American fern journal.

~

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

R. C. BENEDICT eater =

Editor

E. J. WINSLOW

*

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CONTENTS.

No. 1, JANuARY—M arcu, Issupp Marcu 22, 1913.

Polypodium Speluncae L., a question of nomenclature
arl Christensen

‘Wayside ferns of the Dolomites........ C. A. Weatherby
Schizaea pusilla in its natural surroundings, (Plate 1)
R. C. Benedict

Ferns of northern Berkshire County, Mass..E. J. Winslow
Asplenium angustifolium in Louisiana..Francis W. Pennell
A belabed -masidenhar oi oe ee ee L. S. Hopkins
Notes an aa POW eet ee en Ie eet an oe eS
PANCTICAD FOL MOCCUY sole) cao sok ee tet ea as ee P ah es

No. 2, Aprit-Junn, Issunp June 12, 1913.
Hunting the hart’s tongue and holly fern, ead a

. Ransier

Pteridophytes of the north shore of Lake Superior
O. E. Jennings
Addenda to Prof. Jennings’ article ........ L. S. Hopkins
My herbarium and its one enemy........... J. A. Bailes

_ Ferns of New England and old England...S. P. Rowlands

TOtes BNG- NOWS, oes ccs Vee ee es eS Oe ea

Rpuestions and comments. {0.0503 . i tie a ee

Arerican Fern Sotiety. :.000. 6 vs eS ee eee
No. 3, Juty-SepreMBer, Issuep Avcust 30, 1913.

The fern of Washington (Plates 1-4)
sai Oe

Frye and M. McM. Jackson

A new hybrid fern, (Figs. 1-7)............-- F. C. Greene
WN oon eee ooo gs ee eee se es G. L. Mocley
Double sori in Athyrium. (Fig. 1, 2)........ E. J. Winslow
TN yO BIE Oe eee ya eS
MR OrIORM CPE OMIT. 5 61s 5 eh eS a eee

No. 4, Ocroper-DecemBER, IssuED DeceMBER 30, 1913
The ferns of Washington (Plates 6-8)
TC. lb a ane M- McM. Jackson
a iy & 3 2 st W. axon

- A new ser Aves from British Columbia, piel 9)

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Vou. 3, PLATE 1

Curty Grass (Schizaea) at Home

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Vout. 4. No. 2.

Wy

Pirate No. 20.
1, 2 = Polypodium Scouleri; 1 =a leaf, X 144; 2 =a leaflet, X1. 3, 4
» leaf, X leaflet, x 1.

= Polypodium hesperium; 3 =a leaf, X 4; 4 5,6 =
Polypodium occidentale; 5 = a leaf, X 4; 6 =a leaflet, X 1 :

(One of 20 plates included in Prof. Frye’s fifty page article on the
“Ferns or Wasaincton,” Printed in the American Fern Journal during

ee ee ee ee

Ampriran Fern Journal

Vol. 3 JANUARY, 1913 No 1

Polypodium speluncae L. A question of
nomenclature
CARL CHRISTENSEN
During the preparation of a supplement to my Index
Filicum, which I hope will be issued within the summer
of 1913, I came upon several corrections to the nomen-

‘elature of the Index, pointed out by different pieridolo-

gists during the last six years. Many of these corrections
are right and will be taken up in the supplement, others
are in my opinion unjustified. I can not, of course, pro-
test against all false binomials, but shall confine myself to
protest against a single one, which has appeared in the
AMERICAN FERN JoURNAL. The case is very illustrative
because it shows: (1) how new combinations can be pub-
lished in a very tedious manner, even by an American,
and (2) on what superficial reasons a pteridologist, though
commonly very exact and consequent, has arrived at his
results.

In an article on Bermuda ferns, H. G. Rugg' uses the .
name Dryopteris speluncae (L.) Und. As far as I can find,
that combination was never used by Underwood in his
papers on ferns, but it may, of course, have been pub-
lished by another author in a publication unknown to me.
This being the case, Mr. Rugg is correct in using the name,
but I believe that the name appears for the first time in

1This JouRNAL 2: 16-18. 1912.
(No. 4 of the JournatL (2: 97-1 28) was issued Oct. 1912].

2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Mr. Rugg’s article,* and the question is then: Can the
new binomial be considered rite published? I answer:
No! No one not very familiar with tropical ferns can
know which species Rugg is speaking about, because he
does not quote even one synonym. I seriously protest
against that kind of publishing of new names. In a paper
of purely phytogeographical contents, the author ought
to use such binomials only that are published before.
An instance of a correct publication of a new name ap-
peared in the same number of the JouRNAL, viz., in Mr.
Maxon’s paper on Polypodium Saffordii.

But now as to the combination Dryopteris speluncae (L.)
Und. itself, I shall shortly again try to show that it is
ounded on a false base. In my paper on some Swartzian
ferns,‘ I have dealt with the question once before. The
question being of special interest to American pteridolo-
gists I shall here repeat my conclusions about the matter
in English.

Underwood wrote in 1907 the following? ‘‘We repro-
duce here a single plate [7. e. Plukenet tab. 244] from the
latter, which is just now interesting because it figures a
fern peculiar to the caves of Bermuda and named from
that circumstance (Polypodiuwm speluncae L.), but one
which jugglers of the past generation of botanists have
placed outside its proper species, genus and even tribe,
and have attributed to nearly all parts of the tropical
world except, alas, the very island from which it origi-
nally came!’’ It is probable that Mr. Rugg has used
the combination Dryopteris speluncae (L.) Und. on the

*If this is the case, the responsibility belongs not to Rugg but
to Benedict, to whom, as noted in the paper, the material had
been referred for partial identification. Ed.

’ Arkiv ‘‘Bot. 9: 6,7. 1910.

? Pop. Sci. Monthly 70: 504. 1907.

CHRISTENSEN: PoLyPODIUM SPELUNCA L. 3.

authority of Underwood believing that Underwood’s
statement in the sentences quoted above was right. Let
us then examine the matter from the bottom.

Polypodium speluncae was named by Linnaeus in the
first edition (1753) of Species Plantarum, p. 1093, an
described thus: ‘‘Polypodium fronde supradecomposita
pilosa: foliis lanceolatis pinnatis: pinnis oppositis pnna-
tifidis. Fl. Zeyl. 384.” ‘Filix bermudensis elegans ra-
mosa pinnis rarioribus dentatis, cauliculis muscosa lami-
gine obductis. Pluk. alm. 155 t. 244 f. 2.” “Habitat
in Indiis.”’ :

Hereafter it is evident that’ the species was described
first in Fl. Zeyl. 384, and that the Indian plant described
there is that species, which Linnaeus in Spec. Plant. gives
the specifie name: spelunca. In Flora Zeylanica, a
work of Linnaeus, published in 1748, we find, p. 182,
under No. 384 a ‘‘Polypodium fronde supradecomposita
pilosa, foliolis lanceolatis pinnatis, pinnis pinnatifidis,”’
and following other quotations we find again a reference
to Plukenet, but now quoted thus: “Filix bermudensis
elegans ramosa, pinnis rarioribus profunde dentatis spel-
uneca rupium innascens, caul culis a lamigine
obductis—Pluk. Alm. 155 t. 244 f. 2. Certo.’

The word “certo” (certainly, surely) means that
Linnaeus was convinced that his species, collected in Ceylon
(or India) by P. Hermannus, was the same as that plant
from Bermuda figured by Plukenet, and therefore he
later on took his specific name from Plukenet’s short
description. But Linnaeus was not correct. Plukenet’s
plate figures what is generally known as Dryopteris ampla
(Willd.) O. Ktze., a species not at all occurring in
East India, whence Polypodium speluncae came! The
explanation of Underwood’s mistake is, I think, that he
had overlooked the quotation: “Fl. Zeyl. 384” in Spec.
Plant, which follows immediately after the diagnosis.

4 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Polypodium speluncae L. was first by Moore identified
with Davallia polypodiodes Hk., which species is since
commonly called Microlepia speluncae. Whether Moore
was correct in that identification is unfortunately not
quite sure. According to B. D. Jackson,’ no specimen of
P. spelunca is to be found in the Linnaean Herbarium.
Summary: The combination Dryopteris speluncae (L.)
Und. is not well founded, and it ought not to have been
published. The Bermuda plant is probably D. ampla,
as given in my forthcoming revision of the American de-
compound species of Dryopteris. Polypodium speluncae
L. may be the species generally called Mierolepia speluncae
(L.) Moore, but this is not proved, certainly it is not D.
ampla. :
CoPpENHAGEN, DeceMBER, 1912.

Wayside ferns of the Dolomites

C. A. WEATHERBY

The route through the Dolomite region, which is usu-
ally followed by travelers arriving from the south, runs
from Belluno in northeastern Italy, where the railway
stops, by way of Cortina and the new “Dolomites Rozd,”’
to Bozen in the valley of the Adige. Geologically speak-
ing, it hardly touches the real Dolomites at all. For three-
quarters of its length, it traverses a belt of ‘“‘more or less
pure” Triassic limestone which wholly lacks the high
percentage of magnesium characteristic of true dolomite.
For the latter part of the way, on the descent through
the Eggenthal to Bozen, the prevailing roék is a rather
Stone ered, purplish porphyry, in appearance very like

Daas to the Linnaean Herbarium. Proceedings of the Linnaean
Soc. London 124th Session 1912: 120. 1912.

WEATHERBY: FERNS OF THE DOLOMITES 5

the African porphyry with which the ancient Romans
were wont to decorate their temples and baths. This is
_a siliceous rock, containing very little lime.

If the name of the ‘‘ Dolomites Road”’ is, scientifically,
something of a misnomer, no exception can be taken to
the scenery which it displays. The first few miles out
of Belluno are, indeed, comparatively uninteresting; but
once in the Ampezzo valley, one enters a region of pecu-
liar and distinctive beauty. Smooth green pastured
slopes lead up and into forests of larch, above which, in
the near distance, tower the bare rock summits of the
mountains. They are not orthodox summits: besides
tending to a pinky gray color, somewhat frivolous for
mountains of their size and probable age, they are strangely
splintered and serrated, and fantastic in outline. Their
very names—Tofana, Pomogognon, Antelao—are strange
and as if especially designed to express the singularity
of the peaks to which they belong

If the traveler is botanically inclined and if, as we did,
he avoids the too rapid motor-diligence and travels in
the old-fashioned way, by carriage—and still more if, as
in our case, his carriage is ballasted with some two hundred
and fifty pounds of driver—he will have considerable
opportunity, not only to take in the greater features of
the landscape, but to observe the abundant and varied
vegetation by the way. Our journey was made in June,
and our eyes were first caught and long held by the pro-
fusion of gaily-colored flowers in the mowing-fields at the
bottom of the valley.

When we had somewhat recovered from the impression
made by their abundance and their very real beauty, we
were moved to uneasy reflections by these flowers. For
the fields which they completely overrun are evidently
hay-fields; and I, at least, had been accustomed to sup-
pose that hay should be made of grass. But here it is

6 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

made of—to name its more prominent constituents—
blue sage, yellow-rattle, a species or two of the Legumi-
nosae, a lousewort, globe-flowers, a very dark purple
columbine, a pale lavender plantain, an occasional hare-
bell or Phytewma, two or three species of Orchis, an under-
growth of Euphrasia and Viola tricolor and two or three
composites of the hawkweed persuasion, thrown in for
good measure. Grass is, apparently, a negligible ele-
ment. The Dolomite cows must need all their stomachs
to dispose properly of so mixed a diet. However, we
were forced to conclude that it agreed with them; for
they produce excellent butter and are expert mountain-
climbers in addition.
A great part of my own wayside observations was
devoted to ferns, since most of the species in that group
were either familiar to me or readily recognizable. In
the Ampezzo valley, the commonest species was Cystop-
teris fragilis—so common that my notes dismiss t with
the single word “‘everywhere.”’
A good second, in point of abundance, was the wall-rue
spleenwort, Asplenium Ruta-muraria. To one who lives
in a sandy New England valley, and is obliged to travel
many miles and to seek out certain particular ledges in
order to get a sight of it, the abundance of this species
in the southern Tyrol is positively disconcerting. It grows
vulgarly as a weed, in the crevices of every old wall and
on every rocky bank. We realized how well it deserved
its old name of “Wall-rue.” It is extraordinarily toler-
ant of differences in degree of light, growing, with appar-
ently equal satisfaction, on the open roadside and on
densely shaded boulders in the woods. In America, it
is pretty strictly a lime-loving plant; but according to
Dalla Torre and Sarntheim’s “Flora von Tirol,” it is
here also tolerant of chemically different substrata. It
is said to occur frequently about Bozen on porphyritic

WEATHERBY: FERNS OF THE DOLOMITES 7

rocks which show no effervescence when tested with acid,
and far from any source of calcareous sediment. As
would be expected in a plant of so diverse habitat, it
develops considerable differences in the size and shape of
the fronds and numerous named varieties are recorded
in local floras.

A frequent companion of the wall-rue on walls and way-
sides is the maiden-hair spleenwort, Asplenium Tricho-
manes. It does not, however, penetrate the woods.
There, on shaded, mossy boulders and ledges, its place is
taken by Asplenium viride, distinguishable at a glance by
its green rachis. A. viride seems to prefer not only more
shaded situations, but also higher altitudes, than A.
Trichomanes.

Another frequent species of open rich woods is Phegop-
teris Robertiana. The ‘Flora von Tirol’ reports Ph.
Dryopteris as also common in the region which we tra-
versed. Even with our leisurely manner of traveling,
we could not stop to search for glands on every specimen
of beech fern we passed, nor always make out clearly the
outline of the frond from our moving carriage; but all the
plants I saw seemed to be, and all that I examined surely
were, Ph. Robertiana. In moist places in the woods, in-
dividual specimens sometimes attain a remarkably large
size for this species—so large that, from a little distance,
it would be easy to mistake them for small plants of
Pteris aquilina.

The bracken, though occasional all along our route,
was nowhere abundant and, when seen, was somewhat
small and starved looking. Nowhere were there such
thickets of fronds shoulder-high as may be seen in Eng-
land. Another familiar species, Asplenium Filix-femina,
was similarly occasional throughout our course but never
in great quantity.

From Cortina in the upper Ampezzo valley, we made a

8 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

side excursion, over an exceedingly rough wcod-road, to
a place where an ancient and insecure wooden bridge,
high up over a turbulent stream, commands a view of
distant mountains, framed in by the sides of a wild and
wooded ravine. It also commanded a view of the finest
and most completely inaccessible specimens of Asplenium
viride I ever saw. Here, in rocky woods, were several
trim clumps of the holly fern, Polystichum Lonchitis,
looking like a smaller, neater and more elegant edition
of our own Christmas fern. Here, too, in a cold springy
place by the roadside, where the ground was covered with
the interlaced stems of an alpine willow, Salix reticulata,
were large patches of the pretty fern-ally, Selaginella
selaginoides.

Our last stopping-place before reaching Bozen was at
Karersee, near the summit of the watershed between the
Fassathal and the Eggenthal. The “See” is insignificant
—nowhere, I believe, are tinier bodies of water dignified
with the name of “lake” than in the eastern Alps—but
the forest which surrounds it is magnificent. It is a pure,
not very dense stand of tall old Norway spruces. It
shows no obvious signs of having ever been lumbered
and, unlike most forests of this region, none of having been
pastured. The ground under the trees is covered with

unimaginable quamtities of deep, soft moss, in which
grow delightful woodland plants. The most interesting,
perhaps, was a little orchid, Listera cordata, which here
occurred in abundance, in two forms, one with green, the
other with brownish flowers. Here were old friends—
the wood sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella, Lycopodium annotinum
and, in the way of ferns proper, Dryopteris spinulosa and
Phegopteris polypodioides, both seen only here. Here,
too, we saw for the first time Dryopteris Filiz-mas and
for the only time, the delicate triangular fronds of Cysto-
pteris montana.

WEATHERBY: FERNS OF THE DOLOMITES 9

After leaving Karersee, we passed out of the limestone
belt into the porphyry and at once a familiar fern, Poly-
podium vulgare, hitherto unseen, made its appearance.
All down the Eggenthal it clothed the tops of boulders
and fringed the crests of ledges, quite in New England
fashion. At Klobenstein, near Bozen, we were pleased
to find that queer fern, Asplenium septentrionale. It
grew in the crevices of a loosely laid stone wall, in the
full glare of the sun, its crowded linear fronds looking
like tufts of coarse grass.

And with it, we saw the last of our Dolomite ferns.

East Hartrorp, Conn.

een

10 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ae
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Vou. 3; Prats I |
4
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sms

Scent

ScHizaEa at Home

Schizaea pusilla in its natural surroundings
R. C. BENEDICT

Schizaea pusilla—sometimes called ‘‘curly grass,” is
perhaps our most elusive fern. It occurs in only a few
very limited regions,—Newfoundland, New Jersey. It
is also the most diminutive and least conspicuous of all
our ferns. Possibly it is more wide-spread than has been
supposed as it might readily escape the notice even of a
careful searcher.

The plant shown in the ite was found last July near
the Toms River, New Jersey. The species had been
found there before, and the writer was guided in his
search by the careful directions of one of the earlier visi-
tors to the locality. One discrepancy between the lo-
cality as described and as found last summer was dis-
covered when it was found that according to the direc-
tions, the route lay through a pond of some acres extent
on which no boat was available. As was learned later,
this pond is a temporary affair, and is filled or emptied
according to the exigencies of cranberry culture.

The important landmark, according to the directions,
was a railroad embankment. This was visible the other
end of the pond, and was reached finally after a consider-
able detour. For the benefit of those who may wish to
hunt for Schizaea, let me describe in some detail the actual
surroundings under which it grew at that particular lo-
cality.

The pond lay in a hollow only a little lower than the
adjoining tract. Along two sides, the ground was at
that time very dry and covered with blueberries and scrub
oak. Along the railroad embankment, the marginal
ground was very moist, with scattered patches of sphag-

il

13 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

num. The soil here was sandy. In this section, within
arod of the railroad, Schizaea wasfound. At first, only a
very small plant was discovered, later more and larger
ones were found. The plant shown in the picture was
not the largest clump, but it was of good size, and was in
a better position than some for photographing. The
plants noted all grew partially shaded. It may be noted
in passing that they needed shade. That particular
locality must have been about the hottest place in New
Jersey and the day in question was the hottest day of last
summer. There was a fine breeze, but it came from the
other side of the embankment. On the lee side, the sun
had full sway and the damp ground almost steamed.
The manipulation of a camera is not a cool task on a hot
day, especially when the placing of the camera is difficult,
and the focusing requires particular care. It was ne-
cessary to interrupt the work with frequent trips to the
top of the embankment for a breath of less heated air. So
much for the general surroundings under which Schizaea
was found.

One of the best means of finding a particular person or
plant is to know the usual associates. The photograph
shows two interesting ones, Drosera rotundifolia, and
Lycopodium innundatum. The Lycopodium was common
but lacked several weeks of maturity. Besides the round-
leaved sundew, the larger long-leaved species was also
present. Plants of both were numerous. They were
Just a few days short of being in full flower. In the
sunnier spaces, plants of Pogonia and Limodorum were
numerous, mostly with withering flowers. As the pic-
ture shows, the Schizaea was not entirely unrolled. Prob-
ably three weeks were passed before its spores were fully
ripened.

: P robably Schizaea grows in somewhat different situa-
tions in some of its other locatlies. -I noted recently a

WINSLOW: FERNS OF MASSACHUSETTS 13

statement that its habitat was in dried up boggy ground.
It was not at all dried up at the Toms River station, last
summer, but it is possible that at some periods of the year,
the ground there may become dry. From the descrip-
tion given above, it will be noted that the situation was
not dissimilar to that required by Ophioglossum,—indeed
the latter occurred there—and it is not unlikely that care-
ful search in Ophioglossum territory may reveal more
localities for Schizaea.
Hicu ScHooLt oF COMMERCE,
New York City.

Ferns of Northern Berkshire County, Mass.
E. J. WINSLOW

The following list is compiled from the results of ten
days’ collecting in the upper Hoosic valley and surround-
ing hills with headquarters in the town of Cheshire. One
trip was made to a large swamp in Lenox and one to the
summit of Mt. Greylock and the Saddleback ridge.

The valley here slopes rather abruptly from the narrow
intervale with its occasional swamps and swales to the
rich hillside pastures and groves with frequent outcrop-
ping ledge, and thence to the forest covered mountain
ridges. There is plenty of lime rock of a rather hard
crystalline variety, and marble quarrying and lime
burning are carried on by the inhabitants to some extent.

This list is necessarily incomplete, and is published in
the hope to elicit supplementary records from readers of
this JournaL who have enjoyed a longer acquaintance
with this beautiful region.

Forty-four species of ferns and allies were found com-
mon or frequent in suitable localities. Of course not

14 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

equally common by any means, but common or frequent
as compared with their abundance in other parts of their
several ranges.

- Polypodium vulgare, Phegopteris polypodioides, P. Dryo-
pleris, Adiantum pedatum, Pteris aquilina, Asplenium
Trichomanes, A. platyneuron, A. angustifolium, A. acro-
stichoides, A. Filix-foemina, Camptosorus rhizophyllus,
Polystichum acrostichoides, Dryopteris Thelypteris, D.
noveboracensis, D. marginalis, D. Goldiana, D. cristata,
D. cristata Clintoniana, D. spinulosa, D. spinulosa inter-
media, D. spinulosa dilitata f. anadenia, Cystopteris bulbi-
fera, C. fragilis, Woodsia ilvensis, W. obtusa, Dicksonia
punctilobula, Onoclea sensibilis, Osmunda regalis, O. Clay-
ioniana, (not very common), O. cinnamomea, Botrychium
lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum,—frequent in woods,
associated with the following, B. ramosum, B. obliquum
and var. dissectum, B. ternatum var. intermedium, B.
virginianum, Equisetum arvense, E. sylvaticum, E. hyemale,
Lycopodium lucidulum, L. annotinum, L. clavatum, L.
obscurum, L. flabelliforme, Selaginella apus.

Camptosorus rhizophyllus was seen several times, but
only small stunted plants growing in the seams of boulders
in the open pasture.

Onocea Struthiopteris was seen in only one or two lo-
calities. The comparative rarity of this species is inter-
esting considering its abundance in the almost adjacent
Connecticut valley.

Ophioglossum vulgatum was found in but one locality.
It is doubtless fairly common, as no special search was
made for it.

Polystichum Braunii is known to grow on the west side
of Greylock. :

One good locality for Lycopodium tristachyum was
visited several times. It is associated with L. flabelli-
Jorme and an intermediate form, which might be taken

-Winstow: FEerNs or MASSACHUSETTS 15

for L. complanatum, butis probably L. flabelliforme x tristach-
yum. It compares well with plants that I have collected
in a similar situation and with the same associates in Ver-
mont, and with a plant recently sent me from Connecticut
concerning which Mr. Bigelow reports that he found it
with tristachyum and flabelliforme.

Of six Dryopteris hybrids collected, all but the first
were taken from the Lenox swamp and a small swamp in
Cheshire.

D. Goldiana x marginalis,—One plant, a fine large one,
was found growing in the rich loam of a steep wooded
hillside in the western part of Cheshire.

D. cristata x marginalis,—Rather common in swamps.

D. cristata x spinulosa intermedia,—Common in wet

ground.

D. cristata x spinulosa,—Several plants in the Lenox
swamp.

D. cristata Clintoniana x marginalis——In the Lenox
swamp.

D. cristata Clintoniana x spinulosa,—Lenox.

D. cristata Clintoniana x spinulosa intermedia,—Che-
shire and Lenox.

The Lenox swamp is well worthy of a paragraph on its
own account. It lies along both sides of the railway just
north of the village and seems to be several square miles
in extent. At any rate it is large enough and wild enough
to afford many days of good botanizing.

The conspicuous absence of certain names from this
list will perhaps interest the botanist who is acquainted
with the distribution of ferns in other parts of western
New England. A more thorough search might have dis-
closed localities for Phegopteris hexagonoptera, which is
recorded from Williamstown and Lenox, possibly Wood-
wardia virginica, almost surely Equisetum fluviatile. In
the limestone regions about Lake Champlain one may

16 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

look to find Pellaea atropurpurea and Asplenium ruta-
muraria, but the writer searched every promising cliff in
vain. Equisetum variegatum has been collected in Wil-
liamstown, and Selaginella rupestris in Sheffield, but as
far as the writer’s observation shows they seem to stick
to those two corner towns of the state.

AUBURNDALE, Mass.

Asplenium angustifolium in Louisiana
FRANCIS W. PENNELL

While collecting last August. in West Feliciana Parish,
Louisiana, I was much impressed with the number of
distinctly northern plants occurring there. Most of
these have already been noticed by Dr. R. S. Cocks of
Tulane University, New Orleans, to whom this aspect of
the flora is quite familiar. But one species of fern which
I collected there he assures me is a new record for the
state, and as it seems such a remarkable one, I wish to
report it here.*

West Feliciana Parish is situated along the east bank
of the Mississippi River just south of the Mississippi
state line. Its topography is much broken, consisting of
low hills reaching two or three hundred feet above sea
level. There is much woodland, largely of oaks and
deciduous trees of northern species, in low ground largely
of Magnolia grandiflora L. Ravines—quite dry while I
was there—abound, on the steep banks of which ferns
grow in profusion. It was along one of these that I came
upon a considerable colony of Asplenium angustifolium
Michx., growing in company with Aspleniium filix-foemina
(L.) aad Dryopteris patens (Sev.). The exact locality to
be cited is: near Alexander Creek, on land adjoining the
plantation of Mr. Edward Butler, Catalpa, La., 5 miles

* Since writing the above I have been informed by Dr. Cocks that

Dr. Carpenter recorded this plant from the same Parish. Still, the
_Tecord is a noteworthy one.—F. W. P

Hopkins: A BELATED MAIDENHAIR 17

north from Bayou Sara and 11 miles south of the Missis-
sippi line. The plant was in good fruit August 22 and
23 and is represented by my numbers 43/2 and 4334
collected in company with Mr. Butler.

In Mohr s “ Plant-Life of Alabama,” this fern is listed
from the mountain region of that state at 1,500 feet ele-
vation and even as far north as Pennsylvania its distri-
bution seems to be largely montane. To find it in Louisi-
ana at less than 200 feet elevation is indeed surprising.
However, in common with Adiantum pedatum L. an
other plants of the same district it may be looked for in
the hilly country of Western Mississippi to Vicksburg and
beyond—doubtless the break in its distribution is actually
much less than would at first appear.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

A belated Maidenhair
L. §. HOPKINS

On last Thanksgiving morning (Nov. 28, 1912) while
looking for late specimens of Botrychia at Cheswick, Alle-
gheny Co., Pa., a small but vigorous plant of the common
maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum L.) was found. As it is
unusual to find the maidenhair at this season, it seems
advisable to make a brief record of its occurrence.

The plant which was seemingly a young one bore eleven
fronds ranging in size from small to medium. All of
the fronds were green when collected, but two became
somewhat brown in the process of drying. None bore
fruit.

The records of the local weather bureau show that the
freezing point or lower was reached nine times during
November as follows: on the 2d, 3d, and 15th, 32°; on
the 16th, 31°; on the 24th and 25th, 28°; on the 26th, 31°;

18 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

on the 27th, 28°; while the minimum on the 28th, the day
the plant was taken, was 25°. The word day as here
used means the weather bureau day extending from 8 P.
M. to8 P. M. The temperatures recorded by the local
weather bureau, situated as it is in the very center of an
industrial region whose furnaces are constantly liberat-
ing large quantities of heat, are from two to five de-
grees higher than surrounding territory.

The fern grew in a semi-protected position on the
western side of a narrow wooded ravine whose general
slope is toward the south. It was frozen solid seemingly
when taken, but the frost had disappeared when it was
removed from the vasculum in the afternoon. The trees
were leafless and all except the hardy plants were killed.

How and why this particular plant was enabled to with-
stand temperatures which destroyed all of its kind and
how much longer it might have survived are points over
which one can only speculate.

Prasopy Hiau Scoot,

PiTTsBURGH, Pa.

Notes and news
MR. CHESTER C. KINGMAN

Mr. Chester C. Kingman passed away January 30th,
from an operation for appendicitis, at the age of 39. At
one time he was very interested in ferns and enjoyed the
rare privilege of collecting with Mr. Davenport. During
the past six years, he spent most of his time studying and
collecting bryophytes.

ELizABETH M. DuNHAM

Notes AND News : 19

W. A. Poyser, formerly secretary of the Society has
been appointed editor-in-chief of ‘‘The Aquarium,” a
monthly published by the Aquarium Societies of Chicago,
New York, Philadelphia, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and
Boston.

Mr. Carl Christensen is now preparing a supplement
to his “Index Filicum.’”’ In connection with this, he
asks to be informed of any errors, or omissions which may
have been noted in the ‘‘Index.” The supplement will
include a list of all the new species and new names pro-
posed s'nce the ‘Index’ was issued and also corrections
of any mistakes which may have been discovered in the
original volume. Any one who has know edge of any
detail which needs correction should send it to Mr.
.Christensen. His preparation of the ‘‘Index’”’ has placed
fern students forever in his debt.

Address, Mr. Carl Christensen, Botanical Museum,
Copenhagen, Denmark.

Can the age of a fern plant be estimated with any de-
gree of accuracy by an examination of its venation?

The query is suggested by a brief article which appeared
in Science during the preceding year and which dealt with
the relation of the venation of oak and other leaves to
the age of the plant producing them. The writer of the
article adduced facts to show that the size of the areolae
or vein meshes varied in the plants studied with the age

-of the trees: the older the tree, the smaller the areolae.
This variation he found seemed to hold good not only for
the life history of the leaves of a single stem, but also
for the leaves of sprouts and trees developed from sprouts.
This last fact is most interesting and significant for sprout
leaves often appear extra large and in other respects like
those of young vigorous seedlings. If it is proved that the

20 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

areolae of the leaves of a given species always vary in-
versely in size with the age of the tree, a fact of very con-
siderable interest and importance will have been estab-
lished. |

Fern students should give this hypothesis a thorough
test. Anyone can do this provided sufficient care is taken.
The only requisites are carefulness, time and diligence.
Reports of such studies will be gladly received for publi-
cation in the JouRNAL.

In order to test the hypothesis in the case of any par-
ticular kind of fern, the first thing to be done will be to
obtain plants showing a considerable range in age. This
will need great care, as it is not always easy to tell whether
a small plant is a sporeling or stem offshoot from another
plant. With the proper material selected, the next step-
would be the measurement of the spaces between veinlets
to determine whether they are constantly different in
size in plants of different ages. In order to get results
which would be at all conclusive, it would be necessary
to examine a large amount of material. Onoclea sensi-
bilis suggests itself as obviously the best adapted of our
common temperate ferns, but it would be worth while
applying the theory to the free-veined species as well.

RB, &s 2.

American Fern Society

Photographs of ferns and of fern students always make
good copy for the JOURNAL, and the editor will be glad
to receive any such as may be sent in, especially if accom-
panied by a contribution toward the expense of reproduc-
tion. A full page half-tone plate costs about three dollars;
smaller cuts at proportionate rates. It is hoped that at
least two such plates may be printed each number.

NoTEs AND NEws 21

More can be printed if the members like them well enough
to help defray their cost. Up to the present time,
several members have helped in this way.

The treasurer states that there are a number of people
on the rolls of the Society, to whom the JouRNAL has
been sent regularly, who have not yet paid their dues for
1912, nor have they replied to any of these communica-
tions from the treasurer. We do not wish to lose any one
who desires to remain a member and qualifies therefor.
If, however, any one wishes to be dropped from the rolls
at the present time or in the future, the favor of a post-
card, informing the Secretary of that fact would be greatly
_ appreciated.

Fern specimens wanted: Rev. J. A. Bates sends in the
following notice:

“T want to fill out a collection according to Gray’s
New Manual and need the following species: Phegopteris
Robertiana, Notholaena dealbata, Cheilanthes alabamensis,
C. Feei, Cryptogramma. acrostichoides, Polystichum Lon-
chitis. Tell me what I can give for one or all.”

J. A. BaTEs,
S. Royatston, Mass.

Through the kindness of Mr. W. R. Maxon, of the staff
of the National Museum, all members of the Society re-
ceived recently copies of his interesting article on “Tree
Ferns of North America.” The article deals with these
ferns in an introductory and historical manner, makes
note of their economic uses and finally treats of the vari-
ous genera involved. The characters of the genera are
carefully described and splendidly illustrated in fifteen
photographic plates.

22 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

oo

The Curator of the Herbarium sends word that the Her-
barium has recently received a valuable accession in the
shape of a collection of Canadian ferns, the gift of Prof.
O. E. Jennings.

As a reminiscence of the very pleasant and successful
field meeting held at Hartford in June, 1911, and by
way of suggesting that other similar meetings be planned

On a Fern OvTina

for this year, a picture showing some of those present
is here reproduced. One of the best features of that meet-
ing was the opportunity which it afforded those present
to become acquainted with each other. The members
shown in the picture are, from left to right, E. J. Winslow,
C. H. Bissell, H. G. Rugg, Philip Dowell, W. B. Ross-

berg and H. C., Bigelow.

THE JOURNAL FOR 1913 23

The Journal for 1913

During the year 1913 the editor hopes that the JouRNAL
may continue at the same standard as it has the past two
years. With Mr. Winslow as a co-worker and with the
co-operation of the officers and of the other members of
the society, the JouRNAL can be made whatever the mem-
bers desire. As your official organ it is for you to de-
termine its plan and scope.

According to the present working plan the JouRNAL will
include fern articles of two sorts, together with news
notes of general interest and also a page or more of espe-
cial interest to members of the Society. We expect to
continue to publish articles of technical scientific merit
like those of Mr. Christensen, Mr. Maxon, descriptions
of new species, etc. Articles of this sort give the JouRNAL
a standing among scientific men and institutions. We
want also to publish as heretofore, articles of local and more
popular interest. These are after all the kind we most
enjoy reading. Every one of us who has ever enjoyed a
tramp through woods and fields from pure love of the out-
doors enjoys reading about trips of this sort which others
have taken.

For articles of both sorts, as also for news, items, etc.,
the JourNAL must depend upon the members and ueatis
to contribute. The JoURNAL as the official organ of the
Society can have no better function than to publish the
kind of articles you like to read and in which you are in-
terested. So send them in. We are all interested in
reports of interesting fern tramps; we have all had our
own. o has had the most interesting one? What
Was your most interesting one?

Since the JouRNAL is yours, and should represent your
wishes, let us know what you want. If you see defects,
tell us about them, but tell us also how to remedy them.

24 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Destructive criticism alone does not help much and it has
been the policy of this JourNAL since its inception nearly
three years ago in 1910, to avoid that type of comment.
Of course, however it is planned, the JourNaL will not
please everyone. Some will prefer more technical articles,
some fewer of these. If you have a choice, see to it that
the kind you like predominates in the copy-drawer. We
can publish only what we receive. ,.

Finally, if you approve the plan for 1913 as here stated
and as represented in this number, let us know it. We
are sure to hear about the flaws.

The present number of the Journa has been delayed
by several causes. Part of the responsibility belongs to
the editor. For the rest of 1913, it is hoped that the suc-
ceeding numbers may appear earlier each quarter, not
later than the middle of the quarter. This can easily be
done the rest of the year if the copy for each number is
sent in far enough in advance.

Owen

Sound from high ground.

IV¥NunOf Nuayq NvVoOIuaNWy

“IOA

G

[ 41Vv14

a

Amprican Fern Journal

Vol. 3 APRIL, 1913 No 2

Hunting the Hart’s Tongue and Holly Fern at
Owen Sound, Ontario

H. E. RANSIER

October is rather late to turn a botanist loose for his
vacation, but that was my experience in 1909. I was not
even sure I could get away till a few hours before I started.
I had made up my mind that the only thing I could do
so late in the season would be to go to Owen Sound,
Canada, where I understood the holly and hart’s tongue
ferns grew, both “evergreen” to some extent, at least.
Taking a few necessaries (which includes a kodak in
my case) I was off.

Owing to lack of information, poor connections, indirect
roads and slow schedules, to say nothing of taking a
train in the wrong direction, I was a long time on the
way, and arrived very late one evening, but providen-
tially landed in one of the best hotels in the place. Next
morning, I discovered I was in a live, little city of some
thirteen thousand, instead of in a country town, as I
had fancied before starting. . The masts of a large lake
vessel, less than a block away, could be seen from my
window, a couple of huge grain elevators along the water
front (since burned) and the city itself spreading out
practically level a mile or so wide and a couple of miles

‘long.

(No. 1 of the Journat (2: 1-24) was issued Mar. 22, 1913.]
25

26 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Fic. 1. The mill above Inglis Falls.

Limestone ledges and hills form a letter U around the
place, the open end toward the Sound occupied by the
city, and the closed end of the U extending southward
perhaps a couple of miles beyond the place. At this
southern end of the U, a small stream comes tumbling

RansrerR: Huntinc THE Hart’s ToNGuE ot

down over the ledge, forming Inglis Falls. A mill is
located on the brink above and the water drops by easy
stages from ledge to ledge.

All of the roads leading out of the city are quite steep,
but one finds a strip of comparatively level country at
the top of a rise, and back of this level, another sharp
rise, half a mile or so away. The greater portion of the
land is under cultivation, while the rougher places are
wooded.

Fic. 2. Inglis Falls in flood.

My first expedition was to Inglis Falls and, finding the
road had a couple of turns in it, about half way there, I
tried cutting across fields, to the west, where the woods
came down to the base of the hill, intending to follow it
till it brought me to the Falls. Great was my delight
to find a few small hart’s tongue ferns before I had gone
five rods into the woods. A long, hard tramp along the

28 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

curve of the hills did not reveal anything more of interest
before I reached the highway again, where it passes but
a few rods to the west of the Falls. Passing towards the
base of the Falls, one is greeted by a number of very fair
specimens of the hart’s tongue, in the very rough, rocky
woods, within one hundred feet of the road.

Fig. 3. Inglis Falls at low water showing rock formation.

A little farther along the holly fern was found, and
as it was my first sight of it, it surely “looked good”
to me, though the fronds were only six or eight inches
long. I tried to photograph some, and put others into
my collecting case, for I thought I had found typical
specimens, but later I found much more thrifty ones at
the top of the Falls, under evergreen trees, where, on
account of the deep shade, there was little else growing
to compete with them. Here the fronds averaged 12
to 15 inches long and arched well over toward the ground.
In a couple of places where the trees did not monopolize
the space, the hart’s tongue grew from open seams of
the rocks, perfectly erect and of medium size.

RanstER: HuntTING THE Hart’s TonGuUE 29

~ woritan Wires,
: Pe ie ay ” :

w- Y

Fic. 4. A good plant of holly fern.

There were hundreds of holly ferns at this station,
surpassing the Christmas fern in depth of color, in ele-
gance of carriage, and but little inferior in size. At one
spot, however, where fully exposed to the light and in dry,
poor soil, the holly fern grew perfectly erect, of small size
and of a rusty color.

Crossing to the east side of the stream and searching
without result, I retraced my steps, filled my collecting
case with specimens and started hotelward through the
gathering dusk. (I have since learned that I missed the
main station for hart’s tongues, which is much further
south along the east side.)

The next day I followed the ledge from just east of
the city line toward the south, finding holly ferns prin-
cipally at the top of the cliffs; but it was a serious day’s
work, forcing one’s way through thickets, or over the
rocky places, and no station for hart’s tongues could be
found. Birch trees were very much in evidence, fur-

30 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

nishing me, as they had many others before, with dainty
bark, fit for the finest correspondence.

Another trip several miles to the east was made by
stage, and then afoot, examining the woods and ledges
along the highway at first, then across country for five
or six hours. Stopping at a farm house to inquire where a
certain ledge might lead me if followed out, the lady of the
house directed me to a short cut, saying, ‘‘Go up to the
little brick church on the corner, turn to the right and
go down to the fourth line.”” My repeated inquiries
brought out the fact that the ‘fourth line” was a certain
highway! Before reaching the church referred to, the road

Fig. 5. A strip of road near which Holly Ferns and Hart’s Tongue
grow.

crossed a ledge, and in the woods just above there were
plenty of fine holly ferns and scattering, stunted hart’s
tongues, the latter in more than one place were within
a few feet of the wheel tracks of the well kept stage road,
so near that the driver could flick them with his whip.
A little farther on, across the road from the little brick
church, children had a play-ground in the woods, and

RansieER: Huntinc THE Hart’s ToNGuE 31

both kinds of ferns were found close by, sometimes
trying to occupy the same spot, with roots tangled
one with the other! Those found so close to the road
usually were only 2 to 6 inch fronds, but at one place
8 to 10 inch fronds came within 3 feet of the dusty road.

After turning off to the right at the church, it was a
tramp seemingly of several miles before the road dropped
down over the ledge again, and as I left the road to
follow the rocks eastward again, I never reached the
“fourth line.” A log cabin, long since deserted, and
nearly hidden by the new growths about it, was found
soon after leaving the highway. The rocks were fear-
fully rent and the going not altogether free from danger,

Fic. 6. A limestone ledge.

especially as I tried to keep near enough to the edge to
keep a lookout for things of interest below, as well as
above. Mile after mile it was huge, detached rocks,
rocky woods, thickets, repeating itself over and over
again. Both kinds of ferns were found scattered over
most of the way, the hart’s tongues uniformly under-
sized and struggling for an existence. Holly ferns were
just as uniformly thrifty and ‘well to do.”

32 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

The hart’s tongue seemed to prefer a position 50 or
100 feet back from the edge of the ledge, in seams between
rocks, where soil had accumulated, and while woods
extended practically the entire distance traveled, they
grew better where it was but partially shaded, and vines
and shrubs had a foothold. A great many trees had
been overturned by the wind, and usually their roots
held all the earth, stripping it clean from quite an area,
and leaving bare rocks.

Though so late in the season, the days were oppressively
warm and made it quite impossible for me to make goo
time, loaded down with camera, tripod, field glasses,
collecting case, lunch, ete, and together with the
extremely rough traveling, it was impossible to reach
Woodville for the night as planned, except by taking to
the wagon road. Toward evening I had a chance to get
my bearings and arrived in time for a late supper. Black
tea, which seems to be used universally in that section,
was placed before me, and in spite of its tendency to keep
one awake, I drank it freely but did not lose a wink of
sleep, I was so exhausted.

The next morning at breakfast, a middle-aged
laborer, who learned of my interest in hart’s tongues in
particular, assured me he had seen them “in the old
country” growing as high as a certain sideboard, which
he pointed out, which I estimated to be at least four feet! :

The road at Woodville drops down across the ledge
which I had been following, so it was easy to resume the
search. Nothing of interest was found to the north inthe
woods or along the rocks, so I returned by a little used —
road, discovering two hart’s tongue stations quite near —
the little town. A narrow line of woods crossed the road,
rocks outcropping a foot or two, and between the rocks,
in full light, were plenty of specimens, some but a foot
or so from being run over by the wagon wheels. Those
in the open here were much thriftier than others in full

RaNsIER: HuntinGc THE Hart’s ToNGuE 33

Fic. 7. Woodville: At the left, one of the frequent outcropping
ledges.

shade nearby. Still nearer the brow of the hill, over-
looking the place, in a semi-wild apple orchard, were
scattering but fair-sized hart’s tongues, that is, better
than the most of those I met with in the vicinity. On
the main road, leading back to Owen Sound, just outside
of Woodville, there is a little school house, right in the
edge of the woods, the trees almost touching the build-
ing. Very large rocks stand up two to five feet above
the ground; the trees are large, not crowded and but
little grows in their shade. Here the school children
appeared to have resorted to “play house” as witnessed
the bits of pottery, premises outlined with pebbles,
etc., and here too hart’s tongues were quite well dis-
tributed. It would have been a quiet nook had not a
blue jay had an errand there. He looked beautiful, and
acted cheerful, but his voice was shocking.

Quite near this place, while sitting in the shade read-
ing a paper, I became conscious of something moving
near me, and glancing up I saw as beautiful a black
squirrel as I ever hope to see, not over 25 feet away, on

34 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Fic. 8. A peculiar rift in the limestone.

the top of a rail fence, with a butternut in his teeth,
sharply eyeing me. My camera was by my side, but it
might as well have been at home, for with a whisk of
his tail he sped along to safety. A little later the stage
picked me up and I had supper in Owen Sound.

A trip to the southwest followed and perhaps the most
interesting experience was finding Scolopendriums grow-

RansieR: Huntinc THE Hart’s ToNGuEe 35

ing in a farmer’s barnyard. ‘True, they were not large
ones, nor were there a great quantity of them, but it
would be hard to imagine anything more unexpected.
Eroded pockets in large rocks that poked their heads
above the surface here and there, afforded a foothold,
and the pockets being narrow and deep enough, the
cattle were unable to reach the fronds. The colonies
appeared to have been long established and really looked
better than many of similar size in the wilds.

My second pleasure was the finding of a clump of dry
fronds of the slender cliff brake, back from the face of
the cliff some 20 feet at the edge of a fissure.

