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| FLORA INDICA; | 


ESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN PLANTS. 


a 


BY THE LATE 


PREFACE TO THE THIRD VOLUME. 


Iw consequence of what has been mentioned in the Advertise< 
ment prefixed to the First Volume of this work, as well as in an Ar 
- ticle in the Journal of the Asiatic Society for April 1832, entitled 
“Review of Indian Botany,” page 138, the inference will proba- 
byt be — that the Public have much to regret, in its being 
‘esented to the world without Dr. Wallich’s additions. To deny 
this j is not The Famer of the writer of this Preface, but to offer 
some further explanation of the reasons which led to it. In the 
latter end of 1830, when the Publishers determined, with the as- 
sistance of the Author’s greatly esteemed friend, the Reverend Dr. 
Carey, to complete the Publication of the “ Frora Inpica,” up- 
wards of ten years had elapsed since the First Volume of the old 
_ Edition had appeared; during which interval one other Volume 
only was added to it. At this period (the conclusion of 1830) 
Dr. Wallich was in England, and the Publishers had no means of 
judging when he purposed returning to India, or whether he in- 
tended to remain altogether in Europe. Calls for the completion 
of the Work had from time to time been made in the Journals and — 
Periodicals of the day, and the obligation they were under not to al- 
_ low a Work, the result of much study and labour, to remain longer 
< dormant, had continued undischarged too long. Further delay 
was out of the question. Two modes of Publication now suggest 
ed themselves ; 3—one, to complete the remaining Volumes, making 
use of Dr. Wallich’s manuscript Notes and Additions ; the other, to 
publish them without. Both were set aside: the first was palpably 
improper, circumstances not admitting of Dr. Wallich’s acquies-. 
-_eence being previously sought : the second would have given to the 
‘World a confused and mutilated work. In lieu it was determined, — 
nough a much additional ore, to REPRINT the two 


vi : PREFACE, 


Volumes published in 1820 and 1824, leaving out Dr. Wallich’s 
Notes and Additions, and then to complete the work as originally 
left in Manuscript by the Author. These then are briefly the rea- __ 
‘sons which induced the Publication of the “ Fiora” in its present _ = 
shape ; whether the public will have really cause to be dissatisfied, — 
is not for an individual to decide. The undersigned would mere- 
ly remark, that had the “ Firora Inp1ca” been published with 
Dr. Wallich’s Additions, the quantity of matter would undoubt- 
edly have been greatly increased, and so would the price of the 
Work. It now comprises in three Volumes the greater part of the be 
productions of Hindoostan, Bengal and the Dukshin, including the = 
Coasts, while with Dr. Wallich’s additions it would have also em- ;| 
braced those of Nepal and Ava, and some subsequent discoveries in ‘s 
Bengal and Hindoostan. The bulk and price of the work in. the 
latter case, would have pn been just alo ee “eg a 
sent is;—the Pub i ete -che rime merits 


ds of Wallich, among fobs the writer of this Pre- 
~ face would include himself, will not, it is presumed, be disposed to 
‘Tay much stress upon the circumstance of his labours having been 
unavailable in the present instance, as they are doubtless sensible 
that hi. - stensive Researches in the Territories of Ava and Nepal, 
are of themselves capable of furnishing ample materials for asepa- _ 
rate Publication. The undersigned desires in conclusion to take = 
this opportunity to convey to the Reverend Dr. Carey, the grate 
sense entertained by his brother Captain Bruce Roxburgh (who 
has recently embarked for Europe) and himself, of the ready kind- 
‘ness with which the editing of the “ Frora Inprca” was under-— 
taken, without which proof of his continued attachment to the me- 
mory of the Author, the result of his many years study and labour 
‘must have longer remained in oblivion. 


BF whic te 05 hee ye tis 
Ipecac Lyte ee 


eee tpsee es Stee, SM saa eb ya at hes Uh ea ta, AE Ae 


JAMES ROXBURGH. 


| Aids . 
7th Sept, 1832. f 


CONTENTS. 


LASS XIV. 


ANGIOSPERML IA 


CLASS XV. 


TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA . 
- + SILIQUOSA, eae ree 


"CLASS XVL 
SRA PENTANDRIA . 
HEXANDRIA | 
DECANDRIA 

DODECANDRIA 
POLWANURIA 65. 4m © si: 


ai CLASS XVII. 
* DIADELPHIA 1 TRIANDRIA sen toe 
—HEXANDRIA ws oss 


——— - OCTANDRIA eer eee eee tee 
———--—-— DECANDRIA ote 


eee aoe 


ae 


Vili CONTENTS. 


CLASS XIX. 


BEWGMWECLs ANQUALIB «20.5... ik te es ee ee 
SUE RRPEUA ees. tse = soe gis Sis ee 
FRUSTRANEA ae RE Be ae, Pe ee 
oS ee ee eee | 


CLASS XX. 


GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA oe ste see wee one ere one 450 
IRE go ee HEXANDRIA_ = seks ; e wee eee eee eee ees 488 


MONOBOIA-MONANDRIA 
‘DIANDRIA eee eee ete ete cee 
TRIANDRIA ... 


seo 


-MONADELPHIA 
SYNGENESIA Spt. oe, fee oes eee 
—_——- GYNANDRIA oe A aoe eee eee eee 


DIOECIA MONANDRIA 
) At 


PENTANDRIA «. 0 os. ue 
SS ER ANUMER AS ie cre <a 
ENNEANDRIA wo. oe 
iL. PRCANDBIA oi3* beh - 00s 
SORVANDRIA Go cs 


FLORA INDICA. 


CLASS XIV. 


-DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, . 


AJUGA. Schreb. gen. N. 959. — 


Calyx five-toothed. Upper lip of the corol small, biden- 
tate, and shorter than the stamina, 


1, A, fruticosa, Roxb. ; 
Shrubby, erect, ramous, downy, Leaves broad-lanceolate, 
serrate; the superior pair of anthers simple, the lower pair 

twin. 

Nepeta malabarica, Linn, sp. pl. ed. Willd. Rock 

Tam. Retti pemeretti. _ 

A native of the coast of Coromandel, Shere it is esteemed . 
a medicine of considerable virtue by the inhabitants. 

‘Stem erect, shrubby. Bark ash-coloured. Branches with 
four rounded angles, and furrowed sides, all the young tender 
parts" covered with much, very soft, white down ; height of : 
the shrubs from four to six feet. Leaves opposite, short-pe- 
_ tioled, drooping, cordate-lanceolate, or broad-lanceolate, ser- 
rate, and clothed like the young branches with much soft, 
white down, from one to six inches long, and about one-fourth 
of | that i in breadth. Flowers numerous, large, purple, sessile, 

Th nate > on opposite, ere dichotomous, Soest 
voL, mm A 


2 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, Ajuga. 


mous spikelets, which terminate the branches. Bractes fili- 
form, and like every other part of the plant, downy. Calyx 
somewhat gibbous, mouth five-cleft, downy; corol, upper 
lip erect, entire, shorter than the stamina ; the /ower one three- 
lobed, with the middle tube cordate, emarginate, of a lively 
purple colour, and much larger than the paler coloured, pos- 
terior, or lateral lobes, Filaments nearly equal, and adher- 


ing to each other. Anthers on the short, or exterior pair of 


filaments, twin, on the long or inner pair, single. 


2. A. disticha. Roxb. 

Annual, ramous. Leaves cordate, serrate, downy. Spikes 
axillary, two-cleft, recurvate, secund. Bractes subulate. 
Lower anthers twin. 

Ballota disticha, Lim: Sp pl. ed. Willd. ii 
bably Nepeta indica ofthe sae, 57. 

Beng. Gobura. 

Tsjadaen, Rheed. Mal. x. ‘t 88. 

This is one of our largest annuals ; ; it grows in hedges, &c, 
where the soil is good and dry. Floi ois during the wet and 


cold seasons, : 
Stems erect, four-sided, with a few pairs of opposite 
branches, downy, from three to six feet high, Leaves oppo- 


site, petioled, cordate, obtusely serrate, very soft, downy, three — 


inches long, and two broad. Flowers seemingly verticelled, 
but are arranged alternately ; ovula recurved ; spikes sessile 


in the opposite axills; there is always a single flower stands 


between the pair of spikes. Bractes subulate, hairy, two to 
each flower. Calyx gibbous, five-toothed, (never ten-striat- 


ed). Corol ; tube length of the calyx ; upper lip green, short, 
entire, projecting ; under lip many times larger, recurved, — 


about the middle it is enlarged with two wings, beyond which 
it expands into two, large, deep purple, orbicular, crenulate, 


depending segments, Stamina the cond pair twin. Anthers, 


the larger singetb: 


Obs. The family character doeé not well. Gecord with hat 


* 


cag a peeameniatt i teenie Days eters eg mei are See a ei Bi a ame ae a e v} 


Teucrium, DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, 3 


of Balloia, nor of Nepeta; I have therefore removed it to 
Ajuga. 


3. A. repens. R. 

Biennial, procumbent, hairy. Leaves from oblong to lance- 
olar, tapering down the petioles, grossly and unequally ser- 
rate ; spikes terminal, cylindric. Bractes oblong, ventricose, 
five-flowered, or ten to the verticel. 

A native of Chittagong. Flowers in December and Janu- 
ary, and the seed ripens in February and March, 

Is rather a robust species, spreading over a space of about 
two feet in diameter ; the lower branches generally emit root 
from the joints, which’ rest on pihe 7 ome 


gas ras 
ee AUS. 
hee 


TEUCRIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 960. 


Calyx five-parted. Corol with the upper fip two-parted 
beyond the base, where the stamina are, 


ac oniferous, idioms stiiigta, fvarsaded: 
es corda e, serrate, rugose, Panicles veateel. Fe 
A native of the eastern — of Be 
the rainy season, = ee go 
Root perennial, producing numerous runners, whickeapoest 
wide, and propagate fast. Stems annual, erect, four-sided, 
villous, simple till near the top of the plant, where there .are 
a. few pairs of opposite branchlets; the whole plant about 
two feet high. Leaves opposite, petioled, drooping, cordate, 
serrate, a little wrinkled, soft, and a little villous, - Petioles 
shorter than the leaves, channelled. Panicles terminal, which 
includes the whole of the top of the plant. Braetes opposite, 
_ elliptic, villous, one-flowered. lowers numerous, sce: of 
: * ey pink. : 


A2 


4 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, Mentha. 


ELSHOTZIA. Willd. 


Calyx tubular, five-toothed. Corol bilabiate ; the upper 
lip three- (four- Willd.) parted, the under lip endisdak 
Stamina distant. 


E, villosa, R. ; 

Shrubby, downy. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, serrate; spikes 
panicled, sub-secund, 

Rujat the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indigen- 
ous, and is used in complaints of the bowels by the natives. 
Flowering time the rainy season. 


s 


MENTHAc o¢ 
Calyx five- oothed. Corol nearly equal, Fear cleft Sta- 
mina erect, distant, 


1. M. panicalatn, R. 

Annual, erect; branches brachiate. Leaves long-petioled, 
triangularly cordate, grossly serrate. cose ve pa- 
nicled. 

A native of the hills of Chittagong, wherdit Veta dur- 
ing the cool season. The natives use the leaves in their cur- 
ries on account of their — smell and taste. 

2. M. i Saglorie. Willd, iii. 74. 

Spikes terminal, cylindric, mixed with ciliate bractes, 
Leaves sub-sessile, oblong, serrate, hairy. Stamina longer 
than the corol, 

Majana foetidia. Rumph. Amb, vi. t. 16. f. 2. bad, 

A native of the Moluccas, and rather a weak, flaccid, ra- 
mous, fonrsidotts hairy plant. 


3. M. veal. Roxb. 
Perennial, erect, stems round, Leaves four-fold, nearly va 


Mentha, DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, 5 


near, serrate; spikes terminal, cylindric. Filaments hairy, 
and longer than the corol, - 

Teling. Konda-jajain. 

This seems an undescribed species, it is perennial, a native 
of the tops of hills, and the middle region of the Circar moun- 
tains, growing amongst the rocks, It flowers during the rainy 


' Season, 


Stems many, erect, with few branches, oot round, from 
‘two to four feet high. Leaves four-fold, rarely three-fold, 
spreading, dhdrt>petioled: linear-lanceolate, serrate, rugose, 
downy, from two to three inches long, and about half an inch 
broad. Spikes terminal, solitary, cylindric, crowded with in- 
numerable, small, rose-coloured flowers. Corol; tube twice 
the length of the calyx, segments reflexed. Filaments much 
longer than the coro], sub-equal, very hairy. 

This plant is very fragrant, not less so than our garden 
mint in Europe; common garden seil is too moist and too 
rich for it, for there it has always soon perished with me. 


4, M. verticil lata, R. ia : 
Annual, erect. Leaves verticelled, sessile, linear-lanceo- 
~ late, serrate. Spikes terminal, ee: iy 
Beng. Panee-kula. : 

Found in wet places near Calentta, appeals and flowers 


during the rains. 
Stems annual, erect. Branches a few near the top, and ver- 


ticelled. | Leaves verticelled, sessile, linear, serrate. Spikes 
solitary, terminal, cylindrical. Filaments woolly, twice the 
length of the corol. 

The plant has a considerable share of aromatic smell, and 
taste. 


— M. stellata. Buch. 
Spikes terminal, oylinttie Leaves Sito minute, ver- 
ticelled, . 


-6 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, Mentha, 


6. M. fruticosa, Roxb. 

Shrubby. Leaves ovate- ene roe serrate, aii Pa- 
nicles brachiate, terminal. Filaments and style much long- 
er than the corol, and variously bent. 

A native of the Circar mountains. | 

Shrubby. Leaves from cordate to oval, serrate. Spikes 
terminal, secund, flowers fascicled. Stamens hairy, double 
the length of the corol. 

Beng. Jul-luta, 

_ Elsholtzia. Banksian herbarium. 

This plant is common, and indigenous all over Bengal; ; 

flowering time the end of the cold season, 


Stems many, shrubby, erect, ramous, round, smooth, co- 


loured. Leaves opposite, pe gled 
serrate, when yot ny N 
red, een to six Seine Jong. | 
slightly channelled, much shorter than the leaves, Spike- 
lets terminal, and from the exterior axills, secund, very nu- 
merous, the whole of each branch forming a long panicle. 
Bractes numerous, hairy, and ciliate, the exterior one of every 
other pair is generally abortive; in the axill of each of the 
other three fertile ones is a fascicle or two, of from four to 
twelve smaller falcate bractes, embracing like an involucre, 
about as many flowers, Calyx sub-cylindric; Corol ; upper 
lip broad, three-parted, erect ; under lip entire, ovate, point- 
ed, Filaments double the length of the corol, hairy, . Style 
the length of the stamina. Stigma two-cleft, Gineec ta- 
pering and expanding. 

The plant possesses a strong, heavy, aromatic aia and 
bitterish taste. ) 


7. M. sativa, Willd. iii. 79. 
Flowers verticelled, Leaves elliptic, serrate, Stamina 
longer than the corol. 


Beng. Poodena, Pudun, &c. bee sh g0t). 


Found common in gardens throughout India, | 


Peis roundish, i 


- 


Glechoma, __ DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Bees 


8. M. perilloides, Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. iii, 83. 4 
__, Annual, hairy, Leaves cordate, grossly serrate, Roe 
terminal, and axillary, sessile, four-sided, Flowers in op- 
posite approximate pairs, sub-secund.. Bractes as long as 
the flowers, Stamens shorter than the corol. 

Perilla ocymoides, Linn, sp. pl. ed. Willd. iii, 83. ? 

A native of Nepal, from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the 
seeds to this garden, where, in one year from the time the 
seed was sown the plant blossomed abundantly. 

Stem erect, with four rounded angles, and excavated sides, 
hairy. Branches opposite, expanding, and, like the stem of 
the most luxuriant plants, about three feet high. Leaves op- 
posite, long-petioled, broad, cordate, grossly-serrate, hairy 
on both sides, from three to five inches , and from two to 
four broad, Petioles hairy, channelled, *Racemes axillary and 
terminal, sessile, four-sided, particularly before the’ flowers 
; aie Bractes lanceolate, acute, one-flowered. Flowers 

5 ite, decussate, approximate pairs, tending: to point 
to-o one aide only. Calya hairy; divisions five, nearly equal, 
Corol, the upper segment emarginate ; the under one much 
broader and longer, sub-reniform, Stamens rather shorter 
than the corol. .Anthers of two distinct lobes, 


: 


GLECHOMA. Schreb. gen. N. 970. * | 
Calyx five-cleft, each pair of anthers converging in form 


of a cross, 


“= erecta, Buch. 
Aunual, erect, Leaves cordate. Peduncles axillary, bear- 


ing sev eral flowers in a head, 


A native of the skirts of the mountains of Nepal where it 
is called Niasbo by the natives, and used internally as a re- 
medy j in Gonorrhea, From thence the seeds were sent by Dr. — 
Buchanan, under the above name, to the Botanic garden 
where the plants thrive well, blossom _ bb their seed all” 
the year round, 


8 DIDVYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, Phlomis. — 


Root annual, Stems nearly erect, four-sided, villous, bran- 
chy near the base, from one totwo feet high. Leaves oppo- 
site, petioled, cordate, serrate, downy. Peduneles axillary, 
solitary, round, longer than the petioles, supporting a dicho- 
tomous head of many small purple flowers, at and near the 
apex they become more and more approximate, and the leaves 
smaller and smaller, and may then be called exterior bractes. 
Bractes numerous, lanceolate, ciliate. Calyx ventricose, ten- 
ribbed, five-toothed, villous, Anthers twin, Seeds very small. 


The plant possesses a pleasant smell, not unlike that of 
balm, and has a pungent bitterish taste, 


LEONURUS. Schreb. Sen XN. 9 
Bathe «speineee with glossy y dots 


Le aterius. Willd. ill, 116. 

Annual, erect, four-sided. Leaves from bipinnatifid to sim- 
ple. Calyces with divisions daggered. Involucres bristly, 
upper lip of the corol vaulted. 

Cardiaca foliis tenuis, &c, Mill, fig. 4. 80. 

Its native place uncertain, though common in gardens all - 3 
Sver India. It is a plant of short duration, not more than ag 
three or four mouths, but eset is a constant soe bal 

them all the — 


PHLOMIS. Schreb. gen. N.978. 


Calyx angular, toothed; upper lip of the emt corol 
vaulted, incumbent, Sina 


1. P. repeti, VEE Willd. iii, 126. Sire come: 
Annual, straight, _ Leaves long-petioled, cordate ceo, a8 
downy. Calyx sept spine ee” the SAP and lower 
larger. 
_ Hind, Hejur-chei. 


Phlomis. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, 9 


Is a native of hedges, old mud walls, &c, It is a very 
specious-looking plant; flowering in the cold season. 

Stem annual, straight, four-sided, simple, from four to six 
feet high. Leaves opposite, spreading, petioled, cordate, ser- 
rate, pointed, downy, from four to eight inches long, and two 
or three broad, Floral leaves (bractes verticillorum,) lan- 
ceolate, depending. Petioles channelled, winged with the 
decurrent leaf; verticels globular, two, three or four, towards 
the apex of the plant, about five inches asunder. Jnvolucres 
many, subulate, lowers numerous, of a deep rich orange 
colour. Calyx ten-striated, eight-toothed, of which the six 
lateral ones are smoothest, all very sharp. Corol; under lip 
very short, three-toothed, at all times of a dirty withered co- 
lour. Cattle do not eat of — is it put oe puoennet 
know of, 


2P. zeylanica. Willd. iii. 123. 

Annual, straggling. Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat 
serrate. Calyx obliquely and sents acerca Ver~ es 
ticel axillary. 

_ Herba admirationis. inns. Amb, vi. t. 66.f.1.- 

- Tumba. Rheed. Mal. x. t. 91, . 

Hind. and Beng. Hull-khusa, ©) 4s Seige ih 

» Teling. Poo-alla-tumi. =~ ee eet 

This is ene of the most common plants, everyratlias seems 
to suit it; but it delights most in rubbish. 

Stem aad, when old straggling, four-sided, angles winnie 
ed, about two feet high ; branches opposite. Leaves remote, 
short-petioled, narrow-lanceolate, remotely and slightly ser- 
rate, a little downy, from two to three inches long and about 
one quarter of an inch broad. Verticels two or three towards 
: the > apex, small, globular. Involucres subulate, Calyx. ten- 

striated, curved, widening; mouth oblique, slightly eight- 

thed, ~- Flowers white; upper lip short, projecting, —~ 
ag under ie8 = ee middle: : i 

a VOL, | i, a8 — Ss 


10 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, =—s- Phlomis. 


_ This plant has a pleasant faint aromatic smell, its flowers 
are used by the brahmins to decorate their idols. In the 
Banksian herbarium, two other specific names are attached 
to it, viz. obliqua and malabarica, 


3. P. esculenta, Roxb. 

Annual, erect, ramous, Leaves lanceolar, serrate, downy ; 
heads generally terminal or with one globular verticel at the 
next pair of the leaves. Calya obliquely ten-toothed. 

Hind. and Beng. Choota-hull-koossa. 

Zeling. Manchy-tumi, or tumi-kura, 

This species is annual, it grows common on dry cultivadeg 
lands. Flowers. during the wet season. 

Stem annual, erect, ramous, four-angled, four-grooved, 
downy, from one to two feet high, opposite, short- 
petioled, broad- Janceolate, serrate, downy, about two inches 
long and three quarters of an inch broad, Verticels one or 
two, many-flowered. fnvolucres very numerous, — 
ciliate. _ Calyx obliquely ten-toothed. 

The plant possesses a considerable degree of a peedicar 
fragrance ; its leaves are used as a potherb by the natives, 


4. P. cephalotes, Kin. Mss. ie. 

Annual, erect, ramous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, aciite, 
serrate, downy. Heads terminal, IJnvolucres lanceolate, ci- 
liate. Calyx with the mouth even, and cut into ten equal 

Hind, and Beng. Bura-hul-khusa.: 

| Teling. Garosastumi. 

_ Like the former (P. esculenta,) but in ye respects they 
are dissimilar, Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong, point- 
ed, serrate, soft, downy, about two inches long, and less than 
one broad. Verticels generally solitary, terminal, globular, 
many-flowered. Flowers numerous, white, Invodicres nu- 
- merous, imbricate, lanceolate, ineurved, ciliates Calyx erect, 
-_gibbous, ten-striated ; mouth horizontal, ten-toothed, Cored 


sien 


Phlomis. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, il 


upper lip erect, vaulted, very hairy ; under lip as in the rest, 
Anthers oval (not two-lobed.) 

It differs from P. zeylanica, and esculenta, in the form of 
the involucres, calyx, and anthers, as well as in the general 
habit of the plants. No use is made of this species. 


5. P. calycina, Roxb. 

Diffuse, villous. Leaves long-ovate, grossly and bluntly 
serrate, smooth. Peduncles few-flowered. Calycine seg- 
ments five, cuneate, as long as their tube. 

ple: native of the northern _— of Hindoostan. 


6 P. P. urstoiyebid Willd. i ‘ii, 124, © 

Annual, erect, four-sided, villous. Leaves ovate, bloaily 
serrate, smooth ; verticels several, globular, many-flowered, 
Involucres podicclbed, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, mucronate, 
Calyx obliquely ten-mucronate-toothed. 

A native of Coromandel, and also found wild in Hindoos- 
tan mise ii “egeipaiesene , 


my Pp; sieninieiedt Roxb. 

Annual, erect, ramous, villous. Leaves ip pitied feiss oval 
to rhomboidal, crenate. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Invo- 
lucre minute. Calyx even, ten-ribbed, ten-toothed, -alter- 
nately smaller, . ee 

A native of the — 


8. P. montana, Kon. Mss, ' 
Perennial, ramous, downy, Leaves aebpnastedye ovtite: 
_ cordate, serrate, Verticels few-flowered, mouth of the — 
“ates and cut into ten equally sharp-toothed kaye 
_. Compare with P. chinensis, Willd, iii, 125. i 
Is a native of hills, and dry barren spots, &¢. iii Ga 
Stem short, perennial ; branches ascending, four-sided, dow- 
ny, from oneto two feet high. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, 
rdat. <a esau eee genet 


, hae ae 


12 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMTIA. Phlomis. 


quarters of an inch broad. . Verticels numerous, from.six 
to twelve-flowered. Involucres, few, linear, erect, many. 
times shorter than the calyx. Flowers white. Calya straight, 
widening, ten-striated, ten-toothed. Corol; upper lip erect, 
vaulted, hairy ; under lip horizontal, broad, three-lobed ; mid- 
dle lobe slightly four-parted. 


9, P. biflora, Willd. iii, 124, 

Creeping, four-sided. Leaves petioled, ovate-oblong, ser- 
rate, smooth, Flowers in nalinrs betes aie halle al-. 
ternately smaller. A. 


Leucas foliis rotundis, wend: aaa sie patie Zeyl. 


140, ¢. 63. f. 1. agrees pretty well with: this’ plant. 
_ It is common. about Calcutta ; 
the year, oa sale | ate 
Stemege branch aia , numerous, creeping ; pee 
you ‘four-sided, snaane smooth. . Leaves opposite, petiol- 
ed: erect, ovate-oblong, posterior sides entire, interior gross- 
ly ovate, smooth. Flowers generally solitary, though some- 
times in pairs, axillary, peduncled, white, Involucres few, 
very small, subulate. Calyx funnel-shaped, ten-striated, 
ten-toothed, teeth alternately smaller, _ Coro/, of two lips 


nearly equal in length; the wpper one erect, yaulted, and very, 


beings ; the under one bial ahesedand: — 


10. P. Pe os laok- isin ated 1% * | sae be: 


Perennial, erect, icing. Leaves cordate, serrate, soft and 
hairy. Flowers axillary, sub-solitary, sessile, naked. Calyx 
with an even, ten-toothed mouth. 

_ A native of Bengal, where it flowers during the rains,. 

Root perennial, _ Stem and branches erect, four-sided, soft 
and hairy. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong cordate, 


serrate, hairy and very soft, about two inches long, by one _ 


or one and a half broad,” Flowers axillary, generally soli- 
tery. aliens mubssoniey ie ser -striated s00n Hh 


Ocymum. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. 13 


even, hairy ; upper ip vaulted, and very hairy ; the wnder one 
’ of three, broad, villous segments. 


CLINOPODIUM. Schreb: gen. N. 980. 


Involucre many-leaved under the verticel. Calyx bila- 
biate. Corol, with upper lip plain, obcordate, and straight. 


C, repens. R. 

Root annual. Stems and. branches four-sided, creeping, 
clothed with recurved hairs. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, 
crenate-serrate, Verticels numerous, Bractes ed Be fen: 
hairy. » ante eet GAG ob 

A native of "Nepal, ae ‘dates Dr Dailies ‘sent: the 
_ seeds to the Botanic garden at Calcutta in November 1O02}; 
where the plants blossom during the rains, 

Root generally annual, fibrous. Stems and branches, while 
the plants are young, nearly erect, but with the branches soon 
becoming procumbent, and lastly creeping; all are four sid- 
ed, and clothed with many, white, recurved hairs, Leaves oppo- 
site, from one to two inches asunder, short-petioled, ovate, cor- 
date, with the interior margins crenate, serrate, hairy, and 
wrinkled, about one inch long, and Sastre of an inch 
broad. Verticels numerous, from ten to fifteen-flowe : 
Flowers small, rose-coloured. /nvolucres vabalell i cili- 
ate with numerous, long distinct hairs. Ca/yzx striated, hairy. 


i OCYMUM. Schreb. gen. N..986. “ateepite 
Calyx with the upper lip circular, lower one four-parted: 
Corol resupinate, with the superior lip four-cleft; the other 
psi ited: Exterior tr ammetee is some of the ——_ er este 


14 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Ocymum. 


obtuse, serrate, downy. Bractes petioled, reniform, cordate, 
acuminate, , 

Urjuka, its Sanscrit name. See Asiat. Res. iv. 288. 9. 

Hind and Beng. Toolasi, or Toolsi. 

Soladi-tirtava. Rheed. Mal. x. t. 87. 

This charming” species is common in gardens and about 
the temples of the Hindoos over every part of India ; it is in 
blossom most part of the year. 

Stem erect, short, woody, round. Bark with a thin, light- 
brown, scaly epidermis. Branches numerous, the tender 
shoots clothed with much soft white hair. General height of 
the whole plant from two to three feet. Leaves opposite, pe- 
tioled, ovate, oblong, crenate serrate, obtuse, downy, from 
one to two inches long. Petioles half the] ng th of the leaves, 
downy. Raceite terminal, or triple. Flowers triple, 
and opp. pear i Weetidelled, of a pale, greenish pink. 
Bractes ‘opposite, petioled, meeps Corduite; Wentee's $Y 

2. O. sanctum. Willd. iii. 162. Rebs 

Somewhat shrubby. Branches round, hairy. paso 
oval, serrate, downy. Bractes petioled, broad-cordate. Fi- 
laments crested. 

" Nalla-Tirtava. Rheed, Mal, x. t. 85. Obs etal’ 

- Purnasa the Sanscrit name. See Asiat, Res. iv. p. 188, 

Beng. and Hind, Kala, or Krishna Toolasi or Toolsi. 

-- Teling. Krishna toolasi: | 

Is always found cultivated in the gardens belonging to 
the Hindoo temples, in flower all the year round. 

Stem short, woody, perennial. Branches numerous, oppo- 
site, round, dark purple, hairy. Leaves opposite, petioled, 
oval, serrate, downy, dark-coloured, about an inch and a half 
long, and one inch broad. Racemes ‘terminal, erect, dark pur- 
ple, hairy, four-sided. Bractes opposite, petioled, cor 

reflexed, three-flowered, (7. e. verticels six-flowered ) 
This isa very grateful smelling plant, the brahmi 
_ sacred to their gods Krishnu and Vishnu, 


Ocymum. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, 15 


3. O. album, Willd. iii. 160. 

Annual, erect, bushy. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, cor- 
date, remotely serrulate, Racemes terminal, sessile. Bractes 
petioled, ovate-cordate, three-flowered. Upper lip of the 
calyx round-reniform. Filaments crested, as long as the sub- 
campanulate corol. 


4, O. bullatum. Lamarck, Encyclop., i. 384, 

Found in gardens only, and as the natives have no verna- 
cular name for it, I conclude it is not a native of the continent 
of India. The scent is very powerful, more so, I think than 
any asbesyrprcien.d pave met with, 

73.saipreais 

5. 0. ‘thyreifidrie Willa. iii. i, pe 158, | diel 

Biennial, erect, ramous, smooth, four-sided, ween wrt 
Leaves broad-lanceolate, scarcely serrulate. Panicles termi- 
' nal, Bractes broad-lanceolate. Filaments rather longer 
than the corol, and crested. 

To Dr. Rottler of Madras I am obliged for the seed of 
this species, which has been the means of introducing it into 
gal, where it was not known before, It is in flower, chief- 
iy: during the rainy and cool seasons, though more or Jess 
the whole year. Seed in perfection throughout the dry sea- 
son. Stem erect, branches many, opposite, spreading, four- 
sided; sides deeply grooved, the whole plant about three 
feet high. Leaves petioled, opposite, broad-lanceolate, on 
the interior margins of the largest are two or three re- 
mote serratures, sharp-pointed, Panic/es, a terminal, ovate, 
dense one to each branch, ramifications thereof decussate. 
Flowers large, pale pink, forming a pretty contrast with 
the ferruginous calyces and bractes. _ Bractes opposite, lan- 
ceolate, ciliate, three-flowered, of a deep ferruginous colour. 

alya ; upper lip orbicular, and ciliate, and its upper surface 
of thes me onlents an shi hirontoss wander lip four-cleft. Corals ; 


- 


16 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, Ocymum. 


length, linear-oblong, with a rounded crenate apex. — Fila- 
ments, the superior short pair amply crested. 
This is one of the most fragrant, and prettiest species of 
Ocymum we have in India. 


6, O. caryophyllatum, Roxb. 

Shrubby ; branches polished. Leaves broad-lanceolar, ser- 
rulate, smooth, Bractes petioled, lanceolate. 

Hind, and. Beng, Goolal-toolasi, 

Is found about the temples, and. in. the pri of the 
Hindoos, Is in blossom most part of the year, but chiefly 
during the latter part of the rains, and the cold season. 

Siem erect, somewhat woody. Branches opposite near! y 
round, and polished ; ugh s of th h lep tant, from two to 
six feet. Leaves opposite, petioled lanceolar, pointe 
slightly serrate,’ smooth on » both sides, about thre inches 
r, of which the petiole occupies about one-fourth part. 
Tatas terminal, erect, rachis furrowed, villous. Bractes 
petioled, lanceolate, somewhat ciliate, coloured, — Flowers 
with pretty long peduncles, pretty large, and white. Calyx, 
upper lip nearly round, and ciliate. Coro! hairy on the out- 
side; upper lip erect, four-parted; under lip oblong, and 
much longer than the upper. /i/aments rather longer than 
cal yx, larger pair jointed, and crested near the base. 


7, O. pilosum. Roxb. ; 
- Sbrubby;, branches four-sided, on furrowed, adaeil 


ovate oblong, serrate. Bractes petioled, sub-orbicular, hairy ; 
upper lip of the ‘alps ecbicgler and bis with oro twice, | 
its length. 

Beng. Babooi-toolsi. 

A‘native of India. ed : ss ced 

Stem erect, - Branches rae said ou re 
furrows on the sides ; young parts hairy. Leaves opposite, 3 
_ petioled, ovate, and ee rrate, | “: h, 
with the margins slightly ciliate, 


Ocymum, DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, 17 


cluding the petiole. Racemes terminal, erect, rigid, hairy, 
with the six-flowered verticels approximate, Bractes petiol- 
ed, ciliate, sub-orbicular, with a sharp point. Flower very 
short-peduncled, pretty large, and white, Ca/ya hairy, upper 
lip orbicular, Corol ; upper lip four-parted, hairy on the out- 
side; under lip oblong, concave@with the margins waved, 
Filaments the large pair, with a large hairy process near the 

The seeds steeped in water swell into a pleasant jelly, 
which is used medicinally by the natives. 


8: O. gratissimum. Willd. iii. 110. 
é Shrubby ; 3 bra ue es four-sided, smooth, Leaves oblong- 
ventricose, serrate, smooth, Bractes short- petioled, cordate- 
lanceolate. 
Hind, Raw-tulasi. 

+The whole plant, I-think diffuses a stronger degree of fra- 
grance, than any other of the genus, It is ont found i in gar- 
dens, and about the temples of the natives, 

Leen tes s woody, perennial. Bark ash-coloured. Branches 
, when young smooth, glossy and 
green; whole height’ of ‘the plant’ from four to eight feet. 
Leaves opposite, long-petioled, drooping, oblong, ventricose, 
remotely serrate, poiited, smooth on both’ sides, often. six 
inches: long, including’ the petiole, which is about a third of 
the-whole. Racemes’ terminal, pretty long. , rigidly erect, 
with'the verticels of six flowers pretty iba lipretcies short- 

oled, reflexed, cordate-lanceolate. © Calyx ; upper lip 

rida wie three nerves, Corol short, scarcely larger than 
the calyx, of a pale yellow underneath, oblong, concave, and 
entire, Filaments longer than the corol, with a large t tuft of 
- dark —- hairs” on fess Paco of the Jarge aa near r the 


18 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Ocymum. 


ovate-oblong, grossly and acutely serrate, smooth, Bractes 
lanceolate, ciliate. Upper lip of the calyx broad-cordate. 
Siamina and style longer than the corol. Filaments amply 
crested, 


A native of Persia, from thence sent to the Botanic garden 


at Calcutta, under the Persian names, Deban shah, and De- 
ban Maewassi, It is very nearly allied to our Indian Goolal 
tulasi, and to thyrsiflorum. In Bengal it flowers during the 
rains and the cool season, 


10, O. polystachyon, Willd. i, 365. 
Annual. Stem and branches four-sided, with sharp an- 
gles. Leaves sub-cordate, serrate. Spikes terminal, Bractes 


petiole: round-cordate, Stamens the lens ot degen’ 


crested. : ; zqgi Fee oe ae pi 


Teling. Nain 7. e, water o ialiek e . 

Is a native of ditches, and wet places It. flowers during 
the rainy season. 

Stem annual, erect, from ~ate! to four feet high, four-sided, 
with very sharp angles, which are armed with small, sharp, 


scabrous excrescences, Branches numerous, opposite, like. 


the stem, Leaves opposite, spreading, petioled, cordate, 
pointed, serrate; about two inches long, and one and a 


half broad. Petioles four-sided, Racemes terminal, and. 


axillary, erect; verticels. approximate. Bractes_petioled, 
cordate, pointed, three-flowered, Corol twice the length 
of the calyx, all the divisions of the border are.of the same 
length; under lip concave, Filaments wanting the charac- 
teristic processes of hairs, Cattle eat it, . shaplpiipteeee 
or no fragrance... a 7 fice i; 

Il. 0. tuberosum. Roab. : 4, 

Herbaceous, four-sided, smooth, Saeed salle “able 
grossly serrate, smooth. Bractes oval: Filaments crestless. 

Is a native of vallies among the Orissa mountains} the 
whole plant is about a foot highs shots 


1H 107 


-Ocymum, DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, 19 


Root perennial, thefibres end in pretty large tubers, Stems 
several, short, annual, four-sided, smooth. Leaves opposite, 
short-petioled, oblong, very grossly serrate, ranning down the 
petioles near the base ; smooth, six inches long, and about two 


broad. Racemes terminal, solitary ; verticels remote. Bractes 


oval, three-flowered.. lowers rose-coloured, large. Fila- 
ments wanting the characteristic processes, or crest. 


12. O. cristatum. B. H. and Kon, Mss. 
Annual, four-sided, Leaves oval, crenate, serrate, dotted. 
Bractes linear, inserted in glandular receptacles, | Stamens 


_ twice the length of the corol, crested. 


A native of dry, barren spots; such as old dex “ii &e. 
Flowering time the wet season; it is entirely destitute of smell. 
Stem erect, annual, or biennial, short, four-sided, slightly 
hairy, branchy, from twelve. to eighteen inches high, angles 


rounded, sides grooved. Branches opposite, like the stem. 


Leaves opposite, petioled, oval, crenate-serrate, both sides 
covered with innumerable, minute, glandular pits. Racemes 
terminal, verticelled. . Verticels six-flowered, less than an 


inch asunder, Bractes opposite, linear, longer than the flow- 


ers, sometimes a little twisted, caducous, each having:a large, 
round, permanent, concave gland, into which it was or is in- 
serted, This is an excellent specific mark. lowers ofa pale 
rose-colour, projecting horizontally. Stamens equal, more than 
twice the length of the corol, projecting apices erect ; pro- 
cesses large and hairy. Anuthers incumbent, oval. 

Note. The long, linear bractes, with their concave, glan- 
fies receptacles, and the ‘nied stamens, are excellent sae 
cific marks, | | 


13.0. ‘ep dstein Kin. Mss. us 
SBi-ssienniol, four-seeded. Leaves endear, eiaetaiathinks 
" rugose. Bractes cordate, sessile. Stanpena the etary of the 
corol, crestless, ; siege 6 
(lhe ——— tri. or 3 perennial specie from oe » two feet 


30 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, Plectranthus, 


high ; grows about old walls, and under the shade of bushes, 
forests, &c, where the soil is dry. Flowering time in the wet 
and cold seasons. | 

_ Stem very trifling, erect, somewhat woody. eensieliaia op- 
posite, four-sided, pretty smooth; sides grooved’; angles 
rounded, Leaves opposite ; petites cordate,:a little rugose, 
crenate-serrate, from one to two inches long, Racemes termi- 
nal, verticelled; verticels six-flowered. Bractes broad-cor- 
date, acute, reflexed, Flowers very minute, oar ip 2a 
pearing without the calyx, | Stamens toothless; = * 

This speciés is void of fragrance.) 


« PLECTRANTHUS. Schreb. gen. N.98 


Coles with ppensdiisadn degeti | Corot. resupiniate, 


gaat TR dex ..b 1. 
_. Annual, erect, tamous, fourstided::: ieee inal 
crenate-serrate, long-petioled. Floral leaves sub-sessile, 
Racemes terminal; sub-secind, with opposite, thtee-nerved, 
from one to three-flowered bractes, WV‘ — oo Un- 
der lip of the corol entire. : ben 
Ocimum molle, Willd, iti. 166.6 

_ A native of Mysore, from thence the seeds mpmmiieg Mr. 
Heyne, to the Botanic garden. at Calcutta, where the plants 
thrive luxuriantly, and blossoin’ seiehee the close of —— 
season. 

Root ramous, alien eed hag fdurcaidelt swith saan 
angles; villous. Branches opposite, ascending, and like the 
stem ; whole height from two to three feet. Leaves opposite, 
those of the stem and branches, long-petioled, floral leaves 
short-petioled ; all are round-cordate, somewhat ragose, sib-_ 
sessile,and tomentose, margins crenate-serrate, with generally 
a smaller serrature between the larger; the usual size from — 
one to four inches each way. Petioles as Jong as the leaves, — 


Plectranthus. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. 2] 


slightly channelled. Racemes terminal, one, two, three, or more 
together, sub-secund: achis four-sided, villous. Bractes 
opposite, sessile, from ovate-oblong to, cordate; generally — 
three-nerved, Flowers: pedicelled, fronvone to,thnee belong- 
ing to each bracte, pointing to the outside, small, pale yellow. 
Calyx ; upper lip cordate ; the under one deeply divided into 
four long, acute, ascending divisions. Corol, base of the tube 
gibbous; upper lip erect, four-parted ; the under one entire, 
horizontal, boat-shaped; the margins generally. shit 0 over. the 
round two-lebed: anthers, 

‘The smell of the fresh leaves is somewhat spicy, butw witha 
degree of heaviness, that renders it rather unpleasant than 
otherwise: 9" irar'es esd -Tifol 10 {PERLE 


2. P. seutellarivides, Roxb. 

Perennial ; the whole plant of a deep api colour. 
Leaves edaniiitblsie! obtusely serrate. Panicles terminal, 
racemose, verticels of four ramous pedicels, aber peers 

Ocimum seutellarioides, Willd. iii. ¥66.. iif 

Majorana rubra. Rumph, Amb. v. p. 21. te = 

- Ocimum scutellarioides, Mant, 84, 0 veret 

Introduced into the Botanic: eben: at Oslcytin'e emong 
plants from the Moluccas, in 1798, tis: in’ blossom: — : 
the close of the rains, and more or less the whole year re 

_ Stem erect, somewhat woody. Branches deeply sollte : 
and villous, The'whole plant about three feet high. Leaves 
opposite, petioled, ovate-oblong, obtusely serrate, rugose, 
somewhat downy, and like the young shoots of a deep pur- 
plish green, particularly on the under side; from one to three 
. inches long. Racemes, (panicles) terminal, long and slen= 
der, Bractes sub-sessile, cordate, acuminate, deciduous. 
Verticels of the raceme of four, many-flowered racemuli. 
er an sim a0 — irenoseesic —— tube, 
light blue. colour. Filaments meh ‘nite y pis me 
the base, and wit ; the o 5 a ae 


22 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Plectyranihus. 


8. P. monadelphus, Roxb, 

» Annual, fleshy, diffuse. Leaves oval, crenate, fleshy. Ra- 
cemes before the flowers open strobiliform, from four imbri- 
cated rows of ovate, acuminate, concave, caducous bractes, 
Neetary gibbous. | Stamens united, 

A native of dry barren hills about Bangalore: From 
thence the seeds were sent by Mr. Heyne to the Botanic gar- 
den at Calcutta, where the plants grow ow and 
blossom during the cool season, patat Tapertses 

Root annual. Stem short. Branches numerous, opberite, 
spreading, round, pale green, clammy, clothed with long 
soft hairs; the whole plant not above one foot high, but 
expanding three or four times as much, Leaves No ei 
with smaller ones in their axills, short- etiole - State ind o 
vate, fleas with the exterior margin crenate, from one 'to_ 

long. Racemes terminal, iierid erect, befor dhe 

leisows expand exactly four-sided ; being thin, imbricated 
with four rows of broad, ovate-cordate, acuminate, concave, 
caducous bractes ; after they fall off cylindric. Flowers nu- 
merous in approximate verticels of six (three on each side) 
large, and of a lively light purple colour. . Calyx as in the 
genus, hairy,and the inside of its mouth shat with many hairs, 
Corol resupine, Tube with a somewhat gibbous base; upper 
lip four-parted, the under one ovate, concave, entire. Fila- 
ments as long _as the lower lip of the corol, all the four. firmly 
united for more than half their length, forming a tube, as in 
- the diadelphous plants, for the style; a scale embraces the 
two lower seeds of the pistil, 

The whole a possesses a strong, though not iio 
able aelt, 


pate, t 


4. P. arinatiiel: Read.» 

Perennial, villous. Leaves sci: gusichedk iennbeelbaaa: 
crenate, fleshy, downy, ragose,- eo ‘ —. meee 
verticelled. | Bractes. Se eA ay fx 


Plectranthus. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPER MIA, 23° 


This most agreeably fragrant plant, .is common in almost 
every garden in India, but very rarely found in flower ; this 
viz. the beginning of June, is. only the'second time I have 
found it in “that state in the Company’s Botanic garden at, 
Calcutta, 

- Stems creeping, round,succulent gbiainda iid erect, 
round, very. succulent, fragile, hairy, from one, to two feet, 
high. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, fleshy, fragile, broad-. 
cordate, crenulate, a little hairy, rugose, particularly the un-) 
der side; generally about two inches each way. Spikes ter= 
minal, erect, long, verticelled, before the flowers expand. im-. 
bricated with four rows of caducous bractes.. Flowers nu- 
merous, blue. Perianth hairy ; upper lip broad, as in Ocy- 
mum ; the under lip long, projecting, concave. Filaments 
conjoined, as in the diadelphous flowers, Jonger than the un- 
der lip, ascending, towards the apex distinct, the upper short- 
The leaves, and indeed all parts of the plant, are delight- 
fully fragrant, they are frequently eaten with bread and-but- 
ter, also bruised and put into country beer, cool = &e. 
Se iat = a lad fruientot 

ages: 1 fesoanel 979 arakbacs: 2h 

5. P. strobiliferus, Roxb. sae psdoveniils 

Annual, erect, four-sided. Leaves Loegicosioln cordate, 
serrate, hairy, Spikes panicled, terminal, compact, strobili-, 
form, Lower lip of the. _ rsgaplaiestistantbia Nec- 
tary, scarcely any. itt entiuh eonuh nh vat 

Katu-Kurka. Rheed. Mal, x. & 90. 

Lavendula carnosa, Wilid, iii. 62... - 

It.is annual, a native of the most neds. chjfis of the. aed 
among the Circar mountains, It Rowers during the wet and, 
cold seasons, 

Stem annual,, rect, with, few. or sno o branches, four-sided, 
hairy, two teet high. Leaves opposite, spreading, petioled, 
broad-cordate, obtusely serrate, fleshy, rugose, hairy 5 aby: 
two or three inches see and two broad; there are gen 


24° _- DIDYNAMIA’GYMNosPERMIA, — Sewtellaria, 


+ 


rally tafts of small leaves in the axills of the larger. Spikes 
terminal, “often panicled, ‘peduncled, imbricated until. the 
flowering: time, *with ‘four rows. of’ bractes, Bractes. oval, 

considerably longer than'the unexpanded ‘flowers, ciliate, 
spotted on the outside with small reddish dots. Flowers pret- 
ty large; beautiful, of a bluish purple. | Calyx two-lipped ; 
upper lip ovate, shutting down over the seeds likeva lid,.as’ 
soon-as the flower dro ps ; the under lip is short and truncate. 
Corol ; tube compressed ; the wpper one short,-erect, slightly 
three-toothed, the under lip is long arid concave,: invit the 
stamens rest, ‘Nectary a seale;\or lid, covering _ lower half 
of the’ étony issuing from the under side. wry 


_ SCUTELLARIA. Schreb, gen..N. 989-4, 
Sdapecgidodc mouth’sub-entire, after inflorescense clelsed 
with a lid, 


ees 


‘matted. nnlea saab: Nod ctoidate, crenate, seaside 
terminal, before the flowers expand imbricated with oppo- 
site, one-flowered, lanceolate, bractes of the ete - the = 
duncles only. ‘ 

: Exclude Serratula amara. \Rudeplic Amb. xv: rt. 1106ft 1. 

which I consider a ‘Gratiola, 
“A native of the’ Moluccas, in the Botanic gatlewat ela 
ta; it flowers during the cold season. 


g. 8. peregrina. Willd. iii, V7, ut 

“Herbaceous. ‘Stem and ‘branches four-sided, pam: cor- 
date, serrate, smooth." Racemes terminal; longysecund,’ Brac- 
tes petioled, ovate, entire, as long or longer than the’ calyx. 

- A native of Nepal. ‘In the’Botanie one Re: it 
blossoms —" tid told herissnnnrere- 


stride Nae wise Bi 


= ee ‘ / + ae 


Colebreokia. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, 25 


COLEBROOKIA. Smith. 


Aggregate. Common perianth imbricated; proper be- 
neath, five-cleft, Corollets one-petalled, irregular, Germ 
superior, four-lobed ; lobes one-seeded; attachment interior. 
Seeds four, naked, Receptacle naked. 


A.C. éernifolia, Se i 
Shrubby, erect. Leaves three-fold, lanceolate, serrulate. 

_ A native of Mysore, from thence the seeds were sent by 
Dr. Buchanan to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where the 
shrabs blossom in February and March. 2 
__. Trunk (in seven years old plants) short, thick, and woody, 

Bark light-brown, and ‘pretty smooth, Branches three-fold, 
ascending; young shoots downy ; height of the whole plant 
from five to eight feet. Leaves three-lobed, petioled, drooping, 
lanceolate, serrate, soft, with much very fine down, from 
four to six inches long, and from one to two broad. Petioles 
round, very downy, about an inch long. Panieles terminal, 
erect, composed of three-fold, cylindric aments, closely cover- 
ed with numerous fascicles, of most minute, aggregate, white 
flowers, on a naked, flat, common receptacle, surrounded by 
a from ten to twenty-leaved common calyx, or involucre, 
Calya deeply five-parted ; divisions subulate, nearly, as long 
as the corol, clothed with much, long, soft, fine, white wool, 
These divisions lengthen much, and become more woolly by ~ 
the time the seeds are ripe, giving to the aments, or ramitica- 
tions of the panicle, a much larger and more Woolly appear- 
ance than when in blossom. Coro/ monopetalous. Tube 
short. Border four-parted ; upper divisions emarginate; un- 
der three-parted, with the middle segments longer, and 
broader, Filament short. Anthers small, hid in the tube 
of the corol. . Germ four-lobed, hairy. Style twice the 
length of the corol, half two-cleft, and the rest seems oe 
ed of two portions, as in | Perilla, Stigmas two, acute. Peri 
carp none. ees four; obovate, bas pais § ia 

NOL, Nl. 5 ee : 


26 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA, Prasium, 


other, and to the calyx, the long, woolly segments of which — 
readily carry them with the wind to a great distance. 


2. C. oppositifolia, 

Leaves opposite, broad-lanceolar, crenate. 

A native of Nepal, from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the 

seeds to this garden, where the plants thrive well, and phos, 
som in February. 

Trunk short, soon dividing into many nearly erect branch- 
es, covered with ash-coloured bark, while young four-sided, 
with rounded angles, and very downy. Leaves opposite, 
decussate, short-petioled, broad-lanceolar, crenate, very soft 
and downy, and considerably wrinkled. Stipules none. 
Panicles terminal, with the primary branches opposite, upp 
porting many cylindric; amentaceous: spikes of near: : d 
same length, Calyx ; common perianth many- (from fourt™ i 2 
twelve) flowered, many- (from eight to ten) leaved, imbri- 
cated, permanent. Proper perianth five-cleft; divisions 
filiform, hairy, the length of the tube of florets, their apices 
coloured, and less hairy. Corol; universal equal ; proper 
one-petalled. Tube gibbous, border four-parted, the middle 
lobe of the lower division large, and nearly round, the upper — 
broader and emarginate, unequal, remote. lament, scarce- 
ly any. .4nthers minute, hid in the mouth of the corol, 
Germ tour-lobed, Style twice the length of the corol. Stig- 
ma two-cleft, acute. Pericarp none. Seeds four, lodged 
in the bottom of the enlarged hairy, proper perianth, Recep- 
tacle naked, ffat. 


PRASIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 992. 
_Gen, Cnar. Berries four, one-seeded, Embryo erect, 
without perisperm, 
P, melissifolium. R. “ti 


Perennial, scandent. — Leaves opposite, peel ovate, 
serrate, Flowers’ sessile, sub-verticelled, ise 


Orobanche, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 27 


Hursmun the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indigen- 
ous in the forests, flowering about the beginning of the rains. 
The seed ripens in September. 

It is a plant of very slow growth, at least in the Botanic 
garden at Calcutta, between three and four years have only 
given one of a few inches in height. Though in Silhet, they 
are long, weak, scandent, or leaning, with four-sided, villous 
shoots. 

Flowers crowded in the axills, large, drooping, yellow 
and villous, Calyx five-parted ; divisions nearly equal, acu- 
minate ; as the berry advances to maturity, it splits into two; 
one iv dsptiritid the other three parted ; upper lip of the 
corol shorter and slightly emarginate; under broad, three- 
lobed, the middle one much longer. Anthers two-lobed, 
lateral. Germ four-lobed ; lobes ‘one-seeded; attachment | 
sub-superior, Style about as long as the stamma and co- 
rol, Stigma bifid. Berries four, when all come to matu- 
rity, which is common, bright red, of the size of a small pea, 
convex on the outside, angular on the inner, pulp succulent, 
scarlet coloured. Seed single, conform to the berry, covered 
with a single thin white integument. Embryo erect, without 
perisperm. Cotyledons unequal, the inner one large, with a 
concavity in the exterior, lower half, for = Pe toad ae ae 
_ small, oval, lenticular one. satin 


DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. 


- OROBANCHE. Schreb. gen. N. 1045. 


Calyx from bifid to four or five-cleft, Corol irregular. 
Stigma two-lobed, Capsules one-celled, two-valved, many- 
seeded. : 


~ oe 


1. O. indica. Buch. 
_Ramous, hairy. Bractes tern, Calyx sub-unilateral, five. 
cleft. U; pper lip of the corol two-lobed ; the under one 


parted ; anthers ey. two-lobed ; lobes ¢ calearate. 
et 


28 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Orobanche. 


Found by Dr, Buchanan in blossom in January in tobac- 
co fields near Calcutta, adhering to the roots of the plants. 

Root fibrous, some portion thereof adhering to the roots of 
Nicotiana Tabacum, Stem ramous, with a scale at the ra- 
mifications only; from six to twelve inches high, round, 
hairy, sometimes coloured, thickness varying from that of a 
goose-quill, to that of the finger ; the lower half branchy, the 
upper half leaning, Flowers numerous, round the upper 
half of the branches, forming dense, sub-clavate spikes, they 
are pretty large, and blue. _ Bractes three-fold, one-flower- . 
ed, hairy. Calyx one-leaved, five-cleft, hairy, open to 
near the base on the inside, where the flower presses on the — 
branch; divisions subulate, half the length of the corol. 
Corol ebplar, villous, the upper lip two- lobed, the podes 9 one 
three. Filaments smooth, except just at the bi a4 
two-lobed, the pairs united by woolly fibres, the lobes end= ~ 
ing ina sharp hornlet. Germ ovate, Style rather longer 
than the filaments. Stigma of two, larger, fleshy Jobes, with 
a perforation between them, Capsule ovate-oblong, two- 
valved, one-celled. | Seeds very numerous, adhering to four 
- longitudinal ridges on the inside of the capsule, a 


& 


2. O. acaulis, Roxb. 

Stemless, Flowers crowded into irregular headas { imme- > 
diately on the roots, Corol five-parted, laciniate ; anthers 
single, each of the inner pair augmented with a large recurv- 
ed oval gland. Stigma peltate, , 

Found growing on the root of the China sugar-cane, in the 
Botanic garden at Calcutta,and in full blossom in September, 

Root, 1 suspect annual; of many thick, firm fibres, ad- . 
hering to the roots of the China sugar-cane. Stem none, 
Flowers numerous, short-peduncled, collected into a large, 
dense, fascicle, even with the surface of the earth, very large; 
colour, a beautiful lively purple. Peduneles short, round, 
smooth, one-flowered; bractes,a triangular, fleshy one, em-— 


bracing the base of ‘one or more peduncles, uniting them: into 


* 


Orobanche. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 29 


_a crown.close to the root. Calya one-leaved, length of the 
tube of the corol, fleshy, simple, opening on one side, or di- 
viding into two unequal portions, on the outside tinged with 
red, on the inside white, Corol with the tube obliquely cla- 
vate-campanulate, smooth in every part; inside yellow; 
throat contracted and triangular; border five-parted, the 
capsule | have not seen yet, the divisions are nearly equal 
and about as long as the tube, margins laciniate, Filaments 
smooth. Anthers a larger, oblong, white gland is attached 
to the base of the inner pair which appears like a second an- 
ther. Germ ovate. Svy/e rather longer than the stamens, 
- curved, smooth. Stigma peltate, very large, somewhat three- 
lobed, glandular, slightly villous. Capsule ovate, one-celled, 
two-valved, with two pair of ramous. Teceptacles, to which 
the numerous, very minute seeds adhere. - 


3. O, pedunculata. Roxb. 

Smooth. Stemsimple. F lowers long-pedicelled. Calyx 
spathiform. Corols tive-parted ; filaments naked. Anthers 
adhering by pairs, one of the pairs with a long fleshy appen- 
dage. Stigma cordate, peltate, — 

A native of Bengal; it appears durian: the rains, growing 
. upon the roots of Andropogon muricatus, » | 
7 Stem short; it may be called the common Sie eof a 
| raceme, which rises only an inch or two above the surface of — 
the earth, clothed with a few tapering fleshy scales or 
leaves. Peduneles as long as the stem, ro und, smooth, erect, 
one-flowered. Bractes no other than the solitary triangular, 
one-flowered scales, or leaves of the stem, Flowers very 
large. Tube yellowish. Border deep, lovely violet. Calyx 
supdroved spathiform, opening by a single longitudinal slit 
on the interior side, fleshy, smooth on both sides, when young 
tinged with red, afterwards of a pale yellowish white, replete 
witha clear clammy liquor. Corol with an inflated, curved, ‘ 
yellow, tube, 283 long as the calyx. Border five-parted ; divi- 
arly ge2 Ze todd ofa sae reniform ae ag the 


30 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. = Aegenetia. 


margins finely dentate ; the upper two less deeply separated, 
of such a charming deep violet that no artist can possibly do 
justice to the brilliancy of this flower. Stamens hid within the 
tube, Filaments nearly equal, smooth, the interior pair_re- 
curved over the posterior. Anthers, all the four firmly con- 
nected, the interior pair supported by the posterior pair of 
filaments; enlarged by a long horizontal fleshy appendage, 
into which the filaments are inserted. Germ ovate. Style 
shorter than the tube of the corol. Stigma broad-cordate, 
peltate. Capsule ovate, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds very 
numerous, very minute, Receptacles two pair, adjoined to 
the opposite sides of the capsule, ramous, 


an co Be REC ea « "A ne i ¥ we MG Od i a Se Fa Penne RS Ie er ee NAP ee NAN ae RESON: Oem ee Oe BOM Nie ET Ge 


AE GENETIA. Roxb. — om i! 
Calyx ; spathe one-leaved. Corol campanulate, Capatle P 
one-celled, with various conyolute receptacles ; seeds numer- 
ous. 


* 


A. indica, Willd. iii. 347. R. Corom. pl. 1. No. 91. 

Tsjem Cumulu, Rheed. Mal, xi. t. 47. 

Orobanche Aegenechia. sp. p. 883. 

A small, rush-like, naked, annual plant, a native of the bitty 
parts of the Circars, 

Root a number of fleshy fibres, smooth, perfectly naked, 
intricately interwoven, Scales several, straight, round, ex- 
cept immediately at their base, where endl i is involved in a 
small sheath, about a foot long, one-flowered. Leaves none. 
Flowers \arge; of an elegant purple colour. Calyx ; spathe 
oblong, pointed, opening length ways on one side. Corol 
one-petalled, with the bottom of the tube erect, pitcher-form- 
ed above, bent out through the spathe, horizontally gibbous; 
border five-parted ; divisions equal, rounded. Filaments 
four. Anthers twin, united by pairs, Germ ovate, Style 
bent to correspond with the form of the corol, and ve, 
length thereof, Stigma headed, Capsule ovate, pinted, 


Cattle do Sia g them: 


le bc i aa ile Pa 


Buchnera, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 31 


of the size of a filbert. Although I have examined it in all 
stages, yet | have never been able to fix upon any deter- 
mined internal structure; there are a number of convoluted 
lamina throughout, between these are lodged innumerable, 
most minute seeds, like those of the Orchidee. 


* 


BUCHNERA. Schreb. gen. N. 1035. « 


Calyx five-cleft. Tube of the corol long; border from 
four to five-cleft, unequal. Capsule two-celled, two-valved; 
seeds numerous, | 


1. B. asiatica, Willd. 337. 

Erect, annual, four-sided. Leaves sessile, opposite, ‘and 
alternate, linear, scabrous, entire. Segments of the lower lip _ 
of the corol oval, and rather acute. 

Kalu polapen. Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 66. 

A small erect annual, a native of pasture ground, or such 
eh been lately in culture, appearing and flowering during 
the wet season, 

Stem erect, from six to eighteen inches high, fucaiel 
scabrous. Branches one or two pairs, opposite. Leaves ses- 
sile; below opposite, above alternate, linear, erect, after- 
wards a little recurved, scabrous, about an inch long and one- 
eighth broad, those towards the extremities are very small, 
which makes them (the extremities) more like long spikes, 


_ than the extremities of the branches. /Jowers axillary, soli- 


tary, sessile, of a middling size, white. Branches two, press- 
ing on the calyx, laterally lanceolate. Calyx five-parted, 
striated, scabrous. Corol ; tube rather longer than the calyx, 


_ curved at the apex; the border flat, two-lipped; upper lip 
broad, emarginate ; the under one three-parted, Capsule co-_ 


vered by the calyx, Opening» at the apex; siete cO- 
lumnar. ty 


. There is a. variety arith h excealingty bright cai | ower. 


eee SLE 


i, * 


= calyx, and seems a seventh leaflet thereof, Calyzx as in 


so - DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Acanthus, 


2. B. euphrasioides. Vahl. Symb., iii, 81. Willd. iii, 338. 

Annual, erect, ramous, four-sided and scabrous, — Leaves 
opposite and alternate, linear, scabrous, with short stiff bris- 
tles. Corol clavate. Capsule.cordate, hid in the scabrous : 
calyx, 

A native of nee of Wales’ Island and the islands east- 
ward of the Bay of Bengal, 


ACANTHUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1065. 

Calyx two-leaved, bifid ; (in the East India species it con- 
sists of three pairs of leaflets), Corol one-lipped. Anthers 
bearded. Capsule two-celled, opening with elasticity across 
the mneeo Seeds — | 


; oblong, sinuate spinous, s dentate 


oa pare sce sadienseme hee, Aub; iv. t. 7] S Bhs vey 2 
- Harikusa, the Sanscrit name, A 
= Beng. Harcooch Kanta. 7 . 
~ Paina scbulli. Rheed. Mal. ii, t; 48. > 
A common shrub. in and on the: iaguied of wit or ‘brackish 
fekes) marshes, &c, Flowers all the year on the coast * seed 
romandel, ies Bengal during the rains. 
Roots ramous. _ Stems many, erect; branches bas bark _ 
an “Prickles stipulary,four-fold, idhort, but very sharp : 
Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong, scolloped, waved, 
spinous, dentate, polished on both sides, of a firm texture, from 
four to six inches long, and about two broad, Spikes gene- 
rally oceania though sometimes from the axills also erect. 
Flowers solitary, opposite, large, blue, inodorous. Bractes, 
_ asingle cordate, pointed one below each flower, it presses on 


the family. Corol. cae times parted than any as the leaf- 


“v0, 1 


Thunbergia, | DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 33 


pressed closely together, linear, very. hairy. Capsule oblong, 
ovate, smooth, size of an acorn, two-celled, two-valved, &e. 
as in Barleria and Justicia. Seeds two in each cell, ob- 
liquely cordate, compressed, 


2. A. madaraspatensis, Willd, iii, 400. 

Herbaceous, spreading flat on the ground, Leaves qua- 
tern, sessile, elliptic, sometimes remotely serrate. Flowers 
axillary, solitary, sessile, Exterior calyx of four pair of un- 
‘equal, cuneate, ciliate leaflets ; the é inner one of two pair, not 
ciliate, 


rae native of Coromandel ——_ it serrate in the cold season. 


\ at eRe? eshte 27 


T HUNBERGLA. Schreb. gen. N.1058, i 

Calyx double ; the exterior one two-leaved, Corol irregu- 

lar, one-petalled. Germ two-celled ; cel/s two-seeded ; attach- 

ment interior, Capsules with a lowe ensiform beak, bined 

‘ed, _ opening with elasticity contrary to the partition, | Seeds 

solitary or paired, "sorbed — with ratio se 
pone and no perisperm, | 


1. T. fragrans, Willd. iii. 388, eats avin WN. 67: 

- Shiabby, twining, round, Leaves opposite, Harrow. 

Teling. Zeamandaree Tiga. lad 

This plant is common in hedges, amongst bushes, pe on 
the banks of water courses about Samulkota. I have not 


a3 


“met with it elsewhere. Flowers during the wet and cold sea- 
sons; when cultivated it flowers all the year round. 


Root, consisting of many thick, woody fipres. Stem and 
branches twining, woody, of considerable extent, two or 


three fathoms, jointed, and swelled there from the insertions 
- of the leaves or their cicatrices, round ; bark of a light ash- 


colour ; : sth a a : Leaves” — pete, 


ce cul dig - sro 


34 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA,  Thunbergia. 


long by one and a half broad. Petioles about three quarters 
of an inch long, channelled, bent in various directions. — Sti- 


pules none. Peduneles axillary, solitary, one-flowered, 


round, clubbed, downy ; from one to two inches long. Brac- 
tesnone. lowers large, pure white. Perianths as in the 
genus, except that the leaves of the interior calyx are acute, 
and many-nerved, Corol salver-formed, Tube compress- 
ed, enlarged about the middle, a little hairy, longer than the 
interior calyx, bent to one side with a curve; border flat, 
five-parted ; divisions equal, obovate, with their extremities 
lobed, and generally irregularly three-toothed ; shorter than 
the tube. Germ superior, four-lobed, two-celled, with two 
ovula in each cell, attached to the middle of the partition. 


Style the length of the tube. Stigma fannel-shaped, two- 


lobed ; lobes obcordate, — 


cain celled, accion peers: tes siliclestio ni oe 


solitary, one in’ each cell, the other seldom or never ripens, 
round, rugose, vena a — cavity, which penetrates two- 
thirds of the seed. . 

Obs. Dr. Kinig 0 on aks discovering this plant, thoug ht it 
anew genus and called it Roxburghia rostrata, but as soon 
as he saw the Supplement of the younger Linnzeus, he found 
its character agree so well with that of * Thunbergia, that he 
hesitated not to declare it a species of that genus, 


The whole plant possesses a peculiar sort of agreeable frn- 7 


grance, which with the beauty of its flowers, entitles it to a 


— — in the flower gardens. y! 


& F: snindihion Roxb, 
Perennial, twining. Leaves cordate, angled. Coro! cam- 


panulate, no imer calyx. Anthers bearded and —" 

. Hind, and Beng. Meel-luta. 

‘Found amongst bushes and wild uncultivated places near 
Calcutta. Flowering time, the rainy season. 


_ Root perennial, somewhat tuberous, Stem woody, iis 


up high trees, &e,; young shoots a little hairy, and slightly 


. 


Thunbergia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 35 


four-winged. Leaves opposite, petioled, spreading, cordate, 
often angle-lobed, pointed, from five to séven-nerved, a little 
scabrous from small stiff white hairs on both sides; floral 
leaves of the racemes small, otherwise like the rest. Peti- 
oles erect, nearly as long as the leaves, swelled near the base, 
- channelled, scabrous. Stipules none. Peduncles axillary, so- 
litary, or paired ; or in brachiate pairs, i. e. two or three pairs 
on terminal racemes, which if not supported, become beauti- 
fully bowin g, like elegant festoons. Pedunceles of the axilla- 
ry flowers, nd pedicels of the raceme, round, somewhat cla- 
vate, as long as the petioles, one-flowered. Flowers very 
large, being about four inches broad when expanded, colour 
a beautiful light blue. Bractes none. Calyx; spathe two- - 
valved, obliquely-oblong, the under margins being more 
rounded and open; the upper almost straight, and slightly 
united, sometimes their whole length, though in general only 
near the apex, striated, pointed, a litile hairy, and mark- 
ed with small black dots, they are about as long as the 
tube and throat of the corol. Corol one-petalled, campanulate, 
sitting on a nectarial ring. -Tube short and conical; throat 
ample, with a long, vaulted concavity on the upper side, 

where the stamens and style are. lodged; on the opposite 
side is a large corresponding convexity, which is elegantly 
streaked with deeper and lighter blue. Border five-parted ; 
divisions nearly round, the superior two erect, the inferior ones 
expanded. Nectary a large lobate body, surrounding the 
base of the germ, the coro] inserted into it. Stamens within 
the throat. Filaments four, inserted on the mouth of the 
tube, interior pair much curved, and although longer than the 
other pair, yet from the curvature, their anthers are not more 
elevated. than those of the other, or posterior pair; oblong, 
ovate, compressed, rugose. Anthers converging, equal, i- 
near, erect, two-celled, margins of the cells bearded, as in 
Acanthus ; each of the cells of the interior anthers, armed with 
a eevee -_ es exterior coll off i 


Ba x 


36 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Barleria. p| 


four-sided. Sty/e straight, length of the stamens. Stigma 
large, with. a most uncommon perforation, which 1 com- 
pare to an inverted crescent, with a handle .aftixed to the 
centre of its concave side, Capsu/e globular, breaked, two- 
celled, two-valved, opening from the apex. Seed when all. 
come to maturity, two in each cell, roundish, compressed with 
a notched margin, tubercled and convex on the outside, « con-. 
cave and smooth on the inner. 

-'It-is one of the most elegant, showy, twining plants I a 


met with, and richly deserves » a conspicuous place in the 
shanbbery: 


a v ee the stamina minute. “com * 
© ld, ~two-valved, buouing with elasticity conte to 


l. B. ssnaiesi Willd. iii. 376. 

_ Shrubby ; thorns axillary, four-cleft. Leaves brtad-lowmene 
late, spinous, pointed, smooth, entire, 

Kooroontuka, the Sanscrit name, 

Beng. Kanta-jatee, 

Coletta veetla, Rheed, Mal, ix, t. 41, 

_ Hystrix fratex. Rumph. Amb, vii. t, 13. 
_ Melampyro, &e. Pluck, Alm, t. 119. f.5. 
_ Teling. Mooloo govinda. 

Is one of the Most common, and at the same time secant 
small, shrubby plants in India; every soil and situation suits: 
it equally well, and it is in flower all the year round. | 

Stem short, erect. Branches . numerous, Opposite, erect, — 
round, smooth ; the whole plant two or three feet high. Thorns. 
or rather prickles. axillary, generally about fen melas 
" slender, ‘sharp. Leaves opposite, decus sate, short-petiol 
ed, oblong, waved a little, mucronate smooth, . : 


Barleria. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 37 


axillary, generally solitary, sessile, large, yellow. Bractes 
uncertain, when there are no thorns on the same axill there 
are two, opposite, linear, daggered, besides an undeter- 
mined number of very small ones. Stamens, the long 
pair projecting, their filaments compressed. Stigma entire, 
cylindric, open, pitted. Capsule conical, two-seeded, one 
seed in each cell. 


2. B. buxifolia, Willd. iii, 377. : 

‘Shrubby, spreading. Spines simple, axillary, twin. Leaves 
round, with spinous joints, lowers not long, sessile be- 
tween the twin spines. 

Cara-schulli. Rheed, Mal. ii. t. 47. bad, if for this plant. 

A native of Malabar, Mysore, &e. from the latter country 
the seeds were sent by Dr. Buchanan in 1800 to the Bota- 
nic garden at Calcutta, where the plants thrive well, and are 
in blossom during the hot season, 

Stems scarcely any, but several slender, variously bent, 
ramous, spreading branches ; young shoots round and downy. 
Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, nearly round, entire, spinous, 
pointed, villous on both sides ; about half an inch long, and 
nearly as broad, Spines in aselithy’ pairs longer ities the’ 
leaves, simple, slender, white and sharp, when they are in 
opposite axills they form a verticel of four, but it is only the 
older branches on which they are found in both. Flowers 
solitary, sessile in the forks of the spines, large, ofa beautiful 
pink tinged with violet, Stamens the two with fertile an- 
thers considerably longer than the tube of the corol, and in 
this species there are three short sterile filaments. ues 
= with two — —_ in éscas cell, 


38. B. cristata. Willd, Heel dete 7 ‘ 
~ Unarmed, opi sceape = broad, lanceolate, en- - 


38 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Barleria, 


of Silhet. It is a large, very ramous shrub. Flowering time 
the cold season, during which period it is uncommonly gau- 
dy ; young shoots round, jointed, hairy. Leaves opposite, 
sessile, broad-lanceolate, entire, hairy, from two to three inches 
long. Flowers axillary, sessile, one or two, rarely more than 
three, large, ofa beautiful bright blue. Bractes from two to 


three, subulate, hairy, Calya four-leaved ; exterior. pair. 


hairy, oblong and ciliated with strong bristles ; interior pair 
much smaller, lanceolate and hairy,  Corol, tube oblong, 
outside downy; border two-lipped, upper lip four-parted ; 
the under one broader, but shorter and entire, Nectary a 
two-lipped cup, embracing the lower half of the germ, | Fi- 
laments as in the family, with the addition of a small, fifth 
sterile one, all hairy. Anihers. two-parted 


eee rather longer than thelong filament, Stigma en! 
foratec between two short manned. itt 


3 Byuikete. Roxke: | 

Unarmed, shrubby, with few long spreading branches. 
Leaves lanceolate, Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary or in 
_A native of the interior parts of Bengal and from thence. 


seut by Dr. W. Carey, to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, 
where it blossoms about the beginning of the cold season, — 
Stems scarcely any, but several long slender diffuse, strag- 


gling branches and branchlets; which makes it rather a nak- 
ed:plant, when compared with the species formerly described 
by me under the name B. cristata, though I must now ac- 
knowledge the species before me'agrees better with Osbeck’s 

figure than that does. Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, lanceolate, 
frequently recurved, a little hairy, entire, about two or three 


inches long, and half an inch broad. Flowers axillary, soli- 


tary or in pairs, large, pink, with a slight tinge of purple. 

_ Bractes ensiform, often ciliate. Calyx, leaflets two. pairs ; ex- 
terior pair lanceolate, nervose, ciliate ; inner pair sal and 

—eaaiforn. Corel, upper sidebar ous: 


= below. 


Barteria, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 39 


the under one slightly emarginate. Capsule with one or two 
hairy seeds in each cell. 


4, B. dichotoma, Roxb. 

Unarmed, shrubby. Leaves petioled, broad-lanceolar, 
Flowers collected in the axills, on short recurved dichoto- 
mous spikes; exterior pair of the leaflets of the calyx ciliate. 

Beng. Sada-jatee. 5 

Found in a Hindoo’s garden near Calcutta, where indige- 
nous I could not learn, Flowering time the cold season. 

Trunk scarcely any, but numerous opposite and decussated 
branches, and somewhat hairy branchlets ; height from four to 
eight feet. Leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, oblong, en- 
tire, somewhat hairy on both sides. Flowers large, pure 
white, collected on very short, solitary, dichotomous, recurved, 
axillary spikes, two or three standing erect on the upper or 
convex side of each spikelet, with a single one in the fissure ; 
pe are all embraced by several, linear, pretty long tiesitase: 

—— &e. — as in Barleria cristata, i 


maak Bie cs 3 rid _ Leaves sub-sessile, oblong, 
waved, lowers in imbricated, axillary, and terminal fas- 
cicles.  Exierior — of the calyx ovate, oe ; 
ciliate. : a 

Beng. Dasee. : ) 

Justicia fasciculata of Dr. Kénig’s Mss. 

Barleria strigosa. Willd. ui. 379. 

A middle-sized, erect, flowering shrub, cultivated in our. 
garden, for the sake of its numerous, beautiful, large, light 
blue flowers. It is a native of the shady moist vallies, up. 
amongst the mountains, through the — also of — 
Flowering time the cold season, = 

Roots brauchy. Stems and branches many, anare wail . 
jointed ; swelled cto geemeneeame ccs: i 
to four feet high. = oblong, 


40 DIDYNAMTA ANGIOSPERMIA, Barleria, 


pointed, waved, a little scabrous, from four to five inches long, 
and from two to two and a half broad. Spikes short, axil- 
lary and terminal, recurved, bearing the flowers on the upper 
or convex side. Bractes one or two to each flower, placed 
on the outside, oblong, pointed, nervous, waved, dentate, ci- 
liate. Flowers large, blue, placed alternately in two rows. 
Calyx four-leaved; exterior pair large, pointed, dentate, 
ciliate, waved ; inner pair lanceolate, small, Nectary a 
cup surrounding the base of the germ. Filaments, a fifth 
sterile, between the short pair of stamens, Capsule litlet 
_ more than half the length of the exterior a Seeds two 
in each valye, a ; 


A icdecd laknas steady species, a native of a 
and the lower region of mountains. | 
_ Stem very short, woody ; bark whitish ; hecibchats very nu- 
_ merous, below opposite, above alternate, cit caliiets from two 
to four feet high, Leaves opposite, petioled, cordate, entire, 
covered with much soft white down, from one to two inches 
long, and one or one and ahalf broad. Flowers axillary, soli- 
tary, alternate, short-peduncled, white, in the opposite axill is 
br et, the flowers occupying those axills on the upper 
side, and the branchlet those on the under, . Bractes. two, 
"opposite, linear-lanceolate, revolute. Calyx four-leaved ; the 
exterior two opposite, large, boitlates reticulated, chafty, 
_ waved ; the interior two also opposite, but many ‘nnenasiialle 
ef, lanceolate and concave. Corol ; tube very long, from four 
_ to six inches, filiform, bent a little; segments of the border 
- flat, equal, obcordate, Anthers, the superior pair somewhat 
sagittate ; the inferior small and two-lobed. . Stigma clavate, 
somewhat three-sided, prema nem Seeds four, 
two in each cell, silky. Coe ee a 


Ruellia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Al 


Obs. Dr. Konig’s bractes are my exterior leaflets of the 
calyx, but his flores terminales 1 cannot account for, and — 
there is no mistake in the plant, for I was with him when he 

_ discovered and first described it. It looks well while young, 
but afterwards it has rather a scraggy appearance; I have 
had it in my garden many years, 


RUELLIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1050. 


Calyx five-parted, Corol somewhat campanulate, by pairs. 
Capsule two-celled, two-valved, bursting with elasticity con- 
trary to the Sssee38 


1. R. infundibuliformis, Rowb. trast sedi erence: 03 <a 

Shrubby. Leaves oblong, four-fold. Spikes four-sided. 
Bractes three-fold. Calya five-leaved. Corol with unilateral 
border ; seeds scaly. 

_ Justicia infundibuliformis, Willd, i. 99. 

Manja Kurini. Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 62. 

A pretty large, erect, ramous shrub ; commonly found onk 
tivated in the Pagoda gardens, sahite it flowers all the year 
round. Leaves four-fold and staid at the joints of the 
branchlets, spreading, petioled, oblong, pointed, waved, run- 
ning down the petiole, slightly pubescent, about two or 
three inches long, and one and a half broad. _ Petioles chan- 
nelled, about an inch long, Spikes axillary, erect, long-pe- 
dancled, four-sided ; angles sharp, from the sharp points of — 
the bractes always ending there. Bractes oblong, jointed, 
keeled, ciliate, one-flowered. Bractioles two, subulate, plac- 

ed on each side of the calyx. Flowers numerous, pretty 
large, of a bright orange colour. Calyz five-leaved, the three 
exterior largest. Corol ; tube filiform, curved like the letter 
$3 border irregularly five-cleft. Filaments four, short, curv- 
— wf them shorter, Anthers seer within Be tube. 


42 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Ruellia, 


2. R. Zeylanica, Kon. Mss. B. H. 


Shrubby, scandent. Leaves cordate. Racemes terminal, 


becoming lateral,round. Capsules clavate; seeds one or two 
in each cell, with a thick double, dentate margin. 

Valli upu dali, Rheed, Mal. ix. t, 45. 

A native of Coromandel, and in flower and fruit great part 
of the year. Stem not easily distinguished from the innumer- 
able branches, which spread or climb in every direction to a 
very considerable extent, and by age become ligneous; the 
parts that rest on the ground strike root at the joints ; young 
shoots pretty smooth and somewhat four-sided. Leaves op- 
posite, petioled, cordate, entire, rather obtuse, pretty smooth, 
texture soft, from one to three inches long, Petioles toward 
the apex winged ; length one-third that, al the leaves. _ Ra- 
cemes terminal, but becoming lateral by the time t hes 


ripe, as the branches lengthen on one side thereof, ony 


twelve inches long, slightly incurvate, round. Rachis four- 
sided. Flowers short-pedicelled, solitary, rather remote, 


large, white or pale blue purple; for there are two varieties. 


constituted by the colour of the flowers only. Bractes tern, 
at the base of each pedicel, and one opposite to these on the 


opposite side of the rachis, small, triangular, permanent. 


Calyx to the base tive-cleft. Segments ensiform, acute ; corol 


with short tube, compressed, “campanulate throat, and sub- 
equal border, of five nearly equal, sub-rotund segments. F%- 
laments, the pairs united below the middle. Germ sitting 
in a fleshy nectarial cup, oblong, two-celled, with two seeds 
in each. Stigma rather large, slightly two-lobed, umbilicat- 


ed. Capsules clavate, villous, a full inch long. Seeds one 
or two in each cell, rugose, with thick, double, dentate mar- 


gins, The rest as in other Acanthoidee. 


3. R. racemosa, Roxb. 

Herbaceous, erect, the tender parts eillian: Leaves state 
ed, broad-lanceolate, rather blunt, entire. Racemes termi- 
nal, Corol cylindric, campanulate; divisions of the border 


O_O eee ee 


Ruellia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 43 


equal and roundish. .Anthers twin, Capsule linear, oblong, 
many-seeded. ° 

Found by Dr. Hunter, and Mr. Roxburgh in Palo Pinang, 
under the shade of trees, in flower in June. 


_ 4, R. comosa, Roxb. 

Shrubby, ramifications crowded, very hairy. Leaves 
oyate-oblong, serrate, cuspidate, one much larger. Spikes 
axillary, imbricate, with decussate, ciliate, cuneiform bractes. 
Calyx two-cleft. Corol obliquely campanulate. 

_ A native of the Molucca Islands, from thence introduced 
into. the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where in seven years 
the plants grew into large, very ramous, high, spreading 
bushes, and then blossomed for een 
season. 

Trunk scarcely any. Branches numerous, much divided, 
crowded, spreading in every direction, Young shoots round, 
hairy, and swelled at the joints, Leaves opposite, long- 
petioled, one of the pairs much smaller, ovate, oblong, ser- 
rate, cuspidate, very hairy, length of the largest about five’ 
inches by two and a half, and its companion scarcely half 
the size. Spikes axillary, solitary, whist-polinarlad; scarcely 
so long as the petioles, imbricated with decu , ciliate, cu- 
neiform, cuspidate bractes, those of the calyx opposite, similar eS 
in shape, but much smaller. Flowers large, purple. Calyx 
deeply .two-cleft, very hairy ; the wpper segment three-tooth- 
ed; the wnder one two-toothed. Corol of an oblique, narrow, 
campanulate form, with its border divided into five, short, 
broad, emarginate, nearly equal, somewhat crenulate seg- 
ments. - Sie eae four-seeded. 


- 


nic R, nde: Roxb. : 
eis smooth, petioled, bles aioe tapixingit ! 


| mosiatithe-hese, sub-entire. Teenmeete  lowereite 


mpanulate, sub-equal, — - Leadon 
| pretty, eel ebenb: vn in flower, found by dhe 


Fa. 


4A DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Ruellia, 


Rev. Mr. F. Carey in the vicinity of Rangoon in Pegue, 
where it is called Pretchee. Branchlets straight, smooth, and 
in the dry specimens tending to be four-sided. Leaves op- 
posite, petioled, oblong, ventricose, margins rather uneven, 
smooth on both sides, six inches long. Spikes terminal, 
crowded with bractes, and larger, yellow, opposite, sessile 
flowers. Rachis four-sided and smooth. Bractes a lanceolate 
one under each flower and two smaller ensiform ones pressing 
on the sides of the calyx and longer than its segments. Calyx 
five-parted, Segments ensiform. Corol irregularly narrow, 
campanulate. Border of five nearly equal, semicircular lobes. 
Filaments the longer pair most ciliate on the outside, .4n- 
thers linear, and the opposite pairs firmly united Geom ob- 
long. Stigma of two — fone ean UEP Pegi x: 


Pe oily cieaphig adie? ated Sins: ventri- 


cose, hairy, Flowers axillary, short-peduncled. Floral 

leaves longer than the sony? —_—s clavate, Seeds im- 
~pa dali. “Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 64. has the divisions of the 

border of the corol too long and too sharp for my plant. 

Js common in thickets, &c, over most part of India, and is’ 
in blossom the greatest part of the year. Com _ with Vahl’s: 
R, pallida, Symb. ii. 72. 

Stems or branches diffuse, climbing or creeping just as 
they meet with support, woody.” Young shoots erect, some- 
what four-sided, and hairy. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, 
ovate, oblong, entire or slightly scollopped, pale green and 
hairy on both sides. Flowers axillary, solitary, short-pedun- 
cled, large ; colour, a beautiful pale blue, they expand in the 
evening and droop in the morning. Floral leaves, (bractes,) 
like the other leaves, but smaller, one on each side of the 
middle of the peduncle, from their axills other flowers often 
succeed, Calyx with very long, slender, bristle-like, hairy 
divisions. Corol bell-shaped, almost regularly five-parted. 


Ruellia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 45 


Filaments united by pairs near the base, Stigma entire, 
broad, glandular. Capsule club-shaped, with many compress- 
ed imbricated seeds in each cell, | 


7. R. cernua, Roxb. 

Shrubby, erect, polished. Leaves opposite, drooping, pe- 
tioled, ovate lanceolate, acuminate, # lowers axillary, sub- 
sessile. Bractes petioled. Capsule clavate, many-seeded. 

Moretiana. Rumph, Amb. iv. t. 23. f. 1. 

Reared in the Botanic garden at Calcutta from seed sent 
by Dr. Buchanan from Mysore, where the plant is indigen- 
ous, Flowering time in Bengal the rainy season. 

Root perennial. Stems in a cultivated state several, sub- 
ligneous, erect, round, smooth, swelled immediately above the 
joints. Branches opposite, alternately smaller, sub-erect, 
smooth, obscurely four-sided, the whole plant about three feet 
high. Leaves opposite, petioled, drooping, alternately smaller, 
ovate, lanceolate, slightly repand, long, taper, recurved, point- 
ed, smooth on both sides; size very various, the larger often 
from two to four inches long. Fowers axillary, from one to 
three, sub:sessile, small, pale pink, their insertions surrounded 
with some opposite pairs of small floral leaves and lance- 
olate petioled bractes, Calyx five-cleft.. Corol campanulate, 
lower lip larger and more deeply coloured, the other four. 
equal. Stigma clavate, curved. Capsule clavate, many- 
seeded, 4 


8. R. patula, Willd, iii, 364, 

Perennial. Leaves ovate, scollopped, downy ; peduncles 
axillary, three-flowered. Filaments united by pairs, from the 
middle downwards, Capsules clavate, many-seeded. It de- 
lights in rubbish, shady corners, &e. in the vicinity of Nega- 
_ patam. Flowers.during the cold season. . 

Root woody, perennial, Stems many, seunctianion a 
on the ground, rooting, and sometimes nearly erect, very ra- 
a en niu join ij Spel oa 


AG -_ PIDYNAMTA ANGIOSPERMIA, Ruellia. 


about two feet high. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, a very 
little scollopped, waved, downy, somewhat glutinous; about 
an inch or one and a half long and broad. Petioles com- 
pressed, downy, half the length of the leaves, Peduneles 
axillary, short, generally three-flowered. ~ Bractes leaf-like, 
but smaller, and narrow in proportion. //owers pretty large, 
very pale blue. Filaments united by pairs from the middle 
downwards, Stigma large, particularly the under lip. Seeds 
about six in each cell, imbricated, margins woolly. 
The plant has a weak, but pleasant, fragrant smell. 


9. R, hirta. Vahl. Symb. iii. p. 84. t. 67. » 
Perennial, creeping, four-sided, hairy. Leaves oblong 

_ erenate, bristly. Heads terminal, surrounded. with, Liiaide: 
late bractes, Capsudeslinear, Sy paket fei, 
A native of various parts of Telia and feand chiefly it ~_" 
nat ly places, Flowers during the cold season. 

‘Root woody, perennial. Stem often creeping, branchy, 
four-sided, very hairy, from one to two feet long. Leaves 
opposite, sub-sessile, oblong, crenulate, covered with stiff 
brown hairs, about two inches long and one broad, Floral. 
leaves four-fold, lowers terminal, several forming one or 
more globular heads, large, bluish purple. Bractes inyolu- 
cre-like, linear, very hairy. _ Corol, divisions of the border 
equal, obliquely oval, as in the contorted flowers, 

There i isa = of this species, with white Mowers, _ 


10. R. Vaisbroes. Roxb. 

_ Herbaceous, creeping, round, hairy, ‘Leaves oval, sub-ses- 
sile, crenate, lowers axillary, solitary, and in terminal, 
bracted heads ; corol nearly regular, Capsule lanceolate, 
many-seeded, , | 

A small creeping, herbaceous lami. growing in shady un- 
cultivated places, under bushes, &e. . Flowers daring the 
cold and the beginning of the hot season, os 

. Root perennial, Stems several, creeping, round, hairy, 


- 


Ruellia. |  DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, AZ 


from six to twelve inches long. Leaves opposite, short-petiol- 
ed, broad, oval, serrate or notched, hairy, about an inch long, 
and three quarters of an inch broad, Flowers axillary, so- 
litary, sessile, light blye, they are also collected in small, 
terminal, bracted heads, of from four to six flowers each. 
Corol ; tube twice the length of the calyx, contracted about 
the middle, Capsule lanceolate, many-seeded, ; 


IL. R. flagelli formis, 

Herbaceous. Shoots diffuse, Radical leaves petioled, 
oblong, and obtuse; cazline remote, sub-sessile, and nearly 
round, Flowers axillary, crowded, sessile, Anthers twin. 
Capsule linear, many-seeded, _ 

A native of the Moluccas. 


12. R. Pavala. Roxb, 

Suffrutex, very ramous, diffuse. Leaves ovate, pointed, 
serrate. Spikelets axillary, and terminal, sub-sessile._ Corol 
with a regular, five-parted border, 

Teling. Pavala. , 

This plant i is in general so like R. fasciculata, the flowers 
excepted, that our description, gens od that of the — 
may serve for both. 

It is a native of the same places, and flowers ; during” the 
cold season. ati 

Spikelets terminal, and axillary, sub-sessile, oblong. Brac- 
tes opposite, oblong, downy, margins slightly fringed with 
hairs, one-flowered. Flowers small, bright, but deep blue. 
Corel; tube curved, widening from the’ base to the my in 
the last it is gibbous, &e. divisions of the border equal ; 
the last it is grinning. ; 

The plant has a strong disagreeable smell. 


13. R. bracteata. Réwd. 
_ Shrubby, straight. Leaves ovate, pointed, serrate. Flow- 
_ ers a oe or _theennie,  Bractes cordate, scl: 


~ 


48 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. — Ruellia. 


A shrubby species, a native of the mountains, Stems se- 
veral, woody, straight, spreading, round, smooth, jointed ; 
lenoth and thickness various, Bark light, ash-coloured. 
Branches few, stem-like. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, 
serrate, pointed, pretty smooth. Peduncles axillary, so- 
litary, one-flowered, or in luxuriant plants they are on small 
axillary racemes, like leafy branchlets. Bractes two, oppo- 
site, sessile, cordate, pointed, concave, chiefly veined ; with- 
in them the proper five-parted perianth ishid. Flower white, 
large. Corol; tube gibbous; border sub-equal. Anthers 
twin, the lower point of each ends in an incurved spur. Cap- 
sule oval, two-seeded. 


14, R. fasciculata, Willd. iii. p.1.369. 
Suffrutex, very ramous, diffuse. Leaves sub-rhombiform, 
ent, pointed, serrate. Spikelets sub-panicled. Corols 
tingent; tube gibbous ; anthers twin. 
A small, diffuse, very ramous, under shrub, a native of the 
hilly country. Flowers during the cold season. 

Root perennial, Stems and Sraackas numerous, and are so 
intermixed that there is no making a distinction ; diffuse, those 
next the ground strike root at the joints, four-seeded, a little 
hairy, from one to two feet long. _ Leaves opposite, petioled, 
oblong, pointed, with the anterior margins serrate, running 
down to near the base of the petiole, a little downy, from 
two to three inches long, and from one to two broad, Spike- 
lets ovate, small, numerous, panicled, peduncled, axillary, 
and terminal, Bractes lanceolate, imbricate. Flowers nu- 

‘merous, small, white. Corol grinning ; éxbe bellied, contract- 


ed at the mouth ; upper lip short, emarginate ; the under one 


broader and three-parted, Filaments inserted into the mouth 
of the tube. Anthers twin, the superior pair oblong, and 
placed laterally ; the inferior globular, one above the other. 


15. R. imbricata, Willd. iii. 366. ? 
 Sohemeeg diffuse. Leaves long-petioled, obliga ovate. 


Ruellia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. 49 


Racemes secund, _Bractes solitary, reniform, ciliate, many- 
flowered ; wpper segments of the calyx very hard, lanceolate, 
_ Found wild in shady places in the vicinity of the Botanic 
garden near Calcutta, It blossoms during the cold season, 
and its seed ripens in March. 

Stem scarcely any, but numerous, sub-opposite, jointed, 
weak, straggling branches, often resting on the ground, and 
in that case roots issue from the joints. Leaves opposite, 
long-petioled, one of the pair always considerably smaller, 
obliquely ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, crenulate-serrate, to- 
lerably smooth on both sides; size very various. Racemes 
axillary, and terminal, short, secund. The reniform bractes, 
with their flowers occupy the outside, while on the insideare 
just as many, opposite pairs, of very unequal (sized) floral 
leaves; in the axills of the largest of these, the alternate, re- 
niform bractes with their flowers are inserted. Bractes axil- 
lary, solitary, short-peduncled, reniform, clothed with long, 
soft, glutinous hairs, each embracing from two to six, or more 
small, white flowers. Calya: five-cleft ; upper division large, 
rather longer than the bractes, broad-lanceolate, the inferior 
four subulate, all are hairy, and clammy, like the bractes. Co- 
rol bilabiate ; the upper lip pigs: the node; one isnt. tp 
sule Revsindids bade i lies oisiticstis 


16, R, dependens, Roxb. stnthiDy ari 

Suffruticose, erect, yery ramous. Leaves hanging, broad- 
lanceolate, serrulate. Spikes terminal, sessile, crowded, se- 
cund, imbricated. Bractes lanceolate, ciliate. 

A native of Mysore. Flowering time, the rainy season. 

Stem, scarcely any thing like one, but numerous straight 
‘branches. with alternate, erect, somewhat four-angled, co- 
loured, smooth branchlets ; the height of the whole plantabout 
two feet, Leaves opposite, petioled, drooping, alternately © 
smaller, broad-lanceolate, margins entire, most slightly vil- 
lous underneath, from one to four inches sii : etioles ith © 
a continuation of “ry various in leng' 
306,10. 


50 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Ruellia. 


a little hairy. Spikes terminal, crowded, sessile, sub-cylindric, 
secund, Bractes, on the back of the spike are two rows, of al- 
ternate, bifarious, lanceolate, spinous-pointed ciliate ones;on _ 
the floriferous side three similar ones to each flower. Calya, 
to the base five-cleft ; divisions unequal, ciliate. Corol rin- 
gent ;_ tube as long as the calyx, gibbous ; upper lip shorter, 
smaller and deeply emarginate; the under one three-parted, 
recurved, Anthers united by pairs. Capsule short, ensiform, 
with two seeds in each cell, 


‘17. R. salicifoha, Willd. iii. 374, Vahl. Symb, 384, 

Annual, sub-erect. Leaves lanceolate, serrate. Flowers 
sessile, fascicled in alternate axills, Corols aed erect, 
Bractes lanceolate. she aia 41 

Is very much like Barleria longifolia: it je. annual or 
biennial, and a native of the same wet swampy places as that” 
plats! It flowers during the wet season. 

Stem towards. the base resting on the ground, and there 
tibia root at the joints, above erect, round, smooth, joint- 
ed. Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, lanceolate, slightly serrate, 
crenulated, or waved, smooth ; about three inches long, and 
half an inch broad. Flowers sessile, from two to six in each 
alternate axill, light-blue; in the opposite axill there is ge- 
nerally a small branchlet. Bractes several, lanceolate, slight- 
ly ciliate. Calyx five-parted. Corol rmgent. Capsules long, 
ae smooth, Seeds small, very numerous. 


18. R. longifolia. Roxb. or ey 

Herbaceous. Leaves verticelled, lanceolate, hairy, Spines , 
of the verticells six-fold. 

Gecantaca, its Sanscrit name, See Asiat, Res. v. Pe Q9h« i 

Beng. Kanta koolika. 

Barleria longifolia. Linn. sp. pl. eid. Willi ili, 375. 

Bahel-schulli, Rheed. Mal. ii, t. 45. — oa 

ds common in low wet <—— all over dada Flowering 


Ruellia. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 51 


Roots often biennial. Stems herbaceous, ascending, or 
erect, ramous, jointed, a little flattened, hairy, from two to 
three feet high. Branches opposite, like the stem, and also 
nearly erect, Leaves, an exterior, opposite, sessile pair 
at each joint, within these, and sub-alternate with the spines, 
several small ones in a verticel; all are linear-lanceolate ; 
margins often revolute, hairy, T may almost say bristly ; 
size various. Spines six in each verticel, between the leaves 
and flowers, awl-shaped, spreading, and a little recurved. 
Flowers verticelled, numerous, sessile, large, of a bright-blue, 
or in some varieties, rose-coloured. Bractes lanceolate, mar- 
gins’ and outside bristly. Calyx of two pairs of nearly 
equal leaflets, clothed with soft hair. Corol two-lipped ; 
lips nearly equal ; upper two-parted, with the division emar- 
ginate; the under one three-parted, with the divisions also 
emarginate, in the under a coloured body like a large oblong 
anther. £ilaments connected at the base ; second pair larger 
than usual in the genus. Anthers sagittate, Stigma subulate, 
involute, with a fissure on the upper side. 


19. R. hirsuta, R. 

‘Annual, erect, Leaves lanceolar, entire, hirsute. Flowers 
sessile, crowded in both axills. Bractes numerous, nay 
and with the five acute segments of the calyx very oe 

A native of Chittagong, 


20. R. obovata. R. 

Annual, Leaves short-petioled, from oval to obovate, cu- 
neate, obtuse, hairy. Flowers axillary, crowded, sessile. 
Bractes and calyx antes Corol — Capsule cylin- 

Nir schulli. Rheed, Mal, ii, t. 46. 

Found in moist situations in the province of . Chistagotig: 
Flowers about the close of inthe nt eee 
a March. © 


greg mach eta wih Van Rh 
BSS 7 


52 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Ruellia, 


figure above quoted, than the short aeanipeine of R, ae 
mis, suppl 289, Willd, iii. 374. 


21. B. uliginosa. Willd. iii. 371, : 
- Annual, diffuse, Leaves opposite lanceolate. Spikes ter- 
minal, four-sided. lowers opposite, with three orbicular 
bractes to each, Corols ringent. Capsules linear ; seeds nu- 
merous, 
Is very common on dry rice grounds, during the dry sea- 
son. genes deiveteres wt 
Stem annual, weak, straggling, ramous, four-sided, joint- 
ed, smooth, of a purplish colour, about a footlong. Branches 
opposite, and like the stem. Leaves opposite, remote, ses- 
sile, lanceolate, entire, smooth, size various, often coloured. 
Spikes terminal, long, for 1st ed. cus 
sated, blue, each ‘embracet "by: the cables Saicalar bractes™ 
Calya: five-cleft. Corol ringent. Anthers two-cleft at the 
base. Stigma simple. Capsule linear, oblong. Seeds nu- 
merous, small, round, of a shining brown. 


P, 


22. R. triflora, R. : 

Annual, creeping, hairy. . Leaves cordate, serrate, or pin- 
natifid, Flowers verticelled, Corols ringent. Seeds nu 
merous, 

A native of ditches, low ground, kev in Bibel ‘it Pep 
pears during the cold season. 

_ Stems creeping, with leaf and flower-bearing extremities, 
erect, hairy. Leaves opposite, the most inferior longer-petiol- 
ed, ovate-cordate, serrate, hairy, from one to two inches long: 
Flowers axillary, three-fold, one a common short peduncle, 
pretty large ‘and of a pleasing deep-rose, or purple colour. 
Bractes oblong, hairy, four or five to each fascicle of flowers. — 
Calyx hairy, five-parted ; divisions-long, narrow and acute. 
Corol ringent ; upper lip vaulted, two-parted ; the under one 
expanding, broader, three-parted. Anthers bifid. » Stigma 


Lepidagathis, _DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Se 


two-parted, one division much longer and hooked. Capsule 
linear, as long as the calyx. Seeds numerous. 


23. R. suffruticosa. R. 

Suffruticose, erect, hairy. Leaves short-petioled, lanceo- 
late, obtuse, ciliate. Flowers terminal, solitary, sessile, Corol 
with a long slender tube, and sub-regular border, Capsules 
oblong, few-seeded. 

A small, erect, ramous under shrub, of about one foot in. 
height, with large, terminal, white flowers, which appear : 
during the ae season ; Jin nase at sun-set, and dropping in 
the morning. 

A native Mets aes of Dinagepore, & &e. Sra 


LEPIDAGATHIS, Wiild. 


Calyx of two opposite, unequal pairs of leaflets, ringent ; 
the upper lip small, the wnder one three-parted. | Anthers 
twin, Capsule two-celled, two-valved, bursting with elastici- 
ty — to the partition. | 


L, cristata. Willd; iii. p. 400, 

Perennial, diffuse. Leaves ipipetitis HBT Ianceoate 
Inflorescense, a dense head close to the crown of the root. 

The generic character is but little removed from Barleria, 
but the habit of the plant is very different. It is a native of 
elevated, dry, barren ground, all over the coast of Coroman- 
del. Flowering time, the rainy and cold season. 

Root perennial. Stem scarcely any; but several, long, slen- 
der, opposite, diffuse, four-sided, ramous, smooth branghes, 
spreading close on the ground, and often striking root. Leaves 
opposite, sessile, lanceolate, entire, sometimes villous or even 
hairy, and scabrous; from one to three inches long and half 
an inch or less broad. Inflorescense in large, variously shap-— 
ed, densely imbricated heads, close to. the earth, ‘nestahe 


54 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Roscoea. 


branches. Bractes numerous, imbricated, lanceolate, cili- 

ate, pointed. Flowers numerous, small, of a rose colour, 

Calyx of two pairs of unequal leaflets, the exterior pair 

much larger, with the lower leaflets bidentate, all are hairy 

and ciliate. Corol one-petalled, ringent; tube gibbous, with 
the mouth contracted. Throat campanulate ; the upper lip 
erect, emarginate ; the under lip large, three-parted ; middle 
division broad, emarginate, a little curled, and more deeply 
coloured. Filaments within the throat of the corol. An- 
thers twin. Germ ovate, elevated on a glandular receptacle, 

Style sufficiently long to elevate the small stigma even with 

the anthers. Capsule ovate, acute, sessile, two-celled, two- 
lobed, bursting with elasticity, as in Justicia, Barleria, &e, 
- ROSCOEA. R. 

Gen. Cuar. Involucre few-flowered. Calyx tubular, Co- 
rol irregular. Stamina very long, and distinct. Germ four- 
celled; cells one-seeded ; attachment superior. Berry one- 
seeded. Embryo erect, without perisperm. 7 


sprean, 
Teee., 
ae 


1. R. pentandra, R. 

Involucre six-leaved, six-flowered. Flowers pentandrous, 
Stigma bifid. Leaves opposite, from ovate-oblong to lance- 
olate, smooth, 

‘Kungea, the Bengalee name, 

A large, climbing, permanent shrub, a native of the forests 
near Silhet, where it flowers in February, March, and April, 
and the seed ripens during the rains. 

Trunk ligneous, soon dividing into many long, scandent, 
woody jbranches, covered with rough ash-coloured bark. 
Branchlets opposite, the tender shoots villous; the ligneous — 
ones scabrous, very small, and villous, Stipules nothing more 
than a villous ridge. Panicle axillary, and terminal, the ter- 
minal one large, and composed of several pairs of opposite, 
spreading, four-sided, villous branches, Umbellets opposite, 


Roscoea., DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 655 


solitary, long-peduncled. Bractes like the Jeaves, but much 
smaller and villous, one under each of the opposite pe- 
duncles, which support the umbellets. Jnvolucre six-leaved, 
and about six-flowered ; /eaflets spreading, linear, obtuse, 
smooth, veined, much Jonger than the flowers, lowers ses- 
- sile, purple, inodorous, Perianth proper, campanulate, en- 
tire, ribbed, villous, permanent. Corol one-petalled ; tube 
short ; throat very woolly. Border of five or six spreading, 
sub-rotund, nearly equal divisions, /i/aments five, or some- 
times six, corresponding withthe segments of the border of the 
corol, unequal, inserted within the mouth of the tube, much 
longer than the corol and variously bent. .4nthers two-lobed, 
cordate, Germ superior, hairy, two-celled, the cells more than 
half divided by incomplete partitions which project from the 
centre of the complete one. Ovula four, one in each cell, at- 
tached from the apex to the top of the axis. Style the length 
ofthe stamina. Stigma bifid. Berry superior, globular, hairy ; 
half hid in the calyx, of the size of a small pea, one-celled. 
Seed solitary, conform to the berry. Integuments two, The 
exterior one is the cortex of the berry ; the interior one mem- 
branaceous. Perisperm none. Embryo erect. Cotyledons con- 
form to the seed, nearly equal, the line of Mh saberetens serpen- 
tine. Radicle small, inferior, we erate 


2. BR: sidien: R. ; 

Involucre three-leaved, from five to ten-flewored, Stiga 
bidentated. Leaves opposite, cordate, downy. Anthers two- 
lobed. Stigma slightly two-parted. Berry dry, top-shaped, 
four-partible, each part one-seeded. 

The leaves of these plants have a strong, heavy, disagree- 
able smell ; they are used for fomentation by the natives. 

A stout extensive, scandent shrub; it is a native of Pegue 
in the vicinity of Rangoon, The Rev. F. Carey found it 
common in the hedges. The young shoots are round and — 
densely clothed with: Sight brown, soft, short ~ nce, 


56 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Roscoea, 


pointed, with short hairs on the upper surface, and the under 
one downy, from two to eight inches long, and from one to 
five broad; those accompanying the ramifications of the in- 
florescence are very small, more pubescent and coloured, in 
fact they may be called bractes, Stipules a connecting ridge 
only, extending through the division of the inflorescense, 
Panicles axillary, large, downy, generally composed of a 
few opposite pairs of branches, bearing single, opposite, 
Jong-peduncled involucred umbellets of small white flowers, 
Bracies no other than the floral leaves above-mentioned. 
Mnvolucre three-leaved, from five to ten-flowered; leaflets 
spreading, sessile, oblong, veined, often emarginate or retuse, 
tomentose, much longer than the flowers; those on the inside 
of the base next to the flowers hairy like the calyx. Pe: 7 
ianth proper, ¢ campanul jot 


‘és 


‘i aoe thin the free Border of two unequal lips ; one, 
viz. the interior one in all the exterior flowers in the same 
umbellet, is divided into three short, rounded segments ; the 
other, or exterior one, as long as the tube, and deeply divided 
into two obovate segments, Filaments four, more than twice — 
the length of the corol, variously contorted; the pair next 
the long lip shorter, Anthers two-lobed. Germ superior, | 
oblong, two-celled, each cell half divided by two incomplete 
partitions, which project from the centre of the complete par- 
tition, containing four seeds attached to the upper end of the — 
angle formed by the partitions. Style as long as the stamina, 
Stigma bidentate, : 
3. R. tomentosa, R. 
Involucre three-leaved, from six to nine-flowered, Stig- : 
ma entire. Leaves opposite, cordate. — , bots 
An immense, climbing shrub, or I may say tree, a native 
of forests of Chittagong, where it blossoms in March, 
Bark of the large trunk, and old igneous. branches, scab- 
_yrous and ash-coloured, of the young shoots tomentose. Leaves 
opposite, short-petioled, cordate, entire, more or r Tess villous, 


Clerodendrum. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 57 


according to age, from four to six inches long, and from three 
to four broad. oral leaves small, and very downy. Pa- 


- nicles axillary and terminal, composed of many ascending, 


opposite pairs of tomentose branches, giving support to the 
opposite, single, peduncled umbellets of small, white flow- 
ers. Bractes from oblong to cordate, very downy, solitary, 
sessile, one at the base of each peduncle. Jnvo/ucre three- 
leaved, from six to nine-flowered; /eaflets elliptic, downy, 
pink-coloured, some few of them emarginate, above an inch 
long, and above half an inch broad, Perianth tubular, very 
hairy, five-toothed. Corol ; tube the length of the calyx ; bor- 
der bilabiate ; the exterior lip very long, and bifid ; the under 
or rather interior one of three oval, equal, sessile segments, 
Filaments didynamous, very long, much exceeding the exte-- 
rior lip of the corol, variously bent. Anthers two-lobed, 
Germ sub-turbinate, &c, &c, exacily as in the former species, 
Pericarpium not seen. 

A native of Coromandel, where it flowers in the cold season, 


* 


- CLERODENDRUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1057. 

Calyx five-cleft. Corol irregular, funnel-shaped. Sta- 
mina very long. Germ superior, seems four-celled, Cells 
one-seeded ; attachment sub-interior, Berry or eapsile dry, 
four-lobed, with a single seed in each, ene prt erect, with- 
out perisperm. 


*. C. phlomoides, Willd, iii. 306. 
- Arboreous, Leaves ovate-cordate, scollop-dentate, downy. 
Panicles terminal ; berries turbinate, dry. — 

Volkameria multiflora. Burm. Ind, 137. t. 45. f. 1. 

Telaki of the Telingas, 

OF this small tree, diéte are two subietes: one, the common 
one, with white flowers; the other with red, this variety is 


_rare, a native of the mountainous parts of the coast of Cor 


mandel, and’ differs from the white v ity ‘in the eo wate 


VOL. III, oe H 


58 _. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Volkameria, 


the flowers only, consequently, the same description serves for 
both, 
Trunk from six to ten feet high, and as thick as a man’s 
thigh, near houses it is so much cut for firewood, &c. so that 
the size cannot be determined by such plants. Bark light 
ash-colour. Leaves opposite, petioled, broad-cordate, scollop- 
dentate, downy, one or two inches each way. Petioles round, : 
downy, half the length of the leaves. Flowers numerous, 
from the extremities and exterior axills, forming a large lea- : 
fy panicle ; peduncles generally three-parted. Bractes oval, 
Pebics. 


. 2. C, inerme. Gert. Sem. i. t. 1. 

Shrubby, scandent. Leaves oval, entire, smooth, Peden. 
cles three-owered, Rerries dry, turbinal, four-pa 
. Volikameria inermis. Willd. iii. 303. — 

Nir-notsjil. Rheed, Mal. v. t. 49. 
_ Jasminum littoream, Rumph. Amb, v. t. 46. 

Beng. Bun-jumat, 

_A large, ramous, often scandent shrub, delighting in a salt, 
sandy soil, near the sea, Flowering time, the cold season 
ebielty, - 

Leaves opposite, or nearly so, sometimes three-fold, - 
iat: peticled, oval, smooth, entire, fleshy ; both sides dotted 
with numerous minute, dark green dots; from one to two 
inches long. Stipules none. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 
generally three-flowered. Calyx small, five-toothed, Co- 
rol; tube widening a little near the apex ; border of five, dis- 
tinct, equi-distant, roundish segments, Fruit dry, eee 
ed, four-partible. Seeds solitary, 


mA OLKAMERI A. Schreb. gen. N. 1056, ; 

Calyz five-cleft, Corol one-petalled, with gpilateral seg: 
ments, opposite to the long curved stamina. Germ superior, — 
seems four-celled; cells one-seeded ; attachment sub-interior- 


Volkameria, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, ’ 59 


Berry (or capsule) four-lobed, four-partible, with a single 
seed in each. Embryo erect; without perisperm. 


1. V. infortunata, Roxb. 

Shrubby, Leaves ovate-cordate, serrulate, downy. Pa- 
nicles terminal, brachiate, Berry enclosed in the enlarged 
coloured calyx, four-lobed. 

Clerodendrum foliatum, &c. Burm, Zeyl. 66, t. 29. en 
tunatum, Willd. iii, 386. 

- Peragu. Rheed, Mal. ii, t. 25. 

Bhanti, or Bhantaca, in Sanscrit. 

| Hind, Bhant. 

A very pretty shrub wheels in flower, and Evi It is gene- 
rally found under the shade of large trees, in consequence of 
birds dropping the seeds there. Flowers in February and. 
March ; seed ripens in April. 

Siem erect, somewhat quadrangular. Branches few, op- 
posite, four-sided. Leaves opposite, petioled, remote, cor- 
date, slightly serrate, downy, very various in size, but in ge- 
neral large, in old plants mach narrower, even ovate lan- 
ceolate, Panicles terminal, large, cross-armed, coloured. 
Flowers wamerous, pretty large, white with a small tinge of 
red. Calyx increasing with the fruit, of a bright red; divisions 
lanceolate, waved, Corol, its five divisions are ranged in a ~ 
semicircular form on the upper side, Stamens nearly equal, 
ascending until fecundation is over, then declining. Style 
declined, until fecundation is over, then ascending. Berry 
a little depressed, somewhat four-lobed, lodged in the calyx, 
the divisions of which are now enlarged, of a conic shape, red 
and leathery, of the size of a small black cherry ; when ripe, 
of the sane smooth, shining, black colour. Seeds four in 
the complete berries, but it is seldom they all come to per- 
fection, convex and wrinkled on the outside. a anime 


—eee: ‘ 


¢ = ee * 
s ~ 


60 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Volkameria, 


2, V. Buchanani, Roxb. 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves cordate, entire, downy. Corymbs 
terminal. Calyx shorter than the succulent berries, and re- 
flected back from them. 

-A shrub, received from Dr. Buchanan at Luckipore where 
_ the plant is found wild, The same plant was afterwards re~ 
ceived from the Moluccas, Flowering time the close of the 
rains ; the seed ripens in January. : 

Stem erect, with few expanding, opposite branches. Young 
shoots downy, and somewhat four-sided. Leaves opposite, pe- 
tioled, cordate, entire, downy on both sides, from four to six 
inches long, and from three to four broad. Corymbs terminal, 
bearing many, pretty large, deep scarlet coloured flowers. 
Peduncies and pedicels villous and. coloureds:: Bractes s : 
coloured, and villous. Calya five-cleft, small and pretty 
smooth. Corol; tube slender, five orisix tinies Eaaee than — 

the calyx, (this mark alone distinguishes it from Volkameria 

infortunata.) Border of five, equal, erect, unilateral divi- 
sions. Berry four-lobed, four-seeded, sitting on the reflexed, 
bright red coloured, permanent calyx ; when ripe of a dull 
Duis purple colour. 


3. V. oo Willd. ili, eee Banks's tcon, Ke ome: 
t. 50. 

Shrubby. Leaves long- emis, nadine cordate, sub-entire; 
margins a little waved, scaly underneath. Panicles terminal, 
brachiate, broad-ovate, coloured. Calyx globular. Berries — 4 
succulent. : 

A large, ramous, erect shrub, now common in gardens _ 
about Calcutta ; it was orginally introduced from China, Is 
in flower during the hot and rainy season. 

Root branchy, Stem scarcely any, but many erect branches, 
which are woody, and columnar below, young parts obtusely 
four-sided, and a little scabrous. Leaves opposite, petioled, 
round-cordate ; lobes large and rounded ; 3 margins entire, alit-_ 
tle downy, the ithidet bide covered with small concave scales; 


Volkameria. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 6] 


from six to twelve inches each way. Petioles round, from four 

to eight inches long. Stipules no other than a hairy ring 
round the S endless at the insertion of the leaves. Panic/es ter- 
minal, large, cross-armed, every part thereof of a deep, bright, 
beautiful scarlet colour, even the floral leaves of the lower 
ramifications. Bractes solitary, linear, recurved. Flowers 
numerous, middle-sized, scarlet coloured, Calyx at all times 
scarlet coloured, Corol, divisions of the border shorter than 
the tube, reflexed in a semi-circle over the upper side, Sta- 
mens ing. Stigma bifid ; segments acute, 


vr v Sedlaaien R. es 

Shrubby. » Leaves istadiliesladga toasienliatain, acute ; 
lobes rounded, and so larg‘e as to overlap each other. Pani- 
cles terminal, brachiate, coloured. 

An erect, very elegant shrub, of three or four feet i in 
height, a native of the Silhet district ; flowering time the hot 
and rainy season ; it has not yet ripened seed in the Botanic 
garden, where it grows luxuriantly, and is very ornamental 
when in flower. It differs from V. Kempfera and Bucha- 
nani in the leaves being dentate, and from urticifolia in 
being a permanent shrub; besides in that species the leaves 
are much deeper cut round the margin, and the lobes never 
so large as even to meet. In all the four, the flowers are 
nearly alike in size, structure and colour, viz, a very bright 
deep scarlet. 


5. V. urticifolia, Roxb. 

Herbaceous, Leaves broad-cordate, acuminate, grossly and 
acutely dentate. Panicles terminal,coloured. 

An elegant, middling-sized species, a native of “ine 
from thence introduced into the Botanic garden at Calcutta 
by the Rey. F. Carey, where it blossoms in Sorts Renter: : 
ber and October. iwi , 


62 _ DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Volkameria, 


covered with rough ash-coloured bark ; tender shoots with 
four obtuse angles and grooved ideal covered with vil- 
lous green bark ; whole height from three to four feet. Leaves 
opposite, the inferior one very long-petioled ; the superior, or 


floral ones sub-sessile; all are broad-cordate, with the acu-  _ 


minate margins grossly and acutely serrate-dentate, and the: 
surfaces rather rough, the superior one with short bristles, 
and the inferior with little peltate glandular scales; length 
and breadth trom five to ten inches. Stipules none, but a 
belt of hairs between the insertion of the petioles, Pani- 
cles terminal, solitary, large, and broad; composed of ex- 
panding, opposite, several times dichotomous, highly colour- 
ed, (scarlet,) villous, many-flowered ramifications, Bractes 
small, subulate, coloured. Calya sub-cylindrie, epee for 
a volkameria, five-parted, _ Segments lanceolate, villous, 
Corol one-petalled ; tube twice the length of the Gin, sub- 
cylindric; border of five, sub-secund, linear-oblong, obtuse, 
concave segments; colour of the whole scarlet, Filaments 
nearly equal, twice the length of the corol, coloured, smooth, 
on the first day incurved, on the second recurved. Anthers 
brown, incumbent. Germ oval, somewhat four-lobed, seeming-— 
ly four-celled, with one ovulum in each, but on a minute in- 
spection there are found two, opposite, parietal receptacles, — 
which meet so exactly in the centre, as to appear a complete — 
partition, each of these divide into two, recurved, secund, ra~ 
ther incurved, Stigma of two subulate acute lobes, 


6. V. obovata. Roxb. 

Leaves obovate, entire, coriaceous, downy underneath, Pa- 
nicle terminal, decussate, downy, the extreme ramifications, — 
lengthened, secund spikes, Calyx obscurely five-toothed. 

_ A native of the Moluccas, so! ae 


7 vy. serrata, _ Willd, iii, 384. 
Shrabby. Leaves sub-sessile, opposite, ee tern, Lausiis 
late, serrate, smooth. Panicle terminal, oblong, decussate.’ 


Volkameria,. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 63 


Found in Mysore by Dr. Buchanan, who sent the seeds 
to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where the plauts blossom 
during the rains. ‘ 

Trunk erect, stout, ligneous, Birenithes erect, decussate, 
or tern; young shoots smooth, four-sided. Leaves opposite, 
or tern, sub-sessile, broad-lanceolate, serrate, smooth on both 
sides; from four to eight inches long, and from one to 
three broad. Paniciles terminal, ramifications decussate, 
villous, two-forked. Bractes lanceolate, villous. Flowers 
numerous, large, two pairs of lateral segments, pale blue ; 
the lower one deep blue. Calyx obscurely five-dentate. 
Corol ; tube short, deeply divided on the upper side, incurved. 
Border of five, nearly equal, expanding divisions, placed 
on the under side. S%/aments longer than the corol, erect, 
with their extremities beautifully recurved. Anthers oval, 
Style as long as the stamens. Stigma of one long (the un- 
der), and one shorter lobe. Berry with from one to four 
lobes, smooth, succulent, when ripe of a shining black. Seeds 
one in each lobe of the berry, obovate. Coro/, tube the length 
of the calyx, villous. Border of five, unequal, segments, 
placed on the under side, the two lateral pairs oblong, of a 
very pale blue, the lower one much larger, cuneate-cordate, 
and of a much deeper colour, Filaments swelled and vil- 
lous at the base, inserted on the mouth of the tube, and rising 
erect through the vacant space on its upper side, towards 
the apex beautifully recurvate. Anthers brown, two-lobed. 
Germ roundish, having its base surrounded by a yellow 
nectarial ring, four-celled, with one ovulum in each, attached 
to the upper and exterior margins of the partitions, Style 
the length of the stamima. Stigma two-parted. Capsule near- 
ly round, of the size of a pea, somewhat four-lobed, hairy; 
when ripe dry, and then falling spontaneously into four 
equal portions. Seed solitary, obliquely oblong. Integu- 
ment single. Perisperm none. Embryo erect. Cotyledame 
Hoon wey donbyne ane whims Radicle ovaly infe 


64 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Volkameria, 


8. V. farinosa, R. 

Shrubby twigs mealy, Leaves opposite, petioled, oblong, 
serrate. Panicles terminal, linear-oblong, leafy. A very 
stout shrub, or small tree, a native of Silhet, where it is call- 
ed Taleuser, Flowering time the rainy season, It approaches 
nearest to serrata of any species known to me, but differs suf- 
ficiently on account of the perfect smoothness of the latter, 
which has the leaves as often tern as opposite ; in farinosa 
petioled, always opposite. 


9. V. nereifolia, R. 
Shrubby. Leaves tern, linear-lanceolar. Peduncles axil- 
lary, three-flowered. 
A shrubby species, found indigenous 
Mascal, on the coast of Ch >) on 
about the close of the: rains, and the foils _ in Febru 
nie shodé; 4 but i tenis stout and ligneous, soon dividing 
‘into many straight, nearly erect branches and branchlets ; 
bark smooth, and of a light ash-colour and marked with 
light-coloured, small, elevated specks,- Leaves tern, rare- 
ly opposite, inear-lanceolar, entire, acute, smooth, about — 
three inches long, and very generally under half'an inch — 
in breadth, Petioles short, and inserted on permanent — 
elevated leaves. Peduncles axillary, much shorter than the — 
leaves, generally three-flowered. Bractes opposite, ensiform. 
Calyx campanulate, mouth evenly five-toothed, permanent, 
Corol with a rather short, slender, curved tube, and unilate- 
ral border, composed of five equal, oval, entire segments, — 
Stamina twice the length of the corol, incurved or recurv-— 
ed, according to the length of time the flower has been 
expanded, Germ superior, four-celled, with one ovulum in — 
each. Style length of the stamina, Stigma bidentate. Cap- 
sule, (Berry, Gert.) broad-turbinate, four-grooved, size of a 
nutmeg, when ripe dry, and spontaneously dividing first into 
two and afterwards into four parts. Cortex pretty smooth, 


falged of 


E 


Hastingia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. 65 


dark brown. Pulp in large quantity, somewhat spongy. Seed 
in each division of the capsule, oblong, tapering towards the 
base. IJnteqguments two, both soft, thin and white. Perisperm 
none, Embryo erect, Cotyledons conform to the seed, equal, 
Plumula two-lobed. Radicle inferior, the whole much like 
Clerodendrum inerme. Gert, i.t, 57. | 


HASTINGIA. Kénig’s Mss. : 


Calyx coloured, much expanded, almost entire. _Corol 
with a long, curved tube, and unequally divided border. 
Germ superior, seems four-celled ; cells one-seeded ; attach- 
ment sub-interior. Capsule four-lobed, four- partibles lobe. 
one-seeded. Embryo erect, without perisperm, as, 


1. H. coccinea, Kon. Mss, Smith’s Exotic Botany, 100. 
Leaves cordate, serrate... Panicles terminal, 
Holmskioldia sanguinea, Willd, iii. 360. 

This most elegant plant was brought originally from 
China, though a native of the interior parts of Bengal also.. 
At the Botanic garden it grows to be a small tree if trained 
up with single stem, but if left alone, the branches spread 
far every way from the base of the stem close upon the 
earth, and strike root. The bark is ash-coloured and tolera- 
bly smooth. Flowering time the cold season, at w hich. pe- 
riod scarcely any plant can exceed it in beauty. It grows 
readily trom cuitings. 

Branches very numerous, brachiate, while young some- 
what four-sided, and alittledowny. Leaves opposite, petiol- 
ed, cordate, serrate, long, pointed, a little downy, from three to. 
four incheslong. Petioles one fourth the length of the leaves, 
downy. Stipules none. Panicles on compound racemes, ter- 
minal, brachiate. Peduncles and pedicels alittle hairy. Brae- 
tes, the larger ones petioled, cordate, the smaller lanceolate. 
Flowers numerous, pretty lenge, ofa pusher carlet co. 

VOL, 1. 1 as 


66 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Siphonanthus, 


lour, slightly tinged with orange, inodorous, Calyx one-leav- 
ed, very large, gradually widening into a most ample bell, 
with aslightly five-lobed border, coloured like the corol, per- 
manent, Corol one-petalled, irregular. Tube longer than the 
calyx, projecting withaslight curvature downward, compress- 
ed laterally, widening gradually to the mouth; on the inside 
alittle downy. Border small, five-parted ; the under division _ 
larger. Stamens from the middle of the tube, and projecting 
a little beyond it, declining a little, somewhat downy. Anthers 
oval. Germ superior, four-lobed ; /obes one-celled, one-seed-_ 
ed, attached to the partition’a little above its middle. Style 
declinate with the stamens, and of the same length. Stig- 
ma acute, slightly two-parted. Capsule four-lobed, four- 
partible, each lobe obliquely turbinate, clavate, rugose, 
of the size of a small lentil, one-celled, one-valved, of a thick, 
— spongy texture, and dark brownish black colour. Sced 
m to the lobe of the capsule. Integument single, from 
every examination I can give it, pretty thick, white, soft, and 
tough. Perisperm none. Embryo erect, amygdaline, Co- 
tyledons two, oval, thick. Plumula small, semilunar, Radi- 
cle oval, inferior. : 


wi. HL scandens, R. 

Shrubby, scandent, Leaves cordate, serrate, acuaniaees 
Flowers axillary. 4 

‘Daudmaree, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is — / a 
found wild in the forests ; it blossoms during the cool months - 
of December, and January. Iam not very clear whether it 
be any thing more than H, coccinea in its wild state. 


SIPHONANTHUS. Schreb. gen. N. 165. 


- Calyx five-parted. Corol one-petalled, with a very long 
_ slender tube. Germ superior, seems four-celled; cells one- 
seeded ; attachment sub-interior. Berry four-lobed ; lobes — 
one-seeded, Embryo erect, without perisperm., Z 


Siphonanthus, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 67 


1. S. hastata, R, 

Leaves opposite, hastate, downy. 

A large shrub or small tree, a native of Silhet, where it is 
called Hattee-kana (Elephant’s ear,) from the shape of the 
leaves.. Flowers in April and May, and the seed ripens in 
June and July. 

Young shoots villous, somewhat cocleuliiacl Leaves 
opposite, petioled, hastate, lobate, downy, particularly un- 
derneath, about six inches long. Petioles nearly as long as 
the leaves, downy and channelled. Stipules none. Panicles 
terminal, corymbiform, decussate, villous. _Bractes like the 
leaves, but small, and diminishing fast toward the top, or 
extreme divisions of the panicle. Calyx campanulate, five- 
cleft. | Segments sub-lanceolate, permanent and remaining 
coloured. Corol with a long, slender, recurved tube. 
Border of five, nearly equal, spreading, oblong segments, 
Filaments ; two pairs, inserted into the tube of the corol a lit- 
tle within its mouth, long, coloured, smooth, various in their 
direction according tothe length of time the flower has been 
open. .dnthers incumbent. Germ ovate, four-cornered, seem- 
ingly four-celled, with one ovulum in each Jobe, attached to 
the concave side of the wings of the parietal fungiform, recep- 
tacle, meeting in the centre, but not uniting, hence seem- 
ingly four-celled.. Style the length of the corol. Stigma 
bifid ; dobes acute, spreading. Berries shorter than the 
onus four-lobed, one, two or three of the lobes abortive, the 
fertile ones obovate, smooth, glossy, deep purple, and succu- 
lent, one-celled. Seed solitary. Perisperm none. Soren 
obovate, fleshy. Radiele roundish, inferior. 


2. S. indica, Lamarek, Encyel, t. 79. f. 1. 1606. 
Shrubby, straight. Leaves verticelled, ; hamenallates Pani- 
cles terminal, , 
-Brahmmnee, Sa encase &e. Sanscrit names, 
Beng. Brahman-patta, or Bamim hatte, 
Siphonanthus indica, Linn, hig ah oe ie 


12 


= 


68 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Siphonanthus, 


Ovieda mitis, sp. pl. ed. Willd, iii, 382. 

Found wild from Orissa northward ; where it grows to be — 
a tall, straight shrub. Flowering time the hot season, and 
again in October ; the seed ripens in the cool season. : 

Stem erect, derisighe, simple, or with very few, straight 
branches, more or less piped, according to the age of the — 
plant; bark smooth, greenish ; young shoots smooth, of a. — 
shining green, with a double groove or furrow to each leaf of 
the verticel, and piped in the old woody parts; height various. 
- In some parts of Bengal they are so long as to serve for rafters 
to cottages, and various other uses, Leaves verticelled, gene- 
rally from three to five-fuld, short-petioled, horizontal, lance- 
olate, entire, waved, above smooth, of a deep, shining green, 
below paler, from six to nine inches long. ~ loral leaves 


omens and ome Stipules none, bat in their plac 
»s from the axills of the exterior, “ae 


deave pipedandled; inv general solitary, erect, generally 
durbostleh ; the whole forming a large elegant panicle. Pe- 
duneles and pedicels roundish, smooth, zolinehae Bractes 
lanceolate, size various. /lowers, when they first open, white, 
gradually changing to cream colour. Calyx beneath, cam- 
panulate. Corol; tube exceedingly long, slender, bow-— 
ing. Border five-parted ; divisions oblong, nearly equal, 
reflected; the lower two more distant. Filaments four, in- 
serted within the mouth of the tube, projecting in a double 
curve for some time after the flower first ex pands, afterwards 
they become revolute. Anthers incumbent, &c, according 
to the position of the filaments, base two-parted. Germ and 
contents as in S. hastata, four-lobed. Sty/e longer than the 
stamens, at first projecting, or recurved, after impregnation — 
ascending, when the stamens become revoliite, Stigma 
acute, two-parted. Berries from one to four, conjoined, sit- 
ting on the enlarged, coloured calyx, singly the size ofa pea 
when ripe, of a dark bluish colour, Seeds one in each lobe’ 
of the berry; itseldom happens that all the four —— come 
to perfection, Embryo asin S, hastata, wre 


Vitex. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 69 


VITEX. Schreb. gen. N. 1060. 


Calyx campanulate, five-toothed. Coro/ ringent. Anthers 
twin. Germ superior, generally two-ceiled ; cells two-seed- 
ed; attachment central. Drupe with a four-celled nut. 
Embryo erect, without perisperm. 


1. V. trifolia, Willd, iii, 392. 

Sub-arboreous. Leaves ternate ; leaflets all sessile, obovate, 
oblong, hoary underneath. Panicles terminal, with brachi- 
ate, dichotomous ramifications, 

Cara-nosi, Rheed. Mal. ii, t. Ne il. 

Lagondium vulgare. Rumph. Amb. ii. t. 10. pis 

A small tree, or large shrub, a antivecaf xteiouil sprain of 
India, and its Islands, The leaves of this plant are a power- | 
ful discutient, and by the Malays employed to remove the 
boss, The following is their recipe, furnished, by W. Ewer 
Esq. The leaves are given in decoction, and infusion, 
and formed into a cataplasm, which is applied to the en- 
larged spleen. In very obstinate cases it becomes neces- 
sary to have recourse to gentle mercurials, - ya rigs bps 

Young shoots round and villous, Leaves iestbdaha! ternate, 
Leaflets all sessile, ovate, oblong, entire, hoary underneath ; 
the pair from one to two inches long, and the terminal one 
much longer, Petioles about an inch long, and hoary. Stipu= 
les none. Panieles terminal, linear-oblong, composed of bra- 
chiate and dichotomous ramifications, every part hoary. 
Flowers small, of a lively light blue purple. Bractes minute, 
Calyx campanulate, hoary; mouth slightly five-toothed. 
Coral with the lower lip longer and undivided ; the upper 
lip four-lobed. “Stamina as long as the corol, Anthers twin, 
ie round, two-celled, with ovula in each attached to the 

two angles of the septal receptacle. Style as long as the 
corol. Stigma of two filiform spreading lobes. Drupe 
round, smooth, when ripe black, size of a small pea, one-cell- 
ed, — conform Show fomcchot: pearly al] fer- 


* ai 


70 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Vitex, 


tile. Seed solitary. Perisperm when the seeds are quite 
ripe none. Embryo erect. Cotyledons obovate- oblong, Ra- — 
dicle oval, inferior. " 

2. V. Negunda, Willd. iii, 393. 

Arboreous. Leaves ternate, and quinate, Leaflets en- 
tire, lanceolate ; the lower two sessile, Panicles terminal, 
long-pyramidal, with cross-armed, two-forked ramifications. 

Bem-nosi, Rheed, Mal. ii. t. 12. 

Lagondium litoreum, Rumph. Amb. iv. t..19. 

Sindooka in Sanscrit. See Asiat. Res. vol. iv. p. 292. 

Also Sindoowara, Indrasoorusa, Nirgoondi, Indramika. 

Beng. and Hind. Nisinda. 

An elegant, small tree, though generally found in the 
state of a large shrub; delights in a rich, moist ‘soil, yet | it 
pe es almost every where. Flowers all the year round, 
Trunk irregular, often as thick as a man’s thigh or | 
more. _ Branches rather thin, opposite ; young shoots downy 
slightly four-sided, Leaves opposite, petioled, ternate and — 
quinate. Leaflets, the exterior one or three, petioled; the . 
lower two sessile; all are lanceolate, entire, soft; below ofa 
very pale whitish green ; from two to four inches long, and : 
less than one broad. Panicles terminal, oblong, tapering to _ 
a point, erect; rachis straight, four-sided ; ramifications de- _ 
cussated, generally three-forked ; or two-forked with sessile 
flowers in the cleft. Flowers small, numerous, a most beat- 
tiful bluish purple.  Ca/yx permanent, closely embrace the — 3 
bottom of the berry. Corol ; lower lip large, entire ; ‘i pper ; 
ip shorter, four-parted, S 
__ A decoction of the aromatic leaves helps to form the warm 
bath for women after delivery ; bruised, they are applied to 
the temples for the head-ache; pillows stuffed with them are 


put under the head to remove a catarrh, and the head-ache 
aiteneting it. 


Vitex, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 71 


3. V. paniculata, Lamarck Encycl. ii, 606, 

Arboreous, Leaves digitate, quinate; Jeaflets ovate-lan- 
ceolate, entire ; the exterior oue petiolate, the two inferior ones 
small, and sessile ; smooth above, hoary underneath, Pani- 
cles terminal. 

A native of the Moluccas, I doubt whether it es any thing 
more than a broad-leaved, luxuriant variety of Wegunda. 
Rumphius, 19th plate of the Ath vol. of his Herbarium Am- 
boinense, is a bad representation of this plant, though no doubt 
intended for it. 


4. V. altissima, Linn, Suppl, 294. : 
Arboreous. Leaves ternate; leaflets lanceolate, entire, 
acuminate, Panicles terminal, composed of opposite, stad 


celled, simple ramifications. 

This, the most stately tree of the genus which I have yet 
met with, is a native of the mountainous forests of Coromandel. 
In Dr, Anderson’s garden near Madras, it flowers in July and 
August, The same has since been found in the eastern parts 
of Bengal, where it flowers in June, “ 

Trunk erect, of very considerable magnitude, and cover- 
ed with smooth greenish gray bark. Branches numerous, 
spreading. Leaves opposite, ternate. Leaflets sessile, entire, 
acute, somewhat downy, with the upper surface of a deep 
green, and the lower one pale, from three to six inches long, 
and from one to two broad. Petioles common, somewhat 
channelled, and though long, they are shorter than the leaf- 
lets. _Panicles terminal, composed of a few long, simple, op- 
posite, pairs of sub-verticelled, downy spikes, At a more 
advanced age, what appeared verticels while young, become 
two opposite, short, bifid, or trifid secund spikes. Flowers 
numerous, small, collected, into short-peduncled, opposite 
fascicles, which appear like verticels.. Bractes lanceolate, — 
concave, downy. Calyx downy, the segments rather un- 

equal. Corol, &c. as in the family, Germ ovate, four-celled, 
with one ovulum in oot attached to the pagpition: Style fal- 


- 


72 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA,. Vitex. 


Jy aslongas the coro]. Stigma bifid. Drupe round, of the 
size of a pea, smooth, succulent, black. Nu round, hard, 
four-celled. Seeds solitary, Perispermnone. Embryo erect. 


5. V. alata. R. 

Arboreous. Leaves ternate; leaflets lanceolate. Petioles 
winged, Panicles axillary. 

Mail elo& Rheed. Mal. v. t. 1. 

A native of Chittagong, where it grows to be a large tree. — 
From thence it was introduced by Dr. Buchanan into the Bo- 
tanic garden at Culcutta, where it blossoms in the month of 
April. 

Trunk straight, decorated with numerous, spreading and 
ascending branches, whole height of trees ten years old, about | 
thie feet. Bark smooth, of a dark, brownish, ash-colour, 

Leaves opposite, ternate. Leaflets lanceolate, smooth, entire, 
about six inches long. Petioles winged, particularly while 
~ the trees are young, about three or four inches long. . Pani- 
eles axillary, solitary, erect, brachiate, with ramifications — 
dichotomous, and a sessile flower in each division. Flowers — 
numerous, pale yellow, tinged with very little blue, Calyx — 
campanulate. Border unequally five-toothed, Corol, the © 
middle lobe of the upper lip large, in proportion to its lateral — 
lobes ; the under lip two-parted, and small. Anthers twit, — 
and of a bluish colour. Berry round, smooth, pulpy, when — 
ripe purple, and the size of a marrow-fat pea, Nut tarbi- 
nate, furrowed, four-celled, with a single wed i in each, ; 


6. V. incisa, Willd. iii, 392. 

Shrubby. Leaves ternate and quinate ; leaflets wool 
_lanceolate, gashed, of a soft fine ances; all are more or = 
petioled, Panicles terminal. ity 
Ws; Negundo, Curt. Mag. 364. | 
Vv. Aine ae me enente Herbarium, seems to. bet 


Vitex. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 73 


A native of China, from thence Mr. William Kerr sent seed 
to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where the plants thrive 
luxuriantly, and blossom when under one year old, and 
when less than a foot high. In six years they seem to have at- 
tained their full size, and are therefore large, ramous shrubs, 
of from six to eight feet in height. 

Siem short, ligneous, Branches numerous, forming a 
large, ever-green bush. Leaves opposite, long-petioled, ter- 
nate, and quinate. Leaflets oblong, gashed, acute, smooth 
on both sides. Panicles terminal, from twé to five inches 
long. Flowers numerous, small, white. Lower segment of 
the border of the corol much larger than either of the other 


four. lane — 
four-celled nut. 


8. V. arborea. R. 

Leaves from ternate to quinate; ge ia sessile, oval, Pa- 
nicles contracted, 

Teling. Boosi. 

A native of the mountainous parts of the Circars, Chitta- 
gong, &c. where it grows to be a very large tree. Flowering 
time, the hot season ; the seeds ripen during the rains, 

Trunk straight, high, and of a large size. Bark ash-co- 
loured, cracked. Heads spreading and shady, but small in 
proportion to the size of the trunk, Leaves opposite, petioled, 
ternate, and digitate-quinate. Leaflets sessile, from broad- -lan- 
ceolate to oval, sometimes obtuse, sometimes pointed, entire, 
veins many, ranning parallel, above pretty smooth, below 
downy ; ; when there are five, exterior one from one to three 
inches broad, and from three to six inches long, the lower pair 
considerably smaller. — Petioles the length of the inferior 
leaflets, channelled, downy. Panie/es terminal, contracted, 

-branchy; branches opposite, decussated. Peduncles and 
pedicels four-sided, villous. Flowers numerous, small, blue. 
Bractes oval, reflexed, downy, one below each ramification. 
Calyx campanulate, five-toothed, Ses Corols tube 


VOL, Ill. * Bi 


7A DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Vitex, 


somewhat gibbous, rather longer than the calyx, inside hairy 
at the bottom; throat compressed laterally ; border two-lip- 
ped; the upper lip erect, two-cleft; the under lip reflexed, 
three-cleft, having the middle division largest, concave, and 
of a deep blue colour. Filaments twice the length of the 
tube, subulate. .Anthers, split from the bottom up. Style, 
length of the filaments. | Drupe, of the size and appearance — 
of a black currant, smooth, succulent, Nut turbinate, very 
hard, four-celled. Seed solitary, obovate-oblong. dntegu- 
ments two, botli thin, soft, and rather succulent. Perisperm 
none, Embryo erect. Cotyledons conform to the seed. Ra- 
dicle oval, inferior. 
The wood of this tree when old is of a chocolate sie ex- 
ceedingly hard and phe hick 1 va- 


rious perpedees ak. 

- v. hinighav Willd. ii. 392. 

Leaves digitate, quinate; leaflets petiolate, oblong, very 
generally entire, both sides smooth. Panic/es axillary, di- 
chotomous. ‘ a 

Kariil. Rheed. Mal. iv. t. 36, 

A native of Ceylon, Coromandel, and the mountains sof 
Chittagong, &c. Flowering time the month of April. 


Trunk laterally straight, and in its native mountains grow- — | 
ing to be a tree of very considerable size, Bark soft, spongy 


and cracked on the outside. Branches rather scarce and 
spreading. Young shoots round and smooth. Leaves opposite, — 
long-petioled, digitate, quinate, rarely ternate; leaflets peti- 
oled, oblong, generally entire, rather obtuse-pointed, smooth 
and polished, from two to six inches long, and from one to 
three broad. Petioles nearly as long the leaflets, round and ~ 
smooth, Stipules none. Panicles axillary, solitary, long- 
peduncled, throughout dichotomous, with a sessile flower in 


the forks, drooping, ramifications tending to be angular, and 


most slightly villous. Flowers numerous, fragrant, pretty 
large, of a whitish straw colour, with the centre of the lower . 


> 


Premna. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 75 


lip densely clothed with violet coloured hairs. Bractes very 
minute, and caducous. Calyzx five-toothed, Corol with an 
unequal, five-cleft border ; lower division large, round and 
curled, Filaments purple, protruded in a recurved manner. 
Anthers purple, two-lobed, Drupe oval, smooth, of a shining 
black. Pulp very soft, and in large quantity, ofa dirty black 
colour. Nut oblong, compressed, somewhat furrowed, four- 
celled, itis rare however that all are fertile. Seed lanceolate, 
_ the upper end obtuse. Integuments single, white, aud spongy: 
Perisperm none. Embryo erect. Cotyledons conform to the 
seed, long obovate, of a tender, oily texture, ced white. Pa- 
sass —_ poem 


- yo c PPPS SE Re. NF 5 ASCP gen Oty Neen oe 


~ 


10. V. heterophylla: ? R. to Hite 2S ae SL iaygeui 

Leaves long-petioled, ternate and quinade’ leafites all ssa 
petioled, broad-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, smooth. 

A tall, slow-growing timber tree, a native of the Tippera 
forests ; it has been fourteen years in the Botanic garden at 
Coleatin and i abies feet high without having blossomed. 


11. V. hen R Ht 

» Leaves ternate and quinate ; leaflets petioled, Ianceoer, 
entire, smooth, Panicles axillary, dichotomous, — ; 

A tree of considerable size ; a native of the ices n roa 
terior parts of Coromandel, from thence introduced by Dr. 
B, Heyne into the Botanic garden where it blossoms in — 
and LMay: ; 


 PREMNA. Schreb. gen. N, 1025, 


Calyx from three to five-toothed. Corol irregular, four or 
five-cleft, woolly. Anthers twin. Germ superior, four-cell- 
ed; eell one-seeded ; attachment interior. Stigma two-cleft. — 
Drupe with a four-celled nut. Seed solitary. Embryo erect, © 


76 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Premna | 


1. P. latifolia, Roxb. ioe 
Arboreous. Leaves nad. cordate, entire, smooth. Co- 
rymbs axillary, and terminal. Throat of the corol woolly. » 
Teling. Pedda-nella-kura. ey 
At is a native of most parts of the coast of Conomsendals 
though by no means common; grows to be a small tree. 
Flowers during the hot season. ofan 
Trunk erect. Bark ash-coloured, pretty smooth. Branches 
numerous, spreading, Leaves opposite, petioled, cordate 
or oval, entire, pointed or obtuse, a little downy, in general 
two and a half inches each way, _Petioles round, generally 
_about an inch long. Corymbs compound, terminal; or from: 
the exterior axills, divided by threes. Bractes minute, fall- 
ing. #/owers numerous, small, of a ie rellames Cal 
panulate, five-toothed,. pe : ss 
the upper lip three-cleft; the under ¢ one josbangihein Anthers 
ish, Style longer than the corol. Drupe, the size ofa pea, | 
twin, juicy, smooth, when ripe black, Nut wrinkled, four- 
celled, all the four seeds seldom ripen. a 
The wood of this tree is white, firm, and used for various 
economical purposes. The leaves have a pretty strong, 
though not disagreeable smell, and are much used in curries 
by the natives, | 


fete tes aie . 

2. P. tomentosa, Willdsitie-p. 314, creams 

_Arboreous. . Leaves ovate-cordate, pointed, entire, very 
downy. ° _Panicles terminal, corymbiform, : 

Teling. Naooroo, | 

A tree, a native of the mountainous parts of the Circanes 
Flowers during the cold season. 

Bark, the exterior membranous, cracking and peeling off | 
like that of the birch tree, of alight gray colour ; young shoots” 
covered with asoft gray down, Leaves opposite, petioled, cor-" 
date, pointed, entire, very downy underneath, and whitish, - 
above light green, from four to five inches long, and about ~ 
two and a half, or three broad. Petioles round, about an inch 


Premna. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, W7 


and a half Jong. Panicles middle-sized, terminal, erect, 
downy, somewhat corymbiform, their ramifications scatter- 
ed. Bractes filiform, downy. Flowers numerous, small, of a 
dirty greenish yellow. Ca/yx and corolas in the last species. 
Anthers yellow, twin, Pistillum, drupe, and nut as in the 
other species, in this seldom more than one of the seeds ripen, 
which makes the most appear to have only one cell. 


3. P. serratifolia, Willd. iii, 314. 

Shrabby. Leaves cordate, serrate, acuminate, smooth, 
lucid, deep green. Corymbs.terminal. 

Beng. Bhoot-bhiruvi, — 

A lapsed Uhletiehlenilassiintnste Micrvd 
in Bengal, is in blossom during the rainy months of July 
and August. The whole plant has a heavy unpleasant smell, 
nearly the same as in some of the other species of this genus, 

Trunk short. Branches numerous. Ba rksmooth, and 
dark brown; young shoots somewhat villous. Leaves oppo- 
site, petioled, cordate, serrate on the anterior margins, long, 
acute-pointed, smooth on both sides, generally from one to 
six inches long, and from one to three broad, Stipules no 
other than a small connecting ridge. Corymbs terminal, 
or between two tender, terminal branchlets; primary divi- 
sious opposite, the last two-forked. Flowers minute, very 
numerous, of a pale greenish white. Bractes of the larger 
ramifications, lanceolate. Perianth small, irregularly three- 
toothed. Corol obliquely funnel-shaped. Border bilabiate, 
the superior lip narrow, undivided, and nearly double the | 
length of the other, which is broad, and snemqenint  An- 
thers twin. 


da Retpinese: Roxb. 
Arboreous, armed. Leaves opposite, dunce, or ‘ome 7 

oval, entire; smooth on both sides, Corymbs terminal. — 
alge oom See ambis iii, ¢. ee 


254) 


78 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA,. Premna. 


Beng. Goniari. a: 
_Cornutioides, Hor. Zeyl. N. 416. bh 
A small ramous tree, found in woods. near Calcutta, 
Flowering time, the beginning of the rainy season. The fruit 
_ ripens in three months afterwards, | 
Thorns are found on the trunk and Jarger branches only, 
large and strong, placed opposite and spreading. Leaves 
generally opposite, though sometimes three, or even four- 
fold, petioled, oval, entire, obtuse, smooth on both sides; 
from two to three inches long. Petioles short, smooth, slight- 
ly channelled. Stipules none. Corymbs terminal, pedun- 
cled, first ramification cross-armed, the rest two-forked, 
in branchlets with the leaves three-fold, the first ramifica- 
tions of the corymbs are also three-fold, &c. Bracte pasmall: ; 
one below each ramification, Flowers very numerous, ' 
a yellow, very hairy, and of an peace antl, 
| three- - Corol, tube thrice as long as the calyx; 
devai leads ; upper divisions of the border twice as long as 
the upper divisions of the border of the coro). Calyx the 
length of the stamens. Drupe globular, black, smooth, the: 
size of a small pea. /Vut turbinate, rough, four-celled. 


5.P. Settlifoiin, Roxb. i: ae 
Shrubby. Leaves cordate and cordate-ovate, entire, sali / 
with the upper surface bullate and shining. Corymbs termi-' 
nal, decussate, with ramifications dichotomous, ht grit 
Folium hiremum. Rumph, Amb. iii. t.133, agrees ra 
ther better with this species, than with any other I haye ae . | 
found in India. ah 
A native of Prince of Wales’ Island, and from pearer in- 
troduced into the Botanic garden at Calcutta in 1798, where 
it thrives and blossoms —- the hat months of ar and — 
June. . 2 
Trunk erect ; branches few, some etealgty: and free oft 
branchlets as a rattan; others ramulose, and straggling ; the — 
height of the plants in this garden, in four years, is from six to 


Premna, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 79 


eight feet. Bark of the old woody parts dark brown, of the 
younger light-brown, Leaves opposite, short-petioled, from 
cordate to cordate-ovate, entire, pointed, bullate, at the same 
time the upper surface is of a bright, shinmg, deep green co- 
lour, from three to six inches long, and broad in’ proportion. 
Stipules, no other than.a small connecting ridge. Corymbs 
terminal ; primary ramifications decussate, then dichotomous; 
round, villous, and of a very dark brownish olive colour. 
Bracies oblong. Flowers very numerous, small, of a pale 
greenish white. Calyx bilabiate. Corol bilabiate. Throat 
filled with long, soft, white hairs. Lips equal in length ; the 
upper one narrow, and entire ; the Jower one, broad and three- 
lobed, Stamens nearly as long as the corol. Style consi- 
derably longer than the corol. Drupe the size of a large pea. 
Nut three or four-celled. 

The leaves of this species possess a small degree of fragrance, 
when bruised, at least to me the smell is not so disagreeable as 
that of the other npecte: 


6.:P. longifolia Roxb. 

Arboreous. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, entire, smooth. 
Corymbs terminal, 

A native of Bengal, where it blossoms daring the EMDY. 
season, 

Trunk erect; branches opposite. Bark smooth ie alia” 
coloured, dark brown, or greenish brown according to age ; 
general height of the tree twenty feet. Leaves opposite, 
petioled, from ovate-oblong to oblong, entire, acuminate, 
smooth on both sides, from four to ten inches long. Petioles 
channelled, somewhat villous, from two to three inches long. 
Stipules none, except a small, connecting, villous ridge, Co-— 
rymbs terminal, large, and spreading much; the first two or 
three pairs of divisions brachiate ; afterwards dichotomous. — 


Hractetinatiete. Flowers numerous, small, white ; upper. tip ss 


80 DIDYNAMIA ANGiOSPERMIA, Premna, — 


longer, more coloured and reflexed ; the dateral two expand- 
ing, the lower broadest and emarginate. Drupe globu- — 
lar, of the size of a grain of black pepper, when ripe, smooth, 
shining black. Mut obovate, rugose, four-celled, with one 
seed in each, This is the only species I have yet met with, 
which I can say has any thing like an agreeable smell, this 
mark alone is sufficient to distinguish it from the other species 
already described and figured by me; there are, however, — 
as may be observed in the description, many other differences — 
to rest its en character on. 


7. P. herbacea. R. g 
Herbaceous. Leaves oppasite, ——— serrate. Corymbs 4 
terminal and axillary. 1 2 eae el : 


A native ‘ . From Dinage- : 
pore, Dr. William Carey sent the plant to the Botanic gar- 
den, where it blossoms during the months of February and 
March. 
~ Root ligneous, perennial. Stems oe, any, a few leafy 
fructiferous, annual shoots rise from the roots about the close 
of the cold season, and when the seeds ripen decay, Leaves 
opposite, short-petioled, obovate, serrate, a little villous om 
both sides, very various in size. Corymbs terminal, and axil- 
Tary, small, and shorter by far than the leaves, Flowers 
small, of a pale whitish yellow. Corol four-cleft ; eee 
a: throat song peed 


’ 8. P. mucronata, R. 
_ Arboreous. Leaves broad-ovate, npg at the ase, 
sharply acuminate, entire, slightly villous. Corymbs terminal. 

A small tree, a native of Silhet, and there called Manoa- 
mal. Flowering in April, and the seed ripens in July and 
August, The wood is said to be remarkably hard and use 
. ful. It differs from all the other species known to me, i0 


Premna. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. 81 


the tapering: base of the leaves ; the sharp point of the acunii- 
nate leaves is alsoa good mark ; for though im P. scandens 
the same mark exists, even in a greater degree, yet this isa 
small tree ; that = scandent shrub. 

9. P. esculenta, R: 

Shrubby.: Leaves short-petioled, oblong, sting serrate, 
acuminate, smooth. Corymbs terminal, dense. 

A native of Chittagong, where the natives use the leaves 
in their diet, as well asin medicine. In the Botanic garden 
it continues in flower and fruit nearly the whole year, 
short-petioled, oblong, broadest a little above the middle, 
grossly and acutely serrate, acuminate, from four to ten 
inches long, by from two to five broad. Stipules none, 
Corymbs terminal, short-peduncled, broad, and much crowd- 
‘ed, with some pale of opposite, nvultifid, smooth branches, 
Flowers wamerous, small, of a greenish yellow. Bractes mi- 
nute, cant iaetay. five-toothed. Corol with a short cam- 
panulate tube. Border four-parted ; upper lobe broad, ob- 
tasely three-toothed, and vaulted over the hairy mouth of the 
and may be called the lower lip ; the base of the middle one’ 
thereof is yellow, Anthers twin. Germ four-celled, with one 
ovulam. in ‘each; attached to the upper part of the partitions. 
Style; length of the stamina.» Stigma two-toothed. Drupe 
minute, round, smooth, purple: Nut turbinate, rugose, four- 
celled, witha perforation up the centre, Seeds solitary, obo- 
vate. Perispermnone. Embryo erect, esse . 
conform to the seed. — inferior. 


10. z.. integrifolia. Willd. iii, 314, 7 
Aeione — —_ bere smooth, Congnts 


82. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. G'melina, 


‘Cornutia corymbosa, Burm. Ind. 133. t. 41. f. 1. FH 
Found by Colonel Hardwicke en aapeae on the Mautri- 
tius, in flower in May and June. 


1}. P. scandens. R. 

Shrubby, scandent. Leaves from ee to cordate, 
entire, much. and very ‘finely acuminate... Corymbs. terminal, 
supra-decompound, Calyx entire ; throat, “e the corol wool- 
ly. Nut tubercled. 

An extensivé; péwerful, elinitlinen shah al ceabiott the fit 
ests of Silhet, where it runs over the larger trees, Flowering 
'time'the hot season ; the seed ripens during the rains.) 

Young. shoots more or Jess villous!and, somewhat. four-cor- 
ae Leaves opposite, differing in. shape from, mnpreow 
ovate-oblong to cordate; all perfectly entire, ending in a 


sharp, ensiform, or even filiform point, sometimes. villous, 
from four to six inches long, and from one and a half to four 


broad, Petioles about an inch long, generally villous. Corymbs 

terminal ; primary divisions decussated, secondary one dicho- — 
tomous; all.villous... Bractes subulate, Flowers numerous, 

very small; of a greenish yellow, . Calyx cup-shaped, entire, 

smooth. , Corol with! the mouth of the tube very, woolly. — 
Border of four, equal, oblong, ‘obtuse divisions, Stamina — 
longer'than the corol,.; Germ. roundish, four-celled, with one 
oyulum in each,; attached, to. the axis, \Style, the length of : 
the stamina. | Stigma bifid. Drupe, the size of a pea, round, — 
smooth, succulent, black,.‘one-celled.... Nut conform to the 
drupe, tubercled, four-celled, generally one or more abortives 
Seed solitary, obovate. Jntequment single, thin, white,» Pe- 
risperm none. Embryo erect. Jeoettonse nie iain 
Radicle inferior, : ' ; 


_GMELINA. Schrebs. gen. Y. ov pacing 


Calyx from four to five-toothed, -Corol obliquely cainpe- 3 
nulate; border irregularly four-parted. All the anthers two- 


Gmelina. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 83 


cleft.. Germ superior, four-celled ; cells one-seeded ; attach- 
ment sub-superior. Drupe with a nut, from one to four-cell- 
ed. Embryo erect, without perisperm. 


1. G, oblongifolia, R é‘ 

Arboreous, Leaves opposite, oblong. Panicles terminal, 
brachiate. Drupes oblong, lucid. . A’slow growing, tall tim- 
ber tree; a native of the eastern parts of Bengal ; flowering 
in March and April; the seed i gal in si and werd 
ber, 

Trunk, in trees fourteen years old i in as Botanic sithe, 
straight, from twelve to fifteen feet to sar branches, and 
about eighteen inches in circumference.” Bark ash-co- 
loured, and a little cracked. ~ Branches aaliegs You 
shoots somewhat four-sided, total: height of “our young 
trees from twenty to thirty feet. Leaves opposite, petioled, 
from oval to oblong, entire, somewhat rough, rather obtuse, 
with a glandular impression on each side of the base of 
the rib or nerve; from six to ‘twelve inches long, and from 
three to eight broad. -Petioles about two inches long, chan- 
nelled, Stipules none. Panicles terminal, solitary, broad: 
ovate, decussate; ramifications four-corneréd, clothed with. 
a brownish mealiness. Bractes small, and very early cadu- 

cous. | Flowers numerous, large, rosy and fragrant. ~ Calyx 
cyathiform, entire, mealy,a few glands on the outside. Corol 
irregular. Tube short and curved. Throat obliquely campa- 
‘pulate. Border five-parted ; lower segment longer, witha — 
deep yellow mark in the centre of its base. Stamina as in the 
genus. Anthers bipartite. Germ superior, turbinate, smooth, 
four-celled, with one ovulum in each, attached frou a little 
under the apex, to the: upper part of the axis, Sfyle the 
length of the stamina. Stigma of two unéqual- lobes. Drupe 
oblong, somewhat four-cornered, and obtuse, size of a ‘Taaye 
olive, smooth, when ripe of a shining bright crimson’ our, 
parte mM ut clavate, asap pgcaninc = itt -elled, per 


84 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Gmelina, 


late. Perisperm none. Embryo erect, Cotyledons conform 
to the seed. adicle small, inferior. vt 
2. G. arborea, Roxb. Abe pl. 
Arboreous, unarmed, Leaves opposite, cordate, entire, 
hoary underneath, Panicles terminal. 
Cumbula, Rheed, Mal, i,t. 41. | 
Gumbharee, the Sanscrit name of the tree. 
Beng, Gumar, Goombar,. |)... 4 
Hind, Joogani-chookur, 
Teling. Tagoomooda, 
Tam. Goomadee, 
A large timber tree, a native of the mountainous. parts, of 
India. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season... 
Trunk Pesbbriicas _ Bark ash-coloured, in yout ll 
th. Branches numerous, spreading in every direction, so 
forn i tacealeds head, Leaves opposite, petioled, cor- 
date, pointed, entire, with the upper surface smooth, and the 
under one hoary, from four toten inches long, and from two — 
to six or seven broad; at the.base where it joins the petiole, 
there are two, three, or four very conspicuous glands, Petioles 
round, villous, two or three inches long. .Panic/es terminal, 
ovate, composed of expanding decussated, downy racemes. 
Bractes lanceolate, downy, deciduous at an early period, 
Flowers opposite, drooping, large, yellow, tinged with 
brown, Calyx small, obscurely five-toothed, villous on the — 
outside. Corol campanulate. Border four-parted, the upper — 
three segments shorter; the lower or middle one bifid. Fi- 
laments two pairs; the ledaest considerably incurved, .Au-— 
thers bifid. Germ round, four-celled,, with one oyulum 
‘in each, attached to the top of the axis. Sty/e.as long as the 
stamen. Stigma bifid, one of the lobes much longer and 
recurved, Drupe oval, smooth, when ripe yellow, of the size 
of adamson. Nut four-celled, thavehit rarely benpens.that: 
the fourare fertile. ss 
The wood of this tree. APOE ARCELOR cen 


ol ek iy aii eiadiomd 


STE a re he eee 


Gmelina, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA., 8&5 


purposes by the natives of various countries where it grows. 
That of such trees as will square into logs from eighteen to 
twenty-four inches resembles Teak more than any other sorts 
I have yet met with. The colour is almost exactly the same, 
the grain rather closer, at the same time it is fully as light, if 
not lighter, and as easily worked. 

Some years ago I ,received from Mr, M’Cleish, a Timber 
Merchant, then residing at Patna, but since dead, a large 
square log, of what I conceive to be this wood, which mea- 
sured nearly thirty feet in length, and at the thickest-end 
was full twenty-four inches square. : 

This piece afforded ample supplies for various experi- 
ments, One of them, and. the most interesting, was made by 
placing part of an outside plank in the river, a little above 
low water mark, exactly where the worm is thought to ex- 
ert its greatest powers, After remaining three years in this 
situation, though examined from time to time, the piece was 
cut, with the view of carrying a specimen of it to England, 
and to my great joy, I found it as sound and every way as per- 
fect throughout, as it was when first put into the river, 

Amongst other things, a valuable flood door was made.of 
it, to keep the tides out of the Botanic. garden. It is now 
seven years anda half since the door (which is four. feet 
square) was made, and though much exposed to the sun 
and water, yet it remains good ; while similar doors, though _ 
much smaller, made of Teak, were so much decayed, a 
year ago, as to render it necessary to replace them. 

In addition to my own experiments,.I have lately learned 
that the decks of pinnaces to the eastward, about Chittagong, 
Dacca, &c, are made of this timber, because it bears the wea- 
ther better than any other shen know, without whine or 
warping. 

These favourable caccompstanens. Sane me to. Ipsesthat 
ats will be made to ascertain its value when used 
for the hia aBper Pen mi of veemhep as wall ae 


86 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Gmelina, — 


3. G, villosa, Roxb. 
Arboreous, spinous. Leaves opposite, petioled, trapezi- 
form, rather sub-lobate, downy underneath. Racemes termi- 
nal, Bractes lanceolate, cuspidate. Drapes'spherical. 
Radix deipara. Rumph. Amb. ii. p..124.t. 39. ° ms 
A native of Pulo Pinang; from thence introduced by Dr. 
W. Hunter, into the Botanic garden at Calcutta, in 1802. In 
six years, the seedling plants had reached the size of small 
trees, and are in flower and fruit all the year round. ~ 
Trunk, in our young trees, straight, as thick as. a man’s leg. 
Bark olive-coloured, Branches numerous, spreading, and 
drooping in every direction; young shoots round, and vil- 
Jous. Leaves opposite, petioled, trapeziform, with the margins 
entire, except that the rounded side angles sometimes project — 
into foley and the apex is genera y. acute; smooth on the up- 3 
er side, pale and downy on the under one, from one to four 
in c desliagand from one to two broad. Stipules none. Racemes 
terminal, simple, downy. Flowers opposite, pedicelled, droog 
ing, and scareely so large as in G, asiatica, dull yellow, ow 
account of their being clothed with ferruginous pubescence. 
Bractes large, tdnoeblaté: cuspidate, continuing till the 
flowers expand. Calyx small, obsewrely four-toothed, with 
some large glands on the under’ side, as in G. asiatica; but 
larger and more numerous, permanent, Corol with a narrow, 
curved, cylindric tube, and oblique gibbous-campanulate 
throat. © Border four-parted, of which the lower one is 
much larger, and is a continuation of the protruded side of 
the throat. Filaments curved, one of the pairs much long- 
er, Anthers bifid. Germ round, smooth, four-celled, with 
one seed in each, attached to the top of the axis, “Style as 
long as the long pair of filaments, Stigma of two, very 
unequal, acute lobes, _ Drupe spherical, size of a large 
cherry, fleshy, smooth, vie ripe yellow, one‘celled. oe 
obovate, obscurely four-lobed, smooth, four-celled, per 
ed by a conic cavity with its wide end downwards, ‘This pet- 
foration is more or less on one side of the centre, according 


>» 


Gmelina. _ DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 87 


the number of fertile cells, which is generally one or two 
only. Seed solitary, obovate-oblong, a little compressed, n- 
tegument single, brown, spongy. Perisperm none. Embryo 
erect, Cotyledons conform to the seed, obcordate. eae 
two-lobed. pair minute, inferior, 


4, G, periine Willd. ill, p. 313. 

Shrubby, spinous. Leaves sub-opposite, oval, and some- 
what lobed, smooth, .Racemes terminal, and from the forks 
of the branchlets. .\Bractes small, caducous, | Fruit oval. 

- Jambosa silvestris ahha Ala Amb. i. P. 129. t. - 40. 

_-'Teling..\Goomoodoo,. = 5) 

Is one of the most sii ta bitty. Sasnigltceneah 
place over the coast of Coromandel, and in flower and fruit 
all the year round. ' 

' Trunk, 1 cannot say it has any shing like a distinct one, as 
Lhave always found it in the state of a large, ramous shrub. 
Branches numerous, very irregular... Thorns axillary; oppo- 
site, horizontal, leaf-bearing, Leaves on the young shoots 
generally opposite, on the woody branchlets fascicled, petio- 
led, broad oval, or obcordate, irregularly lobed, both sides 
smooth and shining, from one to an inch and a half long, and 
about one broad.’ Racemes from the divisions of the branches, 
or-terminal. Flowers large, yellow, opposite, approximate, 
drooping. Bractes lanceolate, small, concave, caducous. 
Corol the upper lip largest. Azthers, all the four are two- 
parted. Stigma two-parted, the lower four times longer and 
revolute. © — —— 1 nest two" or anv’ of home 
abortive. — 


_ The only use this shrub i is applied to, is a tot fences and be 


8G —— Corom. pl. 2. 162. sa - 


88 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Avicennia, 


Gmelina coromandelica, Burm. Flor, In. p. 32. 

. Is common in forests, and uncultivated places all over the 
coast. Flowering time October and November. 
’ It differs from asiatica in the following respects. 

Ist. This is always a smaller plant, with much smaller 
leaves, although growing together on one spot, which iscom- 
mon, 2nd. The throuas are more numerous, and always pre- 
sent, 3rd. The racemes are terminal, 4th, The leaves have 
the quality of thickening cold water like those of Pedalium 
murex, and Menispermum hirsutum, The flowers and fruit 
are m both the same.” 

The natives employ the water tchipvegldal with. the gat 
tinous quality of the leaves asa ptisan forthe cure of the heat 
of urine in gonorrhoea. . Water isalso ren 
the leaves of P. murex, by only turning thdea doundtiag wai 
the water soon returns to its original state. The leaves of this 
plant, G. parvifolia, must be gently bruised with the hand __ 
in nthe water and it remains. eo till decomposed be a 


. | AVICENNIA, Schreb. gen: N. 1063. ee 
Diloe five-leaved, or five-parted, Corol bilabiate ; upper 
lip emarginate ; the ry reflexed, Capeule a 
pte ee | ‘ 


aie tomentosa, Willd, i iii. 395. > | qt 
< Arboreous, Leaves opposite, obovate, fee underneath, 

Bontia germinans, Linn, = 89r, (ade 
_ Beng. Bina. 

QMepata. Rheed, Mal, iv. t.45, oo 
Is common in India, in low places near the mouths of ri- 
vers, where the spring-tides rise, Flowering time the hot sea- 
son. In the Soondur-bun, é, e. the lower part of the Delta,iof 
the Ganges, it grows to be a tree of considerable magnitude, 
the wood. of which serves the natives for various’economical 


Lantana, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 89 


purposes, On the Coromandel coast, where it is common, I 
have only found it iw the state of a ramous shrub, 

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, obovate, and oval, entire, 
obtuse, very hoary underneath, Panicles terminal, tricho- 
tomous, bearing the flowers in terminal, single, rigid heads, 
Flowers numerous, small, of a dark dull yellow, io ed dry 
almost black. Bractes of the divisions of the panicle, oppo- 
site, ovate’; of the calyx three-fold, one-flowered. Calyx 
five-leaved; the three bractes thereof may be reckoned three 
more. Corol; tube short, bilabiate; upper lip emarginate ; 
the dower one of three deeply divided, equal, expanding seg- 
ments. Filaments from the fissures of the corol. Anthers 
twin. Germ superior, ovate, downy. Style about the Jonah 
of the stamens. Stigma of two, acute points, aon 


LANTANA. Schreb. gen. N. 1026. 


Calyx obscurely four-toothed. Stigma hook- refracted. 
Drupe with a trilocular nut, the lower one sterile, 


L. indies: R. Ess hick. 
Shrubby, straight, four-sided, daniniicle | Leaves cieipoalen, 
cordate, serrate, rugose, Peduneles solitary, axillary, short 
than the leaves. Heads ovate. Bractes ovate-ta nceola 
Nut two-celled, 

A native of Mysore, from thence Dr. B. Heyne sent Sone 
to eapeneniie garden at Calcutta, where the plants thrive lux- 
‘tantly, and blossom during the rains. 


Stem Nesaeds: perennial, erect, four-sided, clothed with 
short hairs, and tinged with dark purple. Branches few, 
and like the stem. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, cordate, 
swelling on the petioles, serrate, rugose, hairy underneath, 
Speeeegntenrierinis ebay an oa nen aetna 


90 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Streptium. 


below, to lanceolate near the apex, where they are sterile, all — 
are acute aid hairy. Flowers numerous, small, of a beauti- _ : 
fal light purple, inodorous, Calya small, margin ciliate,and 
obscurely divided. Drupe globular, smooth, purple, the size 
of asmall pea, Nut turbinate, two-celled, with a seed in 
each ; no empty cell in this species, 


STREPTIUM. 


_ Calyx five-toothed. Corol funnel-shaped ; tube cmed 

border five-parted, equal. Germ superior, four-celled ; cells 
one-seeded ; attachment inferior, two-partible. Mud wrap- 
ped in the permanent calyx. Seed solitary. Embryo erect, 
no perisperi. ) : ae 

S. asperum. Corom. phi ii. ”. 146. 

- Tortula aspera. Linn, sp. pl. ed. Willd. iii, 359. 
Verbena Forskaelei. Vahl, Symbol, iii, 

Teling. Obeera. — 

I have only found it in the vicinity of Samulkota, on the 
terraces and old walls of Pagodas. In flower agg the wet 
and cold seasons, while young it looks well. — 

Stem woody, perennial, short, irregular; branches: oppo- 
site, exactly four-sided, rough ; the height of the whole plant 
from two to four feet. Leaves opposite, petioled, cordate, — 
serrate, covered with stiff hooked hairs; from one to three 
inches long, and from one to two broad, —_ Petioles channel- 
led, rough, Racemes terminal, or in the cleft of the exterior 
branchlets, erect, very long ; rachis four-sided, rough, Brac-— 
tes solitary, one-flowered. Flowers towards the bottom of 
the raceme, remote, above approximated, small, white, Caly® 
one-leaved, oblong, gibbous, five-angled, five-grooved, five- 
toothed, covered with stiff, hooked hairs, permanent, closing: 
and enlarging with the fruit. which it entirely covers, Corel; 
tube cylindric, rather longer than the calyx, twisted neat 
the apex, a Jittle curved ; border five-parted ; divisions ob0- 


o 


Limosella. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 91 


vate, equal, Filaments four, in the upper bent part of the 
tube. Anthers round, two-lobed, approaching by pairs. Germ 
four-celled, with one ovulum in each attached to the bottom 
ofits cell, Nut wrapped in the permanent calyx, spontane- 
ously separating into two, singly straight on the inside; gib- — 
bous on the outside, and there armed with obtuse hornlets, 
_ two-celled, with a large spurious cell or cavity on the inside, 
Seeds solitary, curved, clavate. Integuments single, pure 
white, and very thin, Perisperm none. Embryo white, con- 
form to the seed, erect, Cotyledons linear-oblong. Plumula 
minute. Radicle inferior, pointed. 

_ Thave not found that this plant is put to any use. 


LIMOSELLA. Schreb. gen. N. 1039. 


Calyx from three tor ive:blety Corol from four to five- 
cleft. Stamina approximated by pairs. Capsule one or two- 
celled, two-valved, many-seeded, 


L, diandra, Willd, ii. 342,00 - 

Creeping. Leaves paired, linear, » ' Seapes eT as ame. 
as the leaves, one-flowered. Capsules two-celled, 

An exceeding gly small plant, found growing at the — 
of clear, standing, fresh water. Sto/es numerous, cre 
filiform, jointed, so intricately interwoven, that a distinct spe- 
cimen is not easily separated. 

- Leaves sessile, two at each joint, erect, linear, wedge-form- 
ed, obtuse ; about three quarters of an inch long, nail the six- 
teenth of an inch broad. Peduncles solitary, erect, between 
the pair of leaves, and of the same length, one-flowered. 
Calyx three-cleft; segments unequal. Corol ; tube cylindric, 
a little curved, of the length of the calyx ; border spreading, 
unequal ; upper division largest, wedge-formed, three-tooth- 
ed; lateral segments smaller and srk the lower one is the 


rent of alle Siete te, in hes tube of the corol. -Anthers 
wid Spy k.. eh ts pee: ei eae i soe 


92 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Capraria. 


_ oval. Stigma oblong. Capsule oval, covered by the calyx, © 
two-celled, the receptacle is large, and in the centre, but the 
partition is exceedingly thin. Seeds numerous. 


ERINUS. Schreb. gen. n. 1034. 


Calyx five-leaved. Corol five-cleft, sub-equal, Capsules , ; 
bilocular, many-seeded. , 


E. bilabiatus. R. 
Annual, erect, villous. Leaves opbintian Spikes axillary 
and terminal, long-peduncled, crowded. Corol bilabiate. 

This plant has been reared in the Botanic garden near Cal- 
cutta, from seeds received from the Moluccas. . ade elcenontt a 
and ripens its seed between October and December. _ 

_ Stem annual, erect, villous, almost round. | eukches few, 
opposite; the height of the whole plant about two feet, Leaves — 
opposite, oblong, a little reflexed, slightly serrate ; scabrous 
on both sides, length of the cauline leaves about two inches, 
those near the inflorescence under one inch, Flowers nu- | 
merous, collected into round, cylindric, imbricated, terminal — 
spikelets, or heads. Bractes three-fold, one-flowered, sub- _ 
clavate, hairy. Calyx five-leaved, on the base five-parted, — 
hairy. Corol bilabiate, small, blue; upper lip emarginate ; 
the under one three-lobed ; lobes revolute. Anthers approach- 
ing g by pairs, roundish. Stigma two-lobed. Capsule ovate; 

bed ‘two-valved,. when ripe the valves separate x 4 
way down; partitions double, Seeds numerous. 


CAPRARIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1030. 


Calyx five-parted.  Corod campanulate, papas two- 
celled, two-valved, ere eeotied) ¢ . ae 


1.€. ontinvnns Roxb, iene é 
- Annual, erect, with creeping roots, inins “aan sub 


* 


Capraria. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 93 


sessile, oblong, serrate. Flowers axillary, solitary, sub-ses- 
sile, 

Pola tsjira. Dheal. Mail. ix, t. 78, 

This plant I have only found in rills of fresh water among 
’ the Circar mountains, It is annual witha creeping root, send- 
ing up many shoots, or ramous stems of from one to two feet. 
high ; they are round, smooth and jointed, and as thick as 
the little finger; all the joints under water emit many fibrous © 
roots, or multifid, filiform leaves, 

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong, serrate, a little 
rugose, sprinkled on the under side with innumerable, glan- 
dular dots, about two and a half inches long, and one broad. 
Flowers axillary, génerally solitary, short-peduncled, pur- 
ple. Calyx ; upper divisions largest, incumbent, Corol cam- 
_ panulate; upper lip broader and emarginate. NVectary, a 
yellow ring surrounding the base of the germ. 

It is delightfully aromatic, and has a sweet pleasant taste. 


2. C. diffusa, R. 


Suffruticose, diffuse. Leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolar, 
obtuse, entire, Spikes axillarys and ale i shorter than the 
leaves. 

From Pegue it was intredneid by, ia tie Mr, ee Corey, 
into the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where. it. flowers nd 
ripens its seeds during the whole of the dry season. |. +1, 

Siem scarcely any, but numerous, opposite, diffuse irene 
and their sub-divisions, spread close to the ground, all are 
round, and the younger parts harsh with very short hair; 
whole spread of the plant about two feet high, Leaves op- 
posite, short-petioled, lanceolar, obtuse, entire; from one — 
to three inches long, and under one in breadth, Spikes, 
or racemes, for the flowers are short-pedicelled, axillary, 

and terminal, clammy, villous, much shorter than the leaves. 
: Flowers small, purple, opposite, and alternate. Bractes li- 


94 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Stemodia. 


clammy segments, which are as long as the tube of the co- 
rol, Corol tubular. Border of five, nearly equal, rounded 

divisions. Anthers twin. Germ ovate-oblong, two-celled, 
with four vertical rows of seeds in each. Style, the length of 


the tube of the corol. Stigma of two very unequal, acute ” 
lobes. Capsule linear, scarcely so long as the permanent 
calyx, furrowed on opposite sides, two-celled, two-valved. 
Partitions contrary, composed of the incurved margins of 
the valves, and free from each other in the centre, Seeds nu- 
merous, minute, round, and tubercled, 


STEMODLIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1043. 


Calyx five-parted. Corol bilebinmeaes Stamina four, with : 
each filament iwc two-anthere¢ S Capeute two: rel 3 


4 


“1, S. viscosa: Corot: ot! ii. ™. 163, 

Annual, hairy and glutinous. Leaves opposite, stem-clasp- 
ing, linear-cordate, serrate. Mlowers axillary, solitary. 

‘Teling. Boda-sarum, 

A small, annual plant, found on dry rice fields after the 
crop has been cut, Stem annual, generally bent to one side, 
with many spreading branches from its base, four-sided, 
hairy, clammy ; from six to twenty-four inches high, Leaves 
opposite, stem-clasping ; below linear-oblong, above cordate, 
hairy, clammy. Flowers axillary, solitary, ssodllaiated, small, 
of a violet colour. Bractes two, lanceolate, pressing on the 
calyx. Corol; tube compressed, longitudinally wrinkled, 
twice the length of the calyx ; upper lip broad , emarginated ; 
the under lip three-parted. Stamens within the tube. 

The _ has a pleasant aromatic smell. 


» s. ruderalis, Willd. iii. B45, bdF 


Annual, diffuse, downy, Leaves opposite, oleulad: ovate, 
serrate. Flowers axillary, solitary, sub-sessile, ec ist five” 
toothed, Corol deeply two-cleft, 


Torenia. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, vd 


* 
Found on old walls about Calcutta, It flowers during the 
rains. 
Root ramous, seems perennial, Stems many, ascending, 
ramous, herbaceous, woody, somewhat viscous, the whole 
- plant about twelve or eighteen inches high. Leaves oppo- 
site, petioled, ovate, deeply serrate, soft, a little hairy ; 
about an inch long. Petio/es shorter than the leaves, chan- 
nelled. Stipules none. Flowers axillary, sub-sessile, soli- 
fary, opposite, small, yellow. Calyx ten-furrowed, five- 
toothed, permanent, Coro/ personate; tube the length of the 
calyx ; both lips projecting, and shut ; apex of the under lip 
broad, depending, three-toothed, of the upper one very nar- 
row, bifid ; inside of both hairy, and beautifully marked with 
_ small purple dots, Filaments and anthers, as in the genus. 
Stigma slighty two-lobed,. 


TORENIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1011. 


Calyx dilabiate. Corol irregular, one pair of the filaments 
with a barren branchlet. Capsule two-celled, par Bice E 


SS parallel, 


¢. 


1. T. cordifolia, Corom., pl. ii. p, 2. f. 161. 
Annual, brachiate, four-sided. Leaves satiatal 20 
serrate. Calyx two-cleft, with divisions two and three-toothed. : 
Nut cordate, serrate. Calyx two-cleft, with divisions two 
and three-toothed. 
- Corosinam. Rheed. Mal, ix. t. 68. 
A native of the sth sis Dison 5 in the sea season, 


= 


a ae iffusa. 
Annual, diffuse. Leaves sessile, cordate, entite. Flowers 


solitary, long-peduncled. Calyx gan antes ie =A 
ments” vali sterile branch. - 


96 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Columnea, 
* 

A native of Coromandel, where it appears during the 
rainy season. 

3. T. hians. 

Annual, creeping, four-sided. Leaves petioled, cordate, 
serrate, Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled. Calyx five- 
winged, Stigma of two large, round, cordate lobes. 

A native of Amboyna, Chittagong, &c. It flowers in the 
Botanic garden about the close of the rains; when its numer- 
ous, large, beautiful dark blue violet fii are’ cia or- 
namental, 


4, T. multiflora, i 

Annual, erect, ramous, four-sided, smooth. Leaves oppo- 
site, oblong, sub-serrate. Flowers terminal. Calyx five-part- 
ed. Corol bilabiate, superior filaments, with a sterile branch, 
Capsules ovate. 

A native of Bengal, appearing in the rainy and cool sea- 
son. 


5. T. varians. 


Annual, erect, four-sided, smooth. Leaves opposite, pe- * a 


tioled, cordate, ovate, serrate. Flowers axillary, solitary. 
Calyx five-toothed. Corol ringent. Longer filaments, with a 
sterile branch. A native of Coromandel and = where it 


appears — the rainy season, 
4 pagans. R. iy , 
Straggling, smooth, Leaves ovate, oblong, serrate. Flow- 


ers axillary, long-peduncled, Citys winged, both lobes 
acute and entire, 


An extensive rambler, a native of Chittagong, where it de- Ei 


lights in moist shady places, 


Flowers large and blue, they appear in greatest profason 
in October, _ 


ee ee Oe ee ae a ee ee ee ey 


Columnea, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 97 


COLUMNEA. Schreb. gen. N. 1064. 


Calyx five-parted, Corol ringent, Anthers twin, connect- 
ed by pairs in a coronet, Capsule two-celled. 


1. C. balsamica. R. 

Annual, erect, stoloniferous, Leaves sub-verticelled, pin- 
natifid. Peduneles axillary, solitary, one-flowered, 

Tsjeria-manga-mari, Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 85. 

Tsadaen-tsjira. Rheed, Mal. xii. t, 36 seems the same. 

Hottonia. Burm. Zeyl. t. 55. f. 1. 

Gratiola trifida, Linn. =P Pl. ed. Willd, i, 104, 

Beng. Kurpoor. | ease 

Hottonia Indica, Linn. sp. pl. od, Willd. 1813. ' 

Ruellia balsamica, Konig’s Mss. 

This is a smal] annual; the general height about six inches, 
a native of marshy places, appears and flowers during the 
rainy and cold seasons, 

Roots creeping. Stems erect, sometimes ramous, round, 
jointed, smooth, Leaves sessile, the lower are generally ver- 
ticelled, or nearly so, above three-fold, and opposite; some 


' are pinnatifid, some lobate, and some simply linear-lanceolate, 


all are serrate toward the apex, smooth on both sides, ge- 
nerally less than an inch long. Peduneles solitary, axillary, 
rather longer than the leaves, vnatemetel. sometimes they are 
opposite and even tern towards the top of the plant. Bractes 
two, pressing on the calyx. Stigma large, in shape like a 
dog’s head, with the under division very long, and ascending. 
Capsule long, two-celled, four-valved ; receptacle large. 


Seeds numerous, _ 


As Konig observes, the plant has a strong terebinthinace- 


ous smell, it is at the same time very grateful, The taste is 


ste of a warm aromatic, 


2. , Maroy 


Annual; roc 


= VOL, Wi, es ee & 


98 _ DIDYNAMTA ANGIOSPERMIA. Gerardia., 


under water filiformly-pinnatifid ; floral leaves sessile. Corol 
somewhat bilabiate. : 
A native of Bengal, in wet places, during the dry season. 


3. C. tomentosa, 

Annual, diffuse, Leaves generally opposite, wedge-shap- 
ed, with gashed margins. Racemes terminal, with ample five- 
cleft calyx, and ringent corol. 

A native of Bengal, appearing during the cool season. 


4. C. minuta. : 
Annual, spreading, four-sided. Leaves sessile, ovate-cor- 
date, serrulate. Flowers axillary, long-peduncled. Calyx 
five-cleft, Corolringent, Capsulesglobular, 
A native of various } parts of India, appearing during the 
rainy and cold season. 


“— 


GERARDIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1004. 


Calyz five-cleft. Corol irregular, sub-campamulate ; lower 
lip three-parted, lobes emarginate, the middle segment two- 
parted. Capsule from two to three-celled, from two to three- _ 
valved. 


G. delphinifolia, Coren pl.i. N. 90. 

- Annual, — ramous. Leaves pinnatifid, swith filiform 
— 

hestisabinn adfinis siadrasisatiin Sieplladed folio, "Pluk, 
p. 17. t. 358. f. 3. | 

A very elegant, erect, annual plant ; a native of the moun- 
- tainous parts of the country. Flowers during the wet and 
cold season. 

Stem annual, siesield, ramous, foupuaiak cena 
about three or four feet high; spotted with dark purple. 
Branches opposite, like the stem, Leaves opposite, irregular- 
ly pinnatifid; divisions linear, as in Ipomea quamocht. 


Digitalis. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 99 


Flowers axillary, solitary, short-peduncled, large, rose-co- 
loured. Bractes two, filiform, pressing on the calyx laterally. 
Calyx one-leaved, five-cleft; divisions linear, erect, perma- 
nent. Corol regular; tube sub-campanulate, two or three 
times longer than the calyx; border five-parted ; segments _ 
equal, rounded, Fi/aments four, the superior pairending ina ~ 
recurved hook, the inferior in an erect horn. Anthers linear, 
the superior pair approach archways, so that their apices 
meet ; the lower pair firmly united their whole length. Germ 
ovate. Style length of the tube. Stigma enlarged, entire. 
Capsule oblong, about as long as the calyx, two-celled, two- 
valved ; receptacde columnar. Seeds numerous. 


DIGITALIS. Schreb. gen. N. 1017. 


Calyx five-parted, irregularly campanulate, five-cleft, gib- 
bous. Capsule ovate, two-celled. 


D. stricta, 

Annual, straight, scabrous, Leaves opposite, linear, scab- 
rous, Flowers solitary. Calyse ay gre with a slit on 
the under side, 

An elegant annual species, foil on pasture iieeinda over 
Bengal. Flowering time the ramy season. 

Stem straight, from one to two feet high; branches few, 
opposite, nearly straight, all covered with much short, harsh 
_ hair; towards the apex somewhat four-sided, Leaves oppo- 
site, sessile, linear, almost entire, very scabrous, size very va- 
rious. Flowers sub-sessile, the inferior ones nearly opposite, 
the upper one alternate ; pretty large for the size of the plant. 
Bractes two pressing on the calyx laterally, they are of a lan- 
ceolate shape, and shorter than the calyx, Calyx ovate, near-— 
ly shut at the mouth, ‘five-ridged, scabrous, slit underneath. 
Corol, tube somewhat bellied, twice as long as the calyx, co- 
ee = Border of five broad —— 


100 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Sesusmum, 


thers of two lobes, the smaller of which ends in a sharp pro- 
jecting hornlet. 


CELSIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1015. 


Calyx five-parted. Corol rotate. Filaments bearded. 
Capsule two-celled. . 


C. coromandetiana, Vahl. Symb. iii. 79. Willd. iii, 280. 

Annual, erect, ramous, downy. Lower leaves lyrate, su- 
perior sessile, cordate, Pedicels as long as the bractes, divi- 
sions of the calyx lanceolate, entire, and serrulate, 

Beng. Kookshima. 

A native of various parts of India, appearing during g the 
dry season, and ies as a weed in gardens, or on culti- 
vate domly: 


SESASMUM. Schreb. gen, N. 1048. 


_ Calyx five-parted. Corol irregularly campanulate, five- 
lobed, with the lower one larger, and protruding. Stigma 
of two equal, lanceolate lobes. Capsules four-celled, two- 
valved, : 


S. orientale. Willd. iii. i358, 
Leaves ternate and penis the superior always simple and 
narrower, — bie. 
_ Sans. Tila. 
Pers. Roghen. 
Arab. Dahn. 
_ Teling. Nova. 

‘ . Gingeli, is the name by which it is pee known 
amongst Europeans on the Coromandel coast. 
Schit-elu.§ Rheed. Mal. ix. S: 54. and I believe Bg. 05 is 

also the same, 


= This specie oF variety, i by fate mst gon ol 


Bignonia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 101 


tivated in the warmer parts of Asia, It is annual, and ina 
good soil grows generally to be about three or four feet high. 
I never found it in a wild state. 

My figure of this plant, called S. indicum by Linneeus, is 
the Krishna til of the Hindoos, I can at most make only a va- 
riety of this species; It is larger, more ramous, the stem and 
branches tinged with a rusty, reddish colour; the leaves a 
darker green ; but in situation and structure the same. The 
flowers are deeper tinged with red, and the seed darker co- 
Joured, Both are described by Rumphius, p. 204, Ke. of 
the 5th volume of his Herbarium Amboinense. Fig. 1. t. 76. 
of the same volume is a tolerable diminished figure of this va- 
riety. Their greatest difference, however, — ie seed, 
and harvest time. 

The former, S. orientale, is sown in Bengal in Pome 
and the crop got in three months afterwards, so that the dews, 
and the little remaining moisture of the earth, are the only 
sources of humidity by which it can benefit, as this is in gene- _ 
ral a period of drought. S. indicum is sown on high places, 
about the beginning of the i, eens and the ae cut _— 
in September. 


¥ 


BIGNONIA. Schreb. gen. N. pepe rs 


: Calyx various. Corol, with the throat campanulate, ead 

afive-cleft border; Germ superior, two-celled ; ced/s many-- 
seeded ; attachment interior. Silique bilocular (partition con- 

trary), containing many thin winged seeds. Embryo centri- 

petal, no perioperm J . 


1..B. undulata, R. 
Arboreous. Leaves opposite, simple, linear-lanceolate, 
much wayed. Ravemes lateral, Calyx campanulate, with 
the mouth cut into five, short emarginate segments. Silique 
linear, a little compressed, smooth, partition contrary. = 
_ A native of Hindoostan, from thence sent to the Bota 


x a x 


102 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMTA, Bignonia. 


garden by Colonel Hardwicke, where it flowers in March, 
and ripens its seed in May. When in full flower it is one of 
the most beautiful small trees 1 have seen. 
. Trunk erect, in trees eight years old, as thick as a man’s 
thigh, and the whole tree about twenty-five feet high. Bark 
scabrous, of a brownish ash-colour. Branchlets drooping, 
like the weeping willows, Leaves simple, opposite, petioled, 
drooping, linear-lanceolate, apex scarcely pointed, entire, 
much waved, clothed with minute micaceous seales.  Peti- 
_oles slender, channelled. Stipules none. Racemes lateral, 
from branchlets of one or two years growth, two or three 
inches long, five or six-flowered. Bractes, one at the base - 
of each pedicel, and an opposite pair a little further up, ca- 
ducous, Flowers very large, erect, orange-coloured, ino- 
dorous. Calyx campanulate, five-toothed ; - segments short, 
rounded, often emarginate. Corol ; tube Sisliguisly campa- 
nulate. Border four-parted ; the upper division larger, and 
divided mto two rounded lobes ; the under three, equal, and 
nearly round, with the So aN slightly waved. Filaments 
five, the single one small, and abortive. Anthers double. 
Germ linear, two-celled, with numerous ovula in each, at- 
tached to two longitudinal swellings on each side of the par- 
tition. Style the length of the stamina. Stigma of two thin, 
oval, acute lobes. Silique linear, curved, considerably flat- 
tened, so as to bring the sutures into the middle of the sides ; 
‘about six or eight inches long by one in circumference, two- 
celled, two-valved ; ; valves smooth, thin, and of a light brown — 
colour, Partition thin, of a dark brownish black, contrary, 
that is, crossing the sutures, and attached to the middle of the 
valves. Seeds many, imbricate, thin, with a very thin white — 
membranaceous wing all round; attached to the partition 
about half way between its middle and the margins. Pe- 
risperm none. E'mbryo with two-lobed cotyledons, and the 
point of the radicle ee ee — the umbilicus, ” = 


Bignonia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 103 
* 


2. B. comosa. 

Tender parts very downy. Leave’ simple, opposite, cor- 
date, entire. Corymbs terminal, short, leafly. | Calyces five- 
cleft, Corol, with a long, slender tube, and bilabiate border. 

A native of the Moluccas. 


3. B. spathacea, Corom. pl. 2. N. 144, 

Arboreous, Leaves opposite, pinnate ; leaflets, from three 
to seven pairs, with an odd one, roundish. Racemes termi- 
nal. Calyx spathaceous, Corol infundibuliform, oblique, 
long, slender, much curved. 

B. faleata. Kon. Mss, in, B. H. 

Teling. Woody. — ~~ 

A small thin tree, a native hol aac of she focsiae aan: 
coast, flowers during the hot season, 

Trunk very irregular, both in size and shape, the branches 
also. Bark light ash-colour; young shoots covered with 
whitish down. Leaves opposite and alternate, pinnate, with an 
odd one about six inches long. Leaflets opposite, from two to 
three pairs, nearly orbicular, entire, downy ; from one to two 
inches Jong, and about as much broad, Kacemes terminal, _ 
erect, as long as the leaves, few-flowered. Flowers white, 
pretty large. Calyx, a spathe, two-thirds open on the convex. : 
side. Corol; tube longer than the calyx, cylindric ; border, 
flat divisions equal, oblong. Nectary, a dark purple ring, 2 
surrounding the base of the germ. Stamens, there is a fifth 
sterile filament. .Anihers oval. Stigma two-lobed. Silique 
ieaieiebeat twelve inches long, pendulous, twisted in. vari- 
ous forms, — 


4. B. erispa. Buch. poh 

Arboreous. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets five or seven, oblonga, 
entire, Calyx spathaceous. Corol hy pocrateriform, with seg- 
ments of the border sub-equal, and much curled. age Bie 
near ; 3 partition contrary. + Kiet 2 

<A native of Mysore where it was foun by Aes. Bucha- 


- 104 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Bignonia., . 
* 


nan, who sent seeds to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where 
in seven years the trees'were about twenty feet high ; it blos- 
soms in May and June ; seed ripe in December. 

Trunk straight, covered with smooth, ash-coloured bark. 
Branches tolerably erect, but not numerous. Leaves oppo- 
site, pinnate, from six to ten inches long; in Bengal, perma- 
nent. Leaflets five or seven, rarely ternate, petioled, oblong, 
entire, villous while young, from two to four inches long. 
Racemes solitary, terminal, bearing a few opposite, long-pe- 
dicelled, large, pure white, fragrant flowers, which expand 
in the evening, and drop in the morning. Calyx a perfect 
spathe, opening on the upper side, shorter than the tube of 
the corol, deciduous with or soon after the corol. Coro sal- 
_ ver-shaped. Tube sub-cylindric. Border of five, somewhat 

_reniform, equal segments; all much and beautifully curled. 
Stamens, a fifth, small, sterile.filament, Anthers twin, Cerm 
conical, its base surrounded with a glandular ring, two-cell- 
ed, in each many ovula attached to a longitudinal, elevated 
receptacle, which runs along the middle of the partition. 
_ Style shorter than the tube of the corol. Stigma of two, thin, 

oblong lobes. Si/ique linear, pendulous, about twelve or fif- 
teen inches long, by one anda half in circumference, various- 
ly bent, obtuse-pointed, colour brown and scabrous, with still 
paler specks ; a transverse section forms a very exact ellipsis, 
two-celled, Partition thick and spongy, contrary to the 
. valves, and attached to the middle of them. Seeds numerous, 
inged at both ends, disposed in two imbricate rows in each _ 
call, and attached to the middle of the opposite sides of the — 


thick spongy partition, where it joins the valves, being the — eo 


part most remote from its sutures. Perisperm none. Embryo 
straight, Cotyledons two-lobed ; lobes nearly orbicular. Ra- 
dicle oval, immediately within the umbilicus. — 


5.-B. SE Sg R. 


Arboreous. Leaves pulley ; lefess Sg pairs, ak ser- 
rulate. Panicles terminal, thin, first divisions bmghante: Co- 
rol woolly, Silique cylindric. 


Bignonia. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 105 


Pata the Sanscrit name. See Asiatic Res. 291. 
- Beng. Parul. 

Hind. Paral. 

B, padri. Kon, Mss, and B. H. 

A middle sized tree, a native of Bengal, and of the south- 
ern parts of the Coromandel coast. Flowering time the hot — 
season, . 

Trunk tolerably erect, though not straight. Bark ash-co- 
loured, and somewhat scabrous. Leaves opposite, pinnate, 
with an odd one from twelve to twenty-four inches long. 
Leaflets opposite, from two to four pairs, oval, with long, 
bluntish, narrow points, slightly serrate, having both sides 
downy while young, and when full grown not downy and 
feeling harsh; the exterior pair and’odd one about six inches . 
long, by three or four broad ; the inferior pair, or pairs, small- 
er. Petioles swelled at the base, roundish, when old scab- 
ous, Panicles terminal, composed of a few spreading branch- 
lets; the first and second pairs thereof opposite, the superior 
dichotomous, with a solitary, pedicelled flower in the forks ; 
all are downy, and somewhat viscid, Flowers large, of a dark, 
dull, crimson colour, exquisitely fragrant. Calyx campanu- 
late, Border four-cleft; upper divisions with two minute 
points, outside a little villous. Corel; throat ample, wool- | 
ly, convex above, flat and plaited beneath. Border, the up- 
per divisions shorter, erect ; the three inferior ones longer and 
projecting, with the margins of all much curled. Filaments 
four, fertile, and between them a small sterile one, Anthers 
twin. Germ oblong, clavated on a glandular receptacle. 
— iweaobedi” 


2G; B. preiiand. wind. iii. 302. : 

? ~ Shrubby, scandent, Leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate, ser- 
Tate, Panicles terminal, Sp gatae i —— of the — 
: ee he core se ti 


=. SOL, I, a ee 


106 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Bignonia, 


&c, emitting roots from the joints; the bark cracks, and peels 
off ; otherwise it is smooth. 

Young shoots spotted with dark purple. Leaves oppo- 
site, pinnate, from six to ten inches long, Leaflets opposite, 
from three to four pairs, with an odd one, oval, deeply ser- 
rate, pointed, tolerably smooth. Petioles deeply channel- 
led, as if winged. Stipules none. Flowers terminal, forming 
pendulous, cross-armed panicles, they are large, on the outside 
ofa tawny orange colour, on the inside of a tolerably bright, 
reddish-orange, with brighter streaks. Calyx and corol as in 
the genus, Vectary, a glandular, crenulate ring surrounding 
the base of the germ. Stamens a fifth sterile filament between 
the short pair, Stigma two-parted; anterior lip recurved. 

When in flower it is very ornamental. 


7. B. chelonoides, Willd. iii, 304. 

Arboreous, Leaves pinnate; Jeaflets about four-paired, 
with an odd one, from ovate to oblong, entire, cuspidate. 
‘Panicles terminal. Corol bilabiate. Siliques pendulous, 
long, slender, sub-cylindric, with sharp edges, and various- 
ly curved. 

Padri, Rheed, Mal. vi. t. 26. 

~ Tam. Pou-padyra-marum, 

Teling. Tagada, - 

A native of the mountainous parts of the coast of Sommer 
del, where it grows to be a large tree. . Flowers during the 
hot and rainy, seasons, and the seed ripens in December and 
January. 

Trunk very straight, and of a great height and shinee 
Bark thick, scabrous, brown. Branches very numerous, 
the inferior horizontal, above gradually becoming more and 
more erect to the top. Leaves opposite, pinnate, with an odd 
one, about twelve inches long. Leaflets opposite, short- 
petioled, generally four pair, the inferior smallest, obliquely 
oval, pointed, sometimes slightly notched about the margins, __ 
when young downy, afterwards smooth, about four inches : 


Bignonia. DIDVNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 107 


long, by two broad. Petioles about nine inches long, chan- 
nelled, smooth. Stipules none. Panicles terminal, the 
larger ramifications decussate, the smaller or terminal two- 
forked, with a sessile flower in the cleft. Peduncles and 
pedicels round, covered with oblong, gray, scabrous specks. 
Bractes small, caducous. Flowers pretty large, yellow, very 
fragrant. Calyx five-notched. Nectary a yellow fleshy - 
ring surrounding the base of the germ. Filaments, there is a 
fifth sterile one between the lower pair. .4nthers double. 
Stigma two-cleft. Silique very long, slender, twisted ; re- 
ceptacle of the seeds spongy, white, with alternate Hfotches on 
the sides for the seeds to lodge in. | 
The wood of this tree is high coloured, hard, dardble, and 
of much use amongst the inhabitants of the hills, where it is. 
plentiful. 


