommendation of the Corresponding Societies Committee, have authorized the
issue of a form of warrant to all Corresponding Societies which send representa-
tives to the Annual Conference of Delegates, certifying that the Societies in
question are recommended by the Council as suitable applicants for any privileged
tickets that the railway-companies may grant. These warrants may be obtained
at the present Conference, or at the offices of the British Association.

The following Corresponding Societies nominated delegates to represent them
at the Conferences : —The Institution of Mining Engineers, Mr. J. A. Longden ;
and the Manchester Geological and Mining Society, Mr. Wm. Watts.

First Meeting, August Jnd^ 190C.

The Report of the Corresponding Societies Committee was rea<l by the Secre-
tary. It was resolved to apply for a grant of £25.

Second Meeting^ August 7th, 1906.

Mr. W. Whitaker, Section C (Geology), solicited the aid of local societies in
the work of the Geological Photographs Committee, and expressed the hope that
certain societies would assist the Committee for investigating the Speeton beds at
Knapton.

* Report of the Seventy. sixth Meeting of the BritUh Association for the
Advancefnent of Science, York, Atujust, 190tJ, 1907, page 45.

VOL. XXXII^IMW-IWT.

628

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES

It was resolved to recommend that the Secretary of the Conference (Mr.
F. W. Rudler) be nominated to serve as delegate on the Megalithic Monuments
Registration Committee.

A letter was read from Mr. E. Heawood, Recorder of Section E (Geography),
calling the attention of local societies to the work of the committee which was
appointed last year for investigating *' The Quantity and Composition of Rainfall,
and of Lake- and River-discharge." Local observations on the latter subject
would be useful, if made systematically, so as to admit of co-ordination with work
already done.

re6barch-c0mmittbb8 appointed by the general committee at the
York Meeting: August, 1906.*

1. — Receiving Grants op Money.

Subject for luTestication or Purpose.

Seiimologic*! obsenraUoiu

Members of the Ooinmittee.

Chairman.— Trot. J. W. Judd.
Secretary.— Dr. J. Milne.
j Lord KeWin. Dr. T. Q. Bonney. Brir. O. V.

Boji, Sir George DAnrin, Mr. Horace
' Darwin, Major L. Darwin. Prof. J. A.

Ewing, Mr. M. H. Gray. Dr. H. T. (Uaze
i brook. Prof C. G. Knott, Prof. R. Meldola.
I Mr. R. D. Oldham. Prof. J. Perry. Mr.

W. E. Plummer. Prof. J. H. Poyntina.

Mr. Clement Reid. Mr. Nel»on Ru'hard-
j sou and Pnif. H. H. Turner.

To co-operate with the Conimltt«« of the ' Ckiiirman.—H\T W H. Preeoe
FaJniouLh OljaprTttiary ia their mugtiutic SterfUiry.-lH. ft. T. Cj)wrjtJ^li>riK>k.
ohiefTatloiu, r Fruf. W, G. Adaoii, Captain H'reak, Mr. W,

L. Pfli^ Prof A Hchiuti^r, Sir A. W.
Keickvr emii Pr €h»rl** Vhn>v.

Tq inWitleat? the eiT^tJc blocki of Ihti Chttirman,^ Dr. J . E. >|n,rr.
Britiih I1J4J*, Btid to. take mwaaiirti for ' Sfcretarif.-Mj. P F, Kt^tkdall
Uielr prtiertatirjii. | Ut. T. il. KoUiivy. Mr U. E. He Rah<ta>

Oranta.

a. d.
0 0

40 0 0

21 li «

COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 629

I. —Receiving Grakts op yiovEY. ^Continued.

Subject for InTostigation or Purpose.

: The quantity and compoBition of rainfall,
and of laice- and river-diaoharge.

Members of the Committee.

Grants.

CorrMponding Bocieties Committee
I the preparation of their report.

for

CkairnufL- -Sir John Murray.

Senrftnriet Prof. A. B. Macallum and Dr.

A. J. HerbertMn.
Sir B. Baker. Prof. W. M. Davis. Prof. P. F.

FrankUnd. Mr. A. D. Hall. Mr. N. F.

Mackenzie, Mr. E. U. V. Melrille. Dr.

H. R MUl. Prof. A. Penck, Dr. A.

Btrahan and Mr. W. Whitaker.

Chairman. -Mr. W. WhiUker.

Steretary.— Mr. F W. Rudler.

Rer. J. O. BeTan. Sir Edward Brabrook.
Dr. H. T. Brown. Dr. Vauffhan Comii>h,
Dr. J. G. Garson. Principal E. H. Grifflths,
Mr. T. V. Holmes, lir. J. Hopkinson,
Prof. R. Meldola. Dr. H. R. MUl, Mr.
C. H Read, Rev. T. R. R. Siebbing. Prof.
W. W. Watt4. and the General Offloers
of the Association.

£ s. d.
10 0 0

20 0 0

2.— Not bbceivinq Grants op Money.

Subject for Inrestigaiion or Purpose.

The rate of increase of underground temperature
downwards in various localities of dry land
and under water.

The consideration of the teaching of elementary
m^^anics, and the improvement which might
l)e efTected in such teaching.

The collection, preservation and syiitomatic
registration of photOKraphs of geological
intertwt.

To record and determine the exact significance
of local terms applied in the British iHles to
topoKraphi(*al and geological objects.

Members of the Committee.

Chairman and Secretary.— Trot. H. L. Callendar. I
Lord Kelvin, Sir Archibald Geikie, Prof. Edward ,

HuU, Prof. A. S. Herschel, Prof. G. A. Lebour, I

Prof! C. H Lees, Mr. A. B. Wynne. Mr. W.

Galloway. Mr. Joseph Dickinson, Mr. G. F.

Deacon, Mr. Edward Wethered. Dr A. Btrahan.

Prof. Michie Smith and Mr. B. H. Brough.

Chairman.— Vrot. Horace lAmb.

Secretary.— Prof. J. Periy.

Mr. C. Vernon Boys, Prof. Chrystal. Prof Ewing,

Prof. G. A. Gibson, Prof. GreenhUl, Principal

Grifflths, Prof. Henrici, Dr E W. Hobson.

Mr. C. S. Jackson, Sir Oliver Lo<lg«. Prof. Love.

Prof. Minchin. Prof. Schuster. Prof. A. M.

Worthington and Mr. A. W. Kiddons.

Chairman.— Frot. J. Geikie.

SecreUirv.-Frot. W. W. Watts.

Dr. T. G. Bouney. Dr. T. Anderson. Prof. E. J.

Garwood, Prof. S. H Reynolds, Mr. A. S. Reid,

Mr. W. Gray, Mr. H. B. W..odwan1. Mr. R.

Kidston. Dr. J. J. H. Teall, Mr. H. Coates. Mr.

C. V. Or«>ok, Mr. <J. Bing!ey, Mr. R Welch

and Mr. W. J. Harrison.

Chairman. -Mr. Donglas W. Freshfleld.

Secrftnry. — Mr. W. G. Feam»ides

lx)rd Avebury, Mr. C. T. Clough, Prof. E. J. ,

Garwood. Mr. E. Heawowl, Dr. A. J. Herl)ert-

son, C'»l. D. A. Johnston. Mr. (). T. Jones, Dr.

J .S. Keltic. Mr. G. W. Lampltigh. Mr. Ji. J.

Mackinder. J»r. K. J. Marr. Dr. H. R. Mill.

Mr H. Yulf Oldham. Dr. B N. Peach, Prof. W.

W. Watts and Mr. H. B. Woo<lward.

632

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDIXG SOCIETIES

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COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

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634 REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES

Cataloouk of the mors important Papers, and especially those referring
TO Local Scientific Investigations, published by the Corresponding
Societies during the Year ending May 31st, 19<)6.*

Section ^4.— Mathematical and Physical Science.
Allen, H. Stanley. ** Experimental Work at Low Temperatures." Proc.

Glasgow R, Phil. Soc., vol. xxxvi., pages 128-135, 1905.
— "Note on Radio-activity." Proc, OlcMgow 7?. Phil, Soc., vol. xxxvi., pages

209-213, 1905.
Brown, M. Walton. "Barometer, Thermometer, etc.. Readings for the Year

1903." Trans, Imt, Min. Eng,, vol. xxvu., pages 743-752, 1906.
Muir, Dr. James, and Archibald Lang. " The Effect of Tensile Overstrain on

the Magnetic Properties of Iron." Proc. Glasgow R. Phil. Soc,, vol. xxxvL,

pages 77-85, 1905.
Stenhousb, Thomas. "The Radio-activity of Radium and other Compountls."

Trans. Rochdale Lit. Set. Soc., vol. viii., pages 13-23, 1905.
Stewart, Louis B. "Gravity-determinations in Labrador." Trans. Roy. Aftlr,

Soc. ofOanada, 1905, pages 70-78, 1906.
Stupart, R. F. "Magnetic and Meteorological Observations at North-west

River, Labrador." Trans. Roy. A sir. Soc. of Canada, 1905, pages 79-88, 1906.
Walker, Sydney F. " Earth in Collieries, with reference to the * Special Rnles

for the Installation and Use of Electricity.'" Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol.

XXX., pages 404-415, 1906.
Wood, G. C. " Determination of the Specific Electrical Resistance of Coal, Ores,

&c." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 99-107, 1906.

Section /^.—Chemistry.

DoDDS, R. (N. Eng. List.). "Note on the Composition of Coal from the Faroe
Islands." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., page 281, 1905.

— " Note on a Natural Paraffin found in the Ladysmith Pit, Whitehaven Col-
lieries." Trann. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 284, 285, 1905.

Smith, Sam del. *^ l^ecay of htQUoa in BuiltJinfls ; the Cauee and I'revention.'

COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 635

Bailby, E. B., and D. Tait. ** On the Occurrence of True Coal-measures at Port
Seton, East Lothian." Trans, Edinft, Geol. 8oc.., vol. viii., pages 351-362, 1905.

Baldwin, Walter. " Notes on the Pala)ontology of Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale."
Trans. Rochdale Lit. Scu Soc, vol. viii., pages 78-84, 1905.

— (Manch. Oeol. Min. Soc.). ** Prestwichia anthrax emd Bel intinut lunatnA from
Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale." Trans, Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 621-
624, 1906.

Blukt, T. p. "Bedding and Cleavage in Rocks." Trans. Car. and Sev. Vidl.

F. C, vol. iv., pages 47-50, 1906.
BouLTON, Prof. W. S. ** On a Newly-exposed Glaciated Rock-surface near

Penrhiwceiber, South Wales." Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. xxxviii., pages

59-60, 1906.
Brodrick, Harold. '* Notes on a Recently-explored Fault-fissure on Ingle-
borough." Proc. Liverpool Oeol. Soc., vol. x., pages 43-47, 1905.
Brown, J. C. ** On some Lacustrine Deposits in the Drift near Ferryhill. " Trans.

Norfhumh. N. II. Soc., vol. i., pages 288-292, 1905.
— . "Note on Janassa hituminosa, Schlot., from the Marl Slate, Thickley,

Durham." The Naturalist, 1905, pages 220-222, 1905.
Buckingham, C. ** The Intermittent Streams of East Kent. " Ett^t Kent S. N. II.

Soc. Report, ser. II.. vol. v., pages 11-14, 1906.
BuLMAN, G. W. " Some Aspects of Geology." Trans. Eastbourne NaJ. Hist. Soc. ,

vol. iv., pages 35-49, 1906.
Carter, W. Lower. ** The Evolution of the Don River System." Proc. Yorks.

Oeol. Soc., vol. XV., pages 388-410, 1905.

— ** The Glaciation of the Don and Deame Valleys." Proc. Yorks. Oeol. Soc.,
vol. XV., pages 411-436, 1905.

Cash, W. "The Fossil Plants- of the Yorkshire Coal-measures. Part I.

What and How to Observe, Collect and Record." The Naturalist, 1906,

pages 116-120, 1906.
CoBBOLD, E. S. ** A River Valley." Trans. Car. and Ser. Vail. F. C, vol. iv.,

pages 7-9, 1906.
Cope, Thomas H. " Some Geological Problems in South- West Lancashire."

(Presidential Address.) Proc. Liverpool Oeol. Soc., vol. x., pages 1-25,

1905.
Craig, E. H. Cunningham. " On the Igneous Breccia of the Lui near Braemar."

Trans. Edinb. Oeol. Soc., vol. viii., pages 336-340, 1905.
Crampton, C. B. " The Limestones of Aberlady, Dunbar, and St. Monans."

Trans. Edinb. Oeol. Soc., vol. viii., pages 374-378, 1905.
Crick, G. C. "Note on a Rare Form of Actinocamax (A. OrosMoiu^ei) from the

Chalk of Yorkshire." The Naturalist, 19C6, pages 155-158, 1906.
Cuu»iN, H. **A Post-Permian Fault at Cusworth, near Doncaster." Proc

Yorks. Oeol. Soc., vol. xv., pages 453-455, 1905.
CuRRiE, James. '* On New Localities for Levyne in the FaToes and in Skye."

Trans. Edinb. Oeol. Soc., vol. viiL, pages 341-343, 1905.

— ** The Stassfurt Salt Industry." Tram. Edinb. Ofol. So^:., vol. viii., pages
403-412, 1905.

Davey, E. C. "The Leading Fossils of the Upper and Lower Greensands of
W^ilts and Berks." Proc. Bath N. II. A. F. C, vol. x., 412-422, 1905.

Dickinson, Joseph. "The Leading Features of the Lancashire Coal-field."
Trans, hist. Min. Ewj., vol. xxx., pages 357-368, 1906.

Dow, R. " The Agates of the Sidlaws." Traii^. Perthshire. Soc. N. Sci., vol. iv.,
pages 87-96, 1905.

636 REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES

Du ToiT, Alex. L. "The Lower Old Red Sandstone Rocks of the Balmaha-

Aberfoyle Region." Trann, Ediiih. GtoL Soc., vol. viii., pages 315-325, 1905.
Edwards, W. "The Glacial Geology of Anglesey." Proc. Livtrpool Gtol. Soc.y

vol. X., pages 36-37, 1905.
Gibson, Walcot. ** Marine Beds in the Coal-measures of Yorkshire." The

NcUuralist, 1906, pages 112-113, 1906.
GooDCHiLD, J. G. "The Black Hill of Earlston." Ilintory Berwici'Mre Xat.

Cluhf vol. xix., pages 51-59, 1905.

— "The Geological Formations near Embleton, Northumberland." History
Benoirkshire Nat. Club, vol. xix., pages 60-67, 1905.

— "On Unconformities and Palaeontological Breaks in relation to (ireological
Time." (Presidential Address). Trans, Kdinh, Geof. Soc,, vol. viii., pages
275314, 1906.

Grkgory, Peof. J. W. (Min. Inst. Scot.). "The Mining Fields of Southern

Rhodesia in 1905." TraiM. InsL Min, Eny., vol. xxxi., pages 46-102, 1906.
Grindlky, Rev. H. E. " Further Notes on Ice Action and on Ancient Drainage

Systems connected with the Wye Valley." Trans, Woof hope X. F. Club,

1902-1904, pages 336-338, 1905.
I^ARKER, Alfred. "The Tertiary Crust-movements in the Inner Hebrides."

Trans, Edinh, Ged, Soc,, vol. viii., pages 344-350, 1905.

— "Cordierite in the Metemorphosed Skiddaw Slates." The Naittraiist, 1906,
pages 121-123, 1906.

Hawkesworth, Edwin. "Some Drift Deposits near Leeds." Proc. Yorhn,
Geol. Soc, voL xv., pages 456462, 1905.

Hughes, Prof. T. McKenny. • * Ingleborough. Part II. Stratigraphy (con-
tinued). The Silurian Rocks of Ingleborough." Proc. York^. Geol. Soc.,
vol. XV, pages 351-371, 1905.

Johns, Cosmo. "Geological Notes on the District around Askrigg." Tht
Naturalist, 1905, pages 212-214, 1905.

— "A Yorkshire Glacial Problem." The Naiurallst, 1905, pages 243-245, 1905.

— "On Segregation in Igneous Rocks." The Naturalist, 1905, pages 364-366, 1905.

— " The Large Felspars of Shap Granite. " The Naturalist, 1906, pages 1 1 -33, 1906.

— •* Sheffield's Trough Fault." The Naturalist, 1906, pages 87-89, 1906.

COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 687

MoiJENOBAAFir, Db. G. A. F. ** The Cnllinan Diamond." Traiia. Iruit, Min, Eng,,

vol. xxix., pages 507-509, 1006.
Moore, H. Cecil. *' The Woolhope Valley : References to the Geology of the

Woolhope and neighbouring Districts : Geological Illustrations ; Suggestions

for Routes." Trans, Woolhope N, F, Club, 1902-1904, pages 19-28, 1905.
~ "Note on the Landslip in the Woolhope District, near Putley Cockshoot, on

February 17th, 1904." Tmiw. Woolhope N. F. Club, 1902-1904, pages 228-229,

1905.

— "Drifts in Herefordshire and Evidences of Action of Land Ice." Trans,
Woolhope N. F. Chib, 1902-1904, pages 330-335, 1905.

Pabkeb, William A. ** Remains of Fossil Fishes found near Rochdale." Traiia.

Rochdale Lit. Sci. Soc., vol. viii., pages 25-32, 1905.
Peach, B. N "The Higher Crustacea of the Carboniferous Rocks of Scotland."

(Abstract of Address.) Trans, EdinJtt, OeoL Soc,, vol. viii., pages 372-373, 1906.
Reade, T. Mellabd. " Notes on some Specimens of Lancashire Boulder Clay."

Proc, Liverpool Ged, Soc^ vol. x., pages 38-42, 1905.
Reads, T. Mellabd, and Philip Holland. " Sands and Sediments : Part II.

Geologic Sediments of Marine, Estuarine, or Fresh Water Origin." Proc,

Liverpool Geol. Soc,, vol. x., pages 48-78, 1905.
Rkilly, Geoboe E. "The Carrickfergus Salt-beds." Proc, Belfast Xat, F, C,

vol. v., page 332, 1905.
Richabdson, L. " The Results of Denudation as seen from Bredon Hill." Trans,

Woolhope N, F, CIvJIk, 1902-1904, pages 55-61, 1905.

— " Notes on the Geology of Bredon Hill." Trans, Woolhope N, F. Club, 1902-

1904, pages 62.67, 1905.

— " On the Mesozoic Rocks around Chepstow. " Trans. Woolhope N, F. Cluf),
1902-1904, pages 178-184, 1905.

RoBABTS, N. F. "Notes on the New Cross Cutting (L.B. & S.C.R.)." Trans.
Croydon X. H. Sci. Soc,, 1904-1905, pages 6165, 1905.

— "Notes on a Section of Woolwich and Reading Beds, New Cross Gate."
Trans. Croydon N. II. Sci. Soc, 1904-1905, pages 111-113, 1905.

RooEBs, A. W. "The Volcanic Fissure under Zuurberg." Trans. S, African

Phil. Soc., vol. xvi., pages 189-199, 1905.
Russell, Abchibald (Min. Inst. Scot.). "The Coal-fields of Cape Colony."

Tram. Inst. Min. Eny., vol. xxix., pages 228-258, 1905.
Sawteb, a. R. " The Geology of Chunies Poort, Transvaal." Trans, Inst, Min,

Eng., vol. xxix., pages 510-516, 1906.
Sewell, J. T. " Notes on Glacial Deposits near Pickering." Proc. Yorks, Geol,

Soc., vol. XV., pages 443-445, 1905.

— " Notes on the * Overflow Channel ' in Newton Dale between Lake Whealdale
and Lake Pickering." Proc. Yorks. Gtol. Soc., vol. xv., pages 446-452, 1905.

SiiEPrABD, T. "On a Section in the Boulder-clay near Withemsea." The
XafuralUt, 1905, pages 301-304, 1905.

— "Notes on some Speeton-clay Belemnites." The NaturalUt, 1906, pages
97-99, 1906.

Shebbobx, C. Daviks. "On the Belemnites of the Chalk of Yorkshire." The

Xainrafist, 1906, pages 152-154, 1906.
Smith, Abthub. " Lincohishirc Boulders." The XaturaHtf, 1905, page 206, 1905.
Solly, Rev. H. Shaen. "The Landslip, Lyme Regis." Proc. Dorset X. II. A.