Kemble and McLeans Mountain were reached on my
last trip out, and as they were some 10 or 12 miles out, I
drove there. It had turned colder that morning and
by the time I had arrived at McLeans Mountain, it had
begun to snow a little. The “mountain” may appear as
such from the waters of the Sound, which nearly reach
its foot on the east, but it would commonly pass for a
“hill” asone approaches it by the road. It looks as if
it had parted from the high land half a mile back from it,
and slipped off towards the water when the earth was
young. I had read of Hart’s tongues being found “in
deep shade” at Owen Sound, and fancied that it would
be growing under trees that grew close to the water
along little coves, and half expected it would be neces-
sary to row along in a boat to discover its haunts. Here
_ at McLeans Mountain it grew nearer the water than any

other spot I visited, but in this case it was fully a quarter
of a mile from the shore. P. Lonchitis was abundant and
thrifty, while Scolopendriums were not hard to find, but
with one exception were undersized. The exception was

a colony of about 15 or 20 good, healthy, vigorous ones,
‘a quarter of the way down the face of the slope, with
large, loose rocks all around, slightly shaded, and in just
such a place as one would reasonably expect to find them
jn central New York.

36 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Some portions of the slope were nearly impassible by
reason of rocks, brush and windfalls. A heavy, wet
snow was now falling, but melted about as fast as it
came, saturating the deep layer of autumn leaves upon
the ground and made traveling much like wading in
water.

A visit was made to the main heights half a mile or
so back from the mountain, revealing nothing more than
some small forms of Scolopendriums. Returning to the
barn for the horse, good farmer McKenzie heartily
urged me to go to the house for a “cup of coffee, which
all of you Americans like,” as he put it, but it was snow-
ing harder, and so late, I was forced to decline and started
on the twelve mile drive straight into the face of the
storm. My shoes were soaked and my feet suffered so
much, it was necessary a couple of times for me to run
beside the wagon to warm up.

In conclusion and by way of summarizing the results
of my trip, I am adding some general notes on the two
ferns about which I have written.

The holly fern appears to prefer partial shade, where
the trees have been thinned out, and berry bushes and
brush have followed. More were found along the tops
of the ledges than below and comparatively few on the
talus. It did well under pines and cedars. Some of the
finest specimens met with were under large pines, erect,
solitary, the only green thing growing up through the
deep layer of brown pine needles, with fronds 20 to 25
inches in length. In contrast were those found without
shade, in poor soil, small and olive to rusty brown color.
Forked fronds were occasionally discovered, as were
fronds that had endured for two seasons at least. These
older fronds were invariably prostrate and frequently
hidden by the forest leaves.

The hart’s tongue is distributed quite widely over that

section, but is much inferior in size and less erect than in

ee rag ee Co ea oe
Dae wy, a TT ea a ee es ie ee ee

RansieR: HuntTinc THE Hart’s ToncuE of

central New York. At Owen Sound it grows freely on
top of rocks, from small seams and crevices of out-crop-
ping rocks, while in New York it grows in the rich humus
deposited between loose rocks forming part of talus. In
Canada great numbers of scattered specimens are sterile
or nearly so, thin, gray-green in color, spotted with lighter
blotches, inclining to white. These give one the impres-
sion that they are poorly nourished and immature.
Such specimens were comparatively prostrate. Some
have thought that the Canadian specimens showed no
tendency to fork, but a close watch proved that nearly
every thrifty colony contained forking fronds and 30 or
more were collected that show various degrees of forking.
I do not, however, recall finding a single frond that
showed auriculate base lobes, such as are found in New

ork.
As I was without a local guide of any kind, and because
the hart’s tongue grows so differently there, I feel sure
I did not find rich stations for it, which must exist to
disseminate spores in sufficiently great abundance to
keep the locality so generally affected by them. The
rock formation, soil, flora, and elevation of Owen Sound
and central New York are almost identical, and climate
alone does not appear to account for the difference in
growth. That it should be so particular where it grows
in New York, and so indifferent in Canada, is puzzling.

I might add finally that I had the pleasure of securing a
couple of new members while on my trip and have had
considerable pleasure since in distributing specimens
secured there.

Mantivs, N. Y., Aprit 7, 1913.

_ Notes on the Pteridophytes of the north shore
of Lake Superior

O. E. JENNINGS

It was with feelings of great expectation that the writer
stepped out upon the deck of the “Assiniboia’’ early in
the morning of June 17, 1912. The steamer was bound
westward and through the cold driving rain and fog
could be gotten occasional glimpses of Pie Island to the
left and, close by on the right, the towering form of the
Sleeping Giant—the Gibraltar that guards the entrance
to Thunder Bay in the northwestern part of Lake
Superior.

Arrived at Fort William, a thriving port on the western
shore of Thunder Bay, about twenty miles across from
the Sleeping Giant, my friend, Mr. R. H. Daily, and I
soon established our headquarters in a small hotel and
early in the afternoon started out for Mount McKay, a
rather flat-topped, but precipitous mountain rising to &
height of about one thousand feet above the level of
Lake Superior and situated about four miles south of
the town.

Thus began a delightful, and at times rather exciting,
collecting trip of three months in the region extending
along the north shore of Lake Superior from the vicinity
of Fort William in the west to Heron Bay in the east, @
range of about two hundred miles. The main stops were
made at Fort William, Nepigon, Rossport, Jackfish, and
Heron Bay, all on the main line of the Canadian Pacific,
while other stops were made on Thunder Cape and St.
Ignace Island, out in the Lake, and excursions pene-
trated the interior as far as Kakabeka Falls about twenty
miles west of Fort William and Lake Jessie about twenty

38

JENNINGS: NOTES ON PTERIDOPHYTES 39

miles north of Nepigon. Mr. Daily remained with the
writer until the first week in September and was of great
assistance in many ways, although not officially posing
as a collector. Mrs. Jennings joined us about the first
of August and was of great assistance in the work, as
from that time on until the end of the season the weather
was one continual round of cold drifting rains and fogs
which made the preparation of suitable collections very
difficult.

The general features of the region covered in this work
are quite diversified—rounded rocky hills and knolls,
steep cliffs, well-developed talus-slopes, fiord-like inlets,
great and numerous bogs and lakes, and cold swift-
running streams. At Fort William is an extensive allu-
vium-filled valley elevated but a few feet above the
level of Lake Superior and through which the Kamin-
istiquia River empties in the form of a branching delta.
All along the North Shore are areas of sand and gravel
terraces which have been formed when the lake was at
various higher levels. Remains of at least five such
terraces arranged in a surprisingly uniform sequence are
to be seen along the north slope of the Sleeping Giant at
Sawyer Bay.

The forests of the whole region have been lumbered
and burned over, although in a few places were found
small areas of apparently primeval growth. Near Fort
William are the northern limits of the hard maple and
American elm and through the whole region the forests
are quite uniform and consist of but few species. On the
sand and gravel terraces the Banksian pine rules, in the
bogs and poorly drained lake borders the tamarack and
black spruce; on poorly drained flats over clay or other
impervious soil the black spruce occurs practically pure;
in wet, but well-drained places, as at the outlet of a small
lake where a swift running stream keeps the water in
motion, the arbor vitae prevails, as it does also on rocky

40 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

slopes where the underground water is in motion; the
climax forest on more mesophytic habitats, as has just
been pointed out in the last number of the Botanical
Gazette (1) is the association dominated by the balsam,
birch, and white spruce; the burned over areas soon pass
through an aspen and birch forest; while into the lichen
heath on top of the rounded rocky hills comes first the
black spruce and often a close second the Banksian pine.

The following annotated list of the pteridophytes col-
lected during the trip it is hoped will be of sufficient
interest to justify its publication, although the writer did
not specialize to any extent upon the ferns while in the
field. Out of about twenty-seven hundred field numbers
it develops that two hundred represent ferns and fern
allies; and, that all the species that occur in the region
were not found, is evident upon comparison with
Macoun’s Catalogue (2) and with Klugh’s Fern-Flora of
Ontario (3). Thankful acknowledgment is hereby made
for the determination of the specimens by Prof. L. 8.
Hopkins, the Curator of the Fern Society Herbarium.

LYCOPODIALES

1. Lycopoprum Seuaco L.

On Huronian slate, Jackfish Island, Jackfish, July 19,
1912.

2. Lycoroprum LuctpuLuM Michx.

In moist woods in deep valley near Ruby Lake, 4 miles
south of Nepigon, August 25, 1912, and in dark, narrow
defile between cliffs on east side of Nepigon River, with
Prof. J. A. Underhill, of the Fort William Schools, August
26, 1912. This is apparently a rare species along the
“North Shore.”

3. Lycopoprum poropHytium Lloyd and Underw.

Margin of little pond at west side of Surprise Lake,

Silver Islet Harbor, August 17, 1912.

JENNINGS: NOTES ON PTERIDOPHYTES 41

4. LycopopIUM ANNOTINUM L.

In mesophytic or sometimes more xerophytic situations
in woods: Ft. William; Silver Islet Harbor; Nepigon;
Jackfish; Rossport.

4a. LycopopIUM ANNOTINUM Var. PUNGENS Desv.

In dense black spruce-sphagnum bog, Pay’s Plat,
July 15, 1912; and in black spruce-sphagnum bog one
mile west of Heron Bay Station, July 20, 1912.

5. Lycopopium cLavATuM L.
On rocky shore of Loch Lomond, Fort William, and in
thin, black spruce woods on top of rocky hills at Nepigon

and Heron Bay.

6. LycopopIUM OBSCURUM var. DENDROIDEUM (Michx.)
D

Common in more or less xerophytic woods: Top of
Mt. McKay, among birches, Ft. William; talus slope at
~ base of Sleeping Giant, Thunder Cape; rather dry woods
at top of hills below Nepigon; on granite bluffs on east
side of Nepigon River ten miles above town, and at
Alexander Portage, seven miles farther north; on bare,
rocky hills back of Rossport.

7. LycopopIUM COMPLANATUM L.
Dry woods on low ridges, Silver Islet Harbor; top of
cliffs along Nepigon River, south of town.

7a. LycopopruM COMPLANATUM forma WiBBeEr Haberer.
In aspen-birch woods at base of slate cliff two miles
southwest of Silver Islet Harbor, August 4, 1912.

8. SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS (L.) Spring.
On rounded, granite rocks along Lake shore, Ross-
rt; on face of mica-schist cliff back of Heron Bay
Station; on rocky shore of little lake on hills south of
Nepigon

42 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

EQUISETALES

9. EQUISETUM ARVENSE L.
Sandy flat along lake shore, Rossport; sandy shore of
Nepigon River, below town.

9a. EQUISETUM ARVENSE var. CAMPESTRE Schultz.
On gravelly island at lower end of rapids, Nepigon.

10. EquiseTuM syLyaticum L.
Common in various habitats ranging from dense,
black spruce-sphagnum bog (Pay’s Plat) to moist soil in

mesophytic woods and sandy flats along lake shore; Ft. = :

illiam; in swamp meadow at delta of Nepigon, where
it empties into Lake Helen; Pay’s Plat; Jackfish; Heron
Bay Station.

11. EquiseTum LiTorALE Kuhl. aa
Sandy flat along shore of Thunder Bay, Ft. William;
along roadside ditch at base of Mt. McKay, Ft. William.

12. EquisEruM FLUVIATILE L.

In pools in bog at Mission and on sandy and often sub-
merged flats along the shore of Thunder Bay, Ft. William;
forming a dense vegetation in shallow water and around
margins of shores and islands Nepigon River, below town,
margin of Lake Jessie, twenty miles north of Nepigon.

13. Equiserum LaEvicatum A. Br.
' Along boggy bank of Nepigon River, below tow?,
June 30, 1912.

OPHIOGLOSSALES

14. Borrycutum Lunarra L. di
In sandy soil on sloping grassy shore of Boone ae
hear Rossport, and sloping, sandy pasture along

JENNINGS: NoTEs ON PrEeRIDOPHYTES 43

shore, south of Rossport; in grassy spot at base of granite
knob which projects up out of a bog about two miles
west of Heron Bay Station.

After the first experience with Botrychium Lunaria in
the field the clannishness of the Botrychia, as Prof. Hop-
kins has pointed out (4), was quickly realized and a little
observation led to the conclusion that, given an open,
rather well-drained, sandy spot with Botrychium Vir-
ginianum and Habenaria hyperborea present, the condi-
tions were excellent for the discovery of B. ‘lunaria.
Later experience showed that these conditions did not
always prove the occurrence of B. lunaria, but
B. lunaria was not found in any case without these
precise conditions.

15. BotrycHIUM TERNATUM Var. RUTAEFOLIUM (A. Br.)

D. C. Eaton.

Tn low, grassy pasture near Marie Louise Lake, August
20, 1912. This station apparently constitutes a con-
siderable extension of range to the northwestward for
the plant. Gray’s Manual says: “‘Nfd. tos, N. H. and
n. Mich.”, while North American Flora notes: ‘Nova
Scotia and Quebec to Vermont and Wisconsin.”

16. Borrycutum virernianum L.

Common in moist, rich, mesophytic forests: Ft. Wil-
liam; Silver Islet oe Nepigon; Rossport; Heron
Bay Station.

16a. BorrYcHIUM VIRGINIANUM var. GRACILE (Pursh)
C. Eaton.

In primeval arbor-vitae bog, one mile north of Marie

Louise Lake, Thunder Bay Peninsula, August 15, 1912.

44 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

FILIcaLEs

17. OsmunDA CLAYTONIANA L.
Moist, rich, but not too boggy, soil: Ft. William;
Rossport; Heron Bay Station.

18. PoLypopIum VULGARE L.

Common on cliffs and on talus-slopes: Mt. McKay,
Ft. William; on bare, rounded rocks at top of Sleeping
Giant, 1,800 ft. alt., Thunder Cape; Nepigon; on spray-
washed rocks along lake at Rossport.

19. PHecopreris Paegorreris (L.) Underw.
At base of cliffs in deep woods, Silver Islet Harbor;
on rocks at mouth of Nepigon River.

20. PuHEcorreris Drropreris (L.) Fée.
Common on rocks and cliffs: Ft. William; Silver Islet
Harbor; Nepigon; Rossport; Heron Bay.

21. PHecopreris RopertiANa (Hoffm.) A. Br.

On talus slope consisting of a reddish sandstone
(Keweenawan), one-half mile southeast of “Grassy
Lake,” Silver Islet Harbor, Thunder Bay Peninsula,
August 4, 1912. Klugh notes that for Ontario this
species is “Reported only from Lac Seul, Rainy River
district, by R. Bell.”

22. PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM (L.) Kuhn.

Abundant in localities, usually on sandy terraces, in
open spots: Ft. William; Sawyers Bay, Thunder Cape;
Nepigon.

22a. PTERIDIUM AQUILINGM var. pUBESCENS Underw-
In rather dry spruce-birch-aspen woods, west of Silver
Islet Harbor, Thunder Bay Peninsula, June 23, 1912.

JENNINGS: NoTES ON PTERIDOPHYTES 45

23. CRYPTOGRAMMA STELLERI (Gmel.) Prantl.

Various localities on shaded cliffs: Nepigon; Heron
Bay Station; Silver Islet Harbor; and on the brink of
Kakabeka Falls.

24. ATHYRIUM FILIX-FOEMINA (L.) Bernh

ommon in moist woods: Ft. William; Silver Islet
Harbor; Nepigon; Alexander Portage; Rossport; Jack-
fish; Heron Bay Station.

25. Dryopreris THELYPTERIS (L.) A. Gra
One collection only: edge of bog at base of Mt. McKay,
Ft. William, July 30, 1912.

26. DrYOPTERIS FRAGRANS (L.) Schott.

Pre-eminently characteristic of otherwise almost barren,
talus slopes: Mt. McKay, Ft. William; Sleeping Giant,
Thunder Cape; Nepigon; Jackfish; Heron Bay; Macoun
noted a number of other localities and remarked concern-
ing its abundance around Lake Nepigon.

27. DrYOPTERIS SPINULOSA (Muell.) Ktze.

Common in mesophytie woods: Ft. William; Thunder
Bay Peninsula; Nepigon; Alexander Portage; Rossport;
Heron Bay Station.

27a. DRYOPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA (Muhl.)
Underw.
In rich, well-drained woods, Thunder Cape, June 23,
1912; rich, moist woods south of Crystal Lake, four
miles south of Ft. William.

27b. Dryopreris sPINULOSA var. DILATATA (Hofim.)
Underw
Rather common in moist, but well-drained, mesophytic
woods: Ft. William; Thunder Bay Peninsula, Nepigon;
Jackfish; Heron Bay Station.

46 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

28. Frurx BULBIFERA (L.) Underw.

One collection only: Silver Islet Harbor, Thunder
Cape, August 15, 1912. On moss-covered crumbling
rock in arbor-vitae swamp.

29. Fiurx rragiuis (L.) Underw.

On rocks and cliffs in shady places, often with Cryp-
togramma stelleri: Ft. William; Silver Islet Harbor;
Nepigon; Heron Bay Station.

30. FILIx FRAGILIS var. MAGNA-SORA Clute. :

Along sandstone, talus slope, one and one-half miles
west of Silver Islet Harbor, Thunder Cape, August 4,
1912.

31. Woopsta ILvensis (L.) R. Br.
In niches of rocks and cliffs: Mt. McKay, Ft. —_—
Silver Islet Harbor; Nepigon; Rossport.

32. Woopsta ALPINA (Bolt.) 8. F. Gray. —
Along coastal cliffs at Fork Bay and sandstone ledges

around Surprise Lake, both near Silver Islet Harbor; on

rocky, shaded ledge at “Beaver Lake,” near the western

end of St. Ignace Island.

33. WoopsIA GLABELLA R. Br.

On shaded preciptce (columnar trap), east side of Nepigon
River, two miles below town; on mica-schist cliff, east of
Heron Bay Station and on sea-cliff at Heron Bay-
Macoun records it from the Kaministiquia River, west
of Ft. William and from the Nepigon River.

34. ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS L.
Seen and collected but once: near the maple sugar
grove, in the hills four miles south of Ft. William, 0.
and Mrs. O. E. Jennings and Prof. J. A. Underhill, of the
Ft. William schools, July 30, 1912.

JENNINGS: NOTES ON PTERIDOPHYTES 47

35. Marrevccra Srrutuiopteris (L.) Todaro.
In moist, rich soil: Ft. William; Kakabeka Falls;
Nepigon. Not noted at any stations east of Nepigon.
' The absence in the collections of a number of ferns
which had been expected to occur in the region covered
is rather noticeable. No specimens of Adiantum or true
Asplenium were seen, nor did Polystichum Lonchitis
appear, although the writer would certainly have noticed
and collected them had they been discovered.

LITERATURE CITED

(1). Cooper, William S. ‘‘The Climax Forest of Isle
Royal, Lake Superior, and Its Development,” I, Bot.
Gaz., 55: 1-44. Jan. 1913.

(2). Macoun, John. Catalogue of Canadian Plants,
Part V. Acrogens. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. of
Canada. 1890.

(3). Klugh, A. B. “The Fern-Flora of Ontario.”
Fern Bull., 14: 65-74. July, 1906.

(4). Hopkins, L. 8S. “Notes on the Botrychia.”

Carnegie Museum, Feb. 8, 1913.

Addenda to Prof. Jennings’ Article

The following notes have, at the request of the writer,
been contributed by Prof. L. 8. Hopkins. The references
are to the species indicated in a similar manner in the
text of the article.

a. Equisetum LiTroRALE Kuhl.

Although the fruit of this species is usually abortive,
a few of these plants produced spores, which, contrary
to the usual custom, bore elaters.

48 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
.

b. BorrycHIuM TERNATUM var. RUTAEFOLIUM (A. Br.)
D; ;

ton.

These plants are much smaller than any hitherto
recorded. The height of the smallest plant is 6.5 em.,
while its sterile segment is only 4 cm. long by 2.5 cm.
wide. The sterile segment of the previous year, which

is still attached to the plant, is only 1.2 em. wide.

c. PHEcoprerts Ropertiana. (Hoffm.) A. Br.

This is a new station for this rare fern. Although
growing on sandstone and somewhat smaller than other
plants, the prescence of stalked glands on the stipe and
rachis show it to be P. Robertiana.

d. DRYOPTERIS SPINULOSA var. DILATATA (Hoffm.)
°

Underw.

Nos. 1212 and 1731 have smooth indusia. According

to the new Gray’s Manugl this would therefore be: Aspi-

dium spinulosum (O. F. Mueller) Sw. var. dilgtatum x

(Hoff.) Hook. forma anadenium Robinson. In the
writer’s opinion a much better designation would be
Dryopteris dilatata (Hoff.) Gray, forma anadenia
comb. nov.

e. Frurx BuLBrrera (L.) Underw.

This is probably the farthest northwest station for
this fern. It is rather remarkable that a rock-loving fern
should have been found in an arbor-vitae swamp. The
fronds vary somewhat, but it is typical bulbifera as found
in Ohio and other limestone regions, where it is to be
found in abundance.

L. 8. Hopkins.

Pirrspurcn, Pa., Fes. 12, 1913.

Se

areas
peeaty io sea Ut

My herbarium and its one enemy
J. A. BATES

My herbarium is sixty years old this spring. It con-
tains specimens from many countries, from Alaska, and |
the top of North Cape, and the Himalaya Mountains
to New Zealand, and the crater of the Hawaiian volcano.
It has traveled thousands of miles, and has lodged in
scores of different houses. Yet, so far as its experience
goes, I can speak of “Its One Enemy.”

For two of its sixty years, there was war with that
one. For fifty-eight no enemies have appeared to dis-
turb its peace. They have been around it. For two
years it was in a hot country, where insect life was abund-
ant. A crocodile, nine feet long, was killed one morning
on the verandah of the house where the herbarium was
lodged, and the other insects were legions. (Buffon’s
only proof, that the crocodile was not an insect was,
“He is too large.” Plainly not a scientific argument.)

This rare peaceful history seems more peculiar from
the fact that I have for only twenty years poisoned plants
for my own herbarium. In those early days we never
heard of insects injuring an herbarium. Perhaps it was
because then “Ignorance was bliss.” But it was true
in college “Natural Philosophy” days before Dar-
win taught us of evolutionary laws and before the Cam-
bridge professor practised them, with the gypsy moth,
out of the window.

Some credit for this may have been due to these things.
We mounted our specimens then, on double sheets of
thin, but not pulpy or glazed paper. We fastened them
by stitching with linen thread, not by smearing with
Chicago “fish glue” or Pennsylvania “gum Arabic” paper
to attract enemies. And then my herbarium was kept

50 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

for years in a tight case made of black walnut, which is
said to be disagreeable to the taste, or smell senses, of
insect. life.

But about twelve years ago, suddenly I discovered that
a new enemy had attacked my herbarium. He first
- appeared in the shape of a little brown or chestnut-colored
beetle, about one-tenth of an inch long, with a small
head and bright eyes. He was an active, wide-awake
athlete—on the race course—an artful dodger, an edu-
cated West dre military tactician, and an experienced
field botani

When ae he would roll up into a ball in a little
of the dust he had made, so that only sharp eyes could
see him. He made regular subterranean approaches
with galleries here and there through genus covers, and
sheets. And the fellow even seemed to know which was
the rare little plant, and to stop and eat off its head
when passing by common things.

A reinforcement soon appeared on the enemy’s side.
Little wigwams were built up on the plants with walls
of plant dust, and in each appeared a white grub, who
soon proved himself worthy of his ancestry.

I experimented with them for months. As to food
they were regular ravening wolves. The honey clovers,
and the strongest mints, the bitterest Compositae, and
the “deadly” umbels, the Solanums, and even a fine
specimen of the hellebore, most half a century old, all
were sweet morsels to them. I think they were careful
not to provoke me too much, as they only skirmished a
little in my pet ferns, 500 in number. But they ruined
a third of my 50 Solidagos, and a quarter of my 100
grasses, and made lint of some dozen beauty thistles.

I tried to fight back. I bottled beetles and experi-
mented with them, gave them shower baths of kerosene
and alcohol and turpentine, painted one white with @
double solution of arsenic, and fed it to another with @
stick. And they one and all went-on their way rejoicing.

Bates: My HERBARIUM AND ITS ONE ENEMY 51

Of course, I soon appealed to Washington for help
and sent them several invoices of specimens. The author-
ities there told me in substance, that I was one of the
few privileged mortals who had made the acquaintance
of the ‘“Ptinus fur, or white marked spider beetle.”

Some of their descriptions did not seem to fit my asso-
ciates. They said the “four white lines’ distinguished
him. I couldn’t find any. But they said they were on

s “elytra,” and I could not find that. They said ‘it
strongly resembled a spider in appearance.’”’ If it had
not the two middle legs I should as soon called it horse
beetle. They told of its “larva” tunnelling. I think
my beetles did a tunnelling, the grubs mre at home
and “waxed fat

They agreed wah me as to their being omnivorous,
even adding a long list of high class provisions like “all
druggist’s stores,” “cotton and wool,” “fruit,” “boots
and shoes,” belladonna and “tobacco,” “Rye bread”
and “especially partial to red pepper.” They tell us it
is even said “they will eat anything except cast iron”
and “the late Dr. Hagen wrote “that he once saw a whole
shelf of theological books, 200 years old, traveled through
transversely by the larvae of this insect.”

They were harder on himthan I am. My larvae and
my beetles too did not go to forage away from the her-
barium. Close by was a shelf of books, some of them
theological too, one twice as old as those of Dr. Hagen
(1544). And on the herbarium case was a row of books:
mostly new theological, and not one book of mine was.
ever perforated.

I asked Washington where my Ptinus came from.
They suggested foreign plants. But the herbarium
from which my foreigners came, has never known him.
They suggested also refuse heaps, even saying politely

“it seems probable there is some neglected corner or
breeding place in your house, in the garret, or old barn, or

52 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

between the floors, from which in the middle of the night
I might find the procession traveling to my herbarium.”’
Providentially my house had no garret, and there was no
old barn near it. And as it was a hired house I couldn’t
tear up the floors, so I employed my midnight hours in
other business.

I asked, of course, how to get rid of them, and after
a year had passed, and I had reported and questioned
several times, the Doctor said, ‘the best I can advise you
now is that you follow out the directions given in regard
to the household ants in Bulletin.” His letter came
just after I had mailed (at request), to one of his assist-
ants, a bottled and tinned package. It seemed to show
in several passages such as those I have quoted, either in
ignorance or at least lack of proper respect for the Ptinus
and his associates that it was not gratefully received.

One other quotation said “I am pleased with the fact
that my prediction that the beetles would probably
attack the ‘Filices’ after others, has been verified. I
never knew he had so predicted and was not “pleased.”
But the assistant was a gentleman and “‘in the doctor’s
absence” he helped me by telling me of fur and Co.’s
“mite” enemies, and suggesting one other poison, which
gave us the victory. I dropped the attack on the beetles,
and like Napoleon and Grant, and like General ‘‘ Heter-
opus ventriccosus,” (a diminutive mite) who with com-
rades so rules at Washington (probably not nesting in
neglected corners or associating with ants), that ‘it is
difficult to rear” Ptinus there, I tried a flank movement.
The tinman made me a big tight, tin box. I filled it
with herbarium, set an open can of bisulphide of carbon
in it and left it shut up on a back piazza for a week. I[
had tried it for an hour with the beetles before. A few
stragglers required a second treatment. But for nine
years I have not seen a Ptinus.

Who has seen him?

8. Royatston, Mass.

Ferns of New England and Old England
S. P. ROWLANDS

It was my fortune this last summer to spend two
months in New England. Most of the time was spent
in the State of Connecticut, but some excursions were
also made into Massachusetts. My trips were mainly
confined to the woods around New Britain and Hartford,
but it will doubtless be admitted that one could have
gone to many a less favorable district. I was partic-
ularly fortunate in meeting several keen botanists. The
name of H. C. Bigelow is well known to New England
fernists. To him I am indebted for enabling me to see
many of the rarer ferns growing in their carefully guarded
haunts.

It is natural that I should have made many mental
comparisons between the ferns of New England and
those of Great Britain, and a few observations may be
of some interest to readers of the AMERICAN FERN
JOURNAL.

The climatic conditions of New England are, I believe,
as similar to those of Great Britain as those of any part
of the States. This being so, I was rather surprised to
find so few British species among your flora. Out of
the fifty or so New England species, some sixteen alone
are found in this country. The genera, however, are,
on the whole, similar. You have several Aspleniums,
Aspidiums and Polypodiums, as we have. The dif-
ferences, therefore, seem specific rather than generic,
which, when one comes to think of it, is only natural.

Perhaps at this point, I had better state that I will
speak of the ferns by the names to which I am accustomed.
A few remarks later on concerning differences of nomen-
clature will be added, so that no confusion may arise.

53

54 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Nephrodium filix-mas, one of your rarities, is one of
our commonest ferns. Nevertheless, before I left, I had
begun to sympathize with the ery of the American fernist,
“Oh for a few days in Vermont to look for the male
fern!” I believe your male fern is fairly constant in
type; ours is very variable, so that at least three distinct
forms are described, one being practically evergreen.

Nephrodium cristatum is rare and extremely local with

I do not think the variety Clintonianum has ever
been found. We have, too, N. thelypteris, one of your
very commonest ferns, but in England it is local, being
quite absent in many districts. You would miss your
New York fern, but you would find instead N. montanum,
the mountain buckler fern, which it resembles in many
ways.

Your polypodies are mainly the same as ours. Poly-
podium vulgare, P. dryopteris and P. phegopteris are
British species, but you have in addition P. hexagonoptera.
A point that interested me was the difference in habitat
between P. vulgare as it grows in the Connecticut woods
and as it grows here. In American it is essentially a
rock plant, growing on tops of huge boulders in next to
se soil, in dry situations where even Nephrodium mar-
ginale can scarcely exist. From these rocks it can be
pulled off in great sheets, the roots of numerous plants
being matted together. Here, we look for the fern, not
on rocks, but on old trees, growing in a considerable
depth of leaf mould; or frequently they luxuriate in the
rich, cool hedges of our country lanes, such lanes as I
never saw in America. Your polypody too, is on the
whole smaller and more leathery in the frond than our
average form. :

The species of shield ferns (usually classed under
Nephrodium here) are more numerous in New England.
Nephrodium spinulosum and its two varieties, inter-
medium and dilatatum, are familiar to American fernists-

Row.anpbs: Ferns or New ENGLAND 55

The form intermedium, commonest with you, does not
occur at all in Britain; dilalatum, your rarest, is far
more common here than the type, and with us is not
essentially a mountain form.

The genus Aspidiwm is represented by A. aculeatum
and its variety angulare, and A. Lonchitis. If I remember
rightly, A. aculeatum var. Braunii is the only New Eng-
land representative of the group.

Were you to visit our woods, how you would miss
Nephrodium marginale, and your common Christmas
fern! These are, however, sometimes seen in cultiva-
tion. Your noble Nephrodium Goldieanum is also absent.

We have some Aspleniums in common with you.
A. Trichomanes is fairly common with us, A. viride much
rarer, but A. Ruta-muraria is often found plentifully
growing in the mortar of old walls. A. ebeneum is not
found here.

Asplenium filix foemina, the lady fern, is very common
with us and is very variable, but A. theylpteroides is not
found. By the way, many British fernists refuse to
admit the lady fern to the genus Asplenium, preferring
to put it into another genus, Athyrium.

We have only one royal fern—Osmunda regalis. Some-
how I could never convince myself that your form is not
quite distinct from ours. Your form seemed to me to
be rather less robust and more graceful than ours, with
other differences which I am unable to describe. The
cinnamon and interrupted ferns, which I got rather
tired of seeing so often, are only found here as imported
varieties.

Woodsia ilvensis, fairly abundant with you, is quite a
rarity here, occurring only in high mountains in Scot-
land. W. hyperborea is our only other species, also very
rare. Our only Botrychium is B. Lunaria, which is not
common. Ophioglossum vulgatum is rather more fre-
quent. My experience of it is that it does not grow In

56 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

such marshy places here as in America. I well remember
a marsh near New Britain where this adder’s tongue
grew in thousands, and I compare the place mentally
with a dryish field in England where it was also abundant.
But my experience of it in either country is limited.

We have no representative of Lygodiwm, Dicksonia,
Onoclea, Woodwardia,- Pellaea or Camptosorus. Adian-
tum capillus-veneris is British, growing scarcely on the
cliffs of the south of England and Wales. Pteris aquilina
is everywhere. Cystopteris fragilis cannot be called
common, while C. bulbifera is absent.

Scolopendrium vulgare, so desirable a find in the States,
is plentiful in most parts of this country; in places it
literally occurs in thousands. The larger forms are
found in hedges and woods, but smaller forms are found
abundantly growing with the mortar-loving spleenworts
on old walls.

I was interested to note the stress laid in the States
upon hybrids. Before I left, I believe I could recognize

such forms as Nephrodium cristatum x marginale when -—

I saw them, and I must confess I was quite convinced of
the true hybrid character of these. Here, however,
authenticated cases of hybridization between different
species are considered to be extremely few and one gets
little encouragement to discuss them. What the British
fernists do love are the natural variations of the ferns,
the crested and the tasselled forms, which inspire no
enthusiasm in the States. We have a wonderful selec-
tion of varieties now in cultivation, especially, of such
ferns as the male fern, the lady fern, the harts tongue
and the prickly shields. Somehow these variations
Seem to occur much more frequently in our country than
in yours, though you can, I believe, lay claim to having
produced the only variety of N ephrodium thelypteris
(polydactyla) that has been found in a wild state.

Notres AND NEws 57

Finally, I might mention, with regard to nomenclature,
that most botanists here follow the Kew Gardens author-
ities. We employ the term Nephrodium where you
prefer Dryopteris, though fern cultivators in particular
also use the name Lastraea. Our prickly shield ferns
we call Aspidium (though here again Polystichum is still
frequently used). The oak and the beech ferns are
classed under Polypodium because of their round, naked
sori. The lady fern, as previously mentioned, is not
placed under Asplenium by all, as indeed it bears no
‘resemblance to the spleenworts, which are evergreen,
rock-loving plants.

I have, of course, omitted to mention several British
species which you do not have, but perhaps sufficient
has been said for a general comparison of the ferns of
the two countries. I personally retain the most pleasant
memories of the hours I spent studying the New England
ferns, and if it be possible, should like nothing better
than another holiday on your side of the Atlantic.

Royat BuckinGHAMSHIRE Hospitat.

Notes and news
Tue FRAGRANT SHIELD FERN

Mr. Eprror: :

When just about ready to send you, for the JouRNAL,
something about my experience with Dryopteris fragrans,
by accident I learned that soon after I lost a valued
friend, and correspondent in ferns, of years before, the
Fern Buuietin had published for the second time a
& part of that experience. So let me call this experience
Continued. I hope not Concluded, for I want to climb
old Mansfield five or six times more. And my “gala
days,” as I called that of my first view of the fragrans,

+

58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

have been very intimately associated with those little
Alpine ferns. Of course, not quite like the first sight,
but there are others that last longer, as memory pictures,
than those early photographs did. (Of my Andover
photo of Prof. Park, most of the outline is gone, leaving
only the eyes.)

I have found the fragrans a good many times since that
first day. Sitting wearily one day on a hotel porch, I
carelessly turned the spy-glass along the face of a nearby
almost perpendicular cliff, when suddenly, those little
curling ringlet fronds burst into view. Not in the right
place, too much exposed, wrong side of the cliff, yet
there it was. With unusual self control I examined the
apparent possibilities and quickly rested, I started out
with a younger friend (now an expert botanist), then
not a very corpulent or clumsy young man. We climbed
along a narrow shelf till under it. I stood up and held
on to the cliff, and as I remember it, he stood on my
shoulders, and reached and dropped a part of the fern.
And thereby hangs a tale. Sometime after, Mrs. Par-
sons (Dana), preparing ‘How to Find the Ferns,’’ wrote
asking where I last found the fern, saying she wanted to
gather it herself. In her book the printer made me say -
it was my “first” time, but she asked for the last, provi-
dentially. I told her, but added I doubted her success
+ saering it. Was I ungallant in not offering to assist

er?

One other experience note—The fragrance.

I think it was Clute who made the mistake in an early
Bulletin of calling the Dicksonia the fragrant fern. Its
odor is more like that of Symplocarpus than like that of
the Dryopteris. But I have learned this—at only one
part of its season is the fragrans really fragrant. Once
I hit it just in time. Several young ladies to whom I
gave fronds declared it the best of perfumes. The

handkerchief, in which I dropped it from the cliff, on one

Notes aND NEWS 59

occasion, kept its delightful perfume for a long time.

I have found the fragrans again when it was fragrant,
but only once in its glory. I think the young viscid
fronds are the most fragrant of our vegetable life. I’d
like to send you two or three fronds next summer to
perfume a whole edition of the FERN JOURNAL.

Yours,
JaMES A. BaTEs.

Note on Korean Ferns.

The following extract is from a letter recently received
from Korea:

“Although I am by profession a geologist, I have a
keen interest in plants, especially in the lower orders. I
have read with interest of the work of the Arnold Ar-
boretum people in China and Tibet, and I feel sure that
many things of interest are among the flora of Korea. I
have a good opportunity to observe the flora while travel-
ing among the mountains. I have observed last year
twenty-three species of ferns, including a species of the
“walking fern,” very similar in appearance to one I have
observed in the Ozarks of Missouri; also a species of
Osmunda similar to the O. cinnamomea I have seen at
Starved Rock, Illinois.

“T can lay no claim to a knowledge of systematic
botany beyond a little work done long ago, but if I can
assist anyone else by collecting and sending some of the
plants, especially the ferns from Korea, I shall be glad
to do so.”

D. F. Hiaers,
Hol Kol, Korea.

e-o Seoul Mining Co.

60 AmericaN Fern JouRNAL

Questions and Comments.

“Most of us enjoy having questions put to us,—be-
cause they set us to thinking and investigating.” . .
“The things that have interested you are likely to tabaw
est others, and one need not be a skillful writer to tell of
the things which have interested him.” . . “Send
in your questions to the Editor.” These are a few
phrases from President Ware’s “Letter to Members” —
printed in Vol. IT, page 58-62 of this JourNAL.

In accordance with the spirit of this letter, which most
members will find worth reading again, we are attempting
to initiate this department which we hope the members
will keep well filled. Send in your questions and the
editor will answer them, or more probably, pass them on
for someone else to answer. If necessary, we will scour
the earth for the expert who is best equipped to tackle
the problem. Then we will print question and answer
together. _

Then, if any member is not satisfied with the answer,
send in your answer and comment.

Thus we shall hope to make the JournaL more truly
what it is intended to be, a medium for the interchange
of ideas and information. May we not expect that this
will produce a stronger sense of personal acquaintance
among the members, and greatly enhance the value of
our association to each of us?

E. J. W.

American Fern Society
Members of the Society will be sorry to learn of the
death of one of our members, Mr. Henry Dautun. Mr.

Dautun had been especially interested in ferns and
grasses. His herbarium was purchased by the Brooklyn

Notes anp News 61

Botanic Garden; his botanical books by various botanists.
_ A more extended account will be published in the next
number.

New or corrected addresses:

G. L. Moxley, 1445 Regina Ave., Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia. :

S. H. Burnham, R. F. D. No. 2, Hudson Falls, N. Y.

L. 8. Hopkins has accepted the appointment as head
of the biology department of a new Ohio Normal School
recently organized with headquarters at Kent, Ohio.

R. A. Ware, who has not been well during the past
spring, left with Mrs. Ware for Europe, April 26th, sail-
ing on the Saxonia from New York. His correspondence
address will be ‘‘ American Express Co., Rue Scribe, Paris.”’

Mr. Hopkins sends word that the Society herbarium
has recently received an addition in the shape of forty
sheets of Massachusetts ferns from Rev. J. A. Bates.
Mr. Hopkins also states that he has recently been able
to obtain four authentic specimens of Botrychium ternatum
from Japan, one of which he is presenting to the herbarium.

Since the appearance of the Annual Report, the name
of Mr. James G. Scott of Germantown, Pa., has been
added to the membership list. Mr. Scott is a son of the
late R. R. Scott, a pioneer in American horticulture,
known to all fern lovers as the discoverer of Scott’s spleen-
wort (Asplenium ebenoides). The new member is an
officer in the Germantown Horticultural Society.

The Vermont Botanical Club will meet July 1st and
2d, at Townsend, Vt., northwest of Brattleboro. All

62 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

interested are invited to attend and should apply to the
Committee of the Vermont Botanical Club for informa-
tion. Mr. H. G. Rugg is a member of the Committee.

Members of the Society who can attend the Vermont
Club field meetings will undoubtedly have a very enjoy-
able time as the Vermont trips are noted for their intérés,t
and Vermont is an especially good field for fern lovers.
Those who cannot take advantage of the Vermont trip
are urged to arrange local trips by corresponding with
other members in their vicinity. Send in advance notices
of such trips, and afterward send in an account of them.
Notices sent in during June will be printed, according to
present indications, early in July.

Mr. H. G. Rugg offers specimens of Selaginella apus
from Hanover, New Hampshire, to any member who
will send postage.

Mr. Winslow asks the help of the members of the
Society in a campaign for new members, and new sub-
scribers for the JournaL. Send to him the names of
any whom you think might be interested. Find out
whether the public library nearest you has the JouRNAL
on its shelves. If not, try to persuade the officials that
they ought to have a complete file.

With the third number of Volume III, the JouRNAL
will begin the publication of a descriptive fern flora of the
State of Washington, by Prof. T. C. Frye, professor of
Botany at the University of Washington, and Mrs. M.
M. Jackson. It was hoped that it might be begun in the
present number, but Prof. Frye left for Alaska before
proof could be sent to him. The present number was
held up some time in the hope that the proof might be
returned in time for use. ;

Notes AnD NEws 63

We have learned that one or two members failed to re-
ceive the previous number of the Journau. If there are
others whose copy went astray, a letter or postal to the
managing editor will receive prompt attention.

Any requests for sample copies should also be sent to
Mr. Winslow, as well as new subscriptions for the JourNAL.
Applications for membership should be sent to the secre-
tary, Mr. Hopkins.

With reference to the preceding paragraph, it is pos-
sible that a brief statement of the conditions and advan-
tages of membership in the Society may be of interest to
some who are now subscribers only. This is suggested
by the receipt of a new subscription from a contributor
to the pages of the JouRNAL.

The first condition of membership is interest in ferns,
‘or the work of the Fern Society. The second is the
payment of the annual dues of one dollar. Anyone
wishing to join may do so by merely sending name and
dues to our Secretary, Mr. L. 8. Hopkins, Kent, Ohio.

What are the advantages of joining? The possible
advantages are numerous, depending upon the particular
interests of the person. The JourNAL is the first perhaps
to be noted. In the past, it has comprised 128 pages
per year. For 1913, it is likely to offer more than that
if the treasury of the Society will permit. The use of
the Society Herbarium is a second advantage. Mem-
bers may borrow any specimen it contains for study.
Members interested in collecting ferns are urged to send
to the JourNnat for publication statements of what they
particularly want, or to write to any member in any
part of the country for exchanges. The last Annual
Report contains a complete list of members. Members
have in the past arranged field collecting trips for
their locality. More of these should be scheduled ang
announced in the JouRNAL.

American Fern Journal

REPRINTS AND EXTRA COPIES.

Contributors of articles published in the JouRNAL are
entitled to receive several extra copies of the number in
which their articles appear. The number of extra copies
sent depends partly on the length of the article, but
ordinarily not more than eight copies will be allowed.
Contributors who wish extra copies of a number con-
taining their articles should indicate this fact when re-
turning proof.

If a larger number of extra copies are desired or if
reprints are wanted, contributors may obtain these by
paying the actual cost of printing. The regular edition
of the Journat has in the past been 500 copies. Extra
hundreds over this cost $1.75 for a 24-page number,
$2.00 for a 32-page number, $2.50 for a 40-page number.

Reprints are printed as of 4, 8, 12 or 16 (etc.) pages
and are charged for at the rate for that given number of
pages, whether the articles completely fills all the pages
or not. The rates furnished by the Intelligencer
Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa., are as follows:

50-100 200
4 pages without cover............$1.50 $2.25
8 pages without cover.......... . $2.00 $3.00
12 pages without cover.......... ..$2.50 $3.75
16 pages without cover.......... ..$2.75 $4.25

Contributors who desire reprints or a large number of
extra copies should indicate the number desired when
proof is returned. When printed, the reprints, ete., will
be sent directly to the contributor together with the bill.

For printing and binding separate cover with: title,
name of author, date of publication, etc., add $1.50 to
the price per 50-100 copies, and $2.50 to the price per
200 copies.

64

Amvrican Fern Journal

Vol. 3 SEPTEMBER, 1913 No. 3

The Ferns of Washington
T. C. FRYE AND MABEL MCMURRY JACKSON
INTRODUCTION

This work was begun in the fall of 1909, at the opening
of Mrs. Jackson’s senior year at the University of Wash-
ington. The drawings are original and the descriptions
were checked with the plants. Nothing new is claimed
for the work, but it is hoped that it will enable even
those who know very little about botany to recognize
the ferns of our State with certainty. The division of
the labor was as follows:

Maset McMurry Jackson—All drawings except one;
the writing of the first draft of the keys and descriptions.

T. C. Frye—Revision of the keys and descriptions;
origin of generic names; uses of the plants.

8S. M. Zetter—The photographs.

Bess Cow.tey—One drawing of Adiantum.