8. B. quadrilocularis, Corom, pl. 2. N. 145. 
- Arboreous. Leaves three-fold, or scattered, pinnate ; leaflets 
from four to five pairs, with an odd one, serrate, smooth, Pa- 
nicles terminal, dense, downy. Siliques linear, lanceolate, 
four-celled, ; 

A large tree, a native of the Circar mountains. inet 
during the beginning of the hot season, = 

Trunk straight, and of considerable height. Bark hey! 
with’a few scabrous spots, Branches numerous, spreading, 
forming a large shady head, Leaves about the extremities 
of the branchlets, generally three-fold, unequally pinnate, 
from twelve to twenty-four inches long. Leaflets, from 
four to five pairs, opposite, oblong, serrate, acute, smooth, 
Stipules tone. —Panicles terminal, erect, large, dense, many- 
flowered, very downy. Bractes scarcely any, Flowers large, 
rose-coloured, delightfully fragrant, Calyx generally two- 
parted, with the wpper lip two-cleft, very downy. Corol ; 

orden antl “Eettions babes with aid pegs ele- 


108 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Bignonia, 


two-cleft. -Silique erect, straight, linear, pointed, pretty 
smooth, twelve inches Jong, two broad, and half an inch 
thick, four-celled, two-valved, the dissepiment is enlarged 
in the middle on each side, with a sharp ridge which touches 
the sides of the valve, dividing each of the usual cells into two; 
into these ridges the seeds are affixed, hence I have taken my 
specific name, 

The wood of this tree is employed for many purposes by 
the natives. 


_ 9. B, stipulata, R. 

_Arboreous, tender parts villous. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 
from four to six pairs, from oval to oblong-elliptic ; common 
petiole channelled. Stipules a tuft of sessile, orbicolar ones 
in each axill. 

A large tree, a native of Pegue, from thence noodaced by 
the Rev. Mr. F. Carey, into the Botanic garden at Calcutta, 
where in two years it rose to the height of ten feet, with a sim- 
ple trunk, which is considerably four-cornered toward the 
top. 
Leaves opposite, about two feet long ; leaflets pai nine 
to fourteen, the largest of them a foot lofig, by six inches 
broad. Common petiole much swelled at the insertion of the 
leaflets, with a channel running down the upper edge, It has 
not yet blossomed in Bengal, but the siliques sent fae Pegue 
were cylindie o tk Rae oh els : 


10. Pe rcope R. 

Arboreous. Leaves bi- and tri-pinnate ; leaflets from ob- 
liquely oblong to semi-cordate. Panicles terminal ; segments. 
of the border of the corol round, and curled. Sisoeeeoer 
crooked, ligneous, and tubercled, 

A tall, elegant tree, a native of Sousa ohene: it was Saat 
observed by Dr. Andrew Berry, and by him introduced into” 
the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where in six years the young 
trees were about twenty, or twenty-five feet high; they — 


Bignonia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 109 


blossom in March, April, May and June, and the seed takes 
about one year to ripen. 

Trunk very straight. Bark ask-coloured, rather spongy, 
and considerably cracked, Branches few and spreading but 
little. Leaves opposite, bi- and tri-pinnate, from one to four 
feet long ; in Bengal they are deciduous in the cool months 
of December and January, and appear with the flowers in 
April and May. Leaflets short-petioled, from semi-cordate 
to obliquely-oblong, entire, pointed, hard though void of 
pubescence, from two to five inches long, Petioles common 
and partial, channelled, and scabrous, with numerous, ele- 
vated gray specks. Panicles terminal, ramifications thereof 
opposite, or tern, two, three, or more times dichotomous, with 
a single flower in the forks, slightly pubescent, Bractes 
ovate-oblong, solitary on the outside ofthe divisions only. 
Flowers large, white, with a tinge of yellow, and delightful- 
ly fragrant. Calyx campanulate, coloured, unequally five- 
toothed, Coro/, with a short-cylindric tube, large, campanu- 
late throat, and five-parted border ; segments sub-orbicular, 
nearly equal, and much curled, Stamina as in the family, 
~with a small fifth sterile one. Germ oblong, an annular 
gland round its base, two-celled, with numerous seeds at- 
tached to two, thick, equi-distant receptacles on each side 
of the partition. Style the length of the stamina. ‘Stigma — 
of two oblong, thin lobes, Si/iques linear, variously bent, 
about two feet long; the greatest diameter one inch and a 
half, and parallel with the valves ; and the transverse one, 
one inch; of a very hard, woody texture, and extremely 
rough, with numerous, large, irregular, hard tubercles, 
Selich would render it a dangerous bludgeon, one-celled, 
two-valved. Partition contrary, sub-cylindric, spongy. 
Seeds numerous, winged, small, Perisperm none. Cotyle- 
dons thin, nearly roun d, emarginate, Radic/e short, sage 
ns to the iptelicus. . 


110 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, - Bignonia, 


11. B. indica, Willd, iii. 306. 

Arboreous. Leaves supra-decompound. Flowers pentan- 
drous. Siliques long, linear, compressed. 

Bignonia pentandra, Lourier. Cochin Ch. 460, 

Palega pajoneli, Rheed. Mal. i. t. 43 and 44. 

Shyonaka, and Mundooka-purna, two of its Sanscrit 
names. 

Hind, Shyona. 

Tam, Vanga-marum. ‘ 

Teling. Pampena. 

Is one of the tallest trees on the coast, grows up aitholigtt 
the mountains chiefly. Flowering time the beginning of the 
wet season. Seed ripens in January and February. 

Trunk very straight, and very high, butthin in proportion. _ 
Bark smooth. Branches opposite, decussate. Leaves opposite, 
decussate, supra-decompound ; from four, to six feet long. 
Leaflets obliquely-cordate, pointed, smooth, from three to 
six inches long, and from two to four broad, Peduncles and 
pedicels round, scabrous, Racemes terminal, secund, erect, 
vigid; lower two-thirds naked, scabrous, and somewhat quad- 

rangular; upper third part imbricated on one side, with 
‘nid large, fleshy, dark red flowers. Bractes, scarcely 
any. Calyx campanulate, entire, lasting. Coro/ campanu- 
late. Border two-lipped ; upper two-cleft, under three- 
cleft; segments wrinkled nearly. Filaments five, the exte- 
rior pair longest, bending in under the upper lip of the 
_ eorol; at the base very woolly. Anthers five pairs, singly 
_ oblong, bursting on the under side. Nectary, a large, fleshy, 
somewhat pentagonal body surrounding the base of the germ. 
Germ oblong. Stylethe length of the stamens, hollow its whole 
length ; mouth fanisel-cheped, opening between the two 
membranaceous, orbicular lobes of the stigma, Silique very 
large, retrofracted, transversely compressed, somewhat curv- 
ed, with the convexity upwards. Seeds numerous, mem- 
branaceous, surrounded with a large, ope! ee 
-ceous wing. 


4 
. 
; 
: 

4 

; 
ES 
; 


Bignonia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, 111 


The wood of this tree is said to be soft and spongy, somuch 
as to render it unfit for use; at least I have never been able to 
discover any that it is put to, 


12. B. suberosa, R. 

Arboreous. Bark deeply cracked, and spongy, Leaves 
supra-decompound ; leaflets sub-cordate, entire. Panicles 
terminal, Anthers calcarate, Silique linear, thin. 

Millingtonia hortensis. Willd, iii. 382. 

~The native country of this beautiful tree, I have not been 
able to discover ; all I can learn is, that some plants or seeds 
were brought from the Rajah of Tanjore’s garden to Madras, 
from thence one plant was procured for the Company’s Bo-— 
tanic garden at Calcutta, about fifteen years ago. It is now, 
when twelve years old, an elegant tree of about fifty feet in 
height, Is in blossom about the close of the rains and the 
seed ripens in March. ' ; 

_ Trunk straight. Bark deeply cracked in various direc- 
tions, of a soft, spongy nature. The wood is white, firm, 
and close-grained, and promises to be valuable. Leaves op- 
posite, supra-decompound, about two feet long. Leaflets 
sub-cordate, with long taper obtuse points; margins entire, 
of a deep green colour, smooth on both sides, from one to 


three inches long and broad, Petioles and petiolets a little 
chanelled. Panicles terminal, solitary, cross-armed, large, 


broad-ovate, Ramifications horizontal, the first trichotomous, 


= then dichotomous, with generally a single flower in the fork, 


Bracies minute. Flowers numerous, large, pure white, 
like many of the other species of this charming family de- 
lightfully fragrant. Calyx very small, slightly five-parted ; 
divisions nearly equal. Corol infundibuliform, Tube from 
two to three inches long, slender and cylindric. Border 
four-parted; the upper division broader, and nearly half 
pigeon es tlaments vas four, Anthers calearate, Gere 


112 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, = Incarvillia, 


celled; about twelve inches long, by three quarters of an 
inch broad, and one line thick. Partition parallel. Seeds 
numerous, round, very thin, surrounded with a remarkably 
fine transparent wing. Perisperm none. Embryo with two - 
‘reniform, emarginate cotyledons, and the radicle pointing 
directly to the umbilicus, 


INCARVILLIA. Juss. Willd. 


Gen. Cuar, Calyx campanulate, five-parted. Corol with 

van oblique gibbous tube, and unequally five-parted border. 
Germ superior, four-celled; cells many-seeded, attached to 
the involute margins of the partitions. Capsule siliqua-form, 
one-celled, four-valved, Seeds numerous, ee ‘Embryo 
ge ee withous Remeee 


A 1 L parabaica. Roxb, 
Shrubby, parasitic, smooth. Leaves opposite, lanceolar, 
veinless, fleshy. Umbels terminal. 

A native of the forests which cover the Garrow hills, where 
it is found growing on trees; but shows a partiality for such 
places as retain decayed vegetable matter. In the Botanic 
garden it grows freely in a soil composed of rotten wood and 
garden mould. Flowering time the rainy season, when no- 
thing can exceed the beauty of its numerous, large, pendu- 
lous, crimson-yellow flowers, approaching in shape and size 
to those of Digitalis purpurea, Seed ripens in September 
and October. 2 

Stem scarcely any, but scvenal rather succulent, smooth ~_ 
branches, with swelled joints, from which the fibrous roots — 
issue. Leaves opposite, or nearly so, short, fleshy, petioled, 
Janceolar, acuminate, with the margins more or less curled, ofa _ 
firm. fleshy, and veinless substance, from fourtosix incheslong, — 

by one: broad. Umbellets terminal, solitary, sessile, simple, — 
many-flowered. Flowers large, drooping ; ; coli a beautiful 
mixture of orange and crimson. Bractes an obl , cadu- 


dncarvillia. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. 113 


cous one at the base of each pedicel. Calyx tubular, some- 
| what gibbous; mouth five-parted. Coro/ tubular, curved, 
: Tube somewhat ventricose, villous on the outside ; mouth ob- 
| lique, and divided into five, nearly equal, semicircular seg- 
ments, one above and two on each side. Filaments four, did y- 
namous, extend beyond the mouth of the tube. Anthers linear, 
apices united, Germ superior, linear, smooth ; base embraced 
by a nectarial ring, four-celled; ovu/a numerous, attached to 
the incurved margins of the partitions, Sty/e, the length of the 
germ, or more protruded beyond the anther. -Stigma entire, 
fleshy, sub-infundibuliform. Capsule siliquose, pendulous, 
long and very slender, being about twelve inches long, and 
scarcely so thick as a quill, smooth and brown, with a groove 
on the opposite sides, four-celled, two-valved. Valves thin, 
almost membranaceous. Seeds numerous, minute, imbricat- 
ed, cylindric, rough, from the apex two long rows and from 
the base one, they are attached to the rolled-in edges of the _ 
valves of the capsule, as in the germ. Perisperm none. Em- 
xy bryo cylindric, inverse. Cotyledons oblong, not half the 
length of the whole embryo. Radicle cylindric, superior ; 
| when vegetation begins, the structure of the parts becomes 
evident, the apex of the radicle first projects, from which in- 
~ numerable, minute rays issue, and lay hold of the soil, or ra- 
ther bark of the tree, they are sown on, as is the case in other 
parasites... 


| 
; 


— 2. 1, oblongifolia, R. 
_ Shrabby, downy. Leaves opposite, unequally ovate-ob- 

long, acuminate, downy, serrulate. Cymes axillary. 
Common in moist vallies in the province of Chittagong. 

‘Flowers i in October, and the seed ripens during the cool sea- 

son. Iti is rather a small shrub, with thick, somewhat four- 

a, |, very tomentose branches, 

opposite or tern, long-petioled, from six to rel 

villous, one side broader, and running further 
iole, _Peduneles aplley, a, dichoto- 


114 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA, Pedalium. 


mous, with a flower in the fork ; divisions from three to six- 
flowered, all very villous. Flowers large, like those of Mar- 
tinia diandra; colour amixture of whitish red, tinged with 
yellow. One pair of the filaments slender, and abortive; the 
other thick and villous, with large, two-lobed anthers, with- 
out any thing like a spur, or arista. The capsules are not 
above one-third, or one-fourth the length of I. parasitica, 
but rather thicker ; and the seeds are flat and winged witha 
membranaceous margin all round. 


# 


PEDALIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1067. 


Calyx five-parted. Corol sub-equal, with border five- 
cleft. Nut corky, four-cornered, hope: 2 on Se analess two- 
celled. Seeds iwostaidhs ae - 

Ps murex. _ Willd. iil. 401. 

Teling. Yeanaga-pabiar. 

Cuca-mullu. Rheed, Mal. x. t. 72, 

Tam. Anci-nerunshil. ; 

_A pretty large, succulent, ramous, annual plant, rowing 
every where, but chiefly near the sea on the coast of Coro- 
mandel, where there, is a tolerably moist, sandy soil, which 
it delights in, Flowering time, the rainy and cold seasons. 

Root annual, ramous, e 2 a deep orange colour, Stem scarce- 
ly any. Branches nearly opposite, spreading, with their ex- 
tremities erect, round, and smooth ; from six to twenty-four ae 
‘inches long. Leaves opposite, petioled, oval, irregularly 
dentate, truncate, three-nerved, pretty smooth; from two to 
three inches long, by one and a half or two inches broad. Pe- 
tioles channelled, about two inches long. Flowers axillary, 
short-peduncled, single, pretty large, yellow, erect ; on each 
side of their i insertion, is a small, round, brown gland, | Bractes 
no other than the above-mentioned glands, gre 23 2 

All that I can add to the description i in the Genera pie 


‘ 


Cyrilla, BIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. 115 


tarum, is, that between the fertile stamens, there is’a short 
fifth filament, with a sterile, orange-coloured head. 

The plant, when fresh, has the singular property of ren- 
dering water, or milk, either cold or hot mucilaginous; more 
or less so in proportion to the quantity of the plant used, and 
without altering the taste, colour or smell of the liquid. This 
effect goes off in the course of eight or twelve hours, leaving 
the liquid in its former state. Water rendered mucilaginous 
by this herb is sweetened with sugar, and given when fresh 
made, as a ptisan for the heat of urine in gonorrhaeas by the 
natives on the coast of Coromandel. 

Butter-milk is often sold in the markets in India, and in or- 
der to make a greater profit on their merchandize, they di- 
Jute it with water, and then thicken the whole by turning it 
round a few times with a few fresh leafy branches of this 
plant, which makes the adulterated butter-milk seem rich, 
and of the best sort. 


: CYRILLA. L. Herit. 
Calyx five-leaved, or five-parted. Corol declined, funnel- 


formed ; border five-parted, nearly equal. Gaperte two-cell- 
ed, peracid. 


C. aquatica, Corom, pl. ii. N. 189. 

Annual, Leaves verticelled, lanceolate, three or more 
nerved, serrate, Racemes terminal, recurvate. 

- Teling. Bagga-pattee. 

A very beautiful and uncommonly curious plant, a native 
of the borders of pools, &c. of standing water, ar and 
flowering i in the wet and cold seasons, 

_ Root creeping, annual. Stems erect, one or two feet high, 


‘round, jointed, a little hairy. Leaves, the lower ones, and 


they are generally under water, verticelled, number in the — 
verticel | ‘uncertain, pinnatifid; division filiform, above water 


they ‘are three-fold, sessile, broad-lanceolate, from three to 


-seven-nerved, , serrate, smooth, Lacemes terminal, drooping, 


a _verticelled, nee ce a | Braetes three-fold, cordate, or 


met 02 a 


116 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Brassica, 


like thé leaves, but smaller, one-flowered. Flowers large, of 
a beautiful bluish colour, Coro/ sub-campanulate. Anthers, 
both pairs double, and connected. 

The plant possesses a considerable share of fragrance. 


CLASS XV. 


TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. 


LEPIDIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1077. 
Silicle emarginate, cordate, many-seeded. Valves keeled, 
contrary. = 


ie Be Thlaspi. ee 
Annual, erect. Primary leaves sub-petioled, superior, with 
stem-clasping, sagittate base, all more or less cuneate, lance- 
_ olate, and remotely serrate. Flowers tetradynamous, Sili- 
cles round, with a broad thin border, 
- A native of Nepal i in corn fields, during the cool season. 


2. L, sativum. Willd. iii, 435. 

Flowers oes Sosa ee Leaves bles picares 

Pers. Seereezak, 

Beng. Halim, 

Arab, Reshad. 

_ Universally cultivated inthe warmer parts of Asia, during: 
the cool season. , 


TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. = 
BRASSICA. Schreb. gen. N. 1096. 


Calyx erect, converging. Seeds globular. A gland | rs 
tween the shorter stamens and pistil, and between the be ever 
and the calyx. ints 


Sinapis. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. 117 


| * 1. B. Rapa, Willd, iii. 548. 
| Root caulescent, depressed, fleshy. 
| Pers. Shillum. 
Arab. Subjum, 
Beng. Shalgum. 
Is very generally cultivated in Persia, and most parts of 
India, during the dry season, from October until March. 


2. B, oleracea, Willd. iii. 548. 
Root caulescent, columnar, cats Common cabbage. 
| _ Arab. Kermub. 
| Pers. Ghellum or Kellum. 
| Beng. and Hind, Kobee. | 
Found in a cultivated state only, probably native of Per- 
3 and the western parts of Asia. 


3. B. erucoides. 
Leaves lyrate, Racemes very long. _ Stliques clavate, 
pressed, every part of the plant smooth. . 
Beng. Shwet, or Suffet shursi, Cultivated during the cool 
season for the seed, from which oil is procured by okpremten: 


SINAPIS. Schreb. gen. N. 1087. i 
Calyx expanding. Claws of the corol straight. Clands 
between the shorter stamina and pistil, and between the long- 
er and the calyx. 


1. S. dichotoma. 
~ Dichotomous. Siliques cylindric, smooth, spreading; beak 
straight and tapering. Leaves stem-clasping, the lower ones 
somewhat lyrate; the superior, ovate-lanceolate, entire, all 
smooth, as are also the stem and branches. 
owe. gl shurshi, or oats id ; 


“ * 


ae 


— eit clan bythe is ? 


118 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Sinapis. 


during the cold season for its seed, from’which they express 
an oil, used by them for various purposes, chiefly to anoint 
their bodies with, 

Root almost simple, annual, Stem dichotomous, round, 
and smooth, height of the whole plant in a good soil from 
two to four feet; its duration about three months, being ge- 
nerally sown in November, and the ripe seed gathered in Fe- 
bruary. Leaves stem- clasping; the dower ones lyrate with 
margins more or less. scolloped ; the superior ones entire, of an 
obtuse, triangular shape, with broad-cordate, stem-clasping 
base, all are smooth on both sides, and somewhat fleshy, from 
two to eight inches long. Racemes terminal. Flowers nu- 
merous, pretty large, bright yellow. Petals round. Stamens 
twice the length of the claws of the petals, *Siliques spread- 
ing, almost horizontal, sub-cylindric, smooth, two-cell 
from two to three inches long, with a tapering acute beak of 
from half an inch to an inchin length, Seeds small, smooth, 
of a light brown colour. ; 


2. S. glauea. R. 
Annual, Sihques long-pedicelled, erect, ‘iatncdlialai 
smooth, with a long, somewhat clavate beak, Stem and | 
branches straight, smooth, glaucous. Leaves stem-clasping, 
smooth in every part; the lower ones lyrate, the superior ones 
sub-lanceolate. . ss eee | 
x Shee al hie waiters c3 
Cultivated as a field crop in all the northern. parts of India: 
during the cold season. 
Root very ramous, of three or four months duration. The : 
seed time being. November, and harvest in February, = 
Stem straight, with many straight scattered branches, all 
are round, smooth and glaucous, height of the whole plant. 
from three to five feet. Leaves stem-clasping, the lower and 
cauline ones lyrate, with lobes sub-opposite, obtuse,and neat- 
ly triangular, the terminal one nearly round and marae . 
pepilanrtaetiers the superior or floral leaves sub-lanceola 


Sinapis. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA, 119 


contracted at the middle, with enlarged, cordate, stem- clasp- 
ing base, all are perfectly smooth on both sides, and glaucous, 
varying in size from one inch toa foot. Racemes terminal, 
Pedicels sub-erect, round, smooth, slender, nearly as long as 
the full-grown siliques. #Jowers numerous, of a bright yel- 
low. Petals obovate, bright yellow. Stamens, the four near- 
ly twice as long as the claws of the petals. Siliques long-pe- 
dicelled, flattened transversely, smooth, expanding, Beak 
smooth, almost as long as the silique and flattened with a 
roundish, thick apex. Seed numerous, smooth and white, 
like those of Sinapis alba. 

The entire seed is used for various economical purposes, an 
oil is also expressed from it, which: is mauch. used i in aa 
the Hindoos., 


3. S. ramosa, R. 

Annual, erect, ramous, Sidiques expanding linear, verti- 
cally compressed, smooth. +» Leaves petioled, the lower ones 
lyrate ; the superior ones sub-lanceolate. 

Beng. Rayee. 

A native of Bengal, where itis cultivated during the cold 
season. The seed-time being in October, and the harvest in 
February. The seed and the oil yielded by ene are 
useful ingredients in the diet of the Hindoos, = 
_ Root annual, Stem erect, very ramous ; branches ex ais 
ing a little, all perfectly smooth, except now and then near 
the base of the plants, a few soft, white bristles are present; 
height of the whole plant in a good soil from four to five feet. 
Leaves petioled, the /ower ones lyrate, in some plants some- - 
what scabrous, with margins variously serrate-dentate, and 
often somewhat lobate, towards the top of the plants they are 
lest compound, till at last they are simply lanceolate and 
mooth, varying in size from an inch to a foot in length. Pe- 
tioles of the lower, or large leaves, round, slightly channelled, 

ometimes armed like the bottom of the stem, and large 
Drache, with sft white brides. Racemes terminals _ pe- 


ee cat : te eR 


120 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA, Sinapis. 


dicelsexpanding. Calyx linear,expanding, Petals obovate, 
bright yellow. Stamens longer than the claws of the petals. 
Siliques linear, straight, expanding, from one to two inches 
long, turgid at the seeds, otherwise smooth, somewhat verti- 
cally compressed ; beak very short, one-sixth the length of 
the silique, tapering. ‘toa point. Seed in each cell, one row, 
and rather remote, round, dark brown, beautifully rugose. 


4. 8. brassicata, Willd. iii. 555, 

Annual, Radical leaves long-petioled, obovate, almost en- 
tire ; the superior ones stem-clasping. Calya longer than the 
claws of the petals ; the two shorter stamens nearly hid. . 

Chin, Pak-tsoi. . 

Is a native of China, from thence the seeds were procured, 
sent to the Botanic garden by Mr. John Miller. _ 

Root in Bengal annual. Stem scarcely any, till in blossom, 
and then the whole plant is uncommonly ramous, and from 
four to six feet high in our rich soil of Bengal. Leaves, the 
radical ones obovate and oval, generally entire, recurved, 
pretty long, erect, somewhat incurved, smooth, shining, with 
white petioles, margins waved, sometimes a little lobate, or 
even lyrate toward the base, smooth on both sides ; nerve 
and veins white like the petioles; stem and floral leaves — 
stem-clasping, linguiform or lanceolate, obtuse, generally en- 
tire. Inflorescence as in the common cabbage. Flowers nu- 
merous, large, ofa bright yellow. Calyx ; leaflets linear, ob- 
 tuse, concave, rather longer than the clawsof the petals, Sta- 
mens the shorter pair nearly hid within the tube formed by 
the claws of thie petals, with the apices of their anthers recurv- 
ed, while the apices of the superior four are incurved over 
the stigma. Style rather shorter than the four long stamens. 
Siliques expanding, on pedicels half their length, sub-cylin- 
dric, smooth; beak one-third their length, tapering. Seed 

round, dark eh pecan int rugose, 


Sinapis. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA, 121 


5. 8. trilocularis, R. 

Annual, erect, ramous, smooth, Leaves stem-clasping, the 
lower ones deeply pinnatifid; the swperior ones linear, and 
almost entire. Siliques smooth, pendulous, three-celled, long 
taper beaked ; seeds white. ; 

From Nepal, where the plant is cultivated, Dr. Binet 
sent seeds to the Botanic garden at Calcutta in 1802, where 
the plants thrive luxuriantly, and blossom and ripen their 
seeds during the cold season. 

Stem annual, erect, smooth, with smooth, erect branches ; 
whole height about three or four feet, Leaves, all stem-clasp- 
ing, the lower and cauline ones more or less pinnatifid ; the 
superior ones linear, and nearly entire, all are somewhat bris- 
tle-dentate on the margins, otherwise smooth in every part, 
and somewhat glaucous. Racemes terminal, and axillary. 
Flowers large, erect, yellow. Siliques long-pedicelled ; im- 
mediately after the decay of the flowers, the pedicels become 
perfectly recurved, and the siliques pendulous; they are all 
smooth, three-celled, and on that account much larger aad 
broader than those of many other species, Beak long, half 
the length of the pods, taper. Seeds es a round, 
smooth, white. s 


6.8. sieifatii R. | 

Annual, erect, ramous. Leaves petioled, obovate, cuneate, 
serrate-dentate, with sessile, linear, entire, floral leaves. Si- 
liques expanding, smooth, short, subulate, beaked. Seeds 
roundish, chesnut coloured. 

The seeds of this species Dr. Buchanan, while in Nepal, re- 
ceived from Thibet, and sent to this garden, where the plants 
thrive well during the cold season. They blossom in March, 
and ripen their seed in April, " 

Root annual, large, white and tapering, subfuciform with na- 
_ merous spreading lateral fibres. Stem erect and smooth, with 
numerous sub-erect, smooth, somewhat glaucous branches; 
height of the plants in the Botanic garden from four to 

VOL, In. P 


122 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA, Sinapis. 


six feet. Léaves radical and cauline, petioled, erect, obovate, 
cuneate, serrate-dentate, slightly rugose, and destitute of pu- ; 
bescence, those about the top of the plant are sessile, linear- . 
laticeolate, recurved, and entire. Petioles generally colour- 
ed, smooth, nearly round, and deeply channelled, Racemes 
terminal,erect. Flowers numerous, small, ofa bright yellow. — 
Calyx expanding, longer than the claws of the petals, Pe- 
tals with broad claws, and obovate, spreading lamina, Sta- 
mens, the four larger considerably longer than the claws of 
the petals, Siliques short-peduncled, expanding, linear, ob- 
scurely four-sided ; beak short and subulate. - Seeds from ten 
to twenty in each cell, round oval, obscurely pitted, dark 
brown. 


7. S. rugosa. R. ; 

_Anpual, Baskoad and compline, mae See me ragose, 
with the posterior margin laciniate, and the anterior one den- 
tate; nerve very broad, and dividing above the middle like 
the ribs of a fan; floral leaves linear and entire. Siliques ex- 
panding, torose, short, subulate, beaked. Seeds round, ches- 
nut-coloured, : 

The seeds of this very stately species were sent from Ne- 
pal by Dr, Buchanan to this garden, where the plants grow 
luxuriantly during the cold season, and ripen their seed in 
March. Dr. Buchanan remarks that he received the seeds 
from Thibet. ‘ 

Stem ania si any ‘in the ola oc to iscsi: ashen. it 
shable up quickly, to four, five, or six feet in height, with an 
expanding, ramous branch from the axill of each leaf, all — 
round and’smooth, Leaves, the radical ones are petioled, very 
rugose, and disposed somewhat spirally, which disposition is 
particularly conspicuous while young ; the cauline leaves are 
shorter petioled, or even sessile; the posterior margins of both | 
the radical and cauline leaves variously and deeply jagged; : 
the anterior margin dentate; the nerve is remarkably Cone ; 
pressed, ribbed, and broad, armed with a few inoffe i 


Sinapis, TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA, 123 


tles underneath, and beyond the middle divides like the radii 

of a fan, which alone readily distinguishes this species while 

young from all the other sorts | have yet met with. Floral 

leaves linear, and mostly entire. Racemes terminal, &e. 
_ as in the other species. #/owers numerous, bright yellow, 
_ Siliques short-peduncled, expanding, linear, obscurely four- 
sided, torose; beak short and subulate. Seeds from ten to 
twenty in both cells, small, round, dark brown, pitted. 

It approaches nearer to S. brassicata than to any other 
species I am acquainted with, The young plant possesses a 
warm agreeable taste, and makes excellent sallad. 

8. S. erysimoides. Roxb, : 

Annual, erect, with divaricating branches and branchlets. 
All the leaves petioled, serrate and smooth, from Jyrate to 
pinnatifid, and lastly, linear-lanceolate. Si/iques short, four- 
sided, smooth, short-beaked, adpressed to the raceme. 

The seeds were sent from Wynaad, a province of Malabar, 
by Captain Dickinson, to the Botanic garden, where the 
plants thrive luxuriantly during the cold season ; it blossoms 
in February and March, and the seed ripens soon after. 

Stem annual, erect, or nearly so; branches and branchlets 
numerous, diverging, smooth, often deeply tinged with red, 
- or purple; general height of the whole plant from three to 

four feet. Leaves petioled, serrate and smooth, the larger « or 
inferior are lyrate, with the large terminal lobe thereof deep- 
ly and variously divided, advancing upwards they become — 

_ Tess and less cut, till at last they are simply lanceolate, Ra- 

cemes terminal, &c. as in the other species. Petioles obovate, 
winged, lengthof theealyx. Siliques short-peduncled, linear, 
four-sided, torose, smooth, adpressed to the racemes, as in 

: Sanapis nigra ; beak short, subulate, headed, Seeds about 

ight — Salve: in each cell, 


. 
: 
P: 
a 
Ps 
3 
4 
i 


124 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Sinapis. 


pinnatifid, with winged petioles, embracing the stem. Pedi- 
cels diverging. Calyx as long as the corol. Siliques cylin- 
dric, smooth, incurved ; seeds very numerous. Stigma sessile, 

Beng. Bil, or Seeelen rayee. : 
_ A-wild species, a native of Bengal, where it appears dur- | 
ing the hot and cold seasons, in moist cool places. 

Root annual. Siem erect, furrowed. Branches several, 
- nearly as large as the stem itself, issuing from its base, and 
in luxuriant plants, again furnished with several smaller ones. 
Leaves pinnatifid, with the lobes unequal, and variously den- 
tate, and not very smooth, free from every kind of pubes- 
cence, from one to six inches long. Petioles winged, and at 
the base the wings are enlarged into rounded, stem-clasping 
» lobes. Racemes shorter than in most other species, Pedicels 
expanding, about a quarter of an inch long, round, smooth. 
Flowers small, yellow. Petals cuneate, as long as the calyx 
only. Stamens longer than the corol. Style none. Stigma 
sessile on the germ. Siliques spreading much, almost diverg- 
ing, cylindric, smooth, incurved, without beak. Seeds very 
small, and very numerous, brown, rough. 

I do not find any use made of this plant or its seed. 


10. S. putens. R. 

Annual, Siliques linear, ‘queedlion:, transversely compress- 
ed; beak short and tapering. Leaves from obovate-cuneate 
to laneehetes serrate, smooth, Stem wee branches smooth, 

Beng. Keel-rayee. — . 

This species is a common weed amongst other ary wild 
annual plants in gardens, cultivated fields, &c. in the vicinity 
of Calcutta, where it appears during the rains and blossoms 
in the cold season, 

Root annual, Stem erect, short, smooth, dividing into nu- 
merous, alternate, smooth, ex panding branches and branch- 
lets; height of the whole plant from six to eighteen inches. 
Leaves short-petioled, the lower ones from obovate to oblong; — 
margins irregular and grossly serrate ; the superior or narrow- 


* 


| 
| 
I 
[ 


Raphanus, TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA, 125 


er leaves lanceolate and more acutely serrate, all smooth on 
both sides, from one to six or more inches long. Racemes 
terminal, many-flowered. Flowers small, yellow. Siliques 
expanding, linear, transversely compressed, swelled at the 


seed, but in other respects smooth, crowned with a short ta- 


pering, smooth beak, Seeds minute, round, smooth, brown, 
I cannot learn that the Hindoos make any use of this plant. 


11. S. pusilla, Roxb. 

Annual, erect, ramous, Siliques expanding, filiform, 
smooth ; ss sessile, . Leaves recurvate, with lobes almost 
entire. } : 

Of what part of India this is a native is to me bine 
can only say, that it made its first appearance in the Botanic _ 
garden, where earth from the Coromandel coast had been 
spread ; of course, I conclude it is from thence. 

Root of about three months’ duration, Stem erect, with a 


few sub-erect branches of nearly the same length, all round 


and slightly villous; height of the whole plant about a foot 
and a half in our rich soil of Bengal. Leaves scattered, pe- 
tioled, between pinnatifid and lobate, with the lobes nearly 
entire, smooth on both sides, from two to six inches long, and 
from one to two broad. Racemes lengthening. Flowers 


“minute, yellow. Petals cuneate, scarcely larger, or longer, 


than the leaflets of the calyx. . Style scarcely any, but the | 
germ immediately crowned with the large stigma. Siliques 
expanding, filiform, round, slightly protuberant at the seeds, 
somewhat villous, no beak, but crowned with the remains of 
the large scabrous _— Seeds _— compressed, 


om RAPHANUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1098. 
Géign closed, Silique torose, sub-articulate, cylindric. — 
Glands one or two between each shorter stamen and pa: § 
and two betes the pana and the seca 4 sts 


126 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA, Cleome. 


R. sativus. Willd. iii. 560. 

Siliques cylindric, torose, two-celled. 

Sans. Mooluka. 

Beng. Moola, or Moolee. 
Arab. Fujl. 

‘The sort cultivated in Bengal is a pale red variety, the root 
of which grows to the size of a man’s leg, or more, and is only 
half immersed in the soil. It thrives best during the dry 
season. : 


CLEOME. Schreb. gen. N. 1099. 


Calyx spreading. Petals ascending or regular: Siliques 
dehiscent, one-celled, two-valved. 

It is impossible to fix upon any one essential character, 
that will include the plants of India only, hitherto assigned to 
this family, some are gynandrous, some polyandrous, some 
hexandrous, &c. with their corols as much diversified as the 
_ stamina. 


1. C. pentaphylia, Willd. iii, 564. 

Annual, erect. Flowers gynandrous, hexandrous, Leaves 
quinate and petioled ; floral leaves ternate and sessile, 

Cara-veela. Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 24. 

Cara-vella, Asiat. Res, iv. 294. 

Beng. Kanalla, : hott 

_ Teling. Wemninia ' , e 

An annual plant of from one to three feet high, dtighing 
in gardens and rich cultivated lands, 

Root ramous, Stem erect, except when old, then bent 
much to one side, round, hairy, winding. Branches numerous, 
two-forked, sometimes coloured on the side most exposed. 
young shoots more hairy, and glutinous. Leaves alternate, 
petioled, digitate. Leaflets sessile, unequal, obovate, or broad - 
wedge-formed, somewhat pointed, having both sides clothed 
with short glutinous hairs, with the marginsalittle waved, and 


Cleome. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA, . 7 


the size very various, Petioles channelled, from three to four 
inches long, frequently armed with small, inoffensive prickles, 
Racemes terminal, long, corymbiform, particularly while 
young. Bractes short-petioled, ternate, numerous, surround- 
ing at regular distances every part of the raceme, those on the 
lower part sterile, above one-flowered ; /eaflets of the bractes 
hairy, like those of the leaves, but much smaller, Flowers 
small, white, long-pedicelled, spreading. Calya; leaflets 
lanceolate, hairy and glutinous, Petals erect, atlixed be- 
tween the leaflets of the calyx by five long claws, Nectary 
no other than a swelling at the insertions of the petals, Sta- 
mens six, ascending, inserted into the pedicel a little above the 
middle. Pistil, pedicel long, ascending, filiform, Germ line- 
ar. Stigma sessile, large, glandular, navelled, perforated, 
Silique long, slender, a little scabrous, diverging. Seeds nu- 
merous, kidney-formed, black, scabrous, 

- The taste of the plant is simply herbaceous; its leaves are 
eaten as an esculent vegetable by the natives in their curries, 


2. C. chelidonit. Willd, iii. 567. 

Annual. Leaves digitate. Calya and corol regular, polyan- 
drous, with the top of the filaments, laxates glia aeagile, 

Teling. Kax, bitter, Woominta, ; 

One of the most common, annual plants all over mee Gir. 
cars, it delights in rice lands, and appears in the greatest plen- _ 
ty immediately after the first rains, during which time the 
fields are entirely covered with this gaudy elegant plant. 

_ Stem annual, straight, ramous, round ; from one to three 
fost high. Leaves alternate, petioled, digitate. Leaflets 
from fis to nine, wedged, lanceolate, waved, scabrous. Pe- 
tioles longer than the leaflets, Racemes terminal, Flowers 
long-pedicelled, large, rose-coloured, remote, Bractes sin- 

gle, those of the lower flowers, leaf-like, as the raceme leng- 
thens, becoming more simple. Calyx four-leaved ; corol four~ 
petioled, nearly orbicular, concave, pein na Filaments 
numerous (about one hundred) with enlarged apices. 4 


128 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Cleome., 


thers linear,recurved. Germsessile, cylindric. Style, scarce- 
ly any. Stigma umbilicated. Silique long, slender. Seeds 
scabrous, 
‘The seeds dried and powdered, are used in curries by the 
natives, 


3. C. viscosa. Willd. iii. 566. _ 

Annual, erect, hairy, glutinous. Leaves digitate; the floral 
ones ternate and sessile ; flowers polyandrous. Petals uni- 
lateral. : 

Aria veela, Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 23. | 

Sinapistrim Zeylanicum, Burm. Zeyl. p, 2. 15. t, 22, al- 
though a bad figure, appears to be intended for this plant. 

Beng. Hoor hooria. : 

Teling. Kuka-wominta. 

_ Annual, a native of collivated, Sidi. Itic is more Sapebt 
and less ramous than the preceding species, and from one to 
three feet high. — 

Root descending, almost simple. Stem in old plants, 
smooth ; the young stems, and tender branches of old ones 
are hairy and glutinous. Leaves alternate, petioled, digitate. 
Leaflets as in C, pentaphylla, only a little more waved round 

-~| the margin, Flowers, leaves, or bractes ternate, and much 
_ smaller than the others, one-flowered. Racemes, if I call all 
those parts that are covered with the floral leaves, little 
else remains. Flowers solitary, peduncled, erect, yellow, ap- 
_ pearing in succession, always at the extremity of the raceme 
only. Calyx spreading. Corol as in the family. Nectary no 
other than a large receptacle which receives the calyx, pe- 
tals, stamens, and pistil, Filaments about twenty, ascending, 
shorter than the petals, Anthers after bursting their apices 
are revolute, Germ sessile. Style short. Stigma oblong, 
navelled, perforated. — Silique erect, es) striated, hairy. 
Seeds brown, rough, round, reniform. - 

This species has a considerable dee of peony” inthe 

ee —_, but it is not durable on the tongue, 


: 


Cleome, _ TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA, 129 


The seeds are much used by the natives, chiefly the brah- 
mins, in their curries; they are sold in all our bazars, at a 
very trifling price. 


4. C. diffusa, Roxb. 

Diffuse, annual, hispid. Leaves ternate. Flowers axilla- 
ry, solitary, regular, hexandrous. Siliques sessile. 

A small, spreading, annual species, common on rich cul- 
tivated lands, and such as have been lately in culture; it ap- 
pears and flowers during the rainy and cold seasons. 

Stem annual, diffuse, ramous, about a foot long, armed 
with many small inoffensive prickles, Leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, terminate. Leaflets wedge-formed, or oblong, glan- 
dular, having the middle nerve and margins scabrous, about — 
ene half or three quarters of an inch long, and one quarter 
broad. Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled, small, pale 
yellow. Stamens six. Germ sessile. Style short, cylindric. 
Stigma umbilicated. Si/ique tapering towards both ends. 
Seeds scabrous. , 


5. C. menses: Willd. iii. p. 571. 

Annual, erect, ramous. Leaves simple, lanceolate, cordate, 
villous, Flowers hexandrous. — x? ; 

Tsjeru vela. Rheed. Mal. ix.t. 34... sai 

Sinapistrum Zeylanicum, &c. Burm. Zeyl. t. 10. SK Ries 

A native of the Coromandel coast, kc. Isin flower during 
the rainy and cool seasons, 

Root annual. Stem erect, ramous. Pranches alternate, 
expanding, round and villous. Leaves alternate, entire, soft, 
with short pellucid hairs ; the inferior ones petioled, lanceo. 
late-cordate ; the superior ones floral, sub-sessile, and of a pa- 
rabolic form... Stipules none. Flowers pedicelled, small, of a 
pale pink, solitary on the exterior axills, and on simple ter- 
minal racemes. Bractes no other than the floral leaf above- 
mentioned. Calyx of four equal, ensiform, erect, hairy, ca- 
ducous: leaflets, _ Petals four, arranged on the upper side, 
= linear-oblong, obtuse, elevated on claws, nearly as long as” 
the lamina. Fi laments six, Cue about as long as the 
— YOR. 11, Q- 


=. MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA, Aegiceras, 


petals. Anthers blue, at first erect, afterwards spirally bent. 
Germ shorter than the filaments, sub-cylindric, hairy. Styles 
scarcely any. Stigma broad, somewhat rough, Silique long, 
slender, slightly incurvate, cylindric, acute, a little aihgiey 
_ Seeds numerous, round, rugose. 


CLASS XVI. 
MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA. . 


AEGICERAS. Schreb. gen. N. 398. 


Calyx beneath five-leaved, Corol one-petalled, contorted, 
Stale. single. Capsule curved, without perisperm, 


-A.majus. Gert. Sem.i.t.46, 1. Linn. sp.pl.ed. Willd.i. 1082. 

Leaves obovate-oblong, smooth. Flowers umbelled. 

, Beng. Hulsee. 

Rhizophora corniculata. Linn, sp. p/. 635, 

- Pou Candel. Rheed. Mal. vi. t, 36. good. Rumphius’ s 
fut, if of this, is too bad to be quoted: 

A small tree, a native of the Delta of the Ganges, and sucht 
other places as are overflowed at spring-tides, Flowering 
a the hot season. 

- Leaves from alternate to nearly verticelled, short- setidk: 
ed, obovate, and wedge-shaped, often emarginate, smooth, 
entire, firm and fleshy ; two or three inches long, and from 
one to two broad, Peduncles terminal and axillary, solitary, 
very short, collecting round their apices in an umbel of nu- 
merous, straight, one-flowered pedicels, Calyx five-leaved, 
much contorted, permanent. Corol one-petalled. Tube 
short, gibbous ; mouth woolly. Border five-parted; divisions 


contorted, tapering from cordate bases to short points; soon a 


after expansion they become reflected. Filaments five, coal- 
-esced into a tube round the germ, inserted into the bottom 
of the tube of the corol, very woolly. Anthers long, incum-— 


Pistia. MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA, 131 


bent. Germ ovate. Style longer than the stamens, taper- 
ing. Stigma acute, Capsule born-shaped, much pointed, 
smooth, one-celled, one-valved. Seed solitary, filling the 
capsule, 


PISTIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1112. 


Calyx inferior, irregular, one-leaved, spathaceous ; tube ob- 
liquely campanulate ; border crowded, bearing the stamina on 
its centre. Corol none, Germ semi-supera, one-celled, ma- 
ny-seeded ; attachment unilateral. Style single. Capsules 
one-celled, many-seeded,. ease in the apex | of the sical 
perisperm, bree 


P. stratiotes, Willd. iii. 690. 

Tala indica, Lourier. Cochin Ch. 492. 

Sans, Koombhika, 

_ Kodda-pail. Rheed. Mal. xi, t. 32. 
Plantago aquatica. Rumph. Amb. vi. t, 74. 

Teling. Neeroo boodookee. 

Hind, and Beng. Taka panna. 

Found swimming on pools of stagnant water in most 
parts of India, having much the appearance of half-grown 
Lettuce plants. Flowering time the hot season, seed ripens 
after the rains, 

Root consists of numerous, long, tapering, hairy Stes 
Leaves radical, sessile, between obcordate and triangular ; 
having the exierior margin scolloped, with many elotated 
ridges running lengthways underneath ; downy on both sides, 
Gemmation or stoles from the base of the united leaves. 
Flowers short-peduncled from the centre of the leaves, few 
_ and in succession, small, pale-yellow, the structure uncom- 

mon and beautiful in the extreme. Calyx inferior, one-leav- 

ed, tubular, irregular. Tube obliquely bell-shaped, woolly on 
the outside; a crescent-shaped, fleshy, yellow gland, or low- 
er nectary, on the centre of the inside, opposite to the stig- 
Seeae 2 ae 


132 MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA. Modecea. 


ma, Border cordate, woolly on the outside; margins a little 
waved; on its middle there is a green, fleshy, crenulate, sau- 
cer-shaped body, or upper nectary, from the centre of which 
rises the antheriferous column. Stamina ; filaments single, 
from the centre of the upper nectary of the border of the 
calyx. Anthers five, adjoined to the enlarged apex of the 
short filament. 

Note. This part of the fructification is in no respect situ- 
ated asin the class Gynandria, for which reason I have remov- 
ed it to Monadelphia. Germ superior, ovate, one-celled, con- 
taining many ovula attached to the interior side of the cell, 
which is there thick, Style short, sightly curved, ovate 
toward the stamina. Stigma somewhat peltate. Capsule 
beaked, one-celled. Seeds a few, oval, rugose, affixed to a 
longitudinal receptacle on the inside of the base of the cap- 
sules, which from its oblique situation appears to be its back 
part. Embryo qeavets, lodged in the apex of an ample 
perisperm. 


MODECCA. R. 


Calyx tubular, coloured, five-parted. Petals five ; insert- 
ed on the calyx. Nectary various, Germ pedicelled, one- 
celled ; ovula many; attachment parietal, Cupsule one-cell- 
ed, ae ved, Seeds many. Embryo inferior, centrifu- 
gal, and furnished with a perisperm. — 

Ihave adopted Van Rheed’s name fora generic one to his 
fatally} which though nearly allied to Passiflora, seems sufli- 


ciently distinct on account of its pipes seed-vessel ant 
monoicous habit. 


1. M., trilobata. R. 


Leaves three-lobed, with a gland iste oe sinus re +e 
at the base. Capsules oblong. : 

Akund-Phul, the vernacular name in secitinaghi whete i 

the plant is found in the moist forests growing to an extent — 


Modecca. MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA, 133 


of many fathoms; ramous, and climbing up and over trees of 
a large size. 

Tn the Botanic garden it grows slowly, though healthy ; 
flowers during the rains, and the fruit ripens in October, 

Bark on the old ligneous parts ash-coloured ; on the young 
shoots smooth, polished, greeu. Leaves remote, alternate, pe- 
tioled, smooth on both sides, three-lobed, with the lobes en- 
tire, tapering and acute. Glands a large yellow one under 
each sinus and two at the base. Petioles nearly as long as 
the leaves, columnar, smooth, base permanent, though not 
enlarged, as in M. twberosa, and becoming a recurved, blunt, 
short thorn. Tendrils, axillary floriferous ; when not flori- 
ferous, simple. lowers numerous, male and female, mix- 
ed on the same tendril, middling-sized, forming a little di- 
chotomous corymb toward the apex of the tendrils. Calyx 
tubular, somewhat gibbous towards the base; colour pale 
yellow ; mouth five-parted. Petals five, linear-lanceolate, ci- 
_ liate, inserted on the tube of the calyx, near the base, Nee- 
tarial scales, on the male none, on the female ten ; five are 
alternate with the petals, entire, and truncated, and five un- 
der the petals smaller and ciliate. Fi/aments in the male, five 
united into a tube. Anthers linear, erect. Germ in the male 
a small three-cleft gland, in the female short-pedicelled, ob- — 
long, one-celled ; ovula many, attached to three ventrical pa- 
rietal retispticlen. Style none. Stigma three-lobed. Capsule 
pedicelled, berried, oblong, of the size of a pullet’s egg, fleshy, 
smooth, polished, of a scarlet colour, three-valved, opening 
from the apex. Seeds many, attached by very thick, soft, 
fleshy cords, to a thickened ridge, down the middle of each 
valve, obcordate, inversed ina completely soft lucid aril, In- 
teguments two; the exterior one nuciform, dark-coloured, 
scrobiculate ; the interior one membranaceous. Perisperm 
conform to the seed, somewhat glaucous. Hmbryo nearly as 
large as the perisperm, with round, three-nerved — 
~ the radicle eta at the beara és of the beeing 


= 


734 MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA, Modecca. 


2. M. tuberosa. R. 

Leaves three, rarely five-lobed ; /obes sub-lanceolar, apex 
of the petioles with two glands and one (or an eye) under 

each sinus. Capsules globular. 

Modecca. Rheed. Mal. viii. t. 20. 

A most extensive, perennial, climbing plant, with large, fu- 
siform root, a considerable portion of which is above ground, 
tapering from the surface of the earth, into the stem, which in 
a few years becomes ligneous; younger shoots cylindric and 
smooth, From Cochin it was introduced by Mr. M. Brown 
into the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms dur- 

ing the rainy season. 

Leaves alternate, petioled, when the plants are very young 
simply cordate, often from three to five-lobed (palmate,) but 
three is by far the most common ; lobes entire, sub-lanceolate, 
smooth, rather acuminate ; siti size from six to eight 
inches each way. Glands, a large yellow one under each sinus 
and two on the base where it joins the petiole. Petioles consi- 
derably shorter than the leaves; base enlarged into a horn- 
shaped process on each side, this portion is permanent. St- 
pules none. Tendrils springing from the inside of the large 
permanent base’ of the petioles, when not floriferous, simple. 
Flowers pretty large, short-pedicelled, and generally from 
a small dichotomous corymb on the middle of the tendril. 
Coles. one-leaved, coloured, greenish yellow, of a short, sub- 

nulate. form, with a short five-parted border, Petals 
five, linear; the upper half ciliate, inserted on the tube of the 
7 calyx, near its bottom, the whole hid within it. Nectarial 


seales five, alternate with the petals, vaulted, and serving” ee a 


confine the five anthers. Filaments five, their base united ss 
ito a ring round the base of the pedicel of the germ, and 
about as long as its pedicels, recurved. Anthers small, 
roundish. I suspect there are male flowers which I have 
not yet seen, with more perfect anthers. Germ superior, 
short-pedicelled, oval, one-celled ; ovula numerous, attach- 
ed to three vertical, parietal receptacles. Styles three, re- 


Modecca. MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA. 135 


curved, Stigmas large, globular. Capsule pedicelled, glo- 
bular, fleshy even when ripe, of a bright glossy yellow, and 
the size of a crab-apple, one-celled, three-valved, open from 
the apex. Seeds many, attached as in the germ, by short 
cords, obliquely cordate. Ari/a laciniate, white membrane, 
round the base only. 


3. M. dubia, R. 

Leaves oyate-oblong, entire, or slightly sub-lobate ; two 
glands at the base. | 

A native of Sumatra, from thence introduced by Dr. C. 
Campbell, into the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where one 
male plant blossomed in February 1808. 

Stem and branches shrubby, climbing to an extent ote some 
fathoms. Bark of the ligneous plants ash-coloured ; that of the 
young shoots smooth and green. Leaves i ac petioled, 
oblong, obtuse-pointed ; some of them slightly three-lobed to- 
ward the apex, smooth on both sides, having at the base a 
large yellow gland on each side, from three to four inches 
long, and from one and a half to two inches broad, Petioles 
axillary, about an inch long, channelled. Tendrils axillary, 
simple, with two lateral lobes; at the season of flower- 
ing, these lobes lengthen into stout, one-flowered peduncles, 
Flowers axillary, pedicelled, small, ofa pale greenish yellow, 
three together on a very short common peduncle, or in pairs 
from the just mentioned lobes of the tendrils, Calyx one- 
leaved.. Tube gibbous ; mouth five-cleft. Segments oblong 
revolute, _ Petals five, inserted into the calyx, a little eeiee? 
the sinuses of its border, lanceolate, and with the segments 
. of the calyx harengenrinte. pienaie five, very short, 


ents itself, =, 


all that 


ha two or three,cleft apex in the cmine af the stamina ey 


t 


136 MONADELPHIA HEXANDRIA, Canarium. 


MONADELPHIA HEXANDRIA. 


CANARIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1516. 

_ Calyx inferior, three-toothed. Petals three. Germ supe- 
rior, three-celled, with two ovula in each ; attachment sub-su- 
perior. Drupe, with as far as three one-seeded cells. Em- 
bryo inverse, without perisperm. 


1. C. bengalense, R. 
Leaflets ovate, lanceolate, from six to ten pairs. Stipules 
subulate. Punicles sub-axillary, linear. Drupe ovate. 
An immense forest tree, a native of Silhet and the adjoining 
mountainous countries north and east of that district ; flow- 
ers in May and June, and the seed ripens about the begin- 
ning of the year. From fissures, or wounds in the bark, 
a large quantity of a very pure, clear, amber-coloured resin 
exudes, which soon becomes hard and brittle, and is not un- 
_ like copal, yet the natives set little or no value on it. It has 
hitherto, so far as I can learn, been unnoticed by any one 
else. In the Calcutta bazar, it is only valued at from two to 
three Rupees, for seven maunds of eighty pounds weight each. 
Trunk erect, straight, many feet in circumference, the 
whole tree tall, and uncommonly well furnished, Young 
shoots void of pubescence, except the thin, tender, shoot- 
ing points, and they are covered with a little rast-coloured, 
pelowet: Leaves alternate, round the ends of the branch- 
| ally pinnate, from twelve to twenty-four inches 
ong. Leaflets sub-opposite, from six to ten pairs, from 
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, firm, entire and smooth, acu- 
minate, from three to six inches long, by from one to two 
broad ; common petioles round, and smooth.. Stipules subu- 
late, clothed with long soft ferragineous down. Racemes 
solitary, insertion above the axillaj>bub=pinieled; shorter, 
in fiower and fruit all the year round. Flowers rather small, 
bu numerous, many of them abortive, male hermaphrodites. 
Calyx -ferior, cup-shaped, three-toothed. Petals sees, 


Canarium. MONADELPHIA HEXANDRIA, 137 


obovate-oblong, smooth, while in the bud imbricated. Necta- 
ry, a three-lobed, hairy cup round the lower part of the germ, 
and within the tube, formed by the filaments. Filaments 
six, united into a tube for half their length. Anthers oblong, 
erect. Germ superior, ovate, small, three-celled, with two 
ovula in each attached to the top of the axis. Style short, Stig- 
ma three-cleft. Drupe oblong, size of a large olive, smooth, 
one-celled, Pudp in considerable quantity, firm and yellow- 
ish ; surface dark purple, covered with bloom like the com- 
mon plum. Nut conform to the drupe, pointed, obscurely 
three-cornered, with an aril from the apex to the base, runs 
down each of the three sides or faces, thick and very hard, 
three-celled, &c. almost exactly as in Geertner’s Canarixnm 
sylvestre, ii. p. 98. t. 102. except in the ribs onthe three sides, 
not repesented in his figure. Seed one, rarely two, in each 
cell, oblong. Integument single, rather spongy and brown, 
Perisperm none. Embryo inverse. Cotyledons intricately 
folded up as represented by Geertner. adicle superior, 
oblong. . 


2: C. commune, Willd. iv. 759. Annals of Botany, i. 360, 
wR F. 2. eo 
Leaflets from seven to nine, long-pisialiidy ied 
smooth, entire. Stipules oval, permanent, Panie/es termi- 
nal. . : a: 
- Canarium vulgare. Rumph, Amb. ii. t. 47. 

_A native of the Moluccas, from thence brought to the Bo-- 
tanic garden at Calcutta, but does not thrive, the winters be- 
ing too cold for it, for in fourteen years the plants are not 
more than ten feet high, with but five branches, and have not 
yet blossomed, 4 | : 


Fe ©. sylvestre, Willd. iv. 760, 
ad wee: from seven to nine, short-petioled, from ovate.ob 
long to ovate-lanceolate, smooth, entire, acuminate. Stir 

e- VOL, WE as, a a 


138 - - MONADELPHIA HEXANDRIA., Canarium, 


petiolary, sub-orbicular ; petioles beyond the stipules colum- 
nar, below them channelled. 

Pimela nigra, Lour, Cochin Ch, 495, See Rumph, Amb. 
ii, 155. t. 49. 

Canarium Pimela, Annals of Botany, i. p. 361. 

In its native soil, the Molucca Islands, it grows to bea 
large handsome tree. In the Botanic garden at Calcutta, 
where it has been for fourteen years, it is not more than ten 
or twelve feet high, with a distinct, straight trunk, covered 
with smooth, ash-coloured bark, the crown or corona regular, 
ample and very leafy, The stipules clearly mark this species. 
They are opposite and inserted on the common petiole, near- 
ly an inch above its base; when they fall, they leave two al 
manent, glandular stint bebind, 

4, C, migrum, R . 

Leaflets generally oblong, ni’, cimieshat a. ‘Sti. 
pules scarcely any. Male flowers on axillary, compound ra- 
cemes. 

Duleamara nigra. Rumph. Amb. ii, 162, t, 52 and 53. 

Small trees in the Botanic garden brought from Amboyna, 


began in the month of May to produce male flowers, when 
they were ten years old. 


5, C. strictum. 

Leaves hairy, leaflets cas nine to fifteen, petioled, sub-op- 
posite, from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, afterwards 
serrulate-ciliate, Stipules subulate, 

A native of Tinevelly, from thence introduced into the Bo- 
tanic garden at Calcutta, where the young trees from the 
seed are twenty or twenty-five feet high, straight, awd with- 
out a single branch. The trunk tapers like a fishing-rod but 
is stout, and covered with ash-coloured bark, while the ten- 
der parts are densely clothed with ferruginous, short pubes- 
c€--o. The leaves from three to four feet long, and the leaf- 


» 


Connarus. MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 139 


lets about a foot by six inches broad. They are also hairy, 
particularly while young. 


MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 


MELOCHIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1110. 


Calyx somewhat double. Petals five, spreading. ila- 
ments subulate. Styles five. Capsules five-celled, with a 
single seed in each, 


1. M. corchorifolia, Willd. iii, 604, 

M. corchorifolia, Dill, lth, t. 176. Si 217. 

Beng. Tiki-okra, 

Tsjeru uren, Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 73. ‘bad. 

_ Perennial, ramous, Leaves sub-cordate, plaited, crenulate. 
Plows crowded into sub-sessile, terminal heads, intermixed 
with subulate bractes. 

Common every where all over India. Flowers and ripens 
its seed during the rainy and cold seasons. 


- CONNARUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1116. 


Calyx five-parted! Corol five-petalled. Style single, Germ 
one- celled, from one to two-seeded ; attachment sub-inferior, 
Capsule superior, one-celled, er ved, one-seeded. “Em- 

bryo inverse, without perisperm. 


1. C. paniculatus, R. 

Arboreous. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets five or seven, ovate, 
oblong, obtusely. acuminate, glossy, Panicles terminal and 
axillary ; ; flowers decandrous ; petals linear (without bristles 
at the base.) 


A large timber tree, a native of Chitegons, © where it Dlos- : 
soms in June. a 
Young shoots. clothed with \a ‘Tittle fe rugin ae 
be eee 


140 - MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA.  <Kleinhovea, 


Leaves alternate, unequally-pinnate, about twelve inches 
long. Leaflets five or seven, rarely three, the pairs sub-op- 
posite, ovate-oblong, entire, obtuse-pointed ; smooth and 
glossy, from three to six inches long, and from one to two 
broad. Petioles round and smooth. Panicles terminal, 
and generally a smaller one in many of the exterior axills, 
large, diffuse, and clothed with rust-coloured pubescence. 
Bractes small, caducous, villous, like the rest of the panicle. 
Calyx five-leaved ; leaflets oblong, concave. | Petals five, 
alternate with the leaflets of the calyx, and larger, linearly- 
lanceolar, yellow, entire, nothing like a bristle or hair from 
any part, hence I conclude it*cannot be Willdenow’s C. 


pinnatus, Filaments ten, united at the base, alternately as _ 


long as the style. .4nthers cordate. Germ superior, conical, 
hairy, one-celled, containing two ovula, attached a little to 
one side of the bottom of the cell. Sty/e hairy, of the length 
of the five longest filaments. Stigma somewhat headed. 


2. cktiindad: R, 

Leaves pinnate; leaflets from three to seven, oblong, ob- 
tusely acuminate, polished. Panicle terminal. Flowers pen- 
tandrous. Capsules polished, obliquely oblong, obtuse. 

Hind. Moolseree ; Toog, about Silhet, where the tree is in- 
digenous ; blossoms dudes the hot ian, and the seeds ripen 
in pane ort 


MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. 


KLEINHOVEA. Schreb. gen. N. 821. 

Calyx five-leaved, Corol five-petalled, irregular, Column 
of the fructification, clavate. Staminiferous tube five-cleft, 
each division supporting about three anthers, Germ supe- 
rior, five-celled; cells few-seeded ; attachment interior, Cap- 


sule superior, inflated, five-celled, Seed solitary. me Foo 


sub-erect, with a scanty perisperm, 


Kileinhovea, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 141 


K. hospita, Willd. ii. 871. . 

Batti-marus, Rumph, Amb. iii, p. 177. f. 113. 

This tree was introduced into the Botanic garden from the 
Moluccas, in 1798. In ten years, they have grown to be 
trees of a large size, and blossom in September, 

Trunk very straight. Bark smooth, ash-coloured, Branches 
numerous, spreading in every direction. The wood is white 
and soft. Leaves alternate, petioled, broad-cordate, from 
three to five-nerved, entire, acuminate, of a very thin texture 
and smooth on both sides, from six to twelve inches long. 
Petioles nearly as long as the leaves, round, smooth, Sti- 
pules ensiform. Panicles terminal, roundish, ovate, large, 
and very ramous. Bractes ensiform, numerous, involucre- 
like, at the divisions of the panicles, Flowers very numer- 
ous, pretty large, of a pale, but lively rose-colour. Calyx five- 
leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, villous, nearly equal, almost twice 
the length of the corol, Petals five, unequal. The upper 
one incumbent, sub-cylindric, perforated lengthways. The 
next pair oblong, concave, pressing on the column of fruc- 
tification laterally. Lower pair also oblong, but expanding 
more ; all are inserted into the base of the column, .Vectary, 
a fivedobed ring round the base of the receptacle just with- 
in the insertion of the petals. Filaments five, broad, fleshy, 
inserted on the apex of the column round the germ, each 
slightly three-parted ; a slender, short, sterile filament, be- 
tween each of the large three-cleft ones, nthers fifteen 
pairs, one on each division of the five filaments. Germ supe- 
rior, ovate, hairy, inserted on the apex of the declined, cla- 
vate column, which is rather longer than the petals, Style 
longer than the stamens. Stigma of five acute points. Cap- 
sule inflated, membranaceous, turbinate, five-lobed, five-cell- _ 
ed, five-valved. Seed a single, small, round, tubercled one 
in each cell, attached to the middle of the inner margin of the 
partitions, obovate, somewhat tubercled. Integuments two. 
Perisperm thin, of a firm, tough, fleshy texture and pearl 


gray colour, Embryo conform to the seed, curved, pale 


142 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Heritiera. 


yellow. Cotyledons chrysoloide, contorted, triplicate. Radi- 
cle inferior, curved, with its apex immediately to the umbili- 
cus. In fact it is a Malvacee, but with a real perisperm. 


HERITIERA. Hort. Kew. iii. 546. 


Hermaphrodite and male flowers on the same individual. 
Hermaphrodite. Calyx campanulate, five-toothed. Corol 
none, Stamens five pairs. Germs five, one-celled, one-seed- 
ed; attachment interior. Drupes from one to five, keel-wing- 
ed, one-seeded, Embryo centripetal, no perisperm. 


1. H. minor. PR. 

Leaves broad-lanceolate, cinereous underneath. Drupes 
obovate, flattened, inside furrowed, outside keel-winged. 

- Balanopteris minor. Gert. Sem. ii. t. 98. f. 2. : 
-Heritiera fomes. Buch, in Symes’ Ava, Willd. v. 372. 

Atunus littoria. Rumph, Amb. iii. t. 63. 

Hind. and Beng. Shoondree, or Sundra. 

Samandara. Linn, Flor. Zeyl. 433, 

A native of the lower parts.of the Delta of the Ganges, 
where it grows to be a large tree. Flowering time the hot 
season, 

Trunk straight, often deeply sulcated. Bark slightly 
cracked, Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong-_lanceolar, 
entire, smooth, of a deep green above, cinereous underneath, 
from four to six inches long. Panicles axillary, shorter 
than the leaves, crowded, rust-coloured. lowers numer- 
ous, small, of a dull orange colour. 


2. H. littoralis, Willd, vi. 972. 


Leaves oblong. Drupes oval, inside kécled, outside 


winged, - 
Balanopteris Tothila. Gert. Sem. ii, t.99.  ~ 
Nagam. Rheed. Mal. vi. t.21. 0 
A native of Malabar, Mauritius, &c. 


cas tae os ata 


Helicteres, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 143 


AELICTERES. Schreb. gen. N. 734. 


Calyx tubular, five-toothed. Corol of five unequal petals, 
Column of fructification clavate. Capsules five, leguminous, 
often twisted, one-celled, one-valved, Seeds many. 


1, H. Lsora, Willd. iit. 721. 

Arboreous. Leaves bifarious, cuneate, obovate, sub-lobate, 
serrate, tomentose. Capsules twisted, fine-poiuted, 

Isora (rather Jswara) Murri, Rheed. Mal. iv, t. 30. 

Ki-walla-nara of the Malabars of Wynaad. : 

This small thinly branched tree is yery common in most 
forests over India, whereit blossoms during the rains and 
cold season. . 
_ Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, cuneate-obovate, 
acuminate, from three to five-nerved, serrate; towards the 
apex generally somewhat lobate, very downy. Stipules su- 
bulate, hairy. Flowers axillary, several, viz. from four to 
eight together, generally two or three on a common pedun- 
cle, with proper pedicels, rather longer than the peduncles, 
Bracies small, hairy, subulate. Calya one-leaved, hairy ; 
tube somewhat gibbous, laterally compressed ; mouth bila- 
biate; the upper lip emarginate, the under one three-toothed. 

Corol five-petalled, all have long, taper claws, which at the 
mouth of the calyx enlarge into wings, and there embrace the 
pedicel or receptacle of the nectary, stamina and pistillum, 
Lamina linguiform, with their apices retuse. The upper three 
are only about one third the breadth of the lower two. When 
they first expand, the colour is a pretty bright red, but gra- 
dually becomes paler, and are nearly lead-coloured by the se- 
cond day. Nectary, or abortive filaments, five emarginate 
scales within the staminiferous tube, and inserted into its 
base. Filaments ten, short, half-way up united into a tube 
round the germ, .Anthers ovate. Pistil ; receptacles at the 
base, filiform; above the calyx and cord clavate; at the 
apex enlarged and curved up, at HSE: right angles.» Gam 


t 


! 


144 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Sterculia, 


conical, five-lobed. Style single, twice the length of the sta- 
mina, at the base five-grooved, curved. Stigma simple, acute. 
Capsules five, much twisted, fine-pointed, villous, one-celled, 
one-valyed. Seeds numerous, in one row, angular. 


STERCULIA. Schreb. gen. N. 828. 


Moneecous or polygamous, Calyx inferior, five-parted. 
Corol none. Column ot fructification and staminiferous tube, 
various. Germs five, one-celled, many-seeded ; atiachment 
interior. Capsules leguminous, from one to five, distinct. 
Seeds few. Embryo various, with or without perisperm. 


1.8. Balanghas. Willd. ii, 872. 


Leaves oblong, entire, smooth. Panicles sie jes col Fol- 


licles oval, villous, 
Chin, Pim-pho. 
Cavalum. Rheed, Mal. ii. t. 49. 


Found in gardens about Calcutta, where it grows to be a 


pretty large tree, with a very ramous head. 

Bark brown, pretty smooth, Flowering time April ; seed 
ripens in July. Leaves alternate, about the extremities of 
the branchlets petioled, oblong, smooth on both sides, en- 
tire, from two to twelve inches long, Petioles round, thick at 
each end, about one inch long, Stipules none. Panicles 
- axillary, generally solitary, pendulous. Peduncles and pe- 
dicels coloured, slender, a little downy. Flowers numerous, 


small, pendulous, flesh-coloured, faintly fragrant, MALE. | 
Calyx or corol, for there is but one, bastiad bay alittle hairy, 


campanulate, five- parted ; divisions long’, slender ; margins 
revolute, converging at the points, gaping wide at the sides. 
Filaments (column) single, from the bottom of the bell of 
the corol, towards the apex recurved, crowded with anthers, 
too crowded and minute to be distinctly counted, _Herma- 
phrodite flowers few, and on the same plant, Calyx or €or ol 
as inthe male, Filaments many, but very short. Anthers 


| 
; 
| 


Sterculia. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 145 


perfect, surrounding the base of the germ. Germs five, very 
hairy, elevated ona receptacle, surrounding a column, which 
ends in a style, so much recurved as to bring the five-lobed 
stigma in contact with the stamens that surround the base of 
the germ. Capsules, from one to five come to maturity, oval, 
one-celled, one-valved, opening longitudinally on the inside. 
Seeds few, aftixed to the gaping sutures. Jntequments two. 
The exterior one of a dark-chesnut colour, and clammy on the 
outside, on the inside buff-colour. The interior one coriace- 
ous, dull black on the outside, and lined with a light brown 
tunic within, Pertsperm none, except a fleshy darker colour- 
ed exterior coat of the cotyledons can be so called. Lmbryo 
the size and shape of the seed. Coty/edons thick, of different 
sizes and shapes. Radicle opposite to the umbilicus. 

Note, The seeds are deemed wholesome, and nearly as pa- 
latable as chesnuts when roasted, 


2. S. wrens. Willd. ii. 873. Roxb. Corom. pl. N. 24. 
Leaves round-cordate, five-lobed ; /obes entire, long, fine- 
pointed. Panicles erect ; calyx ees Capsules 
armed with sharp bristles, ake ; 
Hind. Bulee. ree ep whee Fae 3 
Teling. Kavalee. dj. tai tel aerials Bi 
A large tree, a native of the mountainous countriesom dhe 
coast of Coromandel, Hindoostan, &e. ANCE 
Leaves deciduous about the end of the wet season. It flow: 
ers during the cold, and the leaves appear with the fruit about 
the beginning of the hot season. Trunk erect, very straight, 
top large and shady, Bark light ash-coloured, very smooth ; 
its outer coat is thin, transparent, covered with a farinace- 
ous substance, and peels off like the exterior pellicle of the 
birch bark; inwardly it is fibrous, and netted. Leaves 
about the extremities of the branches, alternate, petioled, 
five-lobed, five-nerved ; lobes acute, very downy, from nine 
to twelve inches each way. Petioles nearly as long as the 
leaves, round, downy. Panicles terminal, pretty large, 


VOL, Iii. - 5s 


146 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Sterculha. 


every part covered with a glutinous, farinaceous, yellow 
down, Bractes lanceolate. Flowers small, numerous, yel- 
low, male and hermaphrodite mixed; there is but a small 
proportion of the latter. Hermaphrodite calyx below, cam- 
panulate, five-toothed, leathery ; divisions acute; on the in- 
side of each division near the base, there is an obcordate 
hairy gland. Corol none. Filaments ten, alternately longer, 
united below inte a thin sheath, which girds the receptacle 
of the germs, Anthers large, two-lobed, alternately larg- 
er. Germs five, placed on a thick, short pedicel, as in 
Grewia, Style single, short, thick. Stigma five-lobed. Cap- 
sules five, united in the form of a star, one-celled, one-valved, 
opening lengthways on the inside, covered with yellow down, 
and many stiff burning hairs. Seeds from three to six, oblong, 
chesnut-coloured, inserted seoraagani into the es of the 
— ieee eimai ahha! 

~ Mare. Calys ; : stamens and columnar Gieigiactirs as in 1 thie 
hermaphrodite. Pistillum, the rudiments of the genus only, 
without any appearance of a style. 

The wood of this tree is soft and spongy, except towards 
the centre of large trees, where it is reddish, I do not know 
of any use it is put to, except to make fuel. vii 

I observed, that the water in which I kept the green 
branches for examination, became thick, like a clean gluti- 
aon 7 - —— = eos the _— 

_ Note. “This a agrees nearly with Stecadia plentes ifolia of the 
aipplonent: The chief difference is, that here the leaves are 
downy, there very smooth, It yields a gum not unlike 
Tragacanth, and has been sent to London as such, but the 
artists, who use that gum, did not find it answer, The seeds 
are roasted and used by the natives as an article of diet, pase 
also as a dainty. +e Ht = : figetey nit sete 


be ‘ 


3. S. eolorata. Willd. ii. 813. R. spEleibian: phi i: Me Bee pes 
- Leaves five-lobed ; lobes acute. a 1 


Stereulia, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 147 


shaped, mouth five-toothed. Foilicles smooth, inoeeeiiats 
opening long before the seeds are ripe. 

Teling. Karaka. 

A large tree, a native of the mountainous parts of Raja- 
mundree Cirear, 

Leaves deciduous during the cold season. It flowers in 
April, soon after the leaves make their appearance, and the 
seed ripens about the beginning of the rains, Trunk erect, 
growing to a very great size. Bark ash-coloured, and a 
little scabrous, Branches numerous, spreading, their bark 
smoother than on the trunk. Leaves alternate, about the ex- 
tremities of the branchlets, petioled, considerably broader 
than long, villous, five-lobed, five-nerved; Jobes acute, soft ; 
the leaves are generally, when full-grown, from nine to twelve 
inches broad and from six to nine long. Petioles round, a 
little downy, about nine incheslong, Séipzies erect, lanceo- 
late, inserted into the petiole near its base. Panicles terminal, 
small, numerous, red like corol, being covered with much red, 
stellate pubescence, when in flower the whole tree appears as 
if covered with numerous ramifications of red corol. Flowers 
numerous, about an inch long. Cadlya one-leaved. Tube 
clavate, leathery; mouth five-toothed, outside covered with 
red stellate hairs, withering. Corol none, Filaments scarcely 
any. Anthers about thirty, kidney-formed, sessile round the 
border of the extremity of the receptacle, cylindric, a little 
curved, of the length of the calyx, round and smooth, bearing 
five oval germs on the top, surrounded by the stamina, 
Styles five, short, recurved. Stigmas acute, Capsules, 
from one to five come to maturity, pedicelled, pendulous, 
leathery, smooth, opening on the inside, long before the seeds 
are ripe. Seeds, generally two, adhering one to each margin 
of the gaping follicle, alternate, about the size and — of 
a = field bean. 


4. Ss a R. 7 ; 
noes: cordate-oblong, acuminate. Pantin aia di. 
$2 


148 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Sterculia. 


verging. Tube of the calyx gibbous, with the apices of its 
segments united, and the sides gaping. 

Hind, Ram-julparee. 

A middling sized tree, a native of the hills east of Tippera. 
In flower in March. 


5. S. angustifolia. R. 

Leaves \anceolate. Panicles lateral, pendulous. Flow- 
ers globular; segments of the calyx united at the top, gaping 
at the side, 

_A middling sized tree, a native of Nepal. It flowers in 
the Botanic garden in March, when the new foliage begins 
to appear, the former year’s having fallen during the cool 
season, indeed all the Sterculias are deciduous in Bengal. 


6.S. populnifolia. R. ; 

Leaves long-petioled, round, reniform, cordate, ieaaaaT, 
entire, smooth, from five to seven-nerved, 
_ A tree, a native of Coromandel, The bark is particularly 
smooth in our young trees. ; 


9. S. guttata. R. 

Leaves oblong, entire, villous aaderiiaie Racemes ter- 
minal, and from the fork of the branches, simple. 

Ramena-pou-maram, Rheed. Mal. iv. t. 61. 

A native of Malabar, from Wynaad Captain Dickenson 
sent the seeds to the Botanic garden in 1802, and the young 
trees reared therefrom, blossomed for the first time in De- 
cember 1809. They were then about twenty feet high, and 
the trunk twenty-one inches in circumference, four feet above 
the ground, : 

Trunk straight to the top of the trees, Bark = dunia 
cracked, and no doubt in old trees much so; that of the young 
parts smooth, ash-coloured ; young shoots clothed with stellate. 
down, inwardly it abounds with very strong, white, flaxen 
fibres, of which the inhabitants of Wynaad manufacture a 


dl 


Sterculia. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 149 


kind of coarse cloth.* Petioles round, downy, from two to 
three inches long. Stipules ensiform, caducous at an early 
period, Aacemes terminal, and from the divisions of the 
branchlets, diverging, simple, clothed with ferruginous stel- 
late pubescence. Flowers tern, short-pedicelled, middling 
sized, inodorous, by far the greater part hermaphrodite, 
Bracies \anceolar, a larger one below the middle flower of 
the three, and a minute one under each of the other two. 
Calyx nearly rotate, with its five segments revolute, both sides 
very pubescent; the outer side pale yellow; the inner one beau- 
tifully marked with numerous, minute, purple glands ona yel- 
low ground, 4nthers about a dozen, inserted on the border of 
the thin nectarial belt which embraces the base of the germ. 
Germs long-pedicelled, globose, from three to five-lobed ; 
three most frequent, downy, from three to five-celled; each cell 
contains two vertical rows of ovula, attached to the inner 
angle of the cell. Many of the flowers are abortive, or male- 
hermaphrodite. Style, in the fertile hermaphrodite, retro- 
fracted, nearly as long as the germs; in the male-hermaphro- 
dite scarcely any. Stigma from three to five-lobed. Capsules 
from one to five, nearly round, of the size of a small apple, one- 
celled, one-valved, with the surface furrowed, orange-colour- 


* « The bark of this tree, the Malabars convert into a flaxy sub- 
stance, of which the natives of the lower coasts of Wynaad contrive 
to make a sort of clothing. It derives its name from the first process 
of its manufacture, viz. the chopping the bark into small pieces, 
aurayoonoo, to cut. It is not customary to manufacture the bark 
until the tenth year, when its size will be equal to that of most 
forest trees. The mode of obtaining this flaxy substance iss follows. 
The tree is felled, the branches lopped off, and the trunk cut into 
pieces of six feet long, a perpendicular incision made in each 
piece; the bark opened, and taken off whole, chopped, washed, 
and dried in the sun. By these means, and without any further 
_ Process, it is fit for the purpose of clothing.” 

_ For the above account we sreeblank in Lopee® Dickenson, of 
the Bombay Military establishment. 


150 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Ntereulia. 


ed, lined on the inside with a firm, smooth, fibrous, pink-co- 
loured parchment-like membrane; the margins of the opening, 
and pedicels of the seed very hairy. Seeds few, oblong, of the 
size of a field bean. Integquments three ; the exterior one thin, 
black and brittle; the second thin, light brown and tough ; be- 
tween these two is a soft, white, sebaceous substance; the in- 
ner integument is membranaceous, Perisperm on each side of 
the embryoamygdaline. Embryo straight. Cotyledons ellip- 
tic, extending completely through the perisperm, Radiele 
small, lodged in the apex of the seed opposite to the umbilicus. 


8.8. lanceefolia, R. 

Leaves lanceolate, entire, smooth. Racemes axillary, sim- 
ple, much shorter than the leaves; flowers red, long-pedi- 
celled. Capsules oblong, villous, from four to eight-seeded. 

Ushlea the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indi- 
genous, growing to be a middling sized tree. Flowering in | 
March and April, and the seed ripening in May and June. 

_ Bark of the trunk and Jarger branches ash-coloured ; 
young shoots slightly villous, I may say smooth, as the little 
pubescence they have, when very tender, soon rubs off; thus 
itis also with the leaves, Leaves alternate, petioled, lanceolate, 
rather obtusely acuminate, entire, smooth, from four to eight 
inches long, by from one to three broad. Petioles about an 
inch long, thick at both ends, Stipules thick, subulate, a 
little hairy, caducous. Racemes axillary, or under the leaves, 
and much shorter than them, simple, erect. Flowers few, 
small, red, long-pedicelled, by far the greater part are male, 
Calyx, stamina and pistillum as in the genus. Capsules 
follicular; from one to five come to maturity, they are ob- 
long, rather obtuse ; the surface rather harsh with very minute, 
short hairs; length about three inches, Seeds from four to 
eight, oval, Integuments three ; the eaterior one thin, brittle, 
polished, black ; the secoud thin, brown; between it and. the 
exterior one a ae dull-coloured, soft, sebaceous lamina; . the 


interior integument membranaceous, light brown, Perisperm 


Sterculia, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 15} 


in rather stnall quantity. Embryo straight, of a pale yellow. 
Cotyledons oval, nearly the size of the perisperm, thick and 
fleshy. Radicle ovate, pointing to the apex of the seed, di- 
rectly opposite to the umbilicus, 


9. S. coccinea, R, 

Leaves lanceolar, entire, smooth. Panicles axillary, droop- 
nt segments of the calyx expanded, filiform and woolly. 

Capsules oblong, beaked, from four to eight-seeded. 

A small tree, a native of Silhet where it blossoms during 
the hot season, and the seed ripens in May and June. It is 
conspicuous on account of the spreading, slender, woolly seg- 
ments of the border of the calyx, and the crimson capsules, 

Young shoots a little hairy. Leaves alternate, petioled, lan- 
ceolar, with a rather abrupt base, entire, obtusely acuminate, 
with a few depressed, stellate, harsh hairs underneath, from 
four to eight inches long, and from one to three broad. Pe- 
tioles about an inch long, and hairy. Stipules subulate, hai- 
ry. Panicles axillary, and under the leaves, solitary, the 
length of the leaves, but pendulous ; while scarcely expanded, 
alittle hairy. Flowers rather long-pedicelied, pretty large, 
by far the greatest part male, of a ‘greenish yellow colour, 
tinged with pink. Bractes subulate. Calyx rather flat; seg- 
ments of the border five, long, slender, and woolly, spreading 
aut in various directions, not converging, with their lips 
united, as in Balanghas parviflora, and angustifolia, which 
also have long slender segments, Stamina and pistillum as 
in the other species already described. Capsules follicular, 
from one to five come to maturity, linear-oblong, ending in a 
sub-cylindric, obtuse, curved beak, villous, both the inner and 
exterior surfaces of a bright crimson; general length from 
three to four inches, Seeds from four to eight, oval, smooth, 
ofa bright chesnut colour, Perisperm in snail? quantity, and 
quite divided by the cotyledons, Embryo straight. Radicle 
in the apex of the seed directly opposite to the umbilicus. 


, 


152 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Sterculia, 


10, S. alaia, Roxb. 

Leaves cordate, entire, from three to five-nerved. Ra- 
cemes crowded about the ends of the branchlets, length of the 
petioles. Follicles sub-rotund, Seeds numerous, winged. 

A native of the countries immediately east of Bengal, 
where it grows to be a large, handsome, very ramous tree. 
Flowering time, in the Botanic garden, February and March, 
and the seed ripens about the close of the year. In the pro- 
vince of Chittagong, the tree is called Buddha Narikella, 
which may be translated, Boodh’s Coco-nut, Narikella be- 
ing one of the Sanscrit names of the Coco-nut, In Silhet it 
is called Toola, and there the seeds are said to be eaten by 
the natives as a cheap substitute for opium, 

_ Trunk, in trees twenty-five years old, now growing in the 
Botanic garden, straight, tall, four feet above the ground, 
three and a half feet in circumference. Bark quite smooth, 
and ash-coloured. | Branches numerous, towards the top of 
the tree ascending, below divaricate, In its native soil, 
they arrive at a much greater size ; viz. ten feet in circumfe- 
rence, and above one hundred high. Leaves alternate about 
the ends of the branchlets, petioled, cordate, entire, smooth, 
from three to five-nerved, from four to twelve inches long, 
and from three to eight broad, Deciduous abont the time 
the blussoms appear in February and March,  Petioles 
round, smooth, from one to four inches long. Stipules mi- 
nute, subulate, caducous at a very early period, Racemes 
axillary, sometimes terminal, thin, sub-panicled, but the most 
common mode is racemes in pairs from the axills of the for- 
mer years toward the ends of the branchlets, and about as 
long as the petioles, or more densely clothed with ferrugin- 
ous stellate pubescence, F’/owers pretty large, short-pedi- 
celled, reflex ; male and female on the same racemes, Bractés 
ensiform, three under each flower, and caducous at a very 


early period. Calyx campanulate, divided nearly to the base, 


into five thick, fleshy, recurved, lanceolar segments ; outside 
clothed with ferruginous, stellate pubescence; inside. ele- 


Sterculia, © MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 153 


gantly striated with crimson and yellow. Coro? none, 

Mate Fiowers, Column of the abortive stamina cylindrit, 
much shorter than the calyx, straight. Filaments scarcely 
any. Anthers imbricated in five fascicles of about five each, 
which unite below the mniddle and form a cup round the five 
imperfect germs, 

FemaLe HerMapuropite Firowers, Column none. Sta- 
mina, five sessile bundles of imperfeet anthers embracing 
the five grooves of the base of the germs, Germs five, 
singly semi-ovate, one-celled, with two rows of ovula in 
each, vertically attached to the inner angle of the cell. 
Styles short, recurved, villous, Stigmas rather broad and 
emarginate, Follicles or rather leguminous capsules from 
one to five, from the size of a man’s fist, to that of an in- 
fant’s head, nearly round, long-peduncled, one-celled, one-— 
valved ; valve thick, tough, and very fibrous; surface dense- 
ly clothed with a brownish olive, mealy pubescence. Seeds 
many, attached to the margins of the valve, oblong, consider- 
ably compressed, each terminated by a long, broad, spongy 
wing, (hence the specific name,) which becomes thin and 
sub-membranaceous at the apex. Integuments three ; the ex- 
terior one, a brown, friable, spongy body with a few fibres 
from the wing ; the middle or second one forms an oval nuci- 
form envelope for the embryo only, ard seems composed of 
three parts ; : the exterior and interior thin, brown and friable, 
and the middle part thicker, tough and hard; the interior 
integument a thin membrane. Perisperm none. Embryo; 
cotyledons equal, conform to the seed, three-nerved. Plu- — 
mula two-lobed. Radicle patelliform, lodged immediately 
within the umbilicus, relative, centripetal. 


11. S. villosa, R. 

Leaves from five to seven-lobed ; lobes repand, or lobate, 
fireoly: acuminate. Panicles pendulous, Fodlicles wee 
villous, pices cena 

VOR 4s ¥ 


154 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Sterculia, 


A native of the mountainous countries to the eastward of 
Bengal. Flowermg time, the beginning of the hot season, 

Trunk straight. Bark smooth. Branches few, spreading. 
Leaves alternate, petioled, roundish, or cordate-lobate, five- 
nerved ; there are generally from five to seven acute, long- 
pointed, lobate lobes; when young very downy, particularly 
underneath, from twelve to eighteen inches each way. Pe- 
tioles round, as long as the leaves, or longer, downy. Sti- 
pules lanceolate-cordate, downy, caducous.  Panicles termi- 
nal, the longer pendulous, the shorter drooping, or diverg- 
ing; every part covered with rust-coloured down, Flowers 
numerous, male and hermaphrodite mixed; the former by 
far the most numerous; all are pretty large; border of a pale 
yellow, or straw-colour, and the bottom of the bell pink. 
Bractes filiform, codutons Calyx sar tnaet pete 
downy. 

-Hermapnropite Fiowers. " Miechere ten, Swittobied: in- 
serted on the toothed edge of a membranaceous ring, which 
surrounds the base of the germs. Germs globular, elevated 
above the base of the corol by a curved cylindric column, 
Style single, the length of the germs, and recurved so much 
as to bring the five lobed stigma into contact with the anthers. 

Capsules tive, or fewer, &c, as in the — and covered 
with soft, rust-coloured down. 

Mate Frowers. Calyx as im the emanate Sta- 
mens ; column, as long’ as the hermaphrodite,style and column 
taken together, hooked, apex a little enlarged for the recep- 
‘tion of ten small twin anthers round its margin, in their cen- 
tre, consisting of five glands, the representation of a pistil. 


12, S. feetida, Willd, ii, 874. 

Leaves digitate. 

‘Clompanus major. Rumph, Amb. iii. t. 107. but Karil, 
Rheed, Mal. iv. t. 36. is a Vitex, and I presume, leucoarylon. 

S. feetida, Sonnerat. Chin, ii. p. 234, t. 132. 

Tam. Kudra-plukku. - ee 


Sterculia, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 155 


= 


Jungli-budam, (wild almond) is the name it is known by 
amongst the Musselmans on the Peninsula, 

A tall stout tree, a native of the interior parts of the Penin- 
sula of India, In the Botanic garden it blossoms in March, 
and the seed ripens about six months afterwards, 

Trunk tall and straight. Branches verticelled, and hori- 
zontal. Bark ash-coloured, and pretty smooth, Leaves 
crowded about the ends of the branchlets, long-petioled, 
digitate, Leaflets from six to twelve, lanceolar, entire, 
smooth, They are perfectly deciduous during the cool sea- 
son in Bengal. Stipules ensiform, caducous at an early 
period. Racemes immediately under the young leaves of the 
present year, horizontal, compound, about as long as the pe- 
tioles, smooth. Flowers large, of a dull crimson and orange, 
variously blended, most of them male-hermaphrodite. Brac- 
tes very small, Calyx hypocrateriform, deeply five-cleft, 
deciduous. Segments lanceolate, villous on the inside, Co- 
dumn of the fructification long, and much curved. In the 
male-hermaphrodite its apex is more enlarged, and forms a 
campanulate receptacle for the germ, on the margin of which 
twelve or fifteen anthers sit, and in its bottom the five-lobed 
abortive germ without style or stigmas. In the fertile her- 
maphrodite it is more robust, with an acetabuliform apex, 
round its margin are about the same number of anthers. 
Germs round, very villous, five-lobed, five-celled, in each 
about from twelve to twenty seeds, attached in two vertical 
rows to the inner angle of the cell, Style curved. Stigmas 

five-lobed. Capsules, from one to five come to maturity, © 
singly about the size of a man’s fist, broad-reniform, pretty 
smooth, ligneous and fibrous, lined on the inside with a 
thick parchment-like web of waved transverse fibres ; one- 
celled, one-valved. Seeds several, from ten to fifteen, of the 
size of filberts, oblong, attached alternately to the ligneous 
margins of the follicle, hard and smooth. Perisperm none. 
Embryo inverse. Cotyledons conform to the seed, five-nerv- 


ed, thick and fleshy. Plumula two-lobed ; lobes som 
T2 


156 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Dombeya. 


hairy. Radicle ovate, pointing to the end of the seed most 
remote from the umbilicus. : 

On the Peninsula, where the tree is indigenous, the seeds 
are roasted, and eaten like chesnuts, though not much 
esteemed, 


ABROMA. Schreb. gen. N. 1217. 


Calyx five-leaved. Petals five, with cucullate base. Sta- 
miniferous tube five-cleft, the bottom of each fissure bearing 
three anthers. Styles five. Capsules five-winged, five-cell- 
ed, gaping at top. Seeds many. 


A, augusta, Willd, iii, 1424. 

Abroma fastuosa. Gert, 307.1.64. 

Beng. Ullat kumul. 

_ Theobroma augusta. Mill, Lllustr. iii, p. 583. ; 
_Abroma, Wheeleri, Retz, v.27. Willd. iii, 1425, is no dona 
the same, : 
Gossipium demonum, Rumph. Amb. iv. t. 14. 

A native of various parts of India, growing to be a small 
tree. Flowers most profusely during the rains, and the 
seeds ripen in the cold season. The bark abounds with | 
strong, white fibres, which make a very. good substitute for — 
hemp, and as the plant grows so quickly, as to yield two, 
three, or even four crops of cuttings annually fit for peeling, 
it may be advantageously cultivated for its fibres, which 
though not so strong as — make good common cord- 


age, &c. 


DOMBEYA. (Cavan.) 


Calyx five-parted, exterior bractiform, Petals five. Sta- 
mina twenty, of which five are barren. Style five-cleft, Cap- 
sules five, coloured, one-celled, one or more seeded, 


Pentapetes. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 157 


1. D. ovula, Cavan. Diss. iii. p. 127. t. Al. f. 2. 

Leaves cordate-oblong, obtusely gland-serrate, from three 
to five-nerved, downy, particularly underneath. Corymbs 
terminal, dichotomous, with the extreme ramifications um- 
belliferous, Found indigenous on the Mauritius by Colo- 
nel Hardwicke, in flower in June and July. All the young 
parts densely clothed with minute, stellate, ferruginous 
pubescence, 


2. D. tihefolia, Willd. iii. 725. 

Shrubby. Leaves from five-angled, and sub-rotund, to 
cordate, all are serrate. Ssipulee subulate. Corymbs axillary, 
solitary, bifid. 

A very handsome, uncommonly scabrous shrub, a native of 
the Mauritius, from thence sent to the Botanic garden where 
it throws out most copiously its numerous corymbs of pret- 
ty, large, pale, rosy flowers, about the beginning of the cool 
season. While the plants are young, until the floriferous 
branchlets appear, the leaves are five-angled; afterwards 
they become simply cordate. 


PENTAPETES. Schreb. gen. N. 1122. _ : 
Calyx double; the exterior one three-leaved, caducous; 
the interior one five-parted. Coro five-petalled. Stamens 
twenty, of which five are longer and sterile. Capsule five- 
celled, many-seeded ; partition contrary. 


P. phoenicea, Willd. iii, 727. 
Leaves hastate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate. 
Ruktuka, Bhundhuka, Sanscrit names, 
Beng. Kat-Lala, Doopahuria. 
Naga-pu, Rheed. Mal. x. t. 56, is evidently this plant, 
while Sjasmin, vol, x. t. 1, is Hvbiseus phoeniceus, 
This elegant plant is annual, anative of wet rice-fields. 
Flowering time, the rainy season, 


158 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Pierospermum., 


Stem erect, with many simple, erect branches ; when 
growing on a good soil from two to five feet high, smooth, 
except for a few small, depressed, stellate hairs. Leaves 
petioled, alternate, hastate, linear-lanceolate ; margins waved, 
and deeply serrate-crenate, pretty smooth on both sides, 
Petioles from one to two inches long, round, Stipules subu- 
late, « Peduncles axillary, solitary, short, two-flowered ; pe- 
dicels three times longer than the peduncles, joined near 
the apex. Bractes about the base of the peduncles and pedi- 
cels, subulate. Flowers nodding, large, bright red, expand- 
ing at noon and dropping by day-light next morning. 
Calyx double ; the exterior one three-leaved, caducous ; the 
interior one deeply five-parted ; divisions lanceolate, bristly. 
Petals five, triangular, inserted by evident sutures into the 
base of the staminiferous tube. Stamens fertile ; filaments fif- 
teen, short. Anthers sub-sagittate. Sterile filaments (or nec- 
taries,) five, linear-Janceolate, nearly the length of the corol, 
one between every three fertile filaments, and with them unit- 
ed at the base into a short conical tube. Germ half hid in the 
tube formed by the base of the filaments, Style the length of 
the sterile filaments. Stigma clavate, and spirally twisted. 
Capsule sub-globular, bristly, five-celled, five-valved. Seeds 
from eight to twelve in each cell, disposed in two vertical 
rows, 


PTEROSPERMUM. Schreb. gen. N.1124. 


Calyx five-cleft. Corol five-petalled. Five of the twenty - 


stamens, sterile. Germ pedicelled, five-celled ; cells few or 
many-seeded; atiachment interior. Capsule woody, five-cell- 
ed, Seeds winged. Embryo erect, plaited, and furnished 
with a perisperm, 


1. P. acerifolium. Willd, iii. 729, &c. ce 
Leaves peltate, ovate, repand. 
Pentapetes acerifolia. Linn, Cavan, &c. 


in_———_Z0~, 


f 


Pterospermum, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 159 


Kurnikara, the Sanserit name. 

Beng. Kunuk-champa, 

I cannot say where the tree is indigenous; in Bengal, it is 
found in the gardens only, and is yet but twenty-five or 
thirty feet high ; but seems to be naturally a very large tree. 
Flowering time, the beginning of the hot season. 

Trunk short, tolerably straight. Branches spreading, but 
not near so numerous as in P, subertfolium. Bark smooth, 
light ash-coloured, Leaves petioled, alternate, bifarious, pel- 
tate, oval, repand, when young covered with much stellate 
down, as is every tender part of the tree, the same as in P, 
suberifolium ; when full-grown, upper side is smooth, and the 
under side remarkably hoary; length from eight to twelve 
inches. Petioles round. Stipules many-cleft, caducous. 
Peduneles axillary, very short, one or two-flowered. Bractes 
many-cleft, like the stipules. Flowers very large, pure 
white and fragrant. Calyx asin P. suberifolium. Petals 


_ obliquely wedge-shaped. Stem, pistil, &c. as in the genus. 


Germ as in the ripe fruit, only each of the five cells is nearly 
divided into two, by a membrane, which is not visible when 
ripe. Capsule ligneous, five-seeded, oblong, fully six inches 
lonz and about three in diameter, covered with a coarse 
dak brown, mealy substance, five-celled, five-valved. Seeds 
about twenty in each cell, attached in two rows to the inner 


edge of the triangular valves, obliquely oval, compressed ; 


from the upper end, a large brown, membranaceous, thin 
wing rises, Integument single, smooth, brown, Perisperm 
rather gelatinous, in small quantity, entering into the vari- 
ous foldings of the cotyledons. Embryo conform to the seed, 
nearly erect, pure white. Cotyledons two, large, very thin, 
variously folded or wrinkled. Radicle cylindric, inferior, 
its apex immediately opposite to the umbilicus of the seed. 
The flowers, like those of P. suberifolium, render Water 


— 


‘ 


160 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Pterospermum. 


2. P. suberifolium. Willd, iii. 728. 

Leaves cuneate-oblong, towards the apex repand-dentate. 

Pentapetes suberifolia, Linn. Cavan. &c. 

_..~Moochukoonda, Asiat. Res. ii, 349. 

Tam. Taddo-marum, 

Beng. Moochukoonda, Muskunda. 

A native of mountainous tracts all over India, Flowering 
time the beginning of the hot season. 

Trunk erect, growing to be a timber tree of middling size. 
Branches numerous in all directions; young shoots, leaves, 
petioles, bractes, and calyx, covered with stellate, rust-colour- 
ed hairs, Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, cuneate- 
oblong, repand-dentate round the apex, in some plants deep- 
ly lobate, sometimes even peltate and pinnatifid. Flowers 
axillary, short-peduncled, large, pure white, fragrant, some- 
thing like the best cloves. Bractes,from four to six surround- 
ing the base of the calyx, like an inferior perianth, wedge- 
formed; the exterior half variously and deeply divided. 
Calyx five-leaved ; leaflets linear, very long, revolute, hairy 
on the mside. Petals obliquely wedge-formed. Filaments in- 
serted into a columnar receptacle round the apex of the base 
of the oblong hairy germ, as in Grewia, Anthers a pollinife- 
rous groove on each side of the upper third, or fourth part of 
the filaments. Germ elevated on a strong, columnar recep- 
tacle, common to it and the stamens, Capsule and seed as 
in the germs. The wood is white, and too soft to be of much 


3. P. semi-sagittatum. Buch. 

Leaves sub-lanceolate, entire, base of the inferior half pro- 
truded. Flowers terminal, and solitary, Capsule oblong- 
elliptic, densely clothed with stellate pubescence. 

Found by Dr. Buchanan at Chittagong, and from thence 
seeds were sent by him to the Botanic garden at Calcutta in 
1797, where the trees grow luxuriantly, and flower about 
the close of the hot season, ripening their seeds ten months 


Pterospermum, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 161 


afterwards, In twelve years the trees are thirty or forty feet 
high; thick in proportion, and promise to be larger. 

Trunk straight. Young shoots very downy. Bark of 
the trunk and large branches ash-coloured. Leaves alter- 
nate, bifarious, short-petioled, spreading, lanceolate, entire, 
the base of the inferior half of each leaf protruded into a lobe 
of considerable size, and generally longer than the petiole, 
smooth above, hoary underneath, about six inches long, and 
nearly two broad. Stipules finely pinnatifid. #/owers ter- 
minal, and axillary, generally solitary, on short, downy, rust- 
coloured peduncles, drooping, large, pure white. Bractes, 
or involucre, generally three-leaved, and very downy, from 
three to five-parted, with divisions variously laciniate. Calyx 
tive-cleft; divisions recurvate, linear, longer than the corol ; 
on the inside white, and villous; on the outside clothed with 
brownish, stellate, short hairs. Corol sub-campanulate, 
Peials five, obliquely obovate-cuneate, Filaments fifteen, 
with anthers which are shorter than the style, and five abor- 
tive ones as long as the style ; they are not united at the base, 
but inserted on the apex of the long sub-cylindrical recep- 

tacle, round the base of the germ. Germ a litile elevated 
above the stamina, on a short, proper, fleshy receptacle, 
ovate, downy. Style single, filiform, as long as the abortive 
stamina, Stigma clavate. Capsule without angles, oblong- 
elliptic, from two to three inches long, and one and a half 
in diameter, ligneous, clothed with an immense quantity of 
brown, stellate pubescence, five-celled, five-valved. Sceds 
about ten in each cell, attached from the lower and inner 
angle in two rows to the inner edge of the triangular valves, 
obliquely oval, compressed ; from the upper end rises a large, 
straight, thin, brown, membranaceous wing. Iniegument 
Single, spongy, of a light brown, Perisperm amygdaline, 
entering into the various folds of the cotyledons. Embryo 
nearly as extensive as the perisperm, erect, pure white. Co- 
—— two, nipcee saa round, variously folded. Pe 

VOL, If. ee u 


162 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Pterospermum. 


mula minute, conical. Radicle cylindric, inferior, its point 
immediately opposite to the umbilicus of the seed. 

I am not at present possessed of any information respect- 
ing the uses the natives make of any part of this tree, nor of 
the quality of its timber. It grows fast-to be of considerable 
magnitude, and is at all times ornamental, being clothed to 
the ground with numerous branches, abounding i in beautiful 
foliage. — : 

4. P. canescens, R. 

Leaves cuneate-obovate, anterior margin often slightly 
lobed, hoary underneath, Cells of the capsule with as far as 
four seeds each. 

A native of Ceylon, from thence introduced by sae 
Hay Macdowall, into the Botanie garden at Calcutta, where 
it flowers in May, and the seeds do not + ripes till the Apel 
following. 

Trunk of trees eight years old, straight, and about as 
thick asa man’s thigh, Bark smooth, ash-coloured. Branches 
nearly erect, forming a tall, slender head; young shoots 
round, and hairy ; general height of our young trees about 
twenty-five feet. Leauel iit short-petioled, cuneate- 
obovate, with an obtuse point, and often tending to be lobate 
towards the apex ; smooth, lucid green above; hoary under- 
neath; about two inches long, Stipules linear, generally 
entire, caducous. Peduneles axillary, generally in pairs, 

one-flowered, round, hoary. Bractes few, small, conical. 
Flowers smaller than in any of the other three species de- 
scribed by me, white. Calyx divided to the base into five; 
linear, revolute segments, which are ferruginously hoary 0D 
the outside, and hairy within, Petals falcate, obtuse, long- 
er than the calyx. Filaments fifteen, with anthers ; and five 
larger, abortive, all united near the base, and inserted on the 
elevated receptacle, round the base of the germ, Germ 
ovate, hairy, five-seeded, five-celled, with four seeds in each, 
attached to the axis. Sty/e longer than the stamina. St#g- 


- 


Pterospermum. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA.,. 163 


ma clavate, five-grooved, Capsule woolly, clavate-oblong, 
without angles, slightly marked with five longitudinal lines, 
where the valves separate, from two to three inches long, 
and about one in diameter, generally obtuse, densely cloth-— 
ed with hoary, stellate pubescence, five-celled, five-valved. 
Seeds as far as four in each cell, two generally ripening, ob- 
liquely oval, compressed ; on the upper end is a thin, broad, 
brown, membranaceous wing. Lnteguments two ; the exterior 
one thick, with a rough, brown, spongy surface ; the inner 
one tough, and lightly coloured. Perisperm conform to the 
seed, thin. Embryo erect. Cotyledons foliaceous, intricate- 
ly folded. Radicle cylindric, inferior, 

Velaga xylocarpa, Gert, Sem. ii. 245. t. 133. f. 2, agrees 
uncommonly well with the carpology of this, exept in the 
number of seeds in each cell of the capsule; here there can- 
not be more than four, that being the number of their rudi- 
ments in the germ. 


&. F, lanceefolium. R. 

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, entire. Flowers axillary, 
long-peduncled, Capsule lanceolate ; cells from two to four 
seeds, | | c | 

Beng. Bun Kulla. : 

A tree, a native of the forests in the neighbourhood of Sil. 
het, where it blossoms about the beginning of the rains in 
May and June; and the seed ripens at the beginning of the 
cold season, 

Young shoots slender, hoary, and uncommonly straight. 
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, lanceolate, with a round base, 
entire, acuminate, hoary underneath, from three to six inches 
long by one and a half broad, Stipules generally bifid, or 
trifid, ferruginous, Peduneles axillary, half the length of the 
leaves, round, slender, clavate at top, supporting a single, 
pretty large, white fragrant flower. Bractes two, or three, 
rather above the middle of the peduncle, like the stipule, 


a more divided, Calyx five-cleft; segments linear, Tevo- 
: 2 


* 
* 


164 ' MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Adansonia. ~ 


lute, hoary. Petals five, rather longer than the calyx, ob- 
liquely cuneiform. _ Stamina as in the genus, viz. fifteen 
fertile filaments, with five longer, sterile ones; all are united 
at the base, and inserted on the cylindric receptacle, which 
elevates them and the germ. Anthers fifteen, linear, erect. 
Germ oblong, five-celled, with about four seeds in each, at- 
tached to the axis. Style, the Jength of the sterile filaments. 
Stigma clavate, Capsules lanceolate, hgary, with very light 
gray, soft, short pubescence, very obscurely five-cornered, 
five-celled, five-valved. Seeds, from two to four in each cell, 
attached as in the germ, oval winged ; the wing nearly as 
broad as the seed, and about three or four times its length. 


MONADELPHIA POLYANDREA. | 
ADANSONTIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1126. 


Calyx simple, five-cleft. Style long. Stigma with ten 
rays. Capsule woody, ten-celled. Seeds many in a pulp. 


A. digitata, Willd. iii. 730. 

This tree is scarce in India, and probably not a native of 
Asia, for hitherto only a few have been found of any great 
size at Allahabad, Masulipatam, on the coast of Coromandel, 
or in Ceylon. In the Botanic garden they blossom in May 
and June, and the seed ripens during the cool season. 

_ General Hay Macdowell in a letter to Dr. R. dated Man- 
tolle, (on the Island of Ceylon,) 2nd July, 1802, says :— 

“ In my walk last night on the ruins of this once rich and 
extensive city, called by the natives Mande or Maddoo- 
ooltum, I chanced to observe a tree whose prodigious mag- 
nitude induced me to measure it, and 1 found it to be nearly 
fifty feet in circumference, above six feet from the oround, 
the natives call it Peerig, and from what I have been able 
to collect, it is not indigenous here. There are a great many 
of them scattered about at this place,and it seems tome to be 


the Adansonia.” esa 


In the Botanic garden at Calcutta, are man y trees, the . aes 


‘Bombax, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, | 165 


largest is about twenty-five years old, with an irregular, 
short, sub2conical trunk, which is eighteen feet in circumfer- 
ence, from four to five feet above ground; the branches di- 
verge far all round; the leaves are deciduous durjng the 
cold season, and appear with flowers in May and June, 


a . 
coll 


‘BOMBAX. Schreb. gen. N. 1127. 


Calyx simple, from three to five-toothed,  Corol five-pe- 
talled. Stamina five, or many. Capsule five-celled, five- 
valved. Seeds woolly. 


1. B. pentandrum, Willd. iii, 731. 

Trunk while young, armed. Flowers drooping, pentan- 
drous, Styles declined. Stigma entire. Leaves digitate. 

Teling. Cadami. 

Ceiba pentandra. Gert, Sem. ii. 244. t. 133. 

Panja. Rheed. Mal. iii.p. 49,59, and 51. The first of these 
ite a good idea of the general habit of the tree. Rumphius’s 3 

g. (vol, i. b 10.) i is too bad to be quoted. 

 naagallne simool. . 

This elegant, straight, sub-verticelled tree, seems to differ 
from the West India species, probably specifically; it is 
found in every part of India. On the Coromandel coast, the 
Tamuls plant them about their temples. In Bengal, where 
the winters are colder, the leaves drop off during the cold 
season, In February, when destitute of foliage, the blossoms: 
appear, and:soon afterwards the leaves; and the seed ripens 
in May. © ss 

Trunk perfectly iriighe, in large trees five or six feet in 
circumference, tapering regularly like the mast of a ship.* 


* Jacquin says of the West India tree, “ Truncus est erectus, 
figura valde inequali, rarissime regularis sepius circa medium 
ventricosus, aut crassior superne quam in ipsa basi, &c.” which 
ake me doubt their being the same. Gexinare igre m of the 22 aad 


166 ’ MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Bombazx. 


Bark smooth, and thinly armed with conic-based prickles, 
while young, green, then ash-coloured ; branches sub-verti- 
celled, and spreading horizontally like the stages of the com- 
pound table called a dumb waiter ; they are generally in 
threes, and at all times destitute of prickles, and like the 
trunk, covered with smooth, ash-coloured bark, Leaves al- 
ternate, petiolate, digitate. Leaflets short-petioled, generally 
seven in number, though sometimes varying from four to ten, 
lanceolate, entire, and smooth on both sides, the interior by 
far the smallest, being from one to two inches long, while the 
exterior are two or three times. longer, Petioles round, about 
the length of the longest leaflets. Stipules small, caducous. 
Flowers numerous, in fascicles, about the end of the branch- 
lets, pretty large, of a dull white colour, peduncled, droop- 
ing. Peduncles clavate, three, tour, five, or more from the 
axillary germ of the fallen leaf; one-flowered, round and 
smooth. Ca/ya one-leaved, four or five-toothed ; on the out- 
side a little rugose, on the inside somewhat villous, Petals 
five, oblong, spreading, villous on the outside, smooth within, 
Filaments five, ad smooth, rather shorter than the corol, 
united at the base into a thick fleshy envelope for the germ. _ 
Anthers large, consisting of two or three variously convolut- 
ed lobes, with a double line of bright yellow pollen on the 
exterior margin. Germ conical, Style as long as the sta- 
mens, much contracted near the base by the fleshy envelope, 
formed by the united bases of the filaments, immediately 
above it is much swelled, and considerably bent to one side. 
Stigma headed, obscurely five-lobed. Capsule (in our Ln- 
dian plant) oblong, in size and shape like a smooth skinned 
cucumber, when ripe somewhat ligneous, and not readily 
opening spontaneously, five-celled, five-valved, partitions 
membranaceous, Seeds numerous, somew hat pear-shaped, 
smooth, black, each re in its own peepee portion of 


carpium of the same plant, which he calli Ceiba pentandrasis so 
much too thick at the apex for our Indian tree. tangs 


* 


Bombazx. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, | 167 


very fine, soft, silky wool, which in this species adheres 
stigh y to the seed. 


2. B. heptaphylia. Willd. iii. 732. 

Trunk and branches armed. Leaves digitate; leaflets cus- 
pidate. Stamina numerous, in two series of fascicles. Stigma 
five-cleft. 

Moul elavou. Rheed, Mal. iii, p. 61. 1. 52. 

Salmuli, the Sanscrit name; see Asiat. Res. iv. 296. 

Beng. Simul. 

Teling. Boorgha. 

This is one of the largest of our Indian trees and is found 
almost every where; over the horthern Circars, near the 
mountains, they grow toa greater size than I have seen them 
any where else, often about one hundred feet high, the trunk 
thick and ramous in proportion. Flowering time, the end of 
winter, when the tree is totally destitute of leaves. The great 
numbers of very large, bright red flowers with which it is 
then covered, makes it remarkably conspicuous at a very 
great distance. 

Trunk straight, pao with innumerable, crowded, short, 
' sharp, conic aculei, the bark is also very scabrous, and deeply 
cracked, outwardly ash-coloured, inwardly red, Branches 
sub-verticelled, variously bent, but generally in a horizontal 
direction, and armed like the trunk, Leaves alternate, long- 
petioled, digitate. Leaflets five, six, or seven, petiolated, 
broad-lanceolate, long, fine-pointed, entire, smooth on both 
sides, from six to twelve inches long. Pedioles longer than 
the leaflets, round, smooth. Petiolets short, channelled on 
the upper side. Stipules small, caducous. Flowers numer- 
ous, collected in fascicles at and near the extremities of the 
otherwise naked branchlets, very large, of a bright, lively 
red colour; they contain a large portion of sweet liquid, 
which birds are fond of. Bracies small, caducous. Calyx 
cup-shaped, circumcised, of a thick Jeathery texture ; cover- 
ed on the inside with white, silky down; on the outside pretty. 


168 : MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Bombazx. 


smooth. Border in general obscurely three or four-parted ; 
as the coro] expands, these are often so much split, as to ap- 
pear four, five, or more cleft, separating to near the perma- 
nent base, which, with the corol and stamina, drop off in one 
body. Coro! of five, very distinct, oblong, first spreading, 
then recurved, contorted, smooth, deep red, fleshy, oblong 
petals, of about twice the length of the stamens. Filaments 
in two series; the amterior ones pressing on the style, and 
consisting of ‘five longer and thicker, and ten shorter; the 
exterior series contains from fifty to sixty, united into five, 
distinct phalanges, all these are united at the base, into one 
fleshy envelope for the germ. Anthers incumbent, involute, 
reniform, those of the larger filaments of the interior series are 
double, on all the rest single pollen, the colour of Scotch snuff. 
Germ conical, Style longer than the stamina, Stigmas five, 
subulate, recurved. Capsule oblong, tapering equally to-— 
ward each end, five-celled, five-valved, downy on the outside. 
Seeds nuinerous, obovate,smooth, except a sharp, cross-shaped 
_ ridge on one side, immersed in a very large quantity of very 
fine silky wool ; this wool does not adhere to the seeds, but 
rather seems to grow from the inside of the valves of the 
capsule. — a gh 9 | 

In my description of this tree, I have been particularly 
full, because I am inclined to think it differs essentially from 
the West Indian’ species, which Linneus called Ceiba. 
Jacquin’s full, and I presume, accurate description of that tree 
is now before me, and leaves in my mind little doubt of their | 
being very different. This and the former pentandrum, are 
the only species of this genus I have hitherto met with in In- _ 
dia, except B. gossypinum, which is polyandrous. If this - 
be not what Linnzus calls B. heptaphyllum, and Jacquin, 
_ Septenatum, [ cannot say what it is, He quotes Moul elavou 
of the Hortus Malabaricus for it; and at the same time 
points it out to be an American tree. Be that as it may, 
there can be no doubt of Rheed’s plant being the one I have. 
now described and figured. vA, BD 8 


Bombaz. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 169 


» The wood is white, light and spongy, fit for very few pur- 
poses. In India the wool is used to stuff beds and pillows, 
and to put between the folds of quilted cloth, 

3. B. gossypinum, Willd. iii. 732. 

-Arboreous, unarmed. Leaves five-lobed ; flowers pani- 
cled, polyandrous, Capsu/e sub-globular, Snes lohed, 

Teling. Kong. 
A large beautiful tree, a native of the ae mountains, it 
is also ulestated.i in gardens on many parts of the coast.’ 
Leaves deciduous during the cold season, The flowers 
appear about the beginning of the hot season, at which time 
the tree is destitute of leaves, but they soon succeed the 
flowers. Trunk erect, from eight to eighteen feet high, of- 
ten much thicker than a man’s body; the head is large in 
proportion to the trunk, aud very branchy. Bark smooth, 
ash-coloured, Leaves scattered about the ends of the branch- 
Jets, from three to five-lobed, above pretty smooth, below 
covered with whitish down, with the Jobes entire, acute. I ne- 
ver could observe any thing like a gland on any part of the 
under nor upper side. Petioles as long as the leaves, that 
is from two to eight inches, downy. Séipu/es linear, acute, — 
caducous, lowers terminal, numerous, sub-panicled, very 
large, of a bright yellow. Bractes stipule-like, and caducous. 
Calyx five-leaved ; leaflets oblong, concave. Petals five, 
obliquely obovate, obliquely and deeply emarginate, or ra- 
ther cleft, spreading, embracing one another, as in the con- 
torted plants. Filaments numerous, short, distinct as in many 
of the polyandrous plants. Axthers linear, nearly as long 
as the filaments, Germ above globular, Style rather longer 
than the stamens, but considerably bent to one side, Stigma 
simple, Capsule broad turbinate, as large as a goose-egg, 
five-lobed, five-celled, five-valved. Weede numerous, iidaey- 
shaped, woolly, 
The cotton is of a soft, silky nature, not emiphaed fur any 
~ £F90L, BE Vv 


170 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Sida, 


use by the natives; the wood is also very soft, and of little or 
no use, 


* 


SIDA. Schreb. gen. N. 1129. 


Calyx simple, five-toothed. Style many-parted, Cap- 
sule (or arils) conjoined round a common receptacle, from 
one to three-seeded, 


1. S. microphylla. Willd. iii. 739. 

Suffruticose, ramous. Leaves from round-cuneate, to lan- 
ceolate, serrate, hoary underneath, Flowers solitary, decan- 
drous. Capsules five, with two sub-ovate seed horns, and a 
double, scabrous, hairy ridge on the back. 

A native of Bengal, where it is in blossom the whole sone 
round. : Regu 

Flowers expand at nine in the morning, Trunk eiiig: 
Branches numerous, slender, straight. Bark of the ligneous - 
parts ash-coloured, height of the whole plant from one to 
three feet. Leaves short-petioled, from round-cuneate to lan- 
ceolate, and rhomb-lanceolate, serrate, slightly three-nerved, 
hoary with white down underneath, from one to two inches 
long. Petivles villous, scarcely one-sixth part the length of 
the leaves, Stipules slender, filiform, a little flattened, Pe- 
duncles solitary, axillary, one-flowered, when in blossom 
about the length of the petioles, but lengthening much by 
the time the seed is ripe. Flowers small, yellow. Petals 
distinct, obliquely triangular. Stamens about ten. Siyle 
five-cleft. Capsules five, about the length of the calyx, 
horned, with a scabrous, hairy, double ridge running down 
from the horns; when ripe the upper half falls off like that of — 
the capsula circumcissa, Seed solitary. r 


2, S. cuneifolia, Roxb. 
' Suffrutex. Leaves wedge shaped, ey not pene 


Sida. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 171 
Flowers solitary ; petioles, flower and stipule-bearing, decan- 
drous; arils five, 

Teling. Multo-opullakum. 

A small, irregular, shrubby species, found on pasture 
lands, about hedges, under the shade of trees, &c, It flowers 
through the wet and cold seasons, 

Stem woody, short; bark gray, somewhat scabrous, 
Branches many, irregular, the whole plant is about two or 
three feet high. Leaves scattered, very short-petioled, wedge- 
formed, retuse, with a smal] toothlet in the hollow, not serrate, 
downy underneath, about half an inch long, and one-fourth 
broad. . Stipules subulate, inserted into the petioles near 
their base. Flowers petiolary, solitary, peduncled, inserted 
on the petioles between the stipules, pretty large, yellow, 
opening in the afternoon, Filaments ten, five spreading, 
and five erect. Style five-cleft. Arids five, about as high 
as the calyx, pretty smooth, most slightly two-knobbed. 


8. S, acuta, Willd. iii, 735. 
- Suffraticose ; branches flexuose, with spreading bifarious 
branchlets. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, smooth, Peduneles 
solitary, one-flowered, Flowers polyandrous. Capsules five, 
two-horned, 

- Beng. Kiretta. 

Tsjeru-parua, Rheed, Mal, x. 53. 
- A native of Coromandel. Flowers in the rainy and cool 
seasons. 


wg S. humilis, Willd. iii. 744, 

- Perennial, diffuse, hairy. Leaves round-cordate, serrate, 
hairy. Flowers solitary, Tong-peduncled. Capsules five, 
hornless, 

Sida pilosa, Retz. Obs. i. p. 23. 

- Teling. Nalla benda. 

Beng. Junka. 

Sida unilocularis, L’Herit. nov. p. 117. t 66, is said to be 

v2 


172 _ MONADELPHTA DODECANDRIA. Sida. 


an erect plant, ours is always diffuse, indeed spreading flat 
on the ground. I should therefore doubt their being the 
same, 

_ A native of various parts of India, and in flower most part 
of the year, 


5. S. periplocifolia, Willd. iii, 741. 
Shrubby; eaves cordate-sagittate, entire, hoary under- 
neath, Stipules filiform, Peduncles solitary, length of the 

leaves, one-flowered, Capsules fiye, two and three-seeded, 
sharp horned, | 

A native of the Malay islands Flowers and ripens its — 
seed in the Botanic garden at Calcutta great part of the 
year. The bark of this abounds in serviceable flaxen fibres, 
and as it shoots quickly into long, simple twigs, particularly 
if cut near the earth, it answers well for procuring the fibre 
ofa aie benagtle for most purposes, 


6. Ss. glutinosa, R. aes 

Herbaceous, erect, very hairy, and glutinous, Leaves.cor- 
date, pointed, serrate. #V/owers numerous, fascicled. Arts 
five, shorter than the calyx, with two short conic hornlets. 
Seems herbaceous, but I cannot say with any degree of cer- 
tainty ; itis a rare, pretty large, erect species, growing, chief- 
ly on sandy ground, wie 

_ Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, serrate, acai aoe, 
aliases in consequence, they as well as the whole of the 
plant, for every part exudes a tenaceous gluten, is covered 
with sand, or dust; from one to five inches long, and of a 
proportional ETE Petio/es round , hairy, from one to two 
inches Jong, , Stipules bristle-shaped, Peduneles axillary, 
and ened: generally more than.gne, with small leaves 
mixed, round, hairy, one-flowered, . Flowers. small, yellow. 
Arils five, rather shorter than the calyx, ebtevely two-horn- 
‘ed, hes smooth, are 


Sida. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 473 


7. S. polyandra, Roxb, 

Annual, or biennial, erect, ramous, pubescent, rps cor- 
date, repand-dentate, cuspidate. Stipules _bristle-shaped. 
Flowers solitary, drooping, sub-polyandrous; petals reflex. 
Cupsules five, two-valved, from three to four-seeded, — 

A native of Coromandel, from thence introduced into the 
Botanic garden by Dr, Berry, where it blossoms during the 
cool season. It is in general annual, though sometimes the 
root, and lower part of the stem remains alive, and throws out 

-hew branches the second year. ‘ 

Root often biennial, or more. Stem erect, sith ‘numerous, 
somewhat expanding, nearly straight, round branches, from 
the base to the top; all the tender parts clothed with much 

_yery soft pubescence; height of the whole plant, in a good 
soil, about six or seven feet ; the whole decays annually down 
to the root, or nearly so, Leaves alternate, long-petioled, cor- 
date; margins repand-dentate ; apex long, ne slender, with 
a sashes obtuse point; from two to eight inches long, and 

from one to seven broad. Siipules subulate, and generally 
coloured. Peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered, near 
the apex jointed, and then so much recurved, as to make 
the flowers droop while expanded, general length two or 
three inches. Flowers large, yellow, remaining expanded 
through the day, Petals reflex. Filaments. about fifty, 
very straight, united at the very base only, and there the 

_ short tube is hairy on the outside. Authers reniform. Germ 

five-sided, hairy. Styles five, rather longer than the stamina. 

Stigmas headed, but small and smooth, Capsules five,much 

_ longer than) the calyx, each terminating ina sharp, single, 

conic horn, until ripe, when it splits.in two on both: sides, 
from the apex to the base, in fact, completely two-valved, 
and one-celled. Seedgthree or four in each capsule, ob- 

_ liquely-reniform,, attached. to ‘the comnion. axis) atin the 

apt eee EL = § babs, Visio 


asta Te . ‘ ot et ¢. biszeer?” 


‘74 ‘MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Sida, 


8. S. alba, Willd. iii. 757. 

Suffruticose. Leaves cordate-ovate, serrate, downy, inser- 
tions of the petioles embraced by three large glands, Flow- 
ers axillary, fascicled ; ari/s from five to six, two-horned, 

Teling. Chiikiindd tain: 

This is a small shrubby, perennial plant. A native of lands 
that have lately been in cultivation. It flowers during the 
wet and cold seasons, 

Stem erect, winding from branch to branch, often colour- 
ed. Branches many, arising; young shoots covered with 

‘mealy, soft, stellate down. Leaves alternate, petioled, three- 
nerved, cordate, obtuse, sometimes nearly retuse, and the 
base often topped as if cut across, serrate, downy ; from half 
an inch to two inches long. -Petioles half or three quarters 
the length of the leaves, their insertions surrounded withthree 

large, hard glands, one on each side, and one below. Sti- 

- pules subulate, mserted into the lateral glands. Peduncles 

axillary, several, short, one-flowered. Flowers small, white. 

Petals obliquely triangular, .4rils from five to six, hid in 

the calyx, two-horned; horns divaricate, The stipulary 
glands are a good specific mark, 


9. S. alnifolia, Willd. iii. 741. 

Suffruticose. Leaves from oval to round, serrate, downy. 
Peduncles axillary, solitary, Stamina from twelve to fif- 
teen; fascicles from three to six. Capsules from five to 
_ seven, shorter than the calyx, two-horned. 

Teling. Ter-nalla-benda, 

A native of the Circars, and like the rest, flowers during 
the rains and cold season. 


10. S, chinensis, Retz. Obs. iv. N.94. 0 4 

_ ‘Suffruticose. Leaves oval, serrate, caebiianiiegl pe- 
duncles solitary, one-flowered ; stamens thirty ; arils from six 

to seven. Small, ramous ; bark of the woody part whitish ; — 

young parts purple-coloured, slightly scabrous, covered with 


Sida. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. 175 


soft stellate down, which without a lens seems to be farina. 
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, very various in form on the 
same plant, viz. orbicular, oval, wedge-formed, narrow lanee- 
rhombiform, all obtuse, and in general serrate, three-nerved ; 
above pretty smooth, below hoary, from half an inch to an 
inch and a half long, breadth various; margins often colour- 
ed. Stipules linear, inserted into glands, Peduncles axilla- 
ry, solitary, erect, as long or longer than the leaves, jointed 
above the middle, one-flowered. Flowers yellow. ila- 
ments about thirty, issuing single from the mouth of the tube, 
irritation sets them in motion, Ari/s from six to seven, turnip- 
formed, shorter than the calyx, without horns, pretty smooth, 

Note. I have seen a variety with white flowers. They 
have a heavy, disagreeable smell. 


oe S, Napaca. Willd. ii. 766. 

Shrubby. Leaves acutely-lobed, serrate-dentate. Pikes 
cles from four to six-flowered. Cupsules about seven or 
eight, acuminate, 

Napaca hermaphrodita, Ed, sp. pl. 965. 

Sida Napaca, Cavan. Diss, v. p. 277. t. 132. f. 1. 

Native place very doubtful. Flowers during the cold 
season in the Botanic garden at Calcutta. 


12. S. lanceolata. Willd. iii, 736. Retz. Obs. iv. p, 28. 
Perennial, erect. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, villous, 
Stipules lanceolate, sometimes ciliate. Peduncles solitary, 
the length of the stipules. Capsules from eight to ten, two- 
horned, shorter than the calyx. 
A native of Bengal. Flowers in the cold season. 


13. S. retusa, Willd, iii, 740. 

Shrubby. Leaves short-petioled, cuneate, serrate, retuse, 
hoary underneath. Stipules filiform. Peduncles axillary, 
solitary, shorter than the leaves, apie flow ered: ae 
from eight to ten, one-horned. 


176 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA,. Sida. 


Kurundoti. Rheed, Mal. x, t. 18. ‘ 

Silagurium vulgare. Rumph, Amb, vi. t. 19, 

A native of Bengal and the Moluccas, Flowers in the cool 
season, in the Botanic garden at Calcutta, 


14. 8S, rhomboidea, Roxb. 

-Shrubby, erect, ramous. Leaves short-petioled, narrow- 
rhomboidal, serrate, three-nerved, villous. Stipules setace- 
ous. Peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the —— 
one-flowered, Capsules ten, without beak. 

Hind, and Beng. Sufet or Shwet Bariala, or Berela. 

A native of Bengal, where it blossoms during the cold 
season, The flowers expand at noon, 7 

Stem erect, ligneous. Branches ascending ; young shoots 
a little mealy, height of the whole plant frou three to six 
feet. Leaves alternate, short-petioled ; ; the inferior in young 
plants rhomboidal ; the superior amongst the flowers lanceo- 
late, all are serrate, more or less three-nerved and villous, 
particularly underneath, and there hoary also; size very 
various, Stipules longer than the petioles, bristle-shaped. 
Pedunc'es axillary, solitary, slender, erect, shorter than the 
leaves, one-flowered ; the smaller branchlets in the axills of 
the leaves, with their flowers often give the appearance of two 
or more flowers from the same axill, Coro/ sub-rotate, small, 
pale yellow. Petals very obliquely and deeply retuse. 
Stamens numerous from the apex of their tube. Style about 
ten-cleft. Capsules (or ari/s) generally ten, forming, before 
ripe, a depressed, somewhat timbilicated orb, and nearly co- 
vered by | the incurved divisions of the calyx singly ; when 
ripe, gaping at the top, and having then the appearance of 
being two-horned. Seed solitary. It differs from rhomb prone 
(Liun.) in the arils nee Fe no ‘horns. is 

15. S. rhombifolia. Willd, iii. 740, 8 

Shrubby, coloured. Leaves short-petioled, rhomb-Janceo- 
ate, serrate, soft underneath, Peduneles solitary, pearly a8 


Sida. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 177 


long as the leaves, one-flowered. Stipules filiform, Capsules 
ten, with one straight sharp horn, | 

Malvinda unicornis, Dill, Elth, 216. t. 172. f. 212. 

Sida foliis lanceolato-rhomboidibus, Flor. Zeyl, N’. 252. 

Hind. and Beng, Lal-bariala, or berela, 

A native of Bengal ; flowers during the rainy season. 

The bark of this and the last, (rhomboidea ) yield abun-- 
dance of very delicate flaxy fibres, and I think might be 
advantageously employed for many purposes, When the 
seed is sown thick on a good soil, the plants grow tall and 
slender, without branches, and every way fit for such pur- 


poses, 


16. S. cordifolia, Willd. ii, 758. Fleming in Asiat. Res. 
xi. 178. 

Herbaceous, downy, and hairy. Leaves cordate. Pedun- 
cles solitary, one-flowered. Capsules ten, with two long 
straight, backwardly hispid horns, 

Katu-uren. Rheed. Mal. x. t. 54, 

Batyulaka, its Sanscrit name. 

Hind. and. Beng. Bariala, or barela, 

A native of Coromandel, Bengal, &e. and with the rest 
blossoms during the rains, and cool season, | 


With more than ten, from two to three-seeded Capsules. 


17. S. erispa, Willd, iii. 747. 

Siem sub-erect, with long, diffuse branches. Leaves pe- 
tioled and sessile, round-cordate, crenate, acuminate, downy. 
Stipules filiform. Peduncles solitary, filiform, one-flowered. 
Pericarp perfectly globular, and pendulous. Capsules 
twelve, oval, inflated, from two to three-seeded. 

A native of the coast of Coromandel. In blossoms during 
the greater part of the year. 


_ VOL, MIL . w 


178 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Sida, 


18. S. abutilon. Willd. iii. 750. 

Annual, erect, coloured, villous. Leaves cordate, acumi- 
nate, dentate-serrate, Peduncles axillary, solitary. Capsules 
fourteen or fifteen, from two to three-seeded, hairy, much 
longer than the calyx, reniform, with a long, spreading, 
sharp, two-partible horn. 

Abutilon leve. Rumph. Amb, iv. p. 31. t. V1. 

A native of various parts of India, though not common. 
The seed has been received from Pekin into the Botanic gar- 
den under the name King-ma and is said to be cultivated in 
that Province as a substitute for hemp and flax, 


19. S. tomentosa, Roxb, 

Annual, erect, very downy. Leaves round-reniform, gross- 
ly serrate. Peduncles axillary: pesoasnagals arils en 
reniform, very downy. ei 

. Anative of rubbish, road ae Sleel &e. aia ne3 soil 
is : good, but a very rare a Flowers during the cold 
season. oF 

Stem annual, sub-erect, from three to four feet. high, 
branchy, round, very downy, as is every part of the plant. 
Branches ascending, stem-like. Leaves alternate, petioled, 
rather round kidney-formed, some few are pointed, but in ge- 
neral rounded at the apex, irregularly toothed, very downy, 
about as long as the petioles, size very various, the larger are 
about five or six inches long, and from four to five broad, Sti- 
pules lanceolate, reflected. Peduncles axillary, solitary, one- 
flowered, shorter than the petioles where the leaves are large. 
Fiowers large, of a bright deep orange colour, Petals ob- 
liquely triangular; the interior margin deeply divided into” 
two unequal lobes, Capsules about twenty, nearly as high 
as the calyx, in a depressed verticel, very downy, reniform, 
equally rounded at each end, this mark distinguishes it im- 
mediately from S. indica, and asiatica, Seeds generally 
three, a little scabrous, — bearded, 


sida, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. 179 


20. S. asiatica, Willd. iii, 750. 
Biennial, downy, and glutinous. Leaves round-cordate, 


_subulate, grossly serrate, Peduncles solitary, one-flowered, 


Petals obliquely triangular, embracing each other. Cap- 
sules about twenty, equalling the eax truncate, with a co- 
nic hornlet, Eye of the seed panel: “rh 

Teling. Tootea-benda. 

Hind, and Beng. Petaree, also Voanipi: 

A native of various parts of — and in blossom and: 
seed most = of the — phe if ; etter D3e® 


21.8, bagel ifolia. Willd. iii. whe fod 

‘Sub-herbaceous, villous, not glutinous. Leaves vicitiden 
date, sub-lobate, grossly serrate. «Petals obliquely trian: 
gular, and remote. Capsules twenty, truncate, longer ‘than 


the calyx. 


Teling. Noogoo-benda,: (hazel 9 
- Beloere. Rheed. Mal. vit. 45.0 ri 2. cimtiloe 
A native of various parts of India, — like asiatiea’ in’ 
—— the _ ) ad nt tq -nontqurat dteb 


92. s. ‘alton, Willd. ni, 752. eyes ROOT te 

_ Sub-herbaceous, Leaves canotaines vibthinind elite 
_ serrate. Petals evenly obcordate, embracing each other: 
Capsules twenty, truncate, longet than the calyx. 

I have not been able to learn that the natives have any 
other name for this than that by which populifoha is known, 
and with it, and asiatica, it is found common over most 
parts of India; on the coast of Coromandel, these species are 
most penctdlly used as a substitute for the — ee 
and ahh 


28, S. bscactibed, R. Bit SESE 
Herbaceous, erect, ramous, every part clothed “with ides 
my pubescence. Leaves round-cordate, crenulate, rarely lo- 


bate. Stipules faleate. Flowers axillary, solitary. » Corol 


W2 


180 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Althaea. 


rotate, fruit sub-globular, compound, of about twenty, ob- 
liquely reniform, three-seeded capsules. 

Hind, Bura-banghi about Cawnpore, where indigenous. 
From that place Colonel Hardwicke sent the seeds to the 
Botanic garden where the plants thrive most luxuriantly, and 
blossom chiefly about the close of the rains, and beginning 
of the cold season. In a favourable soil they grow with an 
erect stem to the height of six, eight, or even more feet ; with 
numerous, spreading branches, forming a beautiful, large, 
ovate bush; all the young parts are covered with much clam- 
my down, intermixed with some larger, very soft hairs, 

Leaves alternate, petioled, round-cordate, crenulate, five 
or seven-nerved ; the larger ones on the stems of young luxu- - 
riant plants are sometimes slightly lobate; both sides cover- 
ed with the same clammy pubescence, from two to twelve 
inches each way. Petioles almost as long as the leaves. Sti- 
pules reflexed, narrow-falcate, acute, Peduncles axillary, 
solitary, sub-erect, generally shorter than the petioles, one- 
flowered. Flowers large, of a deep orange colour, with a 
dark ferruginous spot in the centre. Corol rotate; Jancinia 
obcordate. Pericarpium, fruit almost round, nearly the length 
of the calyx, composed of about twenty, three-seeded, villous, 
obtuse-pointed capsules, The fresh plant ecco Ht 
peculiarly unpleasant smell. 


ALTHAEA. Schreb. gen. N. 1132. 
Calyx double; the exterior one from six to nine-cletti 


- Capsules many, one-seeded. 
A. rosea, Willd. iii, 773. 
Herbaceous, erect, ramous, Leaves from five to seven-lob- 


ed, angular. 
Alcea rosea. Linn, Miller's Illustrations, _ 
Holly-hock. 


Hind. Gool-khyru. 


Malva, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, si 


Pers, Kuli-bumesha, Babor, _ 

As in Europe, the varieties of this plant are numerous over 
India ; but always in a cultivated state only ; at least I have 
never met with it in any other, Our most beautiful sorts come 
from China, 


MALVA. Schreb. gen. N. 1143. 


Calyx double; the exterior one three-leaved, - Capsules 
many, one-seeded, 


1. M, Maxxitiann, Willd. iii. 787. 

Annual, erect. Leaves five-lobed, Peduncles and petioles 
smooth, Sneek cid 4G 

_ M. sinensis. Cavan, Diss, ii. t, 25. = 4. 

The Hindoos of these parts have no name for this plant, 
it is only found in gardens ; the seeds are generally brought 
from Hydrabad. It is annual; flowering time the cold sea- 
son, ; 

Siem erect, smooth, shining, from three to five feet high. 
Leaves alternate, petioled, of a roundish kidney-form, slight- 
_ly five or seven-lobed, five or seven-nerved, crenulate, soft, 
but smooth, from two to six inches each way.  Petioles 
as long as the leaves, round, smooth, Stipules oval, acute. 
Pedunceles axillary, several, round, smooth, about two-thirds 
shorter than the petioles, one-flowered. #'/owers numerous, 
large, of'a beautiful pale, rose-colour, striated with deep red. 
Exterior calyx, the leaflets narrow-cordate, inserted upon 
the inner calyx, smooth, Petals remote, broad wedge-form-. 
ed. Ari/s from ten to fifteen, depressed, umbilicated. 


2. M. rotundifolia, Willd. iii, 785. 
Annual, prostrate. Leaves cordate, obsoletely five-lobed.. 
A native of Persia, as well as of Europe. 3 


a 


182 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Urena. 


URENA. Schreb. gen. N. 1137. 


Calyx double; the exterior one five-cleft. Capsule five- 
celled, five-partible; divisions one-seeded. 


1. U. lobata, Willd. iii, 800, 

Perennial, bushy, Leaves round-cordate, angled. Cap- 
sules glochidate. 

Beng. and Hind. Bun ochra. 

Lappago Amboynica. Rumph. Amb. vi. t. 25. 2 . 

Common over most parts of India, Flowers during the 
raims and cool season in Bengal. lism. abt a 


2. U. sinuata, Willd. iti, 802. axes 
Perennial, bushy. Leaves sinuous, palmate, bees sinuses 
obtuse; lobes heats pert serrate-cuneate, ec 
glochidate. © Hes gw bsnl i 
~ Uren. Rheed. Mal. xz¢e2. eat 
Beng. and Hind. Kungooya. : Pare 
- Teling. Palia mankena. 
Malvinda foliis inferioribus multifidis, Burm, Zeyh. t 692 
fi Bee 
This is also common over most pate i india The barks 
of these two yields a pares and palorwvty fine substitute for’ 
flax. nei igis (ani ovules A 
8 U. ipiioeniie rite and 
Erect, ramous; tender parts clothed with sit chet 
cence. Leaves ie pisinbetk roundish, sain -lobed, serrate-’ 
dentate. Capsules smooth. : cade ix ba? 
Found in Robilcund by Col, Hardw ike in flower and 
seed in September, ' vb ol 


4.0. repanda, 2121 io x6 Ilan eeetege Ao. 2 
Shrubby, erect, ramous, pubescent. Leaves oie es 
repand, serrate-dentate. Capsules smooth, — 


Gossypium, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 183 


A low, stout, very ramous species, a native of Coromandel ; 
flowers in October. 


GOSSYPIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1138. 


Calyx double; the exterior one three-parted. Capsules 
from three to five-celled. . Seeds clothed with cotton wool. 


1. G. obtusifolium, R. 

Shrubby, very ramous. Leaves small, with three, rarely 
five, obtuse, ovate, entire lobes. Stipules faleate. The eate- 
rior calyx with entire divisions. Capsu/es ovate ; cells three- 
seeded, Seeds free and clothed with firmly adhering, short, 
gteenish-gray down, under a small portion of ash-coloured © 
wool, 5 
A native of Ceylon, but not cultivated, Flowers during 
mes rains and cold season in the Botanic garden at Calcutta. 


2. .G, aberans Cavan, vical vi. BLL. 2. 193. NG iii. 
804, 

‘Shrabby, th thin of vrai nate feo three to five-lob- 
ed, hairy. Stipules ensiform, Leaflets roundish ac a 
Seeds free, but downy under the white wool, 

G. herbaceum. S. Xylon Madraspatense viebieadld pen- 
taphyllum. Pluck. Am, p. 172. f. 3. seems to me to be this 
plant, but I cannot bring myself to think Cudu pariti of the 
Hortus Malabaricus, i, t. 31, to be the same. It may proba- 
bly be Geertner’s Gossypium religiosum., In both, the cap- 
sules are nearly round, and I know of no other species with 
any thing like a round pericarpium, 

_ It is found in the gardens of the curious over most parts of 
India, where it is in flower great part of the year. 

From my enquiries and observations, it does not apes 3 

ever to be So-csbanaa for its wool. 


184 MONADELPH!IA DODECANDRIA. Gossypium. 


3. G. herbaceum. Willd. iii. 803. 

Bi-triennial ; young parts hairy. Leaves hoary, palmate, 
with sub-lanceolate, rather acute lobes. Stipules falcate- 
lanceolate, Leaves of the exterior calyx dentate, Capsules 
ovate, pointed. Seeds free, clothed with firmly adhering, 
white down, under the long white wool. 

Gossypium, Capas. Rumph. Amb. iv. p. 33. t. 12. 

Sans. Karpassee, 

_ Hind, Rewee. 

Beng. Kapass. 

G. herbaceum, Cavan. Diss. vi, p. 310. t. 164, fir 2: 

Arab. Kootn, 

Teling, Pati-chittoo the plant, and Pati the cotton itself. 

This and its varieties are by far the most universally cul- 
tivated by the natives of India, The most a of 
these varieties are the Dacca, Berar, and China cottons. | 

Dacca Corron may be reckoned the first variety, or de- 
viation, from the last mentioned common sort. 

G. herbaceum is in general cultivation all over Bengal and 
Coromandel. It is reared about Dacca, and furnishes that 
exceedingly fine cotton wool employed in manufacturing the 
very delicate, beautiful muslins of that place. The Dacca 
variety differs from the common G, herbaceum in ~ follow- 
ing respects. , 

Ist. In the plant being more erect, with fewer branches, 
and the lobes of the leaves more pointed. 

2nd. In the whole plant being tinged of a reddish colour, 
even the petioles, and nerves of the leaves, and being less 
pubescent, 

3rd, In having the peduncles which support the flowers 
longer, and the exterior a of che — onlay with 
red, 

dih, In the staple of the cotton — longer, much fo, 
and softer. 

These are the most obvious disagreements, but whether 
they will prove permanent I cannot say at present, The 


Gossypium, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 185 


most intelligent people of that country (Dacca) think the 
great difference lies in the spinning, and allow little for the 
influence of soil, 

Berar Corton, I call the second variety. It is in culti-- 
vation over the Berar country ; and is from thence imported 
into the Circars, or Northern Provinces, by Sada, Balawansa, 
&c, to Yourma-goodum, in the Musulipatam district, With 
this cotton the fine Madras, more properly, Northern Cirear 
long cloth is made. 

It differs from the above-mentioned two sorts in the follow- 
ing respects, 

Ist. In growing toa greater size ; in being more permanent, 
or living longer; and in having smooth and straight branches. 

2nd, In having the leaflets of the exterior calyx more 
deeply divided, and the wool of a finer quality, than in the 
first variety. 

Cuina Corton, 1 call the third variety. It has lately 
been introduced into Bengal, from China; where it is culti- 
vated, and its wool reckoned 25 per cent, better than that of 
Surat, It differs from the former sorts, 

Ist. In being much smaller, with but very Sat short, 
weak branches. 

2nd. In being, so far as my experience yet goes, annual, 

3rd, In having the leaflets of the exterior calyx entire, or 
nearly so. 

Lamarck’s G. Indicum, ( Encyl. ii. p. 134,) is no doubt one 
of these varieties, and from him Willdenow has given it a 
place in his Ed, of the Sp. Pl. vol, iii. p. 803. 


4. G. religiosum, Willd, iii. 805. 
Perennial, diffuse. Leaves hairy, with five acute, trian- . 
gular lobes. Stipules cordate, acuminate. Leaflets of the 
_ exterior calyx deeply laciniate, colour of the coro) uniform 
yellow. Capsules from four to five-celled, oblong, much 
pointed. Seed free, clothed with firmly adhering, short, 
tawny down, and long wool of the same colour, 
VOL. IIL, : 


186 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Gossypium. 


Nankeen, or brown cotton, allied to G. hirsutum. This 
species has been introduced into Bengal under the name 
Nankeen cotton, but does not thrive so well as to make it 
profitable ; the colour of the wool tawny, and very different 
from the colour of the cotton cloth commonly called Nankeen, 
which is no doubt dyed, This can scarcely be more than a 
variety of hirsutum, 

Note, Since writing the foregoing, a small variety of this 
tawny cotton has been introduced into this garden from the 
province of Nankeen itself, bat unfortunately it promises still 
less than the first, and the colour and quality of the wool is 
much the same. 


5. G. vitifolinm. Willd. iii. 804. 

-Sub-arboreous, dark purple, and hairy. Leaves three, 
sometimes five-lobed ; /obes triangular, and acuminate. Cap- 
sules oblong ; sides clothed with firmly adhering short, green- 
ish gray down, under the long, fine, white wool. 

Native place uncertain, but in the Botanic garden at Cal- 
cutta it grows to be a small, ramous tree, with all the tender 
parts highly coloured, and very hairy. This sort is in flower 
and seed the whole year, and though the wool or cotton is 
fine and large in the fibre, it does not promise advantage to 
the cultivator, on account of the scantiness of the crop. — 

6. G, acuminatum, R. ss 

- Sub-arboreous. Leaves from three to five-lobed; Jobes 
oblong, tapering much, and very acute. Calyx deeply la- 
ciniate, Stipules linear-lanceolate. Capsules long-ovate, 
much pointed, Seeds many, adhering firmly to each other, 
black, and free of every pubescence, except the long, white 
wool which is easily removed ; said to be'a native of the 
mountains to the north and westward of Bengal. — 

Ido not find that this species is ever cultivated. It is 
readily distinguished by its superior size, and —* weer 
seeds, which adhere firmly toeach other, 7 


Gossypium, | MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 187 


7. G. Barbadense, Willd, iii, 806, 

Shrubby. Leaves smooth, with five acute, short, broad 
lobes, Leaflets of the exterior calyx deeply laciniate, and 
the colour of the corol uniform yellow, Capsules oblong, 
pointed, Seeds free, black, and without any other pubes- 
cence than the long , fine, white wool, 

Bourson Corton is the name this species is known by 
amongst the English in the East Indies, It does not appear to 
be a native of India, but introduced from the Island of Bour- 
bon, some twenty years ago; at what period it was intro- 
duced from the West Indies into that Island, is uncertain, It 
succeeds better in the more elevated, dryer, and less fertile 
soil of Coromandel, than in Bengal, where the plant grows 
to a great size, yields less cotton, and the cultivation is yery 
generally relinquished, though there must be many situations 
near the mountains of our northern frontier where it would 
thrive. 


8. G, hirsutum, Witld, iii, 805. 

Shrubby, tender parts hairy, Leaves hairy, with from 
three to five, triangular, acute lobes, Exterior calyx laci- 
niate, Corol uniform pale yellow. Capsule ovate, acute, 
Seeds free, clothed with firmly adhering ere" or ery 
down, under the fine, long, white wool. - 

Xylon Americanum —— semine virescenté, 
Thunb. 101. 

_ This green-seeded variety has only been of late introduced 
into India, where the cotton is much admired by the natives, 
Another variety very Jately introduced into the Botanic 
garden by Mr, Hamilton of Philadelphia, has the wool of a 
coarser nature, and the down which covers the seeds under 
it of a dirty white, or ash-colour. This promises little or no 
benefit to India. 

After a search of above thirty years, I have not been able 
to ‘find more well defined species of this genus, than” the 
first mentioned four and the sixth species, with their varieties, 

DS Soe 


188 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Kydia. 


that can be called the natives of Asia. G. Barbadense‘and 
hirsutum being, as above-mentioned, natives of America, do 
not properly belong to this Flora, 


KY DIA. R. 


Calyx double, exterior from four to six-leaved, spreading. 
Anthers fascicled. Stipules three. Capsules three-celled, 
three-valved. Seeds solitary. 


1, K. calyeina, R, Ind. pl. N. 215. 

Exterior calyx four-leaved, larger than the corol, 

Hind, Choupultea. 

Teling. Pandikee, | 

_Thave every reason to imagine this will rae anew genus; 
its essential character, being, I think, very distinct from any 
of those hitherto described; nor do I believe it was known 
to Dr. Kénig, for I have never met with it but amongst the 
Circar mountains, where he never was, 

_ It delights in such soil as is gexerally found on the banks 
of rivulets, water-courses, &c. where it grows to be a tree of 
a middling size. Flowering time the cold season, 

Trunk straight ; bark ash-coloured. Head large, spend 
ing, very ramous; young shoots covered with a brown mealy 
dust. Leaves. alternate, petioled, broad-cordate more or 
less from three to five-angled, irregularly-dentate, from three 
to five-nerved ; both sides downy ; there are also small tufts 
of stellate hairs dispersed over both sides, together with a- 
farinaceous dust; from three to six inches psp way ; on the 
middle nerve a little below the middle, and sometimes also — 
on the two next to it is an oblong, hollow, yellow gland. 
Petioles round, from two to three inches long, covered with 
brown farina. Panicles terminal, large, globular, crowded, 
many-flowered.. lowers numerous, middle-sized, pure 
white, collected in small umbellets, many of which make a 
panicle. Bractes small, rust-coloured, downy. \Pedicels 


I 
f 
f 
f 
} 


Kydia. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. 189 


filiform, round, about three quarters of an inch long, covered 
with brown, farinaceous powder, Calyx double; the exte- 
rior one constantly four-leaved, spreading. Leaflets oblong, 
obtuse, downy, striated ; three times longer and larger than 
the inner calyx, permanent. The interior calyx oue-leaved, 


campanulate, half five-cleft; mealy on the outside, and cloth- 


ed with white short hairs on the inside, Coral} petals five, 
obliquely-obcordate, much longer than the interior calyx, but 
shorter than the exterior one, woolly at the base. Filaments 
five, exceedingly short, thick, coalesced below into a tube. 
Anthers tweuty, four of them sessile, round the apex of each 
of the short filaments, oval, lobed, one-celled. Germ superior, 
conical. Style, length of the tube formed by the filaments, 
three-cleft ; divisions recurved, Stigmas very large. Capsule 
small, somewhat three-lobed, hid in the inner calyx, covered 
with brown farina, and stellate rugosities, three-celled, three- 
valved, opening from the apex. Seeds, one in each cell, ob- 
tusely three-sided, brown, aftixed to the bottom of the cell. 

Note. I have found many of the flowers male. As yet [ 
am unacquainted with the uses of this tree. } 


2. K. fraterna, Roxb. 

Exterior calyx six-leaved, shorter than the coro]. — 

_ Teling. Potree. 

This is evidently a second species of the last described ; it 
is also a native of the Circar mountains, where it grows to 
be a larger tree than the former, Flowering time the rainy 
season, 

Trunk straight; bark rust-coloured. Leaves as in caly- 
cina, even to the glands, and all the parts covered with farina 
in that species, are the same in this, Panicles terminal, com- 
posed of smal! umbellets as in the former species, but by no 
means so much crowded. Flowers and bractes the same. 
Pedicels shorter and thicker. Calyx double. The exterior 
one from five to six-leaved, or cleft to very near the base ; 
leaflets oval, no longer than the interior perianth, The inner 


190 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Hibiscus, 


calyx as in the last species, Filaments, they are as long as 
the staminiferous tube itself, and spreading. .4nthers as in 
the former species, Sity/e the length of the staminiferous 
tube, Stiqgmas three-lobed, even with the mouth of the tube, 
three-cleft, and spreading as in the last. 
I have not seen the ripe seed-vessel, but the structure ai 
contents of the germ promise the same parts as that of the 
former species. : 
Note. The chief marks of specific distinction are in the ex- 
terior calyx, filaments, and pistillum. 
Upon the supposition of this forming a new genus, I have 
ventured to give it the above name, in memory of the late 
Colonel Robert Kyd, of Bengal, whose attachment to botany 
and horticulture induced him to‘ retire from the bigh rank - 
he held in the army, to have more leisure to attend to bis 
favourite study, to the advancement of every objett which 
had the good of his fellow-creatures in view, and to the esta- 
blishment of the Honourable East India Company’s Botanic 
garden at Calcutta, where he was particularly attentive to 
the introduction of useful plants, and to their being dispers- 
ed over every part of the world, for the good of maukind in 
general, 


HIBISCUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1139. 


Calyx double; the exterior one many-leaved, Capsule 
five-celled, five-valved. Seeds a few in each cell. 


: SECT. I. Leaves entire, or slightly lobed, or angular. caer 

ii H, populneus, Willd. iii. 809, 

_Arboreous. Leaves broad-cordate, entire, 2 ol se 
terior calyx scarcely any; the interior one almost entire. 
Capsules oblate-spheroidal, and Kae Seeds bic ja 

Teling. Gangaraya. — 


Tam. Poris. 


a ee 
° 


Hibiscus, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. 19] 


Beng. Poresh. 

Bupariti, Rheed. Mal. i, 1. 29. 

Novella littorea. Rumph, Amb, ii. t. 74. 

A native of India, and its Islands, chiefly near the sea, in 
flower and seed all the year. 


2. H. hi ialnsotde FO 4 

Arboreous. Leaves cordate, long-pointed, waved, smooth, 
glands in the divisions of the nerves. Capsules with two 
tough integuments ; seeds res one to three in _ cell, 
mealy, 

Gorda-chanda, the Sanscrit name. 

Hind. and Beng. Poris-pippal. — 

Teling. Moonee-Gangaraya, it 

This species is much like the former, I have found it in a 

few of the gardens of the natives near Samulcota; it flowers 
during the wet and cold seasons, 

Trunk straight, from fifteen to twenty-five feet to the 
branches, thicker than a man’s body. Branches numerous, 


_ forming a large, oblong head. Young shoots covered with 


bronze-coloured scales. Leaves about the extremities of the 
branches, alternate, petioled, cordate, waved, leathery, en- 
tire, from five to seven-nerved, long-pointed, as in Ficus re-. 
ligiosa ; both sides, but particularly the under one, covered 
with small, round, ash-coloured scales, with a dark spot in 
the middle of each; at the base, in the axill of each of the 
principal nerves, there is a gland, which is smooth, convex 
above, and a deep pit below, Petioles as in populneus, 
Stipules subulate. Peduncles, bractes, flowers, calyx, corol, 


‘stamens, style, and stigmas as in populneus, Capsule, exter-. 


nal form as in populneus, but large, five-celled ; integument 
double; the exterior one, which is fragile and composed of 
five valves, opens from the apex spontaneously when ripe, © 
exposing the inner lamina, which are remarkably strong,” 
tough, reticulated with fibres, and not opening without con-. 


192 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, AMibiscus, 


siderable force. Seeds from one to three in each cell, kidney- 
formed, covered with brown farina. 

This species is immediately to be distinguished from po- 
pulneus by the glands in the axills of the nerves of the leaves, 
their waved border and long points, and by the double in- 
tegument of the capsule; the innermost of which requires 
force and a sharp knife to open it ; whereas in populneus it is 
single, and can be easily broken by the pressure of the am 
and finger, 

This tree will answer better for avenues, parks, &c. than 
populneus, because it is much higher to the branches, conse- 
quently gives a free circulation to the air. 

When wounded there discharges the some yarns juice as 
in populneus, 

As both these trees want the most seinsinils ial the 
double calyx of Hibiseus, I should imagine ne would; with 
more te ot form a new genus, 


3. H. tiliaceus. Willd. iii. 810. 

-Arboreous. Leaves round-cordate. Flowers terminal. 
Exterior calyx ten-toothed, Capsules shorter than the calyx, 
five-valved, each divisible, though not spontaneously, ten-— 
celled. Seed reniform. 

Novella, Rumph. Amb. ii. t. 73, is too bad a figure to ue 
quoted; yet 1 doubt not but it was intended for this tree, 
and although our plants are uncommonly luxuriant, I never 
saw any of the leaves with the least tendency to a lateral 
lobe. — | | 

A native of the Moluccas, Flowers in the hot season in the 
Botanic garden, though more or less the whole year round. 


4, H. tortuosus. R, 

Arboreous, with a crooked trunk, and variously bent, dif. 
fuse branches. Leaves round-cordate, crenulate, hoary u8-- 
derneath. Stipules and bractes ovate-laneeolate. Flowers 


Mibiscus, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA,. . 


terminal ; exterior calyx eight or nine-cleft. Capsules ten- 
celled, five-valved ; the length of the inner calyx, 
Bala, the Sanscrit name. 
Beng. Bola. 
Pariti. Rheed. Mai. i. t. 30. ' 

Novella repens, Ramph, Amb. ii, p, 222. 

Hibiscus tiliaceus, Lour. Cochin Ch. p. 509. 

A native of most parts of India; found chiefly near the sea, 
and on the banks of large rivers,at no great distance from it; 
growing to be a tree of considerable size, with a stout, crook- | 
ed trunk, or rather, like an immense bush, with numerous, 
very crooked branches, spreading wide, close to the ground, — 
Flowering time in Bengal the hot season. viz. March, April, 
and May ; the seed ripens three or four months afterwards, | 

_ Leaves alternate, petioled, round-cordate, pointed, minute- 
ly crenulate, smooth above, hoary underneath ; about four 
inches each way. Petioles an inch, or an inch and a half 
long, round, downy. Stipules opposite, obliquely-oblong. 
Peduncles terminal, and from the exterior axills, two or 
three-flowered, Pedicels clayate, downy. Flowers large, 
campanulate, drooping, of a bright yellow, with the inside of 

the bottom of the bell, dark crimson, Bractes opposite, ob- 
liquely oblong, very downy, caducous, Calya ; the exterior 
one deeply divided into seven, or ten lanceolate-conic seg- 
ments; the inner one twin, the length of the exterior one ; 
five-cleft, each division has a glandular protuberance. In 
the Molucea plant, which has been blended with this, as one 
species, the exterior calyx is ten-toothed, and about one third 
_or one fourth the length of the inner calyx, both are downy, 
and permanent. Germ ovate, villous; ten-celled, each cell 
containing from five to eight ovula, attached to the inner 
angle of the cells. Stigma five-lobed, clothed with clammy, 
dark crimson filaments, with glandular heads, . Capsule the 
length of the inner calyx, ovate, acute, densely clothed with — 
stellate. pubescence, of the size of a nutmeg, ten-celled, five-_ 
_ valved; that is, they open er into. ae but may 
_ VOL, It, Y 


. 


194 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA. Hibiscus. 


be split into ten, the partitions are all double; five of them 
stronger, and rising from the middle of the five valves. 
Seeds, generally two, three, or four ripen, obovate-reniform, 
attached as in the germ. Jnteguments two in the fresh seed, 
Perisperm thin, of a dull white. Embryo curved, green. 
Cotyledons folded. Radicle curved, pointing directly to 
the umbilicus. The fibres of the bark may be employed as 
a very tolerable substitute for hemp. 


5. H. setosus. R. 

Leaves deeply cordate, crenulate, acute, downy under- 
neath, Tender parts thickly clothed with very long, stellate 
bristles. Flowers axillary. Exterior calyx ten-cleft, Cap- 
sule ovate, acute. Seeds very hairy. 

A native of Pein of Wales’ land, js i &e. > 


regi H. Sstiastineetsi Willd. iii, 812. aa 

Shrabby. Leaves ovate-cordate, rina phverintoy lucid. 
Stipules ensiform. Flowers axillary. Exterior calyx of 
from six to eight linear leaflets. eH 

Juva, the Sanscrit name. 

Beng. Joba, Juva, Oroo, 

- Shoe-flower of the English, because the or are fre- 
quently used for blacking shoes, as 
_ Schem pariti. Rheed. Mal. ii, t. 17. 

Flos festalis. Rumph. Amb. iv. t. 8. 

Of this beautiful shrub there are several varieties, viz- 
ingle’ and double red, single and double yellow, and white. 
Ihave only found it in a cultivated state, however the single 
sort is found wild in the interior parts of Hindoostan. 

It continues in flower te — ome of — vt hens in _ 
gardens kA 5 albey! acts ‘iu ole 

7. H. pheeniceus. Willd. iii. p. 813. bg Are 

Shrubby. Leaves scslielianiadear a dentey veal Sti- 
putes subulate, Peduneles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. 


Hibiscus, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 195 


* 


Exterior calyx from five to six-leaved. Anthers in verti- 
cels, Capsules globular, Seeds woolly. There is a variety 
with pure white flowers, 

Beng. Lall Sooryumuni, the red-flowered variety. Shwet 
Seoryumu, the white-flowered one. 

Teling, Yerra-salla-burta, the red variety ; and Tella the 
white. . 

Sjasmin. Rheed, Mal. x. p. 1. t. 1. 

Found in most parts of India, Flowers chiefly during the 
rainy season, though more or less the whole year. 


: BH, sees R, 

Arboreous, tender parts hairy. Leaves suis serrate, 
Flowers axillary and terminal. Calyces equal, and both 
equally five-cleft. 

Kinurlur the vernacular name in the Silhet district, where it 
is indigenous, growing to be a small tree, producing, during 
the cool months of December and January, a profusion of 
large, white, fragrant flowers ; the seeds ripen in two or three 
months after. _ 


9, H. syriacus, Willd. iii. 818, 

_Shrubby, straight. Leaves rhombiform, with the anterior 
_ margins grossly crenate, often sub-lobate, tolerably smooth, 
Stipules filiform, Flowers axillary, short-peduncled, Ex- 
terior calyx of from six to eight subulate leaflets. 

‘H. rhombifolius. Cavan and Wiild, iii. 818. 

Like H. Rosa-sinensis, there are many varieties of the plant 
cultivated in India. I have not yet foynd it in its wild state. 
The leaves vary from rhomboidal to three-lobed. I have 
therefore little doubt of H. rhombifolius of Willdenow and 
Cavanilles being the same, 


10, siahen Willd, iii. 815. } 
_ Shrubby, rigid, straight, scabrous, thin of branches. haa 


tate round to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, scabrous, - ee 
ya 


* 


196 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Hibiscus, 


minute, subulate. Peduncles axillary, diverging, longer than 
the leaves. Petals totally reflexed. Anthers verticelled, C' 
sules round. Seeds woolly. 

Peling. Salla-Burta, 

A native of Coromandel. Flowers during the rainy sea- 
son. 

I am strongly inclined to think H. hirtus and micranthus, 
are nothing more than accidental varieties of this plant; soil 
and situation make it vary exceedingly. 


11. H. tubulosus, Willd. iii, 828. : 

Annual, very hairy. Leaves cordate, serrate, the lower 
ones five-angled, hairy. Flowers short-peduncled, axillary, 
erect. Capsules ovate. Stipules often triple. : 

A large annual, a native of the Circar mountains, Flow- 
ers during the rainy and cold seasons. 

Stem erect, ramous, round, from two to three feet high, 
clothed with many, stiff, straight, furcate hairs, Leaves 
petioled, cordate; the large or inferior ones are often five- 
angled, all are somewhat pointed, grossly dentate-serrate, 
downy and glutinous on both sides; from two to five inches © 
each way. Petioles nearly as long as the leaves, round, and 
armed with hairs like the stem and branches. Stipules 
single, double, or triple, filiform, hairy, falling. | Peduneles 
axillary, solitary, short, erect, rigid, one-flowered. Eaterior 
calyx from seven to ten-leaved, erect, spatulate. Filaments 
few. Capsule oval, paaagls hid by the inner yen ead Seeds 


numerous, brown, downy. | 
bisa ih 


2. H. praviens, R, . 

Perennial, hairy. Leaves cordate, acute, from siectie to 
five-angled, serrate. Flowers short-peduncled, axillary, and 
in terminal racemes. Capsules pointed, hairy. It is a very 
large, seemingly perennial species, a native of the mouxtain- 
ous parts of the country. Flowers during the cold season. 

_ Stem erect, short, as thick as the wrist, woody, Branches 


* 


Hibiscus, MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 197 


numerous, ascending; young parts covered with very rigid: 
hairs; the height of the plants raised in my garden, were 
from six to twelve feet, Leaves alternate, horizontal, petiol- 
ed, cordate, from three to five-angled, from three to five- 
nerved, serrate, from three to six inches long, and from two 
to five broad. Petioles the length of the leaves. Stipules 
subulate. lowers single from the exterior axills, and on 
long terminal racemes, short-pedicelled, in the flowering time 
beautifully bowing, very large, yellow, with a dark purple 
bottom. Bractes to the flowers on the racemes three-fold, 
awled, Calyx, exterior from five to seven-leaved; leaves — 
lear, hairy, permanent, Corol campanulate, &c, as in po- 
pulneus, Capsule oblong, erect, sharp-pointed, covered with 
strong hairs, which stick im the skin, and produce: much itch- 
ing. Seeds many, kidney-formed. 


13. H. Solandra. L’ Herit. Stirp. i. t. 49. 

Annual, erect, ramous, clothed with hamose pubescence. 
Leuves cordate, rarely cordate-lobate, grossly serrate, Sti- 
pules and bractes clavate. Racemes terminal, elongated. 

» Pedicels very long. Exterior ealyx. minute, or deareiain 

-Laganaea lobata. Willd, iii. p. 733. | 

‘Triquera acerifolia, Cavan. Diss, i, t. 11. be: 

A native of Mysore. Flowers during the — season in 
the Botanic garden at Calcutta. 


M4. H. Lampas. Willd. iii. si 1. 

Sub-arboreous. “Leaves from cordate and entire to three- 
lobed. Stipules subulate. Flowers.sub-terminal, forming 
large, leafy panicles, Exterior calyx of from four to eight 
small, subulate, caducous leaflets. Capsu/e ovate. 

A native of the Rajemahl bills and ‘Chittagong. It was 
also found by Dr. Buchanan in Nepal. ee time the 
close of the rains ; seed ripens in January. . ote 

Seiule ne peniesi several from the same root, with nals 
sub-erect branches, particularly near the top; young parts 


198 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Mibiscus. 


clothed with much stellate down, Leaves alternate, petioled, 
from sub-rotund, with the anterior margin, three-lobed on the 
young plants, to cordate and entire on the old ; above pretty 
smooth, but hairy with stellate down suderiaek: ; from three 
to seven-nerved, with a gland on the base of the middle one 
only; length and breadth from two to six inches each way. 
Petioles round, terruginous, Stipules subulate, caducous, 
Flowers campanulate, very large, of a bright yellow, with a 
very deep crimson bottom, short-pedicelled, and disposed 
two, three, or four alternately, on small entire, leaf-bearing 
branchlets, which issue from the exterior axills of the larger 
branches, forming a large leafy panicle. Bractes caducous, 
small, and rarely to be seen. Calyx; exterior of an uncer- 
tain number of small subulate, caducous leaflets; inner five- 
parted ; divisions with subulate points. Capsule ovate, vil- 
lous, of the size of a nutmeg. Seeds numerous. The young 
trees are now plentiful in the Botanic garden at Calcutta and 
very ornamental; the flowers being large, and the colour 
(yellow and crimson) particularly bright. 


15. H. tetralocularis. R. * i 
_ Sub-arboreous. Leaves cordate, three-lobed on the ante- — 
rior margin, mealy. Peduncles axillary, bearing from one 
to four or more alternate flowers. Eaxierior calyx of three or 
four minute, caducous leaflets ; the inner one truncated, with 
five remote, subulate segments. Capsules four-celled. 

Teling, Condapaitti. : 

Found on the hills of Coromandel, and is allied to H. kan: 
pas, which grows on the hills of Rajemahl and on the banks 
of the Ganges; but differs from it in having a four-celled 
—" Flowering time, the ratny and cold seasons, _ 


16. H. collinus. R. 
Arboreous, Leaves cordate, three-lobed, ‘pied senniieg 
Exterior calyx of from eight to ten lanceolate, waved, per- 


Hibiscus. MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, 199 


manent leaflets, Capsules oblate, very hairy, and lined with 

pungent bristles, 

Teling. Kanda-gang. 

' Anative of the mountainous parts of the Circars, where the 
natives use the bark as a substitute for hemp. Flowering 
time the rainy season, 

Stem arborescent. Branches ascending. Leaves alter- 
“nate, petioled, slightly three-lobed, from three to five-nerved, 
scollopped, waved, sometimes toothed, smooth, _ Petioles 
round, rather shorter than the leaves. S¢ipu/es bristle-like, 
falling. Peduneles solitary from the axills of the exterior 
leavesand terminal, as long as the petioles, round, one-flower- 
ed, articulated near the apex. Flowers large, rose-coloured, 
with a dark purple centre. Calyx ; exterior from eight to 
ten-leaved ; /eaflets erect, lanceolate, pointed; margins wav- 
ed and reflexed. Corol flat, Filaments collected in verti- 
cels round their tube. Capsule roundish, a litile oblate, five- 
ribbed, covered with much strong, gray, burning hair; the 
sutures on the inside are also thickly lined with stiff hairs. 
The mountaineers use the bark of this species for cordage. 
I have often observed that the.bark of most of the Indian 
' plants of this class, particularly of this family, might be em- 
ployed for the same purposes as hemp. It almost always 
peels off in very long slips, and is very tough, that of Abro- 
ma augusta is particularly so, and is of the same natural 
order. 

In India I have also often observed with admiration, that 
those flowers with pistils longer than the stamens, and that are 
not naturally pendulous, stand in an oblique, or nearly per- 
pendicular direction; this obliquity is further assisted by the 
curvature of their pistils, which together with the oblique 
direction of the flower, generally bring their stigmas immedi- 
ately below the anthers. This structure is most conspicuous 
in the flowers of those plants belonging to the natural order 
Columnifera, and is certainly a strong argument in favour of 

the Sexual System. : 


> 


200 MONADELPHIA DODECANDRIA, Hibiscus, 


17. H. vitifolius. Willd. iii. 829. 

Anmnual, or biennial, bushy and villous, Leaves five-an- 
gled, lobed, grossly serrate, villous. lowers axillary, soli- 
tary, drooping. Exterior calyx of about eight subulate 
leaves. Capsules five-winged, truncate. 

Bharadwaja, the Sanscrit name. 

Katu beloeren. Rheed. Mal. vi. t. 46. 

Beng. Bun Kapash. 

A native of rubbish, gardens, &c. all over India; in Soibte 
during the rainy and cold seasons, 


18, H. truneatus. R. 

Annual, erect, Leaves from three to five-angled, lobed, 
grossly serrate. Stipules minute. Flowers axillary, solitary, 
drooping. Peduncles jointed at the base. Exterior calyx: 


of from six to seven, subulate leaves, half thelength ofthe 


inner calyx. Corel sub-rotate, with petals — distinct.) 
Capsule truncated with five thin ciliate wings. nidia fe 

A native of Ceylon. Flowers in the rainy season in Bengah: ~ 

~This plant, growing in the same place with H. vitifolius, — 
which it most resembles, does not arrive to one tenth the size. 
The flowers are also much smaller. Both must be handled ~ 
with care, as the small, sharp bristles readily enter the skin, 
and cause considerable uneasiness. 7 


19, H. seandens. R. 

* Shrabby, scandent, villous. Leaves round-cordate,. 
rate-dentate, from three to five-angled. Stipules none. Pa- 
nicles. terminal, ramifications thereof remote, and diverging 
both calyces tive-parted. — ; 

A stout, permanent plant, a native of the forests a Chitta- 
gong, where it runs over trees &c. It blossoms in April and 
May. The flowers are separa su — Baie 
ae Baebes peeat 2 


. 


: 


Hibiscus, MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. 201 


20. H. mutabilis. Willd. iii. 817. 

Arboreous. Leaves cordate, somewhat crenate, five-angled, 
downy. Flowers axillary, long-peduncled, Exterior calyx 
eight-leaved, half the length of the inner. Capsules globu- 
lar, very hairy. 

Pudmucharinee, the Sanscrit name. 

Hina paretti, Rheed. Mal. vi. t. 38—42. 

Beng. Thul-pudma, . 

A native of China ; both double and aidiallie are how common 
in gardens all over ode When the flowers first open in the 
morning they are nearly white ; by night, a pretty deep red. 


21. H. cancellatus, R.*— Veen 

Annual, erect, every part vg be and “bristly; hiwee'e cor- 
date, more or less angled, crenate. Stipules subulate. Ra- 
cemes terminate. Exterior calyx of about fifteen long incur- 
ved filiform leaflets ; inner spathiform ; capsule ovate. 

From Nepal Dr. Buchanan sent the seed to the Botanic 
garden, where the plants blossom during the rainy season. 

Root annual, Stem straight, with but few sub-erect, round 
branches, clothed with much long hair intermixed with stiff 
sharp bristles ; height of our plants about three feet. Leaves 
petioled, cordate, generally more or less angular, crenate, 
very hairy; from four to six inches long, and from three to’ 
five broad, Petioles horizontal, nearly as long as the leaves, 
round, and like every other part of the plant, very hairy. 
Stipules subulate, very long and very hairy. Flowers na- 
merous, peduncled, drooping, solitary in the superior axills, 
and on a pretty long straight, terminal raceme, large, cam- 
panulate, of a lively yellow, with the bottom of the bell 
crimson. Bractes like the stipules, Calyx; the exterior 
one as sity were re and composed of from ten to eighteen 


* Hi: eiieullates, Suppl. 311. Cavanilles and Willdenow consi« 
der this a species of Pavonia viz. P. cancellata. See Willd. ed. st. 
VOL, III. Z 


- 


* 


202. MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, Hibiscus, 


or twenty long, filiform, incurved, hairy permanent leaflets ; 
the inner one spathiform. Cupsule ovate, length of the exte- 
rior calyx, five furlowed, very hairy, five-celled, five-valved, 
Seeds numerous, reniform, black. 


22. H. Abelmoschus, Willd. iii. 826, 

Annual, erect, hairy. Leaves serrate, hairy ;_ the inferior 
ones from five to seven-angled, lobed; the superior ones sub- 
palmate. The tuner calyx apethiforans the exterior one about 
ten-leaved. 

. Hind, Kustooree, or Kalla-kustooree, 

Cutta-gastur?, Rheed. Mal. ii. t. 38. 

A native of various parts of India, Flowering time the 
rainy and cold seasons, 


23. H. tricuspis, Willd, iii, $30. 

Arboreous, long-petioled, sieus lobed entire or crenate- 
dentate, pubescent, about five-nerved, with a long gland on 
the middle one, near the base, Stipules and branches large, 
semi-cordate. Racemes terminal, few-flowered, both cal yces 
 ten-parted. Capsule with five double cells. 

From Otaheite the seeds were sent by the Missionaries to 
- the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where in two or three years, 
the plants they produced were ten or twelve feet high, with 
a perfectly straight trunk to the very top, amply decorated 
with long, spreading branches down to the ground, All the 
tender parts rather sparingly clothed with whitish stellate 
hairs, on the base of the middle nerve is a long gland under- 
neath ; the leaves next the flowers are generally entire, and 

lanceolar, all are obtuse pointed, even the lobes, The inner 

calyx in this species is strongly marked by having ten seg-. 
ments, they are alternately smaller, and the capsule is ten- 
celled, or rather has five double cells, as in Geertner’s H. 
tiliacens, the flowers are large, bright yellow, with a deep 
purple coloured bottom ; they appear during the cold seasou 


Hibiseus, MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, 203 


and are very ornamental; the seéd ripens early in the hot 
season, Z 


24. H. hirtus, Buch. 

Annual, erect, very hairy, Leaves from cordate-lobate to 
hastate-palmate, and finally simple and linear, Racemes 
terminal, Exterior calyx ten-leaved ; the inner one spathi- 
form, Capsule ovate, hairy. 

Alcea moschata villosissima, Pluk. Alm. t. 127. f. 1. 

A native of Mysore, from thence the seeds were sent by Dr, 
Buchanan to the Botanic garden where it blossoms about the 
close of the rains. ~ 

Root annual, ramous. Stem erect, with several spreading 
branches near the ground, all are round and very hairy, height ° 
of the whole plant about two feet. Leaves alternate, petiol- 
ed; shape very various; the lower ones being from simple to 
from five to seven-lobed, about the middle of the plant has- 
tate, or deeply three-lobed, while those near the top amongst 
the flowers are small, linear, and nearly entire ; all but those 
among the flowers deeply serrate, and very hairy. Petioles” 
nearly as long as the leaves, Stipules subulate, incurved, — 
and like the rest of the plant hairy. Racemes terminal, soli- 
tary. Flowers large, yellow, with a red bottom. Bractes’ 
like stipules, Culyax ; the exterior one about ten-leaved, per- 
manent ; the inner one spathiform, dropping with the corol. 
Capsule ovate, five-angled, very hairy. Seeds numerous. 

This species comes nearer H, 4belmoschus, particularly in 
the pubescence, flower and pericarp, than any other Lknow, | 


25, H. pumilus. Roxb. 

Annual, erect, downy. Leaves serrate; the inferior ones 
cordate, the middle ones three-lobed ; the superior ones lan- 
ceolate. Exterior calyx minute. Stigmas hairy, Capsule 
shorter than the inner calyx. 

Solandra lobata,. Nu. Syst. Veget. 623. 

This is rather a rare plant on the Coromandel coast, a na- 

Z3 


204 MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, Hibiscus. 


tive of the borders of cultivated land ; ; appearing and flower- 
ing in the wet and cold seasons. 

Root ramous, annual, Stem erect, a little flexuose, round, 
downy, from two to four feet high. Branches few, near the 
ground ascending, stem-like, Leaves alternate, petioled, the 
lower ones, both on the stem and branches, cordate ; the up- 
per ones generally three-lobed, in luxuriant plants the lobes 
are separated to the base, and sometimes the lateral Jobes are 
two-cleft; again those toward the summit of the plant are 
simply linear, the whole are acute, serrate and downy, with 
sometimes a few hairs; size very various. Petioles from one 
to two inches long, round, hairy, Stipules linear-lanceolate, 
in very luxuriant plants they are sometimes double or two- 
cleft. Peduncles axillary, single, erect, the length of the pe- 
tioles, round, articulated above the middle, a little hairy, 
oue-flowered. Flowers white, about the size of a shilling, 
open all day. Calyx minute, from six to nine-parted ; the in- 
terior one tive-cleft. Corol; petals obliquely-obcordate, Fi- 
lamenis numerous, short, the tube bending to one side, so as 
to make the stigmas below the anthers, Siy/e five-cleft. Stig- 
mas covered with hair, or globular leaflets. Capsule five- 
celled, five-valved, not in any respect wreathed, but just as 
in the genus. Seeds many, two rows in each cell, 


26. H. furcatus,. R....1, 

_Shrubby, very, ramous, xc per sharp thorny bristles ) 
arising from coloured, glandular tuberculi. Leaves from en- 
tire to three-parted, grossly serrate, and hairy, Stipules fal- _ 
cate, lanceolate. Peduncles solitary, axillary, one-flowered; 
exterior calyx of ten forked leaflets. Capsule hairy, ovate, 
acute. 

Discovered by the Rev, Dr. Carey, ioslasteaien in the in- 
terior parts of Bengal. The seed sent by him to the Botanic 
garden in one year produced plants that were six or sian 
feet high, and blossomed during the rainy season, 

Stems erect, somewhat ligneous, Branches numerous, 


Hibiscus, MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, 205 


expanding, armed with numerous stiff, acute, spinous, recurv- 
ed bristles, issuing from small, coloured, glandular papilli; 
amongst the bristles, soft hairs are intermixed, Leaves from 
cordate below, to three and even five-lobed about the middle 
of the plant; and again near the top narrow-cordate ; all are 
serrate and hairy ; the size very various. Petioles almost as 
long as the leaves, and armed like the branches, Stipules 
falcate, lanceolate ; margins ciliate. Peduncles axillary, so- 
litary, one-flowered, shorter than the petioles, and like them 
armed with the same sharp bristles. Flowers large, yellow, 
with a dark crimsom bottom. Calyx, the exterior one about 
two-leaved, each leaflet enlarged beyond the middle; from 
* the base of the enlargement on the upper side, rate a cla-. 
vate, erect, or incurved segment; these form a cancellated 
_ dome over the inner, five-parted, rigid, glandular, bristly, 
hairy calyx; while the exterior broader, but shorter segments 
spread out horizontally. Capsule very hairy on the outside. 
Seeds few, from two to four in each cell. 

I considered this to be bifurcatus. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 
iii, 819. until L reared that very plant, from seed received from 
the Island of Trinidad ; the shrubs are nearly of the same size, 
but in that species every part is less hairy, the coloured glan- 
dular base of the bristles are not to be found; the stipules 
simply setaceous, and the flowers rose-coloured ; consequent- 
ly I must consider this a well marked distinct species, though 
nearly allied in the shape of the leaves and exterior calyx, 
Like many of the other plants of the natural order, Columni- 

Jera of Linneeus, or Malvacea of Jussieu, the bark of this spe- 
cies of Hibiscus, yields abundance of strong, white, flaxen 
fibres; but the prickliness of the = eidens it very trou- 
blesome to handle. 


27. H. Surattensis, Willd. iii, 824. 

Somewhat shrubby, weak and straggling, prickly. Leaves 
from entire to palmate, serrate. Stipules ear-shaped. Exte-— 
rior calyx of from ten to twelve appendicled, permanent leaf- 


206 MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, Hibiscus. 


lets, Flowers axillary. Capsules acute, hairy on the out- 
side. 

H. Surattensis. Lour. Cochin Ch, 512. 

Herba crinalium, Rumph, Amb, iv. t.16. appears to me to 
be this plant. 

Narinam-poulli, Rheed, Mal. vi. p. 75, t. 4. argees better 
with a very distinct species, (viz. aculeata) formerly de- 
scribed by me under the idea of its being Svratiensis, At 
_ that time I had not seen the real Linnzean species, which is 
now before me, otherwise the mistake would not have hap- 
pened. The stipules are the best marks to know them by. 

A native of various parts of India. Flowers during the 
sro and cold seasons in the Botanic garden. 


28, H. aculeatis. Roxb. 

Annual, erect, very prickly. Leaves palmate, ihieaditoted. 
Lobes remotely serrate. Stipules lanceolate. Peduncles 
axillary, solitary, one-flowered. Exterior calyx ten-leaved, 
appendaged, . 

I have only observed this in my garden, where it must 
have been brought from some other place amongst other 
seeds, It has proved annual with me. 

Stem erect, very prickly, from-two to five feet high, round, 
flexuose. Leaves remote, alternate, petioled, from entire to 
five-lobed, serrate, a little hairy ; lobes lanceolate, pointed, 
principal nerves prickly on the under side, Petio/es longer” 
than the leaves, round, prickly. Stipules lanceolate, ciliate. 
Peduneles axillary, single, shorter than the petioles, prickly, 
one-flowered. Flowers large, campanulate, yellow, with a 
dark, purple bottom. Calys ; exterior articulated below the 
middle, and there enlarged on the outside with an oval leafy 
appendage below the articulation, horizontal from it, erect 
and ineurved, covered with strong, straight, sharp bristles. | 


29, H. strictus. R. of 
Annual, straight, polished. Leaves wiadindis lobate; lobes 


Hibiscus, MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. 207 


sub-rotund, acutely serrate, dentate. Flowers racemed, pure 
white throughout, Exterior calyx caducous ; inner spathi- 
form. Capsule linear-oblong. 

Of what country this plant is a native, | have net yet been 
able to ascertain, It made its appearance in the Botanic gar- 
den in 1798, when many chests of plants were brought into 
it from the Moluccas ; and I think it is more than probable, 
the seed came accidently amongst the earth of those plants. 
Be this is may, the plant thrives luxuriantly with little or no 
care ; seed-time, the beginning of the rains ; it is in blossom 
about their termination, and the seed ripens in December and 
January, soon after which the plants perish, Since writing 
the above, Dr. J. Glass found it wild on the Rajmahl hills, 

Root annual, ramous, Stem perfectly straight, with a few 
straight branches, when the plants stand single, or at a dis- 
tance, otherwise simple. Bark pale green, and uncommonly 
smooth, Height of the whole plant from six to fourteen feet. 
Leaves alternate, petioled, reflexed, serrate, three, five, or 
seven-lobed; /obes of a roundish-obovate shape, smooth on 
both sides; size very various. Petioles as long as the leaves, 
Sometimes most slightly armed with minute prickles, other- 
wise they are very smooth. Stipules filiform, caducous. 
Flowers short-peduncled, solitary in the exterior axills, and 
on long, curved, terminal racemes, they are pretty large, and 
white in every part. Calyx ; outer perianth of five or six, 
small, subulate, villous, caducous leaflets, dropping long 
before the corol expands; the inner one spathiform, villous ; 
mouth five-toothed, deciduous, Corol as in the genus, Cap- 
sule oblong, five-angled, villous, and hairy, both without and 
within ; while green, covered with minute, pellucid, clammy 
dupe. Seeds numerous, round, hairy, and of a dark black- 
ish brown colour, 

On the coast of Coromandel I have often seen a species, : 
which I think agrees better with all the descriptions and fi- 
gures of H. ficulneus that I have met with, than the abov 
Seperilied,, otherwise I might have taken it for that plan 


208 MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Mibiscus, 


Like many other of the malvaceous tribe, the bark of this 
species abounds in flaxen fibres; but in none have I found 

so large a quantity, equally beautiful, long, glossy, white, 
fine and strong, as in this. To these promising qualities may 
be added the lux uriant growth, and habit of the plant, render- 
ing it an object deserving of every care and attention, at least 
until the real worth of the material is fairly ascertained. 

From several years experience, I find the best season for 
sowing the seed in Bengal, is just when the first rains begin ; 
which is generally in May, in beds; and when the plants are 
about six inches high, transplant them out in rows, about 
nine inches asunder, and about as much from each other in 
the rows. In 1801, I had forty square yards planted in this 
manner, which yielded thirty-three pounds arcight of the na- 


turally very clean fibres, ats 


30. H. prosiratus. R. 

Annual, with little or no stem, but many, very long, pro- 
cumbent, scarcely armed branches. Leaves from three to 
tive-lobed ; lobes obovate, serrate. — Stipules subulate. #a- 
cemes terminal, lowers white, with a rose-coloured bottom, — 
Exterior calyx from five to six-leaved, caducous; the inner 


one spathiform. Capsule oval, villous. 
A native of the Cirears, where it blossoms during the cold 


season. Compare with Lamarck’s H. ficulneus, 


31. H. diversifolius. Willd. iii. 820. . 
Perennial, bushy, prickly. Leaves from sub-lobate to pal- 
mate, serrate. Exterior calyx from ie to nine-leaved, both 


are very bristly. 
A native of the eastern coast of Africa, and Modegweatl 


In the Botanic garden at Calcutta, it blossoms and ripens t its 
seed during the cold season. } 


32, H. cannabinus. Willd. iti, Ri Corom. PL ii. N. 190. 
Annual, straight, nearly simple, slightly armed, Leaves 


Hibiscus. MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, 209 


serrate ; the inferior cordate ; towards the middle of the plant 
palmate, with lanceolate, acute lobes; at the top simply 
linear-lanceolate, Stipules subulate. #lowers axillary ,short- 
peduncled. Exterior calyx of seven subulate leaves; the 
inner one bristly and glandular. 

Beng. Mesta pat. 
_ Hind. Puloo. 

Teling. Gung-kura, 

Native place uncertain, Cultivated during the rainy sea- 
son. The leaves are used as a pot herb,and the bark for hemp. 


_ 83. H. radiaius. Willd. iii. 824. : 

Perennial, prickly. Leaves palmate ; lobes lanceolate, ser- 
rate. Stipules ensiform. Flowers axillary. Calyx bristly, 
the exterior one oi eight or ten, linear, sub-bifurcated divi- - 
sions, 

Native place uncertain, but it is common in gardens about 
Calcutta, where it blossoms during the cold season. 

Stem short, scarcely ligneous, though existing two or three 
years, Branches numerous, inating, and ascending, armed 
with small prickles; generally the length of the plant, from 
five to six feet, Leaves alternate, palmate, rarely simple; 
lobes generally five in young plants, in old ones fewer, and 
broader-lanceolate, deeply and acutely serrate ; smooth on 
both sides, from four to five inches long, by one heise Pe- 
tioles armed, and nearly as long as the leaves. Stipules en- 
siform. lowers axillary, solitary, short-peduncled, very 
large ; the exterior two thirds of the petals yellow, and spread- 
ing horizontally ; the inner third deep crimson, and formed 
into a bell. Calyx ; the exterior one of from eight to ten nar- 
row-linear, bristly segments, which like H. furcatus, and bi- 
Sureatus, have each a small additional segment, growing from 
the disk a little within the apex; the inner calyx five-cleft, - 
longer than the exterior bristly segments, three-ribbed, and 


rather without the large gland in the middle of rachel as a 
VOL, Il, Ss ; 2 a 


210 MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, Hibiscus, 


cannabinus, and this is one of the best marks to distinguish 
them by. 

It is an elegant plant when in blossom, the flowers being 
amongst the largest of the genus and the colours bright. 


34. H. longifolius, Willd, iii, 857. 

Annual, bristly. Leaves palmate, serrate; lobes lanceolate, 
Flowers axillary, solitary. Hxterior calyx of from eight to 
ten linear leaflets ; the interior one spathiform. Capsules sub- 
cylindric, Seeds numerous. 

Beng. Dharoos, 

Teling. Bendee. 

Hind, Ram toorai. 

I have not found this plant wild. It is much cultivated 
throughout India, in the gardens of both natives and Euro- 
peans, 

Root ramous, annual. Stem erect, ramous, from three to 
six feet high, round, towards the base somewhat ligneous,and 
in a good soil as thick as a man’s wrist, tender parts covered 
with sharp bristles and often spotted with purplish specks, 
Leaves alternate, petioles the inferior ones only angular, about 
the middle of the plant palmate, while the superior ones are 
sub-digitate, with the divisions lanceolate-oblong, all are ser- 
ate, and somewhat bristly ; the general size of the whole leaf 

is from eight to twelve inches each way. Petioles round, 
bristly, as long as the leaves, generally more coloured then | 


the stem, or branches. Stipules often paired. Flowers axil- _ 


lary, solitary, short-peduncled, very large, pale yellow, with 
a dark crimson bottom, Calyx; the exterior one from six to 
twelve-leaved ; leaflets linear, bristly, caducous; the inferior 
one spathiform, bursting on one side, of a remarkably soft 
texture. Corcl, stamens, and germ as in the genus, Stigmas 
as many as the cellsin the capsule. Capsule from six to twelve — 
inches long, and about one in diameter, somewhat Lristly, 
particularly the ridges, their number corresponding with that 


Mibiscus. MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, 211 


of the cell, and valves, viz. from five to eight, with a single 
row of round, smooth seeds in each cell. 

This is one of the best, if not the best of the esculent herbs of 
India; the plant is easily raised from seed, and produces abun- 
dance of fruit, the only part which is eaten, The whole plant, 
particularly the capsules, is replete with much mild mucilage, 
which I consider as highly nourishing as well as mucilagi- 
nous, and might no doubt be employed to advantage in all 
diseases requiring emollients and demulcents. Some tender 
branches placed in water for examination soon rendered it 
gelatinous, almost as much so as if the branches of Pedalium 
murex had been standing in it. Dr. Cullen observes that — 
coughing is often caused by acrid vapour, rising from the 
Jungs irritating the glottis, and its neighbourhood ; that by 
besmearing these parts with demulcent matter, we often les- 
sen the irritation and frequency of coughing. A mild, palat- 
able, culinary preparation of the very young capsules of this 
plant, would, I think, stand as fair a chance to answer this 
intention as any thing | know, ‘and at the same time prove a 
nourishing part of the diet. 

The stigmas are replete with a very beautiful deep pur- 
ple juice, which they communicate to paper, and which is is to- 
lerably durable. 

H. eseulentus, the West India Okra possesses virtues near-. 
_ ly similar, through I believe inferior ; this I have also culti- 
vated for many years in the Botanic garden, and it differs 
from this very conspicuously, both in the shape of the leaves 


and capsules, 


35. H. tetraphyllus, R. 
- Annual, erect, ramous, hairy. Leaves palmate ; divisions 
Variously lobate, and acutely dentate. Stipules and bractes 
lanceolate, Flowers racemed, Exterior calyx foonlennee: : 
ae Capsules linear-oblong, hairy. rt 
A — eam annual species, of from four to five 
ee i, Af a2 


212 MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, Hibiscus, 


high, found about Calcutta. Flowering time, the wet and 
cold seasons, 

Stem erect, armed with very stiff short hairs, as well as the 
branches, Leaves palmate, hairy, and scabrous; lobes vari- 
ously lobed, and dentate. Petioles round, longer than the 
leaves, Stipules lanceolate. Flowers large, yellow, cam- 
panulate, nodding on long terminal racemes, and from the 
exterior axills, Calyx, the exterior one four-leaved. Capsule 
ovate-oblong, five-sided, armed with much very stiff hair. 


36. H. chinensis. R. 

Annual, erect, hairy. Leaves pilates ; segments trom 
three to seven, sub-lanceolar, obtusely serrate, and obtusely 
acuminate. Flowers axillary and terminal; the exterior 
calyx from six to eight-leaved ; the interior one a 
oo oblong, five-angled, hairy. 

' From China it has been introduced into the Botanic gar- 
den where it flowers and ripens its seed during the rainy and 
cold seasons, It has the habit of 4belmoschus ; but the leaves 
are much more divided, and though the capsules are exceed- 
ingly like those of that species, yet the seeds are smaller, and 
void of the musky scent. : 


37. H. peniaphs silens R. 
Annual, erect, nearly smooth, Leaves deeply sien: 
sometimes hastate ; divisions linear, near the apices dentate. 


Stipules ensiform. Exterior calyx five-leaved, permanent ;— 


the inner one spathiform and deciduous. Capsule linear- 


oblong, hairy. 
Reared in the Botanic garden from seeds eben from Mr. 


Kerr at Canton in China ; here it blossoms during the latter 


part of the rains. 


Root annual. Trunk straight and almost destitute of 


branches, pretty smooth, the thickness of a man’s finger, and 
about six feet high. Leaves alternate, petioled, deeply pal- 


mate; in old plants young shootsare produced withthe leaves — i 


ane baie 


Hibiseus. MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, 213 


less divided, even three-lobed ; divisions linear, near their 
apices dentate, pretty smooth on both sides; length and 
breadth of the whole leaves, from six to eight inches, Peti- 
_ oles shorter than the leaves, Stipules ensiform. Flowers ter- 
minal, and solitary from the terminal axills, peduncled, large, 
drooping, yellow. Calyx, the interior one constantly of five, 
large, ovate, permanent leaflets ;. the inner one spathiform, 
a little hairy, deciduous. Capsule linear-oblong, when ripe 
five-seeded, hairy. 


38. H. pungens, R. . 

Perennial, erect, ramous, every part armed with acute 
bristles. Leaves palmate ; division linear-lanceolate, some- 
what lobate, and deeply dentate-serrate. Stipules ensiform. 
Racemes terminal, Exterior calyx four-leaved, permanent. 
Capsule slender, acuminate, hairy, longer than the calyx. 

From Nepal Dr. Buchanan sent the seeds to the Botanic 
garden, where the plants blossom about the close of the rains 
and in the cold season. — 

Siem erect, as thick as a walking cane, and often continu- 
ing for two or more years, Branches ascending, all are 
round, green, and densely clothed, as is every other part of 
the plant, with innumerable, diverging, strong, acute bristles; 
which enter the skin like spines: Leaves long-petioled, al- 
ternate, palmate ; lobes linear-lanceolate, often lobate, and al- 
ways deeply serrate-dentate ; length and breadth of the whole 
leaf, from six to eight inches. Stipules broad-ensiform, or 
- Sub-lanceolate. Racemes terminal, Flowers drooping, ra- 
ther short-pedicelled, large, deep yellow. Bractes like the 
‘Stipules, Calyx ; the exterior one of four, large, broad-ovate, 

_ permanent leaflets ; the inner one five-toothed, Capsule of a 
long, thin, tapering, conical form, and much Jonger than the 
calyces, 


_ 39. H. heterophyllus. Vent. Mah, p.103.t.103. 
__ Arboreous. Trunk straight, armed. Leaves from palmate 


214 MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, Pavonia, 


on young plants, to simple on the old ; all are linear-lanceo- 
Jate, and serrate. Flowers axillary, solitary, Exterior calyx 
of about ten subulate, permanent leaflets; the inner one five- 
cleft. Capsules oval, hairy. 

A native of New South Wales. Flowers during the hot 
season in the Botanic garden, : 


= 


PAVONIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1140. 


Calyx double; the exterior one many-leaved. Stigmas 
ten. Capsules five, two-valved, one-seeded. 


1. P. Zeylanica, Willd, iii. 838. 

Erect, ramous, clothed with clammy pubescence. Leaves 
deeply three-lobed ; /obes lanceolate, and notched. Stipules 
subulate. Peduucles axillary. Exterior calyx of from eight 
to twelve subulate, hairy leaflets. Stamina fifteen. 

Hibiscus Zeylanicus. Linn. Flor. Zeyl. 226. Burm. Flor. 

Ind, 153. t. 48. f. 3. , 

Alcea pentacoccos. Pluk, Alm. 13, t, 125. f. 3. good. 

A native of Coromandel. Flowers during the rainy and 
cool seasons. " 

2. P. odorata, Willd. iii, 837. : 

Erect, ramous, covered with clammy pubescence. Leaves 
round-cordate, angle-lobed, dentate, Peduncles axillary. 
Exterior calyx from ten to twelve-leaved, Stamina fifteen. 

Teling. Chittle-bunda. 

A native of Coromandel. In the Botanic garden at Cal- 
cutta, it is in flower all the year. 


»* 


CLASS XVI. 


DIADELPHIA TRIANDRIA. , 


TAMARINDUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1100. 
Calyx four-leaved. Corol three-petalled, unilateral. Le — 
gume pulpy. : 


T. indica. Willd. iii, 577. 

Balam-pulli, Rheed. Mal. i. t. 23. 

Amlica, Asiat. Res. iv. 247. 

Tintri, or Tintiree, are also Sanscrit names. 

Beng. Tintiree, or Tintil, or Tentool. 

Hind, Umi, Amli,. 

Chinta-chittoo of the Telingas. 

This most magnificent tree is so common and so generally 
known, as to require little or no description. I however sus- 
pect our East India tree differs, probably specifically, from 
that of the West Indies; besides I have in view, the reduc- : 
ing of it to its proper sieve: in the Seaual System, which I con- 
ceive to be in the Class Diadelphia, and not Monadelphia, 
as arranged by Schreber, Willdenow, &c. It posseses the 
natural classic character of the former in an eminent degree, 
and scarcely any part of the latter ; should the single circum- 
stance of the filaments being cna in one body towards the 

_ bottom, constitute the essential mark, it would undoubtedly 

_ be a monadephous plant, but we know that almost one half — 

_ of the genera of this, (the 17th Class) have the stamens con- 
Rected into one body towards their base; yet I do not west: a 
of any one who has attempted to remove mich or even to < con- : 

_ Sider them ia ne ete 


216 DIADELPHIA TRIANDRIA, Tamarindus. 


Flowering time the hottest part of the year, which is gene- 
rally in May. Fruit ripens during the cold season, or from 
December till February. 

The tree is one of the largest in India, with a most exten- 
sive, large, shady head, or coma, the bark dark-coloured, and 
scabrous, the wood hard, very durable, and most beautifully 
veined, 

Leaves pinnate. Leaflets from ten to fifteen pair, opposite, 
sub-sessile, tapering a little, entire, obtuse, smooth on both 
sides, the inferior pair larger. Petioles channelled, from 
four to six inches long. Stipules small, caducous. Racemes 
terminal, and lateral, Bractes obovate, coloured, one-flow- 
ered, caducous. Calyx four-leaved, cruciate, expanding, 
deciduous. Corol sub-papilionaceous, erect, unilateral, 
the length of the calyx. Banner, or middle petal oblong ; 
margins involute and curled, Wings oval, margins curled, all 
three are beautifully variegated with red and yellow ; keel, 
two short subulate petals, or filaments under the stamens; 
these were considered nectarial, and formed a part of the es- 
sential generic character. #ilaments three, conjoined, insert- 
ed under the germ, ascending. Anthers incumbent. There 
are the rudiments of four more filaments in the fissures and 
outsides of the three fertile ones, Germ pedicelled, linear, 
with the style much incurved. Legume pendulous, nearly 
linear, generally curved, somewhat compressed, replete with 
firm, acid pulp, covered with a hard, scabrous bark, which 
never separates into valves; nor could I ever observe any 
suture indicating such a division ; under the bark ran three 
nervous fibres, one down the upper concave margin, and the 
other two at equal distances from the inferior, or convex edge. 
Seeds from six to twelve, somewhat trapeziform, compressed, 
covered with a smooth, hard, brown bark, and inserted into 
the inferior, or convex side of the pericarp. | 

Extract of a letter from om (now Colonel) Pringle at 


Lucknow. 
* Inclosed I beg leave to send you as specimen of a 


Fumaria. DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA, 217 


Tamarind, which I believe is unknown in Bengal ; at least I 
never saw it until I came to this part of the country, 

“ This Tamarind makes a very fine preserve, and yields a 
beautiful deep red colour, approaching to a purple.” 

The leaves are eaten in the curries of the natives, the pulp 
of the fruit is universally known, The seeds ground into a 
flour, are boiled into thick conjee, and used as an article of 
diet by the poor in times of scarcity or famine ; of the same 
flour a tenacious paste is made, which serves “a various eco- 
nomical uses, 

The kernels of the Mango are large, and seem to contain 
much nourishment ; however they are made no use of, except 
like those of the Tamarind, in times of scarcity and famine ; 
they then are boiled in steam, and used as an article of diet. 


DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA. 


FUMARIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1154. 


Calyx two-leaved, Corol ringetit.: Filaments two, each 
= three anthers. 


F. parviflora, Willd. iii, p. 868. 

Annual, diffuse, Leaves super-decompound, with smooth, 
filiform divisions, Flowers racemed. Stigma bifid ; ; pericarp 
round, with one round hard seed, 

Beng. Bun Sulpa. 