F. C, vol. xxvi., pages 182-186, 1905.
Statheb, J. W. " Notes on the Geology of the South District." The Xatnralist,

1905, pages 217-219, 1905.

688 REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES

Stobbs, John T. " The Value of Fossil Mollusca in Coal-measure Stratigraphy."

Trans, Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 443-458, 1906.
Strachan, J. ** The Origin and Growth of Agate and Chalcedony. '* Proc. Btl/oHl

Not. F, C, vol. v., pages 328-330, 1905.
SuTCLiFFK, W. H. "The Bullion Mine of the Upper Carboniferous Rocks."

Trans. Rochdale Lit. Set, 8oc., vol. viii., pages 33-40, 1906.
Tba»dale, Thomas. '*The Barton and Forcett Limestone Quarries." Trans.

Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 73-83, 1906.
Thompson, Beeby. "Petrifactions So-called." Jonmal Northants N. H. So<\y

vol. xiii., pages 17-19, 1905.
— " The Junction Beds of the Upper Lias and Inferior Oolite in Northampton-
shire. Part II." Journal Northanfs y. H. Soc.t vol. xiii., pages 55-66,

93-105, 1905.
Thompson, C. " Note on the Occurrence of Actinocamax plenns in the Chalk of

Yorkshire." The Naturalist, 1905, pages 202-203, 1905.
Ward, John. * * Contributions to the Geology and Palaeontology of North StafTor<l -

shire. No. VI. Palaeontology of the Cheadle Coal-field." Trann. X. Staff.

F. C, vol. xl., pages 102-137, 1906.
Ward, John and John T. Stobbs. "A Newly-discovered Fish-bed in the

Cheadle Coal-field ; with Notes on the Distribution of Fossil Fishes in that

District." Tratw. N. Stuff. F. C, vol. xL, pages 87-101, 1906.
Warth, Thomas (S. Staff. Inst. Eng.). "Gold-mining in Southern Rhodesia."

Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 75-88, 1906.
Watt, James. "The Geology of the Dumfries Basin." Trans. Dum. Gall. X.

H. A. Soc, vol. xvii., pages 216-221, 1905.
Wellburn, Edgar D. ** Fish Fauna of the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of York-
shire." Proc. Yorks. Oeol. Soc.y vol. xv., pages 380-387, 1905.
Whitaker, W. "Some Surrey Wells. (Fourth Paper)." Trans. Croydon N.

H. Sci. Soc., 1904-1905, pages 71-85, 1905.
WiLMAN, Miss M. " Catalogue of Printed Books, Papers, and Maps relating to

the Geology and Mineralogy of South Africa." Trans. S. African Phil. Soc,

vol. XV , pages 283-467, 1905.
WiNCATE, Rev. W.J. "A Ramble up Burnhope." Trans. Northnmh. N. H. Soc.,

COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 639

Section f.— Ecwnomic Science and Statistics.
Bramall, Henry (Manch. Geol. Min. Soc.). Presidential Address. "Coal-

mining Industry." Trawi. Iivft. Min. Eng.y vol. xxx., pages 304-310, 1906.
Chalmers, Dr. A. K. ** The Development of Sanitary Science during the Nine-
teenth Century.** Proc. Glasgow /?. Phil. Soc, vol. xxxvi., pages 250-265, 1905.
Chapman, Prof. S. J. ** Some Aspects of the Theory of Wages in relation to

Practice.** Tram, Manch. Stat, Soc., 1904-1905, pages 61-80, 1905.
Eraser, D. Drummond. "The Gold Reserve of the Nation." Traw. Manch.

Stat. Soc., 1904-1905, pages 93-112, 1905.
Geooheoan, Hanbury C. "The Report of the Tariff Commission.'* Journal

Stat. Soc. Ireland, vol. xi., pages 311-324, 1905.
Gill, A. H. "The Organization of Labour as a Political Force.*' Trans.

Manch. Stat. Soc., 1904-1905, pages 81-91, 1905.
Hassam, a. (N. Staff. Inst. Eng.). "The Taxation of Collieries." 7Va?w. Innt.

Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 90-108, 1905.
Matheson, Dr. R. E. " The Principal Results of the Census of the United

Kingdom in 1901." (Presidential Address). Jovmtd Stat. Soc. Ireland, vol.

xi., pages 289-310, 1905.
Moore, R. T. (Min. Inst. Scot.). " Presidential Address." (The Coal Question).

Trans. InM. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 115-122, 1905.
Rowley, Walter. "Our Coal Resources." Proc. Yorkft. Geol. Soc. vol. xv.,

pages 437-442, 1905.
Zimmerman, Lawrence W. " The Taxation of Land Values." Tram. Manch.
Stat. Soc., 1904-1905, pages 41-59, 1905.

Section (7.— Engineering.
Adahson, Thomas. "Goaf-blasts in Mines in the Giridih Coal-field, Bengal,

India." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 425-430, 1905.
Allen, E. " Some Engineering Problems in Gas-works." Tram. Lit^rpod Eng.

Soc., vol. xxvi., pages 18-28, 1905.
Andre, Lkon (N. Eng. Inst.). "A Conveyor for Filling Coal at the Face.*'

Tram. Imt. Min. Eng., vol. xxxi., pages 106-108, 1906.
AsiiwoRTH, James (Manch. Geol. Min. Soc.). "The Hunter V. Mine, British

Columbia.'* Tram. Imt. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 338-348, 1905.
Baddeley, H. (Mid. Inst. Eng.). "Systematic Timbering at Emley Moor Col-
lieries." 7Vam. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 150-152, 1905.
Barnes, J. S. (Mid. Inst. Min. Eng.). "The Automatic Prevention of Over-
winding of Hoisting, Winding and Hauling Engines or Motors.'* Tram. In^t.

Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 214, 215, 1905.
Batey, J. W. (N. Eng. Inst.). "The Mickley Conveyor." Trans. InM. Min.

Eng., vol. xxix., pages 268-271, 1905.
Blackett, W. C, and R. G. Ware. "The Conveyor-system for Filling at the

Coal-face, as practised in Great Britain and America." Tran^. Inst. Min. Eng.,

vol. xxix., pages 449-474, 1905.
Charlton, Wiluam (S. Staff, and Warw. Inst.). " Coal -cutting Machines of

the Bar Type." Tram. Imt. Min. Eng., vol. xxxi., pages 31-36, 1906.
Clego, Joseph (Mid. Inst. Min. Eng.). "A Safety-catch for Cages." T7yins.

Imt. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., page 208, 1905.
Crawford, Robert (Min. Inst. Scot.). "Hydraulic Pumping-installation at

Loanhead Colliei-y, near Eklinburgh." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxx.,

pages 64-72, 1906.

640 REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES

DiNOTSE, C. (N. Eng. Inst.)* '^The Application of Direct Cementation in Shaft-
sinking." Trans. Irutt, Min. Eng., voL xxxi., pages 113-122, 1906.

DuNCANSON, Thomas. " Flow of Water in Pipes, Channels and Rivers." Traw.
Liverpool Eng. Soc., vol. xxvi., pages 117-131, 1905.

Ellis, S. H. " Notes on some Hydraulic Limes." Trans. Liverpool Eng. «9or.,
vol. xxvi., pages 37-57, 1905.

FowLEB, A. F. "The Evolution of Harbour Engineering." Tram. Liverpool
Eng, Soc., vol. xxvi., pages 235-246, 1905.

Fox, JoH.s (S. Staflf Inst). " Tapping and Running-off a Head of Water from a
Shaft." Trans, hist. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 217-218, 1905.

Frtab, William. "A Mechanical Coal-cutter in Queensland." Tram. Inst.
Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 110-113, 1906.

Gamlen, R. L. " Electrical Power Distribution." Trans. Inst. Min. Ewj., vol.
XXX., pages 369-385, 1906.

Greeneb, T. Y. '* The Firing of Babcock and other Boilers by Waste-heat from
Coke-ovens." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 362-369, 1905.

Halbaum, H. W. G. "The Great Planes of Strain in the Absolute Roof of
Mines." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 175-201, 1906.

Hibd, F. "The Electrical Driving of Winding-gears: Supplementary Note."
Trans. Iwtt. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 392-396, 1905.

Holliday, M. F. (N. Eng. Inst.). "An Outbreak of Fire, and its Cause, at
Littlebum Colliery." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 294-295, 1905.

HoooHWiNKEL, G. H. J. (Manch. Geol. Min. Soc.). "Electric Pumping at
Collieries." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 636-653, 1906.

— (Manch. Geol. Min. Soc.). "The Generation of Electricity by the Waste-
gases of Modern Coke-ovens." Trans, hist. Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 313-
325, 1906.

Jeffries, J. " The Occurrence of Underground Fires at the Greta Colliery, New
South Wales." Tram. Imt. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 518-538, 1906.

Krbr, D. G. "Corundum in Ontario: its Occurrence, Working, Milling, Con-
centration and Preparation for the Market as an Abrasive." Trans. Imtt.
Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 143-157, 1906.

KiBBY, M. R. "The Compound Winding-engine at Lumpsey Mine." Trans.

COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 641

MoLTNSUX, T. " Heavy Motor Vehicles. " Trans. Liverpool Eng, Soc. , vol. xxvi. ,

pages 67-73, 1905.
Morris, John. " The Un watering of the Achddu Colliery, with a Description of
the Riedler Express Pump. " Tram, Iwst, Min, Eng., vol. xxx., pages 131-
142, 1906.
MoTTRAM, Thomas H. (Min. Inst. Scot.). ** Description of the Sinking of Shafts
through Sand at Ardeer, Ayrshire, by the Pneumatic Process, with Notes on
the Subject of Caisson- ventilation and Sickness." Trans. Iivst. Min. ling.,
vol. XXX., pages 205-234, 1906.
North of Enoi«and Institute of Mining and Mkohanical Esoinbbr.s. ** Report
of the Committee upon Mechanical Coal-cutting. Part II. Heading
Machines." 109 pages, 1905.
Peasegood, W. G. (N. Staff. Inst.). **A Gob-fire in the Ten-feet Seam, North

Staffordshire." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 46-47, 1906.
Pickering, W. H. (Mid. Inst. Min. Eng.). **The Dust Danger." Trans. Inst.

Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 134-137, 1905.
PiFFAUT, J. H. (N. Eng. Inst.). "The Use of Cement -concrete in the Working
of Thick Coal-seams." Trans. Inst. Min, Eng., vol. xxix., pages 274-278,
1905.
Priest, Frank E. ** Inaugural Address." (The Disposal of Sewage.) Trans.

Liverpool Eng. Soc,, vol. xxvi., pages 1-17, 1905.
Ross, Arthur (Manch. Geol. Min. Soc.). "The Circulation of Water in Steam-
boilers." Trans, Inst, Min, Eng., vol. xxix., pages 606-619, 1906.
Steele, F. W. "Design and Work of Hydraulic Pressing, Stamping, Forging,
and similar Machinery." Trans. Liverpool Eiuj. Soc., vol. xxvi., pages 97-
114, 1905.
Stuart, Donald M. D. (N. Eng. Inst.). "The Development of P^xplosives in

Coal-mines." Traits. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 299-328, 1905.
SuTCLiFFE, FiELDEN. " Sundry Notes on Dock Construction." Trans. Liverpool

Eng. Soc., vol. xxvi., pages 139-169, 1905.
ToNGE, A. J. (Mid. Inst. Eng.). "A Colliery-plant: its Economy and Waste."

Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 153-163, 1905.
Treglown, C. H. (S. Staff, and Warw. Inst.). "The Tangye Suction Gas-
producer." Trans, Inst, Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 263-273, 1906.
Walker, G. Blake, and L. T. O'Shea (Mid. Inst. Min. Eng.). " The Utilization
of Surplus Gases from Bye-product Gas-ovens." Trans. In'it, Min. Eng., \o\.
xxix., pages 187-207, 1905.
Willis, J. (N. Staff. Inst. Eng.). "An Electric Indicating Two- wire Signal."

Trans, Inst, Min, Eng., vol. xxix., pages 167-170, 1905.
Wilson, H. W. "Electrification of Railways." Trans. Liverpool Eng. Soc,

vol. xxvi., pages 181-223, 1905.
WiNSTANLEY, George (Manch. Geol. Min. Soc). "A Fatality caused hy Low-
pressure Electric Current in a Lancashire ('oUiery." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng.,
vol. xxix., pages 349-353, 1905.
WooDWORTii, B. (N. Staff. Inst.). "Proposed Plant for Winding 250 Tons of
Coal per Hour from a Depth of 3,000 Feet." Trans. Inat. Min. Eng., vol. xxx.,
pages 31-37, 1906.

Section //.— ANTHROPOixxiT.
• • • •

642

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES COMMITTEB.

Section /.—Physiology.
SchXfeb, Prop. E. A. " Methods of Artificial Respiration." Proc Glasgow /?.

Phil. Soc.y vol. xxxvi., pages 1-10, 1905.
Wboe, Jonathan (Mid. Inst. Min. P:ng.). **The Effect of the Watering of Coal-
mines on the 8pread of Ankylostomiasis." Trans, ImL Min. Ewj., vol. xxix.,
pages 210-213, 1905.

• •••••••••

Section K, —Botany.

Section L.— Educational Science.
EcKFELDT, Pbof. Howabd. <*The Education of Mining Engineers in the

United States." Trans. Imt. Min. Eng., vol. xxix., pages 401-417, 1905.
Fawsitt, Db. C. E. "The Education of the Examiner." Proc. Glasgow R. Phil.

Soc., vol. xxxvi., pages 95-102, 1905.
Institution of Civil Engineers. "Education and Training of Engineers.

Report of a Committee appointed by the Council of the Institution of Civil

Engineers on November 24th, 1903." Tram. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages

485-499, 1906.
Park, Prof. James. "An Outline of Mining Education in New Zealand."

Trans. Inst. Min. Eng.y vol. xxix., pages 418-424, 1905.
VVinstanley, George H. "Mining Education in the Victoria University of

Manchester." Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxx., pages 437-442, 1906.

Obituaries.
AcKROYD, W. The Naturalist, 1905, page 170, 1905.

— By W. Lower Carter. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., vol. xv., pages 468-472, 1905.
Barrett, C. G. By F. D. W. Trans. Nor/. Norw. Nat. Soc., vol. viii., pages

152-155, 1905.
Blashill, Thomas. By T. S[heppard]. Trans. Hull Sci. F. N. Club, vol. iiL,

pages 219220, 1906.
CuiwQRTH, William. By T. S[heppttrd]. Tkt N^auralht, 1906, pagea 161-163, I9W>,

INDEX.

648

INDEX TO VOL. XXXII.

Explanations.
The — at the beginning of a line denotes the repetition of a word ; and in the
«a8e of Names, it includes both the Christian Name and the Surname ; or, in the
case of the name of any Firm, Association or Institution, the full name of such
Firm, etc.

Discussions are printed in italics.
The following contractions are used : —
M.C.— The Midland Counties Institution of Engineers.
M.G. — Manchester Geological and Mining Society.
M. I. — Midland Institute of Mining, Civil and Mechanical Engineers.
N. E. — The North of England Institute of Mining and Meclianical Engineers.
N. S. —The North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers.
8. I. — The Mining Institute of Scotland.

S. S. — The South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Institute of Mining
Engineers.

Aachen, Germany, coal-field, 623.

Abaucourt, France, bore-hole, 613, 614.

Abel, Walteb Robebt, election, N.E.,
526.

Abell, W. Price, Stanley douhle-htading
nutchine, 136.

— , three-phase haultjcgt-plant, 133.

— , twO'StcLge air-campreMmig plantf 336.

Acceleration, effects of, on winding-
torques, 287.

— , forraulne relating to, 287.

Accidents, fatal, comparison tables, 1851-
1905, 272.

Accounts, 157.

— , M.C., 114.

— , M.G., 230.

— , M.I., 46.

-, N.E., 12.

— , N.S., 424.

— , S.8., 309.

Accumtdater, steam, Rateau three-phase
haulage-plant, 121 et set/.

Acetylene, discovery of, 305.

— safety-lamps, 305.— Discussion, 307.

Adamson, Daniel, life of, 431.

Adamson, J., liquid air and its use
in rescne-apparatusy 546.

Adamson, T., ffoaf- blasts in mines in
Giridih coal-neld, Bengal, India. —
Discussion, 203.

— , quoted, 28, 204.

Address, presidential, M.G., 352.

— , -,N.S., 428.

— . — , 8.S., 312.

Aerolith liquid air rescue-apparatus, 534.

Agamennone seismographs, use in ob-
servatories in Greece, 582.

vox* XXXIL-1906.19b7.

AouiTJ/)N, Louis, quoted, 487.

Ahlbecker See, black deposit from, com-
position, 28.

Air, coal-dust and, experiments illus-
trative of inflammability of mixtures
of, 529.

— , liquefaction of, 535.

— , liquid, use in rescue-apparatus, 534.

— , ventilating, velocity of, and safety-
lamps, 302, 303.

Air-blasts in mines, India, Bengal, 203.

Air-compressing plant, two-staee, Tev-
ersal collieries. — Discussion, 336.

Air-compression, scientitic and commer-
cial considerations, 338.

Air-compressors, Courri^res collieries,
441.

, electrically-driven, Ingersoll-8er-

geant, Hulton colliery, 42.

— — , inbye, adiabatic compression in,
138.

, — , surface and, comparison, 137.

— - , single and two-stage compared,
338.

Aisne, France, phosphatic deposits, 622.
AiTKEN, James, election, S.I., 100.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany, coal-field,

623.
Alabaster, composition and uses of, 171.

— mining, method of obtaining blocks,
183.

Albi, France, coal-fields, 612.

Alluvial gold, cyperace:^ and accumula-
tion of, 588.

Aliiiasel, Hungary, copper-lodes, 603.

Alsace, (iermany, Val de Vill<^, mineral
deposits, 619.

644

INDEX.

Altham colliery, position of seams at,

515.
Aluminium, metallic, experiments illus-
trative of inflammability of dust from,

530.
American Institute of Mining Engin-
eers, visit to Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1.
American Philosophical Society,

quoted, 8.
Ammonia, quantity used, sinking by

freezing process, Dawdon colliery, 560.
Ammonia-compressors, freezing plant,

sinking, Dawdon colliery, 559.
Ammonium chloride, effect on water

containing carbonate of lime, 33.
Analyses, black deposit, Durham, Tan-

tobie, 25 et neq.
— , coal-dust, Gourri^res collieries,

various districts, 480.
— , coal-shale, Austria, Ruda, 599.
— , limestone, Staffordshire, Cauldon

Low, 194.
— » manganeae - iron - ores, Belgium,

Lien net 611.
^, tetrahcdritfl, Alsace, Urbeis lodesy

620,
-— , water from shaft* Methley Ju»c:tion

colliery, 95.
Anderson, CHABLK^i Wiixtj^M, quoted,

390.
Andkrson, R, S., electtonj councillor,

N.E.,6.
ANr>EEwa^ Edwmrd Wiu^iam^ election,

N.E., 18.
Anhydrite, I>ove vaJby, ai»»ociatioii with

gypsum, 179, im, 188.
— , — — , characterifltica, 180.
- , — ^ — , ocqurrence, 179*
Ankylo^tonilaHis, deep-aiinitig and, 356.
— , diagnosis fr<»m examination of bIoo*l,

3'j7.

j Ardtehe, France, phosphatic depos i ts, 622.

Ardennes, France, iron-ore derived from
glauconite, 6 1 6.

— , — , phosphatic deposits, 622.

Arley colliery, south Staffordshire and
Warwickshire coal-fields extension,
314, 316.

Armstrong, Francis Edwin, election,
M.C., 112.

Armstrong CollE(}£, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, quoted, 531.

Arsenical pyrites, southern Tyrol, I'ed-
ovina mine, 604.

— tetrahedrite, Alsace, Urbeis lodes,
620.

Artois, France, geology, 615.

AscHAN, OssiAN, humus and formation
of bog- and lake-ores, 589.

ASEU.RY, Lord, quoted, 264.

AsHwiN, Q. H., Courrieres expiation,
345.

— , deteclion of inflammable gases in mineSf
349.

— , eUotion, vicepresident, M.C, 117.

AsHwoBTHi JoHii, ekctioDj vice-pre-
sident, M.G., 2:!9.

AsHwoETH, Thomas, dection, tre»*urer,
N,S., 427.