Material of several species was furnished by Mr. W.
N. Suksdorf and Mr. John B. Flett.

OG Bo fe Ma Mad.

Mar. 20, 1913.

PTERIDOPHYTES. Fern Grovp.

This group includes the True Ferns, Water Ferns,
Adders-tongue, Grape-ferns, Horse-tails, Scouring Rushes,
Club-mosses, Moss-ferns and Quillworts. They repro-

[No. 2 of the Journan (2: 25-54) was issued June 12, 1913.]
65

66 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

uce by spores and are distinguished from other spore
plants by haying much more highly developed organs,
such as stem, leafy sporophyte, roots (with few excep-
tions), and vessels for the conduction of water. They
are distinguished from the flowering plants by the ab-
sence of seed.

Key To THE FaMILizs

A. Plants rooted to the ground though sometimes submerged, often not
moss-like, nearly always more than 1 in. long; leaves either n not
minute or else not 2-lobed.
B. Leaves not palmately 4-foliolate, not clover-like.

C. Branches jointed, hollow (except in Equisetum wp onneige elon-
gated; leaves reduced to a sheath-like whorl of bracts at each
joint. Equiseracear (Horse-tail saan

CC. Branches not jointed, solid, often not elongated or none; leaves
not mere sheath-like Ae ‘of bracts.

D. gross a tuft of long grass-like pag from a somewhat bulbous
cean (Quillwort Bigs
DD. grata not grass-like; stem often elongati
E. Leaves 1% in. or oar a en or merely serrulate, sessile ;
plant resembling
Spores all aie: car pio wasn 1g in. or more in diameter,
f Sod \% in. wide tues se stem eae the surface of
the ground, Lycoropiacrar (Club-moss Family).
FF. Spores ~ tw —— leaty reed ve in. or less in dia-
r; stem pro:
ia ay (Moss-fern Family).
EE. Leaves 1 or more inches , lobed to compound (except
entire pe Ophioglossum), 7 oso plant not moss-like.
G. g teste

rently a
foliens 1 leaf. Oprnrociossacearn (Adder’s-tongue Family).
porangia on the ary green foliage leaves, or else

on modified but wholly separate green leaves

Potyp mily).

BB. Leaves palmately —— much resembling a 4-leaved clover.
ARSILIACEAE (Clove _ Family).

AA. deat — or merely aos ded, moss-like, 14-1 inch long;
leaves minute, 2-lobed. Sicyikcaphin Sm By Family).

LYCOPODIACEAE. C1vus-moss FAMILY.

Plants perennial, evergreen, somewhat moss-like, erect
or creeping, terrestrial, very leafy; stems often elongated,
Paige freely dtiietionss branched. Leaves arrang

to many ranks, many, small, lanceolate, simple.

Te ee Be es

THE FERNS oF WASHINGTON 67

Spore-leaves at or near tips of branches, in some like the
foliage leaves, in others different and forming cone-like
spikes with or without pedicels. Sporangia all alike,
solitary in or very near the axils of the spore-leaves,
kidney-shaped, with thin tough walls; spores very
abundant, all alike; thalli usually subterranean, with or
without chlorophyll. There is only the following genus.

LYCOPODIUM. C.LvuB-moss.

Description the same as for the family. (Greek lykos
= a wolf, pous = a foot; apparently suggested by the
branched erect shoots of some species.) L. clavatum, L.
annotinum and L. inundatum are made into wreaths and
sold for Christmas decorations.

A. sg poops borne in axils of ordinary leaves; cones none; plant 4 to
% i om very densely leaf.
es curved upward; stems “asually 6 in. or less high; upper and
lower leave sterile. . $€

go.
BB. Leaves spreading or reflexed; —_ nsusity more than 6 in. high;
Hee Lege all along the ste 2. L. lucidulum.
AA. Sporangia borne axils of modinad ‘Jeaves which are grouped in

special cones or por tin plants either narrower or else leaves not
extremely den
C. Branches flat; teaves in 4 ranks, adhering to the stem.
complanatum.
€C. Branches round; leaves in . pcre 4 pistes, not adhering to the

etimes in L
D. Erect branches apparently a gn -from a oes: stem;
L.

leafy beaaichios 3%@ in. or wide. 4. L. sitchen
DD. Erect branches not in ee : leafy branches ofte: ae
E. Plant creeping with occasional erect branches, aie at all tree-
like in i

F, Cones more than 1, on a long branch og peep far apart.

FF. Cones usually only 1, on an ordinary cy paras
G. Leaves spreading; branches 2-forked, long; rh es yeep J

less than 1 in. long. 6. L. anno
GG. my a curved upw: ede laemagenen not aistnetly forked,
t long; cones usually than 1 in. long
‘fs L. Rese a

EE, Plant erect or nearly so, roughly tree-like in its form.
8. L. obscurum.

Vin MAE AL Loti lt ) fg P

Wh MME WW Ry

= ROA AY LAKS SOLE pe SL y ty
i, AQ AS ‘\ Ay NN iz oe
ie... *
WAR MDA SANIT
YY EWES

; |

SY} : SSS
oe

Ss
= NN
SK ve
Puatse No. 1

i:
=e
ZN
SSS SSS SS
SZ LA PELAL VELA SQ, ;
ZN
——
SSS

. 1, Lycopodium selago, x ¥%; fig. 2, Lycopodium lucidulum, x 14;

SSsSsss = AS = Ss
SS

FGF

SS is
Se”

THE FERNS OF WASHINGTON 69

1, Lycopoprum seLtaco L. (Plate 1, Fig. 1.)
Fir Club-moss.

Stems 3-8 in. high, thick, rigid, erect, 2-5 times forked,
the branches forming a level-topped cluster. Leaves
crowded, all alike, ascending, linear to acuminate, entire,
the upper mostly 8-ranked and sterile, those below bear-
ing the small sporangia in their axils, those of lower half
of the stem again sterile. Plant propagated also by bud-
like organs which have a lower pointed bract and two or
three fleshy and obovate ones.—On rocks. Alaska to
Labrador; south to Washington, Michigan and Carolina;
Europe; Asia.

2. Lycopopium LucipuLuM Michx. (Plate 1, Fig. 2.)
Shining Club-moss.

Old stems covered by debris, forked into branches
which again fork every one to several years. Leaves
dense, widely spreading or reflexed, dark green, shining,
lanceolate, acute, minutely toothed, all alike. Sporangia
in axils of leaves near stem-tip, often persisting for several
years, kidney-shaped. Plant often also reproduced by
gemmae or buds.—British Columbia and New Bruns-
wick, south to Washington, Iowa and North Carolina.

3. Lycopopium compLANATUM L. (Plate 2, Fig. 1.)
Ground Pine.

Stems creeping on or below the surface; branches erect,
fan-shaped, 4-12 in. high, several-forked above; branch-
lets crowded, flattened. Leaves minute, imbricate to
appressed, 4-ranked, lateral rows with somewhat spread-
ing tips, upper row closely appressed, lower row short
and pointed. Cones 2—4 in a cluster, on a long slender
pedicel arising from end of a branch. Spore-leaves
broadly ovate, acuminate, their margin pale and irregular.
Sporangia transversely oval, deeply splitting —Alaska to

70 | AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Labrador, south to Washington, the Great Lakes and
Virginia.

4. LycopopiuM sITCHENSE Rupr. (Plate 1, Fig. 3.)
Tufted Club-moss.

Stems prostrate, 8-24 in. long, beneath or on surface
of ground, much-branched; branches tufted, consisting
of compact masses of vertical terete branchlets; tufts
1-5 in. high with occasional stronger fertile branchlets
higher than the sterile. Leaves lanceolate, with wide
base, spreading, curving upward, thick, entire, acute,
on the branchlets 5-ranked. Cones 144-34 in. long,
sessile or on sparsely-leaved slender pedicels which some-
times branch and thus bear more than one cone. Spore-
leaves broadly ovate, acuminate.—British Columbia to
Labrador, south to Oregon and New York.

5. Lycopoptum ciavatum L. (Plate 2, Fig. 3.)
Running Pine.

Stems creeping, 1-10 ft. long, with similar branches,
decumbent or ascending, 3-8 in. high; leaves crowded,
many-ranked, incurved, linear to subulate, bristle-tipped,
lower denticulate, upper entire. Cones 1-4 in a cluster,
on a long pedicel, 34-214 in. long. Spore-leaves mem-
branous, ovate, awn-tipped, bearing oval sporangia
which split nearly to base-—Alaska to Labrador, south
to Washington, Michigan and North Carolina—The
Spores are sold under the drug name of Lycopodium.
It relieves a chapped skin by its smoothness, and is also
used internally in dyspepsia and bronchial troubles.

6. Lycopopium annotinum L. (Plate 3, Fig. 1.)
Stiff Club-moss.
Stems prostrate, branched, stiff, slender, 1-4 ft. long?
branches similar, ascending, 5-10 in. high, sometim?s

SS

4

—
= if?
4 Pua
Fig. 1, Lycopodium complanatu, a oe 2, Lycopodium obscurum,
My.

X 4; fig. 3, Lycopodium clavatum
7)

72 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

forked, with cones usually solitary at the tips. Leaves
uniform, spreading, 5-ranked, rigid, linear to lanceolate,
minutely serrulate, veined below. Spore-leaves ovate,
acuminate, denticulate.—Alaska to Labrador, south to.
Washington, Colorado and New York; Europe; Asia.

7. Lycopoprum inunpatum L. (Plate 3, Fig. 2.)
Bog Club-moss.

Plants small, 1-6 in. long; stems creeping horizontally
or arching, simple or 1—2-forked, slender; roots produced
near end of annual growth; fertile branches erect, ter-
minated by a long thick, usually solitary spike. Leaves
linear to lanceolate, entire, acute, curved upward. Spore
leaves not greatly unlike the others, soft, spreading.
Sporangia transversely oval, splitting nearly to base.
Spores large—Washington to Newfoundland, south in

the Alleghenies to Georgia; Europe; Asia.

8. Lycoroprum opscurum L. (Plate 2, Fig. 2.)
Bushy Ground-pine.

Stems erect, 5-10 in. high, bushy-branched, the root-
stock sobteeenean. Leaves linear to lanceolate, acute,
entire, 8-ranked on main stem, 6-ranked on branches,
two upper and two lower ranks shorter and appressed or
all alike and equally incurved-spreading, densely cloth-
ing stem to base of spikes. Spikes 1-10 on each plant,
¥2-1% in. long. Spore-leaves many-ranked, ovate,
Scarious-margined, each with a transversely oval spor-
angium in the axil.—Newfoundland and Labrador to
Alaska, south to the mountains of North Carolina,
Indiana, California; Asia.

SELAGINELLACEAR. Moss-fern Family.

Plant moss-like, leafy, much like the Club-mosses —
except smaller, terrestrial, either prostrate or erect,

Tue Ferns or WASHINGTON 73

branched. Leaves minute, very abundant throughout.
Spore-leaves near the tips of the branches, in some like
the foliage leaves, in others different and forming a small
terminal cone. Sporangia solitary on the spore-leaves
near their axils, of two kinds; microsporangia nearest the
branch-tip, containing many microspores; megasporangia
farther back, normally containing 4 large megaspores.
Thallus not projecting out of the spores. There is only
the following genus.

SELAGINELLA. Moss-rern.

Description the same as for the family. (Diminutive
of Selago, an old name of Lycopodium; the plants
resemble small Lycopodiums.)

A. Foliage leaves of two nee ie is planes, the pew _ ow sie larger
than those of the td . S. Dou
AA. Foliage leaves all alike ae
B. Stems ccna “pendent, pee very long; gt not crowded, spread-
g when . S. struthioliodes.

BB. Stems not slender, rigid; leaves crowded, rather appressed even

when wet.
C. Stems 4-12 in. long; leaves less crowded, about 8- agra sterile
branches less crowded; stems prostrate, not pane y hone

CC. Stems 2-5 in. long, leaves much crowded, eae caaied: sterile
branches crowded, incurved; stems densely tufted.
3a. = rupestris densa.

1. SELAGINELLA Dove ast (Hook.) Spring. (Plate 3,
Fig. 6)

Stems creeping, rooted at intervals, 3-12 in. long:
branches alternate, at nearly right angles to the stem,
2-6 in. long, branched again two or three times. Leaves
of the stem in two planes; lateral ones yz in. long, oval,
obtuse, faintly veined; leaves of upper plane one-half as
ong, oval, incurved, ending in a short point. Spore-
leaves in distinct hee cones, closely appressed to

Lycopodium inundatum, X

fig. 4, Selaginelia struthioloides, x 1;

2,

3.

.
bi

x

een
-

Puatr No.

- 1, Lycopodium annotinum

6: fig.

i, x 4

, Isoetes Piperi

Tue FrerRNs or WASHINGTON 75

stem until maturity; cones 34-% in. long, on the tips
of the branches.—British Columbia to California.

2. SELAGINELLA STRUTHIOLOIDES (Presl.) Underw. (Plate
3, Fig. 4) :
Stems 1-6 ft. long, 11s in. in diameter, pendent,
growing with mosses on the trunks of trees, attached by

long, short, white-awned at apex, with occasional cilia
on margin, some early losing their awns; leaves on younger
branches dark green, loosely spreading; those on old
branches light brown, fewer, half appressed; cones or
fruiting spikes slender, 4-angled, not abundant. —Near
the sea coast. British Columbia to Oregon

3. SELAGINELLA RUPEsTRIS (L.) Spring. (Plate 3, Fig. 5.)

Stems prostrate, 4-12 in. long, much branched;
branches several times forked, usually less than 3 inches
high. Leaves in about 8 ranks, closely appressed except
at tips, usually less than 7's in. long, ending in a slender
white bristle 144-1 as long as the leaf itself; leaves
harrow, with deep groove on back, tapering from base
to a rounded apex, margins with numerous cilia. Fertile
spikes or cones erect, 4-sided, 14—1 in. long; bracts broader
at base than leaves, with shorter and sharper terminal
awh, margin more ciliate. Megaspores and microspores
borne in same leaf-axils. Megaspores bright orange in
color.—British Columbia to New England, south to
California and Georgia.

3a. Selaginella rupestris densa (Rydb.) Comb. ne ov.
(Selaginella densa Rydb.)
Stems densely tufted, 2—5 in. long; sterile branches
very short, crowded. Leaves Lae mee —Washing-
ton to Montana and Neb

76 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

ISOETACEAE. Quillwort Family.

Plant consists of a tuft of short hollow cylindrical
grass-like pointed leaves with sporangia near their axils;
stem short, tuber-like, 2-3-lobed; roots a dense tuft.
Leaves spirally arranged but very close. Sporangia
large, orbicular or ovoid, plano-convex, thin, sessile,
more or less covered by the leaf. Megaspores in the
sporangia of the outer leaves, large, globular; micro-
spores in the sporangia of the inner leaves, minute, pow-
dery, grayish, obliquely oblong and triangular. Plants
submerged or in swampy places. There is only the
following genus.

ISOETES. QvrILiwort.

Description the same as for the family. (Greek isos
== equal, etos = the year; because they are evergreen.)
Some species are grown as house plants, since they do
well in aquaria.

A. Cross-section of leaves with four peripheral bast bundles
B. Leaves 1-2 in. long; mezgaspores covered with short blunt spinules.

BB. Leaves 2-8 in. long; —— covered with ridges or crests.
owellii.
AA goseat prey bel leaves ve 3 peripheral bast bundles: megaspores
red with irregular wart: 3. I. Nuttallii.
se Crews sade ao leaves iaises an ey bast bundles
bmerged the

. Megaspores with irregular ridges. . I, paupercula.

‘ I. Piperi.
DDD. tai with minute dots jt rarely join to form
. Bolanderi.
cc. Plants ci partly submerged or else submerged only part of the

E. "Mesaspores covered with broad spinules which are often forked
toothed or sometimes confluent; — slender.
. I. echinospora Braunii.
EE. bapa covered with few — wart-like spines; leaves
7b. E. jeormnib as Flettii.

1, IsoETES MINIMA Eat.
Plant terrestrial, in damp soil. Leaves 6-12, 1-2 in.

Tue FERNS OF WASHINGTON 77

long, slender, bast-bundles 4, stomates present. Mega-
spores .290—.350 mm. in diameter, covered with short
blunt slender spinules, the equator also beset with these
points. Microspores papillose or sparingly spinulose,
white, .026-.031 mm. long. The smallest American
species.—Washington (Spokane County).

2. Isonres Howeiuim Engelm.

Plant submerged in winter, in summer often only
partly so; leaves 6—50, 2—8 in. long, with numerous sto-
mates and 4 bast bundles. Megaspores .250—.500 mm.
in diameter, dark gray or black, covered with low blunt
isolated or confluent crests. Microspores .020—.030 mm.
long, light brown, covered with low blunt tubercles or
spines.—Washington to California and Idaho.

3. Isonres Nurrauui A. Br.

Plant terrestrial, growing in wet places. Leaves 2-9
in. long, with 3 peripheral bast bundles. Sporangia
covered by indusia. Megaspores small, .250—.500 mm.
in diameter, white or light gray, of glassy lustre, marked
by small regular warts. Microspores papillose, brown,
-025—.028 mm. long.—California to British Columbia and
Idaho.

4. ISOnTES PAUPERCULA Engle} Eat.

Plant submerged. Leaves 5-20, 2—5 in. long, thin,
without stomates, peripheral bast-bundles wanting.
Megaspores with irregular ridges. Microspores .026
-.036 mm. long, granulate-—Washington to California
and Colorado.

5. Isonres Pipert Eat. (Plate 3, Fig. 3.)

Plant submerged. Stomates none. Megaspores with

low, distinct warts.—Washington.

6. Isonres BoLanpert Engelm.
Plant submerged. Leaves 5-25, erect, soft, bright
green, tapering to a fine point, thin-walled, with few

78 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

stomates, 2-5 in. long. Sporangia broadly oblong,
mostly not spotted, with a narrow indusium. Mega-
spores .300—.450 mm. in diameter, marked with minute
dots which rarely join to form wrinkles. Microspores
deep brown, .026-.031 mm. long, spinulose or rarely
smooth.—Washington and Idaho to California, Colorado
and Utah.

7a. ISoO—ETES ECHINOSPORA Braunu (Durieu) Engelm.
Braun’s Qutllwort.

Plant submerged, or in dry seasons emersed. Leaves
10-30, usually 3-6 in. long, sometimes 10 in. long, without
peripheral bast-bundles, half-erect in water, recurved out
of water, dark green, occasionally reddish at base, bear-
ing stomates only at tip. Sporangium pale, spotted,
half-covered by the indusium. Megaspores .350-:550
mm. in diameter, covered with spinules; spinules wide,
often forked or toothed, sometimes recurved, often con-
fluent and incised at tips. Microspores .026—.030 mm.
in length, white or gray, smooth, numerous.—Alaska to
Labrador and Greenland, south to Pennsylvania, Utah,
Washington.
7b. IsonTES EcHINOsPORA FiEerri Eat.

Differs from var. Braunii in having stout leaves; spines
of megaspores few, short, wart-like; microspores also
spinulose—Washington and British Columbia.

EQUISETACEAE. Horse-rart Famiy.

Plants rush-like, growing in wet places or in sand, often
branched; stems jointed, usually hollow, arising from
subterranean rootstocks; the sterile and fertile often
unlike, the epidermis containing silica. Sterile leaves
reduced to sheaths at joints; fertile leaves forming a
cone-like spike terminating the stem. Sporangia clus-
tered beneath the cone scales, each with 1 spore-hollow.

THE Ferns or WASHINGTON 79

Spores all of the same size and shape, furnished with two
narrow appendages (elaters); elaters strap-like, attached
at their middle, coiled around the spore, spreading when
mature and dry. Thalli on surface of ground, green.
usually dioecious. There is only the following genus.

EQUISETUM. MHorss-tait.

Description the same as for the family. (Latin sine
== horse; seta = a bristle or hair; because the much-
branched ones suggest a horse’s tail.) H. arvense and
E. telmateia were formerly used for polishing kitchen
ware. When very abundant in hay the horse-tails are
said to be injurious to cattle

A. Aerial stems annual, DrenReG spike not tipped with a rigid poin
. Stems of two kinds; the sterile one much branched, green; anc ici
one unbranched, eho. rt lived, whitish or yellowish, not
C. Sterile stems slender, less than 2 ft. ae snapper rinics ak
lets sharply 3—4-angled.
CC. Sterile stems stout, mo han 2 Pg Footy ‘bd eenunesed:
branchlets more than repre but ene"
. E. telmateia.
BB. Stems all gi branched,
D. Stems 5-9-furrowed, 10- rigs in. a te: leaf-sheaths vel eae about

ison rg palus
DD. Stems many-furrowed, 2-3 ft. highs leafteat of stem
many-toothe E. fluviatile.
AA, Aerial stems perennial, little or not at all grt raehoentis gprs tipped
with m4 rigid po

. Stems pt tufted, slender, 3—10-furrowed.
ge Leaf-sheaths 3-toothed; stem solid, flexible

. E. scirpoides.
FF. Leaf-sheaths 5-10-toothed; stem wig ht = hel flexible.
6. E. ie:
EE. Stems large, stout, many-furrowed.
wd 2. G. Stem smooth; sheath having 1 pore pcb base of

teet
GG. Stem rough; sheath having if “ack ‘seen
male,

1. Equiserum arvense L. (Plate 4, Figs. 8, 9, 10.)
Field Horse-tail.
Stems above ground are annual, of two kinds. Sterile

80 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

stems green, slender, 4—24 in. high, 6—19-furrowed, with
many whorls of branches; branches long, jointed, 3-4
angled, solid, their sheaths 4-toothed, stomates in two
rows in. each furrow; central stem hollow $-% the
diameter of the stem. Fertile stems appearing very
early, before the sterile, 4-12 in. high, unbranched, of
short duration, light brown; their sheaths whitish, end-
ing in about 12 acuminate teeth—In sandy soil specially
along railroad embankments, in meadows and in cul-
tivated fields. Alaska to Greenland, south to California
and New England; Europe; Asia.

2. EQUISETUM TELMATEIA Ehrh. (Plate 4, Figs. 5, 6.)
Giant Horse-tail.

Stems above ground are annual, of two kinds. Sterile
stems ivory-white or greenish, stout, 2—8 ft. high, 20-
40-furrowed; their branches very numerous, erect to
spreading, simple, 4—5-angled, the ridges rough and sul-
cate, the lower joint shorter than the leaf-sheath of the
stem. Fertile stems 10-15 in. high, short-lived, white,
many-furrowed; leaf-sheaths loose, brownish, elongated,
deeply 20-30-toothed—In all kinds of soil, much in
swamps and on railroad embankments. British Colum-
bia to California; Europe.

3. Equiserum paLustrE L. (Plate 4, Fig. 11.)
Marsh Horse-tail. ;

Stems above ground are annual, branched, slender, all
alike, 10-20 in. high, deeply 5—9-furrowed; the furrows
separated by narrow, wing-like, roughish ridges; stem-
sheaths loose, toothed; their teeth about 8, lance- to awl-
shaped, whitish, marginal; branches few, in a whorl,
simple, 4-7-angled, hollow; branch-sheaths mostly 5-
toothed.—Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to Washington
and New York; Europe.

THE FERNS oF WASHINGTON 81

4. Equiserum FLUVIATILE L. (Plate 4, Fig. 7.)
Water Horse-tail.

Rootstocks hollow; stems above ground annual, 2-3
ft. high, slightly many-furrowed, smooth, usually pro-
ducing upright branches after fructification; air-cavities
wanting under grooves, small under ridges; central
hollow very large; stem-sheaths appressed, toothed; their
teeth about 18, dark brown, short, acute, rigid ; branches
hollow, slender, smaller but otherwise like stems, short
or elongated.—Alaska to Labrador, south to Washington
and Virginia; Europe; Asia.

5. Equiserum scrrporpes Michx. (Plate 4, Fig. 4.)
: Dwarf Scouring-rush.

Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender or filiform,
3-6 in. high, somewhat rough, flexuous and curving,
tufted, mostly 6-furrowed with the ridges acute, simple
or branched from near base; central hollow wanting;
stem-sheath 3-toothed, the bristle-like tips rather per-
sistent.—Alaska to Labrador, south to Washington,
Illinois and Pennsylvania.

6. Equiserum varteGatum Schl. (Plate 4, Fig. 1.)
Variegated Scouring-rush.

Stems perennial, evergreen, slender, tufted, 5—10-
furrowed, 6-20 in. long, simple; central hollow small;
stem-sheath green, variegated with black above, edged
with white, 5—10-toothed, tipped with deciduous bristles.
Spore-leaves very small, tipped with a comparatively
large point.—Aretic America, south to Nevada and
Pennsylvania.

7. Equiserum tagvicatum A. Br. (Plate 4, Figs. 2, 3.)
Smooth Scouring-rush.
Stems 1-5 ft. high, simple or little branched, pale

wha 4
“ey L/)

No

Wz

al O¢8i

No. 4.
Equisetum (Figs. 1-13; explanation on p. 83).

PLATE

A New Hysrip Fern. 83

green, 14—30-furrowed and the ridges almost smooth;
central hollow very large, stem-wall very thin; sheath
elongated, slightly enlarged upward, marked with a black
girdle at the base of the teeth; teeth mostly deciduous,
white, marginal.—British Columbia to New York, south
to California, Texas and Georgia.

8. EquisreTuM HyeMALE L. (Plate 4, Figs. 12, 13.)

Common Scouring-rush.

Stems slender, rather stiff, evergreen, 2-4 ft. high,
rough, aS ee seldom branching; central hollow
large, 3-3 the stem diameter; sheaths marked with
two bisok’ ‘Giles teeth brown, membranous, soon decid-
uous. Spikes pointed.—British Columbia to New
England, south to California and Georgia; Europe; Asia.—
Formerly used for scouring floors.

EXPLANATION OF Prats 4.

Fig. 1 aii variegatum, cone and stem-tip, x 1; fig. 2, 3, Equi-
setum laevigatu ; fig 2, joint of stem with bract-leaves; fig. 3, cone, x 1;
rmi

cone, X 14; figs. 13, aa snealaset fig. 12, a joint of the stem
with bract leaves; — 13, mt

A New Hybrid Fern.
F. C. GREENE
Polystichum acrostichoides x Dryopteris cris-
tata hyb. nov.

In general appearance the hybrid closely resembles
Polystichum acrostichoides. The fronds are k green
above and paler beneath. The fertile fronds have con-
tracted pinne in the upper spore-bearing portion as in

84 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL.

P. acrostichoides, but the lower part is considerably
narrower than that species. The sterile fronds prob-
ably approach more closely Dryopteris cristata in general
outline. The pinne are extremely variable in shape,
approaching P. acrostichoides on one hand and D
cristata on the other, but are usually pinnate. On large
fertile fronds, the lower pair or two are pinnate through-
out their length as are most of the contracted spore-
bearing pinne. Practically all the pinne are pinnate
next to the rachis both above and below the midrib.
That above the midrib is the largest, suggesting the
auricled portion of P. acrostichoides. Many of the
pinne on the fertile fronds are indented at the outer
end, showing a tendency to bifurcate, and are widest
two-thirds or three-fourths of the distance from the
rachis. The sterile fronds are usually beset with spines
at the ends of the pinnules. In many of the fertile
fronds, only the lower one to three pairs of spore-bearing
pinnae develop, giving the frond the appearance of
having been broken or bitten off at an early stage. The
sori are usually intermediate in number between those
of the parent species, but approach both in different
fronds. In a few cases, sori appear on the pinne below
the contracted portion. The indusia in a few instances
show traces of a sinus.

Last winter the writer found, a short distance above
Great Falls on the Virginia side of the Potomac, a fern
that appeared to be a peculiar form of the common
Christmas fern. Wishing to investigate this, a second
trip was made to the locality, late in May, and three
large healthy plants were found in company with a
great number of typical P. acrostichoides, and with
several plants of D. cristata growing a few feet distant.
It took but a single glance to arrive at the conclusion
that the plants were hybrids. The detailed examina-

tion showed an admixture of characteristics in every

A Great Day. 85

feature, confirming the first impression. The tendency
to bifurcate, noted above, had in one instance gone so
far as to produce a forked frond. The figures given
show the chief characteristise. They are about natural
size.

5. Reverse of a fertile pinna, showing position of sori.
and 7. Pinnz from sterile fronds.

A Great Day.
Gro. L. Moxirey
On May 30th of this present year Prof. T. J. Fitz-
patrick and I set out on a botanical exploring expedi-
tion into a range of hills not far to the north of Los
_ Angeles, Cal. While our quest was primarily for ferns,

86 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL.

we were ready to note and collect anything of interest.
We climbed a ridge above Eagle Rock and followed
a trail which allowed us a view of both slopes as we
traveled. It was very interesting to note the influence
of the slope upon the ecology of the range, north and
north-east slopes having usually a much heavier and
greener growth of chaparral than the south and south-
west slopes. The growth on the dry sunny slopes con-
sists largely of Lotus glaber (Torr.) Greene and Pentste-
mon spectabilis Thurb., which latter occurred in such
dense patches as to give a purple hue to quite large.
areas. On the more shaded slopes Adenostoma fascicu-
latum H. & A., one or two species of scrub oaks, and
the black and white sages formed the prevailing cover.
As Prof. Fitzpatrick is recently here from the East,
the whole flora of the range was of great interest to him,
but I was intent on finding ferns. After going up hill
and down for about five hours, with frequent stops to
gather some plant of more than usual interest, we
spied a likely looking canyon and cast about for a way
of getting down into it. As there seemed to be no
trail we broke our way through the brush and soon
arrived at the bottom. The canyon was deep and nar-
row where we entered it, and densely filled with brush
which at the bottom was bound together with trailing
vines of Rubus sp. and Rhus diversiloba T. & G. :
On arriving at the bottom of the canyon we at once
found some beautiful fronds of Nephrodium rigidum
var. argutum, but they were sterile. However, we
later found plenty which were in fine fruit. At this
place we also found some of our beautiful gold back
fern, Gymnogramma triangularis Kaulf. From this
point travel became exceedingly difficult. At times we
had to crawl under the brush and vines in the V-shaped
bottom of the ravine, for at this place it was hardly
more, and at other times we had to climb up the side

A Great Day. 87

and clamber over the top of the brush or break our
way through. We felt like veritable explorers mak-
ing our way through an entirely new country.

As we worked our way down the ravine we suddenly
came upon a bank on which grew a great quantity of
Adiantum Jordani C. Muel., interspersed with Poly-
podium Californicum Kaulf. A little further down we
found some large clumps of Woodwardia radicans (L)
Sm., some of last year’s fronds, six feet or more in
height, still remaining and showing its characteristic
fruiting, but the new fronds not fully uncoiled.

We were now quite jubilant and ready to vote our
trip a great success, but it seemed to be only a beginn-
ing, for we soon discovered Pellaea andromedaefolia
(Kaulf.) Fee., P. ornithopus Hook. and another that
may be only an immature form of andromedaefolia,
though it was in full fruit. But I find that P. andro-
medag, olia is quite diverse in its growth, being bi- tri-
or quadripinnate, and the ultimate pinnules on some
plants being less than half the size of others. I think
the tendency is for them to become more times pinnate
as the plants grow older. I hope to clear up this point
by watching individual plants in my wild garden.

Farther down the canyon we found a quite large area
densely covered with tall, waving fronds of Pteris aqui-
tna L. with some more clumps of Woodwardia radicans,
and a little farther the bracken was interspersed with
Equisetum robustum A. Br.

It was now getting late and we had not yet reached
the mouth of our canyon so we began to hurry along,
but we just couldn’t get away without finding one more
fern, for on a little bank we found two or three plants of
Cheilanthes Californica (Nutt) Mett. We were now
rich indeed. Our Southern California fern flora is not
very large at best, and here in one afternoon in one little

88 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

canyon we had found nine, or perhaps ten, species of
ferns, an Equisetum and a Selaginella.

Just at dusk, as we were coming out of our little
canyon into a larger one, we found a Habenaria and a
broom rape (probably Orobanche tuberosa (Gray, Heller.),
and a little later, when it was almost too dark to see,
Prof. Fitzpatrick caught sight of another Habenaria.
Orchids are not plentiful around here so we felt
peculiarly favored. It was now nearly dark and we
were still a long way from home, but we were agreed
that though tired we had spent a great and profitable
day.

Los ANGELES, CaL., JUNE 16th, 1913.

Double Sori in Athyrium
E. J. WINSLOW

Three years ago, while the author was collecting in
northern Vermont and amusing himself by making a
rather minute examination and comparison of the three
species of our New England ferns that are sometimes
called Athyrium, fronds were collected from several
widely separate plants of a narrow, erect variety of A.
jilix-femina, which generally bears double sori on the
outer part of the pinnae where the veining becomes more
simple. This seemed interesting as an unusual and
perhaps unrecorded peculiarity of structure, and because
it raises some interesting questions regarding the rela-
tions and classification of the three species under con-
sideration.

Figure 1 is an essentially accurate sketch of a small
portion of one of the fronds showing the outline of three
pinules and one pair of sori on each; the pair to the left
on the two branches of a forked vein, the next pair on @

Wrinstow: Dovus.e Sori In ATHYRIUM 89

Fic. 1 and 2. Double sori in A. felix-femina and A. augustifolium.

vein that forks about in the middle of the attachment
of the sori, and the third on an unforked vein, a real
double sorus.

A few years ago authors generally regarded A. filix-
femina as our only representative of the subgenus’ Athy-
rium. Underwood and Maxon included also A. thelyp-
teroides, and later, others, including the editors of the
current revision of Gray’s Manual, following Milde’s
description, involving the character of the stipe and
venation as well as the sori, have made A. angustifolium
a third Athyrium. The variety of opinion is further indi-
cated by the fact that A. filiz-femina has had, in the
course of its varied career as an object of scientific study,
such generic names as Nephrodium and Aspidium, and
that A. thelypteroides, or achrostichoides as some of us
prefer to call it, has been called Diplazium thelypteroides.

All these genera have been chiefly characterized by
the form of the sori and indusia. A straight indusium
extending along one side of a veinlet is said to be asple-

90 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

noid; if the end of the sorus bends across the veinlet in
a crescent or horse-shoe shape it is said to be athyrioid;
if it grows across and down the other side of the veinlet,
or if two sori occur on opposite sides of the same vein,
it is a double or diplazioid sorus.

The sorus in spleenworts is regularly attached to the
upper side of the vein, and if the vein is forked on the
upper branch, that is, nearest to the tip of the lobe on
which it grows. As Dr. Copeland expresses it,—‘‘con-
fined to the acropetal side of the vein.”* Now when a
vein leads up to the angle between a lobe and the free
end of the pinule or pinna, one side of the vein is acropetal —
as regards the lobe and the other as regards the pinnule,
and quite logically a sorus often occurs on both sides.
If the pinule is strongly crenate or lobed, several vein-
lets on each pinule may be so situated as to have a sorus
on each side. But in this case the sorus on the side
toward the midvein of the lobe is likely to be shorter
than that toward the midvein of the pinule. (See figure
on page 81 of Vol. I of this Journau.) On the other
hand, if the veinlet is forked, as it usually is in A. filiz-
Femina, the two sori appear not diplazioid, but on differ-
ent branches and on opposite sides of them.

Double sori may be found occasionally in other species
of Asplenium, as noted of A. pinnatifidum, by D. ©.
Eaton. He says, “The sori are mostly single, though
here and there one will be diplazioid—most commonly
the lowest one on the superior side of the lobe. The
free edge is directed toward the middle of the lobe except-
ing the indusia of the sori nearest the midrib, and these
open toward the midrib.’’t This is exactly the case as
just described for the Athyrium.

* Philippine Islands Bulletin No. 28: “The atl Agito of the
Philippine Islands,” Edwin Bingham tO _
“Ferns of North America,” D. C. Eato

WinsLow: DovusLe Sort In ATHYRIUM 91

At first thought a hunt for double sori on A. angusti-
folium would seem like a hopeless quest, but such have
been seen and reported by one author at least, Miss
Slosson.* In the main, the long, parallel sori are laid in
regular order on the upper sides of the upper branches
of the once forked veins. As there are no lobes or angles,
there is no opportunity for double sori. But where the
pinnae dwindle to insignificance toward the top of the
frond and pass into the graceful accuminate tip, the sori
change from the outer to the inner and upper side of the
veins. That is—where there are no pinnae the sorus
goes to the side nearest the tip of the frond. At the
point where this change occurs, if anywhere, we should
find double sori. The plant seems rather averse to this
arrangement and the first two or three fronds examined
had two or three of the last tiny pinnae entirely sterile,
although there were sori above and below. But about
the fourth frond showed one solitary pair on the very
last lobe that could be called a pinna. (Figure 2.)

This somewhat superficial treatment of the subject
seems to emphasize the similarities of these three species
rather than their differences. The conclusion seems to
be that unilateral sori rightly situated relatively to the
lobes and branches of the midvein are likely to appear
diplazioid in any species, and that double sori are of very
little diagnostic value. Whether all curving of sori in
A. filix-femina, for instance, can be accounted for as a
weak manifestation of the doubling tendency is a ques-
tion for further consideration. In general, forms with
much curved indusia also have strongly lobed and incised
margins, and where the sorus is completely horse-shoe
shaped, as in the cyclosorum forms, each sorus is in the
position where a double sorus might be expected.

Some authors apparently regard the double sorus as

staal cneattcimay
*“ How Ferns Grow,” Slosson.

92 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL.

an extreme development of the curved or athyrioid sorus,
while others suggest that the athyrioid form is a pre-
cursor of the Dryopteris form. That A. filix-femina is
biologically the most recent of the species under considera-
tion is suggested by the fact that it is most common and
generally distributed, which indicates that it is best
adapted to present conditions; that it is most variable,
which may mean that it is a species in the making; and
that it is most highly specialized, a smaller portion of
the vein being capable of producing sporangia.

D. C. Eaton expresses the belief that no two of these
species are closely related. And anyone examining a
collection of ferns from various parts of the world is
likely to be impressed by the fact that there are two
distinct groups, one of which bears a general resemblance
to A. achrostichides and the other to A. filix-femina.

AUBURNDALE, Mass.

Notes and News
A PENNSYLVANIA FERN TRIP

The Doylestown (Bucks Co., Pa.) Nature Club de-
voted its May meetings, 19th and 26th, to the study of
“Ferns” under the guidance of Miss Anna K. Bewley,
cryptogammic botanist; George MacReynolds, scribe,
and J. Kirk Leatherman, “Dean” of the Doylestown
Botanical Club.

On the 19th a “Fern Walk” was taken through the
rich floral country adjacent to Doylestown and on the
26th, Miss Bewley gave a talk on “Rare Ferns” at the
home of Mrs. George Watson and illustrated her remarks
by specimens from her own herbarium and by growing
pterodophytes in the nearby wild garden of Miss Ellen
_ D. Smith.

Among the ferns indigenous to Bucks Co., noted by

Notes anp News. . 93

the Club on its walk and described by Miss Bewley
in her remarks, were: Cheilanthes vestita, Asplenium pin-
natifidum, A. platyneuron, A. filix femina, Botrychium vir-
ginianum, Osmunda regalis, O. cinnamomea, C. Claytoni-
ana, -Onoclea_ sensibilis, Dryopteris acrostichoides, D.
Novoboracensis, D. Thelypteris, D. marginalis, D. spinu-
losa intermedia, Phegopteris Phegopteris, Adiantum
pedatum and Polypodium vulgare.

The speaker also discussed other rare ferns she had
studied, but had not found in Bucks County, combatting
strongly the hybrid theory as regards Asplenium ebe-
noides R. R. Scott. and suggesting the new thought
on the subject that it would be quite as rational to assume
that ebenoides and consort might be the parent ferns
of either Camptosorus or platyneuron, as that ebenoides
was their hybrid.

FERN PROTECTION NEEDED

In the last few years a flourishing industry has sprung
up in the collecting of the fronds of our native ferns
for florists. One important question at once arises:
Does this collecting of fronds injure the plants ‘them-
selves and in time kill them? As yet I have been unable
to answer this question in a satisfactory way. It is
true, doubtless, that careless pickers are apt to disturb the
roots, which may become exposed to the dry surface air.
In time this exposure may cause the death of the plant.

A few figures regarding this fern industry may be of
interest. In the town of Cavendish, Vermont, the
Christmas fern, Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.)
Schott, known to the collectors as the “dagger” fern,
has been the only species collected. One season ten
to fifteen thousand fronds of this fern were collected
daily by two boys and their assistants. From forty to
fifty cents per thousand was paid for the fronds collected.
From Cavendish alone in one year three hundred and

94 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL.

twenty-five thousand fronds were shipped to a Boston
florist. This one florist, in the course of a year uses.
one million fern fronds and one thousand . pounds of
ground pine or Lycopodium of various varieties.
In southern Vermont, Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.)
A. Gray, the spinulose wood fern is also collected
and shipped to florists. This fern is known to the
trade as the “fancy” or “lace” fern. A firm in
western Massachusetts, to whom are sent most of
the fronds collected in southern Vermont, informs me
that their collectors have gathered ferns in the same
localities for twenty-five years. They state also that
they can see no diminution in the quantity or even the
quality of the plants.

If our ferns are in no great danger from this industry,
they are in more or less danger from the many nursery-
men who are now dealing in our hardy plants. Some
of these florists, instead of raising ferns from the spores, -
buy the plants directly from collectors who despoil our
woods of roots. In one section of Vermont, I’m told,
a beautiful station for the Goldies fern, Dryopteris
Goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray, was entirely eradicated by
persons collecting for one nurseryman. Our delicate
maiden-hair, Adiantum pedatum L., is also in danger
from being destroyed. Here is a chance for the society
for the Protection of Native Plants as well as members
of the American Fern Society to do some good work.

Harotp Gopparp Rvuae.

DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS X MARGINALIS UNDER CULTURE-

Miss F. C. Corne sends in the following interesting
note:
“. . . My hybrid filix-mas x marginalis, found two

years ago at Barnard, Vt., thrives finely under cultiva- _
tion and has become a more graceful plant, vase-like
1 shape. It has this year eighteen fronds, growing in a

Notes ano NEws. 95

perfect partly double circle. They came up almost
simultaneously this time, and the tallest are about
thirty-six inches high and nearly ten inches across.
As heretofore, the upper halves of the fronds are heavily
fruited but these fruit dots appear abortive and under
the magnifying glass are like tiny specks of fine sponge
or punk.

In the early autumn I hope to press these fronds and
with others gathered last summer, would like to offer
them for exchange. I shall also have specimens of the
more common New England ferns—over thirty species—
and several of each to give to any one caring to pay
the postage.

ON FERN COLLECTING IN EvuROPE.

“Genoa, Rome, Bologna, Florence, Venice and Buda-
pest do not afford very satisfactory opportunities for
botanizing. This is particularly true of Venice, and
in a brief of several days.at most, it is not easy to get
into the real country. Still I carry my botanical gun
always with me, having learned, like other hunters,
that without one’s gun one is likely to come across
game which he cannot bag. But even. in most cases
where I have been able to get away from paved streets,
there has been a great lack of the only plants which I
have any purpose to collect.

I attribute this for the most to the fact that such
soil as I have been able to cover is clayey and poorly
drained. On such soil the most 1 have found are a few
Species of Equisetum. On a rich bank, shaded by
deciduous trees, in Budapest, Hungary, Cystopteris
fragilis and Asplenium trichomanes were abundant, but
even these widely prevalent species have been sur-
prisingly absent from most of the area which has come
under my notice.

An interesting exception to what I have written,

96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL.

however, was Madeira, where, with a brief stop, I col-
lected a number of species, some of them new to me.
That island is an interesting one to those concerned with
ferns, as it is for other reasons, and the temptation to
remain or return there was very srtong. At Gibraltar
the only species which revealed itself to me during a
detour of several hours was Adiantum Capillus-Veneris.”
R. A. Ware (in a letter to E. J. Winslow).

American Fern Society

Ten members of the American Fern Society were
present at the Summer Field Meeting of the Vermont
Botanical and Bird Clubs, in Townshend, Vt., July 1
and 2: Dr. Grout, of New York; Mr. Bissell and Mr.
Weatherby, of Connecticut; Mr. Winslow, of Massa-
chusetts; Mr. Rugg, of New Hampshire; Dr. Brainerd,
Mrs. Davenport, Mrs. Flynn, Miss Strong and Mr.
Underwood, of Vermont.

Corrected Addresses: Miss F. C. Corne, Ash Street
Place, Cambridge, Mass.; Mr. H. P. Rogers, 815 French
St., Erie, Pa.; Dr. R. W. Amidon, Deerfield, Mass.;
Prof. W. J. Petty, Friendship, N. Y.; Mr. G. L. Moxley,
1445 Regina Lane, Los Angeles, Cal.

New members: Mr. Edwin C. Jellett, 118 Herman
St., Germantown, Pa.; Mr. Geo. Redles, Box 267,
Oyster Bay, N. Y.; Mrs. Mabel McMurry Jackson,
Index, Washington; Mrs. Herbert Fletcher, Westford,
Mass.; Mr. D. F. Higgins, Hol Kol, Korea.

Mr. G. L. Moxley offers specimens of the following
ferns to those who will send postage: Pellaea ornithopus,
Aspidium rigidum argutum, Cystopteris fragilis, Adiantum
Jordani, A. pedatum, and Polypodium Californicum.