A native of Bengal, where it appears very common on cul- 
tivated lands in the vicinity of Calcutta, during the cold sea- 
son. It has the habit of F. officinalis but in the Indian plant, 
the ultimate segments of the leaves are filiform and the ue 
ma bifid. 


VOL. Ui, Bb 


218 DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA, — Polygala, 


DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA, 


POLYGALA. Schreb. gen. N. 1154. 


Calyx of five leaves, two of them large and coloured. Le- 
gume obcordate, two-celled. 


1. P. arvensis. Willd. iti. 376. 

Procumbent; root perennial. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
hairy, Hacemes axillary, solitary ; flowers crested. Seeds 
hairy. 

Hind. Meradoo. 

_ Asmall, procumbent, triennial, or perennial plant, a native 
of pasture lands, Flowers during the rainy season. 

Stem several, diffuse, with their extremities ascending, 
round, a little hairy, about a foot long. Leaves alternate, 
very short-petioled, linear-lanceolate, recurved, margins re- 
volute, a little hairy, from one to twelve inches long, the in- 
ferior leaves are broader and shorter. Racemes solitary, ax- 
illary, or a little above,.as long as the leaves. Bractes three- 
fold, one-flowered. lowers small, orange-coloured., Calyx 
five-leaved, the three exterior ones small, the two interior, or © 
lateral ones, formerly called the wings of the corol, large, all 
are oval and pointed, Banner two-petalled, or they may be 
called wings, and then there will be no banner, sub-erect, 
obovate. Keel bearded. Stamens in one body, dividing into 
eight filaments. Germ obcordate, Style long, projecting, 
thickening. Stigma large, clubbed, incurved, Seeds hairy. — 


2. P. telephioides, Willd. iii, 376, 

Procumbent; /eaves oval, smooth. Racemes scattered be- 
tween the leaves ; flowers crested. Seed very hairy. : 

This species differs from the last i in the following points, 
for the plants are in size and appearance the same, but in this 
the leaves are smooth, and oyal, or at most oblong, the ra- 
cemes are scattered over the branchlets between the leaves, 


and not axillary, and the seeds are very hairy, 


Seeuridaca. DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA, 219 


3. B. undulata. R. . 

Annual, ramous, Leaves alternate, ovate-cordate, much 
waved, from three to five-nerved. Spikes terminal ; flowers 
crested, Capsule reniform, margins prickly. 

A native of Prince of Wales’ Island. 


SECURIDACA. Schreb. gen. N. 1156. 


Calyx three-leaved. Corol papilionaceous, with the ban- 
ner two-leaved, without the wings. Legume (capsule) ovate, 
one-celled, one-seeded, ending in a ligulate wing. 


S. paniculata. R. ins AF 3 sis aedat eau 
Shrubby, scandent. Leaves oblong. Panicle terminal 
and axillary. F/owers crested, as in many of the Polygalas. 
Ferinjer, the vernacular name in Silhet, where, as wellas 
Chittagong, it is indigenous, growing to be a large, very ra- 
mous, bushy shrub. Flowering in August, and the seed ri- 
pening in April, | 
Stem stout'and woody, covered with smooth, olive-colour- 
ed bark. Branches numerous, extremities drooping, round 
and smooth, even polished. Leaves alternate, bifarious, short- 
petioled, oblong, entire, acute, smooth on both sides, co- 
loured, from three to four inches long, and from one to two 
broad. Petioles very short, and inserted on a brown, glan- 
dular receptacle, which has a pit on each side, and no other 
stipula. Panicles terminal with smaller ones from the exte- 
rior axills, large, ramous, open. Flowers numerous, but stand- 
ing single, long-pedicelled, small, red. Calyx three-leaved. 
Leaflets ovate-oblong, one incumbent, and two under the 
flower laterally. Corol sub-papilionaceous, five-petalled, the 
two largest inserted on the sides, and from the banuer, exte- 
rior ; they are oval, and taper at the base, spreading out, and 
_ ascending; the interior three, two of them the wings, spatu- 
late, and inverted on the posterior sides of the boat-shaped, 


one-leaved, crested carina, all are curled on the margins and 
Bb2 * 


220 _ DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Dalbergia. 


beautifully veined, Filaments eight in one body. Anthers 
oblong. Germ sessile, oval, protruded under the style, one- 
celled, and containing a single ovulum, attached to the apex: 
of the cell. Style the length of the stamina, ascending. Stigma, 
glandular. Capsule superior, from turbinate to oval, entire, 
one-celled, evalvular, ending in a yery large substantial 
wing in the erect shape of a chopping-knife. Seeds solitary, 
oval, or somewhat obovate, attached to the top of the cell, and 
round the insertion partially arilled. Integument single, thin, 
and firmly attached to the embryo. Perisperm none. Embryo 
conform to the seed, inverse. Coty/edons of a softish, yellow, 
waxy consistence, and yellow colour. Plumula of two ob- 
tuse lobes. Radicle minute, superior. 


DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.— 


“DALBERGLA. Schreb. gen. N. 1158. 


Legume pedicelled, membranaceous, not opening sponta- 
neously, but crumbling to pieces by age. Seeds one or more. 
_ Note, The stamina disagree so much in the different spe- 
cies of this very natural family as to render their forming any. 
part of the essential generic character inconvenient. The 


fruit alone appears to be sufticient, to which may be added 
the sternsiely pena leaves. 


a D. Oojeinensis. dea. : 

Leaves ternate ; leaflets sub-rotund, Racemes terminal, and 
axillary. Flowers three-fold ; stamens one and nine, ia 
dineara,.;;.. 

From seeds received in 1795 into the Botanic garden : at 
Calcutta from Dr, William Hunter, the surgeon to the Resi- 
dent at Oojein, two young trees have been reared. In.March — 
and April they blossom, when nearly. destitute of lane 
The seed ripens in September and October, 

Trunk tolerably straight, crowned with numerous — 


4 


Dalbergia, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 221 


ing branches and branchlets, the height of the trees in four- 
teen years, thirty-five feet. Bark of the trunk dark brown, 
and deeply cracked, of the younger parts smoother, Leaves 
alternate, petioled, ternate, the whole length often extends to 
twelve inches, Leaflets, the exterior one nearly round, with 
an obtuse point, length about seven inches, and about six 
broad ; lower pair obliquely ovate-cordate, obtuse-pointed ; 
about four inches long, and three broad ; margins of all 
scolloped, and much waved, of a firm texture, smooth above, 
and a little villous underneath. Racemes axillary, and ter- 
minal, rarely compound, Pedicels three-fold, slender, co- 
loured, villous, one-flowered. Bractes ; common of the pedi- 
cels, solitary, sub-reniform, small, villous, caducous ; proper 
of the pedicels, solitary on the outside of the base of each; of 
the calyx, still smaller but oblong, and pressing upon it late- 
rally, Flowers numerous, rather small, of a very pale rose- 
colour, indeed almost white, somewhat fragrant. Calyx sub- 
_bilabiate; the upper division oblong, bidentate; the under 
one three-parted. Corol papilionaceous, Banner sub-ro- 
tund. Stamina, a single one above, and below nine united. 
Anihers sub-rotund. Gerin linear, with the rudiments of 
eight or nine seeds, Style short. Stigma headed. Legume li- 
near-oblong, obtuse, veined, and villous on the outside, Seeds 
one, two or three, reniform, compressed. eee 
The wood of this very large tree, Dr. Hunter informs | me, 
is s highly valued for various purposes. 
_ The pillars of Madajee Scindia’s aah at Oojein, are 
nae % it, 


OM D. “latifolia Willd.-ii. 9 902. R. Corom, pl. ii. No, 113. 
Leaflets {rom three to seven, sub-alternate, roundish, emar- 
_ginate, Panicle axillary, Filaments ten, coalesced into one 
body. ‘Legume one-seeded, 

_ Teling. ‘Viroogoodu-charva, 
Eng. Blackwood tree, 
Beng, Sit-sal, 


Pde DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Dalbergia. 


This is one of our largest mountain trees, Flowers during 
the wet season, The seeds ripen in February and March. 

Trunk erect, though rarely straight, often very thick and 
rising to a very great height. Branches spreading, very nu- 
merous, forming a large, shady head, Leaves alternate, 
pinnate, with an odd one, from six to nine inches long; leaf- 
leis from three to seven, generally five, alternate, the exte- 
rior ones largest, roundish, emarginate, a little waved, above 
smooth, covered with a little whitish down underneath, ge- 
nerally about two inches each way, Petioles round , smooth, 
Stipules none. Panicles axillary, small, erect. Flowers 
small, white. Calyx hoary, five-toothed. Filaments ten, 
united into one, open above. Anthers twin, singly globular. 
Germ pedicelled, smooth. Stigma simple. Legume pedi- 
celled, lanceolate, thin, brittle, when ripe crambling away, 
not opening spontaneously, about an inch broad, and two and: 
a half or more long. Seed generally but one in the centre 
of the legume, reniform, smooth, compressed, brown, of the 
size of a very small French bean. 

The wood of the centre of the trank and large branches of 
this tree, is what is commonly called black wood, and is al- 
most universally used for making furniture ; its colour is 2 
greenish or greenish black, with lighter coloured veins run- 
ning in various directions, which gives it that beautiful ap- 
pearance, so much admired ; it is rather heavy, sinking 
water, close-grained, and admitting of the finest polish. On 
the Malabar coast this tree must grow to an immense size, a8 
I have seen planks from thence, full three feet and a balf 
broad, and if we allow nine inches of white wood to have been 
on the outside of these trees, the circumference must have 
been fifteen feet exclusive of the bark. 

In Bengal, where the tree is common, the wood is know? 
by the name Sit-sal, and is certainly not so heavy as that on 
the coast of Coromandel and Malabar, though fi wit 2 as beau- 
tiful, and very much ased for furniture. 


Datlbergia. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 223 


3. D. Sissoo. Roxb. 

Leaflets about five, alternate, round, acute. Panicles ax- 
illary. Filaments nine, equally coalesced into one. Legume 
lanceolate, 

Sans, Shingshupa. 

Hind, and Beng. Sissoo. 

A native of Bengal, and of the adjoining provinces to the 
northward. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season; 
the seed ripens about the close of the year. 

Trunk generally more or less crooked, high and of great 
thickness, often from three to four feet in diameter. Branches 
numerous, spreading in every direction ; branchlets bifarious. 
Young shoots downy and always drooping, even the leading 
one, Bark on young trees ash-coloured and pretty smooth, 
when old uncommonly thick, and very deeply cracked in 
every direction, Leaves alternate, bifarious, pinnate, Leaf- 
lets alternate, generally from three to five, sub-orbicular or 
ebcordate, pointed, waved, when young downy, when old 
smooth and shining; from one to twelve inches each way, the 
inferior ones smallest. Petioles round, waved, very downy 
when young, smooth when old. Stipules lanceolate, caducous, 
Panicle axillary, downy, composed of numerous, short, sub- 
secund spikes, Flowers small, of a yellowish white. Bractes 
small, caducous, Calyx campanulate, hairy ; the upper two 
divisions rounded, the under three acute. Corol as in the — 
genus. Filaments nine, equally coalesced for two-thirds 
their length, thin, alternate, shorter with roundish anthers, 
Germ pedicelled. Style very short. Stigma large, glandu- 
lar. Legume linear-lanceolate, membranaceous, three-seed- 
ed. Seeds compressed ; reniform. 

This tree yields the Bengal ship-builders theie croind tim 
bers and knees. It is tolerably light, remarkably strong, but 
unfortunately not so durable as could be wished. It answers 
well for various other economical purposes ; ; the colour, alight — 
grayish brown, with darker coloured veins. Upon the whole — 
I scarcely know any other tree that deserves more attention, 


oe DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Dalbergia. 


for when its rapid growth in almost every soil, its beauty, and 
uses are taken into the account, few trees ean be compared 
with it. 


4. D. emarginata. R. 

Leaflets from five to seven, alternate, round, obcordate, 
emarginate, Panicle axillary, and terminal. Filaments 
nine, coalesced in one. Legume linear-lanceolate, from two 
to four-seeded. 

A native of the Andaman Islands, from thence introduced 
into the Botanic garden in #760, by Colonel Alex. Kyd. Io 
1809, the largest of the trees was from forty to fifty feet high, 
and thick in proportion, viz. from forty to forty-five inches in 
circumference, four feet above the ground, They blossom in 
September ; and the seed ripens in March, at seereath time the 
trees are destitute of leaves in Bengal. . 

Trunk nearly straight. Bark ‘toldirably smooth and of a 
date gray colour. Branches numerous, spreading and di- 
viding in every direction, so as to form one of our most shady 
trees. Leaves alternate, bifarious, pinnate, from six to eight 

inches long. Leaflets generally five or seven, sub-alternate, 
_ short-petioled, round-obcordate, emarginate, very smooth, and 
highly polished on both sides, but much paler underneath, 
general size about an inch each way for the lower ones, and an 
inch and a half for the most exterior ones. Petioles and peti- 
olets round, slender and smooth, Stipules minute, caducous. 
Panicles axillary, and terminal, shorter than the leaves, r- 
_ mifications alternate, bifarious,smooth. Flowers numerous, 
small, alternate, pedicelled, pure white, fragrant. Caly* 
smooth ; upper two divisions broader, shorter and more unit- 
ed. Filaments nine, united into one body with a fissure 
down the back. Anthers twin. Germ linear-oblong, pedi- 
celled. Style short. Legume lanceolate, with — 
from one to three seeds, 
In habit it much resembles Dalbergia Mieniéc the most con- 
spicuous specific difference is in the leaves ; in this they ave 


Dalbergia, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 225 


emarginate, in that pointed ; I may also add that the bark in 
in this is smooth, in that deeply cracked. Colonel Alexan- 
der Kyd, who brought the young tree from the Andaman 
Islands, in a latter dated October 1801, says, “ I remember 
the trees perfectly well, [ brought them from the Andamans, 
We there looked upon it as a kind of Sissoo, and it was by 
far the most valuable kind of wood we had on the Island, as 
it grew to a very large size, and was well suited for ship- 
building. It has very much the appearance of Sissoo when 
cut, but is of a more uniform colour and rather darker; in 
fact, like very dark coloured oak. It grows in common on 
~ the high grounds, with wood oil, and red wood trees, and all 
the other varieties of trees that are at the Andamans, but 
seems by no means a very common tree. Captain Blair built 
a vessel at the Andamans called the Union, and employed as 3 
auch of this timber on her as he could procure, but as this 
vessel is unfortunately gone to the bottom, there is no find- 
ing out whether it is a durable timber or not.” 

The timber of the young trees in the Botanic garden is con- 
siderably harder and closer in the grain, than that of Sissoo 
of the same size, and its growth much slower, 

5. D. alata. R., : 

Arboreous, Leaflets about three pair, opposite, lincariob- 
long, polished. Panicle terminal. Filaments single and nine- 

cleft. Legume linear, with a short polished wing all round, 

Found by Mr, William Roxburgh in the state of a small 
: seante forests of Pulo Pinang. 


6. D. porte ; 

Leaflets from three to four pair, alternate, broad- lonccolate, 
entire, smooth, Panicles terminal, corymbiform. Bractes 
round, ciliate, Stamina in one body. Legume falcate, one 
_ or two-seeded, 

_ Anative of the Moluccas, and by far the smallest Aowered 
species I have yet found, | 
VOL, 1, Co 


226 _ DIADELPHIA DEcANDRIA. =—— Dalbergia. 


. 7. D. reniformis, R. 

Tender parts ferruginous. Leaflets from five to eleven, 
alternate, lanceolate. Panieles axillary and lateral. Stamina 
in two five-cleft bodies ; egumes reniform with thick, round- 
ed margins. 

Kures, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indige- 
nous; grows to be a large, crooked, bushy tree, the wood 
yields a greenish flame, and-is reckoned the best for burning 
the lime stone of that district. Flowering time March ; and 
the seed ripens in December. 

Young shoots, &e. tender parts densely clothed with a thick 
coat of ferruginous down. Leaves alternate, pinnate, about 
six or eight inches long. Leaflets generally from five to seven, 
or nine; rarely eleven, sub-alternate, short-petioled, lanceo- 
_ late, entire, while young villous underneath, at all other times 
perfectly smooth, and of a firm texture; two inches long, 
and one broad. Stipules subulate, villous, caducous, Pa- 
— nicles axillary, and below the leaves, and generally shorter 
than them, very downy, composed of a few, many-flowered, 
simple branches. Calyx sub-campanulate, and like the pa- 
nicle, clothed with ferruginous down. Corol as in the genus. 
Stamina in two, equal, five-cleft bodies, Anthers nearly 
round, two-lobed. Germ pedicelled, generally two or three- 
seeded. Style incurved, Stigma simple, Legumes gene- 
rally of one reniform joint; and one-celled, compressed, but 
with thick rounded margins; about an inch long, and three 
quarters of an inch broad, When the legume has a second 


joint, it is like the anther. Seed solitary, reniform, &c. a8 in 
the order, 


* 


8. D. pe es Roxb. 
Bark smooth. Leaflets about five pair, “alternate, oval, 


-emarginate, Stipules falcate. Panicles axillary. Stigm | 


in two equal bodies. Legume from two to three-seeded. — 


A native of Ceylon, and the Peninsula of India, Ine ae 


Dalbergia, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 297 


Botanic garden the trees blossom in May and June, and the 
seed ripens in September and October. 

Trunk erect, and in a tree only seven years old, three 
feet in circumference ; the bark is particularly smooth, and 
light ash-coloured. Branches spreading, nearly horizontal, 
with numerous, alternate, bifarious branchlets,, forming a 
large, dense crown; general height of the tree thirty feet to 
the top. Leaves alternate, bifarious, pinnate, from six to 
twelve inches long. Leaflets alternate, short-petioleted, about 
five on each side, oval, emarginate, smooth, about an inch or 
an inch and a half long, and one broad, deciduous during the 
cold season,and appearing with the flowers in May and June. 
Stipules \anceolate-falcate, caducous. Panicle axillary, so- 
litary, shorter than the leaves, composed of a few alternate, 
bifarious, ascending, simple, secund, villous branches. Flow- 
ers pale blue, small, disposed in two approximate, unilate- 
ral rows on the convex or outside of the branches of the pa- 
nicle. Bractes small, lanceolate, villous, caducous at a very 
early period, the largest one below each pedicel, and two 
pressing the ealyx laterally. Calyx bilabiate ; the upper Ap 
bidentate ; the under one tridentate, the middle one longer. 
Filaments in two, equal, five-cleft bodies. Germ pedicelled, 
one-celled, four-seeded. Sty/e shorterthan the germ, rising 
at a right angle from it, smooth, Stigma minute, smooth. 
Legume pedicelled, not opening, lanceolate, from one to four- 

; celled, one or two most frequent. Seeds obliquely-reniform, 
compressed, smooth, Perisperm none, &c, as in other Le- 
gummose, 

It isa caaken growing, large, beautiful tree, and the timber 
useful for many parposes, 


9. D. panicylata, Willd. iii, 903. Roxb, Corom, pl. ii. No. 
114, 

Snialinie from five to six pair, alternate, obovate-oblong, 
_ emarginate, — Panicles terminal, one or two-seeded, 
seatensen } is the Telinga name. 


Ceae2 


228 - DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, - Dalbergia. 


This is also a large tree, and a native of the same mountains 
- as the preceding species, Flowers about the beginning of 
the hot season. 

Trunk erect. Bark pretty smooth, of a light ash-colour. 
Branches numerous, spreading, forming a very fine, close, 
shady head. Branchlets ascending. Leaves alternate, bi- 
farious, pinnate, with an odd one; from four to five inches 
long. Leaflets generally from three to five pair, alternate, 
oblong, smooth, often emarginate, nearly equal, about one 
inch and a half long, and about one broad, Stipules lan- 
ceolate, faleate. Panicles terminal, leafy, large, generally 
bifarious; ramifications alternate, round, downy. lowers 
numerous, small, white, with a faint tinge of blue. Calyx 
of a deep blackish purple, and hairy. Wings as long as the 
banner. Keel half the length of the wings, two-petalled, only 
slightly united for a little way at the middle. ilaments 
two, lateral, equal, ascending, each divided into five, .4n-- - 
thers twin, singly globular. Legume lanceolar. Seed gene- 
rally single, 

_ Note. The wood of this tree is white, and firm to appear- 
ance, but less useful than some of the other species, 


10. D. zeylanica, R. 

Bark cracked. Leaflets six-paired, alternate, cuneate- 
oblong; emarginate, Stipules oblong. Panicles axillary. 
Legume \anceolar, aoe one to three-seeded. 

_ Cing. Beloo-labba. — 
» A large, elegant: satber tree, a native of Ceylon; from 
thénde sent to the Botanic garden by General Hay Macdow- 
all in 1801; where in six years, they began to blossom in 


eer Se and June and the ees Site in ——* and Octo- 


. 


11.D Ds ferries Roxb. ae 
Leaflets from six to eon pair, ions Sblong emargi- 


nate. Stipules and bractes from broad obovate, to linearly a | 


Dalbergia. - DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 229 


cuneate. Panicles axillary. Filaments in two equal bo- 
dies. Legume lanceolate, from two to four-seeded. 

A native of the Islands east of the Bay of Bengal. Ten- 
der branchlets clothed: with ferruginous down. Leaves 
alternate, pinnate, from four to six inches long.  Leaf- 
leis six or eight pair, alternate, sub-sessile, linear-oblong, 
emarginate, a little hairy, nearly one inch long, and scarcely 

half so much broad. Stipules broad obovate; apex almost 
premorse, downy.  Panicles axillary, shorter than the ~ 
leaves ; racemes simple, secund, and ferruginous. Bractes, 
the larger one under each division of the panicle like the 
stipules ;. those of the flowers also solitary, one-flowered, and. 
narrower; those of the calyx, one on each side, narrow-cu- 
neate. #/owers numerous, small, Calyx hairy ; upper lip 
of two rounded lobes; dower of three long, acute segments. 
Filaments ten, in two equal bodies, .Anthers broadly two- 
_ lobed. Germ pedicelled, margins hairy, Legume lanceo- 


late, from two to four-seeded. 


12. D. Krowee. : 

Arboreous. Leaflets from ten to eighteen pair, sub-oppo- 
site, oblong. Racemes axillary, solitary, Filaments one 
and nine. Legumes linear, black, sharp, from four to eight- 
seeded. SSeS 

Krowee, is the vernacular name in Silhet, where the tree is 
indigenous, and grows quickly toa large size, yielding tim- 
ber of a dark brown colour, and rather too porous for farni- 
ture, but seems very fit for various other purposes, Flowering 
time April, seed ripens in December. — 

Trunk of considerable size, but generally crooked. Bark 
embossed with transverse protuberances on a smooth bright 
ash-coloured ground ; inwardly very fibrous, but rather fri- — 
able. Wood very firm and of a brownish gray colour, Leaves 
unequally pinnate, from six to ten inches long, Leaflets from 
five to twenty pairs; from opposite to alternate, those which 
first expand may be called the floral leaves, and have scarce- 


230 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Dalbergia. 


ly half the number of leaflets, which those have that unfold 
afterwards, oblong, or elliptic, obtuse, pretty smooth, from one 
to two inches long, and three-fourths of an inch broad. Sti- 
pules ensiform, clothed with ferruginous down. Racemes axil- 
lary, longer than the floral leaves. Flowers numerous, small, 
white, pretty long-pedicelled, from three to six, inserted on 
very short, alternate, common peduncles, Bractes small, en. 
siform, always two of them under the calyx. Calyx cup- 
shaped, villous, smooth, five-toothed, Corol as in the order, 


Filaments one and nine. Germ a short-pedicelled, semilunar — 


body within the base of the nine conjoined filaments, linear, 
hairy, and containing from ten to fourteen ovula, Style as- 
cending. Stigma smooth, Legume linear, from two to three 
inches long, and Jess than half an inch in breadth; upper 
margin sharp and distinetly defined by a strong rib, or nerve, 
to the inside of which the seeds are attached, thin and brittle, 
not opening. Seeds generally from four to eight, small, 
smooth, light brown, lenticular. 


13. D. marginata, Roxb. 

Scandent, scabrous. Leaflets five or seven, lanceolate, 
glossy, obtusely acuminate. Panicle axillary, Stamina 
one and nine. Legumes sub-linear, membrane-margined, 
one-seeded, 

« Mukree gilla, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is in- 
digenous ; it blossoms in the rains, and the seed od Fipens during 
the bot inka: . 

_ Slem woody y, sid with its numerous a Sa branches 
clisbaigp and twining up and over trees, &c, Leaves alternate, 
unequally pinnate, aes six to ten inches Jong, Leaflets two 
or three pair, anda terminal one, petiolate, lanceolate, entire, 
_ points long, narrow, and obtuse, of a firm texture and polish- 


ed, from four to five inches Jong, and from one to two weroad. - 


Panicles axillary, | length of the leaves 
branches spreading as much, Flowers re “ 


der-pedicel led, white, « Calyx pongo a seen black 


ec ielbmeaiiia a 


Dalbergia. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 231 


purple; mouth obscurely five-toothed. Banner long-clawed, 
obeordate. Wings and keel long and slender-pedicelled, 
white. Filaments one and nine. Germ linear, smooth, three- 
seeded, Stigma rather larger, bat smooth. Legumes ob- 
liquely-lanceolate, sessile, thin, smooth, hard and veined on 
the surface, without any kind of crack or fissure, one-celled, 
one-seeded, about four inches long, and one and a half broad. 
Seed solitary, reniform, thin, one inch long by three-fourths 
of an inch broad, | 


1A, D. rubiginosa, Willd. iti. 902. Roxb. Corom., pl.ii, No. 
NSe. +22 bene fee | ‘ames 

Climbing. Leaflets from five to seven, nearly opposite, 
lanceolate-oblong, smooth, Spikes axillary, sessile. 

Teling. Tella-tiga, 

A large, woody, climbing species, a native of the Cae 
mountains. Flowering in a hot season. 

Trunk large, woody, running over the highest trees. Bark 
rust-coloured, pretty smooth. Branches alternate, bifarious, 
flexuose, short, rigid, erect. Leaves alternate, bifarious, pin- 
nate, with an odd’ one, from four to six inches long. Leaflets 
generally three pairs, alternate, sessile, oblong, the exterior 
ones several times larger than the inferior ones, smooth on 
both sides, entire, firm, with many very fine, parellel veins, 
the exterior one about two and a half or three inches long, 
and three-fourths of an inch broad. Petioles round, downy. 
Stipules oval, small, covered with goose-dung green down. 
Spikes axillary, compound, small. Peduneles downy. Flow- 
ers as in the former species. Filaments ten, conjoined in 
one body, which is open on the upper side. : 


15. D. volubilis. Roxb. Corom. pl. ii. No. 191. 
Twining. Leaflets five pairs, sub-alternate, oval, smooth. 
_ Panicles terminal, Filaments in two equal, five-cleft bodies. 
Legumes linear-oblong. ad 
_ Teling. Bandee-gurjun. 


232 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Dalbergia. 


Avery large, woody, twining species, a native of the 
mountainous countries on the coast, where it runs up vise 
over the highest trees. 

Branches, their extremities often twine round whatever they 
meet with in the form of tendrils. Leaves alternate, bifari- 
~ ous, pinnate, with an odd one, four or five inches long. Leaf 
lets about five pair, not opposite, nor alternate, but between 
the two ; oval, small, pointed, entire, smooth, the exterior larg- 
est, about an inch long, by three quarters of an inch broad. 
Stipules scarcely any. Panicles terminal, large, bifarious; 
ramifications generally two-forked, and diverging. Flowers 
small, very numerous, blue. Bractes a small one below each, 
pedicelled, and two still smaller pressing on the ealyx, ob- 
long, nut-coloured. Banner orbicular, emarginate ; keel be- 
low two-parted. Filaments two, placed laterally, each five- 
cleft, &c. as in the last. Legume pedicelled, linearly oblong, 
obtuse, membranaceous, waved, smooth, from two to three - 
inches long, by one broad; not opening, from one to two- 
seeded, 


16. D. scandens, R, Corom. pl. ii. N. 192. . 

Climbing. Leaflets opposite, oblong-lanceolate. Racemes 
axillary, as long as the leaves, Legumes linear-lanceolate, 
two or three-seeded, 

Beng. Noa-luta. 

Noél valli. Rheed. Mal. vi. t. 22. In Willd. Sp. Pl. Vah?s 
Symbol. and Martin’s Edition of Miller’s Dictionary, this 
figure is quoted for D. /anceolaria, which 1 think it cannot 
be for very obvious reasons, 

Cheratalee badoo of the Telingas, 

A common, very large, woody, climbing, or twining spe- 
cies. Flowers during the wet season, 

Branches pendulous,remarkably long, and slender. Leaves 
alternate, pinnate, with an odd one, about six inches long: 
Leaflets from three to five pairs, opposite, oblong, or broad- 
lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, shining, entire ; from two to three 


Dalbergia. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 233 


inches long and about one broad, Petioles channelled. Ra- 
cemes axillary,single,long, bowing. Flowers fascicled, small, 
rose-coloured, Filaments one and nine, alternately shorter. 
Legume linear-lanceolate, membranaceous, &c. Seeds two, 
or three, kidney-form. 


17. D. tamarindifolia. R. 

_ Leaflets from twelve to sixteen pairs, linear-oblong. Ra- 
cemes lateral, short, ovate, dense. Filaments nine in one body ; 
anthers two-lobed. Legumes swelled, scabrous, where the 
single seed is lodged. 

_ Ketee, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indigen- 
ous ; growing to so great a size, as to run up and over trees, 
F lowering time March and April; seed ripe the sagas fol- 


lowing. 


18. D. rimosa,. R. 

Shrubby. Leaflets about seven, aid alternate, oblong, fine- 
ly parellel-veined. Flowers minute, panicled. Filaments 
ten, in one body. Legumes one, rey two-seeded, rimose at 
the seeds, py 

Kaogroom, the vernacular name in Silhet, wiiainiwndl: 
genous in the forests ; flowering in March and Betis the 
seed ripens in November and December. 

19. D. stipulacea, R. 

Shrubby. Leaflets from eight to twelve” pair, alternate, 
linear-oblong. ‘Stipules and bractes oblong-falcate. Panicle 
axillary, and terminal, Filaments ten, in two equal bodies. 

An elegant bushy shrab, with small blue flowers, a native 
of Silhet, where it blossoms in April, and the seed ripens in 
November. . 


20. D. spinosa, R. 
Shrubby, erect, lateral branchlets ending in a spine. Leaf- 
ets from six to a sub-alternate, a Racemes 


VOL. Dd 


234 , DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. -Pterocarpus. 


anttllaby! few-flowered. Filaments in two equal bodies. re 
gat oval, one-seeded. 
A native of Chittagong. 


PTEROCARPUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1159. 


Calyx campanulate, five-toothed. Legume* nearly round, 
leafy margined, varicose, one or more-celled ; cells one- 


seeded. 


1. P. santalinus, Willd, iii. 906. 
Leaves ternate, with sub-rotund, retuse, smooth leaflets. 
Racemes axillary. 

Sans, Chandana. 

Beng. Chundana, or Rukta-chundun. 

A native of Coromandel, Flowering time the hot season. 


For a full description, see Supplementum plantarum, Linn. 
+ eae Willd, iii. 906, &c. 


2. P. marsupium. Willd, iii, 905. R. Corom, pl. ii. No. 116. 
Leaves pinnate; /eaflets from five to seven, alternate, el- * 
‘liptic, emarginate. Panicles terminal. Stamens ten in two 
bodies, coalesced near the base. ; 
Teling. Yeanga-sha. 
Beng. Peet-Sal. : 
‘This species, which grows to be a very large tree, seems 


not to have been taken notice of by any writer that Ihave . | 


met with. ‘It is a native of the Circar mountains. Flowering 
time, the beginning of the rains, and the seed ripens about 
the close of the year. 

Trunk erect, very high, though searcely ever found wt 
Bark, outer coat brown, spongy, falling off in flakes; inward- 
ly red, fibrous, and —_ Branches spreading, horizon- 


* It rather deserves sii name of a compen, igaco varicose, 
ene or more-celled, winged nut, iat 


Pterocarpus. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 235 


tal, numerous, extending far. Leaves sub-bifarious, alter- 
nate, pinnate with an odd one, eight or nine inches long. 
Leaflets five, six or seven, alternate, elliptic, emarginate, firm, 
above shining, and deep green ;_ below less so, from three to 
five inches long and two or three broad. Petioles round, 
smooth, waved from leaflet to leaflet, five or six inches long, 

Stipules none. —Panicles terminal, very large, ramifications 
bifarious, like the leaves. Peduncles and pedicels round, a 
little downy. Bractes, a small caducous one below each di- 
vision and sub-division of the panicle. Flowers papilionace- 
ous, very numerous, white, with a small tinge of yellow. 
Banner with a long slender claw, very broad ; sides reflexed, 
waved, curled, veined. Wings with B ving as aboye, oval, 

waved, curled, veined. Keel two-petalled, adhering slight- 
ly for a little way near their middle, waved, &c. as the ban- 
ner. Filaments ten, united into one body near the base, but 
soon splitting into two bodies of five each, Anthers globose, 
two-lobed. Germ oblong, pedicelled, hairy, generally two- 
celled ; cedds transverse, and to the anterior margin the single 
oyulum of each cell is attached. Style ascending. Legume, 
the under three-fourths orbicular, the upper side, which ex- 
tends from the pedicel to the remains of the style, straight, 
the whole surrounded with a waved, veined, downy, mem- 
_branaceous wing, swelled, rugose, and woody in the centre, 
where the seed is lodged, not opening ; generally one, though 
sometimes two-celled. Seed solitary, kidney-shaped, 

From wounds in the bark, there issues a red juice, which 
hardens in the open air into a dark red, very brittle, gummy 
resin, on being powdered it changes toa light brown, not un- 
like powdered peruvian bark. Inthe flame ofa candle it burns 
with difficulty, and without cracking, swelling, noise, or any 
peculiar smell, into fine white chen In the mouth it melts 
away like the simple gums. Its taste is strongly, but sim- 
ply astringent ; asmuch so, | think, as that of the gum of the 
Butea, which it resembles much. It t Hinges, the Pius, but 


little ; heat does not soften it. 
Dd2 


236 “ DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. —Plerocarpus. 


It is readily, and almost totally soluble in either water or 
spirit; the solutions are a pretty deep, but dull red, the spi- 
rituous one was rather more transparent, yet with a martial 
solution it shows considerably less astringency than the wa- 
tery solution, here it differs from Butea gum ; for the spiritu- 
ous solution of that, although seemingly less perfect than this, 
shows rather more astringency with the chalybeate proof 
than the watery solution. The solutions bear being mixed 
without decomposition. Vinegar added to them makes no im- 
mediate change; mineral acids debase their colour ; alkalies 
heighten them. In short, this substance is so exceedingly 
_ like the gum of the Buteas, that one’analysis may serve for 
both. The solutions after being kept ten days showed no signs 
of change, and the same experiments were then repeated, 
with the same success. 

Note. It is highly necessary to observe that the above 
analysis was made with the gui resin fresh from the tree, 
(how long it had adhered thereto I cannot say ;) because I 
find, that when the gum of Butea frondosa is kept one year 
or two, it is less soluble in water than in spirit, and the wa- 
tery solution grows sooner turbid ; but at the same time this 
turbid solution continues as when recent,to show with a mar- 
tial solution, more astringency than the spirituous, 

The specimen of the Gum- Kino tree in the Banksian her- 
barium, is perfectly like this, It is probable these are the 
—, or Sees east’ — 

3. P. datber datbergivides. R 

Leaves pinnate; ; leaflets about nine, alternate, ovate-lanceo- 
late, smooth. Panicle terminal. Stamens ten in two equal 
portions. aie 

Andaman red wood. ae. 

‘A native of the Andaman Islands, fa adits i in 1794, 
_ ~ young: ‘trees were sent to the Botanic garden by Colenel 
: — Kyd. These are — 1809, from wed to ely. 


* 


Pterocarpus, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 237 


feet high, blossoming during the rains in June and July 
chiefly, and ripening their seeds eight months after. 

Trunk straight. Bark pretty smooth for so large a tree, 
ash-coloured. Branches numerous, spreading. Branchlets 
alternate, bifarious; young shoots somewhat scabrous, with 
small gray dots. Leaves bifarious, alternate, pinnate, spread- 
ing, from six to twelve inches long. Leaflets about four or 
five pair, with a single terminal one, alternate, short petiolet- 
ted ; the inferior ones ovate-oblong ; the superior ones long- 
er, and narrower in proportion, all are entire, and smooth on 
both sides, from two to three inches long. Petioles round, 
smooth, about six inches long. Stipules none. Panicles ter- 
minal, ramifications alternate, bifarious, expanding with their 
extremities, while young of a beautiful dark greenish violet- 
colour. Bractes one-flowered, ovate, villous, small, cadu- 
cous, Flowers papilionaceous, alternate, solitary, short-pe- 
dicelled, pure yellow, delightfully fragrant. Calyx somewhat 
gibbous ; mouth of five, unequal divisions, the upper two 
being by far the largest. Coro ; vextd/um oval ; margins re- 
flexed back and beautifully curled. Wings projecting, 
long-clawed, pressing on the calyx, with margins curled, as 
in the vexillum, Keel of two small petals. Filaments two, 
most distinct, as in Dalbergia, hence the specific name; above’ 
the middle they divide into five, alternately with somewhat 
shorter filaments each. Anihers oval. Germ swelled, villous, 
dark greenish, violet. Style subulate. Stigma acute. Legume 
two-celled, pedicelled, sub-rotund, a small part of the upper 
margin only being more straight, the whole surrounded with 
a broad, air bieiaicedtia' margin ; the centre where one or two 
seeds are lodged, is of a firm, ligneous, fibrous, tough texture, 
not opening spontaneously, Seeds reniform, a single one in 
each cell, 

“On the Andaman Islands, where the tree is faligesoall it 
grows to an immense size. I have seen planks of it brought 


> from thence, y hich were four feet in diameter, of coloured 
wood ; - and if six or r eight i inches be allowed for the white wood 


238 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Pterocarpus. 


on the outside, which is not overrating it, the tree will have 
been above fifteen feet in- circumference. The wood is not un- 
like Mahogany, but rather redder, heavier, and courser in 


the grain. That of the root is most beautifully variegated, I _ 


may say marbled, closer grained, and darker coloured. 


A, P; indicus. Willd. ed. sp. iii. 994, 

Leaflets from six to fifieen, alternate, ovate, firm and po- 
lished on both sides. Stipules ensiform, | Racemes axillary. 
Filaments ten, in two equal portions, . Fruit nearly orbicu- 
lar, from one to three-seeded, 

Lingoum saxatile. Rumph. Amb. ii, t. 70. 

A tree of considerable size; a native of China, the Moluc- 
cas, and eastern parts of Fie From the former it has been 
brought to Calcutta, and now, April 1808, a young tree is in 
flower in Sir Jobn Royds’ garden. Its trunk is straight, with 
smooth, olive-coloured bark, and few, long, waving branches, 
with their extremities generally es much, In its scanty 
ramification, it differs widely from my Plerocarpus dalber- 


ghoides which it most resembles in other respects. In that tree — 


the branches are more numerous with many alternate bifari- 
ous, spreading, never drooping branchlets, forming a large 
spreading head, : 

Leaves alternate, pinnate, cis or fifteen inches lon: 
Leaflets from six to fifteen, alternate, petioletted, ovate, en- 
_ tire, with an emarginate point, firm and polished on both 
sides ; from three to four inches long, and from two to two 
and a half broad. Petioles flexuous, slightly channelled, 


smooth, Stipules lanceolate, caducous. Racemes axillary, 
aiken: compound, and a much larger panicle of simple ra- 
- cemes terminates the branchlets. Flowers numerous, deep. 

yellow, and very fragrant. Bractes of the pedicel 


eolate ; of the calyx two, and smaller, all cadu- 


toothed; ‘the upper two, larger. Banner with a long. 
usa round, oot and | es daa Hie shee 


* 


rm early period. Calyx short, sub-cylindrie, five- - ag 


. Galedupa. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 239 


exactly of the same colour. Keel of two small, paler colour- — 
ed, less curled petals, i/aments ten, united into two equal, 
distinct bodies of five each. Anthers small, two-lobed, deep 
yellow. Germs oblong, pedicelled, villous, generally three 
or four-celled, with one ovulum in each, attached to the mid- 
dle of the anterior margin of its cell ; sty/e rather shorter than 
the stamina, Stigma acute. Legume nearly orbicular, 
wrinkled, of a very tough, ligueous texture, never opening 

“spontaneously, broad-winged, three or four-celled; it fre- 
quently happens that two, or even three of the cells ate 
abortive. Seed solitary, of a long, narrow, oblique kidney 
shape, smooth, lucid, and of a brown colour. 


GALEDUPA. Lamarck and Juss. 


Calyx cyathiform, Stamina one and nine. Leguine al 
. le: falcate, plain, one or two-seeded, 
4 * G. madiciciEamdnais Encyel, ii, 594, 
_ Arboreous. Leaflets three-paired, ovate, pointed. Ra- 
cemes axillary, with many flowers in pairs, Agnes stints, 
one-seeded., 


‘Dalbergia arborea, Willd. ii. 901, Ss . : ; et 
: engin Rheed. Mal. vi. t.3. art oss 
Sans, Karunjuka. 


Hind, and Beng. Kurunja, or Kenja. 

Robinia mitis, Linn. sp. 1044, 

Pungamia, Lamarck, and Pongamia g/abra, of Ventenat 
seems to be this very tree, 

Robinia mitis, Loureir, Cochin Ch. must, 1 think, be adif- 
ferent species; and 1 also suspect Caju-galedupa, Rumph. 
Amd. ii, 13. to be another, which I have not yet met with. 

- Teling. Ganuga.. . 
A pretty large timber tree, from forty to fifty feet high, 
common over all the sonst, Bengal, &c. Leaves deciduous at 
‘the cold. . and inabout a month are sueceed- 


24D DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Galedupa. . 


ed by the new foliage. Flowers during the hot season; and 
the seed ripens toward the close of the year. , 
Trunk rarely straight, height very various, say from ten to 
twenty feet. Bark smooth, olive-coloured. Branches spread- ° 
ing irregularly in every direction. Branchlets twiggy, very 
long, often pendulous. Leaves unequally pinnate, from 
twelve to eighteen mches long. Leaflets opposite, generally 
three pair, oval, pointed, entire, smooth, shining, deep green ; 
about four or five inches long, aad from two to three broad. * 
Petioles round, smooth. Stipules oval, reflexed. Racemes 
axillary, peduncled, about half the length of the leaves, erect, 
many-flowered. Bractes broad-lanceolate, two-flowered, 
caducous. Flowers pretty large, of a beautiful mixture of 
blue, white, and purple. Calyx obliquely cup-shaped, 
slightly four-toothed, of a dark purple colour. Banner very 
broad, emarginate ; callows processes large as in Dolichos, 
pointed, and projecting almost directly down. Fi/aments of 
equal length. Stigma smooth. Legume ovate, compressed, 
smooth, with the apex thick and bent down, about two inches 
long, and one broad, one-celled. Seed generall y single, 
compressed, almost round, smooth, light gray. 
The wood of this tree is Jight, white, and firm; it serves 
for a variety of economical purposes, Branches stuck in the 
ground to fence round some Cinnamon trees, grew readily ; 
_ grass and almost every thing else grows well under itsshade. 


: : = ae seeds hey an useful oil; and cattle are fond of _ 


| 2 G. tisha R. sa 

Arboreous, smooth. Leaflets three or five, the pairs op- 
posite, lanceolate. Racemes axillary and terminal, esti | 
or ramous. ° Filaments single and nine-cleft. 

A small tree, a native of the mountains on the border of 
Silhet, where it is called Chundkee by the natives, who pow- | 
der the bark and flowers, which they throw into any small 
body of water, where there are fish they wish to take, by 


Galedupa., DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 241 


which they are said to be intoxicated, and easily caught, and 
are not reckoned the less wholesome by the effects of the 
powder. 
Flowering time July ; seed ripens in the cool season. 
Twigs slender, and clothed with remarkably white, smooth 
bark. Leaves alternate, quinate-pinnate, and ternate, from 
six to eight inches long. Leaflets three or five, the pairs 
opposite, or nearly so, petiolate, lanceolate, entire, obtusely 
“acuminate, from two to four inches long, and one or one and 
a half broad, Petioles and petiolets round and smooth. Sti- 
pules. Racemes axillary and terminal, frequently ramous near 
the base, shorter than the leaves, smooth. Flowers pretty 
large, white, long-pedicelled, and always in pairs, rather re- 
mote from each other. Calyx campanulate; the wpper lip of 
two rounded segments ; the under one of three, and more pro- 
truded. Corol papilionaceous; the wings and keel remarkably 
slender. Filaments one and nine. Germ pedicelled, three or 
four-seeded. Style incurved, Stigma single. Legume long- 
pedicelled, differing in shape according to the number of 
seeds, the most common form is broad-spatulate, or battle- 
door-shaped with a sharp beak, and then one-seeded ; surface 
pretty smooth, and reticulate with veins, Seeds as large as 
common garden beans, and much like them. Fahne as in 
the order. Cotyledons green. 


3. G. marginata, R. 

Twining. Leaflets petiolate, five, seven, or nine, oblong, 
and cuneate-oblong, entire, smooth, Stipufes adnate, ovate, 
hairy.. Racemes lateral. Legume sub-orbicular, smooth ; 
upper margin winged, one, rarely two-seeded, 

Ooknee, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indigen- 

— ous; flowering in April and May, - 
_ Stem ligneous. Branches and branchlets twining and 
scandent to a great extent. Bark brown, and marked with 
little gray seabrous specks. Leaves alternate, from six to ten 
_ inches long, unequally pinnate. Leaflets five, seven or nine, 
VOL, IIT. me 


242 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Galedupa, 


distinctly petiolate, the pairs opposite, and oblong, the ter- 
minal one cuneate-oblong, all are.entire, and smooth on both 
sides; from two to four inches long. Petiolets and petioles 
smooth, Stipules ovate, peltate, hairy. Racemes lateral, 

distinct, but numerous, and approximate, generally com- 
pound, scarcely villous, Bractes small, ovate, obtuse, Flow- 
ers numerous, pretty large, with a rosy keel, white banner 
and wings. Calyx wide, bowl-shaped, obscurely five-tooth- 
ed, Stamina one and nine. Germ linear, very hairy, its base 
embraced by a small notched cup open on the upper edge, 
one-celled, containing two ovula, attached to the upper mar- 
gin. Stigma acute, and simple. Legumes orbicular, mar- 
ginated, finely acuminate, one, rarely two-seeded. 

4. G, elliptica. Roxb. : : 

Twining. Leaflets opposite, from four to five pair, cu- 
neate-oblong. Racemes panicled, axillary. Partial pedun- 
cles from two to five-flowered. Calyx bowl-shaped, almost 
entire. Banner with two scales at the base. Legume elliptic. 

A native of Amboyna and the Malay Islands. In the 
Botanic garden it blossoms in March, and ripens its seed in 
August. 

Stems scandent and twining to a great extent. Bark dark 
brown, and scabrous. Young parts covered with ferrugi- 
nous pubescence. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, from 


_  8ix to eighteen inches long. Leaflets opposite, from four to — 
ired, sierbneticlate: oblong, entire, smooth, taper, — 


pe from two to six inches long, the inferior ones 
being the smallest. Petioles channelled, villous. Stipules 
broad-triangular, obtuse, permanent, ferruginous, Racemes 
panicled, axillary, one, two, or three together, composed of 
alternate, short, diverging, partial, villous peduncles, bearing 
from two to five, large, pink-coloured, villous, pedicelled 


_ flowers on their apices. Bractes ovate, ferruginous. Calyx 


ample, of an oblique, gibbous cup shape, with its margin 


slightly five-toothed. Banner erect, oval, — 


Butea, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 243 


two remarkably large, callous, margined scales on the inside, 
near the base. Stamens one and nine. Style ending in a ta- 
pering, incurved, smooth, pointed stigma. Legume compress- 
ed, elliptic, rather acute, smooth, about two inches long, and 
one broad, Seed one, rarely two, reniform, 


5. G, uliginosa, Roxb, 

_ Twining. Leaflets three or five, ovate-oblong, smooth, 
pointed, Racemes axillary, compound. Legume sub-orbi- 
cular, compressed, one-seeded. 

Dalbergia heterophylla, Willd. iii. 901. 

Robinia uliginosa of the same volume, page 1133. 

Beng. Pan-luta, 2 

A native of the lower parts of Bengal, inate it is found. on 
the wet banks of rivers, nullas, &c. "Foscaae time the hot 
season. 

Siems woody, twining. Bark scabrous, dark brown ; 
young parts smooth, Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate. 
Leaflets two-pairs, besides the terminal one, opposite, short- 
petiolate, ovate, pointed, entire, smooth, and shining on both 
sides; the exterior one largest. Racemes compound, axillary, 
or from the old axills over the naked branchlets, erect, about 
as long as the leaves. .Bractes minute. /lowers numerous, 
pretty large, of a beautiful rose-colour, Calyx campanulate, 
obscurely four or five-toothed. Filaments one and nine. Le- 
-gume orbicular, with a small curved apex, compressed, 
smooth, rather more than an inch each way. Seed solitary, 


large, filling the whole legume. 


| BUTEA. Kon. 
Calyx campanulate, bilabiate. Stamina simple, and nine- 
cleft. Legume pedicelled, membranaceous, with one ae 


i iaadhi ssn 
Ee2 


Q44 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, | Butea. 


1. B. frondosa,. Corom. pl. i. No. 21. Willd. iii. p. 917. 
_ Arboreous, 
~ Sans. Pulasa. 

Beng. Pulas. 

Erythrina monosperma. Lamarck, Encycl. ii, p. 388. 

Teling. Maduga. 

- Plasa. Rheed. Mal. vi. t. 16 and 17, 

A middle-sized, or rather a large tree, not very common on 
the low land of the coast, but much more so among the moun- 
tains, and still more in Bengal. Leaves deciduous, during 
the cold season; they come out again, with the flowers, about 
the months of March and April ; seed ripe in June and July. 

Trunk generally crooked, covered with ash-coloured, 
spongy, thick, scabrous bark; the middle stratum of which 
contains a red juice, hereafter to be mentioned. Branches 
very irregularly bent in various directions. Young shoots 
downy. Leaves alternate, spreading, ternate, from eight to 
sixteen inches Jong. Leaflets emarginate, or rounded at the 
_ apex, leathery, above shining, and pretty smooth; below 
slightly hoary, entire, the pair are obliquely oval, from four 
to six inches long, and from three to four and a half broad, the 
exterior one obovate, and considerably larger than the lateral 
ones. Common petioles round, when young downy, as long 
as the leaflets. Stipules of the petioles small, recurved, dow- 
__ ny, those of the leaflets subulate. Racemes terminal, axilla- 
| ry, and from tuberosities over the naked woody branchlets, | 

rigid, covered with a soft, greenish-purple down, Flowers 
papilionaceous, pendulous, numerous, pedicelled, fascicled, 
very large, their ground colour a beautiful deep red, shaded 
with orange and silver-coloured down, which gives them a 
most elegant appearance.* Pedicels round, about an inch 
long, articulated near the apex, and covered with the same 
greenish, velvet-like down. Bractes lanceolate, caducous, one 
below the insertion of each pedicel, and two smaller, pressing — 
on the calyx. Calyx campanulate, leathery, two-lipped ; the 
upper lip large, scarcely emarginate; the under one three- 


Butea. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 245 


toothed, covered with the same dark green down that the ra- 
cemes and pedicels are covered with, Corol ; bannerreflect- 
ed, ovate, pointed, very little longer than the wings. Wings 
ascending, lanceolate, the length of the keel. Keel two-part- 
ed, ascending, large, semilunate, the length of the wings and 
banner, Filaments one and nine, ascending in a regular 
semi-circle, about as long as the corol, _Anthers equal, li- 
near, erect. Germ short, thick, pedicelled, lanceolate, downy. 
Style ascending, a little longer than the filaments, Stigma 
small, glandular. Legume pedicelled, pendulous, linear, thin, 
downy, about six inches long. Seed one, lodged near the 
point of the legume, oval, much compressed, smooth, brown, — 
about an inch and a half long, and about one broad. 

From natural fissures, and wounds made in the bark of 
this tree, during the hot season, there issues a most beautiful 
red juice, which soon hardens into a ruby-coloured, brittle, 
astringent gum; but it soon loses its beautiful colour, if ex- 
posed to the air. To preserve the colour, it must be gathered 
as soon as it becomes hard, and kept closely corked up ina 
bottle. 

This gum held in the flame of a candle swells, and burns 
away slowly without smell or the least flame into a coal, and 
then into fine light white ashes... Held in the mouth it soon 
dissolves; its taste is strongly, but simply astringent. Heat 
does not soften it, but rather renders it more brittle. Pure 
water dissolves it perfectly; the solution is of a deep, clear 
red colour, It is in a great measure soluble in spirits, but this 
solution is paler, and a little turbid ; the watery solution also 
becomes turbid when spirit is added, and the spirituous more 
clear by the addition of water ; diluted vitriolic acid renders 
both solutions turbid, and caustic ; vegetable alkali changes 
the colour of the watery solution to a clean, deep, fiery blood 
red.* The spirituous, it also deepens, but in a less degree, 


* With an alkalized decoction of this gum, I tried to dye cot. 
_ ton cloth prepared with alum, with sugar of lead, and with a so- 


246 DIADELPHITA DECANDRIA. Butea. 


Sal martis changes the watery solution into a good durable 
inks? 

These are, I think, proofs that a very small proportion of 
yesin is present in this substance. In this it differs essentially 
from the gum-resin called Kino or Gummi rubrum astringens 
Gambiense, which the Edinburgh College has taken into their 
Materia Medica,* but as this can be most perfectly dissolv- 
ed in watery menstruum it may prove of use, where a spiti- 
tuous solution of the former, being the most complete, cannot 
be so properly administered; consequently it may prove a 
valuable acquisition also, I have used the recent gum in 
making my experiments, which may make some difference. 

Infusions of the flowers, either fresh or dried, dyed cotton 
cloth, previously impregnated with a solution of alum, or 
alum and tartar, of a most beautiful bright yellow, which was 
more or less deep, according to the strength of the infusion. — 
A little alkali added to the infusion, changes it to a deep red- 
dish orange. It then dyed unprepared cotton cloth of the 
same colour, which the least acid changes to a yellow, or le- 
mon. These beautiful colours I have not been able to render 
perfectly permanent. 

Amongst numberless experiments, I expressed a quantity 
of the juice of the fresh flowers, which was diluted with alum 
water, and rendered perfectly clear by depuration. It was 
then evaporated by the heat of the sun, intoa soft extract ; 
this proves a brighter water colour than any gamboge | have 
met with. It is now one year since I first used it, and it 
remains bright, 

Infusions of the dried flowers yielded me an extract very 
ae ifany rata inferior to this last mentioned, They _ 


tetéei of tin in n“ayna-regis ; but the reds produced thereby were 
bad ; that where alum was employed, was the best. 


* A specimen of the tree which produces this African substance 
in the Banksian herbarium, convinces me that it isa species: of 


aes desert pee. 


Butea, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 247 


also a very five durable yellow lake, and all these in a very 
large proportion. 

The Lace insects are frequently found on the small branches 
and the petioles of the leaves of this treé. Whether the na- 
tural juice of its bark contributes to improve the colour of 
their red nidus, or colouring matter, I cannot say. It would 
require a set of experiments accurately made on specimens 
of Jac gathered from the various trees it is found on, at the 
same time, and as nearly as possible from the same place, to 
determine this point. 

I do not find that the natives make any use af the gum, or 
flowers, although they promise to be valuable. The former 
as a medicine ; and the latter as a pigment, and dying drug. 


2. B. superba, Willd. iii, p. 917. R. Corom, pl. 1, No, 22. 

Shrubby, twining. 

Teling. Tiga-muduga. 

This is a very large, twining shrub, a native of the Circar 
mountains. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season, 
and the seed ripens in June and July, 

Root spindle-form, very large. Stem twining, as thick or 
thicker than a man’s leg, woody, very long, running over 
large trees. Bark ash-coloured, pretty smooth, Branches 
like the stem, but with a smoother bark. Leaves alternate, ter- 
minal, remote, very large. Leaflets downy, in other respects 
asin B. frondosa, but much larger ; the exterior one is often 

about twenty inches long, and broad in proportion, the lateral 
ones somewhat less. Racemes as in the former, but much 
larger. Flowers also the same, only much larger, and more 
numerous. Calyx divided as the other, but the divisions long- 
er and much more pointed. Corol the same. Legumes and 
seed as in the former, but rather larger. When this species _ 
is in full flower, I do not think the vegetable world offers a 
more gaudy show. The flowers are incomparably beautiful, 
very large, and very numerous. The colours are so exceed- 


248 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, _ Butea, 


ingly vivid that my best painter has not been able, with his 5 j 
utmost skill, to imitate their brightness. j 

From fissures, &c. in the bark the same sort of ruby co- — 
loured astringent gum exudes as was noticed in the last spe- 
cies. The flowers also yield the same beautiful ais dye 
and pigment. 


3. B. parviflora, Roxb. 

Shrubby, twining. Panicles axillary, and terminal ; flow- 
ers small, and white. Banner emarginate, 

A native of the mountainous parts of the Rajamundree 
Circar, from thence Captain Alexander Denton sent the seeds 
to the Botanic garden in 1797, where, when about ten years 
~ old, they began to blossom in Decent and ihe seed ripen- 
ed in April and May. 

When in flower, it is immediately known by its copious 
panicles of small, white flowers. In other respects it is so” 
much like Butea superba, that I took it for that species un- 
til it blossomed, 

Stem in plants twelve years old, as thick as a man’s leg, 
ligneous, twining. Bark light brown, and somewhat spongy. 
Branches numerous, twining over trees, &c, to an extent of 
many fathoms, : 

Leaves alternate, ternate, about a foot longs: Leaflets re 
_ pair obliquely oblong, the terminal one nearly round-obo- 
| vate; all are entire, obfuie; or emarginate, both sides some- 
what villous, particularly underneath; of a pale dull green, 
about six inches long, and nearly as broad. Petioles round, 
slightly” channelled, when young, villous, from three to six 
inches long, Stipules of the petioles triangular, acute, Pa- 
nicles terminal, with the smaller or single branches thereof in 
‘the axills of the exterior leaves, branches alternate, bifarious, 
diverging. Flowers numerous, short- pedicelled, small, —_ 
in proximate fascicles of three, Bractes numerous, 0 , 
long, small, downy, a common ‘one under csitha Saati one. = 
on the base of each ecco: and two aes om se i 


Erythrina, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 249 


terally. Calyx bilabiate, the downy upper lip bidentate ; 
the under one three-cleft. Corel papilionaceous, Stamina 
one and nine. Anthers round. Germ sessile, two-seeded, 
Stigma large, smooth, pellucid. Legume pedicelled, linear, 
_ thin, clothed with a soft, brown, velvet-like down, apex one- 
seeded, Seed round-reniform, compressed, its greatest dia- 
meter nearly an inch, Jntegument single, smooth, brown. 
Perisperm none. Embryo as in the other Leguminose, 


TE per erenes 


ERYTHRINA. Schreb. gen. N. 1163. 


slallgge bilabiate. Corod with the standard much larger 
than the small wings and keel. Legume pedicelled, torose, 


1. E, indica, Willd, iii. 913. 
Arboreous, armed with black prickles. Leaves ternate, 
unarmed, Racemes terminal, horizontal. Keel two-petalled, 
equalling the wings. 

Mouricou, Rheed, Mal. vi. t. 7. 

Sans. Mundar, 

Beng. Palita-mandar. 

Teling. Badsta-chittoo. 

Dudap, or Dudap of the Malays; and when employed to 
support the black pepper vine, for which it is very general. 
ly used, they call it chinkereen. ‘ 

_A pretty large tree, and common over India and the 
Islands, Flowering time the beginning of the hot season, in 
March and April, Seed ripens in June and July. 
_ Trunk pretty straight, short but thick; branches many, 
forming a large, shady head. Bark of the trunk and large 
branches smooth, of a greenish ash-colour, in the younger 
branches, armed with small, black, sharp prickles, which 
: generally fall off about the third or fourth year, leaving the 
trunk and large branches unarmed. Leaves ternate. Leaf- _ 
4eis smooth, and entire, the terminal one broad-cordate ; the . 
Sc WOLOM = oe bo. FI. 


250 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Erythrina, 


pair obliquely so, from three to six inches long, and about the 
same breadth. They are deciduous in the cool season, which 
corresponds with winter in Europe. Petioles round, smooth, 
unarmed. Stipules of the petioles falcate, those of the leaflets 
round, and concave underneath, Racemes terminal, and 
projecting horizontally at a right angle from the branchlet, 
sub-secund, Peduncles round, while young and tender some- 
what mealy ; when advanced, smooth, ferruginous purple; 
pedicels ascending in a curved direction, tern, but often so 
crowded as to appear verticelled, Bracies minute, one under 
each pedicel, and two on the calyx. Flowers numerous, large, 
of a bright dazzling scarlet. Calya spathaceous, opening lon- 
gitudinally on the upper side; apex contracted, fiye-toothed. 
Banner oblong, erect. Wings scarcely one-fourth the length 
of the banner, semilunar, Keel two-petalled, and much like 
the wings, Filaments one and nine. Anthers sagittate. 
Germ long-pedicelled, mealy, from ten to fifteen-seeded. 
Style so long as to elevate the erect glutinous stigma a little 
above the anthers, Legume from six to twelve inches long, 
cuspidate, very protuberant at the seeds, and equally so on 
each margin, when ripe blackish, and wrinkled, Seeds from 
six to eight, oblong, smooth, blackish-purple. 

This tree is employed, in many parts of India, to support 
the black pepper vine. See Marsden’s History of’ Sumatra, 
page 107. The best method for raising them is by planting 
-cuttings of about eighteen inches, or two feet long, and about 
as thick as a man’s arm, half under ground, if planted of a 
greater length, the wind is apt to shake them, which prevents 
their striking root, From ten or more feet asunder, according 
to the quality of the soil, and in quincunx order, is from my 
ex perience, the best way. 


_ What seems to render. these trees very proper for this por- 


pose, is their quick growth, their firm, permanent, though — 


smooth bark, which never peels off, and gives firm hold to the 
roots of the vine, which come out abundantly at the joints. 
And lastly, they are full of leaves, and very shady daring 


< 


Erythrina, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 251 


the hottest months of the year, which shelters the vines from 


the intense heat of the sun, and keeps.the ground moist. As 
soon as the hottest weather is over, the leaves drop and ex- 
pose the vines to the sun and weather during the cvol sea- 
son, which I conceive renders them more healthy, and of 
course more productive. They must be kept in a dwarf state, 
by topping, and cutting off the lateral branches, for if allowed 
to grow without interruption, they would soon arrive at very 
great height, which would be very unfavourable for collect- 
ing the pepper. \ 

The immense quantity of large leaves that fall annually 
from these trees, manures the ground below them, which be- 
comes more and more fertile, the longer it remains in this 
state; so that when the vines have done bearing, the land 
must be in a much better condition than when first planted, 
Daily expericuce proves the truth of this, 


2. E. stricta. 

Arboreous, armed with innumerable white prickles, 
Leaves unarmed. Racemes terminal, horizontal. Calyx 
minute, spathaceous, entire. Wings sub-triangular, minute, — 
Legumes lanceolar, from two to three-seeded, | 

En-mouricou, the vernacular name at Anjenga, and Pen- 
mouricou that of E, indica, which this resembles much. 

_ A native of Malabar ; from Anjenga the seeds were receiv- 
ed into the Botanic garden, under the Canara name En-mou- 
ricou, at the same time, seeds of E. indica were received un- 
der the name Pen-mouricou., Both grew rapidly, for in two 
years the latter flowered in April, and in three, the former 
began to blossom early in March, and ripened its seed by the 
middle of April. 

Trunk perfectly straight, in our young trees eighteen 


~ inches in circumference, four feet from the ground ; branches 


few, and covered with smooth olive-coloured bark, all are 

well armed with numerous, short, sharp, light green prickles, 

height about twenty feet. On the Malabar coast it grows to 
Ffr2 


252 _ - DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Erythrina, 


be a tree of very considerable magnitude. Leaves ternate, 

Leaflets the pair unequally broad-cordate ; the terminal one 

reniform-cordate, all are smooth, entire, and pointed, from 

three to five inches each way. Petioles round, smooth, very 

rarely prickly, about six inches long. Stipules narrow-falcate, 
more permanent than the leaves. Racemes terminal, project- 

ing horizontally at right angles from the apex of the new leaf- 

less branchlets. Bractes minute, caducous; one under each 

pedicel, and two near their apices. Flowers tern, numerous 

and crowded, large, as in E. indica, and the colour the same 

bright dazzling scarlet. Calyx minute, not above one-tenth 

part of the length of the banner, spathiform, entire, acute, 

opening on the upper side, withering. Banner oblong, erect. 

Wings minute, even shorter than the calyx, semi-obovate. 

Keel half the length of the banner, and four or five times 

longer than the wings, two-petalled, but firmly united, and in 

that state, when expanded ovate; colour pale greenish yel- 

low, which is also the colour of the wings ; with the addition 

of a slight tinge of pink. Filaments seem one and nine, but 

the ten are united into one, a little above the base, alternately 

short. Germ pedicelled, villous, containing from four to six 

ovula attached to the upper margins. Style tapering. Stigma 
acute, Legume pedicelled, lanceolar, subulate, pointed, from 

three to five inches long, smooth, light brown. Seeds one, — 
two or three, rarely more come to maturity, lodged equally 
distinct from the ends, oval, pi ight brown, of the size 
of a French bean, 

- Note. Notwithstanding the great sienilanieg of this tree, to 
E. indica, Mouricou of Van Rheede, there can be no doubt 
of its being specifically distinct ; the small, entire, spathiform, 
calyx and minute triangular wings, are sufficient marks by 
which to distinguish it from all our other Indian Erythrinas, 
exclusive of the colour of the prickles, which is, no doubt, the 
most obvious criterion. The contents of the germ furnish an- 

other proof; in that containing from ten to fifteen — In 
this only from four to eight, generally about six. — : 


Pag ee eT eee, Tee Noe eee ten wee “het chal 


Erythrina, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 253 


3. E. suberosa, Roxb, 

Arboreous, with corky, deeply cracked bark. Leaves 
white, with down, ternate, prickles three-fold, and stipulary. 
Petioles armed. Racemes axillary, spreading. Wings most 
minute. Keel one-petalled. 

Teling. Moonee, Maduga. 

This species I have found in the Circar only ; there it is 
much less common than the E, indica, but grows in every 
soil, and situation. Leaves deciduous during the cold sea- 
son. Flowers in February and March, soon shor the leaves 
appear. 

In the Ganjam district, a variety is fousd, with the exte- 
rior leaflets reniform, and the apex perfectly rounded. 

Trunk erect, generally from eight to twelve feet to the 
branches, covered with light gray, corky, deeply cracked 
bark ; branches numerous, very crooked, spreading in every 
direction. Prickles stipulary, three-fold at the insertion of the 
leaves, and no where else, recurved, sharp, falling off about 
the third or fourth year, Leaves alternate, ternate. Leaf- 
lets the pair obliquely broad-cordate, the exterior one rhom- 
biform, entire, above hairy ; below covered with much soft, 
white down, three or four inches each way. Petioles pretty 
long, round, downy, armed witha few small prickles. Glands 


a pair at the insertion of the lateral leaflets, and another pair 


where the common petiole ends in the exterior leaflets. Sei- 


- pules lanceolate. Racemes axillary, sometimes terminal, ho- 
rizontal, &c, as in indica, but much smaller. Flowers as in 


indica but smaller. Calyx tubular, with a two-lipped mouth, 
Corol; banner as in indica, Wings minute, colourless, hid 
within the calyx. Keel one-petalled, cordate, many times 
longer than the wings, Filaments ten, all connected, alter- 
nately shorter. Legume pedicelled, containing generally two, 
though sometimes three remote seeds, the interstices filled 
with a MBrey: light spongy substance. 


264 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Erythrina, 


A. E. ovalifolia. Roxb. , 

Arboreous, armed. Leaves ternate; leaflets oval, Pett- 
oles armed. acemes terminal, Liccconltsle Banner obcor- 
date. 

Beng. Hari-kekra, 

Is rather a scarce tree about Calcutta, which is the only 
place in which I have yet seen it. Flowering time the end of 
the cold season ; the seed ripens before the rains begin. 

‘Trunk straight. Bark very thick, and deeply cracked. 
Branches numerous, armed with innumerable, small, sharp, 
black pointed prickles, Leaves scattered, petioled, ternate. 
Leaflets oval, entire; upper side very pale green, and cover- 
ed with a few, slender depressed hairs; under side very 
hoary, without any distinct kind of pubescence; from four 
to six inches long, and from two to three broad. Petioles 
smooth, except for now and then a few prickles; two umbili- 
cate glands at the insertion of the pair of leaflets, and two 
similar ones at its apex, Sdipules small, hard. Racemes simple, 
terminal, horizontal, from one to six. Flowers numerous, 
dark red, collected in threes round the raceme, on downy, 
erect pedicels, Bractes of the pedicels four-fold ;_ viz. one 
below the insertion of each. lateral pedicel, and two to the 
central one; small, downy ; those of the calyx two, small, op- 
posite. Calyx bursting open irregularly, on the outside dow- 
ny, no meliferous gland could be seen. Banner, twice the 
_ length of the keel, erect, broad-obcordate, emarginate ; claw 
Jong and tapering. Wings a third shorter than the keel, with 
the extremities coloured. Stamens ascending, one and nine, 
with as many corresponding glands on their inside round the 
base of the pedicel of the germ. Authers incumbent, on al- 
ternately longer filaments. Germ pedicelled, downy. Sty 
awled. er small, neem as in the genus, | 


5. E. sublobata. Riek es i | ee 
— armed, Leaves ternate ; : tor tiseien S | 


Erythrina, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 255 


lar, repand, downy underneath. Petioles unarmed, Ra- 
cemes terminal, 

Teling. Badadum. 

An immensely large tree, a native of the inland mountains 
in the Circars. Leaves deciduous, Flowering time, &c. as in 
the former, 

Trunk erect, frequently of very great size. Branches 
spreading, very numerous, the larger as well as the trunk. 
without prickles and covered with thick bark, the inner 
stratum of which is fibrous, the middle yellow, and farinace- 
ous, the exterior a smooth, hard, yellow, firm crust, of ve- 
getable gluten, Prick/es strong, conical, very sharp, ex- 
ceedingly numerous onthe younger branches, covering them 
almost entirely ; three of them, and generally they are the 
Jargest, stand round the marks left by the insertions of the 
leaves; these were the only stipules. Leaves alternate, ter- 
nate, froin twelve to eighteen inches long. Leaflets the pair 
obliquely cordate ; the odd one rhombic,all variously lobate- 
sinuate, or notched; above smooth, covered with soft, white 
down underneath, from five to six inches each way; while 
young covered with much rust-coloured down, Petioles 
long, round, downy, without prickles. Glands as in E, su- 
berosa, Stipules three-fold, strong, conical, sharp, perma- 
nent, becoming prickles. Racemes terminal, erect, slender, 
a little downy, lowers three-fold, spreading, otherwise in 
every respect very much like those of E, suberosa, 

The wood of all these species is remarkably light, soft, and 
spongy. It is generally employed, but chiefly that of E, in- 
dica, being the most common, by the people who make trunks, 
paint, varnish, &c. to make trunks, toys, and other things that 
are to be varnished; its numerous, large pores admit, and 
retain their priming, or under coating better. than almost 
any other wood; besides it is not liable to warp, contract, 

or split, and is, as before observed, exceedingly light. At the 
village of Kundupilla, near Masulipatam, they are particu- 
larly clever at varnishing upon these sorts of wood. 


256 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Erythrina, 


6. E. arborescens, Roxb. 

Sub-arboreous. Trunk and longer branches prickly. 
Leaves terminal, unarmed ; /eaflets reniform-deltoid, entire. 
Racemes straight. Brates three-flowered. Calyces trun- 
cate, entire. Legume pedicelled, five-pointed, villous, from 
six to eight-seeded. 

From Nepal, Dr. Buchanan sent the seeds to the Botanic 
garden where in one year the plants blossomed for the first 
time in October. In Nepal Dr. B, observed it to be a small 
branchy tree ten or twelve feet high; here in seven years 
they are only five or six feet high, and with but very few 
branches. 

Trunk straight, with not more than two or three, simple, 
ascending branches, armed with a few, scattered small, sharp 
prickles, otherwise smooth in every part. Leaves ternate. 
Leaflets entire, smooth above, whitish underneath, the exterior 
one nearly reniform, the pair obliquely broad-cordate. Pe- 

-tioles longer than the leaflets, round, smooth, perfectly desti- 
tute of prickles, a pair of glands at the insertion of the pair 
of leaflets, and another pair at the apex of the long portion 
which supports the terminal one, Stipules oval, small. 
Racemes from the terminal axills, solitary, perfectly straight, 
Jonger than the leaves, Bractes solitary, three-flowered, 
ovate, within this common bracte, there is a minute proper 

one at the base of each pedicel. Flowers numerous, large, 
of = scarlet, three-fold, pedicelled, drooping over each 
<< n an elegant imbricated form. Calyx entire, but cam- 

panulate, smiooth, coloured, Corol ; banner sub-ovate, boat- 
shaped, incumbent over the rest of the flower. Wings short- 
er than the keel, obliquely-obovate, greenish, Keel also green- 
ish, two-parted at the base, and apex, scarcely half the length 
of the stamens. Filaments rather shorter than the banner, 
united into one body near the base, alternately longer, Germ. 
long-pedicelled. Style the length of the stamens. Sigma 
acute, ascending, Legumes pendulous, pedicelled, villous, 
cuspidate, torose at the seeds, Seeds from five toten,  —- 


Abrus. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 257 


- 


1. E. resupinata, Roxb. 
- Herbaceous, Leaves ternate, appearing after the flowers — 
decay. Racemes radical, leafless ; corol resupinate. Fila- 
ments one and nine. 

A native of Hindoostan, In the Botanic garden they blossom 
in March, at which time no part of the plant is visible but the 
raceme, 

Root perennial. Stem nothing more than a single, from four 
to five inches high, scarce prickly, slightly villous shoot, which 
with the leaves, decays about the close of the mins. Leaves 
ternate, rather long-petioled, Leaflets nearly round, entire, 
smooth, from two to three inches each way. Petioles and 
nerves of the leaflets somewhat prickly. Stipules ovate. Ra- 
cemes radical, short-peduncled, appearing long before the — 
harbaceous stem, roundish-ovate, not six inches in height, 
but uncommonly interesting and beautiful, ’¢owers numer- 
ous, three-fold, pretty large, bright scarlet. Calyx bilabiate. 
Corol resupinate. Banner oval-shaped, much longer and 
Jarger than the keel, bright scarlet. Wings obovate, miuute, 
and nearly colourless. Kee/ much longer than the wings, ting- 
ed with red. Filaments one and nine, ee shorter ian 
the banner, but double the length of the keel. 


ABRUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1162. 


“Calyx obscurely four-lobed; the upper lobe broadest. 
Filaments nine, united into a sheath at bottom, gaping at the 
back, Stigma blunt, Seeds sub-globose. 


_ A. precatorius. Willd. 

Sans. Gunja, Krishnala, its red seed Ruttika. 

Hind, Rutti. 

Beng. Koonch or Goontch. 
-Konni. Rheed. Mal. viii. t. 39. 

Abrus. Rumph, Amb. v, t. 32. 

-Phaseolus arborescens, &c. Pluck, Alm. 294.4. a4. f. 6. 

VOL, It, Gg : 


* 


258 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Abrus, 


Gunja. Asiat. Res. ii, 154, and 499, © 

This is one of the most common plants in every part of In- 
dia. Flowering time the close of the rains, 

Root ramous. Stem ligneous, twining ; bark smooth ; young 
shoots with a few, white, depressed sce Leaves alternate, 
abruptly pinnate, from two to six inches long. Leaflets op- 
posite, sub-sessile, from eight to fifteen pair, linear-oblong, 


smooth, entire, both ends obtuse, the Jower pairs smaller. Pe- 


tioles, the common channelled on the upper side, and a little 
hairy. Stipules of the leaves lanceolate, of the leaflets minute. 
Racemes axillary, solitary, long-peduncled, The peduncle it- 
self horizontal, thick, and strong, often leaf- bearing. The ra- 
ceme, or flower-bearing part, erect, secund, with the apex 
projecting in a curve. /owers numerous, short-pedicelled, 
inserted on two rows of large, alternate, round, glandular tu-- 
berosities, growing on the exterior side of the raceme, pretty 
large, and of a pale pink colour. Calyx campanulate, mouth 
obscurely five-toothed. Corol ; banner ovate, sides deflected, 
apex ascending, the length of the wings, Wings falcate, pro- 
jecting horizontally. Kee/ cymbiform, the length of the other 
petals, Filaments nine, conjoined into a cylinder, with a fis- 
sure on the upper side, the distinct portions erect, and alter- 
nately shorter. Anthers ovate, small. Pistid minute, hid in 
the base of the tube of the stamens. Germ hairy. Style very 
short. Stigma headed. Legume of a long-rhomboidal shape, 
protuberant at the seeds, divided by transverse membranes, 
into as many cells as there are seeds. Seeds generally four 


or five, spherical, smooth, of a bright, shining red, or white, 


with a black mark at the eye, or more rarely black with @ 
white eye. 

The seeds are often used as weights by. jewellers. 

The root is employed as a substitute for liquorice, (G/y- 
eyrrhiza glabra,) being like it, sweet and mucilaginous, 

Of this pretty ee? Ihave met with three varietes in am 
viz. 


1st, With ers fovers red sa and black eye 


Crotalaria. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 269 


Qnrd. With dark-coloured flowers, black seed, and white 
eye. 
ard, sistas white flowers, white seed, and black eye. 


CROTALARLIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1172. 


Calyx five-parted. Keel beaked. Filaments connate, with 
a fissure on the back, which has a circular gape at the base. 
Anthers alternately sagittate, and sub-rotund. Legume 


eat ‘ : 


"SECT. I. (poem simple. 


1. C. juncea, Willd. iii. p. 974. Corom., pl. 2. N. 193. 
Annual, straight. Leaves sub-sessile, linear-lanceolate, 
hairy, rather obtuse, Racemes terminal, Legumes sessile; - 

club-shaped, many-seeded, 

Sans. Sana, See Asiat. Res. iv. p. 296. 

- Beng. Sun. 

Teling. Chanamoo. 

Cing. Henna, or Hane. 

Katou-tandale-cotti. Rheed. Mal. i ix, 2. 26, . 

See Philosophical Transactions of London, vol. Ixiv. P. 
99. 

An annual plant, very generally cultivated all over the 
southern parts of Asia for the fibres of its bark, which may be — 
called the Hemp of India, The time of flowering and _ripen- 
* ing its seed depend on the season it is sown; for in some parts 
it is raised during the rainy season, in others during the dry. 

Stem annual, straight, from four to eight feet high, or even 
- more, striated from the insertion of the leaves, a little downy, 
towards the top branchy, and, when the plant stands single, 
moreso, Leaves scattered, short-petioled, lanceolate, obtuse, 
with a small bristle-like point; both sides. covered with soft, — 
’ silver-coloured hairs, from two to six inches long, and from 


half an inch, to one and a half broad, | Stipules subulate, 
Gg2 


960 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Crotalaria. 


small. Racemes terminal, single. Bracées oval, one-flower- 
ed. Flowers numerous, papilionaceous, large, of a beautiful 
bright yellow. Calyz bilabiate ; the upper lip two-cleft; the 
under one three-parted in the middle, and there gaping; at 
the apex the segments are united. Banner obtuse, erect. 
Wings oblong, obtuse. Keel much pointed, slightly twisted 
at the apex and closely shut. Filaments, their lower half — 
united into one body, with a fissure down the upper side, 
which has a circular gape at the base ; extremities free, and 
alternately shorter. Anthers on the shorter filaments linear, 
on the longer ovate, and two-lobed.* Legumes sessile, club- 
shaped, downy, from one to two inches long. Seeds numer- — 
ous, kidney-formed, 

This plant yields the natives their best hemp, for they have 
no idea of the quality of the bark of the common hemp plant, 
Cannabis, which is indigenous in every part of India; the — 
leaves and flowers thereof being the only parts used by them. 
These they employ as an intoxicating, narcotic drug, and a 
most powerful one it is. 


* There is something very interesting in those two sorts of sta- 
mens. Ifa flower is opened sometime before the natural time of 
its expanding, which must be just before any of the anthers burst, 
the filaments of the subulate set will then be found considerably 
longer than those of the round set, and the stigma will then be 
3 about the same height ; these long anthers come to maturity long 
before the round ones, and about. the time the stigma is among 
them ; but the style continues to grow longer, by which means the 
bearded ‘stigma pushes on with it much of the pollen from the long 
anthers whose filaments do not now lengthen any more ; but those 
of the round ones now begin to lengthen, pushing their anthers 
considerably beyond the apices of the linear set, and even with 
the stigma, by this economy they come in contact with it before or 
about the time of their maturity. These changes r segue found 
most conspicuous in Crotalaria juncea and pent , whose 
flowers are very — at being nly son with thenake 


eye. as tee & ms ge ee ue 


Crotalaria. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 261 


This very useful species of Crotalaria is extensively culti- 
vated by the natives in most parts of India, In the Northern 
Circars the seed is sown towards the close of the rains, in 
October or November ; a strong clayey soil suits it best, the 
farmers say ; about 120 Ibs. of seed to the acre, is the usual 
allowance. It requires no further care than being covered 
with the soil, which is done with the common Hindoo harrow, 
viz, a bush or two, which two bullocks, or buffaloes drag 
over the field. In February or March, soon after the flowers. 
drop, and before the seed is ripe, it is pulled up by the roots, 
like hemp in Europe; half dried in the sun; then tied up in 
bundles, and committed to the water, where it is steeped, &c. 
The rest of the process being exactly similar to that of com- 
mon hemp. Those plants that are left standing for seed, yield 
bark of an inferior, though stronger quality, so that the time 
of pulling must be attended to. Of this the natives make 
their cordage, twine, fishing nets, gunny, viz. a strong coarse 
kind of sack-cloth, &c. , 

This plant, and it is the only one, is also cultivated by the 
natives of some parts of the Northern Circars to feed their 
milch-cows with, during the dry season. I have found that 
it is very nourishing, and causes them to give more milk than 
most other food: it only bears two or three — pine 
that the plants perish. 

The following is an account of the cultivation of the ice 
plant (Crotalaria juncea of Lineeus) and preparation of the — 
fibres of its bark, called Sun by the people of Bengal. 

It isa tall annual, and very generally cultivated all over the 
southern parts of Asia for the fibres of its bark, which may 
be called the hemp of those countries where it is cultivated, 
A very full and particular account of the various methods 
of cultivation, &c. wil! be found in Wissett’s Book on the Cud- 
tivation and Preparation of Hemp and Sun, published in 
London in 1804; and some remarks by myself in the 22nd 
and 24th volumes of the Transactions of the Society for the 
Encouragement of Arts, &c. 1 will however give a brief state- 


262 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Crotalaria, 


ment of the usual modes in Bengal, and add such remarks as 
1 think may be of use to improve the quality of the fibre, 
which is naturally excellent, probably not inferior to the 
hemp of Europe. | . 

When eultivated during the rains, which is very generally 
the case in Bengal, an elevated, rich, friable soil is required, 
which ought to be well ploughed, or otherwise dressed to 
free it of weeds, and bring it into good tilth, The seed, about 
from eighty to one hundred pounds weight to the acre, is 
sown when the first showers fall, about the beginning of the 
periodical rains in May or June, and covered in by the har- 
row, or any other mode. Little more is required, as the 
plant grows so rapidly, as to keep down the weeds itself. By 
August the plant will be in flower, and from five to eight, or 
more feet high. When the fibre is required of a fine quality, 
it is pulled in this stage of its growth; if ‘strength i is the ob- 
ject, it must stand till in seed, or even till the seed is ripe, 
When thought fit for the purposes intended, it is cut, or pull- 
ed up by the root. 

Some recommend steeping it immediately when it is pull- 
ed, in standing fresh water, as with hemp in Europe ; others, 
and I believe with good reason, recommend its being dried 
for some time previous to being steeped, upon this head much 
will be found in Mr, Wissett’s Book. 7 

- The length of time required for steeping depends on the 

season of the yen, the heat of the weather, and water. In Au- 

gust and eptember, from two to three days is generally suf- 
ficier . When that i is accomplished, which will be known by 
the bark separating freely from the stalk, But not too much 
so as over-steeping weakens the fibre much, the people em- 
ployed in the work stand in the water, in which the plant 
has been steeped; each takes a handful thereof which he 
breaks in one, or more places, after having washed off any 
mud, or filth; then grasps it by one end between both hands, 
and beats it against the surface of the water, which quickly 


Crotalaria, |= DIADELPHJA DECANDRIA. 263 


removes the reed from the fibres; when the parcel is turned, 
and the other end treated in the same manner. 

This simple mode is very generally followed by the natives 
of Bengal, and not only removes the reed quickly, but washes 
the fibres at the same time; hence the sun of Bengal is al- 
ways whiter than that of Bombay or Salsette, though they are 
the produce of the same plant; and it is probably the most 

- expeditious mode that can be devised ; but unfortunately the 
fibres are always so materially entangled, that they give but 

little support to each other, until by the heckle, they are in 
‘some measure restored to their natural situation, with the loss 
of nearly one half of the original quantity, which renders the 
heckled sux of Bengal high priced, _ 

About Bombay, the Salsette sun, or hemp, as it.is Siaaly 
called, isreckoned particularly good, not inferior to the best 
Russian hemp, and that is all peeled by the hand. Numerous 
experiments made by me, induce a belief that its superiority 
depends on the peeling. 

In that country, and in many other parts of India, the seed 
is sown toward the close of the rains, when a stronger soil is 
said to be required, In other respects the management is the 
same, e 


2. C. teauifolia, R. i ees 

Perennial, ramous, straight-furrowed, hoary, Leaves li- 
near, sericeous underneath, Stipules minute, subulate, Ra- 
cemes terminal, Legumes sessile, clavate, many-seeded, 

A native of Coromandel. In the Botanic garden it is per- 
ennial, growing to the height of nine feet, with numerous, 
slender, furrowed, straight branches, which are again more 
ramous at top; during the cool season each twig ends in a 
long raceme of large yellow flowers; and the seed ripens in 
two months. 


3. Cc. ace, Bak ri cc akg 
Shrubby, erect ; young eats four-comered, villous. 


.* 


264 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Crotalaria. 


Leaves linear, lanceolate, acute. Stipules minute, filiform, 
Racemes terminal, drooping. Legume sessile, clavate, hairy. 
- From Nepal Dr. Buchanan sent the seed to this garden in 
1802, where the plants grow well, and generally blossom dur- 
ing the hot season ; and ripen their seed two months after. 
Stem erect, shrubby, with many expanding, drooping, al- 
ternate branches; young shoots villous, and four-cornered, 
whole height of the plants four or five feet, and lasting from 
two to four years. Leaves alternate, sub-sessile, limear-lan- 
ceolate, acute, slightly villous, entire, from two to six 
inches long, and less than an inch broad. Stipues filiform, 
minute, villous. acemes terminal, solitary, drooping, few- 
flowered. Flowers remote, drooping, large, yellow. Bractes 
of the pedicel ovate, acute, solitary, one-flowered, those of the 
calyx, onthe opposite sides of its base, and smaller than those 
of the pedicel. Calyz bilabiate ; the upper lip bipartile, the — 
under one three-cleft, but the margins of the segments are 
united, requiring force to separate them, otherwise it remains 
entire. aes sessile, clavate, hairy, many-seeded, 


4. C, stipulacea, Roxb. 

Shrubby, erect, ramous, hairy, Leaves sessile, lanceolar. 
hairy. Stipules lanceolar, and conspicuously large. Racemes 
terminal. Bractes of both pedicel and calyx lanceolar. Le- 
gumes sub-sessile, oblong. 

_ A native of Mysore, from thence the seeds were sent by Mr. 
Heyne to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where the plants 
thrive well, blossom and ripen their seed during the cold sea- 
son. SEH Es : : 

Stem erect, ligneous, Branches erect; young parts very 
hairy ; height of the whole plant three or four feet. Leaves 
simple, scattered, sessile, lanceolate, entire, very hairy ; from 
one to two inches long, and from a quarter to half an inch 
broad. Stipules lanceolate, almost half as long as the leaves, 
and equally hairy. Flowers solitary, scattered, pretty large, 
yellow. Bractes lanceolate, hairy, one-flowered, three-fold 


Crotalaria, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 265 


under the insertion of the pedicels of the lower flowers of the 
raceme ; under those of the upper part solitary ; besides these 
there are two at the apex of each pedicel, close to the calyx ; 
all are permanent. Legume sub-sessile, smooth, thickest near 
the apex, more than twice the length of the permanent calyx. 
Seeds numerous, small, deep shining black. 


5. C. stricta, Roxb. 

Annual, straight, hairy. Leaves lanceolate, Flowers soli- 
tary, axillary and on terminal racemes, Calyces hairy, larg- 
er than the corols. Legumes sessile, clavate, smooth, many- 
seeded, shorter than the permanent cage: 

Teling. Moonga. 

This species I have only found in the valleys up amongst 
the Circar mountains, and in my own garden, where I rais- 
ed it from seeds brought from those valleys. 

Root annual. Stem straight, from one to three feet high, 
striated, hairy, with few or no branches. Leaves scattered, 
very short-petioled, expanding, lanceolate, hairy underneath, 
entire, from three to four inches long, and less than one 
broad. Stipules minute, setaceous. Flowers opening in the — 
evening, situation various, they are in general solitary, a 
little above the axills, and on short, terminal racemes, pretty 
large, ofa sulphur colour. Bractes lanceolate, one below each 
peduncle, and two to the calyx, Calyx remarkably large, 
parti¢ularly the two upper divisions, very hairy. Legume 
sessile, clubbed, smooth, a little shorter than the calyx, from 

thirty to forty-seeded. 


6. C. smondeietl Roxb. 

-Shrubby, erect. Leaves cuneate, isndeolate: obtuse, smooth. 
Stipules and bractes minute, Racemes terminal, Legume ses- 
et smooth, few-seeded. 

. Teling. Kunda-galli-geetsa, : 

. This species I have never found, but upon the Cirear 
mountains; it is a pretty large twiggy ati. f° & 

VOL, IIT, te 


266 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Crotalaria. 


Branches slender, erect, a little hairy when young. Leaves 
scattered, short-petioled, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, with a 
bristle, entire, both sides covered with a few silver-coloured 
hairs, about two inches long, and little more than half an 
inch broad. Siipu/es most minute, subulate. . Racemes ter- 
minal, long, many-flowered. Bractes very minute, subulate. 
Flowers middle-sized, yellow. Legumes sessile, linear-ob- 
Jong, smooth, from six to ten-seeded, 

Note. It differs from C. sericea in having very minute, 
awled stipules and bractes, 


7. C, linifolia, Willd. iii, 975. 

Perennial, erect, sericeous, Leaves sessile, narrow cunei- 
form, obtuse, hoary. Stipules none. Racemes terminal, Brac- 
tes small, one-flowered. Legume sessile, on of the ay 
from two to three-seeded. } 

A native of Hindoostan, as well as other parts of India. 


8. C. fulva, Roxb. 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves lanceolar, sericeous when young. 
Stipules none, Racemes terminal, and from the exterior axills. 
Bractes ovate, recurved, those of the pedicel solitary, those of 
the calyx paired. Legume sessile, oval, hid in the sericeous, 
permanent calyx, two-seeded. 

_ A native of Mysore, from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the 
seed to the Botanic garden where in two years the plants blos- 
somed in October and November, and ripened their seed in 
January. They were then stout, erect shrubs with a single, 
ligneous trunk, and many ascending branches, 

Bark of the young shoots clothed with much soft, short, 
white hair. Leaves simple, sub-sessile, lanceolate, entire, 
while young sericeous on both sides, from two to four 
inches long. Stipules none. Racemes terminal, and from the 
exterior sank: the whole forming large, elegant, sub-erect, 
sericeous panicles, bearing numerous, large, yellow flowers. 
Bractes of the petioles solitary, one-flowered, ovate, recurv- 


Crotalaria. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 267 


ed ; those of the calyx rather narrower,and recurved ; all are 
- permanent. Calyx large, yellowish, and sericeous on the 
outside, Legume sessile, bid in the calyx, oval, villous, with 
the villous, dry, permanent style bent downwards. Seeds 
two, reniform, smooth, light brown. 

The sericeous extremities, and numerous large yellow 

flowers, give to this stately species, a very charming appear- 
ance while in blossom, 
_ dt differs from Kénig’s sericea, (see Retz. Obs. v. p. 29.) 
in the want of stipules, and disposition of the bractes. C. 4i- 
nifolia, ( Suppl. 322.) is no doubt juncea, a plant totally dif- 
ferent in every respect. 


9.C, pulcherrima, Roxb. 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves obovate-cuneate, villous. Séi- 
pules none, Racemes terminal; bractes of the pedicels soli- 
tary, cordate, acuminate, refracted ; those of the calyx lanceo- 
late. Legume sessile, oblong, hid in the permanent calyx ; 
seeds few, 

_A native of Mysore, from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the 
outils to the Botanic garden at Calcutta in 1801, and in 
January 1803 the plants blossomed for the first time, and ri- 
pened their seed in March, Trunk erect, as thick as a walk- 
ing cane, covered with smooth, ash-coloured bark; young 
shoots round, and downy. Leaves simple, sessile, obovate- 
cuneate, villous; length from one to three inches, Stipules 
none. Racemes terminal, sometimes compound. Bractes 
of the pedicel solitary, one-flowered, sessile, cordate, acumi- 
nate, refracted, villous, and yellow. Flowers very large, of a 
lively bright yellow, and of several days duration. Bractes 
of the calyx opposite, lanceolate, expanding, villous, and not 
of so deep a yellow as the larger cordate bractes. Ca/yx deep- 

_ly divided into five unequal segments, and clothed with fine 
_yellow pubescence, permanent, Legume sessile, hid in the 
permanent. calyx, oblong, smooth, Seeds a few, frequently 


_ not more than one comes fa perfect maturity. 
Hh2 


268 . DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Crotalaria. 


10. C. ramosissima, Roxb. P Exe 

Suffruticose, very ramous, hairy, Leaves sessile, lanceo- 
lar. Stipules none. Racemes terminal, few-flowered. Bractes 
callous-margined, and revolute. Legume sessile, one-seeded, 
A native of the interior parts of Bengal, and in blossom 
most part of the year. 

Root ramous, perennial. Stem scarcely any, but numerous 
sub-ligneous, small, variously bent, alternate, very hairy 
_ branches and branchlets, spread in every direction; general 
height of the whole plant about two feet and in diameter ful- 
ly as much. Leaves alternate, sessile, simple, approximate, 
cuneate-lanceolar, entire ; very hairy underneath, size of the 
largest, about an inch Jong, and scarcely one-fourth of an 
inch in breadth. ore 

Stipules none. Racemes terminal, solitary, few-flowered. 


Flowers pretty large, yellow, tinged with deep purple, 


Bractes of the pedicel solitary ; of the calyx paired ; all are 
cordate, with callous, recurved, coloured, smoothish mar- 
gins and apices. Calya ; divisions unequal; the upper two 
being much larger than the lower three; the margins of all 
callous, coloured, and recurved. Legume oval, hairy, sessile, 
one-seeded, 


11. C, chinensis, Willd, iii, 974, 


Perennial, diffuse, hairy. Leaves bifarious, from oval to . 
linear-obtuse, hairy, Stipules at the forks of the branches. 


Racemes terminal. Bractes lanceolate. Legumes sessile, oval, 
smooth, many-seeded, 


A native of pasture ground, borders of culate fields, 


&e. 
Root perennial, Stemscarcely any, but many, diffuse,round, 


hairy, two-forked, slender branches, from one to two feet. 
long. Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, linear-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse with a bristle, very hairy, entire, generally 
more than an inch Jong, and Jess than half an inch broad. — 
Stipules subulate, and only at the divisions of the branches, — 


is Midisces.. ‘ 


Crotalaria, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 269 


and even there frequently wanting. Racemes terminal, twice 
as long as the pedicels. Flowers pretty large, yellow. Calyx 
hairy, nearly as long as the flower. Legume sessile, oval, 
smooth, shining, from fifteen to twenty-five-seeded. 


12. C. rubiginosa, Willd, iii. 973. 

Perennial, diffuse, hairy. Leaves oval, and lanceolate, hairy. 
Stipules lanceolate. Racemes leaf-opposed. Bractes cordate. 
Legumes oval, hairy, few-seeded. 

Like the last described, it is a native of pasture lands; it 
has also a perennial root, with many slender diffuse, round, 
hairy, two-forked branches, 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, bifarious, below rauae 
or ovate, above lanceolate, hairy, entire, very various in size. 
Stipules lanceolate, often reflexed. Racemes lateral or leaf- 
opposed, twice as long as the leaves, round, hairy, from four 
to eight-flowered. Bractes solitary, cordate, reflexed, short- 
er than the pedicels, one-flowered, Legumes sessile, oblong, 
hairy, eight-seeded, 


13. €. cespitosa. Roxb. 

Perennial, diffuse, cespitose, smooth, Leaves somewhat 
wedge-shaped. Stipules none, Racemes terminal. Bractes 
‘subulate. Legumes sessile, rhombic, Seeds from ten to 
twelve, is 

Teling. Nalla-geri-galli-geetsa, 

Is one of the most common all over the coast, grows on 
pasture ground ; is in flower all the year round. | 
| | Root perennial. Siem none. Branches numerous, spread- 
‘ ing close to the earth in every direction, with their extremi- 
ties ascending ; from one to two feet long, pretty smooth, 
Leaves alternate, inclining to be bifarious, very short-pe- 
tioled, linear-oblong or wedge-form, sericeous underneath ; 
= about three quarters of an inch long, and a quarter broad. 
€. Stipules none. Racemes terminal, very long, ascending. Brac-— 
tes of the pedicel single, awled, one-flowered ; those of the 


i} 


970 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Crotalaria, 


~ 


calyx two, similar, but smaller. Flowers small, ofa bright 
yellow, opening in the evening. Calyx, upper segment emar- 
ginate. Legume rhombic, black, smooth, from eight to 
twelve-seeded. Cattle eat it, j 


_ 14. C, prostrata, Roxb. 

Perennial, diffuse, hairy. Leaves bifarious, oblong, hairy. 
Stipules none, Racemes leaf-opposed, Legumes sessile, club- 
bed, smooth, many-seeded, ° 

Teling. Seri-galli-geetsa. 

This is an uncommon species on the coast ; like the former, 
it grows on pasture ground, has a perennial woody root, with 
many slender, hairy, diffuse, two-forked, round . branches, 
from one to two feet long, their lower part = becomes 
woody, and perennial. 

Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, sbligabayeob: 
long, bairy, about an inch long, and half an inch broad. 
Stipules wanting. Racemes leaf-opposed, axillary, or ter- 
minal, three or four times longer than the leaves, from six to 
twelve-flowered. Bracies minute. Flowers small, yellow. 
Legume sessile, clubbed, smooth, from sixteen to twenty-four 
seeded, 

en a OS savas Willd, iii. 978. , Feige: aa 

- Sub-herbaceous, flaccid, hairy, Leaves oval sae Sti- 
pules semi-lanceolate. Racemes leaf-opposed, long, from three 
to four-flowered. Bractes cordate, recurvate, Legumes ses- 
sile, hairy, clubbed, few-seeded. 

Teling. Nalla-galli-geetsa, 

This species is scarce, it generally grows among low brash- 
wood, on dry ground. Flowers during the wet season. 

Root perennial, Stem scarcely any, but many two-forked, 
small, slender, bifarious branches, spreading on the ground, 
or climbing up amongst shrubs; from one to several feet long, 
round, hairy. Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, from 
broad-oval to oblong, bairy, from one to two inches long, and 


4 


Crotalaria, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, . 


one, or one and a half broad, Stipules half-lanceolate, re- 
flexed. Racemes lateral, or leaf-opposed, three or four times 
longer than the leaves, from three to six-flowered. Bractes 
cordate, reflexed,shorter than the pedicels. F/owers opening 
in the evening only, very large, yellow ; the back of the banner 
and sometimes the wings beautifully spotted with purple. 
Calyx large; segmenis slender, hairy. Legumes sessile, club- 
bed, very hairy, from eight to ten-seeded. 

16. C. uniflora, Kon. Mss. 

~ Sub-herbaceous, procumbent, hairy, Leaves bifarious, ob- 
liquely cordate, hairy; no stipules. lowers solitary, axil- 
lary. Legumes sessile, reniform, one or two-seeded. , 

Hallia hirta, Willd. iti. 1169. 

Teling. Nalla benda. 

A small, procumbent species, with perennial roots, and an- 
nual branches, a native of pasture ground. Flowers in the 
cold season. 

Stems none. Branches many, spreading every way, and 
pressing also on the ground, about a foot long, and as thick 
asa packthread, two-forked, round, hairy, Leaves alternate, 
bifarious, sub-sessile, obliquely-cordate, of a dirty brownish 
green, particularly round the edges, hairy, about five-eighths 
’ ofan inch Jong, and three-eighths broad. Stipules wanting. 
Peduneles axillary, short, one-flowered, about the middle ar- 
ticulated, with a small bracte. Flowers small, yellow. Calyx 
hairy. Banner obcordate, having the processes of Dolichos, 
Legume sessile, compressed, diaphanous, one or two-seeded. 


17. C. Nummularia, Willd. iii. 979. 

Sub-herbaceous, diffuse, hairy. Leaves cordate, hairy. 
Peduneles leaf-opposed, long, two-flowered, Legumes sessile, 
globular, hairy, many-seeded. 

_ C. nana. Burm. Ind, i. 48. f. 2. 

_ This is no doubt the species called ne Dr. Konig, bijtora, 


272 - DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Crotalaria, 


though it agrees better with Willdenow’s Nummudaria than 
his béflora, they are probably the same. 
- Teling. Pillee-watta-tiga. 

A native of shady pasture ground, about hedges, &e. 
Flowers during the wet and cold seasons, 

Root perennial. Stem scarcely any. Branches many, spread-: 
ing amongst the grass, round, hairy, two-forked, from one to 
two feet long. Leaves alternate, sub-sessile, bifarious, ob- 
liquely cordate-ovate, or oblong, hairy, about three quarters 
of an inch long and halfan inch broad, Stipules wanting. Pe- 
duncles \eaf-opposed, longer than the leaves, round, hairy, 
near the apex two-forked, two-flowered. Bractes awled, | 
hairy. Legume sessile, oval, or globular, size of a field bean, 
hairy, seed crowded, from twelve to twenty, kidney-form. 


- 


18. C. retusa, Willd. iii. 976, 

Annual, and biennial. Leaves oblong-cuneate, slightly 
retuse. Stipules small. Racemes terminal, Bractes'ensiform, 
recurved, Legume sessile, clavate, smooth, many-seeded. 

-Tandale cotti. Rheed. Mal, ix. t. 25. 

Teling. Potu-galli-geetsa. 

Beng. Beel-jhanjhun. 
~ C. major, Rumph, Amb. v. t. 96. f.1. 7 

A common, but elegant plant, found in most — India. 
Flowering time the cool season. | 

_ Root often biennial, or more. Stem straight, but very — 
short, with several, ascending branches rising Srdit it a little 

above the ground, they are all slightly furrowed, otherwise 
round, and nearly smooth, general height of the whole plant 
about two feet, Leaves scattered, short-petioled, oblong- 

cuneate, with the apex oftener rounded than retuse, smooth 
on both sides, from one to three inches long. Stipules minute, 
acute, spreading. Racemes terminal, erect, many-flowered. 
Flowers drooping, large, of lively yellow, with the back of | 
the banner tinged with red. ieee solitary, ensiform, one- 


Crotalaria, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 273 


flowered, recurved. Legume turgid, sub-sessile, clavate, 
smooth, many-seeded, 

19. C. sericea, Willd. iii, 975. 

Annual, erect, ramous, furrowed. Leaves simple, sub-ses- 

sile, from obovate-cuneate, to lanceolate. Stipules semi-cor- 
date. Racemes terminal. Bractes cordate, Legume sessile, 
oblong, smooth, many-seeded. 

C. sericea. Retz. Obs. v. p. 26. 

_ Sans. Ghuntaruva, 
_ Beng. Peeyooli, Jhunjhun. — . 

A native of Bengal. Flowering and seed time the cold 
season. ae oo pe ee 

Root ramous, generally annual. Stem erect, with a few 
sub-erect, furrowed, slightly pubescent branches; height of 
the whole plant from four to eight feet. Leaves simple, sub- 
sessile, obovate, the superior ones narrower, entire, with a mi- 
nute bristle from the obtuse apex, from three to six inches 
long, and from one to three broad. Stipules semi-cordate, 
acute, about as long as the short vermicular petioles, perma- 
nent. Racemes terminal, from one to two feet long, round, 
smooth, Bractes cordate, reflexed, one-flowered, embracing 
the base of the pedicels; two minute sub-opposite ones near 
the base of the pedicels. Flowers very large, of alively yellow. 
Banner with the callosities of Dolichos near the base. Legume 
sub-sessile, linear-oblong, smooth, inflated, many-seeded, 

If the above plant is Kinig’s, or rather Retz’s sericea, which 
can scarcely. be doubted, the specific name is ill applied, for 
there i is nothing sericeous. about it, a few depressed hairs is 
all the paheneaay 1 have been able to discover. 


20. C. verrucosa, Willd. iii, 977. 

- Annual, ‘erect, angular, Leaves sub-ovate, rugose. Sti- 
pules semi-cordate, reflexed, Kacemes leaf-opposed. Brac- 
tes subulate. _ Legume sessile, many-seeded, 
Pee-tandale-cotti, Rheed. Mal, ix. t. 29. | 
‘VOL. Ill. Vi 


274 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Crotalaria. 


21. C. alata. Roxb. 

Herbaceous ; branches two-winged. Leaves simple, ses- 
sile, obliquely round-ovate, downy. Racemes terminal, be- 
coming lateral. Legume short-pedicelled,, linear-oblong, 
smooth, 

Found in Hindoostan by Captain Hardwicke in flower in 
July and August. 


22. C. semperflorens, Willd. iii, 978. 

Shrubby, erect, ramous, smooth, Leaves ovate ; stipules 
falcate, reflexed. Racemes terminal, becoming lateral. Brac- 
tes subulate, one-flowered. Legume sessile, clavate. 

A native of Sumatra. Flowering in the cold season, in the 
Botanic garden at Calcutta, The flowers are of a middling 
size, and bright yellow. Is not far removed from verrucosa. 


23. C. bialata. R. 

Perennial, spreading ; branches two-winged. Leaves sub- 
sessile, from lanceolar to oblong. Peduncles lateral, long, 
and smooth, : 

A native of Silhet. In the Botanic garden it grows to bea 
pretty large bushy spreading shrub, with little or no stem, 
but many sub-ligneous, naked, spreading branches, which 
divide into ascending, broad-winged, villous branchlets. 
Flowers and ripens its seed during the rainy and cool seasons. 


| 24, C. angulosa, Lamarck’s Encyel., ii, 196, 
Annual, Stem and branches from three to five-sided. 

Leaves sub-sessile, base sub-ovate, much attenuated, and 

curled. Stipules semi-cordate, transverse. Racemes lateral. 
A native of the Mauritius, 


25. C. paniculata, Willd. iii. 980, 
Shrubby, very ramous and hairy, Leaves simple, cune- 
ate, sub-sessile, Stipules subulate, recurved. Panicles ter- 


Crotalaria. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 275 


minal, large. Bractes numerous, subulate, recurved, clam- 
my. Legumes sessile, villous, one-seeded. 

From planis two years old, reared in the Botanic garden 
from seed received from Dr. Jobn at Tranquebar, the accom- 
panying drawing and this description are taken. Flowering 
time, in Bengal, the cold season; seed ripensin March. 

Trunk short. - Branches numerous, spreading in every 
direction, round, clothed with much soft hair, Branchlets, 
immediately under the panicle generally destitute of leaves, 
but garnished with many fasciculi of the clammy, stipulary 
leaflets; whole height of the plant from two to four feet, 

‘spreading to a considerably greater extent, Leaves simple, 
sub-sessile, cuneate, hairy like the young shoots, Stipules i in 
axillary fascicles, subulate, recurved ; margin revolute; upper 
surface clammy. Panicles terminal, large, from one to two 
feet long, composed of simple, expanding racemes, Bracies 

- Jike the stipules. lowers large, yellow, smelling rather 
offensively. Banner, two callosities at the base, as in Doli- 
chos, downy on the back. Germ one or two-seeded, Legumes 
sessile, oval, downy, about as long as the long, slender-acute 
divisions of the calyx, generally one-seeded, 


SECT. II. Leaves compound. 


26. C. laburnifolia, Willd, iii, 982. | 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves ternate; leaflets obovate, smooth, 
Stipules none. Racemes terminal, Legumes pedicelled, club- 
bed, many-seeded, 

Nella-tandale-cotti, Rheed, Mal. ix, t, 27. 

Beng, Munna. 
_ Teling. Munna or Pedda-galli-geetsa, 

C. arborescens, Burm, Zeyl, t. 25. 

An elegant, large shrubby, broom-like species; common 
on the southern par of the coast. Flowers most part of the 
year. : 


_ Stem erect, ay Branches | eS aocending.5: ahs 
I i2 


276 -- DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Crotalaria, 


whole plant from four to six feet high, Leaves terminal, long- 


petioled. Leaflets nearly equal, obovate, with a point, entire, 


smooth; about an inch Jong, and three quarters of an inch 
broad. Stipules wanting. Racemes terminal, large, many- 
flowered. Pedicels pointed, and bracted near the apex. 


Bractes of the pedicels small, one-flowered, Flowers large, 


of a bright showy yellow. Wings half the length of the 
banner, and keel. Legume, pedicels clubbed, smooth, Seeds 
numerous, kidney-shaped, Cattle eat it. 


27. C. orixensis. Roxb. 

Perennial, procumbent. Leaves ternate. Leaflets obovate, 
pretty smooth, Racemes lateral, long. Bractes cordate. Le- 
gumes pedicelled, cylindric, smooth, few-seeded. 

Teling. Koona-galli-geetsa, 


Like most of the rest, this is a native of pasture ground, — 


borders of cultivated fields, &c. 
Root perennial, white, woody, Stems several, procum- 


bent; racemes round, hairy, from two to three feet long. 


Leaves ternate, Leaflets oblong, or obovate, entire, smooth 
on the upper side, a little hairy underneath ; about an inch 
Jong and rather more than half an inch broad. Petioles as 
long as the leaflets, Stipules lanceolate, hairy. Racemes 
lateral, or leaf-opposed, erect, very long. Flowers small, 
remote. Bractes cordate, reflexed, one-flowered. Pedicels 

Jong, slender. Legumes pedicelled, pendulous, cylindric, 
smooth, from eight to twelve-seeded, , 


28. C. cytisoides, Roxb. 
Shrubby. Leaves ternate; leaflets alike, oblong, acute, 


glaucous underneath, Stipules minute, permanent, Ra-_ 


cemes terminal, Legume sessile, linear-oblong, downy, few- 
seeded . : a * ‘ : . . 

From Nepal Dr. Buchanan sent the seeds to this garden, 
where the plants blossom during the dry season chiefly. 


- Trunk tolerably erect, with many spreading branches, — 


ad 


Crotalaria, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 277 


forming a large ramous shrub, of about six or seven feet in 


height; young shoots round, and clothed with fine, minute 


pitbeuach: Leaves ternate ; leaflets nearly equal, oblong, 
or broad-lanceolar, deep green on the upper side, paler under- 
neath ; from one and a half to two inches long, and less than 
one in breadth. Petioles slender, channelled, villous. Sti- 
pulessmall, with a broad base,and subulate apex, permanent. 
Racemes at first terminal, becoming lateral as the branches 
extend in length. Flowers numerous, pretty large, pale yel- 
low. Bractes of the pedicels solitary, one-flowered, small, 
lanceolate ; those of the calyx larger and inserted obliquely 
on its base, Calyzx of five equal divisions. Legume sessile, 


oblong, compressed, villous, about an inch long, and less 


than half that in breadth, Seeds few, obliquely-reniform. 


29. C. trifoliastrum, Willd. iii. 983. 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves ternate ; leaflets cuneate, emargi- 
nate. Stipules filiform. Racemes terminal. Legumes sessile, 
smooth, four-seeded. ; 

C. Bengalensis, &c. Pluck, Alm. t. 169. a 5, 

-Teling. Naga-galli-geetsa. 

A pretty large, erect, shrubby species ; growing “about 
hedges, borders of cultivated land, &e. 

Root woody, yellow. Stems several, erect, woody, valid 
Branches twiggy, a little downy, the whole plant from one 
to four feet high, Leaves ternate. Leaflets broad-wedge- 
formed, or obcordate, emarginate with a bristle, above smooth, 
below with a few hairs, about an inch long, and half an inch 
broad. Petioles as long as the leaflets, sitanalilboik Stipules 
subulate. Racemes terminal, or branchlet-opposed, Jong, 
straight, many-flowered. Bractes of the pedicel subulate, 


-one-flowered ; of the calyx two, opposite, minute. Flowers 


yellow. Legume sessile, almost globular, size of a pea, 


smooth, two-seeded. 


278 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Crotalaria. 


30. C. procumbens. Roxb. 

Perennial, procumbent. Leaves ternate ; leaflets long-obo- 
vate. Racemes terminal and axillary, few-flowered. Legumes 
roundish, sessile, two-seeded, 

A native of such places as the last, perennial. 

Root yellow. Stem scarcely any, but several, weak, 
procumbent, ramous, round, smooth branches of from one to 
three feet Jong, supporting themselves on the ground, grass, 
or whatever is in their way. Leaves as in the last species, 
but smaller. Svipules as in the last. Racemes terminal, 
axillary, or lateral, generally lateral, or leaf-opposed, longer 
_ than the leaves, three-flowered. Bractes as in the last species. 
Legume as in the last, but smaller, 


31. C. bracteata. Roxb. 

Shrubby, erect, with many spreading branches, slightly 
sericeous, Leaves ternate; (feaflets broad-lanceolar, acute, 
smooth, Stipules minute. Racemes axillary, or leaf-oppos- 
ed ; a pair of large ovate bractes over the calyx. Legume 
sessile, woolly, many-seeded, 

A native of Chittagong. Flowering time the close of the 
rains, seed ripe in January and Reba: 

Root perennial, Trunk short, ligneous, Branches nu- 
merous, dichotomous, spreading ; young shoots round, light- 
ly sericeous, Leaves alternate, petioled, ternate. Leaflets 
_ broad-lanceolar, acute, entire, while young slightly sericeous 
underneath; from three to six inches long, sik from one to 
three broad. —Petioles about two inches long, slightly chan- 
nelled. Stipules minute, acute. Racemes solitary, erect, 
axillary, or opposite, shorter than the leaves. . lowers nu- 
merous, pretty large, yellow. Bractes of the pedicel solita- 
ry, small, one-flowered ; those of the calyx, paired, ovate, and 
projecting over the calyx like a hood, before the flowers ex- 
pand ; their structure and situation make the racemes appear 
imbricated, Legumes sessile, broad boat-shaped, very wool- 


ee 


Bata iit 2 ace. 


Pai. 


Crotalaria, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 279 


ly, about three quarters of an inch long. Seed several, reni- 
form, smooth, pale-coloured. 


32. C. elliptica. Roxb. 

Shrubby, spreading. Leaves ternate ; leaflets elliptic. Sti- 
pules and bractes conic-ovate, acute, Legume sessile, oval, 
villous, two-seeded. 

A native of China, from thence introduced into the Botanic 

garden, where it flowers in August and September. The sced 
ripens in two or three months afterwards, 
_ Stem scarcely any, but several, slender ligneous branches 
spreading out on each side, a little above the surface of the | 
earth ; these and the young shoots are round, and hairy, and 
their length from one to two feet. Leaves ternate. Leaflets 
elliptic, obtuse, entire,a little hairy underneath, from an inch, 
to an inch and a half long, and rather more than half of that 
in breadth. Stipules acute, recurvate, rigid, smooth above, 
hairy underneath. Racemes terminal, becoming lateral ; 
about two inches long, many-flowered, hairy. Flowers small, 
yellow, solitary. Bractes small, ovate, acuminate, hairy, re- 
curvate; those of the pedicels solitary, those of the calyx two, 
Calyx hairy, five-toothed, Filaments united into one body, 
with the fissure ending in a circular opening at the base. An- 
thers alternately linear and round as in the genus. Legume 
sessile, oval, villous, two-seeded. Seeds reniform, smooth, 


33. C. guinquefolia. Willd. iii. 988. 

Annual, erect. Leaves quinate. 

Wellia-tandale-cotti, Rheed. Mal. ix. t, 28. 

Teling. Neroo-galli-geetsa. 

A most elegant, large, annual species, growing chiefly i in 
the wet rice fields. Flowers during the rainy season. 

Stem annual, erect, ramous, striated, piped, from three to 
four feethigh. Branches stem-like. Leaves alternate, petioled, 
digitate. Leaflets sessile, lanceolate, emarginate with a bris- 
tle in the cleft ; above smooth, below a little hairy, from one 


280 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Arachis, 


to four inches long, and ees half an inch to an inch broad ; 
the inferior ones smaller. Petioles as long as the largest Leal 
lets, three-sided, with a groove on the upper side, Stipules 
reflexed. Racemes terminal, long, erect, many-flowered. 
Bractes single, one-flowered, lanceolate. Flowers large, yel- 
low, Stamens and anthers as in the genus ; the round anthers 
are here nearly twin, so much are their lobes divided. 


ARACHIS. Schreb. gen. N. ays 


Perianth with a long filiform tube, supporting the corol, 
and stamina, or its mouths, Corol papilionaceous, Fila- 
ments connected in one tube (a groove,) but no fissure on the 
back, 


1, A. hypogea. Willd. iii. 1346. 

_ Annual, diffuse. Leaves twice paired. Legumes growing 
under the surface of the ground, 
~Chameebalanus japonica, Rumph, Amb. y. t. 156. f. 2. 

Hind. Moong-phullee. 

This very useful and common plant is to be found in all 
the warmer parts of Asia. Though in Bengal it appears to 
be rather scarce, nor have the natives any name for it, though 
those of other provinces have. It is also universally known 
in Europe, yet a full and accurate description with figures 
seems still to be wanting. Its parts of fructification appear to — 
me to have been overlooked by every Botanical writer I have 
yet met with, on that account I have been obliged to give it a 
new essential generic character and its natural character at 
full length, from which it will be seen that this plant is in fact 
a Stylosanthes, However as its present generic name, — 
Arachis, is so universally known, I think it will be better to 
continue it, and to. place the only species of Stylosanthes 
known to me with it; for they clearly make but one gens. 
Ihave at this instant both the living plants before me in bigh 
perfection, and after repeated examination, can safely say 


sili allies ee 


Arachis. DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA, 281 


that the essential generic character of two such widely dis- 
tinct species, seldom agrees so well as in these two, (viz. 
Arachis hypogea, Linn, and Stylosanthes mucronata, Willd. 
Root annual. Stems, or rather branches many, diffuse, 
hairy, from two to four feet long. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 
Leaflets two pair, oval and obovate, slightly hairy under- 
neath, Petioles longer than the leaflets, with the base enlarg- 
ed into a stem-clasping sheath, with two ensiform processes, 
Flowers axillary, two or three together, blossoming in suc- 
cession, Bractes a common exterior pair to the fascicle, and 
small proper ones fo the several flowers ; all are membranace- 
ous, tapering to a fine point, and ciliate, Calyx with a very 
long, filiform, slender tube ; mouths two-parted ; the upper 
lip three-cleft, with the middle division emarginate ; the low- 
er lip lanceolate, and rather longer. Corol papilionaceous, 
resupinate, of a bright yellow colour. Banner round, emar- 
ginate, large in proportion to the other petals, inserted with 
the wings and carina partly on the base of the staminiferous 
tube,and partly on the mouths of the tube of the calyx. Wings 
free, obliquely-ovate, concave, longer than the carina, which 
is at the base two-parted ; the upper half incurved and su- 
bulate, Filaments ten, united into one fleshy tube, with a 
groove, but no opening on the upper side, Anthers alter- 
nately sagittate and ovate. Germ ovate, lodged on the very 
base of the sessile tube of the calyx. Style long and slender. 
Stigma even with the anthers, and bearded on the inside, 
Legume oblong, leathery, swelled at each seed, reticulated 
with prominent nerves, one-celled, not opening spontaneous- 
ly, nor are the sutures very conspicuous ; length various, but 
in general about as thick as the little finger. Seeds from one 
to four, ovate, smooth, of the size of a French bean. The 
manner in which the young minute germ of the plant acquire 
pedicels, sufficiently long toallow them to thrust themselves 
Into the ground to the depth of one, two, or even. three inches, 
where they grow and ripen their seed, is truly w 
To understand this admirable economy, it mines, he 
VOL, I}. Jj : e 


282 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Arachis. 


that the flowers are most perfectly sessile, two, three, or four 
in the axills of the Jeaves, and that the germ is lodged in the 
very base of the tube of the calyx. Soon after the flower 
decays the germ acquires pedicels, after which it lengthens 
fast, it then enters the earth, and when the legume is perfectly 
formed, it will generally be found as deep in the earth as when 
full grown, I therefore conceive that it buries itself to its great- 
est depth before the seeds begin to enlarge, and while the 
germ is only an obtuse point, 

The uses of the seed of this plant, are too universally 
known to render any account of them necessary in this place. 


2. A. fruticosa, Retz. Obs. iv. N. 67. 
Trifolium procumbens, Burm, Zeyl, p, 206. t, 106. f. 2. 
bad. aA ; 

Stylosanthes mucronata, Willd, iii. 1166, 

Teling. Saillee-kumpa. — 

This small, spreading, ramous, under shrab, is now com- 
mon in the Botanic garden at Calcutta, first reared from seed _ 
sent by the Rev. Dr. John at Tranquebar, The plant is in- - 
digenous in‘Ceylon. Leaves alternate, ternate, Leaflets 
ovate, acuminate, slightly ciliate; scarcely half an inch long. 
Petioles at the base enlarged into a sagittate, stem-clasping 
sheath, which ends in two lateral acute points, one on each 
side. Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary, or in small terminal 
strobiliform heads. Bractes one-flowered. Calyx; tube 
long, slender, villous; border five-parted, the inferior divisi- 
on lengthened, Corols papilionaceous. The petals inserted 

‘partly on the base of thick fleshy staminiferious tubes, and 
partly on the mouth of the tube of the calyx. Filaments 
ten united into one tube at the base, with only the appear- 
ance of a fissure on the upper side, Anthers alternately — 
linear, and ovate, Germ oblong, lodged in the base of the 
tube of the perianth, Style long, slender; passing through 
the whole tube of the calyx, elevating the acute stigma 


Carpopogon, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 283 


rather above the anthers. Legume of one or two joints, with a 
single seed in each, 


CA RPOPOGON. R. 


Calya irregularly from four to five-parted. Banner cor- 
date, incumbent on, and shorter than the unex panding wings, 
and keel. Stamina one and nine, Anthers aliernately round, 
and sagittate. Stigma bearded, 


1. C. pruriens, Roab, 

Annual, twining. Racemes ak ulous. Legumes armed 
with stinging Sales 

Dolichos pruriens. Linn. Supe 657. he, 

Nai-corana. Rheed, Mal. viii. t. 35. 

Teling. Doola gonda. 

Sans. Murkuti. Atina goopta or Kupikuchoo, 

Beng. Alkooshee. 

Common in hedges, in most parts of India. Flowering time 
the cold season. 

I have never been able to ese that the natives of these 
parts of India, make any use of any part of this plant, except © 
the hairs of the legumes which they do not use asa medicine, 
(vermifuge) but as an ingredient to help to poison wells. 
However its having been of late taken inwardly to destroy 
worms, proves that it is not that poison they take it for; and 
it is more than likely that the other plants employed ie the 
same base end, are fortunately much less dangerous than 
those who employ them imagine. Indeed it is only the most 
ignorant, superstitious Poligar mountaineers who are known 
to attempt to poison water. Nor can it be done to any other 
than such as is confined in wells, or small tanks, 


2. C. monospermum. Roxb, 


Perennial, twining ; umbels axillary, praia tie: — : 
2 j2 pti 


284 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Carpopogon, 


one-seeded, and armed with very stiff ferruginous burning 
hairs. 

Teling. Pedda, or Enooga doola-gunda, which means the 
larger or Elephant’s scrateh wort. 

This species is perennial, and as large as any of the twin- 
ing Dolichoses I know. It is a native of hedges, and thickets, 
on the banks of rivers, and water courses. Flowers during 
the cold season. Seeds ripen in April. 

Stem woody, perennial, twining, branchy; young shoots 
covered with brown down. Leaves ternate. Leaflets ovate, 
acute, downy on the under side; when young they are cover- 
ed with much rust-coloured down ; about three inches and a 
half long and two broad, Stipules of the petioles lanceolate, 
hairy, falling, those of the leaflets subulate. Umbels axillary, 
short-peduncled, drooping from the weight of the flowers. 
Bractes and flowers as in C. pruriens, Calyx covered with 
burning hairs, unequally five-toothed, the undermost long 
and pointed, the rest scarcely appear above the margins of 
the cup. Corol, stamens and pistil as in C. pruriens. Le- 
gume semi-oval, deeply grooved on the back, as in Lathy- 
rus sativus, very much wrinkled, pointed, about three inches _ 
long and two broad, covered with much, exceedingly stiff, 
brown hair, which produces a greater degree of pain and itch- 
ing than that of C. pruriens, Seed solitary, kidney-formed, 
of the size of the first joint of the thumb, the convex side is 
——? surrounded with the hilum, 

_ [know of no use any a of this plant is put to, Cattle do 
not eat it. ’ 


3. C. capitatum. R. 
Annual, twining, Heads axillary, sub-sessile. Sagune 
armed with soft, velvet-like down. 
-Teling. Soorootoo, — 
This I have only found in a cultivated state, and that du- 
ring the cold season, in the gardens of the natives. itasan 
annual, ike 


Carpopogon, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 285 


Stem herbaceous, twining, branchy, running to an extent 
of ten or twelve feet, if supported; young shoots slightly 
downy. Leaves ternate. Leaflets equal in size, the exterior 
ones ovate, about three inches long, and two broad, the late- 
ral ones obliquely cordate, all are entire and obtuse, above 
smooth, a little downy underneath, Stipules of the petioles 
broad-lanceolate, of the leaflets subulate. Peduncles axill- 
ary, short, many-flowered. Bractes, flowers, stamens, and 
pistil as in C. pruriens, Legumes cylindric, depending, a 
little curved, about as thick as the fore finger, or thumb, and 
about six inches long, covered with soft, velvet-like down, 
when ripe wrinkled longitudinally. Seeds five or six, of the 
size of a small garden bean, smooth, shining, black. 

The young pods like those of Dolichos lignosus and lab- 
lab are used by the natives in their curries, after rabbing off 
the down that covers them. 


4. C, niveum. Roxb. 

Annual, twining. Racemes pendulous, Legumes from six 
to eight-seeded, while young downy ; when old destitute of 
down, and wrinkled. 

_ Beng. Khamach. 

Like Carpopogon capitatum, I have only found this in a 
cultivated state and even then very uncommon, haying seen 
it but in one or two gardens near Calcutta ; however, if it is 
not indigenous in Bengal, it must have been long known to 
the natives, not only on account of their having a vernacular 
name for it, but because it is eaten by them, as a Hindoo re- 
quires a long and intimate acquaintance with any article be- 
fore he makes it a part of his diet. Potatoes they must have 
_ known fifty years or more, before they began to admit them 
at their tables. 

Be that as it may, the pleats is cultivated during the cold 
season, when it blossoms and produces fruit im great abun- 
dance. 

Root ramous, generally annual, though in some wii it lasts 


286 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Carpopoyon. 


longer. Siem twining to an extent of some fathoms, very 
ramous and thick, but of a spongy, succulent nature ; young 
shoots a little villous, Leaves ternate. Leaflets entire, the 
pair nearly semi-cordate, the terminak one rhomboidal ; all 
have short acute points, and are nearly equal in size, of a soft: 
delicate texture, and slightly villous on both sides ; from four 
to ten incheslong. Petioles round, slightly villous, from six 
to twelve inches long, Stipules lanceolate. Racemes axillary, 
solitary, pendulous, often as long, or even longer than the 
leaves, bearing numerous, siroo.fold, pendulous, very large, 
white flowers. Bractes four-fold, a common one to each tu- 
bercle of the racemes, on which the three flowers are insert- 
ed, and one to each of the proper pedicels, all are caducous, 
nearly lanceolate, and villous, Calyx four-parted, The 
upper division broad,and emarginate; the lower one narrow- 
est, and more lengthened than the lateral pair, Corol papi- 
lionaceous. Banner cordate, incumbent on the wings and 
keel, and about half their length. Wings oblong, witha re- 
markable callous gland near the base of each. Keel one-pe- 
talled, linear, length of the wings, with a sharp, rigid, incurv- 
ed point, MNectary a crenulate gland round the insertion of 
the germ. Filaments one and nine, alternately clavate and 
filiform, with long linear, sub-sagittate, anthers on the slender 
filaments, and short-ovate ones on the clavate ones, Germ™ 
hairy. Style slender and villous. Stigma small. Legume 
linear, about six inches long, curved a little like an Italic S. 
when ripe black, destitute of down, and longitudinally wrin- 
kled, Seeds generally from six to eight, oval, smooth, ash- 
coloured, and separated by thin partitions, 

By removing the exterior velvet-like skin of the large, 
fleshy, tender legumes, they are when dressed, like French 
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris,) a most excellent vegetable for our 
tables, and the full grown beans are scarcely inferior to the 
large garden beans of Europe, ~ : rhe, 268 


Phaseolus. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 287 


5. C. atropurpureum. R. 

Perennial, twining, Racemes pendulous, often compound, 
Legume elliptic, one or two-seeded, deeply furrowed, and 
armed with much brown burning bair. 

Tam. Tilla-kodi. 

An extensive twining permanent species, a native of Tra- 
vancore, from thence introduced into the Botanic garden, 
where it flowers in February and March, and the seed ripens 
in abt and cet -* 


“6.C. giganteum. R, 

- Perennial, twining. Umbels pendulous. Legumes from 
three to six-seeded ; surface even and armed with stiff, fer- 
ruginous burning browii hairs. 

Dolichos giganteus. Willd. iii. 1041. 

Kaku valli, Rheed, Mal. viii. t. 36. 

A very extensive, twining, perennial species, with large 
simple pendulous, globular corymbs of large beautiful sul- 
phur coloured flowers, which appear during the rains and 
cool season, and the seed ripens in March, April, and May. 


PHASEOLUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1180. 
Keel with the stamina and style spirally twisted. 


: SECT. I. Twining. 
A. P. vulgaris. Willd. iii, 1030. 
. Twining. Flowers racemed in pairs. Bractes smaller 
than the calyx. Legumes pendulous. 
Common in gardens all over India, where indigenous un- 
certain, 


2. P. lunatus, Willd, iii. 1031. 


Biennial. Flowers racemed in threes, Legumes scimitar- 
shaped, smooth. 


288 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Phaseolus, 


3. P. maximus, Sloan, Jam, t. 111. f. 1. 

There are several varieties (six I know,) of this; all are 
cultivated for our tables, The natives rarely use any part of 
the plant, nor have they any vernacula¥ name for it, hence I 
doubt its being a native of India. Seed sent me from North 
America under the name Lima bean, grew and produced 
another (a white seeded) variety of the same species, 


4. P. alatus. Willd. iii. 1034. 

Perennial, smooth, lowers racemed, in pairs with a 
gland between. Nectary within the stamina, five-toothed. 
Legumes pedulous. 

Teling. Kar-alsanda, 

Beng. Bun burbutee. 

Katu paeru. Rheed, Mal. viii. t, 42. 

The legumes in Dillenius’s figure are straighter and more 
pointed; than in our East India plant. 
_ A native of Bengal. Flowers in the cold season, This is 
by far the largest flowered Phaseolus I know. 


5. P. sublobatus, R. 

Annual, very bairy. Leaflets slightly lobed. Peduneles 
long, twining, and proliferous, Legumes cylindric, —_ 
fourteen or fifteen-seeded. 

Beng. Gora moog. 

This plant I have only found in Bengal where it is indige- 
nous. Flowering time the end of the cold and hot seasons. 

Stems twining, very hairy, from three to five feet long, in- 
cluding the proliferous, twining peduncles. Leaves ternate. 
Lasfas the lateral ones gibbous on the outside, the middle 
one somewhat three-lobed, all are hairy, but much less se than 
the stems, branches, and petioles; from two to three inches 
long, and about one and a half or two broad, _Petioles the 
length of the leaflets, channelled, very hairy. Stipules adjoined, 
lanceolate-oblong, ciliate. Peduneles axillary, and terminal, 
the latter very long, proliferous, twining, and pretty smooth, 


Phaseolus. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 289 


when compared to the rest of the plant. Flowers collected 
on oblong, terminal, glandular heads, pretty large, of a dirty 
greenish-yellow colour. Legumes cylindric, hairy, from ten 
to fifteen-seeded, Seeds dark gray, sub-cylindric, and separ- 
ated by membranaceous partitions. 

Children eat the seed, the plant is too much clothed with 
stiff long hairs, to be liked by cattle. 


6. P. calcaratus, Roxb. 
Biennial, villous, Leaflets somewhat three-lobed,  Sti- 


_pules lanceolar, adnate. Racemes elongated. Bractes two- 


flowered, with a gland between. Carina with a remarkable 
long horn, Legumes cylindric, pendulous, smooth, many- 
seeded, 

Found in a cultivated state in Mysore by Mr. Benjamin 
Heyne, and by him the seed was sent to the Botanic garden, 
where the plant thrives remarkably well, and is in blossom, 
and ripens its seed the greatest part of the year. 

Root at least biennial, Stem and branches twining, some- 
what hairy, the whole plant from three to four, or more feet 
long. Leaves ternate. Leaflets nearly equal, the pair ob- 


- Jiquely ovate-cordate, and generally more or less three-lobed ; 


the terminal one sub-ovate, all are slightly villous, from four 


_ to five inches long, and from two to three broad when full 


grown, Stipules of the petiole adnate, lanceolar, those of the 
leaflets subulate. Racemes axillary, generally solitary or in 
pairs, sub-erect, longer than the leaves, the flower-bearing 
portion elongated, a rare circumstance amongst the Indian 
Phaseoli, Bractes of the pedicels three-fold, two- flowered, 
lanceolate, caducous ; those of the calyx narrower, and more 
permanent. Pedicels short, with a large glandulous knob be- 
tween their insertions. Flowers yellow, large and ornamen- 
tal. Keel paler-coloured than either the banner or wing, and 
the horn on the right side (that is when looking on the back 
of the keel) is in this species remarkably love thence the 
specific name. Legumes gee slender, near! y ae 
VOL, Il. 


290 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA,. Phaseolus. 


cylindric, smooth; in general two ‘or two and a half inches 
long. Seeds six or seven, dark brownish black, smooth, sub- 
_ eylindric, 


7. P. dolichoides, Roxb. 

Perennial, hairy, Leaflets entire, broad-rhomboidal, Sti- 
pules ovate-lanceolate. Racemes axillary, longer than the pe- 
tioles. Flowers in pairs, from numerous approximated glands, 
Keel hornless, Legume straight, cylindric, very hairy ; ; seeds 

- from six to eight, in very distinct cells. 

A native af Chittagong, where it blossoms during the 
rains, and ripens its seeds in the cqol season. 

Root ramous, perennial, Stem and branches twining to 
an extent of some fathoms, round, and hairy. Leaflets en- 
tire, hairy; the pair obliquely rhombiform, the single one 
much larger, and broad-rhombiform, being nearly as broad 
as long. Petioles slightly channelled, hairy. Stipules from 
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, hairy. Racemes axillary, solitary, 
erect, longer than the petioles, supporting numerous, large, 
short-pedicelled, dark purple flowers, inserted by pairs, on 
large approximated, smooth glands, Braetes oval, a single, 

_ caducous, common one at the base of each gland of the ra- 
ceme; anothermore permanent oneat the base of each pedicel, 
and lastly two pressing on the calyx laterally, Keel without 
a horn, and less twisted than usual, Legume straight, cylin- 
dric, as thick asa child’s finger, and about three inches long, 
densely covered with soft light brown hairs, like plush, in- 
wardly separated into as many very distinct perfectly round 
cells as there are seeds. Seeds six or seven, oval, of the size 
of a pea, speckled, with short, very dark-coloured hairs on @ 
lighter coloured integument. 

I do not find that any part of the plantis usefully employ- 

4 but its dark purple flowers render it ornamental, 


8. Ps minimus. Roxb, sg 
Annual, twining. ole ovate. Flowers em capita 


Daa 
Wee ‘ F f 


Phaseolus, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 291 


long-peduncled, the horn’of the keel long and sharp. Legu- 


mes cylindric, smooth, from six to seven-seeded. 

Chin, Chamaloe-to. 

A native of China, reared in the Botanic garden from seed 
received from Canton, and Like most of the other leguminous 


_ plants, succeeds best during the dry season. 


Root annual. Stems twining, filiform, of very humble 
growth, and almost smooth. Leaves ternate. Leaflets, the 
pair obliquely ovate-cordate, the terminal one two inches 
long. ‘Stipules lanceolar, adnate, both acute, Peduncles— 
axillary, solitary, about as long as the leaves, angular and 
rather harsh, each supporting a small head of a few pairs of 
small greenish yellow flowers, each pair inserted in a small 
green gland. Stipules lanceolate, caducous. Calyx cam- 
panulate, unequally five-toothed. Banner of an inverse re- 
niform shape. Keel twisted; on the right side a long, sharp 
horn, which I find common to two thirds of the genus,  Le- 
gumes cylindric, smooth, slightly incurved, scarcely two 
inches long. Seeds from four to eight, sub-cylindric, smooth, 
dark gray. : 

I do not know any of the uses of this small species, nor do 
1 think, from its size and appearance in Bengal, that it can 
be applied to any useful purpose, oe 


SECT. II. Not twining. 


9. P. nanus. Willd. iii. 1036. 

Annual, with weak spreading branches, Bractes larger 
than the calyx. Legumes pendulous, compressed, one of the 
smallest of the annual cultivated sorts of Phaseolt. 


10. P. glaber, Roxb. 

Annual ; stipules obliquely ovate, adnate. Leaflets sub- 
cordate, entire. Heads long-peduncled. Spur of the keel 
remarkably large. Legume straight, ogy inet smooth, wer 


seeded. 
Kk2 


292 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Phaseolus. 


The seeds of the species were réceived into the Botanic 
garden, from the Mauritius, where | am informed the plant 
is cultivated under the name Lentille De Creole. 

Stem scarcely any, but numerous, short, ramous, ascend- 
ing, round, smooth branches; height of the whole plant, in our 
rich soil of Bengal, about two feet, and spreading fully as 
much, Leaves ternate, Leaflets of the pair obliquely cor- 
date, the terminal one trapeziform, all are entire, and tolerably 
smooth on both sides, Heads solitary, short, on long, round, 
smooth, peduncles, # lowers in pairs, short-pedicelled ; one 
on each side of a large, roundish gland, large, of a bright yel- 
low. Bractes of the pedicel solitary, lanceolate ; of the calyx 
in pairs, lanceolate. Banner very broad, reniform, Horn 
of the keel remarkably long and pointed. Legume cylindric, 
horizontal, straight, pointed, from three to four inches long, 
and about as thick as a goose-quill. Seeds ten or twelve, 
cylindric, truncated at both ends, dark brown, with lighter 
coloured spikes. 


11. P. Mungo. Willd, iii. 1036, 

Annual, sub-erect, ramous, the whole plant hairy. Leaf- 
lets cordate. Stipules ovate-oblong. Legumes horizontal, 
cylindrical, hairy. Seeds from eight to twelve, green. 

P., hirtus, Retz, Obs. f. iii. N. 76, 

Sans. Moodga. 

Engl, Green gram, 

Hind. Walli mung. 

Beng. Moog. 

Teling. Patcha-pessara the name of the plant ; and Ratan 
pessaloo of the grain. 

This is one of the sorts of dry grain of the leguminous kind, 

vhich is much cultivated all over India aahe the cold sea- 
son. -Tnever saw it wild. : 

Stem annual, erect, ramous, viii asia ca hetial 
angular, very hairy, as is every part of the plant. Leaves 
terminal. Leaflets slightly acute, the lateral ones obliquely 


Phaseolus. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, . 88 


cordate, the terminal one rhomb-cordate. Petioles often as 
long as the leaflets, channelled. Stipules of the petioles ad- 
joining, ovate-cordate, pointed at both ends, ciliate; those of 
the leaflets narrow-lanced, ending in a bristle. Peduncles 
axillary or terminal, when terminal they are often, in luxuriant 
plants compound, erect, round, shorter than the petioles, 
ending in an enlarged, cylindric, glandular, flower-bearing 
head, Bractes one to each pedicel, and two pressing on the 
calyx, they are all lanceolate, concave and falling. Flowers 
numerous, sub-sessile, pretty large, of a dirty greenish yellow. 
Calyx pretty smooth ; upper segment broad, emarginate, the 
under one twice aslarge, and pointed. Banner broad, emar- 
ginate, Wings, the right one, when the flower is held from 
the person looking at it, and the calyx towards him, is with 
the keel twisted to the left. Keel on the left side, when the 
flower is held as above; there is a horn near the base, as in 
Indigofera, but here it is on one side only. Legumes cylin- 
dric, spreading, about two inches anda half long, very hairy, 
pointed, Seeds small, from ten to fifteen, sub-cylindric, sepa- 
rated by thin membranaceous partitions, 

_ There are a great variety of plants; eulmiferous and legu- 
minous, cultivated over India, under the general name of dry, 
or small grain, because they require very little water, at least 
much less than rice, which is called the great crop. Why we 
also call them small grain, I cannot say, unless it is because 
the quantity cultivated is small, in proportion to that of rice. 
When the usual rains fail, which is too often the case, famine 
is generally the consequence ; for, as rice is a water plant, it 
requires to be constantly flooded to make it productive. In 
the Northern Circars, the present year is the second, a most 
uncommon event, in which the periodical rains have almost 
entirely failed ; not more than one fourth the usual quantity 
having fallen, nin about fifteen inches each year instead of 
sixty. It is during such times that these different sorts of dry 
or small grains become the most serious objects of their far-— 
_ mner’s attention, for on them depend the lives of thousands. — 


994 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Phaseolus. 


This plant is a considerable subject of the Indian far- 
mer’s culture. It requires a strong, rich, dry soil. During 
the rains it is sometimes cultivated on high Jands, that. do 
not retain water long; but the greatest quantity is raised 

during the cold season, on rice lands. Immediately after the 
_ rice is cut, the ground is watered, if there is no rain, from a Ti- 
ver or some adjacent tank, then slightly ploughed, and while 
moist the grain is sown, and harrowed in by dragging some 
bushes over it. The natives have no other harrow, although 
I have made one and often caused it to be used before them 
to harrow in Indigo seeds, yet though fully satisfied of its 
superior value to any thing they had any idea of, not one 
will follow the example. But to return to P. Mungo ; it re- 
quires no further care; the dews which are copious at this 
season, furnish all the moisture it requires, In from seventy- 
five to ninety days, it is ready to cut. Ina good soil, and with 
a favourable season, it yields about thirty fold, The ripe 
grain is well tasted, is esteemed wholesome, and affords much 
alimentary matter, of course it is high priced, being nearly 
as dear as rice, and is much used in food by the natives, 

Cattle do not like the straw ; beside it is reckoned very un- 
wholesome for them, on account of the great quantity of stiff 
hairs, which cover every part of the plant. 

In India we have many plants of this class, that cattle will 
not eat; whereas in Europe they are all greedily sought af- 
ter, and esteemed the richest food for them, Many of them are 
there extensively cultivated for that purpose ; here I know of 
none, nor indeed any vegetable whatever, that the natives cul- 
tivate for their cattle, except the straw of the plants cultivated 
for the food of man, they trust entirely to bountiful Nature. 
In consequence of so much neglect, the poor animals suffer 
exceedingly during the hot season, when vegetation, except 
in large trees, is wlenoee entirely at a stand, and the surface of 
the earth truly clad in russet gray. The plants of this class, 
like the papilionacee in Europe, improve the land on which - 
they are raised; whereas the oe rice’ excepted, 


* 


Phaseolus, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA,. 295 


weaken it. The native farmers are perfectly sensible of this 
important fact; from them it is more than likely that the 
western parts * the old world first learned the art of chang- 
ing their crops. 


12. P. Max. Willd. iii. 1036. 
» Annual, sub-erect, every part very hairy, Z enflets cordate, 
Stipules lanceolar. Legumes ascending, hairy. Seeds from 


six to twelve, black. 
Katu ulinu. Rheed, Mal. viii. t. 50. 


_ Beng. Krishna moog. 


I doubt if this be any thing more than a variety of P, 
Mungo, or Mungo of this. Nella-pessara is the nesta name 
of the plant, and — of the grain. 

Beng. Kala-moog. 

Hind, Kali-mung. 

Engl. Black Gram. 

This, like the former, I have only found ina cultivated 
state. It differs from it only in being more ramous, and if pos- 
sible more hairy, in having the stem and branches darker co- 
Joured, and often clouded with still darker coloured spots. 
The colour of the seeds is the only specific mark, if so trif- 
ling a distinction can be so called. It is constant, and so far 
as I have learned no change of soil, situation &c, alters it... 

This is less cultivated than Moog, the grain being some- 
what less esteemed, and of less value, the same soil suits it, 
and itis frequently mixed and sown with other sorts of grain, 
viz, Holeus saccharatus,and Holcus sorgum, Linn, These cul- 
miferous plants rise high and shade the black pessaloo while 
it occupies the surface of the ground, keeping it cooler and 
moister than it would be without it. It is sown earlier than 
the green pessaloo, generally just before the close of the 
rains, because it likes moisture more than the other, requires 
about the same length of time to ripen, and iit ee she 
same a oF 


296 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Phaseolus. 


13. P. radiatus, Willd, iii, 1036. 

Annual, diffuse, hairy. Leaflets elliptic. Stipules lan- 
ceolate. Horn of the keel very long. Legumes cylindric, 
straight, hairy. Seeds from four to six, black, with gray © 
spots. 

Beng. Mash-Kulwy ; in some provinces of Hindoosthan it 
is called Dord, 

Tekeree, is a small black-seeded variety. 

Sans. Masha. 

Teling. Minoomoo the name of the plant, and mimoomooloo 
the grain. 

This like the former two I have found only in a cultivated 
state ; it is also annual. 

Stem scarcely any. Branches many, from one to three feet 
long, procumbent, winding, somewhat angular and a little. 
twisted ; it is less hairy than the former two species, and the 
hairs less harsh. Leaves alternate, ternate, Leaflets nearly 
equal, oblong, pointed, slightly scolloped, both sides hairy, 
three or four inches long and one and a half, or two broad. 
Petioles longer than the leaflets, channelled, hairy. Stipules 
of the petioles adjoined, oblong, pointed at both ends; those of 
the leaflets narrow-lanceolate, ending in a bristle. Peduncles 
axillary, erect, shorter than the petioles, hairy ; the apex sur- 
rounded with many flower-bearing glandular tuberosities. 
Bractes as in the former. Flowers from four to eight in each 
peduncle, middle-sized, yellow. Calyx pretty smooth, Ban- 
ner, opposite to the horn of the keel is a pit, which receives 
the horn till the flower opens. Kee/, the horn mentioned in - 
the former two is here remarkably large. Legumes nearly 
erect, straight, cylindric, acute, two inches long, very hairy. 
Seeds small, from four to six, black, with gray spots. 

- This sort is the most esteemed of all the Legumine, and 
bears the highest price. Of the meal they make bread for 
many of their religious ceremonies. It requires a similar soil 
to green and black pessaloo, and is generally sownabout the — 
Jatter part of the rams in November, either alone or mixed 


Phaseolus, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 297 


with the seeds of the same culmiferous plants. Like black 
pessaloo, it thrives the beiter by having a few showers after 
itissown. Its produce is also about thirty-fold. 

Cattle eat the straw of this, and it is reckoned very nou- 
_ Mshing for them, 


* 
il 


13. P. aureus. Roxb. 

Annual, diffuse, round, hairy. Leaflets semi-cordate, ex- 
terior rhomboidal. Horn of the keel large, obtuse. Legumes 
cylindric, straight, pendulous, hairy, torulose, with eight or 
ten oval yellow seeds, 

Beng. Sona Moog. 

1 have only found this plants in its cultivated state in Ben- 
gal. I believe it is unknown to the Coromandel coast. Seed- 
time the close of the rains, in October or November. The 
harvest is in February, when the plants perish. 

Root nearly simple, perpendicular. Stem very short, but 
several spreading branches rest close on the ground, they are 
from one to two feet long, round and hairy. Leaves long-pe- 
tioled, ternate. Leajflets, the pair semi-cordate, or nearly so, 
the exterior one rhomboidal, all are entire, and a little hairy 
on both sides, from two to three inches long, and from one 
and a half to two broad. Petioles as long as the leaflets, 
channelled, hairy. Stipules of the petiole adjoined, oblong, 
those of the leaflets narrow lanceolate. Peduneles axillary, 
solitary, in a-rich soil often proliferous, by the time the seeds 
are ripe they are about as long as the petioles. lowers 
many, Short-pedicelled, of a greenish yellow, livid on the out- 
sidé, brighter -within. Bractes three-fold, one-flowered, one 

under the pedicel, and two pressing the calyx laterally, they 
are all boat-shaped, acute and hairy, Calyx four-cleft, the 

upper division broad, and emarginate. Corol as in the other 
species with the horn of the carina large, and obtuse... Le- 
gumes reflexed, straight, acute, cylindric, torulose, as thick 
as a quill, about two and a half inches long, black and hairy, 
Seeds from six to twelve, small, nee shits 
VOL. III, - Met 


298 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA,. Phaseolus. 


_ The seeds form an article of the diet of the natives ; and are 
to be found in every bazar. The general price in Calcutta, 
is about two rupees and a half for a maund of eighty-four 
pounds weight. | 


14. P. torosus, Roxb. ms 

Annual, rigid, erect, almost branchless, villous, Leaflets 
oval. Racemes axillary, one,two or more together ; sub-ses- 
sile, much shorter than the petioles. Legumes cylindric, 
drooping, torose, smooth, longer than the raceme, from six to 
ten-seeded. Seed oval, white. - 

Seeta Maas of the Newars, 

One of the cultivated legumes of Nepal; from thence Dr. 
Buchanan sent the seeds to the Botanic garden in 1802, 
where they produced a luxuriant crop during the cold season 
of 1802—3. __ : 


Root annual. Stem erect, often simple, or with an esti 
downy branch or two, height of the whole plant, when reared. 


during the cold season, from one to two feet. Leaves oblong, 
petioled, ternate. Leaflets ovate-cordate, entire, a_ little 
downy. Stipules adjoined, rather smaller than most of the 


other species of this genus; those of the leaflets, lanceolate. 


Racemes axillary, numerous, often several from the same axill, 


much shorter than the peduncle, lengthening a little as the 
seeds advance to maturity. Flowers numerous, though rare- 
ly more than one on the same raceme, expanding at the same 


time, of a pale sulphur colour ; they expand late in the day, 


and soon shut and remain umensied amongst numerous sca- 
riose bractes. Calya, divisions five and nearly equal, Horn 


of the carina small, Legumes reflexed, cylindric, torose, 
smooth, from six to ten-seeded, and longer than the whole of 


the raceme. Seeds short, spisenliadsies smooth, of a icine cream. 


colour. 


15. P. trilobus. Willd, iii, 1035. . 
Herbaceous, iene: Leaflets pleas Lobes 


ra 
< of 


pn aa Hs 


Phaseolus. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 299 


oval. Stipules ovate-lanceolate. Peduncles longer than 
the leaves, few-flowered, Legumes cylindric, smooth, six- 
seeded. 

Dolichos trilobus, Burm. Ind. t. 50. f.1. 

Glycine lriloba, Willd, iii, 1056. 

Trifolium madraspatense, Pluck, dim. t, 120. f. 7. good, 

Hind, Rakhal-kuluy. 

Teling. Pelli pessara. 

This species 1 have never found but in its wild state. It 
grows on the banks of water courses, borders of rice fields, and 
in moist cultivated spots. Flowering time most part of the 
year. . 
Root sometimes perennial. Stems annual, many, diffuse, 
sometimes rooting at the joints, never twining, round, some- 
times hairy, sometimes smooth, from one to four feet long. 
Leaves ternate. Leaflets equal, varying much in form, but 
generally three-lobed, sometimes smooth, sometimes hairy, ac- 
cording to the soil, about an inch each way. Petioles longer 
than the leaflets, erect, channelled. - Stipules of the petioles 
ovate, adjoined ; of the leaflets small, oval, Peduneles axil-_ 
lary, very long, often two feet, ascending, hairy, headed as in 
the other species. F'/owers small, yellow, from four to eight 
composing the head. Legumes as in the last, wat smooth, 


pet 


Seeds gray. 
The seeds are gathered and eaten by the poor, being 


reckoned equally wholesome as the cultivated sorts and are as 
palatable, but the plant produces so little, that it isnot worth 
the farmer’s while to cultivate it. It is no doubt what Dr. 
Konig considered P, aconitifolius. Cattle eat it greedily, 


16. P. aconitifolins, Willd. iii, 1034. 

Annual, diffuse, Leaflets from three to five-lobed; lobes li- 
near lanceolate. Head long, peduncled, many-flowered. Le- 
gumes horizontal, cylindric, smooth. 

Hind. Moot. 


This plant 1 ave reared from seed sent me by Dr. Bader 
L12 ‘ 


300 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Dolichos, 


from the province of Oude where it is much cultivated, as it 
also is over the adjoining provinces to the westward, and 
used for feeding cattle ; seed-time there, June and July ; har- 
_ vest in November. 
_ Root annual, perpendicular, with few fibres. Stems nu- 
merous, spreading close in the ground, and extending from 
_two to twelve feet every way; succulent, angular and a little 
hairy. Leaves ternate. Leaflets deeply divided into three, 
or five, linear-lanceolate, somewhat hairy, entire lobes. Pe- 
tioles longer than the leaflets, deeply channelled above, with 
ridges underneath. Stipules of the petioles adjoined, ovate- 
lanceolate ; those of the leaflets subulate. Peduneles axillary, 
solitary, nearly as long as the petiole, but much more slen- 
der, angular and somewhat hairy, each ending in an oblong 
glandular head, of many small, yellow, short-pedicelled 
flowers. Bractes lanceolate, ciliate. Calya; corol, &c. as 
the genus. Legume horizontal, cylindric, pretty smooth. 
~The uncommon luxuriance of this plant gives reason to 
think it will yield a much larger crop of fodder than any 


other I am acquainted with. 


DOLICHOS. Schreb. gen. N. 1181. 


Two callosities at the base of the banner, ee oblong, 
end anin. the wings underneath. 


9 D. pled Willd. i, 1039, 

Perennial, twining, smooth. Leaflets ovate-cordate, sathen 
acute. Legumes gladiate, three-keeled, or two-grooyed on 
the back, the middle one three-ribbed. Seeds arilled, red, 
white, or gray. 

Beng. Mukhin-shim, ee 

D. ensiformis, Syst. Veg. 547. Bins sab. BOiste i> cobage 

Bara mareca. Rheed, Mal. viii, t, 44, o 

Lobus macheroides. — Amb, v. t. 135, or 4. dik 


Dolichos. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 301 


Phaseolus maximus, Sloan. Jam, p. 177. t. 114. f. 1.2. 3. 
good, 

There are two varieties of this cultivated in Bengal, one 

with white, the other with red flowers; both have red beans. 
The young, tender, half-grown pods of both are good substi- 
tutes for those of the common Phaseolus, commonly called 
French beans. From Pegu a third variety has been received 
into the Botanic garden, which differs from the former two 
in the following respects, viz. 
In the legume being rather straighter, and the seeds light 
gray, instead of red, but the flowers are red, The same va- 
riety has also been found in the Silhet district, together with 
a fourth which is every way larger ; the flowers white, the le- 
gumes truly gladiate, about two feet long, and often contain- 
ing as many as twenty large, white, arilled seeds, This varie- 
ty is reckoned the most wholesome of them all, and is very 
extensively used at the tables of Europeans, as well as by the 
natives in that district, 


2, D. Virosus, Roxb. 

Biennial, twining, smooth, Leaflets oval. Stipules short, 
subulate. Racemes sub-secund, Legumes three-keeled on 
the back ; seeds from four to eight, arilled. 

Katu-Barameraca. Rheed. Mal, viii, t. 45. , s 

D. ensiformis, Lour. Cochin Ch, 531. His long-legumed 
variety is most likely one of the varieties of D. g/adiatus. 

Beng. Kath-shim, or Kala-shim, 

Teling. Aduyi-shamba. 

A native of hedges, &c. in most parts of India, and in 
flower and fruit a great part of the year. 3 

Stems may be reckoned biennial, twining to the extent of 
several fathoms, round, and smooth in every part. Leaves ter- 
nate. Leaflets nearly equal, oval, scarcely pointed, entire 
and smooth, from two to three inches long, Petioles about 
as long as the leaflets, channelled. Stipules short, like 
short inoffensive thorns ; those of the leaflets subulate. Race- 


302 -DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Dolichos. 


mes axillary, solitary, as long, or longer than the leaves, sub- 
secund, Flowers in pairs, on round glands, scattered over 
the exterior half of the rachis, large, of a beautiful rosy pur- 
ple. Calyx bilabiate ; upper lip of two broad, circular lobes ; 
the under one three-toothed and small, Banner erect, round- 
ish, emarginate, Wings and keel falcate. Style and stigma 
smooth. Legumes linear, scimitar-shaped, smooth, from four 
to six inches long. Hard, tough, with the upper margin three- 
keeled, or two-groved, as in D. gladiatus aud rotundifolius, 
Seeds from four to eight, oblong, considerably larger than a 
field bean, smooth, light gray ; each enveloped in a white, 
tough, membranaceous aril. , 

I do not find that any part of this species is in any shape 
useful to the natives, or others; indeed the natives of Coro- 
mandel, where the plant is common, reckon it poisonous, 
which is corroborated by Van Rheed. 


3.. D. setae ifolius Vahl. Symb, ii. p. 81. Willd. iii. 
1040. 
Biennial, twining, dik: leaflets obovate, rotund, Le- 
_gumes semi-elliptic, from three to four inches long. Bark 
three-keeled, Seeds from three to five, obovate, gray, ina 
common membranaceous aril, 
Katu-Tsjandi, Rheed, Mal. viii. t. 43, which is also 
quoted by Lamarck for his D, obtusifolius. Encycl. ii, 295, 
A native of the Islands about the mouth of the river Go- 
daveri, &c. on the coast of Coromandel. Flowering time the 
rainy season, 


“A.D. sinensis, Willd. ili, 1038. : 
Annual, twining, smooth. Peduneles longer than the leaves, 
many-flowered, Legumes long, pendulous, cylindric, torose 


Hird. Lobia: 3 eas | 5 seek Ske ptee 


Teling. Alsanda, 
New. Haco-bhati. ge 2 
D, sinensis, Rumph, Amb. v. t, 134, 


socket ha I 


acne _oel 


Dolichos. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 803 


D. sesquipedalis. Willd. iii. 1040, 

Of this we have two varieties, one with white, and the 
other with brown seed. The first is most esteemed for the 
table. Seeds of the second were sent to me by Dr. Klien, 
and Dr, Rottler of Tranquebar, two good Botanists, under the 
name of Dolichos Tranquebariensis, Willd, iii. 1039. 


5. D. obcordatus. R. 

Perennial, twining,smooth. Leaflets obcordate, emarginate, 
Racemes erect. Legumes linear-oblong, straight, three-keeled, 
or two-grooved in the upper margin, dayer-painted; from 
five to six-seeded, Seeds dark brown. 

From Canton in China the seeds of this very beautiful eds. 
riferous species, for so its red violet flowers are during the 
forenoon, were received into the Botanic garden at Cal- 
cutta, where the plant blossoms during the rains and the seed 
ripens in the cold season, It is most evidently allied to gla- 
diatus, virosus, and rotundifolius, but differs most conspicu- 
-— from all in the shape of the leaves. 


6. D. ieee. Willd. iii, 1051. 

Annual, twining. Leaflets sub-deltoid, angular behind. 
Peduncles few-flowered. Legumes sub-cylindric, erect. | : 

Paeru. Rheed. Mal. viii. t, 41, is broader-leaved than any 
I have met with. | 

Teling. Bobra, the name of the plant. Boberloo the seed or 
pulse. — 
Beng. Burbuti. ; 

Phaseolus erectus, &e. Sloan, Jam. t. 117, is very ~ our 
plant. 

Kurson pyro, the Canara name of the black-seeded variety. 

Three or more varieties of this useful species are found cul- 
tivated in the fields in many parts of India, during the dry 
season, viz. from October until February. : 

Stem always twining, except in a very poor soil, coal F 
but rather harsh to the feel; extent various according to the. 


304 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, + Dolichos. 


soil, and season. Leaves ternate. Leaflets between deltoid- 
parabolic, and hastate, angular behind, rather obtuse ; smooth 
on both sides, from two to three inches long. Petioles nearly 
as long as the leaflets, deeply channelled. Stipules of the 
petioles adnate, ovate, acute at both ends ; those of the leaflets 
roundish, Peduneles axillary, solitary, from two to eight or 
twelve inches long, bearing a few, large, bluish flowers on a 
short, glandular head. Calya campanulate. Segments subu- 
late. Banner large, nearly round, of a pale blue on the in- 
side, and greenish yellow on the back, Callosities keeled, 
and yellowish. Wings blue,semilunar. Keel nearly white. 
Filaments beyond their tube long, fine and inclined to twist. 
Anthers minute, Style, the exterior half mach bearded on 
the inside. Legumes nearly straight, erect, cylindric, smooth, 
as thick as a large quill; apex more or Jess recurved and 
concave behind. Seeds from six to twelve, sub-cylindric, 
ends truncated, smooth, colour and size varying in the — 
ent varieties. — 

With Dr. Kénig, I was long inclined to consider this a 
variety of D, Sinensts and as such transmitted to the Honour- 
ble the Court of Directors a short description of the plant, 
without any drawing; but more experience induces me to 
consider them distinct on account of the shape of the leaves, 
independent of the great difference in their size. This is the 
<a of the variety most > cultivated on the 

R vich friable soil suits these plants best. On the Pailin 
the seed is sown in October, immediately after the rains, and 
the crop gathered in February ; it produces in a good soil, 
about forty fold. The grains, or pulse is low priced, gene- 
rally eaten by weg oe worst and ane straw is — _— 
cattle, 

The variety with ixhaller black sect is more’ sei 
der; and the leaves narrower, is considerec by Dr. Klien of 
Tranquebar a distinct apelin ‘the seed ——— aso 
under the name Dolichos capitatus, == a 


Dolichos, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 305 


7. D. tetragonolobus, Willd. iii. 1040. 

Annual, twining, smooth, Legumes pendulous, with four 
membranaceous lacerated angles. 

Lobus quadrangularis. Rumph, Amb. v. t. 133. 

Reared in gardens for the table. Where indigenous I can- 
not say ; like by far the greater part of the genus they thrive 
best during the cool time of the year, viz. from October to 
March, We have an herbaceous variety from Pegu, with 
tuberous esculent roots, 


8. D. lablab. Willd, iii. 1037. 

Perennial, or annual, twining, generally surooth. Racemes 
erect with alternate facicles of short pedicelled flowers on 
glandular knobs, Legumes horizontal, compressed, semilunar, 
with a straight scabrous back, ending im a straight daggered 
point, Seeds from three to five, with a larger edge on the ex- 
terior margin, 

Of this species there are known to me five varieties in a 
cultivated state,and two wild, A short description of what I 
reckon the first variety, viz. Annapa of the Telingas, will 
serve for the other six. 

Ist. Teling. Annapa. 

Stem for about a foot erect, thin, with its branches twining, 
and running to a considerable extent if supported ; round, 
smooth, Leaves, stipules, and racemes as in D. fgnosus, 
Legumes horizontal, semilunar, compressed, with the margins 
rugose, and the apex straight, subulate. Seeds from three 
to four. x 

The whole of this plant has a heavy disagreeable smell, 
something like the green bug, (Cimex viridulus.) It is much 
cultivated in the fields during the cold season, and delights 
in a rich, black soil, which cannot be flooded by rains. Like 
Bobra, it requires three months from the sowing, till ripe ; 
yields in a good soil, about forty fold. These seeds bear a low 
price, compared to most other sorts of grain. They are much 
eaten by the poorer classes, parsienlerly when rice is dear. 

VOL, Ill, 


306 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Dolichos. 


They are not palatable, but reckoned wholesome substantial 
food, : 

Cattle are also fed with the seeds, and they are remarkably 
fond of the straw. It is said to make cows yield much milk. 
The other six varieties are :— 

2d. Teling. Annapa chikurkai. 

Cacara alba. Rumph. Amb. v. t. 137. 

Dolichos albus. Lour, Cochin Ch, 534. 

D. Bengalensis. Linn, Syst. 657. 

Cultivated in gardens and supported by poles or pendals, 
often forming arbours about the doors of the poor natives. 
Differs from the first variety, (.4nnapa) in being a little 
downy, with the legumes a little inclined to a curved, wedge 
shape, and is void of the disagreeable smell of Annapa, The 
tender legumes of this, and the three following varieties are 
much used by the natives in curries; the ripe seed is never 
eaten. 

_ 3d. Beng. Geea-shim, 

_ Cacara, sive Phaseolus perennus. Rumph. Amb. t, 136, 

This is larger than any of the former, is tinged with red, 
Peduneles short, with red flowers, Is also cultivated like the — 
last, and much esteemed by the Hindoos, 

Ath. Beng. Goordal-shim, 

Is a still larger variety with purple flowers in nearly sessile 
heads. Legumes broader, with the seeds more remote than 
in any of the other varieties. Is also cultivated here in the 
same manner as the two last. 

5th. Dolichos purpureus. Lour. C ochin Ch, 534, Willd. iii, 
p- 1084. 

D. lablab, Bot, Mag. 896. 

1 cannot cousider this as any thing more than a ‘pusiotal of 
lablab ,differing in colour only; the whole plant being deeply 
"tinged with red, the flower is deep red, and the legumes of a 
bright reddish purple. It is rare in Bengal, The seeds of all 
the cultivated varieties are sown about the close of the rains, 
and produce their crop during the cold season. e- 


. 


Dolichos. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 307 


6th. Beng. Bun-shim. 

Teling. Adavi chikurkai. 

Dolichos spicatus, Kon. Mss, 

Cacara litorea. Rumph. Amb. v. t. 141. f. 1. 

Smooth in every part, and frequently biennial if not peren- 
nial, It is neve? cultivated, nor any part of it used. 

7th. For the seventh variety I have no Asiatic name. It 
is found with the former wild in the hedges, &c, near Samul- 
kota, and differs from it in being very downy; both have red 
flowers and dark gray, mottled seeds, No part of these two 
varieties is made any use of. 


9. D. lignosus. Willd, iti. 1049, 

Perennial, twining, smooth. Racemes erect, long with 
alternate fascicles of short pedicelled flowers, on glandular 
knobs. Legumes linear, oblong, slightly incurved, torulose, 
both margins turned and rugose, with a subulate, recurved 
apex. Seeds about four. 

I include under the above definition many varieties, some 
of them hitherto deemed distinct species, All are cultivated 
during the cold season in the gardens and about the doors of 
the natives; forming not only cool, shady arbours, but fur- 
nishing them with an excellent pulse for their curries, &c, in 
the tender legumes, In short these, and the four last mention- 
ed, cultivated varieties of ablab, may be called the Kidney 
beans of the Asiatics. 

Var, 1st. Beng, Panch-shim. ‘ 

Teling. Tella chikurkai. 

The flowers are white, the legume straighter than in some 
of the other varieties, and the seed reddish. I take it to be 
Loureiro’s D, unguiculatus, but not that of Rumphius. The 
following full description of this variety will serve for the 
other five. 

Stem biennial or triennial, although seldom allowed to re- 
main more than one year, twining, the lower parts becoming : 


woody, and as thick as the thumb, round,smooth, running to 
M m2 


308 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Dolichos. 


an extent of many feet, or even fathoms, when supported. 

Leaves ternate. Leaflets broad cordate, smooth, entire, near- 
ly equal, from three or four inches long, and nearly the same 
breadth, Stipules of the petioles cordate, pointed, reflexed, 

those of the leaflets semi-lanceolate. Racemes axillary, rigid- 

ly erect, longer than the leaves, sometimes leaf-bearing. 

Flowers large, pure white, collected on remote, glandalar 

globular tuberosities, Bractes one to the insertion of each 

pedicel, and two pressing the calyx laterally. Banner, its’ 
callosities are remarkably large, Nectarial cup as in D. gla- 
diatus, Legumes horizontal, somewhat scimitar-shaped, pro- 

tuberant, somewhat inflated, while green both margins very 

rugose, with a subulate apex, recurved, about as thick and 

long as the little finger. Seeds about four, oval ; hilum ularge, 

bending round the upper extremity, — 

Var. 2d. Bagha-nakhooa (Tiger’s can} shim. Peduneles 
short. Flowers white. Legumes falcate, size of the little 
Singer?” ae 

Var, 3d. Sada-Samai-kooli-shim. Peduncles short, Flow- 
erswhite, Legume of a pretty straight gladiate-clavate shape, 
and about the length of the little finger. 

D. cultratus. Willd. iii. p. 1039. and B. H. fake Icon.: 
t, 25. 

Var, 4th, Piteli.jeindipuoliabiin of the Bengalees, Pe-: 
duncles short. Flowers reddish purple, differing’ in this re- 
spect only from last, for the legumes are the same, j 

Var. 5th. Doodha-pituli-shim. Large peduncles ities 
long. Flowers purple. Legumes falcate, and much longer 
than in Bagha-nakhooa. | | 

Var. 6th, Ganchi-shim of the Bengalees. tasiio oi i4e 

Nella chikurkai of the Telingas. “The largest of all. Pe. 
duncleslong. Flowers red, Legumes from six to eight inches’ 
long, much curved, Seeds black, with a white eye. 


‘Dolichos. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 309 


10. D. bulbosus. Willd. iii, 1046. 

Root tuberous. Siem twining. Leaflets villous, with their 
exterior margins sinuate dentate. 

Cacara bulbosa. Rumph, Amb. v. t. 132. f. 2. bad. 

On the continent of India this plant is an exotic, and has 
been introduced from the Malay Islands, Probably first from. 
South America to the Philippine Islands, a route by which 
several plants have found their way from the new world, to 
the eastern parts of Asia, and from thence the useful kinds soon 
find their way to the westward. See Rumphius’s account of 
the plant, at page 373 of the 5th volume of his Herbarium 


- Amboinense, — 


Root tuberous, not in bundles but single, varying og eneks in 
shape, and with high culture, growing to a very great size; 
outside white, inside much like that of aturnip, Stem ramous, 
sometimes perennial, twining to a great extent. Young parts 
tolerably well clothed with reflexed soft hairs. Leaves ter- 
nate. Leaflets, the pair nearly triangular, the interior one of a 
rhomb-reniform shape; inall, the interior margins are serrate- 
dentate, and somewhat villous on both sides ; size various, the 
largest often six inches each way. Petioles channelled. Sti- 
putes of the petioles ensiform,* those of the leaflets filiform. 
Racemes axillary, from one to two feet long, sub-erect, bear- 
ine numerous fascicles, of large, short, pedicelled, beautiful, 
violet blue flowers inserted on large glandular knobs. Brae- 
tes of both pedicel and calyx small, and caducous. Calyx 
four-parted, the upper lip, or division, broad, emarginate, 
Vexillum sub-rotund; wings semilunate, with a long filiform 
projection at the base. Filaments alternately shorter. Germ 
with a crenulate nectarial ring round the base ; apex of the 
style spirally incurved, almost as in the Phaseoli, Stigma 
large. Legume linear, straight, compressed, laterally con- 
tracted between the seeds, of a dark blackish brown colour;. 

* Can Loureiro’s plant be the same ? he says his is without sti- 
pules, and here they are pretty large, and conspicuous. 


310 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Dolichos. 


clothed with a few, short, white, compressed hairs. Seeds 
from eight to twelve, nearly circular, but much flattened, 
brown, and smooth. 

It is cultivated throughout the Malay Islands for its roots, 
which resemble a turnip in taste, and consistence, and form 
part of their diet, no other part of the plaut is eaten, 


11. D. gangeticus. Roxb. 


Biennial or perennial, twining, smooth. Leaflets lanceolate. 


Pedunceles longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Legumes 
cylindric, reflexed, from six to eight-seeded. 

Beng. Bun burbutee. 

Found on the moist banks of the Ganges, where it flou- 
rishes during the cold season, and lasts at least two years. 

Stems twining to a considerable extent, smooth. Leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate, sub-equal, entire, and pretty.smooth, three 
inches long, by about one broad. Petéoles channelled. Sii- 
pules small, adjoined, cordate. Pedtineles axillary, solitary, 
erect, round, smooth, much longer than the leaves, each sup- 
porting a head of from four to eight large, yellow, short-pe- 
dicelled flowers, Wings, a remarkable long horn projects 
forward from near the base into the concavity formed by the 
calluses of the base of the banner. Legumes reflexed, cylin- 
dric, with a recurved conical point, a little curved, and with 
a few short, stiff hairs, which are readily removed by friction. 


Seeds six or eight, sub-cylindric, dark brown, size of a small 


pea. Cattle are fond of it, otherwise it is of no use that I can 
2. D. acicadien, B. AI, and Kin, Mss. 
Root tuberous. Siems twining, downy, herbaceous, Leaf. 


lets oval, silky underneath. Resnies shorter than the leaves. | 


Legumes scimitar-shaped, three or four-seeded. 
D. ciliatus. Willd. iii, 1049, 
Teling. Canchi chikurkai, 


Dolichos, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 811 


An herbaceous species, common in hedges near the sea. 
Flowers during the cold season, 

‘Root perennial, tuberous. Stems annual, twining, round, 
downy, branchy, from six to twelve feet long. Leaves ter- 
nate. Leaflets equal, oval, entire, margin and under side co- 
vered with much, silver-coloured hair, about two inches long, 
and one and a half broad, Petioles hairy, channelled. Sti- 
pules of the petioles cordate pointed ; those of the leaflets lan- 
ceolate, Racemes axillary, generally shorter than the leaves, 
few-flowered, Flowers pretty large, sulphur-coloured. Stig- 
ma cordate, smooth, Legumes horizontal, scimitar-formed, 
smooth, from three to four-seeded. 


13. D. faleatus. Willd, iii, 1047. 

Root tuberous, Stems twining, smooth, Leaflets some- 
what three-lobed, smooth, Racemes short, few-flowered ; 
Legumes \inear, 

_ Phaseolus Madraspatensis. Pluk. t. 214. f. 3. 

Glycine triloba, B. H. (i. e. Sir J. Banks’ herbarium.) 

D. trilobus, Lour, Cochin Ch, 535, 

 Teling. Itoo mungee tiga. 

It is common in hedges, thickets, &c. where the neil A is rich 
and moist, Flowers during the cold season, 

Root perennial, tuberous, as thick as the thumb, or more, 
Stems herbaceous, from four to five feet long, twining, slen- 
der. Leaves ternate. Leaflets nearly equal, the lateral ones 
gibbous outwardly, the terminal one smooth on both sides, of 
a paler green or whitish in the centre, about an inch and a half 
each way. Stipules of the petioles oblong, pointed, reflexed; 
those of the leaflets subulate. Peduneles axillary, slender, 
from four to eight-flowered, umbel-like, bowing from the 
weight of the flowers. Flowers large, of a beautiful bluish 
purple. Legumes linear, compressed, smooth, from fowe to 
eight-seeded. 

_ The tuberous roots are cut by the natives into the form of 


' 


312 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Dolichos. 


beads, and strung and worn round the neck to cure purging 
in children. 


14, D. glutinosus, Roxb. 

Annual, twining, the whole plant ghitingat: Racemes 
longer than the leaves, with single, alternate yellow flowers. 
Legumes lanceolate, cuspidate, two-seeded, 

Beng. Shim-bhatraji. 

Teling. Kar-Kandi, 

A native of hedges and unfrequented places ; it is by no 
means a common species. Flowers during the cold season. 

Siem biennial, or perennial, from four to five feet long, 
twining, downy; the young shoots are particularly so, and 
glutinous. Leaves ternate. Leaflets, the lateral pair have 
their outside remarkably large, and the inside lanceolate, the 
terminal one broad-rhombed, all are acute and covered with 
glutinous down, Stipules of the petioles cordate, spreading ; 
those of the leaflets subulate. Racemes axillary, peduncled, 
longer than the leaves, erect, many-flowered. Bractes of the 
pedicel single, oval, concave, one-flowered, caducous. Flow- 
ers pretty large, yellow. Banner obcordate; the callosities 
are remarkably large. Legumes reflexed, a little lanceolate, 
protuberant, five-pointed, covered with much glutinous hair, 
two-seeded, Seeds kidney-form, shining, smooth, gray. 

I know of no use to which this is put. Cattle do not eat it. 


V5. D. pilosus, Willd. iii. 1043. 
Perennial, twining, very hairy. Flowers on short axillary 
racemes. Wings two horned, Legumes cylindric, pointed, 
very hairy, from eight to twelve-seeded. 
Beng. Malkonia, 
| A rare annual species, found in hedges where the init is 
good, Flowers during the cold season. 
Stem perennial, twining, from three to six feet long, cover- 
ed with much soft, white hair. Leaves ternate. Leaflets of 
the same general form of the rest of the family, but narrower, 


Dolichos, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 318 


x 


very downy ; about four inches long and one and a half broad. 

Petioles slightly chamelled. Stipules. small, lanceolate. 
Peduncles axillary, short headed, many-flowered. Bractes 
as in the other species. Flowers large, of a beautiful blue 
colour. Wings about half the length of the banner and keel, 
broad, irregularly angle-lobed, keeled on the under side, and 
on the,upper and inner angle. Legumes pendulous, very 
hairy, from four to five inches long, as thick asa goose-quill, 
straight, cylindric, intercepted between the seeds, Seeds 
from eight to twelve, reniform, shining black. Cattle eat the 
straw of this plant. 


16. D. biflorus, Willd. iti. 1051. 

Annual, Stem erect; branches twining, hairy, Leaflets 
oblong, pointed. Flowers axillary, Legumes scimitar- ~ 
shaped, reflexed, hairy, trom five to six-seeded, 

Sans, Kooluttha. 

Beny. Koolthee. 

Teling. Woolawa the name of the plant, and woolawaloo 
the grain. Horse-gram plant on the Coromandel coast. 

This species I have never found but in a cultivated state, 
It is annual. 

Siem very short, erect; branches twining ; tender parts 
hairy, the whole plant is from two to three feet high, Leaves 
ternate. Leaflets broad-lanceolate, or oblong, equal, entire, 
downy, about an inch long, and half an inch broad. Stipules 
of the petioles oblong; of the leaflets subulate. Flowers 
axillary, small, sulphur coloured, generally each has its pro- 
per peduncle, though sometimes it is common to more flowers 
than one. Bracies lanceolate, one at the origin of each pe- 
duncle or pedicel, and two pressing the calyx laterally. 
Calyx, the upper lip slightly emarginate. Banner obcordate, 
emarginate, Wants the callous bodies, Wings linear.  Le- 
gumes, direction various, scimitar-formed, compressed, about 
two inches long, =e a eyene of an inch eats marie ls “eh 
VOL, TRO Ser io ate seer ort ges igeqeal 2g) 


314 : DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Dolichos. 


the point subulate, recurved. Seeds about six, compressed, 
kidney-formed, gray. 

This species is much cultivated all over the coast, It re- 
quires a dry, light, rich soil, In October and November, it is 
sown, either by itself, or mixed with Holcus saccharatus. 
The general harvest time is in February. The produce about 
sixty-fold in a good soil, and favourable season. —. 

Nella Woolawooloo is a most distinct variety of the above 
with jet black seeds, ‘It is also cultivated. 

The grain of both varieties is employed indifferently to feed 
cattle ; however in times of scarcity the poor are glad to live 
upon it. In these parts it is the lowest priced of all the /e- 
_gumine, which enables them to procure it, when they cannot 
well procure any thing else. Cattle are fond of the straw of 
both sorts, | 


17. D. Soja. Willd. iii. 1051. 
~ Annual, erect, flexuous, every part hairy, Flowers axil- 
Jary, sub-racemous, Corol scarcely longer than the calyx. 
Legume reflexed, scimitar-shaped, from two to three-seeded. 

Daidsee. Kempf. amen. p, 837. f. 838. good. 

Reared in the Honourable Company’s Botanic garden, from 
seeds received trom the Moluccas in 1798. It may be cultivat- 
ed at all times of the year, consequently flowers at all times; 

but, like all the other leguminous tribe, succeeds best during 
the cold season. | | 
Root ramous, annual. ‘Stem erect, fleKincas}, very ramous 
near the base, hairy in every part; from one to four feet in 
height, but when high it requires support. Leaves long-pe- 
tioled, ternate, hairy. Leaflets entire, ovate, the lateral ones 
_broadest, and considerably oblique, the inferior side being 
much broader than the superior. Flowers axillary, some- 
times on a common short peduncle,sometimes without it, and 
smaller than in any other species of Dolichos I have yet met 
with ; colour a reddish purple. Bractes small, hairy. Coral 
scarcely longer than the segments of the calyx, Banner 


it ac 


Dolichos. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 315 — 


vaulted, emarginate and closing the wings. Carina, stamina, 
and pistillum as in the genus. 


18. D. medicagineus. Willd. iii. 1044. 

Biennial, twining, downy. Leaflets roundish. Pedunceles 
from two to three-flowered, Legumes always seeded. 

Phaseolus exiguus, Burm, Zeyl, t, 84. f. 2. 

Teling. Gadee chikurkai. 

This is a small biennial species,a native of the greater part 
of the coast, growing in hedges, thickets, &c. It flowers du- 
ring the cold season, 

Stem woody, slender, brancby, extending only a few feet 
at most, tender parts downy. Leaves ternate, Leaflets near- 
ly equal, oval, covered with much very soft, whitish down, 
veined, about three quarters of an inch long, and half an inch 
broad, Stipules of the petioles cordate, pointed ; of the leaf- 
lets very minute. Peduncles axillary, short, generally two- 
flowered. lowers small, yellow. Calyx, the upper part 
entire. Banner, the callosities are very sharp, and point di- 
rectly downwards. ilaments alternately larger. Legume 
linear, compressed, downy, protuberent at the seeds, con- 
tracted and intercepted between them, Seeds from four to 
six ; hilum remarkably large. Cattle eat it, 


19. D. searabe@oides, Willd. iii, 1046. 

Biennial, twining, downy. Leaflets oval, Peduncles two- 
flowered. Legume falcate, from four to five-seeded. 

Phaseolus minimus, Pluk. Alm. t, 52. f. 3. good. 

Beng. Banur-kuluy.  - 

This like the last species, is biennial, a native of the same 
parts,and has much the same appearance, but is considerably 
smaller, | 

Leaves ternate. Leaflets nearly equal, orbicular, bullate, 
downy ; about three eighths, or half an inch each way, Sti- 

_ pules of the petioles half-lanceolate, those of the leaflets mi- 


nute, Racemes axillary,longer than the leaves, few-flowered. 
Nn2 


316 — DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Doliches, 


Bractes solitary. lanceolate, concave. Flowers yellow, small. 
Legume compressed, falcate, two-seeded. Cattle eat this sort, 
1 know of no oiber use it is put to. 


20. D. Phaseoloides, Roxb, 

Perennial, twining, clothed with diverging hairs, Leaflets 
semi-cordate, and deltoid, or three-lobed. Racemes the length 
of the leaves, Legumes cylindric, toward the apex incury- 
ed, from ten to twenty-seeded. 

From Mr. Kerr at Canton in China, the seeds were receiv- 
ed into the Botanie garden in 1804; where the plants thrive 
well, and blossom chiefly about the close of the rains, and the 
seeds ripen about the beginning of the cool season, 

Stem and branches perennial, twining, when they do not 
meet with support, they run on the ground, and strike root, 
round, and clothed with distinct, brown, diverging hairs, 
Leaflets the pair sub-semi-cordate, sometimes the posterior 
margin projects into a large rounded lobe, the terminal one 
deltoid, or three-lobed, all are hairy like the branches, gene- 
rally from two to three inches long, and frou one totwo broad. 
Petivles very hairy, hairs harsh, aud brown, Stipules of the 
petioles triangular, of the leaflets subulate, Racemes axil- 
lary, solitary, about as long as the leaves. lowers numer-— 
ous, pretty large, violet-coloured,and collected in bundles on 
alternate glands. Bractes of the gland three-fold, those of 
the flowers two-fold, all are very hairy, and ovate-lanceolate, 
the former caducous, the latter more permanent, Calyx 
somewhat bilabidte the flower three-toothed, the middle tooth 
ends in a long filiform point, the upper bidentate, Legumes 
diverging, eylindrie, towards the apex incurved, about as 
thick asa common quill, and from three to four inches long, 
black when ripe, and a little hairy. Seeds from twelve to _ 
abi smooth,’ alt arene gray. 2 


21.D. fabefornis. Ti Willd. ii, 1052, 
- Annual, erect. Leaflets ovate, dentate, 


= 


Glycine. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. | 317 


late. Racemes axillary. Legumes straight, acute, three- 
keeled on the back, from ten to twelve-seeded, 

D. psoraloides, Lamarck, Encycl. ii, 297. 

Teling. Goor-chikurkai. 

Psoralia tetragonoloba. Mant. 104, Rich. iii, 544, 

Is anannual esculent plant, much cultivated in the gardens 
of the natives on the coast of Coromandel. I never saw it 
wild. ' 

Stem annual, erect, branchy, irregularly angular from the 
insertion of the leaves, a little hairy, piped, about as thick as 
the little finger and about three feet high. Leaves alternate, 
ternate. Leaflets oval, acute, grossly serrate, on both sides 
are a few procumbent white hairs, with the under side slight- 
ly scabrous, from two to three inches loug, and from one to 
two broad. Petioles three sided, channelled. * Stipules su- 
bulate. Racemes axillary, single,about as long as the petioles, 
many-flowered, Flowers rose-coloured, small, very short- 
pedicelled. Bractes single, each pedicel subulate. Calyx, 
under divisions largest. Coro/, when it first opens, soon af- 
ter sun-rise, it has the general forin of other papilionaceous 
flowers, but about ten o’clock they expand and appear an- 
gular, and four-petalled ; the least touch hastens the change, 
and the petals fly open with a very smart elastic jerk, which 
produces a great discharge of dust from the anthers. Le-: 
gumes erect, linear, pointed, compressed between the seeds, 
margin three-keeled. Seeds from eight to twelve. — 

The young tender legumes are much used by tbe natives 
in their curries, stews, &c. Cattle are also fond of the plant. 


GLYCINE. Abbaye: N. 1182... 


- Calyx two-lipped. Keel of — corol, sip i — ham: 
ner at ag Ss 


oH a. debilis, Willd, § iii. 1060. at 
Half diffuse, half twining, hairy. Leaves’ 


318 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Glycime., 


round-obovate. Racemes axillary, intercepted. Legumes 
nearly straight, with an erect beak. 

Sans. Masha purnee. 

Beng. Mashanee. 

Is a native of Bengal and other parts of India, but scarce. 
Flowering time the rains; the seed — during the cold 
season, | 

Root, (I believe) perennial. Stem none, but many slender, 
diffuse, bairy branches spreading on the ground, with twin- 
ing extremities, when they meet with support, Leaves termate. 
Leaflets roundish, obovate, hoary, and hairy underneath ; 
veins parallel, Petioles channelled, hairy. Stipules of the 
petioles and leaflets ensiform, Racemes axillary, solitary, 
_ hairy, about as long as the leaves. Flowers in small, remote 
fasciculi, minute, of a deep reddish violet,. Legumes nearly 
—— hairy, beak erect, Seeds about six or seven. 

2. G. labialis, Roxb. : 

Perennial, twining. Leaves ternate ; leaffets ovate- oiolenigs 
Filaments alternately sterile. Corol wane two-lipped, 

_A pretty extensive, shrubby species, common on banks of 
water courses, in forests, &e. Flowers during the rains. 

Stem woody, twining, slender, a little hairy, Leaves ter- 
nate. Leaflets ovate, entire, a little hairy on the under side, 
of a deep green above, about an inch and a half long. Pedi- 
oles chanhelled, Stipules acute, hairy ; those of the leaflets 
subulate. Racemes axillary, longer than the leaves, inter- 
rupted. Flowers numerous, small, rose-coloured, collected 
on the alternate glandular tuberosities of the raceme. Calyx 
hairy. Banner emarginate, with the sides reflected, Wings 
projecting, horizontal, hiding the keel, which makes the flow- 
ers appear two-lipped rather than papilionaceous ; keed short, 
as if truncated. Filaments one and nine, alternately shorter 
and sterile. Anthers five, oval, incumbent on the five long- 
er filaments. Legumes straight, short, round, erect, eel 
strong pointed, from six totwelve-seeded, 


en RT ar 


Cylista, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, — 819 


3. G. tenuiflora, Willd, iii. 1059. 

Perennial, twining, filiform, Leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate- 
oblong, smooth, Racemes axillary, longer .than the leaves, 
Flowers fascicled. 

A rare plant, a native of low, rich pasture ground, among 
bushes, near Samulkota, Flowering time the rainy season, 

Reot woody, perennial. Stem or branches many, twining, 
filiform, round, slightly woolly when examined with a lens, 
from two to three feet long. Leaves ternate. Leaflets broad- 
lanceolate, obtuse with a small point, smooth, from one to. two 
inches long. Petio/es round, a little hairy. Stipules of the 
petioles acute, withering ; those of the leaflets small, bristle- 
like. Racemes axillary, generally solitary, and larger than 
the leaves, interrupted. Bractes small, pointed, two press- 
ing on the calyx. lowers rose-coloured, collected in little 
heads of from two to four on the glandular tuberosities of the 
raceme. Calyx four-parted ; upper divisions jargest, point- 
ed, resting on the banner, Style and stigma smooth, Le- 
gumes erect, compressed, from four to eight-seeded. 


CYLISTA, Schreb. gen. N.1759. 
" Calyx very large, four-parted ; upper division cleft at the 
end. Corol permanent, legume two-seeded. 


 1..C. tomentosa, Roxb. Ind. pl. N. 221. 

Perennial, twining. Divisions of the calyx cuneate, Le- 
gume of one or two round lobes, with one round, blue-violet, 
highly polished seed in each, ; 

Is a native of Mysore, where it was discovered by Dr, 
Buchanan, and the seeds sent by him to the Botanic garden, 
where the plants thrive well, and blossom about the close of 
the rains, and during the cold season; the seed —— in 
March and April, 

Stem perennial, short, with but few stunted ‘amelie in its 
native, sterile soil, but in the Botanic garden the second year 


* 


# 


320 DIAPELPHIA DECANDRIA, Clitoria, 


the branches lengthened much, and twined to a considerable 
extent, the young parts are round, and downy. Leaves ter- 
nate, Leaflets cordate, entire, downy, from two to three inches 
long, and from one to two broad. Petioles channelled, 
downy. Stipules of the petioles lanceolate; of the leaflets 
subulate. | Racemes axillary, shorter than the leaves. Flow- 
ers yellow, Calyx to the base four cleft, downy, permanent ; 
divisions cuneate ; the upper one broad, two-parted. — Corol 
papilionaceous, shorter than the calyx, withering, but not 
dropping. Legume of one, or two, nearly spherical, villous 
lobes ; when two, about as long as the calyx. Seed a single, 
round, highly polished, deep violet-blue one, of the size of a 
pea, in each lobe of the leoume. 


2. C. seariosa. Willd. iii. 1068. Corom, pl. 1. N. 92. 

Perennial, twining. Calyx reticulate, scariose. Seed re- 
niform, compressed, 

This plant is perennial with a woody twining stem, a na- 

tive of the mountainous parts of the Circars. IB 

Leaves ternate. Leaflets entire, downy, pointed, the exte- 
rior one long rbombiform; the pairs obliquely ovate. Sti- 
putes short, cordate. Racemes axillary, erect, as long as the 
leaves, Flowers many, yellow, hid in the calyx, except just 
when expanded, and then only appearing in front, Calyx 
one-leaved, four-parted, chaffy,slightly downy, beautifully re- 
ticulate with coloured veins ; wpper division shortest, broad, 
retuse; wider division long, retuse ; /ateral parts smallest, 
dards: all are permanent. Coro/, stamens, and pistil/um as 
in Dolichos, Legumes obliquely oval, downy, hid in _ 
calyx, Seed one, oe, reniform, 


—— Schreb. gen. N. 1183. 
Corol supine ; banner large, expanding under the wings. 


ell 


Pisum. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 321 


1. C. Ternatea, Willd, iii. LOGS. 

Shrubby, twining. Leaves pinnate. Peduncles axillary, 
one-flowered, : 

Teling. Nella dintana, the blue flowered variety; and tella 
dintana the white. 

Sans. Asphota, Uparajita. 

Beng. Uparajita. ‘ 

Flos coeruleus, Rumph. Amb. v. t. 31. 

Schanga cuspi. Rheed. Mal. viii, t. 38. 

Common in every hedge ail over India, and in flower the 
greater part of the year. Its root probably is not inferior to 
jalap as a cathartic; the powdered seed is also purgative. 


2. C. heterophylla, Lamarck, 

Perennial, twining. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets three, five, 
seven, or nine, from round to linear, 

It is in flower and seed the whole year, Its delicate twin- 
ing habit, variously shaped Jeaves,and beautiful azure flowers 
render it very ornamental. 


PISUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1184. 
Style triangular, above keeled, pubescent. Calyx with the 
two upper segments shorter. 


P. sativum. Willd. iii. 1070. 

Petioles round. Stipules rounded at bottom and crenate. 
Peduncles many-flowered. 

_ Hind. and Beng. Mutur, the ite or common white field 
“pea, and Choota Mutur a smal], round greenish variety of the 


‘common gray field pea. The former is cultivated extensive- 


ly in the fields about Patna; and to the westward; the other 
variety is cultivated in every part of Bengal during the cold 
season, 

VOL, HI Oo 


322 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Lathyrns. 


LATHYRUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1186. 


Style flat, villous above, broader upwards. Two superior 
divisions of the calyx shorter. 


1. L. Aphaca, Willd. iii. 1077. 

Peduneles one-flowered. Tendrils leafless. Stipules ses- 
sile, sagittate-cordate, and obtuse. 

Beng. Musoor chuna. 

Although the stipules do not agree perfectly with Miller’s 
figure, which represents them acute and with short petioles ; 
yet | think they can be nothing more than varieties of the 
same species. 

The flowers of the Indian sort are yellow, the legumes flat, 
and with four or five seeds. Curtis’s figure in his Flora Lon- 
dinensis is more like our Indian variety in the stipulee, but his 
~ legume has seven or eight seeds. 


2. L. sativus. Willd. iti. 1079. 

Stem climbing, smooth, four-seeded, with two of its angles 
winged, Peduncles one-flowered. Tendrils four-leaved.* 
Stipules adjoined, ovate-lanceolate. Legumes ovate-oblong, 
with a double keel on the beak: 

Beng. Kesari, 

Is sown on a strong, rich soil, about the close of es rains, 
in October; the harvest is three or four months after. Like 
other leguminous plants, it affords much wholesome, green 
fodder for cattle; and the seeds, when the plant is suffered 
to remain till they are ripe, are used in diet by the natives. — 


_* Thave seen a whole field with two pair of leaflets to the ten- 
dril ; and near it another, in which there were only one pair ; the 
former by Bikes: osescae s ceseeerncnemestes 
appeared to be no difference mieten: 2 


VICIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1187. | 


Stigma transversely bearded on the lower side. 


1, V. sativa, Willd, iii, 1104, 

Procumbent, angular, Tendrils with from four to six pair 
of sub-opposite, retuse, from linear to obcordate leaflets, Séi- 
pules adjoined, marked underneath, Flowers always solitary, 
sessile. Legume horizontal, cylindric, from six to eighteen — 
seeded, 

Beng. Ankari, 

A native of Bengal and the provinces to the northward. 
When young the mark on the under side of the stipules is a 
glandular concavity, filled with a pellucid liquid, which 
dries up as the stipules get old, leaving a brown mark only. 
It is seldom or never cultivated in Bengal, but is common in 
its wild state. When it meets with a suitable soil, it spreads 
overa full yard of surface, with numerous succulent branches 
and leaves, which cattle are fond of. 


2. V. Faba. Willd. iii. 1111, 

_ Stem upright ; petioles without tendrils. 
A small, smooth, brown-seeded variety of the Faba ohne 7 
or Horse bean, is found in a cultivated state in Nepal, and 
from thence it has been introduced into the gentlemen’s gar-_ 
dens at Purnea, and from thence into the Botanic garden, 

where it aur luxuriantly during the dry season, 


1; -_.,_ ERVUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1188. . 
es Calyx five parted, the length of the corol. Stigma capi- 
tates airy. ) 


- aa Willd, iii. 1113. 


- Peduncles many-flowered. Legumes baingy with two » round 
seeds, Lape linear, smooth, 
O02 


Ervum, DIADELPHIA DEGANDRIA, 323 — 


324 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Cicer. 


Beng. Musoor chuna. 

Hind, Jhunjbuni-ankari. 

Stems numerous, slender, four-sided, smooth. Peduncles 
shorter than the leaves, from three to six-flowered. Tendril 
three-cleft, from ten to twelve-leaved, Leaflets sub-alter- 
nate, linear, smooth. Stipules subulate, often pinnatifid. 
Legumes hairy, two-seeded. Seeds globular. 

This is a small, delicate annual, a native of Bengal, It ap- 
pears during the cold season on cultivated lands. In the in- 
terior provinces it is cultivated for fodder, 


CICER. Schreb. gen. N. 1189. 


Calyx five-parted, the length of the corol ; the four seg- 
ments incumbent on the banner. Legume rhombed, turgid, 
two-seeded. 


1, C. arietinum, Willd, iii, 1113. 

Leaflets serrate, 

Chick pea. 

Sunaga, the Telinga name of the plant, and t Sutiagetids the 
grain. 

Beng. Boot, Boot kuluy, or Chola. 
- Very universally cultivated throughout India during the 
ae season, 


=e C. ales Willd. i ili. 14. 

Erect, ramous, pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, entire. 
' Peduneles two-flowered, with an abortive pedicel. Calyx 
rather longer than the corol. Legume two-seeded. 

_ Beng. and Hind, Mussoor, 

This plant is cultivated to considerable extent “ the na- 
tives of Bengal, and other 6 ijeinine provinces, during the 
- cold season. 

Stem short, erect, very} ramous. ive calvccecintie 
lar, downy ; whole plant from one to two feet high. Leaves 


Cytisus. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 325 


alternate. Leaflets from four to six pair, sub-opposite, lan- 
ceolate, pubescent. Petioles ending ina short, simple tendril, 
which does not take hold of any thing to support the plant. 
Peduncles axillary, the length of the leaves, each supporting 
two small white flowers, and then ending in a short filament 
beyond them. Calyx rather longer than the corol. Stigma 
somewhat villous before. Legume rhomboidal, smooth, con- 
taining two, round, compressed, gray, minutely spotted seeds, 


- The seeds form an article in the diet of the natives, 


” 


CYTISUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1191. 


Calyx two-lipped; upper division two-parted ; the under 
one three-toothed. Legume attenuated at the base. 


C. Cajan, Willd, iii. 1121. 

Racemes axillary, erect. Leaflets sub-lanceolate. Le- 
gume pointed, and obliquely grooved between the seeds. 

Thora-poru, Rheed, Mal. vi.t,13. Burm, Zeyl. t. 57. 

Beng. Urhur. 

_ Teling. Pedda Candi is thename of the large sort, and Ped- 
da Kandiloo the grain. 

It is much cultivated ; and itis only in that state that I have 
ever found it. To appearance it is a large shrub, of some 
years’ duration, however with the greatest care it seldom 
lives longer than two or three, The natives call it annual, 
because they do not find it bear well the second year; of 
course, after collecting the first crop, a pull it up for fire- 
wood, &c. 

Stem short but straight, woody, often as thick as a man’s 
leg, very ramous. Branches ascending, striated from the in- 
sertion of the leaves ; height of the whole plant from five to ten 
feet. Leavesternate. Leaflets oblong, equal, entire, acute, 
soft, downy, below whitish, about two inches long, and one 
and three quarters broad. Petioles channelled, striated. 
Stipules cordate, pointed, withering. Racemes axillary, as 


* 


326 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Robinia, 


long as the leaves, erect, a little downy. Bractes obloug, 
concave, pointed, downy, two-flowered. Flowers pretty large, 
yellow. Filaments alternately longer ; anthers equal, Legume 
globularly protuberant at the seed, the contractions between 
them oblique ; downy, spotted with dark purple ; about an 
inch long. Seeds three or four, of the ‘size of a small pea, 
round, smooth, light brown, Beside the above described, 
there is a smaller variety ; they differ however only in ap- 
pearance and size, the first growing to be from six to eight 
feet high, with a circumference of twenty feet round the ex- 
tremities of the branches. The second seldom or never more 
than half the size; but they differ more in respect to the 
length of time they take to ripen their seeds, the first requir- 
ing about nine months from the time it was sown, and yield- 
ing a produce of about six hundred-fold, The other, only 
three months, and yielding generally less than one hundred- 
fold. : 

‘They both require a high, dry, light, rich soil. The first 
sort is commonly sown, with the first rains, in June; the se- 
cond about September. : 

This grain is in high esteem by ail classes of the natives ; 
it holds the third rank amongst the leguminous = and is 
next in value after the Chick Pea, 

Cattle are fond of the tender parts of the plant, whether 
green or dry, ‘The dry wood is excellent fuel, beside it is 
one of the best for producing fire by friction. The natives 
say “there: is a third sort cultivated on the high hills which 
form the north boundary of the genes but I have never been 
able to meet with it.* 


ROBINIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1194. - | 
Calyx campanulate, division of its mouth unequal and ge- 
nerally four. Legume gibbous at the seeds, elongated. 


Robinia, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 327 


1, R. candida, Roxb, ; ' 

Shrubby, erect, unarmed, Leaves unequally pitmate ; ; 
Leaflets ten-paired, lanceolate. Aacemes terminal or axil- 
lary, pedicels one-flowered. Legumes linear, many-seeded. 