— , qiiotfd, 437.

Asphalt, output, France, Card, 621.

Asphaltic limestDnea, France^ Gard, 620,

Assoc iate members, list, IviL

Asuociatea^ list, IxL

ASSOCIATION DKS iNDIJBTfill^Iii DB BlI**

Gigre^ installution of testing- machine

for winding-ropea, 224.
Athen:^ Obskevatory, seismic obsetfa-

tion*, 582.
Athkei?on. H. Stanley, election, coun-

ciUor, M.(i,, 2:12.
— J fmni-shelh fixtm Ckorh^, 234.

INDEX.

645

Babgock-and. Wilcox boilers, Walsall
electric power-station, 331.

Bacteria, deposition of iron and, 589.

Baddkleit, H., election, scrutineer,
M.I., 43.

Baddesley colliery, coal-measures, 316.

Bain, R. Donald, election, councillor,
11.

— , — , vice-president, N.B., 6.

Bakkb, T., Quoted, 26.

Baldwin, Walter, vcUue of fossil
mollwtca, 622.

Balthazard, V. , quoted, 52, 53.

Bambekgkr, Max, quoted, 52, 57, 64.

Banate, Hungary, contact deposits of
iron-ores, 5^.

Banking arrangements, Hulton colliery,
41.

Bannister, David, quoted, 337.

Bannister compressed-air heater, 337.

Bar, a., quoted, 448. 488.

Baratta, Mario, earthquake of 1! 05 in
Calabria, Italv, 583.

Barium peroxide, use as oxygen -gene-
rator, 51.

Barjac, France, Gard, lignite, 620.

Barnes, J., election, auditor, M.G.,
232.

Barnes. J. S., linking and tubbing at
Mtthley Junction colliery ^ 98.

Barometric pressures, earth- tremors and,
connection between, 581.

, sudden falls, instrument for audible

signalling of, 29.

Barrault, Gabriel, quoted, 447, 464.

Barrowman, James, diamond hand-
boring machine, 110.

Barwinek, Galicia, petroleum -deposits,
600.

Basalt, magnetite occurrences in, .594.

Bath-rooms for miners, Courri^res col-
lieries, 442.

Batbie, H. Perrier db la, and H.
JuMELLE, cyperaceffi and accumulation
of aUuvial sold, 588.

Baudonr, Belgium, Hainaut, lower coal-
measures, fauna and flora, 606.

— colliery, tunnels, 606.

Baum, Georg, quoted, 366.

Baum coal-wasninff machine, Shelton
Iron, Steel ana Coal Company,
Limited, 208.

Beach, T., black-ends : their cause, cost
and cure. — Discussion, 254.

Bsarpark Coal and Coke Company,
Limited, quoted, 198.

Beaumont, P., Coiirri^res explofiion^ 346.

— , election, councillor, M.C, 117.

Bedovina mine, southern Tyrol, copper
and associated minerals, 604.

Bedson, p. Phillips, depwtits in pit-fall
at Tanfeld Lea, f.27.

Bedson, P. Phillips, quoted, 26.
Bedson, P. Phillh-s, and Hbnrt

WiDDAS, experiments illustrative of

inflammability of mixtures of coal-dust

and air, 529.— Discussion, 531.
Beilby, G. T., quoted, 365.
Belgian Geological Survey, quoted.

606.
Belgium, coal-flelds, Campine, 608.
— , coal-measures, Charleroi, marine

band in, 606.

— , , correlation, 606.

— , , formation, 604.

— , — • — , lower, Hainaut, Baudour,

fauna and flora, 606.

— , , — , Li4ge. 607.

~, , Mons, marine bands in, 608.

— , manganese-iron-ores, Lienne, 611.
Bell, Sir Hugh, Bart., quoted, 1.
Bell, Sir Lowthian, Bart, quoted, 1,

201.
Belli88-and-Morcom engines, Walsall

electric power-station, 332.
Bending-tests with notched bars, value

of, 223.
Benson, T. W., welcome to American

Institute of Mining EIngineers, 1.
Benson and Sons, John G., election,

auditors, 149.
Benthaus, Dietrich, election, M.I.,

43.
Bentley, John, improved construction

of rails and rail-joints for collieries,

mines and quarries, 494.— Discussion,

497.
Bergen, Belgium, phosphatic deposits,

622.
Bergeron, Jules, and Paul Weiss, coal-
field of French Lorraine, 613.
Berkley, Cuthbert, quoted, 390.
Berkley, R. W., election, councillor,

N.E., 6.
Berlin Oxygen Company, quoted, 534.
Berthon, — , quoted, 453.
Bessemer, Sir Henry, quoted, 431.
■ B^thune mines, France, utilization of

exhaust-steam from winding-engine,

131.
Bidder and Eluott, quoted, 432.
Bierleux-Werbomont, Belgium, man-
ganese-iron-ores, 611.
i Bigot, A., quoted, 617.
. BiNNEY, E. W., quoted, 522.
BiNNS, G. J., Courri^M explosion, 347.
— , election, councillor, M.C, 117.
-, two-stage air-compressing f>lant, 339.
BiRAM, Benjamin, quoted, 269.
Biram fan, invention of, 269.
\ Bituminous coal, dust from, experiments

illustrative of inflammability, 530.
i'LACK, James, McCutcheon ga^-detectovy
i 100.

646

INDEX.

Black deposit in pit-fall, Tanfield Lea,

Durham, 24, 626.
Black-ends : their cause, cost and cure.

— Discussion, 254.
Black powder, use in sinking through

frozen ground, Dawdon colliery, 566.
Blackett, W. C, Greenwell medal

awarded to, 8, !?•
— , inflammability qf coal-dust and air,

631.
— , stopping and restarting miive-^cagons,

23.
Blanchard, C, quoted, 608.
Blast-furnace gases, recovery of bye-
products from, Stafford Coal and Iron

Company, 215.
Blast-furnaces, bye-product coke for use

in, 199.

, Low Moor ironworks, 73.

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 209.
, Stafford Coal and Iron Company,

Limited, 215.
Blasting, introduction into England, 196.
Blaydon Bum colliery, utilization of

waste-heat from coke-ovens, 421.
Blknkinsop, John, quoted, 269.
Block, J. , copper-ores and wolfram-ores

in southern Tyrol, 603.
Blowing-engines, Low Moor ironworks,

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 209.

, Stafford Coal and Iron Company,

Limited, 215.

Blown-out shot-hole, supposed cause of
Courri^res explosion, 466.

Bochum, Germany, rescue-station, sum-
mary of tests on rescue-appliances, 68,
69.

Bocic, FfitEDiiica^ quoted, 62, 67, 64.

Boit*i>reaf humus and formation oL 6S9,

Boilers, priming due to boiler-doctor, 33.

— , Stirling, construction, 324.

— , stokine, importance, 328, 329.

— , Walsall electric power-station, 331.

— , water-tube, various types compared,

326.
Bois-Greney, France, bore-holes, 614.
BoLCKOw, H. W. F., quote<l, 1.
Bolton, E. 0., election, councillor, M.G.,

232.
— , quoted, 615.
Booth, Arthub Emery, election, M.C.,

112.
Bore-holes, diamond hand • boring ma-

chine and chisel-bores, comparison,

110, 111.
, freezing process, Dawdon colliery,

655.
1 1 , maintaining verti-

cality of, 555.

, surveying of, 557, 578.

Boring, Boultham well, 246, 249.

— , , loss of boring tool, 247.

— ♦ » pilot-hole, 250.

! — , , tubing of, 246.

Boring-machine, diamond, hand. 107,

293.
, freezing process, Dawdon colliery,

556.
Bort, use in lioring-machincs, 109.
Borvikdal, Norway, manganese deposits,

591.
Boryslaw, Galicia, petroleum- and ozok-
erite-deposits 601.
BosE, AsoK, election, S.S., 308.
Bosnia, Hungary and, carboniferous

formations in, compared, 599.
BoucHiER, C. F., election, councillor.

M.G.,23.>.
Boulofoie, France, phosphatic deposit .

1522.
Bqultham well at Lineoln, 245« - 1)

INDEX.

647

Brigos, Sons and Company, Limited,
H., election, sabBoribera, M.I., 253.

Brine, composition, sinking by freezing '
process, Dawdon colliery, 660.

Brineix ball- test for hardness of ma-
terials, 223.

Bkittsh Association- for the Advance-
ment OF SciBNCK, report of corres-
ponding societies' committee and of
conference of delegates, York, 1907»
627.

— , delegate to conference of dele-
gates of corresponding societies, York,
1907, 164.

British Oxygen Company, Limited,
quoted, 540.

British-Thomson-Houston controller,
car for loading coke-ovens, 421.

Brittany, Martign^, auriferous stibnite, '
617. i

Brockhausen, Germany, bore-hole, 625.

Brodigan, Charles Bernard, election,
N.E., 390.

Brooking, John Henry Chilcote, elec-
tion, M.G., 225.

Brough, B. C, election, N.S., 493.

Brouoh, Bennett H. , GatUdofi Low and
Manifold valley, 196.

— , election, councillor, 11.

— , gypsum in Dovt valley, 184.

— , new pocket'tra^ufit, 168.

— , report of congress of International
Association for Testing Materials, 1906,
220.

— , sinking by freezing process, 578.

Brown, E., death, 44.

Cables, electric coal-cutting machines,
506.

— , Walsall electric power-station, 333.

Cadman, J. C, fted-tcater of colliery-
boilers, 38.

— , quoted, 437.

— , raUs and rail -joints for collieries ^ 497.

Cages, winding, Courrieres collieries, 441.

— , — , Florence colliery, 216.

— , — , Horden collieries, 5.

— , — , Hulton colliery, 41.

— , — , Methley Junction colliery, 83.

- , — , Stafford Coal and Iron Company,
Limited, 212, 213.

Caisson method of shaft-sinking, 358.

Calabria, Italy, earthquake, 1905, 583.

Calamate, Greece, earthquake observa-
tion-station, 582.

Calcium carbide, manufacture of, 305.

Caldwell, James, electric power-sta-
tion, winding-gear and pumping-plant
of Tarbrax Oil Company, Limited. —
Discussion, 102.

— , quoted, 287, 289.

Cai.lendkr cables, Walsall electric
power-station, 333.

Brown, Frederick, quoted, 330.

Brown, Francis Verrill, election,
M.G., 350.

Hrown, John, quoted, 4.33.

Brown, M. Walton, boilers for colliery
purposes, 32S.

Brown, Thomas, election, S.I., 100.

Brown-Berryman fee«l-water heater,
Walsall electric power-station, 331.

Brown coal, inflammability of dust from,
experiments, 530

Brunton, D. W., quoted, 169.

Brydo.v, Andrew D., election, N.E.,
526.

Bucharest, Rumania, earthquake, 582.

Buckley, F. E., election, councillor,
N.S., 427.

Buddle, John, quoted, 250, 268, 300.

Building-stones, testing of, reports to
International Association for Testing
Materials, 221, 222.

BuLMAN, H. F., quoted, 9.

Bumstead-and-Cham>ler engines, Wal-
sall electric power-station, 331.

Bm-nley colliery, position of seams at,
515.

Burns, David, gypsum in Dove valley,
187.

— , quoted, 174, 179.

Busch veldt, Transvaal, titaniferous mag-
netite in basalt, 594.

Butcher, Reginald, election, S.I., 2-^6.

Bye-product coke and Huessener bye-pro-
duct coke-ovens.— Discussion, 198.

plant, blast-furnace gases, Stafford

Coal and Iron Company, Limited, 215.

Calmette, — , quoted, 579.

Cam BIER, Rene, marine band in

Charleroi coal-measures, Belgium, 606.
Camoys, Lord, quoted, 437.
Camp Grand, France, bore-hole, 612.
Campbej.l, W. M., death of, 226.
Campine, Belgium, coal-field, 608.
Cannel coal, Lancashire, variation of

seams, 520.
, raw material from which derived,

527.
Cannock Chase Colliery Company,

quoted, 434.
Capell fan, efficiency tests, 295.
Carbonic acid, absorption in pneuma-

togen, 52, 53.
Carboniferous marine strata in Hungary,

599.
Carmaux, France, coal-fields, 612.
Carinthia, Hungary and, carboniferous

formations in, compared, 599.
Carlton Main Collikry Company,

Limited, election, subscribers, M.I.,

43.
Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 429.
Carmaux, France, coal-fields, 612.

648

INDEX.

Cabnes, C. S., election, couDcillor, 11.

Gabnot, Adolphe, quoted, 487.

Gabb, W. Gochbak, election, councillor,

11.
_, -^, -, N.E.. 6.
^, inffammaWity of co(tl-dt£^ and air,

332.
Carrinot«n, Sasiukl, quoted, 195.
Cftstle Kdpn colliery to M&rton colliery »

Bection, 552.
CUm'i.KBEACiEi, VisotJPUT^ quot«d, 653.
CftBllereagh tthaft, Dawdon colliery, 2,

553.
Cauc«auj9^ oil-bearing region, Btmli-

gt-Aphicat cotiditiona, 597.
CatildoQ Low and Manifold valky,

north Stadbrdshire, note* on, 193 —

DlBctiBJsbii, 196.
Canvas, France, Gard, bitttminouB lime-

at^ne». 620.
Cave, limeatooe, north StafFordsliire. 194.
Cayei^x, L.^ iron-ore derived from glau-

conite, ArdenneBi France, 616.
— , magnetic iron-ore of Dielette, lower

Nonniindy, 617.
— , qufjl-edj f)90.

C^las, Francu, ftard, lignite. dlO,
Cenientfif h3<^dranlic, regulationji for teat-

ing, 221.
— , testing of I reports to Inieroational

Aefiocintion for Tenting Materials, 22],
. 222.
CeaaAnetip Italvi Calabria, earthquake,

effeate, 583.
Cbalcia, Greece, earthquake obaervation-

station, 5&t2.
Cbalcopyrite, Bonthero Tyrol, Monte-
Mulatto^ 604.
Chamber colliery p bore- hole, hand -boring

nia^^hine. Hi,
CsiAMHicEti^, J. K, election, councillor,

ML, 49.

Ghattebley Coal and Ibon Company,

Limited, quoted, 430.
Chemistry, papers on, 634.
Cher, France, phosphatic depoflit«, 623.
Chesneait, G., quoted, 303.
Ghesneau lamp, gas -testing with, Cour-

rit*reis collieries, 445.
Chile, earthquake of Aognst, 1£I05|

Chimney-atack, Walaall electric power-
station, 331.
Cborley, Lancashire, foasil-ahelb troui,

233.
Ohowkidarfi or teli^tale pillar a, 205.
Ohriatiania, Norway, oontat^t-depositB of

iron'Orea, 594.
CHRTSTOPriEB, Geob«k ALrHED, election,

M.G.,499.
Clajiny, William Reus quoted, 2, 259,

200, 261,262.
Clajtny lafety-lamp, details of early

forma, 2SL

— , inv^ention of, 260 rt »fq.

Clabk, G, H,, election, N.S., 493.
Clabk, W, F., quoted, 314.
Claeke, William, election, M.L, 362.
Cleveland iron - ore deposit a, mariJit

origin of, 595,
Clinometer, pocket-tranait a^, 167.
Clivk, L., election, N.S,, 493.
Clivb, Robeht, election, M.L, 43.
Coal, Aix-la-Cbapelle coal-field, quality,

624, 626.
— , Auatrifty Ruda, analysis, 590.
— I ^1 —J quality, 699.
— , black deposit aualogoua to, 24, 626.
— , Campine coal -field, volatile matter

in, 610.
— , formation of, theories concerning,

605.
— , France, Albi, quality, 612.
Carmaujt, guaJitY, B\2-

INDEX.

649

Coal-dust, Courrieres collieries, explosion
caused by, 454, 474, 478, 507.

, , explosives and, experiments

at Frameries, 476.

, dangers from, 607.

, effect of heating on, 347.

— -, prevention, use of air-tight tubs,
358. -

, removal from mines, 357, 478.

, , vacuum-cleaner for, 358.

, treatment, appointment of com-
mittee to enquire into, N.E., 9.

, watering, ankylostomiasis and,

368.

and air, experiments illustrative

of inflammability of mixtures of, 529.

at face, increased danger, 346, 347.

explosions, watering in mines and,

o4«5, i54o.

question, 277.

Coal-face, Pickquick coal-cutting ma-
chines. Mount Kembla collieries, 397.

Coal-fields, Austria, Dalmatia, Ruda,
698.

, Belgium, Campinc, 608.

, — , origin, 604.

, France, Albi, 612.

, — , Carmaux, 612.

^ — , — , Lorraine, 613.

, — , St. ^tienne, shear-planes in,

615.

, Germany, Aix-la-Chapelle, 623.

, — , Rhenish- Westphalia, recent

bore-holes and sinkings, 625.

, Holland, Dutch Limburg, exten-
sions, 579, 580.

, India, Bengal, Giridih, goaf-blasts

in mines, 203.

^ — , Kent, exhibit of coal specimens
from, 234.

, — , sections of seams, 234.

, Lancashire and Yorkshire, corre

lation, 515.

, south Staffordshire and Warwick

shire, extensions, 313.

, Staffordshire and Warwickshire,

correlation, 318.

Coal-gas, air and, experiments on ex
plosive nature of, 531.

Coal - measures, Belgium, Charleroi
marine band in, 606.

, — , formation, 604.

, — , Hainaut, Baudour, fauna and

flora, 606.

, — , Li^ge, lower divisions of, 607.

, — , Mons, marine bands in, 608.

, classification, unification required,

517.

, — by colour of strata, 518.

— — , Dawdon colliery, 552.

, Lancashire and Yorkshire hori-
zontal and vertical sections from
Rishton to Pontefract, 515.

, Pas-de-Calais, coal-seams, sec-
tions, 442.

Coal-measures, stratigraphy, value of

fossil moUusca, 516.
Coal-mines regulation act, quoted, 143,

300.
Coal-mining, history from early times,

256.
, important dates connected with,

283.
legislation, inauguration, 266 ft

seq.
Coal-tax, ancient times, 258.
Coal-trade, important dates connected

with, 283.
Coal-washery, Florence colliery, 218.
Coal-washing machine, Baum, Shelton

Iron, Steel and Cojil Company, Limited.

208.
CoBBETT, — , quoted, 263.
Cobble or anhydrite, 189.
Co<3KBAiN, Tom wStbwabtson, election,

N.E., 525.
CocKBUBN, KvAN, election, N. K., 525.
CocKis, Thomas Hanson, election, M I.,

43.
Cogging-mill, Shelton Iron, Steel and

Coal Company, Limited, 209.
Coke, bye -product, use in blast-furnaces,

199.
— , manufacture, papers on, 154.
— , use in manufacture of calcium car-
bide, 305.
Coke-oven flues, improved dampers for,

391.
Coke-ovens, bye-product, 198.
, , compressing of charges in,

results, 202.
, , condensing plant, effect on

coking, 198.
, — — , flued-doors for prevention

of black ends in coking, 254.
^ J Simon-Carves, Shelton Iron,

Steel and Coal Company, Limited, 208.
, , vertical and horizontal flues

compared, 198, 200 tl .seq.
, loading, electric car for, Axwell

Park collieries, 421.
Collieries, electrical unit, cost, 363.
— , rails and rail-joints, improved con-
struction, 494.
— , valuation of, 402.
Colliery boilers, 32 i .
, feed- water, notes on, 31.— Discus-

sioB, 38.
Colliery-consumption. — Discussion, 140.
, economies effected, method of

estimating, 141.

, proportion to output, 129.

Colliery-improvements, trend of, -73.
Colliery-plant, its economy and waste.—

Discussion, 36r).

, life of colliery and, 374.

Colonial Arbitration Court, quoted,

394.
CoMMLssinN OK INQUIRY, Courri«Tes ex-
plosion, rei)ort of, 4S7.

650

INDEX.

Compresaed-air, diameter of pipes for, 137.

, heating of, increased efficiency, M36.

, pressure and velocity, relation,

138, 139, 140.

, ventilation of headings by, 138, 140.

coal-cutting machines, noise from,

deadening of, 502.

heater, Bannister, 337.

machinery, effect on ventilation,

356.

receivers, hydrocarbons in, dan-
gers arising from, 339.

Concrete, backing of tubbing with, Daw-
don colliery, 578.

— , lining of shafts with, 278.