American Fern Journal

Vol. 3 Debbs i hecie serie Westy toneromacen. 1913 No. 4

The Ferns of Washington

T. C. FRYE AND MABEL McMURRY JACKSON

(Continued from AMERICAN FERN JouRNAL, Vol. 3, No. 3, page 83,
September 1913.)
OPHIOGLOSSUM. ApbpEr’s-TonevE FamILy.

Plants simple. Spore-leaf and foliage-leaf apparently
with a common petiole below. Sporangia naked, in a
spike or a panicle, opening at maturity by a transverse
slit Spores many. yellow. Thallus subterranean,
without green.

Key To THE GENERA
A. Foliage-leaf simple; veins netted. OpHr1oGLossum (p. 97)

AA. Foliage-leaf pinnately or ternately divided or compounded; veins
free, Borrycuium (p. 98)

OPHIOGLOSSUM. AppER’Ss-TONGUE.

Plants rather fleshy; rootstocks erect, fleshy or
tuberous. Foliage- and spore-leaf simple (ours); spore-
leaf spike-like. Sporangia cohering along the 2 edges
of the spike. Spores many, sulphur-yellow. (Greek
ophis = a serpent, glossa = tongue; from the resemblance
of the spore-bearing spike.) We have only the follow-
ing species:

1. OpHtocLossum vutGatuM L. (Pl. 6, f. 1.)

Foliage-leaf entire, thin, ovate to elliptic, often ob-
lanceolate, 1-4 inches long, narrowed at base, obtuse,

[No. 3 of the Journat (2: 65-96) was issued August 30, 1913.]
97

98 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
s

sessile on the common petiole; basal veins 9-11, con-
nected by cross veins above. Spore-leaf with petiole
about as long as the common petiole. Sporangia large,
coriaceous.—Washington to Arizona, Texas and Maine;
Europe; Asia.

BOTRYCHIUM. GRAPE-FERN.

Plants fleshy; rootstocks short, erect, foliage- and
spore-leaf compound, pinnately or ternately divided;
spore-leaf 1—3-pinnate; veins free. Sporangia sessile or
distinct, in rows on either side of the branches, forming
large panicles in some. Spores of various shades of
yellow. (Diminutive of Greek botrys = a cluster of
grapes; from the resemblance of the spore-bearing
leaf.)

A. ge a. ee bpsomeogrs 2-pinnate in B. lanceolatum.)
shaped.

B. Leaf-segments fan- wedge-
C. Lea . “eament saetts in contact or overlapping, margin crenate
fl

ire; stem very fles 1. B. lunaria.
cc. ‘ateniads ts far apart on touch each none ha notched
or incised; stem slender . B. Onondagense.
BB. Leaf-segments nee or lanceolate
Outer leaf-segments lan pene abate, 3. B. lanceolatum.
DD. yet ata oblong, obtus 4. B. neglectum.
AA. Leaf ternately divided, iaes yer nate.
E. Petiole slender; common petiole 14 or more of entire length; ae
eaf sessile. . Virginianum.
EE. Petiole robust; common petiole short; folinge-teat not ses aie
. B. silaifolium.

1. Borrycuium tunaria (L.) Sw. (PI. 6, f. 2.)
Moonwort.

Plant very fleshy, 2-12 inches high. Foliage-leaf
usually sessile, pinnate with 2-8 pairs of truncate or

Spore-leaf 2~—3-pinnate, often dense, 1-2 inches long,
often about the height of the foliage leaf, its petiole
shorter than the common petiole.—Washington to Col-
orado and Labrador and northward; Europe; Asia.

Z AN

i. SE

1 = Ophioglossum vulgatum, X 4%. 2 = Botrychium lunaria, X \.
3 = Botrychium lanceolatum, X %. 4 = Botrychium neglectum, X \.
5 = Bo um , & &. 6 = Botrychium Virginianum,

_X 4. 7 = Botrychium silaifolium, x \.

100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

2. BorrycuiumM ONONDAGENSE Underw. (PI. 6, f. 4.)

Roots slender, from a very short axis; common
petiole slender, rather weak and spreading, 3—7 inches
high. Foliage-leaf short-petioled, #—1-inch long, 4-
14-inch wide; leaf-segments 7-9, broadly cuneate,
their own width or more apart, their outer margin
notched or deeply incised. Spore-leaf 44-1 inch long,
mostly 2-pinnate; petiole slender, 1-2 inches long.—
On rocky ground in shade. Washington to New York.
3. BorrycHIUM LANCEOLATUM (Gmel.) Angs. (PL6,f3)

Lance-leaved Grape-fern.

Plant 3-12 inches high, somewhat fleshy. Foliage-
leaf closely sessile, 1—2-pinnate or 3-lobed; ultimate
segments lanceolate, acute, oblique, entire or dentate;
mid-vein continuous with forking veinlets. Spore-leaf
slightly overtopping foliage-leaf, 2-3-pinnate; its petiole
much shorter than the common petiole.-—Washington
to Colorado, Pennsylvania and northward; Europe;
Asia.

4. BorTrycHIUM NEGLECTUM Wood. (PI. 6, f. 4.)
Meriden Grape-fern.

Plant 5-8 inches high, stout. Foliage-leaf 1-pinnate,
short, with 3—4 pairs of segments; segments oblong,
obtuse, erosely or incisely indented. Spore-leaf a
panicle, often larger than the foliage-leaf.—Alaska to

Nova Scotia, south to Washington, South Dakota and
Maryland.

5. Borrycutum Virarntanum (L.) Sw. (PI. 6, f. 6-)

Rattlesnake Fern.

Plant 4-24 inches high; stem relatively slender.
Foliage-leaf sessile above middle of stem, ternate, broadly

THE FERNS OF WASHINGTON 101

triangular, thinly herbaceous; its main divisions short-
stalked, 1—2-pinnate; ultimate segments toothed. Spore-
leaf 2—3-pinnate.—British Columbia to Labrador, south
to Washington, Arizona, Texas, Florida.

6. BoTrRycHIUM SILAIFOLIUM Presl. (Pl. 6, f. 7.)

Plant robust, 15-24 inches high. Foliage-leaf large,
usually broader than long, with petiole 3-8 inches long,
its 3 main divisions 2—3-pinnate; ultimate segments
lobed, crenulate. Spore-leaf long-petioled, usually
overtopping the foliage-leaf, 2—3-pinnate.—British Co-
lumbia and Washington.

POLYPODIACEAE. Trust Fern FaAmity.

Plants terrestrial, perennial, evergreen or not. Leaves
(fronds) growing from a rhizome in tufts or singly,
1—3 times divided into leaflets (pinnules) or lobes,
coiled at tips when young, unrolling and growing at
apex until mature. In most genera all the leaves are
alike, other genera have distinct foliage- and spore-leaves.
Spores very abundant, all alike, borne on backs of
unmodified foliage-leaves or these somewhat modified
but green, in sporangia which occur in groups (sori);
sori may or may not be covered each by an indusium
consisting either of a separate membrane or the in-
rolled edge of the leaf. Thalli small, green, somewhat
heart-shaped, on soil or decaying wood.

Key to THe GENERA—BASED ON THE LEAVES
(Ss

lso p. 103)
A. Leaves pinnately compound, their main divisions not 2
B. Leaves once pinnate or pinnately deep-lobed, coer or sania:
Cc. flets entire to

D. Blades of the leaflets not narrowed to their Sar at b
Leaves not tufted, all alike; rootstocks cree
1 Pouxronic
EE. Leaves tufted, of 2 kinds; rootstocks m creeping.

DD. Blades of the leaflets narrowed to Sarg cide at base.

102 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

"4

Leaves less than 1 inch wide, linear; leaflets ovate, obtuse
or rounded, without lobe at base; petiole slender, shining
smooth. 7. ASPLENIUM.

Leaves normally more than 1 inch wide when mature
linear or lanceolate; leaflets lanceolate to narrowly ovate,
acute, with lobe at base on upper side; petiole not slender

nor shining, sca 5. PotysTicHumM
CC. Leaflets deeply toothed ian a aed Roos len. ngth

G. Blade of leaflet not narrowed its ase "except
sometimes the lower 1 or 2 wake: latblade triangular in

eral form. 3.

hy
coal

GG. Blade of leaflet narrowed to its cred base.

H. Leaf-blade obovate or oblan pt nw Naat lobes of the
leaflets longer than the others; sient 8 bicsema at tip;

ant 1-2 high.

HH. Leaf-blade ovate; lower lobes of the teats not longer
than the hace: leaflet-lobes acute a plant 3-6 feet
hi es so saete

Coc. Lower leaflets lobed at base, all otherwise entire.
PELLAEA
BB. Leaves twice -ciogeaty or pinnately hing aig tufted.
I. Plants 20 inches o
Leaf-blade meborgiones in general outline.
PHEGOPTERIS,
JJ. Leaf-blade lanceolate in general outiine.

K. Plants usually less than 8 inches high.

L. Petiole coarse; ering ra be or po aabed — fine short
co)

white hairs
LL. Petiole very slender; leaflets dense covered ibe brown

KK. Plants s usually 8-20 inch es hig ‘5
M. Petiole very slender, hase aree at base
Cvnctensn:
M Petiole coarse, very scaly at <i 5. Po.rysTicHuM.
Il. Plants over 20 inches high.
N. Leaflets not contracted to their mid-veins where they join
the main leaf-axis, or if so only the lower ones.

NN. Leaflets galas to their mid-veins hgh they join the
main leaf-ax
Leaflets inhag beneath; either leaf-blade wide b
or else lower pair of leaflet-lobes pursuance Tans than
the others. Dr
OO. Leaflets shining beneath; leaf- art ton base
esto pair pt leaflet-lobes not urease oad lane at the
6. ATH

BBB. pets thri innate
P. Plants less scat 1 foot high, densely tufted.

Leaves of 2 kin = 13. CRYPTOGRAMMA.
Leaves all a
R. ‘Leaf-blades ‘esckenbe to pentagonal, whitish- or yellowish-
powdery beneath. CEROPTERI

RR. Leaf-blade ovate to lanceolate, not powdery siotunail

THE FERNS OF WASHINGTON 103

S. Petiole 2-5 as long as the leaf-blade; lower side of
leaflets not hai ¥ :
SS. Petiole not “si nie than the leaf-blade: lower side of
leaflets sec gh with long brown hairs.
2. CHEILANTHES.
PP. Plants over 1 foot high, tufted or not.
T. Leaves not tufted, triangular, 14 feet or less high.
15. Preripivum.
TT. Leaves tufted, ovate to oe 4 feet or less high
U. Leaves Ss ovate. widest at base, 10-15 inches high,

Dr
Uv: oe oblong-lanceolate, narrowed ‘somewhat at base,
high S.- Pa

—18 inches .
AA. a at -divisions ty 3, each again twice diva ares
n leaf-division 3, each vanitae bipinnate; leaflets or lobes
be or pape: sided.

tufted, iepagelguahattieed on the back; 2 ca ace main

Bang: beranickt sessile or 1 0. oP
Leaves not tufted, ou yellowish-powdery on ere back; 3

main leaf-divisions each inctly stalked.

distinct
X. Leaves 8-18 inches high; aaa not nai

EGOPTERIS.
XX. Leaves 1-14 feet high; leaflets somewhat hats beneath.

TERIDIU
VV. aga leaf-divisions 2, each at once divia ed into few ian g branch-
like parts bearing each several to many | ma promi ces much
adee: leaves tufted. 14

To THE GENERA—BASED ON THE SORI
(See also page 101)
A. cap ori present, sori covered.
B. sab atrerg covered stn modified edge of leaf (false indusium).
gece all alike
Indusium continuous around margin or usually so; sae aes
borne on leaf under false indusium; leaflets more
bilaterally symmetrica
Leaves small, tufted: sori on terminal veins.
F. Leaves 1-pinnate; indusium membranous. 11. PeEvuaea.
. FF. Leaves 2-3-pinnate.
G. Sterile leaflets brown-hairy; indusium not membranous.
12.0

HEILANTHES.
GG. Sterile leaflets not hairy; indusium creer SHORTS
13. RYPTO
EE. Drvanldee poten not tufted; sori on conto veins a eon:
latera &: Pts
DD. india zt onenrane with each other, oblons: sporangia
borne on under side of false aati Feces ts one-sided.
ANTUM

CC. Leaves of two kinds, spore-leaves hate the foliage-leaves

BB. Sori oe Jc dengte not covered by edge of leaf, a true indusium.
H. Sorir

104 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

I. Indusium over
J. gtr more or we scaly; indusium conspic
es a round, peltate; ro eae — ee Tanto

tou Po CHUM.
KK. tigation cordate; leas piaces obovate rie oblanceolate
ico Regs base, or oblo wide base,
ranous, es
Ro ie Pets om not scaly; indusium Silickisbe eee " hood-like;

leaf-blade delicate, vedic to lanceola 2

II. Indusium under sori; sori atellately reeniee Yan tufted
ferns growing on rocks; petioles coarse, woody
1B Wiokek
HH. Sori not r
L. Sori tena or "nar leaves all ~ nega divided.
M. call a mid-vein, sep: in Resi agents

se “Sor ical to mid-vein in eink rows in sane

leaves large. 9. WoopwaRrDtIa.
LL. Sori ees in band next to midrib; elon of two kinds,
pinnately divided. 8. Loma
LLL. Sori curved, more or less ipa” leaves all stk, bipinnate,

narrowly o ae narrow at base. ATH
AA. Indusium none, sori na
N. ae elongated, spreading following the veins; leaves pier de
3-pinnate; lower surface covered with yellow to white powder
0. esha aig
NN. Sori round or elliptical, leaf-back not covered with powder
Sori large, on tips of veins; leaves usta divided; petiole
jointed to rootstoc 16. Poxnypoprum.
P. Leaf-blade triangular in general form a. seguinitl ae

Pu
PP. Leaf-blade either not triangular in seneral form, 0 or rif so the
leaflets rounded and pape ah nig 16. Ponypopium.
OO. Sori small, on backs of v below ame, aa ves ternate or
2-3-pinnate; petiole not ‘iotaead to rootstoc
3. PHEGOPTERIS.

1. WOODSIA.

Small tufted ferns growing mostly upon rocks;
petioles coarse, woody; leaf-blades 2-pinnate. Indusium
under the round sorus, stellately divided into lobes or
fringes. (Honor of J. Woods, an English botanist.)

A. Leaf-blades smooth; leaflets or lobes 4-6 pairs on each Redan
leaf-division; lobes of indusium hair-like. 1. W. oregana.
AA. Leaf-blades hairy; leaflets or lobes 6-12 pairs * each "prima dd
leaf-division; lobes of indusium widest at base. . W. scopulina.

1. Woopsta orEGANA Eat. (PI. 6, f. 1, 2.)
in appearance. Petiole equal in length to

Leafy
blade; sation smooth, cane partly hee

SOM at ee Se ee

aa ie,

Pirate No. 7.

1, 2 = Woodsia oregana; 1 = a leaf, X 4; 2 = a priconry. leaf:
division, x 1. 3, 4 = Woodsia scopulina; 3 = a leaf, X 4; 4 =a
Primary leaf-division, X 1. 5, 6 = Cystopteris fragilis; 5 = a leaf, X 4;
6 = a primary leaf-division, X 1.

105

106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

2—5 inches long, 144-34 inch wide; leaflets or lobes 4—6
pairs on each primary leaf-division, their margin toothed
or crenate. Indusium very inconspicuous, fringed
nearly to center.—British Columbia to Great Lakes,
south to California, Arizona and Nebraska.

2. Woopsta scoputina Eat. og ee Site A Ss

Petiole 2—4 inches long; leaf-blades hairy, ovate to
lanceolate, 1—2-pinnate, 3—6 inches long; leaflets 6—12
on each primary leaf-division, toothed to crenate. In-
dusium very delicate, its lobes broadest at base.—Alaska
to Ontario, Colorado and California.

2. CYSTOPTERIS (FILIX). Buapper Fern.

Leaves tufted; blade 2-3-pinnate; leaflets and large
lobes toothed; veins free. Sori round, on back of a
straight fork of a vein; indusium delicate, hood-like,
attached by wide base on inner side partly under the
sorus, early opening. (Greek kystis = a bladder, pteris =
a fern; referring to the inflated indusium.) We have
only the following species:

1. CysTopreris FRaGILis Bernh. (PI. fy). Be

Leaves delicate, 3-12 inches long, blade and _ petiole
about equal in length; blade oblong to lanceolate;
veins free. Indusium tapering and acute on the free
side.—Alaska to Labrador, south to California, Kansas
and Georgia.

3. PHEGOPTERIS. Bexrcu Fern.

Medium-sized or small ferns. Petiole not jointed to
rootstock; leaf-blades ternate or 2-3-pinnate. Sori
small, round, on the backs of the veins below the apex;
indusium wanting. (Greek phegos = a beech or oak,
pleris = fern; probably from the lobing of the leaflets.)

oe AY eee
ES
XSL

Xe
XK
SSN
= Sy Vener

——

ee?
Sess

1, 2 = Phegopteris Phegopteris; 1 = aleaf, X 4%; 2 = a portion of a
3, 4 = Phegopteris Dryopteris; 3 = a leaf, X 4#;4=a
egopteris alpestris; 5 = a primary

te
leaflet, X 114. 3,
leaflet or leaf-lobe, X 1144. 5,6 = Ph
leaf-division, x 1; 6 = a leaflet or leaf-lobe, X 114

107

7

108 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

A. Leaf-blades of 3 nearly equal divisions, camera very thin; each
division stalked and 1-3-pinnate Bed Dr eA
AA. Leaf-blades not of 3 nearly equal divisions, not very thin.
Leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, 3—pinnate; antie not winged.
. P. alpestris.
BB. Leaf-blades triangular, 1-2-pinnate; rachis winged.
3. P. Phegopteris.

1. PuEecopteris Dryoprmris (L.) Fée. (Pl. 8, f. 3, 4.)
Oak Fern.

Rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves 12-18 inches
long; blade thin, 6-10 inches wide, composed of 3
almost equal ais. glabrous or nearly so; primary
leaf-divisions again 1—2-pinnate, triangular, acute, their
leaflets or lobes crenate or entire. Sori small, round,
near edge of the leaflets or lobes.—In damp shady
forests. Alaska to New Foundland, south to Oregon,
Colorado and Virginia.

2. PHEGOPTERIS ALPESTRIS (Hoppe) Mett. (PI. 8, f. 5,
6.)

Leaves tufted, 1-2 feet long; blade 2-4 CO 987 wide,
oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, 3-pinna Sori
numerous.—British Columbia to Montana ee Cali-
fornia.

3. PHEGOPTERIS PHEGorrEeRIs (L.) Underw. (Pl. 8,

i)

7

Rootstock slender, creeping, scaly. Leaves os 18

rachis winged. Sori near margin of leaflets.—Alaska to
Labrador, south to Washington, Iowa and Virginia.

(To be Continued.)

FERNS FROM THE SOUTHWEST 109

Some recently described Ferns from the South-
west.'

WILLIAM R. MAXON,

Rather more than a year ago, in a short article en-
titled ‘‘New Southwestern Ferns,’’? Professor Leslie
N. Goodding published descriptions of four supposed
new species and one new variety of ferns from Cochise
County, Arizona, and of one species from the State of
Sonora, Mexico, all of these being based upon specimens
of his own collecting. Recently Professor Goodding
has very courteously presented the type specimens of
these to the United States National Museum, in order
to render them more readily accessible to botanists
generally, and has also forwarded specimens of other
uncommon ferns from the same region. otes upon
these are presented herewith. Unfortunately all of
those described as new by Professor Goodding actually
pertain to species previously recognized, though one
of them is new to the United States. Of the other
species several are of more than ordinary interest from
their comparative rarity.

ASPLENIUM PARVULUM GRANDIDENTATUM Goodding,
Muhlenbergia 8: 92. 1912

Founded upon specimens collected in Asplenium
Canyon, Mule Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona,
August, 1911, by Leslie N. Goodding (No. 976); United
States National Herbarium, No. 692,683.

This is exactly Asplenium Palmeri Maxon, described
in 1909,3 a species new to the United States, having
been known hitherto only from Mexico and northeastern
Guatemala. It is unique among North American

erect by permission sg om Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution

enbergia 8: 92-94. 912.
teak. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 39. 1909.

110 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

species of the group of A. Trichomanes in having the
fronds recurved and proliferous at the tip, many of
them actually striking root and developing young
plants. Although the Arizona specimens are typical,
this feature is not very readily apparent to one unac-
quainted with this species, since most of the fronds
(which are fragile) are broken off in their apical part,
only one or two of them showing the characteristic
proliferation. The position of the sori midway between
the margin and midvein is also distinctive, those of
A. resiliens (A. parvulum) being borne much nearer the
margin. A synopsis of Asplenium Trichomanes and
its American allies has recently been published by the
writer.'

ASPLENIUM RUPIUM Goodding, Muhlenbergia 8: 92. 1912.

Founded upon specimens collected in Asplenium
Canyon, Mule Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona,
by Leslie N. Goodding, in August, 1911 (No. 969),
and April, 1909 (No. 67). The first of these, being
the more perfect, may stand as the type; United States
National Herbarium, No. 692,685.

The specimens just cited agree in every particular
with the plant described as a new species from the
same general region several years ago as Asplenium
Ferrissi Clute.2_ This has since been reduced* to As-
plenium alternans Hook., or (as it ought properly to
be called) Ceterach Dalhousiae (Hook.) C. Chr., a species
known otherwise only from Abyssinia and the Himalaya.
Although this is a most unusual distribution, it must
be confessed that the Arizona plants offer no tangible
points of difference from those of the Old World. If

‘Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 17: 134-153. 1913.

1908.

?Fern Bull. 16: 1. plate.
4¥Fern Bull. 19: 33 et seq. 1911.

FERNS FROM THE SOUTHWEST 111

we accept Ceterach as the proper generic reference
of this plant, a new genus is thus added to the North
American flora.

. CHEILANTHES SONORENSIS Goodding, Muhlenbergia
8: 93. 1912. :

Founded upon specimens collected at La Cienaga,
Sonora, Mexico, on brushy north slopes, July 18, 1911,
by Leslie N. Goodding (No. 942); United States National
Herbarium, No. 692,686.

This is precisely Cheilanthes Pringlei Davenp.,
described from specimens collected by Pringle in the
Sierra Tucson, Arizona, May 2, 1883, and beautifully
illustrated by Faxon. It is a peculiar plant and a rare
one, though since collected in Arizona by Pringle,
Parish, Hough, Blumer, and probably by others, and
in Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico, by Hartman, Lloyd,
and the late Dr. Edward Palmer. Cheilanthes penin-
sularis Maxon is a closely allied species from Lower
California.

NOTHOLAENA COCHISENSIS Goodding, Muhlenbergia 8:
93.

Founded upon specimens from rocky limestone
ridges, Montezuma Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona,
collected August 10, 1909, by Leslie N. Goodding
(No. 373); U. S. National Herbarium, No. 692,688.

The excellent specimens to which this name was
applied represent the well known narrow form of No-
tholaena sinuata (Kaulf.) Swartz known usually as
the variety integerrima Hook. This is apparently a
common state of the species and in the writer’s judg-
ment does not merit recognition as a distinct species,
although several close observers who are familiar with
it in the field have repeatedly expressed to the writer
a contrary opinion. If recognized as a valid species

112 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

it should be known as Notholaena laevis, a most inap-
propriate name given by Martens and Galeotti to
Mexican specimens in 1842.1

NOTHOLAENA HYPOLEUCA Goodding, Muhlenbergia 8: 94.
1912.

Founded upon specimens collected from the rocky
slopes of Slavonian Canyon, Mule Mountains, Arizona,
August, 1911, by Leslie N. Goodding (No. 1004);
U.S. National Herbarium, No. 692,687.

In his description of Notholaena hypoleuca Profes-
sor Goodding remarks that it “is most closely related
to N. Grayi, from which it differs in the very conspicu-
ous scales on the under side of the frond and several
other important features.”” However, a critical study
of the very ample type specimens shows that while
they differ somewhat from ordinary forms of N. Grayi
in their narrower fronds and more strict and narrower
pinnae, they are identical in minute structural characters
of rhizome scales, in the sparingly ceraceous-pulverulent
covering of the upper side of the pinnae, in their dense
white-ceraceous covering beneath, and especially in
the structure, position, abundance, and color of the
scales upon the primary and secondary rachises and upon
the midveins of the segments beneath. These charac-
ters are important and serve to place Professor Good-
ding’s plant definitely under Notholaena Grayi; where-
as the rather strict appearance of the pinnae and their
individual shape are characters which might readily
develop from unusual conditions of environment. The
plants have, in fact, a decided look of having grown in
an exposed situation.

Notholaena Grayi was originally described by Daven-
port’? from specimens collected on “ grassy slopes of

1Mém

- Acad. Brux. 15 6. 1842.
? Bull. Torrey Club 7: 50, plate 4. 1880.

FERNS FROM THE SOUTHWEST 113

the foothills,” in the mountains of southeastern Ari-
zona, by William M. Courtis in 1880. It was illustrated
by Faxon. Within the next three or four years it was
collected by several botanists in different parts of Ari-
zona; for example, in the Dragoon Mountains by G.
R. Vasey, in the Huachuca Mountains by Lemmon,
in the foothills of the Santa Rita Mountains by Pringle,
in the Baboquiverai Mountains by Pringle, at Clifton
by Rusby, and at Bowie by M. E. Jones. It is credited
also to Texas and is known from two collections in
northern Mexico by Dr. Edward Palmer. The Texas
plants have not been seen by the writer. Of the others,
which are all represented in the National Herbarium,
the Arizona plants of Lemmon and G. R. Vasey are
the best developed and are in close agreement with the
original specimens, as delineated in Faxon’s excellent
illustration.

If Professor Gooding’s species is eventually recognized
as distinct from N. Grayi it can not be known as Notho-
laena hypoleuca, since this name was given long ago
by Kunze! to a South American species which is regarded
as valid.

PeLLAEA TRUNCATA Goodding, Muhlenbergia 8: 94.
1912.

Founded upon specimens collected in rocky “draws”
of the Mule Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona,
August, 1911, by Leslie N. Goodding (No. 977); United
States National Herbarium, Nos. 692,689 and 692,690.

Upon one of the type sheets is mounted a single,
very large, leafy, nearly sterile specimen; upon the other
a smaller fertile plant, with two detached fronds, these
with small, strongly fertile segments. All are to be

erent a

‘Linnaea 9: 54. 1834.

114 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

of the southwest usually known as Pellaea Wrightiana
Hook., but which, as Christensen has shown, must be
called Pellaea mucronata Eaton, the name mucronata
having a priority of two years. Few fern species of
the United States show a wider range of variation than
this.

Among the other interesting ferns of Professor Good-
ding’s collection are the following:

POLYPODIUM HESPERIUM Maxon. The specimens are
from Fort Grant, Arizona, under ledges, June 15, 1912,
Goodding 1046. They agree well with the few Arizona
specimens known and are evidently only a minor variant
of this common species of the western United States.
The Arizona plant described recently as a new species,
Polypodium prolongilobum, by Mr. Clute,’ appears to be
a nearly sterile thin-leaved form of this species.

PoLYPODIUM THYSANOLEPIS A. Br. This is repre-
sented by specimens from Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca
Mountains, Arizona, collected August 23, 1910, Goodding
761. It seems to be known in the United States only
from the Huachuca Mountains. The specimens are
not very large but otherwise they are perfectly typical
of the species as it exists from Mexico to the Andes of
South America and in Jamaica. There are many related
species in tropical America, whose limits are not clearly
understood. These will be treated in a paper soon to be
published by the writer.

Drrorreris Dryopreris (L.) Britton. Excellent
specimens of this species were collected in dense shade
upon steep slopes, Bonita Creek, in the White Moun-
tains of central-eastern Arizona, July 23, 1912, Goodding
1222. These constitute a notable extension of range,
the species having been known heretofore to extend no
farther south than Colorado. This species, commonly

‘Fern Bull. 18: 97. 1910.

FERNS FROM THE SOUTHWEST 115

known as Phegopteris Dryopteris, is a true member of
the enormous genus Dryopteris. Christensen, recog-
nizing this fact and desiring to avoid employing the
double name Dryopteris Dryopteris, renamed it Dryop-
teris Linneana in 1905; but in so doing he apparently
overlooked the fact that it had been named Polypodium
disjunctum by Ruprecht, in 1845,2 and that this
name could properly be transferred to Dryopteris.
Under the so-called American code of nomenclature,
however, there is no requirement necessitating the
exclusion of ‘double’? names. Thus, the recently
published name Dryopteris Dryopteris? is technically
correct.

_ Notso.aEna ASCHENBORNIANA Klotzsch. The spec-
imens are from the exposed, rocky southern slopes
of the Mule Mountains, Arizona, January 1, 1913,
Goodding 1387. They are exactly typical of the species
as described from Mexican specimens by Klotzsch
in 1847, and again from other Mexican specimens by,
Liebmann under a second name (Notholaena bipinnata)
in 1849. In the United States the species is known
only from Texas and Arizona. It is apparently less
rare in Mexico; but a part of the Mexican material so
referred represents a wholly distinct but closely related
species which is as yet undescribed.

CHEILANTHES MARGINATA H.B.K. There are two
collections, both from the moist slopes of Ramsey Can-
yon, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, Goodding 760 and
1327. This species, which is often known as Pellaea
marginata, extends in one form or another from Arizona
to Argentina. In the United States it has been found
solely in the Huachuca Mountains. Taken in a very
broad sense it may indeed be regarded as a genuinely

*C. Chr. Index Fil. 275. 1905.

*Ruprecht, Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reich. 3: 52. 1845.
sIll. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 23. 1913

116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

polymorphic species; but, on the other hand, it is more
than likely that several of its reputed synonyms will
be found upon careful investigation to represent forms
which are specifically distinct. Such a study is urgently
needed.

PELLAEA TERNIFOLIA (Cav.) Link. Collected from
dry rocks, Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona, August 23, 1910, Goodding 766. This also
is a highly variable species which, as currently accepted,
ranges from Texas to Argentina and occurs also in
Santo Domingo and in the Hawaiian Islands. So
far as the writer can find it has been known hitherto
in the United States only from western Texas. The
present specimens, which are unusually large, were
distributed under the name Pellaea atropurpurea.

A New Polystichum from British Columbia
L. S. HOPKINS.

In the latter part of last year Dr. J. M. Macoun sent
to the writer for identification a fern which he had col-
lected August 2d, on Vancouver Island, British Colum-
bia. The fern seems distinct enough to warrant its des-
cription as a new species and it is therefore given the
specific name Andersoni in honor of Mr. W. B. Ander-
son, who first directed Dr. Macoun’s attention to it.
Only three fruiting fronds were found, all grow ing from
the same root.

Polystichum Andersoni sp. noy.

Stipe short, 2-4 em. long; stipe and rachis densely
clothed with pale lanceolate chaff; blade 8-12 em. wide,
45-55 em. long, lanceolate, pinnate, broadest one-third
of the distance from the base, tapering to an acuminate
point; pinnae pinnatifid, broadest at the base, tapering

Prate 9. Polystichum Andersoni Hopkins.
Lig

118 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

to an acuminate apex with the upper basal segment
usually auriculate; all segments terminating in one or
more acuminate bristle-like tips; sori 1-8 on each seg-
ment, large, 1-2 mm. in diameter when fully mature,
strongly confluent.

Type sheet No. 83121 in the Herbarium of the Cana-
dian Geological Survey. Co-type collected at the same
time and place sheet No. 2376 in my herbarium. Type
locality, Elk River, Strathcona Park, Vancouver Island,
British Columbia.

P. lonchitis, P. acrostichoides, and P. munitum are
simply pinnate while the new Polystichum has its pinnae
pinnnatifid the entire length of the frond. This char-
acteristic, as well as its size, will also separate it from

. scopulinum and P. californicum whose ‘pinnae are
partly pinnatifid below.’

P. aculeatum and P. Braunii have large fronds and
are fully bipinnate.

P. Lemmoni, the most closely related species, has
the “pinnae closely placed, ovate, rounded at the ends,
made up of 8-10 pairs of pinnules or divisions, beside
the terminal one, obtuse, not armed, sori one or two to
each pinnule” whereas in the new species the pinnae are
not so closely placed, are not rounded at the ends, have
20-30 pinnules or divisions which are not obtuse, and
which are fully armed with bristle like points, and
which have 1-8 large confluent sori-on each pinnule.
Kent Strate Norman Scuoot,

Kent, Ohio.

Notes on Nomenclature.
WILLARD 'N. CLUTE.

In the current number of Tue AMERICAN FERN JOUR-
NAL, (page 75), I note a proposed new combination of
Selaginella densa as Selaginella rupestris densa, and

Notes oN NOMENCLATURE 119

while such trifling combinations do not seem to me of
much importance, for the sake of accuracy it may be
pointed out that this much combination has been pre-
viously made; at least the exact combination of words
appears in “The Fern Allies of North America”’ (page
264) and in the treatment of Selaginella rupestris in the
same volume (page 142) the fact that densa may be
regarded as a form of rupestris is mentioned. Further-
more, in volume XVI of the Fern Bulletin (page 53)
this same combination is again made with S. densa as
a synonym. It strikes me, therefore, that this combi-
nation has been published as definitely as it ever needs
to be

The disposition to make much of these insignificant
combinations is sometimes manifested in places where
one would least expect to find it. For instance, in the
new ‘“Gray’s Manual’ (page 42) may be found the
combination ‘“Aspidium Goldianum variety celsum (Pal-
mer) Robinson,” and yet several years before this com-
bination was published, the identical combination was
made by another writer in “Our Ferns in Their Haunts”
(page 315), with the slight exception that the word
form was used in place of the word variety. The diction-
aries make practically no difference in the significance
of these two words and I am of the opinion that there
is not sufficient difference to warrant anybody squeezing
another name into the combination on such a pre iext.
It is to be hoped there is not, for if it is possible,
there may be danger that some botanizer will trade
forms for varieties or the reverse in every botanical
name that will permit of it. Curiously enough in the
combination mentioned above, where the specimen 18
first named it is spoken of both as a variety and a form.
In passing it may be of interest to note the difference
in spelling of the specific name of the fern in question.
I have not the original description before me, but with-

.

120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

out consulting Hooker in the matter, it seems to me
that the specific name should be Goldieanum. It may
be true that Hooker wrote it Goldianum, but we have
the right to correct the spelling of any wrongly spelled
specific name and since Goldie spelled his name with
a final “e’”’ we ought to make the word Goldieanum.
L. M. Underwood so used it in his books and he was a
man not likely to go astray in such matters.

Still another instance of the change from form to
variety in the author citation that may interest fern
students may be found in Rhodora for May, 1913
(page 87). Here a form of Ophioglossum vulgatum called
variety lanceolatum is renamed Ophioglossum vulgatum
forma lanceolatum and this slight change, so slight that
the average reader will have to look at it again to find
a difference, is regarded as sufficient warrant for a change
in the author citation. It may be possible that the
systematist is so completely engrossed in the job as to
fail to appreciate the absurdity of it all, but to the aver-
age individual this seems too petty for educated adults
to engage in and I believe the time will come when the
systematist will see the affair in the same light.

If we are to have differences in the writing of scientific
names based on the slight differences in significance
between form and variety, some of the scientists inter-
ested should give us an exact definition of each word as
it applies in botany, so that the future work of naming
may be simplified. At present we have been accustomed
to write species with a generic and specific name, sub-
species with a generic, specific, and subspecific name,
and lesser forms with the word form or variety before
them to signify that they are not subspecies. Then why
this distinction between two words which mean the
same thing?

Jouret, ILurots.

Notes AND NEws 121

Notes and News
- More Ferns rrom North BERKSHIRE COUNTY

I was much interested in E. J. Winslow’s article,
“Ferns of Northern Berkshire County, Mass.,” which
appeared in the January 1913 number of the AMERICAN
Fern JourNAL; as I had also collected on Mount Grey-
lock July, 1908, last of May and early October, 1909,
and the latter part of May, 1910. The following species
of rare ferns were observed or collected, two or three
of which are not mentioned in Mr. Winslow’s list.

Polystichum Braunii: one fine plant in the Inner Hopper
also a few scattering plants along the stream in the Heart
of the Greylock, near the old Goodale house. Botrych-
ium lancolatum angustisegmentum: two small plants
along the Hopper trail after leaving Bacon Park at base
of Stony Ledge. Lycopodium clavatum monostachyon:
not uncommon along the roadside from North Adams
before entering the woods near the base of Mount
Williams; also in exposed places in the pasture on Stony
Ledge. Lycopodium selago: several fine plants on the
steep rocky mountainside descending to the Inner
Hopper from the North Adams wagon-road. Lyco-
podium tristachyon was also found. Selaginella apus:
in pastures near the old Goodale house in the Heart
of the Greylock.

S. H. BurNHAM.

Hupson Fats, N. Y., 16 May 1913.

122 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

American Fern Society

Changed addresses:

Geo. L. Moxley, 526 W. Ave. 53, Los Angeles, Cal.;
Rev. H. G. Limric, Apartado 152, Guantanamo, Cuba.;
Mr. George Redles, 207 E. Wister St., Germantown,
Pa.; Mr. F. C. Greene, Bureau of Geology and Mines,
Rolla, Mo.; Prof. T. J. Fitzpatrick, Bethany, Neb.;
Mr. J. B. Flett, Ashford, Longmire Springs, Wash.;
Mr. C. M. Goethe, Inverness Building, Sacramento,
Cal.; Prof. A. A. Heller, Box 853, Chico, Cal.; Mr.
Homer P. Rogers, 815 French St., Erie, Pa.

Members are requested to send in any other changes
of address so that they may be incorporated in the Annual
Report soon to be issued.

New members:

Prof. J. G. Black, University of Wooster, Wooster, O.;
Mr. Edwin H. Haxen, Mt. Hermon, Mass.; Mr. W. O.
Hart, Atty., No. 134 Carondelet St., New Orleans, La.;
Prof. R. A. Harper, Columbia University, New York
City. |
Officers for 1914:

The following officers are reported elected for 1914:
President, Mr. C. H. Bissell: Vice President, Miss Nellie
Mirick; Secretary, Mr. L. 8. Hopkins. For Treasurer,
no candidate received a majority of the votes cast,
so that the decision rests with the Executive Council.

Mr. Moxley sends word that his supply of the follow-
ing ferns offered to members in the last number of the
Journal is exhausted: Adiantum Jordani and Pellaea

ornithopus. The other ferns offered by him at the same
time are nearly gone,

INDEX

INDEX TO

belated oa Re 17
da

A new Polystichum Pei British
Sica

A Riarerrasitn pint trip, 92

estion of nomenclature, Poly-

diantum, 47, 6 103: “ illus-
Veneris, 56, 96; Jordani, 87, 96,
122; pedatum, 14, 17, 93, .

ceaeer stakes pet a

eaningae Fern Society, ‘a 60, 96
Dr. R, W.,

lost sum, v. dilatatum f. anadenium,

Aspidiums, 53
As Ny angustifolium in Louis-
iana,

— um, 47, 55, 57, 90, 102, 104
crosti preci 14; eprint 110:
seaiune 14, 16; ebeneum
55; ebe ai . 93; Ferrissii,

10; viride, 7, 8, 55

Pleniums, 53,
Athyrium, Double sori in, 88

Bozen, 4, 6,
British’ Columbia,
stichum from,

Burnuam, §$

123

VOLUME 3

Athyrium, 55, 88, 89, ~~ esto ~
acrostichoides, 89,

ws
8

8
4
1

mechs 45, 88, 89, 90, 91,
9

40
S ache 61; My her-
arium me enemy, 49;

The . shi fern, 57
Beech fern, 57,
Beluno, 4,
Benenpict, R. C. (Age < Noein 19;
izaea Pusilla in ural
surroun .
ee Co

unty, , Ferns of,
; More cog" of rears 121
ms

55, 97, ag lanceola-
tum, 98, 100; apap
v. angustisegmentum, aA 121;

ginianum v. gracile, 43
8

A new Poly-
16

Broom rape, 88
Buckler fern, mountain, 54
Budapest,’ 95

: More ferns
from northern ae county,
121

124 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Dryopteris, 4, 57, 92, 114,

— seen Pi
Butter, Ep

Camptosorus 56, 93; rhizophyllus,
14

Canada, 37

10

03; californica,

ir; marginata, 115; peninsularis,

111; Pringlei, 111; sonorensis,
111; vestita, 93

orien 13; 15

Ches

ick, 17
meiniaiciornlbee Cart, 19, gare Poly-
podium Speluncae L. A question
of nomenclature, 1
Cc t fern, 8, 55, 93
Cinnamon fern, 55
Clover fern sie 66
ea marge ; bog, 69;

ining, w sc 70; Hud 70
Sr meee: famil Chics

N 96; Dryopteris
jiliz-mas xs Marpinatis under
ture,
a,
Cow ey, Bess, 65
Cryptogramma, 102, 103; Stelleri,
4.

agilis, 6, 14, 56

Cystopteris, 102, 104, 106; bulbifera,
14, 56; fr 95,
96, 105, 106; montana, 8

Spat fern, 93
sonia, 56.
>

Botania Club, 92;

Drosera eect 12

acrostichoides, 93; ampla, 3, 4;
cristata, 14, 84 ; Clinton ssropion 14;

a
noveboracensis, 14, 93; patens, 16;
Spelu , 1, 2, 4; spinulosa, 8,
14, ; a, vy. dilatata,
45, 48; spinulosa dilatata f. ana-

enia, ; los ter-
pigs 45, 93; Thelypteris,

, 45,
Dryers he ilix-mas X marginalis
under

a a te eris vhsbris

Dounu Euzaneto M., Mr.
Suns ER C. eats 18
oo al 4, 8
, American,

eae Ferns at New England

isetales, 4
Equisetum, 79, 88, 95; cians! bee
42, 79, 82, 83; arve m-
pestre, 42; fluviatile, re Hy .
81, 82, 83; hyemale, 14, 79, 82, 83:
evig , 10, 81, 82, Sse
littorale, 42, 47; palustre, 79, 80
2, 83; robustum, 87; 5 oides,

42;
reriavatuiie. 16, 79, "g1, 82, 8

Fancy fern, 94

Fern, beech, 106; bladder, 106;
clover, 66; fancy, 94; floating, 66,
65; lace, 94; 65,

75: on , 108; fattesnake, "100;-

INDEX

Ferns of New England and Old
England,

Ferns of northern Berkshire County,
Mass., 13

hae of the Dolomites, alpen 4

rn protection needed
Wace. 4
Filiz, 1 nite ogee sige is Pes Sago
46; mag
Fir si
FirzpaTRIck, Bags T. Cy, 85,86

gig R, pees apy aaa 96

Frert, J. B.,

Waetin oat ie 66

he highong , 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, a

Bragrant age gohan ie ys

Fryrn, Pr

Frre M.
m8 oM. The ack of Washington,
97

Germantown Horticultural Society,

Goertue, C. M.

Goopp1NneG, Pr

Grape-ferns, ass Feces 100;
Meriden, 100

Great Britain, 53

GREENE, F.C.,
fern, 83

Ground pine, 69

Gymnogramma triangulare, 86

122; A new hybrid

Habenaria, 88; hyperborea, 43
H

Z

Hart's t 5, 27. 28; 29, 30, 31,
32, 35, 36, 37

Hart’s tongue and holly fern at
Owen Sound, Ontario, Hunting
the,

Hazen, polite 122

Heuer, Epwin H., 122
Heron Bay. 98. ry 42, 43, 44, 45, a

Hiaarns, D. F., 96; notes on Kor
ferns,

Holly fern, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36
Holly fern at Owen Sound, Ontario,
unting the hart’s tongue and, 25

125

Hopxins, L. 8., 40, 43, 47, 61, 63,
f.

t Ow gh ee sl
Hybrid fern, a new,

Inglis Falls, 26, 27, 28

Interrupted fern, 55

Tsoetaceae 66, 76
oetes, 76; Bo aeoly
echinospora Braunii, 76, 78; echin-
ospora Flettii, 78; Howellii,
76, 77; minima, 76, 77; Nuttallii,

76, sh es ges 76, 77; Piperi,
74,

Jackfish, 38, 40, 41, 42,

2, 45
Jackson, Mrs. Masset McM., 62,
65, 96; Frrz, T and, The
rms

JENNINGS, E. i)
pieridophytes of pe north core
f Lake Superior, 3

a Falls, 38, 45, 47
35

Kemb:
PereseTee) Mr. Arse yas 18
Kuve, A. B., , 47

orean ferns, petal on, 59
Lace .
Lady fern,
Lake Jessie, 38,

Superior, ges eat on the pteri-

e
dophytes of the north shore of, 38

Lastraea, 57
EATHERMAN, J. Kirk, 92
minosae ‘

126

Lycopodiaceae, 66
Lycopodiales, 40

70, ot

2, 67, 72, 74; luci-
dulum, °° 14;.40, (67, 68, °° 69:
obscurum, 14, 67, 71; obscurum
v. dendroideum, 41; porophilum,
40; Selago, 40, 67, 68, 69, 121;

sitchense, 67,68, 70; tristachyon,
14, 15, 122
Lygodium, 56

Macoun, Dr. J. B., 40, 45, 46, 47,
116 39

MacReynotps, Geo., 92
ad

E Lo
Mees liaceae,

Matteucia “phere .