This elegant, large shrub, was first reared in the Company’s 
Botanic garden, from seed collected in the north of Bengal 
by Dr. Carey. Flowering time the cold season, _ 

Stem erect, ligneous; branches expanding ; the young parts 
villous, and clouded with dark and brighter green ; the woody 
parts smoother and ash-coloured ; the whole height when full- 


- grown from five to eight feet. Leaves alternate, unequally 


pinnate, from six to eight inches long. Leaflets opposite, short- 
petiolated, generally from ten to twelve, linear-lanceolate, 
entire, dagger-pointed, villous underneath, and on the mar- 
gins, about two inches long. Petioles villous, channelled. 
Stipules tapering to a fine long point. Racemes terminal, and 
axillary, short, few-flowered. edicels one-flowered, nod- 
ding. Bractes small, caducous, flowers large, pure white, in- 
odorous, Banner covered with gray down on the back, pure 
white and smooth within. Leyume linear, many-seeded. 


2. R. suberosa, Roxb. 
Arboreous ; bark suberous, deeply cracked. Racemes ter- 


‘minal; pedicels one-flowered. Leaflets from five to seven 


paired, with an odd one. Legume linear, many-seeded. 

For this beautiful plant we are also indebted to Dr, Carey, 
who sent the seeds from the district of Dinajpoor, to the Bo- 
tanic garden at Calcutta, where it grows well and is in blos- 
som during the rains chiefly. , 

Trunk erect, soon branching out into a large ramous head, 
whole height of the plant when full grown eight or nine feet. 
Bark ash-coloured, that of the trunk deeply split and of a 
corky nature. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate. Leaflets 
from five to six pairs, opposite, oblong, entire, above smooth, 
underneath hoary, the largest exterior ones about an inch 
long. Stipules minute, eS Flowers large, of a deep 


328 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Robinia, 


rose-colour, collected on terminal racemes, each furnished 
with a long pedicel. Calyx four-parted, the upper division 
more removed and two-pointed. Legume about four inches 
long, linear, compressed, with six or eight flattened reniform 
seeds. 

It is a very ornamental plant, particularly while young. 


3. R, Sennoides, Roxb, 

Shrubby, unarmed. Leaflets from eight to ten pair, lan- 
ceolate. Racemes terminal. Flowers ‘large, blue, three- 
fold. Calyx four-toothed. 

Cytisus sericeus, Willd, iii, 1121. 

A native of the Circars; flowering in the hot season, 


4. R. fruticosa, Roxb. 

Shrubby, ultimately twining. Leaflets from datos to four 
pair with a terminal one, linear oblong. Racemes axillary. 
Banner with two callosities at the base. Legume flat, from 
four to six-seeded. 

A native of the interior parts of Bengal. From Chupra 
Mr. Charles Boddam sent seeds to the Botanic garden in 1803, 
where the plants blossom during the rains, and ripen their 
~ seed in January. 

Trunk short. Branches erect, the longest shoots began to 
twine in plants of four and five years of age, when they were 
not more than from three to six feet high, Bark of the older’ 
ligneous parts somewhat scabrous, that of the tender shoots 
villous, Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, from six to 
twelve inches long. Leaflets from three to five pair, opposite, 
linear oblong, those nearest the apex and particularly the ter- 
minal one, cuneate, all are entire, obtuse, and nearly smooth 
’ on both sides, from two to six inches long, and about one and 
a half broad, Petioles common, villous and slightly chan- 
nelled, much swollen at the base. Stipules of the petioles” 
triangular, those of the leaflets subulate. Racemes or rather” 
spikes axillary, generally single, and simple, mach sh rte 


Robinia, . DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, : 329 


than the leaves. Flowers sub-sessile, middle sized, rose-co- 

loured, always in pairs, from round, elevated glands. Brac-— 
tes tern, a small and cordate one below each gland which is 

persistent; and two lateral on the gland, which are cadu- 

cous ; besides there are two to each calyx, which press on its ' 
base laterally. Calyx somewhat gibbous, four-toothed, the 

upper one broader, shorter and emarginate, Banner with 

two remarkable callosities rising from the base in the inside, 

Filaments one and nine. Anthers equal, roundish. Germ 

inserted into a cup-shaped nectary with the filaments, Stig- 

ma naked, Legume linear-lanceolate, thin, from four to six- 

seeded. 


5. R. macrophylla, R. 
_ Shrubby, scandent, unarmed. Leaves unequally pinnate ; ° 
leaflets from three to four, sub-obovate, oblong. Racemes- 
axillary ; pedicels one-flowered. Banner sub-rotund, deeply 
emarginate, with two short callosities at the base. Legume 
linear, flat, downy. 

A native of the exterior parts of Bengal, where it grows to 
be large, woody, and scandent. Flowering time in the Bota- 


nic garden, June and July ; the seeds ripen in April. 


6. R. ferruginea, : 

Shrubby, the tender parts clothed with ferruginous down, 
Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets seven or nine, linear-ob- 
long. Panicles terminal and axillary ; flowers sub-fascicled. 

A very ramous scandent shrub, a native of Silhet, where it 
flowers in April. 


7. R. racemosa: R. 

Shrubby, climbing. Leaflets six-paired, with a terminal 
one ; stipules subulate. Racemes nearly as long as the leaves, 
many-flowered. Legume pendulous. Seed from five to six, 
remote, abe 

Teling. Galuga, | 

VOL, 111, Pp 


330 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA,. Aeschynomene. 


_A large: climbing shrub ; a native of the extensive forests 
among the Circar mountains. 

Stem woody, climbing over trees, &c. Bark scabrous with 
a gray roughness. Leaves erect, alternate, pinnate with an 
odd one, about nine inches long. Leaflets opposite, six pair, 
oval, acute, entire, smooth ; two inches long, and one broad. 
Petioles round, smooth, Stipules of the petioles and leaflets 
awled, shorter than the leaves. Racemes axillary, erect; 
many-flowered, Bractes awled, one-flowered, lowers nu- 
merous, large, rose-coloured, Calyx slightly five-toothed. 
Banner emarginate, Wings falcate. Ne@tary, a crenulat- 
ed cup surrounding the base of the germ, as in some species 
of Dolichos. Legumes straight, pendulous, from six to nine 
inches long, and as thick as the fore finger, very protuberant 
at the seeds, and perfectly compressed between them, Seeds 
remote, from five to six, oblong. — 

Ido not know of any use to which any part of this plant i is 


put. 


AESCHYNOMENE. Schreb. gen. N. 1202. 

Calyx bilabiate, Filaments simple, nine-cleft, Legume 
long, straight, slender and acute, with a partition between 
the seeds, 

Note. So far dol agree with Geertner in the division of this 
genus, as to consider the only two species I have yet found 
in India, with articulated legumes, Hedysarums. But the 
other species with long, slender, torulose pods, intercepted 
between the rather remote seeds (and void of every appear- 
ance of a joint, or articulation between them) I shall consider 
to belong to the family in which they have hitherto been 
placed, but under an essential generic character someday 
altered. ene oe eee es 


1. A. grandiflora. ee 
Unarmed, arboreous. Leaflets ten-paired, Pedunch 


Aeschynomene, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 331 


two to three-flowered, pendulous. Calyx of two entire lips. 
Legumes pendulous, very long, linear; the upper margin 
broad and channelled, many-seeded. 

Coronilla grandiflora, Willd. iii. 1145. 

Agati, Rheed. Mal. i, t, 51. 

Sans, Buka, 

Beng. Buka, also Augasta, 

Hind. Basna the red-flowered variety, and Sada basna the 
white, 

Tam, Agati. s 

Teling. Yerra avesi the name of the red-flowered bis 
Tella avest the white-flowered. 

A small, delicate, but high, viz. from twenty to pedtety feet, 
tree of only a few years’ duration, It is generally found in 
the vicinity of villages, where the natives encourage its 
growth, for the sake of the leaves and tender pods which they 
use in their curries, It is in flower and fruit most part of the 
year, = 

Trunk straight, from ten to twelve feet high. Bark pretty 
smooth, Branches thinly scattered. Leaves alternate-abruptly 
pinnate, from six to nine inches long. Leaflets opposite, from 
eight to twelve pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, smooth, 
oF a whitish-green, about an inch long, and three-eighths 
broad. Stipules of the petioles half lanced, caducous ; ‘those 
of the leaflets minute. Peduncles axillary, short, somewhat 

‘downy, from, two to four-flowered ; pedicels peduncle-like. 
Bractes minute, falling. lowers very large, red or white. 
Calyx two-lipped ; lips entire. Banner erect, oval. Anthers 
linear. Legumes pedicelled, from twelve to eighteen inches 
long, and about as thick as a common quill, pointed, a little 
compressed ; the upper suture channelled, protuberant at, 
and intercepted between the seeds, but not in the _ ast 
ed. Seeds numerous, kidney-formed. 

The tender leaves and young legumes are much ose in 
nai by all classes of the natives. 

The tree is = for training the Betle * lan : (Piper 

¥ d 2 : 


332 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Aeschynomene. 


betel), it admits of the sun’s beams, and the wind, better 
than any other of its height, being thin of branches and leaves, 
particularly after it is more than one year old. It is of a very 
quick growth, which is another reason for employing it. The 
wood is only fit for fuel. Cattle eat the leaves and tendér 
parts, 


2. A, sesban. 

Unarmed, arboreous. Leaflets about fifteen pair. Racemes 
pendulous, Legumes filiform, pendulops, 

Kedangu. Rheed. Mal. vi. t. 27. 

Emerus. Burm. Zeyl. t. Al. ' 

Sans, Juyunti. See Asiat. Res, iv. p. 297. 

Beng, Juyunti, : 

-Coronilla sesban, Willd. iii, 1147. 

_ Ifthe true Sesban has an articulate legume, as stated by the | 
accurate Vahl, (.Symb. i. p. 54.) this cannot be it. 

Teling. Suiminta, 

_This ‘small beautiful tree is in general found in the vicini- 
ty of villages, and is likewise of few years’ duration, Flow- 
ers chiefly during the wet and cold seasons, 

Trunk erect, about eight feet high. Bark cracked. 
Branches numerous, extremities twiggy, and often bowing. 
Leaves abruptly pinnate, from four to six inches long, Leaf- 
lets opposite, from ten to twenty pair, linear-obtuse, smooth, 
entire, about an inch long, and one-third of an inch broad, . 
Stipules very acute, reflexed. Racemes axillary, pendulous, 
from eight to twelve-flowered. Flowers barge; of a beautiful 
_ dark purple with yellow spots. 

_ There is a variety of this tree with yellow flowers which is 
not so elegant as the above described. I have also seen ano- 
_ ther with red flowers, | 

| The wood is said to make the EAT: best seal for ga 
powder, eh eg Soo 


oar 


~ 


Aeschynomene. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 333 


3. A. spinulosa, Roxb. . 

Annual, sub-ligneous, erect; armed with inoffensive 
prickles. Leaflets from twenty to forty pair ; petioles armed 
on the under side. Legumes erect, filiform, 

-Coronilla aculeata, Willd. iii, 1147. 

Teling. Yerra-Jelooga, 

A large shrubby-like annual, growing to be four or five 
feet high, It appears in rice fields during the rainy season. 
Flowers in December and January. 

Stem erect, woody, annual. Branches remote, slender; 
bark reddish, coyered with many small, inoffensive prickles, 
Leaves ‘abruptly pinnate, from three to twelve inches long. 
Leaflets opposite, numerous, 7. e. forty pair, linear, obtuse 
with a minute bristle, smooth, half or three quarters of an inch 
long, and one-eighth broad. Petioles armed on the under side 
with inoffensive prickles, like those of the stem and branches. 
Stipules linear, very sharp, falling. Racemes axillary, many 
times shorter than the leaves, spreading. Flowers few, yellow, 
middle sized, Legumes erect, sharp-pointed, about as thick 
as a pack thread, and eight or nine inches long, protuberant 
at the seed, but not jointed. Seeds kidney-form. 


4, A. paludosa., Roxb. er 
Annual, sub-ligneous, erect. Leaflets from ten to twenty 


- pair. Racemes longer than the leaves, drooping, many- 
flowered. Legumes linear, pendulous. 
Beng. Kathsola. 


_ This isa very large annual species; it has the appearance 
of an elegant tree, often twelve feet high, is a native of wet 


“marshy places about Calcutta; it appears during the rains, 


Root annual, spindle-formed, with some few lateral 
branches, Stem erect, ramous ; all the parts under water are 


much swelled and are there of an exceeding light spongy 
texture, but not piped; these parts emit numerous, ramous, 


filiform roots, from every part, and except for the insertions 
of those radicles the bark is continuous, smooth, and green in 


334 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. —.Aeschynomene, 


most parts, the parts above the water contract to abouta third 
the thickness of those that are immersed, and are covered 
with smooth, shining, green bark ; height of the whole plant 
from six to twelve feet, the relative proportion of the immersed 
and exposed parts depends on the height of the inundation. 
Leaves sessile, abruptly pinnate, linear, from six to twelve 
inches long, horizontal, courting the solar light through the 
day, and drooping in its absence, Leaflets generally oppo- 
site, sessile, from ten to thirty pair, tapering a little from the 
base, where they are broadest, to the apex, rounded at both 
ends, with a, bristle-like point, smooth above, and having a 
few hairs below, from an inch, to an inch and a half Jong, and 
three-eighths of an inch broad at the base. Petioles swelled at 
the glandular base, channelled ; channel hairy. Stipules half 
lanceolate, falling; those of the leaflets subulate, permanent, 
minute, Racemes axillary, peduncled, solitary drooping beau- 
tifully, from eight to twelve-flowered, longer than the leaves 
which they accompany. Flowers drooping, as large as those 
of Spanish broom, of a bright yellow, with the back of the 
banner spotted with distinct, round, purple dots, Bractes, 
those of the pedicel solitary, those of the calyx two, pressing’ 

_ on it laterally, all are boat-shaped and — — ; 
corol, $e. as in A, Cannabina, 4 


6.0. Uliginosa, Roxb. Le Set SSI ey 

Annual, diffuse; leaflets forty pate -Racemes sub-sessile, 

erect, from six to eight-flowered. Legume erect, cuspidate, 

It is a native of marshy places near Calcutta, aaa. 
and flowering in the rains. 

Stems annual, ramous, spreading. Branches sometimes 
slightly and remotely murexed, as in A. procumbens, which — 
it resembles much; leaflets from thirty to fifty pair, linear, — 
with a point, and bright red margins, smooth on both sides. 
Stipules as in the other species, Racemes axillary, sub-ses-_ 
sile, from six to eight-flowered. Flowers short-pedicelled, 
approximate, Banner and wings yellow ; keel purple. 


ow 


i 


Aeschynomene, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 335 


_ Note, The parts under water are swelled, like those of the 
last’ described species. It differs from O, procumbens, in hay- - 
ing twice the number of leaflets to the leaf, and more than 
twice the number of flowers on the raceme. 


* 6. 0. Cannabina of Konig. See Retz. Obs. v. 26. 

Annual, straight. Leaflets from twenty to forty pair, Ra- 
cemes axillary, few-flowered. Legumes long, slender, some- 
what four-sided. 

-Coronilla Cannabina, Willd. iii. 1148, 

"Beng. Dhanchi. 

An annual species which [have not found wild. It is cul- 
tivated in various parts of Bengal for the fibres of its bark, 
which form a coarse substitute for hemp. The general seed 
time is in April ; itis in flower four or five months after, 

Root ramous, annual in a cultivated state, Stem simple, from 
six to twelve feet high, and about as thick as the little finger, 
smooth, towards the base somewhat woody, ramous near the 
top only, the most tender shoots are slightly striated, and a 
little hairy. — Leaves sub-sessile, alternate, spreading in the 


day, pinnate, from six to twelve inches long, Leaflets from 


twenty to forty pair, opposite, rarely alternate, short-petioled, — 
exactly linear, rounded at both ends, with a bristle-like point, _ 
having the upper side smooth, and the under one pale, with a 
few white hairs, from an inch to an inch and a half long, and 
about a quarter of an inch broad, Petioles slightly channel- 
led, and a little hairy, with a swelled base. Stipules of the 
leaf half-lanced, falling ; those of the leaflets awled, perma- 
nent. Racemes axillary, peduncled, solitary, shorter than the 
the leaves they accompany, bearing from two to six pedicel- 
Jed, nodding flowers. Flowers about the size of a pea blossom, 
yellow, with many dark purple spots. Bractes of the pedi- 
cels solitary, boat-shaped, hairy, caducous; those of the flow- 
er two, linear, pressing on'the calyx, caducous, Calyx gib- 
bous, five-toothed, sub-equal. Corol papilionaceous. Ban- 
ner obcordate, bright yellow on. the inside, and beautifully. 


336 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Aeschynomene.- 


marked with purple dots on the outside. Wings obovate, 
oblong, obtuse, yellow. Keel obtuse, daggered behind. Fi- 
laments alternately shorter, simple, and nine-cleft. Anthers 
round, incumbent, Germ cylindric, smooth. Stigma emar- 
ginate. Legume tending to be pendulous, from six to nine 
inches Jong, linear, somewhat angular, about as thick as a 
very slender quill, many-seeded. Seeds sub-cylindric, smooth, 
of a light brownish colour. 

Cultivation of the Dhunchi plant, Zeschynomene Canna. 
bina, Kon, in Retz. Obs. v. 26. Coronilla Cannabina. Willd. 
MLAB y: > 

The soil generally employed for this plant about Calcutta, 
is wet and considerably lower than what is necessary for Cor- 
chorus olitorius and capsularis, and Crotalaria juncea.* — 
The preparation of the ground need not be so much attended | 
to, as the plant is hardy, and the growth so rapid, as to des- 
troy or keep down weeds of all kinds very completely. This, 
together with the crop being considered a meliorating one, 
renders it advantageous, notwithstanding the cheapness of the 
material. The time of sowing is when the soil has been mois- 
tened with the showers which fall during the storms called 
north-westers in May, which correspond with the tornados on 
the west coast of Africa. About fifteen seers, or thirty pounds, 
of seed to the acre is generally allowed, and less attention is 
paid to the weeding than is necessary for Corchorus. In 
September and October the crop is ready to cut, though the 
fibre does not suffer if left standing till the seed is ripe in No. 
vember. The process of steeping and cleaning the fibre, | 
is exactly similar to that already described for Crota 

juncea, 
_ The general produce of an acre is from one hundred, to one 
thousand pounds of ill cleaned fibre ; the — —- — 


* See the method of cultivating those” plants in the Fourth Ree sg 
port of the African Institution and in the diapers i 
alias of Arts, vol. xxii. and xxiv. aa Jee 


Flemingia, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 337 


what less than Paat, viz. Corchorus, Expense of cultivation, 
including land-rent, about nine Rupees, 
This is deemed the coarsest, though not the least durable of 
our Bengal substitutes for hemp. It is reckoned to be more 
durable i in the water, or for purposes where it is often wet, 
than either sun, or paat ; and is therefore universally: employ- 
ed for the drag ropes, and other cordage about fishing nets. 
The nets themselves are made of sun dwine, well tanned with 


the bark of a species of Rizophora, 


7. O. procumbens. R. 

Annual, diffuse, somewhat armed with inoffensive prickles, 
Leaflets minute, about twenty pairs. Peduncles axillary, 
short, from two to three-flowered. Legumes linear, erect, 
cuspidate. 

Teling. Manchi Jelooga. 

A native of Coromandel ; appearing on wet pasture land, 


borders of rice fields, &c. in the rainy season. 


FLEMINGLIA. R. 


Talye gg Stamina one, and ; nine, Legumes ses- 
sile, oval, turgid, two-val ved, one-celled, containing evnephey 
rical seeds, 

This genus assigned to the name of Dr, John Fieng; 
Physician General in Bengal, consists of shrubby Hedysa- 
rum-like | plants, natives of various parts of India. They are 
all perennial, the young shoots generally three-sided. 

_ Leaves ternate; Jeaflets three-nerved, Petioles more or 
Jess winged, opposite, scariose, Stipules as in the Hedysa- 
rums. Flowers on axillary, or terminal, simple or compound 
racemes or panicles, In all the corol is pink, striped with yel- 
lowish purple lines. The essential mark is in the sessile, tur- 
gid, oval legumes, with regularly two round seeds in each. — 

vol. 1, 5 


338 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Flemingia. 


1. F. procumbens, Roxb. 

Perennial, procumbent, three-sided, particularly when 
dry. Racemes axillary, the length of the leaves. Legumes 
and ealyx besprinkled with garnet-coloured grains. 

A native of the mountains north of Oude, and Robileund. 
In the Botanic garden it blossoms throughout the dry season. 

Root perennial. Stem none, but many ramous, three-sid- 
ed, villous, somewhat ligneous branches, springing from thé 
crown of the root, and spreading flat on the ground, their 
length, in two years old plants, from one to two feet. Leaves 
ternate. Leaflets entire, villous underneath, somewhat three- 
nerved, and marked throughout with veins, the pair oblique- 
ly oval, the terminal one obovate, Stipules paired, stem- 
clasping, villous, caducous, Racemes axillary, generally so- 
litary, about the length of the leaves, their upper half thick- 
ly set with short-pedicelled, small flowers, strongly marked 
with deeper coloured purplish lines. Bractes of the pedicel 
about as long as the pedicel, oblong, one-flowered, cadu- 
cous; those of the calyx subulate, very small and also cadu- 
cous, Calyx deeply five-cleft, hairy and marked with gar- 
net-coloured glands on the outside, Banner roundish, strong- 
Jy marked with deeper and lighter coloured lines ; wings pur- 
ple; keel pale rose, Stamens one, and nine. Anthers ovate. 
Stigma large, capitate. Legume sessile, oval, besprinkled 
with garnet-coloured-glands, one-celled, Seeds 6. Spee 
= Bray, Corea with blackish brown. Sey tars 


2: F. prostrata. Roxb. Jun. 
~ Somewhat shrubby, prostrate ; young parts thredanded, 
and downy. Leaflets lanceolate, acute. Racemes axillary, 
solitary, length of the petioles, Legume villous. = 
This species was raised from seed sent by Mr. Kerr from 
China to the Botanic garden in 1805, where they blossom 
about the close of the = in November, and sone their 
seed during the cool season. — | 
Root perennial. Stem eatery any. Brace proc 


Fiemingia. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 330 


the older woody parts thereof round, the tender ones some- 
what three-sided, and clothed with villous pubescence, their 
general length about two feet anda half, Leaves ternate as 
in the other species, Leaflets lanceolate, the pair obliquely 
so, acute, entire, three-nerved, slightly villous underneath ; 
three or four inches long, and less than one broad. Petioles 
three-sided ; angles sharp and ciliate. Stipules opposite, lan- 
ceolate, cuspidate, half the length of the petioles, villous, ca- 
ducous, Racemes axillary, solitary, villous, becoming rather 
longer than the petioles by the time the flowershave ex panded, 
Bractes solitary , one-flowered, lanceolate, clothed with silky 
hairs, caducous, lower small,a mixture of pale yellow and 
purple, Calya: hairy, five-parted, clothed with long, fine, 
white hairs ; segments acute, the lower one twice the length 
of the other four. Legume oval, two-seeded, Seeds round, 
dark brown, spotted with gray, 


3. F. nana, Roxb. 

Suffruticose, with a very short, ligneous stem, and few 
short branches. Leaves ternate. Leaflets sub-obovate ; pe- 
tiole winged. Racemes sibs crowded, Legume covered 
with red clammy glands. . 

Hind, Supta Cusunt, 

This beautiful, small, sub-herbaceous species was a found i 
Col. Hardwicke in various parts in the vicinity of the Gan. 
ges toward Hurdwar, and by him introduced into this gar- 
den, where it blossoms about the beginning of the hot season. 

Stem scarcely any, a short, perennial, ligneous stump, of 
scarcely an inch in length, is all that appears above ground, 
from which issue a few short, sub-herbaceous branches, the 
_ whole height, leaves included, not above six or eight inches. 
Leaves ternate, long-petioled, Leaflets, the pair obliquely 
oblong ; the terminal one obovate; all are three-nerved and 
a little downy, from one to three inches long. Petioles 
as see or longer than the leaflets, rath i anes ensi- 


ak. 


340 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. —- Flemingia, 


gether. Bractes solitary, lanceolate, one-flowered. Flowers 
numerous, pedicelled, small, pale.greenish pink, with deeper 
stripes. Ca/yx unequally five-cleft, besprinkled on the out- 
side with numerous, minute, clammy, ferruginous glands. Le- 
gume oval, densely clothed with clammy reddish glands, as 
are, in some measure, the pedicels and racemes also. 


4. F. conjesta, Roxb. 

Shrubby, sub-erect. Leaflets broad lanceolate. Racemes 
axillary, sub-sessile, heaped. 

Beng. and Hind. Bura salpan. 

This species is a native of the Delta of the Ganges. Flow- 
ering time the cold season; the seed oe in two or three 
months afterwards. 

Stems several, oblique, woody; young parts a 
Branches few, general height of the whole plant from three 
to six feet. Leaves ternate. Leaflets short-petioled, three- 
nerved, entire, pretty smooth above, villous underneath, the 
terminal one broad-lanceolate ; the lateral ones of nearly the 
same size, and shape, but broader at the base and less dis- 
tinctly marked with the three nerves, about six or eight inches 
long, Petioles nearly round, and villous, Séipules rather 
short, tapering from a broad base to a fine point, Racemes 
axillary, generally crowded,-about as long as the petioles, 
Bractes shorter than the calyx, one-flowered, caducous, 
Flowers very numerous, and beautifully striated with orange 
and purple. Legume the length of the lower division of the 
calyx, sub-reniform, one-jointed, two-seeded. 

_ This species has much the habit of my F. stricta, but dif- - 
fers widely in its specific character. In this the racemes are 
crowded, in that single ; in this the bractes are eee — 
the —— in that scineet times longer. Pel eS 


6:¥ \eendebhaiag maa ba 
a ramous, Leaves ternate, Leafs oblong 


Rl apa ess gh or Re ee ls a ae TE a SEE 


Flemingia, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 341 


three-nerved ; petioles winged. Racemes terminal, and axil- 
lary, panicled. 

A native of Nepal, from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the seed 
to this garden, where in little more than one year, the plants 
were tall, elegant, ramous, stout, erect shrubs, with the bark | 
of the ligneous parts dark brown, and smooth, of the ten- 
der parts villous. Leaves ternate. Leaflets nearly equal, 
broad-lanceolate, entire, fine-pointed, smooth on both sides, | 
from four to six inches long, and from one and a half to two 
broad, Peiioles shorter than the leaves, with broad membra- 
naceous villous margins. Racemes axillary, and terminal, 
generally compound, particularly the terminal ones, and they 
are often panicled, Bractes chaffy, lanceolate, oné-flowered, 
caducous. Flowers numerous, large, rose-coloured, striated 
with greenish yellow, and purple. Calyx villous; segments 
five, nearly equal, ensiform, about as long as the corol. Fi- 
laments one and nine. The single one greatly enlarged near 
the base. Legume sessile, oval, slightly villous, turgid, the 
size of a field bean. Seeds small, sage) round, smooth, 


—_ black. 


6 F. lineata. R. 
_ Shrubby, erect, ramous. Leaflets obovate-cuneate, aes 
nerved, and strongly marked with veins. Stipules stem- 
clasping, scarious, Racemes axillary, long-peduneled, sub- 
secund, often compound. Legumes villous, and mealy. 
Heydysarum lineatum, Linn, Burm, Fi. Ind. 167, t. 53. 
fil. | 

A native of the Peninsula of India. Flowers during the 
rainy and cold seasons, | be Aaa? 


7. F. angustifolia. R. 
Shrubby, straight. Leaflets lanceolate, villous under- 


neath, Racemes, or heads, terminal, and froni‘the Gxtorioe a 


axills, solitary, sessile, nee a ee of the | 
Legumes villous, | : 


. 


342 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Smithia, 


This species was discovered by Colonel Hardwicke grow- 
ing in the vicinity of Hurdwar, 


8. F, stricta. Roxb, 

Stems many, shrubby, straight. Leaves ternate ; leaflets 
broad-lanceolate, smooth. Racemes axillary, erect. Stipules 
and bractes lanceolate, caducous, Legume smooth. 

A large shrubby species, a native of the mountainous parts 
of the coast. Flowers during the cold season, 

Stems numerous, erect, with very few branches, which are 
also erect. Bark smooth, Leaves alternate, petioled, ternate. 
Leaflets nearly equal, broad-lanceolate, entire, fine pointed, 
a little wrinkled, about nine inches long and three. broad. 
Petioles three-sided ; upper side even, the lateral faces striat- 
ed. Stipules of the petioles sheathing, remarkably large, 
surrounding the extremities of the sanulien; and overlapping 
each other, falling ; those of the leaflets wanting. Racemes 
axillary, solitary, erect, the length of the petioles, short-pe- 
duncled, the peduncle is hid in large sheath-like bractes, and 


every part above is imbricated with the flowers. Bractes of. 


the flowers solitary, lanceolate, one-flowered, falling. Flow- 
ers very numerous, beautifully striated with red, yellow, and 


violet. Legumes not jointed, oval, pointed, tworneadanks seeds 


spherical, 


This plant has flowered in my garden for several scat 


is peste nee when in flower, — 


“SMITHIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1760. 


- Calys bilabiate. Filaments ten, united into two. equal box 


dies, Legumes composed of one-seeded Jsinite 


1. S. sensitiwa, Ait. Mer il, po 490, ge. 512:. “bei 13. 


Willd, ill, mecugaaiee 


ple, even with the anthers, —— — od, 


Smithia. - -DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 343 


petioles ciliate. Legumes six-jointed, and folded within the 
calyx. 

Hind, Oda-Breeni. 

Beng. Nulla Kashina, _ 

Pentagnana sensitiva, Gmel, ed, syst. ii, 1119. 

A native of Bengal, where it is common on moist pasture 
land. Blossoms and ripens its seed during the cold season ; 
cattle are fond of it, It is common in the Botanic garden, and 
makes excellent hay. 


2. 8S. aspera. Roxb. 

Annual, erect ; /eaflets from thirty to forty pair. Legume 
exsert, podiectod. Joints from six to eight, ragged i in the 
middle. 

Beng. Kath Sola. 

A native of Bengal, where it is found with the former 
species on low wet pasture land, borders of rice fields, &c. 
appearing with the rains in May and June, and perishing 
~ when they are over in October, and November. 

_ Stem erect, from two to six feet high, fistulous. Branches 
short, spreading. Bark somewhat scabrous, with small ¢o- 
loured glands, &c. bristles scattered over all the tender parts 
of the plant. Leaves alternate, pinnate, from two to six 
inches long. Leaflets from twenty to fifty pair, linear, ob- 
long, smooth, with reddish margins, Stipules adjoined, 
ovate, lanceolate, ciliate. Racemes axillary and terminal, 
flexuous, from two to six-flowered. Flowers rather remote, 
middle sized, yellowish. Bractes ovate, and ovate cordate, 
two pressing on the calyx laterally like a calycle, and one at 
the origin of each pedicel, their margins are serrate, coloured 
and ciliate. Calyx bilabiate. Segments oval, equal, and 
emarginate, Corol, banner round-oval, twice the length of 
the calyx. Wings oblong, long-clawed. Keel boat-shaped, 
two parted at the base. Filaments ten, united into two equal 
bodies, Germ pedicelled. Style ascending. oe ie 


‘=. 
* 


344 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Hedysarum. 


nearly straight, slightly crenate on the under margin, from 
six to ten jointed ; joints nearly square, swelled, and scab- 
rous at the middle. Seed reniform, pale brown, 

Note, Until I observed this plant I was inclined to con- 
sider Smithia sensitiva, a species of Hedysarum, but on find- 
ing this agree as well in its natural and essential characters 
with Aiton’s species, I have been induced to consider them 
as constituting a well marked genus, differing essentially in 
both calyx and stamens from Aeschynomene, and Hedysa- 
rum, 


HEDYSARUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1204. 


Corol with keel transversely obtuse. Loment articulated 
with one seed in each, 

Note. Those with a folded legume or rather oe of 
two or more roundish joints have peculiarities sufficient to 
authorize their being separated from this inconveniently over- 7 
grown genus. I have already six species which would form 
a pretty good foundation for the new family, viz. a new one 
with simple leaves, lagopodioides, &c, also, alopecuroides 
with ternate leaves, and with pinnate leaves pictum, and Cri- 
nitum, 


_ SECT. I. Leaves simple. 
= H. alhagi. Willd. iii, LA71. | 
Shrubby, armed. Leaves oblong, mucronate. Stipules 

-ensiform, — 
Sans, Yasa, or yavasa. 
_ Hind, Juwasa, 


Pers, Shooturk has from its s beiieg the common — uf ~~ 


camel, 

“A native of Hindoostan, and Setieeaity found inva dry, ra- 
ther barren, sandy soil, Its branches are used for the sect 3 
called Tattees, employed during the hot dry niger oman 


i 
i 
] 
| 


Hedysarum, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 345 


many parts of Southern Asia. In the neighbourhood of Can- 
dahar and Mirut and the bank of the Chilchuk,manna is said 


to be procured from it, This substance exudes from the 


plant after spring rains and is gathered by merely shaking it 

off. See Fothergill, p. 257. In the Dooab, where it is com- 
mon, it is for the most parts herbaceous and eaten down to 
the ground by cattle, _ 


» 


2. H. moniliferum, Willd. 1173. 

Perennial, cespitose. Leaves round, cordate. Heads: ter- 
minal, Bractes three-flowered, Legume necklace-shapedf with 
round joints. 

Hedysarum moniliferum. Burm. Ind. t. 52. f. 3, pretty 
good, 

Teling. Amera. 

Common on pastyre land over most parts of India. Flow- 
ers in the rains and cold season, 


3. H. vaginale. Willd, iii. 1176. 

Perennial, cespitose. Leaves from oval to linear, oblong 
with cordate base, rather obtuse, smooth. Racemes leaf-op- 
posed. Bractes three-fold, two-flowered, Legume sub-cy- 
lindric, from four to six.jointed. 

Genista articulata, &c. Burm. Zeyl, t. 49, f. 1, pretty 
good, 

Common on pasture land in most parts of India. Flowers 
in therainy and cold seasons. 


i. H. cluakens, Roxb. 

Perennial, diffuse, hairy in every part. Leaves simple, 
roundish, Racemes leaf-opposed, flowers in pairs, remote, 
Legumes from two to four-jointed, both margins notched, 

_A small perennial; a native of dry, sandy pasture lands, 
though by no means common, 

Stem there is nothing that can be so called. Bractes 
many, diffuse, long, round, slender, dichotqropon yy hair 

VOL, III, ae Re | = 


646 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. = Hedysarum. 


Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oval, or orbicular with a 
small point, hairy. Stipules of the petioles embracing the . 
branch, chaffy, half-lanceolate. Racemes leaf-opposed, late- 
ral, all axillary, many times longer than the leaves, few- 
flowered, Bractes three-fold, chafty, ciliate, two-flowered. 
Flowers remote, small, of a bluish purple. Legumes com- 
pressed, from two to four-jointed, hairy, 

5. H. gramineum, Willd. iii, 1172. 

Biennial, erect. Leaves simple, linear, smooth, Racemes 
terminal, long. 

H. gramineum, Retz. Obs. v. N. 70. 

Beng. Pan Nutta. 

A small perennial woody species, growing generally 
amongst long grass on dry ground. It flowers during the 
wet and cold seasons, ee 

Stem scarcely any. Branches many, sometimes nearly erect, 
sometimes diffuse, very slender, woody, from one to three feet 
long. Leaves alternate-petioled, linear-lanceolate, smooth, 
one and a half, or two inches long, and half an inch broad. 
Stipules of the petioles chaffy, semi-lanceolate. Racemes 
terminal, pretty long. Bractes three-fold, lanceolate, three- 
flowered, Flowers small, beautifully variegated with red 
and yellow. Calyx four-cleft ; upper division emarginate ; 
apex bearded. Legumes erect, sub-cylindric, composed of 
from three to five, almost round, pretty smooth articulations. 


6. H. buplenrifotium. Willd. iii. 1171. Corom, pl. ii, WM. 
194, 

Perennial, diffuse, hairy. Leaves ree Sti- 
pules chaffy. Spikes imbricated with two-flowered bractes. 
Calyces four-leaved; the upper one a Legumes 
erect, beaked, obhijiialy jointed, | 

Difference of soil and situation produces such great changes 
in this plant as to make a transient examiner imagine he had 

met with two or more distinct species, In a good soil, and 


Hedysarum, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 347 


shaded by large trees, it grows with an erect, woody stem, to 
be three or four feet bigh, with many long straggling 
branches, resting on the ground; in an exposed poor soil, it 
is a small diffuse, seemingly annual. In all, the succulent 
parts are hairy, The flowering time the wet and cold sea- 
sons. 

Leaves remote, alternate, horizontal, petioled, lanceolate, 
hairy, size various. Petioles three-sided. Stipules of the peti- 
oles chaffy, embracing much of the branch of the leat, small 
and subulate. Spikes terminal, and leaf-opposed, many- 
flowered, imbricated with chaffy, hairy, ciliate, ovate, point- 
ed, two-flowered bractes. # lowers of a bright red. Calyx 
four-leaved ; upper leaf emarginate, hairy, the length of the 
corol, Legumes erect, sharp pointed, of from three to five 
obliquely oval rugose joints. 


7. H. styracifolium, Willd. iii. 1174. 

Shrubby, erect, ramous, every part except the upper sur- 
face of the leaves hairy. Leaves oblong, emarginate. Ra- 
cemes terminal. Bractes solitary, cordate, two-flowered. 
Calyx four-leaved, all entire. Legumes neh thin, of five 
rugose joints, notched on both sides, 

A native of Coromandel ; flowering time the close of the 
rains. Seed-ripe in January. : i Pdi 


8. H. glumaceum. Willd, iii. 1172. 

Biennial, diffuse, hairy. Leaves lanceolate, clouded. Ra- 
cemes terminal , becoming leaf-opposed. Bractes two-flow- 
ered. Calyx four-leaved, ciliate, the upper one bidentate. 
Legume ot from three to four oblique, rugose joints. 

A native of the coast of Coromandel ; in the Botanic garden 
at Calcutta it blossoms in the —_ and cold season, 


9. H. triquetrum, Willd. iii. 1176. 


pene erage Leaves — —— cilibick + pet 
S35 ses rods. eRe Axe. ti: 


348 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Hedysarum. 


oles winged. Racemes terminal, Legumes smooth, many- 
jointed. 

The figures of this plant, if intended for it, in the Herba- 
rium .Amboinense, Burman’s Flora Zeylaniea, and Flora © 
Indica, are all bad. It is a native of many parts of India, 
though not common, so far as I have been able to observe, in 
any ; flowering time the cold season. 

Stems perennial, many, diffuse, with many bifarious, 
spreading, coloured, somewhat three-sided, smooth, branches. 
Leaves alternate, petioled, bifarious, ovate-oblong, smooth on 
both sides and entire. Petioles winged. Stipules as in the 
genus, facemes terminal. Flowers numerous, three-fold, 
rose-coloured. Legumes of from four to eight joints, and 
notched on the under side. 


10. H. alatum. Roxb. 1896. 

Shrubby, erect, with many erect, from three to four-sided 
branches. Leaves simple, long, linear-cordate. Petioles 
winged. Racemes terminal. Legumes hairy, thin, from four 
to six-jointed ; lower margin crenulate. 

Hz. triquetrum., Burm. Ind. t. 25. f. 2. 

A native of Hindoostan. Flowering time the close of the 
rains, Is allied to H, triquetrum on account of the winged 
petioles only ; that is always procumbent, this straight and 
perfectly erect, and a much more beautiful plant. 

Trunk ‘short and straight. Branches many, erect, the 
tender shoots, three, or four-angled, from the insertion of the 
leaves downwards these angles are more villous than the other 
parts. Leaves simple, linear-cordate, entire, smooth on both 
sides, about four inches long. Petioles much shorter than 
the leaves, winged, which at the upper wing terminate in 
two recurved points. Racemes terminal, and from the exte- 
tior axills, erect, from six to twelve inches long. Flowers 
numerous, small, of a violet-colour. Bractes three-fold, two- 
flowered, but between these two flowers there is according 
to my observations a succession of abortive flowers. Calyx 


Hedysarum. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. . 


four-cleft ; the upper division broad, acute and entire. Le- 
gume broad, thin, hairy, from four to six-jointed, and crenu- 
late on the lower edge. 


11. H. gangeticum, Willd, iii, 1175. 

Shrubby, oblique. Leaves ovate, acute, scabrous above, 
and villous underneath. Racemes terminal, very long and 
slender. Flowers paired. Carina and wings retlexed. Le- 
gume from five to six-jointed; straight on the upper margin. 

Sans. Sal purnee. 

Beng. Sal pan. 

Of this we have two varieties ; one with purple, the other 
with white flowers. They are natives of Coromandel, Bengal, 
and other parts of India, and in flower most part of the year. 
Seed ripens in the cold season. 


12. H. collinum. Roxb, 393. 

Shrubby, oblique. Leaves ovate-cordate, downy under- 
neath. Racemes ones ey long. Legume notched on 
the under side. 

A shrubby species found chief y amongst the Circar moun- 
tains, growing under the shade of trees, 

Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, or nearly sceidy entire, 
below downy, the longer ones are from five to six inches long, 
and from four to five broad. Petioles about an inch long, half 
round, downy. Stipules of the petioles cordate, acute ; those 
of the leaves subulate. Racemes axillary, and terminal, two, 
three, or four times longer than the leaves, filiform, erect, 
hairy, bearing many small, bright violet-coloured flowers, 
Legumes erect, compressed, from four to six-jointed, pretty 

- Allied to H. gangeticum, and latifolium ; from the former 
it differs in bearing axillary racemes and ovate cordate leaves. 
And from the latter in the leaves being pointed, not near so 
broad in proportion to their length, and not repand as in that 


350 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Hedysarum, 


13. H. latifolium. Roxb. 

Shrubby, oblique. Leaf'simple, round reniform-cordate, 
_ somewhat repand, Stipules semi-cordate, cuspidate. Ra- 
cemes axillary, clothed with hooked bristles; legumes from 
three to five-jointed, notched on the under margin, 

A native of the northern parts of Hindoosthan. Colonel 
Hardwicke brought the seeds to the Botanic garden, where 
the plants blossom during the rains. 

Stem short, ligneous, and pretty smooth. Branches she 
lique, almost horizontal, or reclinate, the slender parts villous, 
Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, roundish cordate, 
downy underneat!), scabrous above, about three or four inches 
long, and nearly of the same breadth, Stipudes of the peti- 
oles semi-cordate, and cuspidate ; those of the leaves subulate. 
Racemes axillary, and terminal, horizontal, many times long- 
er than the leaves, clothed with small hooked bristles. F/ow- 
ers three-fold, the middle one last and they are small and of a 
bright purple colour, Bractes three-fold, triangular, acute, 
Legumes flat, clothed with hooked bristles, four or five-joint- 
ed, and more deeply notched on the under margin. 7 


14. H. strobiliferum, Willd, iii, LI76. 

Shrubby. Leaves simple, ovate. Racemes terminal, im- 
bricated laterally with reniform folded inflated bractes in- 
closing the fasciculi of flowers. 

An elegant pretty large shrub, a native of various parts 
of India, Flowering time the cold season. 

- Root ramous, Trunk short, woody, covered with onan 
ash-coloured bark. Branches numerous, with their extremi- 
ties waving, and when in blossom drooping. Leaves simple, 
alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, ovate, acute, acuminate, en- 
tire, with numerous, large, and parallel veins, smooth on both 
sides, various in size, the larger ones from three to six inches 
long, and about half as much in breadth. Stipules small, ca- 
ducous. Racemes terminal, drooping, am beicsied on aay 
sides with alternate, bifarious, reniform, when forcibly ex- 


eT ee 
Ne ae ene e r 


Hedysarum. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 351 


panded, for in their natural folded state the shape is semi- 
reniform, folded, inflated, nervous, searious, large bractes ; 
each concealing in its duplicature a small fascicle, or more, 
of peduncled, pure white, middle-sized flowers. Legume of 
one joint with one or two small reniform maculated seeds. 


15. H. bracteatum. Roxb. 

Shrubby, erect; /eaves narrow-cordate, Racemes termi- 
nal, compound, bifariously imbricated with alternate, reni- 
form, inflated, downy, bractes, Legume of one oval joint, 
two-seeded, 

A native of the interior parts of Bengal; from Dinajpoor 
Dr. W. Carey sent the seeds to the Botanic garden at Cal- 
cutta, where the plants thrive luxuriautly, and begin to blos- 
som during the cold season, 

Stems several, shrubby, erect, a few branches from their 
upper parts. Tender parts somewhat angular and soft, with 
very fine down, height of the four-year-old plants about three 
or four feet. Leaves bifarious, alternate, very short petiol- 
ed, narrow-cordate, entire, smooth above, about three inches 
long, by one, and one and a half broad. Stipules chaffy, en- 
siform, permanent. Racemes terminal, or from the exterior 
axills, drooping, compound, or even decompound. ‘Ramifi- 
cations thereof bifarious, alternate, very downy. Bractes 
folded, &c. as in H. strobiliferum, but in this species they 
are soft with much down. Eaterior bractes ensiform, ciliate, 
and placed like stipule one on each side of the insertion of 
the large folded bractes. Flowers minute; racemes within 
and hid by the folded bractes. except. for a few hours when 
in vigorous blossom the bractes open a little, they are small, 
rose-coloured, Legumes small, hid within the scariose bractes, 


of one oval joint, villous, one or two-seeded, two is most 
common. : 


one ct sete 


Sufrtcoue, cet twiggy. Leaflets eed. the lateral 


352 DIADELPHJA DECANDRIA. Hedysarum, 


minute, one or both often wanting. Racemes terminal and 
axillary. Legume hispid, six-jointed. 

Beng. Gora-chand. 

A native of Bengal. Flowering time the cold season, 

Root ramous, Stem erect, with a few twigg ys smooth 
branches; the whole height from three to four feet. Leaves 
alternate, simple and ternate. Leaflets lanceolate, obtuse at 
both ends, smooth and entire, the exterior one much larger ; 
the lateral ones are sometimes wanting, Pedioles half-round, 
with a few hairs over them. Stipules tapering toa fine point. 
Racemes terminal and axillary, hispid. Bracies cordate, 
concave, two-flowered. lowers pretty large, of a pale yel- 
low, with a little blue in the wings. Calya membranaceous 
five-toothed, Filaments alternately short and broad, longer 
and filiform, Anthers roundish. Stigma two-parted. Le- 
gume crenulate on the upper margin, very hispid, from six to 
eight-jointed, 

The wonderful rotatory motion of the small lateral leaflets 
of this plant, has already been taken notice of in various 
publications: it is unnecessary to repeat, what is now well 
known. 


17. H. vispertilionis, Willd. iii, 1177. 

Anuual and biennial, straight. Leaves ternate, and sim- 
ple, highly coloured ; lateral leaflets sub-triangular, exterior, 
large and Wise ecSbty crescent-shaped, terminal. Legumes 
from four to six-jointed, folded up in the inflated calyx. 

Beng. Chamchicka, 

An uncommon looking, pretty plant, a native of various 
parts of India, in flower and seed the whole year. _ 


18, H. sororium, Willd. iii. 1170. 

Herbaceous, procumbent, smooth, three-sided. Leaves sub- 
simple, orbicular, emarginate, smooth. Racemes analy: 

| Teling, Nalla-sora-eada, 


Hedysarum, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 353 


A native of naked indies pasture ass Jileswes during 
the wet and cold seasons. 

Root simple, long, slender, biennial or triennial, Sum 
none. Branches numerous, simple, spreading close over the 
ground to a great extent, somewhat from eight to ten feet 
each way, slender, smooth, three-sided. Leaves remote, al- 
ternate, petioled, orbicular, emarginate, smooth, often cloud- 
ed, those near the root simple, further they have often a mi- 
nute, lanceolate leaflet or two, (called bractes in the Mantis- 
sa,) asin H. gyrans, Stipules of the petioles semi-lanceo- 
late, chaffy ; those of theleaves, or leaflets minute. Racemes 
axillary, longer than the leaves, few-flowered. Bractes con- 
cave, few-flowered. Legumes boat-shaped, pointed, esiaed 
always one-jointed and one-seeded. 


SECT. II. Leaves conjugate. 


19. H. diphyllum, Willd. iii. 1178. 

- Herbaceous, cespitose. Leaves binate; leaflets lanceolate. 
Stipules lanceolar. 

Nelam mari. Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 82. ; 

The leaflets in Burman’s figure are much too broad and 
short for the sort on the continent of India, and I think Will- 
denow must be right in considering it a distinct species. Our 
plant is common on poor sandy pasture land, in many parts 
of India, 


een SECT. III. Leaves ternate. 

20. H, triflorum. Willd. iii. 1202. 

_ Perennial, creeping. _ Leaves ternate. Leaflets obcordate. 
Flowers peduncled, from three to six, opposite to the leaves. 
Legumes falcate, from four to five-jointed, notched on the 
under side, 

Beng. Kodalia. bisa 
H. trifoliatum repens, &c. Burm. Zeyh vi, nh ds Re ouct 
Teling. Moonoodda-Mondoo, 


VOL, III. Ss 


304 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Hedysarum, 


Very common on pasture ground and helps to form the 
most beautiful turf we have in India. 

Root woody, perennial. Stem and branches creeping, al- 
ternate, bifarious, slender, a little hairy, in some soils very 
much so, Leaves ternate. Leaflets obcordate, small. Stipu- 
les cordate, and partly attached to the petiole. Flowers \eat- 
opposed, from three to six peduncled, of a beautiful bright 
blue. Style swelled at the angle. Legumes from three to six- 
jointed, curved a little, the seed-bearing margin straight, the 
other notched, Cattle are very fond of it. 

It is probable that Burman’s plant, also his H. Stipulaceum. 
Burm. Flor, Ind. p. 168. t. 54, f. 2. and this plant, are the 
same, for in this species there are besides these stipules of the 
petioles, others within at the base of the branchlets, but the pe- 
duneles being numerous, and opposite to the eaves isa 
strong specific difference. 

The natives apply the fresh plant bruised to wounds that 


do not heal well. 


21. H. reptans. Roxb. 

Perennial, cespitose, hairy. Leafiets oval, Peduneles 
leaf-opposed, three or four-flowered. —— from four to 
six-jointed, 

Hedysarum trifoliatum. Burm. Zeyl. 118, t. 54. f. 1. 

This figure has already been quoted by various authors 
_ for a variety of Hedysarum triflorum, while the shape of the 

leaves, and the solitary, often more than one-flowered, pedun- 
cles in this plant clearly evince their being distinct species, 
besides this is a much more robust plant than triflorum. My 
plant is a native of the interior parts of Bengal, and from 
thence was introduced into the Botanic garden at Calcutta 
by Dr. W. Carey ; flowering time the rainy season. 

Root perennial, Stem scarcely any thing that can be so 
called but many perennial branches creeping, even to their 
very apices, perfectly flat on the earth and striking root at the 
joints. Branchlets alternate, all slender, we very Lay the 


Ys 


s 


Hedysarum. | DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 355 


largest from one to two feet long. Leaves petioled, ternate. 
_ Leaflets oval, entire, pretty smooth, and of a paler green in 
the centre. Pedunele solitary, opposite to the leaves and 
about their length, each supporting three, four, or five small 
white flowers on long slender pedicels, Legume of from three 
to six joints. 

22. H. quinquanguiatum. Roxb. 

Herbaceous, diffuse, five-sided, hispid. Leaves ternate; 
leaflets oval, downy. ‘Stipules cordate. Racemes numer- 
ous. Flowers paired, epee 4 sin ici notched 
on both margins. 

Compare with H. difewm? Willd. iii. 1180. 

This is a large, luxuriant, diffuse, perennial species,a native 
of strong rich moist pasture lands, such as the borders of 
rice fields, Flowering time the wet and cold seasons. 

Root woody, ramous. Stem no other than many ramous, 
hispid, five-sided, diffuse branches, two, three, or four feet 
long. Leaves ternate, petioled, nearly bifarious. Leaf- 
lets oval, emarginate or obtuse, downy, about one inch and 
a half long and one broad. Petio/es as long as the leaflets, 
channelled. Stipules of the petioles cordate, acute ; those of 
the leaflets lanceolate, large. Racemes terminal, and axilla- 
_ry, frequently compound, Bractes three-fold, two-flowered. — 
Flowers numerous, small, blue. Leyumes compressed, from 
five to seven-jointed, covered on both margins with hispid, 
hooked hairs, which make them adhere to every thing that 
touches them, — 

Cattle eat this species greedily and as it grows quickly,and 
with luxuriance, it might be cultivated to advantage. 


23. H. articulatum. Roxb. < 

- Annual, creeping ; branches five-sided. Leaves ternate ; 
leaflets ovate, Stipules ear-shaped, stem-clasping. Racemes 
- terminal and axillary, harsh with hooked hairs, opeaepe: 

pound, “Legume from four to five-jointed. = 


S s2 


356 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Hedysarum. 


A native of the interior parts of Bengal. The flowering time 
the close of the rains; the seeds ripen during the cold season, 
soon after which the whole plant perishes. 

_ Stem none, but several, stout, sub-ligneous branches from 
three to six feet long spreading close on the ground, and strik- 
ing root. Branchleis alternate, bifarious, five-sided, villous, 
scabrous with small hooked hairs. Leaves alternate, bifari- 
ous, ternate. Leaflets ovate, obtuse, villous, and somewhat 
scabrous on both sides; from one to three inches long, and 
broad in proportion. Stipules of the petioles ear-shaped, 
stem-clasping ; those of the leaflets lanceolate. Racemes axil- 
lary and terminal, very often so compound as to form large, 
bifarious panicles, Peduncles and pedicels angular, and — 
armed with harsh hooked hairs. Bractes of the ramifications 
Jike the stipules of the flowers, or extreme divisions, ovate, 
ciliate, two or three-flowered. Flowers minute, very numer- 
ous, slender, pedicelled, pink coloured. Legumes linear, a 
little curved, from four to six-jointed, notched on the under 
side, armed with a few hooked hairs, which makes them ad-- 
here readily to any thing that touches them. 

Cattle are fond of the green plant, and as it is one of the 
most luxuriant of the genus, I have met with, it might be ad- 
vantageously cultivated for fodder in India, 

It comes very near my Hedysarum quinquangulatum, No. 
398; but differs specifically in the stipules and ape of the 
ages ee of their curation: 


94, H. iGescduin. Burm. Ind. 167. “th B. H. 

Perennial, creeping, hairy. Leaflets roundish, downy. 
Stipules subulate. Racemes terminal. Flowers three-fold. 
Legumes from four to five-jointed, notched on the sectors 
and covered with hooked hairs. “ 

A creeping, perennial species, arowing ‘ate: the cover of 
bushes, in a dry, ioiieaes wil. iM flowers during the wet and 
cold seasons, ‘neceae 

Root woody. Stem: or pe acie several, 


pene his 


Hedysarum. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. of 


rooting at the joints, slender, two feet long ; young paris co- 
vered with short liairs. Leaves alternate; exterior leaflets 
rhombiform, from one to two inches each way, the pair small- 
er, obliquely obovate, all are entire and downy, particularly 
on the under side. Stipules awled, withering, Racemes ter- 
minal, with generally a smaller one from the exterior axill, 
long, erect, hairy, Bractes three-fold, three-flower ed. Flow- 
ers small, of a deep purple, the middle one of the three is ge- 
nerally abortive. Calyx four-parted. Legumes compressed, 
obliquely truncate with a bristle, from three to four-jointed, 
notched on the under side, closely covered with many stiff, 
hooked hairs, which makes them adhere to every thing that 
touches them. 


» 25, B. diffusum. Roxb. 

Shrubby, diffuse. Leaflets oblong, ventricose. Racemes 
terminal, long, and slender, with rather remote fascicles of 
flowers. Legumes linear, from five to six-jointed, armed with 
honked bristles, : 

_ A native of the interior parts of Bengal, and from thence 
introduced into the Company’s Rocce garden by Dr. W 
Carey. Flowering time the latter part of the rainy season. 

Stems and branches diffuse, ligneous, but slender and vari- 
ously bent. Bark smooth, of dark brownish green ; young 
shoots covered with a few depressed harsh hairs; the length 
of the longer branches many feet. Leaves alternate, general- 
ly ternate, though sometimes simple ; when so, they are cor- 
date ; when turned the leaflets are elliptic, or ovate-oblong, all 
are entire and pretty smooth on both sides. Stipules of the 
petioles taper, triangular ; those of the leaflets ensiform, Ra- 
cemes terminal towards the base, ramous, long, slender and vil- 
lous, Flowers numerous, small, of a bright blue colour, col- 
lected in rather remote fasciculi, and blossoming in succes- 
sion. Bractes ensiform, one at the base of each eee Le- 
gumes linear, from five to six-jointed, covered with Jpapy: 


- 


358 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Hedysarum. 


short, hooked bristles by which they adhere readily and firm- 
ly to every thing that touches them. 


26. H. recurvatum, Roxb. 

Shrubby with recurved branches. Leaves bifarious. 
Leaflets ovate. Racemes axillary and terminal, drooping long 
before the flowers expand, Bractes many-flowered. Le- 
gumes linear, compressed, rantous, bristly, from six to.seven- 
jointed. 

A native of the interior parts of India, and introduced into 
the Botanic garden by Captain Hardwicke from Cawnpore. 
It flowers during the rains, and ripens its seed in the cool 
season, 

Trunk (in our young plant) short but ligneous, with the 
branches bending to one side and their extremities recurved, 
the under parts clothed with short depressed hairs. Leaves bi- 
farious, ternate, Leaflets ovate and oval, entire, rather acute, 
somewhat pubescent. Petioles channelled. Stipules of the pe- 
tioles chaffy, taper-pointed, large ; those of the leaflets subu- 
late. Racemes axillary and terminal, before the flowers ex- 
pand they point directly to the earth, afterwards they be- 
come very long, from one to twofeet. Bractes, the exterior 
one single, broad-lanceolate, embracing several smaller with 
a succession of small violet-coloured flowers. Calyx four- 
cleft ; the upper division broader but entire. Banner nearly 
white. Wings and apex of the keel blue. Legumes long, 
slender, compressed, clothed with hamous bristles by which 
they readily adhere to any thing they touch, both margins. 
nearly even, Joints long, six or eight. 


27. H. purpureum, Roxb, 

Perennial, diffuse ; leaflets oval, clouded. Racemes ter- 
minal, before ex pansion ipsa Legumes dix settled, 
notched on the under side, | : 

Reared from seeds received from Dr. Saget who —_ 


Hedysarum, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 359 


ed them on the northern frontier of Bengal. Flowering time 
the rainy season. 

Siem short, nearly straight, with numerous longer branches 
from its base, spreading close on the ground and striking root 
at the joints; all are round and while young covered with 
short depressed white hairs, Leaves ternate, Leaflets exact- 
ly oval, entire, pretty smooth, of a darker colour on the upper 
surface, and often stained. Petioles channelled, Stipules 
of the petioles, from broad bases, tapering toa long daggered 
point ; those of the leaflets awled. Racemes terminal, solitary, 
hairy, before the flowers expand, imbricated with numerous, 
two-flowered, broad-based, dagger-pointed, ciliate bractes. 
Flowers large, very numerous, of a beautiful deep bright 

blue purple. Calyx smooth, four-parted ; the upper division 
two-toothed, Corol, keel with two horns, not unlike those of 
Indigofera. However the general habit of the plant, besides 
the articulated Jegume, clearly points it out asa hedysarum. 
Legume of five or six orbicular joints, straight on the upper 
edge, and notched on the lower, hairy, particularly the mar- 
gins, oH 


28. H. biarticulatum. Willd. iii. 1183. 

Shrubby, slender, Leaves ternate ; leaflets oblong, smooth ; 
racemes terminal, Legumes with one or two joints. 

H. triphyllum. Burm. Zeyl. t. 5. f. 2. 

Teling. Nilla Kavani. 

A small diffuse perennial or shrubby species, a native of 
dry sandy ground, Flowering time the wet and cold sea- 
sons. ; 

Root woody, simple, descending to a great depth, Stem 
very trifling, and soon dividing into many ramous, diffuse, 
slender, smooth, purple branches. Leaves alternate, ternate. 

Leaflets nearly equal, oblong, smooth, about half an inch 
long and a quarter broad. Stipules of the petioles chaffy, 

embracing the branchlet, apices torn. Racemes terminal, 
Seusinsdowsect!: Bractes three-fold, many-flowered, Flowers 


360 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Hedysarum, 


small, of a beautiful bright red. Legumes from one to two- 
jointed, Joints compressed, orbicular. 


29. H. umbellatum, Willd. iii. 1182. 

Sub-arboreous. Leaflets oblong, smooth, umbelled. — Le- 
gumes from four to six-jointed, notched on one side, 

Hl, trifolium arboreum. Burm. Zeyl. t. 51, 

Teling. Chetenta, 

A native of moist rocky valleys, where it grows to bea 
small tree, with smooth, green bark. It flowers during the hot 


season, 


Brancilets twiggy, flexuose,somewhat three-sided. Young — 


shoots a little downy. Leaves alternate, petioled, spreading 
ternate. Leaflets oblong, pointed, smooth, entire, from two to 
three inches long, and one or one and a half broad. Sti 


of the petioles short, cordate, chafty ; those of the leaflets « su- } 


bulate. Umbels simple, axillary, peduncled, elobular, erect, 
Peduncles one-third the length of the petioles. Legumes 
from three to six-jointed, compressed, pretty smooth, a little 


recurved, notched on the upper margin. 


30, H. Cephalotes, R. 

Sub-arboreous, all the tender parts woolly. Leaflets ii 
long, ventricose, marked with many woolly, simple, parallel 
veins underneath, Flowers crowded on short-peduncled, 

illary heads. Eo it flat, ee incurved, frou two to 
BS Arkiv OF the interior parts of Benj, and fig thence ie 
troduced by Dr. W. Carey into the Botanic garden where it is 


in blossom most part of the year; the seed ape ssi the 


cold season. : 
Stem iene aeees dtianicile thath- 05-5 aaaaele dedi 


Branches ee with pesos ser eter Anmecoa hree- 


Leciflets elliptic, while marere ste had wit 
woolly aa with namerons, parallel, woolly 


» 


Hedysarum, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 361 


neath, and the margins entire and woolly, from two to four 
inches long, and from one to two broad. Petioles deeply 
channelled and woolly, from one to two inches long. Stipu- 
: les of the petioles ensiform, woolly on the outside, caducous, 
those of the leaflets filiform and also woolly. Peduncles axil- 
lary, generally solitary, woolly, scarcely one-third or one- 
fourth the length of the petioles, crowned with a simple, 
small head of small short-pedicelled white flowers. Bractes 
of the peduncles two at the base of the pedicels, solitary, one- 
flowered, those of the flowers opposite, pressing on the calyx 
laterally, all are clothed with soft woolly hairs and are like 
the stipules, though much smaller. Calyx woolly on the 


outside, four-cleft ; the upper segment broad. Losses flat, 
incurved, villous, two or three-jointed. 


31. H. arboreum. R. 

Arboreous. Leaflets nearly round and smooth, with sim- 
ple and parallel veins. Stipules solitary, spathiform, biden- 
tate. Heads axillary, short-peduncled. Legume of one or 
two long, curved, fleshy joints, 

A native of the Moluccas. 


82. H. pulchellum, Willd, iii. 1179. 

Shrubby, erect. Leaflets ovate-oblong. Racemes suillebs 
and terminal, much longer than the leaves. Bractes paired, 
sub-orbicular, many-flowered. Legumes two-jointed. 

H. triplicatum frutescens, &c, Burm. Zeyl. 1. 52. good, 

Beng. Juta Salpani. 

Ame st elegant shrubby species, common in many parts of 
India, particularly the ‘mountains ; ; flowering time. the vale 
season. 
Stem erect; branches spreading to one sike with bifarious 
alternate branchlets, the bark of a dark rust colour. Leaves 
alternate, bifarious, alternate-ternate, expanding, short-petio- 
Jed. Leaflets ovate- oblong, lineate ; smooth above, alittle hairy 
underneath, Stipules daggered, veiths long bristly peace 
— YOu, mr. Tt : 


362 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Hedysarum, 


cemes axillary and terminal, of various lengths, the largest 

from two to three times longer than the leaves, with extre- 

mities drooping. Bractes alternate, bifarious, approximate, . 
short-petioled, paired, sub-orbicular, with petioles ending in 

a long terminal bristle between them, Flowers crowded, ex- 

panding in succession, small, of a pale cream colour, and yel- 

lowish with age. Calyx, upper lip entire, the under one of an 

equal division. Legumes two-jointed, and completely hidden 

by the bractes, 


33. H: patens. Roxb. 

Perennial, diffuse. Leaflets oblong. Racemes terminal, 
Bractes three-fold, one-flowered. Legume from five to six- 
jointed, notched underneath, hamose, bristled. 

A native of the Moluccas, In the Botanic garden at Calcut- 
ta it blossoms most part of the year, 

Stem none, but several branches springing ro Fe: crown 
of a ligneous root, spreading over the ground to the distance 
of some feet, round, ligneous, villous, and coloured. Leaves 
alternate, bifarious, ternate, rarely single, and then near the. 
root only, Leaflets, the pair smaller, ovate, and ovate-oblong, 
the terminal one nearly elliptic, or oval, all are obtuse, and 
pretty smooth, from one to two inches long. Pedioles villous, 
shorter than the leaves, and channelled, Stipules of the pe- 
tioles stem-clasping, chaffy, acute ; those of the leaflets subu-. 
late, Racemes terminal, solitary, simple, few-flowered. Brac-. 
tes three-fold, one-flowered; the lateral pair very small, 
Flowers small, purple. Calyx four-cleft ; upper. division 
broader, and bidentate. Legumes five or aes. clothed 
with numerous hooked bristles; the under margin deeply 
notched. 


34, H. Junceum. Willd. iii. p- 1194. 
Herbaceous; twigs long, and straight ; leaflets cancatie 
Flowers axillary. Legume one or two-seeded, the least af 
the segments of the calyx. a 


Hedysarum. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 363 


A native of Nepal, from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the seeds 
to the Botanic garden, under the name .4nthyllis cuneata, 
where the plants grow freely, and blossom during the rains 
and cold season, 

_ Root perennial, Stem erect, short, as they soon divide into 
long, simple, straight, or drooping, slender, villous twigs; 
they areall herbaceous. Leaves ternate while the plants are 
young, tending to be torn and often perfectly so; leaflets cu- 
neate, villous, scarcely half an inch long, and less than a 
quarter of an inch in breadth. Petioles three-sided, villous, 
Stipules chaffy, ensiform, petiolar, Peduncles axillary, very 
short, few-flowered, //owers small, of a pale yellow. Bractes 
minute, some embracing the insertions of the pedicels, and 
two large ones the calyx. Calyx four-cleft; division slender 
and acute, the upper one broader and iwStontbed Banner 
roundish, with a two-lobed, purple spot in the middle. Sta- 
mina one and nine, Legume scarce the length of the calyx, 
oval, one or two-sceded. 

35. H. tuberosum. Willd. iii. 1197. 

- Shrubby, twining ; leaflets downy. Racemes long ; 5 flow- 
ers three-fold. Eayethd hairy, ——— four. jointed ; con- 
tracted at the joints. 

_Kadsumi, Banks’ Icon. Kempf. tab, 25. 

- Teling. Daree, Goomodee. 

~ A rare species, a native of the valleys far up amongst the 
mountains. It flowers during the hot season, at which time 
it is perfectly naked of leaves, being deciduous about the be- 

ng of the cold season. 

- Root tuberous, very large. I think one of the largest I ever 
saw. Stems twining, woody, running over high trees, &c. 
Leaves alternate, petioled, ternate. Leaflets roundish, pointed, 

entire, downy, from six to twelve inches each way. Petioles 
channelled, from six to twelve inches long. Stipules of the 
petioles cordate, those of the leaflets subulate. Racemes sim- 


: ple or —_— as the leaves, from tuberos = ea se 
T t2 se 


364 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Hedysarum. 


by the cicatrices of the old leaves, erect, round, smooth, 
Flowers numerous, three-fold, pretty large, blue. Legumes 
from two to six-jointed, pendulous, compressed, pointed, 
much contracted at the joints, very hairy, 

The root peeled and bruised into a cataplasm is employ- 
ed by the natives of the mountains where it grows to reduce 
swellings of the joints, 


SECT. IV. Leaves pinnate. 


36. H. sennoides, Willd. iii, 1207. 

Sbrubby. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets alternate, from four to 
six-paired, obovate. Peduncles axillary, nodding, few-flow- 
ered. Legumes pendulous. Joints from three to four, echt: 
nate, 

Teling. Nall Kashina. 

Russelia of Konig. 

A pretty large ramous shrub, a native of forests, hedges, 
uncultivated lands, &c. It flowers during the rains, 

Stem woody, short, irregular, Bark dark-coloured. 
Branches numerous, irregular ; young shoots, petioles, pe- 
duncles, pedicels and calyx, covered with a soft kind of glu- 
tinous hair, the gluten is of a bright gold colour, and is fre- 
quently seen in small, beautiful, distinct, globules at the ex- 
tremities of the hairs, Leaves alternate, pinnate, with an odd 
one, about two inches long. Leaflets alternate, from four to 
six pair, obovate, a little pointed, smooth, entire. Stipules of 
the petioles chaffy. Racemes axillary, short, bowing, from 
three to six-flowered. Flowers pretty large, yellow, bowing. 
Legumes pendulous, compressed, from two to five-jointed, 
much contracted at the joints, muricate, glutinous. _ 

Dr. Kénig made a new genus of this and called it after 
_ Dr, Patrick Russell, without knowing that another genus has 
been named after his brother the late Dr. A. Russell. 


Doodia. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 305 


* 37. H. lagenarium. R. 

Perennial, floating, spongy, leaflets numerous, Stipules 
lanceolar, adjoined. Peduncles about two-flowered, joints 
‘ of the legume from four to six, scabrous in the middle, 

_ Aeschynomene lagenaria. Lour, Cochin Ch, 446. 

Aeschynomene aspera, Willd, iii, 1163. 

Hind. and Beng. Shola and Phool shola. 

Teling. Neerjeelooza. 

Common on the borders of lakes of sweet water in most 
parts of India. Flowering time the rainy and cool seasons. 
The larger plants are particularly light, white and spongy ; 
they are gathered during the dry months of April and May, 
and converted by the natives of Bengal into a great variety 
of toys, floats for fishing nets, gentlemen’s hats, &c. 


38. H. Neli-tali. R. 

Herbaceous, diffuse and scabrous. Leaflets numerous, mi- 
nute. Stipules lanceolar, adjoined. Legumes from six to ten- 
jointed, smooth on both sides, 

Neli-tali. Rheed, Mal. ix. t. 18, 
| -Teling. Tiga jeelooga. 

. Aeschynomene Indica, Willd. iii. p. 1164, 
. Found on moist pasture ground, during the rainy an 


DOODIA. R.* 
Calyx bilabiate; upper lip bifid ; under tripartite, in the 
mature state resupine, by the incurvation of the upper end of 
the pedicel. Loment moniliform, composed of from two to 
six sub-globular, one-seeded joints, slenderly connected and 
compactly folded up within the subulate hairy segments of 
the calyx. 
The vient sahick fall are the dance character have the 


* inside Me Semel Dey, an eninent Boa, 
fiend so soem of Hey. Phsbenets and Shae r. 


- 


366 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Doodia. 


general habit of Hedysarum, viz, perennial, for the most 
_ part shrubby, their tender parts armed with diverging harsh 
hooked bristles, 

Leaves simple, ternate or equally pinnate and stipulate. 
Racemes terminal, before expansion imbricated with two- 
flowered dagger-pointed bractes. Flowers of a middling 
size, and rosy, pedicels pretty long, and what is a strong cha- 
racteristic mark of the genus they become rigidly incurved 
soon after the flowers decay, pressing the folded loments for- 
cibly in against the rachis. Coro/as in the generality of pa- 
pilionaceous plants, Filaments single and nine-cleft. An- 
thers equal, oval. Germ sub-moniliform, Style clavate. Stig- 
ma capitate. Loments composed of from two to six roundish, 
one-seeded joints, united by slender isthmuses which admit 
of their being very perfectly folded up within the segments 
of the calyx. Embryo curved, furnished with a thin peris- 
perm. : 

1. D. simplicifolia, R. 

Shrubby. Leaves simple, ovate, oblong, lineate, villous 
underneath, scabrous above. Racemes terminal, panicled. 
Loments of several joints, 

A native of Chittagong where it flowers in October and ~ 
Eoveebe: . 

2. D. lagopodioides. R. 

' Perennial, prostrate. Leaves ternate, and single. Racemes 
oblong, dense. Legumes two-jointed, / 

Beng. Goluk-chakuli. 

A native of the coast of Coromandel as well as of Bengal ; 
flowering in the rainy season. a4 

Stems several, slender, perennial, prostrate, and rooting at 
the joints, round, covered with short scabrous hairs, Leaves 
alternate, ternate, and simple. Leaflets roundish, emarginate, — 
both sides covered with short scabrous hairs; the largest 
about two inches each way. = ate subulate, pee of the 


* 


Doodia. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 367 


petiole having a broad base. Racemes solitary, terminal, 
peduncled ; at first conical, afterwards cylindric, very hairy. 
Bractes oblong, acute, concave, hairy, Pedicels uniting at — 
the base, and one very hairy, after flowering time incurved. 
Flowers numerous, rose-coloured, Calyx very hairy, the 
lower three divisions very long, and still more hairy. The /e- 
gumes generally consist of two, oval, smooth joints folded to- 
gether, connected by a slender isthmus, and bent in against 
the rachis, by the incurvature of the pedicel, after the flowers 


decay. 


3. D. hamosa. R. 
Shrubby, diffuse. Leaves simple, and ternate, sub-rotund, 


villous, Racemes axillary and terminal, before expansion 


strobiliform. Legumes from two to four-jointed. 

A native of the interior parts of Bengal. Flowering time, 
the end of the rains. 

Stem scarcely any, but numerous, diffuse, variously bent, 
straggling, or creeping, woody branches ; young shoots aud 
racemes armed with shorter hooked bristles, intermixed with 
longer straight hairs. Leaves from simple to ternate. Leaf- 
lets from round to obcordate, emarginate, downy underneath, 
from one to two inches long. Stipules of the petioles taper, 
long, and subulate from a broad, semi-cordate base; those of 
the leaflets filiform, all are hairy, Racemes axillary and ter- 
minal, before the flowers appear strobiliform, but stretching 
outa great length by the time the seed is ripe. Bractes alter- 


nate, two-flowered, ovate, concave, witha long subulate point, 


ciliate, and hairy, one-flowered, after the flowers decay they 
become rigidly incurved, pressing the legume against the 
rachis of the racemes, making what was the under division 
of the calyx the upper. Flowers numerous, pretty large, of 
a pale rose-colour, in the morning changing to lilac. Calyx 


_very hairy. Legume of two, three, or four round joints unit- ; 


ed by slender pedicels, 
hia the racemes and size of the pate this species i is 


368 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Doodia. 


very much like /agopodioides, and if I had not both growing 
before me at the same time, it might be difficult to find out 
wherein they differ specifically. The lengthening raceme is 
one of the most conspicuous marks, — 


4. D. alopecuroides. Roxb. 

Perennial, diffuse, the tender parts clothed with small 
hooked bristles, Leaves ternate ; leaflets oval, obtuse, Ra- 
cemes imbricated, and repeashbsling a fox’s tail from the hairi- 
ness of the calyx, bractes, and incurved pedicels, which bend’ 
the two-jointed legumes in against the rachis ; the upper lip 
of the calyx minute, and two-toothed. 

A native of the northern parts of India, from thence Colo- 
nel Hardwicke sent the plant to the Botanic garden where it 
grows freely, and blossoms during the rains. - fe 
_ Stem none, but several, spreading, perennial, anaeslice 
with ascending extremities, clothed with short, hooked bris- 
tles. Leaves scattered, petioled, ternate ; /eaflets ovate, obtuse, 
entire, clouded, both sides clothed with. the same short hook- 
ed bristles; from two to four inches long, and rather more 
than half of that in breadth. Petioles channelled, harsh, 
with hooked bristles. Stipules ending in a long, subulate 
hairy point from a broader, ciliate base. Racemes terminal, 
_imbricated before the flowers expand, strobiliform, ever after 

cylindric and more like a fox’s tail than those of any other 
species I have yet seen. Bractes approximate, round-cor- 
date, cuspidate, ciliate, two-flowered. Pedicels one-flower- 
ed, hairy, after the flowers droop, incurved, Flowers numer- 
ous, rose-coloured. Calyx bilabiate. The lower three divi- 
sions long, filiform, and very hairy ; the upper two very short. 
Legume two-jointed, folded together in the pation: of i 
fen a : vee 


5. D. pistiicdics = eg 
Shrubby, erect, Pawel pinnate eae linar 


Doodia. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 369 


Racemes terminal, lengthening’, flowers paired. Loments from 
three to five-jointed. 

Hedysarum pictum, Willd. iii, 1204. 

Hind, Dabra. 

Beng. Sunkur-juta. 

A native of the shady banks of water courses, &e, Flow- 
ers during the rains. 

Stem erect, shrubby, branchy, from three to four feet high. 
Leaves alternate, petioled, from simple to pinnate. Leaflets 
the lower or single are generally oblong-ovate, two to three 
inches long, and one and a half broad, the leaflets of the com- 
pound leaves are linear-lanceolate, all are obtuse, entire, and 
beautifully clouded on the upper surface with dark brown- 
ish purple, below a little reticulated and downy. Racemes _ 
terminal, erect, rigid, cylindric, hairy. Bractes of the pedun- 
cles chaffy, permanent; those of the flowers lanceolate, two- 
flowered, falling. lowers numerous,small, red. Pedicels” 
incurved after the flowering time. Calyx, apices of the divi- 
sions incurved and bearded. Legume consisting of from three 
to six oval joints, connected by a slender isthmus, the incurv- 
ed form of the pedicels presses them so much against the ra- 
chis, that the form is with difficulty observed, till i foecibly 
extended, 

6. D. crimita, R. i 

Shrubby, diffuse, densely clothed with short hamose bris- 
tles, Leaves pinnate ; leaflets five, linear-oblong. Racemes 
terminal. Bractes lanceolate, ciliate, two-flowered. Pedi- 
cels and calyces most hairy. Legume three or il pe. 
and pressed together against the rachis, 

‘Hedysarum crinitum, Wiild. iii. 1218. Lour. Cochin Ch, 
451. Fl. Ind. t. 56. 

A native of Chittagong, differing from picta in being a low- 
er, and more diffuse plant, with broader leaves, never varie- 
gated, and the bractes and calyx much more hairy, 
Stem trifling, but several, spreading, or leaning branches, 

VOL, IL. v™ 


370 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Indigofera. 


the lower resting on the ground; tender shoots round and 
armed with innumerable hamose bristles. Leaves unequally 
pinnate, horizontal. Leaflets two pair with a terminal one, 
linear-oblong, entire, of a firm texture, rather lucid above, 
and reticulated underneath ; about three inches long, Peti- 
oles round, and armed like the other tender parts. Stipules 
scariose, broad-based, long taper-pointed, caducous; those of 
the leaflets similar, but smaller. Racemes terminal, sessile, of- 
ten several together, their base imbricated with many, broad- 
based, tapering, ciliate, permanent bractes. Bractes of the 
raceme solitary, lanceolate, two-flowered, caducous. Pedi- 
cels longer than the flowers, very hairy, becoming incurved 
when the corol drops. lowers numerous, rose-coloured, 
pretty large. Calyx five-cleft ; division subulate, the upper 
two when in blossom, for in need they become the undermost, 
_ rather small, all are very hairy. — 


INDIGOFERA. Schreb. gen. N. 1205. 


-Corol with an awl-shaped spreading spur on each side of 
the keel. 


1.1. finifolia, Willd. iii, 1220, Corom. pl. ii. N. 196. 

Perennial, cespitose. Leaves simple. Legumes globular, 
seeded. 

Hedysarum linifolium, Linn, Suppl. 331. 

Beng. Bhangra. 

Common amongst grass all over India; it is probably the 
smallest of the genus. In Bengal there are two varieties ; one 
with red, the other white flowers. 


2. I. echinata. Willd. ii. 1222. 

Stems prostrate. Leaves simple, obovate, dotted, Racemes 
axillary, Legumes saenas speeds hooked heiatlon me 
the convex side, one-seeded, ~ peg? 

Hedysarum rotundifolium. Vahl. Symb. ii, p. 81. see 


Indigofera. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 371 


Teling. Nalla-paleroo, 

Onobrychis minor, monophyllus madraspatana. Pluk, 
Alm, 160. t. 433. Fig.1. 

Hedysarum numularifolium. B. H,. . 

A native of moist borders of rice fields. It flowers during 
the wet season. 

Root perennial, ramous. Stem no other than many ramous, 
prostrate, angular, smooth, coloured, from one to three feet 
long branches, sometimes striking root. Leaves simple, al- 
ternate, bifarious, sub-sessile, orbicular, or broad-oval, a very 
little hairy, marked with many, small, glandular pits, Sti- 
pules subulate, Racemes axillary, short-peduncled, about 
as long as the leaves, from six to eight-flowered. Flowers 
small, red. Keel pointed, daggers obtuse. Legumes hori- 
zontal, moon-formed, beaked, covered with inoffensive, hook- 
ed prickles, one-seeded. 


3. 1. aspalathifolia, Roxb. 

Shrubby. Leaves fascicled, wedge-shaped, smooth. Pe- 
duncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. Legumes straight. 

Manneli, Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 37. 

Aspalathus Indica, Linn, 

A small, branchy shrub, common on dry sandy lands near 
the sea. Flowers during the rainy and cold seasons, = 

Stem short, small. Branches numerous, spreading in 
every direction, small but very hard; bark dark purple. 
Leaves simple, fascicled, wedge-formed, small, smooth, Pe- 
duncles axillary, the length of the leaves, one or two-flower- 
ed. Flowers small, eas Keel, daggers slender, but long 
and sharp. Legumes horizontal, cylindric, smooth, gente 
from six to ten-seeded. 


A. I. trita, Willd. iii. 1228. 
Annual and biennial, erect, rigid. Leaves ternate; leaflets 
obovate. Racemes axillary, sessile, many-flowered. Legumes 


reflexed, straight, rigid, four-sided, spinous, pointed, smooth, 
U2 


372 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Indigofera. 


A native of various parts of India. In flower all the year. 
It grows rather tall in a good soil, but is thin of branches, and 
rather a hostile looking plant, when growing in a bad soil. 

Note. This is the only species I can compare to I. trifoli- 
aia, and as I have reared it from seeds received from Dr. 
Klein of Tranquebar, under that name, am inclined to think 
they are the same. 


5. I, cinerea, Willd. iii, 1225. 

‘Shrubby, hoary, Leaves ternate; leaflets oblong, acute, 
hoary. acemes axillary, sub-sessile. Legumes horizontal, 
four-sided, with sharp thorny points. 

Teling. Veri neelli. 

A thin, poor looking, shrubby species, grows on dry un- 
cultivated ground afte on road sides. Flowers aneee the 
wet and cold seasons, © ; 

Siem short, woody. Branches numerous, bent in every 
direction, very rigid, covered with hoary bark ; the plant in 
general about two or three feet high. Leaves scattered, ter- 
nate, petioled, Leaflets oblong, or broad lanceolate, acute, 
entire, a very little hairy, and hoary, smaller than in any 
other of this family that I know, I. aspalathifolia excepted. 
Petioles channelled, Stipules subulate. Racemes axillary, 
sub-sessile, the length of the leaves. lowers small, red. 
Legumes horizontal, four-sided, very sharp pointed, from six 
to seven-seeded ; seeds remote. 

_ Note. It seems to agree better with the description of I. 
trita, in the Supplement of Linnzeus, than trita itself. Can 
there be any mistake? This species is immediately distin- 
guished from that, by being much more branchy, very white 
or hoary, and by the form of the leaflets, which in that are 
obovate, and emarginate; in this broad-lanceolar, and acute. 


6. I. glandulosa, Willd, iii, 1227, 
Suffrutex, diffuse. Leaves ternate; /eafleis somewhat 


Indigofera. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 373 


wedge-shaped, Heads axillary. Legumes oval, with four 
elevated, prickly angles, two-seeded, 

Teling. Baragadam, 

A small shrubby species; a native of moist rich lands 
amongst the mountains, Flowers, and ripens its seeds dur- 
ing the wet and cold seasons, 

Root woody, white, Stem erect, woody, branchy. Branches 
numerous, the lower ones are longer than the stem, resting on 
the ground, and often striking root, round, coloured, Leaves 
numerous, approximate, ternate, petioled. Leaflets ‘oblong, 
or wedge-formed, entire, with downy points, and the under 
side covered with innumerable glands, probably vesicles fill- 
ed with an essential oil; about an inch long, and half an inch 
broad. Stipules broad, Racemes axillary, sessile, oval, 
dense, many-flowered. Flowers small, red. Bractes soli- 
tary, one-flowered. Keel hairy, discoloured ; daggers very 
large, long, and sharp. Legumes reflexed, oval, four-sided ; 
angles armed with lacerated prickle-like wings, two-seeded. 
Seeds separated by a partition. 

Of the seeds the natives of the hilly countries make meal, 
which they bake into bread, and use as an article of diet ; 
when more agreeable food is scarce, Cattle are fond of ahs 
plant. . Saas 


r Fe paronern Willd. iii. 1226. 

Perennial, Leaves ternate; leaflets wedge-shaped, with 
glandular dots, Racemes axillary, sessile, the length of the 
petioles. Legume reflexed, smooth, acute, from six to eight- 
seeded, 

This species is a small ‘abies perennial ; a native of the 
borders of cultivated lands, with a trifling, erect stem, and 
many longer, prostrate, round, woody, somewhat hairy 
branches, with ascending extremities. Leaves exactly as in 
the last, (I. glandulosa.) Stipules scarcely any. Racemes — 
axillary, sessile, shorter than the leaves, many-flowered. 
Flowers small, red. Bractes single, sobalety, ane Serge 


374 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Indigofera, 


Legumes reflexed, rigid, a little compressed, from six to 
eight-seeded, 


8. I. argentea. B. H. 
~Shrubby. Leaves from single to quinate-pinnate ; leaflets 
lanceolate, acute. Racemes longer than the leaves. Legumes 
reflexed, curved, contracted between the seeds, hoary. 

Arare shrubby species; growing about the borders of cul- 
tivated lands, near hedges, trees, &c. where it meets with a 
rich sweet soil. Flowering time the wet season. 

Stem scarcely any. Branches numerous, woody, spread- 
ing, pretty smooth. Branchlets alternate, nearly bifarious, = 
hoary. Leaves alternate, approximate, nearly bifarious, from 
simple to pinnate, the lowermost on the branchlets are single, 
the next above paired, then ternate, &c. up to pinnate. Leaf- 
iets alternate, lanceolate, acute, entire, hoary, chiefly on the 
under side ; size various, from half an inch, to an inch and a 
half long ; all are about three-eighths broad, Petioles hoary, 
diaeuelied, when bearing leaflets, winding. Stipules awled, 
with a callous projecting horn at the base. Racemes axil- 
lary, much longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Flowers 
smnall, red, single. Bractes oval, one-flowered, falling. Le- 
gumes reflexed, falcate, contracted between the seeds. Seeds 
from four to eight. 


_ 9, I. uniflora of Dr. Buchanan, 

- Perennial. Branches diffuse, long, slender, and coloured, 
Leaves sub-sessile, digitate ; leaflets cuneate. Flower soli- 
tary. Legume three-seeded, 

Mannella. Rheed, Mal. ix. t. 37. 

Aspalathus Indica, Willd. iii. 963, 

Lotus tenuifolius, Pluck, Alm. t. 201. f. 2. 

A native of Mysore, from thence the seeds were sent by Dr. 
Buchanan tothe Botanic garden, where the plants thrive lux- 
uriantly, and continue in blossom great part of the year. —— 

Root perennial, Stem scarcely any, but numerous, pretty ' 


Indigofera. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 375 


long, very slender, red, bifariously ramous branches, spread - 
ing close on the surface of the earth, but I never found them 
strike root, covering, in the rich soil of Bengal, a space of 
three or more feet in diameter. Leaves generally in fives, 
three on the apex of a very short common petiole, the other 
two on opposite sides of its base, stipulaceous, all cuneate, 
pretty smooth, and entire ; scarcely a quarter of an inch long, 
and about a line broad. Stipules only some soft hairs about 
the insertion of the leaves. Pedunc/es axillary, solitary, 
longer than the leaves, very slender, one-flowered. Flowers 
small,red. Legumes linear-oblong, round, sprinkled with a 
few short hairs, containing from two to four seeds, 


10. I. fragrans, Willd. iii. 1231. Retz. Obs. iv. 29. 

Suffruticose. Leaves from ternate, to pinnate; /eaflets 
oval. Stipules lanceolate, hairy, Peduneles axillary, as long 
as the leaves, few-flowered. Legumes straight, from ten to 
twelve-seeded. 

Colutea siliquosa, Pluk. Alm, t. 166. f. 1. good. 

I. glabra, Willd. iii, 1231, 

Ihave not found any other species which can be compared 
to the above quoted one, and suspect it to be the same. My 
plant is almost destitute of pubescence as it is only on the sti- 
pules, petioles, and under side of the leaves, where a little is 
to be found, particularly while young. 

A native of Coromandel ; where, like the rest of the genus 
it flowers in the rains and cool season, 

11. I. flaccida. Kin. Mss. 

Perennial, flaccid. Leaves pinnate; leaflets from two to 
three-paired, oval, smooth. Racemes twice the length of the 
leaves. Legumes reflexed, curved, mbstslindeits cade 
flowered, 

This slender perennial species grows chiefly amongst 
bushes, on dry barren ground. 

Stem woody, weak, supporting itself on bushes, emai 


376 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Indigofera. 


more so, smooth; the young parts of a bright green; from 
one to four or five feet long. Leaves scattered, pinnate, about 
two inches long. Leaflets from two to three pair with an odd 
one, equal, oval, smooth, triflingly acute; about three quar- 
ters of an inch long, and half an inch broad. Stipules su- 
bulate, frequently coloured. Racemes axillary, peduncled, 
twice as long as the leaves, round, smooth, many-flowered. 
Flowers pretty large, red, Bractes single, subulate, one- 
flowered. Legumes reflexed, slender, round, falcate, from six 
to twelve-seeded. 


12. I. enneaphylla. Willd. iti. 1229. 

Perennial, procumbent, Leaves pinnate, sub-sessile ; leaf- 
leis minute, four-paired, obovate, smooth, Spikelets oval, 
* sessile. Legumes oval, two-seeded. : 

| Teling, Chera-gaddam. 

This helps. to form our very best, and most Sessslabal pas- 
ture lands, where it is always found in plenty. It is peren- 
pial. Flowers all the year round. 

Stem none, but it has many, ramous, prostrate, bifarious 


branches spreading in every direction, close upon the ground, — 


round, a little downy, and in general from six to twelve inches 
long. Leaflets minute, opposite, from three to five pair, obo- 
vate, smooth, entire, Stipules semi-lanceolate. Spikes axil- 


lary, oval, sessile, many-flowered, Flowers small, of a bright — 


red, Legumes oval, smooth, two-seeded, interrupted between 
them, Cattle eat it Sreoly: Btu ; 


13. 1. ace Willd. iii, 1233. 
Annual, and biennial, erect, ramous, hairy. eae pin- 
nate; leaflets three or four pair, obovate, hairy, Stipules 


linear. Racemes longer than the leaves. nae ieieeel 


— four or five-seeded. 
_ Teling. Penni vempali, 
Astragalus spicatus, Burm. Zeylete ao: 
_Kattn-tagera. Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 30, 


Indigofera. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 377 


A native of Coromandel. It flowers during the rainy and 
cold seasons. 


14, 1. viscosa, Willd. iti, 1236. 

Somewhat shrubby, hairy and glutinous. Leaves pinnate; 
leaflets from four to five-paired, long-obovate. Racemes 
longer than the leaves. Legumes straight, hairy, from six to 
eight-seeded. 

Galega colutea. Burm. Ind, 172. Willd, iii, 1246, 

Colutea siliquosa. Pluk, t. 166. f. 3. 

This species grows on a very sandy soil. It flowers during 
the wetand cold seasons. 

Root simple. Stem somewhat shrubby, erect, very ramous, 
from one to three feet high; the young parts covered with 
white, depressed hairs, and other stiffer hairs with glutinous, 
enlarged, glandular extremities. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 
two or two and a half inches long. Leaflets from four to five | 
pairs, opposite ; obovate, entire ; above pretty smooth ; below 
hairy and glandular like the tender branches. Stipules fili- 
form. Racemes axillary, peduncled, longer than the leaves, 
round, like the young branches. Bractes awled, one-flower- 
ed. Flowers rather remote, small, red. sine horizontal, 
straight, round, 


15. I. cerulea, Roxb. 

Shrubby, hoary. Leaves pinnate ; “leaflets four-paired, 
obovate, emarginate, Racemes rather shorter than the leaves, 
Legumes reflexed, curved, contracted between the seeds, 
hoary, from three to stcotapssaed 

- Teling. Karneeli. ee a 

This is an erect, shrubby species ; growing on dry, barren, 
uncultivated ground to the height of three feet, and higher in 
good, garden soil, It flowers during the wet and cold seasons. 

Stem erect, woody, as thick as a man’s thumb or more, bien- 
nial or triennial, the length very various, but the whole plant, 


in its wild state, is generally about three feet high; wher wa. 
t Ao 


378 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Indigofera. 


tivated in a good soil it is often five or six feet high, Branches 
many, nearly erect, scattered, striated from the insertion of the 
leaves, three small ridges running down from each ; entirely 
covered with great numbers of short, depressed, white hairs, 
which make the plants quite hoary ; these may be easily rub- 
bed off, leaving the branches, &c. smooth, clear and green. 
Leaves alternate, somewhat bifarious, numerous, approximat- 
ed, pinnate with an odd one; about four inches long. Leaf- 
lets short-petioled, opposite, from three to five pairs, pale 
green, fleshy, the lower smallest, all obcordate, slightly emar- 
ginate with a minute bristle, above pretty smooth, but pale 
coloured ; many short depressed white hairs cover the under 
side, which make it still of a fainter green than the upper 
side, but nothing like down on any parts of the plant, from one 
to two inches long, and about three quarters broad. Petioles 
covered with the same small, depressed, white hairs, channel- 
led. Stipules awled, small. Racemes axillary, sessile, erect, 
shorter than the leaves, many-flowered. lowers numerous, 
small, yellow and red, Calyzx ; divisions short, acute, equal. 
Banner and keel hairy ; of a greenish-yellow, margins of the 
former involute. Wings of a pale rose colour, linear-oblong, 
processes of the keel remarkably large. Legumes numerous, 
reflexed, falcate, round, short, covered with the same hairs 
as the branches, and contracted. a little between the seeds. 
Seeds generally three, smooth, like those of I, tinctorea. 

This species comes near to Indigofera argentea, Linn, the 
chief differences are, that in this plant there is a total want of 
down ; the leaves are never ternate, but always composed of 
from three to five pair of leaflets, with a larger single termi- 
nal one; and the legumes are very numerous on the same 
racemes, aa 

From the leaves of this plant 1 have often extracted a 
most beautiful, light Indigo ; more so than I ever could from 
the common Indigo plant, or even from Werium tinctorium, 
‘and in a large proportion, After an enquiry of nearly two 
years, I have not been able to discover that the natives of any 


i aa So baal Dh as 


Indigofera, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 379 


parts of India make use of it,” The process by which 1 
obtained the colour from the leaves, wa’ exactly similar to 
that practised for obtaining the Indigo from the leaves of 
Nerium tinctorium, viz. by committing them while fresh, to 
cold water, and scalding them over a moderate fire, to about 
one hundred and sixty degrees of Fahrenhcit’s thermometer, 
the liquor will then have attained a beautiful deep greenish 
yellow colour; it is then strained off clear, and while hot, 
gently digitata in a broad, shallow, open vessel for a few, 
(twenty to thirty) minutes; during which time it changes its 
colour, gradually becoming darker and darker and more tur- 
bid when sufficiently agitated, if a little of it be viewed ina 
clean silver spoon, or any other vessel that reflects the light, a 
muddiness, or minute grain may be easily seen, which is ren- 
dered large,and copious by the addition of a little lime-water ; 
this foecula readily falls to the bottom, the superincumbent li- 
-quor is then poured off, and will be more or less of a clear 
brandy colour, according as the operation has been success- 
fully conducted; for the more this liquor is tinged with 
green, the less perfectly has the colour been separated ; and 
the produce, of course the more deficient and less beautiful. 
How to effect the most perfect separation, and precipitation 
of the colour, is the grand desideratum with our Indigo ma- 
nufacturers, and well deserves the chemist’s most serious at- 
~ tention. Pt 


16.1. tinctoria, Willd. iii. 1237. | 
Shrubby. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets about five-paired, long- 
obovate, smooth, Racemes shorter than the leaves, Legumes 
reflexed, nearly straight, smooth, about ten-seeded. 
- Pers. Derukht-neel, the plant ; and Neelep the Indigo. 
“Arab. Izlum, or Lee-lunj the plant; ned Neelep the In- 


Beng. Nil, or Neel. Lo get 
Teling. Neel. 2 pained gisis Or 
ge : 


380 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Indigofera. 


Ameri. Rheed. Mal. i. t. 54. 

Indicum. Rumpk. Amb. v. t. 80. : 
_ Native place uncertain, for though now common in a wild 
state over most parts of India, yet is in general not remote 
_ from places where it is or has been cultivated. 


17. I. violacea. R. 

Shrubby. Leaflets six pair, oblong. Racemes axillary, 
half the length of the leaves, Legumes straight, sub-cylin- 
dric, smooth, from six to ten-seeded, 

A native of the mountains about Hurdwar, where the seeds 
were collected by Mr. George Roxburgh, and sent to the Bo- 
tanic garden, where the plants thrive well, and blossom in Fe- 
bruary and March, at which time the shrub is uncommonly 
ornamental, especially when the flowers begin to fade, the 
rosy tinge then changing to a lively violet. 


18. L elliptica. Roxb. 

Shrubby. Leaflets six pair, exactly elliptic; smooth. Ra- 
cemes axillary, and from the naked branches, the length of the 
leaves. Legumes divaricate, straight, smooth, eight-seeded. 

A stout, shrubby, ramous, tolerably erect species ; a native 
of the eastern parts of Bengal. Flowering time the cool and 
beginning of the hot season, when the plant is nearly destitute 
of leaves. 

Leaves pinnate, from three to six inches long. Leaflets 
from four to eight pair, very exactly elliptic, being equally 
rounded at ach end, and all nearly equal; smooth on both” 
sides; about an inch long, by half of an inch broad, and 
generally deciduous duing the cool season. Stipules mi- 
nute, hairy. Racemes axillary, but more generally from the 
leafless branchlets of the former year, scarcely so long as the 
leaves, a little hairy, Bractes oval, concave, ciliate, one- 
flowered, caducous, Flowers pretty large, of a bright, lively 
pink. Legumes straight, somewhat four-sided, divaricate, 
smooth, acute, from six to ten-seéded. 


Indigofera. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 381 


19. I. arborea, Roxb. 

Arboreous. Leaves pinnate; /eafleis from six to nine 
pair, oval, emarginate. Racemes the length of the leaves, 
Wings expanded, Legume fluted, straight, smooth, 

This stately species was reared in the Botanic garden from 
seed sent from the Shreenagur mountains by Captain Hard- 
wicke in 1796. Time of flowering, at Calcutta, the month of 
March. 

Trunk erect, in twelve years as thick asa man’s lee, Bark 
dark brown. Branches numerous, spreading in every direc- 
tion; young shoots somewhat scabrous, height of the whole 
plant, when twelve years old, about twelve feet. Leaves al- 
ternate, pinnate, about four inches long. Leaflets from six to 
nine pair, oval, emarginate, somewhat scabrous with very 
short hairs. Stipules subulate, Racemes axillary, solitary, 
nearly the length of the leaves. Flowers solitary, short-pe- 
dicelled, large, and of a very beautiful, bright, reddish-violet 
colour. Legumes linear, smooth, reflexed, sharp pointed, con- 
taining from six to twelve seeds. 

© 

20. I. atropurpurea. Buch, 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves pinnate; leaflets from six to eight 
pairs, oval, smooth, Racemes when in flower, as long as the 
_ leaves in seed twice their length. Legumes cylindric, straight, 
reflexed, from eight to nine-seeded. 

_ A native of Nepal, from thence introduced by Dr. Buch- 
anan, into the garden in 1802, and in about eight months the 
plants they produced were from three to five feet high, with 
_ a simple, shrubby, straight stem and few branches, with 

young tender parts somewhat villous. : 

Leaves pinnate, from six to twelve inches long. Lents 
opposite, from six to eight pair, short-petioled, oval, entire, 
smooth on both sides, an inch and a half long, by one inch 
broad. Stipules subulate; those of the petioles caducous ; ‘ 
those of the leaflets, for eich pair has a pair or more, perma- 
nent. Racemes axillary, by the time all the flowers have 


382 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Indigofera. 


fallen, considerably longer than the leaves, even twice their 
length. lowers numerous, scattered, before expansion im- 


bricated, large, of a dark purple. Bractes one-flowered. Le- 


gumes cylindric, smooth, reflexed, from six to twelve-seeded, 

The same plant has been reared from American seeds sent 

without a name from Philadelphia by William Hamilton, 
Esq. 


21. 1. pulchella, Road. : 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves pinnate; leaflets from eight to 
ten-paired, obovate. Racemes longer than the leaves, Le- 
gumes reflexed, straight, smooth, from ten to twelve-seeded. 

An erect, ramous shrub. 

Stem and branches round, smooth ; bark dark rust colour- 
ed. Leaves scattered, pinnate, with an odd one, from four 
to six inches long. Leaflets from eight to ten-paired, obo- 
vate, somewhat emarginate with a little bristle, a little hairy, 
three-fourths of an inch long, by one half broad. Stipules 
awled, falling off long before the leaves are fully expanded. 
Racemes axillary, longer than the leaves, short-peduncled. 
Flowers numerous, large, rose-coloured. Bractes lanceolate, 


concave, one-flowered, falling. Legumes cylindric, smooth, 


reflexed, an inch or an inch and a quarter Jong, from ten to 
twelve-seeded. 


22. I. uncinata. R. : 

Shrubby, with far extended ficanthes: Leaflets from 
eight to ten pair, elliptic. Spikes sessile, much shorter than” 
the leaves, dense. Daggers of the keel hooked, and obtuse. 
Legumes erect, subulate, many-seeded. : 

A native of Pegu, from thence introduced into the Beenie 
garden, where it becomes a very stout shrub, with far extend- 
ed branches; the young shoots and leaves slightly clothed 
with minute white hairs. Stipules small, subulate. Flowers 


very much crowded, reflexed, banuer and keel of a pale - 
greenish yellow, wings small and red, Legumes long, cylin- — 


ee Oe ee See RS NE SE ee ee ene Be Eh 


Galega. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, _ 383 


dric, perfectly erect, five-pointed. It flowers in the rains, and 
the seed ripens in the cool season. 


23. 1. purpurescens, R. 

Sub-arboreous, Bark a little scabrous, Leaves pinnate. 
Leaflets ten pair, from oval to broad-elliptic, sub-emargi- 
nate, a little hairy. Racemes axillary and from the leafless 
branches, length of the leaves. 

A native of the interior of the peninsula of India. In the 
Botanic garden it bas in two years grown to be a stout small 
tree, with a distinct trunk, and numerous spreading branches. 
It flowers in February and March, at which time few plants 
surpass it in beauty, the flowers being large, very numerous, 
and of a bright rose-colour changing to lively purple. Seed 
ripens in May. 


24, I. virgata. R. 

Shrubby. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets as far as twelve pair, 
sub-alternate, or opposite, linear-oblong. Racemes the length 
of the leaves. 

_ A native of Nepal. In the Botanic garden at Calcutta it 
flowers during the hot season, March, April and May. _ 


: 


GALEGA. Schreb. gen. N. 1206. 


Calyx with subulate teeth, nearly equal. Legume with 
Rg streaks between the seeds, 


a G. mina Willd. iii. 1250. 

Suffruticose, hoary, Leaflets minute, about nine, wedge- 
shaped. Stipules spinescent. Flowers axillary. Legumes 
scimitar-shaped, horizontal, smooth, about six-seeded. _ 

Teling. Mullo-yampalli. : A 
A small ramous species, a native of dry barren lands on 
the coast of Coromaridel. 4 gis 


384 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Galega. 


2, G, pentaphylia. Roxb. 

Shrabby, ramous, erect, hoary. Leaflets five, cuneate, 
emarginate, sericeous underneath, Stipules subulate. Flow- 
ers axillary, one or two. Legumes linear, incurved, villous. 

Seeds sent by Mr. B. Heyne from Mysore in 1801, to the 
Botanic garden, produced many very ramous thriving shrubs 
by plants, which blossomed when about one year old, and 
were then from one to three feet in height. 

Trunk scarcely any, but numerous, cinereous, ligneous 
branches spreading in every direction, Leaves alternate, 
pinnate. Leaflets two pair, with a terminal single one, which 
is by far the largest, all are cuneate, emarginate, above pret- 
ty smooth, underneath clothed with appressed, soft white 
hairs, from one to two inches long, Petioles short, hairy, 
channelled, Stipules subulate. #lowers axillary, one or two 
together, short-peduncled, middle-sized, of a dull pale red 
colour, Legumes spreading, linear, incurved, villous, from 
six to eight-seeded. 


3. G, Heyneana, Roxb. 

Shrubby, ramous. Leaves bifarious ; leaflets from ein to 
seven, oval, and oblong, tomentose nilidaenthe | Racemes 
axillary, the length of the leaves, Stipules conical. Leguae 
straight, pendulous, villous. 

Reared in the Botanic garden from seed sent by Mr. B. 
Heyne, from Mysore, where the plant is indigenous, Pikes 
ing time in Bengal, the cold season. 

Siem straight; branches ascending, flexuose, tomentose ; 
the height of the plants in the Botanic garden when about 
eighteen months old, three feet, Leaves alternate, bifarious, 
pinnate, Leaflets from three to seven, the lower pair much 
smaller, inserted on the very base of the petioles, close to the 
stipules; the rest gradually larger, and more lengthened in 
proportion to their breadth ; all are clothed with much soft, 
close, light coloured down on the under side, and almost 
smooth above. Pettoles downy, channelled. Shpsiet trian- 


Galega. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, 385 


gular, tapering to an acute point. Peduneles axillary, soli- 
tary, downy, about as long as the leaves, bearing a few, dull 
reddish, pretty large flowers, at and about the apex only. 
Bractes the exterior two three-fold, three-flowered ; the inner 
series uncertain. Calyx downy. Banner of a dark brown- 
ish red, villous on the back. Legumes drooping, straight, 
slightly villous, from eight to twelve-seeded, 


A, G. incana, Roxb. 

Shrubby, diffuse, flexuose, hoary with white down. Leaf- 
lets six pairs, obovate, emarginate, hoary, Stipules taper- 
triangular. acemes terminal. Legumes reflexed, taieme, 
~ very hairy. 

A native of Mysore. 

Stem scarcely any, but numerous, flexuose branches, and 
branchlets, spreading to a considerable extent ; young parts 
clothed with erect, soft, white down. Leaves alternate, pin- 
nate, from three to four inches long. Leaflets from five to 
eight pair, obovate, deeply emarginate, hoary, particularly 
the margins, and the lower side. Stipules reflexed by age, 
triangular, acute. Racemes terminal, long, and downy. 
Bractes three-fold, three-flowered. Flowers short-pedicelled, 
the middle one of the three expanding long after the other 
two. Calyx clothed with much fulvous pubescence.  Le- 
gumes bending back close to the rachis of the racemes, much 
curved, very hairy, from six to eight-seeded. 


_§. G. villosa. Willd. iii, 1245, 
Shrubby, diffuse, flexuose, somewhat hoary. Leaflets from 
six to eight pair, cuneate, sub-retuse. Stipules ensiform, re- 
curved. acemes terminal. Bracies three-fold, two-flower- 
ed. Legumes reflexed, sickle-shaped, hairy, from five to six- 
seeded. 
Coronilla zeylanica. Burm. Zeyl. 78, t. 33. 
A native of various parts of India, in blossom’ anid a 
VOL, Ill. : Way | 


ig? 


386 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Galega. 


greater part of the year. These plants delight most in the 
sandy lands at no great distance from the sea, 


6. G. purpurea. Willd, iii, 1247. 

Shrubby, sub-erect,smooth. Leaflets about seven pair, cu- 
neate, smooth, Stipules filiform. Racemes terminal, Bractes 
three-fold, subulate, three-flowered. Legumes ascending, 
sickle-shaped ; smooth, from six to seven-seeded. 

Coronilla zeylanica herbacea, Burm. Zeyl..77.t. 32. 

A native of the sandy lands of the coast of Coromandel, 
and im blossom most part of the year. 


7. G, lanceeefolia, Roxb. i yuey 

Shrubby, dichotomous. Leaflets from thirteen to nineteen, 
lanceolar, Stipules subulate. Racemes terminal, and lateral ; 
rachis angular. Bractes ensiform, many-flowered. Legumes 
falcate, smooth, from three to five-seeded. 
_ A native of the sandy lands near the shores of Coromandel, 
Flowering time the close of the rains, and cool season. 

Shrubby, with numerous, dichotomous, round, pretiy 
smooth, coloured, ascending branches; the genera) height of 
full grown plants in the Botanic garden is about two feet. 
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets from tive to eight or nine pairs, and 
a terminal one, opposite, short-petiolate, lanceolar, smooth 
above,a little villous and paler underneath ; the largest about 
an inch Jong, and less than half an inch broad.» Petioles 
channelled, a little villous. Stipules subulate, permanent. 
Racemes lateral, axillary, or terminal, about as long as the 
leaves. Bractes three-fold, ensiform, from three to six-flow- 
ered. Flowers of a deep bright purple, short-pedicelled. 


Legumes diverging, becoming rectilinear, smooth, incurve- 
falcate, three, four, or five-seeded, and contracted on the em: 


between them. 


8. G. tinctoria, Witla.’ iii, 1248, 


Shrubby, ramous, villous.” pistes from thirteen. ie , 


Psoralea. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 387 


nineteen, obovate-cuneate, emarginate, villous underneath. 
Stipules subulate. Racemes longer than the leaves. Bractes 
tern, more than two-flowered, in succession, Legumes spread- 
ing, slightly falcate, somewhat villous, from four to five- 
seeded, : 

A native of various parts of India, delighting in a, warm 
sandy soil. Flowering time the rains, and cool season. 


- 9. G. diffusa, R. : 

Shrabby, diffuse, scarcely villous. Leaflets from eleven 
to twenty-one, sub-cuneate, emarginate. Stipules subulate. 
Racemes terminal. Legumes diverging from the rachis, 
straight, nearly smooth, from six to seven-seeded. 

A native of the Circars, in flower and ripe seed most part 

of the year, but more frequently from the close of the rains to 
the end of the cool season, 


ASTRAGALUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1208. 
acti two-celled, wise 


<ul hamosus, Willd. iii. 1279. 

Caulescent, procumbent. Legumes dabulates recurved, 
smooth. Leaflets obcordate, villous underneath, 

A native of Persia flowering in the cold season in the Bo- 


tanic garden, 


| PSORALEA. Schreb: gen. N. 1210. 


ef: a rbd, with callous points, the length of the one- 
seeded legume. 


daiBe coryli ifolia. Willd. i iii. 1351. ‘Bure Ind, 172. 4, 49, 
SJ. Bebiacnsre 
Annus, erect, from Boe to four feet high. — Leaves: sim- 


| male, rarely ternate ; ovate-cordate, seallop-toothed,. Stipules 
Ww2 


388 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Trifolium, 


recurvate, acemes long-peduncled. Bractes three-flow- 
ered, 

Teling. Kor-Gestum. 

Beng. Hakooch. 

A native of various parts of India, and conimonly found in 
the vicinity of villages during the rainy and cold seasons. 


2. P. obovata, Roxb. 

Shrubby. Leaves ternate; leaflets obovate, villous oder 
neath. Flowers lateral, long-pedicelled, several on a short 
common peduncle. Legumes tapering to a very long mu- 
cronate point, downy. 

A native of the country about Hurdwar, where Captain 
Hardwicke found it in flower and seed in April. 


TRIFOLIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1211. 
Flowers sub-capitate. Legume scarcely longer than the 
calyx, gaping, deciduous, 


1. T. Indicum, Willd. iii. 1353. 

Annual, erect. Leaflets cuneate, serrulate. Stipules su- 
bulate. Racemes elongated. Legumes rugose, oval, or two- 
seeded. | 

Beng. Bun methee. 

Suendadi-pullu. Rheed. Mal. ix. t, 40. 

Melilotus humilis erecta, &c. Pluck, Alm, t, 45. f. 5. 

A native of various parts of India, appearing during the 
dry season from October till March, when the seeds are ee 


and then it perishes, 


2. T. officinale, Wilid. iii, 1355. 

Annual, erect. Leaflets obovate, serrate, Stipules subulate. 
Racemes elongated. Legumes naked, globular, one-seeded. 

Melilotus lutea, &e. Pluk, Alles t -J- 4, 

Beng. Bun-piring. 


Medicago. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, — 889 


A native of Bengal, and, with the last, appears during the 
dry season only. 


TRIGONELLA. Schreb. gen. N. 1218. 


Banner and wings sub-equal, expanding in form of a three- 
petalled corol. 


1. T. Indica, Willd, iii. 1403. 

Herbaceous, procumbent. Leaflets lanceolar, entire. 
Peduneles axillary, from two to four-flowered. Legumes 
straight, cuspidate. 

Lotus madraspatensis, &c. Pluk, Alm. t. 200. f. 7. good. 

A native of Coromandel. In flower all the year. 


2. T. Foenum grecum. Willd. iii, 1402. 

Annual, erect. Legumes sessile, long, straight, with fili- 
form point. 

Arab. Hulbeh. 

Beng. Methee. 


Teling. Mentee. 
Is much cultivated in many parts of India, particularly in 


the higher, inland provinces. 


3. T. corniculata, Willd. iii. 1400. 

Annual, diffuse. Leaflets obovate, serrate. Stipules lan- 
ceolate-dentate. Peduncles longer than the leaves, Heads 
many-flowered. Legumes sickle-shaped, smooth, many- 
seeded, 

Sans. Lunkaika. 

Beng. Piring. The plant is cultivated as a pot-herb dur- 
ing the cold season, | 


_" MEDICAGO. Schreb. gen. N. 1214. 
Legume compressed, bent in. Keel bent down from the 
banner. gol 


390 POLYADELPHIA ICOSANDRIA, Citrus, 


MM, polymorpha, 

Legumes spiral. Stipules toothed, Stem diffused. 

Two varieties of this are found wild, on loose sandy soil, 
on the banks of the Ganges, towards Hurdwar ; one is M. 
hispida of Geertuer, the other I am Jess certain of. 


CLASS XVII. 
POLY ARELRRAM ICOSANDRIA, 


: CITRUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1218. 


Cui five-cleft. Petals five. Stamina twenty or more, 
united into several distinct bodies. Berry many-celled. 


1. C. acida, R. ) ; 
Sub-arboreous, armed, Petioles more or el winged ; ; 
leaves from oval to oblong, and ovate-oblong, crenate, obtuse. 
; Corol generally four-petalled,. : 
: lus limonia acida, Bauh, Pin, 436. | 
ns. Jumbira, or Jumbeera, This name applies caval 7 
to all the varieties. 

Beng. Leboo, Neboo. 

. Under the above definition I mean to comprehend thes vari- 
ous varieties, if not species, of the sour lemons or limes found 
in-India, and as the petioles are very generally winged I think 
it necessary to separate them from the lemons and citrons 
bese have not that mark, or have it in a very trifling degree. 

In Bengal the following sorts have come under my inspec- 
tion, the whole being cultivated under my own eye, ame 


Citrus, POLYADELPHIA ICOSANDRIA, 391 


Botanic garden, and are arranged according to the estimation 
in which they are held by both natives and Europeans. 
Ist. Pati-Leboo, or Neboo. Fruit oval, about two inches 
long ‘by one and a half or one and three quarters in diame- 
ter; apex rather pointed; skin thin and smooth, when ripe 
: yellow, from eight to ten-celled, abounding in pale coloured 
very acid juice. 

2nd. Kaguji-Neboo, Like the last a small, very ramous, 
well armed tree. Petioles winged. Fruit oblong, smooth, 
thin-skinned, when ripe yellow, vertical diameter from two to 
two and a half inches, and from four to six in circumference ; 
it ripens in July and yields a large proportion of sharp acid, 
pale juice. 

3rd, Gora-Neboo, The tree is one of the smallest, but 
very ramous, and equally armed. Petioles less winged than 
in the other varieties. Fruit oval, with a protuberant base. 
: Skin rather thick, rougher than in the first two varieties; the 
| vertical diameter about three inches, and the circumference 
from six to eight; it ripens in September, and is then yellow, 
with juice as in the former varieties, 

Ath, China-gora-Neboo. This variety was twenty years ago 
introduced from China, The tree is rather small but equally 
| ramous and armed with the others. Fruit round, the vertical. 

and transverse diameter being the same, and generally about 
two inches; it ripens in August, and contains abundanbe of 
rich looking, pale yellow, acid juice. 
SG 5th, Camaral-Neboo. A rather large, but thinly branch- 
a ed tree, Fruit long-oval ; skin thin, and smooth ; the vertical 
diameter four or five inches, and from eight to twelve in cir-. 
cumference ; it ripens in November, is then remarkably full 
of pale juice, 

A small one which weighed eighteen ounces, yielded just 
half that weight of juice. 

6th. Rungpore Lime; the vernacular name not psitettnisieds 
A very small tree, or shreds; with but few small thorns. Fruié 
perfectly spherical, the size of a small orange, being six or 


392 POLYADELPHIA ICOSANDRIA,. Citrus. 


seven inches in circumference ; small, with a thin skin, ofa 
light lively yellow colour; juice pale, and acid. 

7th. Taba-Neboo. A small, ramous, very thorny tree, with 
the petioles winged. Fruit nearly round ; skin thick,spongy 
like the citron, pretty smooth, from twelve to eighteen inches 
in circumference ; it ripens in November, and contains several 
ounces of very acid juice. 

8th. Arabian Lime from Muscat, The trees are young, 
and have not attained their full growth. Fruit nearly sphe- — 
rical, about the size of a small shaddock; shin thick, and 
spongy, like the citron, and externally very uneven. 

9th. Meetha Lemoo, 7. e, sweet lime. A small, very ra- 
mous, well armed tree. #ruit round, very smooth and thin- 
skinned, in general about the size of asmall orange ; juice in- 
sipidly sweet. : 


2. C. medica, Willd. iii, 1426. 
Petioles linear; leaves ovate, acuminate. 
Beng. Lemoo or Nemoo, 

Lemon tree, 

On the continent of India, it is found.i in gardens, where it 
blossoms most plentifully during the hot season, and the frait 
ripens about the close of the rains. 

The citron (Sans, Beeja-poora, Arab, Utrej, Pers, Turcre, 
Hind. Bejoura) is likewise found common in gardens, where 
it blossoms, and bears fruit abundantly the whole year. 
There are now, besides the large rough-skinned common ci- 
trons, three varieties or species in the Botanic garden reared 
above twelve months ago, from seed from the Garrow hills . 
where they are found indigenous in the forests. 


3. C. Aurantium, Willd. iii. 1427. 

Petioles winged. Leaves acuminate. — 

Sans, Nagarunga, . 
Arab. Naravnj. meatyietey if wi eee? 
Beng. Kumla-neboo, ee ae 


Citrus. POLYADELPHIA ICOSANDRIA, 393 


Hind, Narenj, Narangee; of the orange like the lime, we 
have many varieties to the eastward of the Cape of Good 
Hope, (See Rumph. Herb. Amb. vol. ii.) but as they do not 
thrive in any part where I have yet been stationed, I cannot 
well enter into any satisfactory account of them, 


4, C, decumana. Willd. iii, 1428. 

Petioles winged, Leaves obtuse, emarginate. 

Beng. and Hind. Batavi-Neboo. 

Limo Decumanus, Rumph. Amb. ii. 96. t. 24. f. 2. 

Of this elegant useful tree, the shaddock, we have two va- 
rieties, one with white, and the other with red pulp, differing 
in size and quality, according to the soil, climate, and situa 
tion, On the continent of India so far as ] know, we have the 
tree in our gardens only ; the Bengalee name, viz. Batavia 
lime, denotes its being an exotic here. 


5. C. inermis, Roxb. 

Shrubby, unarmed. Petioles naked; leaves lanceolar, 
scarcely crenulate, obtuse. : 

Chin, Kum-quat. 

-- Limonellus Madurensis, Reupg sh. Amb, ue 110, i. 31 

A small, shrubby species; from China it. has been 


duced into the Botanic garden, where it blossoms in Apr Sage 

Stem scarcely any, but numerous, unarmed, very ramous, 
smooth branches spreading and rising in every direction. 
Leaves plternate, _ tanceolat, some of them slightly 


of an ‘inch long, toward the apex ed Peduneles axil- 
-_Jary, generally solitary, the length of the petioles, one-flower- 
ed. Calyx small, fiat, five-toothed. Petals five, lanceolate, 
recurved, Filaments variously united. .4nthers from ten 
to fifteen, Germ superior, with the base surrounded with a 
fleshy ring, from four to five-celled, with from one to sbee 

VOL, IIT, Xx 


394 POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.  Welaleuca, 


ovula in each, attached to the axis, Style the iength of the 
stamina, Stigma large, and clammy. : 


POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. 


MELALEUCA. Linn. Gert. Smith, §e. 


Calyx five-parted, semi-superior, Corol five-petalled. Sta- 
mina about forty-five, very long, conjoined in five bodies. 
Style smgle. Capsules three-celled. Seeds numerous. 


1. M. Cajuputi. Pharm. Lond, 1809.* 

Branchlets pendulous. Leaves alternate, sub-vertical, nar- 
row-lanceolar, three, rarely five-nerved. Spikes terminal and 
axillary, comose, villous, Bractes lanceolate, three-flowered. ~ 

Arbor alba minor, Cajuputi, Daun kitsjil, and Caju-Rilon, 
Rumph. Amb. ii. p. 76. t. 17 of. 1. 

This elegant, useful, smal] tree, is a native of the Moluc- 
ca Islands; and as it is from its leaves that the valuable me- 
dicine called Cajuputi oil is obtained, it became an object of 
importance to try if it would grow in Bengal, where the me- 
dicine is frequently used with the best success. During my 
absence at the Cape of Good Hope, on account of bad health 
in 1798, Dr. John Fleming had charge of the Botanic gar- 
den ; at the same time Mr. Smith, the nurseryman, was em- 
ployed on the Molucca Islands, collecting plants for the gar- 
, den, consequently it was an excellent time for obtaining grow- 


* ‘With the compilers of the Pidrmasspoia of the Royal College 
of Physicians of London for 1809, I agree in supposing the essen- 
tial oil called Cajuputi is prepared from the leaves of the small 
Melaleuca called by Rhumphius Arbor alba minor ; and also that 
this tree is specifically different from his Arbor alba major, Herb. 
Amb. ii. p. 72. t. 16. ( Melaleuca Leucadendron, ) but I think the 
trivial name Cajuputi, which they have given to this species, may 
lead to a wrong conclusion, because that Malay ae 
directly that of Arbor alba major. ee 


a ee 


Melaleuca. POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. 395 


ing plants of the tree; Dr. Fleming therefore gave Mr. Smith 
strict orders to be very careful to get the proper sort, two or 
three being mentioned by Rumphius, from which the best 
oil was obtained. This commission Mr, 8. executed to our 
satisfaction, many thriving plants having been sent to the 
garden by the close of the year, where they continue to grow 
freely, and in six and seven years they began to blossom at 
various times of the year, which they have hitherto continu- 
ed to do, and to ripen their seeds perfectly. From them 
numerous plants have been reared, and not only distributed 
over many parts of the continent of India, but sent to various 
other quarters of the world. It is from the original young 
trees, now (18] 1,) thirteen years old, that the following de- 
scription, and the accompanying figures are taken. 

Trunk tolerably erect, but crooked ; and slender for the 
age of the trees. Bark of a very light or whitish ash-colour, 
soft, thick, and spongy, pretty smooth on the surface, the ex- 
terior lamina peels off from time to time in thin flakes, like that 
of the birch tree ; and the interior part may be separated into 
numerous lamina, like the leaves of a book. Branches scat- 
tered, with the slender twigs often drooping as completely 
as in the weeping willow, they are round and smooth ; young 
shoots sericeous ; height of the young trees (thirteen years,) 
above mentioned about twelve feet, and the thickest part of 
the trunk not more than a man’s leg, including the bark, 
which is three quarters of an inch thick. Leaves alternate, 
projecting in every direction, but most frequently vertical, 
short-petioled,narrow-lanceolar, while young sericeous, some- 
times slightly falcate, entire ; from three to five inches long, 
and from half to three quarters of an inch broad ; on bemg 
bruised they smell strong of the balsam they yield, yet the 
cells which contain this aromatic fluid, are scarcely visible in 
the fresh leaves, Spikes terminal, and from the extreme axills, 
downy, while in flower there is only a scaly conic bud at the 
apex, which soon advances into a leafy branchlet. Brae- 
tes solitary, lanceolate, sericeous, three-flowered, caducous. 

Xx2 


396 POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Melaleuca, 


Flowers tern, sessile, small, white, inodorous. Calyx urceo- 
late, semi-supera, sericeous; margins of five semilunar deci- 
duous segments. Petioles five, orbicular, short-clawed, white, 
much longer than the segments of the calyx. Filaments from 
thirty to forty, united into five portions at the base, three or 
four times longer than the petals, and with them inserted into 
the large, villous, five-lobed rim of the calyx, alternate with 
its segments. Anthers ovate-cordate, with a yellow gland on 
the apex. Germ ovate, with the lower half united to the calyx, 
three-celled, with numerous ovula in each attached to an ele- 
vated receptacle in the inner and lower angle of each cell. 
Style rather longer than the stamina. Stigma obscurely 
three-lobed. Capsules completely enveloped in the thick, 
fleshy, gibbous, permanent calyx, three-lobed, three-celled, 
 three-valved ; valves thin, hard, and elastic, opening from the 
apex. Partitions contrary. Receptacles triangular, thin, flat, 
lodged in the inner and lower angle of the cell. Seeds nu- 
merous, angularly wedge-shaped, 

It is readily cultivated both by the root and seed; when 
by the root, slender pieces thereof cut into little bits, and laid 
horizontally in the earth, during the rainy season, soon pro- 
duce plants. 

From the leaves is distilled the beautiful, green, aromatic, 
camphorate, essential oil called by the Malays at Amboyna, 
where it is chiefly made, Cajuputi, from Cajuputi one of the 
Malay names of the tree, 

_ When this tree was received into the Botanic garden, and 
ie the first five or six years afterwards, I was inclined to 
; think it Arbor alba major, Rumph Amb. ii, t. 16, on account 


of its very rapid growth during that period ; as well as be- 


cause it was then very generally understood, that the essential 
oil Cajuputi was obtained from that tree, But for these last six 
or seven years, the growth (of several trees) has been so slow, 
though in perfect health, flowering and ripening abundance 
of fertile seed, at all seasons of the year, as to induce me to 
waver in my former opinion, and become rather inclined to 


‘alas Scot omamathapemgggs = 


Melaleuca. POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, 397 


consider it Arbor alba minor of the same author, This idea 
was encouraged by finding our trees agree, in most respects, 
hetter with Rumph’s description of the latter, than with the 
former, and particularly because he expressly says that an 
essential oil is obtained by distillation from the leaves of che 
small sort; but makes no mention of any such oil being pro- 
cured from the large species, These conjectures have receiv- 
ed additional support, I may say confirmation, from the 
Pharmacopeia above quoted. The following is a copy of 
Dr. Powell, the translator’s note, on this subject, 

“ This oil was supposed to be the produce of the Melaleu- 
ca Leucadendron, but it appears from the specimens of the 
tree yielding the true Cajuputi, sent home by Mr, Christo- 
pher Smith, that the species is different, and referable to 
tab, 17 of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense, (vol, xi, ) and 
not to that author’s 4rbor alba, tab. 16. After a careful ex- 
amination of specimens in Sir Joseph Banks’, and other col- 
lections, by Dr. Maton, and of those in the Linnean Herba- 
rium by Dr. Smith, we are authorized to consider the tree 
which yields the above oil, asa new species, and from the 
names of its medicinal product, those gentlemen have agreed 
to give it the appellation of Melaleuca Cajuputi.” 

As there are two figures in the 17th table of Risaihine 
Dr, Powell should have specified which of the two is meant, 
but | take it for granted that it is the Ist. 


2, M. Leucadendron, Willd. iii, 1428, Smith in Trans, of 
Linn, Soc. iii, 274. 

- Leaves alternate, vertical, Si siuasiaegii five-nerved, 
tender parts smooth, : 

_ Arbor alba, Rumph. Amb. ii. t. 16, 

_ This. species was only introduced into the Botanic olen 
in 1811, whereas M. Cajupuii has been there since 1797-8, 
The plants of the former are still small, nor can they be ex- 
pected to blossom for some few years to come, their growth is 
scarcely so rapid as that of Cajuputi ; in habit, plants of the 


398 POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, Melaleuca. 


same age are very much alike, but the leaves of this species 
are larger, more falcate, and possess little or no fragrance 
when bruised, nor can I discover that they are ever employ- 
ed in the distillation of the Cajuputi oil ; to those obvious 
marks of distinction in the young tree I may add that all the 
most tender shoots, leaves, &c. are here perfectly smooth ; 
while in Cajuputi they are sericeous, 


3. M. viridiflora. Gert, Sem. i. 173. Smith, in Trans. of 
Linn, Soe. iii. p. 275. Willd. iii. 1429. 

Branchleis erect. Leaves alternate, lanceolar, five-nerv- 
ed, Spikes terminal, downy. Flowers tern. 


4, M. Leucadendron, B. Linn, Suppl. 342. 

A large tree, a native of Pulo Pinang, and the peninsula 
of Molucea, The leaves of the trees which grow in those 
places are when preserved in the specimens sent to me, void 
of fragrance, 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, lanceolar, entire, five- 
nerved, with many delicate, anostomosing veins between 
them, of a firm rigid texture, and smooth on both sides, from 
two to four inches long, and less than one broad, Stipules 
none. Spikes terminal and axillary, often compound, tufted, 
before the flowers expand imbricated with bractes, a little 
downy. Bractes oblong, sessile, three-flowered ; the ex- 

‘treme ones barren, and from their centre the branchlets con- 
tinue to shoot. | Flowers numerous, small. Calyx above, 
five-parted ; divisions of the border rounded, and deciduous. 
Petals sessile, round, concave scarcely larger than the divi- 
sion of the calyx, Filaments from thirty to fifty, united near 
the base into five erect bodies, Anthers small, incumbent, 
oval, two-lobed. Germ round, hid in the calyx. Style as 
long as the stamens. Stigma simple. Capsules hid in the 
globular calyx, which it adheres to, three-celled, three-valv- 
ed, somewhat downy. Seeds numerous, minute, ‘dpe an- 
gular, somewhat winged. 


Hypericum. POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, 399 


5, M. rigida, Roxb, 

Leaves alternate, approximate, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 
rigid, pungent-mucronate, nerveless, but slightly striated, 
spikes panicled, lowers tern. 

A native of the Molucca Islands. To what size it grows 
I cannot say. 

Leaves approximate, scattered, sessile, straight, linear-lan- 
ceolate, rigid, very smooth nevertheless, but slightly striated 
lengthways, sharp pungent-pointed, about three fourths of 
an inch long, by one line in breadth. Spikes termimal, cy- 
lindric, five or six of them forming the panicle, ending in a 
small bud, which in due time protrudes a branchlet beyond 
them, and by the time the seeds are ripe, the capsules are la- 
teral. They are tasteless. Calyx smooth, border of five large, 
rounded segments, Petals five, sub-sessile, round. Filaments 
about twenty-five, much longer than the coro], united at the 
base into five bodies. Germ smooth. Style rather shorter than 
the stamens, Stigma simple. 


_ DURIO. Sckreb. gen. N. 1921. 
Calyx pails five-toothed. Corol five or six-petalled. 


Stamina in five bodies, Style single. Pome superior, five- 
celled. 


_ D. Zibethinus, Willd. iii, 1434, Konig in Trans. of Linn, | 
Soe, vii. p. 266. 

Dario. Rumph. Amb, i. t. 29. 

A native of the Malay Islands. The fleshy aril which en- 
velopes the seed of this large fruit, like that of the Jack, is the 
part eaten ; but not so universally admired, for its strong, by 
some thought very offensive, smell. 


HYPERICUM. Schreb. gen. N.1224. 


Calyx five-leaved. Petals five. Filaments many, _— 
ed into five sets, 


400 ‘POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Hypericum, 


1. H. cernuum, Roxb. 

Shrabby, branchlets drooping. Leaves sessile, beads lan- 
ceolate. Flowers terminal, sub-solitary. Styles five. 

Asiat, Res, vi. p. 369. 

A native of the mountains between Hurdwar and Shreena- 
gur, from thence the seeds were sent by Captain Hardwicke, 
to the Botanic garden in 1797, where it blossoms during the 
cold season. It resembles, in many respects, the species des- 
cribed under the name H. monogynum, 

Stems, or rather branches numerous from the same root, ris- 
ing in every direction, soon dividing into numerouslong, slen- 


der, round, smooth, coloured, drooping twigs. Bark brown, | 


and smooth, height of the whole plant about three feet, and 
still more in diameter. Leaves opposite, sessile, decussate, 
broad-lanceolate, obtuse, somewhat nervous, entire, margins 
not revolute, smooth, of a lively green on both sides, from 
one to two inches long. Flowers terminal, at the ends of the 
long, pendulous branchlets, generally solitary, though some- 
times two or even three-fold, large, of a pure yellow. Pedun- 
cles short, with two small, brown, caducous bractes near the 
middle. Calyx five-leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, acute. _Pe- 
zals obliquely-oblong, four times longer than the calyx. 4%- 
laments numerous, from one to two hundred, coalesced into 
five bodies, just at the base only, and about half the length 
of the petals, Germ ovate. Styles five, the length of the sta- 
This is so nearly allied to the plant I have taken for H. 
_ monogynum, No.977, that 1 could scarcely deem them distinct 
species, were it not for the difference in the number of sta- 
mina and styles, In monogynum there are about fifty of the for- 
mer only, and uniformly a single style with a five-cleft apex. 


2. H. monogynim. Willd. iii, 1442. 
Shrubby. Leaves sessile, linear-oblong. Corymbs termi- 


nal, Stamina the length of the petals, Style single. Stigma 
five-cleft. 


Bi a aly at aang sem nN 


Hypericum. | POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. 401 


H. aureum. Lourier. Cochin Ch. 578. 

Chin, Keemsee-jau-taing. : 

H. monogynum. Miller’s Figures, t. 151, f. 2. Curt. Bot. 
Mag. N. 334. 

A low, but ramous shrub, growing in the Company’s Bota- 
nic garden, originally from China. In flower and seed great 
part of the year. ; 

Stem none, but branches innumerable. Bark pretty 
smooth, brown, Leaves approximate, opposite, decussate, 
sessile, and nearly stem-clasping, horizontal, linear-oblong, - 
obtuse, entire, smooth on both sides; from one to two inches 
long. Stipules none. Flowers terminal, from one to so many 
as forma small umbel, short-peduncled, large, of a bright yel- 
low. Calyx five-leaved ; leaflets smooth, oblong, green. Pe- 
tals five, obliquely wedge-formed as in the monodelphous 
flowers. Filaments from thirty to fifty, in five phalanges, 
nearly as long as the petals. Anthers oval, incumbent. Style 
single, as if composed of five, being five-grooved, as long as 
* the stamens, Stigma five-cleft. Capsules five-partible, five- 
celled, opening from the apex. Seeds many. 


VOL, II}. Yy 


“CLASS XIX. 
SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, 


SONCHUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1233. 
Picsptacle naked, Calyx imbricated, gibbous. Pappus 


hairy, sessile, 


1. S. orixensis. Roxb. 

Annual, Flowers sub-umbelled; peduncles Sait caly- 
ces woolly, Leaves lanceolate, and sagittate, stem-clasping, 
lobes rounded, margins scolloped, finely-toothed, smooth, 

Beng. Bun-palung. 

Teliny. Nalla-tapata, : 

A rare plant, a native of rubbish, &c. near Samulkota. 
It flowers during the latter part of the cold season. 

Stem annual, erect, from three to six feet high, as thick as 
the fore finger, somewhat branchy, piped, round, smooth, ex- 
cept near the top, where there are a few hairs with glandular 
extremities. Leaves approximate, stem-clasping ; the lower 
oneslinear, or lanceolate, scolloped, the upper ones sagittate, 
all are finally prickle-toothletted, both sides smooth ; size 
very various. Flowers numerous, large, yellow, terminal, um- 
belliforum, calyces involved in a little soft woolly substance. 
Cattle are fond of every part of the plant, on being wound- 
ed there is much milky juice discharged, which thickens i in- 
to a substance like fresh soft opium, 

2. S. oleracens. Willd, iii. 1514, 

Annual, Flowers sub-umbelled ; peduneles and calyces 


ae 


Prenanthes. SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, 403 


* 


_ smooth, Leaves pinnatifid, and sagittate, stem-clasping, fine- 


ly-toothed. 

Compare with Prenanthes sonchifolia, Willd. iii. 1541, 

Teling. Eatrinta. 

This species is much more common than the last described, 
it delights in the same soil, It flowers during the same sea- 
son, is also annual, branchy, and about the same size. 

Leaves approximate, stem-clasping, much enlarged at the 
base, the lower ones pinnatifid, the upper ones sagittate ; all 
are prickle-toothed, both sides smooth ; size various. F'low- 
ers as in the last described species, Cattle are fond of it and 
it yields a milky juice on being wounded. 


LACTUCA. Schreb. gen. N. 1234. 


Calyx wbricated, cylindric, with a membranaceous mar- 
gin. Receptacle naked, Seeds even, with a simple stipitate 


pappus. 


L, sativa, Willd. iii. 1523. 

Leaves rounded, cauline leaves cordate. Stem corymbed. 

Pers. Kahoo. 

Arab. Khuss. 

Native place uncertain, but it is common in gardens in In- 
dia, Persia, and the neighbouring countries, and like most of 
the plants of this class, succeeds best during the dry season. 


__ PRENANTHES. Schreb. gen. N. 1236. 
Calyx calycled, Florets ina single row. Pappus sim- 
ple, sub-sessile, ee naked. 


- 


di P. acaulis, Roz’: 


_ Herbaceous, stemless. Leaves radical, sessile, linear-lan- 


ceolar, smooth and entire. Seape four or pales: meek 


shorter than the leaves. Florets bestia: 
Yi esi 


404 SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS. Prenanthes. 


A native of the interior parts of Bengal, from the district 
of Dinagepore Dr. Carey sent the plant to the Botanic gar- 
den at Calcutta, where it flowers m March and April. 

Root perennial, Stem none, the top of the root, under the 
surface of the soil divides into several shoots, each of which 
produces a single small tuft of leaves from its apex. Leaves 
radical, sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire, very smooth, of a 
deep green on both sides; from four to six inches long, and 
less than half an inch broad, Scapes short, in general about 
an inch long, smooth, bearing from one to six alternate, yel- 
low, pedicelled flowers, Calyx from six to eight-leaved, with 
a calycle of three or four ovate scales. 


2. P. procumbens. Roxb. 

Procumbent. Leaves mostly radical, linear, runcinate. 
Racemes terminal, flowers in rather remote fascicles. Calyces 
many-flowered. vi 

A native of Bengal, It focus during the hot season, 

Root simple orsomewhat branched, when broken discharg- 
ing an orange-coloured sap, of a heavy, soporific smell; from 
their size, it may be supposed they are biennial or more. 
Stem none, but many, procumbent, dichotomous, smooth 
branches springing immediately from the root, from one to — 
two feet long. Leaves chiefly radical, spreading flat on the 
earth, lineer-runcinate,, segments short, and rather obtuse ; 

rgins a little scabrous, with minute, spinous points, those 
of the branches less divided and even entire, Racemes as-_ 
cending, terminal, as long as the rest of the plant below them. 
Flowers in rather remote fascicles, yellow. Pedicels nearly 
as long as the flowers, scaly, with small bractes, Calya sub- 
cylindric, scales linear, with white membranaceous margins, 
and quickly decreasing into a calycle. Florets from twen- 
ty to oy: Pappus simple, and sessile. : 


3, P, asplenifolia, Willd, iiie 1540... : 
Ascending, ramous, many-flowered. Leaves nail linear; 
soca or runcinate, smooth. 


Serratula, SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS. 405 


Beng. Teek-chana. 

Common on the higher, cultivated, and uncultivated lands 
of Bengal. Flowering time the cold season. The same plant 
is also common on the sand hills near the sea along the Coro- 
mandel coast. 

Root simple, biennial, if not perennial. Stems at the base 
stoloniferous, short, variously bent, dichotomous, smooth, ma- 
ny-flowered, Leaves mostly radical, and spreading flat on 
the ground, sub-sessile, pinnatifid, smooth ; from two to three 
inches long, Flowers pretty large, of a bright yellow. Calyx 
the exterior leaflets small as if a calycle. ; 


4. P. racemosa, Roxb. 

Annual, ramous. Leaves runcinate, stem-clasping, finely- 
toothed. Flowers racemed, and in fascicles. Peduncles, and 
‘ pedicels smooth. 

A native of the coast of Coromandel, w! ere it is found dur- 
ing the dry season, on road sides, and among rubbish. 

Leaves approximate, stem-clasping, the lower ones runci- 
nate, the superior ones cordate-sagi‘i>te, all are smooth, and 
finely prickle-toothed, size various, Racemes terminal, long, 
slender, jointed; joints remote, bracted, flower-bearing. 
Flowers small, yellow, place’ at the joints 0. the racemes 
only, Calyx calycledscyliadric, scales of the tube about 
eight, those round its base many, small, and extending half — 
way down the pedicels. Cattle are fond of it, and it is replete 
with the same kind of milky juice, common to these plants. 


, _ SERRATULA. Schreb. gen. N.1264. 
Receptacle naked. Calyx sub-cylindric, imbricated ; scales 
pointed, but not hooked nor spinous, Pappus hairy. 7 


1, S. anthelmintica. R 
Annual, Leaves broad-lanceolar, serrate. Flowers ter- 3 
minal, calyx squarrose, wl of ice saenele 4% 


A406 SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS. Serratula, 


Vernonia anthelminiica. Willd. iii. 1634. 

Cottu-shiragom. Rheed, Mal. ii. t. 24. . 

Sans. Somraj. 

Beng. Somraj. 

Conyza anthelmintica, Linn. 

Teling. Shendoo-gella-kura. 

Is.a pretty large, erect, annual species, common on high 
dry uncultivated ground, and rubbish, It flowers during the 
cold season, 

Stem erect, branchy, round, clouded with elevated purple 
spots, slightly downy, from two to three feet high. Leaves 
scattered, petioled, broad-lanceolate, grossly serrate, slightly 
downy, running down to the insertion of the petioles, size very 
various. Flowers terminal, peduncled, Calyx ; leaflets une- 
qual, the exterior ones smal], subulate, diverging ; the inte- 
rior ones wedge-formed, Florets twenty or thirty, equal, all 
hermaphrodite. Tube curved ; segments of the border five, 
incurved. Style long, two-cleft. Seeds cylindric, crowned 
with hairs, or rather | hairy soft bristles. Receptacle naked. 


2. S. cinerea. Roxb. 

Erect, annual. Leaves alternate, ovate-cordate, crenate, 
rugose, Flowers terminal, somewhat fastigiate; pappus hairy. 

Conyza cinerea, Willd. iii. 1925, * 

_ Beng. Kookseem. 

_ This plant is one of the most common in every part of In- 
dee every soil and situation suits it, and it is in flower at all 
times of the year. 

Root ramous, annual. Stem erect, ramous, round, a little 
downy and finely furrowed. Leaves alternate, petioled, 
ovate, and ovate-cordate, crenate, rugose, often waved, some- 
what pubescent, decurrent to the base of the petioles, from 
one to three inches long. Flowers terminal, numerous, sub- 
fastigiate, small, purple coloured, Florets equal, all herma- 
phrodite. Calyx imbricate, with ‘narrow-lanceolate acute 
downy scales. Seeds cylindric, white, hairy ; pappus hairy. 


Carduus. SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, : 407 


The florets being constantly uniform, and all hermaphro- 
dite, induce me to consider it a Serratuda rather than a Co- 
nyza, : 

Note, A variety from China, has the flowers much larger 
and nearly round, The seeds are smooth, and only about 
half the number of rays in the pappus. 


3. S. carthamoides, Buch, 

Annual, erect, simple. Leaves sub-sessile, (not decurrent,) 
pinnatifid, serrate, hoary underneath, lowers terminal, 
sub-panicled, Calyx ovate, with the lower scales carinated. 

A native of Nepal; from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the 
seed to the Botanic garden at Calcutta in 1802, where the 
plants blossom, and ripen their seed from November till 
March, . 

" Stem annual, erect, simple, slightly striated, and somewhat 
scabrous, height of the plants in the Botanic garden, frem 
two to three feet. Leaves alternate, sub-sessile, not decurrent, 
pinnatifid, serrate, with the exterior segment ovate-lanceo- 
late, and acute, the lateral ones linear-oblong and obtuse, 
pretty smooth above and hoary underneath ; from two to four 
inches long. Flowers terminal, pedicelled, sub-panicled, 
small, of a rose-colour. Calyx ovate; scales numerous, im- 
bricated, acute, the exterior ones baa a sharp keel on the 
back. Florets all hermaphrodite ; pappus plumose, sessile, 
many times longer than the seeds. 


i _ CARDU' US. Schreb. gen. N. 1254. 
Calg ovate, nnbtichted: with thorny scales, Revwiee’s 


1. C. ramosus, Roxb. 

Annual, dichotomous. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, thorny, 
toothed, downy underneath. Flowers solitary, terminal. seas 
mas hid within the imac and bearded at the. bases! 


408 SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS. Carduus, 


_ Thisis rather a rare plant, growing on dry, cultivated lands 
after the crop is cut, during the cold season, 

Root annual, simple, perpendicular, Stem short, flexuose, 
striated, ramous. Branches two-forked, like the stem; the 


whole plant from one to two feet high, Leaves scattered, ses- . 


sile, not decurrent, lance-lyrate, thorny. lowers terminal, 
peduncled, of'a pale purple. Florets from twenty to thirty. 
Style shorter than the stamens, Stigmas two, hid within the 
anthers, erect, bearded at their base. 


2. C. radicans, Roxb, 
Annual, diffuse, rooting; the branches with rather sharp an- 


gles. Leaves sessile, cuneate, remotely but deeply serrate,. 


smooth. #lowers terminal, solitary, spines of the calyx long, 
slender, inoffensive ; receptacle chaffy, 

A native of Mysore, where it grows on dry fields, from 
thence the seeds were sent by Dr. Buchanan to the Botanic 
garden, where the plants thrive luxuriantly, blossom during 
the rains, and ripen their seed in two and three months af- 
terwards, 

Stem scarcely any, but in this rich moist soil, numerous 


stout branches spreading all round to a considerable extent, 


emitting numerous roots from every part, which strike deep 
into the soil when the branch rests omit ; young shoots angu- 
lar from a continuation of the nerves of the leaves, Leaves 
alternate, approximate, sessile, almost stem-clasping, cuneate, 
glossy, serrate-dentate, having the margins and nerves some- 
what scabrous, and the apices of the serratures ending in short 
softspines, with numerous darker coloured minute cells visible 
on viewing them between the eye and the light, from one to 
four inches long. Flowers terminal, solitary, short-pedun- 
cled, of a middling size and lively lilac colour, 


. 3. C. lanatus, 


Erect. Leaves petioled; lance-lyre-shaped, thorny-tooth- 


ed, woolly underneath, Flowers numerous, peduncled. Stig- 
mas high above the anthers, Pappus hairy. 


Carthamus. SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, 409 


- Cnicus lanatus, Willd, iii, 1617. 

A common annual, on cultivated spots in Bengal, during 
the cold season, — 

Root simple, crooked, annual, Stem erect, simple, or with 
a few spreading branches near the root, striated, round, 
clothed with a little wool, about two feet high. Leaves scat- 
tered, petioled, lyrate, or lanceolate-sinuate, with the margins 
much waved, toothed, the teeth armed with long sharp thorns, 
pale green on the upper side, covered with white wool on 
the under side, from three to six inches long. Flowers ter- 
minal, peduncled, large, pale, purple. Florets one hundred 
or more, Anthers half hid in the mouth of the tube. Stigma 
long, aboye the anthers; sides grooved ; apex emarginate. 


CYNARA. Schreb. gen. N. 1257. 


Calyx dilated, imbricated with fleshy, emarginate scales 
with an acumen. 


&, Scolymus. Willd, iii. 169}. 

Perennial, Leaves somewhat spiny, pinnatifid, Caly- 
cine scales ovate. 

Arab, Hirshuf. 

Hind, Kungin. pl oats 

Native place uncertain, Flowering time the cold season 
in the gardens of Hindoostan, 


CARTHAMUS. Schreb. gen. N, 1261. 
Calyx ovate, imbricated; scales thereof with foliaceous, 
sub-ovate apices. 


C, tinetorins, Willd. ui. 1706. 
Annual, erect, ramous. Leaves sein, broad-lanceolate, 
serrate-aculeate. 
Cnicus Indicus, Rumph. Amb. ¥. bi 79. 
VOL, Il, <> 


410 SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, Spilanthus, 


Sans. Koosumbha. 

Beng. Koosum. . 

Cultivated in many parts of India, during the cold season, 
not only for the use of the dyers, but for the oil obtained for 
the seed. 


SPILANTHUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1266. 


Common calyx erect, with leaflets numerous, sub-equal, 
oblong, the two exterior longer. Pappus of two bristles, 


1.8. Amella, Willd. iii, 1713. 

Annual. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, serrate. Pedun- 
cles long, one-flowered, florets equal. 

A BC daria, Rumph, Amb, vi. t. 65. 

‘Teling, Marata-tiga. 

Verbisina Amella. Linn. Sp. ii. 1271. 

Annual, a native of shady places. It flowers during the 
cold season. 

Siem in young plants conspicuous, and erect, in those more 
advanced there is not any, but several branches with their 
lower ends resting on the ground and rooting at the joints, 
with about a foot of their extermities erect, ramifications op- 
posite, or two-forked, with very long peduncled flowers in 
the cleft. Leaves opposite, petioled, the most general form is 
ovate, with the anterior margins very remotely, and grossly — 
serrate, smooth, from one to four inches long, and from three- 
fourths of an inch, to three inches broad. Peduncles solitary 
in the divisions of the branches. Flowers yellow, conical. 
Calyx, the leaflets ciliate, Corol, the tube of the lower florets 
has a bend outwards to fit the next within; border from four 

‘to five-cleft, Seeds of the margins three-cornered, of the cen- 
tre Hem are and two-horned. — boat-formed. 


2: By oleriotti Willd. iti, W715. aes 
Annual, ramous. - Leaves oval, grossly serrate. 


Bidens. SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, All 


_ A native of Silhet. In the Botanic garden it is in flower 
and seed the whole year. The leaves arg used asa pot-herb 
by the natives of that district. 


BIDENS. Schreb. gen. N. 1267. 


Calyx imbricated, Corol with sometimes a ligulate floret 
or two in the circumference, Seed crowned with straight, 
hispid, barbed awns.« Receptacle chatty. 


1. B. trifida, Buch, 

Annual, erect, smooth, Leaves opposite, three-parted, gross- 
ly serrate, smooth. lowers solitary, peduncled ; the exte- 
rior calyx twice the length of the flowers, its leaflets wedge- 
shaped. Seeds flat, cuneate, smooth, two-horned, 

Found in Nepal by Dr. Buchanan, who sent the seeds to 
the Botanic garden, where the plants blossom during the dry 
season, but perish when the rains begin in June. 

Siem erect, round, smooth, jointed. Branches opposite, 
and like the stem, but much shorter, height of the whole 
plant in the Botanic garden about one foot. Leaves opposite, 
on concave, winged petioles, simple, and three-parted, gross- 
ly serrate, smooth, the simple leaves or segments of the divid- 
ed ones, nearly lanceolate, and obtuse. Flowers peduncled, 
solitary, terminal, erect. Calyx double, the exterior leaflets 


_ five, wedge-shaped, and nearly twice the length of the flower, 


the inner ones oblong, and rather shorter then the corollets. 
Seeds flat, wedge-shaped, smooth, without angles ; horns two, 
rarely three, backwardly hispid, diverging. 

_ Note, In Nepal Dr. Buchanan ar the leaves were often 
eet 


2. B. bipinnaia, Willd. iii, p. 1725. | 
Annual. Leaves bipinnate, gashed and dentate-serrate. 
Flowers terminal, Calyx of from seven to nine simple, cla- 


vate, ciliate leaflets, from two to four neuter ligulate florets 
Zz2 


412 SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, Cacalia, 


in the ray. Seeds numerous, diverging. The exterior chaff 
with ciliate apices. , : 

A native of Bengal, It flowers during the rainy and cold 
seasons, — 


CACALIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1269. 


Receptacle naked. Puppus hairy. Calyx cylindric, ob- 
long, at the base only sub-calycled. ~ 


1. C, bicolor. R. 

Perennial, spreading. The inferior leaves short-petioled, 
remotely serrate ; the superior ones hastate-laciniate, purple 
underneath, 

This elegant species was received into the Botanic garden 
from the Moluccas in 1798, and blossoms during the cold — 
season. | 

Stem scarcely any ; omakes many, spreading in every di- 
rection, smooth and coloured when in an exposed situation. 
Leaves alternate, not succulent, the inferior ones short-petiol- 
ed, lanceolate, remotely serrate; the superior ones stem- 
clasping, hastate-laciniate, smooth on both sides, underneath 
of a deep purple colour, particularly when the plant grows 
in a situation exposed to much sun-shine. Flowers terminal, 
large, of a deep orange colour. Peduncles long, one-flow- 
ered, with many sub-lanceolate scales. Calyx calycled. 

‘This plant is highly ornamental when well exposed to the 
sun, the leaves are then of a deep purple colour on the under 
side. It grows readily from cuttings, 


2. C. reclinata, Roxb. 


Shrubby, smooth, Branches reclined. Leaves petioled, 
ovate-cordate, dentate-serrate, Flowers terminal. Calyx and 
ealycle of about eight leaflets each, and with about twenty 
florets. 


A native of the ldandass in the Straita of Ras bias oa 


; 
| 


eons 
serine 


Ethulia. SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS. 413 


Leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-oblong, pointed, with the 
margins dentate-serrate, smooth on both sides and of a slender 
texture, from one to three inches long, and about one broad. 
Petioles short, channelled, Flowers terminal, somewhat um- 
belled, pretty large. Calyx about eight-leaved, nearly the 
length of the florets. Calycle about eight-leaved, many times 
shorter than the calyx. Corol ; florets about twenty. 


3. C. sonchifolia, Willd. iii, 1730. 

Erect, annual, fistulous. Leaves lyrate, and sagittate, stem- 
clasping. Flowers umbelled. 

Muel-schevi. Rheed. Mal. x. t. 68. 

Beng. Sadi-modz. : 

An erect, branchy annual, a native of hedges, rubbish, &c. 
It flowers during the cold season. 

Stem erect, flexuose, branchy, from two to three feet high, 
piped, smooth. Leaves stem-clasping, lyred, most slightly 
dentate, pretty smooth. Umbellets terminal, compound, many- 
flowered. Flowers small, of a bright purple colour. Calyx 
simple, from eight to twelve-toothed, from eight to twelve- 
striated. Seed five-seeded. 


- 


ETHULIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1271. 


Receptacle naked. Pappus a membranaceous margin. 
Calyx equal. 


E. ramosa. Roxb. 

Ramous, erect. Leaves alternate, elliptic, serrate, smooth. 
Flowers peduncled, sub-corymbiform. 

Introduced into the Botanic garden by seeds sent foie thé 
interior of Bengal, by Dr. William Carey. Flowering time 
the cold season. s 

Root annual, fibrous. Stem and branches nearly erect ; 
general height of the whole plant, which is considerably ra- 
mous, about two feet, smooth in every part, and somewhat 


414 SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, Eupatorium, 


succulent. Leaves alternate, sub-sessile, elliptic, pretty 
smooth on both sides, serrate, from one to three or four inches ; 
lohg, and not quite half so broad. Peduncles opposite to 
the leaves, axillary, or terminal, each supporting many small, 
purple flowers, forming a very irregular corymb. Calyx im- 
bricated ; Jeaflets short. Florets numerous, of a light purple 
colour. Seeds sub-clavate, from four to five, or six-sided. 
Pappus none. 


EUPATORIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1272. 


Receptacle naked. Pappus plumose. Calyx imbricat- 
ed. Style semibifid, erect. 


1. E, divergens. Roxb. a 

Shrubby, erect. Branches diverging. Leaves alternate, 
ventricose-oblong, recurved, serrate-dentate, rugose, Co- 
rymbs terminal. Calyx from five to eight-flowered. 

A native of Mysore, from whence Dr. Buchanan sent the 
seeds to the Botanic garden in 1801, where the a blos- 
som during the cold season, 

Stem erect, straight, from six to eight feet high, shrubby, 
round, covered with pretty smooth, dark brown bark. 
Branches numerous from the middle of the stem upwards, 
round, downy, and diverging. Leaves alternate, short-peti- 
oled, elliptic, recurved, serrate-dentate, rugose, while young 
downy, when old scabrous, from one to six inches long. Co- 
rymbs terminal, compound, or the whole upper half of the 
plants may be called one large panicle. Flowers very nU- 
merous, several together and sub-sessile, on short villous pe- 
duncles. Calyx sub-cylindric, imbricated, downy. #lorets 
five or six, twice as long as the calyx, curved near the mid- 
dle of the tube; at first purple, gradually becoming white, 
mouth of the tube campanulate; segments of the border 
narrow, sab-ensiform, Stamens and style erect. Pappus 
almost simple, twice as long as the calyx, Receptacle con- 


cave, 


Ageratum. SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, 415 


Note. In 1810 found a plant with ten or twelve florets in 
the calyx. 


* . 


2. E. fleruosum, Willd, iii, W761. 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, broad- 
lanceolate, remotely and grossly serrate, triple-nerved, Co- 
rymbs terminal, ‘ 

A native of Flat Island near the Mauritius, where it was 
found by Colonel Hardwicke, in flower in May, who observes 
that the leaves are covered with a viscid juice and are used 
for green wounds as we use court plaster. The fresh flowers 
are highly aromatic, and the honey of Bourbon is ‘htrongty 
impregnated with the same flavour. 


3. E. asperum. R. 

Perennial, erect, harsh with short stiff hairs. Leaves al- 
ternate, sessile, cuneate-oblong, serrate, Flowers terminal, 
few but large. Calyx somewhat woolly, from twenty to 
thirty-flowered. 

-Anative of Bengal, and like most of the order, flowers and 
ripens its seed during the dry season. 


AGERATUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1273. 


Receptacle naked. Pappus five-awned. Calyx oblong, 
sub-equal. lorets four or five-cleft. 


1, A. cordifolinm, Roxb. 

Leaves opposite, cordate, serrate, hairy. Flowers wart 
umbelled. Florets five-cleft. — 

Beng. Oochunti. | 

An annual found in the vicinity of Calcutta during the 
rainy and cold seasons; flowering time the cold season. 

_ Stems erect, round, a little hairy. Branches opposite 5 3; 
height of the whole plant about two feet. - Leaves opposite, 
petioled, cordate, serrate, hairy ; size very various, the larger 


* 


» 


416 SYNGENESIA AEQUALIS, Ageratum. 


four or five inches long, Flowers very numerous, rather 
small, of a pale purple, terminating the plant in numerous, 
sub-globular umbellets, the whole forming a large, irregular, 
compound corymb, Calyx, scales lanceolate, pointed. Seeds 
black, with hispid angles. Pappus of five scales, with 
broader, cordate, serrate bases, ending in long subulate 
points, resembling the partial calyx of the orders Polygamia 
Segregata, Receptacle naked, hemispheric, 


2. A. aquaticum, Roxb. 
Annual. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, serrate, Flowers sub- 
umbelled. Stiyma clubbed, twice the length of the florets. 
Beng. Bura kesutee. 
A native of the borders of rivulets among the Circar moun- 
tains. Flowering time the cold season, i 
Siem annual, somewhat succulent, below resting on the 
ground, above erect, round, very slightly hairy, from two to 
four feet long. Leaves opposite, decussated, petioled, bori- 
zontal, broad-lanceolate, serrate,smooth,somewhat succulent; 
from four to six inches long. Flowers terminal, forming an 
irregular, thin umbel, white. Calyx from twenty to thirty- 
leaved, equal, Coro/, outside of the mouth woolly. Stamens 
within the tube. Stigmas twice as long as the corollets, 
erect, clubbed, white, they are a good and conspicuous mark. 
Seeds crowned with a glandular margin, from which issue 
three, four or five headed, pedicelled glands. Receptacle 
Note, By the structure of the stigmas, they being when 
full grown, far above the anthers, and the flowers all erect, 
it might be concluded the pollen could not reach them, bat 
I could observe clearly that the anthers are ripe, and barst 
while the stigmas are of an equal length with and closely em- 
braced by them, the stigmas continue to grow and carry with 
them a large portion of the dust; this wonderful economy ! 
have frequently observed in a number of plants which at least 
helps to invalidate one of the old anti-sexualists’ arguments. 


Artimisia, SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA, AI7 


ATHANASIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1279. 


_ Calyx imbricated, Pappuschafly, very short. Receptacle 
chaffy. 


1. A. Indica. Roxb. 

Annual, straight, angular, Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceo- 
lar, serrate, smooth. Corymbs compound, terminal, Slig- | 
mas hid within the stamens. 

Teling. Begati-Kunda. 

Delights in high lands that have been lately in cultivation ; 
in such situation it is not uncommon to see whole fields of it 
as thick as if they were sown by a careful farmer. | 

Stem annual, erect, angled from the insertion of the leaves, 
piped, smooth, from two to four feet high. Leaves sessile, 
lanceolar, serrate, smooth. Corymbs very large, decompound. 
Flowers pretty large, very numerous, of a purplish rose co- 
lour. lorets equal, generally five. Style shorter than the 
stamens. Chaff of the seeds, or pappus lanceolate ; that of the 
receptacle linear lanceolate. 


SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA, 


ARTIMISIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1281. 


Receptacle sub-villous, or nearly naked. Pappus none, 
Calyx imbricated with pouieited, converging scales, florets 
—_— none. 
7 A. Ai Riceleats R. 3 
-Shrubby, erect. Daecet 1 multifd, smooth ; inact fli 
_ form. Flowers globular, pedicelled, deine: Female flo- 
_ rets from six to eight in the circumference, two or three-tooth- 
ed, with about as pmany five-toothed na cee in oe 
‘ centre: = 45% es 
VOL, IT, 3A meted 


418 SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA. Artimisia. 


A native of the Molucca Islands; the branches and 
branchlets very numerous, smooth and drooping elegantly, 
with numerous minute flowers, pointing directly to the earth. 
Scales of the calyx roundish, membranaceous and smooth ; 
the receptacle of the florets convex and naked. 


2. A. paniculata, Roxb. 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves from bipinnate to simple ; leaflets 
linear, and often gashed. Panicle terminal, loose, Flowers: 
long-pedicelled, erect; florets twenty, all tubular and five- 
toothed, about half of them are hermaphrodite; receptacle 
conical, naked, 

The native place of this plant I cannot well ascertain. It 
was introduced into the Botanic garden from the interior 
parts of Bengal, and in three years it has only attained to the 


height of one or two feet, and is a very slender, sub-erect, 


flaccid, thinly branched, under shrab, Flowering time Fe- 
_ bruary. 

Leaves alternate, petioled, from simple to pinnate, and 
bipinnatifid, being less divided towards the top, till they 
become simple amongst the flowers, Leaflets linear, often 
pinnatifid, or toothed, somewhat hoary, as are also the young 
shoots. Panicle terminal, composed of slender, alternate, sub- 
erect, leafy racemes. Flowers numerous, erect, small, sub-glo- 
bular, yellow, generally one, rarely two, or three, on slender, 

iform, axillary pedicels. Calyx ; leaflets unequal, oblong, 
cave, villous, Corollets twenty or more; about half her- 
maphrodite i in the centre, the other half female in the circum- 
ference ; all are tubular with a five-cleft border. In the her- 


maphrodite ones the segments are recurved; in the female — 


ones incurved, Stigmas very large, somewhat laciniate, and 
truncated, Receptacle conical, naked. 


The smell of the lnk is somewhat like that of ster 


wood, but less ponte 


Artinusia. SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA, 4i9 


3. A. Indica, Willd, iii. ¥B46. 

Herbaceous, erect. Leaves pinnatifid, villous underneath. 
Panicles terminal, flowers drooping, female florets ten, ob- 
liquely truncated, the hermaphrodite ones ten, with gibbous 
tubes; receptacle naked. 

Sans. Dona, or Dana. 

_ Hind, Gund-mar. 
_ Beng. Dona. 
Pers, Arlemasaya. 

Is common in the gardens of the Hindoos throughout 
India, Flowering time the cold season. 

Root ramous, perennial, Stems several, erect, sub-ligneous, 
sometimes biennial; base ramous, striated ; tender parts vil- 
lous ; from four to eight feet high. Leaves alternate, pinnati- 
fid, pretty smooth above, a little downy underneath, but not 
woolly and white as in A, vulgaris ; lobes lanceolate, some- 
what gashed, though generally entire. Floral leaves entire, 
and linear-lanceolate. Panicles terminal, with the ramifica- 
tions and flowers all drooping. /lowers small, globular, nu- 
merous. Hermaphrodite florets about ten in the centre, five- 
cleft, with stamens hid in the gibbous tube. /emale ones 
about the same number in the circumference, obliquely trun- 
cated, and so small as to be with difficulty ee from 
_ the style. Receptacle naked, convex. 

The leaves possess a slightly aromatic smell and bitterish 
taste, similar to those of the common Mugwort which it re- 
sembles in habit, though not in the white woolly covering of 
the under side of the leaves nor in the inflorescence. The 
Hindoos employ it eeseag sd _ also in their eo ce- 

‘remonies, 

A. vulgaris is ais a native of India, said common in gar- 
dens about Calcutta, where it is known to the Hindoos by 
the name Magadana, which is also its Sanscrit appellation. 
Tt must also, I imagine, be a native of Japan, and China, as 


the one I have now described, (A, indica,) has not any of 
3A2 


420 SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA. Artimisia. 


that soft white down on the under side of its leaves, of which 
the moxa is made in those countries. 


4. A. vulgaris, Willd. iii. 1845. 

Herbaceous, erect. Leaves pinnatifid, flat, gashed, tomen- 
tose underneath. Racemes simple, recurved, Flowers erect ; 
ray five-flowered. 

Naga or Naga dona, or Dona, its Sanscrit names, which are 
also its vulgar Hindoostanee, and Bengalee names, Found 
common in gardens in Bengal, where it flowers and ripens its 
seed during the dry season, 


5. A. parviflora, Buch. 

Herbaceous, with horizontal, slender branches, Tender 
parts hoary. Leaves simple, inferior, cuneate, with a dentate 
apex and some linear stipuliform segments at the- base. 
Flowers ovate, drooping. Hermaphrodite florets about eight 
in the centre. Female ones three-toothed, and more numerous 
in the ray. Receptacle naked, _ 

A native of Nepal, from thence the seeds were sent to this 
garden by Dr, Paaneyy where the plants blossom in 
May. 

foot perennial. Stem ascending in an oblique direction. 
Branches many, spreading or dxoopiny , very slender and 
—_ pubescent. _ Branchlets numerous, short, diverging, 
. Leaves sessile, wedge-shaped, with linear, 


Be rm feos nts from the base, the inferior ones with a 


rounded, lobate-dentate apex ; the superior ones with a three 


or five-cleft apex ; those of the floral branchlets most minute 
and entire. Flowers numerous, pedicelled, very minute, ovate, : 


drooping, green. Calyx of a few, large, (for the size of the 
flowers) oval leaflets, Florets from six to ten; hermaphrodite 
ones five-cleft in the centre, and more minute, obscurely 


three-toothed, _ Female ones in the ray. Racmpanion sca! : 


naked, Thaw helenae eats som 3 | 


Peeps s sng cuttin tne ecco P Nts ‘ 
EI Neem qc 2 | hh SST ne ET ne ee keel Ere 


| 
| 
; 
| 
| 


Artimisia, SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA. 421 


6. A, elegans, Roxb. 

Annual, erect, very ramous, smooth. Leaves of the young 
plants many-parted, of the old ones nearly simple, and fas- 
cicled, all are filiform, and smooth, Racemes panicled, 
Flowers globular, pedicelled, nodding, Female florets twelve 
in the ray, five-cleft, ‘ 

This elegant plant was sometime ago received from Gene- 
ral Martin at Lucknow, under the name Abbuttna, and is 
now, October, in full blossom in the Botanic garden; many 
have also been reared from seed sent by the same gentle- 
man. 

Stem while young straight, becoming less so by age and 
then woody. Branches numerous, expanding, with their 
extremities often nodding; whole height from three to six 
feet. Leaves on the stem of young plants multifid with the 
divisions filiform, and smooth ; on old plants and flower-bear- 
ing branchlets fascicled, filiform, undivided, perfectly smooth, 
and very small, being only about a quarter or half an inch 
long, and as fine asa horse hair. lowers numerous, pedi- 
celled, small, yellow, round; the whole extremities of the 
branches forming elegant, nodding panicles, with the flowers 
pointing to the earth. Ca/yx of several roundish, smooth, 
concave scales, lorets, about twelve hermapbrodite ones 
in the disk, and nearly as many, small, five-cleft females in 
the circumference. Siyle in the hermaphrodite ones shorter 
than the florets, with a two-lobed, funnel-shaped_ stigma in 
the females. Jones than the florets, with the stigma two-cleft, 
andsrarolate. 

. The leas y when. braised, emit a faint pleasant odour, 
The plat ularly when young, is uncommonly elegant 

weds in rowed being then straight, with numerous spread- 
ing branches, the extremities thereof forming large, very ra- 
mous, nodding panicles, loaded with numerous, beautiful, 
most minute, sdeeoping:| flowers, sirens 


422 _ SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA, Arlimisia, 


7. A. carnifolia, Buch. 

Annual, erect, with simple, floriferous branches, Leaves 
decompound, smooth on both sides ; leaflets ensiform. Flow- 
_ ers globose, drooping, both hermaphrodite and female florets 
numerous, the latter with gibbous, three-toothed corollets. 
Receptacle hemispheric, smooth. . 


A native of Nepal, from thence introduced by Dr. Bucha- 


nan into this garden, where the plants thrive well and blos- 
som in March and April. 

Stems erect, striated, smooth, Branches axillary, simple, 
reclined, floriferous; height of the whole plant rather under 
one foot. Leaves, the cauline decompound, or more, smooth 
on both sides, ultimate divisions ensiform, those of the branches 
from pinnatifid or pinnate to simple. Flowers solitary in the 
axill of the leaves of the branches, slender, peduncled, droop- 


ing, hemispheric, of a pale greenish yellow, the size of a 


_ grain of black pepper. Calyx, leaflets from oval to oblong, 
with broad, white, membranous margins. Floreis ; herma- 
phrodite numerous in the centre; female numerous in the 
circumference, with gibbous three-toothed margin, Reeep- 
tacle hemispheric, smooth, 


8. A. madraspatana, Willd, 

Annual, procumbent. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, downy 
peduncles one-flowered, Female florets three-toothed. 

acne sage Rheed, Mal. x. t. 49. 

_ A native of dry lands that have been lately in cultivation. 
It flowers during the cold season, 

Richard’s description of this plant is so good, that 1 have 


only to add, that the seeds have a small, ciliate, campaniform 
crown, 7 , 


9. A. hemispheriea, R. 
Annual, erect, ramous, Leaves pinnate ; leaflets some sub- 


Artimisia. SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA, 423. 


linear and others pinnatifid. Flowers solitary, peduncled, 
hemispheric, Hermaphrodite florets four-toothed ; the fe- 
male ones naked, 

A small, erect, ramous annual, of short duration, appear- 
ing in dried up rice fields about Calcutta during the mente 
of February and March. 

Root of many, small, simple fibres, Stem erect, towards 
the apex ramous, round, smooth, except for a few, soft, 
woolly fibres; the whole height from six to eight inches, 
Leaves alternate, pinnate, nearly as long as the stem of the 
_ plant. Leaflets alternate, linear, toothed, gashed or pin- 
natifid. loral leaves small and nearly simple. Flow-. 
ers terminal, hemispheric, solitary, peduncled, with ge- 
nerally a small leaf about the middle of the peduncle, 
in the flowering time erect, afterwards bent to one side, 
drooping. Calyx, exterior leaflets largest. Hermaphro- 
dite florets four-toothed, numerous in the centre; the fe- 
male ones naked and more numerous in the circumfer- 
ence, eceptacie, the seeds from the hermaphrodite florets 
leave hollow pits thereon, whereas those of the ome leave 
sub-columnar elevations, 


10. A, sternutatoria. R. ? rhe Pobasn 

Annual, procumbent, woolly. Leaves sessile, wedge- 
shaped, dentate, downy underneath. lowers axillary, 
sessile; hermaphrodite florets from ten to twelve, four- 
cleft ; the female ones numerous, three-toothed. Receptacle 
naked. 
Beng. Mechitta, also Nukh chiknee. 

Appears with other syngeneseous plants during the latter _ 
part of the cold season, on cultivated land. The whole plant 
does not cover more than about six or eight inches in diame- 
ter, and is the smallest of the genus I have yet met with in 


424 SYNGENESIA SUPFRFLUA. Gnaphaliun. 


Root simple. Stems several, branchy, pressing on the earth ; 
all are somewhat woolly. Leaves numerous, sessile, wedge- 
shaped, deeply dentate, villous, lowers axillary or in the 
divisions of the branches, solitary, sessile, sub-globular. Her- 
maphrodite florets from ten to twelve in the centre, with their 
border four-toothed, coloured, and expanding; the female 
ones very numerous in the circumference, most thinute, with 
the border seemingly three-toothed, and the toothlets meurv- 
ed. Receptacle naked. 

It differs from A. minima in having sessile, downy leaves, 
and numerous flosculi in each flower. The minute sceds are 
used as a sternutatory by the Hindoos. I have often used 
them successfully myself. 


} 


_ GNAPHALIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1282. 
_ Reps naked. Pappus feathery (or simple.) Calyx 


i marginal scales rounded, scariose, coloured. 


1. G, strictum, Roxb. 

Stem straight, annual. Leaves alternate, sessile, linear, 
wedge-shaped, downy. Spikes compound, Aa EET 
Florets yellow, with white woolly calyx, 

__. A small, annual species, growing in dry shady places 
during - _ eee where water has. wiiteta: uring the 


Stem snthigbt i ina sTansirabla soil, eincty+ round, covered 
with soft, whitish down, about a foot long. Leaves sessile, 
linear, wedge-formed, or lanceolate, downy ; size very vari- 
ous. Spikes glomerate, terminal, and from the superior axills. 
Flowers very small, the florets yellow, surrounded with the 


white, woolly, en acute e seales of the calyx." gene 
concave, © dif 4g 


a ee eee ee ee ee 


Gnaphalium. POLYGAMJA SUPERFLUA, 425 


2. G, orixensis, Roxb, 

Annual, erect, simple. Leaves sessile, linear, wedge-shap- 
ed, downy. Flowers in sessile and peduncled heads. Flo- 
rets yellow, with woolly calyx. 


3. G. multicaule, Willd. Sp. Pl. iii, 1888. 

Is a native of similar places with the former, also.annual, 
and flowers during the same season. 

Stem and leaves like those of G. strictum. Flowers also 
similar, but collected in several, small, terminal umbellets, or 


heads, which is the only specific difference. 


4, G, dephatwuté Roxb. 

Annual, procumbent. Radical leaves weilgesliipied ; 3 cau- 
line ones sub-opposite. Head terminal, involved in white 
wool, and involucred. Florets yellow. 

A very minute, prostrate annual; a native of the bottom 
of dried up ponds, in exposed situations. 

Stemnone. Branches many, prostrate, filiform, three or four 
inches long. Leaves few, sub-sessile, wedge-formed or lanceo- 
late, woolly. Flowers exceedingly minute, collected in many, 
glomerate, terminal heads, surrounded with white, very wool- 
ly, leafy involucres, Florets yellow. Female numerous in 
the circumference; hermaphrodite from four to five in the 
centre. . 


5. G, albo-luteum. R. 

Annual, ramous, sub-erect, woolly. Leaves half stem-clasp- 
ing, woolly on both sides; the _— ones Seite 
Flowers conglomerated. 

A native of Boutan, and the banks of rivers issuing from that 
country. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season. 

_ Siem ascending in a winding direction, with few or no 


_ branches, round and clothed with white, soft wool; whole 


height about one foot. Leaves half stem-clasping, theiinie! 


rior ones wedge-shaped, and obtuse, above they are linear, or 
VOL, lt, eB i. 


¥ 


426 — POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. © Conyza. 


tapering to a point; all are covered with white down, parti- 
cularly underneath, from one to two inches long. lowers 
numerous, minute, yellow, collected on terminal fascicles, 
closely impacted together, the whole forming a tolerably 
regular corymb. Calyx woolly, chiefly the inferior parts. 
Hermaphrodite florets about four in the centre, with numer- 
ous three-toothed females in the circumference, Pappus from 
five to eight, simple hairs. Receptacles flat, naked. 


CONYZA. Schreb. gen. N. 1286. 


Receptacle naked. Pappus simple. Calyx imbricated, 
— Florets of the ray female, and three-cleft. 

aC. sivigaalinniicl é : 

Shrubby. Leaves sub-sessile, obovate, erbclatsi Giawe 
compound. Hermaphrodite <iias three ; the female ones 
numerous in the ray. 

A native of the Delta of the Ganges. Flowering time the 
end of the cold season. . 

Stem short, woody, erect, with numerous, ligneous, perma- 
nent, spreading branches; bark pretty smooth, Leaves alter- 
nate, sub-sessile, obovate, remotely and acutely serrulate, 
pretty smooth on both sides; from one to two inches long. 
Corymbs terminal, compound, dense, a little hairy. /lowers 


 sub-cylindric, individually sessile. Bractes ovate, inserted 


3 


round the apices of the common sub-divisions of the corymbs, 
and pressing on the calyx like a calycle. Calyx hairy. Her- 
maphrodite florets generally three in the centre, with numer- 
ous, —— females i in the circumference. 


2. 43. sadkiatain Willd. iii. 1921. ete, 
_ Shrubby, sub-seandent. Tender parts Biker “Lewves 


short-petioled, oblong, somewhat repand-dentate. Flowers . 


terminal, on short, axillary, diverging branchlets. ; 
Sonchus volubilis, Rumph, Amb. v. t. 103. f. 2. bad if 
intended for this plant, which is a native of the Moluccas. 


Conyza.: POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. AQ7 


3. C, balsamifera. Willd, iii, 1924. 

Shrubby, erect, Leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, to- 
mentose, at the base pinnatifid. Corymdbs terminal ; flowers 
sub-cylindric, 

C. odorata, Rumph. Amb, vi, t. 24. f. 1. pretty good. 

A native of the eastern parts of Bengal, from thence intro- 
duced into the Botanic garden at Calcutta, by Dr, Buchanan, 
where it grows to be a large shrub, with an erect, ligneous 
trunk, and branches covered with ash-coloured bark. Flow- 
ering time March and April. 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, lanceolate, irregularly 
serrate and generally more or less pinnatifid at the base, 
downy, particularly underneath, where they are sericeous and 
beautifully reticulated with numerous veins; from six to 
twelve inches long. Petioles short, often ornamented with 
one, two, three, or four, small leaflets. Corymbs terminal, 
numerous, bearing numerous, sub-cylindric, bright yellow 
flowers. Hermaphrodite florets numerous in the centre, the 
Jemale ones numerous in the circumference. 

The whole _ when bruised smells eae y of camphire. 


4. ©. lesiietai Roxb. 
Annual, erect, ramous. Leaves downy, atieuin intisihtads 
with the margins curled, and acutely gash-toothletted, — ita 


nicles terminal ; flowers conical. — : 
A native of Bengal, where it appears and ripens its = seis 
during the cold season. 


Root annual. Stem erect, ramous, particularly near the 
top, striated, villous. Branches expanding, height of the 
whole plant from two to five feet. Leaves alternate, sessile, 
downy on both sides, variously Jaciniate or pinnatifid, with 
the margins curled, acutely gash-toothletted and often ciliate, 
the floral ones, from two inches long, the lower or radical 
ones, six or eight inches long. Panicles terminal, rete 
Flowers pedicelled, very numerous, salons ectniccil Recep- 
tacle convex. ee 


428 POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, Conyza. 


It differs from dacera, in having all the leaves laciniate and 
from terebinthinacea in the inflorescence and flowers. In this 
the panicle is expanded, and oval, and the flowers conical, 
in that corymbiform, and the flowers ovate. 


5. C. lacera. Burin. Ind, 180. t. 59. f. 1. 

Annual, erect. Leaves oval, sharp-toothed, downy. Flow- 
ers sub-umbelled. 

Beny. Bura kooksoong. 

Is a large ramous annual species, a native of dry pasture 
ground near hedges, Flowering during the cold season. 

Stem erect, branchy, particularly near the ground, Leaves 
the lower, or rather the principal leaves of the stem are peti- 
oled, lyred ; the superior ones simply oval, and many times 
smaller ; all are sharp-toothed, pale green, downy, various in 
size. Umbellets terminal, and from the exterior axills pedun- 
cled. Flowers a dull yellow. 

The whole plant has a pretty strong smell of turpentine. 


6, C. aurita. Willd, iii. 1929. 

Annual, erect, ramous, covered with glutinous down. 
Leaves oblong, somewhat lyred, finely-toothed, downy. Pe- 
duncles terminal, bracted, one-flowered. 

This species is also annual, a native of the same places with 
the formef, flowering in the same season. bes 
‘Siem erect, about two feethigh, very ramous, round, cover- 
ed with glutinous down. Leaves, the inferior ones large, 
petioled, oval, slightly lyred ; the superior ones small, linear, 
sessile, runcinate ; all are finely-toothletted, and covered 
with very soft, somewhat glutinous down; size very various. 
Peduncles terminal, bracted, downy, erect, one-flowered, the 

whole forming something like a large flattened panicle. 
This species smells still stronger of turpentine than the 

last described, at the same time the smell is far from being: 
disagreeable. These two promise to contain active principles, 
yet I cannot learn that they have ever bomenphege forany 
use. Cattle never taste either of them. 


Conyza. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, 429 


7. C. diffusa, R. 


Annual, erect, lower branches long, spreading, or droop- 
ing, downy. Inferior leaves sub-lyrate; superior, sessile, 
oblong, serrate-dentate. Flowers terminal. 

A native of Bengal, where it appears during the dry season, 


8, C. fistulosa, Roxb. “ 

Annual, erect, fistulose, downy, Leaves sub-sessile, lan- 
ceolate, sinuous-toothed. Spikes sub-verticelled, 

Annual, a native of dry ground near the mountainous parts 
of the coast. It flowers during the cold season. 

Stem erect, from two to three feet high, piped, branchy, 
striated, downy. Leaves sub-sessile, broad-lanceolate, a little 
hairy, the lower ones sinuous-toothed ; the swperior ones irre- 
gularly toothed ; size various. Spikes terminal, sub-verticel- 
led, long, erect. Flowers numerous, pretty large, purple 
and yellow. Female florets numerous, minute, three-toothed, 
Hermaphrodite twenty in the centre. 


9, C. angustifolia, Roxb. 

Annual, erect. Leaves sessile, linear, entire, downy, Pa- 
nicles terminal; flowers most numerous. 

This plant is annual, and I have only met soi it in “a 
Company’s Botanic garden ; it does not appear to bea native 
of Bengal. [ rather suspect the seed to have been aécidental- 
ly brought in boxes of earth, with other plants from the An- 
damans, . 

Stem simple, erect, striated, somewhat scabrous, without 
branches till within a foot, or eighteen inches of the top, where 
there are several, forming a large oval panicle, the whole 
height of the plant from four to eight feet, Leaves alter- 
nate, sessile ; those of the stem most remotely serrate, and re- 
flected ; those of the branches entire ; all are linear-lanceolate, 
or linearly-clavate, and covered with short hairs; size very 
various. In the axills there are always several small leaves. 
Flowers most numerous, small, of a very pale yellow. Pani- 


430. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, - Conyza. 


cles, the whole top, or ramous part of the plant formsa single, 
large, diffuse one, of an oval form. Calyx hairy. Herma- 
phrodite florets about ten, or twelve, in the centre. The fe- 
male ones numerous, in the circumference they are very mi- 
nute and have the ligulate border three-toothed. 

It is from a plant of this genus, or a Baccharis, Dr, Bucha- 
nan informed. me that the natives of the Andaman Islands 
make their twine for fishing lines; and as the bark of this is 
strong, and peels off in long stripes, it may be the same, 


10. C. bifoliata. Willd. iii, 1920. 

Herbaceous, ascending, downy. Radical leaves short-pe- 
tioled, the cauline ones sessile, all are serrated, dentate, and 
downy. Pedunele long, one-flowered, often with ¢ one or more 
leaf-like bractes near the middle. 

_An annual, a native of dry land, about tee and road 
sides. It flowers during the cold season. 


Stems or branches several, ascending, from nine to twenty- 


four inches high, round, downy. Leaves, the inferior ones 
large, short-petioled; the upper ones small, sessile, all are 
obovate-oblong, downy, serrate, serratures acute. Flowers 
many, terminal, long-peduncled, yellow. Peduneles filiform, 
straight, often leaf-bearing near the middle, the number in 


any plant is uncertain, but generally more than two. Seales 


of the calyx linear, ale 
vt ast Tie) tis 
= Cc. eenstiida: Sek. 
bby, Leaves from pinnatifid, and bipimatiid 


on a the stem, to to Fineas; and nearly simple, amongst the flowers, 


soft and villous. Corymbs terminal, compound, Flowers 


oval, with about five hermaphrodite florets in the centre, and 


many female ones in the ray, all fertile, 


A native of Nepal. It flowers in the cold season in the Bo- 


tanic Gerson. 


hho od = Gh ieee bee 


12, Coniitmat ao see 
‘Shrabby ; ; ramifications numerous and ethic Ses 


Conyza. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. 431 


linear-lanceolate, entire, decurrent. Peduncles terminal, be- 
coming axillary, often winged, and then with a leaf near the 
solitary flower. Calycine ae subulate, the exterior ones 
recurved, 
. Found in Nepal by Dr. Buichata who sent the seeds to 
the Botanic garden where the plants blossom during the hot 
season. ' 


13. C. repanda. R. 

Annual, straight, ramous. Leaves stem-clasping, not de- 
current, lanceolar, repand-denticulate. Flowers numerous, 
on the branchlets ovate. ) 

From Pegu introduced into the Botanic garden where it 
appears about the close of the rains, flowering and ripening 
its seed from December till May. 

Root annual, Stem straight to the top of the plant, from 
three to six feet high, slightly striated, and somewhat pubes- 
cent. Branches numerous, alternate, nearly erect, with al- 
ternate, simple or decompound, floriferous branchlets. Leaves 
alternate,stem-clasping, but not decurrent ; those of the stem 
large, broad-lanceolate, tapering most toward the base, where 
they expand into two lobes, one on each side of the stem; 
the margins repand, and dentate, from six to ten inches long. 
Those of the branches and branchlets very small; all are 
harsh to the feel, and a little hairy. Flowers ovale, smal], 
yellow, in little, rather remote, alternate fascicles, on the 
branchlets, some sessile, some short-peduncled. Scales of the 
calyx linear, with scariose, ciliate margins. Corollets from 
ten to twenty, five-toothed, hermaphrodite in the centre, 
numerous, and most slender, three-toothed females in the cir- 
cumference. Pappus of simple white hairs, Receptacle flat, 
dotted. 


14. C. salicifolia, Willd, iii, 1939. o 
Shrubby. Leaves linear-lanceolar, entire, downy under- 
soni, Cory ymbs terminal, densely ramous, her ai with one 


432 POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, Erigeron. 


hermaphrodite floret in the centre, and many most slender 
females in the ray, 
A native of the Mauritius, where it blossoms in September. 


15. C, lanceolaria. R. 

Perennial, erect, from four to six feet high. Leaves lan- 
ceolar, serrate, smooth ; petioles sub-pinnatifid-winged, but 
not decurrent, Flowers panicled, sub-ovate. 

Furmol, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indige- 
nous and an article of the Materia Medica of that district, 
It flowers during the months of February and March, and the 
seed ripens in about two months. 


ERIGERON. Schreb. gen. N. 1287. 
Receptacle naked, Pappus hairy. Florets of the ray fe- 
male, ligulate, and very narrow, 


_ E. asteroides, Roxb. 

Annual, hairy, and glutinous, Branches longer than the 
stem, Leaves oblong, gashed, downy. Flowers a few, ter- 
minal, peduncled ; Ae of the ray numerous, long and 
slender, 
_ An annual, a native of dry cultivated lands. It flowers dur- 
ing the cold season. 

Stem erect, from six to twelve inches high, ramous near 
the ground, round, hairy, Branches ascending, loriger than 
the stem. Leaves alternate ; the inferior ones short-petioled, 
oval or obovate, sity toothed the superior ones sessile, ob- 
long, sub-lyred ; all are covered with soft down, and are some- 
what glutinous, Flowers a few, terminal, peduncled, large, 
flat. Hermaphrodite florets of the disk yellow ; the female 
ones ligulate ; those of the border blue, generally entire, and 
only emarginate. 


Aster. - POLYGAMIA SUPBRFLUA, «433 


SENECIO. Schreb. gen. N. 1290. 
Calya cylindrical, calycled, apices dead. Receptacle 
naked. Pappus simple. Floreés of the disk male, of the ray 
female. 


S. Moluccana. R. 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves sessile, from cuneiform to elliptic, 
very remotely serrate-dentate. Corymbs terminal. Corols 
naked. 

A native of the Molucea Islands. 


ASTER. Schreb. gen. N. 1291. 


Receptacle naked. Pappus simple. Florets of the ray 
ligulate and more than ten, Calyx imbricated ; lower scales 
spreading. 


1. A, chinensis, Willd, iii, 2038. 

Annual, hairy. Leaves sub-oval, deeply serrate, or gash- 
ed, and ciliate with winged, ptcaclespite, petioles, Flowers 
terminal, solitary, 

A, chenopodii folio, &c. Dill, Elth, t. 34. f. 38. 

From Nepal, where it is ndigenous, Dr, Buchanan sent ‘the 
seed to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, under the name Gay- 
natus, which is its vernacular one in that country. 


2s ie trinervius. Roxb. 

Shrubby, scandent. Leaves sessile, entire, and serrate, 
three-nerved. Panicle terminal, thin. 

A hative of Nepal, from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the - 
seeds to the Botanic garden, where the plant blossomed in 
November and December, when about two years old. 

This handsome, shrubby species does not seem to require 
any further description than the above. The original plant _ 
did not produce ripe seed, and perished when three years old, 

you, Il, 3c 


— 434 POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, Tagetes. 


DORONICUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1297. 


Receptacle naked. Calyx imbricated. Seeds of the disk 
with a simple, hairy pappus ; those of the ray naked. 


D. calearatum, R. 

Annual, erect, ramous, and slender. Leaves stem-clasp- 
ing, Sagittate, serrate. _ 

Jacobea perfoliata. Burm. Zeyl. t. 55. f. 2. 

Inula Indica, Willd. iii. 2092. . 

Teling. Paleroopoo. \ 

An annual, growing under the shade of trees, on an uncul- 
tivated dry soil. It flowers during the cold season. 

Siem erect, ramous, round, coloured, a little hairy ; from 
one to three feet high. Leaves stem-clasping, sagittate, irre- 
gularly serrate, somewhat downy. Flowers many, terminal, 
peduncled, pretty large, yellow. Florets ; female of the ray 
tongued, linear, three-toothed, in the fissures of the mouth of 
the tube there stands a filiform recurved spur opposite to 
- the tongue, This is an excellent specific mark, \Seeds of the 
female florets, naked, smooth ; those of the hermaphrodites 
hairy, and crowned with ae pappus. Receptacle convex, 
naked, 


c TAGETES. Schreb. gen. N. 1302. | 
; acle naked. -Pappus of five, erect awns. Calyx 
one-leaved, five-toothed. Florets of the ray four or five, ee 
manent. 


Fg 


1. T. patula, Willd. ili, 2126, 


selrate, 
Pers. Gool Jafree, > ae gddvede otucbanl ege- 
Beng, Genda, “See es Hite : a 


“Annual, ramous, spreading. Leaves + lanceolate, ciliate- 


ianeeeiiaaidaumauieies 


Zinnia, POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, 435 


2. T. erecta. Willd. ‘i, 2127. 

_ Annual, erect, ramous, eaves lanceolate, eiliite-serdilte. 
Peduncles naked, one-flowered. 

Beng. Genda. 

If originally from Mexico, like Tobacco, they have now 
become denizens of the East, and considered as indigenous, 
particularly in Persia and China, They blossom during the 
coolest season in the Botanic garden at Calcutta. 


ZINNIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1304. 


Receptacle chatty. Pappus of two straight awns, Calyx 
sub-ovate, imbricate. islet 


Z. bidens. Retz. Obs. v. 28. 

Leaves pimnatifid. Flowers peduncled, hermaphrodite; 
florets four-cleft. 

Is a rare plant on the coast of Coromandel, I have only 
found it amongst the Circar mountains during the rainy sea- 
son, when it flowers. zi ‘ ; 

Root woody, perennial. Stem erect, frequently ramous, 
and from six to eighteen inches high, Leaves radical, many, 
petioled, pinnatifid, smooth ; divisions linear, those of the stem 
sub-sessile, otherwise they are like those of the root. Flowers 
a few, terminal, peduncled, small, yellow. Calyx simple, 
from eight to ten-leaved. Hermaphrodite floreis of the disk 


_ from seven to twelve, four-cleft. Female florets of the ray 


from five to ten. Stamens four. Seeds, those of the ray short- 
est, all compressed, striated, and two-horned ; horns straight, 

divaricate, acute, armed with short, stiff biirs pointing back- 
wards, by these they adhere en to ———— touches 
them. 

_ Note. Willdenow has on some hbiadieaial shietale 
gdotd Retzius’s Z, bidens, which I know to be this pon 


+3 C2: 


as I was with ore) when he first diccqrertt and described 


436 _ POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.  Pyrethrum. 


it, for Verbesina Boswellia, a very ramous, cespitose plant ; 
whereas this is rigidly erect. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1307. 


Receptacle naked, Pappus none. Calyx hemispherical, 
imbricated ; the marginal scales membranaceous. 


1. C. Indicum, Willd, iii, 2147. 

Diffuse, perennial. Leaves variously divided. All the flo- 
rets ligulate, 

Tsjetti pu. Rheed, Mal. x. t. 44. 

Matricaria Chinensis. Rumph. Amb. vy. t. 91 f. 1. bad. 

Teling. Chamunti. 

Common in gardens all over India, where one name, Gool- 
daoodi of the Hindoos, serves for all the varieties. Flowers 
_ ing time the cold season. 


2. C. cuneatum. R. 

Perennial, diffuse, or creeping. Leaves sessile, wedge- 
shaped, deeply serrate, or gashed round the anterior margins. 
Flowers solitary, whitish ; scales of the ealyx cuneate, and 
ciliate. 

_A native of the Moluccas, ‘ 


- PYRETHRUM. Schreb. 


Reveplbih eka Pappus emarginate, Calyx heenit- 
pheric, imbricate. Scales rather acute, with seariose margins. 


P. Indicum. R, as 

Annual, erect, ramous, glancont: Leaves stem-clasping, 
pinnatifid. Branches Conigemons 5 flowers eRe 
times radiate, 

A native of Bengal. Sthaaaicsplaick pets a 
= feos teens ee 4 


Cotula, POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, 437 


Root annual, ramous, Stem short, furnishing numerous, 
approximate, erect branches, particularly near the base, which 
are at first simple, but as the plants advance, they furnish a 
branchlet from the axill of each leaf; all are round, smooth, 
and glaucous ; general height of the whole plant from one to 
two feet. Leaves alternate, one under each branch and 
branchlet, linear, stem-clasping,, bipinnatifid, and pinnatifid ; 
segments sometimes obtuse, others triflingly acute, from one 
to three inches long. Flowers large, of a lively yellow, soli- 
tary, on long terminal, round, glaucous, smooth peduncles, 
Calyx ; scales oblong, imbricated ; margins scariose. Corol, 
it is in general entirely cobigdesil of numerous, hermaphro- 
dite, tubular, five-cleft florets ; more rarely radiate with ligu- 
late, three-toothed females. Seeds with a margin round the 
apex, which often projects inward like a hornlet, Reeepta- 
cle convex, naked, dotted. 


MATRICARIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1308. 


Calyx hemispherical, imbricated ; marginal scales sotid: 
—_—" — Pappus none. 


M. seediibon Willd. iii, 2161. 
Annual, erect, ramous. Leaves cuipbrididealipsandagil fili- 


form ; ray white ; disk yellow. Receptacle conical. 


A native of Hindoostan, and Persia. Flowering time the 
cold season in the Botanic garden, 


ie eee F ‘ . 


COTULA. Schreb. gen. N. 1310. 
‘Receptacte almost naked. Pappus marginate. Florets 


of the disk four-cleft ; of the ray, scarcely any. 


©. sinapifolia. Buch. oe 
’ Annual, sub-erect. Leaves alternate, petioled, pions 
or lyrate, serrate, hairy. Flowers semeees: emall; swb-ter- 


= minal, eens 


438 : - POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. Eelipta. 


A native of Nepal, from whence Dr. Buchanan sent the 
seeds to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where the plants 
blossom in May. 

Stem nearly erect, a little hairy, succulent, with few as- 
cending branches ; height of our plants at Calcutta, from six 
to twelve inches. Leaves alternate, petioled, pinnatifid, ser- 
rate, rugose, a little hairy, and harsh to the feel. /owers 
peduncled, terminal, several together, small, globular, in the 
centre yellow, in the ray silver-coloured. Calyx from twelve 
to sixteen-leaved. Florets of the centre hermaphrodite, yel- 
low, four-cleft ; those of the ray female, more numerous, white, 
smaller, and two or three-toothed. Receptacle hemispheric, 
naked. Seeds crowned with a callous margin, and often with 
two small, tender bristles. 


: ECLIPTA. Schreb. gen. N. 1316. 
Receptacle chatfy, Pappus none. Florets of the disk her- 


maphrodite and four-cleft ; those of the ray female, and ligu- 
late. 


E, prostrata, Willd. iii. 2218. 

Annual, scabrous, from erect, to prostate. Leaves oppo- 
site, sub-sessile, lanceolate, serrate. _Peduncles axillary, one, 
=~ or three together, one-flowered, Seeds scabrous. 


~ Ecliptica. Rumph. Amb. vi. i. 18. I 2. 

Beng. Kesuti, or Keysuria. 

Cajenneam. Rheed. Mal. x. t. 41, tolerable for 2 a young 
luxuriant plant. 

Eupatoriophalacron, &c. Dill. Elth. t, 113. f. 137, 138. 

Verbesina prostrata, and alba, Sp. Pi. 1272, and I sus- 
pect E. erecta, punctata, and prostrata, z are only one and the 
same species, or at most but accidental varieties, from age, 
soil, and situation ; at least I have never found any other in 
India to compare with them. — 

Very common in India, oakt in Shicanien al the veo" which 
is uncommon in this class, 


Siegesbeckia. | POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. 439 


— In tattooing, the natives after puncturing the skin, rub the 
juicy green leaves of this plant over the part; which gives 
the desired indelible colour, viz. a deep bluish black. 


SIEGESBECKIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1320. 


Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none; extertor calyx five- 
leaved. | 


1. S. orientalis. Willd, ini, 2219. 

Annual, erect; branches dichotomous or. trichotomous. 
Leaves opposite, from triangularly ovate, to lanceolate, the 
larger obtusely laciniate. Peduncles from the fork of the 
branches, one-flowered. 

A native of the Moluccas, — 

This has the inversely pyramidal, tubercled, brown, bald 
seed of Geertner’s plant, which induces me to think it is his, 
though the leaves do not agree. 


2. 8. brachiata. Roxb. 
Annual, erect, brachiate, ultimately dichotomous. Leaves 
opposite, petioled, triangularly cordate, = serrate, pee 
_ lyx longer than the florets. b 
An annual, a native of the moist vallies among the Circar 
mountains, Flowering time the cold season. 
Stem erect, round, piped, branchy, downy. Branches cross- 
armed, stem-like ; the whole height about four feet. Leaves 
opposite, petioled, cordate, coarsely ‘serrate, running down 
the petiole, very soft, downy ; the longer ones are from four to 
five inches long, and three broad. Flowers terminal, small, 
yellow. Leaflets of the common exterior calyx, wedge-form- 
ed, increasing in length till the seeds are ripe; on the outside 


glutinous bulbs. Hermaphrodite florets ten, shorter than the 
calyx ; five of which stand in the disk; the other adie i 
- alternate with the five female florets i in the ~ 


they have simple baits; and on the inside they end in green 


440 POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, Verbesina. 


There is no other interior calyx than the obtuse, boat-like 
_ chaff of the receptacle ; their number is equal to that of the 
female florets which they embrace, they are covered on the 
outside with hairs,each ending in a green glutinous bulb, 


VERBESINA. Schreb. gen. N. 1317. 


Receptacle chaffy. Pappus awned, or none. Calyx sim- 
ple, or in a double order, : 


1. V. ealendulacea, Willd. iii, 2226. . 

Perennial, creeping. Leaves opposite, broad-lanceolate, 
serrate. Peduncles very long, one-flowered. Calyx five- 
leaved. Female florets eleven. 

Beng. Bangra. 

Pee-cajoni. Rheed. Mal. x, t. 42. 

Caltha, &c, Burm. Zeyl. t. 22. f. 1. — 

Grows amongst bushes or wet lands near Calcutta. 
Flowering during the rains. 

Stems annual, creeping, or climbing ; branchlets sub-erect, 
round, somewhat scabrous, from one to pati feet long. Leaves 
opposite, sessile, broad-lanceolate, sometimes most slightly 
and remotely serrate, on both sides scattered. with short, stiff, 
white hairs issuing from dark green pits, from two to four 


| cca long. Pedenniee axillary, solitary, longer than the 


leaves, erect, round, a little hairy, one-flowered. Flowers 
_ pretty large, ofa bright yellow. Calyx five-leaved, Herma- 

phrodite florets from twenty to thirty, Female ones from ten 
to fifteen, with their apices three-toothed, Seeds angular, 
crowned with a variously divided coronet. Receptacles con- 
vex, chafty ; chaff lanceolate, 

The plant is void of smell, but has a slight ‘cates 
ceous taste, | 


2. ¥. biflora, Wild, iii, 2296, 
Exect, annual. Leaves opposite, stelle ovate-lanceolate 


Oe OTE ee ym 


Verbesina, POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, 441 


serrate, lowers terminal, three-fold s the middle one often 
sessile. Calyx many-leaved, 

Vallia-manga-mari. Rheed, Mal. x. t. 40. 