— support for dam in shaft, 90.

Condensing plant, steam, Florence col-
liery, 219.

Conference of delegates of corresponding
societies of British Association for Ad-
vancement of Science, York, 1906, re-
port of, 627.

Contour levelling of underground work-
ings, 276.

Conveyors, coal-face, considerations af-
fecting, 355.

Cooke, A. E., notes on feed-water of
colliery. boilers, 31. — Discussion, 38.

Cooper, Joseph, quoted, 433.

Copper-mine, Ectou, Staffordshire, 195.

Copper-ores, Alsace, 619.

, southern Tyrol, 603.

, , scheelite associated with,

604.

Copper- veins, Hungary, Tataroja, 603.

CoKBKTT, V. W., quoted, 577.

CoRDiKR, — , quoted, 487.

COEI, W, H., election, X.S., 422,

C0It?;ET, r, K, qaoteil, 60S,

Cornet, J., fauna and Jlora of lower
cor! meaflurea of Baudour, Haiuaut,
606,

Corresponding societies of British Asso-
elation for the Advancement of Science,
York, 1906, report of delegate to con-
ference of delegates. 164.

Cdte d'Or, France, phosphatic deposits,
623.

CouLsoN, Frank, election, councillor,
11.

— , — , vice-president, N.E., 6.

— , inflammalnlity of coal-dust and air,
532.

Council, election, 49.

-, -, M.C., 117.

— , -, M.G., 232.

-, -, M.I., 49.

-, -, N.E., 6.

-, -, N.S., 427.

— , -, 8.S., 308.

Councillors, list, xi.

Council's unnual report, 150.

, M.C., 113.

, M.G., 225.

,M.I.,44.

. N.E.,7.

, N.S., 422.

, S.S.,310.

County of Durham Electric Power
Distribution Company, Limited,
quoted, 421-

Courl fault, Rhenish- Westphalian coal-
field, 626.

Courri^ries collieries, 440.

, contortion of seams, 340, 347.

, faults, 443.

, number of persons employed

underground, 447-

, Wolf safety-lamps and, 304.

^ explosion, 7, 72. 304, 357, 439,— Di*.
GUSH ion, 340, 507.

— -, causes 341, 454, 473. 307.

-^ — , cffvclfl, 457.

absenci^ oft 344*

INDEX.

G51

Creep, air-blasts caused by, 205.

Cbemeb, R., liquid air aiid its unt in
rtJtcue-apparaiwf, 539.

— , pneumatogen, self -generating rescue-
apparatus, compared with other types,
51.— IKscussion, 71.

Crib-beds, frozen sand, Dawdon colliery,
670, 574.

, tubbing, artificial, Methley Junc-
tion colliery, 96.

Cribs, pilinff process, shaft-sinking,
method of fixing, 385.

— , tubbing, Dawdon colliery, 571, 574.

CROOK.STON, George Brown, election,
S.I., 286.

Crosbie-Dawson, 6. J., election, coun-
cillor, N.S., 427.

Crosbie - Dawson, G. J., quoted.

19d.
Cross, T. Oliver, election, M.G., 515.
Crystalline rocks, ditfusion of metals in,

594.
CuNLiFFE, James, election, M.G.,

350.
— , quoted, 233.
CuNNiNGiLAM, JoHN Ai.LAN, election.

N.E.,525.
CuNYNGHAME, H., quoted, 510.
CuRK, John, () noted, 270.
Cutaneous infectivity of ankylostomiasis,

579.
Cyperaceae and accumulation of alluvial

gold, 58S.
Cythere, Greece, earthquake, 582.

Daolisu, John, death, 389.

Dalmatia, Austria, Ruda, coal-deposits,
598.

Dalmellington, bore-hole, diamond hand-
boring machine, 111.

Dam, cast-iron, Methley Junction col-
liery, 85.

— , — * — , , construction, 88.

— , , — , cost, 93.

— , , , erection, 88 et ntq.

— , , , pressure on, 92.

Dampers for cok^-oven flues, improved.
— Discussion, 391.

Dams, cast-iron and wooden, for shaft-
sealing, comparison, 87.

Dant, dust from, experiments illustra-
tive of inflammability, 530.

D'Arcy's formula, loss of pressure in
compressed air-pipes, 137*

Davidson, Thomas, quoted, 195.

Davy, E., quoted, 305.

Davy, Sir Humphrey, quoted, 259, 261,
262.

Davy safety-lamp, details, 283.

Dawdon colliery, Durham, shafts, sec-
tion of strata in, 2, 567, 573.

, — , sinking by freezing process,

551.

, — , visit to, American Institute

of Mining Engineers, 2.

Dawkins, w. Boyd, exhibit of speci-
mens of coal from Kent, 234.

Dawson gas-producers, Shelton Iron,
Steel and Coal Company, Limited, 209.

De Grave, L W., Conrriirejt expto'tiony
343.

De la Beche, Sir Henry T., quoted.
265.

De Range, C. E., death, 226.

— , quoted, 437.

Deacon, Maurice, election, president,
149.

— , sinking and tubbing at Methley Junc-
tion coi/iery, 98.

Dean, H., new pocket-trannity 168.

Dean, SAmEL, election, N.E., 390.
Deep-mining, ankylostomiasis and, 356.

, compressed-air machinery, effect

on ventilation, 356.

— — , distance of faces from pit-bottom,
limitations, 355.

, mechanical haulage and, 355.

Delafond, 0., quoted, 449, 451 489.
Delesse, a., quoted, 26.
Denudation, earthquakes and, 585.
Deposits in pit-fall at Tantield Lea, Tan-

tobie, county Durham, 24. — Discussion^

526.
Depth, increase of temperature with,

ras-de-Calais, 581.
Desgrez, a., quoted, 52, 53.
Detection and estimation of inflammable

gases in mines by means of flame-caps.

— Discussion, 147, 348.
Detonators, explosions and, 346.
Dbwar, Sir James, quoted, 538.
Diamond coal-cutter, electrical energy

expended on, 364.
, three-phase, Hulton colliery,

42.

— hand-boring machine, 107.— Discus-
sion, 110, 293.

, bore-holes put down with,

110.

, crown, construction, 109.

, quantity of water required,

108.

Dick-Cleland, Archibald Felce, elec-
tion, N.E., 526.

Dickinson, Joseph, Boultham well cU
Lincoln, 252, 351.

— , Conrrierett e,cit/otion, 510.

— , foxsU-nhdhfroin Chorityy 233.

— , liquid air and its use in reicue-ap.
parol Hiy 541.

— , presidential addresn^ M.O., ,36 L

— , quoted, 360.

— , ra/M« of/oAsil molhtAcay 523.

Di^lette, Normandy, iron-ores, 596.

— , — , , magnetic, 017.

652

INDEX.

Dieulouard, France, Lorraine, bore-hole,
618.

Diffusion- theory, origin of ore-deposits,
593.

Discounting deferred values, 417.

DiTTE, Alfred, origin and age of metal-
liferous ores, 592.

Dixon, GEOBtis, election, N.E., 525.

Dobsina or Dobscbau, Hungary, carboni-
ferous marine strata, fossils, 599.

DoDD, B., bye-product coJce-overiM, 198.

— , election, councillor, N.E., 6.

DoDD, Cyril H., election, M.C., 112.

Dombasle, France, bore-hole, 614.

DoMEZON, — , quoted, 448, 449.

Donner silver-and-lea>d mine, Alsace, Val
de Vill6, 619.

Domten, iron ores at, 595.

Douglas, Thomas, election, councillor,
11.

— , — , vice-president, 149.

— , quoted, 390.

— , stopping and restarting mine-wagons, j
23.

Dove valley, gypsum and its occurrence
in, 171.

Draeoeb, B., quoted, 52.

Draeger rescue-apparatus, details of
construction, 68.

, essential features, 66.

£.

Earth-tremorB, Greece, 1900-190.^, 5S2,

. , seasonal distribution, 581.

^ — , variationfl due to aBtro- physical

i-auiseSf 582,
Earthquakes, Chile, August, 19€d, 5S5.
— , effects of strata, 6S4, 585, 586. .

^—f-- , Btftbility of buildings and, '

583.

Dravcott-in-the-Clay gypsum-mine, 177.

Drift-wood theory of coal formation, 605.

Drifts, Courri^ries collieries, 443.

Drdme, France, phosphatic deposits, 622.

Drums, winding-engines, conical, deep-
winding and, 355.

— , , — , Stafford Coal and Iron

Company, Limited, 212, 213, 214.

— , , I>awdon colliery, 3, 4.

, Florence colliery, 216.

, Horden collieries, 5.

, Hulton colliery, 40.

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal

Company, Limited, 207.

Dubois, Marcel, election, M G., 225.

Dunn, Matthias, quoted, 262, 267, 270.

Durham, Dawdon colliery, sinking by
freezing process, 551.

— , shaft-sink iuffs in, difficulties, 552.

— , Tantobie, deposits in pit-fall, 24,
526.

DuRNFORD, H. St. John, cost of electrical
unitf and coUiery -consumption^ 375.

— , election, councillor, M.I., 49.

Dutch Limburg, Holland, coal-fields,
Aix - la - Chapelle coal-field and, 624.

, — , , Campine coal-field com-
pared with, 609.

, — , , extensions of, 579, 580.

, — , coal-measures, 610.

Education of {ingineers^, |>iiperfl oHj 154.

mining eDgineer«, 352.

Educational science, papers on, 642.
Edwards, Owain TutJOR, election, N*B.,

18.
EoiKiTiiS, D.t earth -tremors in Qreeo«

during years 19004903, 5S2.
Egion, Greece, earthquake observation

INDEX.

658

EUectric maohiDery, delicacy of, 37*2.

— machinet undergroond, oil-switches,
advantages, 605. ^^^k ..• - «•?

— motors, coal-catting machines, direct
and alternating currents, comparison,
391.

— power, steam and, comparison,)' 366,
381. ' . j

— power - companies, private [ installa.
tions and, 380, 506.

— power-plants, Axwell Park ••colliery,
420.

, costs, 367.

, — of current from, 368.

, Florence colliery, 219.

, Hulton colliery, 40.

, , capital outlay, 380.

, , costs of working, 379.

, , economies effected, 382.

, Low Moor ironworks, 74.

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal

Company, Limited, 208.

, Sneyd collieries, 211.

, Stafford Coal and Iron Com-
pany, Limited, 214.

, teste, 363, 371.

— power-stotion, Walsall, 330.

, — , expenditure, 330.

, — , method of working, 333.

, winding - gear and pumping-

Elant of Tarbrax Oil Company,
limited. — Discussion, 102.

— pumps, Florence colliery, 217.

^~ winding, Ilgner system, advantages,
103.

— winding-engines, Axwell Park col-
liery, 420.

, , controllers, 421.

— > winding-plant, estimated cost, 292.
— , Tarbrax Oil Company, Limited,

test, 287, 289.

lectrical unit, cost, 375.
^ — , definition, 365.
at a colliery, cost, 363.— Discussion,

365.
Electricity and its applications, papers

on, 153.
Electro-barograph for mines, 29.
Elbt, J. J., election, councillor, M.I.,

49.

Ellis, Arthur, liquid air and its use in

rescue-a/'2>aintnMf 547.
Ellis, Sir Joseph Baxter, welcome to
American Institute of Mining En-
gineers, 1.
Emmerson, Jabez, election, M.C., 336.
Engineering, papers on, 639.
Engines, electric power-plant. Low Moor
ironworks, 74.
j -;-, — power-station, WaUall, 331.
I Eply, France, bore-holes, 613, 614.
Erzgebirge, Saxony, iron-ore in lodes,

594.
Eschweiler, Aix-la-Chapelle coal-field,

624.
Etruria iron-and-steel works, 209.
Evans pumps, Dawdon colliery, 65.S.
EvRARD, Bernard, quoted, 487.
Exhaust-steam-driven three-pbase haul*

age-plant, Kateau, 118, 527.
Explosions, auxiliary fans and, 146.
caused by falls of roof, Bengal,
203.
coal-dust and air, apparatus for pro-
j ducing experimentally, 521).

, connection between workings and
loss of life, 340, 348, 479.

Courrieres collier}', 439. - Discussion,
340,507.

, cause, 454, 473, 507.

, effects, 457.

, recovery of botlies, 479, 486.

— -, tracing of course from indica-
tions, 457 et seq.
Felling colliery, 1812, 259.
papers on, 154.

tracing origin, methods of, 455.
underground fans, effect on ventila-
tion by 235.
-- — and, 143, 144.
violence of, coal-dust and fire-damp
compared, 513.
Explosives, coal-dust from Courrit'jres
collieries and, experiinonts at Fram-
eries, 476, 4S5.
— , Courrieres collieries, 445.
— , flame from, length, 342.
--, limestone quarrying, 194.
— , temperature of (letonation, permitted
limits, 445.

Fan-drift, construction of, 295.

Fan-engines, Capell fan, 295.

, Florence colliery, 217.

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 207.

, Stafford Coal and Iron Company,

Limited, 213, 214.

Fan-tests, precautions in making, 299.

Fans, Capell, tests, 295.

— , Courrieres collieries, 441.

— , early application to ventilation, 268.

— , electric, Horden collieries, 5.

Fans, electric, Hulton colliery, Chcquer-
bentpit, 41.

— , Florence colliery, 216.

— , Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 207.

— , Sneyd collieries, 211.

— , Stafford Coal and Iron Company,
Limited, 213, 214.

— , underground, as main ventilators,
143, 2;U, 280.

Fauld gypsum mines, 177.

Faults, Austria, (ialicia, Boryslaw, 602.

654

INDEX.

Faults, Belgium, Campine coal-field, 610,
611.

— , Courri^res collieriea, 442.

— , earthquakes and, 585.

— , France, Gard, bituminous limestones,
621.

— , Germany, Aix-la-Chapelle coal-field,
624.

— , — , Rhenish - VVestphalian coal-field,
626.

— , shaft-sinking through, Methley Junc-
tion colliery, 76.

— , Warwickshire coal-field, 313.

Fau(|uembergues, France, phosphatic de-
posits, 622.

Favieb powder, coal-dust and, tests at
Frameries, 476, 485.

, explosive used at Courri^res col-
lieries, 445.

Feed -water, colliery-boilers, notes on,
31. - Discussion, 38.

Felling colliery, mine-wagons, automatic
weighing, 23.

explosion, 1812, 259.

FsBBANTi integrating wattmeter, use in
electric winding-plant tests, 290.

Ferro-concrete, shaft-linings, 279.

Fiery mines, electric coal-cutters in,
501.

Files, James, election, M.G., 515.

Finance committee, report, N.E., 10.

FnfCKBN, CHBiSTOPnER William Tay-
lor, election, ML, 253.

Finland, earthquake in, 1902, 584.

— , iron deposits, 589.

FiBCKs, Babon W. von, quoted, 617.

Fire-damp, Courrieres collieries, 444, 454,
507.

— , dot«4jticin Ujr ukcetyltiat^ safety-

tampft, 306.

-» — - Biifetv4amp«, 147, 304, 34S.

— — , — — Wt^lf aafetylamp, 300, 303,

Flame-caps, detection an<l estimation of
inflammable gases in mines by, 147,
348.

Flatdal, Norway, Telemarken, man-
ganese deposits, 591.

Fletcueb, Clement, election, M.G.,
225.

Fletcheb, Leonard R., fmtctical pro-
Nemn of machine 'mhiivff, 500.

Flockton, Wakefield, early working of
coal at, 257.

Florence colliery, Stafford Coal and Iron
Company, Limited, 215.

Flues, coke-oven, improved dampers tor,
391.

— , , tvpes compared, 198, 200.

Flywheel, Ilgner winding-engine, 420.
FoBD, Mabk, election, scrutineer, N.K.,

6.
— , wflammahiiity of coal-dimt and air,

532.
FoBD & Sons, P., quoted, 178.
Fobgie, J. T., election, vice-president,

149.
FoRiR, H., M. LoHEST and A. Habbts,

Campine coal-field, Belgium, 608.
FoBSHAw, WiixiAM, quoted, 4.30.
FoBSTEB, T. E., election, councillor, 11.
— , — , vice-president, N.E., 6.
— , injUammabUity of coai-dtvtt and air,

532.
— , praclicai problems of machine-mining,

393.
— , sinking by freezing process, 577.
— , valuation of mineral projyeriies, 417.
Fossil fish, marl-slates, Dawdon colliery.

552.

— plants, difficuUlefl m cDrrektioa \m^
518.

— ihelb, coal - meaaure atratigraphyp
value of, 6lti.

— — , Lti.iicaAhii'€p Chorley, 233 >

IXDEX.

655

FowLBR, G. C, election, vice-presideat,
' M.C., 117.

Frameries, Belgium, experimenU on ex-
plosives, length of flame from, 342.
— , — , and coal - dust from

Gourrieres collieries, 476.
Framwellgate Moor, shaft-sinking, piling

process, 387.
France, Albi, coal-f elds, 612.
— , Ardennes, iron-ore derive<l from

glauconite, 616.

^ Garmaux, coal-fields, 612.

, Gard, asphaltic limestones, 620.

, — , , bore-holes, 621.

, Lorraine, coal-fields, 613.
— , gold and silver in trias, 618.
— , underground temperatures, 581.

, Normandy, Didlette, magnetic iron-

ores, 617.
Paris, ffvpsum deposits, 184.

, Pas-de-Galais, Courri^res explosion,

439.

, — , underground temperatures,

580.

, phosphatio deposits, 622.

, Ficardy, unsuccessful borings for

coal, 615.
— , St. istienne coal-fieM, shear planes

in, 615.

Franklin, Benjamin, quoted, 8.

Fbech, Fritz, carboniferous marine
strata in Hungary, 599.

Freezing-plant, sinking, Dawdon col-
liery, 558.

Freezmg-process, shaft-sinking, .358.

, , Dawdon colliery, H, 551. .

, , Holland, 580.

Freezing- tubes, shaft-sinking, Dawdon
colliery, 558.

Fbsnch Fire-damp Commission, quoted,
304.

Fribdel, G., and P. Termier, shear-
planes in St. i^tienne coal-Held, France,
615.

Frozen sand, physical properties, 570.

Fryar, J. W., election, councillor,
11.

-, -, — , M.G., 117.

— , three-phane haulage i*/aiif, 134.

Fuel, colliery, cost of handling, 119.

— , losses of power in utilizing, 118.

Fuel-consumption, collieries, costs, 321.

, — , output and, 321, 322.

FuMAT, — , quoted, 452.

Furnace, ventilating, fumes from, effect
on tubbing in shaft, 77.

Furnace -ventilation, shaft-temperatures
recorded, 267.

Galicia, Boryslaw, petroleum and ozok-
erite-deposits, 601.

Galloway, T. Lindsay, diamond hand-
boring machine, 110.

— , electric po^cer-Maiion, etc., Tarhrax
Oil Company, Limited, 106.

— , McCxUcheon ga^-detector, 102.

Galloway, W. , appliance for automati-
cally stopping and restarting mine-
wagons, 19.— Discussion, 22.

— , quoted, 95, 96.

Galloway boilers, Dawdon colliery, 3.

Gard, France, asphaltic limestones, 620.

— , — , phosphatic deposits, 622.

Gardner, M., election, N.S., 493.

Garfortu, W. E. , election, councillor, 49.

— , pnewnatogen, 72.

— , quoted, 64, 71, 394, 398.

Garth colliery, mine-wagons, automati-
cally stopping and restarting, 19.

GARTNER, G., quoted, 52.

Gas-engine plant, costs of working, 368.

Gas-engines, colliery use, quality of coal
for, 374.

, cost, 379.

, Koerting, Shelton Iron, Steel "and

Coal Company, Limited, 209.

Gas-producers, Dawson, Shelton Iron,
Steel and Coal Company, Limited, 209:

Gas-purifying plant, costs, 369.

Gases, air and, experiments illustrative
of explosive nature of, 531.

— in mines, detection and estimation by
means of flame-caps, 147, 340.

(lases in mines, papers on, 154.

Gatch or gypsum, 171.

Gate-roads, machine-mining, spacing of,
500, 501.

Gautibr, a., quoted, 593.

Gebhardt & KoENic, Nordhausen,
quoted, 554.

Geikie, Sir Archibald, quoted, 174,
185, 187, 188.

(Geikie, James, quoted, .386.