Maxon, W. R., 2, 21, 23: Some re-
cently described ferns aan the
Southwest,

sn arial “cee 35

Mexi
Microlepta Sioa tong 4
Mir

RICK ss Nerisk 22
M
Miss phan 16
Moonwo

More rte Fees Berkshire C

ulbby,

Moss-fern 65, 73

Mount McKay, - fae 42, 44, 4
vee ta G.L.,6 6; A great day,

My tomate and its one enemy, 49

Nephrodium, 57, 89: nets 54;
iran v. Clintonianum, 54:
cri m * ma seieelaae 56; str

mas, 54; Goldieanum, 55: mar.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

mesg 54, 55; montanum, 54;
gidum v. spinu

argutum, 86; -
ae 54; spinulosum v Pops
54,55; spinulosa v.i

a mediu

54, 55; thelypteris, 54; Their

polydaciyla, 56
bone in 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,

, 47; Ri ver, 40, 41 42, 43, 46
ew Britain
New England, i: and Old England,
53

ote on
sce and news,

ew York fern, 54
eae potes on, 118, 119
N Korean ferns

18, " BT, 92. 121

north shore of La
Notholaena, ae
bipinnata,

Gas ahs i
113; laevis, 111; si
sinnata v. integerrima, 111

Oak fern, 57, 108
On fern collec fhe in Europe, 95

Onoclea, 56; ae 14, 20, 46, 93;
Struthiopteris,

Ontario, Hunting a hart’s tongue
and holly fern at Owen Sound, 25
phioglossaceae, 66

Ophioglossales, 42

oglossum, 13, 97; vulga-
tum, 14, 55, 97, Ae patty vulgatum
f. lanceolatum, 120

Orchid, 88

Orchis,

Orobanche sngtiors 88

Osmunda, 59; cinnamomea, 14, 59,

44, 93; re-

25, 34, 35, 37; On-

unting t the hart’ s tongue
and b olly fern at, 25

Oxelis acetosella, 8

Park, Pro
Parsons,
‘us
Pay’s Plat
Pollesa: 56, 102, vie andromedae-
olia, 87; atropurpurea,
rginata, 115; mucronata,

pie Mrs. FRANCIS

INDEX

ornithopus, 87, 96, 122; ternifolia,
116; truncata, 113; Wrightiana,
13

PENNELL, F. Asplenium angus-
tifolium in ob 16
hae Aig fern trip, A 92
Pentstem shegsiystedas 86
, 96

ea 104, 106;

108; Dryopteris,
(Pig ane os, 114; Phegopteris,
44, 93 108; perce

iat 14; hans 7,4

Phyteuma

Pine, bushy ground, 72; ground,

69, 94; saith 70

Pogonia, 12

* Polypodiaceae, 66, 101

ait tatigi , 57, 101, 104; califor-

87 96; disjunctum, 114;

; a

18; um,
eenttent Mined British aaiike
a 116
OrsER, W. A., 19

Purim aquilinum, 44; v. pubes-
et 65; of the ai shore

oa ake Superior, Notes on, 38
age: Se 7; ne 56, 87
Pinas fur, 51,

Ques sel and comments, 60
, 65, 76;

Quillwort: Braun's, 78
Quillwort gi 66, 76

Sound, Ontario, 25

127

a _— 100

Ro

RossBEra, “Bs,

Roan 38, 41, 22, “8, Sri
Rowuanps, 8S. of New

England = ae ied 53

Royal fern

Rubus sp., a

Ruby Lake, 4

Ruee; 4. G:,
tection needed, 94

Running pine, 70

0
1, 2, 22, 62; Fern pro-

psi aA hocte 2 13

Salix reticu

Salviniaceae, mek

Sawyer’s Bay, 44

Schizaea, 11, 12, 13; pusilla, — Say

wai aea pusilla in its natural
undings, i1

Seotnpendrium 34, 35, 36; vulgare,

ee oc G., 61

Scort, R. R., 61

Scott's spleenwort, 61

Scouring rush, 65; common, 83;
pth , 81; smooth, 81; variegated,

oo 73, 88; apus, 14, 62, 121;
den 138, 119; a uglasii,
73, ponders 16, 41, 73, 74, 75;
rupestris densa, 73, 75; rupestris
densa, 118 119 ; selaginoides, 8;
sir uthiotoides, His 74, 75

ata aig
effield,

Tw
re 3

bar ‘een ee The gaara 52

Shini ‘lub-moss,
seas Tae Harbor, a 41, 43, 44,

seat Giant, 38, 41, 44, 45
Slender “cuit brake, 35
Smiru, Evten D.,

Some recent ve described ferns from
the Oat 109
re

Sonora, 1

wood fern bap
Spleenwort, 57; Scott's,
Spruce, hela 39, 40; Naa 40
t. 38, 46
Sti 70

iff b-moss,
Suxsporr, W. N.,

128

Sundew,
eaved,

long-leaved, 12; round
12

Surprise Lake, 40
Symplocarpus, 58

k,
rns of W:
The fragrant shield fern 57.

fr
True pase m family, 66
True fe
Puttod pevoeot ae 70

Underwood, L. M., oe
UNDERHILL, Pror. fe Pe 40, 46

Vancouver oe 116
Vasey, G. R.

elu t Bird ped

uae ae oon 61, 62, 96
Viele tricolor,

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

—

herr atti in Aa wf 65, 97
Water fern:

W iteie. ae a

Wayside ferns of the phi mites, 4

Wearuersy, ©. A., Wayside ferns
of the Dolomites, :

Williamstown, 15, 1

Winstow, E. J., 22, a 62, 63, 121
D

ouble sori in A m, 8
Ferns of northern Berkshire
County, Mass., 1 estions
nd comments,

Woodville, 32, ao

Woodsia,
glabella, 46; Pbaeseih te ede.

obtusa, 14; 0

87; virginica,

ZELLER, S. M., 65

American Fern Journal

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS

Published by the

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

RR; GCG. BENEDICT
Editor

E. J. WINSLOW
Managing Editor

&

VOLUME IV
i 914

AUBURNDALE, MASSACHUSSETS

g&

CONTENTS
Votume 4, NumBer 1, Paces 1-40, Issuzep Marcn 30.

Piran ss: Houy <Pem oye er es S. H. Burnham 1
The Ferns of Washington Sag 9-14)

. Frye and M. McM. ai ara 6
A Family of Ferns a to BAe United States..W. R. M 15
pome ferns: of. Korea. iy oi eae oa F, tans ns 17
Fern Reprints received Mm, dels et R. C. Benedict 20
Notes and News sg. 65 Cee ar a ees 24
American Fern Sanka Reena ees Sau sh Shee winerrn ee 29
meen Vern Jiinal ve rs Ce 33
puntal Renort of the Society... <2... vv 34

VorumE 4, NuMBER 2, Paces 41-76, IssuED JUNE 9.
The Ferns of Washington Pigoae: 15-21)
. Frye and M. McM. Jackson 41
Ferns and their Allies in woth Franklin County, Maine

ENGNG) os ise so es ieee ee . Knowlton 57
Ferns Collected in the Noyo R. ent California H.H.Tracy 63
Ophioglossum Engelmanni in Miss ne J. Pelee 6S

Fern Hunting in Florida, in the poe aes Country
M.A. Noble 64

Notes on the Pteridophytes of the North Shore of Lake Superior
O. E. Jenning

American Fern Society... ........-::+eeeeec reste reese
Votume 4, Numer 3, Pacss 77-108, IssueD OcToBER 6.
Some new American Species of Dryopteris.Carl Christensen 77
Preliminary list of the ferns of the Coast Region of South Caro-
lina north of Charleston.....:--..+-..-- Laura M. Bragg 83
At Home with the Hart’s Tongue (Illust.) ..R. C. Benedict 95
A Peculiar Form of Pellaea atropurpurea..F. L. Pickett 97
American Fern Society..........0-.+20ceeereerrs sete etr te: 101
Vo.tume 4, Numper 4, Pages 109-132, IssuED DECEMBER 28.
The Ferns of the Brazos Canyon, New Mexico Eig OO ‘is
Notes on the ferns of the Champlain Valley... .. S. F. Blake 116
Fern Nomenclature .......-..0e08se0ceene0es C. T. Druery 119
What is the Habitat of Ophioglossum vulgatum. R. C. Benedict 121
Mr. Druery on Fern Nomenclature and on the Collection of
ne for Herbarium Purposes........---- R. C. Benedict 123
American Fern Society............0.0rccserecetrere nti 125
Index ‘ Voli €or ke ret 127

American Fern Journal

Vol. 4 JANUARY-APRIL, 1914 No. 1

Braun’s Holly Fern

BY STEWART H. BURNHAM.

The following records of this beautiful fern are in
part gathered from printed notes which are not avail-
able to the majority of fern students. My first pressed
specimen of Polystichum Braunii (Spenner) Fée for my
herbarium was secured from Rev. Jas. A. Bates, col-
lected at Baintree, Vt., September, 1895. Mr. J. C
Buchheister, of New York City, afterwards sent me
specimens which he collected 30 July 1899, in a wild
stony, but at same time, moist woods on Belle Ayr
Mt., Ulster county, in the Catskill mountains at an
altitude of 2500 to 3000 feet.

It was not until the fall of 1902, that I was aware
that it grew near the shores of Lake George. One
evening while calling at the home of Prof. J. F. Kemp,
of Columbia University, who had been doing field work
in geology during the summer in the vicinity of Silver
Bay, Prof. Kemp laid out on the floor a magnificent
complete pressed specimen with fronds two feet long,
which he had collected on the talus in the Ice George
north-west of Silver Bay at an altitude of about 1500
feet. This fine specimen is preserved in my herbar-
ium. Prof. Kemp said the fern was not common in
this cool ravine, where ice may be oreigsa from be-
neath the rocks until late in the summ

I first saw and collected the plant a as twelfth an-
nual field meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club on

[No. 4 of the Journax (4: 96-124, was issued Dec. 30, 1913.]
1

2 AMERICAN Fern JOURNAL

Mt. Mansfield. It was pointed out to me near the wagon
road, the 4th of July 1906, during the ascent of the
mountain in a rain-storm; and was said to be the only
locality near the road outside of Smugglers Notch.
The following day I collected a few plants near the
spring in Smugglers Notch; and dug up three or four
plants to transplant in my wild garden; these plants
lived for about five years but finally succumbed to the
effects of too strong light and droughts. It was said
not to be as abundant here as formerly; before a van-
dal florist dug up and carried off barrels of fern roots
to sell. This is said to be the type station for this
fern in America, being found here by Frederick Pursh
in 1807. It grew in rich shaded soil; but plants were
seen along the base of the upper cliffs and also in rock
crevices. In my herbarium there is a specimen from
this locality, Stowe, Vt., August 1864—collector un-
known.

The 14th of June 1907, in company with Frank
Dobbin, of Shushan, N. Y., we climbed Mt. Equinox,
near Manchester, Vt. Descending the mountain wes-
ward through Corbett’s Hollow on the Sandgate side,
we found three plants of Braun’s Holly Fern near the
lower end of the ravine. Previous to this but one speci-
men of this fern had been recorded as growing on the
mountain, collected at the ninth annual field meeting

of the Vermont Botanical Club, 4th of July 1903, as —

the party were descending the steep eastern slope of
the mountain to Manchester.*

The 10th of October 1909, I saw one fine plant of ‘
this fern on Mt. Greylock, Mass., low down in the

“Inner Hopper” along the stream. Previous to this

Ralph Hoffmann, in August 1904, found several plants

of Aspidium aculeatum Swartz., var. Braunii Koch

*Rhodora 5: 236. Sepi. 1903,

a

BurNHAM: Braun’s Hotty FERN 3

along ‘‘the mountain brook which comes down the
north side of Greylock’’* The 29th of May 1910, I
found a few scattering plants of the fern along the stream
in the “Heart of the Greylock,” low down, not far
from the old Goodale house. I believe Mt. Greylock
still remains the only station for this fine fern in Mas-
sachusetts.

Mrs. Elizabeth Watrous of New York City dis-
covered this beautiful fern, about 15th of June 1904,
near her summer home at Hague, Lake George, in a
wild rocky ravine called Hosie Gulch, where it grows in
company with large plants of Goldie’s Fern, Dryopteris
Goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray. This information she com-
municated to Dr. Chas. H. Peck, State Botanist. The
16th of July 1907, Mrs. Watrous presented two or three
fine specimens to the New York State Herbarium at
Albany. The altitude of this cool ravine is about 1000
feet; or 700 feet above the Lake. Prof. Kemp’s station
is not many miles distant from Hosie Gulch, and on the
same mountain range.

Two other sheets are preserved in the State Her-
barium at Albany. A large specimen from the Cats-
kills collected by Chas. H. Peck; also a sheet of small
plants from the Catskills collected by Peck.

I believe the first printed record of this fern occuring
in New York State is in Dr. John Torrey’s N. Y. State
Flora.t It is called Aspidium aculeatum Swartz.
Prickly Shield Fern. ‘‘ Mountains of Essex county
(Dr. W. F. Macrae).”” Dr. Torrey says, “I was not so
fortunate to find this interesting fern when I explored
the Essex mountains; neither was it detected by Dr.
Knieskern, in his subsequent visit to that region. My
specimens are from the Green Mountains of Vermont

*Rhodora 6: 203. Oct. 1904.

t Flora of the State of New York 2:298. 1843.

4 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

(where the plant was first found in America, by Pursh),
and the White Mountains of New Hampshire; the for-
mer kindly communicated by Dr. W. F. Macrae, the
latter by Mr. Tuckerman; both presenting an exact
resemblance to the European A. aculeatum.”’

During the year 1869, Dr. Chas. H. Peck collected
this fern in the Catskills.* ‘‘Aspidium aculeatum V.
Braunii Koch. Stony Clove, Catskill mountains. Dis-
covered there by J. H. Redfield. This locality is evi-
dently very favorable to the growth of ferns. In July
last, the following nineteen species were observed while
passing along the road, about the distance of half a
mile, and in no case going more than four rods from it:

Polypodium vulgare L. Aspidium spinulosum Swartz.
Adiantum pedatum L. A. marginale Swartz.
Pteris aquilina L. v8 acrostichoides Swartz.
Asplenium thelypleroides Mx. A. aculeatum Swartz.

A lix-foemina Bernh. Struthiopteris germanica Willd.

Phegopteris polypodioides Fee. Onoclea sensibilis L

Fr. ryopteris Fee. Woodsia ilvensis R. Br.
Cystopteris bulbifera Bernh. Dicksonia punctilobula Kze.
C. lis Bernh. Botrychium virginicum Swartz.
Aspidium thelypteris Swartz.

“The whole number of species now known to belong
to the State is forty-four, excluding the doubtful in-
habitant Lygodium palmatum. It will thus be seen that
nearly half our species occur in the Stony Clove.” Not
many years afterwards, Miss M. C. Reynolds discovered
the rare Climbing Fern in Greene county.

t. Peck, in his Remarks and Observations on New
York State plants, speaking of his fern, says:

“Aspidium aculeatum Swartz. This very rare fern

was reported from the Adirondack Mts., many years

* N.Y. State Mus, Rept. 24: 101. 1872.
tN. Y. State Mus. Rept 28: 84. 1376.

BuRNHAM: Brawtn’s Houtuy FERN 5

ago by Dr. W. F. Macrae, but until the present season,
had not since been found there. In a recent botanical
tour I detected it in two localities; one in the ravine
below Rainbow Falls, near the outlet of Lower Ausable
Lake, the other at the base of Bartlett Mt. Probably
it occurs in other places east of Mt. Marcy and in the
ravines of the Gothies.’’*

“Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii Koch. Abundant
in the ‘Deep Notch’ between Shandaken and Lexing-
ton. Eighteen species of ferns were observed in this
locality, all except three of which had previously been
noticed in ‘Stony Clove,’ a locality similar to this and
but a few miles south of it. The three species are Wood-
sia obtusa, Asplenium Trichomanes and Osmunda cin-
namomea. These two localities together produce one-
half the whole number of ferns that occur in the State.’

“Aspidium aculeatum Sw., v. Braunii Koch. This
beautiful fern proves to be more common than was at
first supposed. I have observed it in three new lo-
calities the past season. Near Summit, Schoharie
county; near Griffins, Delaware county; and in the
Catskill Mountains, near Big Indian.’’t

Prof. B. D. Gilbert in his “Fern Flora of New York”
speaks of a specimen of this fern from “Ilion ravine,
Rev. H. N. Simmons in herb. Gilbert.”’**

Mrs. Frances Theodora Parsons in “How to Know
the Ferns” says that this fern has been found in Oswego
county, N. Y.

Hupson Fauts, N. Y.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VorE. 4 > Now

SERS sii

;

Pirate No. 9. Dryopteris filix-mas X
(Photograph by courtesy Smithsonian Institution)

The Ferns of Washington

T. C. FRYE AND MABEL MCMURRY JACKSON
(Continued from AMERICAN FERN JourNAL, Vol. 3, No. 4, page 108,
November—December, 1913.)

DRYOPTERIS (ASPIDIUM). Surevp FERN.

Leaves membranous, continuous with rootstock;
petiole more or less covered with chaffy brown scales;
veins free. Sori round; indusium present, flat, cordate
to reniform, attached by center. (Greek dryas = an
oak, pteris = a fern; from the forest habitat of some
species. )

A. Leaf-blades with narrow base, 1-pinnate, obovate or oblanceolate ;
veins simple or once forked; primary leaf-divisions deeply toothed
or lobed, but otherwise almost entire. 1. D. oreopteris.

AA, af-blades with broad base, 2-3-pinnate; veins freely forked.

B. Leaf-blades 2-pinnate, base slightly narrowed; leaflets deeply
and doubly serrate. . D. filiz-mas.
BB. Leaf-blades 3-pinnate, widest at base; leaflets serrate.
; 3. D. dilatata.

1. Drvopreris oREopTERIS (ErHR.) Max. (Figs. 47,
48.)

Leaves 1- but nearly 2-pinnate; petiole short; blade
12-15 inches long; obovate or oblanceolate, its lower
surface smooth and shining; leaflets divided nearly to
mid-vein, their lowest division longer than the rest;
veins free, seldom forked. Sori very minute, near edge
of divisions, on backs of veins.—Alaska to Washington;
Europe; Asia.

2, Dryopreris riurx—mas (L.) Scnorr. (Figs. 46, 49,
50.)

Male Fern.

Leaf-blades broadly oblong to lanceolate, 2-pinnate,
slightly narrowed toward the base; leaflets oblong,

incised. Indusium convex.—Alaska to Labrador, south
to California, Michigan, Nova Scotia; Europe.—The
rhizome is a well known worm medicine.

re

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. Vou. 4: Nook

serene ated aera Ase me

Piate No. 10. Dryopteris dilatata X 4.

THe FERNS OF WASHINGTON 9

3. Dryopreris pILATaTA (Hoffm.) Gray. (Figs. 49,
51, 52.)
Mountain Wood Fern

Leaf-blades broadly ovate, 3-pinnate, widest at base,
8-22 inches long; petioles 7-18 inches long; leaflets
oblong, toothed to serrate.—Usually at high altitudes.
Alaska to Labrador, south to California, Montana and
Virginia; Europe; Asia.

POLYSTICHUM.

Leaves mostly large or medium sized, tufted; leaf-
blades linear to lanceolate, 1-2-pinnate; petioles more
or less scaly at base; leaflets numerous; veins all free.
Sori only on the outer half or less of the leaf, round,
borne on the back of the veins; indusium round, flat,
peltate. (Greek poly = many, stichos = a row; because
the sori are in several rows in some species.)

. Leaves 1-pinnate, distinctly spinulose-dentate.
B. Petiole very short; leaflets triangular to broadly lanceolat:.
1. P. lonchitis.
BB. Petiole of medium length; leaflets linear to lanceolate.
©. Leaves 2-5 feet long; leaflets at right angles to leaf-axis, not
overlapping. 2. P. munitum.
C.

Pom
Leaves 1-2 feet long; leaflets oblique to leaf-axis, overlapping.
3. P. munitum imbricans.

D. So 4, P. Lemmoni.
DD. Sori many. 5. P. scopulinum.

1. Potysticuum Loncnitis (L.) Roth. (Figs. 54, 60,

AA. Leaves 2-pinnate, not spinulose-dentate.
ri few. :

Holly Fern.
d mid-
vein of leaflets; leaf-blade 1-pinnate, linear, 12-20

14-34 inch long, triangular or broadly lanceolate,
auricled on upper side, margin densely spinulose-
toothed. Sori very close together, one row on eac

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. Vou. 4: Now

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vy

te oe
1, 2 Dryopteris oreopteris; 1 = leaf, X 4;2 = a primary leaf-division, X 4. 3 43
-mas; 3 = a primary leaf-division, x 144; 4 = aleaflet, X 1. 5, 6 ?
latata; 5 = a primary leaf-division, x 14; 6 = a secondary leaf-divis

fo apc

Tue Ferns or WasHINGTON ‘Il

2. PoLysticHuMm mMuNiITUM (Kaulf.) Presl. (Figs. 53,
, 67
Sword Fern.

Leaves 2—5 feet long, with petiole and leaf-axis and
mid-vein of leaflets scaly; petiole of medium length;
leaf-blade lanceolate, 1-pinnate; leaflets horizontal,
linear, strongly auricled on the upper side, spinulose-
serrate. Sori close together, one row between the
margin and mid-vein, nearer margin.—Alaska to Idaho
and California.—Much used for decorating because it
is large, tough and evergreen.

3. PoLysticHUM MUNITUM IMBRICANS (Eat.) Max.

(Figs. 58, 59.)

Leaf-blades lanceolate, 1-2 feet long; leaflets oblique
to the mid-vein, overlapping, broadly lanceolate.-—On
dry rocky slopes of mountains. Washington to Cali-
ornia.

4. Potysticnum Lemmont Underw. (Fig. 62.)

Leaves 2-pinnate or partly so, 6-12 inches long,
densely tufted, very scaly at base, slightly so above;
petioles of medium length; primary divisions ovate,
rounded at ends, consisting of 6-10 oval obtuse crenate
divisions or leaflets besides the terminal one. Sori
small, few, 1-2 to each leaflet or division.—In high
altitudes. Alaska to California.

5. Potysticnum scoputinum (Eat.) Max. (Fig. 63.)

Leaves 1-2 feet long; petiole nearly as long as the
blade; blade lanceolate, 2-pinnate below; scales on
rachis small and few, at base of petiole large and many;
Primary leaf-divisions divided at base, serrate with
incurved teeth, blunt or rounded at tip. Sori 1-6 on
each leaflet or lobe of primary leaf-division; indusium
large, more or less lobed.—Washington and Idaho to
California.

[To be Continued.]

No. 1.

VoL. 4.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL.

Phegopterts

of
»
‘=
=
'—
=
~
2
$
~
re ee
wi AY
Soi
an
E
|
py

1 =Polystichum munitum x 1

alpestris & 1%,

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL.

Puate No, 13.
ete . Polystichum munitum; 1 = a portion of a leaf-
in 4 = Polystichum munitum imbricans; 3 ~ porti

leaflet, X 1. 5, 7= Polystichum lonchitis;5= 4
6 = Polystichum Lemmoni, a primary leaf-division, X1. 8 =

m, a primary leaf-division. X 1.

blade, X 4:2 = leaflet,
ion of a leaf-blade, Xx 1g; 4

;7=a
Polystichum

13

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. Vou; 42. Nosh

Pate No. 14. Polystichum Lemmoni X 4.
(Photograph by courtesy Smithsonian Institution)
14

A family of ferns new to the United States.’
Wituram R. Maxon

The present note relates to the occurrence of Dicra nop~
teris flecuosa (Schrad.) Underw., a member of the family
Gleicheniaceae, in the extreme southwestern part of
Alabama, as a native inhabitant of that region. A
specimen which is perfectly typical of this species was
sent to me for identification by Mr. L. H. MeNeill,
Mobile, Alabama, who wrote that it was “found growing
in the ‘pine flats’, in the south part of Mobile County,
in a shallow cut through yellow clay, on the Mobile &
Bay Shore R. R. (Alabama Port Extension), about
one and one-half miles east of Delchamps Station and
across Fowl River.” He added, ‘This plant, the only
one I found, was growing in a niche in the perpendicu-
lar side of a shallow railroad cut * * and formed a tuft
large enough to fill a bushel basket. It grew on the
north (the sunny) side of the eut. * * * The road has
been built but a few years and, with the exception of
rails, no foreign material was used in its construction
and practically no foreign material has been carried
into that neighborhood.”

Mr. MeNeill, who has devoted much time to a study
of the ferns of southern Alabama, was at pains to include
these unusually complete data on acount of his inability
to associate the plant with the description of any species
known from the southern states and also, apparently,
because of the fact that it might conceivably be regarded
as an introduction. The chances of its having been
introduced by man are, however, very remote. Species
of Gleicheniaceae are not in general cultivation, being
rather rare even in the conservatories of large botanical
institutions; and they are not, as a rule, sufficiently

‘Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution.
15

ee AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

fine or graceful to attract the interest of fern growers.
There can be no doubt that this fern was native where
collected. We have thus a species, genus, and family
added to the known flora of the United States.

In response to my request for further information,
Mr. MeNeill wrote again (July 5, 1913) as follows:

“The date upon which I found the plant was June
15, 1913. It was found on ‘Mon Louis Island’, which
is a piece of land some twenty-five square miles in extent,
separated from the mainland by Fowl River, a bayou
connecting Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound. It
is “pine barren’ country, traversed by numerous ‘gum
branches’ (small fresh-water streams fed by springs,
and usually dry in mid-summer), the south end being
deeply indented with areas of salt marsh. It is clay
formation and will hardly average more than twenty
feet above mean low water.”

Dicranopteris flexuosa was originally described from
Brazil and has been found to have a wide distribution
in tropical America. It is common in the Greater
Antilles but less so in the Lesser Antilles. On the
continent it has heretofore been known to extend from
southern Mexico to Brazil and to occur mainly at low
elevations, ascending rarely to 1,500 meters altitude.
As to the source of the Alabama specimens it may safely
be surmised that they arose from wind-blown spores
from Cuba, a hypothesis which explains reasonably
the similar occurrence of the many West Indian fern
species discovered in peninsular Florida within recent
years. It is Mr. MeNeill’s intention to make a search
for additional stations of D. flexuosa and it will not be
very surprising if he is successful not only in this but
in finding also Blechnum occidentale and other ubiquitous
lowland species not now known to occur in the United
States.

It may be mentioned, in passing, that all our American
Tepresentatives of the family Gleicheniaceae fall under

Some Ferns or Korea ay

the genus Dicranopteris; Gleichenia itself is exclusively
an Old World genus, a fact recognized long ago by Sturm,
the capable monographer of this group. But in Di-
cranopteris, as regarded at present, there are many
radically diverse types as to systems of branching,
and marked differences also in soriation and in scale
structure; so that it is at least worthy of consideration
whether Dicranopteris itself ought not to be subdivided
into two or more genera, the characters of which would
indeed be quite as good as those regarded as distinctive
for genera in many other groups. The writer has else-
where! called attention to the need of a critical study
of this family.
The synonymy of the single species now reported
from Alabama is as follows:
DIcRANOPTERIS ietonaes Rees Underw. Bull Tor-
rey Club 34: 254 ‘
M 8 flexuosa arbi: Goett. Gel. Anz. 1824:
863. 1824.
Mertensia rigida Kunze, Linnaea 9: 16. 1834.
Gleichenia flexuosa Mett. Ann. Lugd. Bat.1:50. 1863.
Gleichenia rigida Bommer & Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot.
Belg. 35: 174. 1896. Not G. rigida J. Smith, 1841.
Mr. MeNéeill’s specimen is in the U. 8. National
Herbarium, being sheet No. 692160.

Some Ferns of Korea
D. F. HIGGINS.

The interests of the American Fern Society may not
extend beyond the limits of the United States or of
North America, but the writer is risking the sending
in of this little preliminary statement in regard to the

pean

1Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 52-54. 1912.

18 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

few ferns of Korea that he has had an opportunity of
studying somewhat in detail thus far (July 25th) this
year (1913). It is hoped that at a later date a complete
description of the species studied, supplemented with
sketches, will be sent in to the AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL.
It seems to the writer that the Herbarium of the Society
might well have for its object the gathering of the com-
plete fern flora of the world for comparative study.
Therefore the writer will forward to the Curator of the
Herbarium a few suites of specimens such as he has
collected sometime before the end of this year. The
nomenclature follows Britton and Brown, edition of
1896.

The species collected to date are as follows—

1. Osmunda Claytoniana, var. (?).

2. Osmunda sp.; this species seems to be a transition
form between O. regalis and O. cinnamomea.

3. Onoclea sp.; this Onoclea resembles O. sensibilis but
may be a distinct species. As the fertile fronds are not
ripe yet a complete study of the form must be made
a little later in the season.

4. Dryopteris (Polystichum) sp.; this form is near D.
Lonchitis and D. acrostichoides, fronds less than one
foot long and rooting at the tips to form new plants.

5. Dryopteris (Polystichum) sp.; this species is near D.
acrostichoides. The frond is ternately divided, however,
and each of the divisions is once pinnate.

6. Phegopteris Dryopteris, var. (2) ; this fern is close to
P. Dryopteris, but it differs slightly from the form as
described in Britton and Brown.

7. Camptosorus sp.; Britton and Brown note that there
are only two known species of this genus, one in- North
America and the other in northern Asia. The species

observed in Korea is certainly not Camptosorus rhizo- ©

phyllus, so it is very likely the other of the two known

2a
fa
ate

Some Ferns or Korpa 19

species."! Britton and Brown note, however, that C.
rhizophyllus is “of eastern North America,” but the writ-
er has identified it with certainity in abundance on lime-
stone rocks and cliffs in the Ozarks of southern Missouri,
along the Meramec River near Bourbon and Sullivan,
Missouri.

8. Asplenium filiz-femina; this fern corresponds ex-
actly to the description given by Britton and Brown.

9. Polypodium sp.; a small, evergreen, rock-loving fern
with simple entire fronds.

10. Pteris sp.; this fern is about the same size as P.
Aveda but the frond is 2-4 pinnate, and not ternate.

1. (?);a member of the Polypodiaceae. This is a light
ae lacy fern 1-2 feet high, frequenting moist places;
the sori are on the margins of the fronds; the sporangia
develop in the margins and when their pedicels elon-
gate at maturity they push their heads out, splitting
open the margins as they come out; when the sporangia
are mature the sori look like small black dots on the
margins of the fronds. This fern seems to be of a genus
not described in Britton and Brown.”

Britton and Brown note (vol. 1, p. 8) that there are
but three known species of Onoclea. They figure and
describe O. sensibilis and O. Struthiopteris. The writer
would very much like to have someone send him a des-
cription of the third’! known species” of Onoclea and the
second known species of Camptosorus for comparison with
the species which oceur here. The Onoclea which grows
here may be only a variety of O. sensibilis, but the
Camptosorus which grows here is distinct from C. rhizo-
phyllus. Perhaps this question should be referred to the
question and answer department of the JouRNAL.

Hou Kon, Korma, July 25, 1913.

LC. sibiricus Hooker. Ed.]

[? Trichomanes, probably. Ed.}

(80. orientalis Hooker. Ed.]

Some Fern Reprints Recently Received
R. C. BENEDICT.

Mazon, W. R. A new genus of davallioid ferns.
Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 3: 148, 144. 4 Mr. 1913.

Maxon describes in this paper, Sphenomeris, as a new
genus with Odontosoria clavata (L.) J. Smith, as its type
species. The name Sphenomeris is applied to the species
formerly in Odontosoria, which have leaves with deter-
minate growth. The name Odontosoria is applied to
the species having climbing leaves of indeterminate
growth, like those of Lygodium

Mazon, W. R. Studies of tropical American ferns,
No. 4. "Contrib, U. 8. Nat. Herb. 17; 133-179. | i-x.
fig. 1-7. pl. 1-10. June 1913.

Under the title “Studies in tropical American ferns,”
Maxon has already published three papers, comprising
two hundred and twelve pages and including about
_ fifty plates besides text figures. These, with the present
paper make up a considerable total in this series of
valuable data on American ferns which have been
developed in connection with the writer’s wide studies
on the fern phylum.

“The present paper, like the preceding ones of the
series, includes brief discussions of several genera or
smaller groups of species which have been the subject
of great confusion, but which it is now possible to treat
with some depres: of assurance.”” The groups treated
in the present paper, with the sub-titles, are as follows:
Asplenium Trichomanes and its American allies; the
North American tree ferns of the genus Dicksonia; the
genus Qdontosoria; Notes on Bommeria and _ related
genera; New species of Lycopodium; A new Cyathea from
Santo Domingo. New species are described as follow:
Asplenium 4, Odontosoria 3, Lycopodium 5, Cyathea 1,
and Dicksonia ¥.

20

Some REPRINTS RECENTLY RECEIVED 21

An interesting fact which may not be known to some
of the members of the American Fern Society is the
occurrence of Asplenium platyneuron in South Africa
and elsewhere only in eastern North’ America. Several
instances of such distribution are known.

Christensen, Carl. Two new bipinnatifid species of
Alsophila. Repert. Nov. Spec. 10: 213, 214. 1911.

Nephrodium Kuhnii Hieronymus is re-named Also-
phila Kuhnii by Christensen, because of its basal in-
dusium, of a type common in the tree-fern family, but.
unknown in Dryopteris. It is the smallest “‘tree-fern’’
known, being only eight inches long.

Alsophila phalenolepsis is a brand new species from
Ecuador of a considerably larger size, (leaves 20-40
jnches long), somewhat like A. phegopteroidea Hooker.

Christensen, Carl. On the ferns of the Seychelles
and the Aldabra group. Trans. Linn. Soc. London.
II. 7: 409-425. pl. 25. Dec. 1912.

In this paper, Christensen lists seventy-eight species
as the total number known from the Seychelles Islands.
As he notes, Baker, in 1877, recognized seventy-four
species, and Kuhn in 1879, recognized seventy-six.
When it is noted that four of the species in the present
papers were collected for the first time in 1908, it will be
seen that the lists of Baker and Christensen recognize
exactly the same number of species. This fact is of
especial interest in view of the opinion sometimes eX-
presses as to the prevalence of species “splitting.”
According to one view of modern taxonomy, Christen-
sen would have been expected to recognize no fewer than
one hundred and fifty species. Naturally the treatment
differs from the earlier ones in its nomenclature, that of
the Index Filicum being followed in the main. :

The Seychelles Islands are extremely interesting owing
to their location so far distant both from the Asiatic and

22 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

African continents. Of the total number of species
listed, twelve are known to occur only on the Seychelles
Islands. Two of these are described as new, Asplenium
complanatum, and Elaphoglossum Hornei. Twenty of
the seventy-eight occur also in the American tropics.
The remaining forty-four are species of Asiatic or African
distribution.

Christensen, Carl. A monograph of the genus Dryop-
teris. Part 1. The tropical American pinnatifid-
bipinnatifid species. Kgl. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. VII,
10: 55-282. fig: 1-46. 1913.

The paper now under consideration is undoubtedly
the most extensive and at the same time most thorough
fern monograph ever published. Two hundred and
eighty species are treated in its two hundred and
thirty odd pages. The results are based on the study
of approximately ten thousand specimens, obtained
largely by loans from the leading herbaria of Europe
and America. The actual significance of these facts
will hardly be appreciated except by those who have
carried on careful taxonomic research, but it may be
noted that the paper under review represents very many
laborious hours scattered through a period of years.
Its value for fern classification is commensurate with
the time and labor involved.

No attempt will be made here to review in detail its
findings. Mention may be made, however, of some
interesting facts connected with fern distribution. A
pronounced difference occurs between the fern flora of
Southern Brazil as compared with the West Indian-
Andean regions which have much in common. Only
fourteen species are found in both regions and even the
forms of these which occur in both regions differ some-
what. Three species of the two hundred and eighty
occur also in the eastern hemisphere. One of these,

Some REPRINTS RECENTLY RECEIVED 23

D. eriocaulis, furnishes another example of American-
African distribution, being found only in West Africa
and eastern Brazil.

Christensen, Carl. Filices Purdomianae. Bot. Gaz.
56: 331-338. Oct. 1913.

The article contains a list of sixty-three ferns collected
by Mr. Wm. Purdom in the province of Shensi in northern
China, in 1910, in connection with the expedition sent
out by the Arnold Arboretum. The collection is of
especial interest because it includes numerous temperate
species, some of which occur also in temperate North
America. It is also of especial interest because it un-
doubtedly includes a number of Chinese species which

“would grow here with us and add to our lists of hardy
ferns for fern gardens.

The following species of our flora occur in the list:
Adiantum pedatum, Asplenium adiantum nigrum, A.
Trichomanes, Athyrium acrostichoides, A. filix femina,
Cryptogramma Stelleri, Dryopteris Dryopteris (D. Lin-
naeana) D. Phegopteris, Polystichum Braunit, Lycopodium
annotinum.

Apparently the collecting trip extended into tropical
as well as temperate regions, since the list includes a
considerable proportion of tropical species. Six new spe-
cies are described and a number of other species listed
as new to the region or otherwise noteworthy. The
new species are distributed as follows: Athyrium, Cheil-
anthes, Dryopteris (2), Matteuccia, and Polystichum.
The Matteuccia is described as intermediate between
M. Struthiopteris and M. orientalis.

Tidestrom, Ivar. Botrychium virginianum and_ its
forms. United States National Museum 16: 299-
303. pl. 102. 29 Dec. 1913.

The writer discusses the variations of Botrychium vir-
ginianum in its broadest sense and concludes that two

24 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

species should be recognized instead of one, the second
species to be assigned the name B. cicutarium (Sar.)
Swartz. To this latter species he assigns as synonyms.
B. dichronum Underwood, B. brachystachys Kunze, and
B. virginianum v. mexicanum Hooker.

. cicutarium he distinguishes from B. virginianum
on the basis of the persistent leaves which last more
than one season, and the comparatively shorter fertile
portion. B. cicutarium, as recognized, is native in the
West Indies and Central America. Typical B. virgini-
anum ranges as far south as the State of Hidalgo, Mexico.

Hieu Scuoou or ComMMERCE,
120 W. 46TH Sr., New York Cry.

Notes and News
Con CERNING THE PERSERVATION OF NEW FORMS OF FERNS.

I find in the January issue of the AMERICAN FERN
JOURNAL a reference to a “belated maidenhair” (A.
pedatum) which is of interest, as it may imply a semper-
viveum form of that species well worth cultivation if
the plant had been collected for cultivation instead of,
as is too often the case, destroyed by collectors for mere
herbarium -purposes. In fact the final remark ‘how
much longer it might have survived” rather indicates
another instance of botanical vandalism. A parallel
case, with one material difference, exists in the case of
the deciduous Cystopteris fragilis, of which a perfectly
green plant was discovered in the Highlands of Scot-
land some years ago in the winter. The plant was
lifted and grown and eventually a fertile frond was
sent to me, from which I raised a large number of very
robust plants, which proved to be not merely ‘‘semper-
virens” or evergreen, but practically ‘“sempercrescens,”
since they grew all the year round, while the species —

Notes AnD NEws 25

(C. fragilis) dies down early in the autumn. In my
conservatory which is quite cold and in which all plants
are frozen in the winter, I have a pot of this fern, now
in April, which still carries last year’s fronds in a quite
green and living condition. This is all due to the fern
falling into the hands of a true fern lover instead of a
botanist whose only thought is of his cherished grave-
yard, the herbarium, for which a frond or two at the
time would have sufficed, while the precious roots
would, if properly treated, have supplied him and his
friends with an indefinite supply later on if treated
discreetly I remember another kindred case some years
ago, also in the United States, where a collector proudly
recorded a new find of which he took all the first crop
of fronds in the early summer and then gave a friend
the “tip,” who went in the autumn and gathered the
second one, almost inevitably killing the root outright.
I should not like to see such a “triumph” debited to
my name. Quite possibly the A. pedatum in question
would have gifted the horticultural world with an ever-
green form of that delightful fern, especially since so
many of its kindred, unlike Cystopteris are evergreen. »
Cuas. T. DRUERY.

Cuas. T. DRUERY

In a recent issue of ‘Garden Life,” a London weekly
devoted to horticulture, appears a brief sketch of the
life of Chas. T. Druery. It is an interesting account of
the scientific and literary achievements of this enthusi-
astie student and grower of ferns. Members of the
Fern Society will be interested to know that Mr. Druery
was one of the first to receive the Victorian Gold Medal
of Honor in Horticulture, and that he is the author of
two volumes of verse and several humorous works be-
sides his well known books on British Ferns. The

26 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

article is illustrated with a portrait of Mr. Druery and
pictures of some products of his skill in fern culture.

In this connection the note appearing on another
page will be of especial interest. It was sent as a letter
to Mr. Winslow.

An Unusvuat Station For Borrycutum LANCEOLATUM

On the 2d of last July Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. A.
Weatherby and the writer explored a gorge on the farm
of Mr. Homer J. Heath, in the northern part of the
township of Newfane, Vt. In the woods above the
gorge we found a remarkable growth of Botrychium
lanceolatum. During the half-hour or so that we were
traversing this piece of woods we came upon groups of
from three to twenty plants every few steps. There
must have been thousands of them. Botrychiwm
ramosum was also present, but in smaller number.

The writer has seen this plant growing in several
localities in western Connecticut and Massachusetts,
and eastern and northern Vermont, but always in
rather moist rich woods, and often in quite swampy
ground. The Newfane station is a rather dry and very
steep wooded hillside with a northeasterly slope and an
elevation, according to estimates furnished by Mr. L.
A. Wheeler, of Townshend, Vt., of about 800 feet above
sea level and more than 200 feet above the neighboring
river.

AUBURNDALE, Mass. KE. J. WinsLow.

A CorREcTION

In the interests of accuracy, permit me to call your
attention to an erroneous statement in your April
number. Mr. James A. Bates writes: ‘I think it was
Clute who made the mistake in an early Bulletin of
calling Dicksonia the fragrant fern.’ If Mr. Bates

Notes aND NEWS 27

will consult Fern Bulletin, Volume 4, page 48, and the
same publication Volume 5, page 15, he will discover
that Dicksonia was mistaken for the fragrant fern but
not by Clute. The man who made the mistake and
who listed the Dicksonia under the name of a rarer
fern in a well known State flora was a much more prom-
inent botanist. It was Clute who first pointed out the
error. We have always been taught that New England-
ers are committed to plain living and high thinking,
but it is apparent that the last mentioned process
sometimes slips a cog. The matter of the Dicksonia
is not of much consequence, yet we feel that we ought
to stop this careless kind of thinking at the outset;
otherwise, some other misguided fern student may in-
form the public that he thinks that Clute was the first
one to mistake carrots for ferns. Up to the present,
however, we have been able to prove an alibi; in faet
we have laid in quite a stock of alibis in anticipation
of having use for them when the thinking in New England
gets to running smoothly.

Wiuarp N. CLUTE.

Hysrips IN EquiseTUM?

In an article entitled “Anatomy as a means of diag-
nosis of spontaneous plant hybrids” (Science, N. S. 38:
932, 26 Dec 1913), Miss Ruth Holden discusses evidence
indicating that plants may be hybrids without showing
intermediate external characters. In such cases a study
of their anatomy will serve to reveal their real relation-
ships.

For example, a birch growing at the Arnold Arboretum
which had been identified as Betula pumila was found to
possess wood characters entirely different from those of
B. pumila together with peculiarities of stamen structure
with nearly abortive pollen. These facts, together with

28 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

the fact that the tree in question was one of a group
of seedling birches, several of which had shown also
external evidences of hybridity, were taken to indicate
a hybrid origin for this tree also.

Equisetum littorale has been long suspected in Europe
and America to be a hybrid between E. arvense and
E. limosum on the basis of external and internal char-
acters. Similarly material of E. variegatum Jessupt,
collected on Toronto Island by E. C. Jeffrey, was found
to possess peculiar internal characters indicative of
hybridism between £. variegatum and E. hyemale.

The writer of the article is gathering facts about
other so-called “varieties” of Equisetum, and would
undoubtedly be glad to receive material of this sort
from different parts of the country. Such material
may be sent care of Harvard University.

ROB.

$30,000 Patp Fern PickERS

More than $30,000 has been paid out in the months
of September, October and the first part of November
to gatherers of wild ferns in the four Bennington county
towns of Woodford, Stamford, Searsburg and Reads-
boro. The pickers were paid by the piece, four cents &
hundred, and as there have been more than 6,000,000
ferns shipped out of the mountains this season, the sum
total is easily reached.

The industry is comparatively new and was brought
about by the discovery of the florists that the addition
of a few ferns as a background for a box of blossom
added materially to the value of the purchase in the
eyes of a customer, especially in winter. Since it be-
eame known that the ferns could be kept all winter in
cold storage the business of gathering and retailing has
increased rapidly until there are at present many firms

Notes anp News 29

in New York and Massachusetts which give it their
entire attention.