A native of various parts of India. It flowers in the cold 
season. 


3. V. scandens, Roxb. 

Perennial, scandent, Leaves opposite, petioled, cordate, 
serrate, three-nerved. lowers terminal, tern, and solitary. 
Calyx double. Female florets eight. 

Beng. Bim-raj. : 

Is perennial, a native of hedges, uncultivated places, &c. 
about Calcutta. It flowers during the rainy and cold seasons. 

Stem long, straggling, or climbing, often as thick as the 
little finger, smooth. Branches opposite, somewhat four- 
sided. Leaves opposite, petioled, cordate, serrate, pointed, 
three-nerved, a little hairy, particularly the nerves, from two 
to four inches long. Petioles channelled, half the length of 
the leaves. Peduncles terminal, generally three-fold, erect, 
the lateral ones tbree-flowered, white, that of the centre has 
only one, Flowers pretty large, of a bright yellow. Fiorets, 

about twenty hermaphrodite ones, and eight or ten female 
ones with their apices two or three-toothed. Seeds turbinate, 
angular, scabrous. Receptacle chaffy, a little convex ; the 
chaff wedge-formed, concave, hairy. 

This plant, like the last, has no smell; but tastes slightly 
terebinthaceous, 


A.V. sativa, Roxb. © 

Annual, erect, hispid, Leaves opposite, stem-clasping, 
cordate-lanceolate, serrate, Flowers terminal, long-pedun- 
cled, two or three-fold. : ; 

Karamdoo of the inhabitants of the Mysore country, where 
the plant is cultivated in the fields for its seed, from which 
an oil is expressed, and used as a substitute for the common 
sesamum oil, It is also cultivated in the vicinity of Nagpore, 

VOL, UI, $P 


442 POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, Verbesina. 


and in various other parts of India, for the same purpose. In 
1800, the seeds were received into the Botanic garden from 
H, Colebrooke, Esq. the resident at the Court of the Berar 

Raja, and from Mr, Heyne at Bangalore. : 

The usual season for cultivating this plant, is during the 
cool months, between October and March. 

Stem annual, erect, round, harsh, with white, slender, 
curved bristles.. Branches opposite, expanding ; the height 
of the whole plant, in a good soil, about three feet; the parts 
exposed to the sun tinged with purple. Leaves opposite, 
stem-clasping, linear-lanceolate, with cordate, almost perfoli- 
ate bases, remotely serrate, somewhat harsh but not so much 
so as the stem and branches; from four to six inches long, 
and from one to two broad at the base. Peduncles terminal, 
generally two or three together, though: sometimes solitary, 
one-flowered, round, hairy ; from three to six inches long. 
Flowers large, beautiful, of a bright lively yellow, inodorous. 
Calyx, common, ‘simple, five-leaved ; leaflets ovate, villous. 
Hermaphrodite florets numerous in the centre, five-toothed. 
Female florets about eight or ten in the circumference, broad 
tongue-shaped, three-toothed. Seeds of both the hermaphro- 
dite and female florets smooth, dark, of a blackish brown 
colour,nearly four-sided, with the angles rounded and taper- 
ing to the base. Receptacle convex, chafly. Chaff concave, 
one to each floret embracing the exterior side of the seed. 
Reneg of the female florets larger. 


5. V. Lavenia. Fl. Zeyl, 310. 

Annual, erect, hairy. Leaves opposite, and alternate, pe- 
tioled, from cordate to oblong, three-nerved, serrate, hairy. 
Seeds of the disk two-horned, those of the ray three. 

Lavenia erecta, Willd, iii, 1724, 

Pu-tumba, Rheed. Mal. x. t. 63. a bad figure, and. that 
of Burman’s Zeyl. t. 42, is still worse. 

An annual, a native of dry rubbish, and.lands that have 
lately been in cultivation. It flowers most part of the yea" 


Helianthus, SYNGENESIA FRUSTRANEA, 443 . 


Stem erect, round, hispid, branchy ; the whole plant two 
or three feet high. Branches below opposite, above often 
alternate, or two-forked. Leaves short-petioled, opposite or 
alternate with the branches, in young luxuriant plants cor- 
date, in others oblong, or broad-lanceolate, pointed, three- 
nerved, serrate, scabrous and downy ; size very various. Pe- 
duncles solitary, leaf-opposed or in the divisions of the 
branches, round, scabrous, one-flowered, Flowers small, 
white, Calyx common, simple, five-leaved, Hermaphrodite 
florets from ten to fifteen in the disk ; and five female ones 
in the ray. Seeds of the ray three-horned, and three-sided ; 
those of the disk compressed and two-horned. Chaff of the 
receptacle linear ; apex from three to four-toothed, 

This has a faint, pleasant, aromatic smell, 


6. V. Boswellia, Willd, iti, 2225. 
Annual, cespitose. Leaves alternate, and divided into nu- 


merous capillary segments, 


A native of Coromandel, where it appears on low sandy 
moist ground during the dry season, 

Willdenow dlega f Bes Zinnia bidens (Retz. Obs, vi, 28,) to 
be this plant. It is very different, and according to my idea, 
a very perfect Zinnia, with a herbaceous, rigidly erect stem, 
and pinnatifid leaves; whereas this lies flat on the ground, 
and leaves bi- and tripinnate. 


_SYNGENESIA FRUSTRANEA, 


HELIANTHUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1322. 


Calyx imbricate, somewhat squarrose, Pappus two-leav- 
ed. fecentacls chaffy, flat. 


AH. annuus, Willd. i iii, 2237. - 
All the leaves cordate, three-neryed, _ Pedeles thicken 
Me: Flowers drooping. 


3D2 


Add SYNGENESTA FRUSTRANEA, Centaurea. 


_ Beng. Soorja mookee. 

Pers, Gooli-aftab. 

Of this we have several varieties from China, and Persia, 
and although originally from Peru, it may now without much 
impropriety, be inserted here, as an Indian plant. 


CENTAUREA. Schreb. gen. N. 1331. 


Calyx imbricate. Florets of the ray funnel-formed, longer 
and irregular. Receptacle bristly. Pappus simple. 


1. C, moschata, Willd. iii, 2278. 

Calyx with roundish-ovate, smooth scale. Leaves lyrate- 
toothed, : eis | 

Hind. Shah-pusund. 

In gardens all over India, where it flowers during the cold 
— and is considered a native of Persia. : 


2. C. lanata, Roxb. 
Annual, ramous, woolly. The inferior leaves petioled and 
sub-pinnatifid ; the superior ones, sessile, lanceolar, Scales 
of the calyx with scariose pectinate margins. Gc 
Found by Richard Pierard, Esq. on a mountain in the vici- 
nity of Hurdwar. From the specimens collected by that gen- 
tleman, seeds were obtained which produced abundance of 
_ plants in this garden which blossomed in April and May. 
Stem erect, soon dividing into many, alternate, sub-erect, 
somewhat angular, woolly branches; the whole height from 
twelve to eighteen inches, Leaves numerous, approximate, 
the inferior ones petioled and pinnatifid; the superior ones 
sessile, lanceolar and linear-oblong, about the middle of the 
plant they are remotely denticulate, while those near the 
flowers are entire, all are woolly on both surfaces; from tw? 
to six inches Jong. Peduneles terminal, solitary, short, 0n€- 
flowered ; size and colour of the flowers nearly as. in C. 
eyanus, Scales of the calyx chlo aa a broad, ' 


Spheranthus, | SYNGENESIA SEGREGATA, 445 


e 
pectinate border round the anterior margins. /Veuter florets 
from eight to ten, with a filiform, long, curved tube. Seeds 
oblong, smooth. Pappus bristly in the circumference, chaffy 
in the centre. Receptacle bristly. 


SYNGENESIA SEGREGATA. 


ELEPHANTOPUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1347. 


Partial perianth tour-flowered. Florets tubular, herma- 
phrodite. Receptacle naked. Pappus bristly. 


E. scaber. Willd. iii, 2389. 

Herbaceous. Leaves chiefly radical, oot oblong, very 
hairy. Heads peduncled and sessile. Involucre three-leay- 
ed, many-flowered. 

Ana schovadi, Rheed, Mal, x. p. 13. t. 7. 
~ Beng. Samdullum. 

A native of the warmer parts of India, delighting in a dry 
elevated soil ; flowering time the cold season, 

Root fibrous, biennial or more. Stem erect, rigid, ramous, 
round, hairy, about one foot high, and as thick as a stout quill. 
Leaves chiefly radical}, halfstem-clasping, spreading flaton the 
surface of the earth, oblong, wrinkled, crenulate, very hairy. 
The cauline leaves are few, much smaller, and at the insertion _ 
of the branches only. Heads solitary, terminal on long pe- 
duncles with a sessile one at the base of each of the long 
peduncles. Involucre, or common perianth of three sessile, 
cordate, hairy leaflets, embracing numerous fascicles of co- 
rollets, Perianth, partial, many-leaved, four-flowered, Flo- 
rets tubular; the hermaphrodite ones pale red. Pappus of 
five hairy bristles. 3 


SPHERANTHUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1352. 
Partial perianth eight-flowered, Florets tubular, a few 


4AG SYNGENESIA SEGREGATA. E'chinops, 


3 5 
hermaphrodite ones are mixed with more obscure females. 
Receptacle scaly. Pappus none. 


1. S. mollis. R. 

Annual, winged. Leaves sessile, decurrent, long-obovate, 
bristle-serrate, downy and glutinous, Peduncles as long as 
the leaves; scales of the perianth lanceolate, and ciliate, . 
Female florets fiilform. 

Adaca-manjen. Rheed. Mal. x, t. 43, 

An annual, a native of dry land that has been Jately in cul- 
tivation. It flowers during the cold season. 

Stem scarcely any, but many expanding, dichotomous, 
winged branches; these wings are irregularly toothed and 
take their rise from the insertions of the leaves; the whole 

plant is from one to two feet high. Leaves sessile, decurrent, 

oblong, obtuse, bristle-serrate, covered on both sides with soft, 
glutinous down. Flowers solitary, leaf-opposed, or terminal, ; 
peduncled, globular, rose-coloured, or inclining to purple. 
Pedunceles winged, branch-like. Calyx, perianthium, com- 
mon. scarcely any ; partial one many-leaved ; leaflets linear- 
lanceolate, and ciliate. 

This plant is remarkably fragrant; it certainly might be 
applied to valuable purposes in medicine. 


2.8. Indicus, Willd. iti, 2394) — ae 
; ged. Leaves lanceolate, decurrent, serrate, 


» panicles’ short, winged ; scales of the proper pe- 
rianth | cuneate, and smooth, Female florets about oor 
and gibbous, 

A native of Bengal, where it flowers in the cold season. 
This species is sarfoctl y inodorous, whereas 8S. —— is iA 


fragrant. 


-ECHINOPS. Schreb. gen. N. 1353. : 
Partial perianth one-flowered. Florets tubular, herma- 
phrodite. Receptacle bristly. Pappus obscure. 


Cesulia, POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA, 447 


E. echinatus. Roxb. 

Annual, ramous, spreading. Heads globular, spinous, 
Partial perianth double;* the exterior one imbricated, 
many-leaved ; the interior oniedien ved; five-cleft. 

A native of Mysore, from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the 
seed to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where the plants 
thrive luxuriantly, and blossom about the beginning of the 
hot season in February and March. 

Root annual. Stem scarcely any, but many, dichotomous, 
round, villous branches spreading in every direction ; height 
of the luxuriant plants in the Botanic garden, not more than 
two feet, but covering an extent of ground fully twice that in 
diameter, Leaves stem-clasping, runcinate, spinous-toothed, 
villous above, and tomentose, or cottony underneath. Heads 
of fiowers terminal, solitary, globular, white. Common pe- 
rianth of several, totally reflexed, spatulate, laciniate, ciliate, 
permanent scales. Proper perianth double, one-flowered ; 
the exterior one of several, acute, imbricated scales, surround- 
ed with much long hair, here and there one of the scales end- 
ing in a long, straight, simple spine, which projects a little 
beyond the flowers ; the inner or proper perianth, one-leaved. 
Tube gibbous. Border five-parted ; division unequal, and 
ciliate. Florets, tube cylindric ; divisions of the border re- 
volute. Seeds hairy, enclosed in the tube of the inner proper 
perianth. Receptacle globular, naked. 


% CESULIA. R. 
Cale common, many-leaved, Partial perianth one-leav- 


ed, one-flowered. Florets tubular, hermaphrodite, Re 


— sakod.: Pappus none. 


“C. axillaris, Willd. iii. 1796. Corom. pl. 1. N. 93. 
Annual, creeping near the base. Leaves alternate, lan- 
ceolate, serrate. _ Flowers, pie sessile, : ss 


a 1 nah cite if the large PIRES 
surrounds the many-leaved, imbricated one, can be so ama 


448 POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA, Hingtsha. 


A native of moist places. It flowers during the wet season. 
Stems annual, towards the base creeping, and branchy, 
above erect, round, smooth, the erect parts from nine to fif- 
teen inches high. Leaves alternate, stem-clasping, lanceo- 
late, serrate, smooth, with the base much expanded, so as to 
form a cup-like receptacle for the flower. Flowers axillary, 
single, sessile, of a beautiful light purple. Common perianth 
many-leaved, unequal; the exterior two or three that are 
placed on the sides,are the largest, and end like a leaf. Par- 
tial perianth one-flowered, one-leaved, campanulate, smooth, 
contracted, margin two-cleft, permanent. Corol compound. : 
Florets numerous, all hermaphrodite, equal ;, éube longer 
than the perianth; border five-cleft, spreading. Filaments 
five, as in the class, Germ oyate, Stigma two-cleft, Peri- 
carp none, the belly of the partial perianth closely envelop- 
ing each seed, and forming its exterior covering. Seed one, 
wedge-formed, somewhat four-sided, crowned with the two 
divisions of the mouth of the partial perianth. 

_Lhbelieve Dr. Konig never saw this plant, to me it seems as 
if it would form a new genus. 


HINGTSHA. R ‘: 

Calyx, common four-leayed. Partial perianth one-leay- 
ed, one-flowered, Florets hermaphrodite, tubular, five-clelt 
_ inthe disk ; the female ones sub-ligulate, from three to four- 
toothed i in the ray. Receptacle naked. Pappus none. - 

HL. over, ‘Roxb, 

Beng. Hingtsha. 

A native of Bengal, delighting in a moist rich soil, and of- 
ten extending itself considerably over the surface of the ad- 
joining pools of water. Flowering time the cold and 
seasons, 

Stems creeping, ramous, round, hairy, jointed ; length very 
various ; = appear to be — eset: ee 2 


* 


Hingtsha, POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA. Bae |) 


stem-clasping, linear lanceolate, remotely serrate, a few dis- 
tinct, woolly hairs over the under side of the nerve chiefly, and 
marked with numerous glands; from one to two inches long. 
Flowers solitary, sessile, terminal, or in the divisions of the 
branchlets. Calyx, common, four-leaved, leaflets cordate, 
obtuse, the interior pair smaller, all are entire, smooth, fleshy 
and permanent. The partial calyx one-leaved, spathiform, 
enveloping the germ, open on the inside, where the margins 
overlap each other; mouth contracted, ciliate and divided. 
Corol compound, uniform, convex. Flores hermaphrodite, 
many in the disk ; the female ones margin the circumference; 
the hermaphrodite ones funnel-shaped, five-cleft; the females’ 
sub-ligulate, the inner fissure being much deeper; border 
very short, from three to four-toothed. Stamens in the her- 
maphrodite florets five, the anthers coalesced, Pis¢?d in all 
the germs oblong, and the stigma two-cleft, Pericarpium 
none, the calyx unchanged envelopes the oblong, smooth, 
black seed, which is destitute of crown or pappus. Recep- 
tacle flat, naked. 


r] 


3 VOL. it. ae tier a ocbts be ore ee 2 ee eae: 


CLASS XX. 


GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. 


ORCHIS. Schreb. gen. N. —— 
Nectary horn-shaped behind the flower. 


1. O. platyphyllos, Willd, iv, 11. 

Bulbs undivided ; lip of the nectary roundish, three-part- 
ed ; middle divisions lanceolate, horn twice the length of the 
germ, Leaves oval, spreading close on the surface of the 
‘earth. Racemes erect. 


2. O. plantaginea, Corom, pl. 1. N. 37. 

A native of moist vallies among the Circar hills. Flower- 
ing in the rainy season, 

Root a bulb, perennial, generally single, undivided, ovate, 
of the size of a pigeon’s egg, with a few fungous, villous 
fibres issuing from the base of the scape near its insertion in 


: _ the top of the bulb. Leaves froni four to eight, radical, 
pressing on the earth, broad, oval, smooth, of a deep shining 


green, fleshy, slightly marked with many nerves, about four 
inches long, and three broad, Scape erect, about a foot, or 
a foot and a half high, including the flower-bearing part, aS 
thick as a goose-quill, round, smooth; at every inch and a 
half or two inches, there is a lanceolate, foliaceous sheath. 

Spike from four to six inches long, every where surrounded 
with flowers, Flowers numerous, single-bracted, white, fra- 
grant, Bractes single, one-flowered, lanceolate, nerved, 4 
long as the germ, Corol, three exterior petals saarly es 


Orchis. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA., 45] 


two interior, small, obliquely oblong, erect, forming a dome 
over the anthers. Nectary, upper lip short; the under one 
three-parted, middle division long, narrow-pointed, recurv- 
ed. Horn nearly twice the length of the germ, 


3. O. commelinefolia. R. 

Lip three-parted. Segments filiform ; horn filiform, twice 
the length of the long taper-pointed germ; tubers from two 
to four, fusiform, thin, leafy ; eaves lanceolate, sheathing. » 

An erect plant, about eighteen inches high; a native of 
the northern parts of Bengal, from thence introduced into the 
Botanic garden, where it blossoms in August, which is the 
middle of the rainy season. : 

Root consisting of two, three, or four fusiform, succulent, 
pale tubers, and fleshy fibres, Stem erect, simple, including 
the floriferous part, about a feot and a half round, smooth, 
jointed, as thick as a slender quill. Leaves alternate, lanceo- 
late,shining, the largest about six inches long, by one broad, 
decreasing gradually into bractes in the spike, where they 
end, long, slender, and sharp. Sheaths cylindric, about half 
the length of the joints of the stem. Flowers many, scatter- 
ed round the last five or six inches of the plant, pretty large, 
white, and inodorous. Corol (calyx, Swartz,) exterior and 
inferior lateral two petals semi-cordate, reflexed, ribbed ; the 
upper one vaulted ; the interior two unequally oblong. Lip, 
at the base a short, linear, undivided part, the rest consisting 
of three, nearly equal, long, filiform segments, the middle one 
projecting downwards and backwards, the lateral two di- 

verging. Horn generally more than twice the length of the 

germ, filiform, with a clavate apex,green and variously curv- 
ed, Column of the fructification short, protruding two long 
acute horns forward, into their fine extreme points. The 
proper filaments are inserted, and until expansion remain — 
hid ina very fine groove along their upper edge. -Anthers 
ovate, before =— lodged between the doses folds of the 
3 Ba ; ee ie 


452 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Plerygodium. 


column near its apex. Stigma, a clammy pit behind a lingui- 
form process rising from the upper edge of the entrance into 
the horn. Germ oblong, groove long, taper-pointed. 


4. O. uniflora. R. 

Lip obcordate ; the entire petals ee ee the inner two 
sub-rotund ; ee filiform, three times the length of the germ. 
Leaves about two, lanceolar, three-nerved, Peduncle sate 
nal, one-flowered. 

A native of cool shaded moist spots amongst the Garrow — 
hills, where it blossoms in September. The. whole plant 
searcely rises to six inches. 


PTERYGODIUM. Swartz. 

Corol five-petalled, sub-ringent ; the upper three petals 

vaulted, the lower two spreading. Lip inserted on the style, 
between the cells of the anthers, Stigma behind. 


P. suleata, R. 

Root ramous, bulbs branchy, sub-cylindric, Stems leafy ; 
the lower leaves ensiform. Helmet of the corol begged be-| 
hind ; lip with a long claw and uniform lamina. 

Beng. Shwet hoolee. 

‘It is said there is a red and blue hoolee, neither of which 
I have yet seen. This white variety is a native of pasture 
ground near Calcutta ; appearing during the latter part of 
the cold season only, cheat six or eight inches in height. 

Roots consisting of several, pretty long, fleshy fibres. Stem 
leafy, erect, round, smooth. Leaves scattered, sword-shaped, 
with vaginated bases, entire, smooth, shorter than the stem. 
Spike oblong, crowded with numerous, small, white flowers. 
Bractes broad-lanceolate, the length of the germs. Corol, 
the three upper petals forming an helmet, of which the supe- 
rior one is incumbent, and formed into a bag behind. Vee- 
tary sub-cylindric, near the base are two smal], membrana- 


Epipactis, GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, _ 453 


ceous, incurved lobes; grooved both above and underneath ; 
the apex or lamina entire, reniform, yellow ; before and after 
the time of blossoming it appears as if of two incurved, fleshy 


lobes. 


EPIPACTIS. Swartz. 


Corol five-petalled, spreading. Lip without horn, An- 
ther operculate, persistent. Pollen granulate. 


1. E. Juliana. Roxb. 

Root a single, simple, globular, white bulb ; leaf radical, 
solitary, cordate, seven-nerved, Scape one-flowered. Lip 
with two small faleate lobes at the base. Lamina rhombi- 
form, and entire. Capsules six-winged. 

A delicate, small plant, found in the vicinity of Calcutta 
amongst grass in shady places, where the soil is stiff. The 
flowers appear about the beginning of June, and the leaves 
a month or two afterwards, 

Root single, biennial, round, solid clear tubers or bulbs, the 
size of a filbert, with here and there a short, woolly, thick 
fibre projecting a little from their surface, Leaves radical, 
solitary, appearing after the plant has done flowering, short- 
petioled, cordate, entire, smooth, from five to seven-nerved, 
purple underneath, about two inches long, and in breadth 
nearly the same, Scape filiform, smooth, from three to six 
inches long, one-flowered, partially invested in a few remote 
smooth sheaths. Bractes a single small ensiform one at the 
base of the germ. Petals five, equal, sub-unilateral, ensi- 
form, expanding, pale green, like the scape and sheaths. 
Lip horizontal ; base enlarged by a short falcate lobe on each 
side, which are incurved intoa tube round the column ; /ami- 


na rhombiform, entire, expanding, rather longer than the pe- 


tals, smooth except at the base in the inside, where there are 
a few hairs; colour very pale pink mottled with bright red. 
Germ oblong, six-ribbed. Column (style) as long as the 


454 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Epipactis. 


falcate wing of the lip. Lid, pollen and stigma as in the 
genus. 


2. E. carinata, Roxb. 

Root, a single simple, sub-globular, white bulb. Leaf ra- 
dical, solitary, cordate, smooth, seven-nerved, Scape many- 
flowered. Lip rhombiform, sub-trilobate; middle lobe half 
the length of the whole, and crenate. Capsules oval, six- 
winged. 

A native of Bengal ; m the Botanic garden it is indigenous 
amongst grass, and flowers in April, the dryest and hottest 
month of the year, at which period the plants are destitute of 
leaves, but they appear in May when the flowers have 
withered. 

Root, a single, white, site pelkacld taber, exactly hike that 
of the former, (A. juliana) but larger. Leaves radical, a’ 
single one springing from each bulb,about a month after the: 
flowers have decayed, they are petioled, cordate, smooth, 
entire, of an uniform green on both sides, about seven-nerv- 
ed ; length and breadth rather above two inches. Scape 
erect, invested in a few simple sheaths; about six or eight: 
inches high, and void of pubescence. Flowers several, pe- 
duncled, scattered round the upper part of the scape, large, 
_ drooping. Bractes ensiform, one under the insertion of each 

— and fully as long as it and the germ together, 
= . Petals five, equal, -ehithacorel; linear-lanceolar, ex- 


-pandin: a flay tet, of a uniform pale green, withering. Lip 
| rhombiform, at the middle on each side a deeper sinus, mak-: 
ing the whole appear somewhat three-lobed, before these the 
margins are deeply and irregularly crenate, on the inside con- 
cave, and somewhat woolly, with purple veins, and spots on 


a pale greenish Rae leaps —— meee 
Germ oval, : 


3. E. phchier Roxb: gina iia 
Bulb spherical, Scape pie twa te eth flo 1 a a 


Epipactis, | + GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. 455 


single, radical, round-cordate, plaited and coloured, many- 
nerved., 

A small, beautiful, herbaceous plant, growing under the 
thick shade of bamboos, in the vicinity of Calcutta, blossom- 
ing in the months of May, and June; immediately after the 
flowers decay the leaf from each bulb appears, 

Root, a small, solid, probably biennial, pale white, sub- 
diaphanous, round bulb, marked with two sets of rings, and 
numerous, short, obtuse papillze, from the centre of one of the 
sets of the rings issues the scape,and soon afterwards the leaf, 
Leaves radical, generally single, rust-coloured on the surface, 
greener underneath, round-cordate, ribbed with many nerves, 
both sides clothed with short, distinct, white bristles, about 
four inches each way. Petioles channelled, and enveloped 
in sheaths like those of the scape. Scape radical, appearing 
before the leaf, erect, generally bearing on its apex two large 
flowers, embraced by two or three vaginated scales. Flow-_ 
ers large ; corol of a yellowish green, with a pale rose-colour- 
ed nectary. Calyx; spathe a small lanceolate bracte at the 


_ insertion of each flower only. Petals five, equal, lanceolate, 


smooth, three sub-erect, and two below. Lip sub-cylindric, 
the margins towards the base, where broadest, being incurv- 
ed into a tube, which conceals the column of fructification ; 
lamina two-lobed. Column of fructification clavate, cover 
cordate. Stigma a large clammy pit in the under side, near 
the apex of the column. 

Is propagated by suckers from the apex of the petiole, 
just below the leaf, and under the surface of the soil, gene- 
rally two from each, and by the close of the rains, the single 
bulb each terminates in, is nearly as large as the parent. — 


_ 4, E. trinervia. R. . 

Root creeping. Leaves sub-radical, petioled, ovate-ob- 
long, three-nerved. Scape with about three remote sheathe 
below the spike, Lamina transversely linear, inks 
A native of the Moluccas, 


456 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, Malaxis. 


The lip and apex of the column of the fructification, are 
both very remarkable in this pretty plant, which is from six 
to twelve inches high. The latter may be compared to the 
bill of a sparrow, which opens when the plant is in vigorous 
blossom, exposing the two pedicelled polliniferous masses, 
hanging in a recurved direction from the apex of the upper 
part of the bell. The lower part, or close of the lip, linear 
and partly attached to the fore part of the column ; the lami- 
na linear also, but transverse, like the letter T. It has the 
beaked anther of Swartz’s Weottia, and may belong to that 

genus. 


5. E, graminifolia, R. 

Leaves radical, linear-lanceolar, ribbed. Seape few-flow- 
ered, Lip three-lobed, with a double crest in the middle. 

A small species, from about eight to nine inches in height; 
a native of Silhet, where it flowers during the rains. The 
flowers are pretty large and yellow. 


MALAXIS. Swartz. 
Corol five-petalled. Lip concave, patula ascending. 4n- 
thers operculate, 


1. M. plicata. R. 
Parasitic. Leaves in radical tufts, broad lanceolate, 
plaited. Spikes central, erect, naked. Flowers numerous. 
It has the erect habit of Katou-ponnam-maravara. " Rheed. 
H. Mal. xii. t. 28, which is quoted by Willdenow for his 
Malaxis odorata. 
A native of Sumatra, from thence brought by Mr. Rox- 
burgh to the Botanic garden in 1804, where it blossoms in 
July. 


ing petioles, formed into a short stalk; broad lanceolate, 
somewhat obliquely recurved, plaited, smooth; margins a 


Leaves trom ‘ans to deci in a tuft, with their short sheath- 


Cymbidium. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, a a 


little waved ; about six inches long. Spikes from the centre 
of the leaves, and about their length, naked, striated, the up- 
per half crowded with numerous, very small, greenish yel- 
low, sessile, drooping flowers. Bractes solitary, one-flower- 
ed, recurved, linear-lanceolate. Corol ; petals five, somewhat 
ferruginous ; the upper two obliquely ovate, incumbent over 
the nectary, lower three sub-cuneate, and longer than the 
other two. Labellum greenish, inserted on the base of the 
column on the upper side, shorter than petals, ovate-cordate ; 
apex enlarged with an obtuse point, concave and incumbent 
over the column, like the roof of a house. Column of the fruc- 
tification short, sub-cylindric. Anthers minute, a pair being 
in each lobe of the lid, or cover. Stigma a clammy chink just. 
below the anthers, onthe upper side of the column, the situa- 
tion of the nectary, and column being inverted, or resupinate. 


CYMBIDIUM. Swartz. 


Corol five-petalled, erect or spreading. Lip with con- 
cave base, and no horn; damina spreading. Anther a deci- 
duous lid. Pollen globular. ; 


1. C. amabile. R. Sis f 

Parasitic, stemless, Leaves radical, few, lanceolate. Scape 
naked, few-flowered, perennial, by age becoming ramous, 
Lateral petals sub-orbicular ; middle lobe of the nectary sa- 
gittate, with two twisted recurved filaments from its apex. 

Epidendrum amabile. Willd. 

Angrecum album magus. Rumph. Amb. vi. t. 43. 

A native of the Moluccas, and from thence introduced in- 
to the Company’s Botanic garden in 1798, where it blossoms 
in March and April. 

The flowers of this charming species are very large, pure 
white, and fragrant. 

The nectary is here distinctly pedicelled, besides it is ren- 
dered remarkable by the two lange lateral lobes like distinct — 

VOL, 111, 


458 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, Cymbidium. 


petals; and by the sagittate middle lobe being ornamented 
with two long tendril-like filaments from its apex. 


2. C. aloifolium. Willd. iv. 401. 

Parasitic, stemless, Leaves radical, linear, channelled, ob- 
liquely retuse. Scapes radical, nearly as long as the leaves, 
many-flowered. Petals lanceolate ; /amina three-lobed. 

Found by Mr. M. R. Smith growing on various sorts of 
trees on the Garrow hills, in full blossom in April. 


3. C. pendulum. Willd, iv. 101. 

Parasitic, stemless, Leaves radical, linear, distichous ; Te- 
tuse. Racemes radical, pendulous, longer than the leaves, 
many-flowered. 

Epidendrum pendulum. Corom. pl. x. NW. 44. 

A native of the forests which cover the Circar mountains 
as well as of Bengal. Flowering time the hot season. 

Root of many fleshy fibres, which adhere to the bark of 
the parent tree, stemless. Leaves radical, from three to five, al- 
ternate, bifarious, &c, as in the two former species, only here 
they are from one and a half to three feet long, and about an 
inch and a half broad, Scape radical, about two feet long, 
the lowermost three or four inches is involved in chaffy 

-sheaths, the rest is the raceme, or flower-bearing part, which 
is perfectly pendulous, and many-flowered. Bractes minute, 
one-flowered. Petals lanceolate, spreading, equal, striated 
with red aud yellow. Lip three-parted. 


4.0. ividifolium. R. 


Parasitic, stemless, Leaves bifarious, ensiform. Spikes 
filiform, drooping. Flowers sub-verticelled, Lip round- 
reniform, laciniate. 

A very elegant species, found growing on trees in the 
forests of Silhet ; it fowers during the cold season. Here the 
spikes are solitary from the bosom of the exterior leaf, sup- 
ported in a pretty long, two-edged peduncle. The flower- 


Cymbidium. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, 459 . 


bearing part drooping and crowded in a somewhat verticelled 
form, with innumerable, very minute, beautiful yellow flow- 
ers; the five petals oval, and nearly equal ; the lip two-lobed, 
roundish-reniform, with the whole of the margin deeply jag- 
ged, and the inside tomentose. 


5, C. alatum, R. 

Parasitic, Stems bulbiform, aggregate. Leaf solitary from 
the apex of each bulb, lanceolar. Scapes from the base of 
the bulbs, drooping, many-flowered, Coduwmn much incurv- 
ed ; apex winged ; lamina two-lobed. 

A middling sized species, a native of the forests of Chitta- — 
gong. Flowers small, tinged with ferruginous red, and not 
very conspicuous, they appear in April, and May. 


6. C. nitidum, Roxb. 

Parasitic, Stems bulbiform, shining, with two-petioled, 
lanceolar, lucid leaves from the apex of each. ARaceme axil- 
lary, the length of the leaves. Petals lanceolar ; lamina 
three-lobed, deflected. ? 

A native of the Garrow hills, where it is found growing on’ 
trees, and like the greatest part of this order, blossoms dur-- 
ing the hottest time of the year, viz, May. 

Root of many, hard, pack-thread-like fibres, by which it 
adheres to the parent trees, Stems none, or rather bulbiform, 
long ovate, shining, nearly as large as a pullet’s egg, biennial. 
Leaves two, from the apex of each bulb, petioled, lanceolar, 
shining, about nine inches long, by one and a half broad. 
Racemes one from the apex of each bulb between the two 
leaves, and about their length, smooth, the upper flower-bear- 
ing, half drooping, withering. Flowers a few, large, nearly 
white. Petals five, nearly equal, spreading, lanceolate. Lip 
large ; lamina deflected, three-lobed, lower lobes large, rising 
up, and embracing the exterior lobes, which are ovate and 
rather small. Column elongated, clavate, recurved, apex 
cucullate over the four ovate, deep yellow pollen masses. 

3F2 


460 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Cymbidium. 


7. C. imbricatum, Roxb. 

Parasitic. Stems bulbiform. Leaves lanceolar, nerved, 
one from the apex of each bulb. Spikes solitary, from the 
bosom of the leaf, long-peduncled, drooping, oe im- 
bricated, with one-flowered bractes. 

Wellia Theka-maravara. Rheed. Mal. xii. t. 24. 

A native of the forests of Chittagong and Silhet ; where it 
is found on trees, in flower during the rains, 

Root of many, slender, fleshy fibres, which fix to the bark 
of the parent trees. Stems no other than a number of oblong, 
fleshy bulbs, annually producing new ones from their base, 
which are at first sub-cylindric, and invested in two or three 
short sheaths. Leaves lanceolar, three-nerved and somewhat 
plaited, smooth, of a glossy green, one, never more, from the 
apex of each young bulb, deciduous about the end of the first 
year, leaving the new full grown bulb, which perishes in the 
course of the second and third year, from six to eight inches 
long, by about two broad. Spikes a single, long, slender, 
pedicelled, cylindric one rising from the bosom or axill of 
each leaf, compactly imbricated on opposite sides, with nu- 
merous, oblong, smooth, one-flowered bractes, when a little 
advanced in size drooping. Corol, three exterior petals near- 
ly equal ; the interior one linear-falcate, and with the exterior 
upper one forming a vault over the column. Lip with large 
erect sides embracing the column, and broad, three-lobed 
apex pointing back to the rachis, Column short, with @ 
broad, thin, concave margin. .Anthers terminal, of a deep 
orange colour, two-celled. Pollen masses two pair, oval, 
waxy, of a pale yellow. Capsules oblong, six-ribbed, smooth, 
rather less than an inch long. 


fe C. bambusifolium, R. 

Terrestrial, caulescent. Leaves bifarious, sssatensncliia 
‘much attenated, fine-pointed. Panicle, or raceme terminal ; 

the exterior three petals linear-lanceolate ; the inner two ob- 
Jong-ventricose. Lip length of the petals, thresrlobedisshe 


middle lobe more or less cloven. 


— Cymbidium. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. 461 


Found indigenous in the forests of Chittagong, growing in 
well shaded places on the face of moist rocks, &c. Flower- 
ing time the hot season, March and April chiefly. 

Stems erect, shrubby, when in flower three, four or even 
- five feet high, Leaves bifarious, sheathing, linear-lanceolate, 
smooth, tapering from the base, and very acute, faintly from 
four to eight-nerved, besides the larger middle one ; from six 
to nine inches long, and under one in breadth. Inflorescence 
terminal, sometimes a single, simple raceme, but in larger ro- 
bust plants, a large panicle, composed of many, erect, spread- 
ing, simple, or compound ramifications or racemes. Bractes 
sheathing, one-flowered. Flowers numerous, large, rosy, 
with the lip of a lively red purple and very beautiful. Pe- 
tals, the exterior three, linear-lanceolate ; the inner two, ob- 
long-ventricose. Lip three-lobed, with the sides or lateral 
lobes incurved into a tube round the column; middle lobe 
sub-rotund,and more or less cloven; margins elegantly curl- 
ed. Capsules linear-oblong, six-ribbed. 


9. C. triste, Willd. iv. 99. 

Patasitic, caulescent, creeping. Leaves cylindric, filiform, 
rigid. Flowers forming little, short-peduncled, lateral co- 
rymbiform heads. Lip fleshy, with reniform cordate lamina. 

Epidendrum triste. Forst. prod. NV. 314. 

A very delicate, rather small species, found on trees in the 
forests which cover great part of the Delta of the Ganges. In 
flower during the hot season. 

Roots long, crooked, and rather fleshy. Stems ramous, 
creeping, slender as a quill, decaying at the base as they 
shoot from the apex. Leaves alternate, bifarious, sheathing, 
cylindric, long, slender, rigid, solid, variously curved, smooth, 
without any appearance of groove, or angle, as thick aS a 
pack-thread, and about six inches long. Peduneles solitary, 
bursting the sheaths of the leaves, very short, few-flowered. — 
Flowers small, in a little hemispheric, or corymbiform head. 
Petals linear, rather shorter than the lip, smooth, of a pale 


462° GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, Cymbidium. 


greenish yellow, the three upper ones forming a vault over the 
column ; the lower two projecting into the margins of the lip, 
which is composed of an inner, oval, concave portion, joined 
to the lamina, or exterior reniform, cordate part; the whole is 
of a firm, fleshy texture, and longer than the petals; colour 
a dark purple, with a few yellow spots. Anihers deciduous ; 
pollen in two round yellow waxy balls. 


10. C. aphyllum. Swartz, See Willd. iv. 1009. 

Root fibrous. Stems simple, round, jointed, leafless. F'ow- 
ers lateral, sub-sessile ; lip with a convolute base, and sub-. 
orbicular, undivided, fringed lamina. 

Limodorum aphyllum. Corom, pl. i. N. 41. 

A rare plant, a native of dry rocky hills, I brought it into 
my garden, planted it in as dry and barren a spot as I could 
find, but with me it lived only till the first rains fell; how- — 
ever, it blossomed at the beginning of the hot season. 

Roots fibrous; adhering in a tuft to rocks, &c. -Stems per- 
ennial, several, simple, diffuse, or pendulous, as the situation 
admits, naked, round, jointed at every inch, at each joint a 
small membranaceous scale, without the least vestige of a 
leaf. Flowers sessile, unless the germ is called a peduncle, 
generally single, issuing from the joints of the stems, Lip or — 
nectary large, near the base the sides are incurved to formas 
it were, a tube; the exterior part six-parted ; margins curl-_ 

ed, waved, and ciliate ; of a pale sulphur colour. a 


11. C. tessallatum. Willd. iv. 102. é 

Parasitic, caulescent. | Leaves bifarious, equitant, linear, 
preemorse, dentate. Racemes axillary, few-flowered. Flow- 
ers bifarious. Lip with the sides incurved into a tube; 5 lami- 
na tapering, entire, acute. = 

Epidendrum tessellatum, Corom. ot: OS ee 

A very beautiful, perennial parasitic, found adhering to t the 
trunks and branches of trees, amongst we — mountains. 
It flowers during the wet season, ; “i 


Cymbidium. | -GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. 463 


Root, several simple, or ramous, thick, smooth, long, con- 
torted fibres issuing from the lower naked part of the stem, 
as well as where clothed with the lower leaves, and adhering 
firmly to the bark of the tree. Stem perennial, simple, one 
or two feet long, as thick as the little finger, crooked ; the up- 
per part covered with leaves; the lower naked, withering 
away at the lower extremity as it extends from the apex. 
Jeaves approximated, imbricate, alternate, bifarious, linear, 
channelled, fleshy, smooth, very firm, extremities from two 
to three-toothed, from six to nine inches long, and about one 
broad. acemes axillary, solitary, naked, the length of the 
leaves, flower-bearing part winding, few-flowered. Flowers 
from five to ten, remote, bifarious, large, beautifully waved 
and striated with various shades of a greenish yellow. Pe- 
tals oval, spreading, equal, scolloped. Lip the length of the 
petals, about the middle its sides approach, forming a tube, 
apex somewhat pointed. 

Note, When in flower, this is a very beautiful plant; sus- 
pended in a room or elsewhere, it will continue to grow for 
several months, though I believe it will not flower. In this 
manner it, or the following species, has been brought from 
China to the coast, under the name of the air, or Cameleon 
plant, and represented as one of the most wonderful produc- 
tions of nature, because it will only thrive when so suspend- 
=< | 

It differs from E. Flos acris, in having the stem simple, 
and ve! Vlg oval and scolloped. 


12. C. saitiihina: ae 

Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifarious, equitant, linear, 
preemorse. Racemes lateral, longer than the leaves, Petals 
equal, Lip with a winged claw and fleshy lamina, which 
are convex and clisemelied above, and concave underneath ; 
apex of two obtuse lobes. Horn conic. 
Vanda. Asiat. Res. iv. 302. 
_ This beautiful plant is very common in most “pots of Ben. 


* 


464 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, Cymbidium, 


gal, and found on various trees, though chiefly on the man- 
goe. Flowering time the rainy season. 

Stem creeping, sending forth long, thick, round, ramous, 
fleshy, whitish roots, which fasten firmly to the trunk or 
branches of the tree they grow on, The plants are seldom 
more than two or three feet in length, for they decay at the 
base, as fast as they shoot from the top. Leaves sheathing, 
bifarious, approximate, recurved, linear, keeled, preemorse, 
five or six inches long. Scape generally axillary, solitary, 
naked, supporting from six to twelve large beautiful flow- 
ers. Petals five, nearly equal, expanding, oblong ; margins 
waved, and here and there a little inflected ; upper surface 
as in E. tessallatum, checkered-with yellow and dusky fer- 
ruginous purple, underneath white. Lip shorter than the 
petals, Horn conical, protruding towards the germ, be- 
tween the two lower petals; lamina oblong, turgid ; apex 
two-lobed ; sides reflexed, so as to be convex above, and 
deeply concave underneath; in ¢essallatum incurved into a 
tube, and the apex acute; colour bluish purple or violet to- 
wards the apex; the upper lip or portion which forms the 
attachment of the lip and horn to the base of the column of 
the fructification, has two lateral lobes, obliquely broad- 
lanceolate, with their acute points incurved towards the apex | 
of the column, Column of the fructification thick, short and 
obtuse, open in the interior margin near the apex. This mouth, 
or opening tapers down through the column, into a point, 
which ends in the belly of the germ ; operculum sub-orbicu- 
lar, with two pits for the two round polliniferous balls ; when 
the lid of which is removed gently, the two anthers rise with 
a jerk in their broad cordate filaments; the lid inserted on 
the interior parts of the top of the column by a large infun- 
dibuliform base. If removed with less care, and before the 
anthers are ripe, they remain in their cells, and the funnel- 
shaped base of the filament rises erect. Stigma or channel 
_ for conveying the subtile male essence to the germ a clammy 

opening in the fore part of the column near its top. Pert- 


eel 


a 


Limodorum, GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA,. 465 


carpium clavate, with six sharp ridges running the whole 
length. . 

13, C. premorsum. Willd. iv. 103. 

Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifarious, imbricated, line- 
ar, preemorse, Spikes lateral, much shorter than the leaves, 
many-flowered. Petals equal, cuneate-oblong ; lip with erect, 
ovate, glandular, crisped lamina. Capsules cylindric. 

Thalia Maravara. Rheed, Mal. xii, t. 4. 

Epidendrum premorsum. Corom. pl. i. N. 43: 

Found growing on trees in the forests which cover the Cir- 
car mountains, where it blossoms during the hot season 
chiefly. . 

Root and stem as in the former species. Leaves remote, 
alternate, bifarious, linear, channelled, smooth, very firm, 
emarginate, articulated just above their sheath-like base ; 
about six inches long, and one broad. Spikes between or 
leaf-opposed, solitary, short, straight, thick, many-flowered. 
Bractes small, triangular, one-flowered. Flowers surround- 
ing every part of the spike, small, eis patie with red and 
yellow. | 


LIMODORUM. Swariz. 


Corol five-petalled, spreading; lip with base proteath 
intoa horn ; lamina spreading. Anthers terminal. 


1. L. plicatum. Roxb. 
~ Caulescent, Leaves broad, ventricose-lanceolate, cuspidate, 
plaited, and nerved. Racemes lateral, erect, simple, many- 
flowered. Petals sub-ensiform. Lip with a short horn, and 
obovate, cuspidate lamina. 
wren tuaeas terestre nents Rumph, Amb, vi. 112, t. 52. 
A | 
" A native af Sumatra. Flowiing time July and ianenes 
Stems erect, simple, short, round, jointed] Leaves alternate, 
VOL, Ul. eo . 


466 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Limodorum, 


petioled, broad-ventricose-lanceolate, cuspidate, plaited, and 
with as many strongly marked waves in the under side, as 
there are plaits. Petioles sheathing, and marked with a con- 
tinuation of the nerves of the leaves down to their insertion, 
withering into bristly, annular stipules. Scape solitary from 
the joints of the stems below the leaves,and about their length, 
erect, simple, round, smooth, embraced by two or three re- 
mote, short sheaths. J/owers several, pretty large, of a mix- 
ture of yellow, green, and purple. Bractes solitary, one- 
flowered, oyate-lanceolate. Petals five, sub-ensiform, spread- 
ing ; the inner two rather narrower : greenish on the outside ; 
yellow on the inside and dotted with much purple toward 
the base. Lip obovate, cuspidate. Horn short and conical, 
Column of fructification as in the genus. 


2. L. bracteatum. R. 

_ Terrestrial, caulescent. Leaves bifarious, linear-lanceo- 
late, three-nerved, raceme terminal, few-flowered. Bractes 
broad-lanceolate, large and coloured. 

Found indigenous in the Garrow hills, growing in the com- 
mon soil with many simple, undivided, succulent, glaucous 
stems, of two or three feet in height, completely invested in 
the sheaths of the long, narrow leaves, which are three-nerved 
and glaucous underneath; each stém terminating in a short, 
erect raceme ; of three or lan large white flowers, each em- 
braced by Hevery: large, pure ahi thin, smooth bracte. 


3. a Tankervillia, Willd. iv. 122. 
aceous, Leaves radical, lanceolar, many nerved, and 
ne sp simple, erect, many-flowered, Lip short- 
horned ; /amina with the lateral lobes rolled in; the middle 
one emarginate, 
. Anative of the hilly countries immediately north of Sil- 
het, where it grows to be six feet high, and blossoms in April, 


at whieh ites this menaniet ei is anette par 
tiful, 


el 


Limodorum. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. 467 


4. L., virens, Willd. iv. 123. Corom. pl. i. N. 38. 

Bulbs undivided, conical. Lip of the nectary with a short 
horn and two lateral inflected lobes. Leaves radical, linear. 
Seape branchy. Petals lanceolate. 

Katou theka Marabara. Rheed, Mal. xii. t. 25. 

Beng. Budbari. 

Hind. Goruma, 

A native of dry, uncultivated or pasture ground, both on 
the coast of Coromandel, and in Bengal; flowering in the 
cold season. 

Root, bulbs conical, surrounded with the circular marks 
of the insertions of the old leaves, greenish, apices generally 
above the ground, many fleshy fibres issuing from the base. 
Leaves radical, several, linear, slightly nerved ; nearly the 
length of the scape, about an inch broad, smooth, Scape’ 
erect, frequently branchy, from one to two feet high, round, 
smooth, coloured with purple spots ; here and there a sheath- 
ing, acute scale. Flowers remote, striated, of a greenish yel- 
low. .Bractes acute, short, one-flowered. Petioles nearly 
equal, erect or ascending. Lip broader, but shorter than the 
petals, laterally lobed ; lobes involute; middle division or 
lamina large, cordate, and fringed, 


5. L. ramentaceum. Roxb. 

Terrestrial, herbaceous. Leaves radical, linear, three-nerv- 
ed, and plaited. Scape simple, few-flowered. Petals linear, 
unilateral. Lip with a short horn and sub-trilobed, ramenta- 
ceous lamina, 

A native of the northern parts of Bengal; in the Botanic 


_ garden, it blossoms in March, when destitute af leaves, Soon 


after the flower decays the foliage appears, and continues un- 
til November, 

Root, a cluster of regular shaped, white, solid, biennial 
tubers. Leaves radical, rising in pairs within some common 
sheaths from the top of the recent tubers, linear, acute, three- 


nerved, plaited, smooth ; from twelve to eighteen inches long, 
3G2 


468 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Limodorum. 


and about half or three quarters of an inch broad, Scapes 
from the former year’s tubes, from six to twelve inches high, 
round, smooth, embraced by a few ensiform scales, the upper 
half supporting from six to twelve pretty large, drooping, al- 
ternate, greenish pink flowers. Pedicels larger than the germ, 
slender, recurved. Bractes like the scales of the lower part 
of the scape, but small, Pedals tive, equal, linear, spread- 
ing. Lip united to the base of the column, three-lobed, lower 
half with sides or lateral lobes incurved round the column, 
and protruded into short conic horns behind. Lamina, or 
middle lobe spreading, sub-obcordate, margins curled and of 
a deeper rose colour ; down the centre pale, and marked with 
three ramentaceous ribs, Filaments simple, from the interior 
margin of the apex of the style, just over the stigma thin; 
apex bifid. Anthers two, one on each division of the filament, 
sub-semiglobular, yellow, and of a soft, granulated, waxy 
consistence. Lid or helmet vertical, ovate, deciduous. Germ 
club-shaped, three-cornered, ribbed. Style or column, semi- 
cylindric, of the length of the lip. Stigma large, clammy ; 
pit in the inner or flat side under the apex. 


6. L. longifolium. R 
Terrestrial, Leaves from a fusiform bulb, linear, alae 
nelled, three-nerved. Scape erect, simple, few-flowered ; 
petals equal, lanceolate, Lip calcarate; lamina meade 
_ Kas. Tellungshor, 
Anative of the valleys amongst the Kasai hills; the. Senttes 
of the root spring from a slender fusiform bulb, the: leaves 1b 
number about five or six, from two to three feet long, about — 
half an inch broad, smooth and channelled ; scapes radical, 
about one third or one fourth the length of the leaves ond: 
base, only four or five large, rosy flowers. x9 wes 
{t differs from Thuberg’s figures of nifeliuin 3 in . the 
greater length and narrowness of the leaves, and three-lobed 
lamina of the lip, Like mont. sf the oe —— : 
during the cold season, 


Limodorum. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, 469 . 


7. L, bicolor. R. ; 

Terrestrial ; bulbs round. Leaves radical, lanceolar, rib- 
bed, plaited. Scape simple, erect, many-flowered, the three 
exterior petals, lanceolar, and green; the inner two oblong. 
Incumbent over the lip and column, Lip with a short horn, 
and three-lobed lamina, the middle one linear, oblong, point- 
ed, with-shaggry disk. 

A native of the interior parts of Bengal. In the Botanic 
garden it flowers in June. The whole height is then about 
eighteen inches, the raceme and leaves are nearly equal, the 
flowers are rather remote, large, and fragrant, with the three 
exterior petals very long, expanding and Sense green, thea in- 
ner two and the lip pure white, : 


8. L. recurvum, Willd, iv. 124. Corom. pl. 1. N.39. 

Bulbs undivided, round, Lip with a short horn, and sho- 
vel-shaped, entire, crenulate Jamina. Leaves radical, broad- 
lanceolate, five-nerved, Scapes half the length of the leaves, 
retrofracted. Spike sub-globular. 

A native of the moist valleys among the Circar hills, 
Flowering time the beginning of the rains. 

Root ; bulbs undivided, biennial, striated, nearly round, 
surrounded with one or two rings, with many thick, fleshy fi- 
bres from their lower parts. Stem, if it can be so called, from 
the side or the base of the bulb; but it is no other than the 
sheath of the three or four leaves united and enveloped in 
two or mi shree: abrupt sheaths, scarcely appearing above the 

. Leaves broad-lanceolate, five-nerved, plaited, slen- 
det,: a Tittle: waved round the margins, smooth, from six to 
twelve inches long, and three or four broad, Scape about 
six inches long, or rather less than half the length of the 
leaves, with a few sheaths surrounding it here and there. 
Spike globular; the apea looks straight to the ground, 
many-flowered. Bractes sessile, straight, lanceolate, one- 
flowered. Flowers numerous, crowded, middle sized, white, 
with a small tinge of yellow. Petals nearly equal; fp 


470 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Limodorum. 


broad ; apex rounded, undivided, shovel-formed, crenulate. 
Horn scarcely any. 

Note. The plant when in flower, looks well. I have raised 
them in my garden for some seasons, where the leaves remain 
most part of the year. 


9. L. nutans. Corom. pl. 1. N. 40. 

Bulbs undivided, roundish, smooth; lip ovate-cordate, 
acute. Scape longer than the oblong, five-nerved leaves. 
Raceme nodding. 

Bela pola. Rheed, Mal. xi. t. 35. 

Malaxis nutans, Willd, iv. 93. 

It is a native of the same places with the last. Flowering 
time the same. 

It differs only from the former in the following respects. 
Here the bulbs are smooth, there striated. Here the leaves 
are oval, there lanceolate. Here the scape is longer than the 
leaves, there not half so long. Here the spike is oblong, and 
pendulous, there globular and retrofracted. Here the flow- 
ers stand at some distance from one another, there they are 
crowded. Here they are of a beautiful rose colour, there 
white. Here the lip is sharp pointed, there circular and cre- 
nulate, 


10. L. candidum, R. 
Herbaceous. Leaves two, sub-radical, lanceolar, finely 


nerved and plaited. Scape erect, much shorter than the 


leaves ; raceme drooping. Lip oval, with scarcely any horn. 

Mearmes the vernacular name near Silhet, where it is in- 
digenous ; and flowers during the hot season. Is nearly alli- 
ed to L. recurvum. 


Root tuberous, with very thick, soft, white, spongy fibres. 


Stem short, composed of the tubular petioles of the two leaves, 
embraced by two or three tubular sheaths. Leaves two, lan- 
ceolar, about five-nerved and plaited, pointed, smooth on 


both sides; from six to twelve inches long, besides the peti- 


+ eee emeieeris mele De Sen ee 


Aerides. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, 471 


oles, which are about six inches more, from three to four 
inches broad. Scape as long as the petioles of the leaves, and 
embraced by a few flower-bearing sheaths; apex short and 
drooping as in L, recurvum. Flowers of a middling size, 
white. Bractes ensiform, Petals five, oblong, spreading, 
the exterior three rather narrower, of which the lower two are 
considerably faleate. Zip much larger than the petals, oval, 
emarginate ; cenire tinged with pink, with a swelling behind, 
but no ng Com short. Pollen masses two, sub-orbi- 
cular. Lid deciduous. 


: AERIDES. Swartz. : 
Corol five-petalled, spreading. ip calearate; lamina 


saccate, Anther a deciduous lid. 


1, A. guitatum. Roxb. 

Parasitic. Stem creeping. Leaves bifarious, imbricated, 
linear, channelled, obliquely preemorse. Racemes axillary, 
pendulous, Flowers pedicelled. Lamina entire, ascend- 

ing, oblong; sac wide, and obtuse ; capsule triangular. 

Beng. Perida Mura, : 

This lovely parasitica] species was found growing | on trees 
in the vicinity of Dacca by the Honourable Charles Andrew 
Bruce, who sent plants to the Botanic garden at Calcutta. 
Flowering time the hot and rainy seasons, it has a great re- 
semblance to the tablesin Rheed’s Hortus Malabaricus, quot- 
ed by Willdenow, for derides retusum and premorsum, but 
the capsule differs from both and I believe the horn and lip 
of the nectary also ; however they are certainly very nearly 
allied, and_ not fleriee in beauty, while in flower, to any of 
the whole order of Orchidea, _ 

Root of several, thick, fleshy, obtuse fibres, which issue 

from the stem, through the sheaths of the lower leaves, and 
adhere to the tree which gives support to the plant. Stem pe- 
rennial, creeping, invested in thesheaths of the leaves, Leaves 


472 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Aerides. 


bifarious, imbricated, sheathing, incurvate, linear, chan- 
nelled, thick, firm, and smooth; apex obliquely preemorse, 
from six to twelve inches long, by one broad, when laid flat. 

Racemes axillary, solitary, drooping, longer than the leaves. 

Flowers numerous, pedicelled, approximate, diverging, pret- 
ty large, colour a beautiful mixture of red and white, spot- 
ted. Bractes ovate-cordate, one-flowered, embracing the 
insertion of the pedicel. Corol, or calyx of Swartz, five-pe- 
talled, the upper three oblong, the middle or inferior one of 
these broader, the lower two semi-cordate. ‘Nectary, (label- 
lum, Swartz, ) longer than the petals, and more deeply colour- 
ed, ascending, concave, cuneiform, with the apex slightly 
three-lobed, behind protruded into a large, open, obtuse bag, 
or horn, Column of fructification short. Anthers or polli- 
niferous balls two, covered with a deciduous lid. . Germ in- 
ferior, three-sided. Stigma an oblong clammy opening in 
the middle of the inferior, flat side of the column. Capsule 
pedicelled, oblong, three-sided ; angles sharp, sides with a 

broad, flat keel, one-celled, three-valved. ‘ 


2. A. cornutum, 

Parasitic, ramose. Leaves bifarious, linear, retuse. Ra- 
cemes axillary, drooping. Lip with three-cleft lamina and 
hooked horn, rising forward and upwards. 

Found growing in trees in the vicinity of Dacca, and the 

eastern. pfeousit of patel, in flower in April, and cued 


Root of seveaah soy: thick, fleshy cords, by which they 
bind themselves firmly to the trees they grow on. Stems 
perennial, often divided, decaying at the base, as they shoot 
from the apex, invested in the sheaths of the leaves. Leaves 
equitant, bifarious, sheathing, linear, smooth, channelled, 
drooping, obliquely pramose or retuse ; from six to nine 
inches long, by from one to one and a balf broad; Racemes 
sub-axillary, solitary, ‘drooping, longer than the leaves. 
Flowers large, surrounding more than the exterior half of the 


Aerides. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, Se 


stalks, diverging, white, with a tinge of pink, sweet-smelling. 
Bractes sub-reniform, one-flowered. Petals five, expanding, 
the upper one oval ; the next two rather narrower, but of the 
same length ; the lower two sub-orbicular and much larger 
than the other three. Nectary or lip very large; its lamina 
deeply three-parted, but closed like a case for the column of 
fructification; lateral lobes obliquely wedge-shaped, and 
truncate; the middle one sub-lanceolate with an incurved 
apex. Horn incurved into a very perfect hook ; apex green 
and somewhat obtuse. Column of fructification very short, 
but protruded downward into a long concave receptacle for 
the lower two petals and nectary. Lid beaked. Filament 
single, rising with a bifid apex, from a beaked process, on the 
interior part of the top of the column. Anthers two, globu- 
lar, deep yellow. Stigma immediately under the beak. 
Germ linear, twisted a little. 

Note. My Limodorum obtusicornu no doubt belongs to 
the same genus with this. They are both most beautiful while 
in flower; in appearance obtusicornu has rather the advan- 
tage, but the sweet fragrance of the flower of this lovely mo- 
dest looking species must give it a decided preference, 


3. A. suaveolens. Roxb. die: sactesig 

Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifarious, linear, bidentate. 
Racemes lateral, filiform, drooping. Lamina horn-shaped, 
unguiculate, with two oblong erect lobes at the base. 

Found on trees in the forests of Chittagong, where it per- 
fumes the air with the delightful fragrance of its flowers, the 
whole year round. 

Stems rooting, short, slender, and simple, somewhat suc- 
culent, the whole length being only a few inches, and scarcely 
thicker than a crow’s quill, perishing at the base as they shoot 
from the apex; from the most succulent parts, the fleshy 
roots issue, and fix to the tree that supports the plant. 
Leaves bifarious, sessile, stem-clasping, linear, fleshy, smooth 
on both sides; apex two-toothed; from three to six inches 
= VOL. 111. 3H 


A74 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Aerides. 


long, and rather more than half an inch broad. Racemes 
lateral, much longer than the leaves, drooping elegantly. 
Flowers numerous, scattered round the whole of the raceme 
in great profusion, small; colour a yellow ground, spotted 
with purple, delightfully fragrant. Petals five, spreading, 
nearly equal, narrow, obovate. Lip between the lower two 
petals, and longer than them, though they are the longest of 
the five, united to the base of the style, by a perfect, short, 
linear claw. Lamina fleshy, horn-shaped, obtuse, perforated 
a little way up from the base and on‘each side of the perfo- 
ration a conical lobe projecting up and inward to the apex of 
the style. Stamina, pistillum and capsule as in the genus. 


4._A. rostratum. Roxb. 

Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifarious, linear, channelled ; 
apex premorse. Racemes lateral, longer than the leaves. 
Lip clavate, sac-conical from the apex of the lamina, column 
beaked, with another on the posterior part near the base. 

A parasitical species; in external habit like premorsum, — 
retusum, &c. but smaller, and the leaves more remote from 
each other. Itis a native of the forests of Silhet, where it blos- 
soms in April and May. 

Racemes opposite to the leaves, or solitary, ascending, the 
length of the leaves, many-flowered. Petals five, nearly 
equal, spreading, rose-coloured, the lower two adhering to 
the under side of the posterior part of the lip, as in Dendro- 
ium but forming nothing like a spur, or claw. Lip horizon- 
tal, of the colour of the petals, and about as long as they, cla- 
vate; there is a deep channel on the upper side, which des- 
cane into the conical bag or case, which points down from 
the apex of the lamina, in which before expansion, the re- 
curved part of the beak of the style is lodged, Style or co- 
lumn very short, but continued in a long, ascending, purple 
beak, with a recurved white apex to this apex; the two, 
roundish pollen balls are attached by a white, flat filament, 
which is just as long as the beak, and allows the balls to rest 


Aerides, GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. 475 


in the posterior part of the apex of the body. Column op- 
posite to the stigma, covered by the usual two-lobed anther, 


§. A, pallidum. R. 

Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifarious, linear, emargi- 
nate, Racemes lateral. Lip or sac, slipper-shaped, with 
two semilunar lobes at the base, column short, beaked from 
interior margin over the stigma, Capsules cylindric. 

Found growing on trees in the forests of Chittagong and 
the eastern parts of Bengal, It flowers in May and June. It 
is a small species, the flowers also small and of an uniform 
pale yellow colour. 

Root, stem and leaves as in the other species, but rather 
slender. Racemes lateral or opposite to the leaves, solitary, 
diverging, with the flower-bearing part much thicker and 
drooping. Flowers numerous, small, in one variety white, 
in another pale yellowish with a faint tinge of pmk. Petals 
five, the upper and exterior oblong and concave, the lower 
two obliquely oval; the inner two obliquely oblong and rather 
smaller than the exterior three, and all shorter than the lip, 
which bears a very exact resemblance to a slipper. Column 
short, with a beak projecting forward over the stigma, and 
base of the lip; to its apex the proper filament is attached. 
Pollen masses globular. Capsule cylindric, slender as a 
‘crow’s quill, 


6. A. multiflorum. R. 

_ Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifariously imbricated, li- 
near, channelled, obliquely emarginate, with a hooked acu- 
men. Racemes axillary or lateral, longer than the leaves, 
sometimes compound. The dower two exterior petals sub- 

‘rotund. Lip with broad-cordate, entire lamina, and a short 
obtuse horn projecting under it, Capsules clavate, three- 
sided, 3 

A largeand beautiful species, with copious, very long, sub- 


erect racemes of numerous, pretty large, pink-coloured flow- 
3H2 


- 


476 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Aerides. 


ers: A native of Silhet, where it grows on trees and flowers 
during the hot season. 


7. A. ampullaceum. R. 

Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifariously imbricated, linear, 
emarginate. Racemes axillary, short. Petals oval, nearly 
equal; Ap with a long, flagon-shaped bag, and linguiform 
lamina, 

Found by Mr. M. R. Smith growing on trees in the forests, 
in blossom in May. 

Stems short and generally simple, from the lower part 
throwing out the fleshy, strong, radical cords, by which they 
are bound to the parent tree; they are only a few inches long, 
decaying at the base, as they shoot from the apex. Leaves 
sheathing bifariously, imbricated, linear, hard and glossy, ob- 
liquely emarginate, about six inches long. Racemes axilla- 
ry, scarcely one third the length of the leaves, erect ; rachis 
withering and remaining. lowers numerous, small, rosy. 


Petals nearly equal, oval, and spreading. Lip with a sac, 


or bag, pendulous, and twice as long as the petals; lamina 
short; linguiform. Column short. Pollen masses two and 
globular. Capsules clavate, six-ribbed. 


8. A. radiatum. R. 
Parasitic. Stems bulbiform, with a single lanceolar leaf 
from the apex of each. Scape umbelliferous, the lower two 


petals very long and faleate. Lip conical,recurved, cellular. 


Found by Dr. W. Carey indigenous on trees in the Delta 


of the Ganges, where it blossoms about the beginning of the 


rains, 
Root of many, hard, slender fibres. Stems no other than 


the little remote round bulbs, which are connected by a — 


slender shoot of about an inch in length. Leaf’ a single one 
from the apex of each bulb, lanceolar, somewhat channelled, 
fleshy and smooth, from three to four inches long, and less 


than one broad. Scape from the base of the bulb, ionger — 


ine a 


aaa 8 


Dendrobium. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. 477 


than the leaves, filiform, invested in a few, small, remote 
sheaths. Flowers about ten or twelve, a semiradiate umbel 
in the apex of the scape, rather small ; prevailing colour yel- 
low. Petals very unequal; the upper three ovate, striped 
with purple lines and ciliate margins, that of the apex larg- 
er, and filiform, those three are only a little longer than the 
column, the lower two falcate, five or six times longer than 
the upper three, united at the base under the lip which they 
completely embrace and hide, they are of an uniform yellow 
colour, and on account of their great size, when compared 
to the rest of the flower, give to the whole that colour. Lip 
united to the base of the column by an incurved claw, some- 
what conical, but much recurved, internally cellular. Co- | 
lumn short, interior margins winged. Pollen masses two, 
globular, covered by a two-lobed deciduous lid. 


DENDROBIUM. Swartz. 


Corol five-petalled, erecto-patent; the two exterior, late- 
ral ones, united round the base of the lip into a horn-like pro- 
cess. Lip attached to the base of the column. Anther a ter- 
minal, deciduous lid, 


1, D. aggregatum. Roxb. : 

Bulbs aggregate, with a solitary, linear oblong, smpath, 
emarginate leaf from the apex of each. Scapes from the 
side of the bulbs, drooping, many-flowered. Lip reniform, 
emarginate, 

Received into the Botanic garden, from Mr. Pierard; who . 
found it growing on the trunk of Lagerstroemia regina in 
the northren border of Arracan, and observes that it is found 
in the woods always only on that tree,* It blossoms in 
—_— but produces no fruit. 


$. It fo oro well os the mango tein thet 
nic garden. ou 


478 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, Dendrobium. 


Root, from the contracted base of the bulbs issue many 
small, fleshy, ramous fibres, matted together, and adhering to 
the tree on which the plants grow. Bulbs aggregate; they 
may also be reckoned swelled stems, though I would rather 
call them bulbs; particularly as there is an articulation which 
unites the proper petiole to the apex of the bulb, and at that 
place the leaf drops off, leaving the permanent bulb naked ; 
until the new leaf comes out they are smooth, oblong, taper- 
ing equally towards each end, more or less octangular, ac- 


cording as they are plump or lean, from two to three inches 


long, and marked with two or three annular rings, the cica- 
trices of the sheath of the petioles of the former leaves, where 
some of their longitudinal fibres also remain. Leaves a sin- 
gle one, rarely two from the apex of each bulb, short-petiol- 
_ ed, oblong, entire, emarginate, veinless, and of a firm leathery 
texture, with a smooth shining surface, from four to six inches 


long, and from one to two broad, Raceme, or scape, from . 


the side of the bulb, drooping, many-flowered. Flowers 
numerous, alternate, large, beautiful, of a bright yellow. 
Bractes solitary, small, pointed, one-flowered. Corol, the 
exterior three petals sub-triangular, united round the inser- 
tion of the flower on the germ and horn of the petals ; the inner 
two oval, and larger, Lip much larger than the petals, sub- 
reniform, emarginate, of a deep yellow in the centre and paler 
round the margin. Column of fructification, or style short. 
Stigma a funnel-shaped opening in the fore-side of the co- 
_Tumn, which communicates with the belly of the germ. An- 
thers oblong, two-lobed, and covered with a two-lobed lid. 


Bs D. tripetaloides, R. 
Parasitic, Stems bulbiform, with the scape from the base 


of the bulb, many-flowered ; exterior three petals lanceolate- 


ly conic; inner two minute, Lip linguiform. 

Found on trees in the forests near Rangoon by.theiBer. 
Mr. F. Carey, and ee 
it blossoms in the cool season, 


Fe eT 


Dendrobium. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, A779 


Scape from the base of the bulb, simple, naked, slender 
smooth, from three to five inches long. Raceme, or flower- 
bearing part longer than the scape, round, Flowers numer- 
ous, middling sized, white, scattered over every part of thera- 
- ceme. Bractes solitary, ensiform, one-flowered. Petals, the 
exterior three lanceolate-conic, acute, one in each side and one 
above; the inner two linear, oblong, minute, and ciliate. Lip 
linear, obtuse, recurved, shorter than the three exterior petals, 
and attached by a slender isthmus, to the lower edge of the 
base of the exterior two, colour an uniform brownish orange; 
Column and other parts, as in the genus, 


3. D. pumilum. R. 

Parasitic. eaves two from the apex of each of the tur- 
binate bulbs. Peduncles solitary between the pair of leaves, 
one-flowered. 

This is the smallest species I have yet met with, it grows on 
trees in the forests of Reseagone where it blossoms during 
the rains. 

Parasitic, stemless, or rather, the stems bulbiform ; leaves 
from three to four, rising from each bulb, lanceolar, even, 
smooth and rather fleshy. Scapes from the base of the bulb; 
raceme villous, bearing many erect flowers ; the inner two pe- 
tals linear. Lip recurved, with somewhat three-lobed lamina, 

Found indigenous on trees in the forests of Chittagong, 
from thence introduced into the Botanic garden where it blos- 
soms in February. 

Root, consisting of many ies slender, tortuous fibres, 
which adhere to the parent tree. Stem no other than the 
ovate oblong, smooth, green, somewhat compressed, solid 
bulbs, which give support to the leaves; they multiply by 
short suckers from the base of those of the former years, and 
are generally from half an inch, to an inch asunder. Leaves 
about four, from and around the apex of each bulb, narrow 
lanceolar, smooth, and fleshy, from four to eight inches long, 
and one or one and a half broad. Petioles short, channelled, 


480 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Dendrobium, 


sheathing. Scapes generally solitary, from the base of the 
bulbs, spreading ; base embraced by a few sheaths, the rest 
downy. Raceme generally simple, which with the scape is 
about as long as the leaves and bulb, somewhat flexuose, 
downy, many-flowered, lowers remote, pedicelled, erect, 
of a middling size, yellow, inodorous. Bractes ensiform, one 
below each pedicel. Petals, the exterior one, sub-triangular- 
ly-lanceolate, the interior two linear-lanceolar. Lip recurved, 
with a small lobe on each side below the middle ; apex retuse 
with a point in the sinus. Pollen masses composed of twice 
two pair of minute, oval, compressed, yellow grains, Column 
half the length of the two inner petals. 


4. D. cruminatum. R. 

Parasitic, Stems simple, swelled, and angular near the 
base. Leaves bifarious, stem-clasping, linguiform. Flowers 
suspended near the apex of the stem. Lip three-lobed ; the da- 
teral lobe incurved into a tube ; Jamina roundish, acuminate. 

Angreecum nonum. Rumph. Amb. vi. p. 104. t, 47. f. 2. 

A native of Amboyna, and from thence brought to the Bo- 
tanic garden at Calcutta by Mr. C. Smith. Flowering time, 
in Bengal, the rainy season. 

Root consisting of many, perennial, green, fleshy fibres, 
spreading over, and adhering firmly, to the parent tree. Stems 
several, sub-erect, swelled above the base and there oct- 


angular, from thence to the apex slender, round, tapering, 
gently invested in the sheaths of the leaves, or if they have 


_ fallen, marked with their annular cicatrices and a few slender 
bristles; the whole length from two to three feet. Leaves bifa- 
rious, sheathing, linguiform, entire, smooth, firm, and fleshy, 
veinless ; from two to four inches long, and about one broad. 

Flowers sessile, except the curved slender germ be consider- 

ed a peduncle, solitary from the last two, three or four leaf- 
less joints of the stem, large, pendulous, suspended on their 
curved, slender, filiform pedicel, faintly fragrant, Bractes 
three-fold, one-flowered, short, sheathing the base of the 


Dendrobium. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA,. 481 


germ. Corol almost pure white, besprinkled with minute, 
pellucid dots, like the grains of fine loaf-sugar ; petals unila- 
teral, sub-lanceolate, the lower two longer, united to, and 
protruded with the column of fructification of the apex 
of the horn of the nectary. Lip occupying the under side, 
opposite to the petals, and like them sprinkled with the same 
pellucid specks; horn or pouch large, and conical; J/amina 
three-lobed, on the centre a yellow line runs the whole 
length; dateral lobes incurved ; terminal one nearly round, 
and pointed from the exterior portion of the margins being 
incurved ; all, particularly the last mentioned, are beautiful- 
ly marked with pink-coloured, curved, ramous veins, and the 
margins elegantly fringed. Column of the fructification near- 
ly half the length of the lip, on the apex rest two, very per- 
fect, yellow anthers, Germ filiform, recurved, not visibly. 
twisted, the length of the horn of the nectary, Stigma a large 
opening on the fore part of the column a little below the an- 
thers, and directly opposite to the ase which it penetrates 
want 


 &, D. clavatum. R. 

Parasitic. Stems club-shaped; bu/bs with three or four 
broad lanceolar leaves from the apex ofeach. Racemes late- 
ral ; petals nearly equal ; lip shovel-shaped, entire. 

Found growing on trees in the forests’ which cover the 
- Garrow hills, where it is called ¢iluscou. Flowering time the 
hot season, chiefly April. 

Root consisting of innumerable, firm, fleshy, veniaabas 
cords, by which the plants adhere firmly to the parent tree. 
Stems numerous, bulbiform, clavate, tapering into a hard, 
fibrous, slender peduncle, between the bulb and root, giving 
to the whole the appearance of a club, hence the specific name. 
Leaves from three to four from the apex of each stem or 
bulb, broad-lanceolar, lucid, firm, about seven-nerved ; five 
or six inches long, by one or two broad, Racemes from the 
side of the bulb, about as long as the leaves. Flowers pret- 

VOL, HI. 31 


482 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, Dendrobium, 


ty large, of a lively yellow colour. Lractes large, oblong, 
membranaceous, one-flowered. Petals five, nearly equal, 
oval, and obovate. Lip the length of the petals, with the side 
incurved toward the base ; /amina shovel-shaped, with crisp- 
ed margins, and the colour deeper than the rest of the corol. 
Genitalia as in the genus. Capsule clavate, six-ribbed, 
smooth and leaved, 


6. D. verairifolium, R 

Parasitic. Leaves lanceolar, from three to seven-nerved, 
several, from the apex of the long conic bulb, forming a stem 
with their long tubular, concentric sheaths, Scape many- 
flowered ; petals sub-lanceolar ; /amina with a broad, three- 
lobed apex ; the middie one plaited and curved. 
_ 'Hatakeveree, the vernacular name in the Garrow country, 
where it is indigenous; flowering in April and’May. 


Root of many, strong, fleshy fibres from the base of each 


bulb, by which they adhere to the parent tree. Bulbs long, 
and rather slender for the size of the plant, tapering off into 
a stem, formed by the long, concentric, tubular sheaths of 
the leaves, from two to four feet long, giving a total length of 
from three to five feet, leaves included, to the whole plant. 
Leaves from four to six from each bulb; sparse, sheathing, 
Janceolar, from three to seven-nerved and somewhat plaited, 
smooth, acute; from six to eighteen inches long, and from 
“two to four sate Scape from the base of the bulbs, general- 
ly solitary, about twelve inches long ; the dower three fourths: 
naked, invested in a few remote sheaths ; the upper portion or 
raceme, about ove fourth part of the whole, and bearing from 
ten to twenty large, beautiful, yellow flowers. Petals five, 
nearly equal, spreading, sub-lanceolar. Lip large and longer 
than the petals, projecting behind into a large conical horn; 
apex of the /amina broad, three-lobed, the middle lobe beau- 
tifully curled, and of a much pele be colour. 


7. D. Pieradi. Roxb. | ae & 
Parasitic, caulescent, pendulous. tanees " biecione ae 


» 


Dendrobium. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, 483 


ceolate, emarginate, Flowers peduncled, from one to two 
or three from the joints of the leafless stems, Lip entire, tu- 
bular toward the base. 

Sent with some other species, from Chittagong to this gar- 
den, by Mr, Pierard. This beautiful parasitic is a native of 
that place, as well as of various parts of the Delta of the 
Ganges, where it is generally found on mango trees, 

Root perennial, fibrous, adhering to the parent tree, Stems 
perennial, numerous, simple, drooping, round, smooth, joint- 
ed, while young leaf-bearing, but as they advance in age the 
leaves drop, and they ever afterwards remain naked, except 
when decorated with blossoms, generally from two to five 
feet long. Leaves alternate, sessile on their sheaths, lanceo-. 
late, smooth, firm and shining on both sides; from two to 
four inches long, and about one broad, Flowers one or two, 
rarely three, on very short peduncles, which issue from the 
joints of the stems. They are large and of a pale yellow co- 
lour. Corol ; the exterior three petals narrow, tapering from 
the base, with the margins recurved ; the inner two broader, 
and oblong. Lip the length of the petals, shovel-shaped, 
with the margins slightly curled, and somewhat ciliate, to- 
wards the base incurved into a tube, which conceals the co- 
lumn of fructification. Tis very pedicel is protruded from 
the base of the style, or column of fructification. Germ in- 
ferior, &c. as in the rest of this natural order. Column of. 

_fructification, or the term style might still be a better one, 
short, hid in the involute tubular portion of the lip near the 
base, semi-circular, with flat, furrowed lamina. Stigma on 
the interior side of the column, a little below the apex is a 
hollow, glutinous gland with a very perfect perforation, 
which ends in the cavity of the germ ; this 1 consider to be the 
real style and stigma, or in other words, the organ by which 
the powers of the male are conveyed to the female. Sta- 
mina ; filaments two, exceedingly short and slender, joining 
the posterior small end of the two, obovate, oblong anthers 


to the posterior part of the two-lobed conemeilites Receptacle 
312 


484 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Dendrobium. 


of the anthers on the apex of the style. Lid or veil mitre- 
shaped, emarginate. 


8. D. purpureum. R. 

Parasitic. Stems simple, pendulous, in flower leafless ; 
leaves bifarious, lanceolate. Flowers numerous in dense 
ovate heads. Lip linear, oblong, entire. 

Angrecum purpureum. Rumph, Amb, vi. t. 50. f. 1. 

A native of the Moluccas, from thence introduced into the 
Botanic garden, where it blossoms in February and March. 

Root of numerous fleshy fibres, adhering in all directions 
to the trunks and branches of trees, here it thrives best on the 
mango tree, Stems perennial, several, pendulous or nearly 
so; for the first year or two fleshy, when old naked, marked 


with the circular cicatrices of the fallen leaves; they are then 


somewhat rugose, longitudinally furrowed, and thickest to- 
ward the middle; the general length three ocr four feet. 
Leaves alternate, bifarious, sessile on their smooth, cylindric 
sheaths, spreading, lanceolate, entire, of a slender texture, 
and polished on both sides; from four to six inches long, and 


about one broad. Bractes cordate, acute, one-flowered. 
Flowers numerous, in dense, ovate, solitary heads, from the’ 
cicatrices of the leafless stems, small and of a lively purple. — 
Corol five-petalled, &c. as in the genus, with a large obtuse. 


horn, Lip sub-cylindric, with ovate, rather pointed, entire 


9. D. pendulum. R. 

_ Parasitic. Stems simple, pendulous, contracted at the 
joints and base, when old leafless, Leaves on the young 
shoots, bifarious, linear. Flowers in pairs from the joints of 
the old leafless stem, drooping ; petals sub-equal, laneeolate 5 


lip sub-orbicular, short-clawed. Capsules clavate, obscure- 


ly six-ribbed, : 
Found growing on trees in the forests of Chittagong, 10 
flower during the hot season, It seems to approach the neat- 


Dendrobium. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, 485 


est to D. moniliforme, and if Keempfer’s figure were inverted, 
they might be taken for the same. 


10. D. teres, Roxb. 

Parasitic. Stem, branches and leaves all columnar. Ra- 
cemes leaf-opposed, and of their length, few-flowered. Sta- 
mina stem-shaped, and bifid. 

Found on trees in the forests of Chittagong and Silhet, 
where it blossoms during the hot months of April, and May, 
when nothing can exceed its beauty, 

Root of thick, fleshy, crooked, lateral cords, which embrace 
firmly the parent tree. Stem ramous, and with the branches 
columnar and smooth. Leaves remote, bifarious, columnar, 
smooth, from six to eight inches long, and as thick as a com- 
mon quill, Racemes leaf-opposed, from six to twelve inches 
long, flexuose, round, smooth. Bractes ovate, one-flowered, 
Flowers generally from three to six on the raceme, but in- 
mensely large as they expand fully four inches, of a lively 
pink colour, with the large conic horn ferruginous. Corol ; 
the exterior three petals oblong; the lower two obliquely so ; 
the interior ones nearly round. Lip, its posterior part unit- 
ed with the insertion of the exterior lower two petals into a 
large ferruginous conic horn, Lamina deeply three-lobed ; 
lateral lobes incurved round the column ; the middle inp fax 
shaped, and bifid. Germ, column, sehen and stigma as in 
the genus, Capsule clavate, three-sided, down the middle of © 
each side is a three-sided rib. 


Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifarious, sessile, lanceolate ; 
peduncles terminal, few-flowered. Lip sub-panduriform, re- 
tases * 

Bound: on trees in the Ksiedt of Silhet and the Garrow moun- 
tains ; in flower in April and May. 

Root of fleshy, crooked, cord-like fibres, which cantonal 
parent tree, as in other similar parasites. Stems many, cy- 


>. 


486 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, Dendrobium. 


lindric, a little farrowed, and while young well clothed with 
short black hairs, which in time are rubbed off. Leaves bi- 
farious, rather remote, half stem-clasping, lanceolate, obtuse, 
or emarginate, smooth, firm and rather fleshy, from three to 
four inches long, by one or one and a half broad. Peduncles 
terminal, solitary, racemiform, from two to four-flowered, 
Flowers very large, pendulous, scarcely inferior to those of 
D. teres, expanding, three inches and a half, of a pure shining 
white, except the middle of the lip, which is yellow, sweetly 
though faintly fragrant. Corol; the exterior three petals 
lanceolate, acute and ribbed ; the interior two oval,and more 
faintly ribbed. Lip, its posterior portion, beyond the inser- 
tion of the whole flower on the germ, united its whole length 
with the base of the two lower exterior petals into a large 
conic horn, Lamina panduriform, with a retuse apex. Co- 
_ lumn, &c. as in the genus, and well described by Swartz, 


12. D. pulchellum. R. 

Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves bifarious, sessile, lanceolate, - 
obtuse, finely ribbed. Raceme lateral on the old leafless 
stems; lip with a large obtuse horn, and ebcordate, ciliate, 
ramentaceous lamina. ' 

Found indigenous on trees and in rocks in the forests of the 
Silhet hills, in flower in May and June, A very beautiful 
species, the flowers are considerably smaller than in D. for- 
mosum; but the colour more lively, 

Root of numerous, strong, pack-thread-like fibres, giicle 
fasten on trees or rocks. Stems many from the same tuft of 
roots, simple, nearly straight, furrowed, otherwise smooth and 
rather lucid, marked with the circular scars of the fallen 
leaves, about three feet long, and thicker than a ratan, while 
young well decorated with leaves, when old leafless, and 
then floriferous. Leaves alternate, sessile, rather remote, nat- 
row lanceolar, obtuse, finely ribbed ; fro: four to five inches 
long, by one broad. Racemes lateral, from the old leafless 
stems or branches, diverging, flexuose, with one large pale, 


Dendrobium. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. 487 


pink flower at each of the six or eight curvatures, Bractes, 
one at the insertion of each pedicel, long and tapering, Petals 
five, of the exterior three the upper one is lanceolar, the pair 
falcate and rather larger ; the interior two oval. Lip with a 
pretty large obtuse horn, and broad, spreading, beautifully 
coloured, obcordate lamina, which is rather shorter than the 
petals. 


13. D. anceps. Willd. iv. 136. 

Parasitic, caulescent. Leaves distichous, equitant, fleshy, 
broad-ensiform. Peduncles from the sheaths of the leaves, 
one-flowered., r 

This interesting rather small species is found on trees in the _ 
Delta of the Ganges: in flower during the hot season, 


14, D. acinaciforme. R. 

Parasitic. Stem and branches flat, thin, slender, tere 
edged. Leaves stem-clasping, bifarious, scimitar-shaped. 
Flowers suspended from the terminal joints of the then leaf- 
less twigs. Lip one-lobed, crenulate. 

Herba supplex. Rumph. Amb. vi. p. 110. t. 51. f. 2. 

A native of Amboyna, from thence sent to the Bataiic ast 
den where it blossoms during the rains, 

Root of numerous, firm fibres, adhering firmly to the! p pa- 
rent tree. Stems and branches a little drooping, or strag- 
gling, jointed, and smooth, at the base round, slender, of a 
very firm texture; above enlarging considerably and be- 
coming perfectly fiat, indeed thin, with two sharp edges. 
Leaves on the young shoots only, alternate, bifarious, sessile 
on their permanent sheaths, acinaciform, or they may be call- 
ed semi-lanceolate, pointed, firm, fleshy, smooth, veinless ; 
from two to three inches long, and about half an inch broad. 
Sheaths as long as the joints, and like them compressed. 
Flowers from the joints of the leafless branches suspended on 
their slender pedicel-like germs, very small, every part yel-— 
low, even the centre of the nectary. Braetes several, minute, 


488 GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia. 


surrounding the insertion of the germ with the joint of the 
bran¢hlet, Coro/ slipper-shaped, split on the under side to 
the apex of the large horn, the inner two petals small and ad- 
joined as if distinct. Lip obovate cuneate, emarginate; in- 
terior margins crenulate, and slightly waved. =~ 


15. D. calceolum. Roxb, 

Parasitic. Stem and branches straggling, thin, two-edged. 
Leaves bifarious, stem-clasping, fleshy, ensiform. Flowers 
suspended from the joints of the extremities of the leafless 
slender twigs. Lip three-lobed ; middle lobe emarginate. 

Herba supplex. Rumph. Amb. vi. p- 110. f. 3. 

A native of Amboyna, from thence brought to the Botanic 
garden, where it blossoms during the rains. 

Root perennial, consisting of numerous, fleshy fibres adher- 
ing to the parent tree. Stems and branches perennial, long, 
slender, jointed, flat, two-edged, straggling or hanging to @ 
length of many feet, frequently striking root from the joints, 
for the most part invested in the permanent withered sheaths 


of the leaves. Leaves on the young shoots only, bifarious, — 


sessile’on their permanent sheaths, ensiform, firm, fleshy, vein- 
less; from two to three inches long, and about half an inch 
broad. Sheaths as long as the joints, smooth, compressed, 
fleshy, withering. Flowers from the joints of the extreme nak- 
ed twigs, pretty large, pendulous on the slender peduncle- 
_ like germs, of a dull orange colour and slightly veined with 
: dull red. _Bractes several, minute. Corol slipper-shaped. 

Lip with the apex two-lobed ; the exterior lobe seb 
all are eT crenulate and curled. 


GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. 


ARISTOLOCHLA. ein gen. N. 1383. 


ie. Corol . ed, with a S 
border ind eibeess ees: tiem six- celled ; cells ‘many- 


4dristolochia. GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA, - 489 


seeded, attachment central. Capsule inferior, six-celled, 
many-seeded. © | : . 


1. A. acuminata, Willd, iv. 157. 

Perennial, twining, smooth, Leaves cordate, rather acumi- 
nate. Racemes axillary, simple or compound, drooping. 

A native of the eastern parts of Bengal, where it flowers 
during the hot and rainy seasons, and the seed ripens in De- 
cember and January. 

Stem and branches twining to an extent of some fathoms, 
perennial, younger shoots angular, and smooth. Leaves alter- 
nate, petioled, cordate, entire, somewhat acuminate, smooth ; 
lobes large, and roundish, from four to six inches long, by 


from two to four broad. Petals about an inch long, slightly 


channelled. Racemes axillary, simple or compound, droop- 
ing, shorter than the leaves, Flowers large, drooping, of a 
dark-greenish purple. Corol with a funnel-shaped tube, 
globular base, and long, linear, somewhat acute lamina, the 
sides of which, soon after expansion, become revolute. Sta- 
mina as in the genus. Germ inferior, sub-cylindric, furrow- 
ed, six-celled, in each many ovula in one vertical row attach- 
ed to the axis; style none; stigma peltate, with a converg- 
ing, six-lobed apex. ; 


2. A. Indica, Willd. iv. 157. 
-Shrubby, twining. Leaves cordate, cuneate, scolloped. 
Peduneles many-flowered. 
Beng. Eeshwur-mool. 
Careloe Vegon. Rheed. Mal. vill. t. 25. 
Teling. Isaro. 


A native of copses, and jungles where the soil is dry and - 


poor. It flowers during the wet season. 

Root much like that of Sarsaparilla, perennial. Stem twin- 
ing, below woody ; young shoots striated, smooth. Leaves al- 
ternate, petioled, somewhat wedge-formed or obovate, three- 
nerved, pointed, waved, scollopped, smooth, from two to four 

VOL, Hi. 3J 


* 


490 GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia. 


inches long and from one to two broad. Racemes axillary, 
__ shorter than the leaves; bracted. Flowers erect. Anthers 
six pair, as in A. bracteata, Capsules oblong, pendulous. 

The roots, like those of bracteata, are nauseously hitters and 
I think rather more so than they are. 


3. A. longifolia, Roxb. 

Twining. Leaves linearly-cordate, sagittate, with the 
barbs, or lobes rounded, three-nerved, entire and smooth. 
Racemes axillary. Stigma cup-shaped, with a three-toothed 
margin. 

A native of the Moluccas. 


4, A. bracteata. Retz. Obs. v. N, 80. Willd. iv. 160. 

Perennial. Siem and branches weak, trailing. Leaves reni- 
form, Peduncles axillary, one-flowered, bracted. 

Teling, Gardi Gavapoo. 

A native of cultivated, generally, garden ground, and the 
banks of rivers, or water-courses, where it can have a rich, 
moist soil, on the coast of Coromandel. It flowers most part 
of the year. 

Root perennial, long, slender, simple, perpendicular, wav- 
_ ed, with many small fibres issuing from every part of it. 

Stems or branches several, weak, resting on the ground, wav- 
ed, striated, from twelve to eighteen inches long. Leaves al- 
_ternate, petioled, kidney-formed, beautifully, though slightly, 
— curled round the margin, a little rugose, glaucous under- 

neath; about two inches each way. Petioles channelled. 

Flowers axillary, single, peduncled. Peduneles drooping; 
near the base there is a kidney-shaped, curled, sessile bracte. 
_Corol, upper part of the tube and tongue erect ; the latter has 
its margins revolute ; the colour a most beautiful dark put- 
ple, and covered on the inside with hairs of the some cpl: 

Anthers six pair. Capsules ovate, 

Every part of this plant is nauseously pitess which re- 
mains long, chiefly about the throat, | 


Ambrosinia. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 491 


Fora purging with gripes, two of the fresh leaves are rub- 
bed up ina little water, and given to an adult = a dose, once 
in twenty-four hours, 


CLASS XXI. 


_ MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 


AMBROSINIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1383. 


Spathe one-leaved. Calyx none. Corol none. Stamina 
inserted round the top of the style. Capsule many-seeded, 


1. A, ciliata, Roxb, _ 

Leaves long-petioled, lanceolar, Spathe shorter than the 
leaves, with a tubular base, and expanding, ciliate pie 
Capsule six-celled. gare’, 

Beng. Kerali. 

Found on the wet banks of rivulets, ponds, and wet places 
in Bengal. Flowering time the hot season. 

Root perennial, perpendicular, tuberous, stoloniferous with 
long fleshy fibres. Leaves radical, petioled, lanceolate, vein- 
less, somewhat fleshy, from six to thirty-six inches long. 
Petioles, upper half cylindric, lower half sheathing ; some 
spathaceous bractes surround their lower parts. Scapes 
axillary, solitary, short, somewhat compressed, Spathe, base 
tubular, and somewhat gibbous, middle portion cylindric, and 
convolute; apex expanding, sub-lanceolate ; margins ciliate 
with along, flexible purple filament ; the lower tubular por- 
tion where the fructification is lodged is half separated by a 

332 


492 MONOECIA MONANDRIA,. Ambrosinia, 


transverse membrane from the upper portion as in A, spirale, 
Filaments none. Anthers numerous, sessile, surrounding the 
lower portion of the stigma. Germ conical, crowned, six-cell- 
ed as in the ripe state. Style cylindric. Stigma oblong 
apex turbinate, the lower portion surrounded with anthers. 
Capsule rounded, six-furrowed, and crowned with the six 
corresponding points of the ridges, six-celled. Seeds from six 
to eight in each cell, affixed by their bases to a central recep- 
tacle, each is augmented by a large spongy substance, or en- 
velope, Embryo erect, furnished with a perisperm, and many 
subulate cotyledons as in Pinus. 

2. A. spirale. R 

Leaves setiab. linear-lanceolate, Spathe sessile, secel 
shorter than the leaves, twisted. Capsule five-celled, at least 
the germ has five distinct cells, 

Arum spirale, Retz. Obs. ii. p. 30-1. Willd. iv. 486. 

A native of the moist shady banks of ponds, or standing 
. sweet water on the coast of Coromandel. 

Root perennial, stoloniferous. Stem none. Leaves radi- 
cal, petioled, narrow-lanceolar, smooth, from six to eight 
inches long, and about half an inch broad, ' Petioles sheath- 
ing. Scapes scarcely any. Spathe axillary, about as long as 
the petioles of the leaves, the lower portion, or chamber of | 
fructification hid and shut ; the upper portion thereof openat 
the base ; above shut, anil twisted, of a dark purples colour, 
—— the inside, and there transversely rugose. 


3. A. retrospirale, R, 


Leaves linear-lanceolar, Spathe first twisted to the right, 
and there closed ; then to the left, and there open. Capsule : 
five-celled, Svecvaled: « 

A native of the northern parts of Bengal, it delights in @ 
moist soil, 

Root consisting of white brownish, long, fleshy fibres. Stem 
none. Leaves petioled, linear-lanceolar, smooth, entire, from 


Ambrosinia. |= MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 493 


six to twelve inches long. Petioles enlarging at the base into 
sheaths for those within. Seape scarcely any. Spathe inverted 
round the base of the germ, and rising amongst the leaves to 
nearly the same length, below the part where the fructification 
is lodged a little swelled, and half hid in the earth, the next 
four or five inches erect, cylindric, completely closed, and 
twisted to the right ; above this there is still about one third 
of the spathe which is open, and much twisted to the left, the 
whole of a dull green colour on the outside, and streaked with 
~ dark purplewithin. Corol none. Filaments none, Anthers nu- 
merous round the stigma or apex of the style, immediately be- 
low them are several, sub-cylindric glands in a verticel round 
the style. Pistt/s in the swelled base of the spathe. Germ, 
superior, conical, five or six-lobed, each lobe crowned with a 
large gland. Sty/e cylindric. Stigma firmly united to the 
semi-partition, which crowns the chamber of fructification. 
Capsule conical, from five to six-celled, from five to six-valv- 
ed, opening from the apex. Seeds a few in each cell. 

It comes exceedingly near A. spirale in appearance, yet 
differing very widely fromit. First, in the lower part of the 
spathe being closed and twisted to the right, then the upper 
portion to the left and open ; and in the partition thereof be- 
ing incomplete, Secondly, in having nectarial glands round 
the style beneath the anthers. Thirdly, in having a capsule of 
five or six cells, and a few large seeds in each. 


4, A, unilocularis. R. 
 Stemless. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Spathe as long as 
the leaves, twisted. Capsule one-celled. 
Teling. Pechika, boora-gadee. 
A native of Coromandel, in marshy places, and borders of 
lakes, where it is partly in sweet water. Flowering time the 
rainy season. 
Root fibrous, stoloniferous, Stemless, Leaves radical, erect, 
ensiform, smooth, below expanding to. embrace those under- 
neath; from nine to eighteen inches long, and aboutone broad. 


A494 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Arum. 


Scape axillary, short, erect, compressed, growing broader 
towards the apex. Spathe as long as the leaves, erect, below 
convolute; above the spadix twisted like a screw to a very 


fine, straight point; there is an horizontal partition which se- ~ 


parates in a great measure, the upper twisted part from the 


gibbous part below; colour of the outside purplish, that of the — 


inside much deeper, and beautifully spotted with darker spots. 
Corol none. Nectary, four or five oval, anther-like glands, 
crowning the top of the germ, round the style. Filament 


scarcely any visible, Anthers very numerous, surrounding © 


in form of a globe the top of the style just below or even 
touching the partition. Pistil, in the lower convolute belly 
of the spathe. Germs conical. Style filiform, the length of 
the belly of the spathe. Its apex is firmly united to the ho- 
rizontal partition above-mentioned. Pericarp ; capsule lea- 
thery, conical, one-celled, one-valved. Receptacle conical, 
affixed at the base and apex, free round the sides, Seeds nu- 
merous. 


ARUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1387. 


Spathe one-leaved, cowled. Spadix or receptacle with 
the female florets round the base, stamineous about the mid- 
dle and naked above. 


ay SECT. I. With eile Leaves. 

1. A. eolocasia, Willd, iv, 481. 

Stemless. Leaves peltate, ovate, repand, semi-bifid at the 
base. Scape shorter than the petioles, Spathe much long- 
er than-a spadix, cylindric, erect ; club sub-cylindric, length 
of the antheriferous part of the receptacle, Anthers may- 
celled. 

Sans. Kuchoo, - 

Beng. Goori-Kuchoo, ah 

A. Zgypticum, Rumph. Amb. v. t 109. 


Ret a agen Meee Pett re ee ee a 


Arum. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 495 


Teling, Chama-Kura, 
There are two varieties of this species cultivated in the 
vicinity of Calcutta, viz. Goori-Kuchoo just mentioned, and 
Asoo or early Kuchoo: small offsets from the larger tubers 
are, like potatoes, planted about the beginning of the rains 
in May or June, ina well laboured, friable, rich soil, not sub- 
ject to be inundated. The roots of Asoo Kuchoo are taken 
up about the close of the year; those of Goori-Kuchoo, in 
February and March. Besides these two, there are three wild 
varieties of this species, found in most parts of India, viz. 
_ Ist. Kalla or dark-coloured Kuchoo, found on the edges of 
ditches, and other wet places. The leaves and the petioles” 
are more or less tinged with purple, and the roots never swell 
in the manner the cultivated varieties do, but send out nu- 
‘merous runners, The leaves, and their foot-stalks, are the 
parts chiefly eaten by the natives of Bengal. 
Caladium aquatile. Rumph. Amb. v. t. 110. f. 1. seems to 
be this variety. 
2d. Char-Kuchoo, grows on dry ground, chiefly by road 
_ sides, on dung hills, and among rubbish, it differs from the 
other varieties in having the disk of the leaves marked with 
dark purple or bluish black clouds, 

3d. Bun-Kuchoo, In situation and form every way like 
the last, but of an uniform green colour. The last two are 
rarely eaten by the natives of Bengal, where better vegetables 
are plentiful and easily procured. : 

Caladium vicorum. Rumph, Amb, v. p. 318. 


2. A. nympheifolium, R. 

Stemless. Leaves peltate, ovate repand, semi-bifid at the 
base. Scape shorter than the petioles, Spathe much long- 
er than the spadix, sub-cylindric, erect ; club slender, acute, 
scarcely half the length of the a naa part of the recep- 
tacle. Anthers many-celled. wish 

Caladium nympheifolium, Willd.iv. 488. 

~ Beng, Sar-Kuchoo, Perse ee | 


496 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Arum, 


Weli-ila. Rheed. Mal. xi, t, 22. 

I doubt if this can be reckoned any thing more than a 
large aquatic variety of Colocasia, In Bengal it is rarely cul- 
tivated, but found wild in abundance on the borders of lakes, 
and pools of fresh water. Every part of this plant is eaten 
by the Hindoos. The root or rather subterraneous stem, often 
grows to the length and thickness of a man’s arm. The peti- 
oles, scape and leaves, are of a reddish colour, and the plants 
considerably larger than any of the varieties of Colocasia 
just mentioned; yet the leaves are narrow in proportion to 
their breadth. The only good specific mark to know it from 
Colocasia by, is the shortness of the club of the spadix. 


3. A. viviparum. Roxb. 

Stemless. Leaves peltate, cordate, acuminate. Root fla- 
gelliferous and these runners bearing scaly, viviparous bulbs 
in clusters. 3 

Maravara Tsjembo. Rheed, Mal, xii. t. 9. | 

A native of Nepal as well as Malabar. From tie former 
place Dr. Buchanan sent the minute bulbs to this garden, 
where they produced complete plants in a short time and 
though now eight years old, have never blossomed; never- 
theless,in Nepal, Dr. Buchanan observed they bore the com- 
mon flower of the Arums; hence there can be no doubt of 
the genus, Here they produce annually in the rainy season 
abundance of the bulbiferous radical spikes, and by these the 
plant is readily propagated. — 

Root biennial, or more, consisting of a small, roundish 
tuber, which is abundantly furnished with the usual fibres, 
while from its apex the foliage rises; and round its sides the 
flagelliform, bulbiferous spikes issue. Stem none. Leaves 
petioled, peltate, cordate, entire, acute, smooth on both sides ; ” 
posterior lobes obtuse; from four to twelve inches Jong, and 
from three to eight broad. Spikes or runners from the body 
of the tuberous root, some simple, leafless shoots issue, they 
are about as thick as a quill, run for a few iuches, just under — 


Arum. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 497 


the surface of the earth, and there strike root, after which they 
rise from six to twelve inches nearly erect, and bear numer- 


. ous, approximate fascicles of small, sessile, scaly, proliferous 


bulbs. Bulbs oblong, green, the size of a small berberry, 
vegetating readily when committed to the earth; when they 


chance to remain any length of time on the spike, other 


bulbs are formed irrthe axills of the scales, the whole forming 
a little round head of these bulbs. Scales (of the bulbs) im- 
bricated, ovate, each ending in a pretty long, hooked bristle, 
by which they readily adhere to whatever touches them, and 
thereby are widely spread. 


A, A. rapiforme. R. 

Herbaceous, stemless. Roots tuberous, turnip-shaped. 
Leaves cordate, sub-repand. Spadia nearly as long as the 
concave spathe. .4nihers many-celled. 

A native of Pegu, introduced by the Rev. Mr. F. Carey, 
into the Botanic garden, where it blossoms during the rains. 


_ It differs from A. montanum, the only species known to me, 


for which it can be mistaken, most conspicuously in the shape 
and nature of the root; in other respects their size and habit 
are much alike. ) 


5. A. montanum, R. 

Stemless. Root a sub-cylindric tuber. Leaves covlditay 
repand, polished. Spadia nearly as long as the cucullate, 
coloured spathe, Anthers many-celled. 

A native of the mountainous forests of the Northern Circars, 
where its root is said to be employed to poison tigers. 

I long considered this to be A.‘macrorhizon, but changed 
my opinion on observing that Forster, who must have seen 
and examained that species in its recent state, says, the flo- 
rets are hermaphrodite ; there being six sessile, twin anthers 
surrounding each germ, and that the stigma is orbicular. 
There are no traces of stamina, anthers or glands round the’ 
germs of my plant; and the —_ inreguladl yal three or four- 

VOL, 111, 


498 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Arum, 


lobed. In short, a very perfect rum, or Caladium accord- 
ing to Ventenat. a 

6. A. Indicum. Lour. Cochin Ch, 655. 

Caulescent, erect. eaves cordate, base bifid; lobes ap- 
proximate and rounded. Spadix cylindric, equalling the 
linear, boat-shaped, spathe. Club cylindric, longer than the 
rest of the spadix. 

Beng. Man-Kuchoo. 

Man-guri, a variety with the petioles of the leaves darker 
coloured. 

A native of various parts of South Asia. In Bengal it is 
much cultivated about the huts of the natives, for its escu- 
lent stems, and small pendulous bulbs, or tubers, these being 
very generally eaten by people of all ranks, in their curries, 
- &e. Flowering time the close of the rains, and beginning of 
the cool season. 

Root fibrous, with numerous suckers intermixed, particu- 
larly near the surface of the soil, these end in little solid, edi- 
ble bulbs, by which the plant is most readily and abundantly 
multiplied ; numerous, thick, fleshy, radical fibres also issue 
from all the lower part of the stems. Stems from one to two 
feet in circumference, simple, various in length according 
to age, but are rarely found more than a foot, or eighteen 
inches to the leaves, as they are seldom suffered to attain to 
their full size, which from what I have seen, and the informa- 
tion I have been able to obtain, may be from six to eight feet. 
Leaves on erect, long petioles, cordate, bifid at the base, with 

the lobes approximated, and rounded ; apex also rounded, 
with a bent down, dagger-shaped point, nindoeth on both sides ; 
margin waved ; from two to three feet long, strongly marked, 
underneath an elevated whitish rib, and simple veins of the 
same colour, Petioles the length of, or longer than the 
leaves, smooth, the lower part sheathing, the upper round 
and tapering a little, transversely clouded, particularly the 
variety called Man-guri, Flowers axillary and always in 


¢ 


Arum. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 499 


pairs, large, though rarely so much elevated as the petioles 
of the leaves, almost inodorous, and the little smell they have 
is rather offensive. Bractes a large, loose sheath embracing 
each of the sub-cylindric, smooth scapes. Spathes linear, 
before expansion sub-cylindric, a little gibbous at the base, 
smooth on both sides, of a pale greenish yellow, obtuse, or 
almost truncate, with a small subulate acumen ; from eight 
to twelve inches long. Spadix cylindric, the length of the 
spathe, the cylindric part rather obtuse, pale yellow. Club, 
or neuter part, longer than all below it. Anthers numerous, 
occupying about two inches of the spadix between the club 
and germs, sessile with from eight to twelve polliniferous 
cells round the sides, which open rather under the apex on 
the outside. Germs numerous round the conic base of the 
spadix, ovate, one-celled, containing several ovula attached 
to the bottom of the cell. Styles none. Stigma three or four- 
lobed, yellow. 

There is a variety of this stately useful plant distin wahed 
from the one figured, by being of rather a darker colour, — 
particularly the petioles. These are both propagated by the 
little pendulous bulbs, or tubers; and rarely produce ripe 
pot : 


7. A. odorum. R 

Caulescent. Leaves cordate; base bifid; /obes rounded. 
Flowers in axillary pairs. Spadix cansdbings the cymbiform 
spathe, club one third the length of the whole spadix. Ber- 
ries one-seeded, 

From Pegu this most stately species of Arum, Caladium 
of Ventenat, was sent by the Rev. Mr. Felix Carey, to the 
Botanic garden at Calcutta, where it thrives luxuriantly, and 
blossoms from the close of the rains till January, ripening its 
seed in March and April. The flowers possess a considerable 
degree of fragrance which to most people is agreeable, a rare 
quality in the flowers of an Indian 4rum, 


Root consisting of long, far spreading, fleshy fibres. In this 
2 ack 


500 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Arum. 


Ihave not found any of the small bulbs so common in A. In- 
dicum, which this species resembles so much, Stem simple, 
straight, as thick as a man’s arm, height of the stem in two 
years about two feet, marked with the circular cicatrices of 
the fallen leaves ; height of the whole plant, to the top of the 
leaves, from six to eight feet. Leaves, cauline petioled, ovate, 
cordate, cloven at the base ; apex obtuse with an incurved 

point, lobes rounded ; margins somewhat waved, polished on 
both sides; rib and vein large and elevated underneath ; from 
two to four feet long, by two or three broad, Petioles from 

two to three feet long, the lower half sheathing ; the upper 
part sub-cylindric, smooth, polished, of an uniform green in 
every part. Peduneles axillary, intermixed with some spathi- 
form bractes, nearly round, rather shorter than the petioles, 
one-flowered, regularly two in each axill. Spathe erect, the 
lower part thick, gibbous, convolute and permanent; the ex- 
terior portion boat-shaped with a short acute apex, both sides 
smooth and of a‘ pale green colour, this portion drops soon 
after flowering time, while the lower portion remains till 
the seeds are ripe, Spadix nearly as long as the spathe, sub- 
cylindric, club about one third part the length of the whole 
spadix. Nectaries, many flat, rhombiform glands on the con- 


tracted part of the spadix, between the germ and the spa- 


dix, Anthers numerous, rhombiform, with ten or twelve pol- 
liniferous ones round the margin cells, these open by a slit on 
the outside of their apices. Germs numerous on the conic 
base of the spadix, four-celled, with two or three ovula in 


each attached to the bottom of the cell. Style none. Stigma 


roundish, Berry numerous, size of a small cherry, shape 
more or less round according to the number of seeds, smooth, 
ofashining scarlet, one-celled, the growth of the seeds having 
destroyed every vestige of the partitions which were present 
in the germ. Seeds generally from one to four, roundish, 
smooth, Integument single, in the recent state soft and spon- 
gy. Perisperm conform to the seed, cartilaginous. Embry? 
simple, obconical, with the obtuse end close to the apex of 
the seed and there not covered by the perisperm. 


Arum. MONOECIA MONANDRIA,. 501 


8. A, cucullatum, Lourier. Cochin Ch. 656, 

Caulescent, ramous. Leaves sub-peltate, exactly condate: 
acute, with the lobes exquisitely rounded and convex, or 
concave, from their margins being contracted, Scape half 
the length of the petioles. Spadix cylindric, nearly as long 
as the cymbiform spathe. 

A native of Bengal, but rare about Calcutta; some plants 
in a good soil, in the Botanic garden have in seven years ac- 
quired numerous divided stems, from one to two feet in 
_ length; those on the outside are in general so much bent 
outward, as to rest on the ground, 

Leaves long-petioled, somewhat peltate, exactly cordate, 
pointed, entire, and very smooth on both sides; with large 
prominent nerves underneath ; lobes perfectly semi-circular, 
concave, from the margins being much contracted, the whole 
leaf from six to twelve inches long. Petioles sheathing for 
alittle way near the base, the rest perfectly round, tapering, 
and of a uniform green colour; the whole length from one to 
three feet. Seapes axillary, scarcely half the length of the 
petioles, round, tapering, like the petioles. Spathe convolute, 
fleshy, and green at the base, above open, boat-shaped, and 
yellow. Spadix shorter than the spathe, cylindric, except 
the short club, which tapers a little to an obtuse point. .Fi- 
laments none. Anthers as in Caladium, composed of from 
eight to ten, sub-cylindric, polliniferous cells, arranged round 
a spongy centre, each perforated at the apex to let the pollen 
pass. Germs in this species very indistinct, 


9, A. fornicatum, R. 

Caulescent. Leaves peltate, narrow-cordate, with the | 
lobes angle-rounded. Spadix clavate; upper half of the 
spathe vaulted, equalling the spadix. Berries with from one 
to three seeds. 

Kucheree of the Inhabitants of Chittagong ; it is called Bees 
Kuchoo about Calcutta. nciciens 

A native of Bengal and Chittagong, where it blossoms du- 
ring the rainy season, 


502 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Arum, 


Root fibrous. Stem erect or ascending, from one to three 


feet in length, marked with cicatrices of the fallen leaves, 
- four or five inches in circumference, the height of the whole 
plant from three to six: feet, Leaves from the apex of the 
stem, petioled, narrow cordate, peltate, acute-pointed ; lobes 
angular, with the angles rounded, margins a little waved, 
smooth, of a shining green on both sides ; from eight to twelve 
inches long, by six or eight broad. Petioles sheathing at 
the base, the rest round,smooth, clouded, and tapering, length 
various, Scape axillary, shorter than the petioles, round, 
smooth, tapering, and clouded like the petioles. Spathe, the 
lower part permanent, ovate, fleshy, and closely enveloping 
the germs; the wpper portion expands into an oblong, pale 
greenish vault, crowned with a subulate point, smooth on 
both sides, this portion is deciduous with that portion of the 
spadix which is above the germs, Spadix clavate, rather, if 
any, shorter than the spathe. 4nthers numerous, occupying 
a large portion of the spadix immediately above the nectarial 
glands, each consisting of eight or twelve small, sub-cylin- 
drie cells forming angles on the sides ; these contain the pol- 
len and have each a small perforation at the apex for its exit. 
Germs many, round the base of the spadix only. Neciarial 
filaments no other than some variously shaped compressed 
glands round the contracted part of the spadix, between the 
anthers and germs. Berries numerous, with generally from 
one to three seeds in each, 
I do not find that this species is employed as an article of 
- but it is, I am told, used medicinally. 


10. A. flagelliformis, R. 
Stemless. Leaves sagittate ; lobes spreading. sneha and 


spadix ‘equal, whip-shaped, M ectarial scales coloured, An- 
thers two-lobed, two-celled. 


A native of Bengal, where it is fincbeeistenieentaalil 
pasture ground, Flowering time the rainy season: | 


Arum. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 503 


Hl. A. divarigatum. Willd. iv. 482. 

Stemless, Leaves cordate-acuminate. Spathe longer than 
the subulate spadix, with a slender, drooping, spiral apex, | 
Nectarial filaments simple, subulate and incurved. 

Nelen Schena major. Rheed. Mal. xi. t, 20. 

From Canton in China Mr, William Kerr sent this plant 
to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms freely 
during the rains, the leaves are not exactly as in Rheed’s Ma- 
labaricus, yet to me they seem the same, or varieties of one 
species, 

Root a small, hooked tuber, with many fibres from its 
anion with the rest of the plant. Stem none. Leaves radical, 
petioled, oblong sagittate,acuminate ; margins waved,smooth 
on both sides; /obes divaricate, but little, and rather obtuse ; 
from four to six inches long, by two or three broad. Peti- 
oles nearly as long as the leaves. Seapes solitary, axillary, 
much shorter than the petioles, Spathe longer than the spa- 
dix, recurvate, toward the base campanulate, beyond the mid- 
dle tapering into a long, slender, drooping, spiral point ; of a 
deep beautiful crimson on the inside ; on the outside ferrugin- 
ous, green, Spadix nearly erect. Club subulate, acute, the 
colour of the inside of the spathe. Stamens ; filaments none. 
Anthers a few near the base of the club, and nearly an inch 
above, a crowded tuft of simple, subulate, incurved, nectarial 
filaments, two-lobed ; Jobes grooved on the outside, and open 
on the apex. Germs few and occupying a short space of the 
base of the spadix, just under the nectarial filaments, one- 
celled, and containing a single ovulum, attached to the bot- 

tom of the cell. Styles none, Stigma flat. 


12, A, orixensis. Roxb. ve 

Stemless, Leaves three-lobed. Flowers sub-sessile, 
Spathe ample, erect, longer than the spadix. everint eon 
ments long, and often ramous, 

Beng. Ghekool. 

Arum trilobatum, Lourier. Cochin Ch. 534. 


504 _ MONOECIA MONANDRIA., Arum. 


Teling. Surei Kunda. ° 

A native of the shady mango groves, near Samulkota, 
where the soil is pretty dry, and fertile. Flowering time the 
beginning of the rains. 

Root perennial, tuberous, nearly round, the size ofa pullet’s 
egg, white, with small inequalities, many fibres issue from the 
the apex, round the insertion of the leaves, and flower ; stem- 
less. Leaves radical, petioled, deeply three-lobed; lobes 
ovate, pointed, a little scolloped, smooth, round the under 
side, parallel with the margins and near it runs a double 
nerve about eight or ten inches broad, and the same length. 
Petioles erect, round, tapering, striated, about twelve inches 
long at the base, vaginated, and embracing one another. 
Scape axillary, very short, just sufficiently long to elevate the 
spathe above the ground. Spathe shorter than the petioles, 
striated, erect ; the inside red ; the outside herbaceous green. 
Spadix, the base surrounded with the germs, crowned with 
many, yellow, ramous filaments; the middle swelled with 
the anthers, above them there is no second order of filaments. 
Club scarlet coloured, as long as all the rest of the spadix, 
erect, tapering, subulate, from a’ concave broad base, to a 
point which is neither obtuse nor sharp, 

Note. This seems to me to differ from divaricatum and tri- 
lobatum. From the former in having deeply three-lobed, 
pointed leaves, and excessively acrid roots ; and from the lat- 

ter not only on account of the different form of the leaves, but 
_ because here the spathe is erect, with a straight point; there 
drooping, with the long point twisted like a screw ; here are 
also ramous fibres growing on the germs. 

The roots (when fresh) are exceedingly acrid, more so than 
those of A. Dracunculus, or maculatum: The natives ap- 
ply them in cataplasams, to discuss or bring forward scir- 
rhous tumours, They also.apply them externally to the bite 
of venomous snakes, at the same time giving —— — | 
the size of a field bean, 


It is certainly a most sidereok stimulant in bet tas si and . | 


Arum, MONOECIA MONANDRIA,. 505. 


it might no doubt be used to great advantage in the cure of 
several disorders. 


13. A. trilobatum. Willd, iv, 483. 

Stemless, Leaves three-lobed. Flowers sub-sessile. 
Spathe ample, with its apex spiral, and resting on the earth. 
Nectarial filaments short, simple and recurved. 

Arisarum Amboinicum. Rumph. Amb. v. t. 110. f. 2. 

The roots came accidentally from the Moluccas, amongst 
the earth that some other plants were brought in, for the Bo- 
tanic garden, Flowering time in the Botanic garden, the be- 
ginning of winter. 

Root tuberous. Stem none. Leaves radical, the most 
exterior ones deeply three-lobed, almost ternate, the interior 
ones triangular, all are smooth on both sides; from four to 
six inches long, and nearly the same in breadth, Petioles 
near the leaf sub-triangular, below sheathing, smooth, about 
as long as the leaves. Scape from the centre of the leaves, 
very short, Spathe rather longer than the spadix, spread- 
ing horizontally with its twisted apex resting on the ground. 
Nectarial filaments recurved, short, and simple. Germs on 
a conical receptacle, the base of the spadix being so formed. 

In Arum orixensis, which this plant looks like, the recep- 
tacle of the germs is cylindrical, with a long ramous filament, 
crowning its upper edge, this alone is a sufficient distinguish- 


ing mark, 


14, A. gracilis, R, 

Stemless. Leaves deeply three-parted, or sub-ternate ; 
lobes acute; the middle one oblong, lateral, semi-hastate. 
Spathe flagelliform, the length of the flagelliform spadix. 
Nectarial filaments simple, and revolute. 

_Katu-schena, Rheed, Mal. xi. t, 21. 

A native of Silhet, where it is known by the name Har- 
—_— used medicinally. Flowering time the hot and the 
“VOL, III, . 31 


506 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Arum 


SECT. II. With opnnan Leaves. 


15. A. cuspidatum, R. 

Stemless. Leaves ternate ; leaflets equal, lanceolate, cus- 
pidate. Scapes as long as the petioles. Spathe longer than 
the subulate pointed spadix. Anthers from four to five, in 
a peltate circular crown on each filament, 

A native of Pulo Pinang, where Mr. W. Roxburgl first 
discovered this uncommonly fine species, and sent the roots 
to the Botanic garden where the plant blossoms in April. 

Root, a small, tuberous, perennial crown, with long fleshy 
fibres from its base. Stem no other than the lower sheath- 
ing portion of the petioles of the leaves, and about three or 
four inches long. Leaves few, petioled, ternate. Leaflets, 
the pair sub-sessile, and semi-lanceolate, the terminal one pe- 
tiolated, and lanceolate, all ending in long, filiform points, 
and perfectly smooth on both sides; margins entire, but 
waved, from four to twelve inches long, and from one to three 
broad, Scapes solitary, from the centre of the leaves, about 
aslong, and much like the fine, round, tapering, smooth, beau- 
tifully crowded portion of the petioles of the leaves. Spathe 
oblong, the lower half sub-cylindric, faintly clouded, at the 
base converging ; above expanding, pale green and incurv- 
ed; apex filiform. Spadix shorter, the spathe, lower half 
cylindric, and surrounded with stamens; upper half subu- 
late and naked. Corol none. Stamens numerous ; filaments 
very short, thick, and fleshy. Anthers generally four, round 
the apex of each filament. Pistils, none can be found on the — 

only plant now in ee: 


16, A. curvatum, Roxb. ) 

Stemless. Leaves pedate ; leaflets from tento twelve, lan- 
ceolar. Spathe vaulted, half the length of the curved spa- 
dix ; no nectarial _—— Anthers eateases ile 

Nap. Beer-bauka. oes 

A native of Nepal. In the Company’s ‘aaeia garden it 
blossoms in May, fee 


Arum, MONOECJA MONANDRIA. 507 


Roots tuberous. Leaves radical, two or three, pedate ; 
segments from ten to twelve, lanceolar, entire, smooth, vein- 
ed; about six inches long. Petioles very long, the lower 
four fifths thereof sheathing ; the upper part round, tapering 
all are smooth, and of a als green colour, below the peal 
are embraced by a sheath or two, these are clouded with 
white on the outside. Scape from three to four feet high, 
which is rather longer than the leaves, round, smooth, and 
all’but a portion of its apex enveloped in the sheaths of the 
leaves, Spathe half the length of the spadix, its body which 
embraces the receptacle or flower-bearing part of the spadix, 
cylindric, above that the remaining part of the spathe pro- 
jects horizontally over the mouth of the cylindric part, like 
a large, concave, pointed roof, or lid, striated, otherwise 
smooth, and of an uniform pale green on both sides. Spadix 
the receptacle may be about a fourth of the whole, it is erect, 
above that it bends out downwards, then upwards, ending in 
a long, erect, naked club, or rather whip. Stamens occupy- 
ing the upper two thirds of the receptacle. Filaments short, 
_ diverging. Anthers large, three-lobed, with two polliniferous 
pits in each lobe, Germs numerous, &c. as in the genus. 


17. A. sessiliflorum. Roxb. 

Stemless. Leaves pedate ; leaflets about nine, broad-lan- 
ceolate, entire. Flowers sessile, appearing when the plant 
is destitute of foliage. Spathe revolute, twice the length of 
the long, tapering, erect, acute spadix. Nectarial filaments 
clavate. _Anthers two-lobed. Berries from one to two- 
seeded, 

‘A native of the country about Cawnpore, from thence in- 
troduced by Colonel Hardwicke into the Botanic garden in 
January 1803, where the plants blossom freely during the 
dry, hot season. 

Root of the shape and size of a jan turnip, with small 
knobs, or offsets, growing from it, of a light brown. | Leaves, 


which appear many weeks after the flowers decay, ed: te and 
3 L2 : 


508 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Arum. 


about two feet high. Leaflets generally nine, broad-lanceo- 
late, entire, smooth, from three to nine inches long. Petioles 
round, smooth, tapering, clouded with pale dull purple; from 
six to eighteen inches long. Scape very short, and entirely 
hid under the surface of the earth. Spathe sessile, indeed 
its gibbous base is rather immersed in the earth, for four or 
five inches above the swelling, erect, cylindric and entire ; 
then reclinate, and open, the edges variously dentate, some- 
what curled, more deeply coloured, and soon becoming invo- 
lute. Spadiax scarcely half the length of the spathe, deeply 
coloured at the base, conical, and there covered with germs. 
Nectarial filaments clavate, crowning the germs ; from thence 
two-lobed, two-celled, sessile. Anthers naked, cylindric, oc- 
cupying about two inches. Club straight, from six to eight 
inches long, highly coloured, slender and acute. Germs obo- 
vate, one-celled, containing two ovula, attached to the bottom 
of the cell. Berries turbinate, smooth, polished, crimson, one 
or two-seeded. 


18, A. lyratum. Roxb. 

Root turnip-shaped, stemless, Leaves compound ; first 
divisions sub-ternate ; leaflets lyrate, smooth. 

Teling. Udavee-Kundee. 

Grows in moist places amongst the Circar mountains. 

Root tuberous, pretty smooth, and something like a large 
potato. Leaves radical, one, two, or three, petioled, tripin- 
natifid ; divisions very unequal ; the exterior ones compound, 


larger than the others, pointed, and obliquely oblong, some- 


times scolloped, smooth ; the inferior ones small, and obtuse. 
Petioles one or two feet Rosle striated, clouded, swelled at the 
base ; and there sheathing. Berries the size of a meals cher- 
ry, red, smooth, one-seeded, 

The roots are eaten by the natives enaengeinigill 


require two or three boilings and some ——— 


dressing to render them Koes and pe 


ia 


Arum. MONOEKCIA MONANDRIA, 509 


19, A. campanulatum, Roxb. 

Stemless. Leaves decompound. Flowers sessile, with res- 
pect to the surface of the ground, and appearing when the - 
plant is destitute of leaves, Spathe the length of the spadix, 
campanulate, with curled margins, no nectary ; club broad- 
ovate, lobate. Anthers two-celled. 

Sans, Kunda or Kulla. 

Teling. Manchi kunda. 

Beng. Ol. 

Tacca sativa, Rumph, Amb, v. p. 324, t. 112, the root and 
leaf, and Tacca phallifera, ¢. 113. f. 2. the flower, at which 
period not a leaf is to be found. Schena and Mulen-Schena. 
Rheed. Mal. p. 11. t. 18, and 19, 

Found wild in damp places in the woods near Calcutta; 
flowering time the beginning of the rains. 

Root perennial, tuberous, roundish, covered with a dark. 
brown skin, frequently, when in a good soil, as large asa 
child’s head ; from various parts of the chief root, there issue 
small tuberosities, which are employed as offsets, to cultivate 
the plant by. Leaves radical, for the most part only one or 
two, thrice-bifid; divisions outwardly pinnatifid ; segments 
obliquely oblong, pointed, smooth ; size very unequal; the 
exterior one being always longer than the inferior one, the 
wholé leaf is from one to three feet each way. Petioles 
round, tapering, with darker coloured green, pretty smooth, 
clouded as long as the leaves. Spathe very large, leathery, 
campanulate ; the border curled ; smooth on both sides ; the 
outside near the base pale green; the middle part deeper 
green, and towards the margin greenish purple; the bottom 
deep dotted purple ; the spadix about as long as the spathe, 
the lower third or pistiliferous part cylindric; the middle 
third or staminiferous portion somewhat turbinated, the club 
or upper third part very broad, short, ‘conical, or sub-globu- 
lar, of a dark purple colour, variously lobate, and wrinkled 
like a dried truffle, in large plants this part is six inches in 
diameter, and four in perpendicular height. Fi/aments none. 


Sabet RY 


510 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Arum, 


Anthers numerous, closely impacted round the turbinate or | 
middle portion of the spadix, linear, two-celled, with two 
* corresponding openings at the apex, at which to discharge 
the disk or pollen ; the immense quantity thereof that spews 
out from these openings and drops down in the pistils, is : 
really inconceivable. Nectarial filaments none, Germs nu- f 
merous, roundish ; styles subulate, thick-coloured ; stigmas | 
- large, yellow, downy, two-lobed. Berries numerous, long, a 
obovate, red and covered with a considerable portion of pulp. | 
Seeds one or two in each berry. 
This species is much cultivated in the Northern Circars, 
and highly esteemed for the wholesomeness, and nourishing 
quality of the roots, It deserves to be called the Telinga 
_ potato, The usual time of cultivation is immediately after 
the first rains, in June. A very rich loose soil suits it best ; 
where the swelling of the root meets with little obstruction, 
and where they draw the greatest nourishment, for which 
reason it requires to be very well, and repeatedly ploughed. 
The small tuberosities that are found in the larger roots, 
are what they employ for sets, and are planted in the man- 
ner potatoes are in England, and about the same distance 
from one another. In twelve months they are reckoned fit _ 
to be taken up for use. The larger roots will then weigh, if 
the soil has been good, and the season favourable, from four 
to eight or more pounds each, they keep well if they are kept 
dry, and are by the natives employed as food, in the same 
manner as _ common yam, 


20. A. Seiiien. Réab, 

Root tuberous, stemless. Leaves decompound ; bulb-bear- 
ing. Spathe cauled, rather longer than the cylindric  ienuiee 
no nectaries, 

Beng. Ula bela. : 4 

A native of Bengal, and plentiful in shes woods in the vici- 
nity of Calcutta, where it blossoms in May,at which time no- _ 
thing more of the plant is to be seen than the inflorescence; _ 


| 


Arum. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 511 


soon after the decay of the flowers, the leaves make their ap- 
pearance, and continue during the rainy season. 

Root perennial, turnip-shaped, and about the same size. 
with fleshy fibres from every part, particularly the crown. 
Stem none. Leaves radical, generally single, long-petioled, 
commonly divided into three, petioled, once or twice dichoto- 
mous, pinnatifid, though in stunted plants they are frequently 
trigeminate, Leaflets broad-lanceolar, acute, entire, smooth, - 
the breadth of the whole leaf is often four feet ; small, com- 
pressed, round bulbs are almost always present on the upper 
side of the divisions of the leaves. Petioles from one to four 
feet long, round, smooth, clouded, tapering a little towards 
the top. Scape erect, from the crown of the root, round, 
smooth, about six inches long, beautifully clouded with olive, 
and pale orange tinged with pink. Spathe cauled, ovate 
when taken off and spread, smooth on both sides ; at the base 


on the outside clouded like the scape; above and on the in- 


side pink, Spathe cylindric, nearly the length of the spadix, 
club obtuse, and about one third of the whole, buff-colour- 
ed. Filament none. Anthers two-celled. Nectaries none, 
nor any intermediate space between the stamens and pistils, 
Germs roundish, two-celled, one of which even in the germ 
is for the most part abortive, the other contains one curved 
ovulum, attached to the bottom of the cell. Style scarcely 


any. Stigma four-lobed. Berries one-seeded. 


21. A. sylvaticum. Roxb. 

Leaves super-decompound ; leafiets lanceolate. Spadix 
straight, two or three times longer than the short, gibbous 
campanulate spathe. Anthers two-celled. 

Teling. Udavee chaina, 

A native of the mountainous parts of the Circars, Flower- 
ing time the wet season. 

‘Root perennial, tuberous, nearly smooth like a potato. 
Stem none. Leaves radical, one or two, petioled, thrice two 
or more lobed ; /obes pinnatifid ; segments lanceolate, smooth, 


512 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Arum. 


The whole leaf is from eighteen to thirty inches each way. 
Petioles erect, from one to two feet long, smooth, clouded, Pe-— 
tioles winged. Scape erect, round, the length of the petioles, 
smooth. Spathe one third the length of the spadix, opening 
at, and near the apex only. Club thrice the length of the 
rest of the spathe, tapering to a long subulate point. Séa- 
mens numerous, occupying about two inches of the spadix, 
» just within the apex of the spathe, singly sessile, and round- 
- ish, with two polliniferous cells, which open on the apex. 
Neciary, some smooth, irregular, glandular bodies are plac- 
ed. between the stamens and germs. Germs numerous, glo- 
bular, surrounding an inch of the base of the spadix, they 
have the rudiments of three ovula, Style very short. Stig- 
ma large, three-lobed, glutinous, yellow. Berries one, two 
or three-seeded. 

Note. Roots brought from the mountains grew and flow- 
ered in my garden at Samulkota, but it is perfectly unknown 
to the natives of the low country. I am therefore ignorant 


(22. A. margaritifer. Roxb. 

Herbaceous, stemless. Leaves trifid, with entire, narrow- 
lanceolate, pinnatifid segments. Spathe campanulate, equal- 
ling the obtuse spadix ; nectaries like large pearls; 

A native of Hindoostan, from thence introduced into the 
Botanic garden, where it flowers in May, and June, some- 
times before the leaves appear. 

- Root a roundish, solid tuber, which produces ecient 
offsets in every part; size various; six inches in diameter. 
Leaves decompound; segments narrow, lanceolate, entire, 
acuminate. Scape straight, erect, cylindric, as thick as 4 * 
man’s thumb, and about two feet long, variegated, with 
deeper and lighter green. Base embraced by one, two, or 
three withering sheaths, Spathes sub-campanulate, ob- 
tuse, the length of the spadix, smooth ; the prevailing colour 
a pale greenish yellow, with the bottom of the bell dark pur- 


Calla. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 513 


ple. Spadix cylindric, obtuse, every part occupied. An- 
thers obovate, two-celled, with gaping slits at top, occupying: 
nearly the upper half of the spadix, to its very apex. .NVec- 
taries solid, obovate, smooth, pearl white, occupying about 
one fourth of the middle of the spadix, between the anthers, 
and germs, as if studded with large pearls, Germ ovate, 
two-celled, with one ovulum in each, attached to the lower 
and inner angle of its cell, Style short. Stigmas large, . 
round, with a small division at top ; clammy, yellow. 


CALLA. Schreb. gen. N. 1388. 
Spathe one-leaved. Spadia covered with florets. Calyx 
none. Corol none. Berries many-seeded. 


1. C. aromatica, R. ‘ 
- Caulescent. Leaves sub-sagittate, cordate, acuminate ; 
lobes rounded and divaricate. Spadix cylindric, obtuse, 
equalling the spathe ; above male, below female, with abor- 
tive stamina intermixed ; anthers many-celled. 

Cuchoo-gundubee, is the vernacular name in Chittagong, 
where it is indigenous, In the Botanic garden it is in flower 
the whole year. When cut it diffuses a pleasant aromatic 
scent, something like that of the scitamineous tribe; themedi- 
cinal virtues of the root are in high estimation amongst the 
natives, and they sell from ten to sixteen rupees the maund, 

Root, the body or tuber is a continuation of the stem when 
the plants are old enough to have one, invested in the old 
withered sheaths of the leaves, with numerous, long, white, 
fibrous cords issuing from every part. Stem short and of a 
* slow growth, Leaves radical, long petioled, shape between 
cordate and sagittate, acuminate, lucid; obes rounded and 
rather remote from each other, general length about twelve 
inches, and little more than half of that in breadth. Petioles 
with a sheathing base, and smooth, as in the order, Flow- 
ers many together from the axills and centre of the leaves, 

VOL. it, 3M ‘ 


514 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Calla. 


their whole length, scape included, scarcely half the length of 
the petioles, the usual bractes intervene between the round, 
smooth, uniform, green scapes. Spathe sub-cylindric, rather 
obtuse, with an acumen, smooth on both sides, of a pale 
greenish yellow. Spadix sub-cylindric, obtuse, equalling, 
or rather longer than the spathe; the upper two thirds co- 
vered with sessile, many-celled anthers ; the lower third with 
the germs intermixed with about as many abortive stamina 
as there are germs. Germs ovate, seemingly two, or three- 
celled, but as the receptacles are parietal and do not unite in 
the centre, I can call them only one-celled ovula, many at- 
tached to the exterior half of the parietal receptacles. Style 
none. Stigma two or three-lobed. Berries oblong, not un- 
like a large berberry, and rarely containing more that a sin- 
gle seed. 
Is readily multiplied, by offsets from the body of the root. 


_ 2. C. calyptrata, Roxb. 

_Stemless. Leaves oblong, cordate. Spathe circumcised, 
the upper conical portion falling when early in blossom. 
Spadix, the upper half clayate and covered with stamina, the 
lower half cylindric, and female, 

Arisarum esculentum, Rumph. Amb, v. t. 111 A ) ee 
si native of Amboyna, from thence introduced into the Bo- 
len, where it blossoms in May... 

small, oblique, oblong tuber with ramous fibres 
one. Lea bl 0 » smooth on both sides, su- 
e, pointed, panty a ssingle slender vein round the margill; 
from five to seven inches long, and about three broad, Pe- 
tioles ‘sub-cylindric, shorter than the leaves, Scape shorter 
than the sheathing portion of the petioles, which embrace it on - 
opposite sides... Spathe a little longer than the spadix, at the 
base round the germs convolute and green; the upper portion 
separating and dropping from the lower, when the anthers 
begin to discharge their pollen, splitting round. tha:base.in into 
7 various portions, is of a. tender somewhat Heshy texture, 2 


* 


Calla. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 515 


pale yellow colour, and smooth on both sides, Spadizx with 
~ germs only round, the lower half a small portion at the mid- 
dle coutracted, and naked, above clavate and covered with 
anthers. ‘Filament none. Anthers numerous, cuneate, with 
two polliniferous pores at top. Germs numerous, from two 
to four-lobed, Style none. Stigma glandular, scarcely ele- 
vated above the germs. . 


3. C. rubescens, R. 
~ Caulescent. Leaves cordate, base bifid. Spathe con- 

tracted, acute, equalling the spadix. Lower third of the spa- 
dix covered with germs, and clavate corpuscles intermixed ; 
the upper two thirds covered with anthers only. 

Dracunculus amboinicus. Rumph. Amb. v. t, 111. fi 25-: 

A native of Chittagong, and from thence sentto the Bo- 
tanic garden at Calcutta by Dr. Buchanan, in 1797, where it 
blossoms in August 180]. 

Root of numerous, long, fleshy, spreading fibres. Stem, 
the largest plant in the Botanic garden has in four years got 
one of about three inches in length only, and half that in di- 
ameter, and as yet surrounded with the withered, stem-clasp- 
- ing bases of the old leaves, through these pass the thick 
fleshy fibres of the root, which descend into the ground, 
Leaves many, horizontal, petioled, sagittate-cordate; dobes 
obtuse, margins very entire, and without the inner marginal 

vein common to most of this order, point acute; from six to 
.twelve inches long, and from three to six broad, in general 
slightly tinged with red, particularly round the margins, 
Petioles erect, below deeply channelled and embracing those 
within, above tapering gently, and there very slightly chan- 
nelled, smooth, of a deep dull red, from one to five feet long. 
Scapes in the single plant now before me, four issue from the 
oxall: of one leaf, they are more or less erect, round, coloured, 
mooth, somewhat clavate, from three to four inches long. 
Spathe coloured, lanceolate on both sides, opening a little 


above the middle ; at all times closely shut ‘except for a short 
3M2 ‘ 


516 _ MONOECIA soWARDAIS. Calla, 


space, and just before the pollen is discharged. Spadix 
scarcely longer than the spathe, sub-cylindric; the lower 
third covered with the germs, intermixed with small, white, 
clavate, stamen-like scales ; the upper two thirds closely co- 
vered with sessile twin anthers. Germs round, three-celled, — 
with the rudiments of many ovulaineach. Style none. Stig- 
ma large, convex, obscurely three-lobed. 


4. C, oblongifolia, Roxb. 
Caulescent. Leaves erect, oblong. Spathe boat-shaped, 
acuminate, a few female below. 
Arum aquaticum. Rumph. Amb, v. t..108. 
_ A native of the Moluccas, from thence brought to the Bo- 
tanic garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms during the rains. 
Root fibrous, perennial. Stem straight, in plants of four 
or five years’ growth above a foot high, and an inch in diame- 
ter, marked with the cicatrices of the fallen leaves. Leaves 
terminal, erect, petioled, oblong or narrow cuneate-oblong, 
entire, smooth on both sides, from six to nine inches long, and 
about three broad. Petioles shorter than the leaves, the up- 
per third nearly round, Seapes axillary, shorter than the pe- 
tioles, round, smooth. Spathe oblong, boat-shaped, acute, 
pointed, smooth, ofa deep green on both sides, gaping consi- 
derably. Spadix cylindric, rather shorter than the spathe, 
the lower third, or two fifths, with a few scattered pistils, the 
“upper part closely covered with four-celled anthers, Berry 


5. C. picta. R. 
 Caulescent. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong, entire; 

clouded. Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled. Spathe gib- 
bous, acuminate, shorter than the obtuse, clavate spadix. 

A native of the Island of Sumatra; in the Botanic garden 
where it has been introduced, it blossoms about the close of 
the rains. In this the male part of the spadix is three or four 
times longer than the base or female part ; anthers with two, 


Gnetum. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 517 


two-lobed cells. The germs ovate, containing one ovulum 
only, attached to the bottom of the cell. 


6. C. virosa. R. 

‘ Caulescent. Leaves peltate, ovate, slightly waved, undi- 
vided at the base. Spadix one fourth the length of the subu- 
late spathe, with the female florets at the base. Anthers many- 
celled, 

Hind. Bish Kuchoo, Bish means poison; this species we 
may therefore conclude is at least reckoned so. 

A short, large, waved plant of an uncommon appearance, 
the leaves being only undulate round the base, and therefore 
nearly destitute of that division into two large lobes so com- 
mon to the simple leaved plants of this order, Flowering 
time toward the close of the rains. ' 

Stem in our young plants in the Botanic garden short, sim- 
ple, round, and considerably bent to one side, Leaves peti- 
oled, peltate, ovate, undivided at the base ; the posterior mar- 
gin undulate, from one to two feet long, and from six to fifteen 
inches broad. Petioles about the length of the leaves, base 
sheathing, the rest round and smooth, and the colour nearly 
an uniform green, Scapes axillary, many together, some- 
what angular, half the length of the petioles, one-flowered. 
Spathe subulate, nearly straight, convolute, smooth, of a live- 
ly yellow; about four times longer than the spadix. Spa- 
dix about three inches long, obtuse ; the lower third part co- 
- vered with the female florets, and the upper two thirds with 

the male, Anthers peltate, from eight to twelve-celled round 
the margin. Germs broad-ovate, one-celled, containing many 
ovula attached to three or four parietal receptacles, ae 


scarcely any. Stigma large, peltate. 


_GNETUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1477. 


a Mates ‘Gals cylindric ament with rotate, entire, many- — 
flowered scales, Perianth proper or corol tubular, contain- 


518 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Gnetum. 


ing a single filament with a two-lobed anther. FEMALEs 
above the males in the same scale of the ament. Perianth 
proper or corol urceolate, Germ superior, one-celled, ovula 
solitary, superior. Style short. Stigma trifid. Drupe one- 
seeded. Embryo inverse, with an ample perisperm. 


1. G. gnemon. Willd. iv. 591. 

Leaves opposite, elliptic; aments axillary, compound, 

Gnemon domestica. Rumph. Amb. i, t. 71. 

A native of Sumatra, and the Molucca Islands, Strong cords 
are made of the fibres of its bark, at Sumatra, and its leaves 
are used as spinage. In both male and female, the corol is 
very distinct, and of a pitcher shape, with a small perforation 
at top, they are separately surrounded witha number of slen- 
der, short filaments, which may be called perianths. 


~ 2, G, seandens, R.- 

: ‘Shrubby, scandent. Leaves opposite, oblong. 

Ula. Rheed. Mal. vii. p. 41. t. 22. 

~~ Gnemon funicularis. Rumph. Amb. v. p. 12. t. 7, nih 

~ Nanu-wit?, the vernacular name in the Silhet district. A 
stout scandent shrub, a native of the hilly parts of Chitta- 
gong, and the eastern parts of Bengal, as well of Malabar and 
the Moluccas. Flowering time in the former, March and 
April, fruit edible, ripening in September and October. 

~ Young shoots round, smooth, jointed at the insertion of the 
leaves and there swelled. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, 
oblong, firm, glossy, entire, rather obtuse, about six inches 
long, by three broad. Petioles rather short, enlarged at the 
base on the inside, “Stipules none. Peduncles axillary and — 
terminal, generally one or two opposite pairs of peduncled 
cylindric aments and a terminal one; all are round and 
smooth. Scales of the aments short, cyathiform, forming @ 
complete ring ‘around the rachis at every eighth part of an 
inch, embracing a double whorl of male and a single whorl 
of female florets, over them ; alsiorscd intermixed with much 


Casuarina. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, mes) 3!) 


~ 


brown hair. MALE FLorets, Perianth proper or corel un- 
equally ovate, with a minute perforation at the apex for the 
_ style and stigma to pass through. Filaments single, from{the 
bottom of the tube of the perianth, ovate with a minute per- 
foration at the apex for the style and stigma to pass through. 
Germ superior, hid in the perianth, lanceolate, one-celled, 
Style short. Stigma trifid. Drupe oblong, rather larger 
than the largest olive; when ripe smooth, and of a reddish 
orange colour, one-celled, Pulp intermixed with many ten- 
der spicule like those of Cowhage, yet said to be greedily 
eaten by the natives, where the plants grow. Nut conform 
to the drupe, rather tough, but thin and ribbed on the inside, 
and on the outside striated, one-celled, evalvular. ‘Seed con- 
form to the nut. Integuments two; the exterior one thin and 
fibrous; the inner one less distinct, and adhering to the pe- 
risperm very firmly, Perisperm conform to the seed, car- 
tilaginous. L'mbryo in the apex of the perisperm, straight. 
Cotyledons two, ensiform, unequal. Radicle superior. 


CASUARINA. Schreb. gen. N. 1395. 

Male calyx an ament. Corol two-petalled, or two-parted, 
Female calyx an ament, Corol none. Germ one 
one-seeded ; adtachment inferior. Style two-clett. Strobile 
two-valved, one-seeded, Seeds winged. Embryoi inverse, 
with little or no perisperm, ; 


eae pes ad Branches and branchlets tek 
horizontal ; strobiles oval, murexed with the unarmed, ohare 
conical points of the little capsules, 

_ Anative of the sand hills, ‘on the sea side, in shi ah 
: ong; and from thence was sent by Dr, Buchanan 
pee the Botanic garden, where in the course of ten eesti: Ps 


feet in height; ath trunks thee feet oni a half in 4 


520 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Casuarina, 


ferance four feet above ground, but in their native soil, the 
large trees are said to be nearly one hundred feet high, and 
nine or ten feet in circumference. The wood is not held in 
estimation, though of a reddish colour, and texture like Ce- 
drela Toona. In the Botanic garden they blossom during 
the months of February and March. 
Trunk straight up to the top of the trees, as in the Firs sid 
Pines. Bark smooth, brown, and considerably cracked. 
Branches scattered, horizontal with apices ascending and the 
extreme twigs often drooping. Leaves or rather extreme fi- 
liform division of the branchlets verticelled, though frequent- 
ly not more than one or two in the verticel, that is from the 
same aniular stipule, slightly furrowed, simple, or ramous, 
jointed, with joints ending in a six to eight-cleft cup, in 
which the next joint sits. Stipules, for so I will call the six 
to eight-cleft, annular, woolly ring that surrounds the branch- 
lets and embraces the insertion of the leaves, or small slen- 
der branchlets and the peduncles, Ma.r. Aments cylindric, 
terminating the leaves, Scales from six to eight in a verti- 


cel, and united at the base, they are pointed and woolly. 


Flowers as many as there are divisions in the verticel. Co- 
rol, two opposite, boat-shaped, ciliate scales opposite to each 
cleft of the verticel. Filaments single, twice as long as the 
verticel. Anthers two-lobed. FEMALE FLOWERS, on a dif- 


ferent tree; at least trees now seventy feet high, that have — 


_ been annually in flower these ten years have not produced 
any other, and issue solitarily with the leaves, from the six 
or eight-cleft, annular stipules. Aments oval, short-pe- 
duncled. Scales from six to eight, at the base. united into 
a verticel, with a single flower between each. Corol none. 
Germs oblong ; style, the entire part very short, soon divid- 
ing into two long, recurved, bright, garnet-coloured portions. 
Stigmas simple. Strobiles oval, about the size and sbape of 
a nutmeg, armed with the sharp conic points of the two- 
valved capsules, Seeds small, with a epiers me ‘shaper 
membranaceous wing. é 


Artocarpus. MONOECSA MONANDRIA, 521 


ARTOCARPUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1393. 


Male and Female florets on the interior surface of diffe- 
rent receptacles, Male proper perianth from two to three- 
~ leaved. Corollets none. Female proper perianth one-valved. 
Corollets none. Germ one-celled, one-seeded ; attachment 
superior. Style single. Fruit compound. Embryo with- 
out perisperm. 


1, A. hirsuta, Lamarck, Encyel, iii, 201. 

Leaves entire, ovate. Stipules hirsute. Male aments 
cylindric and pendulous. Female globular and erect. | 

Artocarpus pubescens, Willd. iv. 198. 

Ansjeli. Rheed, Mal. iii. t. 32. 

Angelee is the name it is known by amongst the natives in 
the vicinity of Tellicherry. 

A native of the forests of Malabar, where it is common and 
grews to be a tree of great magnitude, and its timber is used 
for various economical purposes. Mr. Dyer, the surgeon at 
Tellicherry, who sent me specimens in flower gathered in Fe- 
bruary, says it is chiefly hewn out to make fishing boats as- 
mentioned by Van Rheede. | 

Young shoots hirsute. Leaves alternate, petioled, oval, 
entire, obtuse, somewhat hairy underneath, particularly the 
large parallel veins, from six to seven inches long, and from 
four to five broad, Petioles short, hirsute. Stipules lan- 

hairy on the outside. Aments in pairs, axillary or 
from the axills of the former year’s leaves ; male long, slender 
and pendulous ; female round, longer-peduncled and erect. 
Bractes or chaffy scales linear, obtuse and mixed amongst 
the male florets. Male perianth one-leaved, sub-cylindric ; 
mouth two-parted. Corol none. Filaments single, the length 
of the calyx. Anthers two-lobed. Female perianth one- 
valved ; the lower third part of the whole length firmly unit- 
ed to each other, the other two thirds daggered; nearly solid, 
- there being only a slender pres through its centre for 
VOL, III, 


522 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Artocarpus. 


the style, armed on the outside with stout stiff bristles. Corol 
none. Germ ovate, one-celled, containing one ovulum at- 
tached to the top of the cell. Style longer than the calyx, fili- 
form. Stigma simple, acute. Fruit compound, oval, of the 
size of a very large lemon, armed with numerous hispid 
spines, on the enlarged end are still more indurated points of 
what I called the perianth, (See above.) Internal parts and 
arrangement as in the common Jak, Sitodium cauliflorum, 
Gert. sem. i. 345. 1. 71.and 72. Seeds many, ovate or oval, 
the size of a field bean. Integuments two, the exterior one, 
firm like parchment; the interior one thicker, dark brown, 
and spongy. Perisperm none. Embryo with two equal 
cotyledons, and minute body lodged close to the umbilicus 
at the smaller end of the seed. 


2, A. integrifolia, Willd. iv. 184. 

Leaves oblong, entire. Flowers cauline. 

Sitodium cauliflorum. Gert. Sem, i. 345. t. 71, 72. 
_ Sans, and Teling. Punusa. 

Tsjaca marum. Rheed. Mal. iii. t. 26, 27, 28. 

Beng. Kanthal. : 

Jak tree, 

Polyphema Jaca. Lourier, Cochin Ch. 667. 

It is much cultivated throughout Southern India, and 
all the warmer parts of Asia; where it is wild or originally 
from, I know not. On the coast of Coromandel, it does not 
‘in general attain to any great height, from thirty to forty feet 
may be reckoned a high tree, but with a very large, ramous, 
dense, shady head, particularl y when it stands detached from 
other trees, and a short thick trunk, about twelve feet high ; 
flowering time the cold season, fruit ripe in four or five months 
afterwards, 

Leaves alternate, petioled, oval, in young luxuriant plants 
often lobed, ofa firm leathery texture, above of a deep smooth 
shining green, below less so, about four inches long. Peé#- 
oles short, slightly channelled. . Stipules two, broad-lancee- 


netellnininsiaas 


Artocarpus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. | 


late, pretty smooth, embracing like a spathe the next inner 
leaf and ament when present, falling as soon as they begin 
toexpand. Mae rowers. Ament single,short-peduncled, 
the size of a man’s thumb, or more ; generally on small, recent 
branchlets which ‘issue from the trunk and larger branches, 
every where most closely covered with the small sessile co- 
rollets. © Spathe no other than the above mentioned stipules, 
Perianth proper, or corol two-leaved ; leaflets wedge-formed, 
equal, a little hairy. Stamens, filament single, thick, club- 
shaped, rather larger than the perianth. .Anthers two-lobed; 
lobes oval, and grooved in the middle. FEMALE FLOWERS 
on the same tree, and mixed with the male on the same 
branchlets. Calyx ;spathe, no other than the male has, viz. 
the stipules, Ament oblong, closely covered with innumer- 
able, small, sessile germs, perforated at the apex for the style 
~ to pass. Germs numerous, their exterior coverings uniting 
near the base; above they are from four to six-angled, and 
throughout solid, except where the germ proper and style is 
lodged. Germ proper, ovate, lodged in the bottom of the 
last described covering. Style single, rather longer than the 
envelope of the germ, Stigma single, recurved, clubbed, 
grooved on the outside, Fruit compound, oblong, murexed, 
from twelve to thirty inches long, from six to twelve in dia- 
meter, weighing from ten to sixty pounds. Seeds reniform, 
gne in each germ, were all to come to maturity, which never 
can happen; they are about the size of a nutmeg, enveloped 
in a thin, smooth, leathery sheath, lodged within the fleshy 
eatable part of the fruit, which formed the exterior coverings 
of the germ, already noticed, 

. Fora more particular account of the fruit, see Gertner on 
Seeds, vol. i. page 344. 346, tab. 71. and 72. all that is intend- 
ed by this description, is to give a tolerable idea of the parts 
of fructification. 

The fruit of this tree is so universally known, that it is un- 
necessary for me to say any thing respecting its excellence, 
as well as that the seeds, when roasted, are not inferior to the 

3N2 


524 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Artocarpus. 


best chesnuts, In Ceylon, where the tree grows most plenti- 
fully, and where the fruit attains to its greatest size, the in- 
habitants make them a very considerable article of their diet. 

The wood comes near to mahogany in appearance, and is 
much used for making furniture, in Ceylon and some other 
parts of India. 

The Indians of those parts prepare their best bird-lime 
from the tenaceous white juice, wich abounds in all the 
uneatable parts of the fruit, and in the young tender parts of 
the tree. It flows freely from recent wounds, 


3. A. Lakoocha, Roxb. 

Leaves entire, oval. Aments axillary, globular. Fruit 
nearly round, somewhat lobate, and almost smooth, 

Sans. Lukoocha, 

Beng. Dhea-phul-Burbul. 

Found in the gardens in the vicinity of Calcutta, and is 

‘common all over Bengal, Leaves deciduous during the cold 

season, appearing again with the flowers in March about the 
beginning of the hot season, 

It is so far as I have seen, a tree of a middling size, with a 
short but thick trunk, and a very large spreading head. 

Bark of the trunk very rough ; that of the young parts pret- 
ty smooth. Leaves about the extremities of the branchlets al- 
ternate, short-petioled, somewhat bifarious, oval, entire, gene- 
rally pointed, smooth above, downy beneath, with many pa- 
rallel veins, and beautifully reticulated between them, from 
four to twelve inches long, and from two to six broad. Strpu- 
les small, cordate, caducous. Aments axillary, being from the 
axills, or most exterior germs, of last year’s leaves; the male 


are below, the female on the same branchlets, but from diffe- 


rent axills, Maze rLowers, Calyx ; spathe no other than 
one, or two, small, stipule-like scales, embracing the insertion 
of the spadix, _Aments sub-sessile, irregularly roundish, 
about the size of a nutmeg, every where covered with innu- 
merable florets, internally of a beautiful rose-colour. Pert- 


Artocarpus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 526 


anth proper, or corol, consisting of small, wedge-shaped, trun- 
cated scales, I find it difficult to assign any determined num- 
ber to each stamen, from two to four is most common, Fi- 
laments rather longer than the scales of the calyx, tapering 
from the base. Anthers round, minute, elevated a very little 
above the surface of thespadix. FEMALE FLOWERS, Calyz; 
spathe as in the male. Ament short-peduncled, globular. 
Perianth proper, as.in A, integrifolia. Germs numerous, 
of the shape of a Florence flask ; sty/e the length of tHe ex- 
terior coat of the germ. Stigmas subulate. Fruit compound, 
the surface pretty smooth; the internal structure as in the 


genus, about the size of a man’s fist or larger, and generally 


of an irregular, roundish form, when ripe yellow. Seeds ob-. 
long, involved in the same number of integuments as in A. 
integrifolia, | 

The natives eat the fruit; to an European the taste will 
generally be found disagreeable. The male spadix is acid, 
and astringent; the natives eat them in their curries, The 
roots dye yellow. The whole tree and unripe fruit, like A. 
incisus, and integrifolia, contain much tenaceous milky juice. 

4, A. Chaplasha, Roxb. 

Leaves in the adult, obovate, entire ; in the young pinnati- — 
fid. Aments axillary; long-peduncled, sub-rotund. Fruit 
spherical. 

Beng. Chaplash., 

A native of the eastern frontier of the Province of Bengal, 
about Tipperah, and Chittagong, where it grows to be a tree 
of the first magnitude. Flowering time March and April, 
when the first flowers appear, the tree is destitute of leaves, 
but they make their appearance before the fruit is formed. 

Trunk straight ; branches numerous, ascending. Bark to- 
lerably smooth, of a dark brownish olive colour, Leaves al- 
ternate on short, round, pubescent petioles ; in young plants 
frequently, indeed generally, pinnatifid ; in grown trees oval 
or obovate, cuneate, with the margins’ somewhat remotely 


526 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Artocarpus. 


dentate-serrate, or scolloped, of a thick, firm, harsh texture; 

from six to twelve inches long, and from four to eight broad. 

Stipules two, spathiform, within the leaves, opposite, cadu- 
cous, ments, the first that appear are immediately below 
the germs, which contain the new swelling foliage ; afterwards 
when the leaves begin to expand they are axillary, both male 
and female are Jong-peduncled, and nearly round. MALE 
FLOWERS. Calyx, ament long-peduncled, sub-rotund, of 
the size of a nutmeg, covered with innumerable, very minute 
florets, intermixed with ‘slender, peltate bractes, or scales. 
Perianth proper; scales two, rarely three, wedge-shaped, 
with their apices somewhat rugged. Corol none. Filaments 
one or two, rather longer than the corol, Anthers twin. 
FEMALE AMENTS amongst the male. Calyx; ament long-pe- 
duncled, spherical, entirely covered with innumerable florets, 
intermixed with small peltate scales, as in the male. Peri- 
anth proper, one-leaved, clavate, fleshy, with a small perfo- 
ration for the style to pass through, Corol none. Stamina 
none. Germ ovate, Style slender. Stigma curved, and just 
‘projecting without the apex of the perianth, Fruit com- 
pound, perfectly round, drooping on its long peduncle, about 
the size of a very large orange, and much like the bread 
fruit, Artocarpus incisa, only much smaller, Seeds numerous, 
oblong, white, and about the size of Pistachio nuts, 

It differs widely in many respects from Artocarpus 
Lakoccha, First, chiefly in the appearance of the trees; for 
this is tall and straight, growing to an immense size, of which 
canoes are made on the Fennee and Gomootee rivers. The 
wood is also serviceable for various other purposes, and is 
reckoned superior to almost every other sort, particularly 
when employed under water ; that being short, very ramous, 
and generally crooked. Secondly, here both male and female 
aments, and consequently the fruit, are long-peduncled; 
there very short. - Thirdly, here the fruit is a there 
of an — — shape. 


Artocarpus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 527 


5, A. echinata. Roxb. 

Leaves oblong, entire. Male and female aments round. 
Fruit spherical, echinated. 

Tampoine of the Malays of Malacca. 

A native of Prince of Wales’ Island, and other parts east 
of the Bay of Bengal, where it grows to be a moderate sized 
tree, and the fruit is eaten by the natives. 

Trunk in a young tree in the Botanic garden at Calcutta, 
short, . stout, and straight, Branches numerous in every di- 
rection, forming a dense,sub-globular head. Bark of the old 
_ woody parts of a dark olive green, that of the young shoots 
harsh with short stiff appressed brownish hairs. Leaves alter- 
nate, short-petioled, oblong, entire, obtuse, hard, with the 
upper surface glossy, and the lower one lighter coloured and 
harsh, from six to eight inches long, and from three to six 
broad. Stipules lanceolate, concave, harsh with short, ap- 
pressed hairs. Male aments axillary, short-peduncled, glo- 
bular, of the size of a gooseberry, yellow. Bractes, a few, 
clavate-peltate, intermixed with the corollets. Calyx one- 
leaved, bifid segments oblong, obtuse. Filaments single, 
rather longer than the calyx.. Anthers sub-rotund. Female 
aments terminal, longer peduncled, globular. Fruit com- | 
pound, round, of the size of a small shaddock, armed with 
numerous, long, straight, subulate spines as in A, hirsuta, 
(Ansjeli, Rheed, Mal. iii. t. 32.) Seeds numerous, and oval, 
as in the’ genus. 


6. A. deieasohins R. . 

Leaves broad-lanceolar, or oblong, acuminate, entire. Fruit 
terminal, spherical. 

A native of Prince of Wales’ Island. 


7. A. incisa, Willd. iv. 188. 

Leaves gashed and pinnatifid. Male aments ts eylindtie 
Fruit terminal, round. oa 

Bread-Fruit of Dampier, Anson, Cook, and Ellis, 


* 


528 3 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Ficus. 


Soccus lanosus, granosus and meres Rumph, Amb, i. 
t, 32, 33, and 34, 

A native of the Moluccas, and South Sea Islands, It has 
been long introduced inte Bengal, but the winters there are 
much two cold for it, and during that period it looses near- 
ly as much as it gains the rest of the year. 


FICUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1613. 


Male and female corollets on the interior surface of the 
common receptacle, Proper perianth various in both, Co- 
rollets none. Seeds solitary. 

Note. I have examined minutely the florets of nearly the 
whole of the following species, and found only two instances 
in which they were not androgynous; and ie far the great- 
er part monandrous, 


SECT. I. Fruit solitary or paired. 

1. F. Carica, Willd. iv. 1131. 

Leaves angular, lobate, or palmate, three-nerved, scabrous 
above, downy underneath, Fruit solitary, turbinate, smooth. 

Pers, Unjeer. 

Arab. Seen. 

Beng. Doomar or Doombur. 

Found in a cultivated state, in India, Persia, and Arabia. 
The leaf is much less divided than in the trees from England, 
or than I ever observed them in Europe. 


eh? 


2. F. hirsuta, Roxb. 

Arboreous. Tender parts hirsute. Leaves round-cordate, 
from three to five-lobed, serrate-dentate; lobes acute. Fruit 
axillary, paired, sessile, oval, shaggy. 

Dungra, the vernacular name in the Silhet district, where 


the tree is indigenous, and produces fruit during the dey 
season. 


SSIES 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 529 


Young shoots sub-succulent, and very hairy; hairs ful- 
vous. Leaves alternate, petioled, round-cordate, from three 
to five-lobed, serrate-dentate, hairy, particularly the nerves 
underneath ; /obes acuminate; length and breadth from six 
to ten inches. Stipules lanceolate. Fruit (receptacle, ) in 
pairs, axillary, sessile, round, an inch and a half in diameter, 
‘ very hairy, of a rich yellow, fleshy ; flesh firm and yellow. 
Umbilicus scaly and scarcely elevated above the surface of 
the fruit. Calyx of the fruit ; leaflets three, obliquely round, 
cordate, cuspidate, sericeous on the outside. Male corollets 
a few, just within the umbilicus, sub-sessile. Calyx three- 
leaved, or deeply three-parted ; leaflets oblong , deep red. 
Filaments generally two, short. Anther linear-obbege: ‘Fe- 
male corollets numerous, long-peduncled, occupying the 
whole of the cavity of the receptacle. Calyx as in the male. 
Germ sub-globular. Style on one side, short. Stigma large, 
somewhat three-lobed, 

The fruit is eaten by the natives of Silhet, where the tree 
is indigenous. — 


3. F. palmata. R. : 

~ Leaves palmate, woolly underneath ; lobes serrulate den- 
tate, and cuspidate. 

Found by Dr. W. Hunter indigenous at Pulo Pica: ss 


4. F, caricoides, Roxb. 

Sub-arboreous, Leaves cordate, crenate, villous. Fruit 
axillary, solitary, or paired, peduncled, trigonal-turbinate, 
wrinkled. Umbilicus shut with three cordate scales. bre 
from five to six-leaved. ) 

_ From General Martin at Lucknow, some plants were re- 
ceived into the Botanic garden where they grow readily from 
cuttings, thrive well, and bear fruit abundantly. 

. Stem erect. Branches ascending, having much the ap- 
pearance of those of the common fig, only running more into 
long slender twigs. Leaves alternate, petal cordate, cre- 
VOL, II. . ds 


530 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Ficus. 


nulate, villous; from six to ten inches long. Petioles round, 
downy, two or three inches long. Fruit axillary, long-pe- 
duncled, solitary, erect, of a triangular-turbinate shape, with 
a round, closed, prominent umbilicus; wrinkled on the out- 
side, and somewhat villous; when ripe yellowish, and about 
the size of a gooseberry. Calyx of the fruit three-leaved, 
that of the corollets five-leaved, as in the genus. 

Noie. The plant has so much the general habit of F. Ca- 
rica, that I long considered it an accidental variety, but as 
the tree is less like it when old, and the shape of the leaves 
continues constant, [am now induced to consider it a distinet 
species. The fruit is tough, and very unpalatable, in short 
not eatable. 


5. F. virgata. R. 

Shrubby. Leaves broad-cordate, obtuse, serrate-crenate, 
three-nerved, downy. Fruit axillary and lateral, = 
solitary, oval, smooth, 

A native of Rohilcund ; flowering time the dry season. 

Trunk tolerably erect. Branches few, weak, ascending, 
covered with smooth, brownish, ash-coloured bark ; the whole 
height of plants six years old, from four to eight feet. Leaves 
alternate, petioled, broad-cordate, three-nerved, obtuse, ser- 
rate-crenate, very downy underneath; from three to four 
inches long, by three broad. Petioles round, downy, about 
two inches long. Stipules semi-lanceolate, caducous. Fruit 
, solitary, ovate, of the size of a pea, yellow, pretty 
poss supported on round, downy peduncles, rather less 
than an inch long. Calyx, common, three-leaved, and re- 
moved a little from the fruit, by a short pedicel. Mae. 
Corol round the inside of the mouth of the fruit, long-pedicel- 
led. Calyx of from three to five, lanceolate, hairy leaflets. 
Stamina three. Female corollets numerous, sub-sessile, Ca- 
lyx generally three-leaved, Germ round. Style — 
pering to a fine, hairy, coloured 2 eg 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 531 


6. F. hirta, R. : 

Arboreous. Tender parts very hairy. Leaves long-peti- 
oled, cordate, ciliate, serrate. Fruit axillary, paired, sessile, 
ovate, shag 

Bun or Khura Doomoor, of the natives of Silhet, where the 
tree is indigenous, and grows to a great size, and is beautiful 
during the dry season. 

Young shoots rather succulent, and very hairy; hair ful- 
vous. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, cordate, acutely ser- 
rate, from three to five-nerved, sometimes somewhat angular, 
or obscurely lobed; the upper surface a little hairy, very 
downy underneath, particularly the nerves, a foot long, by 
nine or ten inches broad. Petioles very shagg'y, round, from 
six to eightinches long, Stipules lanceolate, sericeous. Fruit 
axillary, sessile, ovate, hirsute, of the size of a pigeon’s egg, 
one or two calycine-like cuspidate scales near the base. 
Calyx three-leaved ; leaflets obliquely cordate, acuminate. 
Male corollets a few round the mouth of the receptacle, 
diandrous, with a red, five-cleft calyx. Female corollets nu- 
merous, over the whole of the inside of the receptacle, long- 
pedicelled, Calyx three-leaved, or three-parted ; parts lan- 
ceolate, and coloured as in the male, Germ oval. a the 
length of the germ, Stigma bifid. ? 


7. F. squamosa, R. 
_. Shrubby. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, turbinate, very 
scabrous; stipules permanent. Fruit solitary, or in pairs, 
short-peduncled, ooneneal very scabrous, some large scales 
about the apex, 

Found by Mr. Gott indigenous i in Rohilcund. 


8. F. laminosa. Hardw. 
- Shrubby, spreading. Leaves opposite, ie SS 
scabrous, Fruit aie ribbed, and imbricated with: le- 


Chan hats of He inhabitants of the mountains <—e 
- 3 oO 2 


532 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Ficus. 


nalee, where Colonel Hardwicke found it growing in moist 
situations, and spreading over the rocks, See Asiat, Res. vi. 
p. 379. 


9. F. heterophylla. 
Shrubby, sub-scandent, Leaves variously divided, scab- 
rous, Fruit axillary, paired, peduncled, rough. 

Valli teregam. Rheed. Mal. iii. t. 62. 

Beng. Ghoti-suara. 

Teling. Buroni. 

A weak, straggling, shrubby species, a native ciof thickets, 
&c, on the banks of rivers, and water courses, where its roots 
are constantly moist, 

Stems long, woody, weak, supporting themselves amongst 
bushes. Bark scabrous, rust-coloured, Leaves alternate, 
short-petioled, oval or oblong, sometimes entire, but more 
frequently divided into almost every form that can be ima- 
gined, very scabrous, with the divisions often toothed. Fruit 
axillary, paired, peduncled, round-turbinate, of the size of a 
large gooseberry, when ripe yellow, with whitish, scabrous 
spots, Calyx of the fruit minute, three-parted. 

The bark of the root is very bitter, it is given by the Hin- 
doos of these parts to remove pains in the bowels, 

This is truly a polymorphous plant, and I suspect Vahl’s 


Ficus denticulata, truncata, and serrata, as well as Willde- 


‘now’s aquatica, and probably Louriero’s cannabina, are no- 
"thing more than varieties of this species; at least I have nevet 
met with any other that can be compared with them, and this 
varies so much, even on the same plant, as to agree with them 
all. 


10. F. scabrella. R. 


Shrubby, scandent. Leaves alternate, siebeaainei ob- 
long, remotely serrulate-dentate, scabrous, Fruit axillary, — 
solitary, peduncled, turbinate, mails o of the size of'a an 


obixs, scales of the umbilicus ciliate. 


Se rea 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 533 


Bullum Doomoor, the vernacular name in Chittagong, 
where it is indigenous, and the fruit eaten by the natives in 
their curries. It is an extensive rambling species, depending 
on other plants for support, but does not root on them, as 
some near? j-allied species do, 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, remotely serrate, 
or a compound of that and scollop-dentate, very harsh to the 
feel, from two to five inches long, and from one to two broad. 
Fruit axillary, peduncled ; two is the habit, but rarely more 
than one grows to half the full size, which is that of a large 
olive, turbinate, rough with spongy, brownish tubercles, or 
knobs; when ripe the ground colour is yellow. Umbilicus 
clavate and shut with ciliate scales, Calyx of the fruit 
rather remote from it, and three-lobed. Male corollets, a few 
round the mouth of the umbilicus, monandrous, with from 
three to four-cleft perianths. Female corollets numerous 
over the whole of the smooth inside of the receptacle, with a 
perianth like that of the male. 


11. F. fructicosa, R. 

Shrubby. Leaves petioled, sub-ovate, entire, void of pu- 
bescence, but harsh. Fruit in axillary pairs, rather long pe- 
duncled, round. : 

Parkut Doomoor, the vernacularname in Chittagong, where 
it is indigenous, and grows to the size of a bushy, spreading 
shrub of about five or six feet in height, but shows no tenden- _ 


"ey to climb, or ramble, like some other nearly allied species, 


natives of the same country and the adjoining provinces, 
Young shoots void of pubescence, but harsh with minute 
points, scarcely visible to the naked eye. Leaves short-pe- 
tioled, alternate, ovate, rather obtuse, entire, and like the 
young shoots somewhat harsh to the feel ; ‘rom three to four 
inches long, by from one and a half to two and a half broad. 
Fruit inaxillary pairs, rather long peduncled, round, pretty 
smooth, the size of a small cherry, of adeep orange. Umbi- 


Reus flat and shut with a few, smooth scales, - Calyx of the 


534 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Ficus, 


fruit rather remote, small and three-lobed. Male corollets 
many and mixed among the female, diandrous, with a three- 
parted red perianth. Female corollets with the perianth like 
the _, the stigma two-toothed. 


12: F: Lwducea: Rbas: 

Shrubby, very ramous. Leaves short-petioled, shale acute, 
entire, firm, Fruit axillary, solitary, short-peduncled, round, 
hairy. 

Luduka, and Debree of the natives of Dosa, where Colonel 
Hardwicke found it on his journey to Shreenagur. 


13. F. Chincha. R. 

Shrubby. Leaves petioled, oblong, obtusely cuspidate, 
entire, scabrous. Fruit axillary, es round, scabrous, 
with an elevated umbilicus. 

~ Chincha of the natives about Dosa, ee it was found by 
es Hardwicke on his journey to Shreenagur. — 


14. F- querer. Roxb. 

- Perennial, creeping, Leaves reflected, oblong, irregular- 
ly sinuate, scabrous whilesioaai Fruit solitary, ae 
short-oval, of the size of a pea. 

A native of the Island of Sumatra, and sent to the Botanic 
garden by Dr. Charles Campbell; from Bencoolen, It bears 
fruit all the year. 

_ Stems none. Branches creeping to an extent of about two 

et, round and pretty smooth, Leaves alternate, petioled, 
reflected, oblong, deeply, and irregularly sinuate, scabrous, 
particularly underneath, from one to three inches long, and 
about half that in breadth. Petioles short, somewhat chan- 
nelled. Stipules tapering, coloured, caducous. Fruit axil- 
lary, solitary, peduncled, short-oval, warty, the size of a pea- 
Umbilicus elevated, large, coloured, and nearly shut with 
scales, Perianth no other than two, or three, ee 
scales on the peduncle and fruit, ee ; the, en 


*~ 


. 


Ficus, _ MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 535 


ones below, a few diandrous; the hermaphrodite ones just 
within the umbilicus. Perianth in both five-cleft. 


15. F. humile. Roxb. 

Perennial, creeping. Leaves short-petioled, oblong, re- 
motely dentate-serrate, harsh, obtusely acuminate. Fruit 
paired, peduncled, oblong with an elevated umbilicus, 

From Sumatra, where it is indigenous, this small cespitose 
species has been introduced into the Botanic garden where it 
produces fruit the whole year. It is like F. queretfolia in 
‘habit, and I at first considered it to be only a variety of that 
species; but a longer and more intimate acquaintance with 
both, induces me to think them distinct. In this I have found 
only female florets. 

Stems and branches spreading flat on the ground, and 
striking root, round and pretty smooth, the most tender lux- 
uriant shoots somewhat three-sided. Leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, shape between oblong-ventricose and rhomboidal ; 
apex alternate, but obtuse, margin remotely serrate-dentate ; 
both surfaces void of pubescence, but harsh, from two to four 
inches long. Petioles and veins red. Stipules ensiform, co- 
loured, smooth. Fruit axillary, paired, peduncled, of the. 
size of a pea, oblong, witha large elevated umbilicus. Corol-. 
lets entirely female in all the plants brought to this garden. 
Calyx five-parted ; segments ensiform. ; 


16. F. repens, Willd, iv. 1149. 

Somewhat shrubby, creeping. Leaves obliquely cordate, 
lobate, serrate-dentate. Fruit eehtery. peduneled, long- 
obovate. 3 . 

Beng. Bhooi-Doomoor. 

A native of pasture ground, and borders of tanks about 

Stems creeping or diffuse, close on the gTound, ramous, as 
thick asa quill; young shoots a little hairy, Leaves alter- 
nate, petioled, unequally cordate, often deeply sinuate, gene- 


536 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Ficus. 


rally acutely and regularly serrate, the upper surface scab- 
rous, underneath downy; size very various. Petioles about 
half the length of the leaves. Stipules opposite, and not drop- 
ping so soon as in the other species I have met with. Fruit 
axillary, solitary, peduncled, obovate, somewhat scabrous, 
scarcely the size of the point of the little finger. Peduncle 
bracted at the middle, or it may be called a three-leaved ca- 
lyx, and then the fruit is pedicelled. 


17. F. radicans, R. 

Shrubby, scandent, and rooting. Leaves oblong, entire, 
long-linear, acuminate, Fruit globular, without a common 
calyx, long-peduncled. Male corollets monandrous. 

Poora rooha the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is in- 
digenous; it grows to be of a considerable extent, rooting 
upon old walls, various kinds of bushes and trees, like the 
ivy in Europe and the parasites in India, but has its main 
root generally though not always on the ground. In fruit the 
whole year, 

Young shoots a little harsh to the feel, and green. Leaves 
alternate, petioled, oblong, entire, three-nerved ; apex long, 
and very narrow, or ensiform like that of F. religiosa, hard 
and rather rough with reticulate veins underneath ; lateral 
nerves small, springing from the base and running elose to the 
margin ; from three to six inches long, and from one to three 
_ broad, Stipules as in the genus, but small. Fruit peirator or 

_ single from the base of the little branchlets, all axillary, long- — 
peduncled, round, of the size of a black currant, when ripe, 
yellow or orange. Calyx of the receptacle none, Proper 
perianth in both male and female five-cleft ; segments ensi- 
form. Male corollets monandrous, a few lek the inside of 
ee mouth of the receptacle, all the rest female. _ 


“18, F. scandens, R. ; 

Shrubby, scandent. | tomes Uaetiitlededi sialen entire, 
fruit in axillary pairs, round, borane common calyx 
three-toothed, - ‘ 


Sua 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 537 


A native of Silhet, where it grows to be a ramous climb- 
ing shrub, running up and over small trees, shrubs, &c. 

Bark of the tender branchlets rather rough, and brown. 
Leaves very exactly ovate, short-petioled, entire, three-nerv- 
ed, void of pubescence, but harsh to the feel, and very hard ; 
from two to four inches long, and from one and a half to two 
and a half broad. Fruit in axillary pairs, all from the base 
of the small lateral branchlets, rather long-peduncled, round, 
rough, of the size of a black currant, and olive yellow when 
ripe. Calyx of the receptacle three-toothed. Proper pe- 
rianth from three to five-parted in both male and female, 
Male corollets very few in some of the —— in others 
none could be seen, monandrous, 


19. F. vagans. R. 

Shrubby, scandent, rooting to other trees. Leaves long- 
petioled, exactly cordate, villous underneath. Fruit axilla- 
ry, peduncles solitary or in pairs, sub-globular, the size of a 
nutmeg ; within hirsute. 

A stout, woody, rambling species 3 a native of Chittagong, 
rooting on trees for support. It serene: fruit at various 
periods through the year. 

Young shoots smooth, except for a short while andi tae 
first appear, then a little hairy. Leaves alternate, long-peti- 
oled, exactly cordate,a little hairy underneath, of a hard tex- 
ture, and rather harsh to the feel, entire, obtusely acuminate ; 
about five inches long, by four broad. Stipules interfolia- 
ceous, as in the genus, Fruit axillary, paired, is the habit, 
though one of the two is often wanting, long-peduncled, 
nearly round, about the size of a medlar. Jnvolucre or ca- 
lyx of the fruit three-lobed, and embracing its base. Female _ 
corollets only found, long-pedicelled,and intermixed with the _ 
long, stiff, tawny hairs, which line the inside of the fruit, or 
receptacle, Calyx from four to five-leaved ; leaflets lanceo- 


late, acuminate, “Style clavate, — perforated, 
‘VOL, IIT, “ 3P 


538 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Ficus; 


20. F. acuminata. R. 

Shrubby, scandent. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolar, en- 
tire, smooth, the apex long and ensiform, uit in axillary 
_ pairs, sub-sessile, 

A native of Chittagong, where it runs over other trees, and 
emits roots, as it runs, 


21. F. hederacea, Roxb. 

Shrubby, scandent, rooting. Leaves ovate, smooth, but 
hard, fruit axillary, one or two, sub-sessile, round, thesize of 
a cherry, and scarlet coloured. 

Luta-Parkut Doomoor, the vernacular name in Chittagong, 
where it is indigenous in the forests, running up and over 
trees; and like the ivy emitting numerous small roots by 
which its very extensive ramifications are supported, 

. Bark of the woody parts dark brown, and rough ; that of 
the young shoots harsh to the feel, but void of pubescence. 
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate, entire, rather obtuse, 
smooth above, but rather rough underneath, and of a very 
hard texture ; from three to five inches long, and two or three 
broad. Fruit in axillary pairs, though one of the two gene- 
rally drops early, short-peduncled, round, the size of a large 
black currant, somewhat hispid, of a red orange approach- 
ing to scarlet. Umbilicus rather elevated, and shut . with 
large, smooth scales. Calyx of the fruit appressed, and three- 
leaved ; leaflets reniform. Male corollets sessile, and mixed 
among the female ones oyer the whole interior surface of 
the receptacle. Perianth three-leaved ; stamina single. Fe- 


male corollets pedicelled, with. three-parted poientn and 
two-lobed stigma, 


22. F. Goolereeu. R. 

Leaves opposite, obovate, serrate, dealin: ‘Fruit in axil- 
lary pairs, long-peduncled, nearly round, downy, wanes 
elevated, scaly margin round the umbilicus. bg 

Hind, Kuth-Goolureea, 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 539 


23. F. Wassa, R. 

Shrubby, straight. Leaves broad-lanceolate, often lacini- 
ate, sub-serrate, scabrous, Fruit axillary, peduncled, solita- 
ry, or paired, sub-rotund, 

Wassa of the Malays, and probably Caprificus aspera, 
Rumph, Amb, iii, t. 94. 

This small straight species was introduced into this gar- 
den, from the Moluccas, by Mr. Smith. The fruit coppees 
during the hot season. 

Stem straight, almost simple, from three to four feet high, 
covered with dark brown, pretty smooth bark. Leaves al- 
ternate, petioled, broad-lanceolate, frequently much and. va- 
riously lanceolate and in that case broader than when entire, 
with the margins often serrulate, rough on both sides, and 
having two small lateral nerves near the base, with a green 
gland in the axill of each, from two to six inches long. Pe- 
tioles about an inch long, slightly channelled. Stipules 
chaffy, sub-lanceolate, caducous. Fruit axillary, solitary or 
paired, peduncled, somewhat compressed into the shape of a 
turnip, smooth, the size of a gooseberry ; umbilicus smal) and 
shut with scales. Calyx of the fruit none; of the pedun- 
cle or bractes obscure. lorets, nine tenths are female, the 
few male ones are round the umbilicus and mixed ipiced 
the inner scales thereof. 


. 24, F. Indica, Amoen, Acad, i. p. 27. Martyn’s ed. Mill, 
Dict, Ms Des: 

. Branches dropping roots, which become as eg as the 
cbigihal: trunk. Leaves ovate-cordate, Fruit in sessile, 
axillary pairs, =” 

Sans, Vuta, See Asiat. Res. iv. 310. 

Peralu. Rheed. Mal. i. t. 28. 

Beng. Bur, or But, 

-Varinga latifolia, —— ini iii, 127. t. 4. the figure 
very bad. As orl 

Cing. Bagha. jee 
3 P2 


540 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Ficus. 


Teling. Marie. 

Banyan tree, 

An account of this immense, and most beautiful tree, is s to 
be met with in almost every history of India. 

It grows wild about the skirts of the Circar mountains, but 
in greatest perfection about, and in villages, where it is 
planted for the sake of its extensively cool, grateful shade ; 
it is there the tree is found in its greatest perfection and 
beauty. Flowering time the hot season. I know of no other 
species of Ficus, which sends forth fibres from the branches, 
that descend to the ground, and become trunks, 

Trunk; when young it is distinct, and single, at all times its 
form, thickness, and height very variable ; still more so than 
that of F. religiosa, because generally reared from branches 
procured naked, and stuck in the ground. Branches spread- 
ing to a great extent, dropping capillary roots here and 
there, these enter the ground, as soon as they reach it, gradu- 
ally becoming as large as, and similar to the parent trunk, by 
which means the extent becomes almost incredible, the 
height of the tree is at the same time slowly increasing, some 
Ihave seen fully five hundred yards in circumference round 
the extremities of the branches, and about one hundred feet 
high, the principal trunk of which might be more than twen- 
ty-five feet to the branches, and eight or nine in diameter, 
they are largest about the villages situate in fertile valleys 


amongst the mountains. The bark is smooth and of a light 


ash-colour. The wood light, white and porous, Leaves 
alternate, about the extremities of the branchlets, petioled, 
ovate-cordate, three-nerved, entire ; sometimes the border is 
very slightly waved, when young very downy on both sides, 
when old, less so, particularly above; from five to six inches 
long, and from three to four broad, at the apex of the petiole 


on the under side, is a broad, smooth, greasy looking gland. 
Petioles a little compressed, from one to two inches long, 
downy. Stipules within the leaves, sheathing, downy, fall- 


ing, leaving their annular marks on the branehlets, agile 


ieee ieee) 


Ficus, MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 5o41 


paired, axillary, sessile, when ripe the size and colour of a 
middle sized, red cherry, downy. Calyx of the fruit three- 
nerved, | 

Note. Fig. 1. of Plukenet’s 178th Table is a much better 
figure of this tree than Fig. 4. of the same table, 

The Bramins are partial to the leaves of this tree to make 
their plates to eat off; they are jointed together by inkles, . 
_ Bird-lime is prepared from the tenacious milky juice 
which every part of the tree yields in abundance on being 
wounded, 

Birds eat the fruit, and the seeds grow the better for having 
passed through them ; if they drop in the alze of the leaves of 
the Palmyra tree, (Borassus flabelliformis) they grow 
and extend their descending parts so as in time to embrace 
entirely the parent Palmyra, except its upper parts, In 
very old ones the top thereof is just seen issuing from the 
trunk of the Banyan asif it grew from thence, whereas it runs 
down through its centre and_has its roots in the ground, the 
Palm being the oldest. For.such the Hindoos entertain a re- 
ligious veneration, saying itis a Beli: AS instituted a by 
Providence. | z 


25. F. sleatien: Roxb. 

Leaves from oval to oblong, pointed, thick, firm, aa is 
sy. Fruit in axillary pairs, sessile, oval, smooth, the size of 
an olive, | Stipules nearly as long as the leaves, smooth and. 
a 
fo aoe the vernacular name by which this tree is known 
to the inhabitants of the Pundua, and Juntipoor moun- 
tains, which bound the province of Silhet on the north, where 
it is indigenous, and grows to the size of a full grown mango 
tree; that is fully as large as the great Maple, or Sycamore 
that grows in England. The season at which the young fruit. 
appears, or at least when I procured it, was May and June; 
and they were ripe in August and September. . Every. part 
abounds with rich milky juice, which furnishes. 
third of its weight of Caoutchouc. 


542 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Ficus. 


Trunk erect, from five to six or more feet in circumference, 
and high in proportion. Bark as in most of the genus tole- 
rably smooth, of a light ash-colour, The wood as in far the 
greatest number of our East Indian Fic?, rather soft, porous, 
of a light brown colour,and appears to be fit for fuel, or char- 
coal only. Branches numerous, spreading and rising in every 
direction, forming a very extensive, and shady head; the | 
bark of the largest ones is like that of the trunk, that of the 
young shoots smooth, polished, of a deep green. 

The Juntipoor Raja who procured plants of this tree and 
branches in young fruit, says the tree from whence the lat- 
ter were taken is only four years old and is twenty-five feet 
high, with a trunk three feet in circumference. 

From the larger branches roots descend as in many of the 
Indian Fici, 

Leaves permanent, alternate, petioled, from oval to oblong, 
perfectly entire, acute, smooth, and highly polished on both 
sides, with the upper surface deep clear green, andthe under — 
one paler, from four to twelve inches long, and from three to 
five broad, with numerous, fine, diverging veins, as in Callo- 
phyllum inophyllum. Rib smooth and deeply tinged with red. 
Petioles about an inch long, round and perfectly smooth, Sti- 
pules solitary, sheathing, before they burst sub-cylindric, and 
tapering to a fine point, every part smooth, on the outside of 
a deep rosy colour; within paler, they drop off at an early 
period, leaving a permanent annular mark behind, and are 
from four to eight inches long ; 1 have not met with any other 
species with such a beautiful foliage, and stipule as in this. 
Fruit or receptacle in axillary pairs, sessile, just when they 
arerelieved from the stipules each of them is inclosed in a dou- 
ble integument or involucre, which by the growth of the fruit 
soon bursts and disappears, leaving annular marks round — 
the base of the frait. When ripe oval and about the size of 
an olive, smooth, and of a greenish yellow colour. Male and 

JSemale corollets intimately mixed over the whole of the innet 
surface of the fruit or receptacle. Male calyx three-parted ; 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 543 


* 


segments lanceolate. Filaments single and short. Anthers 
erect, clavate, obtuse. Female calyx as in the male. Germ 
unequally-oblong. Style from one side near the apex, curv- 
ed, Stigma rather large, and ragged. 

A similar substance to that which the milk of this noble 
tree furnishes in such abundance, so pliable, so elastic, and so 
capable of resisting menstrua, has been already described by 
me in the 5th volume of the Asiatick Researches, I there ob- 
served that inferior sorts were furnished by the milky juices 
of the Jak tree, Artocarpus integrifolia, the Banyan tree, 
Ficus Indica, and the Pippula tree, Ficus religiosa ; since 
that time some other plants have been discovered in the 
countries immediately to the eastward of Bengal, such as a 
new species of Willughbeia, there called Luti Am or the 
scandent mango, another, a new and beautiful Melodinus 
or climbing apple, there called Sadal Kowa, which yields a 
milky fluid of the same nature, and to those I now add the 
above described Fig tree, which I consider an undescribed 
species, and to which I have given the specific name elastica, 


on account of its milky juice. The manner in which the dis- 


covery was made is as follows. 
_ Towards the close of 1810, Mr. Matthew Richard Smith of 
Silhet, sent me a vessel, there called a Turong, filled with 
honey in the very state in which it had been brought from 
the Pundua or Juntipoor mountains north of Silhet, The 
vessel was a common, or rather coarse basket in the shape of 
a four-cornered, wide mouthed bottle, made of split ratans, 
several species of which grow in abundance amongst the 
above mentioned mountains, and contained about two gallons. 
Mr. Smith observed that the inside of the vessel, was smear- 
ed over with the juice of a tree, which grows on the moun- 
tains, I was therefore more anxious to examine the nature of 
this lining than the quality of the honey. The Turong was 
therefore emptied and washed out, when to my gratification _ 
I found it very perfectly lined with a thin coat of Caoutchouc. 
_ The tree as above observed, grows to a large size and chief- 


544 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Ficus. 


ly in the chasms of the rocks, on the declivities of the moun- 
tains, that time has filled with the decomposed rocks, and ve- 
getables ; I also find the young trees grow with the greatest 
luxuriance in the common soil of the Botanic garden. 

Old trees are said to yield a richer juice than the young 
ones, at least, they say the juice of the latter remains much 
longer in its fluid undecomposed state, than that of the former. 
It is extracted by incisions across the bark down to the wood, 
at a distance of about a foot from one other, all round the 
trunk or branch, up to the top of the tree ; and the higher the 
more abundant is the fluid said to be. After one operation, 
the same tree requires about a fortnight’s rest, when it may 
be again repeated. During the cool season, from October un- 
til March, the juice is more scanty than in the warm weather, 
from March to October, but richer, 

When this juice is exposed to the air, like milk when 
rennet is added to it, it separates spontaneously into the firm 
elastic substance itself, and a fcetid whey-coloured liquid. 
Fifty ounces of the pure milky juice taken from the trees in 
August yielded exactly fifteen ounces and a half of the clean 
washed Caouichouc. 

With this milk, while in its rescent fl dono state, the 
natives of the mountains, a most barbarous race as can be 
found in any part of the world, pay the inside of their rude 
utensils that are intended to hold fluids, The Caouwtchoue 
itself being very inflamable, furnishes them with candles. 
and flambeaux. They say they do not know of any mode by 
which it can be dissolved after it has acquired its firm state. 

On reading Mr. Gough’s description of a property of Caout- 
chouc in the 13th volume of Wicholson’s Journal, p. 305, 1 
was induced to try if this sort acquired heat by sudden ex- 
tension and again lost it by contraction. His method was fol- 
lowed by suddenly extending aslip,and when it was applied 
to the lips I was sensible of an increase of heat, but could not 
perceive any diminution of that heat when the slip was suf- 
fered to return to its original state of contraction. I also ap- 


——————— 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, ~ 545 


plied the middle of two broad slips to the bulb of a thermo- 
meter, one on each side, so that the bulb was between them 
and found the mercury was raised two degrees, viz. from 
eighty, the temperature of the room where the experiment 
was made, to eighty-two, by a few quickly repeated exten- 
sions and contractions of the two slips; and as the bulb of the 
thermometer was placed in the middle of the slips, no fric- 
tion upon it took place, consequently the increased tempera- 
ture must be owing to another cause. 

A thin slip twenty inches long, and half an inch broad, sus- 
pended in the sun-shine when the thermometer in the same 


place stood at 127, and kept straight by a light weight at its 


lower end, suffered no perceptible change ; however itis like- 
ly that a nicer scale to measure any difference that might 
have taken place, would have detected some little change, 
This substance, the produce of various other trees and 
vines, the most prominent of which are Jatropha elastica, 
Linn, suppl. 422. or Siphonia Cahuchu, Willd. iv. 567; the 
Ule tree or Castilla elustica of Cervantes the professor of 


- Botany in Mexico, and Urceola elastica, Asiat. Res. v. 157. is 


already so well known as to render it unnecessary for me to 
enlarge on its qualities. I will therefore only add that this 
species of Caoutchouc, like that of Urceola elastiea, is per- 


_fectly soluble in the essential oil obtained from the leaves of 


Melaleuca Cajuputi, commonly called Cajuputi oil. 


26. F. laccifera. R. 

-Arboreous. Leaves long-petioled, from cordate to oval, 
obtuse-pointed, lucid, three-nerved. Fruit in axillary pairs, 
sessile, oval, smooth, scaly on the inside. 

Kuthal But, the vernacular name of the tree in Silhet, 
where it is indigenous, and grows to as large a size, as F. 


-religiosa. The fruit appears during the hot season and ri- 


pens in the rains. 
Young shoots thick and smooth, Leaves shernate, peti- 


oled, from cordate to oval, obtuse, entire, thre , firm 
VOL, ll. = 


BAG MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Ficus, 


and polished ; from four to seven inches long, and from two 
to six broad. Petioles from one to two inches long, flatten- 
ed,’smooth. Stipules interfoliaceous, smooth, fine-pointed. 
Fruit axillary, sessile, oval, smooth, the size of a gooseberry. 
Involucre, or calyx of the fruit three-lobed. Female corol- 
lets only found. Calyx of four oblong leaflets scarcely longer 
‘than the germs. Style subulate. Stigma acute. 


27. F. selerophylia. R. . 
Leaves short-petioled, linear-oblong, hard and glossy, as 
are all the tender parts of the tree, Fruit in axillary pairs, 
short-peduncled, round, the size of a gooseberry, and yellow. 
A large tree, a native of the forests of Chittagong. 


28. F. obtusifolia, R. 

Arboreous. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, from cunei- 
form, to linear-oblong, thick, hard and glossy. Fruit axil- 
lary, paired, or single, sessile, round, smooth, the size of a 
‘small gooseberry, and yellow. 

A large elegant tree ; a native of the forests of Chittagong, 
where it produces fruit during the hot and rainy seasons. 

Young shoots polished, and marked with annular scars of 
the smooth, caducous, ash-coloured stipules, Leaves alter- 


nate, short-petioled, from linear-oblong to cuneiform, entire, — 


obtuse, highly polished, and of a hard texture, about six 
inches long, and from two to two and a half broad. Fruit in 
axillary pairs, though one often fails, sessile round, smooth, the 
‘size of a small} gooseberry, when ripe yellow; umbilicus ra- 
ther sunk, and shut with a few smooth, large scales, Calyx 
of the fruit of three reniform glossy leaflets, Male corollets 
numerous, monandrous, and mixed amongst the sessile fe- 


male ones through the whole of the inside of the receptacle; ~ 


‘the perianth in both is three-leaved, the style in this species 
is remarkably = witha tapering, acute stg = sae 


29, F. rameniacea. R 
Arboreous, branches iebbine roots. Leaves — on 


- 


Ficus. - MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 547 


cordate, acute, entire, in the bud hirsute, when expanded, 
smooth, strongly marked with simple parallel veins, Peti- 
oles short and ramentaceous. Fruit in short-peduncled, axil- 
lary pairs, smooth, the size of a small cherry, and red. 

A small tree, a native of Chittagong, where it produces 
fruit during the rains, In drying, the leaves become particu- 
larly glossy, while in the bud and until pretty well expand- 
ed, the large simple parallel veins are very hairy, From the 
branches roots descend as in F, Indica, and some other spe- 
cies, but never grow to any size asin Indica. 


30. F. religiosa. Willd, iv. 1134, 

Leaves cordate, scollop-waved, cuspidate. Fruit in wait 
lary, sessile pairs, vertically compressed, smooth, black. 

Arcalu. Rheed. Mal. i. t. 27. 

Sans. Pippula. See Asiat. Res. iv. 309, also Bodhi-droo- 
ma, Chuladula, Koonjurashuna, Aswattha, - 

Beng. Aswat, or Asood. 

Hind. baa 

ge Raz, 

This very large tree is common in every part of India. I 
have frequently met with it wild upon mountains, but it is 

most common near houses, where it is planted for the sake of 
the extensive, dark, grateful shade it yields, Flowering time 
the hot season. 

Root spreading horizontally to a great extent, and very 
near the surface of the earth, often on it, from the soil having 
been washed away by rain, Trunk erect, in small trees round, 
when large and old it becomes full of equalities, i, e. 
large perpendicular ridges and hollows, as if many trunks 
were: united; its thickness is, very various, the largest trees 

that I have seen were about twenty feet in circumference but 
short in proportion to that thickness, being rarely more than 
twenty or twenty-five feet to the branches. Bark pretty 


smooth, ash-coloured, Branches very numerous, spreading, 
3Q2 


~ 


548 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Ficus. 


and rising in every direction to a great distance and height. 
Branchlets often pendulous, Leaves alternate, petioled, pen- 
dulous, cordate, long, or slender, ensiform, pointed with the 
margins scollop-waved, both sides perfectly smooth, the up- 
per one of a deep shining green, about six inches long, of 
which the narrow point occupies nearly two, deciduous dur- 
ing the cold season. Petioles round, smooth, long, very slen- 
der, whence the constant trembling of the leaves arising from 
the most gentle air of wind, as in the aspen tree (Populus tre- 
mula.) Stipules sheathing, caducous, Fruit paired, axil- 
lary, sessile, vertically compressed; when ripe of the size and 
colour of a small black cherry. Calyx of the fruit three- 
leaved. 

Birds eat the fruit greedily. The wood like that of F. Jndi- 
ca is white, light, and soon perishes, of course it is not much 
used, Next to the malberry leaves I have found silk worms 
like the young tender leaves of this tree. Much tenaceous 


milky juice is discharged from fresh wounds made in the — 


bark. 


31. F. cordifolia. R. 

Leaves long, slender, petioled, ovate-cordate, waved, acu- 
minate, glossy. Fruit paired, sessile, round, smooth, black. 

Beny. Guy-aswut. 

_ Arbor Conciliorum. Rumph, Amb. iii. t. 90. 

Found in the vicinity of Calcutta, where it grows to be a 
large, very ramous, spreading tree. I never observed iton the 
C del coast. Like F. religiosa, which it most resem- 
: Sans thetrtink is short ; while young round and straight, but 
when old deeply Sincived; as if composed of many conlesced 
trunks, 

Bark smooth. Branches spreading, ‘aldins sidionslog 
Leaves petioled, ovate-cordate, waved, most entire, fine point- 
ed, smooth and shining on both sides, somewhat three-nerv- 
ed, with the veins less numerous and less distinct than in F. 


religiosa, Petioles long, slender, nodding, giving to their 


nN 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 549 


leaves a tremulous motion with the least wind. Stipules as 
in the genus. Fruit paired, axillary, sessile, round, smooth, 
when ripe of the size and appearance of a black cherry. 
Calyx of the fruit three-leaved. Navel closed with three 
small scales, 

Obs, It approaches nearest to F, religiosa, of any species I 
know, yet is easily to be distinguished from it by the leaves 
being narrower in proportion to the length, with much shorter 
points, and instead of the lobes forming a sinus at the base, 
there is a small degree of projection at the insertion of the 
petiole. And in the second place by the fruit being perfectly 
round, and not, as in religiosa, vertically compressed. 

32. F. Tsiela. 

Leaves long-petioled, ovate-oblong, acute, ‘lished veins 
parallel and simple. Fruit paired, axillary, sessile, round- 
turbinate. 

Tsiela, Rheed. Mal. iii. ¢. 63, seems to be this tree. 

Teling. Joovee, or Pedda-Joovee.. 

This next to F. refigiosa, is the largest species I know. Its 
native station is the mountains, but it is also found every 
where on the low lands planted with F. Indica and religiosa, 
where it grows to be nearly as large, and is equally shady. 

Bark smooth, greenish, no roots from the trunk, nor 
branches. Leaves alternate, petioled, somewhat three-nerved, 
ovate-oblong, pointed, most entire, firm, smooth on both sides, 
shining, particularly on the upper side, with numerous, sim- 
ple and parallel veins, from four to six inches long, and from 
two to three broad. Petioles a little compressed, from one 
to two inches long. Stipules as in the other species, but in 
this they leave no durable cicatrice. Fruit paired, axillary, 
’ sessile, a little inclining to be turbinate, smooth, the size of a 
cherry, when ripe purple. Calyx of the fruit small, three- 
leaved.. Umbilicus shut up with scales. 

_ Note. Plukenet’s figure, referred to by Linnzeus is ani 

From wounds in the bark there issues a little, pale, glu- 


tinous, milky juice. 


550 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, © Ficus. 


33. F. Benjamina, Willd, iv. 1143. 

Leaves oval, and obovate, obtuse, polished. Fruit axil- 
lary, paired, smooth. 

Itty-Alu. Rheed. Mal. i. t. 26. 

Teling. Yerra joovee. 

This is also a large tree, and a native of the Circar moun- 
tains. 

Young shoots slender, perfectly smooth, as if polished. 
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, slightly three-nerved, obo- 
vate, entire, obtuse, firm, smooth, shining ; veins numerous, 
alternate, parallel, Petioles many times shorter than the 
leaves, channelled, smooth, Fruit axillary, sessile, paired, 
smooth, the size of a pea, when ripe purple with small yel- 
lowish specks ; umbilicus even with the apex of the fruit, and 
shut up with scales. Calyx of the fruit, three-leaved. 


- 84, F. tomentosa. Willd. iv. 1136. 

Branches dropping small roots, Leaves oblong-cordate, 
pointed, very downy underneath. Fruit axillary, paired, 
sessile, woolly. 

Teling. Petta mari. 

A very large tree, a native of mountainous tracts ; and like 
F. Indica gives out roots from its branches, howegts = ‘do 
not grow large. . 

Young shoots woolly. Leaves alternate, petioled, oblong- 
cordate, slightly three-nerved, a little pointed, entire, on the 

‘upper ‘side pretty smooth, on the lower one very downy, from 
_ four to six inches long; on the under side of the base of the 
middle nerve there is a large smooth, green gland, as in F, 
Indica. Petioles an inch long, channelled, woolly. Stipules 
as in the genus, but very woolly. Fruit axillary, paired, 
sessile, woolly, the size of a large pea, when ripe gray. Caly* 
very large, three-leaved ; ; leaflets spreading, woolly. 