Gellivaara, Sweden, iron-ores, 594.

(venerators, electric, Florence collier^',
219.

— , — , Hulton colliery, 40.

— , — , Low Moor ironworks, 74.

— , — , Sneyd collieries, 211.

— , — , Stafford Coal and Iron Company,
Limited, 214.

— , — , Walsall power-station, 331.

(ieography, papers on, 638.

Geological Photographs Committee,
British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, aid solicited, 627.

Geology, Austria, (valicia, petroleum -
and ozokerite-deposits, 601.

— , — , Ruda coal-field, 599.

— , Belgium, Lienne, manganese-iron-ore
deposits, 611.

— , Dove valley, gypsum deposits, 173.

— , Durham, Dawdon colliery, 551.

— , France, Artois, 615.

— , — , Brittany, Martign^, 618.

— , — , Lorraine, coal-field, 614.

— , — , phosphatic deposits, 622.

666

INDEX.

Oeology, France, Picatdr, 615.

-*, ^, St. Etieone coftl-fleld, 615,

^^, GtTmftny, Aix^a'ChftpeLIc coftUiield,
623.

— , ^, AbiMje, Viil dfi Vill^, 619,

— , Himgarj, Koiruunik - MIkovii Mid
Luhj petroleutD' deposits, 600.

— , unpottanoe to mining engmeera, 312.

— -J uorth Stivifnrd^hire, litnerttoiie-bedi, 195,

— , papers on^ 152, 634.

— » Bouthern Tyrol, Prtniazzo district, 603.

Gkorot, M,, quoted, 287.

Geothertiiic meaflureiiiejits, Fiatice, Pas-
de-Calaifl, bore-bolea, 5t*0.

Qerma-ny, Ai x- la-Chape lie coal -field, 623.

— , Alsace, YaX de Vill^, mineral de-
poaitg, 619.

— , coal-fields, bore wholes, 609.

— , guidca in ahafte, L'80,

— , rescue -party from^ work at Courri^re^
coUieriea, 451, 452.

— , Rhentsh-Westphalian coal-field, re-
cent bore-holeB »nd siokingSi 62S*

GratRAKD, John, Com^'i^n^ eSplommi, 509*

—J exhibit of fosiil-iihelU from Cborley,
233.

— , horizontal and vertical sootions of
coal-measures frorn Rishton, Lanca^
shire, to Pt^ntefract, Yorkshire, 515.

— , quoted, 358, 360.

Ghoel, Dtitch Limburg, borings, 610.
Ghlin, Belgium, marine band in upper

coal. measures 5 60B.
GtERSBE^Bti , E., quoted, 534,
GjEasBRBi> rescue-ApparatuSf euiential

features, 65.
GUiL, J.} to^t of tieclncal ten if , uid col-

Uery^djonmimpiiori, 37S,
Gill, TnoMA^t, election, oounciUor, M.L,

49.

Geah^i, Heemanh, liquid ^aif mnd iu

tfcw in r€HCH€^apparai^ii*j 542.
— t quoted^ 70.
Grandpr^, France, Ardennes, ironn^rea,

616.
Granite, magmatic segregation of ir<m'

ores in, 595.
Granito*concret«, foundation for tubbing

in abaft, S).
Gbassi, B, , quoted, 579.
Gray, Vivian B., election, SJ., 100.
GiUYsro.N, F, A., hoUern for eoUiery-

purpoj^fA, 326-
- , electron, preaidentr S.S., SOB.
— , preaidentiftl addresi, S.S., 312,
GftAVHTON, GiOBGfi Abthub, election,

M.a, 112.

GKAitE BROOK, A, W., election, couu.

cilJor, S4.8., 308.
Ghkavks, Pebcy C, coat of electri^l

unit at a colliery, 363. - Discussion. 365.
Greece, earth. tremon in, 1900-1903, 682.
Gbbin ecoqcmizers, Daw don colliery. Si

, Wakall electric power-atation, 331.

Gbicknbb, T. Y., election, yiee-pre«ident«

N.E.,6.
Gre£MJe, John, election, S.L, lOO,
Grkbwwru^G. Q. election, counciUoF. IL
— , quoted, 17, 95, 96, 387, 388,
Greknwell metiala, awards, S, 17.
Grbgobtt, Jam 1:9, election, acrutmeer,

ML, 43.
GnEOoitTr, John, election, councilletf.

N.a, 427-
Qrisounite-couche, eiploBive, Codrrii^rta

collieries, 446.
Crisounite-rochc, explosive, CourridreB

collieries, 446,
GBtmov, James* quoted, 203.
Grztbowski, J., petroleum' wnd ozok-

erite-depoaita of Boryalaw, Galicia, 601 .

INDEX.

667

Habbbshon, M. H., cost of electrical
unit, and coUiery- consumption, 375.

— , election, ooonollor, M.L, 49.

— , liquid air and its use in rescue-ap-
paratus, 540.

— , pneumcUogen, 72.

— , quoted, 71.

Habets, a., M. LoHiST and H. Forib,
Gamplne coal-field, Belgium, 608.

Hackwobth, Timotht, quoted, 431.

Hainaut, Helffuim, lower coal-measures,
fauna and nora, 606.

Hainrs, J. R.,. election, vice-president,
N.S., 427.

— , quoted, 437.

— , rails and rail-joints for collieries, 498.

Halbaum, H. W. G., underground fans
as main vtntilaiorn, 234.

Hall, A., Stanley double-heading ma-
chine.—Discussion, 136.

Hall, Henrt, Courriires explosion, 507

— , liquid air and its iise in reacue-ap
paratus, 546.

—, quoted, 360, 513.

Hall End colliery, coal-measures at, 317

Hamilton, J. A., liquid air and its iise
in rescue-apparcUus, 543.

Hamstead colliery, founding of, applica
tion of geology, 313.

, south Staffordshire and Warwick

shire coal-fields extension, 314.

Hand-boring machine, costs of boring
with, 293, 294.

, diamond, 107. — Discu8sion,293.

Hansbatischbn Apfabatbbau - oesbll-
8CUAFT, quoted, 542.

Hard stone or anhydrite, Dove valley, 1 79.

Hardness of materials, Brinell ball-test
for, value of, 223.

Habdy rock-drill, stone-drift driving,
Methley Junction colliery, 95.

Habb, S., election, councillor, N.E., 6. ;

Habobbaves, Walteb, election, coun- l
cillor, M.I.,49.

Harrington Mill pit, early experiments
with safety-lamp at, 260.

Habris, F., election, N.S., 493.

Habbis, Henry C, McCutcheon gas-
detector, 101.

Habbison, Geobok B., election, vice-
president, M.G., 229.

Hartley colliery disaster, 271.

Habtnbll, Wilson, quoted, 363.

Harton colliery to Castle Eden colliery,
section, 552.

Harz mountains, iron-ore in lodes, 594.

Hassvm, a., election, vice-president,
N.S., 427.

Hasselt, Belgium, bore-hole, 608.

Haulage, Courrieres colliery, 444.

— , electric. Florence colliery, 217.

— , — , Hucknall Torkard colliery, 125,
126.

Haulage, electric, Hulton colliery, 42.

— , — , Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 208.

— , — , Stafford Coal and Iron Company,
Limited, 214.

— , mechanical, deep • mining, necessity
for, 355.

— , Stafford Coal and Iron Company,
Limited, 212, 213, 214.

Haulage-engines, Stafford Coal and Iron
Company, Limited, 212, 213, 214.

Haulage - plant, three - phase, Rateaa
exhaust-steam-driven, 118, 527.

Hhus Assen, Germany, limits of coal-
field, 625.

Haute-Saone, France, phosphatic de-
posits, 623.

Hawkesbury colliery, coal-measures, 316.

, coal-seams, sections, 318.

Hay, W., election, vice-president, M.C.,
117.

— , three-phase haulage j>lant, 134.

Haynes, Arthur James, election, M.C.,
112.

Headgear, iron, introduction of, 430.

— , Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Company,
Limited, 207.

— , Stafford Coal and Iron Company,
Limited, 212, 213.

Heading-machine, Stanley double, 136.

Heath, J., election, councillor, N.S.,
427.

Heath, Robert, life of, 436.

— , quoted, 430, 435.

Heath, William, quoted, 434.

Heawood, E. , quoted, 628.

Hebburn colliery, safety-lamps, early ex-
periments with, 262.

, wooden tubbing in old shaft,

38.

Hedley, a. M., election, councillor,
N.E., 6.

— , improved dampers for coke-oven dues.
391.

Hedijsy, William, quoted, 2, 269, 270.

Hbnshaw, a. M., quoted, 437.

Henshaw. a. M., and W. N. Atkinson,
Courrieres explosion, 439. —Discussion,
340, 507.

Hepplewhitk, R. H. F., election, M.C.,
117.

Hepplewhite, W. H., election, vice-
president, M.C., 117.

Herstal, Belgium, coal-measures, corre-
lation, 607.

Herve, Belgium, coal-measures, correla-
tion, 607.

Heurteau, — , quotetl, 449, 466.

Hewitt, C. R., election, councillor,
M.C., 117.

Hewitt, H. R., detection of inflammaHe
gases in iniiu--*, .S49.

— , Stanley donhfe-hea(ling-machine, 138.

«68

INDEX.

Hioii¥, Robert GboroKi election » ILL,

595>
HiLOENsrocK, K. , quoted, 2QL
Hind, Whkklton, quoted, 520, 522, mi,
— , lyi.fut off ami! riifdiitMta^ 521.
History, t?onl- mining, from early times,

256.
HoBAHT, H* M., prnetkal proi)km§ of

HoBBs, WiLUAM LowBEiDOB, election,

M.G., 350.
HoDcaEti, I^AAc, accouat of linking &nd

tisbbtng at Methley Junction tjoUiery,

with description of cast-iron dam to

reniet outburst of wnter, 76* — Discus-

sion, 9S.
— ', r<>f(t qf dtclHcsi unit J and co^/ierf-

consnmpii&ni 376.
— , election, councillor, 49*
— , — » vice-president, M.T., 49.
Hodgson', !>. H., acetylene safety -tarn ps,

305. — Disouaaion, 307.
-^, Wolf safety 'lamp, 300.— DisciMaioo,

304,
HoL&rNO, Wiu-iAM, deaths 117-
Hduday, E,, c&Hf of fhclrkal nrtit, and

coUkty connumptio^tt 378,
Holing, macbtne, in hard material, ^^^

601.
Holi^and, John, quoted, 271.
Holland, 1*,^ election, councitlorf S.S.,

:08.
HoDand, coal-tielda, 579» 6S0,
— „ 1 Dutch Lliiibujgj bore-holei,

609.
-«, — — , -| Cam pine eoabfield com-
pared with, 609.
— , nduing legj isolation in, 579*
— <t sbaft-ainking, freezing- procesa, 580*
Ho LLTNQ WORTH, GEOBajs H,^ election.

HoMjsE, Chablgs James, quoted, 42i.
Honilgoutte mine, Atea*3e, Val de Vill^

619.
Honorary memben, list, xUi*
HoRDKN Coi*UEBJBa,LiiwiTED, royalti^,

4.
Horden colliery, fihafta, sinking, 4.
, visit to, Aiuerican Institute of

Mining Engineers, 4.
Hot-blaiit atoves, Sheltoti Iron, f^tcel and

Coal Company, Limited, 209.
HotTFTON, J, P., election, oonncillor,

M,a, 117.

HowB, H. M., quoted, 224.

Huckiiall Torkard colliery, exhamrt-
steain-driven three phase haulage-
plant, 121*

Hu^s^fiNEB, Alfbki>, quoted, 203.

HrESSENSft bye-product coke-ovtyns, 198.

HrriHES, H. W., quoted, 314.

Huis-Doenrade, Dutch Limburg, coal %%,
610.

Hl.i.L, Ell WARD, quoted, 319, 522.

Hid ton colliery, electric generating
plant, teats, 379.

HULTON OoLLlEltY COMPANY, LlMTTXD,

visit to pits, M.G* and N.S,, 40.
Hultrop, Germauy, coal -measured, 62S.
Huniu^ and the formation of bog- and

lake-ores, 5S9.
Hungary, carboniferous manne strata

in, 509.
^^, Kazaneed, p\Titif' depoaita, (102.
— J Komamik-MLkova and Luh, petr<j»-

leuin. bearing njcks, 600.
Hunt, Rodiebt W., reply to welcome to

American Institute of Mining Engin-
eers, 2.
HCBI> coal. cutter, Hnlton colliery, 42.
H^^drogun gaa-tcating lamp, heat of

Banie, effect on gauges, 148.
H^ydrothermal action, f^eneaiii of ore-

INDEX.

669

Iron and steel works, Shelton Iron,
Steel and Goal Company, Limited,
209, 210.

Iron-manganese-ores, Belgium, Lienne,
611.

Iron-ore deposits, formation and classi-
fication, 594.

, micro-organisms and, 589,

590.

Iron-ores, contact deposits, 594.

, Finland, bog and lake, origin of,

589.

, France, Ardennes, derived from

glauconite, 616.

Iron-ores, France, Normandy, magnetic,
Di61ette, 617.

, magmatic segregation in granite,

595.

, Norway, association with man-
ganese ores, 591.

, pisolitic, senesis, 596.

Ironstone, blackoand, origin of, 590.

— , Low Moor, 73.

— , south Staffordshire, 315.

— , Stafford Coal and Iron Company,
Limited, 212, 213.

Ironworks, Low Moor, 74.

Italy, Calabria, earthquake, 1905, 583.

Jackson, VV. B. M., election, vice-presi-
dent, 149.

Jackson, W. Morton, liquid air and its
use in rescue-apparatiiSf 540.

James, Algernon Tinley, election,
M.C, 112.

Jasienica, Galicia, petroleuTn and ozok-
erite, 601.

Jaubebt, G. F., quoted, 52.

jEFrBBY, E., quoted, 28.

Jenkins, Harold C, election, M.I.,
362.

Jezainville, France, bore-holes, 614.

JoBLiNO, T. E., election, councillor, 11.

- -.-. N.E.,6.

Johnson, Henry, quoted, 313.

Johnstone, H., election, councillor,
N.S., 427.

— , — , honorary member, N.E., 390.

— , — , , N.S , 422.

— , — , , S.S., 308.

— , raiU and irail-joint^ for coUieries^
497.

Jolmstone Castle colliery, early me-
chanical ventilation at, 268.

Joly, H., quoted, 614.

Jones, Clement, election, N.E., 525.

Jumelle, H., and H. Perrier de la
Bathie, cyperaceae and accumulation
of alluvial gold, 588.

Kaprilor, Hungary, copper-ores, 603.
Karwin colliery explosion, 52.

, loss of rescuers' lives, 488.

Kattenberg, Belgium, coal, microscopic

characters, 610.
Kaye, — , quoted, 257.
Kazanesd, Hungary, pyritic deposits,

602.
Keigiiley, Frederick Charles, quoted,

8.
Kent, coal in, exhibit of specimens, 234.

— , , section of seams, 234.

Kenyon, Edwin, transmission of power

by ropes, 419.
Kerner, F. von, tertiary coal-dei)osits

of Ruda, Dalmatia, 598.
Kessel, Belgium, borehole, 608, 609.
— , Germany, bore-hole, 625.
Kiirunavaara, Sweden, iron -ores, 594.
Killingworth colliery, early experiments

with safety-lamps, 261.

, — locomotive engine at, 270.

Kind-Chattdron system of shaft- sinking,

358.

— , Marsden colliery, 552.

Kino, George, quoted, 405, 418, 419.
Kingsbury colliery, ryder seam at, 317.
KiNNERSLEY, Edward, quoted, 4,37.
KiNNERSLEY, Thomas, quotcd, 437.
Kirkup, Austin, election, councillor,

11.

VOL. XXX 11.-1908.1007.

KiRKUP, J. P., election, councillor, N.E.,

6.
KiRKUP, Philip, election, councillor,

11.
— , inflammahility of coal-duJtt and air,

532.
Knowles. Sir Leks, Bart., gypsum in

J Jove vaihyy 192.
— , portrait, /ro/i^i^iecf.
Knox, William, election, N.E., 390.
KoEPE system of winding, Sneyd col-
lieries, 210.
KoERTiNG sas-engines, Shelton Iron.

Steel and Coal Company, Limited.

209.
KoiiLER, — , quoted, 63.
Komaniik-Mikova, Hungary, petroleum-
bearing rocks, 600.
Koriiyareva, Hungary, fossils from car

bonifcrous marine strata, 599.
Korosmezii, Hungary, petroleum -deposits.

600.
Kressenberg, iron-ores, marine origin

595
Krewinkel, Germany, bore-hole, 625.
Krusch, p., recent bore-holes and sink

ings in Rhenish- Wesphalian coal- Held.

625.
Kuss, H., quoted, 487.
Kyle, Andrew, diamond hand-boring

machinty HI, 294.

€60

INDEX.

Labour, ancient coal-mining, 258.

Labour. legislation, trend of improve-
ments due to, 273.

Lackner, Anton, pyritic deposits of
Kazanesd, Hungary, 602.

Laibd, Archibald Jarvib, election,
S.I., 286.

Lake-ores, humus and formation of, 589.

Lambton, J. G., quoted, 262.

Lambton & Company, election, treas-
urers, 149.

Lanaeken, Belgium, carboniferous lime-
stone at, 609.

Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Asso-
OIATION, proposed rescue-station, 360.

— , quoted, 547.

Lancashire and Yorkshire coal-fields,
correlation, 515.

Lancashire boilers, advantages for col-
liery use, 327.

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal

Company, Limited, 207.

, Sneyd collieries, 211.

, Walsall electric power - statioji,

331.

liANO-lay winding-ropes, Florence col-
liery, 216.

Lanklaer, Belgium, coal, microscopic
characters, 610.

Lap WORTH, C., quoted, 312.

Larmuth rock-drills, sinking through
frozen ground, Dawdon colliery, 566.

Laromiouirre, Jvjjss, coal-basins of
Carmaux-Albi, France, 612.

Latham, CiiAKLKi?* not^s on detection
and e»timatiou of Intlammable gaeea
in mines by me^ns of (fame -caps.
Disf^uaaiou, 147» 34 B<

Laur, Fran€Ijs, gold and silver in trias
of French Lorraine. 618.

Leon, G., quoted, 445, 449.
LspRiNCE-BiNOUET, Felix, quoted, 449.
— , underground temperatures in Pas-

de-Calais, France, 580.
Les Fumades, France, Gard, bituminous

limestones, 620.
Lesm^nils, France, bore-holes, 614.
Levelling, new form of hand-instrument

for, 165.
— , underground, contour lines, 276.
Lewis, George, death, 117, 150.
Lewis, G. Alfred, colliery -con^umjAiony

141.
— > gypsum in Dove tnUley, 185.
Libert, Joseph, manganiferous iron-
ores, of Lienne, Belgium, 611.
Librarian, annual report, N.S., 426.
Library, books added to, 155.
LiBBMANN, — , quoted, 579.
Li<^ge, Belffium, coal-field, 625.
— , — , coal-measures, lower division oU

607.
Liege Exhibition, quoted, 367.
Lienne, Belgium, manganese-iron -ores,

611.
Limache, Chile, earthquake effects, 587.
Limestone, Belgium, output, 220.
— , Staffordshire, Cauldon Low, analyses,

194.

— country, effects produced by weather-
ing, 195.

— quarry, Staffordshire, Cauldon Low,
194.

Limonite, France, Grandpr^, 616.
Lincoln, Boultham well* 245.— Diacqa-

sioDf 350.
Lippborgi Germany, bare -holes, 623.
Liquid nir^ coat of production , 538, 540,
^, plant for producing^ coat, 538,

INDEX.

661

L0HI8T, M., A. Habets and H. F0RI&,
Campine coal-field, Belgiam, 608.

London Firb Buoads, experiments with
rescue^pparatus, 643.

LONDOKDKRBY, MaROHIONESS OF, quoted,

553.

LoxDONDXBRY, Marquis OF, quoted, 651.

LONDONDERBT COLLIEBIBS, LIMITED,

quoted, 677.

Long, Ernest, election, N.E., 18.

LoNODBN, J. A., colliery-consumption. —
Discussion, 140.

— , report of delegate to conference of
delegates of correspondins societies of
British Association for tne Advance-
ment of Science, York, 1906, 164.

— , three-pJiose ha\dage plants 132.