_ After the slopes of the Taconic mountains, which run
through the southeastern half of Bennington county,
were stripped of their evergreen timber the original
growth was followed by a forest of hard wood and with
it came the ferns, which in many sections completely
covered the ground. Only two varieties are used by
the greenhouses, the hardy rock and serrated ferns, for
the reason that they are tough and capable of with-
Standing rough handling to which they are subjected
during the picking and shipping.

The pickers are paid four cents a hundred for ferns
tied in bunches of 25. Some of the experts have earned
at that rate between $7 and $8 ina single day. In the
last two years the industry has grown to such an extent
that the lumber companies which control the mountain
land on which the ferns are gathered now lease the
Picking privileges, instead of permitting free access to
the property, as was formerly the case.

The business is rather precarious. Some years the
ferns keep well in cold storage and at $2.50 a thousand,
the price charged the florists, good profits are made.
Not infrequently, however, there are heavy losses. The
ferns, for some reason that has not yet been discovered,
turn black or yellow and become worthless.

[From a newspaper clipping]

American Fern Society

The recently appointed Treasurer asks all members to
remit dues for the current year as promptly as possible.
Following a new policy bills will be sent out with the
JOURNAL. Members in arrears for 1913 will confer a
favor by cancelling their obligation at. once and thus

30 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

obviate the necessity of having their names stricken
from the waiting list. The Treasurer asks each of
you to be lenient for a time and call attention promptly
to mistakes that may occur. He also earnestly re-
quests every member when sending in dues to send
his full name, first name, middle name, and last name
written very plainly with the correct address that he
may revise his list of members.

Attention is called to our constitution, which contains
the following:

“Article 3, Section 6. No member in arrears for
dues shall vote, hold office, or receive the publications
of the Society.”

The Executive Council is endeavoring to live up to
the rules; if you wish to receive the JouRNAL please see
that your dues are paid promptly to Treasurer Floyd.

Since the manuscript for the Annual Report was pre-
pared several additions to the Society Herbarium have
been made. Dr. O. E. Jennings has given 15 sheets
from Ontario in addition to those previously noted.
Prof. H. H. Tracy has donated 23 sheets of California
specimens, and Miss Laura F. Kimball 3.

Prof. Tracy’s contribution contained five species
which are rather rare as well as being new to the Her-
barium, viz., Polystichum californicwum (Eat.) Diels.,
Diels., Polystichum Lemmoni Underw., Botrychium
silaifolium Pr., Dryopteris oregana C. Chr. (D. nevadencis
Underw.), and Pellaea brachyptera (Moore) Baker.
Miss Kimball added the very rare Ophioglossum cali-
fornicum Prantl. These have all been mounted an
catalogued, making the total number of sheets now in
the Herbarium 1263.

L. 8. Hopkins.

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 31

List or MEMBERS BY STATES

Mabank. .:.. 2... 2°: Leuisiana..<°.. 2: 1 North Dakota 1
APEANSAS. 66... 6 3 0 ie oO Ges Ohiov ses ea 5
Arizona, 1 aryland........ 2 Oklahoma.......- 0
California... ..... 8 Massachusetts 37 Oregon.......-+-- 0
MGIOTANO. ios ee. Michigan......... 2 Pennsylvania..-.--. 19
Connecticut...... 10. Minnesota... :..: 3 Rhode Island 0
Delaware......... 0 Mississippi....... 0 South Carolina... 1
Dist. of Columbia. 15 Missouri......... 8 South Dakota 0
POMS 2. O29 6S 4- “Montana. .<3:- 22. QO Tennessee...----- 0
SEN. as 0 Nebraska::<..-.-s 2 Texas. 1
Idah [SQ INGVAUH te os 0 Diane 0
Illinois _ 6 New Hampshire.. 4 Vermont...-.---- 13
Pnthnna, 6. 3 New Jersey...... 5 Virginia... 2
Meo. 3 New Mexico..... 0 Washington...... 2
Kansas. .... 0 New Yorkacccs: 56 West Virginia 0
Mentucky.:.....:. 0 North Carolina .. 1 Wisconsin....---- 0
Wyoming, 0

: This list, showing the location of our membership,
is given to call the especial attention of all members
to the fact that there are large sections of our country,
some of which are of great interest to fern-lovers, where
our Society is very feebly or not at all represented.
There are fern students in all these districts, only we
are not in touch with them.

Will not each member, on receiving this report, look
over the above list carefully, try to remember some
friend or acquaintance not a member, who is interested
in ferns, and then write to such person asking them to
join our Society, and at the same time notify our manag-
ing editor, Mr. E. J. Winslow, that you have done so?

In order to make our Fern Journal as good as we wish
we should have a larger membership. If each member
will find a friend to join us we shall be benefited as a
Society, not only by the increased revenue, but also
by an additional interest in the work of our Society.

C. H. Bissett, Pres.

32 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

While attending the annual meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, held at
Atlanta about the first of the year, the editor took oppor-
tunity to make several collecting trips into the surround-
ing country on the lookout for ferns. Aspleniwm mon-
tanum, Cheilanthes tomentosa, Asplenium Bradleyi, and
Polypodium polypodioides were perhaps the most inter-
esting ferns found. A few duplicates of these were
collected and may be had for the postage as long as they
last.

It has been suggested that a field trip for members
of the Fern Society be scheduled in the neighborhood
of New York next summer. No definite locality has
been named as yet, the question being one to be deter-
mined by the ‘preferences of those making the trip.
The limestone regions in Central New York about Syra-
cuse are of especial interest not only because of their
many ferns, including Phyllitis, but also because of
beautiful and interesting geological formations. The
neighborhood about New York City has interest for
fern students principally because of frequent swamps,
usually good hunting places for fern hybrids. Dryop-
teris simulata is within easy access, and Schizaea could
be reached by a day’s trip. The Catskill and the Lake
George region offer the chance of finding Polystichum
Braunii, as Mr. Burnham tells on another page. Let
the editor hear about any other locality which ought to
be considered, but let him particularly have the names
of those who wish to be considered as probable attend-
ants at such a field trip, with a statement as to prefer-
ence as to locality and date best suited.

Incidentally cannot members in other parts of the
country arrange for similar trips in their territory? The
Pages of the JourNau are open for preliminary notices

of such meetings. There is no better way to learn about
_ ferns than to get with other people interested in them.

American Fern Journal
A Loox AHEAD.

During the year 1913, the Journal comprised 128
pages, together with nine full page plates and twelve
text figures of varying size. The cost of these illustra-
tions was met mainly by extra contributions from friends
of the Journal who were interested to demonstrate what
could be done with more ample funds than were available
from the regular Society dues and subscriptions. If our
income had been larger, we could easily have published
one hundred and sixty pages with double the number
of illustrations. There is now no dearth of copy.

It is worth while now to give some consideration to
ways and means for 1914. The extra contributions
during 1913 amounted to over fifty dollars. It may be
noted that there is no certainty, or even probability, of
so large an amount during the coming year.

What sort of a Journal do the members desire for 1914?
If it is to be equal in size and amount of illustrations to
that of this year, sufficient financial provision must be
made for it, either (1) by a considerable increase in the
number of members, or (2) by extra contributions,
or (3) by an increase in the membership and subscrip-
tion prices. The Society officers would welcome ex-
pressions of opinion from as many members as possible.

Again, as regards the contents of the Journal, the
editors will print what you want, if you send it in. If

you wish a different filling than that of the past year,
Send it in.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY

Report of the President

Evidence is not lacking of vigor of interest and ac-
tivity in our membership. Indeed, I am convinced
that this Society is possessed of a vitality which prom-
ises well for the future. Our members are individually
interested in some phase of fern study or observation,
many of them keenly, actively, and fruitfully. Doubt-
less it remains for many of us to discover the advantages
which may be given or received through an association
of more than a quarter of a thousand men and women
scattered over our own and other countries, and I
believe that we would do well in developing the fraternal
spirit to a greater degree. At another time* I took
occasion to offer some suggestions which, if acted upon,
would in my opinion render membership more enjoy-
able and profitable. I venture to hope that those
suggestions may still have value.

Doubtless, the most tangible evidence of the Society’s
activity is to be found in its JournaL. This evidence
is very real, and is a good demonstration of what can
be done when there are those who are sufficiently inter-
ested and competent to put themselves to a specific
task. The present arrangement providing for a ‘‘Busi-
ness Manager” seems as effective as it is desirable. We
are fortunate in having among our members those
who, in addition to already exacting demands upon
them, are willing to devote the necessary time and
energy to the production of a periodical which so credit-
ably reflects what the Society stands for. These gen-
tlemen merit the commendation and co-operation which

* AMERICAN FERN Journal, Apri! 1912, p. 58.
| 34

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY 35

I am confident we all desire to give them. I believe
that to them should also be given the greatest freedom
in the handling of their work. More perhaps than
anyone else they are in position to know the resources
of the Society and to feel the responsibility of adjusting
the expense to the income, and it should therefore be
very largely left to them to determine the details of
JOURNAL management.

It is gratifying to learn that there is no lack of material
for publication. If we sometimes wish that the Jour-
NAL contained more in the nature of brief comment
and personal, every day observation and experience
from our members at large, we must remind ourselves
that we are responsible for such lack and not the edi-
tors, who invite and welcome contributions of that
character. I believe that the JourNAL might well be
made the medium of greater interchange and expression
among members.

There are several points of organization and admin-
istration which invite attention and possible action.
Among these are the proposed revision of the Constitu-
tion, and the question as to what course to pursue with
reference to members in arrears for dues. Of the first
it may be said that a committee was appointed by Dr.
Dowell, who was then President, for the purpose of
considering and reporting upon the matter. It seems
desirable that certain points which have led to differ-
ences of interpretation should be cleared, that others
looking to better form should be modified and pos-
sibly that some changes be made in methods of pro-
cedure. This committee has given the matter some
consideration and expects to present its report In the
near future. 4

The other point suggested above may be covered =
the treatment of the first. The question arises as to
how long one’s name should be carried on the member

36 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

ship list after he fails to pay his dues. Clearly the
expense of mailing notices and sending the JouRNAL
should not be continued indefinitely if the member in
question, after the lapse of several years and after
having the matter brought to his attention, fails to give
any expression indicative of his desire to receive them.

een a matter of some concern to our Treasurer
and his official associates.

In view of the approaching Exposition in San Fran-
cisco in 1915 it may not be inopportune to suggest the
possibility of getting together such of our members as
shall be in that city at that time. If some of our western
members would take this matter in hand agreeable re-
sults would surely follow.

While we have a gratifying and increasing number of
members, this number might be materially augmented
if present members would more generally extend their
personal invitation to those known to be interested in
the subject. It may be noted that there are some states
which are wholly unrepresented in our membership list.
I —— that some systematic effort be made toward

uring members from such unrepresented states.

” Bat after all, a large membership and a well-equipped
organization are of value only as they are made use 0
for the promotion of the delightful study in which we
are engaged. It is to be hoped that the coming year
will see a distinct increase in the use made of the means
at hand.

Rosert A. WARE.

Boston, Decemper, 1913.

Report of the Secretary for 1913
The American Fern hapa ds is now enjoying the most
, pee n beriod of its existence. The m embew > is

ANNUAL REPORT OF ‘THE AMERICAN SOCIETY 37

ducted in such a manner that it has won merited praise
wherever the publication is known. Meanwhile the
herbarium has not fallen behind—in fact the number of
mounted sheets has been more than doubled within
the last four or five years.

The various officers have worked together in harmony
and the year has been a very pleasant one to those who
have been charged with the duty of carrying on the busi-
ness affairs of the Society.

The writer believes the best interests of the Society
would be furthered by combining the offices of secre-
tary and treasurer with title of secretary-treasurer. It
would save much time and no little postage. The
latter item is considerable since all the business of
Society must be conducted by correspondence. It also
takes considerable time to learn how to carry on the
business of the Society with the least effort and expense
and the Society would profit by not changing its officials
too often.

The Society now has 242 members, the largest num-
ber by far in its history. A little well directed effort
would no doubt increase this number considerably.

Although re-elected, the writer has resigned, as it 1s
impossible to find the necessary time to devote to the
office. It is the intention also to devote more time to
building up the herbarium.

Let us all co-operate with the new officials to make
the new year better in every way than any that has
preceded it.

L. S. Hopxrys,
Secretary.

Kent State Normat Scoot,
Kent, Onto.

38 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Report of the Treasurer
Jan. 1-Dee. 31, 1913

RECEIVED
Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1913.. jai hernia
Received from dues, dibaietidiche: and males of
back numbers. rR a

Gifts from H. E. Ransior ($16. 99), R. C. Raw
dict ($5.00), E. J. Winslow ($5.85), and
.00) .

(Used —, a engraving pees a few
of which are t 1

Shek cd teats divorcee” De ea ch ee ie ee
DISBURSED
Postage and oo used by Treasurer for °
bills and receipts .. $42, 54
Printing receirt forme SA at hit baie aude
Engraving plates .. 56.45

Printing four numbers of ‘doornal and Annual

© _ Expenses ineured by business “manager: vel-

g Jo vay ete. a i.
Cards for ioe he and printing same .

Balance on hand December 31, 1913 ry ey ie ~

$309.53 $309 53

Haroitp Gopparp RvaG,
Hanover, N. H.

Report of the Judge of Elections
To THE SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY:
The undersigned, Judge of Elections by appointment
of Pres. Robert A. Ware, respectfully presents the follow-

ing report of the bs 5 ion officers of the Ameriean
Fern for 1914: — :

e

‘Mounted sheets at the § same hae Mr. —

ow
co

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY

Whole number of ballots Mr. Geo. L. Moxley ...... 18
cas 62 Dr.S.M. Newman....... 1
Number of ‘complete bal- _
61

Number of incomplete b bal- For Secretary.
lots. 3 r. L. 8. Hopkins 49
Sechioury for ‘choles, oes ee Mr. F. T. Pember . aes
- For President. Mr. Clayton 8. Wertsner: 1
Mr. C. H. Bissell. ........ 45 —
Mr. William Palmer... .... 14 61

Mr. H. E. Ransier ... 1. For Treasurer.
Mr. Edwin C. Jellett Sis title | Mr. H. C. Bigelow....... 31
— Mr. F. G. Floyd......... 28
61 Mr. George Redles....... 1

For hing Pye
ss Nellie Mirick....... 47 60
I therefore declare the election of Mr. C. H. Bissell
President; Miss Nellie Mirick, Vice President; Mr.
L. 8. Hopkins, Secretary; of the American Fern Society
for 1914.
Thirty-two votes being necessary for election, there
has been no election of the Treasurer.
Dora A. RaDLo.
Norru Apams, Mass., Novemser 1, 1913.

Report of the Curator

The Herbarium is growing rapidly and now numbers
1,223 mounted sheets, as compared with 553 sheets
when it was turned over to the present curator a few
years ago.

In addition to the donations previously acknowledged
through the Journat, Mr. F. T. Pember, of Granville,
N. Y., just recently sent in 68 mounted sheets. Miss
Nellie Mirick, of Oneida, N. Y., also contributed -

40 AMERICN FERN JOURNAL

collection contained several European species. Each
contribution contained some very desirable specimens.
There is a growing tendency manifested in many
places to cultivate the native ferns as well as collect
them. This is as it should be. It preserves the native
species, affords an opportunity to study critical forms,
and allows others the privilege of enjoying their beauty.
During the year four persons have availed them-
selves of the opportunity to borrow specimens from the
Society Herbarium for comparison and study. The
Herbarium contains some fine material, and members
should bear in mind that they may borrow it merely
by paying the postage.
L. 8S. HopKtins,
Curator.
Kent State Norma ScuHoo.,
KENT, OnI0.

*

(Continued from page 32.)
Names to be added to the list of members: Mrs.
_ A. E. Marsh, The Rectory, Blair, Neb.; Wilhelm Niko-
laus Suksdorf, Bingen, Washington; Leston A. Wheeler,
Townshend, Vt.

In addition to another installment of Prof. Frye’s fern
flora of Washington, the next number of the JouRNAL
will contain among other things a study of the ferns
of a section of Maine, a fern flora of South Carolina,
a list of California ferns collected in a small area, @
description of the habitat requirements of Ophioglossum
Engelmanni, besides a number of short notes. The
items listed will probably more than fill the space of an

_ ordinary number. The only reason why the JouRNAL
will n have more articles will be the neces of keeping
: more

American Fern Journal

Vol. 4 APRIL-JUNE, 1914 No. 2

The Ferns of Washington

T. C. FRYE AND MABEL McMURRY JACKSON
(Concluded from AMERICAN FerN JourNaL, Vol. 4, No. 1, page
13, January-March 1914.)

6. ATHYRIUM.

Plants tall. Leaves herbaceous; petioles green or
greenish, not filiform, the bundles concentric and unit-
ing above into a 3—4-armed central bundle; scales deli-
cate, of thin-walled cells. (Greek a= not, thyreos=a
large oblong shield; apparently referring to the indus-
ium.) We have only the following species.

1. AtHyrruM cycLosoruM Rupr. (Plate 15. Plave 16,
t.1, 2.
Swamp Fern.

Leaves 1-6 feet high, tufted; petiole short, stout; blade
narrow at base, thin and delicate when growing in shade
but coarser when in sun, narrowly ovate, acute, 2= pin-
nate; leaflets divided nearly to mid-vein, the margin
serrate. Sori small, curved, forming more or less of a
complete circle, on free veins, about half-way between
mid-vein and margin; indusium membranous, opening
along outer margin.—Alaska to Nebraska and Oregon.

7. ASPLENIUM. SpieeNn-worr.

Plant small. Leaves evergreen, 1-pinnate; blade

linear; leaflets regular in size except at very tip, oval or

ovate; veins free; petiole filiform, the bundles either
No. 1 of the Journan (4: 1-40) was issued Mar. 30, 1914 }

"a we
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Vet. 4. No. 2.

Pirate No. 15
Left = Athyrium cyclosorum, x 4%. Right = Woodwardia spinulosa, X 72

THE Frerns or WASHINGTON 43

separate and peripheral or united upward forming a
lunate bundle. Sori oblong or linear, oblique to mid-
vein, separate; indusium straight, opening toward
mid-vein. (Greek a=taking away, splen = spleen; some
were formerly supposed of value in spleen diseases.)
A. Petiole purple to brown, shining, round; leaflets es pairs, oval;
argin crenate. . A. trichomanes.

AA, —— green, dull, flat; leaflets 6-20 pairs, cae or rhombolal
margin deeply crena 2. A.

1, ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES L. (Plate 16, f. 10, 11.)

Leaves 3-12 inches long, densely tufted; petioles
purple to brown, shining, short; leaflets 12-36 pairs,
nearly opposite, oval, the two sides often unequal,
wedge-shaped or truncate at base, margin crenate.—
Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to Arizona, Texas and
Alabama.

2. ASPLENIUM viRIDE Huds. (Plate 16, f. 8, 9.)

Leaves 2-4 inches long, thinly tufted; petioles flat
and green except at base, often as long as blade; leaf-
lets 6-20 pairs, ovate to rhomboidal in outline, upper
edge narrowed suddenly at base, lower narrowed grad-
ually, margin deeply crenate.—Alaska to Oregon, Colo-
rado and Vermont; Europe; Asia.

8. LOMARIA.

Tufted; rhizomes erect. Sterile leaves shorter than
the fertile and distinctly different; both kinds 1-pinnate
(ours) or 2-pinnate; petiole not twisted. Sori parallel
to the mid-vein of the leaflet, often covering almost the
whole under side of the blade. (Greek loma=a border,
probably referring to the indusium.) We have only
the following species.

~ American Fern JOURNAL

leaf-division, X 4: 2 =®

=a primary leat be ie
7 = Lomaria spicant; 5 =

Tue Ferns or WasHINGTON 45

1. LoMarIaA sSPICANT (L.) Desv. (Plate 16, f. 5, 6, 7.)
Deer-Fern.

(Struthiopteris spicant Weiss; Blechnum spicant Sm.)

Leaves tufted, of two kinds, fertile longer than cle
petiole of sterile leaf comparatively short; its blad
pinnate or pinnately lobed, coriaceous, sine to aad
late, 8-24 inches long; leaflets oblique to mid-vein.
Petiole of fertile leaves long; leaflets of fertile leaves
narrower than sterile ones. Sori in a continuous band
next to mid-vein of fertile leaflet, covered until mature
by thin membranous indusium.—Alaska to California;
Europe; Asia.—Often grown in houses for decorative
purposes, because it withstands well the dry air and the
shade of such a habitat. Eaten by deer in the spring.

9. WOODWARDIA. Cuatn Fern.

Plants large. Sori oblong to linear, in a chain-like
row on each side of the mid-veins of the lobes of the
leaflets; indusium fastened by its outer margin, inner
side free and open. (Honor of T. J. Woodward, an
English botanist.) We have only the following species.
1. Woopwarpia sprnuLosA Mart. & Gal. (Plate 15,

f.2. Plate 16, f. 3, 4.)

Leaves 3-6 feet high; petiole long, stout; blade sub-
coriaceous, oblong to ovate, 1-pinnate; leaflets divided
nearly to mid-vein, acute; their lobes wavy at margin,
edged with fine spines; veins free from depressions to
margin. Sori placed in little depressions formed be-
tween and by the veins; indusium convex.—British
Columbia to California, Arizona and Mexico.

10. CEROPTERIS.

Leaves tufted. Sori along the veins, elongated; in-
dusium none. (Greek kera= wax, pteris = fern; the back
_ of the leaf is covered with a yellowish wax-like pow-
der.) We have cay, the Saioniae 5 species.

AMERICAN Fern JOURNAL

Prater No. 17.
1, 2 = Ceropteris triangularis; 1 = a leaf, x 14; 2 = a leaflet or leaf-lobe,
4 = Pellaea occidentalis; 3=a leaf ; 4=the under
eaflet, x 1.
di

11= two fertile leaflets, under side, 9¢1°"
_ 12=a leaf, x 14; 13 = two fertile leaflets,

Tur Ferns or WASHINGTON 47

1. CEROPTERIS TRIANGULARIS (Kaulf.) Under.
(Plate 17, £. 1; 2.)

Gold-back Fern.

(Neurogramma triangularis Deils: ; Gymnopteris tri-
angularis Underw

Petiole 6-15 a long, glossy, black; blade tri-
angular to pentagonal, 1-5 inches long, nearly as broad
as long, 3-pinnate; lower surface coated-with a yellow
to white waxy powder; lower pair of primary leaf-seg-
ments largest, triangular; segments rounded to obtuse
at tip, crenulate. Sori nearly covering under surface.
—On dry rocky slopes. British Columbia to Cali-
fornia and Arizona.

11. PELLAEA.

Rock-ferns, small, tufted. Leaves 1-3-pinnate (1
in ours); petiole slender, brown, shining; leaflets of
spore-bearing leaves narrower than those of the others

t otherwise similar. Sori marginal, covered se ese
reflexed leaf-margin. Veins clearly visible in
(Greek ellos = dark; referring to the petiole.) We
have only the following species.
1. Pettara occipentauis (Nels.) Rydb. (Plate 17,

Rootstock densely covered with rusty hair-like scales.
Petioles glabrous; blades 114-4 inches long, oblong, 1-
pinnate; leaflets 2-6 pairs, not crowded, oblong, mostly
obtuse, dark-green, shining, firm and somewhat coria-
ceous, entire or the lower ones with one or two lobes at
the base; veins clearly visible. Indusium wide, wholly
covering sori—South Dakota to Wyoming and Wash-
ington.

12. CHEILANTHES. Lip FrErn.

48 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

est, veins free. Sori usually continuous on terminal
veins, marginal; indusium formed from reflexed margin
of leaf, roundish. (Greek cheilos=margin, anthos=
flower; because the sori are marginal.)
A. Leaves 2-pinnate, lower surface densely covered _ short hair:

fas

gr aries
AA. Leaves 3-pinnate, lower surface covered with long woolly hairs
C. feei.

1. CHEILANTHES GRACILLIMA Eat. (Pl. 17, f. 5, 6.)
Lace Fern.

Petioles 2-5 inches long, brown, shining, slightly
hairy; leaf-blades lanceolate, 2-pinnate, 1-4 inches long;
leaflets entire; under surface densely covered with short
brown hairs.—British Columbia to Idaho and Cali-
fornia.

2. CHEILANTHES Frr1 Moore. (PI. 17, f. 7, 8.)

Petioles 1-3 inches long, dark-brown, shiny, more or
less hairy; leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 3-pinnate,
1-3 inches long, under surface densely covered with
long woolly brown hairs.—British Columbia to Illinois,
south to Arizona and Texas.

13. CRYPTOGRAMMA. Rock BrakE.

Plants low. Leaves tufted, smooth, 2-3-pinnate, the
fertile somewhat unlike the sterile; petioles of the fertile
ones longer than those of the sterile, and the leaf-
divisions much narrower. Sori roundish or oblong, at
or near the ends of free veins, covered by reflexed leaf-
margin when young but almost free when mature.
(Greek cryptos= hidden, gramma=a line; because the
line of sporangia is at first hidden by the leaf-margin.)
A. Sterile leaflets obtuse, ovate-oblong; indusium not scarious,

bi

ee
At) Phectie lesion vory, acuta, linear-lanceolate; industum been

THE FerRNs oF WASHINGTON 49

1. CryprocramMa acrosticHorwEs R. Br. (Pi. a,
f. 9, 10, 11.)

Leaves light-green; blades 2-3-pinnate; sterile blades
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, decidedly leaf-like, blade
1-4 inches long; leaflets of sterile leaves ovate, twice as
long as wide, toothed or incised; leaflets of fertile leaves
crowded, narrowly elliptical, 3-6 times as long as wide.
Sori confluent at maturity, covering back of fertile
leaflets.—Alaska to Great Lakes, Colorado and Cali-
tornia.

2. CryprocRraMMa pENSA (Brack.) Diels. (Pl. 17»
f. 12 13.)

(Pellaea densa Hook.)

Petioles wiry, 3-9 inches long, blades closely 3-pin-
nate, 1-2 inches long, ovate, coriaceous; segments
linear, 14-3 inch long, nearly sessile, pointed or
mucronate; fertile segments entire, margin recurved,
bearing a membranous indusium on edge; sterile seg-
ments sharply serrate.—British Columbia to Wyoming

and California.
14. ADIANTUM. MaAltDEN-HAIR FERN.

Petioles black or dark brown, shining; leaflets with
chief vein at lower margin, or none (ours). Sori mar-
side of the inrolled leaf mar-

=not, diaino=to moisten; because the
water without getting wet-) Sometimes

house plant. We have only the following species.

1. ADIANTUM PEDATUM ALEUTICUM Rupr. (PI. 18,

Boe Se Be
M aiden-hair Fern.
Blades smooth, thin, nearly circular in outline, 5- 24
inches in diameter; petioles long, graceful, one OF MOFe —

times 2-forked, with the leaflets arising from the upper

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Vou. 4. No. 2.

Puate No. 18.
| 1, 2 = Adiantum pedatum aleuticum; 1 =a leaf, x 14; 2 =a leaflet,
rer side, X1. 3, 4 = Pteridium aquilinum pubescens; 3 = a part of
+ leaf, x 14; 4 =a leaflet, under side, x 1,

THe FERNS OF WASHINGTON 51

side of its branches; leaflets delicately stalked, 1-sided.
—In damp shady places. Alaska to Quebec, south to
California.

15. PTERIDIUM. Brake.

Leaves not tufted; blade 1-3-pinnate (3 in ours),
large. Sori marginal, continuous, under the inrolled
leaf-margin, on a marginal vein which connects the ends
of the lateral veins. (Greek pteron=wing, hence also
Greek pteris=a fern, because feather-like leaves are
common in the group though not in this genus.)—The
rootstocks were roasted and pounded, giving a flour
used by the northwest Indians. The young shoots are
eaten like asparagus by the French and Japanese. A
bad weed in western Washington and Oregon. We
have only the following species.

1. PreripruMm AGUILINUM PUBESCENS Underw. (Plate
40, £, 8) 4. Plate 190
Common Brake.

Rootstock stout, creeping, underground. Leaves "
14 feet high, erect, covered with fine silky hairs especi-
ally beneath; petiole woody; blade triangular. In-
dusium double, outer formed of the incurved margin
of leaf, inner attached within the receptacle and ex-
tending beneath the young sporangia.—The most com-
mon of our ferns.—Alaska to California and Arizona.

16. POLYPODIUM. PoLypob.

ated; petioles articulated to
slightly prominent knobs on scaly rootstocks; blade
1-pinnately divided. Sori round, large, naked, on tips
of veins, one row on either side of mid-vein. (Greek
poly = many, pous = foot, referring to the branched
rootstock.) )

Rootstock creeping, elong

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Vou, 4. No. 2,

Petridium aquilinum pubescens, a leaf, * 4.

Tue FERNS OF WASHINGTON 53

A. Leaf-blade leathery, broadly ovate; margin of leaf-segments bluntly
serrate 1. P. Scoule'

AA. Leaf-blade membranous, linear to oblong.
B. Leaflets or leaf-divisions acute or acuminate, their margin sharply
serrate. 2. P. occidentale.

BB. Leaflets or leaf-divisions obtuse, their margin entire.
3. P. hesperium.

1. Potyeoprum Scoutert Hook. & Grev. (Pl. 20,
f. 3) 2.)
Leather-leaf Polypod.

Leaf-blade leathery, broadly ovate, 3-12 inches
long; leaf-segments linear to oblong, obtuse, the teeth
rounded. Sori on upper leafsVegments.—Near sea-water.
British Columbia to California.

2. Poypoprum occipENTALE (Hook.) Max. (Pl. 20,

Licorice Fern.

Rootstock yellowish. Leaves 6-18 inches long; blade
114-4 inches wide, oblong to linear, acuminate, mem-
branous; leaf-segments numerous, tapering from a wide
base to an acute or acuminate tip, sharply serrate;
veins free, with 2-4 veinlets. Sori near mid-vein.—
On rocks, logs and tree trunks. iforni
and along the coast.—The rootstocks have a strong
licorice taste and are often collected by children for
chewing.

3. Ponyroprum Hesperium Max. (Fl. 20, i 3,4)

2-6 inches long; blade 144-144
obtuse to acute; leaf-seg-
crenulate to entire; veins

midway between mid-
des. British Col-

Leaves membranous,
inches wide, linear to oblong,
ments short, rounded at tip,
free, 1-2-forked. Sori large,
vein and edge.—On dry rocky hillsi
umbia to Montana and Arizona.

AMERICAN FerRN JOURNAL Vou. 4. No. 2.

THE Ferns oF WASHINGTON 55

MARSILIACEAE. Clover-fern Family.

Perennial, rooted in mud ; rhizome slender, creeping.
Leaves either filiform or 4-foliolate, long-petioled.
Spore-leaves modified into spore-bodies (sporocarps)
which are on peduncles arising near insertion of petiole
of foliage-leaf. Spores of 2 sizes. We have only the
following genus.

MARSILIA. Curiover Ferrn.

Aquatic or in wet places; rootstock slender, creeping.
Leaves palmately 4-foliolate, resembling 4-leaved clover.
Spore-leaves modified into spore-bodies (sporocarps)
with two small teeth near base. (Honor of A. Marsili,
an Italian botanist.) We have only the following
species,

1. Marsiuia vestiTa H. & G. (Pl. 21, f. 1.)

Petioles slender, 2-5 inches long; blade 3¢~1 inch in
diameter; leaflets wedge-shape or triangular to obovate,
entire or slightly toothed, covered with soft white hairs.
Spore-bodies (sporocarps) near leaf-base, on very short
petioles, 4-3¢ inch long, 4-4 inch broad, densely
covered with hair-like scales.—On wet silt or in shallow
water. British Columbia to Kansas and Arizona.

SALVINIACEAE. Floating-fern Family.

Plants floating, small, somewhat elongated, some-
times branched. Leaves apparently in 2 rows. Spore-
bodies (sporocarps) soft, thin-walled, 2 or more on the
Same stalk. Spores of 2 sizes in separate sporocarps.
We have only the following genus.

AZOLLA. Duck-wrEepD FERN.

Plants moss-like, pinnately branched; ee be-
neath. Leaves dense, imbricated, minute, lobed.
Smaller spore-bodies (sporocarps) acorn-shaped, -

Vou. 4. No. 2.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

CA) o>

Prats No. 21. .
2 = Azolla caroliniana, X 2.

1 = Marsilia vestita, 5 = sporocarp, xX 1.

FERNS IN FRANKLIN County, Marine oT

taining 1 megaspore; larger spore-bodies (sporocarps)
globose, containing many stalked sporangia which each
contain several masses of microspores. (Greek azo=
to dry, ollupi=to kill; referring to the rapid death
when taken from water.) We have only the following
species.

1. AZOLLA CAROLINIANA Willd. (Pl. 21, £. 2.)

Plants 14-1 inch long, reddish or greenish; sporocarps
in the leaf axils. Cuticle of megaspore finely granulate.
—British Columbia to Ontario, south to Florida and
Mexico.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WASH.

Ferns and their allies in Southern Franklin County,
Maine.

CLARENCE H. KNOWLTON

Franklin County lies in western Maine, reaching from
Canton, Rome, and Vienna, some 85 miles northwest
to the Province of Quebec. It has an area of 1,764
Square miles, about one-third larger than Rhode Island,
or one-fifth the size of Vermont. It includes within
its limits part of the Rangeley Lakes and most of the
Sandy River valley. Of its 48 townships only about
half are organized, and these occupy the southern por-
tion of the county. The unorganized townships are
covered with forests, mostly of the type called “Cana-
dian,”’ but there is also much hard wood.

My own acquaintance has been largely with the settled
Parts of the county, especially the region around my old
home at Farmington, where I did my first fern collecting.
Extensive collections of ferns have also been made in
this region by Messrs. H. W. Jewell and A. H. a

of Farmington, Miss L. O. Eaton, of Chesterville, and

58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Miss Kate Furbish, of Brunswick. This article sums
up their work, as well as my own.

Polypodium vulgare L, is abundant in many places,
and seems to like granitic rocks especially. In general
the fronds are regular, but Mr. Jewell has found speci-
mens of var. auritum Willd. Phegopteris polypodioides
Fée is very common in moist open woods, while P.
Dryopteris (L.) Fée is more often found in deeper woods.
It was many years before I found the third species of
the genus, P. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée. There are
only four stations for it even yet, two in Farmington
(H. W. Jewell), one in Chesterville (Miss Eaton), and
the fine large stand which I found in open woods in
Strong. It is decidedly a rare fern. Adiantum peda-
tum L. is very abundant in the rich humus of deciduous
woods, and I have seen it flourishing in clearings and
pastures where the woods have been removed. Pleris
aquilina L. is exceedingly common in pastures and dry
upland white birch woods.

When I made my first botanical visit to Chesterville,
the southernmost town of the county, I invaded one
of the peat-bogs, and was surprised and delighted to
find a big fern growing there in abundance. Some of
the fronds were five feet tall. This proved to be Wood-
wardia virginica (L.) Sm., and I have since found one
more station for it, in the same town, at least sixty miles
back from the present coast line.

Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. is very luxuriant in rich
deciduous woods, while A. filiz-foemina (L.) Bernh.
flourishes in moist situations everywhere. A. Tricho-
manes I.. is found only on moist ledges of Day Mt.,
in Strong and Avon, above an altitude of 1,000 feet,
on the shaded side of the mountain. The specimens
here are numerous and well developed, the best I have
ever seen, some of the fronds at least 2.5 dm. in length.
It is very different from the starveling specimens

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Vou. 3) PeatTe?
.. 3, PLATE

Curty Grass (Schizaea) aT Home

AMEKICAN FERN JOURNAL Vou. 4. Nov 2

}

1, 2 = Polypodium Scouleri; 1 ~ a leat, X 14:2 =a leaflet, X1. 3. 4
G=n batik OT

{One of 20 plates included in Prof. Frye’s fifty page article on the
‘on sptmale ; rof. F ticle on the
inant Wasainoton,” Printed in the American Fern Journal during

CONTENTS.
(VoLumeE 3, 1913.)

No, 1, January—Manrcu, Issuep Marcu 22, 1913.
Polypodium Speluneae L., a question of nomenclature

Christensen

Wayside ferns of the Dolomites........ C.._A. Weatherby
Schizaea pusilla in its natural surroundings, (Plate 1)

R. C. Benedict

Ferns of northern Berkshire County, Mass..E. J. Winslow
Asplenium angustifolium in Louisiana. . Francis W. Pennell
Belated. maidenhair 2.0... 2.655. 6s ee Gs L. S. Hopkins
Brees Bil NOW a ea oa a
Atnerican Fern Society... 5 si ses eee os Pes 0 ee
ae sournal for 1913)... oie ss Gas oo ea Se ee
No. 2, Aprit-June, Issuep June 12, 1913.
Hunting the hart’s tongue and holly fern,
Ransier

Pteridophytes of the north shore of Lake Sones

O. E. Jennings
Addenda to Prof. Jennings’ article ......-. L. S. Hopkins
My herbarium and its one enemy......----: J. A. Bates
Ferns of New England and old England...S. P. Rowlands
Feven AUC NOWE. ss ea a ee
Questions and comments............cesceerse eet ee
American Fern Society...... 00000001005

No. 3, Juty-Sepremser, Issvep Aveust 30, 1913.

The ferns of Washington (Plates 1-4)

T.C. Frye and M. ar foe
A new hybrid fern, (Figs. 1-7)........--+++: o.
A great day....... Paes et Most
Double sori in re ei eens (Fig. 1/2). 03.2% E. J. Winslow
Noten and news... 5.26.66. i eee

American Fern | Society. : 02. Si
No. 4, Ocroper—DeceMBER, IssuED DECEMBER 30, 1913

The ferns of Washington (Plates 6-8)
TC. Frye and M. MeM. Jackson

Some recently described ferns sa the Southwest W. R. Maxon
A new Polystichum from British Columbia, ex ae

a

38
47

cs
oO

BSRASE

Ghe American 3 can Fern Society

OFFICERS FOR 1914

C. H. Bissetu, gs faeer ope Conn. - - - President
Netire Mrricx, Oneida, Xa - Ua hice os
Oo A, WEATHERBY, fant Hartford, Conn, - - tae te ry
F. G. Fioyp, 325 Park St., West Roxbury, M urer
L. 8. Hopxrns, Kent, Ohio Curedar of ‘the Babee

The American Fern Society is a growing organization of over two
sino and fifty members, on all rr: — tg fern students.
yin em a, and in further-
ance a thie b purpose, it publishes a itaoe ck y magazine of thirty-two

es or more, the AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL, dev to articles
about ferns. Its’ list o' contributors includes tie gr cnown
r

articles, the technical and the popular, are desired. Besides longer
articles, numerous yeaa notes are published regularly under the

jo
3
QQ
—
Or
oR
ER a
o
=
m2
be)
=
@

8.

e pages of the JOURNAL are also open to members for the

solicitation of fern specimens. A regular exchange and loan de-

partment is maintained in connection with the Society herbarium,
i ime. Ever

to obtain specimens from different parts of the country, and while

not all members are actively collecting, enough are to make

Mert apis feature of membership. New members may correspond
“ie :

ber are very simple, All that is necessary is to wii in Pin name
with one dollar for membership dues to the Secre

American OSE Seeciat

An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns.
Su ae tes 1914, including oe in the AMERICAN
CIETY, $1.00, or witho na fh mbership, 90 cents. For-
eign subscription, 10 cents a year e
olume I, six numbers, $1.40; Vola II and III, four numbers
ere — a ‘ope
ter for pu — should be addressed to R. C. BENEDICT,
2303 Newkirk Ave nue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Subscriptions, or ba for ten a and other business com-
per ons should be addressed to E. ig ely Auburndale,

Day Mountain

60 FERNS IN FRANKLIN County, MAINE

have usually found in other places. <A. platynewron
(L.) Oakes I never expected to see in Farmington, but
Mr. Jewell finally discovered two lonely plants crouching
beside a granite boulder in a large pasture. It is oc-
casional in similar places twenty-five miles to the south
in Kennebec and Androscoggin Counties, but here it
seems to be out of range.

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott is common.
Its incised variety seems to be caused, in some instances,
by abnormal light exposure. I have found good speci-
mens only in woods stripped of foliage by insects, and
in recent clearings. The beautiful holly fern P. Braunii
(Spenner) Fée was first found by Mr. Jewell at the foot
of Day Mt., in Strong and Temple, but I have since
found larger quantities of it at an elevation above 800
feet in the adjoining town of New Vineyard. Not only
does it flourish in the rich rocky woods, but it has also
persisted for many years in an adjacent pasture, where
it is closely cropped by the cattle.

Of the genus Aspidium, A. Thelypteris (L.) Sw. and
A. noveboracense (L.) Sw. are very common. A. mar-
ginale (L.) Sw. abounds in rocky woods, and I have
one specimen of var. elegans J. Robinson, which grew
on a glacial terrace near the river in Farmington. A.
Goldianum Hook. is a very rare species, but very well
developed in the three stations where it flourishes.
It is far too large to make good herbarium specimens.
A. Boottii Tuckerm. was first called to my attention
by Miss Eaton, at Chesterville, but later I found it
flourishing in rich wet woods at Farmington. It is
one of our rare ferns. A. cristatum (L.) Sw. is frequent
m, wet open woods and swamps, but its variety Clin-
tonianum D. C. Eaton, is very rare. I have not found
it myself, but Messrs. Jewell and Trundy have found a
few specimens. A. spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw. oc-
curs frequently, while its beautiful variety intermedium

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 61

(Muhl.) D. C. Eaton is the most abundant fern of the
deep woods. Above 1,200 feet elevation on the hilltops
and mountain sides there is abundance of the very
broad variety dilatatum (Hoffm.) Gray, forma anade-
nium Robinson. Nothing in the so-called “Canadian
forest’? is more beautiful than a mountain glade filled
with this large but delicate fern.

Both species of Cystopteris are present, but they are
not widely distributed. . Woodsia ilvensis {i.) Ro Br:
is abundant on dry ledges in Strong, Wilton, and Chest-
erville, perhaps elsewhere. Dicksonia and Onoclea sen-
sibilis L. are our two most common species in dry and
moist soil. The latter, when cut with the grass in
July, frequently develops later an anomalous frond
which is best described as variety obtusilobata (Schkuhr)
Torr. It is only a seasonal form. All along the inter-
vales, and frequently on moist uplands, this species
flourishes, and repeated frosts seem to have no effect on
its roots. O. Struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. is everywhere
in the alluvium along the Sandy River, and occasion-
ally on the higher land.

Of the Osmundaceae, all three species are abundant,
but Osmunda cinnamomea L. is the most flourishing.
Variety frondosa Gray and var. incisa, J. W. Hunting-
ton, have been detected by Mr. Jewell, but they are
very far from common.

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. I have found several times,
usually in dryish soil. It seems to like the shade of
Pteris, and it is probably not rare, but it is so slender
that it is frequently overlooked. —

The other genus of this order, Botrychium, is well
represented, both by species and by individuals. The
little moonwort with the long name, B. lanceolatum
(Gmel.) Angstroem, var. angustisegmentum P bap
Moore is the rarest one, and I have found it in only
three places in wet woods. B. ramoswm (Roth) Aschers

62 FERNs IN FRANKLIN County, MAINE

is occasional in dry woods. 8B. obliguum Muhl. is very
abundant, and variety dissectum (Spreng.) Clute is
not difficult to find. 8B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var.
intermedium D. C. Eaton is also very common, but
var. rutaefolium (A. Br.) D. C. Eaton is rare, and rather
indefinite. These leathery fronds are almost evergreen,
and in late fall it is very interesting to walk across
pastures and old fields, looking for the numerous varia-
tions in size and outline of the sterile fronds. The
other species, B. virginianum (L.) Sw. is common in
rich deciduous woods.

In Equisetum there is abundance of EH. arvense L.,
E. sylvaticum L. and E. fluviatile L. Along the wooded
terraces of the river there is a great deal of the scouring
rush, EH. hyemale L., var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton,
‘much prized in the olden time under its vernacular
name. E£. scirpoides Michx. is occasional in cold ever-
green woods, often near brooks. Until the past year I
had not found E. litorale Kithlewein. Then I found it in
wet gravel along the Sandy River at New Sharon, with
no fruit.

Franklin County seems to be a paradise for Lycopod-
ium. L. lucidulum Michx. flourishes in rich woods,
L. inundatum L. in clayey fields and meadows. L.
annotinum L. likes dry woods, and on the summits of
the higher mountains there are several stations for the
almost prickly var. pungens Desv. L. clavatum L. and
var. megastachyon Fernald & Bissell flourish in the
upland pastures. L. obscurum L. and var. dendroideum
(Michx.) D. C. Eaton are also frequent in woods, pas-
tures, and old fields. L. sabinaefolium Willd. I first
found at Ft. Kent, in Aroostook County. When I
returned to Farmington I had the agreeable surprise
of finding several stations there, one of them five minutes’
walk from home. Other collectors have doubtless had
similar experiences. L. complanatum L. I have not

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 63

found in Franklin County myself, but Miss Furbish
once collected it in Strong, and it ought to flourish in
the northern woods. Its variety flabelliforme Fernald
is the most common Lycopodium of all. Last but not:
least is the very distinct L. tristachywm Pursh, its blue
green foliage and deep running rootstocks furnishing
two ready means of field determination. It seems to
like a rather firm dry soil in the open.