Birds eat the fruit; tie wosil of thisteres: as well as of all . 
the preceding ee sie — et 


no use, even for fuel. 


a | 


Ficus. "  MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 551 


35. F. mfectoria, Willd, iv. 1137. 

Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, waved, smooth, Fruit pair- 
ed, axillary, sessile, round, smooth, white. 

Placsha (Plucksha.) Asiat. Res. iv. 310, 

Beng, Pakur, 

Tsjakela. Rheed. Mal. iii. t. 64. 

F, Tsjakela. Burm, Fl. Ind. 227. 

A large and most beautiful tree with a far extended un- 
commonly dense head ; a native of Bengal, I never met with 
it on the Coromandel coast. The trunk is large, and irregu- 
Jar like that of F, religiosa, sometimes dropping roots of con- 
siderable magnitude from the trunk and branches. 

Bark pretty smooth, of a brownish ash-colour, very tough, 
and peeling off in long slips. Leaves alternate, petioled, ob- 
long-cordate, pointed, waved, smooth on both sides, with few 
veins; from four to six inches long, and from two to four 
broad. Stipules about two inches long, slender, grooved, with 
a coloured gland round their apices, Fruit paired, axillary, 
sessile, the size of a pea, roundish, pretty smooth, when ripe 
white. 


36. F. rapiformis, Roxb, 
 -Arboreous, smooth. Leaves solitary and in pairs, petiol- 
ed, oval, pointed, entire, a ring of scabrous specks below the 
insertion of the stipules, #ruit axillary, solitary, short-pe- 
duncled, turnip-shaped. 

Introduced into the Botanic garden at Calcutta, from the 
Moluccas in 1798. Jn five years the young trees were from 
ten to twenty feet high, and produced fruit about the close of 
the rains, in September and October. 

Trunk straight ; bark ash-coloured and smooth, Branches 
many, spreading, the tender parts covered with smooth green 
bark. Leaves scattered, solitary, and also sometimes in pairs, 
petioled, of various shapes, but nearly oval and pointed is the 
most prevailing one, with the margins entire, smooth on both 
sides, from four to eight inches long, and about half that i in 


552 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Ficus. 


breadth. Petioles about an inch only, flat on the upper side ; 
a waxy gland on each side of their insertion, Stipu/es within 
the leaves, just below their insertion a ring of permanent sca- 
brous dots surround the branchlet. Fruit axillary, solitary, 
short-peduncled, size of a small medlar, turnip-shaped, con- 
cave at both apex and base, dotted with small white scabrous 
specks. Calyx of the peduncle none; of the fruit two, or 
three-leaved ; /eaflets small, thick and glandulous, Umbili- 
cus shut with numerous scales. 


37. F. excelsa. Vahl. en. pl. ii. 195. 

Arboreous, smooth, Leaves short-petioled, bifarious, ob- 
liquely-oblong, smooth, Fruit solitary or paired, peduncled, 
sub-turbinate. Calyx of the peduncle tridentate} navel 
round, 

- Atti meer alou. Rheed. Mal. iii. t, 58. 

- Introduced from the Moluccas, into this garden, The fruit 
appease about the beginning of the rains, 

» Trunk and branches straight ; as yet the trees are not more 
destten oF twelve fect high, and spread but little. Bark 
smooth, of a greenish ash-colour. Leavesalternate, bifarious, 
unequally oblong, sometimes pointed, entire, smooth above 
and slightly scabrous underneath, the middle nerve nearer 
the upper margin than the under one; about six inches long, 
and about three broad. Fruit axillary, solitary or paired, pe- 
duncled, nearly round, the size of a cherry, smooth, when ripe 
yellow. Calyx of the peduncle three-toothed, of the fruit 
none. Umbilicus small, round, shut on the inside with minute 
scarcely visible scales. 


38. F. comosa, Willd, iv. 1148, Corom. pl. ii. N. 125. 

Leaves oblong-ventricose, pointed, smooth. Fruit in care 
generally terminal, turbinate, smooth, red. 

Teling, Pootra-joovee. 

This is a pretty large tree, a native of the Crema 
tains, It has a large spreading, very branchy shady top, the 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 553 


bark is pretty smooth, and ash-coloured, the branchlets are 
very slender, much sub-divided, and often pendulous. 

Leaves alternate, petioled, oval, obliquely-pointed, entire, 
firm, smooth and shining, from two to four inches long. Pe- 
tioles very slender, about an inch long, grooved, Fruit ter- 
minal, or in the exterior axills, paired, sessile, size of a goose- 
berry ; apea depressed with the umbilicus rising a little in 
the centre, which is shut up with the scales; contracted at 
the base, something like the neck of a bottle, smooth, when 
ripe of a rich deep yellow colour. Calys of the fruit three- 
leaved. Proper perianth of the male and female corollets, 
(there are no hermaphrodite that I could find) three-leaved ; 
leaflets lanceolate. Filaments single. .Anthers two-lobed. 
Style long, slender, Stigma filiform, two-cleft. 

Note. Lobserved a hood over the rudiments of the young 
fruit, which fell off as soon as they began to increase in size. 


39. F. urticifolia, R. 

Leaves cordate, three-nerved, serrate, hispid above, downy 
underneath. uit in axillary pairs, long-peduncled, turbi- 
binate in a rather remote three-leaved calyx, sernys the size 
of a small gooseberry. 

A native of the mountains north of Bengal. 


AO. F. ampelos. Kon. Mss. or 
Branches dropping fibrous roots. Leaves obliquely 

oval, scabrous, Fruit paired, axillary, pedicelled, pisiform, 
smooth, yellow. 

Teling. Tella-barinka. 

A large tree, a native of mountainous countries chiefly. 

Trunk remarkably short, but very thick, and sometimes so 
completely ornamented with small, very leafy branchlets, as 
to hide it entirely; a most beautiful tree, thus embellished is 
to be seen at Ganjam. Top very large, spreading toa great 
distance ; I have seen small pendulous, filiform roots, issuing 
from the larger branches. Bark smooth, sh-coloured 1 vit 

VOL, Il. 3R . 


554 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Ficus. 


a dusky film. Leaves alternate, tending to be bifarious, | 


spreading, short-petioled, obliquely oval, obtusely pointed, a 
little scolloped, scabrous, and very firm; generally about 
three or four inches long. Petioles short, curved, channelled. 
Stipules small, as in the rest of the family. Fruit axillary, 
paired, peduncled, when ripe the size of a pea, and yellow. 
Calyx of the fruit none, of the peduncles three-leaved, small. 
The leaves are used to polish ivory. 


Al. F. asperrima. Roxb. 

Leaves oval, often scolloped, very scabrous, Fruit axil- 
lary, paired, peduncled, round, downy. 

Teregam. Rheed. Mal. iii. 60. 

Teling. Karakar-booda. 

A large tree, a native of moist valleys. 

Trunk erect. Branches numerous, spreading into a large 
shady head. Branchlets rust-coloured, scabrous, Leaves 
alternate, about the extremities of the branchlets petioled, 
broad, oval, obtusely pointed, sometimes notched, and even 
lobate, very scabrous, a little wrinkled, three-nerved, from 
four to six inches long. Petioles about an inch long, seab- 
rous, Stipules as in the family. Fruit axillary, paired, pe- 
duncled, downy, size of a gooseberry, when ripe yellow. 


42, F. tuberculata. R. 

Leaves short-petioled, oblong, entire, acute, rough. Frutt 
in pairs, peduncled, roundish, the size of a large pea, tuber- 
cled, the umbilicus elevated. 

Teling. Kouda-joovee. 

A native of the mountains of Coromandel, where it grows 
to be a small very ramous tree. 


43. F. angustifolia. R. 

Leaves sub-opposite, lanceolate, smooth, acute, Frutt 
axillary, paired, long-peduncled, turbinate, smooth. 

A large tree, a native of the Circar mountains. 


oe hoe iia 
siiasire: 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 555 


Branchlets rust-coloured, but smooth. Leaves between 
alternate and opposite, short-petioled, most slightly three- 
nerved, broad-lanceolate, or oblong, sharp-pointed, smooth 
on both sides, entire; from four to eight inches long. Sti- 
pules as in the genus. Fruit axillary, paired, long-pedun- 
cled, turbinate, the size of a large pea, smooth ; umbilicus ele- 
vated. Calyx of the fruit none, but there is a small three- 
scaled one at the base of the peduncle. 


SECT. Il. Fruit fasicled, racemed, or panicled. 

44, F. exasperata. R. 

Arboreous. Leaves short:petioled, oblong, acuminate, re- 
pand-serrate, rough on both sides, Fruit axillary, solitary, 
or in ‘pairs, peduncled, round, size of a pea. 

A native of the eastern parts of India and introduced into 
this garden in 1798, By the close of 1802, the trees were 
from twelve to fifteen feet high, with an erect trunk and 
branches; covered with rust-coloured, pretty smooth bark ; 

Young shoots scabrous, Leaves alternate, short-petioled, 
oblong, somewhat three-nerved, repand-serrate, acuminate, 
scabrous on both sides, so much so that they are fit to polish 
wood, and ivory with ; from three to six inches long, and from 
one and a half to three broad. Fruit axillary, solitary or in 
pairs, peduncled, rough, the size of a small pea ; umbilicus 
small, depressed, and shut with coloured scales. 

Folium politorium, Rumph, Amb, iv, t. 63, agrees with 
the leaves of our oldest trees, and as they were brought from 
Amboyna, I conclude they are the same. Louriero’s F. poli- 
toria is certainly different, for there is nothing like a spike 


‘to be found on our trees; besides Louriero describes his to 
_be a shrub only, It ong, however, to be compared with 


F, — Willd. iv, 1144. 


45, F. roliedt ifolia, R. 


_ Leaves round, scollop-serrate, downy underneath, Fruit 
3R2 


a MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Ficus. 


peduncled, numerous about the base of the annual shoot, 
round, hairy. . 
A native of the mountains north of Bengal. 


46. F. polycarpa. R. 

_Arboreous. Leaves oblong, some of them slightly waved, 
or serrulate, both sides scabrous. Fruit in fascicles, from the 
trunk, or woody branches, 

Introduced from the Moluccas into the Botanic garden at 
Calcutta, in 1798, they are only small trees at present. In 
fruit about the close of the rains. 

Trunk straight; branches sub-erect, Bark of the ligne- _ 
ous parts dark brown, and rather scabrous; of the young 
shoots a little scabrous, with a few short bristles rising single 
from the centre of a small umbilicated gland. Leaves alter- 
nate, oblong, somewhat three-nerved; margins sometimes 
entire, sometimes waved, or remotely serrulate, both sides 
scabrous, from the same sort of bristles and glands as cover 
the -bark of the young parts; a ereen gland in the axills of 
the nerves, as in F, /aciniata; from four to six inches long. 
Petioles coloured, from one to two inches long. Stipules as 
in the genus. Fruit in fascicles of as far twenty, from the 
large branches, or trunk, peduncled, round, the size of a large 
pea, scabrous with glands and short bristles. Umbilicus 
small, round, and shut with scales. Calyx of the fruit none, 
of the peduncles or bractes, obscure, small and crowded. 


AZ. F. macrophylla. R. 

Arboreous. Leaves round-cordate, three-nerved. Fruit 
collected in bundles near the root, turnip-shaped, from eight 
to twelve-ribbed, hairy. 

I have only found this species in the Company’s potacite 
garden, where it isin fruit the whole year. It was originally 
brought from Nepal. It is however, a native of Silhet and 
Chittagong also. : oes ‘3 

Trunk short, for it soon divides into a few, stout branches, - 


Fieus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 557 


generally by threes, which subdivide irregularly, and spread 
in every direction. Bark brown and considerably scabrous. 
The tree rarely exceeds twenty feet in height, and spreads as. 
much, Leaves alternate, petioled, round-cordate, entire, be- 
tween obtuse and pointed, three-nerved, above smooth, deep 
green, marked with some white dots; below very pale, some- 
what downy, and reticulate with many transverse small 
- veins; from twelve to eighteen inches long, and nearly as 
broad, Petioles round, from three to six inches long, — Sti- 
pules within the leaves, as in the other species. Fruit pe- 
duncled, fully as large or larger than the common fig, collect- 
ed in branches of from six to twenty, on projecting tubero- 
sities on the trunk, and lower parts of the largest branches, 
they are turnip-shaped, hairy, glandular, and marked with 
from eight to twelve ridges running from the base to the 
apex. Calyx three-leaved, pressing upon the fruit, Umbi- 
licus very large and closed with innumerable heart-shaped, 
acute scales, some few of which often extend to some distance 
round its mouth. lowers, only females found, | could not 
observe any perianth ; the stigma single, hairy, of a beautiful 
rose-colour. 
The fruit is eaten by the natives in their curries iehene: the 
tree is indigenous ; every part of it is replete with much, very 
tenaceous, milky juice, which flows abundantly from fresh 


wounds, 


48, FE, lanceolata, of Dr. Buchanan. 

Shrubby. | Leaves lanceolate, smooth, entire. Frutt in 

fascicles near the root, as well as on the trunk and larger 
branches, peduncled, verrucose, compressed, turbinate, with 
the umbilicus in the bottom ofa deep concavity. . 
_ A native of Chittagong, and from thence sent by Dr, Bu- 
chanan to this garden in 1798, where it produces fruit, more 
or less, the whole year round ; but chiefly about the begin- 
ning of the rains. 

Trunk scarcely any, but many ascending biaashel 5 issuing 


558 MONOECIA MONANDRIA., Ficus. 


from the crown of the root. Bark of ihe old woody parts 
ash-coloured, of the young shoots smooth, and green, height 
of the whole plant in ten years about ten feet, and spreading 


toa greatextent. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, lanceolate, 


entire, smooth on both sides, from four to eight inches long, and 
from one to one and a half broad. Séipules as in the genus, 
smooth and membranaceous. /ruit peduncled and collect- 


ed in small fascicles, from six to eight together, on the stem . 


and larger woody branches near the base, of a short, broad, 
turbinate shape, much compressed, with a very deep conca- 
vity on the crown; in the bottom of which is the umbilicus, 
shut up with many, fleshy imbricated scales, colour a dark 
brown, with numerous, verrucose, white specks. Calyx ge- 
nerally three small scales at the apex of the peduncle. Co- 
rollets all female, that were examined, ‘ 


49, F. glomerata, Willd. iv. 1148. Corom. pl. ii. N. 123. 

Leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth. Fruit in bundles from 
the trank and large branches, peduncled, downy, turbinates 

Oodoombur, Asiat. Res, iv. 309. 

Hind, Doombur. 

Beng. Jugya-doomoor. 

Teling. Bruma-mamadee. 

A large tree, generally found in and about villages, and 
on the banks of rivers, and water courses, where the soil is 
rich and moist, 


Trunk seldom ackichh but thick and high. Branches thin, — 


and more erect, than in any of the former trees, Bark of a 
rusty greenish colour, and scabrous. Leaves alternate, pe- 


tioled, oblong, or broad-lanceolate, tapering equally towards - 


each end, entire, most slightly three-nerved, smooth on both 
sides; the under side is paler and covered with most minute 


green dots, from four to six inches long, and from two to two 


and a half broad. Petioles channelled, trom one to two 


inches long. Stipules as in the other species, Racemes com-— 


pound, or panicled, issuing immediately from the trunk or 


~~ — 9 Se ee ee 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 559 


large branches, ramifications spreading and jointed. Bractes 
several surrounding the joints, two-fruited, at least there are 
always the germs of two, but rarely both come to muturity. 
Fruit pedicelled, nearly as large as common figs, clothed 
with much soft down, when ripe of a rich orange colour, um- 
bilicus closed with innumerable scales. Calyx of the fruit 
small, three-leaved. 
The fruit is eaten by the natives, I have often tasted them, 
but to me they are disagreeable. This species yields much 
milky juice. 


50. F. conglomerata. R. 

Arboreous. Leaves alternate, sub-semi-cordate, cuspidate, 
rough and hard. Fruit roundish, tubercled, crowded on 
long, procumbent, or drooping, decompound, cauline, leaf- 
less branches. 

Borum of the natives of Chittagong, where the tree is indi- 
genous. In the Botanic garden at Calcutta, it is loaded with 
pate the whole year. 

Trunk tolerably straight. Bark of a dirty olive colour. 
Branches numerous, spreading in every direction; bark of 
the young shoots rough and hairy; height of the trees in the 
Botanic garden, now eleven years old, about twenty feet, and 
they seem full grown. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, by 
far the greater part of them unequally long-cordate, while the 
plants are young, serrulate ; when old, entire, firm, and very 
scabrous, particularly on the upper surface ; from four to ten 
_ inches long, and about half that in breadth. Stipules inter- 
foliaceous, and caducous. Fruit, from the lower part of the 
trunk of our trees issue numerous procumbent, diverging, or 
drooping, ramous, leafless branches, crowded with numer- 
ous, sessile, roundish, scaly, warted figs, about the size of a 
large filbert with a large scaly umbilicus, Proper perianth 
of the female of five, lanceolate leaflets. Male flovete ie 
monandrous, with a three-leaved perianth. F 


560 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Ficus. 


51. F. congesta, Roxb. ; 

Arboreous, smooth. Leaves petioled, oblong, entire, 
smooth. Fruit roundish-turbinate, sessile, heaped on radical, 
and cauline, short, leafless, ramous branchlets, or panicles. . 

Mussu of the Malays at Amboyna, where it is indigenous, 
though by no means like that figured in the 95th Table of 
Rumph. Herb, Amb, vol. iii, under the same Malay name. 

Introduced into the Botanic garden at Calcutta in 1802, 
and in 1809, They are now from eight to twelve feet high, 
with a straight trunk, branches few, clothed with dark brown, 
now while young trees, smooth bark. 

Leaves opposite, and alternate, short-petioled, oblong, en- 
tire, smooth, deep green; about six inches Jong, and about 
three broad. Fruit short-peduncled, sometimes a single one 
or two are found in the superior axills, but by far the most 
common on large compound racemes or panicles projecting 
from the trunk, and far the most near the root. They are. 
about the size of a filbert, turbinate, smooth. Stamina single. 
— sessile, bright red. 


62. F. racemifera, R. 

Arboreous. Leaves alternate, cordate, crenulate, Fruit 
on compound, glomerate racemes, from the woody part of the 
tree, below the leaves, t 

Caprificus amboinensis. Rumph, Amb. iii. t. 93. 

_ A native of Sumatra, from thence introduced into eee Bo- 
tanic garden by Dr. Charles Campbell. The trees are small, 

and in fruit most part of the year. Leaves deciduous during 
the cold season. 

Trunk straight, tapering. Bark smooth, dark greenish 
brown, Branches very numerous, and spreading in every wi - 
rection ; young parts smooth, Leaves alternate, petioled, cor- 
date, crenate, from three to five-nerved, smooth on. aedeniiels 
from six to twelve inches long. Petioles round, smooth, 
scarcely half the length of the leaves. Stipules within the 
leaves, caducous. Racemes often compound, or decompound, 


Ps 


Ficus. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Re: 561 


projecting at right angles or drooping from the larger naked 
branches. Bractes stipule-like, caducous, long before the 
fruit appears. Fruit solitary, short-peduncled, of a short, 
flattish, turbinate shape. Calyx none. 


53. F. eunia, Buch. 

Arboreous. Leaves short-petioled, alternate, bifarious, ob- 
long, semi-cordate at the base, acutely serrate. Fruit turbi- 
nate, ribbed, pedicelled, and generally in pairs, in compound, 
prostrate, radical, and cauline, leafless branchlets. 

A native of Nepal, from thence Dr. Buchanan sent seeds 
to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, at the close of 1809; the 
only tree which was reared, was about twenty feet high ; un- 
commonly well clothed with long spreading branches down 
to the ground, and constantly Joaded with fruit. 

Leaves short-petioled, bifarious, oblong, lanceolate, acute, 
at the base, the lower half protruding so as to form a large 
sub-rotund lobe, which is longer than the petiole, margins a 
little waved, and serrated, scabrous on both sides, from six 
to twelve inches long, and from two to four broad. Fruit 
pedicelled, somewhat turbinate, a little ribbed, of the size of 
a large filbert, hairy, they are generally produced in pairs, 
or in threes, on long, procumbent, radical, and cauline, com- 
pound, leafless branches, in compound racemes often some 
feet long. Calyx of the fruit three-cleft, presses in to the 


calyx. 


54, F. oppositifolia, Willd. iv. 1151. Corom, pi. ii. N. 124. 
Leaves opposite, oblong, serrate. Fruit in axillary pairs, 
or on cauline racemes, round, peduncled, hairy. 
Hind, Konea-Doombur. 
Sans, Kako-Doomburika. 
Beng. Kakodoomoor. 
 Teling. Boda-Mamadee. 
A small tree, a native of the banks of — and othe 
VOL, III, ae 


562 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Ficus. 


places, where the soil is moist and rich, common about Cal- 
cutta, ‘ 

Trunk erect, seldom as thick as a man’s body. Branches 
opposite, sub-erect. Bark scabrous, ash-coloured. Young 
shoots scabrous, and covered with much short white hair, 
piped, and interrupted at the insertion of the leaves, as in the 
Bamboo. Leaves opposite, short, round, petioled, oblong, 
slightly serrate, of a firm, scabrous texture, shining above, 


downy below, and most beautifully reticulate, one of each | 


pair is always considerably smaller than the other ; they are 
from five to nine inches long. Fruit on the young shoots 
axillary and peduncled, in the naked woody branches racem- 
ed, round, about the size of a large nutmeg, covered with 
much short, white hair, several equi-distant ridges running 
from the umbilicus to the base. Racemes, and bractes as in 


F. glomerata, only here simple. Calyx of the fruit three-- 


leaved, Flowers,a few round the inside of the mouth of the 
navel, Filament or peduneles single, with a proper, three- 
parted perianth surrounding the middle. Female flowers nu- 
merous. Peduncles long. Perianth none. Style and stigma 
placed together on the side of the germ, funnel-formed. 

This species is productive of much tenaceous milky juice 
ou being wounded, The fruit is not often eaten, nor is the 
tree used for any purpose that I know of. 


55. F. demona. Kon, Mss, Vahl. En, Pl. ii. 198. 
Shrubby. Leaves generally opposite, cuneate, oblong, 


and oblong-pointed, serrate, above scabrous, downy under- — 


neath, with a green gland in the axills of the veins. Fruit 
in pairs on long radical racemes, above very hairy, of the size 
_ of a nutmeg. 

A native of the sandy lands near the sea on the coast of the 
Tanjore Country. From thence Dr, Rottler sent plants to 
this garden where they produce fruit, all the year round. In 
its native barren soil it grows to be a stout ramous siete 
small tree. a 


reine: in Reet 


Chara. MONOECIA MONANDRIA, 563 


Young shoots densely clothed with thick, soft, appressed, 
white hairs. Leaves in general opposite, petioled, oblong, 
and oblong cuneate, acute, serrate, above smooth, but hard, 
downy underneath, and elegantly reticulated with numerous, 
soft, hairy veins, and a deep green, smooth gland in the axills, 
from two to twelve inches long, one of the pair is always 
smaller than the other, and when single often oblique as in 
Begonia, Petiolesround, clothed with appressed pubescence, 
in each side of their insertion is a green gland. Stipules within 
the leaves, caducous. Fruit for the most part in pairs, in ra- 
dical withering racemes, and frequently of great length, with 
their apices penetrating the earth. In their native soil the 
whole raceme, and fruit are often entirely under ground ; also 
found single or in pairs on the trunk and branches, though 
less frequently than on the root. They are generally about 
the size of a large nutmeg, obovate, very hairy ; the mouth 
shut with numerous scales, the exterior ones glandular and 
more remote ; several obscure, equi-distant ridges run from 
the umbilicus toward the base. Calyx of the fruit of three- 
minute scales. Male corollets monandrous. 

In habit this plant is very much like F, a but 
the inflorescence is very different. 


CHARA. 


Maile calyx none. Corol none. Anthers solitary under 
the germ. Female calyx four-leaved, Corol none. Stigma 
from three to five-cleft, Nut spiral, many-seeded. 


1. C, verticillata, Roxb. . 

Joints of the stems and branches somewhat » prickly. 
Leaves verticelled, ten or twelve-jointed, with flowers on the 
two or three lower cone Calyx of the other _— abor- 
tive. : 
A native of India, oder’ it grows in standing sweet wate? 


it appears and flowers during both the cold and hot seasons. 
382 


564 MONOECIA MONANDRIA, Chara. 


_ Stems and ramifications numerous, several feet long, float- 
ing in the water, jointed, striated, fragile, scabrous, piped, 
but no stony crust covers them. Leaves about twelve in the 
verticel, tapering, from ten to twelve-jointed, they are about 
as long as the points of the stem or branches, on the upper 
side of each joint are four minute bristles, or leaflets of the 
calyx. Flowers, they occupy the upper side of the first two 
or three joints of the leaves of the verticel, Wale flowers, 
what I take for them, are the small, naked, orange-coloured, 
round bodies close to the base of the germ, which gradually 
decay as the germ acquires size, Female flowers solitary, 
just above the male, pitcher-shaped, embraced by the four 
bristle-like leaflets, already mentioned, and crowned with a 
fine pointed stigma; when this body comes to maturity, it 
contains one black, spirally grooved seed, 


2. C. furcata. R. 

Stems filiform, smooth. Leaves veveolied. proliferous, 
with flowers crowded in the divisions. 

Beng. Jhanj, which is the general name for all such ac- 
quatic plants, 

Found in tanks, and stagnant sweet water near Calcutta. 

Stems and branches numerous, jointed, smooth, and of a 
soft, flaccid texture, often several feet long, Leaves or 
branchlets verticelled, about six or seven in the verticel, the 
superior, or flower-bearing ones proliferous, the most distinct 


of them resembling compound, and even decompound um- 


bels, with the extreme divisions or joints two or three-point- 
ed, they are smooth in every part; the joints are often so soft, 
and numerous that the whole seem to be little intricate balls 
enclosing the blossoms, and seeds with their two-forked extre- 
mities projecting hedgehog-like. Flowers numerous, in the 
divisions of the leaves; the male ones yellow, and the female 
ones green, mixed, in general the latter are most numerous. 
Calyx of the female no other than the division of the leaves. 


Seeds globular, spiral, with the stigma from three to five- 
parted on its apex, 


sire tothe 


Ca PMNS 


Lemna. .MONOECIA DIANDRIA. 565 
3. C. involucrata, Roxb. : 
Stems and branches filiform, smooth. Leaves verticelfed, 

undivided, three or four-jointed, with a male and female 

flower on each joint. 

Beng. Jhanj. 

Found in tanks and pools of water near Calcutta during 
the cold and hot seasons, 

Stems and branches numerous, and several feet in length, 
floating in the water, jointed, filiform, smooth and ofa soft tex- 
ture. Leaves verticelled, smooth, and generally compound, 
of three or four joints with the leaves two-pointed. Bractes 
or involucre, a whorl of short, pointed bodies, alternate with 
the leaves, and placed immediately under them. Flowers on 
the joints of the leaves. Calyx &c. of both male and female, 
as in the last described. 


MONOECIA DIANDRIA. 


LEMNA. Schreb. gen. N. 1430. 
Male calyx one-leaved. Corol none. Female calyx one- 
leayed. Corol none. Style one. Capsule dne-celled, two- 
seeded. 


1. L. orbicudata. R. 

Leaves sub-sessile, orbicular, flat on both sides, from two 
or three together. Roots fascicled, simple. 

Found most part of the year, floating on stagnant water in 
Bengal. — 


2. L. globosa, R. : 

Single, globular, rootless, ities one, or at most two toge- 
ther, singly about the size of a grain of sand. , 

With L. orbiculata, found in very great abundance on 
tanks and pools of stagnant water in Bengal — com-_ 
pact green scum, over the surface. 


566 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA, Typha. 


3. L. eruciata, R. 

Leaves petioled, lanceolate, proliferous, flat on both sides. 
Root solitary or wanting. 

Found in Bengal, and generally under the surface of the 
water in tanks, in most extensive interwoven masses. 


MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. 
TYPHA. Schreb. gen. N. 1401. 


Male ament cylindric, compact, Perianth filiform, Corod 
none. Female ament cylindric, beneath that of the male. 
Perianth of several fine filaments. Corel none. Seed one. 


1. T. elephantina, Roxb. 

Leaves ensiform, obtuse, flat on the inside, the length of the 
stems, Male ament from two to three inches above the fe- 
male, Filaments solitary, with from one to three anthers; 
neuter corollets mixed with the fertile female ones, 

Beng. Hogla. 

Teling. Emiga Junum. 

Elephant grass, 

It grows in standing sweet water, or slow running rivers 
and brooks, which do not dry up during the hot season. 
Flowers during the wet and cold seasons. 

Root stoloniferous, perennial. Culms straight, round, 
smooth, glossy, jointed at the insertion of the leaves, and in- 
volved, except near the ament, in their sheaths, the naked 
part near the ament is about the thickness ofa common black 
lead pencil ; substance spongy, from six to twelve feet high. 
Leaves long, ensiform, very smooth in every part, below near 
the sheath a little convex on the outside and concave within, 
from four to six feet long above the sheaths, and three quar- 
ters of an inch broad; sheath smooth, embracing the culm, 
and the sheaths of the inner leaves. Male ament from two to 
three inches above the female one and terminating the culm, 
cylindric, about a foot long and scarcely as thick as the little 


Zea. MONOECIA TRIANDRIA, 567 


finger, every part most closely set with stamens and most 
tine white filaments. Spathes of the male ament, three or 
more, one, the largest, inserted at its base, a second and small- 
er a little above the middle, and a third still smaller near the 
apex, and generally two very small ones at the apex ; they 
all drop off soon after the flowers expand. Calyx perianth 
proper. The filaments that are intermixed with the stamen 
are so minute that I cannot assign any number to any num- 
ber of filaments, their extremities are from two to three-cleft. 
Corol none. Filaments exceedingly numerous, short, sim- 
ple, from two to three-cleft, inserted without order. Anthers 
one to each single filament or sub-division, linear, yellow, 
with green tops, which makes the ament look green, cadu- 
cous, leaving a naked withered receptacle. Female ament 
about as long and as thick as the male. Spathe of the fe- 
male ament single, leaf-like, its sheath is so long as to involve 
both aments. Calyx permanent, and consisting of most fine 
capillary filaments. Piséi/ as in the family. Seed oblong, 
they are carried about with the wind like the seeds of the 
thistle by means of the permanent downy filiform calyx ; but 
there are many clubbed bodies intermixed with the female 
flowers, these also have a calyx or involucre of the finest fi- 
laments like that of the female flowers. Elephants are fond 
of it ; the leaves are used for thatch, by the natives, 


tg seaneanifoti. Willd. iv. 
Leaves semi-cylindric, acute, the length of the scape. 


Male and female aments rather remote. 


T. minor. Curt. Flor. Lond. t. 169. 
Beng. Kam Hogla. 
Found in similar places with the former; flowering time 


also the same, but this is a smaller and anil rarer plant. 


GEA. Schreb. gen. N. 1403. 2 
Male in distinct spikes, Calyx ; glume two-flowered, awn- 


568 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Coix, 


less. Corol; glume awnless. Female calyx; glume two- 
valved. Corol; glume two-valved. Style single, filiform. 
Seed immersed in an oblong receptacle. 


Z. mays. Willd. iv. 200. 

Mays, Maize, or Indian corn, 

Teling. Moka, Joona. 

Beng. Bhoota or Mukka, 

Cultivated in various parts of India in gardens, and only 
as a delicacy; but not any where onthe continent of India 
so far as I can learn, as an extensive crop. 


: COIX. Schreb. gen. N. 1405. 

Male flowers for the most part ona separate spike. Calyx 
two-valved, two-flowered, awnless. Corol, glume awnless. 
Female flowers for the most part solitary. Calyx or involu- 
cre one-valved, one-flowered, valve becoming an ossified 
shining covering for the seed. Corol various; glumes awn- 
less. 7 


1. C. laeryma. Willd. iv. 202. 

Leaves at the base cordate; pedicels naked, not jointed. 
Male spikes nodding ; flowers paired, Calyces smooth, ovate. 

Lithagrostis lacryma Jobi, Gert, Sem. i, 7. t. 1. 

Cafre or Catri Conda. Rheed. Mal. xii. t. 70. 

_. Lachryma Jobi Indica, Rumph. Amb. v. t. 75.f. 2. 

Beng. Gurgur or Kanch, 

I have only found this plant in Bengal ; what Dr. Konig 
and I took for it on the coast, is evidently another species 
which I now call C. Barbata, It is common on the rice 
grounds and in ditches, and grows to the height of from four 
to six feet, 

_ Culms annual, ramous, smooth, emitting roots from the low- 
er joints, Leaves sheathing, from four to eighteen inches long, 
and from one to two broad ; the broadest part near the base, 


| 


two to six on a common peduncle, and embraced b: com- 


Goin: MONOECIA TRIANDRIA, See 


and there cordate. Spikes axillary and terminal, several 
together, from two to three inches long, sub-erect, pedun- 
eed: MALE FLowEeRS on the short, nodding, solitary, mealy 
spikes, from the apices of the female flowers they are in pairs; 
one sessile, the other peduncled. Calyx; glume two-flower- 
ed, two-valved; the exterior valvelet oval, with broad mar- 
gins. Corol two-valved. Nectary two scales embracing the 
base of the filaments. FEMALE FLoWERs solitary. Calyx 
or involucre one-valved, entire, with a perforation at top for 
the pedicel of the male spike and stigmas to pass through. 

Corol; ;glume four-valved ; valvelets fleshy, on one side of the 
corol are lodged two somewliat clavate bodies each support- 
ing the rudiments of the corollet. Germ ovate, Pericarp no 
other than the calyx or involucre, sow white and of a bony 
hardness. 


2, C. barbata, Roxb. 

Pedicels short, jointed, with a boat-shaped, cuspidate 
spathe at the joint. Male spikes erect; flowers paired ; ca- 
lyx hairy. Female corol tour-valved. Seeds oval. 

Beng. Gurgur. 

Teling. Ghella-Gadec.  - 

Is found in rice fields, and on the banks of water courses, 
in a moist, rich soil in the Northern Circars. 

Roots annual. Culms erect and near the top, bowing a lit- 
tle, ramous, jointed, smooth, sulcated, not piped, but replete 
with a soft spongy substance, from three to six feet high, — 
and as thick as a common quill ; joints sometimes bearded. 
Leaves sheathing, from two to three feet long, narrow keel- 
ed; margins armed with small. prickles, on the upper side 


sometimes a few, sometimes numerous, stiff, white hairs, 


mouths of the sheaths slightly bearded. Spikes numerous, 
pedicelled, terminal, and from the exterior axills, forming al- 
together a large linear panicle, collected in fascicles of from 


mon spathe. Pedicels compresetie jointed 
VOL, 11, fee 


570 . MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Cotx. 


there a partial spathe, their insertions are internfixed with lan- 
ceolate, chaffy scales. MALE FLOWERS in pairs, one a Jittle 
above the other in a secund spike above the female. Calyx 
two-flowered ; valvelets obliquely oblong, hairy on the out- 
side. Corol as in the genus, FEMALE FLOWERS solitary, 
below the male. Calyx, or involucre, consisting of one oval, a 
very hard, glossy valve, which embraces most completely the 
corol, its margins are double, not united, and through this 
duplicature the pedicel of the male spike passes, Corod four- 
valved, the interior two large and somewhat fleshy. 

The rest as described in the Genera Plantarum. The grass 
is of a coarse nature. Cattle do not eat it. 


3. C. gigantea. Kin. Mss. 
Pedicels naked ; male spikes drooping with flowers, three- 
fold, the middle one pedicelled ; female corol six-valved, 
—— ovate, — 
Beng. Danga gurgur. 
Perennial. It grows chiefly in the valleys amongst the Cir- 
car mountains and in Bengal. 7 
Culm erect, ramous to the top, round, smooth, jointed, from 
eight to fifteen feet high, and’as thick as a man’s thumb at ~ 
the base. Leaves from two to four feet long, and about one 
inch broad ; the upper side and margins backwardly hispid. | 
Sheaths short, and smooth, Spikes as in the last species. 
ame common, of the peduncles, as in the last ; proper, of 
the’ pedicels wanting. Pedicels long, filiform, naked: not 
jointe ed as in the last species. Mate riowers above the fe- 
male, as in the last, but here they are more numerous, and 
three-fold ; the two lateral ones sessile,and the middle one pe- 
dicelled, they are closely imbricated round the whole of the 
spike. Calyx and corol as in the genus. FEMALE FLOWERS — 
single asin the last species. Involucre ovate, entire round the 
circumference, pi perfora | at the apex for the pedicel of the 
male spike to pass through; like the chore tin oodh; glows 2 
and becomes ——— hard wi in  theinvoluere ; on each 


Co Sn a a cts 


<A MORE (AE 


inn turbinate, perforated ; calyx and corol, i. e. glumes, : 


Coix, MONOECIA TRIANDRIA, 571 


. 


side of the male pedicel there is a compressed clubbed pedi- 


cel, each elevating the rudiment of a corollet ; between them 


and the involucre is the small valvelet of what I call the 
calyx. Calyx common to the above-mentioned clubbed pedi- 
cels and the proper female flowers, two-valved ; the large one 
ovate, pointed, embracing entirely the proper flower. Corol 
in general six-valved, four on one side, and two on the other, 
diminishing in size gradually. Germ ovate. Style two-cleft, 
as in the genus. 


4, C. aquatica, R. 
pied and creeping from fifty to one hundred feet. 


Leaves linear, most acute, with hispid margins, Male spikes 


drooping, many-flowered ; flowers three-fold, the middle one 
pedicelled. Female corol from six to seven-valved. Seeds 
turbinate, 

A native of the lower parts of Bengal, where it is general- 
ly found floating on lakes, and along their margins to a ve- 
ry great extent, 

Roots, beside the original ones there are many issuing from 
the joints of the old stems. Stems perennial, jointed, round, 
smooth, filled with pith, about as thick as a man’s forefinger, 
floating on lakes or creeping along their margins to a great 


extent ; extreme shoots as well as those from the joints arising 


in an oblique direction to the height of from four to five feet 
above the surface of, the water, and bearing the leaves and 


flowers. Leaves, the lower ones linear-lanceolate, the su- 


perior ones ensiform, all have long, tapering, very acute 
points, with the margins hispid, from one to three feet long, 
and about the middle, where broadest, from an inch to an 
inch and a half wide. Spikes terminal, and from the exterior 


axils, peduncled, solitary or in pairs, drooping, FEMALE 


is generally solitary on the base of the male spikes, 


within the involucre, from: six to seven-valved, with twe 


* $F 2 ; = = 


— lary, and terminal, ,long-peduncted, o' al 


572 ° MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carex. 


Germ oblong, round it are three short, abortive stamina, 
Style two-cleft. Ma re rLowers three-fold, the two lateral. 
ones sessile, the middle one pedicelled, all have a two-valved 
calyx with two-valved flowers in each, Seed turbinate, 
smooth, of a dull pearl colour, the size of a pea. 


5, C. heteroclita. R. - 
Erect, ramous, hairy, Spikes terminal, single, or paired, | 
when two one is male, the other androgynous, with a jointed : 
rachis and the five or six female flowers thereof bracted.. | 
A native of theeastern partsof Bengal, where it flowers and 
ripens its seed toward the close of the rains, It is the smallest 
of the five species, being only about two, or at most three 
feet high, but very ramous. rte , 


B4: pumila, R. 

Leaves bifarious, linear-lanceolar, smooth. Pedunele ter- 
minal, naked, and not jointed, Male spikes with from three“ 
to four pairs of flowers ; female corol five-valved, ovate. — 

‘ Introduced from the Mauritius into the Botanic garden 
where it grows to be about eighteen inches high, every ait 
smooth, leaves nearly as long as the culms. a 


: CAREX. Schreb. gen. N. 1407. ad 
Ament imbricated on all sides, with one-flowered weld: f a8 
none, Male calyx, the superior scales of the ament. 
: me. . Female calyx, the inferior scales of the ament. 
Coral fask shaped. permanent, one-flowered. Stigma from _ 
two to three, Seed solitary, three-sided, enclosed in the. ease 
manent corol. ., 


LG i ceaacnioneia R. r 
Spikes sessile, androgynous, shu: ienaies Panicle 2 ani ae 


“es seed. three-cornered, Sagas m the ; bbed, 


Pie REE Bip e 
‘ ‘ 2 ad 


a Fares 


A a REM BRE NI: ee pea 


Seleria. MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. * Sie 


A native of Silhet, and the only species I have ever met 
with in India. The culms are long, slender, smooth, and 
three-sided, leaves very long and slender with a sheathing tu- 
bular base. 


SCLERTA. Schreb. gen. N. 1408. 


Male spikelets imbricated, many-flowered. Female flow- 
ers solitary, or with one or two male ones in the same two to 
six-valved calyx. Corol three-parted. Seed or nut globular. 


LS. Stoves . : 
Culm three-sided, leafly. Leaves ensiform, smooth. Pa- 


‘+ nicles axillary and terminal, contracted. Flowers of both 


six-pedicelled. Female calyx two-flowered, one of them _ 
male, 
A native of Bengal. Flowers during the rains. 

* Root of numerous, rust-coloured fibres, Culms from 
one to two feet long, leafy, smooth, three-sided with the an- 
gles sharp. Leaves very numerous, shorter than the culms, 
sheathing, sword-shaped, much keeled, smooth. Panicles 
axillary and terminal, small. Male spikelets short-pedicel- 
led, oblong, imbricated with oblong concave scales, the low- 
er two or three abortive,and may be called a common calyx ; 
the rest containing three stamens each; beside these there 
are some others which embrace the base of each pedicel like 
the perechetium of Hypnum, Filaments permanent, form- 
ing a pencil from the spires of the spikelets. Anthers li- 
neat, incumbent, caducous, FeMALe FLoweERs short-pedi- 

celled, with scales at the base of the pedicels as in the male. 
Calyx three-valved, two-flowered, one of which isa small — 
male corollet with a two-valved corol, and three stamens. 
of the female flower, small, three-parted 5 “divisions 

: “Germ round. Style single. Stigmas three, -Peri- 

“ery nut Sr iy wrinkled, Sensis = solitary, i in the = 


574 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA, Seleria. 4 


‘ 


Culm three-sided, leafy. Leaves with bispid margins, Pa- 
nicles axillary and terminal, patent. Male and female spikes 
distinct and sessile. Female flowers with the rudiments of 
one or two male corollets. Seed round, ovate, dotted. 

Carex lithosperma, Linn. 

Kaden-pullu. Rheed, Mal. xii. ¢. 48. 

Teling. Konda-shaka-tonga. 

A native of the valleys amongst the mountains of Coro- 
mandel. 


2. S. lithosperma, Willd. iv. 316. 


3. S. tenuis. Willd. iv. 316. 

Culms slender, acutely three-angled, smooth, Leaves long, 
slender and smooth. Panicles slender, Flowers in remote 
fascicles. Seed obovate, obsoletely three-sided, polished, 
white. 

A native of the Moluccas, from two to three feet high, ie 
and simple, the axillary panicles excepted. _ 


ACS. devia. Willd, iv. 314. 

Culms erect, three-sided, smooth, eaves slender and 
smooth. Panicles oblong, divided by various sized involu- 
_ eres, Female flowers sessile. Seed oblately spheroidical, — 
even and polished. g 
__ Anative of the Malay Archipelago. | 
Culm ‘erect, from fouy)'t tore: feet high, reconigedle 
aie leafy. Leaves smooth, three-nerved. Corymbs axil- 
lary, compouud. Seeds ovate, somewhat acute, shite, 
white, obscurely three-cornered. 

A native of the moist valleys of Chittagong, want grors 
to the height of from four-to six feet. Stout in proportions 
smooth in every part, and replete with very Jog inet 
: lover ae mn infoes Hoeifocars: ee ee 


enone sa ad 


Tragia. MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. = =—s_- YH 


6. S. setigera, R. 
Culms erect, from four to five feet high, three-sided, crowd- 


_ ed with long, tapering, smooth, three-nerved leaves. Pani- 


eles terininal, and from the exterior axills, oblong, under 
each ramification a long filiform bristle-like bracte. 
A native of Chittagong. 


TRAGIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1410. 


Male. maliit three-parted. Corol noue. Female calyx 
six-leaved. Corol none. Capsule tricoccus, 


1. T. cannabina. Willd, iv. 326. : 

Shrubby, twining. Leaves hastate, three-lobed, serrate. 
Female calyx pinnatifid. 

Croton hastatum. Syst, Veg. But I strongly suspect Bur- 
man’s figure which he has given for C, hastatum is a mis- 


take, i 


Teling. Doolyagunda, 

This species is perennial, from three to four feet high,a_ 
native of dry barren ground about Samulkota, It flowers 
all the year round. ag 

Stem scarcely any, what there is, is erect, and woody. — 
Branches numerous; the larger ones woody, smooth; the 
smaller ones twining and hairy. Leaves alternate, petioled, 
three-parted, serrate, hairy ; from two to four inches long. 
Stipules half lanceolate. Racemes leaf-opposed, peduncled, 
erect, many-flowered. MALE FLOWERS numerous, round 
the upper part of the raceme, very small, yellow, each three- 
bracted. Filaments half the length of the calyx. Anthers 


‘two-lobed. FrMALe FLowers below the male, generally 


two on each raceme. Calyx six-leaved ; leaflets neem 


natin " 
The pare of. mee cite stings fully as bed soe common 


nettle. —_ do not eat any part of it, 


576 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA,. Tragia. 


2. T. involucrata. Willd, iv. 324. 

Shrubby, twining. Leaves oblong, three-nerved, serrate. 
Female calyx pinnatifid. : 

Schorigenam, Rheed. Mal. ii, t. 39. 

Beng. Bichitee. 

_Ricinocarpus Zeylanica hirsuta. Burm, Zeyl. t. 92. 

A perennial twining plant, a native of shady places, bedges, 
&c. where the soil is good. Flowers during most part of the. 
year, a. 

Siem short, woody. Branches twining, the tender parts 
covered with much hair. Leaves scattered, petioled, oblong, 
three-nerved, pointed, serrate, hairy. Stipules cordate, Ra- 
cemes as in cannabina, but smaller, and seldom more than 
one female flower on each, Bractes and flowers both male — 
and female, as in cannabina. 

Note. The hairs of this plant sting equally as muchas the 
- former, nor will cattle eat it. — 

I have not observed any other in fadias to compare with 
Willdenow’s cordata, and hispida, they are ——z the 
_ same, or only varieties of one species. 

3. T. Mercurialis. Willd. iv. 324. 

Aunual, erect, ramous. Leaves ovate cordate, serrate. 
Racemes drooping. inner three leaflets of the female calyx 
filiform. 

_ Pee cupameni. Rheed. Mal. x. t. 82. 

_ Asmall annual plant, it is much like Acaly pha indica, Ee 
pearing in flower during the hot season. 

Stem erect, branchy, smooth, about a foot high. Leaves 
nltereiste, petioled, from cordate to oblong-ovate, serrate, 
smooth, from one to two and a half inches long, and one to 
two broad. Petioles shorter than the leaves, channelled. 

Racemes axillary, solitary, as long“or longer than the leaves, — 
filiform, bowing, few-flowered. _Bractes remote, solitary, 
each embracing one, long-pedicelled, female flower, and se- 
veral short pedicelled male ones, MALE FLOWERS. Calyx 


o : = = 


= = Senn es S = 


Hernandia, MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. 577 


three-leaved, oval, pointed. Filaments shorter than the ca- 
lyx. Anthers two-lobed. Femate rirowers, Calyz six- 
leaved ; the exterior ones oblong, pointed, concave; the three 
interior ones linear, obtuse, Germ three-lobed. Style scarce- 
ly any. Stigma three-cleft, spreading, Capsule three-cell- 
ed, six-leaved, the axills without dots at the base. 

4. T. Chamelea. Wiild. iv. 326. 

Erect, slender, smooth. Leaves linear. 

Yhamaelea foliis linéaribus. Burm. Zeyl. t. 25. 

Codi avanacu. Rheed, Mal. ii, t, 34. 

A native of Coromandel, and Malabar, on shaded —_ 
land. 


HERNANDIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1411. 


Male calyx none. Corol six-petalled. Female calyx cup- 
shaped, entire. Coral from six to eight-petalled. Germ 
one-celled, one-seeded ; attachment superior, Nut superior, 
clothed with the inflated calyx, Seed globular. Embryo 
inverse, without perisperm. 


H. Ovigera. Gert. Sem. i, 193. t. 40. f. 3. 

Arboreous. Leaves peltate, cordate, shining, entire, Pa- 
nicles axillary. 

Arbor ovigera, Rumph, Amb, iii, t. 123. In this figure 
the fruit is something like, but the leaves and general habit 
very unlike, The same author’s Arbor Regis, H. Sonora, 
vol. ii. p. 257. t. 85. is good for the leaves of that 7 but 


nothing like-the frait, 


A native of the Moluccas, and from on ‘alesis into 
the Botanic garden in 1798, In twelve years the trees were 


‘from twenty to thirty feet high, with a straight, smooth trunk, 


and incurved branches. The young shoots of a phe hy 


ou alternate, petioled, peltate, cordate, hinetiamboth, 
VOL, Hl. 3U ae = 


578 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. Serpicula. 


of a shining, deep green on both sides, from five to six inches 
long, by four or five broad, Pedioles nearly as long as the 
leaves, round, smooth, Siipules none, Panic/es axillary, 
corymbiform, longer than the petioles, all the divisions smooth, 
lucid green. lowers numerous, small, white. Bracles, 
exclusive of the involacres, oblong, one at each division of 
the panicle. Involuere four-leaved; three-flowered, viz. two 
male and one female, oblong, expanding. Mate. Perianth 
none, Corol six-petalled ; the exterior one rather longer 
than the inner one, Nectary, six elevated glands, alternate 
with the stamens. Filaments three, incurved, sub-clavate, 
shorter than the petals, Authers a large groove on each side 
of the apex of the thickened filament, Frama ce shorter pe- 
dicelled than the male. Perianth beneath cup-shaped, » ith 
an entire mouth, Coro/ superior, petals eight, the inuer four 
smaller, all inserted on the apex of the germ, Nectary four 
yellow olands, alternate with the four inner petals. Germ 
-the perianth, but under the corol, oval. one-celled, containing 
one ovulum, attached to the top of the cell, Style shorter 
than the petals. Stigma large, with a spreading lobed 
margin, 
For the fruit see Geertner’s work above quoted, where the 
- description and figures are both very accurate, 


-MONOECIA FETRANDEIA. 


‘SERPICULA. Schreb. gen. N. 1413. 


“Male ealyx four-toothed, Corol four-petalled, Female 
calyx four-parted, Pericarp a downy nut, 


S. verticillata, Willd. iv. 329, Corom. pl. ii. N. 164. 
» Dioecous, ramous, Flowers triandrous, Leaves vetti- 
celled, — 
Hottonia serrata, Willd. i, 314. 
Teling. Poo-natsoo. 


A TTT 


; 
: 
i 
; 
: 


Serpicula, MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, 579 


It grows in clear, standing, sweet water, and produces its. 
flowers during the cold season, It cousists of siniple, fili- 
form roots, and a number of fine, filiform, jointed shoots, or 
stems, some creeping, some floating below the surface of the 
water, . 

Branches solitary, axillary. Leaves sessile, verticelled, 
(from three to six-fold) oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceo- 
late ; from one-eighth to halt'an inch long. MALE FLoweRs 
axillary, sessile, from one to four in the verticel, much small- 
erthan thefemale, Calyx ; spathe one-flowered, sub-globa- 
lar, murexed, bursting irregularly. Perianth three-leaved, 
Leaflets obovate, retlexed.  Corol three-petalled ;_ petals 


-wedge-formed, reflexed.  Fi/aments three, short, ascending. 
_Anthers very large, two-lobed, opening with an elastic jerk ; 


pollen white, very large grained. FEMALE FLOWERS ina 
distinct plant, axillary, generally solitary, though sometimes 
there are two from the same verticel. Spathe, perianth, and 
corol as in the genus. - No nectary. Germsessile, subulate, 
ending in the long, sub-erect receptacle of the flower, which 
elevates it above the water whileexpanded, Stiymas three, 
lanceolate. The capsule has the appearance of a siliqua, su- 
bulate, sometimes murexed, one-celled. Seeds from three to 
five, oblong, pointed at each end, lodged as in the legemineiis 
plants, their attachments I could not discover, 

Note, When the male flowers are ready to expand, the 


murexed spathe bursts, the flowers are then quickly detach- 


ed, and swim remote from the parent plaut, on the surface of 
the water, in search of the fe:nale flowers ; resting on the ex- 
tremities of the reflexed leatlets of the perianth and petals of 
the corol. What a wonderful economy ! 

The Berhampore sugar refiners use this part while moist, to 
cover the surface of this sugars, as clay is used in the West 
India Islands, and in two or three days, the operation is 
finished exceedingly well. cee 


3U2 


680 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. Alnus. 


ALNUS: Schreb. gen. N. 1419. 


Male calyx the scales of the ament, three-flowered. Corol 

from three to four-parted. Female calyx the scales of the 

ament, two-flowered. Corol none. Siylestwo, Nut com- 
— two-celled. 


1, A. glutinosa, Willd. iv. 334. 

Male peduncles branched, Leaves roundish- evil ser- 
rulate, some obtuse, some pointed ; veins glutinous, and their 
axills villous underneath. Stipules lanceolate oblong. 

Found by Colonel Hardwicke, on his tour to Shreenagur, 

See Asiat. Res. vi, p. 373. 


2. A. dioeca, R. 

Leaves oblong, polished, entire, obtuse pointed, axills of the 
veins naked. Male aments sae cylindric, eens fal- 
cate, lanceolate. 

-Kokra the vernacular name at Silhet, where the tree is indi- 
genous, and grows to be of considerable size ; its timber very 
hard, and used for various economical purposes, The tree 
flowers in March, and the seed ripens about the beginning of 
the cool season. ; 

Young branchlets smooth, much divided, Leaves alter- 


nate, short-petioled, oblong, entire, obtuse pointed, of a firm — 


texture, and very smooth ; from three tosix inches long, and 
from two to two and a half broad. Stipules falcate-lanceolate, 


ciliate, MaLe aments axillary, several together, sessile, cy- 


lindric, about an inch long, Scales reniform, ciliate, concave, 
. from three to four-flowered, Calyx four-parted, Coral 
none. Filaments four, arising from the base of the segments 


of the calyx, and of their length; Anthers two-lobed. Germ — 


a small sub-cylindric, villeias gland in its place. FEMALE 


AMENTS on a separate tree; axillary and lateral below the 
leaves, solitary, sessile, sub-globular, few-flowered. Scales 


—veneonccemmte: Tmt gg 


of the ament, and:eglyx:atam the male. Covel nome wae 


Urtica. MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. 581 


mina none, Germ superior, oblong, hairy, two-celled, with 
two ovula in each, attached to the top of the partition. Style 
scarcely any. Stigma of four, brown, glandular, recurved 
lobes, Capsule nearly round, thesize ofa black currant, pret- 
ty smooth, olive-coloured, two-celled, four-valved. Valves 
composed of two coats, the exterior one friable, the inner one 
thin and tough like parcliment, its incurved edges forming the 
partition, Seeds generally single, though sometimes two, in- 
: teouments three, the exterior one succulent and orange-co- 
loured, the second thin, firm, and white like parchment, and 
the inner one membranaceous, Perisperm conform to the 
seed, white. Embryo green, inverse, Cotyledons obovate. 
Radicle superior. oma 


URTICA. Schreb. gen. N. 1422. 


Male calyx four-leaved. Corol none, Female calyx 
one-leaved, or two-valved. Corol none. Seed solitary. 


1. U. seabrella, R. 

‘Shrubby, spreading. Leaves opposite, cordate, serrate, 
harsh, three-nerved, Spikes axillary, erect, cylindric; the 
male ones crowded, short, and in the lower axills; the eee 
ones above and generally solitary. ; 

_A native of Chittagong, where it is common, but so far as 
I know, applied to no useful purpose; nor does it sting, 
thongh harsh to the feel. It flowers about the end of the rains, 
_ ane = in the cool season, 


2. U. 5 ernie Roxb. 
» Dioecous, herbaceous, erect, armed itl hnumerousstrong, 
| adias pellucid, stinging bristles. Leaves opposite, ovate, 
lanceolate, serrate. Stipules undivided, | Female — 
a? compound, glomerate. ‘ 

- A native of Rohilcund, In the Botanic garden where it was 
_ introduced in 1803, it blossoms in March, and -_ but has 


582 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, Urtica, 


not ripened its seed, owing, I presume, to our plant, so far as 
I have been able to observe, bearing only female-flowers, 
Root ramous, perennial, Stems herbaceous, erect, about 
three feet high, and with but few branches, four grooved on 
the sides, with but few angles rounded, and every part armed 


with numerous, strong, very sharp, clear, stinging bristles. - 


Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, and ovate lanceolate, grossly 
serrate, wrinkled, about three inches long, by one bread. 
Petioles scarcely half the length of the leaves, armed, Sii- 
pules opposite, entire, oblong, conic, FEMALE FLOWERS, 
Panicles quatern, that is, two iv each axill, as in U. dioeca, 
which it most resembles, lowers very minute, green. Calyx 
of two opposite pairs of oval leaflets, Stamina none, Germ 
oval, Style none. Stigma a pencil of white hairs. 


8. U. trinervia. R, 


Shrubby. Leaves oppoaite; Socal inaeniotes crenate, dis- 
tinctly three-nerved to the apex, panicles axillary, the length — 


of the petioles, 
A native of Chittagong, where it blossoms in April. 


4, U. alienata, Syst. Veg. 709. 

iieonl: erect while young ; branches brachiate. Leaves 
opposite, petioled, ovate, three-nerved, entire. Flowers axil- 
lary, sessile, female calyx urceolate, 

_ Beehmeria alienata. Wil/d. iv. 341. 

_ Parieteria Zeylanica. Linn. Sp. 1492, 

- Parieteria Cochin-chinensis, Lour, Cochin Ch. 456. 

A native of Ceylon, and introduced by General Macdowall 
into the Botanic garden where it blossoms during the rains. 

Root ramous, annual, Stem erect, nearly round, ’ somew hat 
scabrous, Branches from two to three pairs, decussate, 
heieht of the whole plant from six to twelve inches. Leaves 


opposite, petioled, ovate, three-nerved, entire, somewhat sca-_ 
brous underneath, length from one to two inches. Stipules 
two on each side, acute and slender. Flowers axillary, Se 


a 


Urtica. MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, 583 


sile; several female with one or two male ones, both sorts are 
very small, ule calyx to the base four-cleft. Female ur- 
ceolate, from eight to ten-ribbed, Seed ovate, acute, Calyx 
smooth, shining, of a chesnut colour, witha white b se, 


5. U. tuberosa, R. ; 

Root tuberous, Leaves alternate, oblong, three-nerved, 
hairy. Flowers axillary, sessile; seed much pointed, _ 

Herba memoria, Rumph. Amb, vi, t. 12. f. 2. 

Is exceedingly like old plants of U. alienata; and young 
plants of this are very like Parieteria officinalis, 

Teling. Pilli-dumpa. 

A native of the banks of water courses, hedges, &e. where 
it meets with a good soil, and shady situation, It flowers 
during the wet and cold seasons, 

Root perennial, tuberous, spindle-formed, perpendicular, 
Stems or branches several, annual, from one to six feet long, 
flaccid, resting on the ground, or bushes; striated, alittle hairy. 
Leaves spreading, petioled ; on the lower part of the primi- 
tive stem opposite, larger, and much broader in proportion, 
than on the branches, where they are alternate, pointed, en- 
tire, three-nerved and hairy, from one to three inches long, 
and broad in proportion. £/owers axillary, sessile, Riles 
ed. Male and female mixed, very small. Mare, Wectary 
a pedicelled gland in the centre; the rest as in the genus, 
Femae, Calyx one-leaved, gibbous, mouth contracted, and 
slightly notched. Style long, hairy. Stigma acute. Seed 
ovate, acute. 

The roots are esculent,and nutritious; the natives eat them 


_ raw, boiled, or roasted, 


6. U. pentandra, Rox), 
Perennial, diffuse. Leaves opposite, ae econ: sub- 
sessile, linear, small, three-nerved. Flowers axillary, yen — 

tandrous ; the male ones peduncled ; the ele , 
with calyx winged. 


584 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. Urtica, 


Hind. Pippira-Saree, . 
Is found about Calcutta, growing among bushes in wet 


places ; flowers during the rains. 4a 
Root of capillary fibres. Stem long and slender, restng @ 
on the earth, and rooting ; above erect, seemingly perennial, aN 


round, smooth, the inferior branches opposite, and cross-arm- 
ed, the superior ones flower-bearing, alternate. Leaves the 
inferior ones opposite, somewhat petioled, and larger, the up- 
per ones smaller, alternate, and sessile, all linear-lanceolate, 
three-nerved, somewhat scabrous, serrate ; size very various ; “3 
about four inches long, Flowers axillary, two female ones 
generally placed on the outsides and sessile, while several pe- 
‘y duncled male ones occupy the centre, and expand in succes- 
Ȥ sion, The Mate rrowers before they expand appear like 
«a most regular, five-sided., half-exeavated cup, with a beau- 
\  tiful, fringed, scolloped 1 nargir Calyx five-leaved, Corol 5 
none. NVectary none. ’ Stamens five, flying open with a re- 
 markably smart jerk. Fema.e rrowers, Calyx, I cannot 
separate it from the germ, Germ obcordate, compres-ell, 
two-winged, with an elevated ridged appendix on the inside. © 
Style villous, Seed ovate, lanceolate, acute, smooth, base } 1 
white, nid 2 part brownish black, 


ye 
; 


oer 


Suffruticose. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, broadest at the 
base, entire, three-nerved, smooth, #/lowers axillary, crowd- 
ed, sub-sessile, Female calyx one-leaved, ribbed, mouth bi- 
dentate. ) 

From Sumatra, this perennial, somewhat shrubby plant, 
was introduced into the Botanic garden at Caleutta in 1803, _ 

_ where it is in constant flower and seed the whole year. 

Root fibrous, _ Stem short, somewhat ligneous, soon divid- 
ing into many diffuse, and erect, round branches and branch- 
lets, covered with coloured bark, over which are many short, 
appressed, white hairs, the whole extent of the longest of out 
young plants about two feet. Leaves scattered, short-pet- 


7. U. suffruticosa, R. 4 | 


ce 


Urtica. MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, 585 


oled, drooping, from ovate-lanceolate below, to linear-lanceo- 

late above, three-nerved, the upper surface smooth, and some- 

what lucid ; plain underneath, and somewhat hairy, particu- 

larly the nerves; general length about two inches, and half 
an inch broad. Stipules paired, conic, acute, embracing the 

little bundles of flowers. lowers, male and female crowd- 

ed in the same axill, sub-sessile, small, of a greenish yellow. 

Female calyx one-leaved, with a contracted, bidentate 

mouth; and the outside deeply ribbed and hairy, Seed 

ovate, acute, polished, of a dark brownish black. 


8. U. minima. R. 

Annual, diffuse. Leaves alternate, ovate, deeply cre> — 
nate. Flowers in terminal, compound, peduncled fascicles ; 
Jemale flowers numerous, with a two-leaved calyx. 

A native of the Island of Honimoa, and far the smallest of 
the genus I have yet met with, its greatest extent being only 
over a apace of from four to five inches. 


Sts intiivagibe: Disa: 

Annual, erect, bristly. Leaves cordate, serrate. acemes 
compound; partial racemes corymbed. Stipules solitary, 
two-cleft. Seeds compressed, obliquely cordate. 

- Battiscorigenam. Rheed. Mal. ii. t. 40. 

Beng. and Hind. Lall bichiti. 

Boehmeria interrupta. Willd, iv. 342. : 

A large annual found wild near Calcutta; flowering time 
the rainy season. 

Root ramous, annual. Siem erect, flexuous, furrowed, | 
bristly, from two to four feet high ; branches axillary, like 
the stem. Leaves alternate, petioled, deeply serrate, three- 
nerved, besprinkled with a few small bristles, particularly 
the coloured nerves and larger veins; from two to six inches 
long, and nearly as broad. Petioles as long as the lenzes, 
coloured, round, bristly, Stipules axillary, solitary, half two- 
cleft ; divisions subulate, fringed, . - Racemes axillary, soli 

VOL, It. 3V 


* 


586 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. Urtica. 


ry, erect, from six to twelve inches long, composed of remote, 
twice two-cleft, recurved corymbs. Maxi rLowers few. 
Calyx, &c. as in the genus, FEMALE FLOWERS numerous, 
Calyx one-leaved, of an oblique, cup-form, compressed, 
mouth four-toothed. Pistillum half immersed in the calyx, 
obliquely ovate. Seed compressed, cordate, sitting on the 
mouth of the now totally reflexed calyx, and covered with a 
yellowish, fleshy, rugose integument, which adheres to, and 
drops with it. 
The hairs of this plant sting like the common nettle. 


10, U. heterophylla, Willd. iv. 362. 

Annual. Leaves alternate, cordate, variously lobate, gross- 
ly serrate. Male and female flowers on distinct, glomerate, 
peduncled spikes ; every part armed with stiff, acute, burn- 
ing bristles. 

- Ana schorigenam. Rheed. Mal. ii. p. 77. t. Al. 

A native of the mountains of Malabar, from thence the seeds 
were sent by Dr. Buchanan, to the Botanic garden at Caleut- 
ta, where the plants blossom and ripen their seed during the 
cold season ; soon after which they perish. 

. Root annual, ramous. Stem erect, flexuose,-angular, with 
small white specks, in which are inserted stiff most acute 
bristles, pointing rigidly in every direction; branches as cend- 
ing, and like the stem. Leaves alternate, long ipetiolals cor- 


= date, lobate, towards the top of the plant almost palmate, all 


‘ossly serrate, armed with the same bristles as the stem 
a ‘branches, and some harsh pubescence beside; from 
four to eight inches long, breadth nearly the same. Petioles 
about half the length of the leaves, channelled and armed. 
Stipules large, axillary, solitary, cordate, with the apex end- 
ing in one or two acute points, Peduncles axillary, the low- 
er supporting the male, sub-cylindric, amentaceous flowers; 
those towards the apex of the plant, the female ones, in large, 
_ glomerate, variously divided spikes. Male flowers as in -_ 
Boo 2 dames if cenehee 


pi 


Basan 


Urtica. MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. 587 


This is the most ferocious looking plant I have seen, and 
it acts up to its appearance ; the least touch of any part pro- 
duces most acute pain, but fortunately of short duration. The 
bark abounds in fine, white, glossy, silk-like, strong fibres, 


11. U. vescicaria, Roxb. 

Shrubby, erect, Leaves alternate, broad- seccockits! three- 
nerved, entire, downy. Flowers axillary, crowded, sessile. 
Female calyx with an inflated swelling round the base. 

A shrubby species, a native of the Circar mountains. 
Flowering and seed time the wet season. 

Stems or branches several, perennial, somewhat shrubby, — 
from four to six feet high, erect, round, somewhat winding. 
Bark of the woody parts smooth, ash-coloured, that of the 
young shoots hairy. Leaves alternate, spreading, petioled, 
broad-lanceolate, entire, downy, three-nerved; from two to 
three in¢hes long, and about one broad. Stipules semi-lan- 
ceolate, caducous, Flowers axillary, sessile, crowded ; male 
and female mixed. Male calyx four-parted. Nectarial 
glands ovate, small, Female calyx as in U, tuberosa, round 
its base on the outside are, from five to six or seven small, 
obovate, inflated, permanent vescicles. Style, atin and 
seed, as in tuberosa, Rgaege bale 

12. U. decumana. Rumph. Amb, vi. t. 20. f. 1. 

_Shrubby. Leaves alternate, cordate, serrate, rugose, brist-) 
ly. Female cant composed of alternate, bifarious ramifi- 
cations, 

Mal. Dien Gattal, 

Introduced from the Siskowting into the garden at Salone 

ta in 1802. In April 1803 one plant blossomed. «It had 
only a short ligneous stem, covered with smooth, ash-colour- 
ed bark, and some few — young, round, pes branches 
arising therefrom. ° gee 
Leaves alternate, foticbed, cordate, cline very. rugose, 


both sides armed with clear, sharp, stinging bristlets, about 


3 V2 


588 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, Urtica, . 


six inches long, by three broad. Petioles rather short, some- 
what channelled, bristly. Stipules solitary, interfoliaceous. 


_ Female spikes axillary, solitary, compound, expanding, — 


larger than the leaves, their branches alternate, bifarious, and 
composed of minute alternate branchlets, all round, deep- 
ly coloured, and bristly. Female flowers numerous, sessile, 
intermixed among small coloured, bristly bractes, Calyx 
four-leaved. Corol none. Stamina none. Germ ovate, Siyle 
and stigma single, and villous. Seed solitary, compressed. 


13. U. pulcherrima. R. 

Dioecous, shrubby. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, serrate, 
three-nerved, veins reticulate ; underneath hoary and pitted. 
Spikes axillary, paired, compound, glomerate, recurved. 
male flowers pentandrous, 

A most beautiful shrub, a native of Chittagong ; flowering 
during the rains; the seed ripens in the cool season. 

Siem as thick as a man’s leg, very short, but straight. 
Branches numerous, spreading in every direction round the 
stem, Bark of theold woody parts brown, and pretty smooth; 
that of the young, coloured shoots angular, and clothed with 
short appressed hairs. Leaves alternate, rather long-peti- 
oled, exactly narrow-lanceolar, beautifully serrate, long, ta- 


pering, acute-pointed, three-nerved, with elevations on the 


- upper surface corresponding with the pits below, which ren- 
der them rough though lucid, about six inches Jong, by 
one broad. Veins diverging and reticulate, hoary underneath, 
and there parted round the margin, and slightly in the mid- 
dle of the space between the nerves. Petioles from one to 
two inches long, a little hairy, coloured and channelled. 
Stipules axillary, small, scariose. Male calyx in axillary 
pairs, recurved in opposite directions, compound, glomerate. 


Calya five-leaved. Stamina five. Female spikes on a dif- 


ferent plant and like the male. Calyx of one, two-lobed, 


bivalvular-like, ciliate leaflet. Germ oval. Style none. 


Stamina a villous tuft. 


ih ee aU ain papa Geokan 
ARE RRA en ts eine ee aon 


. 
1 


- Urtica. MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. 589 


14. U. frutescens. Thunb. Juss. 70. 

Shrubby. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, lanceolate, 
cuspidate, three-nerved, with the interior margins serrulate, 
hoary underneath, harsh above. Heads axillary, peduncled. 

Boehmeria fructescens, Willd, iv. 343. 

A native of the mountains north of Bengal, and Oude, as 
well as of Japan. 


15. U. bicolor. R. 

Shrubby. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, lanceolate, ser- 
rate, three-nerved, scabrous above, hoary underneath. Heads 
axillary, sessile. 

A native of the mountains of Bareilly. 


16. U. Sphaerocephala. R. 

Shrubby. Leaves alternate, petioled, oblong, toward the 
apex serrulate, strongly marked with three equal nerves, 
scabrous above, hoary, except the veins and nerves, under- 
neath. Heads axillary, peduncled, spherical, crowded with 
male and female flowers mixed, 


17. U. paniculata, R. igaa® 

Shrubby. Leaves alternate, cordate, serrate, acute, three-— 
nerved, reticulated, rough above, and soft with white down 
underneath, Stipules in opposite pairs, ensiform. Panicles 
axillary, short and crowded. 

A native of the Moluccas; with the foliage of U. decu- 
mana, but a very different inflorescence. The calyx of the fe- 
male flowers in that is three or fear-leaved ; in this a five- 
toothed cup. ¥0 


18. U. lineata. R. + 
Leaves alternate, petioled, oblong, entire, smooth, yikes 
with parallel simple veins, Stipules solitary, spathiform.” 
Panicles axillary, the length of the oe % i 
Female calyx unequally four-parted. eeety eo 


¥ 


590 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. Urtica, + 


A native of the Moluccas, where it grows to be a large 
straggling shrub, with leaves from six to twelve or more 
inches ienig: Panis composed of numerous alternate in- 
curved divisions, crowded with innumerable, sesgile, female 
flowers on their opposite margins only, 


19. U, tenacissima, R. 

Shrubby, erect, ramous. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, 
broad-cordate, grossly serrate, hoary underneath, Panicles 
axillary, lowers in round fascicles; the male ones on the 
lower panicles and the female ones above. 

Caloose, Marsden’s Sumatra, p. 57. 

Rami, the Malay name in the Island of Pulo Pinang. 

A native of the Island of Sumatra, where it is cultivated 
for its bark, which abounds in fibres of very great strength 
and fineness. In the Botanic garden where it has lately been 
introduced, with the view of obtaining its valuable fibres, it 
grows very luxuriantly, and blossoms about the close of the 
rainy season. We have now had it five years in the garden, 
the roots of the original plants, as well as of their progeny; 


are becoming daily extended, and continue healthy and vi- 


goréus, throwing up numerous shoots, as often as they are cut 
down for the fibres of their bark, which may be done about 
four or even five times every year, if the soil is good and care 
taken of the plants, viz. if kept clean of weeds, and watered. 


_ when the weather is so dry as for the nal to require — 


a and carefully drained when too wet, 
The plant is as readily cultivated from cuttings, as the 
‘Willow, which is fortunate, as Ihave never yet found it pest 
duce fertile seed. 

Stems, when suffered to remain, they become stout, and 
ligneous, and then covered with brown, somewhat scabrous 
bark. Branches many, spreading considerably, the ligneous 
parts with bark likethe stems; the tender parts hairy. Leaves 


alternate, long-petioled, cordate, hairy, and a little hoary un- 
derneath, three-nerved ; shout. six inches ner mip four wae 


f 


Urtica, - MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, 591 


Stipules ensiform, one on each side of the insertion of the pe- 
tiole. Panicles in axillary pairs, about as long as the peti- 
oles, villous. Flowers numerous, small, of a greenish yel- 
low, collected in small, globular heads; male on the inferior 
panicles, and female on the superior ones. Bractes minute. 
Mate, Calyx of four ovate, concave leaflets. Corol none. 
Nectary a globular pedicelled gland in the centre resembling 
a pistillum. Filaments four. Anthers two-lobed, FrEMA.e. 
Calyx one-leaved, urceolate. Corol none, Stamina none. 
Germ oblong, minute, hairy, no filaments surrounding it, as 
in Louriero’s U. nivea, Stigma single, hairy, and about the 
length of the germ. Seeds, they have not been found ina 
ripe state. 

To procure the fibres, Marsden says the shoots are cut 
down, dried, aud beaten, after which the rind is stripped off. 
Rumphius’s Ramium majus, Hor, Amb. 215, t..79.f. 1, which 
I take to be this plant, yields also fibres of the same nature, 
and is quoted by Willdenow for Urtica, which from the pre- 
vailing definition of that plant, “ Foliis sub-orbiculatis utrin- 
que acutis, vel base attenuatis,” | must conclude to be a differ- 
ent species, for in all the plants in the Botanic garden, origi- 
nally from Sumatra, from Prince of Wales’ Island, and from 
Rungpoor, they are uniformly broad-cordate. Both male 
and female inflorescence glomerate, panicled. Calyx of the 
latter of one leaf, and the germ destitute of the barren fila- 

_ ments which Louriero gives to U. nivea, 


20. U. ecrenulata, R. 
Shrubby, dioecous, erect. Leaves alternate, oblong, acute, 
crenate, Spikes axillary, compound, dichotomous. 

_ A native of the eastern parts of Bengal,and first found near 
Luckipore by Dr. Buchanan; flowering time the latter part 
of the rains. 

Stem erect, shrubby. Bark smooth, ash-coloured, armed 
with most acute, burning hairs. Leaves alternate, short-pe- 
tioled, oblong, acute, crenulate, or slightly dentate, both sides 


* 


592 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. Urtica. 


armed with a few burning white hairs. Stipules cordate, 
small, caducous, Femaue.* Spikes axillary, solitary, di- 
chotomous, with alternate lateral divisions, Flowers numer- 
ous, all female. Ca/yx four-parted. Geri ovate, oné-seed- 
ed. Style none. Stigma long, villous, fleshy and tapering. 


21. U. acuminata. R. 

Sub-arboreous, hairy. Leaves petioled, broad-lanceolar, 
entire, acuminate, Female glomerules axillary, small, globu- 
lar; in short, once or twice-dichotomous peduncles. 

A small, erect, ramous tree, with dusky bark and hairy 
_ branchlets, a native of the forests of Chittagong, where it 
flowers during the cool season. 


22. U. involucrata. R. 

Arboreous. Leaves alternate, broad-cordate, downy, sub- 

entire. Stipules opposite, subulate. Peduncles axillary, 
drooping. bearing a few female flowers in an involucred 

head. . 


_ Anative of the Malay Islands. In the Botanic garden it 


is in blossom the whole year, but no male flowers have been 
found, nor do the seeds ripen. " 


23. U. naucliflora. R 
_ Dioecous, shrubby, twining. Leaves alternate, cordate, 
entire ; glomerules globular, compact, the male ones panicled. 


A large; scandent, woody plant, common in the forests of 


hittagong, Silhet, and the eastern frontier of Bengal. In 
the former baoes by the vernacular name Dolea Sat, and in 
the latter Luta Kudum, i. e. scandent Nauelea, Flowers 
beautiful and fragrant, appearing at various times through 
the year, but ripening best about or before the wean” of 
the rains, 


Stem and — breathes stout and woody covered with 


si J hans yet met with the male elie aa est 


‘eR edna toc 


Urtica, MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, 593 


dark coloured, scabrous bark, the whole extending to a 
great.length by twining up and over trees, &c. Leaves al- 
ternate, petioled, cordate, entire, smooth; from four to eight 
inches long, by from three to six broad. Petioles half the 
length of the leaves, round, coloured, Stipules axillary, so- 
litary, large, ovate-oblong, smooth, of a deep dark ferrugin- 
ous colour, Mate, Panicles from the old axills composed 
of numerous, small, globular heads of minute, very fragrant 
corollets, Bractes in fours, at the divisions of the panicle, 
oval, and oblong, coloured like the stipules. Common peri- 
anth none, or very obscure ; proper one four-leaved ; leaflets, 
oblong, concave, sub-cucullate over the anthers, Corol none. 
Filaments four, very broad, and short. Anthers cordate, 
Germ none, but a columnar, headed gland in its place. 
FEMALE on a different plant. Peduncles from the axills of 
the former leaves, as in the male, generally solitary, once or 
twice dichotomous, with a larger globular head of small, 
beautiful, purple, fragrant, pedicelled corollets on each divi- 
sion, Bractes asin the male. Proper perianth one-leaved, 
four-parted, segments often unequal. Coro/ none. Stamina 
none. Germ superior, oblong, one-celled, containing one 
ovulum attached to the bottom of the cell. Style short. — 


‘Stigma lateral, oblong. Pericarp none, the remaining 


succulent calyx covering a single, oblong seed, which has, 
besides an exterior succulent envolope, a middle thin hard 
one, and an inner membranceous one, Perisperm while the 
seeds are recent there is a thin succulent one. Embryo in- 
verse. Cotyledons two, oblong. Radicle cylindric, superior. 


24, U. globulifer, Roxb. : 

- Dioecous, shrubby, scandent. Leaves alternate, long- 
piticled: oblong, entire, villous, Panic/es axillary ; _ 
ules globular, compact, panicled. 

Lal-Kudum, the vernacular name in Silhet, where the 
plants are found indigenous, climbing over trees and bushes. 
Flowering time February and March. The seeds are ripe 

VOL, HII. gd : 


~ 


594 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, Morus. 


about the beginning of the rains in June. This species much 
resembles U. naucliflora, but the leaves differ widely in 
shape; the female glomerules as well as the male ones are in 
crowded panicles, and all being void of fragrance, point them 
out very distinct species. : 


25. U. inequalifolia. R. 

Shrubby, erect, hispid. Leaves alternate, sessile, une- 
qually falcate, lanceolate, entire, acuminate. Glomerules 
axillary. 

A native of Chittagong, where it flowers in April. 


MORUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1424. 


Male perianth four-leaved.. Corol none. Female peri- 


_anth four-leaved. Corol none. Germ one-celled, one-seeded, 
superior. Styles two, Calyx becoming a berry, Seed one, 
in each acine, mbryo inverse and furnished with a pane 


sperm, 


1 M. alba, Willd. iv. 368. 

Leaves cordate-serrate, without pubescence, some deeply 
and variously lobate, other almost palmate, Fruit ovate, oe 
long, white. 

Found in gardens in several parts of India and varying $0 
much by culture .as to render it difficult to give a better de- 
finition than the above. _ It does not appear to be cultivated 
in every part of India for its leaves to feed silk-worms, The 
fruit rather small » juicy, but insipid, 

In Bengal it blossoms about the end of the cold season, 
and the fruit ripens in about six weeks, or two months after- 
wards, It appears to be dioecous, for I have only met with 


female flowers on the Baer cultivated in the Botanic nee 
at Colentia. 


— eee 


I Te oe ee Oe Oe Neen, Oven! 


Morus. MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, - §95 


2. M. atropurpurea, R. 

Leaves cordate, very rarely lobate, serrate, smooth, Ament 
cylindric. Fruit cylindric, dark purple. 

M. rubra, Lourier, Cochin Ch. 679. 

From China this large species was introduced into the Bo- 
tanic garden at Calcutta, where it thrives luxuriantly, blos- 
soms about the beginning of the hot season, in February, and 
the fruit ripens in March and April. 

Attempts have been made to feed the silk-worm in Bengal 
with its leaves; but, so far as I can learn, with little or no 
success, 

_ Trunk rarely more than a few feet in height, and in our 
young trees in Bengal from eighteen to twenty-four inches in 
circumference. Bark ash-coloured, and rather scabrous. 
Branches and branchlets nearly erect, long, simple, and pret- 
ty stout, bark of the old ligneous parts like that of the trunk ; 
that on the younger branches more smooth, and lighter co- 
loured ; the general height of our largest trees about twen- 
ty feet. Leaves alternate, cordate, serrate, acuminate, smooth, 
three-nerved, with a gland on the base of the lateral nerves, 
about six inches long, by five broad, caducous during the 
cool season; and the new foliage begins to appear with the 
flowers in February. Petioles nearly round, smooth, an inch 
and a halflong. Stipules ensiform, chaffy, caducous. Aments 
axillary, and below the first leaves of the tender shoots, pe- 
duncled, generally drooping. The male flowers on one tree 
and the female ones on another, though sometimes they are 
monoecous, or polygamous, Mae. ments cylindric, 
drooping. Corollets pedicelled. Calyx four-leaved, or deep- 
ly four-parted. Coro! none. Filaments four, more than twice 
the length of the calyx. Anthers oval. Germ none, but a 
small conic gland in its place. FEMALE. Aments cylindric, 
drooping. Corollets sessile. Calyx four-leaved. Leaflets 
obovate, appressed to the germ. Corol none. Stamina none. 
Germ oval, one-celled, containing one ovulum attached to the 


top of the cell. Styles two, revolute, villous; rather united at 
swe : 


596 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, Morus. 


the base. Stigmas simple, small. Fruit cylindrical, com- 
posed of numerous, ovate, acute, one-celled, nuciform cap- 
sules, enveloped in the enlarged, now succulent, dark pur- 
ple calyx. Seed solitary, with scanty albumen, and embryo 
exactly as in M. alba. Gert, Sem. ti. 199. t. 126. 


3. M, serrata, R. 


Arboreous, Leaves evenly cordate, three-nerved, grossly 


and acutely serrate, cuspidate, rough, but void of pubes- 
cence, Female aments cylindric. 

Heemoo of the natives about Dosa. 

Found by Captain Hardwicke wild in the forests about 
Dosa, in his tour to Shreenagur. See Asiat, Res. vi. 373. 
Morus, N. 1. 

It differs from all the species I have yet seeh in the apices 
of the leaves being very long and sharp, and in most of the 
serratures being remarkably large and acute. 


4, M, Indica. Willd. iv. 370. 

-Dioecous, sub-arboreous, Leaves ovate, cordate, long, 
taper-pointed, serrate, smooth. Aments oval. Styles single, 
half two-cleft. 

Morus Indica, Rumph, Amb. vii, t. 5, is a pretty iia fi- 
gure of this; but Tinda parua of the Hortus Malabarieus, 
vol. i. t. 49, quoted for Morus Indica, is no doubt Kénig’s 
otras a and a — good ———— it is. 

“Mase: Tokai ai , 

‘T have never seid this tree in its wild state, but always 
in gardens, or plantations, or where it had been planted. 
Where it is indigenous I cannot say, Flowering time the 

eginning of the hot weather, in February, at which time the 


young leaves also make their appearance, ee by —— 


they may be continued the year round. 
Trunk, when the trees are suffered thgtow sianidiniel sill 
they are full grown, rarely more than the thickness oft man’s 


eas 


Morus. MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, 597 


leg. Branches numerous, spreading in all directions. Wood 
pale, yellowish, hard, close-grained. Bark smooth, ash-co- 
loured; the whole height of the largest trees I have seen 
about twenty feet. Leaves deciduous, alternate, petioled, 
ovate-cordate, long, tapering, entire, pointed, with the lateral 
margins serrate, and sometimes lobate and even deeply so, 
smooth on both sides, very various in size on the larger trees 
not kept cut, as in the plantations for feeding silk-worms, 
where they are larger and more divided, from two to four 
inches long, and from one to two and a half broad. Stipules 
sub-lanceolate, caducous. Female aments from the axills of 
the first leaves or from the scales of the envelope of the bud 
of the young shoots, solitary, short-peduncled, nearly oval, 
or oval. Calyx of four, fleshy, cuneate leaflets. Style single, 
half two-cleft; divisions tapering and villous. Berry about 
_ the size and shape of a small field bean; when ripe black. 

This is the species cultivated in Bengal to feed silk- 
worms. It is kept down by frequent cutting that the branches 
may become more numerous, consequently the foliage more 
abundant, and more easily gathered. The cultivators of 
these bushes, do not always rear the worm. When they do 
not, they sell the leaves upon the tender branches to the ryots 
who rear the worm, but do not cultivate the mulberry, by the 
basket, a measure called in some parts a Koopee, weighing 
on an average, one hundred pounds avoirdupois. The ave- 
rage price is about three Koopees for the Rupee. While the 
worms are very young they not only strip the leaves from 
the twigs but cut them small, Afterwards when the worms 
are larger, the whole leaves upon the twigs are given, and 
the sticks are removed when the leaves are consumed. 

The annual value of the biga which is a third of an Eng- 
lish acre, taking the general average of markets, and also the 
general average of lands in point of quality of soil, may be 
about eight Rupees; deduct for the rent of the land two Ru- 
pees, this leaves a profit of six to the ryot for his labour. — 

The plant is usually cut four times in the year, and strip- 


698 MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, Morus. 


ped of its leaves twice.. The latter mode is practised during 
the rains, when cutting the plants would injure them, by the 


water penetrating the cut parts; besides, by having the ~ 


branches at this season at their full length, there is less 
danger of their being overflowed during inundations of the 
Ganges. 

_ A plantation once formed, requires no great labour to keep 
it in order, as the close luxuriant growth of the plants keeps 
the weeds pretty well under ; however, it is necessary to dress 
the ground now and then, and to earth up the plants while 
young, or when the rain washes away the earth, The ground 
is generally so moist at all tines of the year in Bengal, as to 
render irrigation almost unnecessary ; an advantage the coast 
of Coromandel cannot boast of, and which will ever render it 
impossible for that country to cultivate silk at as low a rate 


as is donein Bengal. For this plant a light, rich, elevated soil _ 


is made choice of; for the Hindoo cultivators say clayey 
ground, or such as allows the water to settle about the roots 
of the plants, will not do. The plantation, ihey say, requires 
to be renewed once in three or four years, to insure a succes- 
sion of the best leaves. Cuttings are employed, and planted 
about the close of the rains, in rows three feet asunder, and 
about half that distance in the rows. : 


5.-M. tatarica, Willd. iv. 369. 
~ Dioecous, arboreous. Leaves cordate serrate, rather ob- 
tuse, mostly entire, though sometimes sinuate, or even lobate. 
- This small tree I have only found in a few gardens about 
Calcutta, andlike Morus Indica have never found it in its wild 
state, nor can I learn from whence it originally came. This 
sort is never, so far as I can learn, cultivated in any part of 
India for the silk-worm, nor for any other purpose. The 
fruit is very small, like that of Indica, and of too little. esti- 


mation to encourage ones one to cultivate it, Flowering time 
in Bengal, February, vk dimer 


Morus. MONOECIA TETRANDRIA, 599 


* 


6, M. mauritiana, Willd. iv, 371. 
Dioecous. Leaves obovate oblong, entire. Aments cylin 


_dric. 


Trophis sphadrion! Roxb. Mss. N. 1703. 

Reported to be a native of Madagascar. Dr. Anderson of 
Madras received the plants from the Mauritius. ‘In his gar- 
den they thrive well, and from thence seeds and cuttings were 
procured for the Botanic garden at Calcutta, in 1799, where 
they blossom and ripen their seed at various periods, 

Trunk of the young trees in Dr. Anderson’s garden, 
straight, and regularly clothed with spreading branches near- 
ly to the base. Bark ash-coloured, Leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, obovate-oblong, entire, without pubescence, but a 
little scabrous, from two to three inches long by one or one 
and half broad. Stipules small, chaffy. Aments axillary, so- 
litary, sub-cylindric ; the male oneson one treeand the female 
oneson another, the latter generally recurved. Wale aments 
half the length of the leaves, Calyx four-parted, divisions 
cordate, with villous margins. Stamina as in the genus, with 
double whole anthers. Pisti/lum, a four-winged rudiment 


_ of one in the centre. emale amenis nearly the size of the 


male. Calyx four-leaved, enlarging with the germ into a 
fleshy covering for the single seed, which is covered by a 
crustaceous envelope. Germ superior, broad ovate, one-leay- 
ed, one-celled, ovulum single, attached to one side of the cell 
a little under its apex. Style or rather stigma two, subu- 
lates vilens on the inside, united at the base. 


”. M. peniesilata: Roxb. - 3 
. Arboreous, dioecous. Leaves ieee Ling pended, 
constate; serrate, hoary underneath. Panicles axillary. Fe- 
male calyx urceolate, entire. Berries round, Agere _— ‘ 
_ Urtica fruticosa., Banks's Herbarium, ib fies 
_ Perlarius primus. Rumph. Amb. iv. t. 56. Witsgae ne : 
| A native of the Moluccas, from thence ‘the seed came’ 


. 


600 MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. Xanthium. 


den in 1798. Now, July 1802, both male and female trees 
are in blossom, and about fifteen feet high. 

Trunk straight. Bark smooth, olive-coloured. Branches 
numerous, spreading in every direction, Young shoots 


clothed with much short, soft, hairy pubescence. Leavesal- 


ternate, petioled, from ovate to round-cordate, three-nerved, 
serrate, acute, harsh, deep green above, hoary underneath, 


from four to eight inches long, and from two to six or seven’ 


broad, Petioles rather shorter than the leaves, round,downy. 
Stipules semi-cordate, lanceolate, caducous. Panicles axil- 
lary, solitary, with a few flexuose branches. MA Lr FLOw- 
ERS, hitherto they have been only found in a distinct tree, 
and collected in little, rather remote fascicles over the rami- 
fications of the panicles. Calyx four-toothed. Stamens 
long and recurved. FEMALE FLOwERs collected in little, 
round, aggregate heads. Calyx urceolate, entire, becoming 
succulent. Style or stigma single, long, curved, villous. 
Berry round, size of a pea, very succulent, pure, pellucid, 
white when ripe, and containing many very minute seeds. © 
The taste of the ripe fruit is sweet, but rather insipid. 


MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. 


XANTHIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1426. 


Male calyx ; common imbricated. Corol one-petalled, five- 
cleft, funnel-formed. Receptacle chaffy. Female calyx ; in- 
volucre two-leaved, two-flowered. Corol none. Drupe dry, 
murexed, two-cleft. Nut two-celled. Linn. Syst. 

To our Indian plant the following essential generic charac- 
ter suits better, viz. Male aggregate, Calyx ; common, im- 
bricated ; corollets tubular, five-toothed. Neetary cylindric, 

-antheriferous. Female calyx as in the male. Corol none. 
Germ superior, two-celled ; cells one-seeded; attachment in- 
ferior. Styles two pair. Drupe dry, muricate, two-celled. 
Seed solitary. Embryo erect, without perisperm. 


Amaranthus, MONOECIA PENTANDRIA, 601 


X. Indicum. Kon, Mss. 

Annual, unarmed. Leaves reniform cordate, lobate, gross- 
ly serrate, dentate, 

Sans, Aristha. 

Teling. Veri-tel-nep. 

Tam, Marlumutta. 

A strong, robust annual, growing from two to three feet 
high ; it delights in the banks of rivers, and rubbishy places, 
where it appears and flowers during the dry season only. It 
ought to be compared with X. orientale, for Kénig thought 
them different, yet 1 suspect they are the same. 

. Stem erect, somewhat scabrous, clouded with dark colour- 
ed spots, annual. Leaves alternate, petioled, broad cordate, 
or rather tending to kidney-formed, somewhat lobed, notched, 
waved, three-nerved, scabrous ; about four or five inches each 
way. Petioles round, scabrous, as long as the leaves, Flowers 
terminal, and from the superior axills. MALE FLOWERS ag- 
gregate, above the female ones, short-peduncled. Corollets 
from four to five-parted. Vectary tubular; mouth few- 
toothed, staminiferous, FrmaLe rLoweErs below the male, 
sub-sessile, and solitary. Calyx one-flowered, many-leaved ; 
leaflets lanceolate, hairy. Germ superior, oblong, armed with 
uncinate bristles, two-celled, each cell containing one ovu- 
lum enveloped in an interior tunic, a continuation of which, 
form the two long slender styles, which end in simple stig- . 
mas. Perisperm &c, as described by Geertner. | 


| AMARANTHUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1431. 


Male calyx from three to five-leaved. Corol none. Sta- 
mens from three to five. _ Female calyx beneath, from three 
to five-leaved. Corol none. Styles three. Capsule mem- 
branaceous, one-celled, one-sided, opening cial Em- 
oie ean" with a perisperm. | | 


Rg Fg Be een! 


VOL. 11 peti tei bk, 


600 MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. Xanthium. 


den in 1798. Now, July 1802, both male and female trees 
are in blossom, and about fifteen feet high. 

Trunk straight. Bark smooth, olive-coloured. Branches 
numerous, spreading in every direction. Young shoots 
clothed with much short, soft, hairy pubescence. Leavesal- . 
ternate, petioled, from ovate to round-cordate, three-nerved, 
serrate, acute, harsh, deep green above, hoary underneath, 
from four to eight inches long, and from two to six or seven 
broad. Petioles rather shorter than the leaves, round,downy. 
Stipules semi-cordate, lanceolate, caducous. Panicles axil- 
lary, solitary, with a few flexuose branches. MALE FLOw- 
ERS, hitherto they have been only found in a distinct tree, 
and collected in little, rather remote fascicles over the rami- 
fications of the panicles. Calyx four-toothed, Stamens 
long and recurved. FEMALE FLOweERs collected in little, 
round, aggregate heads. Calyx urceolate, entire, becoming 
succulent. Style or stigma single, long, curved, villous. 
Berry round, size of a pea, very succulent, pure, pellucid, 
white when ripe, and containing many very minute seeds. — 

The taste of the ripe fruit is sweet, but rather insipid. 


MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. 


XANTHIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1426. 

Male calyx ; common imbricated. Corol one-petalled, five- 
cleft, funnel-formed. Receptacle chaffy. Female calyx ; in- 
volucre two-leaved, two-flowered. Corol none. Drupe dry, 
murexed, two-cleft. Nut two-celled, Linn. Syst. 

To our Indian plant the following essential generic charac- 
ter suits better, viz, Male aggregate, Calyx ; common, im- 
bricated ; corollets tubular, five-toothed. Nectary cylindric, 

antheriferous. Female calyx as in the male. Corol none. 
Germ superior, two-celled ; cells one-seeded ; attachment in- 
ferior. Styles two pair. Diaas dry, muricate, two-celled. 
Seed solitary. Embryo erect, without —_ jeu. 


- 


1} ilponinelladn siden LaihigtaeoaiBoe Ee 


Amaranthus, MONOECIA PENTANDRIA, 601 


X. Indicum. Kon, Mss, 

Annual, unarmed. Leaves reniform cordate, lobate, gross- 
ly serrate, dentate. 

Sans, Aristha, 

Teling. Veri-tel-nep. 

Tam, Marlumutta, 

A strong, robust annual, growing from two to three feet 
high ; it delights in the banks of rivers, and rubbishy places, 
where it appears and flowers during the dry season only. It 
ought to be compared with X. orientale, for Konig thought 
them different, yet I suspect they are the same. 

. Stem erect, somewhat scabrous, clouded with dark colour- 
ed spots, annual, Leaves alternate, petioled, broad cordate, 
or rather tending to kidney-formed, somewhat lobed, notched, 
waved, three-nerved, scabrous ; about four or five inches each 
way. Petioles round, scabrous, as long as the leaves. Flowers 
terminal, and from the superior axills, Mave FLOWERS ag- 
gregate, above the female ones, short-peduncled, Corollets 
from four to five-parted. Vectary tubular; mouth few- 
toothed, staminiferous. FrEma Le rLoweErs below the male, 
sub-sessile, and solitary. Calyx one-flowered, many-leaved ; 
leaflets \anceolate, hairy. Germ superior, oblong, armed with 
uncinate bristles, two-celled, each cell containing one ovu- 
lum enveloped in an interior tunic, a continuation of which, 
form the two long slender styles, which end in simple stig- . 
mas, Perisperm &c. as described by Geertner. | 


- AMARANTHUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1431. 


_ Male calyx from three to five-leaved. Corol none. Sta- 
mens from three to five. Female calyx beneath, from three 


frie, leqme. Corol none. Styles three. Capsule mem- 


one-celled, one-sided, opening horizontally, Em- 


Aromas, and furnished with a perisperm, 


OU tied 48 aa: Pas 


602 MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. Amaranthus, 


SECT. I. Triandrous. 


1. A, tenuifolius, Willd. iv. 4381. 

Annual, diffuse, Leaves wedge-shaped, emarginate. Glo- 
merules axillary ; male flowers diandrous, with a two-leaved 
calyx ; the female ones irregular. 

Beng, Jeel Chumli. : 

Found during the whole year, on cultivated ground near 
Calcutta. 

Root perpendicular, with small lateral fibres, of a bright 
pink colour, | Stem none, but numerous, smooth, alternately 
ramous branches, spreading close on the earth; their length 
from six to twelve inches. Leaves somewhat petioled, long, 
wedge-shaped, emarginate, with a bristle in the fissure, are 
smooth, and about an inch long. Glomerules axillary, never 
terminal, Mae FLowers with a two-leaved perianth, and 
two stamens, FremMALE FLOWERS more numerous than the 
imale ones. Calyx, the internal flowers of the fascicle, or glo- 
merule, have rarely any ; the exterior ones have it consisting 
of one or two leaflets, Capsule with six longitudinal furrows — 
coloured and not circumcised. 


2. A, polygonoides, Willd. iv. 389. and B. H. 

Diffuse. Leaves obovate. Glomerules axillary, two- 
parted, Capsule pullate, equalling the acute lanceolate 
leaflets of the calyx. 8 

Beng. Cheloo nuteepa. 

_ Teling. Chira kura, 

Is the smallest species I know. It is annual, a native of 
almost every soil and situation, is a common weed in our gat- 
dens, where there is a constant succession of plants Soxeers 
all the year, , 

_ Root perpendicular, Stems in young conden plants 
erect, with spreading branches from the base; but more fre- 
quently there are only many prostrate branches, with alter- 
nate, bifarious, smooth branchlets, from six to twelve inches 


Amaranthus. MONOECIA PENTANDRIA, 603 


long, often coloured on the upper side. Leaves alternate, in 
young plants with a stem, petioled, in others sub-sessile, 
oval, obovate, or wedge-formed ; tapering down the petioles, 
pretty smooth, emarginate with a minute bristle, with mar- 
gins tinged red, from a quarter to half an inch long. Glome- 
rules axillary, two-parted, whether by a branchlet or not, 
never any thing like a spike. Male flowers most numerous, 
Leaflets of the calyx short, sharp-pointed ; stamina three. 
Capsules longer than the calyx, bullate, with the apex co- 
loured red. Seed shining black. 

This species although wild, for I never saw any one that 
tried to cultivate it, the natives use as a pot-herb ; it is reck- 
oned exceedingly wholesome, for which reason convalescents 
have this species recommended to them in preference to any 


_ of the others. 


3. A, polygamus, Willd, iv. 381. 2 
Diffuse. Leaves rhomb-ovate, emarginate; glomerules 
axillary, or on terminal othe Calyces dan iertey longer 

than the capsules. 

Blitaum Indicum album. Rumph. Amb. v. t. 82. f. 1. 

Hind, Chumli sag. 

Beng. Champa carts and Lal-Champa ibid a & a = 
dish variety. . 

Teling. Dugala-kura, = Yerra-dugala kura, the’ — 
variety, : 

Wherein does A. Blitum differ from these? 

A native of the same places with the last deser ibed, like 
them annual, and flowering at the same time. Both sorts are 
extensively cultivated all over the southern parts of Asia. — 

- Stem when the plants are young, and in a good soil, erect, 
sinc a foot high, branchy near the base; but when old, or 
it’ a bad soil there are only several diffuse, smooth, striated, 

pured branches ; from nine to eighteen inches long. Leaves 

petioled, rhombiform, emarginate with a bende, Tugose, e- 


-nerally about an inch long. Glomerules axillary 
3X2 : 


604 MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. Amaranthus. 


on terminal, or other spikes. Male flowers most numerous, 
triandrous, Calyx twice the length of the capsule, leaflets 
awl-pointed. Capsu/es shorter than the calyx, less bullate 
than in A. prostratus. 


4. A. tristis, Willd. iv. 385. 

Erect, very ramous near the ground. Leaves rhomb-oval, 
obtuse, emarginate. Glomerules axillary, and on terminal 
spikes, Calyces daggered, longer than the capsules. 

Teling. Qui-tota kura, 

Blitum Indicum secundum. Rumph. Amb. v. t. 82. f. 2. 

A. campestris, Willd. iv. 382, can be nothing more than 
one of the varieties of this very useful species, and it is more 
than likely that his A. polystachyus, p. 385, is another varie- 
ty, if not the same. Qui-tota kura the Telinga name of A. 
campestris, (though by mistake I presume Willdenow inserts 
the word Tamu!) is synonymous with Kuppee-kir7i, the Ta- 
thul name of polystachyus, 

Annual, I have never found it wild, it is held in great es- 
teem by all ranks of the natives, and is much cultivated by 
them, it grows readily all the year round if watered. 

Root perpendicular, coloured, reddish, Stem erect, below 
ramous, from one to two feet high, smooth, sometimes tinged 
red, Branches spreading or near the ground, as long as the 
stem. Leaves petioled, rhomb-ovate, tapering down the pe- 
tiole, emarginate with a bristle, a little rugose ; size very va- 
rious, but in general about an inch broad, Glomerules axil- 
lary, and in long, terminal, erect, interrupted, green spikes 
(not two-parted.) Mae riowers triandrous, Leaves of 
the calyx ending in an awled point, longer than the capsule. 

It differs from A. oleraceus in having long, diffuse 
branches from the base, and from Dugala kura in having al- 
ways terminal spikes; besides it may be cut down several 
times without destroying the plants, for they soon shoot out 
vigorously again; this renders it much more useful to the 
poorer natives, who are possessed of but a yery small spotof 


Amaranthus. MONOECIA PENTANDRIA, 605 — 


ground, and little time to spare for its culture ; besides it is 
in higher esteem than A, oleraceus, whiclt yields but one 
crop. | 

When the plants are particularly red, which I believe is 
accidental, the Telingas distinguish them by the addition of 
the adjective Yerra, which means red. The plant figured is 
’ of this sort. There are other varieties beside these two, 


5. A. viridis, Willd. iv. 388. 

Ascending, ramous, from one to two feet high, Leaves ellip- 
tic, emarginate ; glomerules axillary, and on small axillary 
branchlets. Leaflets of the calyces three, obtuse, and nial 
shorter than the rugose capsules, 

A native of various parts of India, appearing most Pris ind 
ly as a weed in gardens during the rainy and cold seasons. 
The tender tops are eaten by the natives, though not so much 
esteemed as the cultivated sorts. 


6. A. lividus. Willd. iv. 386. 

Erect, smooth, simple, from two to three feet. Leaves long- 
petioled, sub-ovate, retuse. Glomerules axillary, and ona 
terminal spike. Calyces from three to five-leaved, obtuse, 
which, with the bractes, are shorter than the round, com- 
pressed capsules, bedas 

Beng. Gobura nuteeya. 

It is cultivated as a pot-herb. The stem is generally sim- 
ple, from two to three feet high, polished, of a bright red co- 
lour, as are also. the petioles, the leaves of dull greenish pur- 
ple, with brighter coloured nerves, and veins, The bractes 
are shorter than the capsule; as are also the leaflets of the 
calyx ; which with the broad, retuse leaves, make migecviod 
en distinguished from all the rest. = ei 


ee oleraceus. Willd. i iv. 386. 
Erect, with a few branches above the middle. Leaves 
from broad rhomboidal, to ovate lanceolate. . Glomerules 


606 MONOECIA PENTANDRIA., Amaranthus. 


axillary, and on a terminal spike. Ca/yces cuspidate, and 
rather longer than the rugose capsules. 

Teling. Tota-Kura. 

Beng. Sada-Nuteeya. 

The figure which Willdenow, in his Historia Amaran- 
thorum, gives for oleraceus, does not by any means agree 
with what Konig and myself have always considered to be ~ 
that plant, His inamoenus is much more likeit; if the leaves 
were emarginate, it would be a very excellent representation 
of this species. There are several varieties cultivated as pot- 
herbs over India, particularly on the coast of Coromandel, 
The most conspicuous, after the common green sort, particu- 
larly referred to in the above definition are, 

Ist. Yerra-tota Kura of the Telingas, a very beautiful va- 
riety, with a clear bright red stem, branches, petioles, nerves, 
and veins, and the leaves themselves rather ferruginous. 

2nd. Tella-tota Kura of the Telingas ; here all the paris that — 
are red in the last variety are of a clear, shining, white colour. 

8nd, Rosa or Pedda-tota Kura of the Telingas, is a very 
large variety, which Kénig called A. giganteus. Ina rich 
soil it grows to from five to eight feet high, with a stem as 
thick as a man’s wrist. The tender succulent tops of the stem 

and branches are sometimes served up on our — 
substitute for asparagus. ) 

The other varieties are more changeable, and not so well 
soa I will not therefore take notice of any more of —_— 


* 


8 A. gangeticus. Willd, iv, 384, 

--avbg Wak ‘sub-erect branches issuing out above the said 
dle of the stem. Leaves rhomb-ovate. Glomerules axillary, 
as well as on single axillary, and compound, terminal spikes. 
Calyces three-leaved, which with the bractes are euspidate 
and longer than the slightly rugose capsules, 

The varieties of this useful species cultivated in Bengal 
alone are endless; and are in general known by the Hindoo 
name Lall Sag, or Dengua of the Bengalees. They are ad 


FLOWERS with ite stamens. .Anthers s 


Amaranthus. MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. 607 


more general use amongst the natives of Bengal then any 
other species, or variety. , 

In the above definition, [ have aimed at including the 
whole, at least all that have fallen under my observation. 
They, as well as oleraceus and its varieties, differ most con- 
spicuously from the other two extensive tribes of cultivated 


~ amaranths, viz. polygamus and tristis, and their varieties, 


in not admitting of being cut, with the hope of succeeding 
crops from the same roots, but are pulled up by the root, and 
carried to market in that state. : 

The varieties are tolerably permanent, and differ in colour 
chiefly, which varies from green, with the slightest tinge of 
red, to rufous, liver coloured, and bright red. One variety 
has particularly broad leaves, with the margins green, and 
the centre dark purple. It isa handsome plant. 


9. A. lanceolaius. R. 

Straight, Leaves lanceolar, plain green ;_ glomerules tri- 
androus, axillary. Calyx daggered, longer than the swell- 
ed, rugose capsules, : 

Bans-puta nuteeya, 7. e. Bamihoo-leaved waiteontl, of the 
Bengalees. 

A native of Bengal. Ido not renee to have seen it on 
the Coromandel coast. Flowering time the rainy season. 

_ Stem perfectly straight, with nearly erect, smooth branches; 
height in a good soil as far as from five to six feet. Leaves 
alternate, long-petioled, lanceolar, tapering much towards 


each end, rather obtuse at the point, with a bristle, from two 


to eight inches long. Petioles channelled by the decurrency 
of these leaves, and nearly of their length, Glomerules 
axillary, never any thing like a terminal spike, which ‘cir- 


~ cumstance alone distinguishes it from o/eraceus, and all its 


varieties.. Bractes numerous and like the calyx. Calyx of 
male and female flowers three-leaved ; leaflets lanceo- 
ered, membranaceous, with a green keates Mare 
te. FemaLe 


* 


608 MONOECIA PENTANDRIA, Amaranthus. 


ones with three tapering styles. Capsule circumcised, wrin- 
kled, The leaves and tender tops are eaten by the natives 
in their curries, * 

10. A. atropurpureus. R. 

Erect, ramous, from three to six feet high, Leaves lan- 
ceolar, of a deep liver colour, above of a shining crimson, un- 
derneath purple. Glomerules axillary, as well as on a glo- 
merate, terminal spike, Calyx three or five-leaved, cuspidate, 

and longer than the rugose capsules, 

Bans-puta lal nuteeya of the Bengalees who cultivate this — 
sort also as a pot-herb, It appears to me to be a well mark- 
ed, very distinct species, which I have not found altered a 
change of soil, . 


11. A. tricolor. Willd. iv. 383. 

Erect, from two to four feet high. Leaves approximate, 
broad rhomb-lanceolate, variously coloured. Glomerules 
axillary, large, half stem-clasping. Calyces of the three cus- 
pidate leaflets, which are longer than the capsules, Common 
in gardens all over Indiaand China. In Bengal it is in flower 
and seed the whole year, 

12. A, melancholicus, Willd. iv. 383. : 

_ Erect, ramous, from six to twelve feet. Leaves remote, 
thomb-ovate, coloured. Glomerules axillary. Calyces of 
three, cuspidate leaflets, which are longer than the capsules. 
~ Found in gardens all over India ; flowering time the rainy 
and cold seasons, 

The last two species melancholicus and tricolor, differ fully 
as thuch in our gardens as any two species of the genus, not 
only in colour, but in size and habit, The former grows to be 
from six to twelve feet high during the rains, is ramous, and 
pyramidal, with the leaves more remote, much broader, and 
with rarely more than two colours, viz. a dull livid purple, 
and a most lively light crimson, one half of a few of the latter 


- 


Amaranthus, MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. 609 


colour, white the other half, and all the lower leaves are of 
the former. Whereas A. tricolor, growing in the same soil, 
&e. rises to only three or four in height, with generally a sim- 
ple, erect stem, and numerous, variegated, narrower leayes 
with very long glomerules of flowers in their axills. 

I have not hitherto been able to find any Asiatic syno- 
nyms for either of these; Sir William Jones supposes the 
Sanscrit name, Vasiuea, may belong to an a Amaraathusy but 
to what species is uncertain. 


13. A, fascieatus, R. 

Erect, ramous above the middJe. Leaves rhomb-oyate. 
Panicles terminal, composed of a few simple, cylindric 
branches, Bractes minute, shorter than the obtuse, three- 
leaved calyx, which is shorter than the rugose capsules, 

Bun or twntun? nuteeya of the Bengalees. 

Chilaka tota Kura of the Telingas. 

A common weed,and green in every part, with the excep- 
tion of a crescent-shaped cloud or fillet of paler green cross- 
ing the centre of the leaves, __ 


SECT. II. Pentandrous. 
14, A. hybridus. Willd. iv, 389. : f 
Erect, from two to three feet high. Jannes shensltdpaiies: 
Jar, Racemes naked, panicled, erect. Leaflets of the calyces 
three, rather obtuse, covering the very rugose capsules, 
Introduced into Bengal trom Pern, where it is indige- 


nous. i 


#, 


old, A, foal psec aia oe 

Pentandrous, annual. Stem and branches erect. ieee 
- broad-lanceolar. Panicles erect. Leaves of the calyx dag~ . 
gered, Capsules wrinkled, seed pellucid, with callous white | 


First discovered by Dr, Buchanan, on the hills between the 
VOL, Il, 3¥ 


610 MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. Amaranthus. 


Mysore and Coimbetore countries, where the natives call it 
Kiery, and cultivate it for the seed which they convert into 
flour, and which forms a great part of their subsistence, 
In the Botanic garden forty square yards of ground, sown 
with this plant in June, yielded twenty-one pounds weight of 
the clear ripe seed in September. It also grows well during 
the cold season, viz. from October till February inclusive. 
Root annual. Siem erect, often an inch or more in diame- 
ter, with numerous, erect branches from every part, more or 
less striated, otherwise perfectly smooth, colour from green 
to pretty deep red; height of the whole plant from one to 
seven feet according to the season. Leaves alternate, pretty 
long-petioled, from oblong to broad-lanceolar, acute, various- 
ly coloured like the stem and branches. Panicles terminal, 
each braneh of the plant ending in a straight sub-cylindric 


one, composed of many appressed, crowded spikes, Inshort, © 


the whole plant is so loaded with the inflorescence, as to ap- 
pear almost a single, large panicle. Calyx longer than the 
stamens; leaflets in both male and female with subulate 
points. MALE FLowers with five stamina. The FEMALE ones 
with from two to three styles, Capsule rugose, Seed solitary, 
round, a little compressed, pellucid with a white margin. 


16, A. cruentus, Willd. iv. 892. 
Erect, ramous, from four to six feet high. Leaves loll 
petioled, broad lanceolar. Panicles terminal, crowded with 


erect, compound, and decompound branches, Calyz of five © 
rather obtuse leaflets, which are shorter than the capsules. 


A large, stout, ramous, erect, gaudy species; which blos- 


soms earlier in the rains than the ornamental sorts, and does 


not vary in colour in our gardens in India; being of a pale” 


green tinged with red, and the panicles which are from one to 
two feet long, crimson, The leaves are very remarkable for 


being concave, like a spoon, either on Ra Se he 


occasioned = the — —— a 


Pharus, MONOECIA HEXANDRIA, 611 


17, A, spinosus, Willd. iv, 393... — - 

Erect, ramous, round, with sharp spines in stheaxilla of the 
leaves. Spikes terminal, simple, with sessile, axillary glo- 
merules, 

Teling. Mulloo tota Kei. 

Beng. and Hind, Kanta nuteeya. 

A very troublesome weed, particularly during the nny 
and cold seasons. VA 


MONOECIA BESANDRIA, 


_ PHARUS. Schreb. gen. N. 4, 1434. sicioriliicacaa 

Male calyx; glume two-valved, anodcwautil \Corol ; 

glume one or two-valved. Female calyx ; glume two-valved 

one-flowered. Corol; glume one or two-valved. Style single. 
Stigma three ; seed solitary. 


P. urceolatus. R. 

Panicles umbelled ; both male and female flowers pedun- 
cled, and with a one-valved, pitcher-shaped corol. 

A native of Pulo Pinang. 

Root creeping, perennial. Leet a vcide 
broad-lanceolate, smooth on both sides, and entire; from four 
to five inches long, and from one to two broad. Petioles, 
lower portion sheathing ; above the sheathing portion, which 
ends ina bearded mouth, there remains about one inch, which. 
is concave within, .Racemes digitate, each bearing from four 
to six female flowers, all pedicelled ; the lower, and upper 
ones accompanied with a male flower each, so that there are. 
only two males to the spike. Maxe rowers, Calyx ; glume 
two-valved, one-flowered. Corol ; glume one-valved, open- 
ing on.one side from the apex. Fidaments six, the length of 
three-pointed germ, FEMALE FLOWERS, Calyx; glume 


Seked,. sqeBomtend, © Corel; ‘ginme one-valved, pite her 
3 Y2 


612 MONOECIA HEXANDRIA.  Leucocephala, 


shaped, with a small round opening at the.apex ; hairy on the 
outside. | Nectary two filaments from the base of the corol 
on the inside, and of about its length. Germ conical. . —— 
length of the corol. Stigmas three, woolly. : 


LEUCOCEPHALA. R. 


Flowers, male and female, a ggregated i in a globular ndad, 
with a common calyx of five, or many leaflets, and a chafly 
receptacle, Male perianth proper one-leaved. Corollets, 
or tube of the filaments, six-cleft ; divisions subulate, bearing 
the anthers on their apices. Memale proper perianth from 
two to three-leaved. Corollets three-petalled. Sty — three- 
cleft, es sea tricoccus, 


bP Yyriintdifolias Re 

Leaves ensiform. Common calyx five-leaved. 
Eriocaulon quinquangulare, Willd. i. 485, 
Beng. Goori. 

- The figure referred to in Pluckenet, viz. ¢.221./. 7, agrees 
well with this species, and I doubt the possibility of distin- 
guishing it from sexangulare by the scape, particularly in the 
dry specimens, as I could never do it with the living plant,so 
that I conclude some other specific character must be — 
ed for, such as I have ventured to give, ie 

It is a common annual, in wet cultivated places in most 

"parts of India, appearing about the close of the rains. 

~ Leaves few, radical, sword-shaped. Scape erect, naked, 
from three to six inches, striated lengthways, Head of co- 
rollets aggregate, globular, white from little filaments on the 
apices of the scales of the receptacle. Calyx, common of 
five, oval leaflets, Male florets chiefly in the centre, short- 
pedicelled. Perianth, proper one-leaved, wedge-shaped, 
emarginate, placed on the inside, and inserted on the propeT 
pedicel of the corollets, gaping on the outside, and there co- 
vered by a large — dark-coloured, wedge-shaped scale, 


- 


Leucocephala. | MONOECIA HEXANDRIA. 613 


the apices of both white with small filaments. /orets one- 
petalled, funnel-shaped ; border of ‘six subulate divisions, 
Filaments no other than the divisions of the bordér of the 
florets, every alternate one broader, and with a bearded pro- 
cess near the middle on the underside. Anthers six, resting, 
incumbent on the apices of the divisions of the florets, blue. 
Pistillum no other than a three-lobed gland in the mouth of ; 
the tube. Female florets most numerous, and chiefly in the 
circumference, short-pedicelled. Perianth proper from two 
to three-leaved, but the scales of the receptacles as in the 
male. Florets of three, filiform, white petals. Stamens 
none, Germ superior, three-lobed. Style three-cleft, Stig- 
mas recurved, Capsules three-lobed, three-celled.. The ex- 
treme delicacy of the partitions may render their presence 
doubtful, Seed solitary, oval, affixed by the apex. Re- 
ceptacle globular, chaffy, with some bairs interspersed ;_ the 
chaff or scales are numerous, of which one always embraces 
the under side of each floret, but there are many more of them 
than florets. 

Note. The generic character of EHriocaufon must have 
been taken from other _— for this has not the meiallent 


affinity to it. 


2. L. spathacea, R. 
Leaves spathiform. Common calyx many-leaved, 
~ Eriocaulon sexangulare. Willd. i. 485. 

A native of the same places with L. graminifolia, sud dif- 

fering from it in the following points only. 

Ist, In this the leaves are shorter, broader and embracing 
from three to four culms, so that they are more like common 
spathes than leaves. In that they are simple, sword-shaped. 

2nd, In this the common calyx is smpinetie of about 
twenty leaflets, In that five-leaved. - 

Besides, in the specimens of this whielt I Sion intend 
the scales of the heads of corollets are naked. In ey 

~ are clothed with small delicate, es Slemaintais 


616 MONOECIA HEXANDRIA: Areca. "4 


Arab. Foolfal. 

Beng. Gooa. 

Teling. Poka chelloo. : 

Where this tree grows wild I cannot say from my own ob- 
servation, but it is cultivated in all the warmer parts of Asia, 
and is in flower most part of the year, It is the most beauti- 
ful palm we have in India. The trunk grows remarkably: 
straight, often from forty to fifty feet high, and in general 
about twenty inches in circumference,equally thick in every 
part, and smooth, but the tree is so well known, and fully de-: 
scribed, that 1 should not have thought of mentioning it, had 
I not found that its family character was imperfectly known. 

Male and female flowers are in the same spadix. Spathe 
double, Spadizx very branchy. Mae FLOWERS very numer- 
ous, about the female ones, sessile, without bractes. Calyx 
one-leaved, small, three-cornered, three-parted, smooth. Pe-« 
tals three, oblong, rigid, striated; smooth, many times longer 
than the perianth. Filaments generally three, very short 
and broad, two-parted, inserted round the base of the abor- 
tive ‘germ. Anthers always six, sagittate. Germ no other 
than a short culm, which splits into three short, obtuse seg-* 
‘ments, FEMALE FLOWERS one, two, or three, at or near the 
base of each ramification of the spadix, sessile without brac-— 
tes. Calyx three-leaved ; ; leaflets cordate, rigid, fleshy, per- 
manent. Corol iliree:petalled; like the calyx, and perma- 
nent. Nectary membranaceous, generally six-toothed, em- 
bracing closely the base of the germ. Germ oval. Style 

sarcely any. Stigmas three, short, triangular. The drupe 
is well described, and — by —- wn i, pet 19. t. : 
Ce pe ‘ 

On the Malabar coast the common black. pepper vine is 
usually trained up to this tree, which renders it more usefal 
in those a, than any other. ; 


2. A. Dicksonii. Roxb. cites 
Fronds pinnate; leaflets ribbed, with preemorse: = mange 


* : 
cs 


' Areca. MONOECIA HEXANDRIA, 617 


apices. Spadix axillary, ramous, retrofracted, branches 
thereof with alternate, distichous fascicles of two male, and 
one female flowers, the former polyandrous, the latter with a 
six-horned nectary. Fruit oblong, 

A native of the mountains of Malabar, where it was found 
by Dr. Dickson, both in flower and ripe fruit in the month of 
August. It grows to the height of about sixteen or eighteen 
feet, with a very straight, simple trunk, of about two inches 
in diameter, 

Leaves pinnate, about four feet long, with extremities bi- 
furcate, like the tail of a swallow. Leaflets sessile, linear, 
ribbed, with numerous parallel veins, apices przemorse, den- _ 
tate; from twelve to twenty-four inches long. Spathe sim- 
ple. Spadix compound, retrofracted; ramifications from 
four to eight, alternate, simple, equal, distichous; from six 
to eight inches long. Flowers numerous, approximate, al- 
ternate in two exactly opposite rows, a single female in the 
centres, with a single male on each side, MALE FLOWERS. 
Calyx three-cleft, division subulate, nearly as long as the 
corol. Corel, petals three, cordate, with slender tapering 
apices. Filaments very short, Anthers from twenty to thirty, 
linear. FemALE FLOWERS, Calyx of three reniform leaflets. — 
Corol like the calyx. Nectary, six clavate, hairy headed - 
scales. Germ superior. Style short, Stigma three-lobed. 
Berry oblong, dry and fibrous, about an inch long, by half 
an inch in diameter. Seed of the shape of the berry, rumi- 
nated. mbryo lodged in the base. | 

_Mr. Dickson, the Surgeon at Bedanore, who first brought 
the plant under my observation, observes that the nut is 
used by the poorer people, as a substitute for the common 
Areca, but no other —_—eeeen ries useful 


purpose. 


3. A. triandra. ms 
Arboreous, stoloniferous, Phas ‘Peete tat com-— 
VOL, I. > Sid Digest les : 


618 MONOECIA HEXANDRIA. | Areca. 


pound, premorse. Spadix ramous, erect. Male flowers 
triandrous, Fruit oblong. 

Beng. Bun-gooa. 

A native of Chittagong, where it was first observed by Dr. 
Buchanan, who sent plants of it to the Botanic garden at Cal- 
cutta in 1797. In 1808 the largest plant was in flower from 
May till January, and the seeds of the first blossoms were ripe 
in April 1809. ; 

Trunk perfectly straight, in our eleven or twelve years old 
plants about seven feet high, A. eatechu would have been tri- 
ple that height in the same time, quite simple, seven inches in 
circumference, perfectly round; and smooth, except the cireu- 
lar marks of the fallen leaves, #ronds pinnate, from four to 
five feet long. Leaflets sub-alternate, linear, preemorse, two 
or more toothed, or ending in one centre, ensiform, smooth, 


plaited, from two to three feet long. Spathe smooth, convex — 


underneath, length from the top of the sheath to the leaflets, 
from three to four inches, and there channelled, beyond this 


portion asharp high ridge. Spathe cylindric, smooth, about - 


a foot long. Spathe simple, axillary, linear-oblong, smooth ; 
the outside convex, the inner concave, with a sharp edge all 
round, and opening by a longitudinal slit on the middle of 


the inside, caducous. Spadix erect, short, decompound. 


Ramifications both first and second bifarious, alternate, pa- 
tent, Mae rLowers sessile, very minute, one on each side 
of every female, and numerous over the filiform extremities 


of the secondary ramifications of the spadix. Calyx very 


minute, three-leaved. Petals three, tapering obliquely. Fi- 


laments three, very short. Anthers sagittate. Germ a slen-— 


der, cylindric: column in the centre, FEMALE FLOWERS 
few, alternate, sessile, below the middle of the same ramifica- 
tions, much larger than the male ones. Calysx three-leaved ; 
leaflets oval, hard, concave, Petals three, longer than the 
calyx, oval, Nectary, six very small scales round the base 
of the germ. Germ oblong, one-celled, containing a single 
ov ulum, and sometimes one or two abortions attached to the 


Areca. MONOECIA HEXANDRIA, 619 


bottom of the cell. Style none, Stigma conic, and composed 
of three, small, unequal, conic lobes.’ Berry oblong; of the 
size of an olive, but longef, smooth, when ripe of a lively 
orange, becoming red. Pulp in small quantity, and mixed 
with. many longitudinal, strong, ligneous fibres, one-celled. 
Seed conform to the berry, much ruminated as in catechu, 
and with embryo lodged in its very base. 


4, A. gracilis. R. 

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets few, plaited ; lower pairs faleate, 
alternate, acuminate, the terminal pair preemorse. Spadix 
axillary, simple, retrofracted, with flowers on all wad male 
polyandrous, - Seed oblong. . 

Beng. Gooa soopar?, and Ramgooa are the vernacular 
names at Silhet, 

An elegant, tall, slender species, a native of the hills of 
Chittagong, Silhet, and the east border of Bengal, where it 
a blossoms during the hot season; and the seed ripens in Oc- 
i tober. | Aaa shee: A +seee 

: Trunk erect, straight, marked with the circular scars of 
the fallen leaves, about as stout as a walking cane, and from 
six to ten feet high, Leaves alternate, pinnate, smooth, about 
three feet long. Leaflets from three to four pair, opposite — 
or sub-alternate, plaited, from two to three inches broad, and 
from twelve to eighteen inches long, lower pairs falcate, with 
_ the exterior half tapering to a very long, fine point, exterior 
pair shorter, linear, and preemorse, with each of the plaits end- 
ing in a bifid point. Petioles somewhat triangular, with a 
raffineted bine pailimadlonved with a bifid apex, open- 
ing down the interior or concave side.’ Spadix axillary, ge- 
nerally simple, retrofracted, completely clothed on all sides 
with male and female flowers, viz. for every female two males, 
one oneach side, Male calyx minute, three-cornered. Petals 
2 three, obliquely cordate, acute, many times longer ats the 
>. calyx. Stamina numerous, shorter than the corol. Fei 
_ ealyx and corol of three equal leaflets, and petals: each. 
322 


620 MONOECIA HEXANDRIA. Areca, 


Nectary none. Germoval, one-celled ; ovulasolitary,attach- 
ed to the bottom of the cell. Sty/e shorter than the germ, 
Stigma large, infundibuliform, with ragged edges, Drupe 
oblong, obtuse pointed, scarcely so long asa field bean; the - 
fibrous pulp covered with a thin, smooth skin. Seed solita- 
ry, oblong, with the base a little oblique. Integument sin- 
gle, brown, somewhat spongy, and adhering firmly to the pe- 
risperm, into which it enters as inthe common Areca, Pe- 
risperm conform to the seed, Embryo simple, ovate, lodged 
in the base of the perisperm, 


5. A. disticha. Roxb. 

Fronds fureate. Spadix axillary, simple, retrofracted, 
distich, Male flowers dodecandrous. Female without nec- 
tary. Fruit ovate. 

A native of the shady forests of Pulo Pinang; where it was 
found by Mr. W. Roxburgh. | 

Stem about as thick as a common rattan, marked with the 
annual cicatrices of the fallen fronds, from twenty-four to 
thirty-six inches high. Fronds forked, nerves many, simple 
and parallel, smooth on both sides ; apices of the two divisions 
obtuse, and ending in as many slender points, as there are 
nerves in the upper portion of the divisions; whole length — 
about twelve or fifteen inches, Stipes sheathing. Spathe 
one-leaved, opening on the inside, caducous. Spadizx solita- 
ry, on the inside of the sheath of the stipe, and hid by it till - 
it falls off, simple, distich, by the time the flowers expand 
retrofracted, Ssthcine, woolly, from two to three inches long. 
Flowers sessile. The female ones solitary, on the projecting 
angles of the rachis, with a single male on each side of each 
female, Male calyx three-leaved, or deeply three-cleft, 
small, Corol ; petals three, unequal, obliquely ovate, peltate, 
much longer than the calyx. Filaments about fifteen, short. 
Anthers linear. Female calyx or corol, or both, six-leaved. 
Leaflets nearly equal, ovate, or nearly round, concave. Nee- 
tary none, or no rudiments of filaments. Germ oval. Style 


Wrightea, MONOECIA HEXANDRIA, 621 


none, Stigmaa large scabrous gland. Drupe ovate, smooth, 
when ripe orange red ; pulp in a small quantity, and replete 
with fibres. Seed ovate, with a clear horny texture, scarcely 
ruminate, with the embryo lodged in the base. 


BENTINCKIA. Berry's MSS. 


Spathe universal, one-valved, Spadix ramous. Male 
calyx three-toothed, Corol three-petalled. Female calyx and 
corolla as in the male. Nectary six-leaved, (abortive fila- 
ments.) Germ superior, three-celled, one cell fertile, and one’ 
seeded ; attachment interior. Berry spherical, succulent, 
one-seeded, Lmbryo lodged in the base of the perisperm. 


B. Condapanna., B. 

Tam. Conda-pana, 2 Oe 

An elegant, very slender palm, of about twenty feet in 
height with pinnate leaves, as in the coconut tree, and large 
decompound, lateral spadices below the leaves. Dr. Berry 
found it on the mountains of Travancore and observed only 
male, or male hermaphrodite flowers in some, and female 
ones only on others. Flowers in June, and the seed einen 
in about eight or nine months afterwards, sit rptza 


| WRIGHTEA. R. 7 
» Spathe many-leaved. Spadix ramous. Male perianth 
proper one-leaved, entire. Corol one-petalled, wifid. Fe- 
male calyx double, the exterior one two-leaved, the interior 
one three-parted, Corol one-petalled, trifid. Germ from two 
to three-celled; ced/s one-seeded; attachmemi inferior. a 
= from o one to three senda. Embryo dorsal, peed 2602 


‘aki w. snienddens R. 
-Chilputta, or Bel putta, it is called at Chittagamns vais 
plant is found indigenous, blossoming in. Joly... ‘The seed 


ripens during the cold season. 


622 MONOECIA HEXANDRIA. Wrightea. 


Trunk scarcely any, until the plant blossoms, and then it 
may be called the base of the spadix, rising above the fi- 
brous margined sheaths of the fronds. From the base nu- 
merous shoots continue to spring, which renders propaga- 
tion easy. Leaves or fronds, few, alternate, petioled, from 
three to eight feet long. Leaflets sessile, variously disposed; 
on the lower half of the stipe they are generally in opposite 
fascicles, of two or three, those further in are for the most part 
single, and alternate ; all are wedge-shaped; lateral margins 
entire, apices preemorse at very various distances from the 

‘base, and jagged with the sharp points of the numerous pa- 
rallel, fine fibres which run up through the substance of the 
leaflets ; upper surface smooth, of a shining deep green, whit- 
ish underneath, general length about one foot or fifteen inches. 
Petioles or stipes at the base, sheathing, the rest sub-cylindric, 
tapering a little, while young covered a little with a large 
portion of a brown mealy substance. Spadia termimal, many- 
leaved, Leaflets of various sizes, and of a soft delicate, lea- 
thery texture, striated Jengthways, covered on the outside 
with mealy matter, smooth on the inside, general length about 
that of the spadix. MaLr FLoweERs very numerous over 
every part of the branches of the spadix, small, pale, of a yel- 
lowish white. Perianth cylindric, one-leaved, almost solid, 
there being only an excavation in the apex for the reception 
of the corol ; margin marked with three smal] protuberances ; 

_ smooth on both sides. Corol ; petals three, lanceolate,smooth, 
fleshy. Nothing like a nectary, nor germ to be seen. Fila- 
ments six, short, inverted on a small, hollow receptacle in the 
centre of the corol. Anthers linear, FEMALE FLOWERS few, 
and amongst the male near the base of the branches of the 
spadix. Perianth may be called double, in that case the ex- 
terior one is of two, reniform leaflets; the interior one one- 
leaved, cup-shaped, with the border three-parted. Corol as 
in the male. _ Stamina nothing like any, nor is there any 
nectary. Germ superior, ovate, two, rarely three-lobed ; 

ee, rarely three-celled with one ovulum i in each attached to 


‘ 


Sagus. - -MONOECIA HEXANDRIA, 623 


the lower and inner angles of the cell. Style none. Stigma, 
a two or three-lobed, conical, brown point. Pericarp, a 
dry, ovate oblong berry, about the size of a nutmeg, two, 
rarely three-celled, ‘three seems the natural number, though 
two is most common, Seeds solitary, ovate-oblong, about the 
size of a large coffee bean, Inteyuments single, thin, brown, 
veined, adhering firmly to the perisperm, Perisperm horny, 
of one uniform pale colour. Embryo in the back of the seed. 

- The name which Dr. Roxburgh has given to this genus is 
in honour of William Wright, M. D. F. R. S. and President 
of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh. The plant for-— 
merly named after this eminent Physician and Botanist, being 
found to be a species of Blakea. 


SAGUS. Gert. 


Spathes many. Spadix (terminal) super-decompound. 
Male> calyx three-toothed. Corol three-parted. Stamina, 
inserted on the base of the corol. Female calyx and corol 
as in the male. Stamina abortive. Style three-parted. Berry 
backwardly imbricated with prin es scales. cone soli- 
tary. Embryo lateral. : 


1, S. inermis. R. 

Arboreous, unarmed. Embryo lodged in or near pire ne! 
of the seed. Leaves pinnate. 

S. levis. Rumph. Amb. i. p. 76. 

A native of Sumatra and Borneo, and of the Islands between 
them; growing spontaneously in low swampy lands. From 
the pith of the tree the granulated Sago which we meet with 
in Europe is made. The Malays themselves prefer the Sago” 
meal of Sagus spinosus, ( Lapia-tuni, or genuine Sago tree of 
or sag Herbar, Amb, i. p. 75. ew | 

a Ss. Rumphii. Willd. iv, 404, 

_Arboreous, armed, with strong straight spines. Leaves 
pinnate. 


624 — MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, Caryota. 


S. farinifera, Gert. Sem. ii. p. 186, t. 120. f. 3. 

S. sive Palma farinaria. Rumph. Amb. i. p. 72. t. 17, 18. 

Sago Palm. Annals of Botany, i. p, 193. t. 4. 

A native of tle Peninsula of Malacca, and the Malay 
Islands. 

Like the Banana and Plantain it propagates itself by suck- 
ers from the roots of the old trees, the seed is therefore in ge- 
neral abortive. This, the Malay Sago Palm, is the tree, the 
pith of which is the staff of life to the inhabitants of the Mo- 
luccas, 


MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. 


CERATOPHYLLUM. Willd. 
Male calyx many-parted. Corol none. Stamina sixteen, 
or more. Female calyx many-parted. Corol none. Pis- 
scan = — subulate. Mut one-seeded. Z 


c. vefticillatum: R : 

Leaves verticelled, iiiol dichotomous, Leaflets of the 
male calyx bidentate, of the female one entire. Style twice 
as long as the germ. Fruit three-horned, 

Beng. Jhaunji. 

Found in pools of sweet water in the vicinity of Galette 
awe the dry season. 


‘CARYOTA, Colech” gen. N. 1701. 


‘Male aalge three-leaved. Corol petalled. Female ca- 


lyx and corol as in the male. Germ superior, three-celled ; 


cells one-seeded ; attachment inferior, Stigma sub-peltate. 
Berry from one to two-seeded, Embryo near the vertex of 


the perisperm., 


Caryota. MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, 625 


C. urens, Willd. iv. 493. 

Unarmed. Leaves bipinnate; /eaflets alternate, wbdigé- 
shaped, obliquely preemorse. 

Teling. Jeeroogoo, 

Saguaster Major. Rumph. Amb. i. t. 14. 

Schunda pana. Rheed, Mal. i. t. 11. 

A native of the various mountainous parts of India, where 
it grows to be one of the largest and most charming of this 
beautiful tribe, or natural order. Flowering time the hot and 
rainy seasons, 

Trunk straight, often sixty feet high, thick in proportion, 
columnar, and marked slightly with the annular cicatrices 
of the petioles. It grows about as fast as the coconut tree, 
when in a soil and situation congenial to its nature. Leaves 
pinnate. Leaflets sub-alternate, sessile, obliquely preemorse ; 
the preemorse part much jagged with sharp points. Spathe 
many-leaved. Spadix pendulous, from six to sixteen feet 
long, branchy ; branches simple, from four to eight feet long, 
pretty thickly covered with innumerable sessile flowers, and 
these most regularly disposed in threes; one male on each 
side, and a single female between them, Male calyx three- 
leaved, cup-form; /eaflets unequal, concave, of a very firm 
texture, permanent, Petals three, much larger than the ca- 


~ lyx, elliptic, concave, of a firm leathery texture, green on the 


outside, whitish on the inside. Filaments numerous, very 
short. Anthers linear. Female flowers on the same spadix. 
Calyx and corol, as in the male. Stamens and nectarial fi- 
laments three, between the corol and base of the germ, each 
ending in a glandular enlarged apex. Germ superior, three- 
sided, Style none. Stigma small, two-cleft. Berry round- 
ish, one-celled, of the size of a nutrheg, coveréd with a thin, 
yellow, acrid bark, but nothing that — = name of 
pulp. Seed or nut generally solitary. 

This tree is highly valuable to the natives of the countries" 
where it grows in plenty. It yields them, during the hot 
season, an immense quantity of toddy or palm wine. I have 

VOL, HI, aA 


626 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Saquerus. 


been informed that the best trees will yield at the rate of one 
hundred pints in the twenty-four hours. The pith or farina- 
ceous part of the trunk of old trees, is said to be equal to the 
best Sago; the natives make it into bread, and boil it into 
thick gruel ; these form a great part of the diet of those peo- 
ple; and during the late famine, they suffered little while 
those trees lasted. I have reason to believe this substance 
to be highly nutricious, I have eaten the gruel, and think it 
fully as palatable as that made of the Sago we get from the | 
Malay countries. 


SAGUERUS. R. 


Male calyx three-leaved, Corol three-petalled. Female 
calyx five-leaved. Corol three-petalled. Germ superior, 
three-celled ; cells one-seeded, attached to the base of the 
axis, Style none. Stigma tridentate. Berry three-celled, 
with a single seed in each cell, Embryo in the back of the 


Perieperm, 


‘s. Teephi, Roxb. ey 

Palma Indica vinaria secunda, Saguerus, sive Gomutus 
Gomuto. Rumph, Amb. i, p. 57. t. 13. 

Anou. Marsden’s History of Sumatra, p. 77. 

oe Saccharifera of Labilliardiere. 

_Borassus Gomutus, Lourier. Cochin Ch, 759. pena 
: _ This beautiful and stately palm appears to be indigenous 
call the Islands to the eastward of the Bay of Bengal, seve- 
ral of the plants were introduced into the Company’s Botanic 
garden at Calcutta by Colonel Kyd, about twelve years ag05 
and now, (December 1799,) two, three or four of the largest. 
of them have been i in blossom for these two years past. — 

Trunk straight, as yet short, and covered entirely with 
sheaths of the fronds, and the black horse-hair-like fibres, 
called by the Malays Ejoo, which issue in great abundance. 
from the margins of those sheaths, As the trees advance in 


Saguerus. MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, 627 


size and age, these drop off, leaving an elegant, columnar, 
naked trunk, as described by Rumphius. The whole height 
of the largest of the trees in the Botanic garden, including 
the leaves, about forty feet; the trunk rises fifteen or twenty 
feet, and the rest is made up by the fronds or leaves alone. 
Fronds pinnate, from fifteen to twenty-five feet long. Leaf-° 
lets sessile, approximated, numerous, opposite, also alternate, 
sword-shaped, their greatest breadth being near the base ; 
a blunt barbed process on one, or both sides of the base, 
accounts for their greatest breadth being there ; numerous 
parallel fibres run lengthways on-each side of the large, 
middle, four-sided nerve ; these end in acute, spinous points 
on each side, and as the breadth contracts most towards the — 
apex, these sharp points are there more numerous ; the apex 
is preemorse, or variously ragged, with the same points; the 
upper surface smooth, of a shining deep green; the under 
side is clothed with much ash-coloured, mealy matter, which 
is firmly attached to the substance of the leaflets ; the length 
from three to five feet, the greatest breadth from four to five 
inches. Stipes with broad, stem-clasping bases, fringed with 
a very large portion of strong black fibres, like coarse black 
horse hair, intermixed with firm twigs, not unlike long, slen- 
der porcupine’s quills; these serve to make their adhesion 
to the trunk more firm. Above they become three-sided, 
tapering, pretty smooth, except for a portion of mealy mat- 
ter with which they are covered, till it is removed by fric- 
tion. Length below the leaflets from four to six feet, leaflet- 
bearing portion from twelve to twenty feet. Spathe of many 
short imbricated leaflets, entirely covering the base or un- 
divided part of the spadix. Spadix pendulous, branchy, 
. from above six to ten feet long. In general they issue singly 
from the middle of the base of the stipes. Branches numer- 
ous, and simple, all perfectly pendulous, , Mae FLOWERS 
numerous, occupying the lower spadices, without any mix- 
* ture of female ones, and then in pairs, they are large, and the 
-anthers loaded with pollen ; sometimes they are mixed with 
4A2 


628 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Saquerus, 


the female flowers, in which case they are small, with less 
fertile anthers, and placed one on each side of a female flow- 

er. Calyx three-leaved; leaflets roundish, fleshy, concave, 
with their margins thin and imbricated, Corol of the large 

or proper male flowers, three-petalled. Petals sub-linear, 

‘smooth, expanding, ofa firm leathery substance, concave and 
yellow on the inside, and of a deep purple on the outside ; 

margins thick and meeting only. Stamens numerous, the 

length of the petals. Filaments short, inserted into a fleshy 

receptacle in the centre of the flower. Anthers linear. FE- 

MALE FLOWERS sometimes in the same spadix, with the male, 

and then just half as numerous as the male, but in general 

they occupy separate spadices above those of the perfect . 

male, or have the less perfect male flowers which accompany 

them, very small, probably abortive. Calya five-leaved, 
leaflets short, unequal, imbricated, scarcely a third of the 

length of the corol. Corol three-petalled, the petals cordate, 

and much shorter than in the male. Stamens, rather necta- 

rial filaments, sometimes there are three, very small round 

the base of the germ, as in Caryota wrens, sometimes they are. 

entirely wanting. Germ superior, three-lobed, smooth. Style 

none, Stigmas three, conical and three-sided. Berry as large 

as a crab apple, three-lobed, three-celled, smooth, fleshy, 

when ripe yellow, pulp very acrid. Seeds one in each cell, 

oblong, somewhat three-sided, affixed by the lower pointed 

end to a central receptacle, covered with a bard, black, toler- 

ably smooth, thin shell. The embryo of the future plant is 
lodged about ane oe of the interior convex sa the ars 


perm. — 

The tree is siarls allied to Caryota. The chief différence 
is in the pericarpium, which is in this a three-seeded berry, 
in that one or two-seeded only, With respect to the various 
and important uses of this most elegant palm I have nothing 
to offer myself, but refer to what Rumpbius and Marsden 


% sath eS At reheagraivesce: T 


Aleurites. MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. 629 


such as are low, and near the coasts of India, to extend the 
cultivation thereof as much as possible, The palm wine itself 
and the sugar it ‘yields, the black fibres for cables and cor- 
dage, and the pith for sago, independent of many other uses, 
are objects of very great importance, particularly to the first 
maritime power in the world which is in a great measure de- 
pendant on foreign states for hemp, the chief material of 
which cordage is made in Europe. 

From observation made in the Botanic garden, well grown, 
thriving trees produce about six leaves annually, and each 
leaf yields from eight to sixteen ounces of the clean fibres. 

Note. In the same garden are now (1810) many thou- 
sand plants, and young trees, some of them above twenty 
years growth, with trunks as thickas a stout man’s body, and 
from twenty to thirty feet high, exclusive of the foliage. 
They are in blossom all the year; one of them was lately cut 
down, and yielded about 150 pounds of good Sago meal. 


* 
_ ALEURITES. Schreb. gen. N. 1472. 


Male calyx one-leaved, two or three-cleft. Corol five- 
petalled.- Female calyx and corol as in the male. Germ 
single, two-celled, with one ovulum in each, suspended from 
the top of the partition. Styles two, each two-cleft, Drupe, 
with two very hard, one-celled nuts. Embryo converse and 


— with a perisperm. 


a NM. 56. Willd. iv. 590. 
Camirium, ide Amb. ii, # 180. ¢. 58. 
- Jaglans Camirium. baile: Cochia Ch, 702... 
Croton moluccanum. Willd, iv. 551. 
< Beng. ee also the name of the common 1» Wal 


. \ aay ore now a:pretty common in gardens about Cal 
-_ eutta, originally from the Malay countries, Flowering time 


oe the hot season; seed ripe in August. 


630 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Aleurites, 


Trunk erect. Branches numerous, drooping, spreading 
and ascending. Bark smooth, olive-coloured ; young shoots 
covered with much brownish stellate pubescence. Leaves . 
about the extremities of the branches, approximate, petioled, 
cordate ; margins frequently scollop-toothed, or even three 
or five-lobed ; when young both sides covered with the same 
stellate pubescence that is found in the young shoots, but 
whiter, when full-grown pretty smooth, from four to eight 
inches long, and from three to six broad. Petioles round, as 
Tong as the leaves; two hemispheric glands at the apex as 
in several of the Crotons, Stipules none. Panicles termi- 
nal, erect, oval, clothed, asare all the other young parts with 
harsh, hairy, stellate pubescence; flowers numerous, small, 
white; branches caducous. Mae FLOWERS terminal, small, 
and most numerous. Calyx one-leaved, generally two-cleft ; 
divisions erect, sometimes a little sub-divided, falling. Pe- _ 
tals five, oblong, tapering towards the base.» Nectary, five 
small yellow glands between the insertion of the petals, Fi- 
laments about twenty, inserted into a hemispheric receptacle, 
short, thick, woolly. Anthers, two pits on the inside of the 
apex of each filament. FEMALE FLOWERS sessile, in the di- 
visions of the panicle, Calyx, corol and nectary as in the 
male, Germ superior, single, oval, compressed, covered with 
_ stellate hairs, two-celled, each cell containing a single ovu-— 
lum pendulous from the top of the partition, Styles two, 
each two-cleft to its base. Stigma incurved, acute. Drupe 
two-celled, fleshy, roundish, a little compressed, pretty 
smooth, somewhat pointed, slightly marked on the sides with - 
four sutures, when ripe olive-coloured ; the greatest diameter 
about two inches and half; cells bined with a firm, smooth, 
brown integument ; it fredticady happens that there is only 
one nut in the drupe, the form and size is then different. 
Nuts two, one in each cell, thick, and very hard, dark co- 
loured, irregularly furrowed, particularly on the exterior 
side covered with a firm, fleshy substance; which is white on 
the outside and marked with green veins within, next to the 


Juglans, MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, 631 


nut, of a yellowish colour. Nucleus conform to the cavity of 
the nut, Perisperm amygdaline. Embryo, &c. as in Gartner. 
ot The kernels taste very much like fresh Walnuts, and are 

reckoned wholesome; they yield by expression a large por- 
tion of very pure, palatable oil. 


_ JUGLANS. Schreb. gen. N. 1446. 


Male calyx a one-leaved scale. Corol none. ‘Stigmas 
eighteen, Female calyx four-cleft, superior. Corol none. 
Styles two. Germ semi-superior, one-celled, one-seeded ; at- 
tachment inferior, Nut semi-quadrilocular, two-valved, one- 
seeded. Embryo inverse, with little or no perisperm. 


1. J. regia. Willd. iv, 455. sa ets 
Leaflets about nine, ovate-oblong, sub-serrate, nearly 
“equal, Fruit globular. 

Beng. Akroot. 

Arab, Jown, or Shejir Jown. 

Sans, Ukshadu, also Kundurala. 

A native of the mountainous countries immediately to the 
north and north-east of Hindoostan, on the plains of ial 
it sietehies pretty well, but is not fruitfulthere. 


2S, plerococed. Roxb. 
Leaflets from three to thirteen, lanceolate, wnsathe Pa- 
— mieles axillary and terminal. Muts unequally but amply 
. Winged. — 

Bolus, the ‘iinanslen: name in Silhet, where it is indige- 
nous in the vast forests, which cover the hills to the north aa 
east of that province; and grows to be a tree of consider- 
able magnitude. The wood is of a light colour, and used by 
Turners, ‘The bark thick, dark brown, possessing much tan- 
nin,and is reckoned by the natives, the best they are aid 


od mith See tones ‘Flowering time May. 
_ Branchlets scabrous, with little. elevated, white specks 


632 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, Juglans. 


Young shoots clothed with minute, gold-coloured scales. 
Leaves alternate, sub-opposite, and abruptly pinnate, from 


six to twelve inches long. Leaflets from three to four, or _ 


from tive to thirteen, showt petioled| obliquely lanceolate, ob- 
tusely acuminate, entire, firm and smooth, from three to six 
inches long, by one or two broad, Peéioles round, when 
they first unfold, scaly like the other tender parts, Panicles 
axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves; composed of 
many, filiform, simple male aments, and a few similar female 
ones,all are clothed with the minute yellow scales above men- 
tioned. Mare rowers. Scales of the ament solitary, one- 
flowered, scarcely to be distinguished from the pedicels, and 
clothed with the yellow scales just mentioned. Calyx four- 
leaved ; leaflets roundish, concave, and so much separated as 
to appear in some measure four corollets, Corol none. Fi- 
laments twelve, very short, inserted on the base of the leaflets 
of the calyx. Anthers large, two-lobed. FEMALE FLOWERS. 
Scales of the ament, and calyx as in the male, only larger and 
more distinct, both are permanent; the former increasing. 
Germ inferior, turbinate, covered with little yellow scales, 
one-celled, containing a single ovulutm, attached to the bot- 
tom of the cell. Style scarcely any. Stigma spread over the 
top of the germ, somewhat two-lobed, with the lobes rather 
lacerated. Nut round, very hairy, the size of a large pea, 
crowned with the permanent calyx, and resting in the en- 
larged scale of the ament, the three lobes of which are now 
increased into three long, lanceolate obtuse, scariose wings, 


the middle one of which, as in the germ, much larger, some-, 


times the inner margin of the scale is extended in the ripe 
state, into a two-lobed, short, broad wing, one-celled at top, 
which cell becomes four-lobed at bottom, (semi-q uadrilocu- 

lar,) two-valved; valves very hard, Seeds solitary, four- 
lobed. Integument single, thin, of alight brown. Peris- 
perm. conform to the seed, scanty, sebaceous. Embryo 
inverse. Cotyledons two, intricately folded up in the four 
lobes of the cell of the nut ; when vegetation has advanced s° 


— Quercus. MONORCIA POLYANDRIA, 633 


far as to raise them above ground, they are deeply divided, 
nearly to the base, into two hifid segments. Plumula two- 
lobed. adicle superior, 


QUERCUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1447. 


Male calyx generally five-cleft. Corol none. Stamina 
from five to ten, or more. Female calyx entire, rugged. 
Corol none, Styles from two to five. Mut more or less em- 
braced by the permanent calyx. .&mbryo inverse, without 
perisperm. 


1. Q. fenestrata. R. 

Leaves petioled, lanceolar, entire, finely acuminate, firm 
and polished. Spikes panicled, terminal. Flowers tern ; 
male dodecandrous. Nut hemispherical, all but the obtuse 
apex hid in the oblately spherical, maricated cup. 

A large tree, yielding wood of a good quality, a native of 
the mountains in the vicinity of Silhet, where it is called 
Kala chukma by the natives, Flowering time October and 
November ; the seed takes nearly one year to ripen. 

Young shoots, and indeed all the other tender parts particu- 
ial smooth. Leaves alternate, petioled, narrow-lanceolar, 
entire, finely acuminate, firm and polished ; from six to eight 
inches long, by one and a half broad, Spikes terminal, becom- 
ing lateral by the growth of the branchlets, very numerous, 
forming many crowded panicles about the ends of the twigs, 
_ by far the greatest number male, and more slender than the 

female ones, all are erect, or nearly so; flowers tern, male 

dodecandrous,.. Znvolucre composed of many small, acute 
scales, Germ inferior, three-celled, with two ovula in each at- 
tached to the top of their cell, Style three-cleft. Nuts sub- 
globular, smooth, of a chesnut-colour, all except a small cir- 
_ cular portion of the vertex completely covered by the sphe- 
_ rical, slightly echinated, thin cup,as if peepee os manent 
_ circular window. Hence the specific name, — . 
VOL, Il, : 48 


634 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, Quercus. 


_ 2,.Q. lanceefolia, Roxb. 

Leaves short-petioled, lanceolar, entire, obtusely acumi- 
nate, firm and lucid. Spikes panicled, terminal. Vuts oval; 
cup in some completely covering the nut, in others variously 
split and covering more or less of its lower part only. 

Shingra, the vernacular namein the Garrow country, where 
it grows to bea very large and useful timber tree; the wood 
light-coloured like the English oak, but harder, and reckon- 
ed one of their most durable timbers, Flowering time De- 
cember ; the seeds ripen in October. 

Young shoots somewhat angular and perfectly smooth, 
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, lanceolar, tapering equally 
at each end, entire, acuminate, smooth, glossy, and hard ; from 
five to six inches long by one and a half broad. Stipules ensi- 
form, dropping before the leaves are expanded, Buds round, 
smooth, chesnut-coloured, and early formed in the axills of 
the leaves. Panicles axillary and terminal, composed of 
many, long, straight, simple spikes, with the rachis often end- 
ing in a scaly bud, which sometimes shoots into a branchlet. 
Spikes villous, the male ones most numerous, and below thie 
female ones. Male flowers minute, generally solitary, though 
pretty much crowded, Calyz five or six-parted. Segments 
ovate, and downy. Corolnone. Filaments from six to twelve, 
twice the length of the calyx, inserted round a convex, wool- 
ly gland in the centre, Anthers roundish. Female spikes on 
the same panicle with the male, but fewer and uppermost. 
Flowers always distinct, and less crowded. Nut of arather 
long oval shape, thin, a little hairy, brown, the size of the 
common acorn, or rather longer, Cup thin, attached to the 
rachis laterally, rather rough on the outside, somewhat vil- 
lous, sometimes forming a complete envelope for the nut, suf- 
fering the stigma to pass at a small perforation in the apex; in 


others it splits into. two or three portions, and then embraces: 


more or less of the nut, Seed conform to the nut, generally 


single ; when two, they are so closely united as to seem a 


single seed with a double eorculum in the apex. Integu- 


Quercus, MONOFCIA POLYANDRIA, 635 


ment single, brown, adhering to the cotyledons, and entering 
deeply into them in various directions, in short acuminated, 
as in the nutmeg, Kc. Perisperm none. Embryo conform 
to the seed, inverse, as in the other species. 


3B. Q. lucida, Roxb, 

Leaves cuneate lanceolar, entire, and smooth. Spikes pa- 
nicled ; male flowers dodecandrous. Acorns round, nearly 
hid in the enlarged cup, which is marked with concentric 
belts on the outside. 

A tree, a native of Pulo Pinang. 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, somewhat wedge-shaped, 
obtuse- pointed, entire and smooth in every part; about six 
inches long, and about two broad. Stipules small, subulate. 
Spikes terminal, very numerous, filiform, by far the greatest 
part bear only male flowers, Mater FLOWERS crowded. 
Calyx about six-cleft. Stamens about twelve, and two or 
three times longer than the calyx. Pistillum a woolly gland 
occupies its place, FeMALe FLoweRs more remote, and on 
separate spikes. Calyx with three, small, scale-like bractes, 
pressing on the underside. Styles three. Seed roundish, 
sunk in the much enlarged, pitcher-shaped, fleshy eaty, 
—* is now surrounded with several coloured belts, 


A. Q. muricata, Roxb. 

“Tender parts villous. Leaves oblong, entire. Female 
spikes axillary, and lateral, the length of the leaves. Acorn 
spherical, two-thirds hid in a turbinate, muricated cup. 

A large timber tree, found by Mr. W. Roxburgh per Sa 
ous in the forests of Pies of Wales’ Island. 

~ Young shoots round, and clothed with short, very soft, 
brown pubescence. Leaves sub-sessile, narrow, oblong, en- 

tire, rather acute, villous; veins simple, and parallel ; from 

four to six inches long, by one and a half broad. Female 
os lal eral, about as long as the emits pond wr ina 

“4B 2 pas eked 


636 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Quercus. 


armed with many concentric rings of small inoffensive, acute 
points; hence the specific name. 

5. Q. turbinata. R. 

Leaves lanceolar, entire, obtusely acuminate, hard, glossy. 
Spikes terminal, generally paired; the lower part occupied 
by clusters of female flowers, and the upper part crowded 
with male ones. Nuts turbinate, smooth ; cup small, rugose. 

Bansooa Batana, the vernacular name in Chittagong, where 
it grows to be large tree, but its wood is used for fuel only. 
It flowers in May ; ; and the acorns ripen about the close of 
the rains, 


Young shoots void of pubescence, but somewhat scabrous | 


with small white specks, Leaves short-petioled, lanceolar, 
entire, obtusely acuminate, of a very hard texture, and glossy, 
from five to six inches long, by one and a half or two broad. 
Spikes terminal, rigid, simple, crowded with numerous, mi- 
nute, male flowers on the exterior half; and female herma- 
phrodite ones in detached clusters over the lower half. Male 
calyx five-touthed, woolly. Coro/ none. Filaments from 
ten to fifteen, much longer than the calyx. Anthers oval. 
Germ none, but a conical gland in its place, FaMaLE HER- 
MAPHRODITE. Involucre large, downy, scaly. Perianth su- 
perior, small, downy, about six-toothed. Filaments about 
as many as in the male, shorter than the styles, intermixed 
with much white hair. .Anthers small, probably quite abor- 
tive. Germ three-celled, with one ovulum in each attached 
to the top of the cell. Style short but thick, and giving 
support to the calyx and stamina, Stigmas three, cylindric, 


spreading a little, Mut turbinate, smooth, of the size of a 


chesnut, light brown; eup small, embracing ouly.the narrow 
base of the nut, rugose. Embryo inverse, as in the genus. 


i 


6. Sai cmos R. 


Leaves oblong and ieaiiaicianenabes entire, eae “Spikes : 
axillary, solitary, simple. Nuts ovate, smooth, Cup saucer- 


shaped, prickly. ; 


Quercus. MONORCIA POLYANDRIA, 637 


Kanta gola Batana, the vernacular name in Chittagong, | 
where it grows to be a large and useful timber tree. It flow- 
ers in May, and the acorns ripen about the close of the rains. 

Young shoots somewhat villous, Leaves short-petioled, 
broad-lanceolar, entire, acuminate, smooth on both sides, from 
six to twelve inches long, by three or four broad, _ Female 
spikes axillary, solitary, shorter than the leaves, villous, the 
upper three-fourths occupied with distinct female flowers, 
Involucre large, hoary, imbricated upward with acuminate — 
scales. Perianth minute, five-toothed. Germ broad-ovate, 
three-celled, with one ovulum in each, attached to the top of 
the cell, Style short. Stigma three, cylindric, Nut ovate, 
smooth, brown, rather longer than the common acorn, Cup 
saucer-shaped, echinate, with short projecting sharp prickles, 
embracing about one-fourth part of the nut only. Embryo 
inverse, as in the genus. : 


40:Q. lap pacea, Roxb. 

Leaves lanceolar, entire, mach acuminated, downy under- 
neath. Spikes axillary, solitary. Nut ovate, villous, slight- 
ly embraced by the inoffensive, echinate, saucer-shaped cup. 

Ooloo chukma, the vernacular name in Silhet.. On the 

hills which bound the north side of the province, it grows to — 
be a large tree, and furnishes the natives with strong wood 
in colour like that of the common oak, but of a harder tex- 
ture and close-grained. Flowering time December; the 
seeds ripen in the September following. 

Young shoots densely clothed with very soft down.’ Leaves 
alternate, short-petioled, lanceolar, entire, much acuminated, 
nearly smooth above, tomentose underneath, from six to eight 
inches long, by about two broad. Stipules very downy, 

- and falling early, Spikes, or aments, axillary, solitary, near-_ 
ly as long as the leaves, slender, very downy, some entirely _ 
and densely covered with small yellowish, downy, male fone. 

ers, others equally crowded with male ones, at the apex 
a few remote at the base, the rest or middle part, occu prec 


638 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, Quercus. 


' the female flowers only. Bractes solitary, under each flower, 
small, downy. Mate Frowers, Calyx five-parted, downy. 
Corol none. Filaments generally ten, inserted round a 
woolly gland, two or three times longer than the calyx. An- 
thers two-lobed. FEMALE FLowERS. Involucre armed with 
numerous, incurved, soft, hairy, pretty long, echinate spines, 
which increase in size with this organ, and give to the cup a 
fierce appearance, though soft and innocuous; they may be 
compared to the common bur;—hence my specific name. 
Calyx hoary ; mouth four, five or six-toothed. Style short. 
Stigma three, cylindric. Nut ovate, of the size of a large 
filbert, villous, crowned with the permanent calyx and style. 
Cup saucer-shaped, echinate, rather soft, hairy. Seed com- 
form to the nut, as in Q. robur, Gert. Sem. i. 183. t. 37. 


_ 8. Q. squamata, Roxb, 

Leaves broad-lanceolar, entire, somewhat acuminate, cori- 
aceous and glossy. Spikes axillary and terminal, often com- 
pound, the terminal ones panicled. Cups growing together, 
massy, rough and scaly, embracing slightly the base of the 
hemispherical, hard, glossy nut. 

Bura chukma, is the vernacular name in Silhet. A large 
timber tree, a native of the Garrow mountains, where it blos- 
soms in February and ripens its seed in September and Oc- 
tober, The wood is lighter coloured than that of the Eng- 
lish oak, but seems equally strong, and is fully as close in 
Boptin. 

Young shoots perfectly smooth. Lewis: alternate, sibel 
petioled, from oblong to lanceolar, tapering most toward the 
base, obtusely acuminate, entire, smooth, having the upper 
surface glossy, particularly hard and firm, from six to seven 
inches long, by about three broad, . Petioles smooth, flat on 
_ the upper side, about half or three-fourths of an inch long. 

Spikes numerous, both axillary and terminal, the wholeform- — 
ing a large panicle which is often larger than the leaves, and — 
_ very hoary ; in or near the centre, oné or more of the spikes 


Quercus. MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, - 639 


more robust, and shorter; such, so far as I have observed, 
bear female flowers only, they are in‘more remote fascicles of 
three each; the small spikes are longer, and have the little 
bundles of flowers longer, and much nearer to each other, 
Bractes broad-ensiform, under each of the little bundles of 
flowers. Male calyx of about six, unequal, very woolly 
scales, Filaments twelve, three times longer than the calyx, 
smooth. Anthers oval. Germ, in the centre of the insertion of 
the filaments is a very woolly gland. Female calyx asin the 
genus, and like the male one very woolly. Nut in shape not 
far removed from hemispheric, being nearly truncated at the 
base, and there rather above an inch in diameter, polished, 
dark brown, very hard, one-celled. Cup saucer-shaped, 

’ hard, having its surface imbricated with small pointed scales, 
Seed solitary, conform to the nut, as in the genus, 


_  ilalasineaaae 


9. Q. ferox. Roxb. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, and oblong-acute, entire, glossy. 
Male spikes pointed; flowers with a six-cleft calyx, and 
twelve stamina, Cup an entire evalvular capsule, armed with 
many compound thorns, hiding completely the sub-ovate 
acorn. ne 

A large timber tree, a native of the Chittagong mountains. 
Flowering time the beginning of the hot season; the seed 
ripens in July and August. 

Young shoots void of pubescence, but marked with lighter 
coloured specks, Leaves alternate, petioled, oblong and 
broad-lanceolar, acuminate, entire, firm and glossy ; from three 
to six inches long, by from one to three broad. Spikes termi- 
nal, panicled, long and slender ; the male ones many, the fe- 
male ones few. Male flowers minute, collected into small 
globular, approximate bundles over the long filiform spikes. 
Calyx six-cleft, villous. Filaments twelve, twice the length 

. of the calyx. Anthers oval. Nut sub-ovate, of the size of a 

___ filbert, smooth, completely covered by the entire, evalvular * 

. capsule-like cup, or involucre which is powerfully armed all 


.640 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, Quercus, 


over the whole of the outside, with strong, sharp, compound 
spines; and lined with alittle sericeous pubescence. 


_ 10. Q. armata. R. 

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, entire, smooth. Cup an en- 
tire, evalvular capsule, armed with many compound thorns, 
hiding completely the sub-ovate acorn. 

A large timber tree, a native of the mountainous countries 
immediately east of Bengal. At Chittagong, it is called 
Kanta-lal batana ; at Tippera Singhara ; and in the forests 
near Gwalpara, Kanta Singur. 


11. Q. castanicarpa, R 

Leaves oblong, entire, smooth, Nués ovate, a little hairy, 
completely hid in the evalvular, capsule-like cup, which is. 
completely armed with numerous, ramous, sharp spines. 
- Lumba kanta hurina batana is the vernacular name at 
Chittagong, where it grows to be a large tree, with many far- 
extended branches, It flowers in July and August, and the 
acorns, which are small, ripen in the cool season. The leaves 
in this are very large, generally about a foot long, and from 
four to five inches broad, 


— 12. Q. glomerata, R. 


Leaves elliptic, entire, polished on both sides. Female — 


flowers on long, terminal, glomerate spikes. Acorn ovate, 


| sneeths, half hid in the tubercled cup. 


* 


_ Alarge tree, found in the forests of Pulo Pinang by Mr. 
WwW; Roxburgh; male flowers not seen, 


13. Q. depressa, Roxb. 

Acorns depressed, with the remains of the semeeagiuti the 
middle of the concavity. Cup flat, with a thick, callous mat- 
gin, and five, concentric, imbricated lamella underneath. =~ 

An immense tree, a native of the forests of Pulo Pinang. 
It differs from Louriero’s Q, concentrica, in the depressed 


. shape of the acorn and cup, 


Quercus. MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. 641 


14, Q. lamellata. R. 

Acorns much flattened, but convex at both ends, and hid- 
den in the round cup, which is imbricated with ten or twel ve, 
concentric lamella, 

A native of the forests of Palo Pinang. 


15. Q. semiserrata. R. 

Leaves petioled, lanceolar, firm and lucid, anterior margins 
serrate; veins simple and parallel. Female flowers in axil- 
lary pairs, Nuts oval, acuminate, smooth, of a chesnut colour, 

base only embraced by the saucer-shaped, thick, belted, vil-. 
lous cup. 

. A large timber tree, a native of the mountains in the vici- 
nity of Silhet, where it is called Ramkatha; there it flowers 
about the beginning of the hot season, and the seed ripens in 
August. 

Bark of the young shoots smooth, lucid green, except 
when just unfolding, thin, clothed with a soft, ferruginous, 
woolly substance. Leaves scattered about the ends of the 
_ twigs, petioled, Janceolar, with the anterior margin remotely 
and acutely serrate, the apex acute, the texture hard,and po- 
lished, and the veins simple and parallel, from four to eight 
inches long, by one to three broad. Petioles about an inch. 
long, smooth, Female flowers axillary, paired and sessile. 
_ Involucre composed of from five to six, concentric, incurved, 

villous lamina, Nuts oval, pointed, smooth, of a chesnut’ co- 
lour, the size of a large olive; a small portion of the base 
only is embraced by the thick, aod, villous, saucer-shaped 
cup. Embryo inverse, without perisperm, as in the genus, 


16, Q. serrata, Willd. iv. 431. tin 
Young shoots densely clothed with ferruginons. wes! 
Pea oblong, lucid, hoary underneath, parallel-veined, 
Most acutely gross-serrate. Santer terminal, male and fe, 
male mixed. seta, dimen 
Gol-Shingra the vernacular name in the Sit. district - . 
VOL, 111, ‘* : 


642 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Quercus, 


tween Silhet and the river Brahmunputra, where it grows to 
be a large, and like the most of the other species, natives of 
that mountainous tract, a useful timber tree, Flowering time, 
the end of the rains, 

In this species the young shoots are very completely cloth- 
ed with much soft, dark brown down. The leaves very hard, | 
with very numerous, simple, and parallel veins, each termi- 
nating in a sharp serrature like those of Dillenia speciosa ; 
some few are now and then sharply laciniate, even lobate. 

Spikes terminal, sub-panicled, consisting of only a few dis- | 
tinct male and female, downy aments. Male flowers with a 
five-leaved calyx, and from ten to twelve stamina ; female 
ones as in the other species. The acorn I have not yet seen. 


17. Q. incana, Roxb. 

Leaves cordate-oblong, firm, remotely and acutely serrate, 
smooth above, hoary underneath. Male aments panicled, 
shorter than the leaves ; flowers pentandrous, Acorns ovate- 
oblong, half hid in a sub-rotund, scaly, tubercled cup. 

_A large timber tree, a native of the mountains of Kamaoon, 
Almora, and other countries north of the plains of Hindoo- 
sthan. A short account of the tree is given by Col. Hard- 
wicke in his Journey to Shreenagur. Asiat. Res, vi. 374. 

Young shoots hoary. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, ob- 
long, with a cordate base, acute, remotely and acutely serrate, 
of a’rigid texture, smooth above, hoary underneath, from 
three to six inches long, and from one to two broad, Sti- 
pules and bractes linear-lanceolate, membranaceous, cadu- 
cous. Male aments filiform, numerous, forming small, ter- 
minal, or axillary panicles. Calyx from four to five-cleft,and 
ciliate. Stamens from four to eight, Female peduncles axil- 
lary, lateral or terminal, very short, from one to many-flow- 
ered, three seems the most common number. Stigma three- 
cleft. Mut ovate-oblong, smooth, with a villous apex, crown- 
ed with part of the remaining style. Cup roundish, imbri- 
cated with sinall tubercled scales. 


Castanea, MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, 643 


- 


CASTANEA. Schreb. gen. N. 1448: 


Male calyx none. Corol five-petalled. Stamina from 
ten totwenty., Female calyx from five to six-leaved, muri- 
cate. Corol none. Germ inferior, three-celled; cells one- 
seeded; attachment inferior, Stigmas penciliform. Nuts 
from one to three, inclosed in the echinate involucre. Em- 
bryo inverse, without perisperm. 


1. C. Indica. Roxb. 

Leaves oblong, acute, mucronate-serrate, polished above, 
hoary underneath. Aments sub-terminal, panicled, Flow- 
ers polygamous. ; 

Nikari, the vernacular name in Silhet. 

A small tree, a native of the hilly frontier districts east of 
Bengal. It flowers during the months of November and 
December, and the seed ripens in from eight to ten months 
afterwards. The kernels are eaten by both natives and Eu- 
ropeans, and may be compared to indifferent filberts, 

Trunk tolerably straight, growing to such a size as to ad- 
mit of the wood, which is of a good quality, being used for 
various purposes. Branchlets downy. Leaves alternate, 
short-petioled, from oblong to broad lanceolate, acute, gross- 
ly mucronate-serrate, polished on the upper surface, soft 
with brownish down underneath ; veius simple, parallel, and 
equal in number with the serratures,each ending in the sharp — 
points thereof, from four to eight inches long, by from two to 
four broad. Stipules ensiform. Aments or spikes, terminal 
and axillary, panicled, alternate, filiform, downy, those with 
male flowers more numerous, those with hermaphrodite few 
and thicker, of an offensive smell, MaLe rLoweErs collect- 
ed in small bundles over the spikes. Calyx generally six- 
leaved ; leaflets oval, very woolly. Filaments twelve, longer 
than the calyx. Anthers round-oval, Hermaphrodite flow- 
ers generally solitary, and scattered over every part of their 
spikes, rarely any male flowers with them, ‘Sometimes two 

4c2 


644 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Sagittaria, 


or even three come together, and are then surrounded by the 
same scaly calycle, or involucre to be mentioned under the 
next article. Calyx superior, its parts as in the male, with 
the base closely embraced on all sides by numerous hairy 
scales, The most exterior of which are broad; the inner 
ones are subulate points which become the capsule or spinous 
envelope of the seed. Filaments twelve, alternately shorter, 
the long ones six, about the length of the calyx. Anthers 
oval, two-lobed. Germ inferior, three-lobed, three-celled, 
with one ovulum in each, attached to the bottom of its cell, 
Styles three, a little recurved. Stigma simple, obtuse, Fruit 
from round to obovate, completely armed with ramous spines, 
as in C, vesea, one-celled, not opening by regular valves, but 
bursting without order when the seed is ripe. When two or 
more hermaphrodite flowers are found crowded so close as 
to press on each other, those when come to maturity, have 
only one common capsule, or envelope. Nuts oval, of a 
pretty hard, ligneous texture, and light brown colour, some- 
what hairy, particularly round the apex. Inside soft and 
hairy, one-celled, evalvular. Seed generally single, conform 
to the nut. IJntegument single, thin, striated, and bairy. 
Perisperm none. Embryo the size and figure of the seed, 
inverse, Plumula two-lobed, Radicle oval, superior. 


- 2. C. pumila, Willd. iv. 461. - 
. Leaves oblong, acute, mucronate, serrate, tomentose un- 


. 


| From Canton in China, it has been introduced into the Bo- 
tanic garden at Calcutta, where its growth is uncommonly 
slow, and though it has been there many years, it shows no 


ec inca d 


| iene: Schreb. gene NAMM. 
_ Male calyx three-leaved, Corol three-petalled. Stamina 


Sagittaria. MONOECIA POLY ANDRIA, 645 


from six to twenty-four, Female (Hermaphrodite, R. ) ca- 
lyx and corol as in the male, Germ and seeds numerous, 
£'mbryo conduplicate, without perisperm. 


1. S. sagittifolia, Willd. iv. 408. 

Leaves sagittate, acute; /obes narrow, straight and acute, 
Scape simple. Flowers tern, 

A native of the borders of sweet water lakes, ditches, &c. 
in the vicinity of Calcutta, where it flowers in February, 
March, and April, 

Root consisting of numerous, spongy fibres, from a crown, 
formed by the united leaves, the centre one thicker,and end- 
ing in the half putrid remains of the small round tuber, or 
bulb, which gave existence to the plant, while from its sides 
many suckers run a few inches, each ending in a small, round 
bulb, which in due time produce other plants. Zeaves ra- 
dical, the first of the young plants linear, uncommonly slen- 
der, and very acute, the next one or two simply cordate-ob- 
long, the rest with angular, spongy petioles ot different 
lengths, and sagittate, acute, smooth, with the barbs or pos- 
terior lobes, from two to three-nerved, and rather longer than 
the single, five-uerved, narrower and much more acute, in 
fact, ensiform upper portion, about six inches long; petioles 
from six inches to two feet long. Scapes simple, as long as" 
the leaves, columnar, spongy. Flowers pure white, pedi- 
celled, uniformly tern, the inferior three, and sometimes the 
second, or a part thereof female, the rest male, Bractes tern, 
triangular, one-flowered, shorter than the pedicels, Calyx and 
corol as in S. sagittifolia of Europe, only the latter is pure 
white. throughout. #tlaments in the male flowers, about 

‘twenty-five, shorter than the ovate-oblong, yellow anthers, 
In the female none, but some few, abortive germs are found 
in the disk of the former. Germ in the female flowers very 
humerous, &e. as in S, sagittifolia, Gert, Sem. ii, 21, t. 84, 

_but. the embryo in our Indian plant is of a palate yel- 


Jow colour. 


646 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Sagittaria, 


Dr. Smith observes, in his description of S. sagittifolia, 
that it discharges a white milky juice, a rare circumstance in 
an aquatic plant. Our Bengal plant yields nothing of the 
kind; whether this is a sufficient ground for considering ours 
to be a distinct species, I will not presume to say, but must 
observe, that I cannot discover any other difference. I do 
not find that any use is made of the bulbs in Bengal. 


2. S. obtusifolia, Willd, iv. 409. 

Polygamous. Leaves reniform, sagittate-obtuse, lobes 
long, taper and acute, Scape ramous, and verticelled ; flow- 
ers hexandrous. 

Culi tamara. Rheed, Mal. xi. t. 45. 

A native of standing sweet water, or slow running rivers. 
It flowers during the cold season. 

Root fibrous, annual. Leaves radical, erect, long-petiol- 
ed ovate-sagittate ; apex circular, lobes or barbs divaricate, 
tapering to long, narrow, fine points, smooth, many-nerved ; 
from six to twelve inches long,and from four to eight broad. 
Petioles from two to three feet long, thick, one side flat, the - 
other angular, Scapes including the flower-bearing part 
from two to four feet high, erect, from five to six-angled, 
striated, the lower verticel, and sometimes the second, bear 
branches mixed with the one-flowered pedicels. Involucre 
at each verticel three-fold, sessile, conical. Flowers numer- 
ous, small, white. JMale flowers for the most part terminal, 
peduncled ; peduncles slender. Calyx three-leaved. Corol 
three-petalled. Filaments six, below they are enlarged, 
so as to occupy the whole of the centre of the flowers. An- 
thers two-lobed. Hermaphrodite flowers, for there are 10 
male flowers, at least I have never found any, more numer- 
ous below, robust, peduncled. Calyx and corol as in the 
male. Filaments six, with their enlarged bases surrounding 
the germs, Germs about thirty, sessile. Stigma two-lobed, 
bearded, or downy. Drupes numerous, collected'on a glo- 
bular receptacle, turbinate, dry, wrinkled. Mut one-seeded, 


* 
: mS 


Begonia, MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. ‘ 647 


but there are also two empty cavities, one in each side of the 
seed, Seed bent double, with the two extremities pointing 
to the base, by one of which it is affixed to the bottom of the 


drupe. 


3. S. cordifolia, Roxb. 

Polygamous. Leaves cordate ; scapes simple. Stamina 
from six to twelve, ~ 

Grows in standing sweet water, in the vicinity of Caleutta ; 
flowering time the latter part of the rains, ; 

Root fibrous, annual, Leaves radical, long-petioled, round 
cordate, apex circular; behind deeply divided into two broad, 
somewhat pointed lobes, margins entire, smooth on both 
sides, many-nerved, about two inches broad, and less than 
three long. Petioles sheathing at the base, their length de- 
pends much on the depth of the water ; tapering, somewhat 
angular, smooth. Scapes about as long as the petioles, like 
_ them ending in an oblong raceme, of from five to eight 
flowers. Bractes, or involucres, three-fold, to the lower three 
there are always two hermaphrodite flowers, and three to the 
rest, one of which is generally male. Hermapnropite 
FLOWERS. Calyx and corol as in the genus, Filaments ge- 
nerally from nine to twelve inserted round the base of the 
germs, Anthers cordate. Germs numerous, compressed. 
Style short, Stigma simple. Capsules from three to four 
hundred, much compressed on a globular naked receptacle, 
surrounded with a deeply dentated margin, in each a single 
seed, bent double, as in S. obtusifolia. MALE FLOWERS. 
Calyx and corol as above. Stamens from six to ten, sur- 
rounding a few abortive germs. 


BEGONIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1442. 


“Male calye none. Corol four-petalled, two opposite, 
larger, Stamina numerous. Female calyx none, Corol 


* 


648 MONOECTIA POLYANDRIA, Begonia. 


four, or many petalled. Capsules inferior, winged, or lobed, 
three-celled, many-seeded. 


1. B. malabarica, Dryand. in Trans, of Linn, Soc. i. p. 
171. 

Caulescent, herbaceous. Leaves unequally cordate, while 
young acutely serrulate-dentate ; peduncles axillary, many- 
flowered ; capsule without wings, four-lobed, four-celled. 

Tsjeria narenampuli, Rheed. Mal. ix. t. 86. 

Ram totee, the vernacular name at Chittagong, where it 
is indigenous, in moist cool vallies, Plants from thence have 
been feces into the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where 
they continue in flower the whole year, but chiefly in the 
rains. The natives of Chittagong, where the plant is plenty, 
use the leaves as a pot-herb; when fresh the taste is pleasant- 
ly acid, not unlike sorrel. 

Root perennial, succulent, throughout a pretty deep red. 
Stems herbaceous, several from the same root, sub-erect, from 
six to twelve inches high, succulent, round, jointed, and ra- 
ther swelled at the joints, marked with numerous, small lan- 
ceolar ferruginous, rather elevated specks, while young hairy. 
Leaves alternate, petioled, unequally or rather sub-semi-cor- 
date, acuminate, harsh with a few short, stiff hairs, with the 
margins, particularly while young,acutely and unequally ser- 
rulate-dentate, and minutely curled, from six to eight inches 
long, by four or five broad. Petioles rather shorter than 
the leaves, round, hairy and marked with ferruginous specks 
like the stems. Stipules oblong, stem-clasping. Peduncles. 
axillary, short, bifid, many-flowered. Flowers pretty large, 
particularly the female ones, drooping, of a very pale pink, in- 
deed almost white, sparkling, as if frosted ; sweetly fragrant. 
Bractes round the base of the pedicels, minute. Male ca- 
4yx none. Petals four, in opposite pairs, sub-rotand, the in- 
ner pair rather smaller by the size of a thin margin, which.in 
the large pair, forms a sharp, vertical rim round the unex- 
panded globular flower bud, Filaments from sixty to eigh- 


. 


Begonia, MONOECIA POLYANDRIA, 649 


ty, very short, Anthers long, clavate, opening with a long 
slit on opposite sides. Female calyx none. Corol as in the 
male, but larger. Stamina none. Germ inferior, smooth, 
and thickly spotted with red, four-lobed, four-celled ; each 
ceil containing two reniform receptacles, attached to the mid- 
dle of the axis, ovula innumerable over every part of the re- 
ceptacles, Style four, bifid, yellow; segments or stigma 
spiral like the horns of a ram. 


2. B. lacimata. R. 

Caulescent, erect, hairy. Leaves unequally cordate, laci- 
niate, serrulate-dentate. Peduncles the length of the petioles, 
few-flowered. Capsule with one large, oval: obtuse wing. 

Beng. Hooirjo. 

A native of the Garrow hills, and the eastern frontier of 
Bengal. Flowering time the rainy season, the seeds ripen in 
November, 

Root fibrous, Stem simple, rather sieulbak” about bien- 
nial, first erect, afterwards more or less procumbent, hairy, 
jointed; from six to eighteen inches long, and as thick as a 
ratan. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, unequally cordate, 
acutely laciniate, margins serrulate-dentate, and ciliate ; from 
three to six inches long and broad, Stipules oblong. Pe- 
duncles axillary, solitary, about as long as the leaves, from 
two to six-flowered, and generally more than half of them 
male. Bractes like the stipules, but smaller. Corod four-pe- 
talled, cruciate-oval within, ferraginous on the back. Male 
stamina numerous, inserted on a conical receptacle, clavate. 
Filaments rather short. Female germ inferior, oval, with two 
narrow and one broader wing, and for the most part only 
two-celled, each containing numerous ovula, attached to two 

Jjugiform receptacles in each cell, rising from the axis, as in 
Geertner’s Mussaenda frondosa, Style scarcely any, Stigma 
large, variously convolute. Capsule oblong, three-winged ; 5 
but two of them so narrow as scarcely to be observed if not 


VOL, II, ep ‘ 


650 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, . Pinus, 


carefully looked for, the third broad oval, and obtuse, three- 
celled, as in the germ. 


3. B. aptera. R. 

Shrubby, sub-parasitic. Leaves somhamdate, entire, 
smooth, Capsules wingless. 

Found by Colonel Hardwicke on the Island of Mauritius 
He says it is a large spreading shrub. 

Stem rather slender, and mostly growing out of decaying, 
or rotten trunks of fallen trees, in wet shaded woods. Pe- 
duneles axillary, solitary, bifid, each division three-flowered ; 
the middle one larger, sessile, and male ; the other two short- 
pedicelled, and female. Calyx none. Corol, stamina, §¢. 
as in the genus; only the capsules are destitute of wings. 


MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 


NIPA. Schreb. gen. N. 1696. 


Male spathe ; corol six-petalled. Anthers six pair round 
the apex ofa single filament, Female spaihe; corol none. 
Fruit compound. Nuts or drupes angular, one-seeded. 


N. fruticans, Willd. iv. 597. Thunb. Act. 1782. p. 231. 
Nypa. Rumph, Amb. i. t. 16. 

~ Beng. Goolga Gucina, or Gubna. 

Cocos nypa, Lourier. Cochin Ch, 694. : 


Grows on the lower parts of the Delta of the —e ae 
“in salt swamps, 


PINUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1456. 


- Male flowers in clusters. Calyx of several scales, or of 
four leaves, ( Linn.) Corolnone. Stamina many. Female 
calyx, scales of the strobiles two-flowered. Corel none. . 
Pistil one, Seed ee ; . 


Pinus. — MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 651 


1. P. longifolia, Willd. iv. 500. 

Leaves three-fold, filiform, from twelve to eighteen jalan 
long, pendulous, with the margins a little scabrous. Cones 
ovate, shorter than the leaves, scales with thick recurved 
apices. Anihers crowned. 

Hind. Chur the name of the tree, and Surul the wood. 

_ In gardens about Calcutta a few small trees of this species 
are found, all from Nepal or from the mountains north of the 
plains of Bengal, and Oude, or reared from seed from thence, 
where they are found on the stupenduous mountains, grow- 
ing to an immense size. There they blossom about the be- 
ginning of the hot season. . 

Trunk, 1 have observed above, that the trees about Cal- 
cutta are small, but in Nepal, I am informed they grow 
straight to upwards of an hundred feet in height ; the bark 
is scabrous. The branches verticelled, and rather few in 
number than otherwise, so that here the head is thin, of a 
roundish form, and yields little shade—I mean the trees 
about Calcutta. Leaves three-fold, disposed in approximat- 
ed spiral rows round the end of the branchlets, perfectly fili- 
form; margins somewhat hispid, when the finger is drawn 
~ backward, generally pendulous, and from nine to eighteen 
inches or more in length, Stipules or sheaths, round the 
base of the leaves, numerous and chaffy. MALE FLOWERs, 
Antheral racemes numerous at the extremities of the branch- 
lets, from their centre issue the shoots of the same season, 
Bractes solitary, oneto each raceme. lowers very numer- 
ous. Filaments scarcely any. Anthers clavate, opening on 
each side, and crowned with a large roundish scale, inflexed 


over the next above. 


2. P. Devdara, R. 

Branches drooping. Leaves in approximated fascicles of 
about forty,. rigid, acute, Strobilus erect, oval ; scales 
thereof appressed, thin, smooth, even-edged, transversely el- 


: lips Cotyledons ten. 
4D2 


652 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. Pinus. 


Devadaroo, or Devdar, is the name the tree is known by 
amongst the natives where it grows. 

A tree of great size, a native of the mountains north of 
Rohilcund, It differs from P. Larix in many respects, but 
most conspicuously in being destitute of the bractes which 
project beyond the scales of the strobile or cone. 

_ Leaves in approximate clusters of about forty, straight, 
three-sided, rigid and acute. Wale aments scattered between 
the fascicles of leaves, at first oval, but lengthening with age, 
imbricated with numerous bi-antheriferous scales with dilat- 
ed incurved apices. Filaments no other than the just mention- 
ed scales of the aments. Anthers, an oblong one-celled one, 
on each side of the narrow inferior part of the scales, _ Stro- 
bile or cone erect, peduncled, oval, obtuse, of the size ofa pul- 
let’s egg. Scales thereof transversely elliptic, or broad reni- 
form, concave with a thin, smooth, even edge, they remain 
from their broad concave structure, so close as in general to 
prevent the escape of the seeds without help. 

_ The tree is so exceedingly replete with resin, as to yield a 
very large proportion of tar, A manufactory of that article 
was lately begun, near the skirts of the Almora mountains 
by Mr. Gott. . . 

Extract of a letter from that Gentleman, (Mr. Gott,) dat- 
ed Kosupoor, 2nd November 1804, describing the Devdar 
pine. : 
“ The only account I can give you of the Devdar pine, is 
froma variety of enquiries I have at times made of the na- 
tives, It grows a very considerable distance within the hills, 
none less than six days’ journey, for a native. It does not 
appear to delight in a situation on the summit of mountains; 
on the contrary it grows in valleys, and most abundantly in 
plains, on the side of large, or tops of small hills that are but 
little exposed. Its height is described to exceed twenty feet, 
_ and its bulk in proportion, from four to five feet.in diameter ;- 

it grows very straight, and as onesies” ae 
rod, with branches down to the ground. a 


Phyllanthus, | MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 653 


CUPRESSUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1458. 


Male calyx, the scales of the ament, Corol none. Anthers 
four, sessile, without filaments. emale calyx, the scales of 
the aments one-flowered. Corol none. Styles none. Stigma, 
concave dots. Strobile with angular nuts, 


C. sempervirens, Willd, iv. 511. 

Leaves imbricated ; twigs quadrangular. 

Chin, Yeum Fa. 

Hind, Sarass. 

The upright variety is a native of China, and of the north- 
ern mountains of India, and Persia. It does not thrive on. 


the plains of Bengal. 


THUJA. Schreb. gen. N. 1457. 
Male calyx, the scales of the ament. Corel none. Stamina 
four, Female calyx the scales of the ament, two-flowered. 
Corol none. .Pisti/ none, Nut one girt with a membrana- 


ceous wing. 


.T. orientalis, Willd. iv. 509. 
Strobiles squarrose, with sharp scales, Rrenchits cae. 


pital. 


Chin. Piem Fa. 
From China it has been introduced into our garden in In- 


dia, where it rarely grows to more than eight or ten feet in 


height, is yery ramous, and spreads nearly as much as its 
height, | 
: sania Selec on N. 1412. 
Male calyx from four to six-leaved, or from four to six- 
parted. Clorof none. Nectary from four to six scales, Sta-_ 


mina various. Female calyx and nectary as in the male. — 
Germ PRs Se y three-celled; cells two-seeded, at- 


654 . MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Phyllanihus. 


tached to the upper end of the axis. Capsule* three-celled ; 
cells two-seeded. Embryo inverse, and furnished with a pe- 
risperm, 


SECT. I. With simple Leaves. 


1. P. madraspatensis, Willd. iv. 575. 

Annual, erect. Leaves alternate, narrow-cuneate. Flowers 
axillary ; male monadelphous ; anthers three pair. 

Teling. Nala userekee. 

Is common, with P. Miruri, in gardens, and cultivated 
ground, Plants constantly succeed one another, and flower 
most part of the year. 

Root annual, though sometimes it lives out the second 
year, Stem straight, in the oldest plants somewhat woody, 
from one to four feet high, round, smooth, above very 
ramous. . Branches sub-erect, often twiggy in large plants. 
Leaves on the stem scattered ; on the branches alternate, bi- : 
farious, spreading, sessile; in a good soil those on the stem 
are linearly lanceolate, the rest wedge-formed , smooth, entire, 
somewhat pointed, from half an inch to two inches long, and 
from one-eighth to half an inch broad. Stipules two, letctak 
at the cordate base, pointed, withering, owers axillary, 
always one female, and from two to four or five males, all are 
short-peduncled, but the male shortest, in the flowering time 
erect, afterwards the male drops, and the female is bent down. 
_ Male calyx six-leaved. Nectary six-scaled. Filaments sin- 
gle. Anthers three pair round its apex. Female calyx and 
nectary as in the male, Capsule three-celled, six-valved, with 
two seeds in each cell, 

Taste herbaceous, with some degree of astringency. Cat- 
tle eat it. 


2. P. simplex. Willd. iv. 573. 
Perennial, diffuse, branches flattened. Leaves bifarious, 


* In many of the species it is a very perfect berry. 


Phyllanthus. | MONORCIA MONADELPHIA. 655 


lanceolate. Female flowers long-peduncled; male sessile. 
Anthers three pair. Female nectarya twel aces capsule, 

Teling. Uchi userekee. 

Like the last, it is a native of dry cultivated ground; but 
by no means so common, It flowers during the wet and cold 
seasons, : 

Root frequently perennial. Stem somewhat woody, ob- 
lique, Branches numerous, diverging from the base of the lit- 
tle stem, spreading closely to the earth, with their apices as- 
cending, many times longer than the stem, striated from the in- 
sertions of the leaves, which gives them a compressed appear- 
ance, Leaves simple, alternate, spreading, bifarious, sessile, 
linearly lanceolate, smooth, entire ; about three-fourths of an 
inch long, and one-fourth broad, Stipules two, obliquely- 
cordate, Withérilg: Flowers, male and female mixed, axil- 
lary, generally from one to three of each. The female ones 
long-peduncled, The male ones nearly sessile. ‘Calyx as 
in the last species, except that in this, there are three distinct 
filaments, united at the base; and the female —e is 
twelve-notched. 

Noite. This plant agrees so well with Retzius’s P. simplex, 
that I dare say, they are the same; he may have changed 
Kénig’s name, or ‘Konig himself may have changed it from 
simplex to depressa. 

The natives use the fresh leaves, flowers and fruit, with 
common seeds, and sugar, of each equal parts, made into an 
electuary, for the cure of gonorrhoea; a tea-spoonful is 
given twice a day. The fresh leaves bruised and mixed with 
butter milk, make a wash to cure the itch in children. 


3. P. gracilis, R. 
Perennial, erect, virgate. Leaves bsifariouk oblong and 


cuneate-lanceolate. Filament single, capsule three-cleft. 


Teling. Userekee. pigs 
A rare, somewhat shrubby plant, growing under the shel- 


ter of other bushes, and trees. Flowering time the end of the 
rainy season, 


656 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Phyllanthus, 


Root perennial. Stem scarcely any, when present erect, 
woody, smooth, Branches numerous, erect, twiggy. Leaves 
alternate, bifarious, short-petioled, wedinedomiiiial oblong, or 
even obcordate, pointed, rounded, or emarginate, entire ; from 
_ half an inch to an inch long, and about a quarter of an inch 
- broad. Stipules cordate, acute, membranaceous. Flowers 
axillary, as in P. madraspatensis from which it differs only 
in being shrubby; whether soil and situation can make the 
change is with me uncertain ; if it can, they are only varieties 
of the same plant. 


4, P. obcordatus. R. 

Shrubby, erect. Leaves simple, alternate, sub-sessile, ob- 
cordate cuneate, lowers axillary, peduncled, one female, 
and two or more male; with a six-leaved calyx, #ilament 
single. Anthers six. 

A native of Bengal. Flowering time the close of the rains, 
and cold season. 

Trunk straight, suffruticose. Branches ascending. Bark 
of the woody parts, deep brown, of the tender shoots smooth, 
green, height of the whole plant about three feet. Leaves 
simple, alternate, sub-sessile, obcordate, cuneate, smooth on 
both sides, about half an inch long, and considerably less in 
breadth. Stipules semi-cordate, membranaceous. Flowers 
axillary, uniformly one female and several male, all are 
short-peduncled, and drooping. Calyx six-leaved, or six- 
cleft to the base, alternately smaller, expanding, green, aie 
manent, V< ectary, none in the female. In the male six mi- 
nute glands in the fissures of the calyx. Stamina, none in 
the female. In the male, the filament is single, and short. 
Anthers three pair, round the top of the filament, Pistillum — 
no rudiment of any in the male. In the female it is round. 
Styles three, short, spreading with stigmas, slightly two- 
toothed. Capsules round, three-celled, three-valved, of the 
size of a grain of black pepper,smooth, Seeds, two in each 


Phyllanthus. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 657 


5. P. retusus. R. 

Shrubby, dioecous. Leaves obovate, cuneate, sub-retuse. 
Flowers axillary, crowded ; male pentandrous, Calyces five- 
leaved. Berries pendulous, pure white, six-seeded. 

A stout, ramous, shrubby species, a native of Bengal, in 
flower and fruit, in all stages, the whole year, 

Trunk scarcely any thing distinct, that can be so called ; 
but several woody, very ramous branches, rise from the root, 
which spread in all directions; young shoots ribbed; and 
void of pubescence. Leaves simple, alternate, short-petioled, 
obovate-cuneate, rounded at the apex, truncated, or retuse, 
smooth on both sides, about an inch long, and not so much 
broad. Stipules obliquely triangular, withering, Flowers 
axillary, crowded, minute, pedicelled ; the males on one plant, 
and females on another ; when the petals expand the pedicels 
are considerably lengthened. Male calyx five-leaved ; leaf- 
lets oval, concave. Filaments five, distinct, of the length of 
the calyx, alternate with five nectarial scales round the three- 
cleft, abortive pistil. Female calyx as in the male. Necta- 
ry a slender membranaceous ring round the base of the germ. 
Germ round, three-celled, with two ovala in each, attached 
to the axis from the middle upwards, Style scarcely any. 
Stigma trifid, segments spreading, cuneate, bidentate. Ber- 
ries round, very pure white, smooth, of the size of a small pea, 
succulent, three-celled. Seeds two in each cell, or in all six, 
separated into pairs by pulpy partitions, Integuments two ; 
the exterior one thin, and white ; the inner one nuciform,and 
beautifully pitted. Embryo inverse, and curved like the 
back of the seed, Cotyledons two, linear-oblong. adicle 
sub-cylindric, superior. : 

It is at all times a handsome shrub, but when its numerous — 
pure white, pendulous berries are ripe, it then becomes par- 
ticularly conspicuous. 

This as well as Phylianthus virosus might better be refer- 
red to Willdenow’s Fluggea, see his edition of the Sp. Pl. ive 


p. 757. but according to what I have observed in his only 


VOL, 111, 4E 


os 


658 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA.  Phyllanthus, 


species, leucopyrus, formerly Phyllanthus leucopyrus, as 
well as in this and virosus, his essential character of the genus 
will require a little alteration, viz. Stylus tripartitus, Bacca 
sex-sperma; all the three are perfectly dioecous; pentan- 
drous, with a five-leaved calyx; no corol, but an acetabuli- 
form nectary; and a round, pure white, succulent, six-seeded 
berry. The seeds are separated into pairs, by thin pulpy 
partitions, and are furnished with a perisperm, and a curved 
inverted embryo. 

6. P. leucopyrus, Kon. Mss. 

Dioecous, shrubby, armed. Leaves obovate. Flowers ax- 
illary, male pentandrous, Berry dry, six-seeded. 

Fluggea leucopyrus. 

A large, poor-looking, ramous shrub, a native of the dry 
barren forests of Coromandel. It flowers chiefly during the — 
rainy season, 

Trunk erect. Branches numerous, very rigid, spreading 

in every direction round the trunk. Bark ash-coloured. 
Thorns scattered, in a bad soil more numerous, horizontal, 
large, leaf flower-bearing, they may be called spinous-point- 
ed branchlets, Leaves scattered, short-petioled, obcordate, 
smooth, entire. Stipules minute, oval, obtuse, Flowers on 
separate bushes, the female on one, the male on another. In 
both they are axillary, crowded, peduncled, and very small. 
Male calyx five-leaved, leaflets concave. Corol none, Nec- 
tarial glands five, alternate with the insertion of the filaments. 
Filaments five, longer than the cal yx. Anthers oval, Pistil 
nothing but a three-cleft column, Female calyx as in the 
male, Germ globular. Style scarcely any. Stigmas three, 
spreading, two-cleft. Berry of the size of a grain of pepper; 
smooth, dry, three-celled. Seeds two in each cell. 

Note. The parts of fructification, and its bearing the male 
flowers on one tree, and female on another, make it, in these 
respects, nearly agree with P. virosus, but the thorns, dispo- 
sition of the branches,and leaves declare it a distinct species. 


Phyllanthus. | MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 659 


7. P. virosus. Willd. iv; 578. 

Dioecous, sub-arboreous, unarmed. Leaves elliptic and 
oval. Male flowers axillary, crowded, pentandrous, Berries 
succulent, white, pendulous, six-seeded. 

Up among the Circar mountains, where this chiefly grows, 
it is frequently a middle sized tree, In the forests of the low 
countries, it is much smaller, or only a large shrub, It flow- 
ers during the hot, and beginning of the wet season, 

Trunk erect. Bark rust-coloured. Branches numerous, 
ascending ; branchlets bifarious. Leaves simple, alternate, 
bifarious, short-petioled, oval, entire, smooth, from one to two 
inches long, and from half an inch to an inch broad, Sti- 
pules minute. lowers very small. This species is dioe- 
cous, the male flowers having always been found ona separate 
tree from the female. In both they are axillary, crowded, 
short-peduncled, when in flower erect, Male calyx, or corol 
five-leaved ; leaflets oblong, concave.. Nectary five yellow 
glands surrounding the base of the style. Filaments five, 
spreading, inserted between the nectarial glands; anthers 
simple. Pisééd only a style-like column in the centre witha 
stellate top. Female calyx as in the male. _Nectary a five- 
sided ring surrounding the base of the germ. . Germ ovate, 
Styles three, Stigma two-cleft. Berry the size of a pea, 
covered with a white, fleshy pulp, three-celled. Seeds two 
in each cell. 

The bark isa strong astringent, and: possesses the power of 
intoxicating fish, when thrown into the water, where they are; 
which like the berries of .Menispermum cocculus, renders 


them easily taken. 


SECT. II. Leaves pinnate. 


8. P. Niruri. Willd, iv. 583. 

Annual, erect, Leaflets oval.. Flowers axillary, pedun- 
cled, one or two male, and one female, Capsules smooth, 
three-celled, . ee 


AE2 


660 -MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. Phyllanthus. 


Kirganeli. Rheed, Mal. x. t. 15. 

Urinaria Indica. Burm. Zeyl. t. 93. 

Hind. and Beng. Sada-hazur munee. 

Teling. Nella userekee- 

A common weed in gardens, and on dry cultivated lands, 
or such as have been lately cultivated. 