Longwall workings, improved form of
n& for, 496.

Lorraine, France, coal-field, 613.
— » — » gold and silver in trias, 618.
— , — , iron-ores, marine origin, 695.
Lot, France, phosphatic deposits, 623.
Louis, Henry, deposits \n pit-fail cU

Tanfield Lea, 527.
— , election, councillor, 11.
_ _-, _, N.E., 6.
— , quoted, 168.

— , valuation 0/ mitieral properties, 417.
Low Moor ironworks, 73.
Lubrication, coal-cuttins machines, 504.
Lucas, Alfred, cost o/eTectrical unit, and

colliery. consumption, 376.
Luh, Hungary, petroleum-bearing rocks,

600.

LUNDHILL COLIJBRY GOMPANY, qUOted,

433.
Luossavaara, Sweden, iron-ores, 594.

Macarthur, Jamej^ Duncan, election,
N.E., 390.

M'Call, Thomas Lockhart, election,
S.L, 100.

McCuTCHEON gas-detector. — Discussion,
100.

McDonald, Francis, election, N.E.,
391.

Machine-mining, gateways, spacing of,
394.

, practical problems of.— Discus-
sion, 197, 391, 499.

McInerny, Auopstin Joseph, election,
N.E., 18.

McKay, William, Boultham well at
Lincoln, 246.— Discussion, 252, 350.

Mackby, W. McD., black ends: their
cauMc, cost and cure, 254.

McLarbn, Benjamin, Courri^es explo-
sion, M44.

— , election, councillor, M.C., 117.

McLaren, R., election, vice-president,
149.

— , McCutchcon gas-detector. — Discus-
sion, 100.

— , quoted, 148.

McMauon, J.,pmnmcUo(jen, 72.

— , quoted, 71.

Madagascar, alluvial gold, 588.

Maddock, J., election, councillor, N.S.,
427.

Madew, B., election, councillor. M C, 117.

Maesteg, south Wales, Garth collier^',
mine- wagons, automatically stopping
and restarting, 19.

Magmatic segregation of iron ores in
granite, 695.

Magnesian limestone, gullets in, 568.

and yellow sand, sinking by

freezing process, Dawdon colliery, 551.

Magnesium, metallic, experiments illus-
trative of inflammability of dust from,
630.

Magnetic iron-ore, Normandy, Di^lette,
617.

— locks. Wolf safety-lamp, 302.

— surveyinff, new pocket-transit for, 165.
I Magnetite, Norway , minerals associated

with, 596.
— , occurrence in basalt, 594.
Magnetite- mine, southern Tyrol, Monte

Mulatto, 603.
Makrpeack, Hugh R., quoted, 437.
Manchester Chamber of Commerce,

quote* 1, 431.

MANtniFWTER GeOIX)CJICAL AND MiNiNO

Society, delegate to conference of
delegates of corresponding societies of
British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, York, 1906, 627.

Manchester ship canal, inauguration of,
431.

Manganese-iron-ores, Belgium, Lienne,
611.

Manganese ores, Norway, Borvikdal,
association with iron-ores, 591.

Mangauiferous bog-ores and formation
of manganese-deposits, 590.

Manifold valley, Cauldon Low and,
north Staffordshire, 193.

Manton colliery, shaft-sinkine, 359.

Marine bands, Belgium, coal-measures,
Charleroi, 606.

, --, , Mons, 608.

MARKHA\f, C. P., quoted, 373.

Mame, France, phosphatic deposits, 622.

Marrkco, Frbirk, quoted, 53.S.

Marsden colliery, sliaft-sinking by Kind-
Chaudron system, 552.

Marshall, tJ. L., election, vice-presi-
dent, M.L, 49.

Martigne, Brittany, auriferous stibnite,
617.

Martincourt, France, bore-holes, 614.

Masaya, Nicaragua, earthquakes, 1906,
687.

662

INDEX.

Mathematical and physical science, pa-
pers on, 634.

MATHEB-AND-PLATTelectricpower-plant,
Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 208.

Maubicb, WnxiAM, Courri^ea explonon,
343.

— , quoted, 371.

— , Rateau exhaust-steam-driven three-
phase haulage plant, 1 18. —Discussion,
128, 527.

Mayor, Sam, practical problems of ma-
chine mining. —Discussion, 197, 391,
499.

Mawe, John, quoted, 196.

May, George, stopping and restarting
miw.' wagons f 22.

Mayer, J., quoted, 52, 63.

Mayer rescue-apparatus, essential fea-
tures, 65.

Maypole colliery, fossil shells from, 520.

, shaft-sinking, 369.

Mechanical engineering, papers on, 152.

Meeswijck, Belgium, coal, microscopic
characters, 610. .

Megalithic monuments registration com-
mittee, British Association for the
Advancement of Science, appointment '
of delegate, 628.

Meouin coal-compressor, coke-ovens,
Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com- I
pany. Limited, 208.

Mein, J. , Courri^res explosion^ 344.

— , election, councillor, M.C., 117. !

— , three-phase haxdage planty 133.

Melms-Pfenniger turbine, efficiency,
369.

, tests, 369.

Members, list, xiv.

Mercalli, G., earthquake of 1905 in |
Calabria, Italy, 583.

Metals, testing of, reports to Inter-
national Association for Testing
MateriaU, 220, 222.

Methley Junction colliery, account of
sinking and tubbing, with descriptioD
uf cast-iron dam to resist outburst of
water, 76.— Discussion, 98.

Methyl chloride, use in breathing ap-
pliances, 53.

Meunier, Stanislas, genesis of pisolitic
iron-ores, 596.

Meusc, France, phosphatic deposits, 622.

Meyer, Ernst von, quoted, 529.

Meyer, G. A., quoted, 51, 5*2, 451, 5.34.

Mica-flakes, diffusion of metals in rocks
containing, 595.

MiD-CAifNocK Colliery Company, quot-
ed, 434.

MiDDLEBROoK, JoHN F., election, M.I.,
253.

MiDOLEY, Charles Augustus, election,
M.L, 253.

Midland Coal, Coke and Iron Com-
pany, Limited, quoted, 433.

Midland Institute of Mining, Civil
AND Mechanical Engineers, quoted,
516.

Mikova, Hungary, petroleum - deposit,
600.

Mills,. David, death, 226.

MiLLWARD, Albert Edward, election,
M.G., 225.

Milne horizontal pendulum, earthquake-
recording apparatus, 585.

Mine-fan, tests, 295.

Mine-gases, detection and estimation by
means of flame-caps. —Discussion, 147,
340.

, historical quotations concerning,

257 ft seq.

, papers on, 154.

INDEX.

€68

Mineral deposits, Hungary, Kazanesd,
pyrites, 662.

f — , — , — , genesis, 603.

, —, Komamik-Mikova and Luh,

petroleum, 600.

, iron, formation and classification,

594.

, — , magmatic segregation in

granite, 595.

, — , pisolitic, genesis, 696.

, Madagascar, alluvial gold, 588.

, metalliferous, origin and age of,

592.

, Norway, manganese, 590.

, — , — , genesis, 591.

, petroleum, stratigraphical condi-
tions affecting, 597.

, southern Tyrol, copper and wol-
fram, 603.

— properties, valuation, 399.
Mines, electro-barograph for, 29.

— , rails and rail-joints, improved con-
struction, 494.

— , working of, notes of colonial and
forei^ papers on, 579.

Mines-inspection, inauguration of system,
265e/Mg.

Mining engineering, papers on, 152.

— engmeers. education of, .352.

— machines, papers on, 153.

Mixing School, Bochum, quoted, 70, 71.

MiBZA, RoHiNTAN N., election, S.I.,286.

Mitchell, P. J., quoted, 121.

— , three-phase haulage pianty 128.

MiTCHEUi, T. W. H., election, councillor,
49.

— , — , vice-president, 149.

— , pneumcUogenf 71.

— , Mtnking and tnbfnng at Methley Junc-
tion colliery, 98.

Mitchell Main Colliery Company,
Limited, election, subscribers, M.I.,
43.

Moet-Fontaine, Belgium, manganese-
iron-ores, 611.

MoisSAN, H., quoted, 305.

M6ndey, David, election, M.C., 336.

Mons, Belgium, coal-field, 625.

— , — , , marine bands in upper coal-
measures, 608.

Monte Malgola, southern Tyrol, copper
and iron minerals, 603.

— Mulatto, southern Tyrol, copper and
iron minerals, 603.

Monteleone, Italy, Calabria, devastation
by earthquake, 583.

M0NTES8U8 DB Ballors, F. ds, seasonal
distribution of earth- tremors, 581.

Moors, R. T., acetylene safety Uampsy
307 •

— , diamond hand-boring machine, 110.

— , election, vice-president, 149.
: — , McCutcheon gas-detector, 102.
: — , Wolf Mi/ety-lamp, 304.
I Moresnet, Germany, Aix-la-Chapelle
coal-field, 624.

M orison, John, election, councillor,
11.

Mcirs, Germany, bore-holes, 626.

MosBY, E. F. p., death, 44.

Motors, electric, coal-cutting machines,
direct and alternating currents, com-
parison, 391.

— , — , haulage, Hucknall Torkard col-
liery, 126.

— , — , Low Moor ironworks, 74.

— , — , Sneyd collieries, 211.

— , — , Stafford Coal and Iron Company*
Limited, 'J 14.

Mount Kembla colliery, coal-cutting
machines, features of seams and, 395.

Mountain, W. C, election, councillor,
11.

-, -, -, N.K., 6.

— , inflammability of coal-dust ami otV,
532.

— , quoted, 373.

— , Rateau exhaust -nteam-driven three-
phase haulage plant, 527.

Mountain-mine measures, Lancashire,
fossil shells from, 233.

Mountsorrel granite quarry, compressed-
air heater, 336.

Mouthdih mine, Bengal, Sitarampur,
goaf-blast, 203.

MuNDLE, Arthur, election, scrutineer,
N.K., 6

MuNRO, R. D., quoted, 289.

MuNRo, William Maxwell, election,
8. 1., 286.

Mur«;ue, D., quoted, 237, 240.

Murray, Thomas Chapman, election,
S.L, 100.

Murray safety-lamp, details, 282.

MuscHAMP, Percy, election, M.I.,
253.

Muse, Thomas John, election, N.E.,
526.

Mylan, William F., election, M.I.,
362.

Myrsiiteren, Norway, manganese-de-
posits, 591.

Nahuiowice, Galieia, petroleum and
ozokerite, 601.

Nalder - Thomson ampere-meters and
volt-meters, use in electric winding-
plant tests, 290.

Napisbs formula, discharge of com-
pressed-air from pipes, 139.

Nash, H. B., election, councillor, 49.

Neil, John M*Bean, election, S.I.,
286.

Nkny, - , quoted, 452.

Ness, (^korije, effects of acceleration
on winding-torques, and test of Tar-
brax electrical winding-plant, 287.

664

INDEX.

Nbss, Geobos, electric power-atcUion, etc. ,
Tarbrax Oil Company^ Limited, 102.

Neunkirchen, limit of SaarbritckeB coal-
field, 613.

Neasen, (Germany, Aix-la-Chapelle coal-
field, 624.

Nevin, J., election, councillor, 49.

New South Wales collieries, hewing,
rates, 394.

Newdigate colliery, south Staffordshire
and Warwickshire coal-fields exten-
sion, 314.

Newton, C, election, N.S., 493.

Newton, John, election, president, N.S.,
427.

— , — , vice-president, 149.

— presidential address, N.S., 428.

— , rails and rail-joints for collieries,
498.

Newton, Chambers k Company,
Limited, election, subscribers, M.I.,
263.

Nicholson, J. H., election, councillor,
N.E., 6.

NiCKLEs, R., quoted, 614.

Nicou, P., asphaltic limestones of Gard,
France, 620.

NivoiT, Edmond, quoted, 487.

Nixon, John, election, N.S., 493.

Noi, — , quoted, 679.

Non-federated members, list, IxxiiL

Nord, France, phosphatic deposiU,
622.

Nord-du-Fl^nu colliery, fossils in drift at,
608.

Nordfeld, Saarbriicken coal-field, 613.

Normandy, Di^lette, magnetic iron-ores,
617.

North, Booer, quoted, 269.

North of England Institute of Mikino
AND Mechanical Enqinekbs, inaugur-
ation, 266, 389.

— , quoted, 1.

North Staffordshire iNsnTUTB of
Mining and Mechanical Enoinksrs,
founding of, 429.

North Staffordshire Railway Com-
PANY, quoted, 194, 430.

Norton, jLord, quoted, 437.

Norway, Lofoten, iron-ore deposits,
696.

— , manganese deposits, 690.

Norwich Union Life Insurance Socie-
ty, quoted, 430.

NoTH, Julius, petroleum-bearing rocks
of Komamik-Mikova and Luh, Hun-
gary, 600.

Now^ELL, William, death, 117, 310.

Oakbank, bore^hole, dieuaiond hand -bor-
ing mflobine, UK

Oaks colliery explosion^ 27).

, loss of reaouers, 488.

Obereberabach, formation of iron-ore
depoaitH proceeding at, fj94.

O'BoNAHUBj T. A., valuation of mineral
prop&rtiea, 399.— DiscusHiou, il7.

Omeera, election, 149.

-, -, M.C, 117.

Ore -deposits, France, Brittany, gold*

beiLring antimony^ 617.

^^, Dii/lette^ geneak, 616.

genesis, diffusion theory, 5fl3.

— » hydrothermal Jiction and, 503*

— , manganese, 590-

— and age of, 592.

iron, formation and elaaaiii<3atioii.

594,

— , hitrauB and formation of, &S^*

TinJEX.

665

Packington, boring to coal-measures at,

317.
Palmsb, Claude B., liquid air and its

use in rMcue-apparatuH, 549.
— , stopping and restarting mine toa^ons,

23.
Palmer, Henry, election, councillor,

11.
— , — , vice-president, N.E., 6.
Papers, catalogue of more important,

Siblished by corresponding societies of
ritish Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, during year ending
May, 1906, 634.

— on working of mines, metallurgy, etc.,
notes of colonial and foreign, 5i9.

Papp, Karl von, quoted, 603.
Parker, W. A., quoted, 622, 523.
Parker, Thomas, Limited, quoted, 332.
Parker generators, Walsall electric

power-station, 331.
Parrington, M. W., election, councillor,

11.
— , — , vice-president, N.E., 6.
Parsons, C. A., quoted, 120.
Parsons three-phase turbo-alternators,

Hulton colliery, 40.

— turbine-engines, efficiency, 369.
Pas-de-Galais, France, bore-holes, 580.

, — , Courri^res explosion, 439.

, — , phosphatic deposits, 622.

, — , underground temperatures,

580.

Past-presidents, list, xi.

Pattison, Andrew, election, N.E., 526.

Peaks, Herbert, election, M.I., 253.

Peake, H. C, boilers for colliery pur-
poses, 328.

Pearob, Walter, election, M.G., 225.

Pearson, James, death, 117.

Pease and Partners, Limited, quoted,
198.

Peaseoood, W. G., election, councillor,
N.S., 427.

— , raUs and rail-joints for collierieSy 497.

Peat, black deposit from, Durham, Tan-
tobie, 24.

P^HBAIRE, A., quoted, 449.

Penco, Chile, tidial wave due to earth-
quake, 587.

Pen DEB, Sir John, quoted, 430.

Pensions, colliery workers, 276.

P^ronne, France, Picardy, bore-hole,
615.

Perbt, Robert William, election, S.S.,
308.

Persia, northern, gypsum, 171.

— , oil-bearing regions in, stratigraphical
conditions, 597.

Petite Rosselle, Saarbriicken coal-field,
613.

Petitjsan, Rene, quoted, 447, 448.

Petbis, William, election, M.I., 43.

Petroleum, occurrence of influence of,

plastic clays on, 598.
— , , stratigraphical condi-
tions, 597.
— , , tectonic disturbances and,

597.
Petroleum-bearing rocks of Komamik-

Mikova and Luh, Hungary, 600.
Petroleum - deposits, Galicia, Boryslaw,

601.
Phillips, John, quoted, 267, 606.
Phillips, W. G., coHiery-conMumption,

143.
— , election, president, M.C., 117.
— , — , vice-president, 149.
— , sinking and tubbing at Methleij Junc-
tion colliery t 98.
Phillips, Walter Hugh, election,

M.C., 112.
Phosphatic deposits, France, 622.
Physiology, papers on, 642.
Picardy, France, unsuccessful borings for

coal, 615.
Pickering, W. H., goaf-blcusts in mines

in O'iridih coal-field, 203.
Picking-belts, Florence colliery, 218.

, Hulton colliery, 41.

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal

Company, Limited, 208.

, Sneyd collieries, 211.

PiCKQUicK coal-cutting machine. Mount

Kembla colliery, experiences with, 395.
PiCKSTONE, Wiluam, election, coun-
cillor, M.G., 232.
Pickup, P. W., quoted, 233.
Pick OP, William, quoted, 515.
- -, value of fossil mollusca, 521.
PiERi, GiNO, cutaneous infectivity of

ankylostomiasis, 579.
PiOGPORD, Harry G., election, N.S., 30.
PiOGFORD, J., election, vice-president,

M.C., 117.
— , two-stage air-compressing plant at

Teversal collieries. — Discussion, 336.
Pilar, Argentine, Cordoba, record of

Chilian earthquake at, 1905, 585, 586.
Piling process, shaft -sinking, Bowbum

colUery, 385.
PiLKiNGTON, C, Boidtham well at

Lincoln, 351.
— , Courri^re^ explosion, 513.
— , election, president, M.G., 229.
— , — , vice-president, 149.
— , practical problems of nuichine-mining,

499.
— , presidential address, M.G., 352.
Pillar-and-stall workings, modified,

gypsum mines. Dove viSley, 183.
Pillars, extraction of, goaf-blasts and,

204.
Piscopio, Italy, Calabria, loss of life

through earthquake, 583.
Pisolitic iron-ores, genesis, 596.

666

INDEX.

Pit-fall, Durham, Tantoble, deposits in,
24.

Pit- tubs, Counieres collieries, 442.

Plastek, Brick and Stonk Company,
Limited, quoted, 178.

Plaster, manufacture of , progress in, 185,
186, 187, 191.

Playfaib, Lyon, quoted, 265.

Plazowka or flat veins, 601.

Plot, Robert, quoted, 185, 195.

Plumbing of bore-holes, Dawdon colliery,
657.

Fneumatogen, duration of charges, 55, 59.

— , heating due to chemical action, diffi-
culties, 71, 72, 73.

— , high temperature of oxygen gener-
ated in, 53, 61.

— , self - generating rescue - apparatus,
compared with other types, 51. — Dis-
cussion, 71.

Pneumatophore, essential features, 64.

— , introduction of, 52.

— , Vienna type, disadvantages, 534.

Pocket-transit, new, 165. — Discussion,
167.

Pont-a-MouBson, France, bore-holes, 614.

Pope, P. C, election, councillor, M.G.,
232.

Pope & Pearsons, Limited, election,
subscribers, M.I. , 43.

Fopiele, Galicia, petroleum and ozokerite,
601.

Potassmm'sodiuni peroxide, uae in pneu-
iTinto^en, 54.

PoToyiK, H., quoted, 28, 526^ 607.

Potter, Eijwaei*, quoted, 387-

PoTTs, Chari,KS, election, M.C., 112.

PovEY - HAht*ER, Clij'foild, election,
M,a, 112.

Power, tranflmisaion by topes^ 419*

Practical jiroblenns of machine tninlng. —
DbcMs&ion, 391 1 499.

President, election, N.E., 6.

-, -, N.S., 427.

-, — , S.8., 308.

Presidential address, M.G., 352.

, M.L,256.

, N.S., 428.

, S.S., 312.

Priestman Power Company, quoted,
421.

Prismatic compass, improved form of,
166.

, underground surveying, difficul-
ties with, 168, 169.

Prizes for papers, awards, 151.

, -, M.L, 48.

, -,N.E.,8.

, -,N.S, 427.

Prussian Fire-damp Commission,
quoted, 303.

Pruvost, — , quoted, 452.

Pryck, W., quoted, 196.

Puddling furnaces. Low Moor iron-
works, 75. K Rt«*

Pulleys, haulage, Hucknall Torkard
colliery, 126, 127.