I have never detected any Selaginellas in the county,
and but one kind of Jsoétes, I. echinospora Dur., var.
Braunii (Dur.) Engelm. This flourishes in the bottom
of slow-moving streams, especially the Sandy River
and its tributaries.

The following summary shows in brief the number
of ferns and fern-allies I have mentioned.

Species Varieties

POObGIOCNR 8. ho as cer a 26 7
Pariindatens «2.5 a 3 2
Ophioglossaceae......6.5..- 00:2 +10 4 1
poinisetacese ois oe a 6 1
TIVCOPOGIACERG. <2. ec eee ee 8 +
POGUCALGRE eo a a ete a oe ee 1

47 19

Those botanists who have collected elsewhere in
northern New England will miss several species from
the foregoing list. As only about a third of the 48
townships in Franklin County have been explored
botanically, it is not for me to say that such plants as
Pellaea atropurpurea do not grow within its limits. If
there is any limestone area in the unexplored sections,
it is more than possible that there are several other
species. Further than this, there are such quantities
of fern vegetation everywhere in woods, pastures, and

64 FERNS IN THE NAyo RIVER CANYON

swamps, that every opportunity is afforded for those
entbusiasts who are interested in formal variations.
I have found it a most interesting region, and I hope it
may be visited by other fern collectors.

HineuaM, Mass.

Ferns Collected in the Noyo River Prue Men-
docino Co., Calif., Aug. 10-14.

H. H. Tracy

Botrychium silaifolium Presl.
elif arena vulgare
falcatum Kellogg
Gymnopteris triangularis (Kaulf) Underw.
Adiantum pedatum L.
Struthiopteris spicant (LL) Scop.
W oodwardia radicans (L) Sm.
Asplenium cyclosorum Rupr.
Dryopteris bo heitnte (Eat) Undew.
es igida var. arguta (Kaulf) Underw.
Polystichum munitum (Kaulf) Underw. Castella.
ss ikea (D. C. Eaton) Underw.
culeatum (Swz) Roth.
Azolla flsculosdes Lam.

(ad

In THE Recion or Mr. Snasra, Cau., Ave. 19-23.

Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens. Castella.

Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. Castle Lake.

Aasyyse brachyptera (Moore) Baker. Castella.

densa. Castella.

Asplenium cyclosorum Rupr. Castella.

Polystichum californicum (Eaton) Underw. Trail to
Mt. Edd)

munitum (Kaulf.) Underw. Castella.

Lemmonii Underw. Trail to Mt. Eddy.

Lonchitis (L.) Roth. Castle Lake.

AMERICAN FERN JouRNAL 65

Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Shasta Springs.
Tsoetes lacustris L. Castle Lake.
FuLierton, Cat.

Fern hunting in Florida, in the phosphate
country.

M. A. Nosie

In the gently rolling country lying to the south of Lake
Tsala Apopka, for miles and miles, the only fern growing
on the surface is the Pteridium aquilinum var. caudatum.
The soil is classed as “rolling pineland”’ by the State
Geological Survey, and it has considerable oak and other
hardwood growth. Old settlers and native Floridians
term it “Oak Ridges.’’ For ten or fifteen miles south
from the lake, this is the type of land, extending six or
seven miles eastward to the rich “hammock’’ lands
lying along the Withlacoochee River, and westward
for a still further distance.

The region is honeycombed with prospect holes, dug
by miners in search of phosphate of lime rock. Smal
holes appear everywhere at a distance of fifty feet apart.
These holes measure a few inches across, and penetrate
the earth from a few feet to thirty or even sixty.
Not as frequent, but still quite numerous, are holes as
wide as a common well, and of the same depth as the
first-named. For the protection of stock, the law enjoins
that these holes should be filled up, or covered. Small
logs are usually laid across the top—a covering soon de- —
cayed, and more dangerous than the open well.

Down these well holes grow most tempting ferns,
green and luxuriant on account of the dampness. Here
are to be found Polystichum acrostichoides, Asplenium
parvulum, Woodwardia areolata and virginica, Dryop-
teris patens, and occasionally, but very seldom, Phle-
bodium aureum and Asplenium platyneuron.

66 OPHIOGLOSSUM ENGELMANNI IN MIssouRI

In some deserted pits, thirty or forty feet in depth,
and irregular in outline, and an acre more or less in extent,
may be found Woodwardia areolata and virginica, Dryop-
teris patens, and a few clumps of Osmunda regalis, with
small clover-like fronds, growing in the crevices of the
crumbling limestone cliffs.

In a digging along the railroad track, and in a washed-
out ravine at one of the mines, Dryopteris patens has
appeared, and grows vigorously. Both places are damp
and well shaded. A miniature cave, a mile to the west-
ward, is filled with a mass of the same fern. There
appears to be a spring near for the rocks are. always
moist. °

INVERNESS, Fa.

Ophioglossum Engelmanni in Missouri.
Ernest J. PALMER

{t was several years after I had begun collecting the
ferns of Southwest Missouri, and particularly of my own
county of Jasper, that I sueceeded in adding Engelmann’s
adder’s tongue to my list. Then I found a colony of
it growihg within half a mile of my home, an illustra-
tion of the fact that we frequently go far afield in our
search for the strange and beautiful and overlook the
wonders close at hand.

The station is at an altitude of about 1,100 feet, on a
gently sloping hillside with north exposure, along a
little branch near the town of Carterville, Missouri.
On thin soil in irregularities of the Mississippian lime-
stone, which here comes to the surface, a few xerophytic
plants maintain a somewhat precarious existence amongst
the common upland prairie species. The more charac-
teristic of these are Bouteloua curtipendula, Allionia
albida, Tragia ramosa, Malvastrum angustum, Sedum

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 67

pulchellum and an Opuntia. Amongst these the Ophio-
glossum was growing, but had suffered considerably
from the tramping of cattle, from which cause it is likely
to be exterminated at no distant date. The plants
were for the most part small and stunted, the best
specimens being protected by some bushes of Crataegus
and Symphoricarpos orbiculatus.

The following year I discovered another locality for
this interesting fern, in the northwest part of Jasper
County, near the mining camp of Neck City. The
plants at this colony were well protected and consequent-
ly much more robust and typical. The altitude here
is about 1,000 feet. Limestone bluffs 40 or 50 feet high,
on the north side of Spring River, form an abrupt escarp-
ment from the upland prairie. On a ledge of the rock
a thin layer of residual soil and humus had accumulated,
which in wet times is thoroughly saturated by seepage
water from the higher levels. Later in the season it
becomes very dry; but not before the Ophioglossum has
run through its rapid season’s cycle and become dormant
for another year. The ledge has a southern exposure
and is without shade. At the time I visited it (May 10,
1910) there were hundreds of fronds, some of them just
developing the fertile segment and others already dis-
charging the spores. In a number of plants two stems
rose from a single rootstock and in a few cases three.
In several specimens the fertile segment was bifid or
two pronged. The average height of the plants was 12_
to.15 centimeters, about a third of which was the stipe,
while the fertile segment did not exceed the sterile by
more than three or four centimeters. Whether this be-
comes much elongated later I cannot say, as I did ot
again visit the locality. However, the plants were muc
lower and less slender than in specimens of 0. vulgatum
Thave seen. The greatest width of the sterile segments
was about 20 to 25 millimeters. The network of <i

dary veins and the cuspidate tips were quite noticeab .

68 PTEIDOPHYTES OF LAKE SUPERIOR

I am glad to say that this and another near-by station,
on Spring River, of this rare fern are not likely to be
disturbed, as they are rather inaccessible and are sur-
rounded by rocky waste ground that is of little value
for utilitarian purposes.

Wess City, Missouri.

Notes on the Pteridophytes of the north shore of
_Lake Superior—II.

O. E. JENNINGS

In this Journat for June, 1913, the writer gave a list
of the pteridophytes collected during the summer of
1912 at various points along the north and northwest
shore of Lake Superior, ranging from Fort William
in the west to Heron Bay in the east, and extending
northward to about twenty miles north of Nepigon.
During the summer of 1913, the writer and Mrs. Jennings
spent another period of three months in the same general
region, but working for the most part in different locali-
ties. The pteridophytes collected during this second
season have been very kindly worked over by Prof.
L. 8. Hopkins, and it is thought probably worth while
as a further contribution to the known distribution of
the pteridophytes of North America to publish a record
of this collection also.

LYCcOPODIALES

1. Lycoropium LuciputuM Miechx.

Base of Rabbit Mt., 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley; Maloney’s
Harbor, Magnet Point, Lake Superior; shore of channel,
Porphyry Island, Lake Superior.

2. Lycopopium annotinum L.
On sand-hills 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley; e. side Loon Lake;

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 69

rocky w. slope of Porphyry Island, Lake Superior; Little
Fluor Island, Lake Superior.

3. Lycopopium cLavatum L,

Along trail near Tee Bay, Thunder Cape, Lake Super-
ior; Surprise Lake, Thunder Cape; cop of Rabbit Mt.,
4 mi. s. e. of Stanley; east side Loon Lake.

4. Lycopoprum oBscURUM Var. DENDROIDEUM (Michx.)

D. C. Eaton.

Woods on sand-hills 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley and at base
of Rabbit Mt., 4 mi. s. e. of Stanley; alder swamp,
Edwards Island, Lake Superior; Little Fluor Island,
Lake Superior.

5. Lycopoprum compianatum L.

Along trail near Tee Bay, Thunder Cape; on rounded
knob in black spruce forest and on edge of granite bluff,
Little Fluor Island, Lake Superior.

6. SELAGINELLA SELAGINOIDES (L.) Link.

Under alder fringe at edge of inlet, Maloney Harbor,
Magnet Point, Lake Superior. Although reported as
“very common along the north shore of Lake Superior”
(Macoun, Cat. Canadian Plants, Pt. V, p. 291) the
Writer did not collect it in 1912 and saw it but the once
in 1913.

EQUISETALES

7. EQuISETUM ARVENSE L.
Wooded coastal’ cliff 5 mi. north of Magnet Point,
Lake Superior ; low ground at mouth of Oliver Creek,
hear Stanley; swamp at head of Fluor Island channel,
Lake Superior.
8. Equiserum syuvaticum L.
Cultivated fields on sand-hills 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley;
_ top of sphagnum mound in muskeag, Porphyry Teland,
Lake Superior.

70 PTERIDOPHYTES OF LAKE SUPERIOR

9. EQUISETUM FLUVIATILE L.
In a bog at Mission and along flats at mouth of Kamini-
stiquia River, Ft. William.

OPHIOGLOSSALES

10. Borrycuium Lunartia L.
Grassy plot at cabin, Porphyry Island, Lake Superior.

11. BorrycuiuM virGINIANUM (L.) Sw.

Sand-hills, Banksian pine barren, 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley;
east side of Loon Lake; Maloney Harbor, Magnet
Point, Lake Superior.

12. BorrycHIuM ONONDAGENSE Underw

Boggy trail near Grass Lake, Silver Islet, Thunder
Cape, Lake Superior.

FILICALEs.
13. Osmunpa CLaytToniana L.

Valley near Loch Lomond, 6 mi. s. of Ft. William;
new road clearing in sand-hill region 3 mi. s. e. of Stan-
ley; east side of Loon Lake.

14. OsmuNDA REGALIS L.

Between granite knobs n. of Loon Lake.
15. PoLypopium vuteare L.

On slate cliff, Oliver Creek, 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley;
east side of Loon Lake; exposed rounded islet with
stunted spruce and birch, near Fluor Island, Lake Super-
ior.

16. Puecopreris Puecopteris (L.) Underw.

Face of upper cliff, Ft. William; slate ravine at base
of Rabbit Mt., 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley, also face of slate
cliff, Oliver Creek, near Stanley; Maloney Harbor,
Magnet Point, Lake Superior; on rounded exposed rock
near Fluor Island and on top of rocky knob, Fluor
Island, Lake Superior.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 71

17. Puecorrerts Dryopteris (L.) Fée.

Face of slate cliff, Oliver Creek, 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley;
east side of Loon Lake; Maloney Harbor, Magnet Point,
Lake Superior; woods near coast of Paps Harbor, Black
Bay peninsula; Little Fluor Island, Lake Superior;
woods near lighthouse, Porphyry Island, Lake Superior.

18. Preriprum aquiinun (L.) Kuhn.
Banksian pine barrens, sand-bills 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley;
south of Loon Lake.

19. CryproGRamMMA STELLERI (Gmel.) Prantl. ;
Face of cliff, Tee Bay, Thunder Cape; face of cliff,
Little Fluor Island, Lake Superior.

20. ATHYRIUM FILIX-FoEMINA (L.) Bernh.

Common in moist places; sand-hill region 3 mi. s. e. of
Stanley; islet in Porphyry Island channel, and interior
of Edwards Island, Lake Superior; near Paps Harbor,
and back of Maloney Harbor, Black Bay peninsula;
Little Fluor Island, Lake Superior; east side Loon Lake.

21. Dryopreris Tuetyprertis (L.) Gr.

Bog back of Indian Mission, Ft. William.
22. Dryoprpris FRAGRANS (L.) Schott.

Face of slate cliff, Oliver Creek, 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley;
east side of Loon Lake; face of glacial cliff at Paps Har-
bor, Black Bay peninsula; talus slope of knob, Little
Fluor Island, Lake Superior.

23. Dryopreris spINULOSA (Muell.) Kuntze.

Edge of clearing, sand-hill region 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley;
Maloney Harbor, Magnet Point; alder swamp, Edwards
Island, and top of knob, Little Fluor Island, Lake
Superior.

24. Dryoprerts sprnutosa var. piLaTaTA (Hoffm.)
Underw.

Along trail, Tee Bay, Thunder Cape; dark woods,

Porphyry Island, Lake Superior.

te PTEIDOPHYTES OF LAKE SUPERIOR

25. Dryopreris ricipa (Hoffm.) Underw.

Boggy woods near lighthouse, Porphyry Island, Lake
Superior.

Among other things Prof. Hopkins notes that “The
one real reason for calling it rigida is that it has the glands
on the under side of the frond.”’ After comparing the
specimens with some European specimens of rigida,
Prof. Hopkins continues “ Lay the two sets of specimens
before you and read this line from Eaton: ‘It has a
larger and broader frond than the European A. rigidum
but certainly presents no points of specific distinction;
and some of ithe Oregon specimens collected by Mrs.
Summers near the Willamette River are so nearl y typi-
cal rigidum that they would not be challenged if mixed
with European specimens.’”’ Further,—of Watson’s
description (Botany California, Vol. II, p. 346) the fol-
lowing is noted by Prof, Hopkins as being true of the
Lake Superior plant: “Fronds one or two feet long,
borne on moderately long very chaffy stalks, smooth
and green above, paler and glandular beneath, ovate-
lanceolate in outline, usually bipinnate; pinnae oblong
lanceolate, the lowest ones broadest and a trifle shorter
than the middle ones; pinnules oblong (?), incised (?),
conspicuously veiny: sori large(?) nearer the midvein
than the margin; indusium firm, convex, orbicular with
a very narrow sinus, the edge glandular.”

D. rigida has heretofore been recorded only from the
Old World and in America from Alaska to California,
the latter records being regarded by Underwood as
represented by a variety (D. rigida var. arguta (Kaulf.)

nderw.),

26. FILIx BULBIFERA (L.) Underw.

Face of slate cliff, Oliver Creek, 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley.
27. FItx FRAGILIS (L.) Bernh.

Upper cliff Mt. McKay, Ft. William; face of slate
cliff, Oliver Creek, 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley; rocky islet

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 73

and on talus slope, Little Fluor Island, Lake Superior;
face of glacial cliff, Paps Harbor, Black Bay peninsula.

28. Woopsta rLvensis (L.) R. Br.

Hight additional records, faces of cliffs, rocks, and
talus slopes: Loon Lake, Silver Islet, Thunder Cape;
Paps Harbor, Black Bay peninsula; Fluor Island group,
Lake Superior.

29. Woopsta ALPINA (Bolton) 8. F. Gray.
Silver Islet, Thunder Cape, on ancient glacial dep osits
which form cliff.

30. Woopsta GLABELLA R. Br.
On face of cliff at top of Little Fluor Island, Lake Super-
ior.

31. ONocLEA sENsIBILIS L.
In sand-hill region 3 mi. s. e. of Stanley.

32. Marrevcra Srruturoprerts (L.) Todaro.
Along Oliver Creek about 3 miles southeast of Stanley.

During the 1913 ‘trip the islands and peninsulas in
the northwestern part of Lake Superior were more
thoroughly explored than was the case in 1912, and a
comparison of the two lists will show a considerable
difference in the relative pteridophyte floras of the re-
gions covered. Altogether sixteen names (species, varie-
ties, or forms) not reported in the present paper were
included in the first paper, so that with the additions for
the season of 1912, the total record for the two collec-
tions of pteridophytes is forty-eight; for the region ex-
tending from about twenty miles west of Fort hae
to Heron Bay and north to about twenty miles nort
of Nepigon.

Carnegie Museum, Fesruary 25, 1914.

74 Notes anp NEws.
American Fern Society

THe FERN GARDEN

Fern students interested in the cultivation of ferns
should make themselves known to the editor as he
frequently receives requests for information along these
lines. It is probable that a considerable number of the
members of the Society have something in the line of a
fern bed where they transplant occasional finds or fine
plants of common species. Others go in for fern grow-
ing much more extensively and get all the species, both
native and foreign, that are obtainable. For example,
a member wrote recently that he had found a dealer who
would supply plants of Asplenium septentrionale. The
editor has on hand catalogues of dealers in live ferns
who supply’a large variety of native ferns. Recently a
letter was received from Scotland asking the names of
fern growers who might be interested in exchanging live
plants. The editor was able to send him only a small
number of names. If there are others among the readers
of the JoukNAL who would also be interested along this
line, send in your name to the editor, and it will be kept.
for reference. Furthermore, we shall be glad to publish
each month any requests for specials or for information,
and also a list of those who desire to exchange live plants.

Mr. H. G. Rugg wants to know where he can obtain
plants of Polystichum Lonchitis and Schizaea. Mr. Alex-
ander Cowan, Valleyfield, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scot-
land, President of the British Pteridological Society, and
a new member of the American Fern Society, wishes to
exchange live plants or spores of various species and
fern varieties. Mr. I’, L. Pickett, another new member
(address on next page) wants spores of Cheilanthes to
mentosa for experimental purposes.

Notes AND NEws. 75

New Members to be added to the 1918 list of members:
Miss H. Ella Jones, 23 South St., Utica, N. Y.
Mrs. Charles W. Lee, Jr., 80 South Burett St., New
Britain, Conn
Dr. Edwin H. Mrinaee 902 Main St., Hartford, Conn.
Mr. otal L. Pickett, 435 South Dunn St., Bloom-
ington,
Mr. ul fe Ge Valleyfield, Penicuik, Midlothian,

Scotland.

Prof. Howard 8. Brode, Whitman College, Walla
Walla, Wash.

Miss Una L. Fost er, 857 Beacon St., Boston, Mass

Dr. Mina Baca Mitchell (Mrs. PAL e Mitchell),
Care Case Plow Co., Chattanooga, Tenn

Miss "Nellie ¥; Dunton, 14 Green 5St., Bath, Mai

Mr. moire ew S. Parsons, 144 Lincoln St., New Britain,
Con

Mr. E. B. Webster, Care of the Webster Publishing
Co., Port Angeles, Washington

Changes of Address:

M. S. Baxter, 46 Bly St., Rochester, N. x.
Miss H. Mary Casas. 437 West 124th St., Read-

_ Ing, Fa.

C. M. Goethe, 2615 K St., Sacramento, Cal. fa

F. C. Greene, Room 409, U. 8. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C. ;

D, ¥, Hind. Care of American Legation, Peking,

China.
Mrs. B. W. Labaree, 47 Garden St., Hartford, oar “
George L. Moxley, 1445 Regina Lane, Los Angeles
R. C. Benedict, 2303 Newkirk Ave., Brooklyn 4 ht
Mrs. M. W. Satchwell, 143 North 6th St., Jac
ville, Fla. Mattapan,
Mrs. Ww. W. Steere, 16 Ho! mfield Ave.,
Mas

Professor Ora Willis Knight died at Bb gen ree
Nov. 11, 1913, aged 39. Professor Knight was “ ¢ al
ist by septéssion and had served the state pe mere
that capacity from 1897 until his death. He ™=

76 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL,

a naturalist of wide interests and knowledge. He had
' published a work on the birds of Maine and various articles
in ornithological and botanical veriodicals, and had
gathered a large herbarium in which Maine plants are
very fully represented, and collections of minerals, birds,
and insects. All these collections he bequeathed to the
Smithsonian Institution: his scientific books, pamphlets,
and papers go to the Bangor Public Library.

Several members have written that they will attend
the proposed field day, but generally without specifying
time or place, although one writes “at any time or
place.” Members who expect to be able to attend are
again asked to send in word if possible specifying time
and place preferred. If New York City is chosen the
editor will be glad to be one of the guides and can prob-
ably attend almost any time during July and August.
Please let us know what to expect. In order to be
definite, suppose we say tentatively New York City,
July 15th or thereabouts. To those who send in their
names, the exact time and place will be forwarded.

President Bissell sends the following notices:

Mr. L. 8. Hopkins, who was elected Secretary of the
American Fern Society for 1914, having felt obliged by
the pressure of other duties, to resign, I have accepted
his resignation and appointed Mr. C. A. Weatherby, of
East Hartford, Ct., to fill out the unexpired term.

C. H. Bisseu, Pres.

The Judge of Elections having declared no election of
Treasurer, the Advisory Council has declared the
election of F. G. Floyd, of West Roxbury, Mass., as
Treasurer of the American Fern Society for 1914.

Ampvrican Fern Journal

Vol. 4 JULY—SEPTEMBER, 1914 No. 3

Some new American species of Dryopteris
CARL CHRISTENSEN

Since the publication of the first part of my mono-
graph of the genus Dryopteris just a year ago I have
examined a number of specimens collected recently in
tropical America, some of which are found to belong to
species hitherto undescribed. The present article con-
tains descriptions of these and is thus a first year’s sup-
plement to the first part of the monograph. There is
included also mention of two older species with which
I was unacquainted before.

Dryopteris (Lastrea) Shaferi Maxon & C. Chr., sp. nov.

Rhizome erect, 2-3 em. high, 1 em. thick, with many
branched roots, furnished at the top with few brown,
rather rigid, small (2-4 mm. long) scales, these ciliate
by short, subulate, simple hairs. Stipites fasciculate,
many together, rather strong and rigid, 4-6 cm. long,
suleate and very shortly pubescent above, rounded and
nearly glabrous beneath, without scales. Lamina linear-
lanceolate, 20-30 cm. long, 4-6 em. broad at the middle,
coriaceous, grayish green, short-acuminate, gradually
tapering downward through 4-6 pairs of very reduced,
auriculiform pinnae, pinnate-subbipinnatifid. Rachis
very shortly pubescent by simple, spreading, acute
hairs. Pinnae numerous (in larger fronds 30-40-jug-
ate), sessile, alternate or subopposite, spreading, linear,
generally more or less falcate, about 4 cm. long,

[No. 2 of the Journat (4: 41-76) was issued June 9, 1914.1]

17

78 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

mm. broad, acute or short-acuminate, glabrous, the
costa beneath excepted, this very minutely hairy; base
of pinnae with a rounded or subacute auricle on each
side (basal segments); margins of pinnae crenate or more
or less pinnatifidly incised, most deeply so at the middle
and on the lower side, the latter usually more deeply
lobed than the upper, still scarcely halfway to the costa;
outer third of the pinnae often quite entire, like several
of the lower and shorter pinnae. Lobes rounded,
oblique. Veins raised above, furcate or simple in the
entire part of the pinnae, pinnately branched in the
lobes with 4 or 5 branches (tertiary veins), the two basal
ones reaching the margin above the sinus between the
lobes. Sori near the margin, this sometimes revolute
and covering the sori. Indusium large, brown, reni-
form, hispid (especially on the edges) by simple setae.
Sporangia glabrous.

uBA: Vicinity of Camp San Benito, Oriente, alti-
tude 900 meters, on the ground, February 24, 1910, J.
A. Shafer 4037 (U. 8. Nat. Herb. no. 657791, type)-
Quite the same plant also from Camp La Gloria, south
of Sierra Moa, Oriente, Cuba, J. A. Shafer 8094, 8215
(U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Dryopteris Shaferi is closely related to D. scalpturo-
ides (Fée) C. Chr., agreeing with it in most essential
characters, differing from it mainly in its very narrow
pinnae, which are less incised and glabrous above. In
general habit our new species recalls D. sagittata (Sw.)
C. Chr., especially its variety tenebrica (Jenm.) C. Chr.;
but that species, belonging to the subgenus Goniopteris,
is in all important characters widely different. The
resemblance between the two is due to the narrow, has-
tate or sagittate pinnae. Dryopteris Shaferi is remark-
able, among the species of the section Lastrea, in hav-
Ing its pinnae crenate, or barely pinnatifid, in which
character it agrees only with the otherwise very differ-
ent D. brachypoda (Bak.) C. Chr.

Some New AMERICAN Spectres OF DryopTERIS 79

Dryopteris (Lastrea) Jimenezii Maxon & C. Chr., sp.
nov.

Rhizome obliquely erect, scaly at the top. Stipites
fasciculate, 3 or 4 together, 5-10 cm. long, rigid, chan-
nelled, without hairs, but in the lower part densely
chaffy by castaneous, glossy, entire, ovate-acuminate
scales, these up to 1 em. long and easily deciduous.
Lamina lanceolate, 30-50 em. long, 10-15 cm. broad
near the middle, upward gradually tapering into the
pinnatifid apex, downward rather suddenly narrowed
with 4 or 5 pairs of auriculiform pinnae, dark green,
thinly membranous or firmly herbaceous, bipinnatifid.
Rachis slender, slightly pubescent, especially above, by
short, unicellular, appressed hairs. Pinnae alternate or
subopposite at distances of 2-3 cm., sessile, acuminate,
the middle ones 7-8 em. long, 1.5-1.8 em. broad, their
midrib on both sides slightly hairy like the rachis, the
surfaces with some few very inconspicuous appressed
hairs (especially on the veins), pinnately incised to a
narrow (1 mm.) costal wing. Segments about 1 cm.
long, 2-3 mm. broad, obtuse or subacute, patent or a
little oblique, considerably widened at the base and
separated by broad but acute sinuses, their margins
regularly and obtusely toothed or crenate; basal seg-
ments equal to the others or a little shorter. Veins
simple, remarkably distant and distinct, about 6 to each
side, nearly at right angles to the costula, running into
the teeth. Sori small, supramedial, exindusiate. Spor-
angia few, early deciduous, glabrous.

Costa Rica: San Jerénimo, altitude 1500 meters,
collected by C. Wercklé, in April, 1910; Herb. Otén
Jiménez no. 567 (U. 8. Nat. Herb. no. 861635, type).

This new species is certainly a close ally of D. suprant-
tens Christ and D. tablaziensis Christ, both from Costa.
Rica, resembling them in the presence of numerou

scales on the stipes below, a character rather rare within

80 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

the subgenus Lastrea. From the former it differs in
its non-glossy upper surface and in its patent and toothed
segments; from the latter in its shorter pinnae, nearly
glabrous rachis, and toothed segments. A pronounced
character is found in the broad bases of the segments.

Dryopteris (Lastrea) ptarmiciformis C. Chr. & Ros.
Sp. Nov. Fedde 12: 472. 1913.

Bouivia: Buchtien 3545. Near D. oligocarpa, the
segments very oblique; indusium distinct. Its system-
atic position will be between D. oligocarpa and D. pilo-
sula.

Dryopteris (Lastrea) subandina C. Chr. & Ros.; Re-
pert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 12: 472. 1913.

Boutvia: Buchtien 3120. In habit not unlike D.
pachyrachis, but having the sporangia setose as in D.
concinna. ‘This species should be inserted between
D. coneinna and D. rufa in the key.

Dryopteris (Lastrea) arborea Brause, nom. nov

Dryopteris roraimensis Brause, Notizblatt d. Kel.

Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin. 6 (no. 54): 109. 1914
(non C. Chr. Ind. 289. 1905).

British Guiana: Mt. Roraima, Ule 8526.

A very interesting novelty with a caudex 1 to 2 meters
high and leaves nearly 1.5 meters long, bipinnatifid. In
technical characters it is closely related to D. Glaziovii,
from Brazil, and D. euchlora, from Ecuador, and its var.
inaequans C. Chr., from Central America, from which
it differs by severed characters; for example, in its
castaneous, glossy rachis.

Dryopteris (Goniopteris) nephrodioides (KI.) Hieron.
var. glandulosa C. Chr. & Ros. Repert. Sp. Nov.
Fedde 12: 473. 1918.

Boutvia: Buchtien 3410. A form with yellow glands
on the under surface, a character hitherto not observed
in the subgenus Goniopteris.

Some New AMERICAN Species OF DRYOPTERIS 81

The following two species were not dealt with in the
first part of my monograph. An examination of authen-
tic specimens of both shows that they ought to have
been included in the groups of species there treated.

Dryopteris (Goniopteris) trinidadensis (Jenm.) C.
Chr. Ind. 298. 1905.
Polypodium trinidadense Jenm. Gard. Chron. III.
18: 235. 1895.

TRINIDAD: Maiacas Falls, J. H. Hart, Bot. Gard.
Herb. Trinidad no. 5886 (Kew!).

The single sheet in the Kew Herbarium, consisting of
one leaf without rhizome, named by Jenman, shows a
plant that in habit resembles Stigmatopteris Carr and
allied species very much, but is in reality a Goniopteris
of the section Eugoniopteris. It agrees in nearly all
characters with D. straminea (Bak.) C. Chr. and may be
a form of that species. It differs from it in its acute or
even submucronulate teeth, the serrated acuminate
apex of the pinnae (which are about 1.5 cm. broad),
the non-gemmiferous rachis (an accidental character),
and by having only 2 or 3 tertiary veins on each side of
the secondary vein, the two basal ones terminating 11
the leaf-tissue and free, the upper ones running out to
the thickened margin. In size, color, perfectly glabrous
frond, stramineous costae, shape of pinnae, sor, an
kind of venation, the two forms wholly agree. Having
seen only the rather fragmentary authentic specimens me
both, it is not possible to decide now whether D. trinida-
densis is a form of D. straminea; but I am much inclined
to so regard it. Dryopteris straminea Was described
from a single leaf collected by Fendler (no. 474), 10
Tovar, Venezuela, a locality very rich in ferns, many
of which are found also in Trinidad.

82 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Dryopteris (Stigmatopteris) cyclocolpa (Christ) C.

Chr. Ind. 260. 1905.
Polypodium cyclocolpon Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss:
1896; Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 216. 1896.

Costa Rica: Foréts de Tsaki, Talamanca, Tonduz

9480.
A fragment, consisting of a pair of pinnae of the type-
c°llection, in the U. S. National Herbarium (no. 832908),
shows that this species is a genuine Stigmatopteris.
Regarding Stigmatopteris as a valid genus, which it
certainly is, the species must be called Stigmatopteris
cyclocolpa (Christ) C. Chr., comb. nov. It is very
different from the other Central American species of
Stigmatopteris, but is closely related to S. prasina
(Bak.) C. Chr., from Peru. The lamina is bipinnate-
tripinnatifid; pinnae lanceolate, 25-30 em. long 8-10
em. broad, fully pinnate in the lower two-thirds. Pin-
nulae 4-5 em. long, 10-12 mm. broad at the base, sessile,
the upper broadly adnate and decurrent, acuminate,
with a serrate apex, lobed 23-34 of the way to the mid-
rib. Lobes rectangular, 2-4 mm. broad, serrate, espec-
ially at the obtuse or truncate apex. Veins mostly 4-
jugate in the lobes, simple. Sori supramedial. Leaf
grass-green, firmly herbaceous or membranous, dis-
tinctly pellucido-punctate, without hairs, but with some
red-brown narrow scales on the lower part of the mid-
rib of the pinnae beneath.

Stigmatopteris cyclocolpa differs from S. prasina in its
much larger pinnae, these with many free pinnules
which are more deeply incised, with serrated lobes.

In my monograph (page 79) I have mentioned under
S. prasina a plant from Ecuador collected by Sodiro.
This is very closely related to S. cyclocolpa and may be
a form of the same species. It differs in its fureate
veins, its more deeply, but not so sharply serrated lobes,
and its larger pinnules.

Christ’ has mentioned Polypodium prasinum Bak. as

Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 217. 1896,

Ferns oF THE Coast REGION or S. CAROLINA 83

occurring in Costa Rica (Pittier 7504). For the present
I cannot say what species he has so determined; it is
scarcely a Stigmatopteris.

Up to the present time S. cyclocolpa and S. prasina
are the only species of the genus known which are fully
bipinnate with pinnatifid pinnulae. Even the very
large S. contracta (Christ) C. Chr. is bipinnatifid only,
with the large segments again deeply incised.

CopENHAGEN, May, 1914.

Preliminary list of the ferns of the coast region
of South Carolina north of Charleston*

LAURA M. BRAGG

The present paper is based on records from the
Charleston Museum’s plant survey of South Carolina.
This survey aims to record for each species in South
Carolina, (1) all published references to occurrence
within the state, (2) data relative to herbarium specl-
mens collected within the state, and, (3) the distribution
of species as indicated by collecting and ecologica
study in different sections of the state.

For this summary of the ferns of the coast region north
of Charleston the published sources have been John
Bachman’s Catalogue of phaenogamous plants and
ferns, native or naturalized, found growing in the vicin-
ity of Charleston, South Carolina, 1834; Henry W.
Ravenel’s Catalogue of the natural orders of plants in-
habiting the vicinity of the Santee Canal, 8. Cite
R. Gibbes’ Botany of Edings’ Bay -+ W. C. Coker's three

*Reprinted with the addition of several paragraphs, and os
fications of the synonymy from the Bulletin of the Charles
10: 17-22. Feb. 1914.

+ Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 2-17. 1830,

t Proc. Ell. Soc., I, Oct., 241-248. 1857,

84 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

papers, The garden of André Michaux,* Observations on
the flora of the Isle of Palms,+ Plant life of Hartsville,
8. C., 1912; and R. M. Harper’s A midsummer journey
through the coastal plain of the Carolinas and Virginia.t

The herbaria consulted have been the Gray Her-
barium, and those of the New York Botanical Garden,
the University of Nebraska, Clemson College, and the
Charleston Museum. Citations of specimens in the
latter are marked (H), and refer chiefly to Ravenel’s
herbarium from the vicinity of the Santee Canal, upon
which his Catalogue is based, and to specimens of my
own collecting within the last four years. A few speci-
mens are from Francis Peyre Porcher.

Further records are from the survey, based on my
personal observations.

The region treated is restricted to that portion of
the coastal plain of South Carolina which lies north of
Charleston. Systematic collecting has been done at
only a few localities, principally in the vicinity of Charles-
ton and north to the Santee River, in what are now
Charleston and Berkeley Counties. This is the classic
ground worked by Bachman, Ravenel, and Porcher;
Bachman about Charleston, and Ravenel and Porcher
in the parishes of St. John’s Berkeley and St. Stephen’s,
on the north and south sides respectively of the Santee
canal. Since their day but little botanical work had
been done in this region until the Charleston Museum
a few years ago started its plant survey of the state.
My own records for localities outside of Charleston and
Berkeley Counties have been made during two short
trips, one to Sumter and Stateburg, June 22-24, 1912;
and the other to Chicora Wood on the Pee Dee River,
about fourteen miles north of Georgetown, March 21-

* Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Soc., 27: 65-72. July, 1911,
t Torreya, 5: 135-145. Aug
t

Buil. Torrey Botanical Club, 36: 351-377. 1907,

FERNS OF THE Coast Rearion or 8. Carona 85

26, 1913. As ferns were the object of neither trip, I
find only a few specimens included among my notes and
collections. The flora of the extreme inner edge of the
coastal plain has been studied by Prof. Coker at Harts-
ville. He lists twelve species of which all but Lyco-
podium adpressum have been found common in the
lower coastal region.

The total number of species listed is thirty, five of
which are from Bachman’s Catalogue, unsubstantiated
by specimens and possibly erroneous. Six species which
the manuals credit to South Carolina should be looked
for in the coast region, namely, Ophioglossum vulgatum
L., Botrychium biternatum (Lam.) Underw., B. obliquum
Muhl., Asplenium dentatum L., Lycopodium lucidulum
Michx, and Selaginella acanthonota Underw.

Several species usually found on limestone rocks,
which are recorded by Bachman only, may again be
found on some of the lime marl outcrops of the Ashley
and Cooper Rivers. Since Bachman wrote, most of
these have been worked for phosphate rock, causing the
removal of surface lime. Careful and more extended
search will probably reveal northern species in the
counties bordering on North Carolina, while southern
species are likely to be found in the vicinity of Beaufort.
Dryopteris floridana (Hook.) Kuntze, now first recorded
for South Carolina, is probably only one of several extra-
limital southern species which might be found in the
coastal plain of the state.

The nomenclature here followed is that of the second
edition of Small’s Flora of the Southeastern United

tates.

I wish to express my thanks to Miss Margaret Slosson
and Dr. B. L. Robinson. Dr. Robinson has most gen-
erously furnished me with data for over six hundred
specimens of South Carolina plants in the Gray Her-
barium, including pteridophytes.

86 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

OPHIOGLOSSUM CROTALOPHOROIDES Walt. ADDER’S-
TONGUE. Light soil in pine woods.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Ravenel: Santee
Canal (H).

BoTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Sw. RaTTLESNAKE
Fern. This species is probably common but the older
herbaria have preserved no specimens of it. Bachman
lists it for Charleston and Ravenel doubtless refers to it
as one of his two species of Botrychium, Ophioglossum
crotalophoroides from his herbarium being the other.
Miss Mabel Webber and I found it fairly common at
Otranto, in low mixed woods bordering the swamp to
the west of the railroad. On April 27, 1913, the spores
had fallen.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Webber and Bragg:
Otranto (H).

OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA L. CINNAMON FERN. Com-
mon and abundant on the mainland in wet woods and
borders of swamps; occasional in roadside ditches.
Fiddleheads appear about the first week of March and
mature spores may be found early in May.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston
Navy Yard (H), Georgetown County, Otranto (H),
Summerville, Sumter. Coker: Hartsville, Ten Mile.
Ravenel: Santee Canal.

OsMUNDA REGALIS L. Royat Fern. Common but
less abundant than 0. cinnamomea, with which it is
usually associated. Spores mature in May.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston
Navy Yard (H), Ten Mile. Coker: Hartsville, Ten
Mile. Ravenel: Santee Canal.

PoLyPopiuM vuLGARE L. Common Potypopy. Re-
corded by Bachman only and that possibly erroneously,
as he fails to list the very common P. polypodioides.

PoLypopIuM poLypoprorEs (L.) A. 8. Hitchcock.
RESURRECTION Fern; Gray Potypopy. Common

FERN
RNS OF THE Coast Reaion or 8. CaroLina 87

<i ona the coastal region on trunks and _ large
sean of trees, particularly of live oaks. Occasion-
a y found in sand at the base of trees and on old build-
ae ae on tile roofs. In mild seasons, such as 1913
é ‘aati growth continues throughout the year and
ae allia and young plants may be found in January.
ne ‘ eS Pteridium aquilinum are the common ferns of
oe ndy coast islands; both are found throughout the
: teehee Bragg: Cainhoy, Charleston, Ingleside, Isle
alms (H), Otranto, Santee Swamp, Ten Mile. Cok-
2 agg ten Isle of Palms. Porcher: St. Johns
. se ee Ravenel: Santee Canal (H). Robinson:
asa e (Gray Herb.). Sinkler: Eutawville (H).

oes MULTIFIDA Poir. A tradition persists in
nt ton that the common introduced fern until re-
i . e anata as Pteris serrulata L. f. was brought
4 om Europe by the Huguenots, and it is often
ed the Huguenot or Mediterranean Fern. On the
ie hand, local students claim that Prof. Lewis R.
oboe it here in 1868 and determined it as
ae aati The first reference to the occurrence of a
“sted = Pteris in South Carolina appears in the
. : ings of the Elliott Society*, where Professor Gibbes
: oe § “an undetermined species of Pteris, found about
ieee since, in fruit, in Wentworth St., near the
er of Rutledge, growing on the brick foundation ©

a wooden house, on the south side of the street. see

the fern is growing freely, and it is like none of those
igin and the time of

known to inhabit this state. Its orl
* No further reference to
iott Society’s Proceed-
duced Pteris from Pro-
aced. Professor

its introduction are unknown.
the discovery is made in the Ell
ings, and no specimens of an intro
fessor Gibbes’ herbarium have been tr

86 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

OPHIOGLOSSUM CROTALOPHOROIDES Walt. AppDER’s-
roncuE. Light soil in pine woods.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Ravenel: Santee
Canal (H).

BoTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Sw. RATTLESNAKE
Fern. This species is probably common but the older
herbaria have preserved no specimens of it. Bachman
lists it for Charleston and Ravenel doubtless refers to it
as one of his two species of Botrychium, Ophioglossum
crotalophoroides from his herbarium being the other.
Miss Mabel Webber and I found it fairly common at
Otranto, in low mixed woods bordering the swamp to
the west of the railroad. On April 27, 1913, the spores
had fallen.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Webber and Bragg:
Otranto (H).

OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA L. CINNAMON FERN. Com-
mon and abundant on the mainland in wet woods and
borders of swamps; occasional in roadside ditches.
Fiddleheads appear about the first week of March and
mature spores may be found early in May.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston
Navy Yard (H), Georgetown County, Otranto (H),
Summerville, Sumter. Coker: Hartsville, Ten Mile.
Ravenel: Santee Canal.

OSMUNDA REGALIS L. Roya Fern. Common but
less abundant than O. cinnamomea, with which it is
usually associated. Spores mature in May.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston
Navy Yard (H), Ten Mile. Coker: Hartsville, Ten
Mile. Ravenel: Santee Canal.

PoLypopiuM VULGARE L. Common Potypropy. Re-
corded by Bachman only and that possibly erroneously,
as he fails to list the very common P. polypodioides.

PoLypopiuM poLypopiomEs (L.) A. 8. Hitchcock.
REsURRECTION Fern; Gray Potypopy. Common

Ferns OF THE Coast REGION or S. CAROLINA 89

serrulata. Ravenel could not have failed to know of
Professor Gibbes’ discovery. He may, however, have
examined only young specimens, which frequently lack
the decurrent character of the leaf. Searcely three years
before the species was still undetermined, as Prof. D.
C. Eaton wrote,* “I learn from Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes,
that a Pteris has sowed itself and grown abundantly on
the walls of the College of Charleston, S.C. It will be
very interesting to know whether this is Pteris cretica
or Pteris serrulata.”’ Miss Gibbes, who was her father’s
amanuensis, tells me that he sent specimens to Pro-
fessor Eaton for determination. Chapman includes the
species in the supplement to the 1884 edition of his
Flora as P. serrulata from Charleston. In the main
text of Professor Gibbes’ copy of this edition he has
added P. serrulata in pencil to the given species of
Pteris, but makes no mention of cretica.

Although the ferns have disappeared from the Went-
worth Street house and the laboratory at the College of
Charleston was taken down after the earthquake of
1886, there is no room to doubt that the present well-
known P. serrulata L. f., or P. multifida Poir according
to most recent synonomy, is the fern of Professor Gibbes’
discovery and that the belief that P. cretica has ever
been taken in Charleston is an illusion based on Raven-
el’s error.

The species is deciduous in Charleston; growth con-
tinues throughout the year, however, and young plants
may be found in January. Spores mature in April.

Preriprum agurLinum (L.) Kuhn. Bracken. Com-
mon throughout coast region, in open sandy woods.
With scrub oaks this species forms the typical under-
growth where the pine barrens are frequently burned
over. It is the only fern of the dry, lightly-wooded sea

* Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 6: 307, 1879.

90 AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

islands and is characteristic of the open grassy borders of
the jungle on more densely covered islands. Spores
mature in May.

The variety pseudocaudatum Clute is well represented
by a specimen from the Santee country, collected by
Ravenel and labeled by him P. caudata. Bachman’s
P. caudata must also, in all probability, be referred to
this form. I have, however, searched extensively but
unsuccessfully for a distinct variety in the vicinity of
Charleston.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston
Navy Yard (H), Dewees Island, Georgetown County,
Isle of Palms, Otranto, Sullivan’s Island, Summerville,
Sumter. Coker: Hartsville, Isle of Palms, Ten Mile.
Gibbes: Edings’ Bay. Harper: “intermediate pine-
barrens.”’ Robinson: Charleston Navy Yard (Gray
Herb.).

PELLAEA ATROPURPUREA (L.) Link. Cuirr BRAKE.
Recorded by Bachman, probably erroneously.

ANCHISTEA VIRGINICA (L.) Presl. Virainta CHAIN-
FERN. Abundant in freshwater swamps and ditches
and in low wet woods, associated with the Cinnamon
Fern, Net-veined Chain-fern, and, in woods, with the
Lady Fern and Florida Shield-fern.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston
Navy Yard (H), Georgetown County, Summerville,
Sumter. Coker: Hartsville, Ten Mile. Harper:
“damp sandy places.” Ravenel: Santee Canal.