Root annual. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, 
round, smooth. Branches numerous, in large plants the 
lower spreading to a considerable extent. Leaves scattered, 
spreading, pinnate, from one to three inches long, flower- 
bearing. Leaflets alternate, bifarious, nearly sessile, oval, 
smooth ; about half an inch long, and one-fourth broad. Sti- 
putes of the petioles three-fold, forming a three-toothed cup 
round their insertion, each tapering toa fine point; those of the 
leaflets similar, but one on each side. Flowers leaflet-axil- _ 
Jary, generally one or two male, and one female, short-pe- 
duncled, after flowering time the male drops, and the female 
droops. Male calyx six-leaved, Corol none. Nectary small, 
saucer-formed, six-toothed. Stamens, one short, columnar 
filament. Anthers three pair. Female calyx and nectary 
as in the male. Capsules smooth, umbilicated, opening with 
an elastic jerk, three-celled, six-valved ; cells two-seeded. 

The root tastes bitter, and astringent. The Rev. Dr. John 
‘informs me, that he has known the fresh root prove an eX-. 
cellent remedy for the Jaundice. About half an ounce, while 
fresh, was given, rubbed up in a cup of milk, night and 
morning, the cure was completed in a few days without avy 
semsible Operation of the medicine, — 


9. P. urinaria, Willd. iv. 583. 

Annual, erect, Leaflets linear-oblong. Flowers sessile in 
the exterior axills ; female solitary in the inferior, Capsules 
scabrous, AB lis 

Tsjeru Kirganeli, Rheed, Mal. x. t. 16. 

Beng. and Hind, Hazar muvee.  _ 

_ Teling, Yerra userekee. 


- 


Phyllanthus, | MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 661 


This when young is like Niruri, grows under the shade 
of trees. It flowers during the wet and cold seasons. 

Root generally annual, though in some soils bi-and even 
perennial, Stem erect, striated, of a pale reddish colour. 
Branches several, ascending, striated from the insertions of 
the stipules, Leaves scattered, spreading, pinnate, from one 
to two inches long, flower-bearing. Leaflets alternate, linear 
oblong, entire, smooth, three quarters of an inch long, and 
one quarter broad. Petioles compressed, somewhat trian- 
gular. Stipules of the petioles three-fold, acute, membrana- 
ceous ; those of the leaflets two, lateral. Mate FLoweErs, ex- 
terior leaflets axillary, two or three sub-sessile. Calya, nec- 
ary, and stamens asin Niruri, FRMa.Le riowers, lower 
leaflet axillary, solitary, sessile. Calyx and nectary as in the 
male. Germ somewhat murexed, coloured. Capsule scab- 
rous, three-celled, six-valved. Seeds, two in each cell, trans- 
versely striated on the outside. 

Note. 1t is immediately distinguished from P. Wiruri, by 
its sessile flowers, and scabrous capsules. Young plants are 
deeply tinged with dark, dull red. Cattle eat it. The taste 
herbaceous. 


10. P. bacciformis, Willd. iv. 582. 

Biennial, diffuse. Leaflets remote, pointed, fleshy. Male 
flowers monadelphous. Female terminal. Berries six-seeded. — 

Teling. Rawa-sala-burta-kada. 

This species is very common in pasture ground near the 
sea, on the Coromandel coast. It flowers all the year round. 

Root biennial. Stem or branches several, spreading close 
to the ground, angular, coloured, sometimes woody near the 
base, from one to two feet long. Leaves alternate, spreading, 
pinnate, fower-bearing, from two to three inches long. Leaf- 
lets from two to six pair, alternate, remote, oval, somewhat 
fleshy, pointed, Stipules of the petioles three-fold; of the 
leaflets two-fold. MALE FLOWERs few, in the axills of the | 


inferior leaflets, short-pedicelled, Calyx six-leaved ; leaflets 


662 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA,  Phyllanthus. 


round, laciniate. Nectary saucer-shaped, six-parted. Sta- 
mens a turbinate body in the centre of the nectary, is sur- 
rounded by three pair of anthers. FEMALE FLOWERS single 
in the axills of the exterior leaflets, short-pedicelled. Calyx 
six-leaved, the three interior leaflets ovate, acute. Germ tur- 
binate, truncate. Styles three, spreading. Stigmas three- 
cleft. Berry ovate, of the size of a pea, three-celled, six- 
valved ; cells two-seeded. 


11. P. pendula, Roxb. 

Biennial. Leaves long, pendulous, leaflets from ten to fif- 
ty pair. The male flowers round, in the inferior axills; the 
_ female ones solitary in the exterior ones, 

Teling. Tella userekee. 

A most beautiful, somewhat shrubby, erect species, when 
young not unlike Wiruri, a native of the same places, but 
very rare. Flowering time the latter part of the wet season. 

Stem biennial, or more, straight, round, smooth, Bark 
green. Branches alternate, the inferior ones diverging and 
long; the superior ones ascending and short ; all like the 
stem, and in old plants twiggy. Leaves scattered, neatly 
pendulous, filiform, pinnate; from four to nine or ten inches 
long, flower-bearing.- Leaflets from ten to fifty pair, alter- 
nate, short-petiolate, broad-lanceolate, acute, coloured round 
the edges, smooth, entire ; the lower ones are about a quarter 
of an inch long, and-one eighth broad,the exterior ones much 
smaller. Petioles filiform, flexuose, angular. Stipules of the 
oles three-fold, those of the petiolets two-fold. MALE 
FLOWERS spiked, in the axills of the lower leaflets. _ Spikes, 
when the leaves are young, they scarcely appear, a single 
flower with the rudiments of one, two or three more, is all 
that can then be seen, but in old leaves they are very conspi- 
cuous, depending, half as long as the leaflets, imbricated 
with four rows of acute, permanent membranaceous, one- 
flowered bractes, Calyx, nectary and stamens, as in Nirurt. 
FEMALE FLowers solitary, from the axills of the exterior 
Hate, short-peduncled, ae and nectary, as in Nirurt. 


o. * 


Phyllanihus, — MONOECIA MONADELFHIA, ” 663 


Note. A very large proportion of the female flowers are 
barren. The taste is herbaceous, with a considerable degree 
of sty pticity, 


. 12. P. rhamnoides, Willd. iv. 580. 

Shrubby. Leaflets oval. Male flowers often racemed, 
and in the inferior axills ; female solitary, no nectary. 

A small shrub, a native of cultivated land, amongst other 
shrubs, on the coast of Coromandel, 

Stem scarcely any. Branches many, erect, smooth; young 
shoots angular from the running down of the insertions of the 
leaves, Leaves scattered, spreading, pinnate, flower-bear- 
ing, from three to five inches long. Leaflets from five to ten 
pair, alternate, short-petioled, spreading, broad-oval, the 

~ exterior ones largest, soft, below whitish, entire, from half to 
three-fourths of an inch long, and from one-fourth to half an 
inch broad. Petioles angular, Stipules of the petioles three- 
fold, of the leaflets two-fold. MALE FLOWERS racemed. 
Racemes single, from the lower axills, sessile, bowing, imbri- 
cated, asin P. pendula, Flowers very long pedicelled, de- 
pending. Nectary,six scales on the middle of the leaflets of 
the calyx pointing inwards, before the flower expands, these 
cover the anthers like so many hoods; when the leaves are 
young there appear only one, two or three flowers, and no ra- 
~ — ceme, but in old leaves it is as conspicuous as in P. pendula, 
.  Femaxe rrowers in the upper axills, single, short-pedun- 
cled, bowing. Calyx six-leaved; leaflets large. Nectary 
none. Germ three-horned. Styles from the horn of the germ, 
and not from the centre, each two-cleft, Siigmas revolute. 
Capsule globular, of the size of a large pea, crowned with the 
remaining styles and stigmas, as in P. bacciformis ; three- 

_ celled, as in the other species. 
‘It is to be distinguished from P. pendula, by the general 
habit of the shrubs, by the length of the leaves, by the form 
of the leaflets, and lastly by the male flowers having long pe 


dicels; in that there they are sessile, * 


664 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA.  Phyllanthus, 


13. P. petiolaris. R. 
Shrubby. Leaves pinnate; “aflets about five pair, sub- 
rotund, smooth and entire. Female flowers on the common 
petioles. 
A native of the Circar mountains, where it grows to be a 
stout, ramous shrub, 


14. P. multiflorus. Willd. 

Shrubby, climbing. Leaflets oval. Flowers of both the 
sexes with five-leaved calyces, and five-scaled nectaries. 
Berries from ten to twelve-seeded. 

Hind, and Beng, Panjooli. 

Niruri, Rheed, Mal. x, t. 27. 

Teling. Nella-pooroogoodoo, 

Phyllanthus tinctorius. Kénig’s Mss. 

A large straggling, or climbing shrub, common in hedges 
and amongst bushes on the banks of water courses, It flow- 
ers most part of the year, 

Trunk scarcely any thing that can be so called, but many, 
very long, straggling, stout,woody branches, running through 
amongst, and over other shrubs, toa very great extent. Bark 
rust-coloured, Leaves scattered, spreading, pinnate, flower- 
bearing; from three to five inches long. Leaflets alternate, 
oval, entire, covered with a very little down; about three 
quarters of an inch long, and half an inch broad. Stipules of 
the petioles three-fold ; those of the leaflets two-fold. Flowers 
_ leaflet-axillary, small, white, generally one female, and two 
_ or more males in the same axill, peduncled, at the flower- 
ing time erect, sometimes there is also a small axillary raceme 
of male flowers, and at others the common petioles end in a 
raceme, Male calyx five-leaved, leaflets oval. Nectary 
five glands placed on the junctures of the leaflets of the ca- 
lyx. Filaments three, unequal; that in the centre is erect, 
large and bears three anthers; the other two lateral ones are 
filiform, oblique, and bear one anther each. Female calyx 

and nectary &s in the male. ‘Styles one. Wisent 2 minute, in 


Phyllanthus, | MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 665 


number corresponding with the cells of the berry. Berry 
depressed, umbilicated, dark purple, succulent, from eight to 
twelve-celled. Seed, one or two in each cell, placed one 
above the other. 


15. P. vitis idea, Kon, Mss. 

Sub-arboreous, Leaves bitarious ; /eaflets oval. Flowers 
axillary. Calyx six-toothed, no nectaries, no style, Berries 
_ succulent, 

Katou Nirouri. Rheed, Mal, v. t, 44, 

Beng. Kumkata Joolee. 

Yerra pooroogoodoo of the Telingas. 

This is one of the most common of the family ; it is found 
wild in every part of India, and seems to thrive well in all 
soils and situations ; but amongst the mountains, it grows to 
be a tree ; whereas in the low lands it is generally a large 
shrub. It flowers and produces fruit all the year round. 

Trunk when a tree, very straight. Branches spreading ho. 
rizontally. Branchlets flexuose, bifarious, Leaves alternate, 
bifarious, pinnate, flower-bearing, from five to eight inches 
long. Leaflets alternate, oval, entire, smooth, about an inch 
long and three-fourths broad. Petioles round, flexuose, 
smooth, Stipules of the petioles three-fold, acute, those of 
the leaflets two-fold. Flowers; the male ones from the ex- 
terior axills, from two to three-petioled; the female ones 
from the lower axills, solitary, petioled, at the flowering time 
erect, Male cal yx campanulate, margin six-notched ; seg- 
ments rounded, inflexed. Nectarynone. Filaments ap, 
clubbed. Anthers from three to five affixed to the club by 
their backs. Female calyx one-leaved, small, closely sur- 
rounding the lower half of the germ, slightly six-notched, 
Neetary none. Germ gh Neti Styles none, Stigmas three. 
pesky red. 

The wood is white, hard and durable. The hill people em- 
ploy it for various economical uses. Cattle eat the leaves, 

In drying for the hortus siccus, they always become very 
VOL, II, eRe 


666 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. Phyllanthus. 


black. It is frequently employed for ornamental hedges in 
gardens, for which end it is well chosen, as its thick, ever 
green foliage, and constant succession of beautiful red berries, 
gives it a pretty appearance, 


16. P. turbinatus. Kon, Mss. 

Arboreous, Leaves bifarious; leaflets oval. Flowers 
axillary, peduncled, the male beyond the female, Calyx 
six-toothed. Berry hid in the enlarged coloured calyx, six- 
seeded, 

Parin Nirouri. Rheed. Mal. v. t. 43, 

Teling. Dawadaree. 

This is a most beautiful species, a large tree growing upon 
and amongst the mountains of Orissa, It flowers during the 
hot season. 

Trunk erect. Bark rust-coloured, Branches spreading, 
horizontal, numerous, By anchlets bifarious. Leaves alter- 
nate, bifarious, pinnate, flower-bearing, about six inches long. 

Leaflets alternate, short-petioled, oval, smooth, entire, about 
an inch long, and three quarters of an inch broad, Petioles 
round, flexuose. Stipules of the common petiole cup-form- 
ed, three-toothed, withering ; those-of the leaflets two, lateral, 
acute, Flowers ieaflenaxieey. peduncled. Mae FLow- 
ERS below the female ones, occupying the lower axill, erect 
in the flowering time. Calyx one-leaved, campanulate ; 

: mouth six-notched, Corol none, Nectary none. Exon 


Tater filament. FEMALE Flowers above the male, occu- 
pying the middle leaflets; in the flowering time erect, after- 
wards drooping. Calyz as in the male, increasing with the 
germ, and acquiring a beautiful mixture of red and yellow. 
Nectary none, except the flat crown of the germ be such. 
Germ turbinate, truncate, and somewhat lad Style 
short, three-parted. Stigmas two-cleft, Berry sitting in the 
centre of the enlarged coloured calyx, of the size of a large 
pea, three-celled ; ced/s two-seeded. 


Phylianthus, | MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 667 


17. P. patens, R. 

Shrubby? Branches spreading, bifarious. Leaves bifa- 
rious, alternate, pinnate with twelve or more alternate, short- 
petioled, oval leaflets in each side, Flowers leaflet-axillary ; 
the female ones solitary, the male ones fascicled in the lower 
axills, Berries erect in the rotate, permanent calyx. 

A native of Chittagong, and from thence introduced by 
Mr. William Roxburgh, Jun, into the Botanic garden, where 
it is in flower all the year, and a very ornamental shrub 
it is. 

Trunk erect, Branches spreading, with numerous approx- 
imated, alternate, bifarious, horizontally spreading branch- 
lets. Bark of the woody parts dark brown; that of the 
young parts smooth, deep green. Leaves alternate, bifarious, 
pinnate, spreading, from four to eight inches long. Leaflets 
on each side from five to fifteen, alternate, short-petioled, 
oval, entire, smooth on both sides, dark green, a little more 
than half an inch in general length. Stipules of the petioles 
forming a three-toothed cup ; those of the leaflets two, semi- 
cordate, acuminate. Maze FLoweERs in the axills of the 
lower leaflets, several together, very fine-peduncled, droop- 
ing under the leaves. Bractes minute. Calyz turbinate, 
searcely half the length of the calyx. Anthers six or three 
_ pair, linear, affixed longitudinally to the club of the fila- 
ment. FEMALE FLOWERS in the axills of the middle leaflet, 
_ the exterior ones being without flowers, solitary, short-pedun~ 

led, drooping while in blossom. Calyx flat, with a border 
of six reniform, permanent segments. Berry erect on the 
spreading, enlarged, coloured calyx, three-lobed, smooth, 
succulent, of the size of a pea, three-celled. Seeds, two in 


each cell. 
Ati is much like P. vitis idea, but in addition to the dee, 


ence which the description points out, specimens of this 
species retain their colour when dry, whereas those of vitis 


- idea become remarkably black. 
: 4F2 


668 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA,  Phyllanthus. 


18. tenellus. Roxb. 

An erect, delicate, small shrub. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 
from eight to ten pairs, oval, Flowers axillary, peduncled ; 
one female and several pentandrous male ones; in both a five- 
leaved calyx, and five-scaled nectary. Capsule three-cell- 
ed, six-valved, with two seeds in each cell. Introduced from 
the Mauritius in 1802, by Captain Tennant. | 

Trunk a single, straight, ligneous twig, of three anda half 
feet in height, with a few still more delicate, erect branches, 
from the whole plant, which is now five years old. Leaves 
pinnate, alternately scattered round the stem and branches, 
diverging from two to three inches long. Leaflets from six 
to ten pair, alternate, oval, smooth, and entire ; about half an 
inch long. Stipudes tapering, acute, those of the common pe- 
tiole three-fold, those of the leaflets two-fold. # lowers two- 
fold, in the axills of the leaflets, generally one longer pedun- 
cled female one, and several shorter peduncled male ones, 
opening in succession, pale pink, exceeding minute ; particu- 
larly the male ones. Male calyx of five, orbicular leaflets. 
Nectary of five, roundish scales, alternate with the leaflets of 
the calyx. Filaments five, alternate with the nectarial scales, 
and shorter than the calyx. Anthers oval. Female calyst, 
leaflets five, oblong. Nectary as in'the male. Capsule mi- 
nute, oblate spherical, three-celled, ysix-valved. Seeds, two 
in each cell. Perisperm in considerable quantity ;_ pale, 
fleshy. Embryo inverted, and curved, the two subulate co- 
tyledons point to the lower angle, and the radicle to the apex 


19. P. Kirganelia, Willd. iv, p. 587. 

Shrubby. Leaves pinnate, with from twelve to thirty pair 
of alternate, oblong leaflets, Flowers axillary, peduncled, 
several monadelphous male, and one female flower toge- 
ther, in both calyx five-leaved, and nectary of five giants, 
Berries many-seeded. 

A native of the Mauritius, fom thence inteodacell into the 


_ Phyllanthus, | MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 669 


Botanic garden at Calcutta by Captain Tennant in 1802; 
where it blossoms the whole year, but rarely ripens its seed 
in Bengal. 

Trunk distinct, straight, and about as thick as a man’s 
wrist ; covered with rough, dark greenish, ash-coloured bark. 
Branches numerous, spreading far; the smaller have their 
extremities often drooping, and covered with smoother bark 
than the’trunk. Height of the now five-year-old shrubs about 
eight feet, and expanding much more. Leaves alternate, 
pinnate, from four to six inches long. Leaflets from ten to 
thirty pair, alternate, from oblong elliptic, to lanceolate. Sii- 
pules thin at the base of the common petioles ; and in pairs at 
the insertion of the leaflets. lowers axillary, several male, 
and generally one female, very small, reddish, Calyx in 
both of five oblong, concave leaflets. Nectary in both five 
separate glands, within and alternate with the leaflets of the 
calyx. Male filament a single column, dividing into three, 
four or five, each furnished with a two-lobed anther. Female. 
germ ovate, from three to five-celled, with two seeds in each, 
attached to the top of the axis. Stylescarcely any. Stigmas 
from three to five, deeply two-cleft; segments long, taper, and 
variously bent, but always spreading back over the germ. 
Berries small, round, dark red, succulent, from three to five- 
celled... Seeds two in each cell, but all seldom come to ma- 
turity. Embryo inverse, curved and furnished with a peris- 
perm, 

A stout handsome shrub, loaded with abundance of deli- 
cately small, ever-green foliage. The flowers are too small 
to add to its beauty, except when narrowly inspected. 

20. P. reclinatus, Roxb. 

Shrubby, scandent, with reclinate branchlets, and leaves. 
Leaves pinnate, floriferous ; eaflets many, alternate, oval-ob- 
long, with a few male flowers in the lower axills, and one fe- 
male in the exterior. Filament columnar, Capsule de- 


pressedly turbinate. 


670 ‘ MONOECIA MONADELPHIA; Phyllanthus, 


A large, shrubby, somewhat climbing plant; a native of 
Suinatra, and brought from thence to the Botanic garden by 
Mr. William Roxburgh, in 1803, where it flowers during the 
rains chiefly. 

Trunk scarcely any, but many long, straggling or climb- 
ing, woody branches, clothed with dark brown, smooth bark; 
branchlets reclinate, round, smooth, and green. Leaves pin- 
nate, and reclinate, from twelve to thirty-six inclies long. 
Leaflets from six to twenty pair, alternate, short-petioled, 
ovate-oblong, entire, smooth, about an inch and a half long, 
and less than one inch broad. Stipules of the leaves three- 
fold ; those of the leaflets paired. Flowers leaflet-axillary, 
generally several, small, yellow, the male ones in a few of the 
lowermost axills, and one smaller, shorter peduncled, green 
female one in the exterior. Male calyx turbinate, one-leaved, 
with a contracted, six-toothed mouth, teeth alternately small- 
er, and incurvate. Filament single, columnar, clavate, with 
six linear, two-lobed anthers round its upper two-thirds. Fe- 
male calyx six-toothed ; teeth rounded. Germ turbinate, 
three-celled, with two seeds in each. Styles scarcely any- 

_ Stigmas three, triangular, incurvate. Capsule compressed, 
turbinate, of the size of a pea, smooth, red, three-celled, three- 
valved, each valve separating into two, from the case Up- 
wards as in Bradleia, Seeds two in each cell, angular, i 

. teguments three; the exterior one a complete, soft, orange 

coloured aril ; the second, hard, thick and black ; the interior 
one membranaceous. Perisperm conform to the seed. Em- 
bryo inverse, curved, Cotyledons oblong. Radicle cylindric, 
superior. 
21. P. strictus. R. . wa 
Shrubby ’ straight, Leaves pinnate “3 leaflets firm, ovate 
oblong to lanceolate. Racemes axillary ; male calyx one 
leaved ; female deeply six-parted. Capsule berried. 

A native of the Malay Islands, to the eastward of the Bay 

of Bengal. mae. a8 oe lath iene 


Phyllanthus. | MONORCIA MONADELPHIA. 671 


Stem straight, woody ; branches few and erect, particular- 
ly while young. Bark of the stem dark brown; the height 
of the plants in ten years, and they have been full grown for 
some years, about eight feet. Leaves alternate, pinnate, ho- 
rizontal, or drooping, from six to twelve inches long. Leaf~ 
Jets numerous, alternate, short-petioled, broad-lanceolate, en- 
tire, smooth, about two inches long, and scarcely one broad. 
Racemes \eaflet-axillary, sessile, solitary, short, imbricated 
with small, cordate, pointed bractes. MALE FLOWERS more 
-mumerous than the female ones, peduncled, drooping. Ca- 
lyx one-leaved, peltate, fleshy ; border crenulate; in the cen- 
tre are six semi-circular, incurved, fleshy scales, from a trian- 
gular excavation, in which the stamens are lodged, Fila- 
ment single, short, three horned. Anthers double, at the ex- 
tremity of each of the horns of the filaments, FEMALE FLOWw- 
ERS on the same raceme with the male, and of nearly of the 
same size, Calyx six-parted to the base; divisions sub-or- 
bicular, coloured on the inside. Nectary none. Germ tur- 
binate, truncated. Styles three, spreading, each two-cleft. 
Capsule size of a large cherry, smooth, of a beautiful pale rose 
colour, three-celled, three-valved ; valves fleshy. Seeds, two 
in each cell, black, rounded at the base, pointed at top, co- 
vered on the inside with a white fleshy aril, and by it affixed 


to the central receptacle. 


22. P, Emblica, Willd. iv. 587. 
- Arboreous, Leaves bifarious; leaflets numerous. Flow- 
ers axillary, and below the leaves. Calyx six-leaved. Drupe 
with a three-celled nut. 

Emblica officinalis. Gert. Sem. ii, 122. 

Nilicamaram. Rheed, Mal. i. t. 38. 

Sans. Amlaki, See Asiat. Res. iv. 308. 
» Hind, Amlae. 

Beng, Amla. . 


- Tam, Nellekai. 
_Myrobalana Emblica of the Materia Medica. 


672 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Phyllanthus. 


Teling, Userekee. 

A pretty large tree, found cultivated in most parts of In- 
dia, and also wild in forests, Flowers during the beginning 
of the hot season; fruit ripe in eight or nine months after. 

Trunk generally crooked, when large as thick as a man’s 
body. Branches thinly scattered in every direction; male 
branches spreading and drooping. Bark ash-coloured,scab- 
rous. Leaves alternate, spreading, bifarious, pinnate, flower- 
bearing, from one to two feet long, and about one and a half 
or two inches broad, leaflets very numerous, alternate, linear 
obtuse, entire, smooth, about three-fourths of an inch long, 
and one-eighth broad, etioles striated, round. Stipules 
small, withering. Flowers minute, greenish yellow. MALE 
FLOWERS very numerous in the axills of the lower leaflets, 
and round the common petiole below the leaflets, peduncled. 
Calyx six-leaved. Filament single. Anthers from three to 
five surrounding the upper part of the columnar filament. 
FEMALE FLOWERS few, solitary, sessile, mixed with some 
males in the most exterior axills that bear flowers, Calyx as 
in the male. Nectary cup-formed, embracing half the germ, 
border ragged. Germ superior, ovate, Style scarcely any. 
Stigmas three, two-cleft, segments a little two-cleft, Drupe 
fleshy, globular, smooth, six-striated. Nut obovate, obtuse- 
ly triangular, three-celled, Seeds two in each cell. — | 

The wood of this tree is hard and durable particularly un- 
der water. The bark is strongly astringent; the natives em- 
_ ploy it to cure diarrhoeas, and to tan leather. The fruit is at 
all times full of exceedingly sharp juice; it is eaten raw by 
the natives, although to an European, the taste is disagree- 
ably acrid. They are pickled, and made into preserve with 
sugar, and also baked in tarts; by these means they are more 
reconcilable to our taste, : 


23. P. longifolius, Jacq. Hort. Schonb. ii. p. 36. t. 194. 
Arboreous, Leaflets ovate, Racemes drooping. Calyces 
- four-leaved. Male flowers tetrandrous., Drupe with a four- — 
celled nut. i 


cee 
a 


Phyllanthus, MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 673 


* 


Cicca disticha. Willd. iv. 332, 

Neli pouli. Rheed. Mal. iii. t, 47, 48. 

Cheramela. Rumph, Amb. vii. t. 33.f. 2. 

Beng, Loda, Nort, 

_ Hind, Hurpurori, also Chelmer, 

Averrhoa acida. Linn, sp. pi. 613. 

Eur, Cheramella. 

Teling. Russa Userekee. 

An elegant small tree, common in gardens, where it is rear- 
ed for the sake of the fruit ; I never saw it wild. It flowers 
about the beginning of the hot season. 

Trunk tolerably straight, but short. Branches numerous, 
spreading in every direction. Bark ash-coloured, deeply 
cracked, Leaves approximated, numerous, scattered round 
the extremities of the branchlets, pinnate, often flower-bear- 
ine, from one to two feet long. Leaflets numerous, alternate, 
short-petiolate; the largest about the middle of the leaf, the 
lowermost nearly orbicular, gradually lengthening to ob- 
long ; smooth, entire, waved; from one to three inches long, 
and from one to one and a half broad ; sometimes there are 
male flowers in the axills of the exterior leaflets, Stipu/es of 
the petioles three-fold, those of the petiolets two, very minute. 
Petioles round, smooth, tapering, sometimes ending in a 
short, ¢lomerate raceme of male flowers. Racemes numerous, 
terminal; axillary and from the old germs over the naked 
branchlets, Peduncles flexuose, round, smooth, Flowers 
exceedingly numerous, small, reddish, collected into globu- 
lar heads over the raceme ; also frequently in the axills of the 
leaflets, and sometimes round the common petioles below the 
leaflets; male, female and hermaphrodite mixed. Braetes 
three-fold, at every bundle of flowers. Male flowers by far 
the most numerous. Calyx of four orbicular, spreading, con- 
cave leaflets, Corol none. Nectary four glands between 
the insertions of the petals. #ilaments four, erect, shorter 
than the corol, anthers two-lobed. Hermaphrodite and fe- 
male flowers mixed with the male ones, but fewer. Corol and 

VOL, It, 4G 


674 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. Phyllanthus. 


nectary as in the male. Stamens generally wanting, though 
there are sometimes one or two, seldom more, and unlike those 
of the male, Germ superior, ovate. Style scarcely any. 
Stigmas from three to four, spreading, two-cleft. Drupe 
fleshy, from three to four-lobed, generally four, from six to 
eight-grooved, of the size of a gooseberry, which they are not 
unlike, Nut from three to four-parted, each part one-celled, 
and one-seeded. 

This has much affinity with the Phyllanthi, particularly 
Emblica ; the Telingas, though no great Botanists, are sensi- 
ble of it, and call many of them, with this, by the same fami- 
ly name, Userekee, 

The fruit of this species ismore esteemed then that of Em- 
blica. The natives therefore call it Russa Userekee. They 
are universally used as an article of food, either raw or dressed 
in various fashions, also pickled or made into preserves. 


24, P. tetrandrus, R. 

_ Shrubby. Leaves pinnate; Jeaflets numerous, lanceolar. 
| Flowers \eaflet-axillary, crowded, filiform. pedicelled ; male 
calyx four-leaved, and tetrandrous; female five. 

Angrua, the vernacular name in Silhet where it is found, a 
small ramous shrub, common in the forests of that country ; 
it blossoms in April and May, and the seed ripens in Sep- 
ae: 

Young shoots clothed witha small portion of ferruginous 
‘pubescence. Leavesalternate, and alternately pinnate; length- 
ening to two feet by the time they are full grown, Leaflets 
numerous, alternate, expanding in succession, short-petioled, 
broad-lanceolar, entire, smooth, from two to four inches long. 
Petioles round, villous, Stipules triangular, two to each 
petiole and petiolet. Flowers leaflet-axillary, much crowd- 
ed, filiform, pedicelled, minute, purple, generally male in the 
lower axills, and female in the superior, though sometimes 
reverse or mixed, Bractes numerous at the base of the fila- 
ments, collecting them into bundles, Male calyx four-leav- 


_ Acalypha. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 675 


ed ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, laciniate. Corol none. Nectary 
four small, roundish, reniform scales alternate with the leaf- 
lets of the calyx. Filaments columnar, very short. Anthers 
four, linear-oblong, and placed transversely round the apex 
of the column. Female calyx five-leaved ; leaflets broad- 
lanceolate, fringed. Corol none. Nectary a six-lobed, small, 
saucer-shaped body round the base of the germ. Germ 
three-lobed, three-celled, with two ovula in each, attached to 
_ the axis from the middle upwards, Styles three, but bifid, 
and spread over the apex of the lobes of the germ. Stigma 
simple. Capsule small, three-lobed, three-celled, six-valv- 
ed. Seeds two in each cell, when all come to maturity. 
Perisperm conform to the seed. Embryo inverse, as in the 
genus. ; 


ACALYPHA. Schreb. gen. N. 1461. 


Male calyx from three to four-leaved. Corol none. Stig- 
mas from eight to sixteen. Female calyx three-leaved. Co- 


_ rolnone, ‘Styles three, ramous, Capsules tricoccous. 


1, A. Indica, Willd, iv. 523. 

Annual, erect. Leaves ovate, serrate. Spikes longer than. 
the petioles, Jnvolucre cowled, and notched, containing 
from two to four female flowers. 

Cupameni, and Wellia Cupameni, Rheed. Mal. x. t. 81. 
and 83. 

Beng. Shwet busunta. 

Teling. Moorkanda, - 

An annual, very common every where, particularly in gar- 
dens, where it is in flower all the year round, 

Stem erect, from one to two feet high, branchy, round, 
smooth. Leaves scattered, petioled, ovate-cordate, three- 
nerved, serrate, smooth, about two inches long, and one and a 
half broad, Petioles as long as the leaves, Stipules small, 
_ subulate, Spikes axillary, generally single, peduncled, erect, 


4G2 


676 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. Acalypha, 


as long as the leaves, many-flowered, crowned, with a body 
in the form of a cross, the base of which is surrounded with 
a three-leaved calyx, the arms of the cross are tubular, with 
their mouths fringed, from the base of the cross on one side, 
issues a style-like thread, with a fringed stigma. The body 
of the cross contains an ovate seed-like substance. MALE 
FLOWERS numerous, crowded round the upper part of the 
spike, Calyx four-leaved, leaflets cordate. Filaments, their 
number I could never ascertain, so exceedingly minute are 
they. FrmaLe rLowers below the male,remote. Jnvolu- 
cre cup-formed, with an opening on the inner side, striated, 
smooth, toothed, from two to four-flowered. Calyx three- 
leaved, 


. 2. A, ciliata, Willd. iv. 522. Vahl, &e. 

Annual, Leaves serrate. Spikes axillary, shorter than 
the petioles. £nvolucres notched, one-flowered, ciliate and 
hairy....210 | : 

A rare species, but growing in similar soil with Indica, It 
is also like that, annual, and about the same size. 

Leaves as in A, Indica, except that they are a little hairy. 
Spikes axillary. FEMALE FLowers, Involucre one-flower- 
ed, toothed, ciliated, hairy. 

Note. The same terminal cross is to be found at the extre- 
mity of the spike in this species, 


3. A. pilosa. Willd, iv, 525. 

Annual, erect, hairy. Leaves long-petioled, cordate, ser- 
rate, three-nerved. Spikes axillary, as long as the petioles. 
Involucre cup-shaped, dentate, one-flowered. 

A native of the Moluccas, 


4, A. amentacea, R, | 

Dioecous, shrubby. Leaves long-petioled, ovate-cordate, 
taper-pointed, serrate, three-nerved. Stipules. ensiform. 
Spikes axillary, as long as the petioles, the male amentace- 


Acalypha. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 677 


ous, Jnvolucre small, hairy, dentate, one-flowered, Style 
multifid. : 

A native of the Moluccas. It differs from Konig’s A. be- 
tulina (in Retz. Obs. v. N85.) in having but one female 
flower in the involucre. 


5. A. chinensis. R. 
Annual, erect, very ramous. Leaves rhomb-ovate, cre- 


nate, Involucres cordate-crenate, on long axillary peduncles. 

Male flowers in a pedicelled head, from the involucre. Cap- 

sules muricated. 

A native of China. From Canton it was sent to the Bota~ 

_ hic garden, where it blossoms and ripens its seed during the 
rains ; and perishes at the approach of the cool weather in 
December. 

Stem erect, annual, very ramous, lower branches horizon- 
tal and nearly as long as the stem; the superior ones ascend- 
ing ; cells clothed with short, appressed, white hairs, one or 
two feet high. Leaves alternate, petioled, rhomb-ovate, cre- 
nate, obtuse, three-nerved, pretty smooth, Mae FLowErRs 
in a small, pedicelled head rising from the base of the invo- 
lucre. FEMALE FLOWERS from two to three, sessile in the 
centre of the involucre, immediately about the male pedicel ; 
they expand in remote succession, Calyx as in the genus. 

] - Capsules muricate, and hairy, Seed, integuments, perisperm 
and embryo as in A. virginica, Gert. Sem, ii, 116, t, 107. 


6. A, conferta. R. 
Annual. Leaves round-cordate, crenate. Flowers axil- 


lary, crowded, sessile. Involucres from three to four-parted, 
with from two to three female flowers, proliferous, the exte- 
rior one bears a minute head of male flowers. sree 
Tugose, 

A native of China, from thence introduced into the Botanic 
_ garden, where it grows, flowers freely, and Lip 
during the hot season. 


678 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Croton. 


Root annual, Stem with many, ascending, round, smooth 
branches, from twelve to eighteen inches high. Leaves 
long-petioled, round-cordate, obtuse-pointed, three-nerved, 
crenate, pretty smooth, from one to two inches long. Jnvo- 
lucres axillary, crowded, sessile, proliferous, from two to 
three-flowered, from three to four-parted, segments narrow, 
entire, sub-ciliate, MALE FLOWERS most minute, purplish, 
collected in a minute head, which springs from the exterior 
involucre only, the whole including its little pedicel, shorter 
than the involucre. FEMALE FLOWERS two or three in suc- 
cession, in each involucre, Calyx none, or too minute to be 
discovered. Corol none. Germ three-lobed, hairy. Styles 
two or three-cleft. Capsules rugose. 


7. A, cylindrica, Roxb. 

Annual, hairy. Leaves long-petioled, sub-ovate, obtuse- 
ly serrate. Spikes axillary, solitary, sessile, lower part cy- 
lindrical with a one-flowered, deeply dentate, ribbed involu- 
cre, minute and male. 

A native of the Mauritius, from thence brought to the Bo- 
tanic garden at Calcutta, where it flowers and ripens its seed 


more or less the whole year, but chiefly during the rainy 
season, 


CROTON. Schreb. gen. N. 1462. 


3 | Male calyx five-leaved, or five-parted. Corol five-petal- 
ed, Stamina various. Female calyx generally as in the 
nae Corol as in the male, or none, Capsule tricoccous. 


cd 


1. C, varkegata: Willd. iv. 531. 
Shrubby, erect, Leaves lanceolate, smooth, entire, gene- 
rally pointed ; male flowers with small, ragged, obversely re- 


niform petals, and twenty or more distinct stamens, Styles 
three, undivided, = 


Tsjera maram. Rheed, Mal, vi, .t, 61. 


Croton. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 679 


_ Codizeum medium chrysosticton, Rumph. Amb. iv. t. 25. 
and 26. f. 2. 

Phyllaurea Codieum. Lour, Cochin Ch. 705. 

This elegant, highly ornamental shrub, so far as I have 
been able to learn, is indigenous only on the Moluccas, and 
from thence was introduced into the Botanic garden together 
_ with the two varieties of the same species, hereafter to be men- 
tioned, where they blossom about the beginning of the rains 
in June. 

Trunk erect and short. Bark ash-coloured. Branches 
sub-erect; general height of the whole. plant from three to 
six or eight feet. Leaves alternate, petioled, lanceolate, en- 
tire, polished on both sides, generally variegated with white 
or yellow; about six inches Jong, by one aol a half broad, 
Petioles round, smooth, about an inch long. Racemes axil- 
lary, about as long as the leaves, and so far as I have yet 
- seen, male on one raceme, and female on another, Mare 
FLOWERS collected in fascicles in pretty long, slender pedi- 
cels, Calyx five-parted ; divisions sub-rotund, Petals five, 
somewhat triangular, variously notched, or ragged, shorter 
by half than the divisions of the calyx. Nectarial glands 
five, round the stamina, and alternate with the petals, Fila- 
ments from twenty to thirty, distinct, clavate. Anthers seven, 
FEMALE FLowERS sub-sessile, solitary. Calyx urceolate, 
five-toothed. Corol none, Nectary a coloured glandular 
ring, round the base of the germ. Germ conical, Styles three, 
undivided, recurved. Besides the plain green-leaved plant, 
viz, Codieum medium chrysosticton, we have also from the 
Moluccas Rumphius’s Codieum crispum, t. 26. f, 2. and his 
fifth variety, Codieum chrysoticton latifolium, sometimes 
the variegation partakes of yellow, but red predominates, In 
this variety the leaves are larger, and tend to be wedge-shap- 
ed. The female flowers are short-peduncled, and have the 
style much shorter than in the first variety, It isa most ele- 
gant plant, and delights in the shades of large trees, where 
_ the colours are more varied, and brighter. All the varieties 


680 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. Croton. 


are readily propagated by laying. In the Botanic garden _ 
they have not yet perfected their seed. 


2. C. bractiferum. R. 
~Shrubby. Leaves linear-oblong, smooth, entire. Racemes 
terminal, becoming lateral with an immense orbicular bracte 
at the base. 

Codizeum silvestre. Rumph, Amb, iv. t. 27. 

A native of the Moluccas, 


3. C. dioecum, R. 

Leaves alternate, long-petioled, oblong, with the base 
somewhat cordate. Racemes axillary, filiform, much longer 
than the leaves. 

A native of the — ae 


4.C. ich: R. | 
-iifShrebibys Branches proliferous, Leaves oblong, ventri- 
cose, entire, smooth above, sericeous with stellate scales. un- 
derneath. Racemes terminal, male flowers superior. 

A native of Sumatra, Flowering time inthe Botanie gar- 
den March and April. 

» Trunk short, soon dividing into many spreading branches, 
with their divisions proliferous, from three to six-cleft. Bark 
of the old ligneous parts brownish and scabrous, that of the 

young shoots. ferruginous with small, brown, peltate, stellate 
Seales; ac ae of six-years-old plants about six feet. 


Leaves , petioled, oblong ventricose, somewhat cor- 
date at the base, entire, rather obtuse, smooth, green above ; 
gray with numerous, small, sericeous scales underneath ; 
from two to’six inches long, Glands, two small flat, green 
ones at the base. Petioles from one to two inches long, 
round, brown with rust-coloured scales. Stipules setaceous. 
Racemes terminal, solitary, longer than the leaves, scaly ; the = 
Female flowers occupying the lower fourth ; and the male ones 
the upper three fourths, Male calyx five-parted. Segments 


Croton. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 681 


short-ovate, Petals five, oblong, woolly. Filaments ten, ra- 
_ ther longer than the petals. Anthers ovate. Pistillum none. 
Female calyx five-cleft, Corol none. Nectary none. Germ 
round, densely clothed with stellate scales, three-celled, with 
one seed in each, attached to the upper end of the axis. 
Styles three, soon dividing into two long, reeurved divisions 


each. Stigmas simple.. 


5. C. plicatum, Willd, iv. 538. 

Annual, straggling. Leaves roundish-cordate, repand, 
hairy. Stamens monadelphous. Anthers fifteen. Capsules 

scabrous, beodg 
_ C, asperum. Kon. Mss. P 

C. tinctorium. Burm, Ind, 304. t. 62. f. 1. 

Beng. Khoodi-okra. 

Annual, and appearing in very great abundance on dried 
up rice, and other cultivated fields about the latter end of the 
cool season; the whole plant has a hoary, reddish appearance, 
and every part is covered with numberless, small, stellate, 
white hairs, which gives it a hoary look, Stem and branches 
several, round, dichotomous, weak, straggling, from one to . 
two feet long. Leaves alternate, petioled, broad-cordate, 
scolloped, waved, with two glands, one in each margin, close 
to the base, from one to two inches long, and nearly the same 
breadth. acemes terminal, few-flowered. Flowers pale 
yellow. MAaxg FLowers, about the female. Calyx five- 
leaved. Corol five-petalled, linear-lanceolate. Nectary none. 
_ Filaments coalesced. Anthers fifteen. FEMALE FLOWERS 

erect, Calyx and corol as in the male. The nectary is want- 
ing. Styles red. Capsules scabrous. 
Cloth moistened with the juice of the green capi soon 
becomes blue, after exposure to the openair, They no doubt 
Contain colouring matter, that might be usefully employed, 
probably similar to that of Croton tinctorium. 
VOL, 111, 4H 


682 - MONOECTA) MONADELPRHIA., Croton. 


6. C. polyandrum, R.- 

Shrubby. Leaves oval, often lobate, scollop-toothed, pro- 
jecting glands at the base. Male flowers in axillary ra- 
cemes; the, female ones sub-solitary, no coro}, anthers twin, : 

Jatropha Montana; Willd. iv. 563. : 

Hind, Hakoon. 

Teling. Konda-amadum. . 

A perennial species, a native of the borders of rills of sweet 
water, and moist high places amongst the Circar mountains. 
It flowers during the wet and cold seasons, « 

Stems’ several from the same root, shrubby, straight. 
Branches few, young shoots a little downy, and round, from 
three to six feet high, Leaves alternate, petioled, oval, some- 
times lobate, deeply toothed, or grossly and remotely serrate, 
a little hairy, three-nerved, with two projecting brown glands 
at the base, from two to six inches long. Pedtioles round, 
about an inch long. Stipules none, but two glands in their 
place. Mane FLowers racemed, small, of a dull yellow co- 
lour.. Racemes axillary, erect, intercepted. Calyx five-leav- 
ed: Corolnone. Nectary a membranaceous, yellow ring,’ 

surrounding the base of the filaments. Filaments shorter 
than the calyx, numerous, distinct, compressed, clubbed, 
with the apices bifid, each bearing two oval anthers. F-. 
MALE FLOWERS peduncled, axillary, one, two, or three, bow- 
ing. Calyx cylindric, five-toothed. Coro/ none. Ni ectary 
as in the male. Seeds exactly like those of Ricinus commu-: 
nis, but much smaller, — ; 

_ The seeds are esteemed by the nativesa good purgative; _ 
they administer one seed bruised up with water for every eva- 
cuation they wish the patient to have; each seed weighs 
about a grain anda half, They aresaid to be the real Jamal- 
gata of the Hindoo Physicians. While others, and with more 
reason, think the = C. — to be the real drug. 

7. Tiglium. Willd. iv. 453. 

Arboreous, Lone ovate, cordate, serrate, ssi sania 


Croton. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 683 


Male flowers, from fifteen to twenty woolly, unconnetied 
stamens. Female without corol, 

Sans, Jayapala, 

Hind, Jamal gata. 

Cadal avanacu, Rheed. Mal. ii. t. 33. 

Granum Moluccum, Rumph, Amd. iv, t, 42. 

It grows to be a small tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in 
height, in the Company’s Botanic garden’at Calcutta, and in 


- flower most part of the year. 


Trunk a little crooked, as thick as a man’s thigh. » Bark 
smooth, ash-coloured. Wood white and hard. Branches 
rather thin. Leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-cordate, slight- 
ly serrate, pretty smooth, from three to five inches long, and 
from two to three broad. , Racemes terminal, erect. Mate 


- ¥LOWERS above and numerous. FEMALE FLOWERS always 


single, rather longer, occupying the lower part of the raceme, 
Male calyx five-parted. Petals five, oblong, very woolly on 
the inside, and margin. /i/aments from fifteen to twenty, 
distinct, woolly towards the base. Female calyx as the male. 
Corol none. Nectary, some small glands round the base of 
the germ. — 

The tree has a disagreeable smell, the taste of the baie 
is Dbsicwtiedty nauseous and of long duration. Tamul Phy- 
sicians say the seed. of this tree purges effectually and easily, 
removing all obstructions in the bowels; and that it cures all 


venereal complaints, and bites of venomous animals, . 


* 8, C. Halecum. R. 

» Arboreous. Leaves approximate, long-petioled, round, 
re-entering, cordate, entire, downy underneath, male panicles 
axillary. .Calyx three-toothed, Corol none, 

- Halecus alba. Rumph. Amb, iii. p. 198, 

~ A native of the Moluccas. ¢ 


“OC, drupaceum. R. 
~'Shrubby, often scandent, every part scabrous with stellate 
4H2 


684 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. Croton, 


pubescence. Leaves cordate-serrate, two pedicelled glands 
_ under the base. Racemes terminal, with male flowers on 
one, and female ones on another. Nut three-partible, parts. 
two-valved, | 

A native of the country about Dacea. Flowers in March, 
seed ripe in September. 

‘Trunk short, and ill defined. Branches many, ina bad 
soil shorter ; in a good soil and protected, long and scandent ; 
young parts rough with an immense quantity of short harsh 
stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, cus- 
pidate, unequally and grossly serrate, three-nerved, harsh 
with stellate hairs, and having two yellow, pedicelled, sub- 
cyathiform glands immediately under the base, from four to 
six inches long, and threeor four broad. Petioles round,about 
an inch long, harsh. Stipules ensiform, sometimes pinnati- 
fid. Racemes terminal, simple, generally in pairs, becoming 
lateral by age, one bearing entirely male flowers, the other fe- 
male, and sometimes a few male ones at the apex, every part 
pubescent. Bractes subulate, one-flowered. Flowers small, 
of a dull yellowish green colour, Male calyx deeply five- 
cleft, rather shorter than the corol, Petals lanceolate, with 
very woolly margins. Nectary five yellow glands, alternate 
with the petals, Stamina numerous, as long as the petals, in- 
serted in a convex, woolly receptacle which occupies the 
whole centre of the flower. Female calyx as the male. Corol 
none. JVectary as in the male. Germ round, very hairy, 
three-celled, with one seed in each cell, attached to the top of 
es the axis. _ Styles three, each divided near the base into two 

long, filiform, hairy, variously contorted segments, Capsules 
drupaceous, tricoccous, globose, scabrous, clothed with stel- 
late pubescence, of the size of a large gooseberry. Cortex, 
when dry dividing from the apex into six portions ; nut thick 
and. very hard, spontaneously three-partible, each portion 
one-celled, two-valved. Seed or rather nut solitary, oval. 
Integuments two, the exterior one thick, of a bony hardness, 
rugose, of a chesnut colour, with a little stellate pubescence 


Croton, MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 685 


on the outside; the inner one a thin, white membrane. . Pe- 
risperm oinhited to the nut, pale yellow. Embryo inverse, — 
Cotyledons nearly as long as the perisperm, three-nerved in 
the fruit of the large variety; oblong-conic in the small ya- 
riety, sub-rotund. Radicle oblong, superior, 


10. C, oblongifolium. Roxb, 

Arboreous. Leaves oblong, serrate, two glanded at the 
base, smooth. Racemes terminal. Petals woolly. Stamens 
twelve, Capsules round, 

Beng. Buragach. 

A small tree, common in forests about Calcutta. Flower- 
ing time the beginning of the hot season, 

Trunk straight ; bark ash-coloured, and pretty per 
Leaves petioled, alternate, and thickly set about the ends of 
the branchlets, spreading or drooping, oblong, serrate, ob. 
tuse-pointed, very smooth on both sides, from six to twelve 
inches long. Petioles round and smooth, with a lateral gland 
on each side of their apices. | Stipules small, caducous, Ra- 
cemes terminal, generally solitary, erect, shorter than the 
leaves. Flowers solitary, a few female ones mixed with 
many male ones, small, of a pale yellowish green. Bractes 
three-fold, one-flowered. GJ/ands, on the. inside of each of 
the small, lateral bractes isa round permanent one, as in Se- 
samum Indicum. Male calyx deeply five-cleft, Petals 
six, smaller than the calyx, very woolly. Filaments twelve, 
distinct, nine in the circumference and three in the centre ; 
woolly toward the base. Female calyx and corol as in the 
male, Stamens none. Germ globular. Styles three, each 
divided into two very long, variously bent segments, Cap- 


sules globular, fleshy, six-furrowed, tricoccous. 


ll. C, Joufra. 
Arboreous, tender parts scaly. Leaves broad-ovate-lan- 


‘ceolate, serrate, Racemes sub-terminal, and lateral or axil- 
lary, much longer than the leaves. Male flowers above, and 


686 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Jatropha. 


dodecandrous; female below, both with five lanceolate, 
woolly petals. tah 

» Joufra, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it grows to be 
a large tree. Flowering time March and April. 

Branchlets proliferous; their tender shoots, clothed with 
minute silver-coloured scales, and no other kind of pubes- 
cence. In C, bicolor, which this most resembles, the scales 
are all ferruginous. Leaves crowded about the divisions of 
the tender shoots, alternate, petioled, broad-ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate, smooth, obtuse with an acumen, having two small flat 
glands on the base of the rib underneath, as in bicolor, but hot 
having the shining silver-like appearance underneath which 
is in that species, from four to six inches long, and from one 
to two anda half broad. Petioles about an inch long, and 
scaly. Stipules small, subulate, scaly. Racemes lateral, 
axillary and sub-terminal, that is from the forks of the tender 
twigs, many times longer than the leaves ; the lower part of 
the large sub-terminal ones is occupied by the female flow- 
ers, and some male ones mixed ; all the rest by the male ones, 
both sorts have equally long pedicels. Bractes small. Male 
calyx deeply five-toothed, scaly on the outside. Petals five, 
lanceolar, woolly on the inside. Filaments twelve, longer 
than the petals, Anther ovate. Female calyx and corol as 
in the male. Stamens none. Germ oval, three-celled, one 
_ ovulum in each, attached to the upper end of the axis, Styles 
three, divided nearly to the base. Stigma simple. 


 . JATROPHA. Schreb. gen. N. 1463. 
~ Male calyx five-parted, Corol from one to five-petalled. 


Stamina about ten, Female calyx and corol as in the male, 
Styles three, bifid. Capsule tricoccous. 


1. J. Cureas, Willd, iv. 560, Asiat, Res, xi. 169. 
Shrubby. Leaves: broad-cordate, five-angled, smooth, 


Both male and female with a five-cleft calyx and five-petal- 
led corol. 


Jatropha. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 687 


Beng. Baghbafinda, 
_ Teling. Napalam. 

This is one of the most common small trees or bushes on 
the coast of Coromandel, and in flower and fruit all the 
“year. 

Trunk irregular, from being constantly kept low for 
hedges. Wood soft and spongy. Bark smooth, light ash- 
coloured. Leaves scattered, petioled, broad-cordate, five- 
angled, smooth, about six inches each way. Petioles round, 
smooth, from four to six inches long. Stipules none. Panicles 
terminal, or from the exterior axills, cymose, bearing many 
small, yellow flowers, The male flowers at the extremities of 
the ramifications, on short, articulated pedicels, and the fe- 
male ones in their divisions, with their pedicels not articu- 
lated. Bractes a small one below each sub-division of the 
panicle, and generally one pressing on the calyx. Male 
calyx five-leaved. Corol five-petalled, campanulate, some- 
what hairy. Nectary of five glandular bodies, round the 
base of the filaments. Fi/aments six, the central one very: 
thick, columnar ; the five exterior ones filiform, towards the 
base adhering to the central one, all erect, and a little longer 
than the calyx. Anthers ten, sagittate, equal; five sup- 
ported by the large central filament, and one by each of the 
others, Female calyx, corol and nectary as in the male. 
Germ oblong, smooth. Styles three, short. Stigma bifid, 
somewhat hairy. Pericarpium and seed as in the genus. 

The wood of this tree, or rather bush, is too soft and. 
spongy to be of any use, it will not even burn freely. 

The leaves warmed, and rubbed with castor oil are by 
the natives applied to inflammations where suppuration is 
wished for. An oil is expressed from the seed, which is only . 
used to burn in lamps, by the poorer classes of the natives. 
The seeds taken inwardly act with great violence both up- 
wards and downwards, and are therefore almost exploded 
from the Hindoo Materia Medica. They are seldom or ne- 
ver administered by our Medical Gentlemen. wi: 


688 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Jatropha, 


2. I. glandulifera. Roxb. ss 

Calycled, sub-arboreous. Leaves palmate, base cordate, 
smooth, lobes from three to five, lanceolar, oblong, acutely 
serrate, each serrature ending in a headed bristle. | Petioles 
naked, Stipules bristly, many-cleft. Flowers panicled, mo- 
nadel phous, sub-octandrous. 

This stout shrub is to be met with in a few gardens about 
Calcutta, where, in from six or seven years they have grown 
to be from four to eight feet high ; from whence they came 
I cannot learn; but as the juice is used medicinally, I sus- 
pect the plant to be well known, if not indigenous at no 
great distance. 

The trunk is short, soon dividing into dichotomous branches 
with smooth, swelled, ash-coloured bark. From fresh wounds 
there issues much thin, clear, pale yellowish juice. 

Leaves about the extremities of the branchlets, alternate, 
petioled, generally palmate; /obes from three to five, oblong, 
the two posterior ones are much smaller'than the other three, 
all are serrate, with each serrature ends in a short, green, 
glandular-headed bristle, from four to six inches each way. 
Petioles as long as the leaves, round, and smooth, Stipules 
bristly, many-cleft, each division ending ina glandular head. 
Panicles terminal, about as long as the leaves. Bractes 
bristly. MaLe FLOWERs most numerous and terminal, small, 
of a pale greenish yellow colour, Calyx five-cleft to the 
base, sometimes ciliate. Corol ample, campanulate. Petals 
cuneate, conjoined toward the base, and there woolly on the 
inside.* Nectary five green glands round the base of the 
conjoined filaments. Filaments about eight, conjoined, An- 

therstwin. Pistillum, no rudiment of one, the staminiferous 
column occupying its place, Femane FLowers few, and 
sub-sessile in the divisions of the panicle. Calyx and corol 
as in the male, Nectary;' five scales round the base of the 


® Wither ci he a may be taken fora hi 
talled one. 


Ricinus. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 689 


germ, Styles three, with enlarged, ragged stigmas. Capsule 
tricoccous, of the size of a filbert, and smooth. Seeds oblong, 
smooth, light green, crowned with a glandular body by 
which they are attached to the receptacle. Embryo, as in 
the other Euphorbie. 

‘I am inclined to think this differs from Vahl’s Jatropha 
glauca, though I camot finally settle that point as I am not 
acquainted with that plant, except this be it; however the 
above description is so full, and I can safely say accurate, 
as to enable any one who may have an opportunity of com- 
paring them, to determine. This is always a stout shrub, 
and never in any part pubescent; indeed from the whole of 
Vahl’s description now before me, I am inclined to think them 
different species. 

The pale or wlicy-coloured thin juice which exudes from 
a fresh wound of this plant, is employed by the Hindoos as 

an escharotic to remove films from the eyes, 


RICIN US. Schreb. gen. N. 1464. 

Male calyx four or five-leaved, or four or five-parted. 
Corol none. Stamina numerous. Female calyx three or five- 
parted, Corol none. Styles three, two-cleft. Capsules tri- 
coccous, 


- 1. R. communis, Willd. iv, 564. 

_ Leaves peltate, sub-palmate, serrate, Fruit prickly. 
Sans, Eranda. 
Teling, Amadum. 
Hind. Arend, Arendi, or Arindi. 


Beng, Bherenda. 
_ Of this very useful plant, we have several varieties culti- 


sited in India, some of them growing to the size of a pretty 
large tree, and of many years duration ; I have) not seen any 
variety with smooth fruit. 
On the leaves the domesticated Arrindy slk-wworm C Pha- 
VOL, 111, ce 5 


690 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Ricimus. 


lena Cynthia,) are fed. See Transactions of the Linnean 
Society, vol. vii. p. 42. 


2, R. mappa. Linn, sp. pl. 1430. 

Dioecous. Leaves peltate, cordate, entire,acute. Spikes 
panicled, 

Acalypha Mappa. Willd. iv. 526. 

Folium Mappa. Rumph, Amb. iii. t. 108. 

One plant of this, a handsome small tree, with hitherto 
male blossoms, sprung up amongst some plants from Am- 
boyna, introduced into the Botanic garden in 1798, where it 
flowers in July. 

Trunk straight and perfectly erect, Bark and large 
__ branches, smooth and ash-coloured. Branches tending to be 
verticelled, ascending and spreading. Branchlets round, 
smooth, and glaucouse Height of the tree, now eleven years 
old, thirty-five feet. Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, pel- 
tate, margins slightly waved, smooth on both sides, but very 
paler-coloured underneath, from numerous most minute, 
whitish dots. There are generally two, or three lanceolate 
smooth glands in as many of the smallest superior nerves ; 
veins numerous, from six to twenty-four inches long, and near~ 
ly of the same breadth. Pedioles nearly as long as the leaves, 
round, smooth, glaucous, Stipules cordate, reniform, acute, 
glaucous. Panicles of male flowers, axillary, erect, ramifi- 
cation alternate, Bractes alternate, sessile, cordate, concave, 
dentate, ciliate, many-flowered. Flowers numerous, very 


small, pale green. Calyx two-leaved, or deeply two-part: 
ed, reflexed, _Corol none. 


a R. dicoceus. Roxb. 


Arboreous. Leaves cordate, often lobate, repand-serrate. 
Racemes terminal, panicled, Capsules smooth, dicoccous. 

_ Folium calcosum. Rumph, Amb. iv, p. 129, t. 64. 

Some plants were received into the Botanic garden at Cal- 
cutta from Amboyna in 1%. Now, ia 1808 they have ge B 


zg 


Sapinm. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 691 


to be small trees, about twenty feet high. Flowering time 
from April to June. 

Trunk tolerably straight, about as thick as a man’s shi 
Bark smooth, of a light ash-colour, Branches few, spread- 
ing ; young shoots bidsbei iad o,round and covered with minute 
- grains. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, broad-cordate, and 
while the trees were young generally with three acute lobes, 
margins scollop-serrate, when they first unfold a little mealy, 
but by the time they are full-grown, smooth on both sides, 
with a cluster of small, dark coloured glands at the base of 
the upper side, about six inches each way. Petioles near- 
ly as long as the leaves, round, smooth. Stipules very mi- 
nute. Racemes terminal, nearly compound, indeed it may 
often be called a panicle. Flowers pedicelled, from one to — 
three or even more together ; male and female mixed, but the 
former by far the most numerous, small, of a greenish yellow 
colour. Bractes subulate, mealy. Male calyx four or 
five-cleft; divisions expanding, broad-lanceolate, mealy on 
the outside. Corol none. Nectary, none visible. Filaments 
very numerous, inserted into a hemispheric gland. An- 
thers linear, twin, with a common obovate gland at the top. 
Female calyx five-cleft. Corol none, Nectary a small flat 
receptacle, with a crenulate margin on which the germ rests, 
Germ two-lobed, clothed with stellate pubescence, two-cell- 
ed, with one ovulum in each, attached to the top of the axis, 
Style two-cleft ; divisions recurvate, Stigmas simple. Cap- 
sule dicoccous, each consisting of two valves, which open 
from the base. Seeds solitary ,round, rugose, of a dark brown, 
about the size of a grain of pepper, affixed to the apex of a 
slender central receptacle. 


SAPIUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1469. 


Male calyx from two to four-parted. Corol none. Sta- 
mina from two to four. Female calyx from three to four- 


parted. Corof none. Germ superior, from two to three- 
4l2 ‘ 


692 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. Sapium, 


celled ; cel/s one-seeded ; attachment superior. Style three- 
cleft. ‘Cinntiale bi-tricoccous, Embryo i inverse, and furnish- 
ed witha rns Se ison 


= s. eu: Willa. iv. 572. 
| Arboreous, branchlets often ending in a spine. Jiedies 
siete broad-lanceolate, serrate, smooth. Male-flowers 
amentaceous, triandrous. Female ones solitary. ae 
drupaceous, 
Beng. Hoorooa, 
Bengieiri. Rheed, Mal. iv. t. ae boll 
- Asmall tree, a native of the Delta of the Ganges. It flow- 


ers at various seasons, and ripens its seed in from twelve to’ 


eighteen months afterwards, _ The branches are numerous, 
spreading in every direction, and covered with smooth, ash- 
coloured bark, The smaller short ones from the trunks, and 
longer branches often ending in a strong sharp thorn... 

Leaves alternate, petioled, sub-pendulous, broad-lanceo- 
late, serrate, smooth, of a deep shining green, from two to 
four inches long, and broad in proportion. Stipules small, 
caducous, MALE FLOWERS on terminal, cylindric aments, 
Scales of the ament glandular, from three to four-flowered. 
Calyx three-parted ; divisions sub-cordate, expanding. Co- 
rolnone, Filaments longer than the calyx. Anihers ovate, 
FEMALE FLOWERS at the base of the aments, often solitary. 
Calyx from three to four-parted. Corol none, Germ above, 
ovate. Styles three-cleft, divisions entire, and recurved. 
_ Stigma enlarged. Capsule, or nut globular, of the size of a 
nutmeg, three-celled, six-valved, thick and exceedingly hard. 
_ Seed solitary, affixed by the apex, oval, smooth, 

The juice of this tree is reckoned of a very poisonous na- 
ture. The taste of the fruit is nauseous beyond description. 


The seeds are used by the natives for the nefarious = 
of i ae — the 


niente annpibnttnniinnins 


Sapium. MONOECIA MON ADELPHIA, 693 


2. S. sebiferum., R 

Arboreous. mess broad-rhomb-ovate, pointed, ane 
entire, smooth, male flowers triandrous. 

Croton sebiferum. Linn. sp. pl. 1425, 

Stillingea sebifera., Willd, iv. 588." 

Beng. Mom-China, 

Is now very common about Calcutta, where, in the course 
ofa few years it is become one of the most common trees, It 
is in flower and fruit most part of the year. 

‘Trunk straight; bark ash-coloured, considered cracked, 
Bvoiches numerous, the larger ones nearly erect, the smaller 
ones spreading, with their extremities often beautifully pen- 
dulous. Leaves scattered, petioled, rhombic, pointed, mar- 
gins waved, smooth on both sides, about two inches each way. 
Petioles nearly as long as the leaves, slender, channelled, 
‘smooth, with two glands on the upper side of the apex. 
Stipules caducous, Racemes terminal, cylindric. MAaLe 
FLOWERS fascicled, very numerous, small, yellow. Calyx 
irregularly three-toothed. Corol none. .Nectary none. Fi- 
laments from two to three, very short, not connected, .An- 
thers double. FEMALE FLOWERS large, three or four below 
the male. Calyx as in the male. Corol none. Nectary 
none. Germ oblong. Styles three, undivided. Capsule of 
the size of a cherry, tricoccous, smooth. Seeds vragen 
a white sebaceous substance. 

In Bengal it is only considered as an ornamental tree ; the 
sebaceous produce of its seeds is not in sufficient quantity, 
nor its qualities so valuable as to render it an object worthy 
of cultivation. Cocoa-nut oil is better for the lamp, and it is 
only during very cool weather that this substance becomes 
‘firm; at all other times it is in a thick, brownish, fluid state, 
and soon becomes rancid, Such is my opinion of the famous 
ee tallow of China. : 


8. S. cordifolium. Roxb. 
Arboreous, Leaves cordate-serrate, cuspidate, three-nerv- 


694 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Sapium. 


ed, with glands in the axills of the nerves on the under side, 
and stipuled at the base. Male flowers octandrous, with a 
bifid calyx. 
Teling. Badeki. 
A small tree, a native of moist vallies among the Circar 

mountains, | 
Trunk straight. Branches and branchlets nearly erect. 
Bark pretty smooth. Leaves scattered, petioled, cordate, 
acuminate, serrate, three-nerved, below downy, with yellow 
glands between the origin of the nerves, above pretty smooth, 
from four to twelve inches long, and from three to eight 
broad. Petioles from two to four inches long, round, smooth, 
coloured, Stipules of the petioles subulate, caducous ; those 
of the leaves subulate, recurved and permanent. Female 
racemes terminal, one or two. Male racemes several from 
the germs over the last year’s naked branchlets below the 
leafy shoots, all erect and fliers, from two to six _— 
long. 7 
Note. In some specimens I have found the male and fe- 
male flowers on the same raceme, the male above and the fe- 
male below. Bractes in both three-fold ; the male ones many- 
flowered ; the female ones one-flowered, Male calyx with 
the segments kidney-formed, spreading. Corol none. Fi- 
laments eight, short, tapering, spreading, united near the base 
into a flat, saucer-like body. Anthers oval. Female calyx 
below, six-parted; segments narrow, acute, Coro! none. 
Germ ovate ; style short. Stigmas three, long, thread-form- 
ee Capsules three-celled, three-valved. Seed solitary. 


4, Ss. Bitches R, 

Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, entire, Berries two- 

Billa the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indigenous, 
and grows to be a large and useful timber tree. Flowering 
time March and April; seed ripe in August. 
~ Branchlets crowded, ascending and particularly smooth. 


Bradleia. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 695 


Leaves petioled, alternate, broad-ovate lanceolate, acuminate, 
entire, glossy ; from three to six inches long, by from one and 
a half to two and a half broad, having no glands at the base, 
but the margins are a little swelled where they join the pe- 
tiole, Petioles from one to two inches long, smooth. Stipu- 
les; male aments terminal and axillary, slender and sim- 
ple, the terminal ones sub-panicled, the axillary ones solita- 
ry, as long as theleaves. Bractes or scales of the ament cu- 
cullate, many-flowered, with an oblong gland on each side, as 
observed by Jussieu in his account of the habit of the genus 
sapium, #lowers very minute, pedicelled. Calyx four- 
toothed, Corol none. Filaments two, very short ; anthers 
two-lobed, opening in the sides. Racemes; female flowers 
on a different tree, terminal and axillary, but fewer and 
shorter than the male. Flowers solitary, pedicelled. Bractes 
and calyx asinthe male. Corol none. Stamina none. Germ 
superior, round, compressed, two-celled, with one ovulum in 
each attached to the top of the axis. Style none. Stigmas 
two, recurved. Berries globular, of the size of a small goose- 
berry, smooth, purple, two-celled, Seed solitary, of the size 
of a betel nut, unequally oblong, the inside being straighter, 
Integuments two, the exterior one fibrous ; the inner one some- 
what nuciform, brittle, dark brown. Perisperm conform to 
the seed, very oily. Embryo inverse, Cotyledons oval, near- 
ly as broad and long as the perisperm, three-nerved. Radi- 
ele superior, large, oval. 


BRADLELA. Schreb. gen. N. 1474. 


Male calyx six-leaved in a double series,  Corol none. 
Anthers a few round the apex of a central column, Female 
calyx from six to twelve-leaved, in a double series. Style 
none or short. Germ superior, mapy-celled ; cel/s from one 
to three-seeded ; attachment internal. Stigma perforated at 
the top, with a many-lobed ray, corresponding with the cells 
in the germ, Capsule many-celled, many-valved, Seeds 


696 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Bradleia. 


arilled, from one to three in each cell, Embryo erect and 
eet with a pica 


1B. similtilecubaria Roxb. 

Arboreous. Leaves broad-lanceolate, eanis smooth, 
Flowers axillary, both sorts peduncled. Capsules compress- 
ed, umbilicate, from ten to fifteen-celled. 

. Agyneja multilocularis. Willd. iv. 569. 

A small ramous tree, a native of Bengal, and in blossom 
from April till October. Is nearly allied to Dr. Buchanan’s 
Agyneja coccinea. See Col, Symes’ Embassy to Ava. 

Trunk tolerably erect, covered with pretty smooth, brown- 
ish gray bark. Branches numerous, down to the ground, 
spreading with bifarious, often drooping branchlets. Young 
shoots smooth. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, en- 
tire, smooth on both sides; from two to three inches long. 
Stipules subulate. - Pddancles axillary, from one to three or 

‘more together, short, one-flowered. Bractes axillary, nu- 
merous, round the insertion of the male and female pedun- 
cles. 'Male and female flowers often in the same axill, 
Male smaller and deeper yellow. Male calyx six-parted to 
the base, three are exterior, and rather longer. | Filaments 
in the centre, forming a single cylindric receptacle with from 
eight to twelve, linear grooved anthers adhering to it, Fe- 
male calyx from six to twelve-leaved; the inner series, or 
alternate divisions rather smaller, .all sub-cordate, entire, 
smooth, and permanent. Stamina none. Germ depressed, 
from ten to fifteen-lobed, united ina verticel, from ten to fif- 
-teen-celled, with two ovula in each, attached to the inner an- 
gle of the cell. Stylenone. Stigma fleshy, funnel-formed, 
with its round fleshy margins marked with as many ribs as 
there are cells inthe germ, | Capsule about an inch in dia- 
meter, depressed, with the apex and base concave, sides to- 
rulose, smooth, from ten fo fifteen-celled, composed of two 
distinct tunics, opening round the base, and up the sides ; the 
exterior one generally divides into as many segments, or- 


Bradleia. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, 697. 


valves, as there are cells, the inner one is of the colour and 
consistence of parchment, and divides into double the number 
of portions, these drop off together, leaving the seeds in. pairs, 
in a circle round the large convex receptacle to which they 
are attached, and separated by very thin, white partitions, 
which were united to the inflected margins of the inner tani¢ 
of the capsule. Seeds two in each cell, obovate, flattened, 
sharp on the inner edge, enveloped in a soft, whitish, pulpy 
aril, which is covered with an orange-coloured pellicle. In- 
teguments, proper, nuciform, rugose. Umbilicus an elevat- 
ed point on the inner edge, Perisperm soft, of a pale azure 
colour. Embryo straight, nearly as long and broad as the 
-perisperm. Cotyledons two, round-cordate. Radicle cylin- 
dric, pointing directly to the umbilicus, viz. inferior, — 


2, B. lanceolaria. R. 

Arboreous, smooth. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolar, ob- 
tusely acuminate, glossy. lowers axillary, the male ones 
numerous, and long-peduncled, the female ones few and ses- 
sile. Anthers from four to six, ina sessile head ; germ about 
six-celled. Style lengthened. — 

- Angooti, the vernacular name ‘in Silhet, where it is indi- 
genous, and grows to bea large, useful timber tree; the wood 
being hard and durable is often employed by the natives in 
constructing their habitations. It ought to be compared with 
Cavanilles’ Bradleia Philippica. See B. Philippensis, Willd, 
iv, 592. : 
~ Tender shoots glossy, in habit tending to erect and straight. 
‘Leaves alternate, short-petioled, from narrow-lanceolar to 
oblong, entire, firm and glossy, acuminate, from three to six 
‘inches long, by from one to two broad. Stipules triangular, 
permanent, Mare rrowers long-peduncled, and collect- 
ed in a crowded fascicle in the lower axills, or from those of 
last year, also mixed amongst the few sessile female flowers 
‘in the exterior axills, colour of both sorts pale greenish yel- 
low. Calyx in both and 9 six-leaved ; the exterior three 
TOWOL WL as : 


698 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. Bradleia, 


longer, in the male oblong, in the female tapering from the 
base, Filaments very short. Anthers from four to six-lobed, 
linear. FEMALE FLOWERS sessile. Germ ovate, six-celled, 
with two ovula in each, attached to the thick axis, Style short 
and thick. Stigma six-lobed ; lobes pointed and incurved, 
Capsule much depressed, turnip-shaped, with a concave 
apex and base, grooved, six-celled, twelve-valved. Valves 
composed of two distinct coats ; the exterior one smooth, ra- 
ther spongy and olive-coloured; the interior one like hard 
thin parchment, these open from the base, warp, and soon 
drop off, leaving the red seed attached to the clavate recepta- 
cle or axis. Seeds two in each cell, attached to the clavate 
axis, a full half of each on the side where two meet is filled 
with a soft yellow pulp when recent, which on drying disap- 
pears, and leaves a vacuum, coloured by the two exterior in- 
teguments almost exactly as in Bradleia Sinica, (Gert. Sem. 
ii. 127. t. 109.) which I might have supposed this to be, had 
I not now before me K6nig’s very excellent description and 
figure of that species in the first volume of his Annals of Bo- 
tany, p. 356. pl. 7. f.4. . Integuments three ; the exterior one 
red, polished and glossy ; the second one like parchment ; and 
the interior one thin and brown, Perisperm soft completely 
covering the embryo. Embryo inverse. Cotyledons oblique- 
ly ovate, cordate, thin, adicle superior, with its apex at 
the umbilicus, 


3. B. Seiisatior: R. 

- ‘Arboreous. . Leaves: iene, oblong, entire, . smooth. 
Flowers: axillary, pedicelled. Style none. Stigma perfo- 
rated with a many-ribbed ray, Capsule turbinate. ) 

A native of the Moluccas, agreeing well with the descrip- 
tion of the Agyneja impuber in the Mantissa, except that the 


peduncles and_ the little roundish bractes round their.inser- 
tions are smooth, 


_4, B. pubera. R. af 
All the tender parts more or Ete ee poe ect 


Bradleia. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 699 


petioled, oblong, entire, umbellets solitary, sessile above the 
axills, Germ round, and crowned with a large, roundish, 
six-lobed stigma. Capsule seca both sides umbilicate, 
six.celled. 

_Agyneja pubera, Linn. pes 296. Willd. iv. 569. 

A native of the Moluccas, The male and female flowers 
are mixed in the same umbellets and supported on pedicells 
twice or thrice their length. 


5. B, hirsuta, R. 

Shrubby, all the tender parts very hairy. Leaves oblique- 
ly cordate-oblong, obtuse. . Peduncle axillary, short, many- 
flowered. Capsules six-seeded. gE 

‘A native of Prince of Wales’ Island. 


6. B. nitida, R. 
Sub-arboreous. Leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, acute, shin- 


ing, smooth, Umbellets above the axills. Capsules globu- 
lar, five-celled. 
- Teling. Yeati-palla. 

A small tree or large shrub, a native of the moist vallies 
amongst the Circar mountains, It flowers during the cold 
Season. 

» Trunk erect with a Lacsid shady head. Bark scabrous, 
Réehcccoloured, astringent. Branches sub-erect. Branchlets 
‘bifarious, smooth. Leaves short-petioled, bifarious, ovate, 
oblong, acute, entire, smooth, of a shining deep green; from 
four to eight inches long. Stipules small, acute. Umbellets 
‘very short-peduncled, far above the axills, bearing many 
male and female flowers mixed, but always a very large pro- 
portion of female ones. MALE rLowers pedicelled. Ca- 
lyx ; leaflets six, three of them standing within the other 
three, and.alternate with them, Corol none. Anthers linear, 
from five to six pair, affixed to the middle of the short, gib- 
bous, five or six-toothed column, FEMALE FLOWERS more 


ees pedicelled. Calya as in the male, _Sty/e none, 
4J2 


700 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA, Bradleia., 


or most short ; apex perforated, with the margins of the per- 


foration from five to six-cleft, Capsules sub-globular, small, : 


apex a little compressed, from five to six-celled, from ten to 
twelve-striated, and from ten to twelve-valved, Seeds two i in 
each cell. 


7. B. Sinica, Willd. iv. 591. 

Shrubby, erect, tender parts hairy. Leaves bifarious, ob- 
long, acute, entire, hairy underneath, SV/owers axillary, 
fascicled. Style rather long; stigma trifid with the lobes 
bidentate. Capsule six-celled, 

Arbuscula Sinica, &e. Pluk, Alma. p. 35. pl.’ 7. t. 368. 
Joi. 

Found by Mr. Roxbourgh, in the forests of Pulo Pinang 
"under the shade of large trees; in flower and — ripe seed 
in en 


38. B. oinecia. ‘Beles stad 

Arboreous, Leaves scattered, pinnate ; ; leaflets alternate, 
numerous, oblong. Capsule trom eight to twelve-celled ; 
cells one-seeded. 

-Reared in the Botanic garden at Calcutta, from seed sent 
from Pulo Pinang by Mr. C. Smith. In twelve years it has 
grown to be a tree of considerable magnitude, and is in blos- 
som most part of the year. 

Trunk straight. Bark smooth, ash-coloured. Branches 
numerous in every direction, forming a large, dense, round- 
ish head; height. of the tree forty feet. Leaves scattered 
round the ends of the branches, pinnate, lengthening, as in 
many of the Phyllanthi, to two or more feet, Leaflets very 
numerous, alternate, petiolate, obliquely oblong, entire, some- 
what villous underneath ; from one to two inches long, and 
Jess than one broad, Petioles and petiolets round and 
downy. Stipules of the leaflets small, cordate, pointed. 
Flowers axillary, drooping, generally several male and one 


. ~ 


Trichosanithes, MONOECIA SYNGENESIA. 701 


slender peduncles, the latter short-pedicelled, Male calyx 
six-leaved. Nectary none. Filaments single, swelled above 
the middle, to which part five anthers are fixed by their 
backs. Female calyx nearly as in the male. Nectary none. 
Germ villous, ovate. Style scarcely any. Stigma large, 
with the margin from eight to twelve-cleft. Pericarp fleshy, 
of the size of a cherry, dividing spontaneously into as many 
parts as there were segments in the stigma, Seeds general- 
ly one to each division of the pericarp. 

It has the habit of a Phyllanthus, but the natural phmianier 
is ie of Bradleia, 


MONOECIA SYNGENESIA. 


TRICHOSANTHES. Schreb. gen. N. 1476. 


Male calyx five-toothed, Corol five-parted, fringed. 
Filaments three. Female calyx and corol as in the male. 
Style three-cleft. _Pepo oblong. 


1. T. anguina, Willd, iv. 598. 
Annual, scandent. Leaves more or less five-lobed. Male 
flowers racemed ; female solitary, Pomes ese 
Beng, Chichinga. 
Anguina Sinensis, Mil, t, 32. is but a very bad represen- 
tation of our Indian plant. 
_ Much cultivated in the warmer parts of Asia, for its fruit, 
which is universally eaten by the natives in their stews and 
curries, Ihave never met with the plant in its wild state. 
A variety was raised from seed sent from Nepal by Dr. 
Buchanan, the leaves of which are more deeply divided, and 
the fruit longer than those of the southern parts of India, but 
in-other respects they are the same. 
2 T, dioeca, R. ; 
- Dioccous, herbaceous, Pomes oblong, smooth, — Seeds glo- 


702 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, T'richosanthes, 


bular. Leaves cordate, dentate, scabrous; both male and 
female flowers solitary. 

(Sans, Putulika. 

Beng. Putal. 

Hind. Pulwal. 

This is by far the most useful species of Trichosanthes 1 
am yet acquainted with. It is much cultivated by the na- 
tives about Calcutta, during the rains, It is unknown on the 
coast of Coromandel. 

Root perennial. Stems creeping and running to a great 
extent, five-sided, scabrous. Leaves alternate, petioled, cor- 
date, dentate, scabrous, when young soft. Petioles woolly, 
variously bent, channelled. Tendrils simple, or two-cleft. 
MALE FLOWERS on a separate plant, axillary, solitary, on 
pretty long peduncles. Tube of the corol very long, trum- 
pet-like ; stamens three, distinct. FEMALE FLOWERS axilla- 
ry, solitary, short-peduncled. Corol large, with the fringe 
ample, Pomes oblong, both ends obtuse, when ripe smooth, 
and of a deep orange colour, about four inches long, and the 
same in circumference. Seeds globular, with a somewhat 
callous border. The unripe fruit and tender tops are much 
eaten both by Europeans and natives in their curries, and are 
reckoned exceedingly wholesome. 


3. T. cucumerina, Willd. iv. 600. 

Pomes ovate, acute. Leaves broad-cordate , from three to 
five-lobed, margins toothletted. Male flowers racemed ; 
Female ones solitary, 

~ Pada valam. Rheed. Mal. viii, t. 15, 

Teling. Aduvee-putla, . 

A pretty extensive, climbing annual, a native of hedges, 
&c. where it has shelter. It flowers during the cold season. 

Siem five-sided, slightly downy, | Tendril three-cleft. 
Leaves broad-cordate, angular and sometimes lobed, tooth- 
ed, downy, very various in size, Mate FLoweErs racemed, 
small, white, beautifully fringed. Racemes axillary, erect, 


Wierd ili et i Mg pat Meats — sa 


Trichosanthes. _MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, 703 
longer than the leaves, many-flowered. FEMALE FLOWERS 
axillary, solitary, short-peduncled like the male ones. Fruit 
oval, or oblong, pointed, cells imperfect, from one to four 
inches long, and from an inch to an inch and a half in diame- 
ter, till ripe striated with white and green, when ripe red. 
Seeds involved in a red pulp, lobate. 

The unripe fruit is eaten in stews, by the natives, it is ex- 
ceedingly bitter,for which it is reckoned the more wholesome, 
and is said to be anthelmintic, 


4. T. lobata, Roxb. 

Pomes linear oblong, smooth. Leaves downy, from five 
to seven-lobed ; lobes scollop-toothed. Male flowers : racem- 
ed, Female solitary. 

Beng. Bun-chichinga, 

This plant grows in hedges, and among bushes, It flowers 
during the wet season. . 

Stems five-sided, somewhat hairy, running to a great ex- 
tent. Leaves petioled, from five to seven-lobed ; lobes obo- 
vate, scollop-toothed, of a soft downy texture; from six to 
seven inches each way. Tendrils three-forked. Female flow- 
ers racemed, white. The female ones solitary, and white also. 
Pomes linear oblong, smooth, ornamented lengthways except 
near the base, with ten white streaks, Seeds each surrounded 
with its own proper gelatinous, bright red nidus. 

This is never eaten, although it appears to bea useful spe- 
cles, 


5. T. cordata, R. 
Root perennial, tuberous. Pomes globose, smooth, of the 
size of an orange. Leaves cordate, and cordate-lobate. tate 


Jlowers racemed ; the female ones solitary. 
Biicecin Knceeurn of the Hindoos near the mouth of the 


_ Tiver Megna, where the plant grows wild, and itsroot is used 


by the natives, as a substitute for Colomba root, It has by 
mistake I presume, been sent to London as the reat Colomba 


3 of Mozambique. 


704 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA. T'richosanthes, 


Root tuberous, perennial, growing to the size of a man’s 
head. Stems herbaceous, climbing to the length of some fa- 
thoms, five-sided, villous, or even somewhat scabrous when 
old, Tendrils opposite, three-cleft. Leaves alternate, petiol- 
ed, cordate and cordate-lobate, finely dentate, villous on both 
sides, about six inches each way. Petioles channelled, a lit- 
tle hairy, scarcely half the length of theleaves. Male raceme 
axillary, solitary, as long as the leaves. Bractes alternate, 
sessile, cuneate, oblong, acute, serrulate, one-flowered. Flow- 
ers large, white, the fringe of the segments coarser than in the 
other species known to me, FEMALE FLOWERS axillary, so- 
litary, short-peduncled. Pome spherical, of the size of an 
orange, and of nearly the same colour, only redder, and as 
in T, palmata, which it is much like, the cells and partitions 
are very obscure. Seeds numerous,immersed in soft, gelati- 
nous, green pulp. — 


6. T. palmata. Roxb. 

_ Perennial. Fruit globular, smooth, Leaves palmate ; lobes 
acute, sub-lanceolate. Male flowers racemed ; female ones 
solitary. 

Beng. Mukhal. 

Teling, Kaki-danda, 

A large, climbing perennial ; a native of forests, where it 
runs over the highest trees, It flowers during the hot and 
rainy seasons. 

Stem angular, covered with gray, scabrous, somewhat 
corky bark, the young green parts smooth. Tendrils three- 
cleft. Leaves scattered, petioled, generally palmate, though 
sometimes only from three to five-lobed; divisions acute, 
slightly serrate, from three to five-nerved, smooth, having fre- 
quently several round, glandulous, hollow spots on the un- 
der side, Petioles channelled. Stipules single, small, axil- 

lary. MALE FLoweERs racemed, large, white, most beauti- 
fully fringed with long, white, ramous filaments, Racemes 
axillary, longer than the leaves, Bractes solitary, one-flow- 


_ Trichosanthes, | MONORCIA SYNGENESIA, 705 


ered, oval, fringed, covered on the outside with dark green 
glaudulous spots. Calyx bracte-like. FEMALE FLOWERS 
generally axillary, peduncled, though sometimes racemed 
also, Fruit globular, smooth, of the size of a small orange, 
when ripe of a bright deep red, replete with a dirty looking, 
dark greenish, soft pulp, in which the seeds nestle. 

The fruit is reckoned poisonous, and I am told it is mixed 
with rice and employed to destroy crows, 

7. T. heteroclita, R. 

Perennial, scandent. Leaves from three to five-lobed ; 
male flowers racemed ; female ones solitary, or racemed, 
_ Pepo sub-globular, containing as many as six lange, two- 
lobed, nuciform seeds. 

Goolur of the natives of the Silhet district. F 
_ A native of the eastern parts of Bengal. From Silhet Mr, 
Robert Keith Dick, the Judge of that district, sent plants to 
the Botanic garden in 1805, where they blossom daring the 
greater part of the year, and the seed ripens in October. 
Now, 1811, the original plants sent by Mr, Dick are of many 
fathoms extent, running to the top of high trees, yet continu- 
ing to increase rapidly, and do not by any means. ae to 
have attained their full size. : 
_ Root ramous, as in most other plants. Stems one or seve~ 
ral from the same root; perennial, climbing to a great extent, 


up and over large trees. Bark of the old ligneous parts 


Oliye-coloured, and somewhat cracked ; that of the young 
shoots smooth, and a little furrowed, Leaves alternate, pe- 
tioled, frovo three to five-lobed, from three to five-nerved, 
smooth on both sides, having the lobes entire, oblong, or ti- 
angularly ovate, acuminate, from six to twelve inches each — 
way, Petioles shorter than the leaves, nearly round, reddish, 
and smooth, Stipules solitary, sub-axillary, thick, short, co- 
nical, coloured, Mate Fiowers. Racemes axillary, soli- 
- tary, about the length of the leaves, smooth, ofa deep brown, 
bearing several alternate, sub-sessile, very large flowers near 
VOL, 1. aS Le. 


706 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, T'richosanthes. 


« 


the apex. Bractes solitary, oblong, acute, thick, and firm. 
Calyx one-leaved, funnel-shaped clothed on the outside with 
much ferruginous, mealy pubescence; mouth five-toothed, — 
with one, two, or three smooth, elevated, chesnut coloured, 
small glands on the outside of each tooth. Corol five-parted, 
inserted on the mouth of the calyx; segments sub-obcor- 
date, retuse, with an acute point in the centre, having half of 
the outside, which was exposed to the weather before ex- 
pansion, coloured brown, the rest pale yellowish white ; the 
exterior margins wonderfully perforated and fringed with 
most beautiful, very long, spiral, pendulous, villous, yellow 
threads, Filaments three, from the mouth of the tube of the 
calyx under the corol, clavate, Anthers united, forming a 
broad inverted cone ; variously grooved with the pollinifer- 
ous, worm-like cells, Pistidlum’ not any appearance of this 
organ, FEMALE FLOWERS sometimes on a distinct plant. 
Peduneles ‘axillary, cylindric, dark brown, rather more than 
one inch long, one-flowered. Sometimes, though rarely, they 
are also’ on a raceme, which is very short compared ‘with 
that of the male flowers. Calyx and carol as in the male. 
Stamina none. Germ inferior, broad-cordate> deep brown, 
studded, with elevated, paler coloured specks, one-celled, 
containing six pairs of ovula attached to the base of the three 
receptacles, and separated by much spongy, juicy pulp. 
Style the length of the tube of the calyx and adhering to it, 
except at the base and apex. Stigma large, three-lobed ; 
lobes emarginate. Berry oblately spheroidal, somewhat vil- 
~ lous, apex somewhat pointed, of the size of a shaddock, be- 
ing about five or six inches in diameter, when dry; brittle, 
one-celled. Seeds six; when all come.to maturity, which is 
common, sub-reniform, unequally two-lobed ; the fertile lobe 
about three inches long, by nearly two broad, and about oue 
in thickness, convex or circular on the exterior edge, straight 
on the inner one, with the apex rounded, and tlie base less s0 ; 
the abortive lobe is much ‘smaller, but of the same form. 
Integumenis three, the exterior one a perfect, very hard, lig- 


Momordica, MONOECIA SYNGENESIA,’ 107--— 


neous, porous, villous nut; in its base i is a. slit, or - opening 
through which the base. A the next integument passes ; the 
middle one thick and spongy particularly before perfect ma- 
turity, in that state it may be taken for a perisperm ; the ex- 
terior one membranaceous, and slightly reticulate,  Peris- 
perm no other than the middle gray spongy envelope of the 
seed. Embryo erect. Cotyledons conform to the cell of 
the exterior integument, thick, firm, white, Plumula of two 
unequal lobate lobes. Radicle conic; inferior. 


_ MOM ORDI CA. Schreb. gen. N. 1477. 


Male calyx fiye-toothed. Corot five-parted, or five-pe- 
talled. Female calyx and coro as in the male. Style trifid. 
Pepo fleshy bursting when ripe with or without elastic force. 
Seeds enveloped in a soft aril, 


1, M, Charaniia, Willd, iv. 602. 

Leaves palmate, having nerves. Peduncles solitary, with 
a round, reniform bracte at or below the middle. Fruit. 
lengthened, tubercled, tapering at both ends. _ Seeds with a 
thick notched margin. | | 

Pandi-pavel. Rheed, Mal, viii. t.9. 

_ Amara-indica, Rumph, Amb, v. t. 151. 

. Beng, Koriila. _.. 

_ Teling.. Korella. 

_ Cultivated in all the warmer parts of Asia for the fruit, 
Sabich the natives eat, while unripe, in their curries, The 
fruits are bitter and reckoned wholesome. 


sy M. muricata. Willd. i iv. 602. - 

. Leaves palmate. _ Peduncles solitary, with a erenilorm, 
_bracte near the base. Fruit gibbous, muricated, with tu- 
: bercles between, tapering at both ends, Seed with a thick 
. notched margin. fis? 4 : Sioa ed giliet 


+) Pavel. Bheoth, Mal. vii. 2 10, : pihenieaieasa a teyith: 
4K2 Re ea 


° 


708 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, Momordica, 


Sans. Soosavi, 

Beng. Oochya, or Oochi. 

Hind. Bura-korilla. 

Cultivated by the natives of India, even more extensively 


-than-Charantia, The fruit, though much smaller, being 


more esteemed, It is found in abundance in every market. 


3. M. monadelpha, Roxb. 
Dioecous. Leaves angle-cordate, smooth. Corol/s cam- 
panulate, Filaments single. Fruit smooth. 
Bryonia foliis cordatis. Flor, Zeyl. N. 356. 
B. foliis sub-rotundis, Burm, Zeyl. i, 19. f. 1, 2. 
Vitis alba indica. Rumph, Amb, v. t. 166. f. 1. 
Sungs., Vimba, 
' Beng. Tela-koocha, i 
Bryonia grandis. Willd. iv. 617. 
Teling. Kaydonda, 
A native of every hedge in the country, and seems to thrive 
qually well i in every soil, — It is always dioecous. 
~ Root ramous, not tuberous. Stems climbing, ranning over’ 
trees, and bushes, five-sided, perennial, scabrous, Tendrils 
lateral, simple. Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, five- 
angled, with a few minute teeth round the margin, smooth, 
having one, two, or three hollow glands, under the base, from 
two to three inches each way. Petioles round, smooth, about 
half an inch long. Peduneles, in both the male and female 
plants, axillary, single, undivided, one-flowered. Flowers 
large, white, downy on the inside. Male calyx, and corol 
as in the genus. Filament single, columnar, short. Anthers 
creeping up and down, sometimes three of the convolutions 
are a clovaan considerably above the rest. Female flowers 
eparate plant. Calya and corol asin the male. Sta-— 
‘there are only the rudiments of three filaments. Style 
single, short. Stigma three-cleft ;. segments: double. Berry 


smooth, two inches long, and one in diameter, before ripe. 


marked with ten streaks of white ; when ripe red, three-cell- 
ed, bursting irregularly, Seeds numerous as in n Cucumis. ‘ 


= 


. : 
Momordica, MONOECIA SYNGENESTA,- 709 


The ripe fruit is eaten raw by the natives, and while green 
in their curries, Crows and other birds are fond of them, ~~~ 


4. M. dioeca, Willd. iv. 605. 

Dioecous, root perennial, tuberous. Leaves from three to: 
five-lobed, scabrous, Petioles without glands. Male and 

female flowers solitary, the former cowl-bracted. | Fruit 
ovate, muricate, bursting. Seeds a few. 

Bem paval. Rheed, Mal. viii, t. 18. 

Pooagakara is the Telinga name of the male plants, and 
Agakara of the female.” 

They are natives of thickets, and banks of rivers, where there 
are bushes for them to run on, Flowering time the wet and 
cold seasons, 

Root tuberous, large, eetinct: with vimensit of an as- 

‘tringent taste. Stems annual, five-sided, slender, smooth, 
about as thick as a log line, running to the extent of one or 
two fathoms, Tendri/s simple. Leaves scattered, petioled, 
from three to five-lobed, irregularly toothed; above a litile 
scabrous, below pretty smooth.. Mane rLowers ona differ- 
ent plant, axillary, solitary, large, yellow, long-peduncled. 
Peduncles with a large, gibbous, striated, blown up spathe- 
like bracte at the apex, which encloses the bottom of the 
flowers. Corol, petals lanceolate, FEMALE FLOWERS axil- 
lary, solitary, peduncled, large, of a pale yellow. Peduncles 
about 'as long as the petals, near the base there is a small 
sheathing bracte. , Fruit about the size and shape of a part- 
ridge’s egg, murexed, Seeds many, oval, gray ; each sur- 
rounded with a large, pulpy, crimson aril. 

_ The natives eat the tender, green fruit in their curries; 
also the tuberous roots of the female plant; they are larger 
than those of the male, generally weighing from two to three 


5. M. mixta, Roxb. 
iain root tuberous, perennial, Lewes sub plate 


710 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, Momordica, 


smooth; petioles with glands. Male and female flowers 
solitary and corol-bracted, with glands on the lower margins 
of the bractes. Fruit oval, sharply marexed. 

Sans, Kurkuta. 

’ Hind. Kakrool. 

Beng, Gol-kakra. 

Muricia Cochin Chinensis. Lourier, Cochin Ch. 733. 

This plant is a native of thickets about Calcutta. Flow- 
ering time the wet season. . Like M. diceca it has male flow- 
ers on one plant, and female ones.on another. 7 

Root tuberous, perennial. Stems annual, climbing, some- 
what five-sided, smooth. Tendrils simple. | Leaves petiol- 
ed, from three to five-lobed, or palmate, sometimes serrate, 
smooth on both sides, from four to six inches each way, ' with 
the lobes oblong. Petioles channelled, with an uncertain 


number of wnvibilicahis ereen glands scattered over them. 


MALE FLoweERrs axillary, solitary, on long peduncles, or ra- 
cemed, large, of a dirty whitish cream colour. Fema 
FLOWERS axillary, solitary. Bractes solitary, large, two- 
lobed, cowled, embracing the calyx as in Momordica dioeca. 
Lobes striated, a little scabrous, having lower margins fring- 
od with many green glands. Male calyx of a dark black- 
ish purple, striated, and scabrous. Corol five-petalled, cam- 
panulate, with the side downy, and the bottom marked with 
three-coloured spots. Filamenis and anthers marked with 
the:same dark purple:colour, which prevails on the calyx. 
am calyx and corol asin the male. Pistil/um as in she 
6. M. umbellata, Roxb. ond 
Dioecous, root perennial. Leaves from cordate-sagittate 
to three or five-lobed, bristle-toothed ; male flowers sub-um- 


belled ; the female ones solitary. Fruit oblong, many-aget 
ed; ia round, 


Bow. Koodur?. seo nice 465 
_ Hind. Amoot-mool Oriferle ncredsi wom ene 


in, iain aaa i 


Te vanced, on Jong peduncled, axillary spikes with large, ¢ 
ed, one-flowered bractes. The female ones solitary, short- 


Momordica. MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, 711 


Bryonia umbellata, Willd. iv. 618. 
 Teling. Teed danda. ; 

This plant is a native of hedges and forests. Flowering 
time the wet season. 

Root perennial, consisting of many pendulous tubers. 
Stems climbing to a great extent, five-sided, smooth. Ten- 
drils simple. Leaves petioled, halberted, angle-cordate or 
three-lobed; lateral lobes often two-parted, all minutely 
bristle-toothed, pretty smooth, from three to four inches each 
way. Stipules solitary, clubbed. Mave FLowERs umbel- 
led, always on a distinct plant. Umbels axillary, simple, 
shorter than the leaves; pedicels bracted above the middle. 
Corol gibbous, smooth, five-toothed. Receptacle as in Cucu- 
mis, FEMALE FLOWERS axillary, single, peduncled. Corol 
asin the male, ruit oval, the size of a pigeon’s egg, smooth, 


“red. Seeds from sixteen to twenty, sub-globular. 


The ripe and unripe fruit are eaten by the natives, as are 
also the roota when boiled. 


7. M. tubiflora, Roxb. 

“Leaves roundish, angles obscure. Female flowers solitary ; 
the male ones solitary, longer peduncled or racemed, with 
gashed bractes. Tube of the male corol log and gibbous. 


Fruit oblong, with ten hairy ribs. 
A native of the forests about Dacca. From thence the late 


Colonel Peter Murray sent the seeds to the Botanic garden, 
where the plants blossom during the rains, and ripen their 
seed in two, or three months afterwards. 

- Root perennial. Stems creeping to an extent of many feet, 


slender, five-sided, somewhat rough with short hair, “Leaves 


roundish, three or five-lobed, or angular, margins acutely 
toothletted, scabrous with harsh hairs on both witha! Flowers 
axillary, very large, pure white. The male ones solitary, and 
on a long peduncle while the plants are young, but when ad- 


+> 


712 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, Luffa. 


peduncled, smaller, Corol that of the male with a long gib- 
bous tube, that of the female shorter, and sub-cylindric. 
Border of five, large, spreading, obovate divisions. Stamens 
within the tube. Style the length of the tube. Stigma three- 
cleft, Fruit one-celled, oblong, ten-ribbed, rough with 
short stiff hairs, particularly the ribs, about two inches long, 
by three quarters of an inch in diameter, when ripe, orange 
coloured, bursting slowly,ex posing the smooth thick margin- 
ed seeds disposed in three rows and enyeloped in a soft dark 
greenish aril, 


LUFFA. Tournf. 


Male ealyx five-toothed, Corol five-petalled, Filaments 
generally three, Female calyx and corol as in the male. 
Pepo inferior, becoming dry and inwardly fibrous, opening 
by the falling or decay.of a lid at the apex. 


1. L, pentandra. Roxb. 

Leaves angular lobate, or palmate, Stamens five. Fruit 
linear, marked with ten straight lines like ridges, Seed with 
elevated dots and sharp waved margins. \ 

Petola. Rumph. Amb. v. t. 147. 

Momordica Luffa. Willd. iv. 603. 
_ Cattu picinna. Rheed, Mal. viii. t, 8, 
Beng. Doondool,. 
~ Purula Kindi and Tita purala, a wild variety. 

‘Telling. Nuni-beerd. 

_LEhave only found this plant in its cultivated state, It is 
considerably larger then acutangula in all its parts, and is 
cultivated at the same season. 

Tendrils from four to six-cleft, Leaves plese petiok 
ed, the lower ones five-angled with the angles acute, the su- 
perior ones palmate; segments conic, lanced, very acute ; all 
slightly serrate, pretty smooth, from six to twelve inches each 
way, Petioles striated, a little channelled. | Stipule: ma 


Luffa. MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, 713 


axillary, cordate, glandular as in L, acutangula. Mar 
FLOWERS racemed, as in L, acutangu/a, but in this species 
the lowermost flower of the raceme is often female. Bractes 
as in L, acutangula. Filaments five, distinct. Anthers sub- 
equal, contorted, worm-like. FEMALE FLoweERs solitary, 
peduncled, axillary or the lowermost on the raceme. Calyx 
five-leaved, glandular. Nectary five-lobed, glands with 
woolly insertions. Stigma four-lobed. Fruit linear, smooth, 
striated, with ten deeper coloured streaks, but no elevations, 
from one to three feet long, and about three inches in diame- 
ter; internal structure as in the former. Seeds gray, with ele- 
vated dots; margin sharp, waved. 

The unripe fruit is eaten by the natives in their curries, 
like that of the former species, but is not so much esteemed. 
The seeds are generally sown by the root of a tree, on the 
huts of the natives, over which the plants run. 


2. L. acutangula, Roxb. 

Stems slender and smooth. Leaves five-angled, dentate, 
pretty smooth, Fruit short, clubbed, with ten sharp ridges, 
_ Seeds pitted. 

Cucumis acutangulus, Willd, iv. 612. 

Picinna. Rheed. Mal, viii. t. 7. 

Hind, Turai, 

Beng. Shinga. 

Luffa foetida, Willd, viii. 380. . : 

Ghorla-beera, or beerkay of the Telingas, for it is known 
equally well by either name in that country, [tis very gene- 
rally cultivated by the natives during the wet and cold sea- 
sons, I have never found it wild. 

Stems several, slender, running to a great extent but with 
fewer branches than any other species that I know, pretty 
smooth, five-sided. Tendrils three-cleft, Leaves as in Cu- 
Cumis sativus, but less rough. Stipules axillary, solitary, 
cordate, with glandular marks on one side, Mate FLOWERS 
_ pretty large, yellow, on long, erect, axillary racemes, the pe- 
VOL, ll, 4h 


714 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA. Luffa. 


dicels have a glandular bracte near the base, and are articu- 
lated a little above it. FEMALE FLowERs rather larger, axil- 
lary, solitary, peduncled. Fruit clavate, obtuse, pretty 
smooth, ten-angled ; angles sharp but smooth, about a foot 
long, and from two to three inches in diameter; when ripe dry 
and Peeples with dry fibres, Seeds black, ireerubucly pitted. 

The half grown fruit is one of the best native vegetables we 
have in India; the natives. use .it much in their curries; when 
peeled, for the skin is hard, boiled, and dressed with butter, 
pepper, and salt, they are little inferior to green pease. 

Note. There is the rudiment of a lid at the apex of the 

fruit of the species, but it never separates spontaneously ; this 
circumstance is to be attended to, .to distinguish it from Cu- 
cumis operculatus. 


3.L, clavata, R. 

Leaves superficially from five to seven-angled, the posterior 
lobes rounded, margins minutely-dentate.. Male flowers on 
long. peduncled racemes; the female ones solitary ; fruit cla- 


vate, very long and slender, 


A native of the interior parts of Hindoosthan, . The seeds 


were sent by Colonel Alexander Kyd at Allahabad to the 
Botanic garden at Calcutta, where the plants blossom and 
produce fruit during the cold season. 

Stem scandent, several fathoms long, five-sided, smooth. 
Leaves slightly from five to seven-lobed ; posterior lobes 
rounded, the rest more acute, margin slightly dentate, pretty 
smooth on both sides, about six inches each way, when full 
grown. Flowers very long, of adeep yellow. The male ones 
on axillary, long-peduncled racemes, The female ones axil- 
lary, solitary, supported on peduncles about the length of the 
germ. Bractes of the male flowers solitary, one-flowered, 
oval, small, fleshy, glandular, inserted on the pedicel. Fruit 


pendulous, of a long, slender, clavate shape, three-celled; 
when ripe dry, and the partitions composed of dry fibres. | 
Seeds numerous, thin, arise lodged in the thickened 


7 
ry 


Luffa. MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, 715 


part of the fruit near the apex. The young’ unripe fruit is 
eaten by the natives in their curries, and other stews. 


4. L. amara. R. 

Stems slender, Leaves slightly from five to seven-lobed. 
Male flowers racemed ; the female ones solitary. Fruit ob- 
long, with ten sharp ridges. 

Beng. Kerula. 

Teling, Sheti beera. 

This species grows wild in hedges and dry uncultivated” 
places, It flowers during the latter part of the rains and tlie 
cold season. 

It is Cucumis indicus striatus spare donata, of Pluke~ 
net, t. 172. f. 1. which is a very good figure of it, wa 

Stems, leaves, inflorescence, and flowers asin Luffa acutan: 
gula, Fruit oblong, three or four inches long, and one in 
diameter, tapering equally towards each end, ten-angled, as 
in L, acutangula, when ripe, dry, of a gray colour, and re- 
plete with the same dry fibres; the lid or stopple which till 
then shuts up the apex drops off and the seeds fall out. 
Seeds of a blackish gray colour, marked With elevated gene 
black dots. 

Every part of this plant is remarkably bitter, the fruit is is” 
violently cathartic and emetic. The juice’ of the roasted’ : 
young fruit is applied. to the temples by the natives to cure — 
headach, The ripe seeds either in infusion or substance are — 


used by them to vomit and to purge. 


5. L. racemosa, R. 
Annual, Leaves round cordate,- five-sided. Racemes 


axillary, minute, ineffective, male flowers below, and’ many 
fertile hermaphrodite ones over the rest. Fruit short, cylin- 
dric, obtuse, smooth, and marked with phy flat au enbers" 
ribs, 


Caltivated in the interior parts of pps fort its eseulent 
4Lb2 : =i 


716 _ MONOECTA SYNGENESIA, Luffa. 


fruit, which like those of pentandra, acutangula and clavata, 
are eaten in their immature state. 


* 


6. L. graveolens, Roxb. 

Leaves reniform, and scollop-toothed. Fruit oblong, beset 
with soft innocent prickles, while short papille, and short 
hairs closely clothe the interstices, 

A native of the Rajmahl hills, from thence the seeds were 
brought to the Botanic garden, where the plants blossom dur- 
ing the rainy season, and the seed ripens about three months 
afterwards, 

Stems running, as in the common cucumber, and nearly 
as long as they, more slender, and somewhat villous, T'en- 
drils from three to four-cleft, Leaves reniform, somewhat 
lobed, and always scollop-toothed, surface armed with a few 
minute denticuli. Flowers axillary, male and female mix- 
ed, and blossoming in succession, though it rarely happens 
that more than one of the female flowers are productive. : 
The male blossoms are larger and sub-sessile, the female 
short-peduncled, with one or two glandular, sub-rotund 
bractes on each, Fruit oblong, about the size of a man’s 
thumb, armed with numerous, conical, soft, innocent points, 
and between them covered with short hairs and little papillz ; 
when ripe dark, of a brownish black, containing many black, 
oval, compressed seeds, mixed with dry white fibres, as in L. 
acutangula, &c. 

The whole plant has a most disagreeable, heavy smell, 


7. ‘I; sehiante, Roxb, 

Dioecous, scandent, Leaves about five-lobed, scollop- 
toothed, Male flowers vacemed. Female ones solitary. 
Fruit oval, echinate, with straight, long bristles, 

A native of the coast of Soruaindek: It flowers about the 
close of the rains, The seed ripens during the cold season. 

Stems herbaceous, scandent, five-sided, most slightly hairy, 
one or two fathoms long. Tendrils two-cleft. Leaves ge- 


* 


Luffa. MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, 717 


nerally five-lobed, somewhat hairy, particularly the nerves, 
and veins on the under side; margins scollop-toothed. Pe- 
tioles as long as the leaves, ribbed. Stipules axillary, soli- 
tary, oblong, glandular, Mate, Racemes axillary, solitary, 
longer than the leaves, bearing many small, white flowers, 
on long pedicels. Petals obovate. Filaments’ three, two 
with twin anthers. Femate. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 
shorter than the petiole, one-flowered. Petals as in the male. 
Style three-cleft; divisions two-parted. Fruit oval, of the 
size of a nutmeg, armed with numerous, long’, rather soft, di- 
verging bristles, obscurely divided into three cells, by nu- 
merous dry fibres; opening at top with a stopple. Seeds se~ 
veral, ovate, compressed, scabrous, black. ? ; 


8. L. Bindaal, R, 

Dioecous, scandent. Leaves five-angled, dentate. Male 
flowers racemed ; the female solitary ; fruit round, echinate, 
with long, firm, straight, ciliate bristles. 

Found by Captain Hardwicke: in Hindoosthan. 


9, L tuberosa, R. re fi dal Fs 
Root tuberous and perennial. Leaves from five to seven- 


lobed, dentate. Male flowers on very short racemes ; the — 
JSemale ones solitary, denpibediantosh Fruit oblong» with 
eight sharp ridges. 5 

This is a rare species; it grows in iets and amongst 
bushes on the banks of water courses. 

Root perennial, tuberous, turnip-shaped, with small warts 
over it, and here and there fibrous roots from these warts. 
Stems slender, five-sided, climbing, smooth. T'endrils simple. 
Leaves cordate, from five to seven-angled, toothed or serrate, 

‘smooth, about two inches each way. MALE FLowERS a few 
on short, axillary racemes, white. Filaments two, one bear- 
ing three anthers, and the other two, FEMALE FLOWERS: 
axillary, solitary,long-peduncled, white, Aruit in formex- 
actly like that of L, amara; but without the stopple,and with 


718 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, Cucurbita. 


only eight angles, about an inch and a half long, and half an 
inch in diameter ; internal structure as in the last described 
three species, . 


CUCURBITA. Schreb. gen. N. 1478. 


Male calyx five-toothed. Corol five-cleft. Filaments 
three. Female calyx and corol as in the male. Seeds with 
a tumid margin, © 


1. C, lagenaria, Willd. iv. 606. 

Leaves somewhat angular, tomentose, bi-glandular at the 
base underneath, Fruit with a woody cortex. =~ 

Bela-schora. Rheed. Mal. viii. t. 1. 

Cucurbita Lagenaria. Rumph. Amb. vet, 144: bad. 

Beng. Kudoo, Laoo. , | 

Sans. Ulava. fe SSeS SN; PSRISIET STIS 

A wild bitter variety is called Tita Laoo, yi ‘hie Bongleds | 
and Hindoos; and Kutoo toombee in Sanscrit. 

The shape of the fruit varies much, from that of a flask to 
round, and cylindric. 


2. C. Pepo, Willd. iv. 609. 

Leaves angular, toothed, very downy. Fiuit subscylea 
dric, both ends obtuse, surface very even. 

- Cumbulam, Rheed. Mal. viii. t. 3. 

_ Sans, Kurkaroo, 

- Beng. Koomra, - 

Teling. Boorda-goomoodoo. 

This plant I have only found in a cultivated state. 

Root annual, Stem and branches numerous, &c. as in C. 
Melo-pepo but exceedingly hairy. Tendrils lateral, gene- 
rally three-cleft. The first or lower leaves angular, the 
exterior from five to nine-angled, all toothed, remark-— 
ably soft and downy, from four to six inches log, and about 
the same breadth. | ' Petioles round, tapering, hairy. Sti- 


Cucumis. MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, 719 


pules axillary, solitary. Mae rtowers axillary, solitary, 
peduncled, yellow, pretty large. Calyx, its segments obtuse- 
ly pinnatifid, FEMALE FLOwERs like the male, axillary, so- 
litary, peduncled. Calya as inthe male. Fruit sub-cylin- 
dric, without the least elevation or depression of its surface, 
remarkably obtuse at both ends, when young exceedingly 
hairy, by the time it is ripe the hair is gone, and it is then of 
a whitish bloom colour, about twelve or eighteen inches long, 
and from eight to ten in diameter. Seeds white, with tumid 
margins, somewhat two pointed. 

The young unripe pomes are universally eaten by the na- 
tives in their stews, and curries. 


3. C. melopepo. Willd. iv. 610. 
Leaves angular-lobed, dentate, hairy ;_ divisions of the 


calyx petioled. #ruit roundish, smooth, torulose. « 
Schakeri-schora. Rheed, Mal. viii. t. 2. 
Suphura-koomra of the Bengalees. 
Cultivated like the former two all over India. 


A.C, Citrullus. 
' Leaves many-parted. 

Anguria Indica. Rumph, Amb, v. t. 146, 

Hind. Turbooz or Turmooj. 

Extensively cultivated in allthe southern parts of yng 


and its islands. 


CUCUMIS. Schreb. gen. N. 1479. 


Male calyx five-toothed; corol five-parted. Filaments. 
three, Female calyx and corol as in the male. Seeds sharp., 


: - c. Colocynthis. Willd. iv. 61. 
Leaves many-cleft. Fruit globular, smooth, 


oa Pers, Chebooz or Khirboo-lekh, 
Teling.. upiaaan 


\ 


720 MONOECTA SYNGENESIA. Cucumis. 


Beng. Makhal. 
~ Common on the sandy lands of Coromandel. 
ilies * 
 2,C. Melo. Willd. iv. 613. 
Angles of the leaves rounded, Fruit roundish, torulose, 
smooth, 
Hind, Pers, and Beng. Khurbooj. 
Found in a cultivated state only. 


3. C. sativus. Willd. iv. 615. 
Leaves straight between the angles. Fruit linear-oblong, 
scabrous, 

Mullen belleri. Rheed. Mal. viii, t. 6. 

Hind, Keera. 

Beng. Susa. 
‘Pers. Khyar. 

This and some of its varieties are found cultivated in most 


parts of Asia. 


4. C. Seaibridica. R. 

Leaves round-cordate, sometimes five-angled, scollop-tooth- 
ed; male flowers fascicled; the female solitary. Fruit 
aneotl, cylindric, from four to eight pounds weight, eee 
spontaneously, 

_ Beng. and Hind, Foont or Tooti. 

Teling. Pedda dosray. 

_ This species I have only found in a cultivated state. In 
_ the Tanjore country, and the southern parts of the Carnatic, 

- it is chiefly cultivated during the cold season. The plant is 
in all respects like that of the common cucumber, aaept 
that it is less scabrous, and larger. 

MALE FLOWERS axillary, peduncled, crowded. FEMALE 
FLOWERS solitary, peduncled, Fruit very smooth, oblong, 
generally tapering a little towards the ends with elevation or 
depression ; from twelve to twenty-four inches long, and 
from three to six in diameter, when ripe bursting slowly into” 
various portions, Seeds as in C, sativus. 


Cucumis, MONOECIA SYNGENESIA. 721 


The fruit is much eaten both by natives and Europeans; 
when young they are a good substitute for the common cit- 
cumber, and when ripe (after bursting spontaneously,) with 
the addition of a little sugar they are little’ inferior to the 
melon, and reckoned very wholesome, , 


5. C. utilissimus, Roxb. 

Leaves five-lobed ; lobes rounded, and toothletted. Flow- 
ers axillary ; the male flowers crowded ; the female solitary. — 
Fruit short-oval, smooth, variegated, of the size of a small 
melon. 

Teling. Dosray. 

Beng. Kakri. : 

An annual, a native of the higher cultivated lands, but ge- 
nerally found in a cultivated state; the cold season is the 
most favourable. — 

Stems exactly as in C. sativus, but not quite so extensive, 
Tendrils simple. Leaves broad-cordate, generally more or 
less five-lobed; Jobes rounded, toothletted; above pretty 
smooth, below scabrous, the largest siaticeliy about six 
inches each way. Floral leaves of the female flowers sessile, 
and verysmal], Mae rLowers axillary, peduncled, crowd- 
ed, but opening in succession. FEMALE FLOWERS axil- 
lary, peduncled, solitary, both sorts yellow, about an inch 
or an inch and a half in diameter. Fruit fleshy, generally a 
very perfect oval; when young downy and clouded with 
lighter and darker green ; when ripe perfectly smooth, varie- 
gated with deeper and lighter yellow ; from four to six inches 
long, and from three to four in diameter. 

This appears to me to be by far the most useful species of 
Cucumis that f know ; when little more than one half grown, 
they are oblong, and a little downy, in this state they are 
pickled ; when ripe they are about as large as an ostrich’s 
egg, smooth and yellow ; when cut they have much the flavor 
of the melon and will keep good for several months, if 
seria socal without gob bruised and _ up; they 

VOL, Hl, — 7 1Mis chad 


722 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, Cucumis. 


are also in this stage eaten raw and much used in curries, by 
the natives. — 

The seeds like those of the other Cucurbitaceous fruits con- 
tain much faridfaceous matter blended witha large portion of 
mild oil ; the natives dry and grind them into a meal, which 
they employ, as an article of diet; they also express a mild 
oil from them, which they use in food and to burn in their 
lamps. Experience as well as analogy prove these seeds to 
be highly nourishing and well deserving of a more extensive 
culture than is bestowed on them at present. 

The powder of the toasted seeds mixed with sugar is said 
to be a powerful diuretic, and serviceable in promoting the — 
passage of sand or gravel, 

As far as my observation and information goes, this. agri- 
culture is chiefly confined to the Guntoor Circar, where these 
seeds form a considerable branch of commerce ; they are mix- 
ed with those of Holcus Sorgum or some other of the large 
culmiferous tribe and sown together ; these plants run on the 
surface of the earth, and help to shade them from the sun, so 
that they mutually help each other. 

The fruit 1 observed above keeps well for several months 
if carefully gathered and suspended. This circumstance will 
render them a very excellent article to carry to sea during 


long voyages. 


_ 6. C, trigonis, R. 

__ Leaves deeply five-lobed ; lobes rounded, toothed. F ruit 

oval, obsoletely le ag ten-striated, sent of the size 
‘ofa pullet’s egg. 

_ ‘Teling. Pam-budinga. 

The plant of this species resembles very much the last de- 
scribed one ; it is never cultivated, is a native of the higher 
lands that bare been lately cultivated; appears and flowers 
during the wet and cold seasons, 

Stems like those of the last described. species. Tendrilsalso 
simple, the leaves are more deeply lobed and rather more 


Cucumis, MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, 723 


scabrous. lowers small, scarcely half an inch in diameter, 
yellow ; situation as in the last mentioned species. The spe- 
cific difference is in the fruit; this is also oval and smooth, 
but three-sided with the angles round and the surface streak- 
ed with ten light, and ten deep, well defined streaks of deep- 
er and lighter yellow; before maturity these are of a deeper 
and lighter green colour. It is about the size of a pullet’s 
ego, They are not eaten in these parts, 

7. C. turbinatus. R. 

Leaves palmate, lobes sinuate and bristle-dentate. Fruit 
turbinate, absolutely three-sided, the size of a pullet’s egg: 

Teling. Nalla budinga, 

This species is a native of the same places as the last, but 
differs from it in the plant being small, having much larger 
flowers, and pyriform maculated fruit; they are also some. 
what triangular, and about the same size, the leaves are also 
more deeply lobed and bristle-toothed. The fruit of this 
sort is eaten by the natives, 


8. C. madraspatanus. Willd, iv. 615. 

Leaves sub-reniform, somewhat lobate-toothed, Pomes 
oval, downy. 

Hind. Bun-gumuk. 

Teling. Kddeotudiige: 

Till I saw Plukenet’s figure of C, cttbipisitihe t I con- 
sidered this to be the plant he meant, but now I hesitate not 
to say, that his is Bryonia scabrella ; however Ihave continu- 
ed Linnzeus’s specific name, although at the same time, I am 
in doubt whether or not this is the plant he so named. It is 
much like the two last described species, grows in similar 
places, is about the same size, and in perfection at the same 
season, the leaves are more like those of the common cucum- 
ber, the fruit about the size of a partridge’s egg, oval, dofay, 


maculated, without any tending to be ea 
“4M ; 


724 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, Bryonia. 


Note. The form of the fruit must be attended to, to dis- 
tinguish these three last described species. 
The fruit of this sort is used in food by the natives and 
much esteemed, yet they never take the trouble to cultivate 
the plant. 


9, C. integrifolia. Roxb. 

Leaves sub-rotund, almost destitute of angles, very rugose, 
posterior lobes rounded, both male and female flowers soli- 
tary. Fruit globular, smooth. 

A native of Bengal, ae and xeinmanes its seeds dur- 
ing the rains, 

Stems annual, creeping to a great extent, and exceedingly 
ramous, angular and hairy. Leaves sub-rotund, with scarce- 
ly any angles, or rather marginal inequalities, deeply sinuated 
behind, with the lobes rounded, very rugose, scabrous above 
and hairy underneath, from three to six inches each way. 
MALE FLowekrs solitary, long-peduncled, large, pure white, | 
pubescent, FEMALE FLOWERS also solitary, but shorter pe- 
duncled, pure white and pubescent. /ruit globular, of the 
size of a nutmeg, smooth, when ripe of an orange colour. 


Sf 


BRYONIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1480. 


Male calyx five-toothed. Corol five-parted. Filaments 
three. Female calyx and corol as in the male. Berry few 
or neat 


Be ‘SR peajelhn. Willd. iv. 619. 

Leaves five-angled, toothed, scabrous, the male flowers pe- 
tioled, and the female ones sessile. Berries globular, many- 
seeded.. Seeds smooth, 

Hind, Agumuki, 

Teling. Puten budinga, 

Cucumis Madraspatensis fructominimo, Pluck. 123.4. 70. 


fi. 


Bryonia. MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, 725 


A native of various parts of India,growing on rubbish, and 
in hedges, Flowering time the wet and cold.seasons, and the 
seed ripens during the latter. 

Stem climbing, as thick as a pack-thread, five-grooved, 
five-angled, hispid. Tendrils simple. Leaves alternate, the 
lower ones and those of the larger ramifications have male, or 
no flowers in their axills, and are petioled ; the superior ones 
are sessile, and have generally the female flowers, all cor- 
date, angled, toothed, and scabrous ; two inches long, and of 
the same breadth, Maur Friowers axillary, crowded, pe- 
duncled, small, yellow. Anthers three, one on each filament, 
oval, FEMALE FLOWERS axillary, from two to four, sub- 
sessile. Berry globular, of the size of a large pea, smooth, 
striated, Seeds several. 


2. B. tenella. Roxb. | 

Filiform, creeping. Leaves from three to five-angled, 
denticulate, slightly scabrous. Flowers axillary, two male, 
and one female. Berries oblong, smooth), 

A native of China, in the Botanic garden it blossoms dur- 
ing the rains, and ripens its seed in the cool season. 

Root fibrous, white, rather fleshy, and at least biennial. 
Stems and branches numerous, filiform, creeping, pretty 
smooth. Leaves petioled, from three to five-angled, denti- 
culate, slightly scabrous, particularly underneath, about one 
inch long, and nearly as broad. Tendrils simple. Flowers 
axillary, two male, and one female together, each on its pro- 
per peduncle, small, pure -white; the male rather large. 
Filaments three, from the bottom of the bell of the calyx or 
corol, each with a large fleshy lid, on each side of which is a 
single anther crested behind with a tuft of orange-coloured 
hairs, Germ oblong. Style filiform. Stigma large, three- 
lobed. Berries oblong, very smooth, when ripe white, of the 
size of a French bean, many-seeded, | 


3. B. glabra, Roxb. 
Herbaceous. Stems round and smooth, Temes from 


726 MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, Bryonia. 


three to five-lobed ; lobes scollop-toothed. Berries conical, 
smooth, - | 

Compare with B. epigaea, Willd. iv, 619. 

Teling. Naga-donda. 

It grows in places similar to the former species, and flow- 
ers at the same seasons. 

Stems annual, climbing, seldom as thick as a quill, round, 
smooth, jointed, often bending at the joints in a right angle. 
Tendrils simple. Leaves petioled, three-lobed ; lateral lobes 
often two-parted, and the anterior, from one to three-parted, 
all are remotely and slightly toothed, somewhat fleshy and 
a very little scabrous; about two inches each way. Pe- 
tioles round, smooth. Mate FLoweErRs small, yellow, se- 
veral collected on the apex of a round, smooth, common pe- 
duncle ; each half its proper, short pedicel, and bracted at its 
insertion, FEMALE FLOWERS axillary, solitary, or accompa- 
nied with a male raceme, neunncomenanans Berry conical, 
smooth, red, many-seeded, 


A. B. pilosa, Roxb. 

Herbaceous, hairy. Leaves round cordate, toothed,downy. 
Male flowers on a short filiform raceme. Berries beaked, 
hairy, from two to six-seeded. 

Compare with B. rostrata, Willd. iv. 616. 

Teling, Cucuma-dunda. 

It grows with the former three species, and flowers at the 
same time, 

_. Stems annual, silanes five-sided, hairy. Tendrits sim- 
wie Leaves petioled, round, cordate, toothed, downy, from 
one to two inches each way. Mate riowers axillary, ge- 
nerally two ona long delicate peduncle. FrMaLE FLOW- 
ERS single, sessile in the same axill. Berry sub-conical, of 
the size of a cherry, red, striated lengthways, hairy. Seeds 
from two to six, black, with a membranaceous border. 

_ Note, These three last described species are not employed 
for any use that I know of. That part of the Hindoo name of 


bh See aes eee Ne Re a 


Bryonia, MONOECIA SYNGENESIA, 727 


the second of them, Naga, would imply that it was employed 
as a remedy for the bite of the Cobra Capella; but I could 
not procure any good authority for its being so. 


5. B. Garcini. Willd. iv. 623. 

Leaves deeply three or five-lobed, toothed, scabrous, Sti- 
pules and bractes ciliate. Berries inverse, reniform, two- 
seeded, 

Sicyos Garcini. Linn, Mant. 297. Burm. Ind. i. t. 57. f.3. 

Teling. Gudee Muraloo, 

This species delights in soil and situation similar to the last 
mentioned three. ‘ 

Siems annual, climbing, slender, five-sided, somewhat 
scabrous. Tendrils simple. Leaves petioled, three-parted 


having the lateral lobes, from two to three-parted, all tooth- 


ed, scabrous, .a little hairy, two inches each way. Petioles 
scabrous, nearly as long as the leaves, and thicker than the 
ramifications from which they issue. Stipules axillary, soli- 
tary, kidney-formed, waved, fringed with long bristles, Ra- 
cemes axillary or terminal, ornamented with small Jeaves and 
bractes like those already described. Male flowers above 
the female ones. Berries small, inversely rs 


smooth, red, two-seeded. 


6. B. filiformis. Roxb. 
Stems filiform, five-sided, tendrils simple. Leaves cordate, 


Sagittate, dentate, slightly scabrous. Peduncles as.large as 
the petioles. Female flowers solitary, the male collected, 
Berries oblong, smooth, | 
_A native of the Moluccas, and from thence introduced into. 
the Botanic garden where it blossoms during the cold season. 
_ Stems climbing, very slender, five-sided, smooth. Tendrils 
simple. Leaves petioled, cordate-sagittate, with dentate mar- 
gins, and the posterior lobes large, and nearly square, both 
sides being highly scabrous, from one to two inches long. 


_Petioles angular, a little hairy, about as long as the leaves. 


728 MONOECIA GYNANDRIA, Andrachne. 


Male peduncles sub-axillary, solitary or with a female pedun- 
cle, slender, rather shorter than the petioles, bearing at the 
apex several sessile, small, yellow flowers. Calyx and corol 
as in the genus. Filaments three, very short, inserted into the 
middle of the tube of the calyx. Anthers three, simple, obo- 
vate, sub-sessile, Female peduncles sub-axillary, solitary, or 
with a male peduncle, and about the same length, one-flow- 
ered, slender, smooth. Calyx, corol and pistil as in the ge- 
nus. Berry oblong, very smooth, slightly marked, while im- 
mature, having ten longitudinal stripes ; when ripe of an uni- 
form blackish « olive colour, nearly an inch long, and about a 
third thereof in diameter, three-celled, with cua small red, 
flat, ovate seeds in each. 


7. B, laciniosa. Willd, iv. 624. 

Leaves palmate. Petioles muricate. Male flowers fas- 
cicled; the female solitary in the same axill. Berries sphe- 
rical, smooth, three-celled. Seeds many, with a pulpy aril, 
callous margins, and gibbous, callous sides. 

_ Nehoemeka. Rheed, Mal. viii. t. 19, 

Hind, Gargoo naroo. 

Common in hedges, and aniong bushes in the warmer parts 
of India, and in blossom the greatest part of the year. 


* 


MONOECIA GYNANDRIA. 


dh 


ae ANDRACHNE. Sheed. gen. N. 1483. 


- Male ealyx five-leaved. Corol five-petalled, or fone. 
Stamina five, inserted on the abortive style. Female calyx 
five-leaved. Corol none. Germ superior, three-celled ; cells 
two-seeded ; attachment superior. Styles three. Capsule 
berried, dhincosbelledis cells from one to two-seeded. . Em- 
bryo inverse, and fashiialaed with a perisperm. 


. A, trifoliata, Roxb, | 
Arboreous, Leaves ternate. Flowers panicled. 


f 


Cluytia. MONOECIA GYNANDRIA, 729 


A large tree of quick growth; a native of various parts of 
India. Flowering time the close of the winter, the seed ri- 
pens in May and June. 


Trunk erect; bark smooth, of a dark olive colour. 


Branches numerous, forming an extensive, close, shady, ovate 
head, Branchlets frequently drooping much. Leaves alter- 
nate, petioled, ternate. Leaflets petioletted, oblong, with long, 
sharp, taper points, serrate, smooth on both sides, from four to 
six inches long, Petioles round. Petiolets channelled. Sti- 
pules of the petioles membranaceous, caducous ; those of the 
petiolets' minute, filiform, caducous, leaving a black gland- 
like speck behind, Panieles axillary, or a little above, about 


as long as the leaves, those of the male drooping, those of the. 


female when dioecous, sub-erect. MALE FLOWERS sometimes 
ona separate tree, sometimes on the same, numerous, small, 
before expansion vertically compressed and five-lobed, of a 
pale greenish yellow colour. Calyx five-leaved ; leaflets near- 
ly round, concave, expanding. Corol none. Nectary none. 
Filaments five, opposite, shorter than the leaflets of the 
calyx, inserted into the abortive style a little below its ten- 
rayed peltate crown. Anthers two, Germ none. Style 
short, thick, ‘Stigma peltate, ten-rayed. FEMALE FLOWERS 


whether on the same, or on a different tree, solitary, short-pe- — 
dicelled, with a lanceolate bracte beneath each, Calyx five- 


leaved. Corol none. Nectary or nectarial glands five, 
roundish, sub-sessile, within the leaflets of the calyx, much, 
like fertile anthers. Germ superior, round, three-celled, with 

two ovula in each, attached to the upper end of the axis. 
Styles three, recurved, undivided, Stigma simple. Cap- 
sule more like a berry on the outside, of the size of a small 


cherry, round, smooth, three-celled, with one or two seeds ia 


each, Embryo curved, inverse, amply furnished with a pe- 


CLUYTIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1526. 


Male. calyx five-leaved. Corol five-petalled. Stamina 


VOL, Ul. 4N 


w 


730 MONORCIA GYNANDRIA. Cluytia. 


five, inserted into the abortive style, Female calyx and co- 
rol as in the male. Styles three, two-cleft. Capsule trilo- 
cular. Seed solitary. 


1, C. semperflorens, R. 

- Shrubby, erect. Leaves sub-laneeolar, acute. Male flow- 
ers in axillary, and lateral glomerules; the female ones few 
and apetalous. 

A small, erect, ramous shrub ; a native of Silhet, where it 
is in flower and seed the whole year round. 

Siem erect, short, soon dividing into a few erect, and spread 
ing branchlets, Bark of the old ligneous parts dark brown, 
and scabrous; that of the tender shoots, densely clothed with 
short hairs, Leaves alternate, short-petioled, sub-lanceolar, 
tapering most toward the base and there somewhat cordate, 
with a very few hairs on the rib and veins, all the rest smooth, 
about six inches long, by two broad. Stipules small and su- 

_bulate. Flowers short-pedicelled, forming crowded, round- 
ish glomerules over the leafless branches, chiefly axillary, 
the male ones very numerous and purple, the female ones 

- large, few and green. Male calyz, five unequal, spreading, 
small oval leaflets, Petals five, round, obovate, spreading, 

of a deep purple. Nectary, five glands alternate with the 
insertion of the petals, Filaments single, columnar. Anthers 
six, placed in a stellate form round the apex of the column, 
and open on the under side. Female calyx five-leaved. 

Corol none, Nectary, a pentagonal ring round the base of 

the germ. Germ superior, roundish, hairy, three-celled, with 
one ovulum in each, attached to the axis above its middle. 

Styles three, bifid, recurved. Capsule the size of a large pea, 

of an olive colour, villous, tricoceous, Seeds, perisperm and 
embryo, as in the order, 


2.6. oblongifolia, R. 
Arboreous, Leaves alternate, short- “petioled, Oe acute, 


“smooth, glaucous underneath. Flowers sessile, crowded, : 


waglary. Petals obcordate, tridentate. 


scsi tea 


Cluytia. MONOECIA GYMANDRIA, 731 


A middling sized tree, a native of the forests of Silhet, 
where it is called Dookesa. It furnishes the natives with 
hard durable wood, fit for various economical purposes, 
Flowering time the end of the hot season; the seed ripens in 
August and September. 

Twigs straight, slender and smooth. Leaves alternate, 
bifarious, short-petioled, oblong, entire, sub-acuminate, hay- 
ing the upper surface polished, and the under one glaucous, 
from four to six inches long, by two and a half broad. 
Flowers numerous, sessile, small, crowded into little, round, 
axillary heads, or in little lateral and terminal spikes. Brac- 
tes numerous amongst the flowers, small and hairy, Calyx 
in both male and female five-parted, permanent ; segments 
tapering and smooth, Petals in both five, generally small- 
er than the calyx, obcordate, three-toothed. Stamens in the 


male flowers five, inserted on a column, as in the genus. In 


the female ones none. Germ superior, the base embraced 


by a five-toothed cup. Styles and stigmas as in the genus. 
Capsule short-pedicelled above the permanent calyx, of the 
size of a cherry, smooth, three-lobed, three-celled, six-valv- 
ed, Seed solitary, with inverted embryo, as in the other 


Euphorbie. 


3. C. diversifolia. R. 
Leaves sub-sessile, from obovate and obtuse to broad-lan- 


ceolate and acute, smooth and entire. Stipules ensiform, 
Flowers axillary, sessile. Petals obovate. Stigmas three- 


cleft, i 
A native of the Malay Islands. 
‘Branchiets downy. Leaves bifarious, short-petioled, from 


oblong and obtuse, to broad-lanceolate and acute, all entire 
and smooth on both sides, from four to five inches long. Sé- 
pules ensiform, downy. Flowers axillary, male and female 
mixed, both perfectly sessile, and scarcely ionger than the 
stipules. Male calyx of five acute, erect, smooth segments, 
Petals five, roundish, obovate, inserted by short claws on the 

AN2 ’ 


732 MONOECIA GYNANDRIA. Cluytia. 


outer edge of the nectary. Mectary saucer-shaped. Column 
with five expanding filaments, inserted above its middle, 
above their insertion three-cleft. .4nthers incumbent. Fe- 
male calyx, corol and nectary as in the male. Germ hairy. 
Styles three. Stigmas trifid. 


4. C, collina. Willd. iv. 883. Roxb. Corom, pl. ii. N. 169. 

Leaves sub-sessile, oval, smooth, entire. Flowers axillary, 
Leaflets of the calyx lanceolate. Petals minute. Capsules 
tricoccous. 

Tam. Woodacha-marum. 

Teling. Kadishen. 

A small tree, a native of the hilly parts of the Circars. It 
flowers during the hot season. The seed ripens in December 
and January. 

_ Leaves alternate, short-petioled, bifarions, the smaller ones 
orbicular, the larger obovate, entire, smooth, shining, size va- 
rious. Stipules small,acute, hairy, falling. Flowers short-pe- 
duncled, middle size, green, sometimes the male and female 
ones are mixed in the axills of the same leaves ; sometimes 
the male flowers are collected by themselves in little bundles 
in the axills,and the female ones solitary in distinct axills, and 
sometimes again it happens that they occupy different trees. 
Bractes several, very minute, surrounding the insertion of 
the peduncles. Male calyx split to very near the base, into 
five segments; divisions tapering, withering. Petals five, 
very minute, lanceolate, Nectary saucer-formed. Stamens, 
in the centre of the nectary there is a cylindric column from 
which, near the apex, there issue five ascending filaments. 
Anthers oblong, erect. Pistillum no other than the fore- 
mentioned column. Female calyx and corol as in the male. — 
Nectary cup-formed, closely embracing half the germ; mar- 
gin slightly notched, Germ superior, ovate. Styles three, 
each two-cleft, Stigmas simple. Capsule somewhat three- 
Jobed, smooth, very hard, three-celled, six-valved, the size 
of a nutmeg. Seeds, only one in each cell comes to maturity, 


Briedelia, MONOECIA GYNANDRIA, 733 


though when young inst are the radiments of two, Mae 2 
smooth, of the size of a pea. 

The bark, or outer crust of the capsule is reported to be 
exceedingly poisonous. The wood of the tree is of a red- 
dish colour, exceedingly hard, and durable. 


5. C, patula, Willd, iv. 884, R. Corom. pl. ii. N. 170. 

Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, smooth, entire. Flowers 
axillary, or on axillary spikes. Petals round, crenulate, 
clawed. Capsules tricoccous. 

A much larger tree than col/ina, a native of moist valleys 
amongst the Circar mountains. it flowers during _ hot 
season, : 

Trunk straight, from fifteen to twenty feet to the branches, 

Bark pretty smooth, dark-coloured, thin and hard, Branches 

very numerous, spreading horizontally, and forming a large 
shady head. Branchlets bifarious, twiggy. Leaves alter- 
nate, short-petioled, bifarious, oblong, attenuated to a long, 

slender point, entire, smooth, shining, about three inches ove 

by one and a half broad. Siipules small, Flowers nearly 
sessile, male and female collected in little bundles in the 
axills, sometimes on small axillary, interrupted spikes. Brac- 
tes small, numerous, chaffy, surrounding the insertions of the 
‘flowers, Male calyx as in the former species. Petals five, 
orbicular, crenulate, many times smaller than the calyx, in- 
serted by claws, Nectary saucer-shaped. Stamens as in the 
former species. Female calyx and corol as in the male, 
Nectary cup-formed, embracing only about a third of the 
germ, Germ superior, ovate, hairy. Styles three, two-cleft. 

Stigmas small. Capsule the size of a small pent three- 
celled, three-valved. Seed solitary. 

~ The wood of this tree is of the colour of dried rose leaves, 


also hard and dutables 


ay BRIEDELIA. Wilid. . 
“Mate calyx five-parted. Corol five-petalled, inserted on 


734 MONOECIA GYNANDRIA, Briedelia. 


the calyx, Siamina five, inserted on the abortive style. Ie- 
male calyx and corol as in the male. Germ superior, two- 

‘celled ; cells two-seeded ; attachment superior. Styles two, 
bifid. Berry, or drupe two-seeded. Embryo inverse and fur- 
nished with a perisperm. 


1. B. erenulata, Roxb. 

Leaves linear, oblong, scarcely crenulate, tomentose un- 
derneath. Flowers axillary, crowded, sessile. 

A large timber tree, a native of the mountainous countries 
near the mouth of the river Megna, from thence sent by Ste- 
phen Harris, Esq. to the Botanic garden, where after twelve 
years, it blossomed in May and the seed ripened in October. 
This will belong to that division of my Cluytias, which Will- 
denow, in his edition of the Species Plantarum of Linneus. 
vol.iv. p. 978, has very properly made a distinct genus, un- 
_derthe name Briedelia. I donot, however, remember to have 

found any of the flowers hermaphrodite, in any of the species. 
Trunk tolerably straight, in trees twelve or thirteen years 
old, four feet above the earth, from two to three feet in cir- 
cumference, covered with deeply cracked, ash-coloured bark. 
Branches expanding ; young shoots round and villous, while 
the trees are young a few long sharp spines are found thinly 
scattered over the trunk and large branches, Leaves alter- 
nate, bifarious, short-petioled, linear-oblong, or elliptic, ob- 
_ fuse, slightly crenulate, of a firm texture, smooth above, 
_ downy underneath, with numerous, simple and parallel veins, 

from two to four inches long,and about half that in breadth. 
Stipules ensiform, caducous, Thorns, on our young trees, 
a few long straight, simple ones are found on the trunk and 
large branches, Flowers axillary, sessile, crowded, small, 
pale yellow, the male ones on one tree, and the female ones 
onanother. Male calyx five-leaved, or to the base five-cleft ; 
leaflets ovate, acute. Petals oval, notched, long-clawed. 
Nectary acetabuliform, Filaments inserted on the column, 
below its bidentate apex. Female calyx and exterior nec- 


Briedehia. MONOECIA GYNANDRIA. 735 


tary as in the male, Petals lanceolar; the inner nectary 
pitcher-shaped, enveloping the germ; its contracted mouth 
five-toothed. Germ ovate, two-celled, with two ovula in 
each, attached to the top of the partition. Styles two, short, 
two-cleft, Stigmas simple. Drupe superior, round, of the 
size of a large pea, succulent, when ripe of a shining black, 
two-celled. Nuts hemispherical, rugose, the exterior or con-' 
vex side, one-celled. Seed conform to the nut. Integument 
_ Single, thin, Perisperm conform to the seed, rather hard. 

Embryo inverse. Cotyledons retuse, Radicle oblong, su- 


perior. 


2. B. montana, Willd. iv. p. 978, 3 

Leaves long obovate, entire, smooth, Flowers axillary, 
sessile, Petals roundish, clawed. Berry two-celled. 

Cluytia montana, Roxb. Corom, pl. ii. N. 171. 

Teling. Pantenga. 

On the interior mountains it grows to be a tree, on the 
lowerands it does not grow so large. 

Trunk erect, short and thick. Branches numerous, spread- 
lng, Branchlets bifarious, twiggy. Leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, bifarious, obovate, or wedge-formed, smooth, entire, 
from two to three inches long, broad in proportion, Stipules 
small, acute, withering. Flowers small, green, axillary, 
_ crowded, sessile, the male and female mixed. Bractes 
minute, numerous, withering. Male flowers exactly as in 
Cluytia patula.. Female calyx, corol and nectary as in Cluy- 
tia patula. Germ superior, ovate, two-celled, with two ovula 
in each, attached to the top of the partition. Styles two, 


two-cleft. Stigmas simple. Berry globular, succulent, of the 
Size of a pea. Seeds two, oval, one side flat, the other convex. 


_ The wood of this tree like the two former is very hard and 
£ of a reddish colour. 7 


3B. B. spinosa, Willd, iv. p. 979. 
_Arboreous. | Leaves areal entire, smooth Fiver: 


736 MONOECIA GYNANDRIA, Briedeha. 


spiked, Petals round, curled, clawed. Nectary in the male 
flowers double. Berries two-sided, 

Cluytia spinosa, Roxb. Corom, pl. ii, NN’. 172. 

Teling. Kora man. 

This is a tree of considerable size, a native of the Circar. 
mountains, as well as of various parts of Bengal, where it blos- 
soms during the rainy season, chiefly in July, and the seeds 
ripen in December. 

Trunk straight. Bark scabrous. Branches disposed as in 
the last. Thorns a few over the larger branches, large and 
strong. Leaves also disposed in the same manner, oblong, 
pointed, entire, firm, smooth, with many parallel protuberant 
veins running from the centre to the circumference, about 
five inches long, and two and a half broad. Spikes axillary or 
terminal, glomerate ; flowers collected in bundles leaving the 
interstices naked. Flowers small, of a greenish yellow, male 
and female mixed. Male calyx and corol as in the two last 
species. . Nectary double, the exterior saucer-shaped and the 
interior cup-shaped, sitting on the exterior, or that which is 
saucer-shaped, and divided to near the base, into five seg- 
ments; divisions narrowing towards the point, with the ex-— 
tremities three-toothed. Stamens ; filaments five, inserted into 
in erect colamn, Female calyx and corol as in the male, 
Nectary gibbous, surrounding the germ entirely, and leav- 
ing only a small opening for the styles to pass, and there 
five-toothed. Germ ovate. Styles two, two-cleft. Stigmas 
simple. Berry globular, of the size of a pea, naconien? 
black. Seeds two. 

The bark i is a strong astringent. The wood dark ee 
hard and durable, Cattle eat the leaves greedily ; they are 
said to destroy worms in their bowels. 


4, B, scandens, Willd. iv. p. 979. 
Shrubby, scandent. Leaves oblong, downy underneath. 
Petals roundish, crenulate, clawed. : 
_ Cluytia scandens, Roxb. Corom. pl. ii. N, 173. 


Briedelia. MONOECIA GYNANDRIA,. 737 


Scherunam cottam. Rheed. Mal. ii. t. 16. 

Teling. Doonkiboora. 

A large, woody, climbing species, common on banks of ri-. 
vers and water courses in the Circars. _ It flowers in Novem- 
ber and December. > 

Trunk scarcely any ; branches long, climbing, with their 
_ extremities flower-bearing and pendulous, Bark ash-colour- 
ed. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, bifarious, oval, entire, 
downy underneath, various in size. Stipules cuneiform, as 
long as the petioles. Flowers’ small, of a yellowish green, 
either axillary, crowded, and sessile, or interrupted, leafy, ter- 
minal, or axillary, generally male on one branch; and female - 
on another. Male flowers as in Cluytia patula; except that. - 
in this species, the petals are not at their extremities, Fe~ 
male calyx and corol as in the male. Nectary, double as 
in Briedelia spinosa, and in every respect the same. » Germ. 
superior, ovate, hid in the inner nectary, two-celled, with two 
ovula in each, attached to the middle of the partition, Styles 
two, two-cleft. Stigmas simple. . Berry oblong, juicy, 
smooth, of the size of a large field bean, when ripe it is of a 
rusty black colour. Seeds two, Embryo inverse and fur-, 


nished with a perisperm. 


5. B. lanceefolia, R. 
Monoecous. Leaves broad-lanceolar,obtuse, smooth, glau- 
- ous underneath. Flowers axillary, crowded, sessile. ole : 
tals roundish, dentate. Berries globular, . igh 

A tree of considerable size and quick growth, a native vor 
Bengal. In the Botanic garden, they have attained to the 
height of twenty feet in four years, thick and ramous in pro- 
_ portion, They blossom’ at various times of the year, but 
chiefly about the close of the rains, and the small, round, dark . 
Pipl essien pen in the evo seqeon: il 


. 


VOL, UL, 40 


CLASS XXII 
DIOECIA MONANDRIA. 


| PANDANUS. 
Male spadix compound; spathes alternate, ensiform. 
Proper perianth none. Corol none. Anthers inserted on 
the ramification of the spadix. Female spadix strobiliform ; 
spathes in three fascicles. Perianth proper, none, Corol 
none. Germs from one to many-celled ; cells eee} at 
tachment inferior, Fruit cuspacen ? 


1. P. odoratissimus, Willd. iv. 645. 

_ Ramifications of the male spadix compound. Drupes of 
the compound fruit turbinate, each containing a ee 
ed nut. 

- Sans, Ketuka. 

Hind. Keura, 

Beng. Kea. 

- Mellore, or Nicobar bread fruit. Asiat. Res. iii. 161." 

_ Kaida, Rheed. Mal. ii. t. 1.5. baa 
___P. odoratissimus, R. Corom. pl. N. 94, 985, 96. 
 P. verus, Rumph. Amb, iv. t. 74. 

Anthrodactylis spinosa. Forst. gen, N. 75. 

Keyro, Forsk, Zgypt. 172. 

‘Mugalik is the Telinga name of the male pia and Gor: 
doogoo that of the female, Kaldera is the name they are 
known by amongst Europeans on tlie coast of Coromandel. 
It is a native of all the warmer parts of Asia, all soils and si- 
tuations seem to suit it equally well. ty aaah sk chieBy du- 
ring the rainy season, 


Pandanus. DIOECIA MONANDRIA, 739 


Trunk, now and then a plant may be found with a single, 
pretty erect one, from ten to twelve feet in height, and a ra- 
mous round head; but this is seldom, for it is generally in 
form of a very large, ramous, spreading bush ; from the stems, 
or larger branches, long, fusiform, obtuse-pointed roots issue, 
descending till they come to the ground which they enter and 
then divide. The substance of the most solid wood is some- 
thing like that of a cabbage stem, which by age acquires a 
woody hardness on the outside. Leaves confluent, stem-clasp- 
ing, closely imbricated in three spiral rows, round the extre- 
mities of the branches, drooping, from three to five feet long, 

tapering to a very long, fine, triangular point, very smooth, 
and glossy, margins and back armed with very fine sharp 
spines, all those on the margins point forwards, those of the 
back point sometimes one way and sometimes the other. Male 
inflorescence terminal, a large pendulous, compound, leafy 
panicle, the leaves thereof are white, linear-oblong, pointed 
and concave, in the axill of each there is a single thyrse 
composed of simple, small racemes of long, pointed, depend- 
ing anthers, which are not sessile, but raised from the rachis 
of these partial racemes by tapering filaments, hence [I call 
these parts of the thyrse racemes and not spikelets. Female 
flowers on a different plant, terminal, and solitary, having 
no other calyx, or corol than the termination of the three 
rows of leaves forming three imbricated fascicles of white 
floral leaves or involucres, like those of the male racemes, only 
here they stand at equal distances round the base of the 
young fruit, Germs numerous, collected into firm, wedge. 
shaped, angular bundles, of from six to ten ; these form the 
compound germs of the future fruit, and are closely impact- 
ed round the receptacle. Style none, Stigmas single, on 
each undivided germ, oval, grooved lengthways, yellow, af- 
fixed to the outside of a two-lipped umbilicus, on the apex of 
the germ. Pericarp ; fruit compound, oval, from six to eight 
inches in diameter, and from six to ten long, weighing from 
four to eight pounds, rough, of a rich orange colour, com: 


402 


~ 


740 DIORCIA MONANDRIA, Pandanus. 


posed of numerous, wedge-shaped, angular drupes, when ripe 
their large or exterior ends are detached from one another, 
and covered with a firm, deeper or orange-coloured skin ; 

apices flat, consisting of as many angular, somewhat convex 

tubercles as there are cells in the drupe, each crowned with 

the withered stigma, internally the exterior half of these 
drupes next the apex, consists of dry spongy cavities, their 

lower part next the core or common receptacle is yellow, 
consisting of a rich-looking, yellow pulp intermixed. with 
strong fibres; here the nut is lodged. . Nut of each drupe 
compound, turbinate, exceedingly hard, angular, containing 
as many cells as there are divisions in the apex of the drupe, 
each cell is perforated above and below. Seeds single, ob- 
long, smooth, adhering lengthways to a small fascicle of 
strong white fibres, which pass through the perforations of 
the cell. By far the greatest number of the cells are barren. 
_ Note. This plant is much employéd to make hedges, for 
which it answers well, but requirestoo much room. It grows 
readily from branches which renders it rare to find the full- 
rown, ripe fruit. The male is by far the most common, a 
circumstance merely accidental, for [have seen some old ex- 
tensive hedges entirely female, which must be owing to their 
having been originally a female plant or plants nearest to 
these places, It is the tender white leaves of the flowers, 
chiefly those of the male, that yield that most delightful fra- 
grance for which they are so universally and deservedly es- 
eemed ; for of all the perfumes in the world it must be the 

lest and most, powerful, 


_ The: lower. yellow pulpy part of the ied is sometimes 


eaten by the natives during times of scarcity and famine ; the 
tender white base of the leaves is also eaten raw or boiled dur- 
ing the same melancholy periods, ‘The fusiform roots already 
ntioned are composed of tough fibres, % which basket-makers. 
and use do tie, their work with, they are also. so ‘soft and. 


~ 


Pandanus. DIOECIA MONANDRIA, 741 


Pine-apple. 1 have never known this plant cultivated with 
any other view than for fences, nor do I yet know any other 
enn or even variety of this genus. 

The drawing of the Mellore, or bread fruit of the Nicobar 
eds in the third volume of the Asiatic Researches, was 
taken from the ripe fruit brought from those Islands by Colo- 
nel Kyd. From this drawing and description there is every 
reason to think it is the fruit of the female plant of Pandanus 
odoratissimus, The size, from thirty-five to forty feet in 
height, to which it rises on those Islands, is much greater than 
1 ever saw it on the Coromandel coast, or in Orissa, or Ben- 
gal, which, however, is not a matiinions reason to sumake, ita 
different species. 

. Extract of a letter from Colonel Hic dwieka dated ‘Me: 
ritius, November 1811. This plant is of extensive use in most 

parts of the Island, for its leaves, which are employed for 
the purpose of package bags for the transportation of coffee, 
sugar, and grain from one place to another, and for expor- 
tation, Hedge rows, or avenues are formed of it round 
plantations, or along the sides of the many roads which inter- 
sect them; and the leaves, as fast as théy attain maturity 
are cut till the tree arrives at its full growth, when the pro- 
duction of new leaves being slower, and less useful, younger 
plants are resorted to, to supply the wants of the planter. The 
preparation of the leaves for working into matting is simple 
and short. As soon as gathered, the spines on their edges and 
dorsal nerve are stripped off, and the leaf divided into slips 
of the breadth proper for the use they are required for ; this 
Operation is performed with the blade of a common sirnight 
knife, they are then laid in the sun for a few hours to dry ; 
when required for working into mats the slips are passed un- 
der the blade of a knife applied with a moderate pressure to 
remove all asperities on their surface, which gives them a po- 
lish and makes them plain and more convenient to the hands, 
One negro employed in the foregoing preparation, will sup- 
ply slips fast enough to keep eight others at work; and each 


742 DIOECIA MONANDRIA. Pandanus. 


negro can finish four, and sometimes five bags in the course of 
the day. Thus the value of each bag may be computed by 
the cost, or worth of the labour of nine negroes for one day. 

Every proprietor of slaves can obtain, by letting them out to ° 
daily labour, six Spanish Dollars, or twelve Sicca Rupees 
per month; the value therefore of the labour of one man for 
a day may be rated at six annas and one third, thus taking 
the lowest number made, viz. thirty-six, the cost of each bag 
will be about one anna and a half. This to me appears a 
cheaper material than the common gunny bag of Bengal used 
in the exportation of rice and other grain in Calcutta; it 
seems also better calculated to repel wet and resist the com- 
mon injuries of transportation from one place to another. No 
difficulty would attend the cultivation of this plant in Ben- 
gal, where one, or more species of this genus is indigenous. 
This tree attains here the height of about fifteen feet, the stem 
at half that height branching into several sub-erect arms ter- 
minated by the thick foliage. It flowers in the monthof May; 
the fruit of the kind I here notice is when full grown about 
five inches in diameter, the seed large, turbinate bse: an an- 
ate apex. , 


2, P. foetidus, Roxb. a. 
| Partial racemes, or thyrses of the male flower eieniphes 

Germs distinct. — sapere pointed, with oneaeas 
oj Beak Siete 

‘Beng, Kea-kanta. 

- Found in Bengal, growing wild in uncultivated spots near 
Calcutta, ‘Flowering time the cold season; the fruit sw 
during the hot sbraths of May and June, 

_ T never saw a plant with any thing like a stem, but al- 
ways in the form ofa thick impenetrable bush, of from five 
to six feet high. Leaves as in P. odoratissimus, but smaller. 
Male inflorescence as in P, odoratissimus, ,only here the secon- 
dary racemes, or thyrses, are simple, — facut 


Pandanus. DIOECIA MONANDRIA, 743 


pering, fleshy receptacle, of about an inch in length, to which 
the anthers are affixed. Filaments very short, with a thick 
conical base, Anthers long, linear, generally waved, with a 
polliniferous groove on each side, Female, the whole of the 
aggregate female flower as in P. odoratissimus, Germs most 
numerous, single and distinct, not collected into fascicles as 
in the former species, the lower half angular ; the upper half 
tapering into a very sharp, subulate point, on the under side 
of which there is a lighter coloured, linear, glandular, fur- 
rowed elevation, which I take to be the stigma ; however im- 
mediately below this elevated groove there is a smooth ob- 
long pit or hollow, in the lower part of which is a single cell, 
with ten ovula, attached to one side of the bottom of the cell. 
Fruit ovula, three-sided, echinated with the most acute prick- 
ly points of the drupes, of the size of a small pine apple, 
when ripe red. Drupes wedge-shaped, angular, single, but 
_ firmly and closely connected by a pulpy gluten, crowned 
with the remaining stigma, which is now a sharp thorn, Nut 
conformed to the shape of the drupe, longitudinally fibrous, 
not very hard, two-celled. Seed solitary, in the lower cell, or 
part of the nut, a septum separating the séed from an upper 
cell of the nut, which is larger, and neplate with: 06 white 
pith only. ; 
Note, The smell of both male and female Piiince is et. 
ly offensive, beg almost like that of the flowers of Stercu- 
lia foetida. So far as I know, it is only employed fonhedges, 


3. P. amaryllifolius. R. 
Diffuse. Leaves linear, tending to be three-nerved, — 


rather broad, somewhat spinous-serrulate. 4 
This species came from Amboyna. It has now. beemiliae- 

teen years in the Botanic garden and is by far the smallest 1 
have yet known. It has less of the general habit of the ge-) 
nus, than any other I know, but is furnished abundantly with 
the characteristic fusiform roots, which issue from the stems 
‘and larger branches, and enter the ground, which leaves no 
doubt with me of its being a Pandanus. 


744 DIOECIA MONANDRIA, Cycas. 


4, P. furcatus. Ro : . 
-Drupes of the oblong compound fruit cuneate, crowned 
with an incurved, polished, nr forked spine, nuts one- 
‘celled. 
~Kaida Tsjerria. Rheed. Mal, ii. #. 8. 
A native of Pegu, Chittagong, Malabar, &c. 


-&. P. inermis, R. 

‘Diffuse. Leaves ensiform, chamelled, unarmed, and po- 
lished. 

‘From Amboyna this pretty small species has been intro- 
duced into the Botanic garden, where it grows luxuriantly, 
spreading and leaning over a surface of several feet, and 
sending forth the usual fusiform roots which enter the soil, 
as in the other species, The leaves are from two to three 
feet long, highly polished, and in all our young plants with- 
out the smallest sign of a prickle, apices long” and mepaers 


gener —— 4 


CYCAS. 


Male ament strobile-shaped ; scales thereof covered on 
the under side with distinct, sessile, one-celled, two-valved. 
anthers. Female spadix with a few solitary, bifarious, al- 
conan, sessile, naked, one-celled germs on the margins, with 

single*ovulum, attached to the bottom of the cell. Styles 
sidgtt Drupe with a woody, one-celled nut. Embryo in- 
oe amply Feesialaest -daag perisperm and vitellus. 


1. C, circinalis, Willa, iv, BAA, : | 
Leaves pinnate, with long armed petioles, Sieh from 
fifty ‘wo aixty ‘parr,’ sub-alternate, rather remote, — linear 
C. inermis, Lour. Cochin Ch. 776. 


Olus Clappoides, Rumph, Sere i. t. 2 me female sant 
& 23, the male, : 


° 


* 


Cycas. DIOECIA MONANDRIA, 745 


This beautiful, small palm has of late years been introduc- 
ed from Amboyna into the Company’s Botanic garden, where 
it thrives freely; blossoms in May, and ripens its seed in De- 
cember and January. 

The trunk of our young trees, now ten or twelve years in 
this garden, and some years old when they arrived, is from 
two to five feet high, and from eighteen to twenty-four inches 
in circumference, very rough with the swelled scars of the 
fallen leaves, Leaves spreading round the crown of the 
plant, numerous, viz. sixty or seventy, pinnate, of a smooth, 
shining, deep green in every part, from three to six feet long. 
Leaflets generally from fifty to sixty on each side, conse- 
quently rather remote, in some parts opposite, in others alter- 
nate, of a linear-lanceolate, sickle form, acute, almost flat, 
very smooth and-entire, from four to ten inches Jong, and 
about halfan inch broad. Petioles nearly round, smooth, from 
twelve to twenty-four inches of the base destitute of leaflets, 
and there generally armed with a row of short sharp spines 
on each side. Stipules, so I call the numerous, pointed, vil- 
_ lous, imbricated scales, which are mixed amongst the swell- 
ed leaves of the petioles, and closely embrace the peduncle 
of the strobile. Male strobile elevated on a short, thick, firm 
peduncle, from the crown of the plant, ovate oblong, being at 
first about nine or ten inches long, but lengthening to nearly 
double that extent, and continuing throughout about five 
inches in diameter, imbricated with numerous, diverging 
scales, After continuing in vigour for nearly two months, 
its peduncle is forced to one side, to give room for the annu- 
al tuft of foliage, which then begins to appear from the cen- 
tre of the crown of the plant, Scales wedge-shaped, obli- 
quely-truncated, and thereclothed with much fulvous down. 
In two of the three male plants now in blossom, a large, erect, 
subulate point rises from the exterior upper angle of each 
of the scales ; when the strobile first appears they are closely 
pressed together like the germs in the pine-apple, bat as it 
lengthens by age they become detached from each other, and 


VOL, Il. aP 


746 DIOECIA MONANDRIA. Cycas. 


free onall sides. Corol none. Filaments none. Anthers per- 
fectly distinct, numerous, entirely covering the under surface 
of the scales of the strobile, one-celled, two-valved, opening 
round the apex for the discharge of the pollen. Pisti/ nothing 
hike one to be found. 

Femate. In May 1804 a female plant blossomed at the 
same time the above-mentioned three male trees were in flow- 
er. The female tree is rather higher and more robust than the 
largest of the males, and its inflorescence differs but little from 
that of revoluta, viz. a strobiliform cone crowning the stem 
surrounded with a circle of leaves exactly like those of the 
male. This strobile is composed of many exterior, barren, 
villous, cuspidate scales called stipules in the male, imme- 
diately within are the downy, compressed, clavate, spatulate, 
two-edged spadices; on the sides, about the middle of each, 
the naked, round, smooth, one-celled, one-sided germs are im- 
mersed, generally two on each side, crowned with a minute 
style, and a perforated, callous, margined stigma. Beyond 
the germs the spadix becomes incurved, and of a dilated, 
rhomb shape, with the exterior margins cut into several su- 
bulate, straight segments, the middle one being much longer, 
larger, and more villous that the rest. Drupe oval, of the size 
of a small pullet’s egg, somewhat flattened, smooth till they 
become wrinkled by drying ; when ripe yellow, one-celled. 
Nut conform to the drupe, ligneous, one-celled, lined on the 


inside with much brown, spongy matter, particularly about 


. C revoluta, Willd. i iv. 844, 


Leaves pinnate, with short, armed petioles; leaflets ap- 
proximate, from one to two hundred pairs, linear, with a spi- 
nous point, and revolute margins, 

C. revoluta, Smith in Trans, of Linn, Soc. vi. 312. t. 29, 
30 ; excellent for the female plant, 

The female of this charming species, is very common in 
gardens about Calcutta, where it grows in about the space 


c 


Cycas. DIOECIA MONANDRIA. 747 


of thirty years, to the height of ten, or twelve feet ; I mean 
the trunk, every one of which produces offsets in abundance, 
by which the plant is readily multiplied. But 1 see no rea- 
son to think it can ever be made a useful article of diet, I 


have never found the male tree. 


3. C. sphaerica. Roxb. 

Leaves pinnate, sides of the petioles armed with a short 
spine; leaflets from eighty to one hundred pair, sub-alter- 
nate, linear, spinous-pointed. Scales of the male strobile with 
long, curved, subulate points. Drupes spherical. 

This additional, charming species of Cycas was with C. 
circinalis, introduced into the Botanic garden from the Mo-~ 
luccas in 1798-9. In 1806 and the following year several of 
both male and female plants, blossomed in the month of May. 
The female of one of those ripened its seeds in January and 
February, and now, September, those seeds are beginning to 
vegetate, after having been in the ground about six months. 
The, plants of this species differ in habit but little from cir- 
cinalis ;1 will therefore only note wherein they differ from 
each other. 

Trunk of both the male and female trees, are hitherto, in 


- this species from thirty-four to fifty-four inches in circumfer- 


ence; it is therefore thicker than circinalis, in other respects 
they are alike. | Leaves, in this species they are smaller, the 
petioles longer and more armed, and the leaflets more numer- 
ous, viz. from eighty to one hundred, sub-alternate pairs, In 
circinalis they are from fifty to sixty, narrower, and straighter, 
Mats. In this the strobile, or cone, has the same appearance ofa 
pine-apple, as it has also in the other, but the scales taper from 
the middle, into very long, incurved, subulate points; whereasin 
circinalis they are almost truncated, with a point more or less 
long, rising nearly at right angles, from the exterior upper 
angle, Anthers the same in both. About the time the cone, or 
flower, begins to decay, it is, as in circinalis forced to one side 
by the annual tuft of foliage bursting from the crown of the 
4P2 


748 DIOECIA MONANDRITA, Cycas. 


plant. Femaxe. The spadices are numerous, and with ge- 
nerally three pistils on each side, beyond these they rise 
in a curve, and immediately expand into an ovate-triangu- 
lar shape, with long, subulate points, and the whole margins 
deeply and acutely dentate ; every part, except the pistil, is 
clothed with a thick coat of ferruginous down, which is easi- 
ly rubbed off. In C, circinalis these form a large globular 
crown in the centre of the last year’s foliage, and are surround- 
ed with numerous, barren, cuspidate scales, or bractes, Germs 
solitary, round, partly immersed in the edge of the spadix, 
one-celled, ovula solitary, amply attached to the bottom of 
the cell. Style short, straight. Stigma simple, perforated. 
Drupes nearly round, a little compressed, smooth, about the 
size of a pigeon’s egg, tipped with the permanent stigma, when 
ripe of a dull orange colour. Pulp somewhat mealy, sweet, 

_ yellow, but the smell is uncommonly disagreeable. Nut so- 
litary, conform to the drupes, ligneous, a little pointed under 
the stigma, with a small elevation running from thence to the 
base on each side, which marks the place where it bursts, when 
the seeds begins to vegetate, consequently it is two-valyed. 
Seed single, of the size and shape of the cavity of the nut which 
it completely fills. Integuments three, the exterior one deep 


brown, thick, and firm, adhering to the inside of the shell, — 


particularly at the bottom, the middle one thin, of a light 
brown, membranaceous, and the inner one a very thin white 
membrane, Perisperm conform to the seed, of a pale yel- 
2 lowish white, fleshy; in its apex, under the style, is a trans- 

rsely oval pit, the bottom thereof marked with five or six 
bows dots, corresponding with as many oblong: cavities im- 
mediately under them, which penetrate, in unimpregnated 
seeds about one-tenth their diameter, these are alike in shape 
and size, but in such as have been impregnated, one of these 
cells penetrates more than half way down, through its centre, 
and contains a wedge-shaped body, which I call the vitellus, 
suspended, or attached to the mouth of the cell, by a long, 
white, folded, umbilical cord, A vertical section of this body 


* 


 Majas. DIOECIA MONANDRIA. 749 


exposes what I call the true embryo lodged a little above its 
middle, and composed of two unequal lobes, resembling co- 
tyledons pointing to the base of the vitellus ; from the upper 
pointed end of this bilobate body the radicle issues, when ve- 
getation commences, passing out through the mouth of the 
cell, and the apex of the nut now open; from the middle of 
the upper side of the radicle bursts forth, in due time, the 
plumula, in form of a small scale, and from its centre other 


. Scales continue to spring ; the fourth, or fifth, begins to take 


the form of the pinnate leaf of the full-grown plant. 

From the fresh wounded parts of all the three species of 
Cycas known to me, viz, circinalis, revoluta and this, there is 
discharged a quantity of clear, insipid mucilage, which soon ~ 
hardens into firm, transparent gum, like tragacanth, but 
clearer ; my experience however does not lead me to think 
that any one of the three yields sago, or even a substitute 
for it. Idare not venture to quote Todda panna of Rheede’s 
Malabaricus, iii, t. 18—21, for this, because it has al- 
ready been quoted by Linneus, &c. for C. circinalis, yet I 
think Rheede’s figures and description, agree better with this 
plant than with what I have already described, and figured 
under that name. For more information, consult Rumph’s 


~ Herbarium. Amboinense, i, p. 86—92, and the figures there 


quoted. 


. 


NAJAS. 
| Male calyx cylindric, bifid, Corol four-cleft. Filaments 


none. Female calyx none, Corol none, Pistil none. Cement 


one-celled, 


. 


NV. dichotoma, R. 
‘Dichotomous, Leaves tern, filiforn. Seed solitary, oval, 
smooth, It grows in deep pools of sweet water in Bengal. 


aT: ree 


750 DIOECIA DIANDRIA. - Vallisneria. 


DIOECIA DIANDRIA. 


VALLISNERLA. Schreb. gen. N. 1491. 


Male spathe entire, or two-parted. Spadia simple. Co- 
rol three-petalled, or three-parted. Female spathe as in the 
male, one-flowered. Perianth three-parted. Corol three- 
petalled. Styles three or three-parted. Capsule one-cell- 
ed, many-seeded, ' 


1, V. spiraloides. R. 

Stemless, Leaves radical ensiform, serrulate, Female on 
a spiral scape, witha three.toothed spathe; no corol, nor nec- 
tary. 

A native of Coromandel. 

2, V. alterni ifolia, R. a | | 

-Ramous. Leaves linear, alternate, and opposite at the ori- 
gin of the branches. — 

_ Hind, Ganj. 

_ Beng. Rusna-jhanj. 

Found in ponds of fresh water near Calcutta, in high per- 
pection during the latter part of the rainy season. 

Root stole-bearing, affixed in the ground, fibrous. Stems 
filiform, ascending through the water, and of various lengths, 
but sufficient, when the inundations are not too rapid, to 
raise the alternate ramifications even with the surface of the 
water. Leaves alternate, except at the ramifications, and 
there generally opposite ; those of the stem remote; of the 
flower bearing branches approximate ; stem-clasping, sword- 
shaped, serrate, from two to four inches long. So far the 
male and female plants agree. Maze, Calyx common, 
spathes axillary, paired, sessile, composed of two valves part- 
ing when the corollets are ready to be disengaged. Com- 
mon spadix as in the genus, surrounded with innumer- 
able pedicelled corollets, Corol five-petalled, unequal, com~ 


Vallisneria. DIOECIA DIANDRIA. 751 


pletely reflexed. Filaments two, clubbed. Femae. Flow- 
ers axillary, sessile, paired. Spathe asin the genus, Pe- 
rianth (or corol) three-leaved, spreading, orbicular, con- 
cave and elevated on a most slender pedicel. Corol no other 
than the last mentioned. Germ oblong, tapering in the above 
mentioned slender pedicel or style ; stigma six-leaved ; leaflets 
revolute, appearing like the corol sitting close to the calyx. 
Capsule as in the genus, 

Note. The smal] corollets when separated from the spadix, 
swim upon the tips of the reflected petals, over the surface of 
the water, till entangled by the large corol-like stigmas of the 
female flowers. , 


3. V. verticillata, R, 

Ramous, Leaves verticelled. Male spathe one-flowered. 

Hottonia serrata, Willd, i, 329. 

Serpicula verticillata. Suppl. p. 416. R. Corom, ple ii, 
No. 164, 

Teling. Poo natsoo. 

Grows in clear, standing, sweet water. Flowers during 
the cold season, and consists of simple, filiform roots, and a 
number of fine, filiform, jointed shoots, or stems ; some creep- 
ing, some floating below the surface of the water, branches 
solitary, axillary. 

Leaves sessile, verticelled, three to six-fold, oblong-lanceo- 
late, from one eighth to half an inch long. Ma Le FLOWERS 
axillary, sessile, from one to four in the verticel, much small- 
er than the female, Calyx, spathe one-flowered, sub-globu- 
lar, murexed, bursting irregularly. Pertanth three-leaved ; 
leaflets obovate, reflexed. Corol three-petalled; petads 
wedge-formed, reflexed. Filaments three, short, ascending. 
Anthers very large, two-lobed, opening with an elastic jerk, 
pollen white, very large grained. FEMALE FLOWERS on dis- 
tinct plants, axillary, generally solitary, though sometimes 
there are two from the same verticel. Spathe, perianth, and 
corol, as in the genus; no nectary, Germ sessile, subulate, 


752 DIOECIA DIANDRIA. Vallisneria, 


ending in the long, sub-erect receptacle of the flower which 
elevates it above the water while expanded. Stigmas three, 
lanceolate. The capsule has the appearance of a silique, 
sometimes murexed, one-celled. Seeds from three to five, 
oblong, pointed at each end, lodged as in the leguminous 
' plants ; their attachments I could not discover, | 

Note. When the male flowers are ready to expand, the 
murexed spathe bursts, the flowers are then quickly detach- 
ed, and swim remote from the parent plants, on the surface 
of the water, in search of the female flowers, resting on the 
extremites of the reflexed leaflets of the perianth, and petals 
of the corol; what a wonderful economy ! 

The Bruhmapoor sugar refiners use this herb, while moist, 
to cover the surface of their sugars, as clay is used in the 
West India Islands, and in two or three wen the enorme is 
finished exceedingly well. ahertes 6 


4. V. ociandra. Willd. iv. 651. Corom. pl. ii. 165, 475, 

Stemless. Leaves radical, ensiform. Scape straight, Male 
flowers octandrous. 

Saivala, Asiat, Res, iv, 275. 

Hind, and Beng. Shyala, Semar, also Halla, ! 

A grass-like plant, growing in standing, sunllonts sweet 
water, 

Root fibrous, annual, Leaves radical, linear, tapering to 
a fine point, serrulate, smooth ; from nine to thirty-six inches 
long, and half an inch or less broad... Mate rtowers, Pe- 
duneles or rather seapes axillary, straight, a little compress- 
ed, the length of the leaves, or more, so as to raise the flowers 
above the surface of the water. Spathe one-leaved, sub-cy- 
lindric, somewhat diaphanous, open at top for the unex- 
panded flowers to pass through, Flowers numerous, in suc- 


cession, white, pretty large, pedicelled ; pedicels lengthening 


when the flowers are ready to expand, so as to elevate them 


just above the mouth of the spathe, Perianth proper three- 
leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, Corol ig ididiatl 


Salix. DIOECIA DIANDRIA, 753 


ar, recurved, more than twice the length of the calyx. Fila- 
ments eight, of unequal length, erect, shorter than the petals. 
Anthers linear. Germ abortive, three-sided. Styles three. 
FEMALE FLOWERS on a separate plant. Scape shorter, and 
thicker than in the male. Spathe as in the male, one-flow- 
ered. Flowers white, elevated above the germ, and above 
the mouth of the spathe by a very long receptacle, style, or 
pedicel, which makes up for the shortness of the scape, and 
brings the flowers nearly of a height with the tops of the 
leaves. Perianth three-parted. Corol as in the male, only 
the petals are here filiform. Germ cylindric, obsoletely three- 
sided, sessile in the bottom of the spathe, ending in the above 
mentioned flower-elevating receptacle. Style three-cleft 
to near the base; divisions filiform, white. Capsu/e as in the 
genus. 

They are all found in lakes and in stagnant pools of sweet 
water, and as in V. spiralis, the male flowers, when ready to 
expand, detach themselves from the plant, and are borne, as 
the wind directs over the surface of the water, resting on the 
tips of their reflected petals in search of the female flowers. 


SALIX. Schreb. gen. N. 1493. 


Maue. Ament cylindric, Calyx scaly. Corol none, but 
@ nectariferous gland in the centre. Femaug. Calya the 
scales of the ament. Coro/ none. Style two-cleft, Capsule 
one-celled, two-valved. Seeds downy. 


4S. tetrasperma, Willd, iv. 657, Corom. pl. 1. N. 97. 

~ Arboreous, | Leaves lanceolar, serrulate, acuminate, 

smooth. Stamina from six to eight. Capsule four-seeded. 
Sans. Burun, 

~ Beng. Pani-juma, + 
Hind. Baishee. 

This is the only species of Salix I have yet found in India. 
‘It is a middle-sized tree, a native of the banks of rivulets 

Vv OL, m1, 4Q 


754 DIOECIA TRIANDRIA, Osyris. 


and moist places among the Circar mountains, Flowering 
time the cold season. 

Trunk erect but short, as thick as a man’s bod y. Head 
large, very ramous. Branchlets twiggy. Leaves alternate, 
short-petioled, lanceolar, fine-pointed, most minutely serrate, 
smooth above, whitish below, from two to four inches long. 
Mate. Ament filiform, its peduncle often leaf-bearing, issu- 
ing from the dry, smooth, brown involucre-like scales of the 
bud. Scales small, cup-formed, with a long depending tongue- 
like lip, giving to the whole the appearance of a slipper. 
Filaments from six to eight, retrofracted, three or four times 
longer than the tongue of the perianth. Anthers twin, singly 
orbicular and grooved. FEMALE. ments shorter than in 
the male ; perianth the same. Germ long-pedicelled. Style 
as long as the capsule, Stigmas two, spreading. Capsule cor- 
date, opening from the apex, one-celled, four-seeded. Seeds 
oblong, involved in much fine white cotton; which does not 
adhere to them, | but is inserted with them into the bottom of 


the capsule. 


2 S. Babylonica. Willd. iv. 671. 

Arboreous, Branchlets pendulous. Leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, serrate, smooth, glaucous underneath, Male flowers 
diandrous. 

A native of the middle parts of Asia, In Bengal it blos- 
soms during the hot season. 

The scales of the ament in the male, form something likea 
facia hairy cup which is not more than one-fourth the 
length of the filaments. On each side, without and within, 


the insertion of the filaments, is an oblong, yellow, smooth 
gland, rather shorter than the scales, 


DIOECIA TRIANDRIA, 


Z OSYRIS. Schreb. gén. N. 1497. a 
Male calyx trifid, Corot none, Female con in the 


Osyris. DIOECIA TRIANDRIA. 755 


male. Corol none. Germ superior, one-celled, one-seeded ; 
attachment lateral ; stigma sub-rotund. Capsule one-celled, 

two-valved, onenceided: Embryo obliquely inverse, and fur- 
nished with a perisperm. 


O. peltata, R. 

Arboreous, Leaves peltate, ovate-cordate, entire, 

A native of the Circar mountains; and of various other 
mountainous countries, The male tree of Ricinus Mappa, 
Linn. is so much like this, as scarcely to be distinguished ; 
the female of that I have not yet seen. 

Leaves alternate, petioled, peltate, cordate, pointed, entire, 
three-nerved, pretty smooth above, hairy underneath, from 
six to nine inches long, and about four or five inches broad. 
Petioles round, smooth, nearly as long as the leaves. Sti- 
pules obliquely oblong, caducous. Mae. Panicles or com- 
pound racemes thin, axillary, erett, interrupted. Bractes 
broad-cordate, notched, downy, many-flowered. Flowers 
exceedingly minute. Calyx three-parted ; divisions ovate, 
crenate, downy. Coro none. Filaments three, as long as the 
calyx. Anthers peltate, four-sided, four-celled ; cells cover- 
ed with lids.) Femaue. Racemes axillary, simple, erect. 
Bractes broad-lanceolate, notched, pointed, from one to two- 
flowered. Calyz as in the male. Corol none. Germ supe- 
rior, globular, covered with glutinous farina, one-celled, con- 
taining a single ovulum attached to the inside of the cell a 
little below the stigma. Style none. Stigma lateral, large, 
scabrous, Capsule round, of the size of a pea, fleshy, covered 
with clammy, waxy grains, with a groove on each side from 
the base to the vertex, one-celled, meidtiralvetl: Seed single, 
spherical, attached as in the germ, Integuments three ; the ex- 
terior one smooth, shining, of a blackish brown; the middle 
one nuciform, black, thick, hard, and very rough on the out- 
side, between it and the exterior tunic is a quantity of soft 
whitish pulp ; the inner one pure white, and very thin, Pe- 
risperm conform to the seed, white, fleshy. Embryo oblique- 

4Q2 


756 _ DIOECIA TRIANDRIA. Excoecaria. 


ly inverse, pure white. Cotyledons round-cordate, three- 
nerved. Plumula minute. Radicle oblong, pointing ob- 
liquely up between the vertex and the stigma. 

All the young parts of this plant are covered with more or 
less of soft, resinous, adhesive matter, which smells strongly 
of turpentine. 


EXCOECARIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1498. 


Mae. Ament cylindric, imbricated with one-flowered 
scales. Corol five-petalled. FEMALE, Ament scaly. Pert- 
anth three-leaved. Coro none. Styles three. Capsule tri- 
coccous, 


1, E, Agallocha, Willd. i iv, 864, 

Leaves alternate, ovate-cordate, serrulate, smooth, 5 Sle 
axillary. 

Arbor exczcans, Rumph. Amb, ii. t. 79, 80. 

Geria of the inhabitants of the Delta of the Ganges, where 
it is very common, growing to the size of a small, crook- 
ed, rather-ill-looking, stunted tree. 

Leaves alternate, about the extremities of the branchlets, 
petioled, ovate and ovate-cordate, smooth on both sides, re- 
motely and slightly serrate, pointed, with two glands at the 
base circumscribed with a purple border, about two inches 
long. Petioles about an inch long, smooth, channelled, Séi- 
pules small, fine-pointed, Male calyx. Aments axillary, often 

owded, cylindric, while young imbricated with fine spiral 
rows of one-flowered, reniform scales, which lengthen by 
age, when the flowers become distinct, and at a small distance 
from each other, Corol no other than five, small squame 
round the base of the filaments. Filaments three. -Anthers 
of two large lobes. Female calyx. Aments solitary, axillary, 
the lower half containing from two to four, or even six, ra- 
ther remote, one-flowered scales, the remaining part imbri- 


cated with numerous, small, neuter scales, Perianth, or corol 


Se RE ON ak eee 


Stilago. DIOECIA TRIANDRIA, 757 


of three, cordate, pointed leaflets. Stamens none. Germ su. 
perior, three-lobed, Styles three, recurved. Stigmas simple. 
Capsule tricoccous, 

The wood-cutters of the Sunderbunds, who are the peo- 
ple best acquainted with the nature of this tree, report the 
pale, white, milky juice thereof to be highly acrid and very 
dangerous, producing inflammation and ulceration, The only 
use made of the tree, so far as I can learn, is for charcoal and 
firewood. Agallochum of any sort is, I believe, never found 
in thia tree, 


2, E. integri ifolia. Re. 

Leaves alternate, petioled, oblong, entire, polished. Male 
amenis axillary, with many-flowered acales, 
_. A native of the Moluccas. 


STILAGO. Schreb. gen. N. 1381. 


Mauer. Calyx three-lobed, Corol none. Anthers twin. 
Femaxe. Calyx as in the male. Corol none. Germ supe- 
rior, one-celled, two-seeded; attachment superior. Drupe 
one-seeded, Embryo inverse and furnished with a perisperm. 


1. S. tomentosa, R. | 
Shrubby, tomentose, Zeaves acuminate. Stipules subu- 
late. Spikes cylindric, amentaceous ; male flowers triandrous, 
Tenguree the vernacular name in Silhet, where this shrub 
is found indigenous, flowering in May and June, and ripen- 
ing its fruit in September. 
Trunk scarcely any, but many sub-erect branches, dividing 
into numerous, very tomentose, erect twigs; whole height 
.three or four feet. Leaves alternate, sub-sessile, oblong, en- 
tire, very finely acuminate, hairy on both sides, from four to 
twelve inches long, by from two to five broad. Stipules su- 
bulate, hairy, about an inch long. Male spikes terminal, — 
filiform, erect, generally paired, amentaceous, half the length 


~ 


‘758 DIOECIA TRIANDRIA, Stilago. 


of the leaves, very downy. Calyx four-lobed, one of the lobes 
smaller ; all downy and ciliate. Corol none. Nectary of 
three circular, concave, smooth lobes, into which the three 
filaments are inserted. Filaments three, much longer than _ 
the calyx. Anthers of two, large, distinct lobes, each with 
a polliniferous pit in the apex. Female spikes axillary, and 
terminal, one, two, or three together, long, slender. Flowers 
numerous, minute, sessile, Bractes minute, one under each 
flower. Calyx, from three to four-lobed, downy. Corol 
none. WVectary saucer-shaped, entire, embracing the base of 
the germ. Germovate, hairy above the nectary, one-celled, 
two ovula in each, attached to the top of the cell... Style 
scarcely any. Stigma of about three emarginate divisions. 
Drupes obliquely oblong, succulent, of the size of a pea, one- 
celled. Nut conform to the drupe, hard, variously sulcated 
both within and without, one-celled, two-valved, Seed soli- 
tary, oval. Perisperm conform tothe seed. Embryo inverse ; 
described and oe by Geriner, vol. i. p. 188, t. 39. 


2 s, Wiel: Willd, iv. 714. 

‘Arboreous. Leaves alternate, entire, lanceolate-oblong, 
polished. Spikes axillary and terminal ; male flowers trian- 
drous, with an abortive column in the centre. 

Bunius sativus. Rumph, Amb, iii, t, 131, the large branch. 

' Noeli-tali. Rheed. Mal, iv. t. 56, which I have already 
quoted for Antidesma alexiteria ; they are the same. 

- The seeds were received from Nepal about seven years 
ago ; now, 1809, the trees raised from them, are from twenty: 
to thirty { feet high, very ramous, with a smooth barked, stout 
trunk. Flowering time the month of March; the fruit Pees 
in September. . : 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, cat ‘uiaeitilt 
long, but rather narrower towards the base, entire, smooth, 
of ashining green on both sides, Stipules ovate-cordate, acu- 
minate, caducous, Spikes in the female solitary, and. termi- 
nal ; in the male axillary, and from one to three or even more 


J 


Stilago. DIOECIA TRIANDRIA, 759 


together, sub-cylindric, Flowers numerous, sessile, or in part 
immersed in the substance of the spikes, small, of a greenish 
yellow. Maxx. Proper perianth urceolate, with the mouth 
obscurely three-lobed. Corol none. Filaments three, much 
longer than the calyx. Anthers two-lobed, bearing the pol- 
lenin pits on their apices. Pistil, no germ, but an inserted, 
truncated, pyramidical body occupies its place; in its base the 
filaments are inserted alternate with as many small glands. 
FEMALE FLOWERS on a distinct tree. Calyx as in the'male 
but smaller, Stamens none. Stigmas three. Drupe of the size 
and shape of a large Berberry, smooth, succulent, sub-acid, 
when ripe of a deep red inclining to black. Nut compress- _ 
ed, rugose, one-seeded., 

The tree is of a quick growth, very handsome and particu- 
larly beautiful when loaded with the numerous bunches of 
ripe, shining, deep red fruit, which are sub-acid, and pala- 
table. 


3.8. diandra, Willd, iv. 714. R. Corom, pl. ii. N. 166. 

Leaves oblong, smooth, . Stipules ensiform. TY saad aan 
lary, and terminal. Male flowers we 

Teling. Pella-gomoodoo. us 

A tree, a native of the mountainous parts of the Citedrs. 

Flowers in June, bearing male flowers on one tree, and Tet 
male ones on another, » ) 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, nearly bifarious, oval or 
oblong, entire, smooth ; from two to four inches long, and from 
one to two broad. Stipules narrow, lanceolate. Spikes fili- 
form, terminal, many-flowered, Bractes minute, one-flower- 
ed. Flowers very small, approximate. Mate, Calyx cup- 
formed, obtusely four-toothed. Coro none. Filaments two, 


‘four times longer than the calyx. Anthers twin; singly oval. 


Femate, Calyx inferior, closely embracing three-fourths of 
the germ, from four to five-toothed. Corolnone. Nectary, 
a yellow fleshy ring surrounding the base of the germ. Germ 
superior, obliquely ovate, Styles two, spreading, one of them 


760 DIOECIA TETRANDRIA. Trophis, 


always two-cleft. Stigmas simple. Drupe minute, succulent, 
one-celled. Nut one-celled, very small, 

The berries are eaten by the natives when ripe. The wood 
serves for various uses. 


4, S. lanceolaria. R. 

Shrubby, smooth. Leaves lanceolar. Stipules ensiform. 
Spikes terminal, filiform; male flowers diandrous. 
_ Avery bushy, large shrub, void of all sorts of pubescence ; 
a native of Chittagong. In the Botanic garden it blossoms 
during the rainy season, 


CATURUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1449. 


_ Male calyx none, Corol trifid. Female ealyx three or 
four-parted; Corol none. Styles three. Capsule tricoccous. 


C. spiciflorus. Willd. iv. 714. 

Shrubby. Leaves long-petioled, cordate, serrate. Spikes 
pendulous, longer than the leaves. 

Cauda-felis agrestis, Rumph, Amb, iv. t. 37.f. 1. the male, 
and f. 2, the female. 

_ Acalypha hispida, Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 61. JS. 1. would be 
a tolerable representation of the female, if the spikes were 
longer, and pendulous. 

__, Exclude Watta-tali, Rheed, Mal. v. t. 32, which is more 
: like my Rottlera dicocea, and totally different froma Ca- 


ERE ind SRE AS 


DIOECIA TETRANDBIA. 


_ <TROPHIS. Schreb. gen. N. 1502. 

‘Mare. Ament imbricated, globular. Calyx four-leaved 
or none. Femaxe. Calys four-leaved or none. Germ supe- 
rior, one-celled, one-seeded; attachment superior. Berry one- 
seeded, Embryo inverse, curved, no perisperm. 


Trophis. DIOECIA TETRANDRIA,. 761 


LT: aspera. Willd. iv. p. 793. 

Arboreous, Leaves oblong, unequally serrate, seabrous, 

Sans, Sakhotuka, 

Hind, and Beng, Syora, or Sheora. 

Tinda-parua, Rheed, Mal. i, t. 48. 

Streblus asper. Lourier, Cochin Ch. 734, and 754. 

Achymus pallens, Solander, in the Banksian Herbarium, 

Teling. Barinka. 

Is generally shrubby, though sometimes it grows to bean 
ill-looking, scraggy, crooked small tree ; is common every 
where in India. Flowers in the cold season. 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, unequally serrate, 
or crenulate, hard, very rough; about two inches long by 
_ one broad. Mae, ment axillary, globular, short-pedun- 
cled, one, or two. Flowers minute, sessile, greenish-yellow, 
from ten to fourteen from the small globular spike, or ament. 
Calyx or corol four-leaved ; leaflets orbicular, spreading. 
Female flowers on a separate plant. Peduncles frbm one 
to five, axillary, short, one-flowered. Calyx or corol as in 
the male, permanent. Germ ovate, one-celled, with one 
ovulum attached to the top of the cella little on one side of 
the origin of the short style, which soon divides into two fili- 
form, rough, tapering stigmas, Berry of the size of a pea, 
nearly round,.smooth ; when ripe yellow, crowned with the 
remaining style on one side of the vertex, one-celled. Seed 
single, round. Integuments two, both thin, but uncommonly 
distinct, Perisperm none. Embryo conform to the seed, 
curved, greenish. Cotyledons two, very unequal, the largest 
being nineteen twentieths of the whole embryo, on one side 
divided half way through into two lobes, The male cotyle- 
don is hid between the lobes of the larger one. Plumula 
two-lobed. Radicle sub-cylindric, curved, superior, with its 
apex immediately under the remaining style. 

The leaves of this plant are employed by the natives to po- 
lish ivory ; the wood is used only for fuel. The berries are 
greedily eaten by birds. ) saree 
VOL. II. he 


762 DIOBCIA TETRANDRIA. Batis. 


- 2, T. spinosa, R. 

Arboreous, thorny. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, towards 
the apex grossly serrate, smooth. Female calyx twice the 
length of the berry. 

Teling. Sukalee. 

This seems a new species uniting Trophis and Taxus in it- 
self, It is a rare plant, a native of the tops of mountains, where 
it becomes a small tree. It flowers during the cold season. 

Trunk crooked. Branches very irregular. Thorns very 
strong, straight, sharp, scattered over every part of the tree, 
often leaf and flower-bearing. Leaves scattered, very short- 
petioled, oblong, pointed, with the outer half grossly serrate, 
waved, smooth, two and a half inches long by one broad, Sti- 
pules acute. MALE. Aments, &c. asin the former species, ex- 
cepting an imbricated involucre, Femaue. Peduncles axilla- 
ry, single, short, one-flowered, erect. Calyx four; leaflets at 
the base cordate, from thence tapering toa long narrow point, 
waved, large, permanent, increasing with the fruit. Germ 
superior, resting in an obliquely cup, or helmet-like recepta- 
cle, the upper and black part of which has a perforation for 
the passage of the style, which is two-cleft, &c. asin T. aspe- 
ra. Berry obliquely oval, size of a cherry, half immersed in 
the increased receptacle, pulpy, one-seeded. The female 
flowers are eaten in curries by the natives. 


BATIS. Schreb. gen. N. 1503. 
ALE. cnet: apanilihe:s aeaaeas none, Corol none. Ber- 


i, B. spinosa, R, 

Sub-arboreous, with long scandent — enn 
Leaves oblong, entire, smooth, 

Trophis spinosa. Willd, iv. p. 735, ae , 
_ Cudranus, Rumph, Amb, y. t ve ke madsen 
female plant of this, i 7 | 


Viscum, DIOECIA TETRANDRIA, 763 


Teling, Koriti, 

A scarce, very large, woody, straggling, or climbing shrub, 
or small tree, with very long, drooping, slender branches; 
every axill is armed with a remarkably long, sharp, aint 
what recurved thorn. Leaves scattered, rather remote, short- 
petioled, obovate, or oval, obtuse, entire, reflexed at the mar- 
gins, hard, smooth, shining ; from two to three inches long by 
one and a half broad. Mater. Aments peduncled, scattered 
or axillary. FemAte, Flowers on a separate plant. Ament 
or receptacle peduncled, small, fleshy above the base of the 
thorns. Flowers aggregate. Calyx none. Corol none. Germs 
about ten or twelve, oval, immersed in the pulp of the ament, 
or receptacle. Style single, crooked, long, downy. Berry, 
seldom more than one comes to perfection, globular, of the 
size of a large pea, one-seeded, as it comes to maturity the 
ament, or receptacle is obliterated, and appears a single, one- 
seeded berry. This plant is very fit for hedges, and fuel, I 
know no other uses it is put to. 


2. B. fruticosa, R. 

Shrubby, armed, Leaves alternate, oblong, aire, acu- 
minate. Berries dry, conglomerate. 

A native of Chittagong. It flowers in October and No- 


vember, and the seed ripens in ‘April and May. 


VISCUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1504. 

Male calyx four-parted. Corolnone, Filaments none. 
Anthers growing to the calyx. Female calyx four-leaved, 
above. Corol/none, Style none. — Berry one-seeded. | 


1, V. monoicum, R. | 
_ Monoicous, shrubby, parasitic. Leaves opposite, lanceolar, 
from three to five-nerved. Flowers axillary, three-fold, sessile, 
male and female ones mixed on the same plant. Berry long. 
Found by Mr, Crommelin on trees ee in the Delta 
4R2 


= 


764 DIOECIA TETRANDRIA, Monetia. 


of the Ganges, in blossom about the beginning of the hot sea- 
son. 
Branches numerous, woody, opposite and dichotomous, 
jointed, round and smooth, Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, 
lanceolar, somewhat pointed, entire, fleshy, from three to five- 
nerved ; they are often a little falcate ; about two inches long. 
Flowers axillary, and at the divisions of the branchlets, in 
sessile fascicles of generally three, the centre one is generally 
male, and the lateral two female. Bractes, a transversely 


oblong, two-pointed, permanent, cup or common calyx in 
which the flowers sit. Berry long. 


2. V. verticillatum. Willd. iv. 7Al. 
Shrubby, with sub-verticelled branches, Leaves aden: 


three- nerved. Flowers —— from three to seven me 


Boling: Suddennneaneiel: , 
On trees on the coast of Coromandel. It Rotides inthe hot 
season, 


38. v. Fispentisices, Willd. 740, 


A very ramous, parastical ateab, Branches Poliberiais 
compressed, leafless, 


A native of Coromandel, 


4. V. confertum. R. 

_ Monoicous, parasitic, very ramous, smooth. Leaves oppo- 
site, sub-sessile, lanceolar, from three to five-neryed. Flow- 
ers sessile, crowded into little axillary heaps. Berries oblong. 

Grows on mango trees in the Silhet district. 


MONETIA. 


Male calyx four-toothed. Corol four-petalled. Female 
calyx and corol as in the male. a ae 
Gala. Berry one or toro-secdede:: é 


Myrica, DIOECIA TETRANDRIA. 765 


M. barleriodes, L’ Herit. Strip. Nov. i. t. 1. Willd. i. 669, 

Shrubby. Spines quatern, Leaves opposite, spinous- 
pointed, 

Beng, Trikanta-juti. 

Hind, Kanta-goor-kamai, 

Teling, Tella-upee. 
_ This is one of the most common shrubs on every part of the 
coast of Coromandel, it grows freely in all situations, and is in 
flower and fruit most part of the year. Stem scarcely any, 
but branches innumerable, opposite, spreading in all direc- 
tions, forming a close, impenetrable bush, something like 
the Furze; young branches four-sided. Thorns axillary, 
four-fold, spreading, very sharp, from one to two inches 
long. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, reflexed, oval, acute. 
MAte FLOWERS axillary, sessile, single or crowded, and also 
interrupted spikes, small, yellow. - Bractés minute, acute, 
pressing the calyx. Calyx four-toothed ; teeth obtuse. Pe- 
tals four, lanceolate, recurved. Filaments shorter than the 
petals, Anthers oval, incumbent. Pistil a conical-gland 
 inits place. Femaxe axillary, solitary, sessile, between the 
two thorns, Calyx and corol as in the male. Filaments 
four, small. .Anthers broad-sagittate, sterile. Germ su- 
perior, globular. Style none. Stigma large, glandular. 
Berry globular, of the size of a pea, when ripe white, succu- 
lent. Seeds two. Berries eaten by men and birds. 


MYRICA. Schreb. gen. N. 1510. 


Mate. Ament with crescent-shaped scales, Corol none. 
Femave. Ament oblong ; scales as in the male. Corol none. 
Styles two. Drupe one-seeded. Embryo inverse, without 


perisperm. 
M. integrifolia, R. 
_ Leaves \anceolar, entire, smooth ; scales of the female 
aments reniform-cordate, one or two-flowered. Drupes oval, 
granulated. 


766 DIOECIA TETRANDRIA. Nageia. 


Sophee, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indigen- 
ous, and grows to the size of a large bush. Flowering time 
December and January, and the fruits ripen in May, when 
they are pickled by the natives, and used as a condiment. 
In its raw state, this fruit though inviting to the eye, is 
too sour to be relished. Branchlets very ramous ; the tender 
shoots considerably hairy. Leaves permanent, alternate, 
approximate, round, every’ part of the apices of the branch- 
lets short-petioled, lanceolar, entire and perfectly smooth ; 
from three to six inches long, by about one broad. Sti- 
pules none. FEMALE, Aments axillary, generally cylindric, 
rarely more than an inch long, considerably villous, many- 
flowered. Scales reniform-cordate, somewhat acuminate, 
sprinkled on the back with small yellow, shining grains, one 
or two-flowered, intermixed with many small fleshy scales 
resembling a perianth. Germ minute, ovate, one-celled, con- 
taining a single ovulum attached to the cell. Styles two, or 
two-cleft. Drupe oval, the size of a prune. Wut oblong, thick 
and very hard, alittle flattened, the two edges rather cntaenel 
andsomewhat sharp, densely clothed with an immense quan- 
tity of fine white hair in pencilliform tufts. The pulp consists 
of innumerable, closely impacted, but distinct, clavate, suc- 
culent, yellow bodies, Seed ovate-oblong. Integument sin- 
gle, membranaceous. Perisperm none. Embryo inverse. 
Cotyledons conform to the seed, amygdaline, Radicle su- 
perior, 


 NAGELIA, Gert. 
Male calyx from four to five-leaved. Corol none. Female 
calyx from three to five-leaved. Corol none. Geri three- 
celled ; cells two-seeded ; attachment superior (axipendula. ) 


Styles two or three, Drupe one-seeded. Embryo inverse, 
and furnished with a perisperm. : 


N. Putranjiva. R. 
~ Leaves alternate, narrow-oblong, acutely serrulate, Ff lowers 


Nageia. DIOECIA TETRANDRIA, 767 


triandrous ; filaments more or less coalesced. Drupes ovate. 

Pootrunjeeva the Sanscrit name. Pootra signifies a son 
and jeeva life. Dr. Berry of Madras informs me, the nuts are 
known, and sold in the bazars at that place by the very same 
appellation; and observes that they are strung by parents, 
and put round the necks of their children, to preserve teens 
‘in health. 

Pongolam. Rheed. Mal. vii. t. 59. 

Pootrunjeeva, Pitanjya, Pootranjubkum, Pitanja, are some 
of its numerous Asiatic synonyms. 

Teling. Kudra-juvi. 

In the carpology it is nearly allied to Geertner’s Ni ageia, i. 
191. ¢, 39. 

A native of the various mountainous countries of Coro- 
mande] and Hindoosthan, where it grows to bea large tim- 
ber tree with an erect straight trunk; and a large spreading 
shady head, composed of innumerable expanding branches 
with bifarious branchlets, Flowering time March and April, 
and the fruit ripens in January. The wood is white, close- 
grained and very hard. 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, bifariouss lanceolate-ob- 
long, acutely serrulate, rather obtuse, with the base generally 
3 smooth, shining, waved a little round the margin, 
from three to four inches Yong and one or one and half broad. 
Stipules minute, alternate, villous, MALE, Flowers short- 
peduncled, numerous, minute, yellow, collected into sinall 
globular heads in the axills, sometimes on short, axillary, glo- 
-merate racemes. Calyx five-leaved, or deeply five-parted ; 
segments lanceolate, obtuse, or acute. Corol none. Filaments 
one, two or three ; when one trifid; when two, one of them is 
bifid. Anthers always three, two-lobed, two-celled, Fem Aue. 
Racemes small, simple, from last year’s ramuli; there are 
also single peduncled flowers, scattered about the lower part 
of the present year’s shoots, as in the lower axills thereot. 
"Flowers larger than the male ones, green. Calyx as in 
the male. Corol none. Stamina none. - Germ oval, villous, 


768 DIOECIA PENTANDRIA,  Zanthoxylum. 


three-celled, with two ovula in each, attached from their 
apex to the top of the axis. Styles three, short. Stigmas 
large, crescent-shaped. Drupe obovate, or oval, of the size 
of a large gooseberry, smooth, white, one-celled. Nut oval, 
more or less pointed at both ends, somewhat triangular, very 
hard, rugose, one-celled. Seed solitary, conform to the nut. 
Integuments two; the exterior oné which adheres to the nut,” 
harder and lighter coloured; the inner one free, darker 
coloured, and spongy. Perisperm conform to the seed. Em- 
bryo inverse, nearly as long as the perisperm. Cotyledons 
oval, three-nerved, Radicle sub-cylindric, superior. 


DIOECIA PENTANDRIA, 


ZANTHOXYLUM. 


Mare. Calyx five or more parted. Corol none. Stamina 
from five to eight, Frmaxe. Calyx five-parted. Corol none. 
Germs as many as five, one-seeded ; attachment superior. 
Capsules as many as five, one-seeded. Embryo inverse, and 
furnished with a perisperm. 