Pumping, costs, Methley Junction

colliery, 94.
— , deep mines, difficulties, 359.
— , electric, estimated costs, 94.
I — , Methley Junction colliery, water-
outburst, 86.

— , eh aft- sin king, Dawdon aolBory. 2.
— , — — , Horrleo collieries, 5.

— , ^ , pilin^r procena, wttter dealt

with. 386, 387.

— , tubbing and, comparison, 359.
Fumping-plaDt, electric, Tarbrax Oil

Conipany, Limited, 102.
Pumps, Dawdon ct>llierj^, Theresa shaft,

553.
— , electric, Florence? colliery, 217.
— , Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-

INDEX.

667

Ratsau exhauBt-Bteam turbine, Hucknall
Torkard collieries, 371.

, Sneyd collieries, 211.

Rauconrt, France, Lorraine, bore-holes,
618.

Re-opening mines, Courrieres collieries,
448.

Becoupages or stone-drifts, Courrieres
colliery, 443.

Redemption or sinking fund, valuation
of mineral properties, 408.

Redmatne, Kobebt Nobman, election,
N.E., 525.

Reducing- valve, Rateau turbine, 123.

Refining furnaces. Low Moor ironworks,
74.

Reonault, v., quoted, 51.

Reiset, J., quoted, 51.

Renieb, Abmand, fauna and flora of
lower coal-measures of Baudour, Hain-
aut, 607.

— , formation of Belgian coal-measures,
604.

Report of commission of inquiry, Cour-
rieres explosion, 487.

committee upon mechanical coal-
cutting, N.E., quoted, 393.

corresponding societies' committee

and conference of delegates of corres-
ponding societies of British Association
for the Advancement of Science, York,
1906, 627.

council, 150.

, M.C., 113.

, M.G.,225.

, M.L, 44.

, N.E., 7.

, N.S.,422.

, S.S., 310.

delegate to conference of delegates

of corresponding societies of British
Association for the Advancement of
Science, York, 1906, 164.

finance committee, N.E., 10.

treasurer, N.8., 426.

Rescue-apparatus, American forms, 534.

, costs, 68, 69, 544.

, dangers to wearers, 541 .

, death of a wearer, Courridres ex-
plosion, 454.

, liquid air and its use in, 534.

, modem, principles of, 51.

, papers on, 154.

, pneumatogen, self - generating,

compared with other types, 51. — Dis-
cussion, 71.

, regenerating type, disadvantages,

534.

, summary of tests on various types,

68,69.

, valves in, dangers from, 63.

Rescue-stations, central, Lancashire and
Cheshire Coal Association, 360.

, — , Yorkshire, 547.

Rescue -work, Courrieres disaster, 448.

Rescue-work in mines, 541 (t 8eq.

, training in Germany, 70.

Research committees appointed by gen-
eral committee of British Association
for the Advancement of Science, York,
1906, 628.

Reumaux, Elie, quoted, 450.

Reumaux controllers, winding engines,
Courrieres collieries, 441.

Reunion mines, Spain, utilization of ex-
haust steam from winding-engines,

Rhenish - Westphalian coal-field, recent
bore-holes and sinkings, 625.

Richardson, Henry, election, N.E.,
526.

Richardson, James, election, M.I.,
253.

Richardson, R. , liquUl air and its une in
rtscut'apparatH><i ,'347 •

Ridley, Norman B., election, scrutineer,
N.E., 6.

Ridley, Wiluam, Jun., election, N.E.,
526.

RiEDLER air-compressor, clearance in,
339.

RiPPNER, D., quoted, 128.

Risliton colliery, position of mountain-
mines at, 515.

RiTsoN, John Anthony Sydney, elec-
tion, N.E., 18.

Rives, France, bore-hole, 612.

Roadways, method of supporting, gyp-
.sum.mine. Dove valley, 182.

Roberts, William, election, N.E., 18.

Roberts- A csTEN, Sir W., quoted, 224.

Robertson, J. R. M., practical problems
of machine-mining, 393.

Robinson, Francis James, election,
N.E., 390.

Robinson, John, election, councillor,
M.G.,232.

Rock-drills, sinking through frozen
ground, Dawdon colliery, 566.

Rock-salt, associated with ozokerite,
Galicia, 601.

RoELOFSKN, J. A., bye-product coke and
Huessener bye-product coke-ovens. —
Discussion, 198.

Rolling-mills, Low Moor ironworks, 75.

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 209, 210.

Rombach steelworks, (Germany, Rateau
exhaust-steam plant, 130.

Roof, gypsum-mine, Dove valley, 182.

— , strong, dangei-s from, 203.

— and floor, significance of terms, 604.

Roozeboom, H. W. B., quoted, 224.

RosBERG, J. E., earthquake in Finland,
1902, 584.

Rossi-FoREL scale, earthquake inten-
sities, 586.

R5SSNER, H., quoted, 52.

RowAND, R., election, councillor, M.I.,
49.

668

INDEX.

Royal CoMMisbiON on Accidents in

Mines, quoted, 538.
RoTAL Commission on Coal. Supplies,

quoted, 315, 365, 375, 376.
Rotal Commission on Mines, quoted,

358.
Royal Saxon Mining Commission,

quoted, 303.
Royal School of Mines, inauguration

of, 266.

Royalties, proving of coal-fields and, 281.

Ruda, Austria, Dalmatia, coal-deponte,
598.

RuDDEB. Fbank p., election, M.C., 336.

RuDELOFF, Max, quoted, 224.

RoDi^EB, F. W., election, delegate on
megalithic monuments registration
committee, British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 628.

RuSHTON, A , tHilue of fossil moUiusca, 520.

Saarbriicken coal-field, 613.

Safety-appliances, winding, Courri^es
collieries, 441.

Safety-lamp gauzes, effect of hydrogen
flame on, 148.

wicks, shape of, amount of light

and, 303.

Safety-lamps, acetylene, 305. — Discus-
sion, 307.

— — , — , mftintenftnce coats, 307.

, detection of iniUmmalile gases in

raiDea by, 147^ U8, 348, 349.

— — , early forma, details, 2§L
-, history of^ 259 ti vtq.

', intenial relightera, 301, 306.

, -, expliisioim ivnti, 304.

— — , purpose for which provided, S4S.
-^ ^, Wolf, 300.

-, — , Courrieres coUicriea, 444-

S&igneville, Fr&noe, Picardy, bore^hok^

615,
St. :^ieiine, France, coaI -field, shear-

planes in, 615.
St, Jean de Maru^jok, France, Gard,

biluminoUH limestOLieSi G*20.
St, Joh>" AmbuMlKOe BBicAOEt quoted,

54«. 547, 348, 549,
Sainte-Maiie pit, Carinaux coaU field,

Sauveub, a., quoted, 224.

Saw, steel cutting, Shelton Iron, Steel
and Goal Company, Limited, 210.

Sawtkb, a. R., quoted, 437.

Schamhorst colliery, cost of steam-
raising by waste-gases, 366.

Scheclite, southern T^rol, Bedovina
mine, 604.

ScHULTE, F., quoted, 366, 368, 371.

ScOBiE, Isaac, election, N,E., 391.

Sctrrr, Gkoiuie Hbnbv Halu, deletion,
N-E„ 525,

Scott, Walteb, ele<;tton, S.I., 286.

ScrefiHB, el&ctricaily -driven, Horden col-
lieriea, 6,

^, Florence colliery, 218.

— , Hulton coUiery, 41,

— , ishelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 20S.

— , Bneyd collieries, 21 h

ScmtineerB, election, MJ,, 43.

-,-, N.E.,6.

Seasonal distribution of earth-tremofty
581.

Secretary, xii.

— , election, M,G,, 220,

-. =, N.S., 427.

SEI.KCT CoM]i11TTEK OK ACLll>KHT§ DC

ITn)£X.

669

Shafts, emergency, precaution against
sorjEkce fires, 277.

— , Florence colliery, 216.

— , Horden collieries, 4.

— , H niton colliery, 42.

— , large diameter, tubbing difficulties,
278.

— , Methley Junction colliery, 76.

— , , sealing-off by cast-iron dam,

87.

— , Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany. Limited, 207.

~, Stafford Coal and Iron Company,
Limited, 212, 213.

Shale, coal and, utilization in coke-ovens,
199.

Shambock-Giebsbkbo rescue-apparatus,
essential features, 65.

Shamrock rescue • apparatus, essential i
features, 64. |

Shaw, W. B., cost of electrical unit, and |
eoUiery-consumptionf 379.-

— , practical problems of machine-mining,
602.

Shbabd, Roland D., election, M.I.,
263.

Shslton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, pits and works, visit i
to, 207. I

—, quoted, 430.

Shot-firiog, Courri^res collieries, 446.

, miss-fires, new method of with-
drawing charge after, 344.

— -, sinking through frozen ground,
regulations, Dawdon colliery, 566.

Siegerland, iron-ores in lodes, 694.
Siemens basic open-hearth furnaces,

Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Company,

Limited, 209.
Silesian colliery, economy in chaneing

from steam to electrical power, 36o. I
Silver, France, Lorraine, 618. |

Silver-ores, Alsace, Urbeis lodes, 619.
Silvssteb, F., quoted, 437.
SiMOOCK, E. O., election, N.S., 30.
Simon-Carves coke-ovens, experiences

with, 198.
, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal

Company, Limited, 208.
Simonis, Otto, liquid air and its use in

rescue - apparatus, 534. —Discussion ,

639.
Simons, William, election, N.S., 493.
Simpson, F. R., election, councillor, 11.
-^,-,-,N.E.,6.

Simpson, John, election, councillor, 1 ] .
-,-, -, N.E.,6.

Simpson, J. B., election, councillor, 11.
— , — , vice-president, 149.
— , quoted, 664.
Sinking, Boultham well, 245.

— and tubbing at Methley Junction
colliery, account of, with description
of cast-iron dam to resist outburst of
water, 76.— Discussion, 98.

Sinking through magnesian limestone and
yellow sand by the freezing process at
Dawdon colliery, near Seahiun Harbour,
county Durham, 661. —Discussion, 677.

water - bearing strata, methods

available, 358.

Sinkings, Rhenish - Westphalian coal-
field, recent, 625.

Sirocco fans, electrically-driven, Horden
collieries, 6.

, , underground, Hulton col-
liery, 42.

Sitarampur, Bengal, Mouthdih mine,
goaf-blast, 203.

Six-Bonniers colliery, fossils at, 607.

Skinner & Holford, Limited, election,
subscribers, M.I., 253.

Sleepers, underground railways, pre-
servation of, 495.

Sloan, Hugh, election, S.I., 100.

Smbysters, J. , quoted, 608.

Smith, Alexander, Itoiitrs for colliery
purposes, 327.

— , election, vice-president, S.S., 308.

Smith, Angus, quoted, 80, 88.

Smith, Sydney A., election, secretary,
M.G., 229.

Smith, William, diamond hand-boring
machine, 293.

Smytue, J. A., deposits in pit-fall at
Tanfield Lea, Tantobie, county Dtur-
ham, 24. — Discussion, 526.

Sneddon, J. Balfour, diamond hand-
boring machine, 294.

Sneyd, — , quoted, 436.

Sneyd Collieries, Limited, visit to pits,
210.

Sodium peroxide, use in breathing appli-
ances, 53.

Somme, France, phosphatic deposits,
622.

SoMMERviLLE, James, election, S.I., 286.

Sopwith, Arthur, quoted, 314.
-, Walsall Corporation electric supply^
335.

Sopwith, S. F., election, councillor, S.S.,
308.

South Staffordshire and Warwickshire
district, fuel-consumption at collieries,
322.

South Staffordshire Mine8 Drainage
Commissioners, quoted, 434.

Spedding, C/ a k LISLE, quotcd, 259.

SpENCE, R. F., election, councillor, N.E.,
6.

Spencer, E. D., election, councillor,
M.C, 117.

Spencer, G., colliery -consumption, 142.

— , Courriires explosion, 345.

— , election, councillor, M.C, 117.

Spooner, G., death, 44.

Spray, North Carolina, manufacture of
calcium carbide at, 305.

Squirrel-cageelectric motors, coal-cutting
machines, 392.

670

INDEX.

Stafford Coal and Ibon Company,
Limited, quoted, 430.

— , visit to works, 211.

Staffordshire, north, Cauldon Low and
Manifold valley, 193.

— , — , classes, examination results,
423.

— , — , feed-water for boilers, inferior
quality of, 38.

— , — , proposed mining college for,
423.

— , south, coal-field, extensions, 313.

— , — , ironstone, 315.

Stahl a. F. , stratigraphical conditions
affecting occurrence of petroleum, 597>

Stainieb, X., quoted, 606, 608.

Stancliff, Joe, election, M.I., 362.

Stanier, Francis, quoted, 436.

Stanley double-heading machine.— Dis-
cussion, 136.

Staple-pit, use in shaft-sinking, 83.

State AM, Ira Cybil FRA?fK, election,
S S„ 308.

— , quoted, 177, 17S.

Steafa, cost of rai&iiig, ooal and waste-
gases, oonipariBon, 366.

— , — with slack t-oal, 377.

— , siiperbea^ting, redui:tioQ in number
of boilers by, 141.

Steam -eotidenflitig plant, Florence col-
liery j 219,

Steam engines, collieriea, condense ra,
ditfiGulty of adopting, 103.

-, eificiency, 365.

, existing, improve tnent of, 375,

377.

Steam- hammers s Low Moor ironworks,

Stibnite, Brittany, Martign^, minerals

associated with, 618.
Still, William, election, M.C., 112.
Stirling boilers, cost, 324.
, Walsall electric power-station,.

331.
Stobbs, J. T., election, councillor, N.S.,

427.
— » gyp*nim in Dove vallet/, 187.
— , value of fossil mollusca in coal-
measure stratigraphy. — Discussion,

616.
Stobbs, J. T., and E. B. Wain, notes on

Cauldon Low and Manifold valley,

north Staffordshire, 193. — Discussion,

196.
Stock-work copper vein, Staffordshire,

Ecton, 196.
Stokes, A. H., CourrUres explosion,

340.
— , detection of inflammable ga^es in

mines, 147-
— , two-^tage air-comprtMsiny jJant^ 339.
—f underground fan^ a^ mfiin i.^m/iYtifU'r*,

143-
Straiigrfi.phieal conditions affecting oo-

currenee of petroleum, 597*
Stratiprapby, coal-measure, value of

fossil mollusca in, 516.
8tbaw, Charles, election, M.L, 253.
8TEICK, John, quoted, 4*12.
yTRiNOEB, Geobgk Eli WARD, election,.

M.L, ^3.
Stromboli volcano, earthquake in Italy

and, 583, 584.
Stboup, HfcXBY, quo ted, 9*
Stl^abt, Donald M.D., Greenwell medal

awarded to, 8, 17.
Stubbs, T.| election j councillor^ M.L,

49.
Students, li^t, Ixvii.
gTtTBOKON ifcjr^coioprpsgor, 339.

INDEX.

671

8wALfX>w, F. C, boilers for colliery pur-
poses, 321.— Disoussion, 326.

Swallow, W. A., quoted, 28.

Bweden, magmatic iron-ores, 594.

SwiJsnuMY brick-making machine, Stafford
Coal and Iron Company, Limited, 215.

Switchboard, Walsall electric power-sta-
tion, 332.

Sylvester mine, Alsace, Val de VilU,
619.

Sytyca or marly shale, 601.

T&berg, Sweden, magnetite in basalt,
594.

Tamworth division, Warwickshire coal-
field, 316.

Tanfield Lea, Durham, Tantobie, deposits
in pit-f&U, 24, 526.

Tabbrax Oil Company, Limited, elec-
tric power-station, winding-gear and
pumping-plant, 102.

— , — winding-plant, test of, 287.

Tam-et-Garonne, France, phosphatic de-
posits, 623.

Tate, W., quoted, 95, 96.

Tellwbight, W. a. M., quoted, 434.

Temperatures, air-compression, single
and two-stage, 338.

— , underground, France, Lorraine, 581.

— , --, — , Pas-de-Calais, 580.

Tbrmibk, p., and G. Fbiedel, shear-
planes in St. Etienne coal-field, France,
615.

Tertiary coal-deposits of Ruda, Dalmatia,
598.

Testing-machine, Low Moor ironworks,
75.

Testing materials, report of congress of
International Association for, 1906,
220.

Tetrahedrite and associated minerals,
Alsace, Triembach lodes, 619.

, — , Urbeis lodes, 619.

Teversal collieries, two-stage air-com-
pressing plant. —Discussion, 336.

Thacker, 8. L., boilers for colliery pur '
poses, 327.

— , Walsall Corporation electric supply,
330.— Discussion, 335.

Thawing of frozen ground, sinking 1)y
freezing process, Dawdon colliery, 575.

Theresa snaft, Dawdon colliery, sinking,
2, 553.

Thermometers for ascertaining tempera-
tures of bore-holes, 580.

Thirkrll, E. W., election, councillor
M.L,49.

— , sinking and fibbing (it Methley Junc-
tion colliery, 98.

Thompson, G. R., election, councillor,
M.L,49.

— , pnenmcUogeny 72.

— , quoted, 279.

Thompson, John, election, M.C., 336.

Thomson, John B., diamond hand-bor-
ing machine, 107. — Discussion, 110,
293.

— , tests of a mine-fan, 295.

Thomson, Thos., diam&tid hand-horing
machine f 110, 294.

Thomson direct-readins wattmeter, use
in electric winding-plant tests, 290.

Thornborouoh, John, quoted, 267.

Thorns cave, north Staffordshire, 195.

Three-phase haulage plant, Rateau ex-
haust-steam-driven, 118,527.

Th WAITS electro-barograph for mines.
29.

Tiefbohr method of shaft-sinking, 358.

Tietze, O. , phosphatic deposits of France,
622.

Timber, sizes, piling process, shaft-sink-
ing, 385.

Timbering, roadways, Courri^res colliery,

ToDi>, J. T., election, councillor, M.C.,
117.

ToMSON system of pumping, shaft-sink-
ing, 359.

ToNOE, Alfred J., election, vice-presi-
dent, M.G., 229.

— , colliery-plant, its economy and waste.
—Discussion, 365.

— , practical problems of machine-mining,
500.

— , underground fans as main ventilators.
—Discussion, 143, 234.

Torques, electric motors for coal-cutting
machines, 392.

— , winding, effects of acceleration on,
287.

Tor rs ten or hard iron ore, 596.

Tramway, inclined, limestone quarries,
Cauldon Low, 194.

Transformers, Hulton colliery, 41.

Treasurer, election, M.G., 229.

— , -, N.S.,427.

Treasurers, xii.

— , election, 149.

Trkmenheere, S., quoted, 265.

Tbemlett, Horace, election, M.I., 362.

Trener, G. B. , diffusion theory of origin
of ore-deposits, 593.

Triembach lodes, Alsace, Val de Vill",
619.

Truskawiec, Galicia, petroleum and ozo-
kerite, 601.

Tub - changing apparatus, hydraulic,
Sneyd collieries, 211.

Tubbing, cast - iron, Boulthaiu well,
245.

- , , crib-beds, spacing of, 98.

— , , Dawdon colliery, 3, 55:^.

— , , , fixing of, 570, 572, 574.

672

INDEX.

Tubbing, cast-iron, Dawdon colliery,
testing of pressures behind, 575.

— , , English and German, compari-
son, 359.

, y German, method of securing, 360.

, , Horden collieries, 4.

: , large diameter shafts and, 278.

, , Methley Junction colliery, 76.

, , , crib-bed, artificial,

96.

, , details of segments.

, , foundation-crib, 97.

, , lowerlDg of, 81, 82.

, old, testing of thickness, etc.,

78 et seq.

, preserving composition for, 80,

88,99.

, pumping and, comparison, 359.

, renewal of, Methley Junction

colliery, 77, 95.

, strength of, lack of information

on, 360.

, thickness, allowances for cor-
rosion, 96.

, — , calculation, 98.

, — , formulae for calculating, 95.

wooden, Bowbum colliery, 387.
" ^8.

- , Hebbum colliery, 388

Tubular boilers, water-softenins and»

324.
TuJNKLL, Cablrton, quoted, 263.
Tunnel colliery, south Staffordshire and

Warwickshire coal-fields extension,

314.
Turbine-engines, costs, 371.

, efficiency, 369.