Z. alatum. Roxb. 

Shrubby, ramifications straight. Thorns stipulary ; leaflets 
from two to five pair, opposite, lanceolate, serrulate, com- 
mon petioles winged, Panicles axillary, male flowers with 
from six to a stamina, : 

Hind, Durmur,. 

‘Zanthoxylum, ‘Asiat, Res, vi, 376. 

A native of Nepal, and other mountainous countries north 
of Bengal, Rohilcund, and Oude. In the Botanic garden 
they blossom during the hot and rainy seasons. 

Trunk short. Branches several, straight, expanding, co- 
vered with dark brown bark, spotted with small, scabrous, 
white dots; our plants now ten years old, are from ten to 
twelve oy high. Prickles stipulary, straight, dark-colour- 


+ 


fa 


Antidesma. DIOECIA PENTANDRIA, ~ 769 


ed and sharp. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate,’ from 
two to four inches long. Leaflets from three to thirteen, five 
or seven most common, opposite, sessile, lanceolate, im 
young plants crenulate, pretty smooth on both sides, with a 
few pellucid points containing a. fragrant juice. Petioles 
winged, Stipules none. Maus. Racemes axiilary, often 
compound, shorter than the leaves. Flowers minute, pale 
yellow. Calyx small, one-leaved, with from six to eight 
acute divisions, Corol none. Filaments six, seven, eight, 
much longer than the calyx, Anthers twin. Pistillum or 
hemispheric gland, with two or three elevations in the centre, 
like so many stigmas. Femaxz. Racemes as in the male. 
Flowers very minute, greenish yellow. Calyx as in the male, 
Corol none. Stamens none, Germs superior, as far as five, 
three or four are most common, one-celled, containing two 
ovula, attached to the top of the inner angle of the cell. 
Styles single, shorter than the germs, recurved. Stigmas 
single, Capsules, in general one, two, or three come to matu- 
rity, roundish, reniform, or ovate, of the size of a small pea 
when recent, when dry wrinkled, and much smaller, short- 
pedicelled, one-celled, two-valved, opening round the apex. 
Seeds solitary, conform to the capsule, attached to the middle 
of the margins of the capsule, on one side. Integuments two ; 
the exterior one of a shining black, thick, porous, and brit- 
tle; the inner one thinner and brown, Perisperm conform to 
the seed, fleshy. Embryo inverse, nearly as large as the pe- 
risperm, Cotyledons round-cordate, three-nerved. Radicle 
superior, oblong. 

Every part of the plant possesses a peculiar aromatic pun- 
gency, which I cannot well compare to any smell, or taste 
I am acquainted with. The seeds are used medicinally by 
the natives of the countries where the plants grow. 


x 


ANTIDESMA. Schreb. gen. N. 1518. 
Mare. Calyx five-leaved, Corol none. Anthers twin. 
VOL, Ht, 48 oe 


770 DIOECIA PENTANDRIA, Antidesma, 


Femae. Calyx asin the male. Corol none. Stigmas from 
three to five. Drupe one-seeded. Embryo inverse, and fur- 
nished with a perisperm. 


1, A, pubescens. Willd. iv. 763, Roxb. Corom, pl. ii. No. 
167. 

Leaves oblong, entire, downy. Stipules subulate, Spikes 
terminal, panicled. 

Tsjeriam-cottam. Rheed. Mal. v. t. 11. 

Teling. Polaree, 

A small tree, a native of the Circar mountains, Flower- 
ing time the beginning of the rainy season. 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, bifarious, oval, entire, 
downy, from two to four inches long, and from two to three 
broad. Stipules subulate, downy. Spikes numerous, termi- 
nal, and from the exterior axills, downy ; those of the male 
tree much longer and more slender, Bractes lanceolate, one- 
flowered. Flowers very small, of a greenish yellow. MAue. 
Calyx five-leaved, leaflets ovate, hairy. Corolnone. Fila- 
ents five, spreading, longer than the calyx, Anthers dou- 
Dle, singly globular. Pisti/ no other rudiments of one, 
than atuft of wool, Femaxe, Calyx as in the male, Corol 
none. WNVectary a yellow fleshy ring surrounding the base 
of the germ. Germ superior, obliquely oblong, hairy. Styles 
eh short, two-cleft, spreading. Stigmas simple. Drupe 
minute, Nut one-seeded. 

_ The berries are eaten by the natives, 


ie lata. Willd, iv. 764. 

Spikes panicled. Leaves round, oval, villous. stan 
stellate. Drupe round, 

Beng. Khoodi Jamb. 

A small ramous tree, with light ash-coloured bark, com- 
mon in the forests of Bengal. Flowering time the month of 
April, the seed ripens in July, 

_ Leaves alternate, sub-bifarious, singh ended round-oval, 

‘often emargivate, entire, villous, particularly underneath; 


= 2 


Spinacia, DIOECIA PENTANDRIA, 771 


* 


lanceolate, caducous, Spikes terminal, and axillary, pani- 
cled, sub-cylindric, downy. Bractes minute, one-flowered, 
from one to three inches long, and nearly as broad. Stipules 
downy. Flowers numerous, minute, sessile, of a pale greenish 
yellow. Mae. Calyz five-leaved; leaflets oblong, woolly. 
Corol none, Filaments five, twice, or more, longer than 
the calyx, inserted round the base of an hemispheric, hairy 
receptacle. Anthers twin, istil no other than a gland in 
the centre of the receptacle. Frmae. Calyx five-toothed. 
Corol none. Nectary, a yellow, villous ring surrounding 
the base of the germ. Germ obliquely ovate. Style scarcely 
any. Stigma generally of five stellate divisions. Berry, ra- 
- ther drupe in this species, small, round, smooth, when ripe 
of a dark purple, pulp of a pleasant subacid taste. Nut 
single, one-seeded. Embryo inverse, and furnished with a 


perisperm. 


SPINACIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1520. 

Mate. Calyx four or five-parted. Corol none. FEMALE. 
Calyx two, or four-cleft, Corolnone. Styles four, Seed 
one, within the indurated calyx. mbryo annular, with an 
inferior radicle, and furnished with a periapere a 


S. tetrandra, Roxb. 
Annual, erect. Leaves coated lobed. Flowers hispid, 


sessile, the male ones tetrandrous, the female calyx two- 
parted, — 

Hind. aud Beng. Pinnis, 

_ Arab. and Pers. Ispanj, or Ispanaj ; these point out the 
derivation of our generic name, which has been doubtful. 

It is much cultivated in Bengal and the adjoining pro- 
vinces; being a pot-herb held in considerable estimation hg 
the natives. 7 | 

Stem erect, from twelve to twenty-four inches sighed 
smooth, piped, succulent, sometimes saation Leaves al- 

482 


772 DIOE CIA PENTANDRIA, Cannabis. 


ternate, the lower ones very long-petioled, variously lobed 
with lobes of an acute triangular shape, smooth on both sides. 
Mare. Flowers on long terminal glomerate spikes, and on 
shorter ones from the axills ; very numerous, sessile. Calyx 
four-parted. Stamens four. Anthers twin, very large. Fr- 
MALE. Flowers axillary, sessile, crowded. Calyx two-tipped, 
with a projecting horn in each side, growing into spines when 
the seed is ripe. Styles generally four, white, tapering. Cap- 
sule one-celled, one-valved, armed, with two opposite short 
horns, and crowned with the small remaining calyx. 


CANNABIS. Schreb. gen. N. 1522. 


Mate. Calyx five-parted. Corol none. Fema.e, Calyx 
one-leaved, entire, opening on the side. Corol none. Styles 
two, Seed solitary, shut in the calyx. Embryo i in- 
verse, without Leia sae 


C. sativa, Willd. iv. 768. 
~ Sans, Banga, or Ganjika. 
- Arab, Kinnab, 
Hind, and Pers, Bang. 
Beng, Ganga. 
Teling. Ganjai. 
Cannabis Indica, Rumph, Amb. v. t. 77. 
- Kalengi cansjava. Rheed. Mal. x. t. 60, the male; Tayera 
cansjava, t. 61. the female. . 
Indigenous amongst the hills and mountains north of India, 
and common every where in the gardens of the natives 
throughout Asia. The leaves of the male plant, as. well as 


the flowers of the female are dried, and mixed with to~ 


bacco for smoking. They also bruise and mix with water 
for drinking the flowers of the male plant; this preparation 


is called Siddhee, They are all powerfully narcotic. © The 


bark they make no use of in India, though equally strong, 


when carefully prepared, as the hemp ef Russia, But 


» 


¢ 
Calamus. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 773 


Captain Hardwicke, on whom we can depend, observes, 4s, 
Res, vi. p. 376. that the natives in several parts of the moun- 
tains above Hurdwar manufacture a coarse, thick cloth from 
the bark, which the poorer people wear. 

I perfectly agree with Willdenow, in thinking all the va- 
rieties, if even such they can be called, centre in one species, 
From the same seed and even on the same plant, I have 
found the leaves both opposite and alternate ; and sometimes 
the more rare male and female flowers on the same individu- 


al, and even hermaphrodite. 


DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. 


CALAMUS. Schreb, gen. N. 589. 


Maur. Perianth three-parted, Femaie. (Female her- 
maphrodite or hermaphrodite.) Perianth three-toothed, 
Corol three-parted. Stamina six, abortive. Germ superior, 
three-celled ; cells one-seeded ; attachment inferior. _ Berries 
backwardly imbricated with cartilaginous scales, generally 
one-seeded, mbryo in the base of the PerepAM 


1. C. Zalacea. Willd. ii, 204, 

Shrubby, not scandent nor flagelliferous, molaniiornen: 
Leaflets numerous, approximate, alternate, opposite, linear, 
bristly on both sides. Inflorescence radical. Berry oblique- 
ly turbinate, generally three-seeded. 

Calamus Zalacea. Gert, Sem. ii, ¢. 139. f. 1. 

Zalacea, Rumph, Amb, v. t. 57. f. 2. 

A native of the Malay Islands. The pulp of the fruit iseaten, 


by both Malays and spies Piss 


ws C. humilis. R. , , 
Shrubby, not scandent nor eaellveis, Leaflets ne 3 
Jar, smooth, many-nerved. Spines few, but iin anh ener 


_ A native of Chittagong, 


774 DIOECTA HEXANDRIA, Calamus. 


- 3. C, erectus, R. 

Shrubby, erect, no flagelli. Leaflets rather remote, equi- 

distant, opposite and alternate, linear-lanceolar. Spines sub- 
verticelled. Spadix compound. Berries oblong. 
- Sun-gotta, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it grows 
with an erect trunk, like the true palms, of about fifteen 
feet in height; when divested of the sheaths, from three to 
four inches in circumference; and the joints from two to 
three inches long. The poorer natives use the seed asa 
substitute for areca, 


4, C. draco. Willd. ii. 203. 

Scandent, destitute of flagelli, dreadfully armed with long 
flattened elastic spines, often in rows and united at the base. 
_ Leaflets alternate, ensiform, spinous, bristled. mete de- 
compound, oblong. 

Palma j = draco. —_— Amb. v. p. 114, t. 58. f. 1. 
good. | : 

sDeiiboadang Kempf. a Exot. 552. 

A native of Sumatra and the Malay Islands. Flowering 
time March and April. ae 

‘Trunk while the plants are young, erect, and then resem- 
ble an elegant, slender palm tree, armed with innumerable 
dark coloured, flattened, elastic spines, often disposed in ob- 
lique rows, with their bases united. By age they become 
scandent, and overrun trees to a great extent. Leaves pimate, 
_ their sheaths and petioles armed as above described. Leaf 

lets single, alternate, ensiform, margins remotely armed with 
stiff, slender bristles, as are also the nerves; from twelve to 
eighteen inches long and about three quarters of an inch 
_ broad. Spadix of the female hermaphrodite inserted by means 
of a short, armed petiole on the mouth of the sheath opposite 
to the leaf, oblong, decompound, resembling a common ob- 
long panicle. Spathes several, one to each of the four or 
five primary ramifications of the spadix, lanceolate, leathery ; 

all smooth except the exterior or lower one which is arm- _ 


* 


Calamus. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 775 


ed on the outside. Calyx of the female or rather, female 
hermaphrodite, .Perianth turbinate, ribbed ; mouth three- 
toothed, by the swelling of the germ it splits into three por- 
tions, and in this manner may be seen adhering with the co- 
rol, to the ripe berries. Corol three-cleft; divisions ovate- 
_ lanceolate, twice as long as the calyx, permanent. Filaments 
six, very broad, and inserted into the base of the coro]. . 4n- 
thers filiform, and seemingly abortive. Germ above, oval. 
Styles short. Stigma three-cleft; divisions revolute, glan- 
dular on the inside, Berry round, pointed, of the size of a 


cherry. 


5. C, latifolius. Roxb. : 
Scandent. Leaves flagelliferous ; lpafetei ina few remote 
- fascicles, of three or four each, broad, lanceolar, many-nerv- 
ed, smooth, convex above. 

Korak Bet of the natives of Chittagong, where it is indige- 
nous and runs over trees to an immense length, When 
freed from the sheaths of the leaves it is about as thick asa 
slender walking cane. Plants introduced by Mr. W. Rox- 
burgh, in 1801, into the Botanic garden, flowered for the first. 
time in November and December 1809, isouintes had at- 
tained to the height of about forty feet. 

Spines numerous on the stems, sub-verticilled, very gas 
flat and divaricate. On the flagelli fascicled and recurved. 
Leaves alternate, pinnate, from. six to twelve feet long in- 
cluding the whip or flagelli, which terminates the‘common 
petioles asin many of Rumphius’s figures ; and the leaf of his 
Palma juncus equestris, vol. v. t. 56. is tolerably like that of 
my plant, but their size is very different, Leaves in seven 

or eight remote facicles, of three or four each, broad-lance- 


<< olate, very erect, mapy-nerved, smooth on both sides; with 


= the margins triflingly spinous-dentate, and the upper surface 
always convex, from ten to eighteen inches long, and from 


2 three to.six broad, Mate. Spadix supra-decompound ; all 
the divisions bifarious. Flowers small, of a greenish yellow, 


776 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. Calamus. 


each sitting in a cup composed of two concave sheathing 
bractes, Calyx three-toothed. Coro/ three-parted. Filaments 
six, inserted on the imperforated base of the corol.. Anthers 
incumbent. Pisti/lum none, a small three-lobed gland occu- 


pies its place. 


6. C. rudentus, Willd. ii, 203. 

- Seandent. Leaves flagelliferous; leaflets numerous, equi- 
distant, uniform, Male spadix super-decompound. 

Palma juncus albus. Rumph, Amb, v. t. 53. 

A native of the Moluccas, from thence introduced into the 
Botanic garden in 1798, where in thirteen years it blossomed 
for the first time, when it had attained to the length of 
thirty feet, and its general thickness, when deprived of the 
sheaths of the leaves, was that of a very stout walking cane ; 
the joints are smooth, and from eight to twelve inches long. 
Leaves alternate, as in the genus, Leaflets numerous, 
equi-distant, and equally arranged on each side of the peti- 
_ ole, uniform ; margins armed with minute spinulz, pointing 
“forward, and the chief nerves here and there with a stiff 
spinous bristle; about two feet long, and about an inch 

broad. Petioles armed with a few, short, recurved spines on 
the exterior part of the under side, and many smaller straight 
ones on the upper; from eight to ten feet long, besides its 

terminal, ‘drooping, armed whip, which is not much shorter 

_ than the body, or foliferous parts. Sheaths armed with 
Slender spines disposed in belts. Male spadices from the 
sheath 1s of the petioles, supra-decompound. Spathes numer- 
ous, armed with very small, short, straight spines. Calys, 
corol and anes, exactly as in the other apeolee 


7. C. verus. Willd. ii, 203. 
~Scandent. Leaves - flagelliferous, Leaflets” ‘numerous, 
equi-distant, uniform, three-nerved + ; stipes dreadfully armed 


with innumerable — ensiform —_ — peent 
‘oblong. 


oi iii 


Calamus. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 777 


Palma juncus verus angustifolius, Rumph, Amb, v. t. 54, 
SoBe . 

A native of Amboyna, &c. In the Botanic garden are - 
many plants of this species, brought from the Molucca Is- 
lands in 1798, where in twelve years they began to blossom, 
and in that time their length was under thirty feet; and the 
ratan, when cleaned, about as thick as the little finger, with 
joints from six to eight inches long. In this the whole of the 
petioles, particularly toward the base, are more armed than 
in any other species I have yet seen, with flat, thin, elastic, 
very sharp, tortoise-shell coloured spines of all sizes, from 
a line to two inches long. 


8. C. extensus, R. 
Scandent. Leaves flagelliferous; leaflets alternate, remote, 
-equi-distant, narrow-lanceolar. Spines in belts, slender, 
Berries spherical. : 

Deu-gullar the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indi- 
genous, and is of great extent, say two to three hundred 
yards; when cleaned toward the base, it is not thicker than a 
man’s fore-finger, but as thick as the wrist toward the apex. 
The length of the joint is from six to twelve inches, _ 


9, C. quinquenervius. R, 

_ Scandent. Leaves flagelliferous; leaflets few, remote, 
_equi-distant, lanceolar, five-nerved. »Spines distinct, few, 
short and strong ; spadix decompound. 

Hurnur-gullar the vernacular name in Silhet, where this 
species is found, running over trees, to a great extent; the 
ratan when cleaned is about as thick as a man’s finger 
throughout, and the joints from six to eight inches long. 


10, C. Rotang. Willd. ii. 202, 

_ Scandent, Leaflets solitary, equi-distant, sublinear-Jan- 
conlate ; ; sheaths flagelliferous. ) 

Sans, Vetra, vetus. 


VOL, 111, aT 


778 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, Calamus. 


Beng. Bet, or Sanchi-bet. 

Iecannot take upon me to quote any of Rumphius’s figures 
for this plant. It isa native of Bengal, and the Coromandel 
coast, delights in a rich, moist soil, where there are bushes 
and trees for it to climb on. Flowering time the rains; 
the fruit ripens during the cold season. 

Root fibrous. Stemjoined, climbing to a vast extent, en- 
veloped in the thorny sheaths of the leaves; with them it is 
about as thick as a man’slittle finger ; when they are removed, 
it is in thickness, and every other respect,.a common ratan, 
Leaves pinnate, from eighteen to thirty six-incheslong. Leaf- 
lets opposite or alternate, sessile, linear-lanceolate, armed in 
the margins with minute bristles pointing forward, and a few 
distinct, long, erect bristles on the upper surface, from six 
to twelve inches long. Sheaths cylindric, armed with nu- 
merous, strong, straight, compressed thorns, Petioles sheath- 
ing, the leaflet-bearing portion compressed, channelled, and 
armed with both straight and recurved thorns on the under 
sides rice: one from the sheath of each leaf near its mouth 

are very long, slender, drooping or waving, and well 
ane resembling the slender lash ofa whip; many of Rum- 
phius’s figures of these plants have such terminating the rib or 
rachis of the leaves. Maze, Calyx universal ; spathe none ; 
partial many, scattered, Spadix supra-decompound, droop- 
ing, being the above mentioned flagelli much enlarged, 


_ with numerous, partial, truncate spathes, with alternate, de- 


compound, bifarious, recurved spikes therefrom, the ramifica- 
‘ema. thereof, recutved, bearing in two rows on their convex 
erous minute greenish flowers. Perianth three- 
parted, smaller than the corol, permanent. Corol one-parted. 
Tube imperforated. Border three-parted; divisions oval, 
permanent, Filamenis six, thick at the base, tapering, near- 
ly as long as the corol and inserted on the mouth of its tube. 
_ Anthers incumbent, Germ none, but there is the rudiment 
of a three-cleft stigma. _ Fem ALE. Calya; sheaths as in the 
= ae decompound, mcrianth, and corol as in the 


Calamus. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 779 


male, Filaments six, united at the base round the germ. 
Anthers arrow-shaped, abortive. Germ round. Style short, 
three-cleft, divisions or stigmas recurved. Berries round, 
of the size of a small gooseberry, imbricated backward with 
barky scales, one-celled, one-seeded, between the bark and 
the seed there is a considerable portion of whitish juicy pulp 
ofa sharp acid taste, Seed solitary, marked with many irre- 
gular depressions and elevations, and on one side there is a 
large, deep, roundish pit, a little below it near the base is 
lodged the monogotyledonous embryo. 

_ As already observed the full grown-plant, when divested 
of the sheaths of the leaves, resembles so much the common 
ratan of Malacca, that I have scarcely a doubt of their being 
the same ; for that reason the specific name Rotang is adopted 
until we are better acquainted with those figured by Ram- 
phius. 


ll. C. fasciculaius. Roxb. 

Scandent. Leaflets in many fascicles, ensiform, margins spi- 
nous, bristly. Sheaths flagelliferous, 

Tsjeru-tsjurel, Rheed, Mal, xii. p. 121, t, 64, agrees in its 
foliage better with this than with the former. — 

Palma juncus viminalis. Rumph. Herb. Amb, ab Veit. 
55. f. 2. agrees pretty well with this species, but not his de- 
criptiony : 

Sans, Umba-vetus. 

Hind, aud Beng. Bura-bet. 

With ©. Rotangy this is a native of thickets, and woods 
all over Bengal, Cuttack, and many other places; though I ne- 
ver saw it to the southward of Ganjam. Flowering see the 
rainy season. 

Stem as in C. Rotang but thicker, when young, viz. from 
four to eight feet high, they are erect, at which time they 
resemble a beautiful palm on a small scale ; when longer they 
lean in search of support, and finally climb over trees, and 


bushes like the other species, and are PUNT: extensive. 
472 


780 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. Calamus. 


Leaves and petioles as in C. Rotang,butmorearmed. Leaf- 
* lets collected into fascicles of two, three, or four, on the oppo- 
site sides of the stipes, with a vacant space of considerable 
extent between; they are broader considerably than in C. 
Rotang, scarcely so long, and armed with spinous bristles on 
the edges and both sides of the nerves. Mate, Flagella, 
spathes, spadix, perianth, corol, and stamens, as in the former 
species, FEMALE, Perianth, corol abortive; stamens and 
pistillum asin C, Rotang, Berries as in the former, but small. 
The stems divested of the sheaths of the leaves, are about 
as thick as a man’s fore-finger, and employed for walking 
canes like those of the ground ratan, Rhapis flabelliformis. 


12, C. polygamus. R. 

Scandent, Spines sub-verticled. Sheaths flagelliferous. 
Inferior leaflets in remote fascicles of three or four, above 
_ single and alternate, or opposite, all linear, with a few bristles 

on the margins and nerves underneath. Male and herma- 
phrodite flowers on the same supra-decompound spadix. 
Hoodoom Bet of the people of Chittagong, where it is in- 
digenous, and a most extensive rambler ; the general thick- 
ness when cleaned is that of a stout iilictng cane. Its 
growth is exceeding slow, for in ten years it had acquired a 


stem of only five feet in length, and the leaves from ten to — 


twelve more. 


13. C. tenuius, R, 

- Polygamous, scandent. Leaves pinnate; leaflets nume- 
rous, solitary, equi-distant, alternate, three-nerved, linear. 
Sheaths flagelliferous, Spadix decompound. Hermaphro- 
dite calyx and corol urceolate. 

Bandhari Bet of the inhabitants of Chittagong, where it is 
indigenous, It is a beautiful, delicate species; when di- 
vested of the sheaths of the leaves, and cleaned, it is not 
thicker than a common quill, and of the colour of the com- 
mon ratan. Flowering time, the rainy season. | 


Calamus. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 78l 


Stems simple, perennial, climbing to a great extent ; the ex- 
tremities inserted in the armed sheaths of the leaves, includ- 
ing these, it is scarcely so thick asacommon ratan. Leaves 
oblong, equally pinnate, nearly two feet long. Leaflets from 
twenty to thirty on each side, equi-distant, alternate, linear 
polished, three-nerved; margins, apices, and nerves bristly; 
six inches Jong, and scarcely half an inch broad at the broad- 
est part. Petioles armed. Flagelli from the sheaths, sim- 
ple, armed, as in the other species. - Spathes numerous, 
_ sheathing, sub-cylindric, one for each division of the spadix, 
even to the pairs of flowers. Spadices occupy the place of 
the flagelli on a few of the spathes, decompound; primary 
branches, four, five, or six, remote, flexuose, with about half 
a dozen alternate, recurvate branches on each side. Herma- 
phrodite and male flowers in alternate pairs, the latter short- 
pedicelled. Maze, Calyx shorter than the corol, unequally 
two, or three-toothed, corol supported on a fleshy gibbous 
receptacle, border two or three-cleft. Filaments four, five, or 
six, Anthers sagittate. HirMAPHRODITE, Calyx and corol 
equal, gibbous, with a contracted, three-toothed mouth. 
filaments six, united in a ring round the lower half of the 
germ; anthers sagittate, large, and seemingly fertile. Germ 
ovate, one-celled, containing three seeds attached to the bot- 
tom of the cell, Style scarcely any; stigma dhawer-ohates -* 
segments rugose and recurvate. 


14, C, pencillaius, R. 

Scandent, Leaflets thirty-four pair, regularly alternate 
except the terminal two, which are united, lanceolate, se- 
ven to nine-nerved; margins entire and smooth, a pencil of — 
bristles from the apex ofeach. Sheaths flagelliferous. _ 

Found by Mr. Roxburgh in the forests of Palo Pinang 
running over trees. It is more slender than the common 


ratan, and less so than the next species, C. eh aye 


15. C. gracilis. R. be Be! 
Scandent, Leaves with from six to ten pair of icat-lan- 


782 , DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, Calamus. 


ceolate, three-nerved leaflets in three remote fascicles; 
sheaths flagelliferous. 

Mapoor? Bet of the Hindoos of Chittagong. 

Tsjera-tsjurel, Rheed, Mal, xii. t, 64. 

A native of the forests of Chittagong, where Mr. W. Rox- 
burgh found it climbing over trees and bushes to a great ex- 
tent, and in flower in the month of May. This species is un- 
commonly slender when divested of the sheaths of the leaves 
and dry, scarcely as thick as a common quill, in texture firm 
and elastic, covered with a smooth, straw-coloured crust as 
in the common ratan. 

Stems simple, perennial, climbing to a great extent ; all the 
tender or younger parts toward their extremities invested, in 
the armed sheaths of the leaves, including these about as 
thick as a man’s little finger. Leaves alternate, recurved in- 
terruptedly pinnate, if 1 may be allowed to call a pinnated 
leaf so, which is destitute of smaller leaflets between the prin- 
cipal ones, from one to two feet long. Leaflets collected in 
three opposite bundles of from two to four pair each, with . 
much more of the rachis left naked between them than the 
spaces they occupy, sessile, doubled backwardly at the base, 
linear-lanceolate, bristly, pointed, both surfaces lucid, 
three-nerved ; nerves on the upper side as well as the mar- © 
gins, bristly, from three to five inches long aid less than one 
inch broad. ib or rachis carinated along the upper side, 
when young covered with ferruginous dust, rounded under- 
neath, and armed with recurved prickles, Flagelli or ten- 
drils, issue ‘single as in the other species, from near the 
‘mouths of the sheaths of the leaves; they are long, jointed, 
slender as a pack-thread, drooping, sheathed, armed with 
numerous, very sharp, recurved prickles, MALg. Spadix 
from the mouths of the sheaths or opposite sides of the fla- 
gelli, compound, jointed ; joints approximate, sheathed ; ra- 
mifications recurved, bearing two rows of sessile flowers on 
their convex side. Calyzx one-leaved, tridentate, sitting on 
the joints of the rachis in a three-toothed cup, which may be 


Phoenix. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 783 


called a lower or exterior calyx, Coro/three-parted, with the 
_ base fleshy, and partly impervious. Filaments six, thick at the 
base, and inserted on the mouth of the fleshy impervious 
tube of the corol. Anthers linear, incumbent. Pistillum, 
a small, three-toothed, abortive, style-like athe is all that is 
to be found, 


16. C. monoicus, . 

Monoicous, scandent. Leaflets numerous, alternate, linear. 
lanceolate, polished, and bristly ; sheaths flagelliferous; sta- 
mens monadelphous. : 

Native place uncertain. It grows in the Botanic garden | 
to be about the size of the common ratan, and differs from it — 
only in being monoicous, the divisions of the corol lanceolate, 
and in the filaments being very completely united. Flower- . 
ing time the rainy season. 

It is needless to give a full description of this plant, which 
is exactly like C. Rotang, except in the above-mentioned 
circumstances, The male flowers are about as numerous as 
the female ones, generally one of each from each of the an- 
nular scales of the branches of the spadix. The common 
ratan (C. Rotang) I have always found completely dioecous; 
this must therefore be considered a distinct species, 


PH@NIX. Schreb. gen. N. 1694. 

Marr. Calyx three-toothed, Corol three-petalled. Fr- 
MALE, Calyx and corol as in the male. Germs three, one- 
celled, one-seeded ; attachment interior, Drupe oblong, point- 

ed, one-seeded. Embryo in the back or convex side of the 


1. P. acaulis, Buch. 

_Stemless. Leaves radical, pinnate ; leaflets folded, cneihialy 
in sub-opposite fascicles pointing poet was the lower 
spinous, | 


784 | DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, Phenix. 


A native of Behar. Flowering time in the Botanic garden 
the cold season. The seed ripens in April and May. 

Stem none in plants ten years old; at this age when in flow- 
er, the whole body of the plant, including the inflorescence, 
but exclusive of the foliage, is of an ovate form, and not exceed 
ing six or eight inches in height from the surface of the 
ground. Leaves (fronds, L.) pimate; from two to six feet long. 
Leaflets in nearly opposite, rather remote fascicles ; the supe- 
- rior ones folded, slender, ensiform, and about eighteen inches 
long; the lower ones small, straight, rigid, and ending in very 
sharp, spinous points. Petioles (stipes) near the base flat, 
towards the apex triangular, smooth, Maze. Spathes and 
spadiz as in the female, hereafter described. lowers alter- 
nate, solitary, sessile, small, pale yellow. Calyx one-leay- 
ed, triangular; angles or lobes acute and unequal. Corol 
three-petalled ; petals obliquely-lanceolate, acute, slightly 
united at the base. Filaments six, very short, inserted into 
the base of the corol, Anihers linear, nearly as long as the 
petals, Pistil none. Femare. Spathes universal, axillary, 


solitary, one-valved, about six inches long, with their base 


rather below the surface of the earth, generally splitting into 
two portions down the middle, on each side. Spadix ramous, 
composed of many, simple, short, erect, flexuose branches; 
all are smooth, and of a pale yellow. lowers alternate, 
solitary, sessile, in bractiform notches on the sides of the 
branches of the spadix. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, with 
three obscure points at equal distances on the margin, Pe- 
tals three, sub-rotund, thick and fleshy, concave, smooth. 
‘Nectary a small, six-toothed cup, in which the germs sit. 
Germs three, each one-celled, and containing a single ovulum 
attached to the middle of the cell on the inside, Styles three, 
recurved, small, and short, Stigma small. Drupe oval, 
fleshy, small, smooth, of a bright red, of the size of a very 
small olive, one-celled. Seed solitary, oblong, with a deep 
longitudinal groove on one side. eon in the middle of 
the back, or convex side of the seed. _ , 


Soe Se 


Phenix. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 785 


2. PB. farinifera, Willd. iv, 731, R, Corom. pl. i. N74, 
Stem scarcely any. . Leaves pinnate ; leaflets PPR rl; 


gid, the lower pair ending in spines, 


Phoenix pusilla, Gert, Sem, i, t, 29. Lourier, Cochin, Ch. 
753. = 

Teling. Chilta-cita, 

This dwarf species of the date tree isa native of, ios bar. 
ren ground, chiefly of the sandy lands at a small distance 
from the sea near Coringa, It flowers in iiatabls and. Fe- 
brnary. The fruit ripens in May. 

Trunk, the little it has is only about one or at most a 
feet high, and so entirely enveloped in the sheaths of the 
leaves that it is never seen, the whole appearing like a large 
round bush. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets opposite, sword. 
shaped, much pointed, smooth, of a deep green. Spathes axil- 
lary, one-valved, concave on the inside, fitting the trunk. or 
base of the leaf immediately within it; this concavity is bor- 
dered by two sharp edges ; convex on the outside, there split- 
ting longitudinally, leathery, smooth, withering. Spadix 
erect, very ramous, branches simple, spreading in every direg- 
tion, from eight to twelve inches long. Mate FLowERs, Ca- 
lyx small, slightly three-toothed. Petals three, oblong, white, | 
rigid, Filaments six, very short, inserted into.a fleshy glébu- 
lar receptacle. Anthers oblong, erect, FEMALE FLOWERS on 
a separate plant, . Calyx asabove, Petals three, orbicular, 
concave, equal, rigid, lasting. Germs three, though never 


more than one ever increases in size, the other: two always 


wither, although they contain the rudiment of a seed every 
way like the fertile germ; ovate, each ending in a short 
recurved style. Stigmasimple. Berry when ripe, ofa shin- 
ing black, of the size of a large French bean; the puép is 
sweet and mealy, but in small quantity, the natives eat them 
as gathered from the bush without any preparation, Seed 
cartilaginous, of the shape of the berry, grooved longitudinal- 
ly,asin the common date, pretty smooth, brown on the outside, 
of a light grayish white within, on the middle of, the back 

VOL, 111, aU 


# 


786 DIOECTA HEXANDRIA. Phenix. 


there is a small elevation, under which is an oblong pit con- 
taining the embryo or first principle of the new plant. — 
The leaflets are wrought into mats for sleeping upon, &c. 
The common petioles are split into three or four,and used to 
make common baskets of various kinds, but they are not so 
good for this purpose as the Bamboo, which is’ very elastic, 
much more durable, and splits easily, The small trunk when 
divested of its leaves, and the strong brown fibrous web that 
surrounds it at their insertions, is generally about fifteen or 
eighteen inches long, and six in diameter at the thickest 
part; its exterior or woody part consists of white fibres mat- 
ted together, these envelope a large quantity of farinaceous 
substance, which the natives use for food in times of scarcity. 
To procure this meal, the small trunk is split into six or 
eight pieces, dried, and beat in wooden mortars, till the fari- 
naceous part is detached from the fibres; it is then sifted to 
separate them, the meal is then fit for wees The only further 
preparation it undergoes, is the boiling it into a thick gruel; 
or as it is called in India, Kanji ; it seems to possess less nou- 
tishment than the common sago, and is less palatable, being 
considerably bitter when boiled; probably a little care in the 
preparation, and varying the Wield: might improve it ; how- 
ever} it certainly deserves attention, for during the end of 


the last, and beginning of this year, and even again at this © 


soda a va 1792, it has saved many tee Rice was 


ular ly near the sea. 


3. F. dicighpsbe. Willd, iv. 730. 


Leaves pinnate, unarmed ; or roned together, linear 


Tiaeonite, strait, 

Numerous atteinpts have been made to familiarize this 
useful tree to the soil and climate of India, but I have not 
been able to learn that any one has been’successfal. I have 


Phenix, DIOERCIA HEXANDRIA, 787 


raised thousands from seed in the Botanic garden, many 
of which I have tried to bring to perfection there, and have 
distributed others over many parts of the country. The 
greatest advance that I have yet known, has been that some 
male trees lived to blossom, soon after which they have uni- 
formly perished. 

Captain Benjamin Blake ist B was lately at Bussora informs 
me that he used frequently to walk in these date gardens, 
and observed their method of impregnating the female flow- 
ers, which was by making a slit in the spathe a little before 
it would burst spontaneously, and thrusting into it a branch, 
or a part, of the male spadix, where it was left. This he says, 
was the whole of the operation, and it appears a much more 
certain method, than hanging the male branch over the fe- 


male. t 


A, PY sylvestris. R. 

- Leaflets in sub-opposite fascicles, ensiform, spinous-point- 
ed, pointing four ways, 

\, Katou-indel. Rheed, Mal. iii, t, 22. 23, 24, and25. 
a Teling. Pedda-eita. 

_ Sans, Khurjura, 

_ Beng, Khujjoor. 

.. Elate sylvestris. Linn. 

This tree is very common all over India, all Be Sree 
tions seem to suit it equally well, Flowering time the begin- 
ning of the hot season, 

. Its parts of fructification are exactly as in P. farinifera, 
except that here are six small nectarial scales round the base 
of the germs. But it differs from it most conspicuously in 
growing to be a tree with a long, pretty thick trunk, and hav- 
ing longer yellowish or reddish fruit, This tree yields Tar?, 
or Palm wine during the cold season. The method of ex- 
tracting it destroys the appearance and fertility of the tree. 
The fruit of those that have been cut for drawing off the , 


juice being very small, 
* 402 


788 DIORCIA HEXANDRIA. Phenix. 


The’ mode of extracting this juice is by removing the low- 
er leaves and their sheaths, and cutting a notch into the pith 
of the-tree near the top, from thence it issues and is conduct- 
ed by a small channel made of a bit of the Palmyra tree 
Jeaf ‘into a pot suspended to receive it. On the coast of Co- 
romandel this Palm juice is either drank fresh from the tree, 
or boiled down into sugar, or fermented for distillation, when 
it gives outa large portion of ardent spirit commonly called 
Paria aruk on the coast of Coromandel. Matts and hankses 
are made of the leaves. 

The Bengalees: call this tree Khujjoor. They also boil 
pee juice into sugar. In the whole Provinceof Bengal about 
fifteen thousand maunds, or about a hundred thousand hun- 
dredweight is made annually, At the age of from seven or 
ten years, when the trunk of the trees will be about four feet 
high, they begin to yield juice, and continue productive for 
twenty or twenty-five years, It is extracted during the cold 
months .of November, December, January, and February ; 
during which period, each tree is reckoned to yield from 
one hundred and twenty to two hundred and forty pints of 
juice, which averages one hundred and eighty pints, every 


tvelve pints or pounds is boiled down to one of Goor or Ja- 


gui, and four of Goor yield one of good powder sugar, so 


that the average produce of each tree is about seven or * 


eight pounds of sugar annually. 
Another statement presented to me, gives a much larger 
produce, viz, the average produce of each tree is sixteen 


-.pints»per\ day, four of which will yield two pounds of mo- | 


‘asses, and forty of molasses will yield twenty-five pounds of 
brown sugar, ‘The difference is so great, that-I cannot well 
‘Teobielle them, but am inclined to yeerot most credit to the 
edie sugar, as it is sents called, is not so sdaneis acm as 
cane sugar, and sells for about one fourth less. — 


ny eS ee a 


Phenix. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, ‘ 789 


>» 


8. P. paludosa, R. 

Sub-arboreous. Leaflets poh ensiform, face bifari- 
ous. E’mbryo in the base of the seed. 

Sans, Hintala, 

Beng. Hintal. 
- A native of the lower parts of the Delta of the Ganges call- 


_-ed the Sunderbunds, where it forms a considerable portion of 


those impenetrable woods which ener | cover that: “<a 
tensive tract of country. | 
Trunk straight, as thick as a man’s leg, and from six to six- 
teen feet high, Leaves pinnate, oblong, from three to six feet 
long, with the base extended into a multitude of tough 
fibres that embrace the stem and interior leaves, Leaflets so- 
litary, opposite and alternate, bifarious, the lower few pairs 
short-and spinous, the rest flaccid, sword-shaped, smooth, 
with acute filiform points, the longest of them from twelve to 
eighteen inches. Spathe simple as in the P. sylvestris and 
farinifera. Spadix ramous; branches numerous, generally — 
undivided, and spreading in every direction. So far the male 
and female plants agree. Ma Le FLowers. Calyx cup- 


| shaped, less regularly three-toothed, than in the above-men- 


tioned two species. Corol. The three petals unite at the base 
into a firm receptacle which supports the stamens. Filantents 
six, short, FEMALE FLOWERS on a distinct plant, Calyx as 
in the male, Corol. The three petals distinct, roundish, con- 
cave, .Nectary six small scales surrounding the base of the 
germs. Germs three ; styles recurved, (although as in P, syd- 


. vestris and Serinifera there are always three perfect germs, _ 


yet never more than’ one of them comes to maturity.) Berry 
the size of a field bean, oval, smooth, of a deep shining black, 
when ripe the pulp is a dirty looking, soft, greenish black 
substance, of an intolerable taste. Seed cartilaginous, as in 
P. farinifera, but in this species the ian fae is lodged near 


the base of the seed. 
The trunks of the cai fer trees serve for walking wtts 


and the 1 natives have an idea that snakes get out of the way 


790 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, Ferriola. 


of any person having such a staff. The longer ones serve 
for rafters to their houses, and the leaves for thatch. 


BORASSUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1689. _ 


| Male spathe universal, many-leaved. Perianth three- 
leaved. Corol three-petalled. Female spathe as in the male. 
Perianth, or corol, or both, from eight to twelve-leaved. 
Germ superior, three-celled; cel/s one-seeded, attachment 
interior. Drupe three-seeded. Embryo in the apex of the 
perkpam, 

a flabelli ifornis. Willd, iv. 800, Corom, pl. i, N. 71 
and 72. 
_ Lontarus domestica. Rumah. Amb, i, t. 10.Gert, Fruct, 
aL. i. 3. 

_ Carimpana, Rheed, Mal. i,t. 9. the female tree; mail oe 
part 10. the male... > 

_ Sans, Tala, See Asiat, eg iv. p. ‘Sil. 
# _ Beng. Tal. 

Eng. Palmyra. ! 

\, Teling. Patoo-Tody, the name of the male tree, and Peuty 
or ‘Nama-Tody, the female. Common all over India, It flow- 
ers in the hot season in Bengal, and the seeds ripen in August, 


FERRIOLA. R. 

. ~ Mane. Calyx and corol three-cleft, FEmaAte, Calyx 
and. corol three-cleft. Germ superior, three-celled; cells 
two-seeded ; attachment superior; style single. Berry from 
one to three-seeded. Embryo inverse, amply furnished with 


BRST: 


B. buxifolia, Willd. iv, p. 798. R. Corom. pl. i iN. 45. 
-Trumbilli, that is Iron wood, of the Tamuls, . gh 
__ Pishinna of the Telingas, 2 A 
- Among the Circar mountains this grows tobea small tree, 


Smilax. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, | 791 


. but in the low sd eel it is only a shrub, tt flowers dur- 
ing the hot season. — 

“Trunk irregular. Bark of a dark rust colour.’ Branches 
very numerous, and very irregularly disposed. Leaves alter- 
nate, short-petioled, oval, entire, very smooth, shining, about 
half or three quarters of an inch long, by half an inch broad. 

‘Mate. Flowers from the axills of the lower leaves, three toge- 
ther smaller than the female ones, Filaments six, short, inserted 
round a semi-globose receptacle, Anthers oblong. Pistil none. 
FemALe. Flowers axillary, single, sessile, very small, white. 
Calyx three-cleft, Coro? three-cleft, hairy on the outside, 
Stamens none. Germ superior, oval, three-celled, with two 
ovula in each attached to the top of the axis. Style short, 
Stigma three-toothed. Berry superior, of the size of a large 
pea, round, smooth, when ripe yellow, from one to three: 
‘celled, partitions thin, tough, membranaceous, Seed one; I 
never found more, in éach cell, differing in shape according 
to the number of fertile cells in the berry. Integument single, 
rather fleshy. Perisperm conform to the seed, of a soft, hairy, 
semi-pellucid consistence. Embryo inverse, nearly as long 
as the perisperm, a little curved, Cotyledons two, cordate 
Plumula very minute. Radicle superior, clavate, potitinis 
directly to the umbilicus. SE 

The berries of this tree are — eaten ike ripe, and 
are very well tasted. 

The wood is dark coloured pronnirieably hard, and detcble: 
It is employed for such uses, when its size will admit, as re- 
quire the most durable heavy wood. 


 SMILAX. Schreb. gen. N. 1528. 

Mate, Calyx six-leaved. Corolnone, Femate. Ca- 
lyx six-leaved. Corol none. Germ superior, three-celled ; 
cells one-seeded ; attachment superior. Styles three, . Berry 
from two to three-seeded. Embryo in the base of the peri- 


792 DIORCIA HEXANDRIA, Smilax, 


1, S. glabra, R. 

Scandent. Stem and branches unarmed, columnar, polish- 
ed, Leaves laiceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, polish- 
three-nerved, glaucous underneath. | Umbellets axillary, 
simple, sessile, solitary. Calyaine leaflets broad, obserdates 
sessile, 

A native of the Silhet district, and of the ndjaiiiek Gar- - 
row country, where it is called Hurina or Hurina-shook- 
China. Its root is large and tuberous, and not to be distin- 
guished by the eye, from the medicinal drug brought from 
China, under the name of China root, The natives of the above 
countries use a decoction of the fresh root annually, for the 
cure of sores and venereal complaints, . It flowers about the 
end of the rains, and the seed ripens in the hot season, . It is 
remarkable for its broad, obcordate, calycine leaflets, and 
large, two-lobed, sessile anthers. The fomephinsae broad: 

9, Ss. pee Pe R. ; 

. - Scandent, Stem and branches unarmed, dima achiake 
= Leaves lanceolar, three-nerved, polished. Umbellets 
simple, axillary, solitary, peduncled. —— Kiang ed 
near, oblong. 

Giistea-shoole Chinn the reunion name sanieget ae 
people of the eastern frontier, where the plant is’ indigenous, 
and its large tuberous roots much used in medicine; they are 
so like those of the Smilax China as not to be distinguished 
by the eye, It cannot therefore be Louriero’s S, lanceolata, 
which he says has a long filiform root, not tuberous. By the 
natives where the plants grow, the juice of the fresh root is 
taken inwardly for the cure of rheumatic pains, and the re- 
fuse after extracting the juice, laid over the parts most pain- 
ed. The whole plant, root included, is very much like wf 
_ paint so awl ainokaeals 


8 S. Pseudlo-China, Willd. iv. 785. eat 
Scandent, Stem and branches unarmed, gabe no. 


Smilax. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. 793 


Leaves from cordate to cordate-oblong, smooth, acuminate, 
iie-panteds petioles sub-cylindric, without stipuli, 
= Muhesha. 
_A native of the Garrow hills, 


cl S. laurifolia, Willd. iv, 779. 

sslizundentt somewhat angular, armed. Leaves lanceolate 
and narrow, oblong, smooth, triple-nerved to the acuminate 
apex. Umbelscompound. Berries from one to three- jobads 
from one to three-seeded. 

-Koomari or Koomari-sookh-China of the Bengal! 
| A native of the Garrow hills, where it grows to be a large, 
rambling, scandent, well armed perennial. Flowering time 
the hot season; the seed ripens about the end of the rains, 
On. the permanent base of the petioles, just under the ten- 
drils, are two large semicordate stipule. The umbellets are 
humerous, particularly in the female, forming panicles, with 
the long peduncled umbels in alternate threes on the_ angles 
of the sathies 


5. S. retusa, R. ae 

~ Scandent, columnar, much armed. tonal wabcowate; cor- 
nip retuse; witha triangular point, triple-nerved, with maf 
fine intermarginal pair, stipules stem-clasping. ~ 

A most extensive rambler, a native of Biemelabeiaes part 
glossy, which is indeed the case with all the East Indian spe- 
cies known to me. 


6.8, macrophylla. R. 

-Scandent ; stem and branches cylindric and prickly. 
Samaee sub-rotund, five-nerved, glossy. Female eines a 
few.on a common axillary peduncle. 

_) A very large and extensive, wel] armed species, a native »of 
Bengal, where’ it blossoms about the beginning of the rains 
in June, and the seed ripens in October and November. 

WO ke=th; av 


794 DIOBCIA HEXANDRIA, Smilax. 


herbaceous, sometimes biennial or even perennial, round, 
armed with short sharp prickles, but void of every thing like 
pubescence, scandent, and ramous toward the root, as thick 
as a walking cane; the general length several fathoms; some 
seasons they: perish down to the root at the approach of winter, 
and appear about the beginning of the hot season in February 
and March, at other times they are biennial or more, Leaves 
alternate, short-petioled, round, entire, five-nerved, glossy, 
six or eight inches each way. Petioles short, keeled, with the 
margins of the channel winged. Tendrils petiolary, undivid- 
ed. Femae, Peduneles axillary, solitary, divided into two 
or three branches, each supporting a single, globular umbel- 
let of large, greenish yellow, pedicelled flowers, inserted on a 
round scrobiculate receptacle. Calyx six-leaved ; the inner 
series narrower. Filaments six, slender, and abortive. Germ 
globular, three-celled, with one ovulum in each, attached to 
the upper end of the axis, Sty/es recurved. Berries the size — 
of a pea, red, smooth, generally one, or two-seeded, Seed, 
pores and embryo as in the genus. 


ue s. Teak ola. R. 

Stems cylindric, armed. Leaves unarmed, oval, enntlh, 
from five to seven-nerved. Petioles tendril-bearing. — 
compound, 

_ Beng. Koomurki. 

.. Teling. Kunda gurvatiga. 

A native of hedges, forests, and wid places, 

Root tuberous, Stems cylindric, climbing, woody ; the lar- 
ger woody parts armed with sharp, strong, incurved prickles. 
Tendrils paired, from the wings of the petioles, one on each 
side, simple. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, unarmed, oval, 
from five to seven-nerved, smooth on both sides, entire ; from 
five to.seven inches long, Petioles short, winged, channelled, — 
bearing a simple tendril on each side of their base, Jointed 
| just above the tendrils, and there, though the leaf drops, leav- 
ing the base. mah Aeaseneetehcacionppes ot shop 


Smilax. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. a - 


Umbels axillary, compound ; uwmbellets globular, Pedun- 
cles and pedicels columnar, smooth, coloured. Bractes two 
at the base of each peduncle, with smaller, reflexed, partial 
bracteoli to the umbellets, Frmate. Calyx the three ex- 
terior leaflets larger, all revolute; nectary three subulate 
bodies within the calyx. Germ oblong. Styles short. Stig- 
mas truncate, Berries above, red, smooth, succulent, two or 
three-seeded. 


8. 8. prolifera. R. me 

Stem and branches cylindric, prickly. Leaves unarmpsa 
oblong, triple-nerved, with a slender marginal pair. Umbels 
proliferous, super-decompound ; umbellets globular, long- 
peduncled. 

A native of hedges and thickets in the vicinity of Caleutia 
where it blossoms in February and March. 

Root strong, slender, hard, fibres springing from a small 
tuberous, hard, ligneous crown or base. Stems and branches 
perennial, scandent, of some. few fathoms in length, round, 
armed with numerous, rather recuryed, short, thick, sharp. 
prickles, Leaves from lanceolar to oblong, triple-nerved, be- 
sides a very slender sub-marginal pair, entire, smooth on both 
sides, from three to four inches long, and from one to twobroad, 
Petioles variously bent and ahha. at the base a permanent, 
stipulaceous, cirriferous enlargement. Matz. Umbels axil- 
lary, proliferous, rather shorter than the leaves. Umbellets 
Jong-pedicelled, globular, Flowers numerous, middle sized, 
green, Calyz six-leaved, all linear and revolute, but the three 
exterior ones much broader. Corol none, Filaments six, as 
Jong as the calyx. Anthers linear-oblong, recurved. Fe- 
MALE. Unmbels axillary, three or four times proliferous; 
umbellets globular, long-peduncled. Flowers numerous, 
small, of a greenish yellow, long-pedicelled, Calyx as in the 
male, Filamenis or nectaries six, filiform, shorter than the 
petals, Germ superior, globular, three-celled, with one ovu- 


lum in each, attached to the top of the axis, Styles three, re- 
4v2 : 


796 DIOECIA HEXANDRITA, Smilax. 


curved. Stigmas large and trifid. Berry globose, of the size 
and appearance of a red currant, one or two-seeded. 


9. S. maculata, Roxb. 

‘Shrubby, scandent, angular, and armed. Leaves hastate, 
cordate, entire, acute, from three to seven-nerved. Racemes 
both male and female, axillary. 

A native of Nepal, from_thence Dr, Buchanan sent seeds 
to the Botanic garden in 1802, where the plants blossom dur- 
ing the cold season, and ripen their seed by the piates of 
May. 

Stems, or rather branches numerous, shrubby, scandent, or 
resting on the ground, angular, and armed with short, slight- 
ly recurvate prickles, Tendrils in pairs from the base of the 
petioles, simple. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate-cordate, 
margins entire, from three to seven-nerved, smooth, maculated 
with patches of pale green, with a dark margin, and a few small 
; prickles on the nerves underneath, generally from three to six 
inches long, and from one to three inches broad. Petioles 

jout an inch long, and somewhat angular and prickly. Ra- 
cemes axillary and terminal ‘aohitalby. * generally shorter than 
the leaves, Flowers numerous, in alternate fascicles of six 
or eight, pedicelled, white, fragrant. Bractes round the 
base of the pedicels, scariose, and very small. Mae FLOW- 
ERS, Calyx six-leaved. Leaflets oblong, smooth, spread- 
ing, ‘the three exterior ones somewhat larger. Filaments 
erect. Anthers oblong. FEMALE FLOWERS nearly as in 

em: le. "Stamina, six small, abortive, round, subulate bo- 
‘Inse rted ‘round the base of the germ. Germ oblong, 
lobed. Styles none. Stigmas three, oblong, re- 
curved, Berry of the size of a pea, smooth, red, three-lobed, 
three-celled, with a single seed in each attached to the apex 
of the cells. Perisperm cartilaginous, of a pale bluish’ white 
colour. Embryo simple, small, cylindric, we ge in the — 
of the eco: opposite te ie umbilicus. 


ae ey ee 
ee 8 ed 


Dioscorea, DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 797 


‘DIOSCOREA. Schreb. gen. N. 1530. 

Maur. Calyx six-leaved, or six-parted. Corol none. 
Femarr. Calyx asin the male. Germ inferior, three-cell- 
ed; cells two-seeded ; attachment superior. Styles three: 
Capsule three-celled. Seeds one or two, membranaceous. 
Embryo ascending, centripetal, and furnished with a peris- 


perm. 


41. D. globosa, R. 

Tubers roundish, white. Stems twining, six-winged. 
Leaves alternate and opposite, sagittate.cordate. Male | 
spikes compound, long, pendulous, and verticelled; female 
simple. mie ; be 
“Beng. Choopuree aloo. 
~ T have only found this species in a cultivated state; it 
holds the first place amongst the tuberous roots used for food 
by the Hindoos of these parts, and is also the most esteemed 
of the yams amongst Europeans in India. 

- Root tuberous, roundish, often very large ; siteaally 
very white. Stems herbaceous, twining, of great extent, 
about six-sided, with the angles membrane-winged, and 
prickly toward the root, Leaves opposite and alternate, 
long-petioled, broad, sagittate-cordate, ensiform, pointed, 
waved, smooth, from five to seven-nerved. Petioles five- 
winged, nearly as long as the leaves, Maue. Spikes axil- 
lary, simple and compound ; the compound ones very long, 
pendulous, and sub-verticelled. Flowers small, very numer- 
ous, Femate. Spikes axillary, sop, sat, witha fot) re- 


mote, very fragrant flowers. fit. Of 


2. D, alata. Willd. iv. 792. 
Tubers oblong, white. Stems annual, twining, four-wing- 
ed. Leaves opposite, deep cordate, from five to seven-nerved. 


Volubilis nigra, &c. Sloane’s History of Jamaica, vol, i. 
p. 139, 


798 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, Dioscorea. 


» Beng. Kam-aloo, 

Katsji-Kelengu. Rheed, Mal. vil, p. 71. ¢. 38. 

This species is much cultivated in various parts of India. 
On the Coromandel coast it is, 1 believe, the only species 
reared for food. In Bengal it holds only the second place, 
C. globosa being more esteemed ; it is, however, much culti- 
- vated. F alee time, the ae of the rains, 

Tubers oblong, brown on the surface, internally white in 
arich soil of great size, which perishes, after having produced 
that of the succeeding year. Besides the tubers, the proper 
roots of all those plants are fibrous, springing chiefly from, 
and about, the union of the stems with the tubers, and 
spreading in every direction, Stems herbaceous, twining over 
trees and bushes to a very great extent, somewhat four-sided, 
each angle enlarged with a copious, membranaceous, curled 
wing, henna smooth, often prickly toward the base, 
Leaves generally opposite; that is, the first only, that ap- 
pears on the young shoots, being alternate; all long-petioled, 
deeply cordate, with the lobes protruding much, more or 
less rounded, and approximated, from five to seven-nerved, 
ensiform-pointed, smooth on both sides, various in size, Pe- 
tioles nearly as long as the leaves, five-winged, enlarged 
at the base, coloured, and stem-clasping. peg Spikes 
compound, or panicled. Femaze. Spikes axillary, com- 
pound, and simple, smooth. Bractes three-fold, one-flower- 
ed. Flowers remote, small, and green. : 

site description of Ubium ovale, Rumph, Amb, vol. v. Pe 

» 125. agrees pretty well with this plant, so far as re- 
bg 2 stems: and leaves; but in the root they disagree ; 
no inference ¢ can be drawn fests the figure, 


a‘ 


3 
3. D. rubella, Roxb. > 
Tubers oblong, red-skinned ; stems twining, ax cainaed 


Leaves opposite, sagittate-cordate, § smooth, five or seven- 
nerved, with subulate. points, _ 
Beng. Guranya aloo. 


Ubium digitatum. Rumph. Amb, v. t, BI. 


Dioscorea. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. 799 


This I have only found in its cultivated state, the natives 
esteem it next in rank to D. purpurea, consequently it holds 
the fourth place in their estimation amongst the Diancoratts, 
and is much cultivated about Calcutta. 

Root tuberous, deeply tinged with red immediately un- 
der the epidermis, or scarf skin, but this colour does not 
penetrate deep, they are of an oblong shape, and sometimes 
as much as three feet long ina rich soil. Stems herbaceous, 
twining, about six-seeded, with rather winged angles, other- 
wise smooth, and tinged with red in most parts. Leaves oppo- 
site, petioled, sagittate-cordate, entire, from three to seven- 
nerved, smooth, subulate, pointed. Petioles as in D, alata. 
Maxe. Spikes axillary, simple and compound, when simple 
_ crowded, and shorter than the leaves. lowers numerous, 
minute, Calyx asin the genus. FEMALE. Spikes axillary, 
generally simple, longer than the leaves, Flowers remote, 
very fragrant. Abortive stamens large, and distinct, almost 
like those of the male. 


4, D. purpurea, R. 
 Tubers oblong, reddish throughout ; stems twining, six (or 
more) ribbed or wipe: Leaves opposite, and alternate, cor- 


date. 

Beng. Lal-guranya-aloo, 

This also [have found only in a cultivated state, where it is 
wild I know not. The root is esteemed the next best to that of 
D. alata, consequently holds the third place amongst the 
Aloos. It is much cultivated, 

Root oblong, throughout ofa lighter, or darker’ purple, 
but always considerably deep in the tinge, and the farmers 
or cultivators of this species, say this colour is permanent. 
Stems sub-herbaceous, being sometimes perennial near the 
_ base, twining, six or more sivinbeed: or smooth; when the 

roots are more than one year old, "th lower permanent parts 
of the stems are generally armed with prickles. eaves 
opposite and alternate, long-petioled, cordate, with a subu- 


. 


800 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. Dioscorea, 


late point, five to seven-nerved, smooth, glossy green above, 
paler underneath, | Petioles stem-clasping, winged, as in 
the other species. Male and female spikes, as in the last 
described. 


B.D. atropurpurea, R. 
Tubers sub-rotund, purple throughout, Stems annual, 


_ twining, four-winged, wings coloured and curled. Leaves 


profoundly cordate, from five to seven-nerved, 

This is the species so extensively cultivated at Malacca, 
Pegu, and the eastern islands, The tubers are very large, of 
an irregular, smooth, roundish shape, and growing so néar the 
surface of the earth, as to appear in dry weather through the 
cracks that they make by raising the soil over them. This, 
and the very deep colour of the yarn, renders it readily 
distinguished ; the stems and branches are sometimes as far 
as six or seven-winged, but four is general, The petioles are 
also winged, much enlarged at the base, and stem-clasping. 


6. D. aculeata, Roxb. 

_Tubers oblong, pendulous, the fibres of the proper roots 
become spinous, Leaves reniform-cordate, acute, from five 
to seven-nerved, ; 

Cumbilium. Rumph. Amb. v. p, 357, t. 126. one of his va- 
rieties thereof is no doubt this very plant; but Katta Kelan- 
gu, Rheed, Mal. vii, t. 37. ia f00, gee gee igaid @ibe 
quoted, ! 

“oe native of Bengal. “The roots is which are of an oval fori, 
and ; erally about two pounds, or more in weight, are de- 
ier white, and during the cool season, dug up in the 
woods, for it. jis not cultivated, and carried for sale to the 
market at Calcutta, where they are known to the natives 
by. the name Mou-aloo, In habit it resembles much the 


species I have called D A ipiget ne Soosni-aloo of the 


rere’) 


. ¥ bi » 

: : ’ - Sane bes gets ’ 
oe ; 1 + Ec che Meee a oe ue BL » Szanre . 
Spit ass ; e% TiS 2 ae Fria dts has S455? eee ."s 
Bess ic - . ‘ os i GSE 4 38 z P 4 


Dioscorea, DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 80l 


7. D. fasciculata, R. 

Tubers pendulous, Stems wilt twining,round ; prickles 
stipulary. Leaves alternate, round, cordate, five-nerved, 

Beng. Soosni-alvo, 

This species is cultivated to a considerable extent, in the 
vicinity of Calcutta, not onke for food, but to make starch 
of the roots, 

oot consists of many tubers, about the size and shape of 
a pullet’s egg, connected by slender filaments to the base of 
the stems, covered with a pretty smooth, light coloured, thin 
integument; internally they are white, Stems several, about 
as thick as a pack-thread, twining round, smooth, except 
here and there a small prickle, and always two at the in- 
_sertion of each leaf; these I call the stipules. Leaves alter- 

nate, long-petioled, round-cordate, entire, pointed, from three 
seven-nerved, venose, slightly villous. F 
I have not met with the flowers of either sex. The cul- 
ture and use of the roots of the various species before and 
hereafter mentioned, are subjects too well known, to require 
any thing further from me in this place; my aim is to assist 
in clearing up the obscurity, in which the valuable plants 
of this genus have hitherto been enveloped, not only with a 
view to gratify the Botanist, but to point out marks by which 
_ the species may be distinguished by those who are not Bo- 
tanists, And the best will generally be found in the shape 
and colour of the root, These are permanent, and by them 
the Hindoo cultivator is guided; but, I fear, the criticising 
Botanist may find fault with me for having disregarded the 
Linnean rule, which forbids placing confidence in colour. 
In that case he must consider D, globosa, rubella and pur- 
purea, as varieties of the same species to which, he has wy 
hearty consent, if he finds it a more convenienc mode, than 


that which I have followed. 


8. D, pulchella, R. ) , 
Tubers roundish, and rather small. Stems herbacevus, 


VOL, If}, « #W< 


802 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, Dioscorea. 


twining, columnar, smooth, Leaves profoundly broad-cor- 
date, subulate, pointed, from nine to eleven-nerved, smooth, 
Female spikes axillary, crowded, penduleus, 

A native of Chittagong, and so exactly like the follow- 
ing’, crispata, as to be distinguished from it only by its per- 
fectly smooth, polished, columnar stem and branches, which 
are perfectly free from every appearance of even an angle or 
rib, Flowering time in the Botanic garden, the close of the 
rainy season. 


9. D. crispata, R. ; 
~Tubers roundish. Stems annual, twining, round, from 
ten to fifteen-winged; wings curled. Leaves alternate, 
broad-cordate, Female spikes pendulous; male panicled. 
A large, elegant species, a native of the interior of Bengal, 
and introduced by Dr. Carey into the Botanic garden in 
1798, where it blossoms during the rainy season, 7 
Root tuberous, and small for the great size of the plant, 
with numerous, ramous, slender fibres issuing from every 
part thereof, Like potatoes the old roots perish when the new 
ones are produced, and may be called biennial. Aaillary 
tubers, bulbs they are often called, are in this species, both 
numerous and large, and are proper sets to rear plants 
from, Stems annual, twining, unarmed, round, thick, many 
fathoms in length, beautifully ornamented with from 
ten to fifteen parallel, curled wings, otherwise the whole 
is perfectly smooth. Leaves alternate, petioled, broad-cor- 
date, subulate, pointed, from seven to eleven-nerved, with 
numerous, parallel, anastomosing veins on both sides, from 
three to™ine inches each way, Petioles shorter than the 
leaves, ortignented with parallel, curled wings, like the 
stems, FEMALE. Spikes axillary, crowded, perfectly pen- 
dulous. Bractes in pairs, unequal, one-flowered, Flowers 
alternate, rather remote, small. Petals or leaflets of the 
calyx six, linear, smooth, white. Stamina, six erect, short, 
emarginate, abortive glands. “The capsule has never come to 
spec in this garden, : 


Dioscorea. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, _ 803 


wv 


10. D. angnina. R. 

Tubers cylindric. Stems twining, round, villous. Leaves 
opposite and alternate, cordate, fiv epervedas Male spikes 
crowded, pendulous, 

Beng. Kookoor aloo, 

This species I have found in its wild state in woods about 
Calcutta. Flowering time the close of the rains. 

Tubers columnar, in a looser soil perpendicular, in a hard 
one variously bent. Stems and branches twining up and over 
trees and bushes, perfectly round, and covered with short soft 
‘down. Leaves opposite and alternate, petioled, exactly cor- 
date, entire, five-nerved, with many transverse veins between 
them, from four to six inches long, and from three to five 
broad. Female spikes axillary, erect, long, simple or com- 
pound, villous, with remote, small, green, villous flowers, 
Calyz as in the genus, 

The root is not much esteemed, though eaten by the poor 
when hard pressed for food. In shape it agrees with that of 
Rumphius’s Ubium oe vol. v. t. 122. bat the leaves 
differ much, : 


11. D. nummularia, Willd. iv. 792. 0 

Tubers ligneous, irregular, Stems twining, perospial, 
prickly towards the base. Leaves opposite, biacmens 
nerved, very smooth on both sides, 

Hind, and Beng. Shora-aloo, 

This species I took for D. opposittifolia for some time, kek 
on finding some old plants with the stems ligneous, and arm- 
ed with numerous, sharp prickles, | was convinced it must 
be a very different species. It is a native of the forests about 
Caleutta, Flowering time the close of the rains. pe hes 

Root tuberous, but small, and hidden by nuinerous 1s stropg 
fibres, Stem many fathoms long, twining, with the lower part 
ligneous and prickly, the rest round, and very smooth. Leaves 
toward the base of the stem alternate, all the rest opposite, 


petioled, cordate, five-nerved, very smooth on both sides, 
« 4W2 


804 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. Dioscorea, 


glossy on the upper surface. Mare. Spikes, or rather pa- 
nicles axillary, very ramous, smooth, Flowers numerous, 
minute, Fremae, Spikes less ramous than in the male, and 
often simple. Flowers few, large, remote, 

The root appears to be unfit for food, 


12. D. glabra. R. 

Tubers small, sub-fusiform. Stems herbaceous, twin- 
ing, polished and flattened. Leaves opposite and alternate, 
oblong, cordate, acuminate polished, and somewhat glau- 
cous, 

A native of Silhet, 


13. D. heterophylla, R. 

Herbaceous, twining. Leaves alternate, the inferior ones 
sagittate, the superior ones cordate, three or seyen-nerved, 
fine-pointed. Male spikes simple. 

A native of Pulo Pinang, and the Moluccas. One male 
plant flowered in this garden for the first time in October 

- and November 1809, after it had been in it ten years, 


14, D. oppositifola, Willd. iv. 797. 

Herbaceous, smooth. Leaves opposite, from cordate to 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, from three to seven-nerved, Male 
flowers panicled, the female ones spiked. 

Teling. Ava-tenga-tiga, 

A native of dry soil, amongst bushes, on the Coromandel 
coast, Flowering time the rainy season. 

Root tuberous, perennial. Stems twining, slender, round, 
smooth, annual, Leaves opposite, petioled, oval, acute, wav- 
ed, smooth from three to seven-nerved. Male flowers 

very numerdts on axillary panicles. Female flowers few, on 
axillary spikes. 

The roots are eaten by the natives. 


Dioscorea. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, - 805 


15. D. tomentosa, Kon, Mss, 

Herbaceous; tubers irregularly oblong, twining, downy, 
slightly armed, Leaves alternate, ternate, downy ; male ra- 
cemes axillary, compound, 

A native of the valleys amongst the mountains of the Cir- 
cars, It appears during the rains, with the other Bpecivs of 
this genus. 

Root tuberous, perennial, in shape like the common yam. 
Stems twining, armed with a few inoffensive prickles, dow- 
ny. Leaves alternate, ternate, downy, entire. Petioles dow- 
ny, with an inoffensive prickle here and there. Racemes 
axillary, compound, several times longer than the leaves, 
downy; spikelets fascicled, short, closely surrounded with 
minute, downy flowers, Bractes minute, three to each flow- 
er. Calyx or corol six-leaved, expanding. Stamens six, 
shorter than the calyx. 

Ihave not seen the female plant; the above description and 
the drawing, are from male plants reared in my own gar- 
den, at Samulkota. Roots succulent, and requiring less care 
in dressing than those of Dioscorea triphylla. 


16. D. demona, Roxb. 

Root tuberous, biennial. Stems annual, twining, armed. 
Leaves ternate ; leaflets obovate-cuneate, three to five- nerved, 

Ubium silvestre, Rumph. Amb, v. t. 127, is certainly 
this plant, while I refer D. triphylla. Willd. iv, 790. to Tsja- 
geri nuren, Rheed. Mal. vii. t. 33. a plant well known to 
me, though I have not yet described nor figured it. 

This very distinct species is a native of the Goruckpore 
forests, as well as of the Moluccas. Plants from both coun- 
tries are now before me in the Botanic garden at Calcutta, 
where they thrive well, and blossom about the close of the 
rains, The root is dreadfully nauseous, even after it has been 
boiled, 

Root biennial, tuberous, roundish, variously. lobate, with 
numerous, small, firm fibres, issuing from every part. One 


806 _DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. Menispermum. 


of two years’ growth, which grew in this garden, was rather 
more than a foot in diameter. Szem annual, twining to a 
very great extent, round, and armed with numerous acute 
pricklets, otherwise smooth, Leaves long-petioled, ternate. 
Leaflets, the middle one cuneate, obovate, the lateral sub- 
semicordate, all are acute, entire, both sides villous while 
young, from three to five-nerved, various in size, the largest 
often a foot long, and six inches broad. Petioles slightly 
armed with small prickles, and like the leaves, villous while 
young. Maus. Inflorescence; spikes axillary, compound, 
drooping, sometimes leaf-beariug ; the general length from 
six to eighteen inches. Calyx. The exterior three leaflets 
round and smaller than the inner three, which are ovate. 
FEMALE FLOWERS on a different plant. Spikes axillary, 
solitary, pendulous, lowers remote. Calyx as in the 
male, Germ beneath, very large, three-sided, villous. Styles 
scarcely any. Siigmas three. 


17. D. pentaphylla. Willd. iv. 739. 
 Tubers oblong. Stems herbaceous, twining, prickly. 
Leaves digitate, downy. Male flowers panicled, the fe- 
male ones spiked. 

Beng. Kanta-aloo. 

Nuren-kelengu. Rheed, Mal, vii. t. 34, and 35,. 

This species I have only found in its wild state; though 
the root is large, white, and reckoned very wholesome and 
palatable, and eaten by the natives, Flowering time the 
mer season. 


sae hats 


\ MENISPERMUM. Schreb. gen. N. 1544. 
Mate. Galyz six-leaved. Corol six-petalled, Fem ALE. 
Calyx and. corol asin the male. Germs three, or six, sing- 
ly one-celled, ‘one-seeded ; atliachment interior, Berries 
three, or six, one-seeded, Bales yo inverse and furnished with 
a perisperm, 


Memspermum. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 807 


1. M. Columba. R. 

Herbaceous, twining, hairy. Leaves sub-rotand, five-lob- 
ed; lobes acuminate. JMale panicles axillary, drooping. 
Anthers four-celled. 

Columbo, &e, Asiat. Res, x. p. 385. 

Radix Colomba. MW. M. Murray, iii, 333. 

A native of the east coast of Africa in the vicinity of Oiba 
and Mozambique. One male plant blossomed during the 
hot season of 1807 in the garden of the late Dr. James An- 
derson at Madras, and from it Dr. A. Berry took the descrip- 
tion which is published in the tenth volume of the Asiatic 
Researches. A fresh offset from the root of that plant was 
obtained for the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where it was 
planted in August 1807, and now, August 18]2, it remains 
perfectly fresh, but has never thrown out even a single bud, or 
shown any tendency to vegetate. However, in April of the 
same year 1812 Dr. Berry brought with him from the late 
Dr. Anderson’s garden at Madras, the original reot, and se- 
veral of its offsets, which he presented to the Botanic 
garden, They were immediately put into the ground, and in 
the course of a couple of months they threw out their hairy, 
herbaceous shoots to an extent of several fathoms, and blos- 
somed most abundantly during the rainy season. The whole, 
as they now appear, agree well with Dr, Berry’s original de- 
scription; only I should rather be inclined to call the inflores- 
cence a drooping panicle, than a compound racexe, In the 
- months of November and December the whole perished down 

to the root; which on examination, had not only gained eon- 
siderably in size but each had thrown out, during the sea- 
son, several pretty large, fusiform tubers, not unlike yellow 
carrots, the largest of them was eleven inches in ‘cireumfer- 
ha and siete inches long. De 


Ay M. Cnneten Willd. iv. 825, Gert. Sem. i. 219. ti 10. 
- Perennial, twining, er Leaves cordate, base trun- 
cate, firm and lucid. ecg Seti =) 1g Sees 


868 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, Menispermum, 


There is no figure in Rumphius, or in the Hortus Malaba- 
ricus that 1 can quote for this famous plant, nor indeed m 
any work known to me, except Geriner, above quoted, and 
that extends only to the fruit. It is a native of Malabar, from 
thence seeds were sent to the Botanic Garden in 1807; at 
the close of 1812 the plants were sufficiently large to extend 
over a large mangve tree, with a stout ligneous stem, as 
thick as a man’s wrist, covered with deeply cracked, spongy, 
ash-coloured bark, that of the young shoots smooth and green, 
Leaves alternate. very exactly cordate, entire, apex obtuse, 
or emarginate, of a hard texture, lucid above, paler but no 
ways tomentose, or villous underneath, from four to twelve 
inches long, by from three to eight broad, I cannot say any 
thing of the natural character, as our plants have not yet 


blossomed. 


3. M.verrucosum, R. Fleming in Asiat, Res, xi, 171. 

_ Perennial, scandent, bark verrucose ; young shoots polish- 
ed. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire,smooth, Male racemes 
from the naked branches, simple. JVectarial scales inserted 
on the filaments, © 

Funis felleus. Rumph. Amb, v. p. 824.44. fF. 1. 

Mal. Putra-wali. 

A native of Sumatra, as well as of the Moluccas. From 
the first mentioned place, Captain Wright brought some 
plants to Bengal, which he presented to this garden, where 
they thrive well, and blossom in February and March; but 
the whole have turned out to be male ones; the female has 
not yet been seen. 

Stems and branches scandent, and twining, round, much 
warted. Young shoots round and smooth, The plants in 
two years spread themselves entirely over pretty large trees. 
When by accident, or otherwise, any of the stems or larger 
branches, are cut in two, long filiform roots spring from 
the upper portion, let the distance be ever so great, which 
quickly descend to, and enter the earth; by this wonderful 


la eel 


Menispermum, DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 809 


economy the perfectibility of the plant is soon restored. It 
is the same with Menispermum cordifolium and tomento- 
sum. Such uncommon care has Nature taken for the preser- 
vation of these plants, which must, no doubt, be intended for 
some purpose, of which we are probably still ignorant. 

Leaves remote, petioled, cordate, acuminate, entire, smooth 
on both sides; lobes large, and rounded ; from four to six 
inches long, and from three to five broad. Petioles colum- 
nar, smooth, two thirds the length of the leaves. Made ra- 
cemes one, two, three, or four from the germs of the fallen 
leaves, over the larger naked branches, simple, round, smooth, 
flowers generally in pairs on their proper, slender, diverg- 
ing pedicels; with a small, oval, fleshy bracte at their inser- 
tion. Calyx six-leaved; leaflets ovate, small. Petals six, 
cuneate, inserted on the outside of the filaments, a little above 
their base. Filaments six, expanding. Anthers four-sided. 

The leaves, indeed the whole plant, is exceedingly bitter, 
and is employed by the Malays for the cure of intermittent 
fevers. Captain Wright who first brought it from Su- 
matra, said it was as powerful a Steines, as the Peruvian 
bark. 


A, M. fenestratum. Gert. Sem. i. p. 219. t. 46.7.5. 
- Shrubby, scandent. Leaves cordate, in young plants pel- 


tate, entire, from five to seven-nerved, downy underneath. 


Inflorescence in globular umbellets, from the larger — 

branches. Berries covered with downy bark, ) 
Cingalese synonyms, Woniwol, venivel, or Bangwel- 

geita. 

A native of Ceylon, where it blossoms iis the cool 

months of November and December; and the'nsode: — in 


‘May and June. 


Trunk and large brasahes iin stout, thick, and lig- 
neous, The wood of a deep, lively yellow colour, and of a 
pleasant bitter taste. Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, en- 
tire, five or seven-nerved, smooth and shining above, very 

VoL, UI. 4x 


810 © DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, Menispermum. 
hoary underneath, sometimes acuminate, sometimes obtuse ; 
generally from three to nine inches long, and from two to six 
broad, In young plants frequently peltate. Petioles short- 
er than the leaves, round, downy, Female umbellets, or 
heads, from the stout, naked, ligneous branches, several from 
the same bud, on thick, round, downy peduncles, of about an 
inch in length, Flowers numerous, sub-sessile, villous, ofan ob- 
scure green. Bractes of the umbellets obscure; those of the 
flowers three or four, reniform, villous, pressing close on the 
calyx, .Calyx six-leaved; the three exterior ones oval, small, 
very downy on the outside, permanent ; the three interior ones 
considerably longer, Petals, six small, short, sterile filaments, 
three embracing the base of thegerms, very downy. Stylesslen- 
der, recurved, Berries, from one to three come to maturity, 
nearly round, villous, of the size of a large filbert, each with a 
single seed, as represented by that excellent and accurate Bo- 
tanist Geertner, Receptacle of the fruit; while in blossom the 
flowers are nearly sessile, on a globular receptacle, of the 
flowers I will call it, but, like the germs in Uvaria, as the fruit 
advances in size, the very short pedicel of the original flower 
lengthens into a pretty long, stout, cylindric, villous pedicel, 
ending in a round-headed receptacle, on which sit from one 
to three berries surrounded with the small permanent calyx 
and corol, | 

The above description, was taken from specimens sent to 
me from Ceylon by General Macdowall, who at the same time 
gave me the following account of the plant. 

‘I have lately been at some trouble to discover whether, or 
not the true Colombo root is a native of our soil, and shall pro- 
bably remain in doubt, until I am furnished with your opini- 
on. I now forward a specimen of the root, and some of the 
leaves, and flowers, which grow from the stem of the branch. 
It is a very strong creeper, and the natives make use of it to 
tie their cattle, and for other purposes of husbandry, where 
more are necessary. : 


- Should this prove the celebrated ‘Glolesiahestost:Whclione 


Menispermum., DIOECIA HEX ANDRIA. 81] 


a great quantity of it might be collected, and sent to Europe 
where it is in great request, but I can scarcely presume to 
think after all the labour of the learned Thunberg in par- 
ticular, who denies its existence here, that I shall be so fortu- 
nate as to discover it. Your opinion shall be decisive with 
me, and although it may not be that valuable medicine, I 
suppose it yet may possess many excellent qualities, It is 
called by the Cingalese Venivel-getta, or Bangwel-getta. 
English, the knotted plant. It is in repute amongst the 
inhabitants, who slice it into pieces, and after having steep- 
ed it in water several hours swallow it with the liquid. — 
recommend it as an excellent stomachic. — : 

‘“‘ When the seed ripens, I shall have the pleasure of won 

g you some of it at all events. 

*T have sent you a pretty large bit of the root, sawed’ 
from the centre of a knot, that you, may make an experiment 
upon it.” 

Note. This is certainly not the Colombo root of our Ma- 
teria Medica. R. 


5. M. cordifolium. Willa. iv. p. 826. 

Twining with corky, scabrous bark. Leaves round, cor- 
date, smooth, =~ ig 

-Cit-amerdu. Rheed. Mal. vii. t. 21. 

Beng. and Hind, Golancha-luta. 

Teling. Tippa tiga. 

Is one of the most common wild plants in India, every 
hedge producing it in abundance, and every soil seeming to 
suit it perfectly well. It flowers most part of the year. 

» Root large, soft and spongy like | wn Rings ame of the 
Materia Medica, Suits, vi 
_ Stem twining, perennial, very succulent, running over the 


“highest trees, Bark thick, corky, with many elevated seab- 


rous specks, from the’ branches there frequently drop fili- 

form fibres, which continue lengthening till they enter the 

ground, and form additional stems and roots, I have measur- 
4X2 ; ‘ 


. 


812 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. Menispermum. 


ed them thirty feet long, and in no part thicker than a pack- 
thread. Leaves alternate, petioled, broad-cordate, five-nerv- 
ed, entire, curved, smooth, about four inches each way, Peti- 
oles round, smooth, swelled at the base. Racemes axillary, 
or terminal, or from the tuberosities of former leaves, with 
frequently a few flowers in separate axills. lowers numer- 
ous, smallyyellow. Maze, Calyx six-leaved ; leaflets oval. 
Petals six, wedge-formed, half the length of the calyx ; mar- 
gins inflected and embracing the filaments, Filaments six, 
clubbed, spreading, rather longer than the petals. Anthers 
twin, immersed in the fleshy extremities of the filaments, Fn- 
MALE, Calyx and corolas in the male, Filaments six, fleshy, 
sterile, Germs three, superior, resting on a tumid receptacle, 
_ Style single, very short. Stigmas torn. Berries one, two, 
or three, generally one or two, rarely all the three come to 
maturity, of the size of asmall cherry, smooth, red, succulent, 
with very glutinous pulp, each resting on a tumid receptacle. 
Seed single, kidney-formed, on the inside there is a deep pit, 
which receives its receptacle. 

The fresh root is employed by the natives, in substance, 
mixed up with sour rice-gruel, and sweetened with sugar, for 
the cure of heat of urine in gonorrhoea, — Birds eat the ripe 
berries. The seeds are not used in these parts for any 
purpose that I can discover. To intoxicate fish, and render 
them easily caught, the natives employ the fruit of Gardenia 
dumetorum, the bark of Walsura, and Phyllanthus vire- 
sus, 


6M. villosum, R. 

Twining, every part soft with down, Leaves sreaiben: 
date, five-nerved, entire. Panicles axillary, sub-globular. 

A large twining perennial ; a native of Chittagong, in flow- 
er and fruit at different times of the year. The six anthers 
are of two large round lobes each, with round pores at the 
top. Nectarial scales or rather shearers ane oe 
and aeeer- 


Menispermum. —_ DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 813 


7. M. tomentosum. Roxb. 

Perennial, twining. Leaves three-lobed, tomentose. Ra- 
cemes axillary ; petals entire. 

Beng. Pudma-goluncha, 

A native of hedges, and thickets, all over Bengal, but by 
no means common, Flowering time the months of February 
and March; the seed ripens in May and June. 

Stems twining up and over trees to a great extent. Bark 
of the older parts ash-coloured, with small, scabrous specks, 
that of the young shoots downy. Like some other species of 
this genus, viz. M. cordifolium, Willd. and verrucosum, Fu- 
nis felleus, Rump. Amb, v. t. 44. f. 1. tender filaments issue 
from various parts, which quickly descend into the ground, 
often from the height of some fathoms. This happens parti- 
cularly. when the lower part of the original plant has been 
destroyed, the succulent fragments remaining amongst the 
branches of the trees they run on, send out those fibres 
abundantly, some one, or more of which soon replaces the 
former stem and root,: A most wonderful economy for the 
preservation of these plants. Leaves alternate, petioled, of a 
roundish cordate shape, having the anterior margin generally 
three-lobed, soft and tomentose on both sides, particularly un- 
derneath, from three to five or six inches long, and nearly as 
broad. Petioles round, tomentose, nearly as long as the 
leaves. Style scarcely any. Stiqgmas with enlarged, rag- 
ged surfaces and margins. Berries, or drupes, nearly round, 
smooth, of the size of a marrowfat pea, from one to three 
together, when ripe of a deep orange colour. Seed solitary, 
rough, reniform, with a pit on the inside, and a furrowed belt 
round the exterior or convex side, Mate. Racemes ge- 
nerally simple, one, two, or more together from the buds at 
the axills of the fallen leaves. Bractes minute, caducous, 
many-flowered. Calyx, the exicrior three leaflets lanceo- 
late, very small; the interior three nearly round, first expand- 
ing, then recurved. Petals oval, entire, with the posterior 
margins incurved over the base of the filaments, Filaments 


814 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. Menispermum. 


clavate. Anthers two-lobed. Pistil none. FEMALE FLOW- 
ERS on a different plant. Calyx, the three exterior leaflets 
minute; and the three interior ones roundish, many times 
larger than the former. Petals six, ovate-oblong, entire. 
Stamens none, but six, short, fleshy filaments, scarcely half 
so long as the petals. Germs three, elevated on a hemisphe- 
ric receptacle, Berries as in the former species, 

At differs from Thunberg’s Menispermum trilobum, in hav- 
ing the petals or scales of the nectary entire, and the interior 
three calycine leaflets spreading; whereas in M. tribolum, 
the former are said to be split at the — and the corol 
campanulate. 


8. M. hirsutum. Willd. iv. p, 829, 
Shrubby, twining, from broad-cordate, to lmear-cordate, 
se Male flowers racemed ; 3 female money solitary. 
Hind, Hier or Dier. 
Wal-tiedde. Gert. Sem. ii. t. 180. 
This is the only species I have yet met with, that I can 
compare with M. myosotoides, Can they be the same? 
Cocculus indicus foliis aristolochese subtus lanuginosis, 
fructu minore, Pluk, Alma, 61. t. 384. f. 5. agrees bet- 
ter with my plant than either fig. 7 or 3. of the same table. 
Teling. Doosra tiga. ; 
A common twining species, found in most oe Ie del 
jeinccbat le thee tvcdinbiceonis elena vie: t+ 
_ Stem woody, but slender, and twining. eube) sede 
short-petioled, narrow-cordate, or ovate, three-nerved, cover- 
ed with much soft down, about one or two inches long, and 
_ broad in proportion. Mate. Racemes terminal, iliforin; 
interrupted, leafy. Calyx six-leaved. \ Petals six, linear, 
emarginate, Stamens asin M. cordifolium, only shorter. Fe- 
MALE. Peduncles solitary, one-flowered, Calyx and corol 
as in the male. Germs three, each semi-ovate, one-celled, 
containing one ovulum attached to the middle of the inside 
of the cell. Berries from one to three, one most common, 


F + aes 
¥ Pe. 
; Soe 


Menispermum. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 815 


nearly round, of the size of a small pea, marked on the inside 
near the base with the remaining stigma, smooth, when ripe 
of a black purple, and full of deep purple juice. Seed soli- 
tary, nuciform, forming nearly a complete ring with the join- 
ing on the inner and under side, between the stigma, and in- 
sertion of the peduncle, Jnteguments three; the exterior one 
rugose, and consisting of four valves, which fall off spontane- 
ously in as many portions, if the pulp has previously been re- 
moved, if not, they adhere to it, and are separated with it in 
the dry state, ex posing the middle, white, rugose, two-valved, 
nuciform tunic, which has a large perforation in the middle; 
the inner one very thin, and adhering to the perisperm. Pe- 
risperm conform to the seed, and of a light brown colour. 
Embryo inverse, annular, Cotyledons two, lanceolate. Ra- 
diele curved, with its apex opposite to the stigma. 

The juice of the ripe berries makes a good, durable, bluish 
purple ink. A decoction of the fresh roots, with a few heads 
of long pepper, in goats’ milk, is administered for rheu- 
matic and old venereal pains; half a pint every morning 
is the dose. It is reckoned heating, laxative, and sudorific. 

The fresh leaves taste simply herbaceous. Rubbed in wa- 
ter they thicken it into a green jelly, which is sweetened with 
sugar, and drank when fresh made, to the quantity of half a 
pint, twice a day for the cure of heat of urine in gonor- 
rhoeas. If suffered to stand a few minutes, the gelatinous 
or mucilaginous parts separate, contract and float in the cen- 
tre, leaving the water clear like Madeira wine, and almost 
tasteless. Curry,is made of the leaves, for people under a 
course of the roots, or jelly of the leaves, Goats, cows, and 
buffaloes eat it. 


9, M, laurifolium, R Ponidsnty 

Arboreous. Leaves piece lucid, eatin; os three-nerveds 
Male and female flowers on compound, press! racemes. © 

some — pore ea 


816 DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, Menispermum. 


Found by Captain Hardwicke, in the vicinity of Dosa, 
in his journey to Shreenagur, in flower in April. 


10. M. hexagynum. R. 

Twining, villous, Leaves parabolic. Female paniéles axil- 
lary, and terminal ; flowers with six germs, six bifid petals, 
and abortive stamina. 

A native of China. In flower the whole year in the Bo- 
tanic garden. Except /aurifolium, which is arboreous, the 
whole of the foregoing species are permanent, scandent or 
twining plants, of very considerable extent. 


11. M. triandrum., R, 

Shrubby, twining, Leaves ovate, oblong, pointed, smooth, 
Make flowers triandrous,with an urceolate,three-petalled corol. 

A native of Pulo Pinang ; seed sent from thence, produced 
one male plant in this garden, which is now ten years old, 
and blossoms during the rains. The female plant has not 
yet been seen. 

Stem none, but many twining, or spreading branches, with 
smaller flower-bearing ones from their base near the ground, 
smooth, of adeep green in every part. Leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, ovate-oblong, pointed, entire, smooth on both sides ; 
from two to three inches long. Mate, Racemes axillary, 
one or more together, rather longer than the petioles, Flow- 
ers numerous, very minute, yellow. Calyx six-leaved, the 
exterior ones minute, the interior three pitcher-shaped. Fila- 
menis three, wedge-shaped, thick and fleshy, erect, converg- 
ing. Anthers, two pits in the apex of each filament. 


12. M. polycarpon, R. 
Shrubby, twining to a great extent, Leaves cordate, 


ovate, smooth. ee as many as twelve, quod 
celled, 


Hind. Bagssiilianche wa cosdey mig bx vies 
Beng. Tiliakora. ? ea | 


Menispermum. DIOECIA HEX ANDRIA, 817 


Teling. Tiga-mushadee. 

A large, twining, woody shrub, found in most parts of 
the coast of Coromandel, and in Bengal, though not abun- 
dantly. It grows chiefly in hedges, and in places overrun 
with bushes. It flowers most part of the year. 

Stem woody, twining to a great extent. Bark ash-colour- 
ed. Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, pointed, smooth, 
shining, and frequently scolloped, about five inches long, 
and three broad. Racemes axillary, erect, in the male fre- 
quently compound, in the female simple, erect, bearing but 
few flowers. Bracies minute, caducous, Flowers small, 
yellow. Mare, Calyx nine-leaved; the three exterior ones 
small, Petals six, obcordate, clawed, about the size of the 
calyx. Filaments six, subulate, erect, alternately shorter, 
of the length of the coro]. Anthers oval, Femare. Calyx 
and corol as in the male. Germs superior, about twelve in a 
cirele, each ending in a short, subulate style. Stigmas simple, 
Drupes or berries many, short-pedicelled, ovate, smooth, red, 


_ about the size of a French bean. Nut one, or two-celled, 


-Birds eat the berries. Cattle eat no part of it. 

This is the third sort of Mushadee of the Telingas. 

The first is Mushadee, Wua vomica tree. The second is 
Naga Mushadee, or snake wood tree, both already describ- 
ed; the root of this sort is also used for the cure of the bites 
of venomous snakes, It is rubbed between two stones, and 
given asa drink, mixed with water, However, the natives 
themselves confess they have very little opinion of its virtues. 

13. M. heteroclitum. R. | 

Sbrubby, twining. Leaves cordate. Male flowers pani- 
cled, monadelphous, Calyx two-leayed, corol six-petalled. 

_A native of the Circars, 

Stem thick, woody, twining or Clisitbaagy “Bark cracked, 
ash-coloured, Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, entire, 
above smooth, of a deep shining green, whitish below, three or 
five-nerved, from four to six inches each way, ¥ with many small 

voL, iW, 4Y 


818 DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA, Tetranthera. 


distinct tufts of hair upon the nerves on the under side, Pe- 
tioles round, smooth, as long as the leaves. Panicles from 
the naked woody parts of the stem, and large branches, droop- 
ing beautifully.  Bractes three-fold, one-flowered, small, 
caducous, Mae, Calyx two-leaved ; leaflets opposite, oval. 
Petals six; the three interior ones equal, oval. Stamens, in 
the centre is a short thick column, supporting a great number 
of anthers, in the form of a globe. Frmaue. Calyx and 
corol as in the male, The rest as in M. cordifolium. The 
female flowers have not been found. Berries as in the ge- 
nus, about the size and colour of a ripe black cherry, and as 
they are collected in very large, pendulous bunches, their 
Mp peneance is inviting, but their taste is most abominable. 


~ DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA. 


_ TETRANTHERA. (Tomex. Thunb.) 


Nat. ord. Lauri. Juss. 


Involucre four or five-leaved, few-flowered. Mate. 
Calyx one-leaved, entire, or from three to six-parted. Corol 
none, WNectarial glands various. Anthers four-celled. Fr- 
MALE. Germ superior, one-celled, one-seeded, superior. 
Berries one-seeded, Embryo inverse , without perisperm. 


1. T. nitida, R. 

Leaves short-petioled, sub-cuneiform, obtuse, shining. 
Racemes axillary, short. Involucre four-leaved, five-flowered. 
Calyx from three to six-cleft. Nectary, in the female corol- 
lets, alternately sagittate-cordate, and subulate. Male ennean- 
drous. Berries oblong. 

Kintoni-jam is the yernacular name in the neighbourhood 
of Silhet, where it is indigenous,and grows to bea useful timber 
tree, of very great size, and in the more remote forests which 
cover the Garrow hills, so large as to admit of being made into” 


Tetranihera, DIOECIA ENNRANDAIA, 819 


canoes of full fifty feet in length, for which purpose this tree is 
preferred. Flowering time July and August; the seed ripens 
in April, 

Young shoots smooth and glossy. Leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, of a lanceolar, cuneiform shape, obtuse, entire, firm 
and glossy, from five to eight incheslong, and two broad. Ra- 
cemes axillary, aud from the leafless branchlets of the former 
year, short, few-flowered. Pedice/s alternate, each ending ina 
minute umbellet of five corollets, embraced by an involucre 
of four, or rarely five, round, concave, smooth leaflets, Calyx 
with a hairy campanulate base, and six-parted border. Corol 
none. Mare. Filaments generally longer than the calyx, 
woolly, and disposed asin the Lauri, Nectarial glands alter- 
nate with the stamina, pedicelled, headed, and woolly. 
Germ none. FEmA.e, Nectarial bodies alternately broad= 
cordate-sagittate, and subulate, but very irregular in shape 
andnumber. Staminanone, Germ superior, embraced by 
the bell of the calyx, one-celled ; ovulum single, attached to 
the top of the cell. Style the length of the calyx. Stigma 
simple. Berries oblong, smooth, succulent, of the size and 
appearance of those of Laurus Cinnamonum, one-celled. 
Seed simple, long-ovate. Integuments two ; the exterior one 
light brown, and of the texture of parchment; the inner one 
membranaceous, Perisperm none. LHmbryo inverse, as in 
the Lauri. 


2. T. apeiala, Corom., pl. ii, N. 147. 
_ Leaves from oval to lanceolate, Jnvolucres four-leaved, 
from eight to twelve-flowered. Calyx scarcely any. Stamens 
about fourteen, 

Tomex sebifera, Willd. ii. p. 840. 

Gaja-pippali. Asiat. Res. iv. p. 303. 

core involucrata, Kénig’s Mss. and Retz, Obs, vi, p. 
27. 

‘Sebifera glutinosa. Louviat: Cochin, Ch. 783. 


- Teling. Narra-alagi, 
4Y2 


820 DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA. Teitranthera, 


Beng. Kookoor chita. 

This grows to be a middle sized tree, is a native of the 
mountainous parts of the Circars. lowers in June, when 
the rains begin. 

Leaves scattered near the extremities of the branchlets, 
petioled, oval, obtuse, smooth, above shining, from three 
to five inches long, and from two to three broad. Petioles 
about an inch long, round, smooth, Stipules none. Pedun- 
eles solitary, axillary, as long as the petioles, three or four- 
cleft.* Pedicels rather shorter than the peduncles, clubbed, 
each supporting a small head or umbellet of minute flow- 
ers, Bractes, a small one at the insertion of each pedicel. 
Mare, IJnvolucre four-leaved, containing from eight to 
twelve pedicelled corollets, Leaflets orbicular, concave, 
cadueous. Perianth none. Calyx campanulate; border 
an exterior rim into which the stamina and nectarial glands 
which surround the germ are inserted. Anthers four-lob- 
ed, four-celled, with an oval lid to each cell. .Vectarial 
glands. from six to sixteen, short-pedicelled, oval, peltate, 
alternate with the filaments, but three times shorter. Germ 
none, or small, and abortive. FEMALE FLOWERS on a se- 
parate tree. Umbellets, involucre and calyx as in the 
male, Stamens, the hairy filaments, but instead of anthers 
there are oblong white glands, Nectarial glands as in the 
male, Germ superior, globular, one-celled, containing one 
ovulum attached to the top of the cell, asin the Lauri, to 
which order it belongs. Style twice the length of the fila- 
ments, Stigma torn. Berry globular, smooth, black when 
ripe, and almost dry, one-celled, of the size of a pea, resting 
on the clubbed pedicel, as on a cup like the acorn, Seed 
one, globular. ee ages: and without ee as 
in he Lauri. 


“ as ‘ 
5. ols whos lie ites venanan SLRS hetiixiail, 
the peduncles in the male tree, are numerous about the ends of the 


branchlets, and frequently racemed, bearing from ten to fifteen 


flowers. 


Tetranthera. DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA. $21 


Note. Dr. Berry of Madras informs me that this is the tree 
which Dr, Klein of Tranquebar named after him, (Berrya 
Chinensis, Willd, ed. sp, pl. ii. 840.) 


3. T. monopetala, R. Corom. pl. ii, N. 148, 

Leaves oblong, downy underneath, Znvolucres five-leaved, 
five to six-flowered. Calyzx five-cleft. 

Beng. Bura Kookoor chita, 

Teling. Nara mamoodee, 

Tomex japonica. Thunb. Jap, 190. Willd. ii, 839. 

Kutmoreea, and Papreea. Astat, Res. vi. p. 377-8. 

Apetala and monopetala are both small, handsome, ever- 
green trees; common on the coast of Coromandel, and Ben- 
gal, flowering in May and June. 


A, T. quadriflora, R. 

_ Leaves \anceolar, smooth. Peduneles axillary, few, long 
and distinct ; involucre four-leaved, four-flowered; corollets 
enneandrous; calyz six-parted, Berries ovate-oblong. 

_ Sowaree, the vernacular name in the Silhet district, where it 
is indigenous in the extensive forests which skirt the Garrow 
hills, and there grows to be a small, ramous tree; blossom- 
ing about the end of the cool season in February, and the seed 
ripening during therains, It differs from lance@folia in the 
umbellets being fewer, and long-peduncled; in that they are 
sub-sessile and crowded. Branches and branchlets smooth, 
straight, and spreading but little. Leaves alternate, petioled, — 
lanceolar, entire, smooth on both sides, glaucous under- 
neath; from four to six inches long, by one or two broad. 
Petioles about an inch long, smooth, slightly channelled, 
Mae. Umbeliets axillary, generally from six to eight in the 
same axills, long-peduncled. Peduncles villous. Involucre 
four-leaved, four-flowered ; Jeaflets oval, concave, five-nerv- 
ed, villous. Calyx from five to six-parted, six is the most 
frequent; segments oblong, alternate, rather larger, villous, 

Corol none, except the calyx be so called. iebatdiege: 


822 DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA,. Tetranthera, 


* 


_nerally nine, longer than the petals, villous, arranged ex- 
actly as in the Lauri, viz. a vertical pair under the three 
larger exterior segments of the calyx, with two large sub-pe- 
dicelled glands on the base of the lower three, and a single 
unappendaged one between the three hairs, onthe base of 
the three smaller and inner segments of the calyx. <An- 
thers four-celled. Germ an abortive column, with a larger 
three-lobed apex. Femaxe. Umbellets, involucre, and calyx 
asinthe male. Berries of the size and shape ofa very small 
olive, and much like those of the cinnamon, resting on the 
permanent base of the calyx, one-celled. Seed solitary, of 
the shape of the berry. Perisperm none. mbryo inverse, 
as in the other Lauri, 


5. T. macrophylla. R. a : 

Arboreous. Leaves oval, villous underneath. Umbellets 
in lateral and axillary fascicles; imvolucres from four to 
six-flowered ; corollets decandrous ; calyx six-parted. Ber- 
ries oblong. 

Sooria, the vernacular name in the Silhet district, where 
it grows to be a middling sized, very ramous, ever-green 
tree; on its leaves the Mugadootee silk-worm feeds, Flow- 
ering time the hot season, chiefly April; the seed — m 


August, 


6. T. lanceefolia. Roxb. 

_Shrubby. Leaves lanceolar, entire, glossy, econ un- 
derneath. Umbellets axillary, and lateral, crowded, sub-ses- 
sile. Involucre four-leaved, from four to five-flowered. Co- 
rollets emeandrous, Calyz six-parted. Berries oblong. — 

Bun-mool, the vernacular name in Silhet, where the shrub 
is indigenous in the forests, Flowering time March and 
April ; and the seed ripens in June. 

Young shoots smooth. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, 
lanceolar, entire, one-nerved, glossy above, glaucous under- 
neath; from three to four inches long, by one broad, Sti- 


SP ieee oP A Ee ep oe a 


Tetranthera, DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA, 823 


pules none. Mare, Umbellets axillary, but chiefly under 
the leaves from the old axils, crowded, short-peduncled, 
but appearing in sessile heads, many being crowded 
together, small, of a dull yellow. IJnvolucre four-leaved, 
from four to five-flowered ; leaflets round, concave. Ca- 
lyx or perianth proper one-leaved, six-parted, exactly as 
in Laurus. Filaments nine exterior, and simple, from the 
base of the segments of the calyx, and three interior, or 
rather inferior, from its tube; these ‘have the glands of 
the Lauri; all are hairy. “Anthers four-celled. Germ 
none. Femare. Umbellets asin the male. Berries oblong, 
of the size of a field bean, black, smooth, succulent, one-cell- 
ed, seed solitary, conform to the berry. Perisperm one. 
Embryo inverse. Cotyledons conform to the seed. adicle 
superior, and considerably within the apex of the cotyle- 


dons. 


7. T. laurifolia, Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. i. p. 59. t. 113. 

Leaves cuneate, obovate, obtuse, smooth. 

Tomex Tetranthera. Willd. iv. 839. 

A small tree, a native of Bengal. It blossoms in May and 
June, and the seed ripens about the close of the rains, 


8. T. fruticosa. R. 

Sbrubby. Leaves lanceolar, glossy, and glaucous under- 
neath. Racemes axillary, and lateral. Involucre four- 
leaved, five-flowered ; corodlets enneandrous, with a six-cleft 
calyx. Berries oblate. 

Oaoa, the vernancular name in Silhet, where it is found. It 
is an upright ramous shrub, of about six feet in height, grow- 
ing in the forests, where it flowers in June and July, and the 
berries ripen the ensuing cool season. : 

Leaves alternate, short-petioled, lanceolar, firm, and glossy, 
glaucous underneath ; from six to twelve inches long, by from 
two to three broad. Mate. Racemes axillary, and : solitary, 
or more numerous from the former a below 


= 


824 DIOECIA DECANDRIA. Carica, 


the leaves; a little umbellet of five minute florets in a four- 
leaved involucre. Bractes lanceolate, downy, caducous, 
one under each pedicel, Calyx proper, six-cleft, exactly 
as in the Lauri. Corol none. Stamina also as in that 
order, only there are no glands alternate with the lower 
and inner three. Germ, a slender, abortive column. 
Femae. Racemes, umbellets, and involucre as in the male, 
but shorter, Calyx as in the male, but the segments are 
deciduous, and the base, or undivided part, permanent. 
Germ, as in the other species already described, Berries of 
the size of a pea, rather oblate, smooth, shining, of a dark 
purple when ripe, one-celled, Seed solitary, conform to the 
berry, IJntegument single. Embryo inverse, no perisperm. 


9. T. pentandra, R. 

Leaves lanceolar, triple-nerved, smooth ; wmbellets axil- 
lary ; involucres four-leaved, five-flowered ; corollets pen- 
tandrous. as : 

Teling. Nara. 

Laurus involucrata, Corom. pl. ii. N. 187. 

A middling sized tree, a native of the Circar mountains ; 
where it blossoms in the cold season, and the seed ripens in 
April, Every part smells strongly of camphor. 


— 


DIOECIA DECANDRIA. 


CARICA. Schreb. gen. N. 1536. 


- Mate, Calyx scarcely any. Corol five-cleft, funnel-shap- 
ed Filaments on the tube of the corol, alternately shorter. 


- Femaxe. Calyx five-toothed. Corol five-petalled. Stig- 


mas five. Berry one-celled, many-seeded. 


C. papaya, Willd. iv. 814, 
Lobes of the leaves sinuous, 


| Papaja. Rumph, Amb.ixt, 50. 


Beng, Papeya, 


ee 


Carica. DIOECIA DECANDRIA, 825 


Papaw tree of the English. . 

The description of this plant in the Genera Plantarum is 
perfectly exact. It is cultivated in gardens all over India, for 
the sake of its fruit, which is used both green and ripe. 
When green they are used in curries by the natives, also pickled 
and made into a preserve. When ripe the interior, soft, yellow 
pulpy part is generally eaten without the addition of pepper 
and sugar, as in the West Indies; many like them much, and 
they are esteemed innocent and wholesome. It is likely that 
in this country they may be of a superior quality to those of 
the West Indies. 

_I made some experiments in the years 1790-and 1791, to de- 
termine whether the female would bear, and ripen its fruit — 
without the male, for which [reared a number of young trees 
in a garden situate at least a mile and a half fromany other | 
Papaw tree; as soon as they showed their flower buds, I 
could easily distinguish the male, and destroyed them all ; 
nine females were left, They grew most luxuriantly, being 
in a good soil and well watered, blossomed as usual, and the 
fruit grew till it was about half the usual size; then or before 
they uniformly fell off without appearing to oe more than 
the rudiments of seeds, In this manner they continued to 
blossom and produce half-grown fruit for fully one year, 
without producing one that came to maturity. I was 
then perfectly satisfied with the success of my experiment, 
and caused some male plants to be planted among them ; as 
soon as they had flowered, my female plants began to pro- 
duce large ripe fruit, their seeds came to the usual maturity, — 
and grew readily, 

The Linnean sexual system did not want additional proofs 
of its being established on the most solid foundation, other- 
wise the above related experiment is a very strong one. I 
know of no tree, or plant, so well adapted, to ascertain the 
necessity of the male being so situate, as to insure the in- 
fluence of its flowers on those of the female, to render them 
fertile. Since writing the above be Wynch informed me 

VOL, Il, Se 


826 DIOECIA ICOSANDRIA, Rotilera. 


_ that when he commanded at Chicacole there were in bis gar- 
den two female trees that bore abundantly; there was one 
male tree standing between them; he had often heard that 
the female tree would not bear without the male, but did 
not entirely credit the report. To satisfy himself he cut 
down the male tree and there was no other near, he thinks 
not within a mile or two; the consequence was, that from 
that time neither of the female trees produced ripe fruit, ex- 
cept the few that he thinks might have been formed before 
he cut down the male tree. December 1793, some specimens 
of a male tree with fruit on them, were shown me by Sir 
William Jones, I have not seen the tree, and it is the only in- 
' stance that has come to my knowledge, where female or her- 
maphrodite flowers were found on the male Papaya tree. 
1609, ‘Since writing the last paragraph another instance of 
the male tree producing fruit occurred in the Botanic garden, 
1 am informed that the same is common at Malacca, 


DIOECIA ICOSANDRIA. 


ROTTLERA. R. 


Marz. Calyx from two to five-parted. Corol none, Fr- 
MALE. Calyx from four to five-cleft, Coro/none. Germ 
superior, from two to four-celled ; cells one-seeded ; attach- 
ment interior. Capsules from two to four-coccous. Embryo 
inverse and furnished with a perisperm. 


1, R, detracocea, R. 

Young shoots ferruginous, Leaves long-petioled, cordate, 

rarely lobate, acuminate, hoary underneath. Panicle ter- 
minal, Capsules hoary, papillose, tetracoccous, 
_ Marleya is the vernacular name in the Silhet district, where 
it grows to be a useful timber tree, of considerable size. 
It flowers in April and May; and the seeds ripen in August. 

Young shoots densely clothed with stellate pubescence, 


Rotilera. DIOECIA ICOSANDRIA, 827 


which is at first ferruginous, but by age gets hoary. Leaves 
alternate, long-petioled, cordate, tending to be peltate in 
young plants, rarely lobate, generally a little repand, acumi- 
nate, when young somewhat ferruginous, when full-grown 
smooth, of a deep green above, and hoary underneath, with two 
flat oblong glands at the base, from six to twelve inches long, 
and from four to eight broad. Stipules minute. Panicles 
terminal, male and_ female ones on distinct trees, composed of 
several simple branches, which in the male are much longer. 
MALE FLOWERS numerous, small, collected in small sessile 
heads over the branches of the panicles. FEMALE FLOWERS 
larger, and distinct. Calyx in both four or five-parted, 
Corolnone. Filaments in the male very numerous, Anthers 
twin, in the female none. Germ roundish, generally four- 
celled, each cell containing a single ovulum, attached to the 
top of the axis. Styles, or stigmas four, or one for each cell 
of the germ, spreading, brown and shaggy. Capsule of the 
size of a small gooseberry, a little flattened, hoary, and pa- 
_pillose, generally four-celled, four-valved. Seed solitary ; 
the exterior integuments smooth, of a’shining black, thick 
and hard. Perisperm and embryo as in the odes diuphorbiee- 


2, R. tinctoria. Tilde iv, 823. R. Corom, pl. vol. ii. No. 
168, 

Arboreous, Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, three-nerv- 
ed, with two glands at the base. Panicles axillary and ter- 
minal. Capsules tricoccous, covered with coloured farina, 

Sans. and Beng, Poonnag. 

Teling, Wusuntagundha or vusuntagundha, 

Ponnagam. Rheed, Mal. v, t. 21. 

A native of Coromandel. Flowers in the cold season. 

The red mealy powder, which covers the capsules is used 
by the natives to dye scarlet, and in eee the root is oud ; 
to dye red also. 


Compare with Croton coccineum. Willd, iv. 544, 
422 


= 


828 DIOECIA ICOSANDRIA. Rotilera, 


6. R. peltata, R. 

Arboreous, Leaves long-petioled, cordate, peltate, acu- 
minate, downy. Racemes terminal, and lateral, solitary, Cap- 
sules covered with villous filaments. 

Seergoollua, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it grows 
to be a middling sized tree, It flowers in April and May, and 
the seed ripens in August. 

Young shoots clothed with much pretty long, soft, light gray, 
diverging pubescence. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, sub- 
cordate, peltate, long ensiform-pointed, three-nerved, downy 
on both sides; from four to eight inches long, by three to six 
broad, Stipules subulate, villous. Sacemes terminal, and la- 
teral, solitary, simple, longer than the leaves, male and female 
alike in form and size, but on different trees. Calyx in both 
four or five-cleft; segments lanceolate, downy. Coro/none, Sta- 
mina in the male numerous ; in the female none. Germ three- 
lobed, filamentose, three-celled ; ovuda solitary, attached to the 
middle of the axis, Styles three-fourths three-cleft, segments 
hairy. Stigmas simple. Capsules depressed, three-lobed, of. 
the size of asmall gooseberry, covered with pretty long, hairy 
filaments, three-celled, six-valved, opening from the apex. 
Seed solitary, globular, of the size of a grain of black pepper. 
Integuments single, hard, pretty thick, but brittle, of a chesnut- 
brown colour, and highly polished, Perisperm conform to the 
seed, white, hard and waxy. Embryo transverse. Cotyledons 
two, oval, three-nerved. adicle on the outside, opposite to 
the umbilicus, or attachment of the seed to the upper end 
of the axis, This position differs from every other of this or- 
der, (Euphorbia ) of Jussieu, which [ have yet examined, 


4, R, ferruginea. R, 
- Arboreous, Leaves alternate, from cordate to deeply three- 


lobed, clothed with ferruginous, stellate pubescence under- 


neath, Panicles terminal. Capsules tricoccous, villous. 
. panera minor, a wears te ili, pe 190, 


Gelonium. DIOECIA ICOSANDRIA, 829 


Croton gossypifolium, Vahl. Symb. ii, 98, ¢. 49, is much 
like the male, and the female is labelled a Ricinus in the Banks- 
ian Herbarium. 

A native of the Malay Islands, The male plant flowers dur- 
ing the hot season in the Botanic garden at Calcutta. 


5. R, alba, R. 

Arboreous, Leaves alternate, long-petioled, cordate, some- 
what peltate, and slightly scollop-dentate, hoary underneath, 
Panicles terminal, Capsules villous, armed with villous fila- 
ments, 

A native of Prince of Wales’ Island. It flowers in the Bo- 
tanic garden during the rains and the beginning of the cool 
season, 


6. R, dicocca. R. 

Scandent. Leaves round-cordate, alternate, three-nerved . 
Racemes terminal, and axillary. Capsules dicoccous, 

Aleurites laccifera. Willd, iv. 590. 

Teling. Kanda-veltoo, 

Hind. Akoos. 


A native of various parts of India. it iva weak, though. 


large, sub-scandent shrub. Flowering time the hot season ; 
the seed ripens in the rainy season. 


7. R. hexa ndria, R. 

Leaves alternate, long-petioled, rhomb-cordate, cuspidate. 
Stipules ensiform, Male panicles axillary, bearing heads 
of hexandrous flowers, 

A native of the Malay Archipelago, and has a great deal 
of the habit of Rotélera alba: 


ss GELONIUM. Gart. : 
‘Mare, Calyx five-leaved. Corol none. Femaue. Ca- 
lyx five or six-leaved. Corol none. Germ superior, two or 
three-celled ; cel/s one-seeded ; attachment superior, Capsule 


830 DIOECIA ICOSANDRIA. Gelonium, 


two or three-celled. Seeds solitary, arilled. Embryo in- 
verse, and furnished with a perisperm. 


1. G. bifarium. Willd. iv. 831. 

Leaves entire. Capsule two-celled. Stamina about fif- 
teen. 

Of this elegant small tree, I have only met with two in the 
Company’s Botanic garden, one of them bears male, and the 
other female flowers, during the months of February and 
March. The buds are incrusted with yellow resin. 

Trunk straight, as yet small, Branches numerous, spread- 
ing; branchlets bifarious, the whole forming a very regular, 
oval head. Bark ofa very light ash colour, and smooth ; the 
height of the trees about thirty feet. Leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, bifarious, oblong, perfectly entire and very smooth 
on both sides, permanent. Stipules small, obtuse. lowers 
small, yellow, several on a very short common peduncle oppo- 
site to the leaves, each supported by its own proper pedicel, 
in the male most numerous. Bractes some very small ones 
at the base of the pedicels, these as well as the stipules, flower- 
buds, and germs, have frequently small bits of a yellow 
resin adhering to them. Mare, Calya five-leaved ; leaf- 
lets unequal, orbicular, concave, permanent. Corol none. 
Filaments about five, as long as the calyx, inserted into a 
glandular, convex receptacle. Anthers oval, two-lobed. 
FemMALe FLOWERS on a different plant. Calyx asin the male, 
permanent. Corol none. Nectary a large, crenulated, yel- 
low ring surrounding the base of the germ. Germ superior, 
two-lobed, two-celled, with one ovulum in each cell attached 
to the top of the axis, Styles scarcely any. Stigma four-lobed, 
Capsule dicoccous, fleshy, smooth, yellow, two-celled, two- 
valved, Seeds solitary, round, enveloped i in an entire, juicy, 
white aril. Integuments besides the aril two ; the exterior one 
brown, smooth, and brittle ; the inner one (Sn eg Pe- 
risperm conform to the seed, pure white, amygdaline. Em- 
bryo inverse, Cotyledons often as large as the perisperm, round. 


Gelonium. DIOECIA ICOSANDRIA, 831 


Note. This is nearly allied to Gertner’s Gelonium cupa- 
noides, and I conjecture they must belong to one family. 
My Suragada glabra, now Gelonium fasciculatum, must, 
no doubt, be referred to the same genus, 


2. G. lanceolatum. Willd. iv. 832. 

Lanceolar, entire. Flowers crowded, but distinct. Sta- 
mina numerous. Capsules tricoccous, — 

A native of Bengal, where it grows to the size of a small, 
very ramous tree, It flowers during the hot season, in 
April and May chiefly, The seed ripens in the cool season. 

Trunk straight to the top of the tree. Branches numer- 
ous down to the ground, diverging. Branchlets alternate, 
bifarious. Bark of the old, woody parts, ash-coloured, of 
the young shoots smooth, and green. Leaves alternate, bifa- 
rious, very short-petioled, lanceolar, obtuse, entire, though in 
young luxuriant plants they are sometimes serrate near the 
apex, of a firm texture, and polished on both sides; from 
one to six inches long, and about one-third as much in breadth. 
Stipules very short, reniform, resinous; when they fall a 
strong mark like an articulation is left. Mate rLowers pe- 
dicelled, many together, but distinct, leaf-opposed, small, ; 
yellow, delightfully fragrant. Calyx of five, unequal, oval, 
concave, sub-ciliate leaflets. Corol none. Filaments numer- 
ous, longer than the calyx, inserted on a hemispheric recep- 
tacle, their insertions intermixed with numerous yellow 
glands, with ragged apices. Anthers ovate. Pistillum none. 
FEMALE FLOWERS short-pedicelled, crowded, opposite to the 
insertions of the leaves, small, of a greenish yellow. Calyx 
five-leaved. Corolnone. Nectary, a yellow, five-lobed, mem- 
branous ring round the base of the germ. Germ round, three- _ 
celled, with one ovulum in each cell, attached to the top of 
the axis, Style none, Stigmas three, recurvate, bifid, and 
ragged. Capsule the size of a small cherry, rather fleshy, 
when ripe yellow, tricoccous. Seeds solitary, enveloped in a 
white, fetid aril. The other parts almost exactly as in the Lu- 
phorbie, viz, a fleshy perisperm and inverted embryo. 


832 DIOECIA POLYANDRIA. Flacourtia. 


3. G. fasciculatum. R. 

Leaves oblong, near the apex serrate. Flowers fascicled. 
Capsules tricoccous. Stamina numerous, 

Hind. Bun naringa, 

Teling. Soora gada. 

This is rather a small tree, a native of the Circar mountains 
and Bengal. It flowers in March and April. The buds are 
covered with a transparent, soft, resinous exudation, 

_ Leaves alternate, very short-petioled, oblong, entire, or 
serrate toward the apex, smooth, shining, firm, from four to 
six inches long, and about two broad. Stipules within the 
leaves, spathiform, as in the Gardenie. When they drop 
they leave a permanent circular mark. Umbellets leaf-op- 
posed, few-flowered. Flowers yellow, very fragrant. Brac- 
tes small, caducous, Maur. Calyx five-leaved; Jeaflets 
spreading, orbicular, concave. Corol none. Filaments nu- 
merous, as long as the calyx, inserted into a yellow, glandu- 
lar receptacle. Femaxe, Calyx'six-leaved ; leaflets obovate. 
Corol none. WNectary, a yellow, glandular, angular ring, 
surrounding the base of the germ. Germ superior, ovate, 
three-celled, with one ovulum in each, attached to the top of 
’ theaxis. Capsule nearly round, fleshy, yellow, smooth, three- 
celled, three-valved. Seeds solitary, attached by the inside 
of the apex of their soft fleshy aril, to the top of the axis, 
or receptacle, Perisperm white, and fleshy. Embryo in- 
verse, Cotyledons round-cordate. Radicle superior. 


__ DIOECIA POLYANDRIA. 


FLACOURTIA. Schreb. gen: N. 1546. 


Mane. Calyx five-parted. Femare. Calyx as in ‘the 
male. Corol none. Germ superior, five-celled, Cells two- 
seeded ; attachment interior, Berry few-seeded. Embryo 
Sctinhed with a ec. and emia tens radicle, — 


Flacourtia, DIOECIA POLYANDRIA, 833 


1, F. mermis, Roxb, 

Arboreous, unarmed, Leaves oblong, crenate-serrate, po- 
lished. Racemes axillary, short, Flowers hermaphrodite, 
Style five-cleft. 

Mal, Tomitomi. 

A native of the Moluccas, where the tree is cultivated for 
its edible fruit. It has lately been introduced into the Botanic 
garden, where the tree thrives well, and blossoms during the 
dry season. The fruit ripens towards the close of the rains, 

Trunk short, soon dividing into numerous branches which 
form a large, very dense head of great beauty, The dark 
smooth, brownish, and perfectly destitute of every thing like 
thorns or prickles, Leaves alternate, short-petioled, elliptic, 
smooth, of a shming green on both sides ; when they first ex~- 
pand, reddish, and then the tree is uncommonly gaudy, from 
three to six inches long, Petioles semi-cylindric, Stipules. 
none. Racemes axillary, longer than the petioles, few-flow- 
ered, .Pedicels clavate, jointed near the middle. Bractes 
ovate, caducous, . Calyx deeply four or five-parted; divi- 
sions reniform, shorter ‘than the stamens and pistil. Corol. 
none. Filaments about twenty, inserted on a fleshy nectari~ 
ferous ring, which surrounds the base of the germ, Anihers 
two-lobed. Germ ovate, five-celled, with two ovula in each, 
attached to the middle of the axis. Style five-cleft, spreading. 
Berry of the size and appearance of a red cherry, and like 
that fruit, very smooth. Seeds as far as ten, in five vertical 
pairs, much compressed, ovate, covered witha rough nuci- 
form integument. Perisperm conform to theseed. Embryo 
straight. Cotyledons ovate. Radicle oblong, pointing to 
the umbilicus, or pointed end of the seed, which is next to 
the middle of the axis of the fruit. 

_ The fruit is too sour to be eaten raw, but guaen very a 
tarts, The tree io-of a middle ciae, very ornamental, aude a 
Biro evergreen in Bengal. aod 


VOL, HI, oa 


834 DIOECIA POLYANDRIA, Flacourtia, 


2. F. Ramontchi. Willd.iv. 829. L’ Herit. Starp, 59. t. 30. 

Shrubby, armed. Leaves oval, crenate. acemes ter- 
minal, 

A native of Madagascar, from the Isle of France it was 
brought to the Botanic garden, where it grows but very 
slowly, and has not yet flowered. Grafted on the other spe- 
cies, natives of. India, they take readily but very slowly. | 


3. F. cataphracta, Willd. iv. 830. 

_ Arboreous, thorns terribly decompound on the trunk ; 
branchlets unarmed. Leaves ovate, oblong, serrulate, fa- 
cemes axillary, few-flowered. 

Beng. Paniyala. 

This species 1 found in the Company’s Botanic garden, 
where it grows to bea pretty large tree; it was introduced 
about three years ago from the eastern frontier. 

Trunk short, armed with innumerable, large, very ramous 
thorns. Bark brown, pretty smooth. Branches numerous, 
generally unarmed, except the lower parts of the largest 
next the trunk, and straight shoots, of which there are often 
many on them, while young they are cross-armed and simple. 
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, serrate, smooth, shin- 
ing green on both sides, from two to three inches long, 
Stipules none. ~Racemes small, from five to ten-flow- 
ered, axillary, or from the germs of the old axills over the 
naked branchlets, Bractes, a small, cordate one below each 
pedicel. Mare, Calyx from four to five-parted, small. Co- 
rolnone. Filaments numerous, as long as the calyx, in- — 
serted into a nectarial-looking, glandular, convex recepta- 
cle. Anthers small, FEMALE FLOWERS on a distinct tree. 
Calyx from four to six-leaved, or split to the base ; kaflets 
spreading. Corol none. Nectary a glandular, lobate ring 
girding the base of the germ. _Germsuperior, round. Style 
short and thick, Stigma large, from four to six-parted, stel- 
late. Berry of the size of a common plum, globular, smooth, 
purple, succulent, from eight to twelve-seeded, ten is the 


Chaulmoogra. — DIOECIA POLYANDRIA. $35 


natural number when all come to maturity. \ The berries are 
palatable and reckoned wholesome. 


4. T. sepiaria, Willd. iv. 831, R. Corom. pl. 1. N. 68. 

Shrubby. Thorns simple, leaf and flower-bearing. Leaves 
oblong, obtuse, serrate, smooth, Peduncles aR: 3 and ter- 
minal, Berries about five-seeded, - 

Sideroxylon spinosum, Willd, i. 1091. 

Teling. Kanroo. 

Courou-moelli, Rheed. Mal. v. t. 39. 

A small shrub, common on mncal Uaptes land, in vari- 
ous parts of India. 


6, T. sapida. Willd. iv. 830. R. Corom. pl. 1. N. 69. 
- Arboreous, Thorns axillary, simple. Leaves oval, serrate, 
smooth, Peduneles axillary, few-flowered. Berries from 
eight to ten-seeded, © 
es whinge Smedeo:Kontuke, 

ittelings Mein vont Digs ts 

A native of Coromandel and Bengal, though. adi no means 
so common as sepiaria. 


6. F, obcordaia, R ' 
Shrubby, armed. canes obcordate, crenate, Flowers 
terminal. Berries ten-seeded. 
. A native of Chittagong. 


CHA ULMOOGRA. R. 

Maz, Calyx from four to five-lobed. Corod P= 
led, with a nectarial scale under the base of each. Frmane, 
Calyx and corol as in the male. Germ superior, one-celled ; 
ove numerous on five parietal receptacles. Styles five, 
Berry dry, one-celled, many-seeded. Embryo furnished 


with a perisperm; direction of the radicle various, 
5A2 


836 DIOECIA POLYANDRIA, Chaulmoogra. 


C. odorata, R. 

Chaulmoogra and Petarkura, are the names of this tree, 
and the drug, hereafter mentioned, which it furnishes. It is 
indigenous in the Silhet district, and grows to a large size, 
equalling the largest Mango trees, and when full grown 
may be compared to the great Maple, or Sycamore, Acer 
Pseudo-platanus, It blossoms in April and May, and the 
seed ripens about the close of the year; when the fruit is ga- 
thered, the seed is carefully taken out, dried, and sold to 
the native dealers in drugs at about five Rupees the maund 
of eighty-four pounds. 

Trunk and large branches covered with tolerably 
smooth, ash-coloured bark; the young shoots more or less 
declinate, round, smooth and green, Wood of a light brown 
colour, close-grained, and seemingly fit for a variety of pur- 
poses. Leaves short-petioled, alternate, bifarious, drooping, 
lanceolate, entire, acuminate, smooth, from six to ten inches 
Jong, and from one and a halfto two and ahalf broad. Stipules 
none. Peduncles from the sides of the ligneous branchlets of 
from one to several years’ growth, generally several together, 
from one to two inches long, one-flowered, Bractes minute 
round the base of the peduncles, Mae FLOweERs an 
inch and a half in diameter, when expanded of a pale yel- 
low, and powerfully fragrant. Calyx one-leaved, bowl- 
shaped ; border from four to five-lobed. Petals five, sessile, 
oblong, inserted imto the receptacle, round the filaments. 
Nectary, five ciliate, oblong scales, or smaller petals of a 
deeper yellow colour over the lower half of the proper petal, 
and attached to them. Filaments about a hundred, woody, 
inserted into the disk of the receptacle, Anthers Jinear, 
erect, about the length of the filaments, two together, rather 
shorter than the petals. Germ none, FEMALE on a distinct 
tree, Peduncles in bundles from tuberosities over the trunk, 
and larger branches, one-flowered as in the male. Flowers 
larger than the male ones, and fragrant. Stamina none, but 
round: the base of the germ are inserted about ten pinnatifid, 


A tS ii 8 AN 


Trewia, DIOECIA POLYANDRIA. 837 


villous bodies. Germ superior, round, slightly five-lobed, 
one-celled, containing numerous ovula attached to five 
parietal receptacles, as in Jussieu’s Capparides, to which this 
will no doubt belong. Styles five, shorter ; stigmas large, sa- 
gittate-cordate, Berry globular, of the size of a shaddock, 
one-celled. Cortex thick, rough, ash-coloured on the surface, 
internally brown, and composed of rays pointing to the cen- 
tre of the berry. Receptacle in the ripe state uncertain. 
Seeds numerous, of the size of large filberts, immersed in pulp, 
various in shape, but in general nearly oval, smooth, light 
gray. Integuments two; the interior one membranaceous, 
Perisperm conform to the seed, fleshy, of a whitish gray. E’m- 


bryo white. Cotyledons sub-reniform. Radicle oval, eae 


tion various, 

The ‘seeds of this tree, called Chaulmoogree, or Petar- 
kura by the natives, are employed by them in the cure of 
cutaneous disorders. When freed from the integuments, 
they are beat up with clarified butter, into a soft mass, and 
in this state applied thrice a day to the parts affected. 


: TREWIA. Linn. agi cltcdee 

Mate, Calyx from three to four-leaved. Corol none. 
Stamina numerous, FEemate, Calyx beneath, from three to. 
four-toothed, Corol none. Style four-cleft. Drupe four- 
celled, with a single, one-seeded nut in each. Embryo in- 
yoo and amply furnished with a perisperm, : 


Tr. nudiflora, Willd. iv. 834, 

Leaves opposite, cordate. Flowers axillary; the male 
ones on a pendulous raceme, the female ones solitary. 7 

Tetragastris ossea. Gert. Fruct. ii, 130, t. 109. 7:5. 

Canschi. Rheed. Mal. i, t, 42. 

Rottlera indica, Willd. Gett, Diar. Hist, Nat. i i. 2 1.3. 

Beng. Pitali, 

A native of various parts of India; in Bie it is common 


838 DIOECTA MONADELPHIA, Juniperus, 


on the banks of the Ganges, where it grows to be a large 
tree ; but the wood is soft, and of little or no value. Flow- 
ering time the hot season. 


DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. 


_ JUNIPERUS. Schreb. gen. N. 1552. 


~ Mate. Calyx of the ament, a scale, Stamens three. Fe- 
MALE, Calyx three-parted. Petals three. Styles three. 
Berry three-seeded, irregular, with the three tubercles of the 
calyx. Embryo inverse, and furnished with a perisperm. 


1. J. elata, R. 

‘Arboreous, Leaves crowded, without order, ee, 
tent, sub-cylindric, mucronate. 

_ A large timber tree, a native of the Island of Pulo Pinang, 
due of a very slow growth; at least in the Botanic garden, 
where the oldest plants are not less than fifteen years old, 

‘and not more than seven feet high, 


2. J. aquatica, R. 
Shrubby. Leaves single, distichous, linear, not mucro- 
nate, i 

~ Chin, Then-tsong. 

~ Common on the little uncultivated slips of land. which 
separate rice lands in the vicinity of Canton in China; 
and from thence introduced into the Botanic garden _ _ 
W. Kerr. 


3. J. philionsilh Willd. iv, 851. dead 

-Shrubby, very ramous and spreading much, Leaves tern, 
crowded, sub-imbricated, mucronate, . 

From China this elegant, low, spreading, shuns shrub, 
has been introduced into the Botanic garden at Calcutta. » 


Juniperus, DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. 839 


4, J. communis. Willd. iv. 853. 

Shrubby. Leaves tern, patent, very sharp nabateshi 

Chin, Tien-tsong. sd 

A very beautiful, densely ramous shrub, with a short dis. 
tinct trunk, covered with dark brown bark which now and 
then peels off in little flakes; some few of the little twigs 
bear opposite, imbricated, small, obtuse leaves as in barbaden- 
sis, but I have not yet observed any tendency to the a e3 
nate piste in this pretty glaucous species. 

5. J. cernua, R. 

Shrubby, branches rather thin, with their extremities: 
drooping elegantly. Leaves tern, spreading, mucronate, 

Chin. Ying-loe. 

A most elegant, thinly branched, small shrub, with a very 
distinct trunk, covered with smooth, dark brown bark ; the 
exterior coat whereof peels off from time to time ; lapaahits 
drooping like the Weeping Willow; these leaves are rather 
larger, more remote and of a al _ than in the other 
species from China. p ehgas 


6, J. dimorpha, R. si ai gd baeub 

Shrubby. Leaves tern, spreading mucronate, some few 
are also opposite and imbricated in rows, they are minute 
and obtuse, - is i 16 gor 

Chin, Kong-nam-tsong. Ho 

A beautiful, very ramous shrub, with a diotinet il short - 
trunk, covered with dark brown bark; some few of the little 
branchlets having a tendency to the flat, or complanate form, 
and those have short, oval, obtuse, opposite, appressed leaves, | 
as in J, barbadensis. Maze. Calyx none. Corol none. 
Stamina many. Anthers peltate, eight-cleft,in our China 
species two-lobed. Frmare. Corol none. Style. none. 
ae omc Aol — ecg wee glia 


‘aie 


840 DIOECIA MONADELPHIA, Cissampelos. 


7. J. chinensis, R. 

Leaves scattered, approximate, linear-lanceolar, rather ob- 
tuse. Male aments cylindric. Anthers two-lobed. 

A native of China, in the Botanic garden the male plant 
flowersin February. : 


CISSAMPELOS. Schreb. gen. N. 1555. 


Mate, Calyx from four to six-leaved. Corol none, or 
three-petalled. Anthers on the margin of the peltate apex 
of single filaments, Femate. Calyx and corol various. 
Germ superior, one-celled, one-seeded ; attachment lateral. 
Berries oblique, containing one rugose, doubled seed, Em- 
id inverse, uncinate, and furnished with a perisperm. 


A. C. glabra, R. 

Perennial, twining, every part smooth: ienilinaniilce cor- 
date, peltate, scarcely repand; umbels axillary, compound ; 
male umbellets cymose, 

Peer-gruj is the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is 
indigenous, and the root, which is very acrid, is used in me- 
dicine by the natives, Flowering time the month of May, : 
and the seed ripens in November. 

Root tuberous, perennial, of various shapes like other i ir- 
regular tubers, but tending most to the roundish form, and. 
often as large as a man’s head, smooth and whitish, | Stems 
and branches twining to an extent of some fathoms, while 
young smooth, of a glossy green; when old the bark is ash- 
coloured. Leaves long-petioled, profoundly peltate, roundish 
or reniform-cordate, smooth, with the margins often slightly 
repand, and the length and breadth nearly equal, viz. from 
two tosix inches. Petio/es longer than the leaves, round and 
smooth, Mare. Umbels axillary, solitary, or in pairs, com- 
pound, their. peduncles rather shorter than the petioles. Um- 
bellets single, long-pedicelled, cymose, and in this it differs 
widely from those of C, hexandra, where they are globular 

a 


- eS _ 


Cissampelos. DIOECIA MONADELPHIA, 84) 


heads. Jnvolucres subulate, Calyx six-leaved ; leaflets obo- 
vate. Petals three, obovate. Filaments single, colummar, 
with a peltate apex, round the margin of which is the pol- 
leniferous groove, FEMALE FLowers on a different plant. 
Umbels axillary, solitary, much smaller and shorter-pedun- 
cled than in the male, compound ; wméed/ets from six to ten, 
minute, six or twelve-flowered. Involucres and involucrets 
small, subulate, one to each division, Calyx of one small, 
oval leaflet, pale yellow. Corol two.petalled ; petals oppo- 
site, roundish, concave, longer than the calyx, of a deep 
orange yellow. Germ superior, long-ovate, one-celled, con- 
taining asingle ovulum, attached to the gibbous side of the 
cell, Style short, Stigma from four to five-cleft. Berry 
obovate, of the size of a pea, having the remains of the style 
remaining near the base, succulent, smooth, red, one-celled. 
Seed solitary, doubled like a horse shoe, with the convexity 
up, and so exactly like Gertner’s Wal-tiedde, voi, ii. p. 488. 
zt, 180, f. 12. that it may well be referred to this. Integu- 
ments two, the exterior one subnuciform, two-valyed. Peris- 
perm conform to the seed. Embryo nearly the length of 
the perisperm, inverse, linear, uncinate. Radicle with the 
apex under the stigma, 


: acide | Sobten Ha R. , 

Shrubby, twining, Leaves peltate, cordate, entire, nine- 
nerved. Umbels compound, Male umbellets globular 
heads of flowers, with a six-leaved calyx, and three-petalled 
corol ; in the female the calyx is three-leaved, and the corol 
three-petalled, 

Beng. Neemocka. 

Pada-valli, or Pada kelangu, ‘Rheed. Mal. vii. t. ‘AQ, is 
like the female plant. 

Stephania rotunda, Lourier. Cochinch, 747. 

Menispermum peltatum, Willd, iv. 827, 

A native of Bengal, Bevene.s time the eee of the 


_ VOL. UI, 5B 


$42 DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. Myristica, 


3. C. convolvulacea. Willd. iv. 863. 

Perennial, twining. Leaves sub-peltate, from ovate-cor- 
date to reniform, Male flowers panicled; female racemed, 
with reniform, many-flowered bractes. Calyx and corol of 
one obovate, ciliate scale each, 

'Teling. Pata. 

Menispermum orbiculatum. Willd. iv. p. 828. 

Cattu-valli, or Battu-valli.. Rheed, Mal, xi. p. 127, t. 62. 

A native of Coromandel, Malabar, &c. 


| 4..C. Caapeba. Willd. iv, 863. 

» Perennial, twining, tender shoots very woolly. Leaves 
broad-cordate, scarcely peltate, woolly. Female flowers race- 
med, with sessile, cordate acuminate, many-flowered brac- 
tes; a one-leaved, oblong, acute calyx, and obcordate corol. 
_ A native of of the Moluccas. It flowers during the hot 
season in the Botanic garden, | 


5. C, hernandifolia. Willd. iv. 861. 
» Perennial, twining, villous, Leaves profoundly peltate, 
cordate, apex mucronate, base truncate, hairy underneath, 
An extensively twining” perennial, a native of Chittagong, 
from thence it has been about two years introduced into the 
Botanic garden but has not yet blossomed, which must ac- 
count for the imperfection of the definition. 


6 C, tetrandra. R. 

_Shrubby, twining. . Leaves peltate, feniforth-cordate, en- 
tire, Male inflorescence axillary, compound, Flowers 
tretrandrous. Calyx four-leaved, Nectary Reem 
filled with, stamina, _ 

: _A native of Amboyna, | 


a | Ps MYRISTICA. Schreb. gen. N. 1562. 
Mais, Calyx trifid. Coral none, Filament spule, 6: 


= lumnar: anthers several pairs round the enlarged apex ofthe 


Se Te nn ne 


Myristica. | DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. 843 


filaments, Femaxe. Calyx as in the male.  Corol none. 
Germ superior, one-celled, one-seeded ; attachment inferior. 
Drupe superior, fleshy, two-valved, nut one-seeded, covered 
with a multifid aril, commonly called mace.’ Embryo inferi- 
or, and furnished with an ample ruminated perisperm. 

M. moschata, Willd. iv. 869. 

Leaves oblong. Male flowers several on simple and com- 
pound axillary racemes, Female flowers solitary. Calyxes 
pitcher-shaped. 

M. officinalis. Linn, Syst. 493. Suppl. 265. Gert. i. t. 41. 

M. Moschata. Woodville’s Medical Botany, 363. t, 134. 

Nux myristica, Rumph, Amb. ii. 14, t. 4, 

Jay-phalu, the Sanscrit name of the nutmeg, and Jati the 
mace, zat 

Jaga-phul, the Bengalee name of the nutmeg, and Jatri the 
mace, 

Jouz-bewa of the Persians. 

A native of the Moluccas, and other Islands in their vicini= 
ty, bearing male and female on different trees; and there 
blossoming and bearing fruit the whole year. In some in- 
stances I have observed them to be monoicous, — 

‘Trunk straight up to the top of the tree, asin the pines. 
Bark smooth, and of a greenish asb, or dirty olive colour. 
Branches in regular equi-distant verticels, nearly horizontal, 
with their extremities often drooping. Leaves alternate, 
sub-bifarious, short-petioled, oblong, entire, smooth on both 
sides, but paler underneath, when bruised faintly aromatic ; 
from three to six inches Jong, and from one to two and a half 
broad, Mae. Racemes axillary, often two-cleft near the 


apex, with the divisions spreading. Flowers numerous on as- 


cending, clavate pedicels, nearly as long as the peduncles, 
small, inodorous,and yellow. Bractes of the pedicels solitary, 
minute, one-flowered, caducous, those of the four lower ones 
also solitary, but larger, fleshy, more permanent, and embrac- 


ing two thirds of the base of the calyx. Calyx pitcher-shaped, 


‘tiouthi three-toothed. Corol none. Filament single, resting 
5 Ba 


844 DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. | Myristica. 


in the centre of the calyx and nearly of the same length, thick, © 
linear-oblong, and obtuse, Anthers in general about nine 
pairs, linear, adjoined lengthways to the upper half of the 
filaments, but their chief bond of connexion appears to be 
at their lower extremities, Frmaxe, Peduneles axillary, 
solitary, rather longer then the petioles, while in blossom as- 
cending one-flowered. Bractes, that of the flowers as in the 
male, Flowers small, yellow, inodorous. Calyx as in the 
male, Corol none, Germ ovate, one-celled, containing a 
single seed, attached to the bottom of the cell, Style scarcely 
any. Stigma two-lobed. Drupe superior, somewhat turbinate, 
smooth, of the size of a small pullet’s egg ; when ripe yellow, 
and then dividing into two equal portions, beginning at the 
apex, one-celled. Mut oval, ovate, or neatly round, mark- 
ed with broad superficial furrows corresponding with the 
divisions of the deep orange coloured aril, or mace, other- 
wise smooth; colour a dark brownish black, very hard, 
and as the shell is of equal thickness every where, these im- 
pressions are equally evident on the inside, and are communi- 
cated to the seed, or nutmeg, itself, attached by a large umbili- 
cus to the bottom of the cell. Seed conform to the nut, and 
covered with a single, light brown, thin, spongy integument. 
Perisperm conform to the seed, while fresh rather soft, juicy, 
and somewhat farinaceous, variously variegated, (ruminatum, 
Gert.) with rust coloured veins, while fresh more fragrant 
than after being dried. mbryo erect, patelliform, lodged 
in the base of the perisperm, white, and of a firm fleshy con- 
sistence. Cotyledons two, thick, fan-shaped, and expanding 
from the middle upwards; margins irregularly cut, or ere- 
nulate, Plumula of two unequal Jobes. Radicle inferior, 
hemispherical, ; 

It is well known that the description of this plant in the 
Supplementum Plantarum of the younger eens taken 
from Sonnerat is that of another species. 

_ Lamarck’s description, so far at least, as relates. to the sta- , 
mens and style, appear to me to have been taken from the 


Myristica. DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. 845 


flowers of some other species of Myristica which he received 


from the Isle of France, for the true nutmeg, Consequently 


the sort they have been long cultivating there, with so much 
care, is not the real Banda nutmeg, which the Dutch so 
long and so effectually monopolized. For I can scarcely think 
it possible that any Botanist could consider the thick, firmly 
consolidated filament of the male flowers, to be composed 
of from six to twelve smaller, partible filaments, joined in 
one bundle, for there is not the smallest rudiment of any small- 
er filaments connecting the linear anthers to the column, or fi- 
lament, in the centre; nor are the anthers themselves united, 

scarcely even the two lobes which compose the pairs, as I 
have called them. 

The foregoing description, and accompanying drawing, 
are taken from many, healthy growing trees in the Honour- 
able Company’s Botanic garden as well as from numerous 
specimens, preserved in spirits, and otherwise collected, and 
sent from Great Banda Neyra, Pulo-ay, and the Molucca 
Islands, while they were in the possession of the English from 
1796 till 1802, At Bencoolen, where this tree was introduc- 
ed in 1798, they have grown with the greatest luxuriance ; 
for in five years they had arrived at from ten to fourteen 
feet in height. In October and November }802, two hun-— 
dred and forty-seven trees out of about six hundred, blessom- 
ed. About half of these were male, the rest female, and 
ripened their frait in February and March 1803, In the 
Botanic garden at Calcutta, where the young trees are 
about the same age, the most luxuriant ones are from six to ten 
feet high, and in April 1803 three male trees only blossom- 
ed for the first time, At Prince of Wales’ Island, where by 
far the most extensive plantations are formed, they are in a 
middle state between Bencoolen and Bengal, but do not by 
any means thrive so well as in Sumatra, where they are per- 
fectly at hdtue, in every respect, and earlier than in the Mo- 
7 Islands. : 


846 DIOECIA MONADELPHIAy Myristica, 


Note.’ The plantations in the vicinity of Bencoolen havé 
continued to thrive and multiply astonishingly till the pre- 
sent time, 1809. The trees now amount to about six thousand 
six hundred, are abundantly productive, and both nuts and 
mace are uncommonly fine. 


2. M. macrophylla, R 

Leaves short-petioled, cuneate-oblong, clothed with fine 
down underneath, with veins parallel and simple. Female 
flowers in lateral and axillary fascicles in very short diverg- 
ing peduncles. Germ hairy. 

Nux myristica mas. Rumph, Amb. ii. t. 5, 

The female specimens in flower have only been seen; and 
they are easily distinguished from the other species, by the 
great size of the leaves, and the fascicles of sub-sessile female 
flowers, with hairy germs. This cannot well be referred to 
Willdenow’s M. tomentosa, on account of the shape of the 
leaves. 


3. M. montana, R. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth, Flowers axillary ; males 
many, on a common, short peduncle; females one to three, 
on very short, proper peduncles only. Both calyces ie 
shaped, and tridentate. ; 

A native of the mountains of the Molucca Islands, where 


it grows to be a tree of considerable size, but the fruit made 
no use of, 


" M. aisle Ri 

Leaves lanceolar, smooth, above shining. Male floneys 
axillary, fascicled, rotate, staminiferous, column peltate, with 
about twelve anthers round the under side of the margin. | 

A native of the Moluccas, ‘The male flowers during the hot 
season inthe Botanic garden at Caleut, MS ee 


5. M. salicifolia. Willd. iv, 871.0 © 
_ Leaves lanceolate, villous underneath. Fadeuckse a 


Myristica, DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. 847 


lary, from two to three-flowered. Aril, or mace, fleshy, and 
undivided ; nut oblong. 

Palala secunda. Rumph. Amb, ii. p. 26. ¢. 6. 

A native of the Malay islands, 


6. M, spicata, R. 

Leaves short-petioled, bivedlanewlate, smooth and firm. 
Female flowers numerous, on short, Nas * axillary spikes. 
Calyces pitcher-shaped, 

A native of the Moluccas. Introduced into the Botanic 
garden in 1798, and in 1804 one female tree blossomed dur- 
ing the rams, when it was about twelve feet high, All 
the flowers proved abortive; no part of the tree possesses 
any fragrance. 


7. M. angustifolia, R. 

Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute, smooth, entire, glaucous 
underneath. Male umbellets axillary, sub-sessile. 
"A very large tree, a native of the mountainous countries im- 
mediately east of Bengal, where it blossoms about the begin- 
ning of the rains in June. oe fe 


8. M. parviflora. R .% 
Leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong,smooth, Female ra- 
cemes axillary, of the length of the petioles, : : 
A native of the Molucca islands, One female tree in the 
Botanic garden, in twelve years attained the height of about 
fifteen feet, with a straight trunk of proportional thickness, 
It blossoms regularly wttinay the zane, but the flowers have 


rican proved abortive. 


9. M. linifolia, R 
- Leaves linear, 7s and hard ; Siibile and other ten- 


der parts déhsely clothed with brown ramentaceous scales. 
Male flowers in axillary fascicles; anthers from ane to 


twenty on the — of a tape peltate — 


848 DIOECIA MONADELPHIA, Adelia, 


A pretty large, tall, straight tree, a native of Chittagong, 
where it blossoms in January. The female tree not seen. 


ADELIA. Schreb. gen. N. 1558. 


Mate. Calyx from three to four-parted, or from three to 
four-leaved. Coro/ none. Filament ramous, branching out 
into many simple, or compound ramifications, FEMALE. 
Calyx five-parted. Corol none. Germ superior, three-cell- 
ed; cel/s one-seeded ; attachment superior. Styles three. 
Capsule tricoccous. Embryo inverse, with a scanty peri- 
sperm. 


1. A. castanicarpa, R. 

Arboreous. Leaves oblong, entire. Stipules falcate. 
Flowers axillary, crowded. Calyx four-leaved. 

Beng. Boolkokra, 

A large timber tree, a native of Silhet and Chittagong. 
The wood is said tobe very hard. Flowering time November 
and December, and again in May and June, The seed ri- 
pens in May, and a second crop in the cool season, 

Young shoots a little hairy, but the hairs soon disappear, 
leaving them smooth, Leaves alternate, bifarious, approxi- 
mate, short-petioled, from ovate-oblong to broad-lanceolate, 
rather acuminate, entire, of a firm and smooth texture, from 
four to five inches long, by from one to three broad, Stipules 
falcate, pretty large. MALE FLowers axillary, crowded, 
sessile. Calyx four-leaved; /eaflets in two opposite pairs, 
ovate, ciliate, Corol none, Nectary, a crenulate cup, round 
the base of the column from the middle downwards; all are 
smooth, Anthers oblong, incumbent. FEMALE FLOWERS 
axillary, several together, some sub-sessile, some short-pe- 
duncled, small, of a dull grayish yellow colour. Bractes, 
some roundish, hairy scales round the base of the peduncles, 
Calyx of two opposite pairs of oval leaflets. Corol none. 
Nectary saucer-shaped, embracing the base of the germ 


bs 


ARENA REST GDN Am a 


a a RN 


Adelia. DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. 849 


with its very finely dentate margin, Germ bristly, three, 
rarely four-celled, with one ovulum in each, attached to the 
top of the axis, Siyles three, recurved and bifid with the 
segments, also recurved and shaggy. Capsule round, size 
of a nutmeg, completely armed with innumerable, hispid, 
acute, rather inoffensive light brown bristles, three-celled, six- 
valved; valves hard like the shell of most nuts. Seed soli- 
tary, attached to the top of the axis, and the attachment em- 
braced by a crimson, fleshy gland, or aril ; size of a grain 
of black pepper, but compressed, Integuments two; exte- 
rior thin, brittle, highly polished, black, inner a brown, thin 
membrane. Perisperm none, or most trifling, Embryo in- 


- verse. Cotyledons conform to the seed, oily. Radicle oval, 


superior, 


2. A. nereifolia. R. : 

Shrubby. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate. Spikes 
axillary, solitary. 

Teling. Taniki. 

Mal, Katt-alluree. 

A native of Coromandel, where it flowers during the hot 
season. 


3. A. cordifolia. R. : 
Leaves alternate, long-petioled, round, cordate, entire. 


Male spikes axillary, Anthers four-valved. 
A native of the Moluccas, 


VOL, HI. 5¢ 


INDEX. 


* .* The words in italics are synonyms. 


Page 

A B C daria .. 410 
Abroma angusta 156 
fastuosa ... +» 156 

—— Wheeleri .. 156 
Abrus i ee 
Abrus precatorius 257 
Abutilon lave 5 178 
Acalypha amentacea ... 676 
ammiainiins-.- O17 
ST a ORE ce. O76 
—— cylindrica .. 678 
—— hispida ... >... 760 
—— Indica 675 
Mappa ... .» 690— 

—— pilosa ... 676 
Acanthus ilicifolius 32 
__— madaraspatensis 33 
Achymus pallens «++ 761 
Adaca-manjen +» 446 
Adansonia digitata ow 164 
Adelia castanicarpa ... 848 
 _— nereifolia 849 
Aegenetia indica . 30 
; i 130 


Page 
Aerides cornutum .. 472 


—— guttatum... ... 471 
—— multiflorum... 475 
— pallidum... « 475 
——radiatum -. 476 
—— rostratum... ... 474 
suaveolens ... 473 
Aeschynomene aspera =. 3865 


—Cannabina 335 
—— grandiflora 330 

lagenaria 365 
—— spinulosa 333 
—— Uliginosa 334 


Agati ve wee vee ve 331 
Ageratum aquaticum 416 
_—— cordifolium ... 415 
Agyneja multilocularis 696 
pubera + oo 699 
Ajuga disticha ... 2 
— fruticosa sev voe J 
— repens. pera s oS 
Alcea moschata — 


852 INDEX. 


Page Page 

Alcea rosea ... ... ... 180 | Angraecum purpureum 484 
Aleurites laccifera «. 829 terestre pri- 

triloba ... ... 629 mum sia an OE 

Alnus dioeca ... ... 580] Anguina Sinensis ... 701 

glutinosa =... ... 580 | Anguria Indica ... ... 719 

Althaea rosea... ... 180 | Anou ...- se oss se 626 

Amara indica wo oe JOP Ansgeli ... s.r gee 

Amaranthus atropurpu- Anthrodactylis spinosa 738 

reus --» «+ 608 | Antidesma paniculata ... 770 

-—— cruentus 610 pubescens © 770 

—— fascicatus 609 | Antirhhina adfinis, ge. 98 

——— frumentaceus 609 | Aquifolium indicum... 32 

—— gangeticus 606 | Arachis fruticosa :.. .., 282 

—— hybridus 609 hypogea yo ——-00 

—— lanceolatus 607 | Arbor alba .. .. ... 397 

=~ lividus; ......605 minor, §c. 394 

— melancholi- Conciliorum __... 548 

CUS -s6insvons .. 608 excecans serckisg0O 

—— oleraceus 605 ovigera.«.«. 577 

—— polygamus 603 | Arbuscula Bisnagarica 87 

_—— polygonoides 602 Sig iis 00s GOO 

-——spinosus ... 611 | Arcalu *@i¥aco ams O47 

tenuifolius 602 | Areca catechu..,_... 615 

tricolor ... 608 | ——— Dicksonii....... 616 

——tristis.... 604 | —— disticha... ... 620 

—viridis ... 605 SAUL ch nnn 615 

‘Ambrosinia ciliata ... 491 | (=a — gracilis _.., _.... 619 

——retrospirale 492 | . ‘triandyl is/i sseisa lJ 

—— spirale + 492 | Aria veela. sss) one. +» 128 

-——unilocularis 493 | Aringa Saccharifera 626 

Ameri oie oe ase ne B80 | Arisarum Amboinicum ... 505 

Wliblica ... mies. B15 ||? esculentum 514 

Ampara ... «» .. 790 | Aristolochia acuminata 499 


Ana schorigenam ...  .,. 586 —— bracteata ... 490 
Ana schovadi ... +. 445 ——Indica..,. 489 


Andrachne trifoliata _... 728 longifolia .,. 490 
Angraecum album majus 457 | Artimisia carnifolia ... 422 
nonum _,.. 480 elegans... ... 421 


ore ed 


—— spirale 


~ 


INDEX. 853 
Page Page 
Artimisia hemispherica 422 | Arum sylvaticum .. ++ 511 
Indica eer § trilobatum 503, 505 
- madraspatana 422 viviparum 496 
—— Moluceana ... 417 | Aster chinensis . 433 
paniculata... 418 trinervius... ... 433 
—— parviflora .. 420 Aspalathus Indica 371, 374 
sternutatoria 423 Astragalus hamosus . 387 
vulgaris... ... 420 | spicatus 376 
“Artocarpus Chaplasha 525 + Athanasia Indica... 417 
echinata .. 527. Atti meer alou 552 
—— hirsuta 521 | Atunus littoria + 142 
incisa ..- ... 527 | Averrhoa acida ... 673 
—— integrifolia 522 Aviennia tomentosa 88 
—— Lakoocha ... 524 
—— lanceefolia 527 | Bahel-schullt 50 
 —— pubescens ... 521 | Balanopteris minor 142 
Arum gypticum 494 | Tothila 142 
aquaticum ... ++ 516 | Ballota disticha oe 
——— bulbiferum 510 | Bara mareca << ao 
~—-- ce = .. 509 | Barleria buxifolia .. 37 
— eucullatum =... 501 cerulia .:. s+ 39 
—— colocacia .. 494 —— ciliata 38 
! curvatum ... «... 506 —— cristata _ 37 
——. cuspidatum 506 —— dichotoma ae 
——. divaricatum ... 503 longiflora ... 40 
——— flagelliformis ... 502 —— longifolia ... 50 
fornicatum.... ... 501 ——prionites .. 36 
—— gracilis ... ... 505 SETIZOSA +. os 39 
Indicum . 498 | Batis fruticosa ... «+ 763 
—— lyratum .. 508 | spinosa ... - 762 
ee margaritifer 512 Batti marus aor one 141 
montanum ... 497 | Batti-shorigenam ... 585 
—— nympheifolium ... 495 Battu-valli... 842 
orixensis .... 503 | Begonia aptera...,. +. 650 
~odorum ... +» 499 laciniata .. 649 
—— rapiforme 497 malabarica ... 648 
—— sessiliflorum ... 507 | Bela pola ... ++ « 470 
492  Bela-schora ... +» +. 718 


854 INDEX. 
Page Page 
Beloere 00st 179 | Bradleia pinnata . 700 
Bem-nosi ei eax FO ——— pubera ... 698 
Bem paval ... ise 0. ~—-909 Sinica 700 
Bengieiri ... 692 | Brassica erucoides 117 
Bentinckia Giaidipams 621 oleracea .. 117 
Bidens bipinnata ... ... 411 Rapa ... 117 
trifida 4ll | Briedelia crenulata prey | 
Bignonia chelonoides_ ... 106 lanceefolia... 737 
comosa 103 montana Pee 
crispa . 103 scandens ... 736 
— falcata 103 spinosa ... ... 735 
— grandiflora ... 105 | Bryonia filiformis .... 727 
—— indica... 110 foliis cordatis 708 

padri » 105 foliis sub-rotun- 

pentandra ... 110 5805s) saath id aon JOO 
—— quadrilocularis 107 Gareiniyss 5... 727 
_—_— spathiacea . 103 glabra oe 725 
stipulata .. 108 grandis ia 
suaveolens ... 104 —— laciniosa .... ... 728 
—— suberosa’ =... ‘LEE —— pilosa ... 726 
— undulata eer TUL —— scabrella ... 724 
- —  xylocarpa fo 100 | tenella ee 
Blitum Indicum album ... 603 umbellata «. Jl 
ai teas 604 | Buchnera asiatica ... 31 
Boehmeria alienata . 582 | euphrasioides 32 
frutescens 589 | Bunius sativus  ... ... 758 
interrupta DOD Bupariti Perrestg? tet 191 
Bombax gossypinum ... 169 Butea frondosa ...__v. 244 
heptaphylla 167 parviflora... .. 248 
pentandrum 165 superba... 247 

Bontia germinans 2 > ie 88. | 26 
Borassus flabelliformis — 790 | Cacalia bicolor vere 
| “Gomutus...  ... 626 reclinata....... 412 
Bradleia hirsuta 699 sonchifolia ... ... 413 
| impuber ... ... 698 | Cacaraalba ... .. 306 
- — Ianceolaria ... 697 bulbosa... «» 309 
-—— multilocularis ... 696 | ——litorea ... ... 307 
— nitida ... ...° 699 | Cadal avanacu .... ©... 683 


- 


INDEX. 855 
Page Page 
Cafre, or Catri Conda ... 568 | Capraria diffusa 93 
Cajenneam c 438 gratissima 92 
Caladium nymphe sfolinm 495 | Caprificus amboinensis ... 560 
Calamus draco wee 774 | Cara-nosi ... af 69 
—— erectus 774 | Cara-schulli ... 37 
—— extensus ... 77] | Cara-veela 126 
— fasciculatus 779 | Cara-vella S20 
—— gracilis ... 781 | Cardiaca foliis tenuis, &e. 8 
—— humilis 773 | Carduus lanatus .. 408 
—— latifolius .. 775 —— radicans 408 
monoicus 783 : TAMOSUS ese ooo 407 
——pencillatus .. 781 Careloe Vegon ... ... 489 
—— polygamus 780 | Carex Bengalensis... ... 572 
—— quinquenervius 777 | —— lithosperma 574 
—— Rotang . 777 | Carica papaya... 824 
—— rudentum 776 | Carimpana - 790 
—— tenuius 780 | Carpopogon stiopupare 
verus 776 um - 287 
—— Zalacca 773 —— capitatum 284 
Calappe 2102" weix 614 —— giganteum ... 287 
Calla aromatica ...  ... 513 monospermum 283 
—calyptrata... .. 514 —— niveum .. 285 
oblongifolia .. 516 ——pruriens ... 283 
—picta 0. 516 | Carthamus tinctorius ... 409 
——rubescens ... .,.. 515 | Caryota urens ws. 625 
virosa .» ss 517 | Castanea Indica 643 
Caltha, &6i-sx0 +... ... 440 pumila ... ... 644 
Camirium .. -» 629 | Casuarina muricata 519 
Canarium bengalense 136 | Cattu picinna ... 712 
——commune... 137 | Cattu-valli... 2. 4.2 842 
— nigrum... .,, 138 | Caturus spiciflorus .» 760 
—— Pimela’ .. 138 | Cauda-felis agrestis .... 760 
—— strictum 138 | Caunga .. ... » 615 
—— sylvestre 137 | Cavalum wee. ~~ 144 
vulgare ... +. 137 | Ceiba pentandra ... ... 165 
Cannabis Indica »» 772 | Celsia coromandeliana 100 
—— sativa ... .. 772 | Centaurea Janata ...- ... 444 
Ganschi 66a. — 837 —— moschata ... 444 


856 INDEX. 

Page : Page 
Ceratophyllum verticilla- Clitoria heterophylla .. 321 
tum RSE ermine «| Ternatea . 321 
Cesulia axillaris .. 447 | Clompanus major. «.. 154 
Chamebalanus sambeics 280 Cluytia collina iby ewer [32 
Chamelea foliis lineari- diversifolia ....... 731 
bus .. «00, OF) —— montana» ~~... -735 
Chara furcata 564 oblongifolia °....-730 
involucrata ... ... 565 patula ww foe 
verticillata 563 scandens 736 
Chaulmoogra odorata ... 836 semperflorens ... 730 
Cheramel@ ss: 000; 0->---—_ 673 spinosa’... 736 
Chrysanthemum cunea- | Cnicus Indicus .- 409 
; tum... .. 436 lunatus ... 409 
—— Indicum 436 | Cocos nucifera, ss.  -.- 614 
Cicca disticha witte | tz nypa 650 

Cicer arietinum ... 324 | Codiwum medium chryso- 
— Leus +, 24 ticton sis iisaed camec TO 
Cissampelos Caapeba ... 842 silvestre..~.. 680 
—— convolvulacea 842 | Codi avanacu 9 =. ~+- 577 
—— galbra .... 840 | Coix aquatica 571 
errr hernandifolia 842 barbata .. iin 569 
— hexandra ... 84] —— gigantea 570 
“ tetrandra ... 842 —.— heteroclita »..-... 572 
Cit-amerdu wasyieses( Oa ——lacryma ... «| 568 
' Citrus acida... «. 390 —pumila oc ies 572 
—— Aurantium » 392 | Colebrookia oppositifoliay - 26 
—— decumana 393 ternifolia’ ... 25 
—— mermis + 893 | Coletta veetla. ... iv B6 
‘ee— medica —venccx 392 | Columbo, §e. +03 Setar 807 
Cleome chelidonii + 127 | Columnea balsamica . 97 
BS She: Se heteiighiyll- x OY 
—~ minatas: © sz 98 

—— tomentosa... 98 © 

i= viscosa =... sis 198 Colutea siliquosa’ 375, 377 
Berta filcionde 59 Connarus panieulatus ... 137 
5 :  ghiiidilens 57 | Conyza alata .../-... ... 430 


yoL, Il. 


~ 


INDEX. 857 

Page Page 

Conyza anthelmintica ... 406 | Crotalaria elliptica . 279 

aurita . 428 | fulva ... 266 

—— balsamifera . 427 | hirsuta ... 270 

—— bifoliata - juncea 259 

cinerea ... 406 Jaburnifolia ... 275 

corymbosa .. 426 —— linifolia 266 

———— Giftees te: = 29 major 272 

fistulosa ..- 429 montana 265 

lacera ES nana 271 

—— laciniata .-. 427 ——Nummularia 271 

—— lanceolaria ... 432 orixensis . 276 

odorata... .«- 427 ——— paniculata ... 274 

—— pinnatifida 430 - procumbens ... 278 
—— pubigera ... ... 426 —— prostrata ... 270 | 

—— repanda Sl —— pulcherrima ... 267 

salicifolia ... ... 431 —— quinquefolia 279 

Cornutia corymbosa... 82 —— ramosissima ... 268 

Cornutioides ... cA ie || retusa ... «.- 272 

poate aculeata ... 3395 —— rubiginosa 269 

sone Cannabina ... 335 —— semperflorens 274 

eee a grandi iflora Soon sericea ... 2973 

eal sesban io Be Sees - stipulacea .. 264 

zeylanica ... 385 —— stricta ... ... 265 

her- ——tenuifolia... 263 

bacea .. 386 ——— telfagona = “262 

Corosinam ... 95 —_— trifoliastrum 277 

Cottu-shiragom .- 406 —— uniflora ove. hd 

Cotula sinapifolia 437 verrucosa ... 273 

— Courou-moelli .. 835 Croton asperum . 681 

Crotalaria alata ... 274 | bicolor 680 

—— angulosa .. 274 | —— bractiferum . 680 

arborescens 275 | dioecum ... 680 

—— Bengalensis ... 277 ——— drupaceum . 683 

—— bialata 274 | —— gossypifolium ... 829 

_ practeata««. 278: | «= Halecum .. 683 

/ ——cespitosa ... 269 | —— hastatum 575 

____ chinensis... 268 §—— Joufra . 685 

basa —— cytisoides a. «276 0) —— moluccanum ... 629 

~ 6D 


858 INDEX. 
Page Page 
Croton oblongifolium... 685 | Cymbidium alatum .. 459 
plicatum wo OE —— amabile....... 457 
—— polyandrum .. 682 aloifolium ... 458 
sebiferum ... ... 693 aphyllum 462 
—— Tiglium ... Oe —— bambusifoli- 
tinctorium ... . 681 um ... 460 
variegatum ... 673 —— imbricatum 460 
Cuca-mullu ... vee 114 —— iridifolium 458 
Cucumis acutangulus 713 ——nitidum... 459 
i Colocynthis ... 719 pendulum ... 458 
—— integrifolia ... 724 premorsum 465 
—— madraspatanus 723 tessallatum 462 
Madraspatensis, . tessaloides ... 463 
Sc. PE triste 461 
Melo... .» 720 | Cynana Scolymus... ... 409 
momordica ... 720 Cyrilla aquatica ... 115 
—— sativus 720 | Cytisus Cajan . 325 
trigonis Srey os S€VICEUS ... 328 
——turbinatus ... 723. ne 
utilissimus . 721 Dalbergia alata 295 
Cucurbita Citrullus ... 719 arborea 239 
lagenaria see 710 —— emarginata ... 224 
melopepo ..- 719 —— ferruginea... 228 
Pepo » 718 frondosa . 236 
Cudranus ... eis Se _——heterophylla 243 
Culi tamara ... oe oo 646 Krowee wae 929 
Cumbilium... ... ... 800 ——— latifolia... 2OR 
Cumbulam data bens ane 718 OS marginata oeuia dS 
DO eo a, 84 —— Oogeinensis. ... 220 
Cupatitns. 6s. a. O78 —— paniculata ... 227 
Cupressus sempervirens 653 parviflora .... 225 
Cutta-gasturi ... ... 202 —reniformis... 226 
Cycas circinalis -. [44 rimosa ... ... 233 
inermis <a —— rubiginosa... 231 
—revoluta .....,. 746 — scandens ans om 
—— sphaerica.,. ... 747 —— Sissoo ree | 
Cylista scariosa ... ,,. 320 —— spinosa... ... 233 
_—— tomentosa 319 —— stipulacea ... 


INDEX. 859 
Page : Page 
Dalbergia tamarindifolia 233 Dolichos biflorus ... ... 313 
volubilis 231 bulbosus 309 
zeylanica . 228 Catjang ... ... 303 
Dendrobium acinaciforme 487 ciliatus 310 
ageregatum 477 cultratus 308 
anceps . 487 ——ensiformis . 300 
——calceolum 488 —— fabeeformis 316 
——cdlavatum ... 481 —— falcatus 311 
——cruminatum 480 —— gangeticus SIO 
formosunt ... 485 —— giganteus 287 
— pendulum 484 —— gladiatus... ... 300 
Pierardi ... 482 —— glutinosus ... 312. 
—— pulchellum 486 —lablab... 305, 306 © 
—— pumilum ... 479 ——--lignestia=-:.. 3.307 
—— purpureum 484 medicagineus 315 
teres... ... 485 obcordatus ... 303 
—— tripetaloides 478 —— Phaseoloides 316 
veratrifolium 462 —— pilesus -. 312 
Digitalis stricta «.. 99 prostratus ... 310 
Dioscorea aculeata - . 800 —— pruriens ... ... 283 
~ —— alata ... 797 psoraloides 317 
. —— anguina ».. 803 purpureus Oe 
atropurpurea 800 /—_—- rotundifolius 302 
| —— crispata 802 —— scarabeoides ... 315 
—— demona 805 sesquipedalis 308 
- _— fasciculata ... 801 sinensis ... +. . 
—— glabra © 804 —— Soja 314 
globosa ... 797 —— spicatus ... ... 307 
heterophylla 804 —— tetragonolobus 305 
_—— nummularia ... 803 —trilobus ... 299, 311 
aoe itifolia 804 Virosus ... «.. 301 
_—— pentaphylla ... 806 tang ovula ... 157 
—— pulchella ... 801 | tilizfolia .. 157 
Deo - pubella 798 —crinita ~~... +. 369 
. tomentosa . 805 —— hamosa «.. - 367 
Dolichos albus .. 306 —— lagopodioides ... 366 
 L Bengalensis ... 306 i pictas Ae! 968 


860 


INDEX. 

Page Page 
Doodia simplicifolia .. 366 | Erythrina stricta... 251 
Doronicum calearatum 434 suberosa . 253 
Dracunculus amboinicus 515 sublobata 254 
Dsirenung .- 774 | Ethulia ramosa wiitidee- AZ 
Dulcumara nigra 138 | Eupatoriophalacron, §c. 438 
Durio vs» a: .. 399 | Eupatorium asperum 415 
Durio Phat 399 ——divergens 414 
flexuosum 415 
Echinops echinatus _... 447 | Excoecaria Agallocha ... 756 
Eclipta prostrata 438 —— integrifolia 757 

Ecliptica . 438 
Elate silvestris ....\.... 787 | Ferriola buxifolia .. 790 
Elephantopus scaber 445 | Ficus acuminata 538 
Elshotzia : 6 ampelos........... 553 
Elshotzia villosa... .... 4 | —— angustifolia... 554 
Emblica officinalis... 671 | ——asperrima ..._... 554 
Emeras vee B32 Benjamina ... 550 
Epidendrum soaks 457 | ——Carica... ... 528 
pendulum ... 458 | ———caricoides ... 529 
premorsum 465 | —— Chincha 534 
tessellatum 462 comesa 552 
—— triste 46} congesta « .. 560 
Epipactis carinata 454 | ~— conglomerata ... 559 
—— graminifolia 456 cordifolia ... ... 548 
—— Juliana... ... 453 CUDIB. 255455 561 
—— plicata...... 454 | —— demona 562 
—— trinervia +» 455 | —— elastica 541 
Erigeron asteroides ... 432 exasperata . . 555 
Erinus bilabiatus ... 92 | ——excelsa.... ... 6552 
Eriocaulon quinquangu- —— fructicosa ... «. 533 
Sy lare .. 612 — glomerata 398 
<n ~ sezangulare -613 | —— Goolereea 538 
Sarwar hirsutum _ -.. 323 | —— hederacea cen, Oe 
Erythrina a ac ond 256 | —— heterophylla _... 532 
indica -. 249 | —— hirsuta... ... 528 
Sn —— monosper mein. 244 | ao— hirta non, voe. sy BOR 
- —— ovalifolia ... 254 | —humile ......._. 535 
pt a oe 257 | pm Indies ogeoc0002 ++ 539 


* 


¥ 


INDEX. S61 

Page Page 

Ficus infectoria .... ... 551 | Flemingia nana 339 
lacifera . 545 procumbens ... 338 
laminosa ... 531 prostrata ...  338_ 
lanceolata ee | semialata . 340 
Luducca ... 534 stricta 342 
macrophylla .. 556 | Flos ceruleus 321 
obtusifolia . 546 festalis > as... 194 
oppositifolia ... ... 561 | Fluggea leucopyrus  ... 658 
—— palmata w- 529 | Folium hirct 81 
polycarpa ... 556 Mappa 690 
quercifolia  $o4 politorium 555 
racemifera .. 560 | Fumaria parviflora iy 
=i radicans i 536 | Funis felleus 808 
ramentacea ... --- 346 saledy é 
rapiformis .. 551 | Gaja-pippalt 819 
religiosa ... 547 | Galedupa elliptica 242 
igh repens:crws -. 535 indica .. 239 
rotundifolia... ... 555 —— marginata... 241 
scabrella ... ... 532 —— piscidia ... 240 
— scandens... ... 536 uliginosa ... 243 
— ackorefitiylia .. 646 | Galegacolutea  . . 377 
— squamosa ... ... 531 - diffusa 387 
— tomentosa - 550 —— pean as. 304 
Tsiela ... .. 549 —— incana i. 335 
——tuberculata.... 554 — lancessialia’ xe OOO 
—— urticifolia ». 553 —— pentaphylla ... 384 
vagang: ss... 637 —— purpurea... ... 386 
—— virgatasiw: +... 530 —— spinosa ... 383 
—— Wassa ~ Goo —— tinctoria .. 306 
Flacourtia cataphracta ... 834 villosa... ...«. - 385 
inermis 833 | Gecantaca 680 

obcordata ... 835 | Gelonium bifarium 830 

—— Ramontchi 834 fasciculatum ... 832 

ee sapida see “Ogo lanceolatum 831 
——sepiaria .... 835 | Genista articuluta, §c. 345 
Flemingia angustifolia ... 341 | Gerardia delphinifolia ... 98 
ES. sR ive 340 | Glechoma erecta rs ‘f 
2. celineata.... .... B4b | Glycine debilis:..... ... 317 


862 INDEX. 


Page 
Glycine labialis ..." ... 318 
tenuiflora... ... 319 
triloba ... 229, 311 
Gmelina arborea... ... 84 
asiatica =... 87 
coromandelica 88 
oblongifolia ... 83 
—— parviflora ... 87 


ae VINOER wel ce BE 


Gnaphalium albo-luteum 425 
depressum 425 


_——multicaule 425 
—— orixensis ... 425 

; strictum 424 
Gnemon domestica x b18 


funicularis ... 518 
Gnetum gnemon ... ... 518 
— scandens... 518 
Gossipium acuminatum 186 
arboreum_... 183 
—— Barbadense — 187 
: —— Capas get)... 104 
—demonum... 156 
—— herbaceum ... 184 
—— hitstitum:... -_.187 
—— obtusifolium 183 
- religiosum 185 
—— vitifolium ... 186 
. Granum Moluccum ... 683 
Gratiola trifida ... ... 97 
Gumira litorea... ..... JJ 
Giga ening. nig BOO 


Page 

Hedysarum alatum ...._ 348 

; ——alhagi .. 344 

arboreum ... 361 

——rticulatum 355 

—— biarticulatum 359 

—— bracteatum 351 
bupleurifoli- 

um ade ce ee 
Cephalotes 360 

—collinum ... 349 
——. crinitum 369 
—— diffusum —... 357 
—— diphyllum 353 
—gangeticum 349 
—— glumaceum 347 
—— gramineum 346 
—— gyrans 351 
—— Junceum ... 362 
—— lagenarium 365 
latifolium 350 
—— linifolium ... 370 
—— moniliferum 345 
—— Neli-tali .... 363 
numularifoli- 

UM siciazet oé.-BF 
patens ... 362 
pictum —.. 362 
procumbens 333. 

—— pulchellum. 361 
——purpureum 358 
quinquanga- 

latum — a 
recurvatum. 358 

—— reptans ... 354 
—— rotundifolium 370 
—— sororium 252 
—— strobiliferum 350 


isin iaagumsnensacienannniaiinnsenteiasite etinaptil st Resins Re o/-p cena tatiana 


INDEX. 863 

Page Page 

Hydysarum styracifolium 347 | Hibiscus Lampas 197 

triforum .,. 353 longifolius 210 

trifoliatum — mutabilis 201- 

repens, §c: ... 303 pentaphyllus 212 

trifolium ar- —— phoeniceus 194 

boreum .. . 360 —— populneoides 191 
triphyllum 359 —— populneus. ... 190 © 

triplicatum prostratus ... 208 

Srutescens 361 pruriens .. 196 

triquetrum 347 —— pumilus 203 

Scene — 348 —— pungens .. 213 

—— tuberosum 363 radiatus 209 

——umbellatum 360 rhombifolius 195 

vaginale ... 345 ——rigidus ... ... 195. 

vescidum 356 —— Rosa-sinensis 194 

vispertilionis 352 scandens _ 200 

Helianthus annuus . 443 setosus 194 

Helicteres Isora 143 Solandra . 197 

Herba admirationis ... 9 strictus 206 

crinalium 206 —— Surattensis ... 205 

—— memoria... ... 583 syriacus 195 

— supplex  ... 487, 488 -—— tetralocularis 198 

Heritiera fomes 142 —— tetraphyllus ... 211 

littoralis ... 142 — tiliaceus 192, 193 

nee NOP, es xus LES tortuosus ... 192 

Hernandia Ovigera ... 577 —— tricuspis ... 202 

Heydysarum lineatum-... 341 ——- truncatus ... 200 

Hibiscus Abelmoschus 202 ——tubulosus ... 196 

aculeatus . 206 —— vitifolius a Se 

..— cancellatus 201 zeylanicus .. 214 

—— cannabinus 208 | Hina paretti . 201 

—— chinensis ... 212 | Hingtsha repens a 48 

——ocollinus .... ... 198 | Holmskioldia sanguinea 65 

— diversifolius 208 | Hottonia acim cca OF 

— fragrans .-- 195 | Hottonia Indica wae 97 

—— furcatus 204 serrata ... 578, 751 

— we 2 213 | Hypericum aureum ... 401 


864 INDEX. 
Page Page 
Hypericum monogynum 400 | Jatropha Curcas .. 686 
Hystrix frutex oe glandulifera 688 
: montana 682 
Incarvillia oblongifolia © 113 | Juglans Camirium .. 629 
parasitica ... 112 plerococca 631 
Indigofera arborea 381 regia Be .i. OSL 
: argentea - 374 Juniperus aquatica ... 838 
—— aspalathifolia 371 | cernua ... ... SOY 
— atropurpurea 381 | chinensis 838, 840 
—— cinerea 372 | communis ... 839 
—— coerulea were | —— dimorpha... 839 
——echinata .,. 370 | elata - 838 
—— elliptica .. 380 Justicia infundibuliformis 41 
enneaphylla 376 | 
—— flaccida... ... 375 = Kaden-pulu . 574 
—— fragrans . 375 = Kadsumi 363 
glabratcs — <0 375 | Keida . 738 
—— glandulosa... 372 | Kaida Tsjerria... .» 744 
—— hirsuta... .... 376 | Kaku valli 3 207 
—— linifolia 370 | Kalengi cansjava 772 
prostrata ... 373 | Kariil 74 
—— pulchella ve 382 _ Karundoti ... 176 
—— purpurescens 383 Katou-indel ... + ++ 787 
——tinetoria ... 379 Katou Nirouri ... .. 665 
—— trita... .... 371 *  tandale cotti . 257 
—— uncinata —«.. 382 theka Marabara 467 
—— uniflora... 374  Katsji-Kelengu . 798 
violacea »- 380 | Kattu-tagera ... «. 376 
—— virgata .. 383 | Kattu-Barameraca 301 
viscosa... «.. 377 —beloeren ... 200 
Inula Indica eee eee 434 "Karka ... 7 
Hiera Marri sescm o58 1B | + paeru 288 
Tity-Alu sie vee 550 _—— polapen 31 
a . Schena 505 . 
Jacobea perforiata .. 434 | ___Tsjandi ...._ ... 302 
Jambosa sylvestris parvi- ot ae 295 
© folia ve ee ae 87 WE Sc ys ee AG 
Jasmiuum littoreum ... 58 Beletes 5. on 


VoL, Hi, 


INDEX. 865 

Page Page 

Keyro ... .. 9738 | Limodorum Tankervillia 466 
Kirganeli .. 660 virens .. 467 
Kleinhovea hospita 141 | Limonellus Madurensis 393 
Kodda-pail .. 131 | Limosella diandra... .. 91 
Konni cami aa . 257 | Lingoum saxatile .« 238 
Kydia. calycina . 188 | Lithagrostis lacryma Jobi 568 
_fraterna ... +.» 189 | Lobus machaeroides . 300 
quadrangularis 305 

Lacryma Jobi Indica ... 568 | Lontarus domestica 790 
Lactuca sativa ... +. 403 | Lotus madraspatensis, 5c. 389 
Laganaea lobata ... + 197 tenuifolius «.. 374 
Lagondium litoreum ... 70 | Luffa acutangula 713 
vulgare 69 amara ... 715 

Lantana Indica ... 89 | —— Bindaal_ .. 717 
Lappago Amboynica ... 182 | —— clavata 714 
Laurus involucrata 819, 824 | —— echinata ... 716 
Lavenia erecta - 442 foetida ... ae pe 
Lavendula carnosa 23 graveolens 716 
Lemna cruciata 566 pentandra 712 
— globosa. ... 565 | —— racemosa ..- 715 
ee _—— orbiculata . .. 565 | —— tuberosa Rey | 
‘Leonurus Toistame sia 8 | Lathyrus Aphaca 322 
‘Lepidagathis cristata 53 — sativus os Ooo 

Lepidium sativum 116 — 

Klaspi_ ... 116 | Maileloa ... «.. +. 42 

Leucas foliis rotundis, &c. 12 | Majana foetidia 4 
‘Leucocephala graminifolia 612 | Majoranarubra «. + 21 
spathacea 613 | Malaxis nutans ... ~ ... 470 

Limo Decumanus «.. ... 393 : plicata .. 456 
epesorum aphyllum 462 | Malus limonia acida... 390 
pi bicolor ... 469 | Malva Mauritiana . 181 
—— bracteatum 466 —— rotundifolia ... 181 

—— candidum ... 470 sinensis oes oe 
——longifolium 468 | Malvinda foliis, Sc... 182 

—— nutans ...470{  ——unicornis — ... 177 

—— plicatum 465 | Manja Kurint ... .- 4 

——— ramentaceum 467 Manneli ... «+ case tee 371 

_— recurvum ... 469 | Mannella ... .. «. 374 

6E 


866 


INDEX. 
Page Page 
Maravara Tsjembo  ... 496 | Mentha sativa .., 6 
Matricaria Chinensis 436 stellata’... 5 
suaveolens ... 437 verticillata ... & 
Medicago polymorpha 390 | Millingtonia hariensi: Hl 
Melaleuca Cajuputi ... 394 | Modecca ——— 134 
— Leucadendron 397 | Modecca dubia .. 135 
— 398 trilobata ... ‘ss. 132 
—— rigida 1.. 399 tuberosa 134 
viridiflora ... 398 | Momordica Charantia 707 
Melampyro, §c.  ... 36 dioeca 709 
Melilotus humilis erecta, Luffa ... 712 
G0... fe . 388 Waxte 78a 
= lutea, §c. ... 388 monadelphia 708 
Melochia corchorifolia ... 139 —— muricata 707 
Menispermum Cocculus 807 —— tubiflora... 711 
Columba 807 —— umbellata 710 
cordifolium 811 | Monetia barlericides ... 765 
fenestra- Moretiana ©... %. 45 
tum .:. ... 809 | Morus alba We a B84 
heterocli- atropurpurea 595 
tum ©...0... 817 — Indica 596 
—— hexagynum 816 ——— mauritiana ... 599 
= — hirsutum 814 —— paniculata . 599 
—— laurifolium 815 | —— rubra ... 595 
orbicula- —— serrata ... .. 596 
ium... ORR tatarica <i 2 588 
peltatum 841 | Moulelavou ... 167 
—— polyearpon 816 | Mouricou  ... os. on 249. 
tomento- Muel-schevi vie 413 
sum ... 813 | Mullen bellert ... .. 720 
~ triandrum 816 | Murica Cochin Chinensis 710 
—— verrucosum 808 | Myrica integrifolia cable 
a a sum §12  Myristica angustifolia 847 
Mentha auriéulaees 4 linifolia ... ... 847 
- —— fruticosa 6 -—— macrophylla 846 
| ees paniculata ... 4/  —— montana ... 846 
—  perilloides ee 2 —moschata ... 843 


867 


INDEX. 

Page Page 
Myristica parviflora... 847 | Ocimum scutellarioides 21 
peltata .. 846 Ocymum album 15 
salicifolia . 846 Basilicum ... 17 
spicata ~~ BAT bulbatum 15 
Myrobalana Emblica ... 671 caryophyllatum 16 
— —— cristatum 19 
Nagam .. sais. «vs 142 —— gratissimum 17 
Naga-pu 1. oe 157 inodorum 19 
Nageia Putranjiva .. 766 —— pilosum 16 
Nai-corana sieeees — 283 ——- polystachyon ... 18 
Najas dichotoma » 749 sanctum ... 14 
Nalla-Tirtava ... 14 —— thyrsiflorum ... 15 
Napaca hermaphrodita 175 tuberosum ... 18 
Narinam-poulli ... +s. 206 villosum ... 13 
Nehoemeka ss— 728 | Oepata-.: om 8 
Nelam mari ... .. 393 | Olus Clappoides . 744 
Nelam-pata 422  Onobrychis minor, §c. ... 371 
Nelen Schena major 503 | Oodoombur .. 558 
Neli pouli ... 673 | Orchis contaeliisilalis, -». 451 
Welitali eg... -... 365 plantaginea 450 
Nella-tandale-cottt .... 275 platyphyllos . 450 
Nepeta malabarica wo I ——— uniflora ... 452 
Neriula. ... +. + 614 | Orobanche acaulis .. 28 
Nilicamaram ce ae BFE eee 27 
Nipa fruticans «.. 650 — pddunevlal 29 
Nir-notsjil . 58 —— Aegenechia... 30 
Niruri wes) ove Tees ~ 664 | Osyris peltata:* ... 755 
Ne schulls ove 0s ae 51 Ovieda mitis ...  ... 68 

Noeli-iali ... 0 tse ee 958 pert 
Nodl valli... «0» +» 232 1 Padavalam «.. ao FR 
Novella littorea ... 191 | ‘Badri oc we ew 
repenS sev we 193.:; Poerw we Sas Oa ns BOS 
Nuren-kelengu ...  .» — 806 | | Paina schulli 32 
Nua myristica «+» 848 Palala secunda .: «.. 847 
Nuzx myristica mas ... 846  Palega pajonali — 110 
Nype eciiaal . 650 Palma Indica, a 626 
aiid: | ——yuneus albus... 776 
Seinen Be SO ee draco 774 

sE2 


868 INDEX. 


Palma juncus verus an- 
gustifolius ... ... 777 
viminalis 779 
Pandanus amaryllifolius 743 
——— fotiae «.. 742 
—fureatus ... 744 
aninp- SQUIB 407 ccna Pe 
—— odoratissimus 738 
METUS 1» oun JOO 
Pandi-pavel ... «» 707 
Panja .. so. persis ame 105 
Papaja «. 824 
Parieteria Cochin Pics 
sis «a» 082 
allenic Seve: tegen 
Parin Nirourt penis Oe 
INE 5) Vn hinces 3550052 ee 
Whale es ee eee 


Pavel th erin ge Fe 


Pavonia odorata... ... 214 
 ——Zeylanica ... 214 
Pedalium murex. «. ... 114 
Pee-cajoni —i«wss =. ~— «440 
Pee-cupameni a. 
Pee-tandale-cotti .. 273 
Pentagnana sensitiva ... 343 
qetapsiee acerifolia 158 
phoenecia. 157 

—— suberifolia 160 
GIN ceeice 


Peralu pions 539 


Perlarius primus — 599 
De, eS, | 
Pharus urceolatus ... 611 


Phaseolus aconitifolius ... 299 
—— arborescens, &c. 257 


)  farinifera 


Oe eemntt: ey i paludosa ... 


Phaseolus auretis. .... ... 297 
—— calcaratus ... 289 
—— dolichoides ... 290 
——exiguus ... 315 


—— lunatus- i se 207 
—— Madraspatensis 311 
—— Max? s+... 295 
—— minimus 290,315 
— Mungo... ... 292 
—— nanus 1 = DB 
—— radiatus ... 296 
sublobatus... 288 


torosus © 298 
—— trilobus 298 
ifort cc sie 12 


—ealycina ... .. I] 
cephalotes  ... 10 
esculenta 
—— moluccans ... ll 
montana . 
—— pilosa .., 
—— repetifolia 
—— urticifolia ... 
Zeylanica — 

Phoenix acaulis .... 


re 


—— pusilla ... 
sylvestris... ... 
Phyllanthus bacciformis 661 

—— Enmblica ... 671 


INDEX. 
: z , Page Page 
Phyllanthus leucopyrus | 658 | Plectranthus strobiliferus 23 
—— longifolius. 672 Pola tsjira 93 
— madraspa- Polygala arvensis 218 
tensis. © ss. —-- 654 telephioides 218 
—— multiflorus 664 —— undulata 219 
—— Niruri ..--.659 | Polyphema Jaca . . 522 
——obeordatus 656 | Pongam  ... «+ « 239 
_.—— patens ... 667 | Pongolam .. 767 
baz —— pendula... 662 | Ponnagam... ... 827 
_—— petiolaris .... 664 | Pou Candel . . 130 
ie reclinatus. 669 | Prasium melissifolium 26 
retusus ... 657 | Premna cordifolia ... 78 
rhamnoides 663 esculenta... 81 
—— simplex ... 654 herbacea ... 80 
strictus .... 670 —— integrifolia .. 81 
tenellus ... 668 latifolia 76 
——tetrandrus. 674 longifolia 79 
tinctorius.... 664 —— mucronata 80 
turbinatus 666 scandens 82 
ty — urinaria ... 660 serratifolia 77 
—— virosus . 659 —— spinosa 77 
Vitis oe . 665 tomentosa 76 
Phyllaurea Codieum 679 | ~Prenanthes acaulis 403 
Picinna 21 er ove vee 713 a eelaaliplin... 404 
Pimelia nigra ... . 138 procumbens 404 
Pinanga ii .. 615 racemosa ... 405 
Pinus Devdara .. 651 | Psoralea corylifolia 387 
— longifolia .. 651 Obovata «2. « 
Pistia stratiotes -. 131 tetragonoloba 
Pisum sativum... «. 321 | Pterocarpus dalbergioides 
Dine «551 —— indicus 
_Plantago aquatica. we Lol —— marsupium 
Plas... -csk:pre eben santalinus ... 
: plectranthive. aromaticus 22 | Pterospermum acerifoli- 
=— _ scutellarioi= —— canescens 162 
des. seers sae Rh 21 —— lancerfoli- 
—— secundus 20 um .. 163 


870 INDEX. 


Page 
Pterospermum semi-sa-_ Robinia ferruginea 
gittum ... 160 fruticosa ++ + os 
suberifoli- macrophylla 
um we 160 —— mitis aBi ss ann 
Pterygodium peildate 452 racemosa 
Purnasa See a a | Sennoides 


Pu-tumba .. 1. ws 442 | 
Pyrethrum Indicum... 436 | 


suberosa ees 


uliginosa ... 


| Roscoea pentandra 
Quercus acuminata... 636 | tomentosa .. 
armata... ~—-640 | villosa... 
—— castanicarpa ... 640 ~Rottlera alba ... 
—depressa ... 640 © dicocca 
fenestrata  ... 633 ferruginea 
foro. 2334... 639 hexandria 
glomerata ... 640 indica 
——incana... .. 642 —— peltata ite 
—— lamellata... ... 641 tetracocca eae 
—— lancerfolia ... 634 —tinctoria .. 
—— lappacea ... ... 637 | Ruellia balsamica 
— lucida ... ... 635 —— bracteata ... 
—— muricata... ... 685 ——cernua .. ..- 
-—— semiserrata... 641 | ——comosa ... °... 
squamata _.... 638 | dependens - .., 
— serrata ses. G4 —— fasciculata... 
—— turbinata --. 636 


Radix Columba ... ... 807 
—— deipara ... ... 86 
Ramena-pou-maram_... 148 siege 
Raphanus sativus ... 126 — infundibuliformis 
Rhizophora corniculata 130 latebrosa ... ©... 

Ricinocarpus Zeylanica longifolia... 
hirsuta aces tae obovata ... © os 

~Ricinus communis von < - OS ——patula 
——dicoccus .. ... 690 Pavalat 2.4. 

_ ———Mappa .. .. 690 | —— racemosa ... 
_ Robinia candida .. ... 327 | . ——ringens ... ... 


5 OOO mans 


Ruellia salicifolia  ... 
— — suffruticosa 
_—— uliginosa 

Zeylanica 


Sagittaria cordifolia 

—— obtusifolia 
sagittifolia 
Saga Palma 
Saguaster Major .. 
Saguerus Rumphii ... 
Sagus farinifera .. 

inermis ... 

laevis ... 


Sagus sive Palma fari- 
naria 
Saivala ... 


S ~ ali Baby] : 


Si tetrasperma ane one 


Samandara se Nie 
a baccatum ... 
cordifolium 
-—— Indicum 

. sebiferum 
Schakeri-schora 
Schanga cuspi .. ++ 


~ Schem parilt ... 


pesca cottam 


Schit-elu Pree 


Misrigaae 
Schunda pana ... 


Scleria biflora "S42" .4 “9 
corymbosa ... sae 


i ev. 4S aK 
-—  lithosperma 
a setigera ats 


Rumphii... ... 


INDEX. 871 
Page Page 
50 | Scleria tenuis , 674 

. 53 | Scutellaria indica 24 
52 peregrina 24 
52 | Sebifera glutinosa 819 
42 | Securidaca paniculata ... 219 
Senecio Moluceana .. 433 

647 | Serpicula verticillata 578, 751 
646 | Serratula anthelmintica 405 
645 carthamoides ... 407 
624 — cinerea... 406 
625 | Sesasum orientale... ... 100 
626 | Sicyos Garcini .. 727 
624 | Sida abutilon ... 178 
623 acute 5°03 ei 
623 | —— alba oe 174 
623 | —— alnifolia . 174 
—— asiatica— -... -... 179 

624 | —— chinensis trea 
752 cordifolia .. raseguc ¥ fs 
754 | —— crispa a FF 
753 cuneifolia ... 170 
142 foliis, &c. Pitas ¥ ve 

. 694 glutinosa ... 172 
693 | —— graveolens ... ... 179 
002 | Se) humillgitn. os 771 
693 | —— indica 4: . 179 
Fld & 25 lanceolatesses... ~--¥75 
321 | —— microphylla... ... 170 

. 194 Napaca i. BFS 
737°| —— periplocifolia — ... 172 
.. 100 | —— pilosa ass i 
~~ 76 polyandra sa 378 
. 625 | —— populifolia ee 
673 | ——yretuss ose or. 175 
574 rhombifolia Sea | 
574 | ——rhomboides ... ... 176 
574 tomentosa... ... 178 
575 uniloeularis ... mo yp ft 


872 INDEX. 


Page 

Sideroxylon spinosum ... 835 
Siegesbeckia brachiata 439 
— orientalis ... 439 
Silagurium vulgare .. 176 
Sinapis brassicata ... ... 120 
x#—cuneifolia .. 121 
dichotoma... ... l17 
divaricata ... 123 
erysimoides ... 123 
glauca: «se; - 118 
patens we iecdee 
—— pusilla ... . 125 
——ramosa .«... «- 119 
TUQOES «400 eterna ALS 
trilocularis in 221 
Sinapistrum Zeylanicum 128 


Siphonanthus hastata 
indica 
Sitodium cauliflorum ... 
Sjasmin yo. see see ees 
Smilax glabra eee 
—— lanceefolia 
~—— laurifolia te 
—— macrophylla... 
~ —— maculata A 
ovalifolia ... 
prolifera : 
—— Pseudo-China ... 
me Tetusa see aoe 
| Smithia aspera... - 
—— semsitiva 
Soladi-tirtava se 
Solandra lobata ... 203 
‘Sonchus oleracens ec 


bo ha ka &y Oy Sy a 83 ee 
“SSESSESSSSERRSSR 


-Tacca sativa ww. ++ + 


* 

Page 
Spheranthus mollis  ... 446 
Spilanthus Amella ... 410 
oleracea .» 410 
Spinacea tetrandra ... 771 
Stemodia ruderalis i. ae 
viscosa ws 94 
Siephania rotunda se BAL 
Sterculia alata ... ... 152 
angustifolia ... 148 
- Balanghas ... 144 
— coccinea «..,. .». 151 
—— colorata .... 146 
— foetida: ..s-,. 0,204 
——guttata .. 148 
— lanceefolia ... 150 
—— parviflora ... 147 
—— populnifolia. ... 148 
urens ... .. 145 
~—— villosa... «+. 153 


 Stilago Bunis cca. tcsbe = 2000 


Se QIANG a iienec teen 
—— lanceolaria ... 760 
tomentosa ..». + 757 
Stillingea sebifera ... 693 
Streblus asper «+» 761 
Streptium asperum ... 90 
Stylosanthes mucronata. 2082 
Suendadi-pullu ..._ ... 388 


patula id 


Tamarindus indica oie 


Tanarius minor 


Landale cotti..,e.-+- 272 


402 . 
x 402 | Tenga ..- ss ver ore G14 
jpheranthus In ee oe Metragartets ostes. 


Teregam wo» oe 554 


_ 


VOL, Hil. 


INDEX. 873 
Page Page 
Tetranthera apetata ... 819 Trichosanthes palmata 704 
- fruticosa ... 823 | Trifolium Indicum —«.. 388 
—— lanceefolia 822 madraspatense 299 
—— lanrifolia ... 823 officinale 388 
macrophylla 822 Trigonella corniculata 389 

monopetala 821 . —— Foenum gre- 
—gillieg =<... O10 “cum... . 389 
— Poiieadra 824 Indica 389 
- ——— quadriflora 821 | Triquera acerifolia 197 
Teucrium stoloniferum .... 3 | Trophis cylindrica... 599 
Thalia maravara 465 SPinOSa sss 762 
Theobroma angusta . 156 | Tesadaen-tsjira os * 97 
Thora-poru $95 | Beiela. ... stetoslersa--G49 
Thuja orientalis... .. 653 | Tsjaca marum .. 522 
Thunbergia fragrans 33 | Tsjadaen wn ee ee 2 
grandiflora... 34 | Tsjakela we 551 
Tinda-parua . 761 | Tsjem Cumulu we + 30 
Tomex Tetranthera , 823 | Tsjera maram ...* 678 
japonica 821 | Tsjeria-manga-mari. ... 97 
Ba sebifera ...,_ ... 819 narenampult 648 
Torenia cordifolia... 95 | T'sjeriam-cottam . 770 
—— diffusa . 95 | Tsjeru eee 660 
—— hians 96 | Tsjeru-parua...... +» 171 
——— multiflora 96 | Tsjeru-tsjurel 779, 782 
—— vagans . 96 ULER werent s-- 19D 
varians «.. .-.. 96 nela..  yaerdest 128 
Fortula aspera... .. 90 | Tsjetti-pu we veo 436 
ia cannabina ... 575 | Tumba as “oe 9 
=—— Chamelea’ .... 577 Pypha angastifelis eee OOF 
-dnyolucrata .. ii B78 elephantina ... 565 
ie — - Mercurial a EO > gainers itis SOT 
‘ Trichosanthes engine? ” 701 | Ubium digitatum ... .. 798 
= —— cordata..... 703 rs — silvestre aa ove 805 
—— cucumerina 702 | Ula vse eee tee vee 518 
ceniieen u@ect 2.0 FOL | MAMON, ove. 00s Fes ieee 182 
$0 _— heteroclita 705 | Urena lobata..... ... +.» 182 
ed __—lobata ... 703 | Urinaria Indica... 660 

5F 


874 INDEX. 


Page 
Urjuka .. Pete sare C | 
Urica acuminata)... 592 
—— alienata 4. ... 582 
-— bicolor «0. ... 589 
—  crenulata... ... 591 


decumana vee 687 
frutescens v0 ... 589 
wi fruticos@) al ~~ 599 
—— heterophylla 586 


vse interrupta : vee 585 
——involucrata .... ... 592 
—— lineata z 
—— minima oo RBNGES 
naucliflora ww 8n§@2 
—— paniculata ... 
—— parviflora mw 681 
pentandra ... -... 583 
—— pulcherrima’ ... 588 
—— scabrella ») ..6003).°581 
—— Sphaerocephala 599 
—— suffruticosa ... ... 584 
tenacissima .).. 590 
jut. FINCTVIA 95 vsv-689 
@—_ tuberosa 0. 583 
vescicaria. .... i.) 587 


Vallia-manga-mari 


ae stloge] 

Wullisneria alteraifpli 750 
_ —octandra . 752 
= spinaoidess.. 750 
tas 751 

Valli diene veers 32 632 


——— upudah......---... 042 
Vanda ... 


eon eee 


Vandellia diffusa’ 9% Lar 


Varinga latifolia 2... 


Page 
Velaga aylocarpa — 4... 163 
Verbena Forskaelei - -. 90 
Verbesina biflora 440 
Boswellia . 443 
440 
—— Lavenia _... 442 
—— postrata, §e:" 438 
—— sativa . 447 
-—— scandens. 441 
Verbisina Amella .. . 410 
Vernonia anthelmintica 406 
Vicia Fabia S28 
sativa 323 
Viscum confertum 764 
—— monoicum 7 
opuntioides 764 
—— verticillatum 764 
Vitex alata aka 72 
—— altissima ... 7 
—— arborea 7. 
— Chinensis 72 
heterophylla _ 2 73 
— incisa ds 72 
—— Leucoxylon iz... 74 
—— Negunda ...°°..; 70 
Negundo eee f 
——— paniculata: <=), 2 71 
Saligna SHES BOGS 
Vitis alba Indica... a eA 
Volkameria Buchanania 60 
\ ——dentata ... 61 
—— farinosa ... 64 
—— inermis 58 
—— infortunata 59 
—: = mull 57 


INDEX. $73 

pent Page Page 
Volkameria serrata ... 62 | Wrightea caryotoides ... 621 

urticifolia 61 — 

Volubilis nigra, Se. 797 Xanthium Indicum —__... 601 
Wal-tiedde ... 9) 4 {I oe ae Soe 
Weli-ila ... os. sew see 496 | Zanthozylum  ... +. 768 
Wellia Cupamenia + | 675 | Zanthexylum alatum ... 768 
Wellia-tandale-cotti. ... 279 | Zea mays fae, BOF 
Wellia-theka-maravara 460 Zinnia bidens wo» 435 


THE END.