, Rateau exhaust-steam-driven, 120,

211.
Turbo-compressor, centrifugal, driven by

exhaust-steam from winding-engine,

1.31.
Turbo.generators, Parsons, driven by

exhaust-steam, 120.

, — , Hulton colliery, 40.

, — , , tests, 379.

TURNEB, E. P., election, N.S., 493.

TuKNEB, T., quoted, 423.

Tustanowioe, Galicia, petroleum and

ozokerite, 601.
Two-stage air-compressing plant at Tev-

ersal collieries. — Discussion, .336.
Tyrol, southern, copper- and wolfram-
ores, 603.
Ty&nienica, Galicia, petroleum and

ozokerite, 601.
Tysvar, Norway, manganese deposits,

591.

Underground fans as main ventilators. —
Discussion, 143, 234.

— railways, improved rails and rail-
joints, 494.

— temperatures in Pas-de-Calais, France,
580.

Ungemach, — , metalliferous deposits of

Val de Vill^, AUace, 619.
United Kingdom, gypsum-output, 176.
Unna, Germany, coal, 626.
Urbeis lodes, Alsace, Val de Vill^, 619.
Uysdal, Walcheb von, quoted, 52.

INDEX.

673

Ventilation, well-sinking, Bonltham, 251.

— of headings, compressed-air machines
and, 138, 140.

Ventilators, main, underground fans as,
143,234.

Verschoyle, W. Denham, new pocket-
transit, 165.— Discussion, 167'

Vice-presidents, election, 149.

, — , M.C., 117.

, — , M.G.,229.

, — , M.I.,49.

Vice-presidents, election, N.E., 6.

, -, N.S., 427.

, — , S.8., 308.

, list, xi.

VoGT, J. H. L., magmatic segregatiov

of iron -ores in granite, 595.
— , manganiferous bog-ore and formation

of manganese deposits, 590.
VoisiN, P., quoted, 449.
Volcanic action, earthquakes and, 583,

584, 588.

Waddle fan, Florence colliery, 216.
, StaflFord Coal and Iron Company,

Limited, 214.
Wain, E. B., ftedAoattr of colliery-

boilers, 38.
— » gyptmm in Dove valley, 186.
— , quoted, 437.
Wain, E. B., and J. T. Stobbs, notes on

Cauldon Low and Manifold valley,

north Staffordshire, 193. — Discussion,

196.
Wainbwrioht, Wilfbid Benjamin,

election, M.G., 5)5.
Walkeb, G. Blake, cost of electrical

unit at a colliery, and colliery -plant, its

economy and icaste, 365.
— , election, councillor, 49.
— , quoted, 71.
Walkeb, Norman Savilk, election,

M.L,253.
Walker, William, election, M.C.,

112.
Walker, W., election, vice-president,

M.L, 49.
— , pneumatogen, 71.
Walker fan, Shelton Iron, Steel and

Company, Limited, 207.

, Sneyd collieries, 211.

, Stitford Coal and Iron Company,

Limited, 213.
Wallwork, Jesse, election, councillor,

M.G.,232.
Walmesley, Herman Josei'ii, election,

M.C., 112.
Walsall Corporation, electric supply,

330.- -Discussion, 335.
Walters, Hargreave, death, 44, 117.
Wanz, F., quoted, 52.
Wardell, Stuart C, liquid air and its

tMc in rescue-apparaivM, 546.
Wars, Robert Galen, Green well medal

awarded to, 8, 17.
Warora colliery, India, air-blast, 205.
Warwickshire coal - field, bore - holes,

317.

, extensions, 313.

, Stanley heading-machines in,

138.
Wash-holes in gypsum-deposits. Dove

▼alley, 181, 189.

Washington, W., election, councillor,

M.L, 49.
Waste-gases, steam-raising by, costs,

366.
Waste-heat from coke-ovens, utilization,

W papers on, 154.
ater, from borings, impregnated with
salt, 351.

— , hardness of, causes, 32, 34.

— , , method of determining, 36.

— , , removal by boiling, 34, 38.

— , , temporary and permanent,

meaning of terms, 34, 35.

— , outburst, Methley Junction colliery,
76, 86.

— , underground, hardness of, 31 .

— , — , soHening of, 31.

Water-gauges, ventilation, Hulton col-
lieries, 42.

Water-level, shafts, Dawdon colliery,
effect of tides on, 553, 561, 563, 564,
565.

Water-softeners, Archbutt-Deeley, Daw-
don colliery, 3.

Water-softening, advantages claimed tor
32.

, comparison of methods, 37.

, plant for small collieries, 35.

Water-supply, Boultham well, 252.

Water-tube boilers, space of, compared
with power, 326, 327, 328.

, various types compared, 325.

Waterhouse, M. W. , three-phase haulage
plant, 133.

Watering in mines, ankylostomiasis and,
358.

, coal-dust explosions and, 343,

345, 508.

Watson, Bishop, quoted, 196.

Watson, James Thomas, election, M.L,
43.

Watts, William, report of delegate
to meeting of corresponding societies
of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, York, 1906,
M.G., 515.

Wedges, use in alabaster minins, 184.

Wedging-cribs, strata forming beds for,
Dawdon colliery, 568, 573.

Weeks, J. G., election, councillor, 11.

674

INDEX.

Weeks, J. G., election, vice-president, 149.

— , stopping and restarting mine-wagons,
22.

Weighing mine-wagons, appliance for
automatically stopping and restarting^
20.

Weik pumps, feed-water supply, Wal-
sall electric power-station, 331.

Weiss, Paul, quoted, 452.

Weiss, Paul, and Jules Beboebon,
coal-field of French Lorraine, 613.

Welding-tests, value of, 223.

Westebmann, H.. Aix-laChapelle coal-
field, Germany, 623.

Westpualian Mine-ow2(ebs' Associa-
tion, Bochum, tests on rescue-ap-
paratus, 68, 69.

Westvaago, Norway, magnetite deposits,
596.

Whallet, Edmund Bessell, election,
S.I., 100.

Wharncliffe, Lord, quoted, 266.

Whitaker, John, quoted, 267.

Whitaker, W., quoted, 627.

Whitmore steam-brake and over- wind-
ing device, Florence colliery, 216.

Whitwood collieries, economy effected
by improvements in existing steam-
engines, 377.

WiDDAs, Henby, and P. Phillips
Bedson, experiments illustrative of
inflammability of mixtures of coal-dust
and air, 529. — Discussion, 531.

Wild, Matthew Eyre, Jun., election,
Vf.C, 112.

Wild, Robert Powley, election, N.E.,
526.

Wilkinson, H., death, 117.

WiLKiNSDN, Hugh L., election, N.S.. 30.

Wii.KiysoN, T. S., quoteti, 4J1L

WiLLANS tie ntrftl- valve epgme», elfutrical

Windine-eugines, Horden collieries, 5.

, Hulton colliery, 40.

, low efficiency, causes, 118.

, non-condensing, reasons for adop-
tion, 120.

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 207.

, sinking, Boultham well, 245.

, — , Dawdon colliery, 3.

-• — , Sneyd collieries, 210, 211.

, Stafford Coal and Iron Company,

Limited, 212, 213, 214.

Winding in lifts, early applications of
system of, 271.

Winding-plant, electric, estimated cost,
292.

, — , Tarbrax Oil Company, Limited,

102.

, — , , tests, 287, 289.

Winding -ropes, flat, Courri^res collieries,
441.

, Florence colliery, 216.

, Horden collieries, 5.

, Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Com-
pany, Limited, 207.

, sinking, Dawdon colliery, 3.

, testing machine for, Association

des Industriels de Belgique, 224.

Winding-torques, effects of acceleration
on, 287.

WiNSTANLEY, Geobge H., election,
auditor, M.G., 232.

— , — , vice-president, M.G., 229.

WiNSTANLEY, J. P., election, N.S., 493.

Wire-ropes for winding, introduction of,
270.

Witten, Germany, coal-field, 626.

Wolf safety-lamps, 300.

, Courrieres collieries, 444.

, interual relighterfl, 301.

, mitmtenaiico costs, 303.

INDEX.

675

WooDHEAD, A., election, councillor,

M.I, 49.
WooDHEAD, Willie, election, M.I., 43.
WooDHOUSE, John T., quoted, 433.
WooDWABD, Hbnby, quoted, 523.
WooDWOBTH, B., feed-rvater of colliery-

l>oiler8f 39.

- , quoted, 437.

— , rail^ and raU-joijUs far collieries t 498.

WoRDSwoBTH, T. H., election, coun-
cillor, M.G., 232.

Working, metho<l of, Courrierea colliery,
443.

— » - -» gypsum, 185.

— , , — , Dove valley, 183.

— of mines, notes of colonial and
foreign papers on, 579.

WoBTHiNGTON pumps, foed-water sup-
ply, Walsall electric power-station, 331.

, water for bore-holes, Dawdon col-
liery, 556.

Wurm, Germany, Aix-la-Chapelle coal-
field, 624.

Wyken colliery, coal-measures, dip,
316.

Wylib, Alexander, quoted, 330, 335.

Wylie, Alexander Matthew, Jun.,
election, S.I., 286.

Wynne, F. H., election, councillor,
N.8.,427.

— , librarian's report, N.S., 426.

Wynne, T. Traffobd, gypsum and ita
occurrence in the Dove valley, 171. —
Discussion, 184.

Yellow sand and magnesian limestone,
sinking by freezing process, Dawdon
colliery, 551.

Yerbury, Frederick Augustus, elec-
tion, N.K, 390. •

Yonne, France, phosphatic deposits, 623.
Yorkshire and Lancashire coal-fields,

correlation, 515.
Yorkshire Electric Power Company,

quoted, 375, 378.

Zante, Greece, earthquake, ob«ervation-

station, 582.
Zetller, R., coal-fields of French Lor-

raine, 613.
Zeillsr, R., quoted, 607.
Zinc-ores, Alsace, Urbeis lodes, 619.

TOL XXXII.~19(M-1907.

7)u InstOuliorv oTMuwig Engineers. VolJULHL,PlAT£2 .

Tran9ax>tion*.}$0B190r,

^liion^jcUUxdUi Stopping ondRestiirtinpJShe'WCU/aris^

FiQ. I.—Seotional Elevation.

TOrriAM-TllAP

FiQ. 2.— Plan.

FiQ. 3— End Elevation.

^I^^'kr

i; ii

8cal€, a Feet to 1 Inch,

Tks> Jfortk ofEn^latui IkatUuU oflfvun^ 4r IftchaniccU En^msers
Transarjuons.i906 J907.

Vbi.LVlhFLATEL

7%d

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Voj^XXM., Plate U,

Fig 5.-Q1ERSBER0 APPARATUS: Fig. 6. Qiersberq Apparatus:
1900 Type. 1901 Type.

Fig. 7
Appi

V-/

Bcalit. 2 Feitt to 1 Inch.

ATU8: Fig 11.— Pneumatogen :
1 Type.

Fig. 1 2. -Pneumatogen :
U Type.

1^^

•

fe, 2 feet to I Inch.

VOJ.XVU. Pl^TE X

FlQ. 1.— QRr-P"-LAR8 IN HaiQH MoOR CoAL-8EAI^.

^i\

oi^TH THKMCNcstcSECTioN SHEWING Position

w!^, Htniimmti AND DaM IN OlD UpCAST ShAFT

1
f94L /AC. /na.

281

l^'t'-

it>.

240

•1

aiulliiilriiu/ "eto.

VolXXXILFzateJV:

Fig. 8.-PLAN OF Tapered Cribs
AND Base Ring of Tu&binq.

[ Shaft.

7 Inch.

^. 11.— Section
F Tubbing.

\ftm

i. I 11" II InM

i¥1

TTT

Tool used for Lowering Rings

OF Tubbing in Old Downcast Shaft.

Fig 14. Elevation

HFin^""^" "1

IFI^^

It ' /

Ipt

— Ml

Fio. S.-Plan.

Scale. 6 Fevt to 1 Inch.

VoiJ(ML,PLArEXn.

aiKHEjhhin^ "etc^

VolXXM^PlateJV:

FiQ. 8.— Plan of Tapered Cribs
AND Bas£ R hq of TueeiMQ,

Shaft.

1 ineh.

11.— Section
»f tubbinq.

rfvd

iOTB-

Tool used for Lowering Rings

OF Tubbing in Old Downcast Shaft.

Fig 14-. Elevation

Scale. 0 Feet to 1 inch.

Til*. I^nsH

i / andTuhbin^ ''etc.

Voi.XXXU.,Plate V.

Iranqement on He'ad-qear.

Fio. 25.- Section

THROuoH Line YZ

OF FiQ. 23.

89aJ9, 2 Ftt U 1 luck.

Wire-rope Conductor Fastening
AT Pit-bottom.

Fig 21. -Side Fig. 22. -End
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Voj^XllLAArEjm.

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Vbl.XXM,PjLATEJ!I.

Method of Sinkinq, with Under. level Drifts.
t6 -Side Elevation. Fiq. 27.— Elevation.

1 1 llfTU^Il

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FiQ. 28. -Plan.

Voj^XMI^PlateXIV.

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5. -Record-diagram of Steam-pressure in Accumulator

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FiQ. 3.— End Elevation.

; -jai!ili^f.>i»py.iwwfW|wipr~^

'^^ Three phase J/mtlafftmnt" VojuXXXH^PlatbIX.

lAGRAM OF AMPERCMETEa WITH THE DIFFERENT R0PE8 IN QeAR-

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« I H u T I ■ .

» » 94 f r if ^T' H 11 BQ If

JKe JnstUiUiAjn, o^'MuutK^ £?mht4ers
Tru^i.<:a.'UcnjiJ906l907

FiQ. 1.— Sketch Plan of Qypsum-deposits.

--7^

Sco/f, ; mi9 io 7 tnek.

REFERENCES.

k RAILWAY.
- TRAMWAY.

I ' ROAD.

X MINI.

— — - OUTOROR or OVPtUM-DEROSiT.

FiQ. 2.— Section of Surface from
River Dove to Hanbury Church.

.4^

Horixontal Soaie, 5,280 F§et to 1 Inah.
Yertfeai Seate, 300 Feet to 1 Inek.

FiQ. 3.— Section shewing occurrence
OF Hard Stone.

Scale, 16 Feet to 1 Ineh.

FiQ. 4.— Section shewing occurrence
OF Circular Wash-hole.

FiQ. 5. Section shewing Method
OF Block-cutting.

Scale, 10 Feet to 1 Ineh.

AndT Rtid k CompiT L*' li«we«tde upm Tynt

Du JnstUuiufnr of'Muung Erufliice^s
Tniri.caclicnsJ$06l907.

Vdi.XKXE,FLATE X

To illustrate^ Mf^ I Ihxffbrd V^izaes Paper 07h(hvsum/'et4>,

FiQ. 1.— Sketch Plan of Qypsum-deposits.

Scai; 1 IHl9 to 7 /neh.

REFERENCES.

► RAILWAY. ' I ROAD.

- TRAMWAY. X MINI.

' OUTOROR or OYPtUM-DEPOSiT.

FiQ. 2.— Section of Surface from
River Dove to Hanbury Church.

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Yortleal 8eato, 300 Foot to 1 Inek.

FiQ. 3.— Section shewing occurrence
OF Hard Stone.

^ ^ X ... \ ~T~^^^^

8o€Uo, 16 Foot to 1 Inch.

FiQ. 4.— Section shewing occurrence
OF Circular Wash-hole.

Fig. 5. Section shewing Method
of Block-cutting.

-.00.=

; \T

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^•-^

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Fig. 7 "Plan of Single
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Fig 9.-SECTION showing Reduction in Diameter
OF Shaft from 12 Feet to 9 Feet.

Th^ Mc*

VolXXKPjlateJL

Tiu rn3t /^Zih^<plnf.

VojLKXXirj'LATEM.

Fig. 7- Plan of Single
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Fig. 9.— Section showing Reduction in Diameter
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VoLXXIrPLATElL

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TIME IN SEOONDS.

T—

Vbj.XXMFLATEXi

REFERENCES.

«*| I ALLUVIUM.

^t%H5^'3 tOWER KCUPER • RED MARL.
^ l^^•■^^^.•• ^i DO' iANOSTONE.

^^I-'.'-.' •••'•.':! BUNTBR : SANDtTONE

g H*l'!»r'!l **<>. CONaLOMERATC.

f\ ^ KEELE SERIES.

^[ I COAL-MEASURES.

A>|; ; ; ;:i millstone orit

t,^^^^^ SILURIAN.

jJHm BASALT AND QREENSTONfe

— — ^- CAULTS AND DIRECTION OF THROW.

• COLLIERIES.

Tt'/Wil

H
I

z
o

h
<

I-
z
ttl
O

I
%

IKt IntU^uUow oTMinin-if En^Uuers
Trun 6ac.UonjiJ306J907.

Fig. 2.- Vertical Section of Piling.

ocPTH fhom auitrAoi

2\e- Ifortk of England fitstUuU ofUvtuuf * IftckanicaZ EngmMrs
Transactions. 1906 1907

AaviT Rnd Jt Com{Pf L*^ l!l«we&«vV« vtyan'tyTM

Se^^jB fwt to 7 Inch.

Voj^lXIUPi^rsLU.

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vbi.xxxn.PLATB,:ssni

>UQH No. 3 Pit.

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! DOWNCAST
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VdLXXXE.FiATEXX.

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IS MEN ESCAPED »Y i

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Ix." I^*"*" ^*'*"'' O^ BOWETTE
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Ybj.XXXR,TLATEXL.

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IS MEN ESCAPED BY J
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BE 32« METRES

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JTenshjca/^6 Paper on'lTi&Cbw VolXXXILRstsXIIV

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ART OP BOWBTTS ARRESTED THS SXPLOBION
kOELAlDB 280 MBTRBS

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r 8.333 /nches to 1 inch.

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SOUTH

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MAONESIAN LIMESTONE L' '. / J
YELLOW SAND t/rii-'.l'A'-r

COAL-MEASURES ! I

FiQ. 1 f^'Q 3- Geological Section on Line CD of Fig. 1.

^ EAST

5.- Section of Fore-shaft and Bore-holes.

\nj

Scaltf, 15 Feet to 1 Inch.

h?i

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Voi,/Xn,PLArKllL

Voi.XXXILJ'lateXXMII

VoJLlMlJPLATEn'

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February

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romJuly 1

VozXXXILPlateJSK.

3th to 20th. 1904-

\y 18th.

DNDAY.

July i9th. July 20th.

tuesday. wednesday.

'ater due to the Formation of the Ice-wall
R 22nd to October 12th. 1904.

OCTOBER.

'i * 1 a '~T \ 1 ¥

...... - 1^ _1.. ,

9 1 lo""

12 1 13

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Voi.XXKR,Plate XKXI.

DBER 318T. TO December 2no, 1904-

pCTOBQ

rFtxl 31 2 "^'"23'T ~24~ ^ 25 '^ 2q"] 27

30 .

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DECEMBER

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Fig. 17. t

CoN(E Ice-wall from January 18th to March 4tm, 1905.

Voi^lMLPlATEVn.

Th^ Tnii^ Zijficstone, "eto

Vol XXXII-PiateXSM.

Fio. 26'''"'ON OF Shot-moles. Fiq. 26— Elevation of Stuffinq-box
IN TheH Frozen Ground. for Boring aga«nst Water

^aNQLES OF Shot-holes.

D 7 Inch.

E RING. AT A DEPTH

iTLEREAOH Shaft.
3th, 1906.

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Scal9, 7 Foot to 1 Inch.

The Not

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rraft^\K'tu>rii/ 19061907

Vol XXXn^ Tlat£XSXIV

To £i/44.^tra/€ Af^RSWoo€is/\:^erorv^Sinkmff
through Ma^ijeswffilimesioFte^ 'etr:

Fig. 31.-SECTION8 of Strata sunk through m Castlereagh

B¥ PUMPiHO AND Flie£^ NQ SYSTEMS.

AND

Theresa Shafts,

Castlereaqm Shaft

[ Theresa Shaft

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TtENCES.

WORK DONE PREVIOUS TO AI^QPTION OF fllEEZlNa PROCESS IN lOObnrj-^.
WORK DONE BY FREEZING PtaeCM

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A»iT RjBid It CoxcLp' U* 'Vcw:«%ii»-\d9<A'Trt«

5cfl/«^S0_fMf toT^ Inch.

Voz^UH. Plate X.

1 906

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