ASPLENIUM PLATYNEURON (L.) Oakes. EBONY
SPLEENWORT. One of the most common ferns. Ass0-
ciated with Pteris serrulata on old walls in Charleston.
Grows luxuriantly on wooded banks, and particularly
along artificial ditches. Fertile leaves measuring four to
five inches wide and twenty inches long, with deeply
serrate pinnae, are characteristic of highly developed
plants. Spores mature in May,

ee
BAT <6
Hof

FERNS OF THE Coast REeGIon or S. Carotina 91

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charles-
ton, Georgetown County, Ingleside, James Island, Ot-
ranto, Stateburg. Coker: Hartsville. Ravenel: Eutaw
Springs, Santee Canal.

ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES L. Recorded by Bachman
only.

ASPLENIUM RUTA-MURARIA L. Recorded by Bach-
man only.

ATHYRIUM FILIX-FOEMINA (L.) Roth. Lapy Fearn.
Frequent in rich damp woods. Spores mature in May.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston
Navy Yard (H), Otranto. Coker: Hartsville. Ravenel:
Santee Canal.

LORINSERIA AREOLATA (L.) Presl. | NET-VEINED
CHAIN-FERN. Very abundant in freshwater swamps
and along the rice field canals.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston
Navy Yard (H), Otranto, Georgetown County along
rice lands of Pee Dee and Waccamaw Rivers, St. An-
drews Parish (H), Sumter. Coker: Hartsville, Ten
Mile. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS L. SENSITIVE FerN. Not com-
mon.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: St. An-
drews Parish (H). Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

PotysticHuM acrosticHoiwEs (Michx.) Schott.
Curistmas Fern. Common in dry mixed woods near
the coast. At Stateburg found in a deep gorge.
Brought into Charleston throughout the year by the

_ hegro women selling flowers.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Cainhoy,
Otranto (H), Plantersville, Stateburg. Porcher: St.
Johns Berkeley. ‘

DryYoprerts NOVEBORACENSIS (L.) A. Gray. NEw
York Fern. Recorded by Bachman, probably er-

92 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

roneously for D. thelypteris, a common species near
Charleston.

DrYOPTERIS THELYPTERIS (L.) A. Gray. MarsH
SHIELD-FERN. Common in wet woods.

Records. Bragg: Charleston Navy Yard (H). Coker:
Isle of Palms.

DRYOPTERIS PATENS (Sw.) Kuntze. Several plants on
an old brick tomb at Goose Creek Church, Otranto, are
all that I have found. Dr. B. L. Robinson kindly de-
termined the species for me. Chapman, in the third
edition of his Flora, includes South Carolina in its range
but Small does not.

Records. Bragg: Otranto (H). Ravenel: Eutaw
Springs (Gray Herb.).

DRYOPTERIS FLORIDANA (Hook.) Kuntze. FLoripa
SHIELD-FERN. Not previously recorded for South Caro-
lina. Abundant in several localities at the Charleston
Navy Yard, growing in damp woods along streams
running through the pine barrens. Associated in one
particularly rich spot with the Cinnamon and Royal
Ferns, both Chain-ferns, the Marsh Shield-fern, and
within a few yards of the Lady Fern and Selaginella
apus. The leaves are evergreen and in winter lie
stretched on the ground in a circle, the fertile ones often
over three feet in length. Spores mature in late May and
early June.

Records. Bragg: Charleston Navy Yard (H).

DRYOPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA (Michx.) C. Chr.
Broap BEECH-FERN.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Porcher: St. Johns
Berkeley (H).

Puecorreris Puecopreris (L.) Underw. Lona
BEECHFERN. Recorded by Bachman, undoubtedly er-
roneously.

Woopsia rurmuLa Beck. Recorded by Bachman
only. It is unlikely that a Woodsia should occur in this

FERNS OF THE Coast REGION or 8S. CaroLIna 93

region and I am unable to form any opinion regarding
the species referred to.

ZOLLA CAROLINIANA Willd. FLoatinc FERN.
Floating in still water.

Records. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

LycopopIuM ADPREssUM (Chapm.) Lloyd & Under-
wood. CiusB Moss. Coker records this species as
plentiful at Hartsville ‘‘in savannas and in slightly dryer
situations than the preceding” (L. alopecuroides L.).

Lycopopium aALopEcuROIDES L. Fox-TatL CLUB
Moss. Common in damp pine land.

Records. Bragg: Georgetown County (H). Coker:
Hartsville. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

LycopopiuM CAROLINIANUM L. LirrLE Cius Moss.
In low pine barrens.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Summer-
ville (H). Coker: Hartsville.

PstLotum NupuM (L.) Griseb.

Records. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

SELAGINELLA Apus (L.) Spring. CREEPING SELAGIN-
ELLA. Frequent but not abundant in shady places
along the swampy margins of freshwater streams, grow-
ing in sand mixed with vegetablemold. Foundthrough-
out the year.

Records. Bragg: Charleston Navy Yard (H), Ot-
_ Tanto. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Vou. 4: No. 3

PHYLLITIS AT HOME.

(94)

E:

At home with the Hart’s Tongue
R. C. BENEDICT.

To the writer’s mind the hart’s tongue is the most
interesting of all our American ferns. It is probably
not the rarest; certainly it is not the most beautiful,
but there is a charm about it in its exclusiveness and
its odd appearance which render it distinct. Probably
added to this, in the writer’s mind is the fact that it grows
in the limestone hills of his home section of Central
New York which a boyhood of tramping after wild flow-
ers and ferns made especially cherished in memory.

The hart’s tongue became an object of interest to me
through the accounts of it in Parsons’ “How to Know
the Ferns” which indeed made all the ferns described
interesting. With knowledge that it grew in the James-
ville region a few miles southeast of my home town I be-
gan to tramp frequently in that direction and to look
as I found later, in the most unlikely places for it. For
a while I examined almost every plant of broad-leaved
sedge along the roadside. I was the veriest beginner.
I discovered afterward that it was too exclusive to fre-
quent the roadside.

Finally I found it after a long day’s tramp in the
region west of Jamesville. I had hunted for it all day
without success, and was making all speed to get back
to the road where I had left my wheel. The descrip-
tion of this locality will furnish a good idea of all the sta-
tions for hart’s tongue in the Jamesville région. I
had reached the edge of a ledge of limestone overlook-
ing a small valley. The limestone dropped twenty
to fifty feet or more in places to a steep talus of large
sharp chips of the limestone. Below the talus sloped
steeply to the bottom of the valley two hundred feet
or more below. The top of the talus slope was fairly
open with a few scattered butternuts and basswoods.

(95)

96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Fifty feet from the foot of the ledge, however, began a
dense growth of white cedar through which one had to
push by main force, and as the rocks of the talus were
heavily moss-covered, and rotting logs were everywhere,
traveling was several degrees harder than walking down
stairs.

I came that afternoon to the top of that ledge in a
particular hurry. My wheel was at the foot of the slope
and I had then several miles of hilly road to supper.
There happened to be a break in the ledge at that par-
ticular point and I climbed down that and was perhaps
twenty feet down the open part of the talus when I
stopped, no longerina hurry. There was a plant of hart’s
tongue with its leaves pushing up perpendicularly
from the slope of forty-five degrees. The roots were
a pocket of soil covered by fragments of the limestone
which is very loose at the top of such a talus and furn-
ishes insecure footing. Before I went home I had seen
probably forty plants of the fern. Afterwards, on
later trips I found stations containing two or three
times as many plants. Always they occurred in sim-
ilar situations, near the top of a steep talus, with a ledge
above, and a dense shrubby growth below which served
as an admirable protection from the ordinary tramper.
One exception may be noted where a few stunted plants
were found at the top of a ledge on the sides of crevices
several feet deep. I found the last mentioned station in
a snow storm in weather too cold to allow an ordinary
camera shutter to work properly.

The plant illustrated grew in a station not far from
the first one found. The picture which was taken
about the middle of June, shows the evergreen last
year’s leaves sloping down the face of the rock by which
this particular plant grew. In the lower right corner
of the picture is- a leaf of Cystopteris bulbifera which
luxuriates everywhere along the talus with leaves two

PELLAEA ATROPURPUREA LINK 97

and three feet long. There are quantities also of Herb
Robert. The oak-leaved plant is a composite whose
name I do not remember. Below the hart’s tongue,
in the cedar thickets were occassional sods of thick
moss covered with numerous fine plants of Camptosorus.
Not very many other species of ferns grew in the im-
mediate neighborhood of the hart’s tongue, but below
in the valley there was a very good assortment. My
story would not be complete here unless I tell how many
kinds I have found in how restricted an area. I think
I could now after a sufficient number of swings, drive
a couple of golf balls so that the triangle between their
starting and stopping places would enclose twenty-five
kinds.*

The station I first found has since disappeared from
causes I do not know. Perhaps trees fell so as to leave
the slope too open and exposed to the sun. Perhaps
others found it, and collected too many plants. I
collected one plant for my fern garden when I first
found the place, but afterward swore off taking plants
as too liable to lead to the extinction of the stations,
and I would not now take any one to see the fern grow-
ing except with the understanding that only leaves would
be collected. With such an understanding I should
like to be one of a group of the members of the Society
to make a trip to the Jamesville region some summer.

Brooktyn, N.

A peculiar form of Pellaea atropurpurea Link.
F. L. Pickerr.

On a limestone ledge, known locally as Cedar Cliff,
about three miles northwest of Harrodsburg, Monroe
County, Indiana, the Cliff Brake, Pellaea atropurpurea
Link., is found growing luxuriantly and abundantly.

*One ought to drive a golf ball at least two hundred yards.

98 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Early the past spring the writer noticed marked difference
in the color of different clumps and in the shape of their
pinnae. The difference is so noticeable, some being
pure leaf green or but slightly tinged with the peculiar
blue-glaucous tint and the other scarcely appearing
green but rather dark blue-green, that the clumps can
be distinguished from a considerable distance. Reference
to descriptions at hand failed to clear the matter up,
for the other differences, noted below, which are evident
after careful examination of the plants are most pecu-
liarly mixed up in the usual descriptions. Two questions
have arisen, viz: Which of these, if either, is to be taken
as the type of P. atropurpurea Link? Is the other a
representative of another species or a variety of the
above? At the suggestion of Dr. Benedict, to whom the
question was referred, a full statement of the differences
is submitted in the hope that some one will set the matter
right.

In general the following description fits both forms.
Rootstock short and densely clothed with hairlike
seales. Stipes tufted, dark brown to black, 3-15 cm.
long. Fronds coriaceous, lanceolate to ovate in outline,
pinnate or twice pinnate below. Veins obscure, common-
ly twice forked. Indusium formed of the slightly mem-
branaceous, incurved margin of the pinna.

The differences are given in detail below. The differ-
ence in shape and color of pinnae largely disappears
when the specimens are dried, the rather thicker broad
leaf form rolling its margins much more than the other
unless unusual pressure is used, and the blue-green be-
coming much more nearly leaf green. In making examin-
ations for the following notes both living and dried
plants have been used. For convenience of reference
the two forms will be designated as the long leaf (1. 1.)
and the broad leaf (b. 1.) forms.

PELLAEA ATROPURPUREA LINK 99

Stipe and rachis:

(I. 1.) Hirsute with long delicate hairs, appressed,
persistent, more abundant on the upper portion
and extending to the stalks of the pinnae, giving
the whole a scabrous appearance.

(b. 1.) Naked or with very few scattered, spread-
ing hairs, surface smooth, polished darker than in
Gd. i)

Fertile Pinnae:

(I. 1.) Upper, simple, stalked except the topmost
pair, narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, reaching
5 x 45 mm, smooth and pure green above, light
green or whitish below with scattered, colorless
hairs on the midvein, many halberd shaped or
forked. Apex acute, base truncate or slightly
cordate. Lower pinnae pinnate with one to five
pairs of ovate to lanceolate pinnules. Stalks ‘of
compound pinnae up to 2 em

(b. 1.) Upper pinnae ovate to elliptical, some-
times oblong, rarely larger than 4 x 20 mm., sessile
except the lower pairs, apex rounded or slightly
emarginate; base truncate or cordate, sometimes
auricled and clasping. Upper surface bluish, glau-
cous green, otherwise smooth. Lower surface
smooth with veins almost free from hairs at all
ages. Lower pinnae completely or incompletely
pinnate with ovate pinnules or broad rounded

Sterile Pinnae:
di1) Upper pinnae simple, ovate-oblong to
oblong, up to 12 x 25 mm. Margin strongly
crisped with a narrow (.25 mm.) membranaceous
border. Apex rounded or acutish, base cordate.
All but the top pair are stalked with stalks up to
6 mm. in length. Upper surface, smooth, true

100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

green and showing the veins more plainly than in
the broad leaf form. Lower surface, whitish green
and smooth except the midvein which has many
long, scattered, colorless hairs. Lowest pinnae
compound with one or two pairs of pinnules in
every way like the simple pinnae.

(b. 1.) Simple pinnae, cordate to ovate or ellipti-
cal, up to8x15mm. Margin, plane with a wider
(.6 mm.) membranaceous border. Apex, broadly
rounded to emarginate; base cordate or clasping.
Pinnae crowded or overlapping, blue-glaucous above,
smooth and slightly lighter green below. Lower
pinnae lobed or pinnate with orbicular or cordate
pinnules, sometimes short stalked.

Scales at Base:

(1. 1.) Linear, two to ten cells wide at base and
extending into very long and slender tips, colorless
or yellow, rusty in mass.

b. 1.) Linear-lanceolate, ten to twenty cells wide
at base, without the long slender tips, orange to
biown in color.

Spores:

(1. 1.) 47-62 x 58-78, ovoid, with a few promi-
nent, uneven ridges, giving the spores a ragged
appearance.

(b. L.) 58-78y. x 79-109p, obscurely tetrahedral,
with numerous slight ridges, appearing almost
smooth and darker than the (1. 1.) form

Culture experiments are now in progress to determine
whether or not there are differences in gametophytic
structure. The results of these will be reported later.

The original descriptions are not available here, but
taking Eaton’s description as a basis it seems that the
(I. L.) form is nearer the type, varying from the descrip-
tion in the acute tips of the fertile pinnae, the longer

AMERICAN FERN Socrretry 101

and rather narrower sterile pinnae with strongly crisped
margin, and the presence of many appressed hairs on
the stipe. Probably the nearest description of the
(b. 1.) form is that of P. glabella by Mettenius and Kuhn;
but the writer has not seen the full text of that descrip-
tion. Eaton considers P. glabella as a regional form of
P. atropurpurea. If the (b. 1.) form is the same as P.
glabella it is certainly distinct enough for consideration.
If it does not fit that description it is certainly worthy
of a place as a form or variety of P. atropurpurea and
might probably be designated as var. latifolia of that
species.

Any notes of similar forms found elsewhere or any
Suggestions as to diagnosis will be very welcome.
Bor. Dep. INDIANA UNIVERSITY,

Bioomrneton, INDIANA.

American Fern Society
East Hartrorp, Conn., Jury 19, 1914.
To C. H. Bisssgt,
President American Fern Society:
The detailed vote on the revision of the Constitution
of the American Fern Society is as follows:

Total number of votes cast.........---. 62
Necessary for adoption.::..-.. ->..---. 42
Foro ea ee 60

2

Againgt 60 ee
The revised Constitution is therefore adopted.
C. A. WeaTHERBY, Secretary.

Souruineton, Conn., Juty 25, 1914.
Avtng in accordance with the result of vote as an-
nounced by your Secretary, I hereby declare that the
revised Constitution, as presented by your committee,
Mr. R. A. Ware and Mr. E. J. Winslow, has been regu-
larly adopted and is now the recognized and official

Constitution of the American Fern Society.
. A. BIssELL, President. —

102 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

To the Members:

Your president has had two matters brought to his
attention on which it seems desirable to get an expres-
sion of the wishes of the members. One is as to whether
the Fern Society shall hold a meeting at Philadelphia in
connection with the meeting of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, Dec. 28thto Jan.
2d; the other is as to whether the Fern Society shall
hold a meeting in connection with those to be held by
other natural history societies at San Francisco in
April next year. It is desirable that your officers should
be informed as to whether there would be a probable
attendance at such meetings sufficient to justify arrang-
ing for them.

Will not all members who think they could attend
either of these meetings, if held, send a postal giving
the information to the Secretary of the Fern Society,
so that your officers may be able to act intelligently.
C. H. Bisseuu, President.

George F. Cleveland was killed by electric shock at
Miraflores Locks, on the Panama Canal, on May 23,
1914,

Mr. Cleveland was born in Oneonta, N. Y., in 1876.
From his earliest boyhood he was deeply interested in
the natural sciences, and while at Brown University
became a member of the Louis Agassiz Society. He
was the possessor of a large collection of Lepidoptera
of the United States, and, later, of the Isthmus of
Panama. Entomology was always his favorite hobby.
About eight years ago he became interested in the study
of ferns, and joined the Fern Society.

His last four years were spent in the service of the
Isthmian Canal Commission at Porto Bello, Panama,
and his life was lost in the service of his country.

- AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 103

Tue ANNUAL FIELD MEETING
West Englewood, New Jersey, July 15, 1914.

Owing to the unpropitious weather conditions on the
day appointed for the field meeting, the attendance at
the actual point of rendezvous was somewhat meagre,
although quite a number of members of the Society
were in New York.

Pennsylvania alone was represented at West Engle-
wood by one member.

On this member then devolves the pleasant duty of
reporting the proceedings for the Society.

The editor of the Fern JourNAL had made every
necessary arrangement for the meeting and had notified
the Germantown members and others interested, of
the details on the Friday preceding the date of the pro-
posed event. Fitful showers ushered in the week,
throughout the whole territory adjacent to New York,
and on the eve of the day appointed for the field meet-
ing the rain fell in torrents so that the proposed trip
assumed the complexion of an elimination race in which
the honors would go to the swift and the battle to the
strong.

The member from Pennsylvania left Philadelphia on
the 5:25 train, Wednesday morning, arriving at head-
quarters in New York at eight o’clock, and at the Forty-
second Street Ferry at half past eight, five minutes before
the appointed time for the departure of the train for
the last leg of the journey. No other members were
there and on signaling the S. O. 8. wireless ‘Flatbush
668M,” established by the editor for the benefit of mem-
bers, the member from Pennsylvania learned that
owing to weather conditions and the non-arrival of
members, the trip had been declared “off” for the

104 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

day, details being given for the trip of the Torrey Club to
Staten Island the day following.

The train for West Englewood was ready, however,
and the Pennsylvania member proceeded to that point
and opened the meeting a la solitaire. The roll call was
then taken up, beginning with the Empire State with
its fifty-six members, and no answers being heard Massa-
chusetts providing the treasurer of the Society was
polled without response. Then Pennsylvania with its
twenty members, third in point of numbers, was called,
responding with one resonent ‘‘present”’ that made the
welkin ring, or words to that effect. Of course, the pro-
ceedings were held entirely in ‘Soliloquy,’ the only
audible disturbance, the sighing of the humid, ambient
air through the antler like foliage of the ‘‘ Bull Moose
hybrid” Onoclea sensibilis protruding from the neigh-
boring thicket.

Roll call finished and a quorum ‘counted,’ new
business was taken up and discussion opened (a la Sel-
kirk, of course) as to the selection of a suitable fern floral
emblem for the great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
an idea suggested by the Germantown Independent
Gazette. All fern students present agreed that Penn-
sylvania, the Keystone State of the arch of the Repub-
lic, with its one hundred named species and varieties of
ferns should have for its official and eternal floral emblem
some member of its interesting fern flora.

_W. A. Poyser, in his fern flora of Pennsylvania, says
“From the standpoint of the fern student the flora is a
most interesting one. The geographical position of the
State is such that quite a number of northern species
find their southern limit within its borders while some
southern forms just pass north of its limits giving it a
goodly admixture.”

Within the boundaries too of the Keystone State are
the type stations of Asplenium pinnatifidum, Isoetes

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 105

riparia, Nephrodium cristatum x Goldieanum and
Asplenium ebenoides.
The work of selecting from the checklist of its fern
flora the plant most suitable to typify the floral char-
acteristics of the State and foster in the minds of its
school children a state pride and patriotism as suggested
by House Bill 888 was the question before the meeting.
(All this in soliloquy.) What fern then should be chosen?
Not Asplenium pinatifidum—not Isoetes riparia—not
Asplenium ebenoides—not Nephrodium cristatum xX
Goldianum—not any one of these but all of them,
together with the rich and varied fern flora of American
Ferns. ‘The Fern” simply should be chosen as the
emblem. Pennsylvania, Penn’s woods, PENNSYLVANIA!
with its
“Rocks and rills; its woods and templed hills”’

nominates, appropriate and proclaims as its official
floral emblem ‘‘The Fern.”

The day was half gone and no other member appear-.
ing, the sole representative of the Society was graciously
put aboard a returning train by Dr. M. 5. Ayres, the
village host, and the 1914 field meeting had passed into
history. The following belated members were found
next day at the “Shore Day”’ outing of The Torrey
Club: Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, Miss Pauline Kauf-
man, Prof. R. A. Harper, Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Dr.
Ralph C. Benedict, Norman Taylor, and themember
from Pennsylvania.

GERMANTOWN, Pa. James GRIMSHAW ScoTT.

JuLy 18, 1914. :

106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

New MEMBERS

aird, J. A., 274 N. Goodman S8t., Rochester, N. Y.
Leibelsperser, W. H., Fleetwood, Pa.
shall, Dr. Ruth, Rockford College, Ill.

CHANGED AND CORRECTED ADDRESSES

cates Mrs. obra F., 251 S. Willard St. aeadery keaa Vt.
Jenney, Hon , Court House, Boston
Mansiield, Miss Nellie’ F., 168 Neal St., Patina “Me.
seen edwin De he Walter, 1042 Walnut oe a Allentown, Pa.
Ave. 53, Los Ang Ages (As i
Annual ist. sr a Inadvertent in preceding ae
are Miss Wi J., Women’s College of chiware, New-

ark

Sealine, Mrs. William, 405 Comstock Ave., Syracuse, N. Y.
Satchwell, Mrs. M. W., 143 West 6th St., Jacksonville, Fla.
Steere, Mrs. Wm. W., ‘10 Holwfield Ave., Mattapan, Mass,

DECEASED

Cleveland, George F., at Miraflores Locks, Panama, May 23,
Knauff, Mrs. Martha Ryland, at Pensacola, Florida, Dec., 1913.

ADDITIONS TO THE HERBARIUM

Mrs. M. A. Noble, of Inverness, zene, recently sent a small
contribution to the Society Herbar ‘The lot included two
species of Asplenium, A. firmum, and a myrioph yllum, which were
new to the herbarium,

The four-page leaflet accompanying the present
number is designed to aid members in advertising
the Fern Society and the Journay. A large number
were printed and members who know of people to whom
they might be of interest are urged to send to Mr.
Winslow for as many as may be needed, or to send him
addresses to which it would be worth while to send
copies of the leaflet or sample copies of the JouRNAL.

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 107

Notick TO DELINQUENT MEMBERS.

The attention of the members is called to the provi-
sion of the new Constitution as to delinquent members.
The Council will feel obliged to enforce the rules and
this is the last number of the JourNAL which will be
sent to members who are too far in arrears.

C. H. Bissetu, President.

The election of new officers this year will be the first
to be held under the new Constitution. It is to be
hoped that a large number of members may avail them-
selves of the opportunity of voting.

Notice should be taken of the change in price of back
numbers indicated on the second page of the cover.
The need of increasing the price brings realization of the
fact that the JourNAL is now in its fifth year of publi-
cation, the first number having been issued in August,
1910. With another number the fourth volume will
be completed. It may be of interest to note that the
copy for this number is entirely assured, the greater
part of it being already in galley proof. It was most
desirable to keep the present number within the space
of twenty-four or twenty-eight pages in order to com-
plete the year entirely on the income at present absolutely
assured. But it proved difficult to cut the present num-
ber, so the paring will have to fall on the last number for
the year, unless some generous member is moved to
send the treasurer a money order (check will probably
be accepted) to cover any deficit caused by last number.
If only the delinquents referred to in the paragraph
above would meet their obligations, we could issue not

FAS MERE MS ek Beet a. RUE tees Nita o

108 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

merely a thirty-two page number but forty-eight or
more.

The editor regrets that the present number of the
JOURNAL has been delayed past the end of the quarter
in which it was scheduled to appear, especially as this is
probably the first time such delay has occurred. Re-
sponsibility for the delay does not, however, rest with
him, nor can it fairly be assigned to any other single
individual. or agency. It was the result of a number
of slight delays due to different causes, and all of them
more or less excusable of themselves. We trust no
apology may be necessary with the next issue.

Wantep—I will pay 10 cents per sheet for any North
American pteridophytes not now in my collection, or
will exchange. List of desiderata sent upon applica-
tion.—L. $8. Horxins, 525 E. Main St., Kent, Ohio.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL.

Puate 1.—A Scene in Brazos Canyo

Amprican #ern Journal

Vol. 4 SEPTEMBER—NOVEMBER, 1914 No. 4

The Ferns of Brazos Canyon, New Mexico *
By Paut C. STANDLEY

Brazos Canyon is located in northern Rio Arriba
County, New Mexico, eight miles east and north of the
county seat, Tierra Amarilla. It is perhaps 30 miles
south of the Colorado line, about half way across the
State, the nearest railroad station being Chama, twenty-
two miles to the north. In 1911 the writer spent ten
days at Chama, for the purpose of collecting plants, and
in August and September, 1914, in company with Mr.
H. C. Bollman, he camped for four weeks along the
Brazos River, near the mouth of the canyon proper.
Although the camping expedition was primarily a vaca-
tion trip, a large collection of plants was secured, several
of which were not known previously from the State.
The most interesting group in the region is the ferns.
During recent years large collections of plants have
been made in many parts of New Mexico, and since
most collectors pay particular attention to ferns a large
number are known to occur in the State. Consequently,
the writer was much surprised to find two additions to
the fern flora.

The Rio Brazos is a good-sized mountain stream of
clear, cold water, which dashes down over great boulders,

*Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institutio

[No. 2 of the Journat (4! 41-76) was issued June 9, 1914]
109

110 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

forming here and there deep, dark green pools, and
finally reaching the valley of the Chama River, where
it becomes slower and shallow. For most of its course
it traverses a high plateau, through which it has cut a
deep, narrow gorge, in some places not more than a
hundred yards wide, bounded by vertical cliffs from two
to three thousand feet high. Viewed from a short dis-
tance the cliffs appear nearly bare of vegetation, aside
from the scattered spruces that have gained a precarious
footing in earth-filled crevices, but a closer inspection
shows them covered with small lichens, whose colors
take on intenser hues in wet weather and produce a
conspicuous change in the coloration of the rocks.
Narrow crevices in these rocks are a favorite habitat
of several ferns. The summits of the cliffs and their
basal slopes, where the canyon widens, support a heavy
plant growth which can be readily divided into two
life zones. The “box” of the canyon proper, the higher
slopes of the mountains, as well as their northern slopes
at lower levels, and the banks of the streams, are densely
covered with vegetation characteristic of the Canadian
Zone. The trees here are the Rocky Mountain white
pine (Pinus flexilis), Colorado blue spruce (Picea Parry-
ana), Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga mucronata), white
fir (Abies concolor), and aspen (Populus aurea). The
plant life of the lower slopes and of the great rock slides
at the base of the cliffs is typical of the Transition Zone.
The only tree is the Rocky Mountain yellow pine (Pinus
brachyptera), except along the streams, whose banks are
fringed with the mountain cottonwood (Populus angusti-
folia). Beneath the pines there is usually athick shrubby
undergrowth, composed chiefly of deciduous serub-oaks,
with a preponderance locally of choke-cherry (Padus
melanocarpa) and service-berry (Amelanchier sp.).

In this restricted region the writer collected the twelve
species of ferns and fern allies which are enumerated

ow.

THE Ferns oF Brazos Canyon, New Mexico 111

POLYPODIUM HESPERIUM Maxon. It is not certain that
any representative of this genus has been collected before
in New Mexico. There is a report of the oecurrence-of
this species in the Sandia Mountains, east of Albuquerque;
but the specimens upon which the record is based are
lost, and there is a possibility that they really did not
come from the State. The species is the most local of
any found in the Brazos region, for it was seen in only
two restricted localities. In both instances it grew in
crevices on the under side of large granitic rocks, on a
northward slope among firs and aspens. But two small
cliffs were inhabited by the plants, which were sufficient
for only a few sheets of specimens. The species is
local in Arizona, and in Rydberg’s Flora of Colorado
only a single locality is reported for that State, a station
near Ouray, approximately one hundred and twenty-five
miles northwest of the one in New Mexico. In the
United States National Herbarium, however, there is
another sheet of somewhat depauperate specimens,
apparently referable here, collected at Twin Lakes, in
central Colorado, by John Wolf.

The New Mexican specimens are quite uniform in the
size and form of the fronds, which are very narrow, with
narrow segments. They are not exactly matched by
any others in the National Herbarium and may represent
an undescribed species. In some respects they resemble
the form of Polypodium hesperium described from Arizona
by Mr. Clute as P. vulgare perpusillum, but their fronds
and segments are still narrower.

Dryoprteris ritix—mas (L.) Schott. This species is
not common in the State, although it extends as far
south as the Organ Mountains, near the Texan border.
In Brazos Canyon it is rather abundant, less so, however,
than Athyrium. Most frequently it grows in crevices
of rocks, in damp shady spots along small brooks. It

112 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

occurs in many places along the cliffs inside the ‘box,’
and it grew on one of the cliffs with the Polypodium.

Woopsia scoputina D. C. Eaton. Upon the summits
of rocks, usually in exposed places, this species is common.
Where they are exposed to the direct rays of the sun the
plants are dwarfed, but in protected situations they
attain a height of 18 em.

Woopsta MExIcANA Fée. On a shaded cliff a form
which differs somewhat from the typical one, but referred
here for the present, was collected. Woodsia mexicana,
so-ealled, is the common Woodsia of the State.

Finrx rraciuis (L.) Underw. Although one of the
two commest ferns of New Mexico, this is infrequent
along the Brazos. It was seen in only a few localities,
usually drooping from crevices of cliffs. The fronds
were unusually large and finely dissected.

PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM PUBESCENS Underw. This and
Filiz fragilis are the most abundant and widely distri-
buted ferns of New Mexico, being found in all the higher
mountain ranges. The bracken thrives best among the
aspens of the Canadian Zone, but now and then it in-
trudes among the yellow pines. From a distance the
large patches, turning bright yellow in September like
the aspens, were a conspicuous feature of the hillsides.
Many of the fronds were infested with what appeared to
be a fungus.

CRYPTOGRAMMA AcRosTICHOIDES R. Br. One of the
most widely distributed of endemic western ferns, the
parsley fern probably reaches the southeastern limit
of its range in Rio Arriba County. Although it is very
abundant about the Brazos Canyon, it had never been
collected in New Mexico before, and probably within

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL,

Piare 2.—Athyrium cyclosorum along a small brook. The clumps are 4 to 6 feet in diameter.

Tue Fern or Brazos Canyon, NEw Mexico 113

the State it is restricted to this mass of mountains.
The writer discovered it first on cliffs just at the mouth
of the canyon. Later it was found in many places inside
the canyon and on the rock slides higher up. It grows
usually in the shade of rocks, but in protected places it
thrives in moist gravelly soil. The plants vary greatly
in size, according to insolation and available moisture.

AspLentum Tricnomanes L. A few plants were
found in two localities, in both instances on moist shaded
cliffs.

Aruyrium cycLosorum Rupr. Nowhere else in New
Mexico, probably, is this fern so abundant as here. It
reaches the largest size of any fern in the State, some of
the fronds being over four feet long. On the upper
Pecos River, east of Santa Fe, in 1908, the writer, in
three months’ collecting, found only a single small
clump of the plants. Here in Brazos Canyon along the
small brooks they were everywhere, furnishing in some
places the most conspicuous element of the herbaceous
vegetation. Great masses of the fronds, three to four
feet high, intermingled with Rudbeckia laciniata, Aralia
bicrenata, and Aconitum, lined the banks of the brooks,
forming a beautiful picture. The tall, heavily fruited
fronds are found in the large clumps; small and probably
younger plants growing with them have shorter fronds,
although these too are fertile.

ASPLENIUM SEPTENTRIONALE L. It was a pleasant
surprise to come upon this peculiar little fern, even
though it was not new to the State flora. ile it
has a wide range in the western United States and in
Europe, it appears to have a decidedly local distribution,
in America at least. In 1911, the writer found a few

plants on the under side of a rock near the base of the

8 f Eille toeh AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Sierra Grande in the northeast corner of New Mexico.
In the Brazos Canyon the species is fairly abundant, if
one takes the pains to look for it. The grasslike fronds
in crowded masses are so little suggestive of a fern that
one is likely to pass them by, though once distinguished
they cannot be confused with any other plant. The
plants occur in narrow crevices of the rocks, either on
the under side in shade or on the upper side in the fierce
glare of the sun. So well down do their roots extend into
the crevices that it is almost impossible to dig the plants
out intact. The dead fronds persist for a long time.

EQUISETUM ARVENSE L. Almost anywhere along the
Rio Brazos this species is abundant, and the bright
green vegetative stems are a conspicuous feature in the
sandy soil at the edge of the water. In August and
September the fertile stems had withered, but everywhere
in the moss about the vegetative stems were the sharp-
pointed buds which were to develop into fruiting stems
the next season. Another species of Equisetum with
stout, simple, perennial stems was noticed in several
places, along with H. arvense, but as it was not in fruit
it was not collected. Probably it was E. laevigatum.

SELAGINELLA UNpERWoopmr Hieron. In a. single
locality, upon the northward face of a cliff, a few mats
of this plant were found. In habit and general appear-
ance it bears more resemblance to a moss than do
our other New Mexican species. It is far from rare
in the State, especially in the Santa Fe and Las Vegas
Mountains. It was described from specimens collected
by Fendler, in 1847, in the mountains near Santa Fe.
Unirep States Nationa, Museum,

Washington, D. C.

Notes on the ferns of the Champlain Valley
SIDNEY F. BLAKE

Three years ago, during the summer of 1911, I spent
six weeks botanizing in the Champlain Valley of Ver-
mont, collecting not only pteridophytes, but phanero-
gams as well. Although records of the more important
species have already been published in Rhodora (XV.
158-163, 200-201 (1913); XVI. 38-41 (1914)), my
friend, Mr. Harold G. Rugg, has suggested that notes
on the fernworts collected might prove of interest to
readers of the JourNnau. In the following notes I have
accordingly included records of all the species collected,
rare or common. My first month, from July to mid-
August, was spent at Essex Junction, a railroad junction
near Burlington, of some local fame as the scene of fre-
quent railway accidents, and the rest of the time at
Swanton, a small town about four miles below the
Canadian border. Both towns are situated on large
sandy deltas formed in glacial and slightly post-glacial
times by the Winooski and Mississquoi Rivers, and
deposits of limestone or marble with their characteristic
species occur in both localities.

A number of ferns, common enough at both places as
they are nearly everywhere in the East, may be dismissed
with a mere listing of their names. These are Adiantum
pedatum, Dryopteris cristata, D. marginalis, D. spinu-
losa, D. spinulosa var. intermedia, D. Thelypteris, As-
plenium filix-femina, A. Trichomanes, Cystopteris fragilis,
Onoclea sensibilis, O. Struthiopteris, Polypodium vulgare
(collected at 4000 ft. on Mt. Mansfield), Polystichum
acrostichoides, Pteris aquilina, Woodsia ilvensis, Osmunda
Claytoniana, and O. regalis. Dryopteris Boottii, D. cris-
tata var. Clintoniana, and the splendid D. Goldiana were
found once or twice at both localities. Ona rich wooded
hillside on Aldis Hill, St. Albans, the last two were

115

116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

found, growing with the only. plant of Asplenium an-
gustifolium I have ever met with. Asplenium acrosti-
choides, which seems to be not common in northern Ver-
mont, also grew with the last three species and was
found once at Williston. Among the limestone lovers
I was pleased to find Camptosorus rhizophyllus and
Pellaea atropurpurea var. Bushii Mackenzie at Ethen
Allen Park, Burlington. P. atropurpurea var. Bushii,
not before recorded from Vermont, but collected prob-
ably by Faxon at Burlington many years ago, should be
looked for elsewhere in the state. It differs in its very
smooth stipes and raches from the chaffy-hairy typical
forms. Camptosorus was seen on two or three occasions
afterward both in the Burlington region and at Swanton,
and true P. atropurpurea, with the other calciphiles,
Cystopteris bulbifera and the pretty little wall-rue
(Asplenium Ruta-muraria), was collected on the lime-
stone ledges at Winooski forge. The three oak-ferns—
Phegopteris Dryopteris, P. hexagonoptera, and P. poly-
podioides—were found at or near Essex Junction, but
only P. polypodioides at Swanton, where the rich woods
favored by these species are less common.

In Rhodora, for September, 1913 (XV. 154-156), a
synopsis was given of the seven forms of the cinnamon
fern which seem worthy of distinction, the substance
of which may be repeated here. Typical O. cinna-
momea, with rounded or subacutish entire pinnules,
crowded or subremote, ranges from Newfoundland to
Florida, west to Illinois and Louisiana, or probably
further. It includes forma angusta Clute, which at
least as to the only authentic specimen seen seems a
mere state with somewhat revolute pinnules, not worthy
of separation. I have not infrequently found a similar
state in swampy spots where the trees had recently been
felled. Var. glandulosa Waters, which was retained as a
variety rather than a forma out of deference to its some-

NOTES ON THE FERNS OF CHAMPLAIN VALLEY 117

what stronger characters and apparently definite,
although limited range, has the pinnules, which are
likewise entire, glandular-pubescent, as well as the
upper part of the rachis. The next four forms have
some or all of the pinnules toothed, lobed or crenulate,
and are usually best developed in deep, rich, shady
woods. Forma incisa (Huntington) Gilbert has many of
the pinnules particularly towards the middle of the pinnae
sharply toothed and when extreme is the handsomest
form of the species. Included in this is var. awriculata
Hopkins, a plant which in its often greatly enlarged
basal pinnules, shows an approach to the next form, but
which on account of their acute dentations seems better
referred here. Forma bipinnatifida Clute, of which f.
trifolia Clute is merely a lesser development, has bluntly
lobed pinnules, with the lobing most conspicuous toward
the base of the pinnae, the lowest pinnules being often
much elongated. The new forma latipinnula Blake
has very thin oblong or almost deltoid pinnules, 1 em.
wide, 1.5-2 em. long, with crenulate or slightly lobulate
margin. The type comes from Stoughton, Massachu-
setts, and I have seen it also from Walpole, and from
Swanton, Vermont. The peculiar forma cornucopia-
folia Clute, described and figured in Fern Bulletin XVI.
108-109 (1908), has the costa of the pinnae naked for
some distance near the tip, and many of the pinnules,
some of which are lobed, bear ascidia on naked veinlets
from the under surface. Finally the well-known forma
frondosa (Torr. & Gray) Britton, generally quoted as
var. frondosa Gray, has the fruiting pinnae partly foli-
aceous. During 1912, I found an abundance of this
form in the vicinity of Stoughton, and while it was often
met with in burnt-over ground, quite as often it occurred
in meadows or pastures where there was no evidence of
recent fires. On one occasion, in 1908, I found the same
form in a white cedar swamp in Canton, where also no
obvious cause for this deviation was evident.

118: AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Of these forms, O. cinnamomea (typical) is common in
Vermont; f. incisa I have seen from several station; f.
bipinnatifida, which I collected in a pasture in Williston
seems to be new to the state; f. latipinnula is so far
known only from Swanton; and f. frondosa from a few
stations in Vermont.

A peculiar form of OQ. regalis, f. interrupta Milde,
with fronds fertile in the middle was collected at Swan-
ton on one occasion. It seems to be due to second
growth after the first fronds have been destroyed by
mowing.

Of the grape-ferns, Botrychium obliquum, with a form
approaching var. dissectum, B. ternatum var. inter-
medium, and B. virginianum were collected, and a col-
ony of the adders-tongue with many of the fronds
paired from the rootstocks was found in a pasture at
Essex Junction.

Equisetum arvense, E. fluviatile, E. hyemale var. affine,
and H. sylvaticum were common everywhere, and £.
scirpoides uncommon. The scarce species, E. palustre,
was twice collected in Colchester, and EF. hyemale var.
affine forma polystachyum Prager, a form with many
sessile spikes from the upper nodes, was found once in
sandy soil at Burlington. ZH. variegatum var. Jesupi, a
very handsome plant as it grew in tufts among the
rocks along the Winooski, with its trim black-and-white-
and-green-striped spikes, then in young fruit, was found
somewhat abundantly along the shores of the Winooski
River at Essex Junction, and sparingly in Burlington
and South Burlington. Among the thousands of indi-
viduals along the shores of the Winooski oceurred twe
variant forms, one of which, with one or two super-
numerary spikes from the topmost nodes, I have de-
scribed as f. geminatum, while the other, whose fertile
stems bear from two to eight long many-jointed branches,

often fruitful at the tips, I have called forma multira-
meum. ; :

FERN NOMENCLATURE 119

Among lycopods L. clavatum, L. complanatum var.
flabelliforme, L. inundatum, L. lucidulum, and L. ob-
scurum with its var. dendroideum occurred at both lo-
calities. L. clavatum var. megastachyon was found at
Essex and on Mt. Mansfield, L. tristachyum at Burling-
ton and Fairfield, and L. Selago at 3950 feet on Mt.
Mansfield. The only selaginella of the region is S.
rupestris, which was collected at Cobbehill, Milton, and
at Prospect Hill, St. Albans, where it formed large
mats on exposed ledges at 800 feet.

Paris, FRANCE.

Fern nomenclature
CHAS. T. DRUERY, V.M.H., F.L.S.

From the point of view of the English Fern students,
_ the fern nomenclature adopted in the AMERICAN FERN
JOURNAL affords ample evidence of the terrible haste
which the scientific botanists have made in the course
of their research regarding the original names given by
the older botanists with the result of resurrections
thereof (i. e. of the names, not the botanists), and the
increased puzzlement of the fernists of the present day
due to the changes involved. In many cases this in-
volves a sort of translation from one language into
another which between otherwise English-speaking
* nations is an absurdity. I, for instance, am familiar
with certain common ferns, which are popularly called
buckler ferns and scientifically here Lastrea, or better
still, Nephrodium, this latter name indicating the kidney-
shaped form of the indusium, which the word buckler,
as distinct from shield, does also to an accepted ex-

tent. In the States, however, instead of these I find —
frequent mention of Dryopteris as the accepted synonym,
which merely means oak fern, an obvious absurdity, as

120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

the genus is practically ubiquitous, and I only recognize
familiar friends when I see them figured in association.
Looking further into the matter (p. 18) I find Dryopteris
= Polystichum in parenthesis, an altogether different
genus, which we call shield ferns, from the circular
form of the indusium, but which is further distinctly
characterized by a peculiar form of the pinnule or sec-
ondary (or tertiary) division. See for instance the illus-
trations of plates 9 and 10 and comvare with plates 12
and 13, which clearly show the difference which is en-
hanced by the very different texture of the fronds and
their lucent or non-lucent surface. No grower of the
two genera could class them as one, yet as a heading to
p. 7, Dryopteris=Aspidium (shield fern) emphasizing
the reference already made (p. 18). On p. 19 we have
repeated the old absurdity of classing Athyrium filiz-
foemina with the asplenia, to my mind one of the most
absurd allocations imaginable, since the asplenium fructi-
fication is linear, they are evergreen, of tough texture,
grow mostly on rocks and in short differ in every re-
spect from the soft-fronded, deciduous, moisture-loving
Athyrium, with its indefinite horse-shoe sori and ragged
indusium, etc., ete. In my humble opinion a vast pro-
portion of this exhuming botanical work with a view
to reformation of the existing nomenclature is simply a
waste of time and energy and only contributes to increase
the confusion they aim at clearing up. There should be
a statute of limitations imposed and more consideration —
given to the ideas of the cultivation of living plants
than to the literally dry-as-dust data afforded by her-
baria only. Why accept the ancient authorities as de-
termining ones when the knowledge and material at
their disposal was necessarily scanty and incomplete?
In our old British fern literature, for instance, great as
is the debt we owe to the pioneers of that day, we find

HABITAT OF OPHIOGLOSSUM VULGATUM 121

that hardly a single name is retained nowadays, subse-
quent experience having displayed their inaccuracy and
led to correction.

What is the Habitat of Ophioglossum vulgatum
R. C. BENEDICT

There seems to be some difference in opinion as to the
usual habitat of Ophioglossum vulgatum. Note the two
following references to it which have appeared in the
Fern JOURNAL in the last few numbers.

“Ophioglossum vulgatum I have found several times,
usually in dryish soil. It seems to like the shade of
Pteris, and is probably not rare, but it is so slender that
it is frequently overlooked.””*

“From the description given above, it will be noted
that the situation was not dissimilar to that required
by Ophioglossum—indeed the latter occurred there—
and it is not unlikely that careful search in Ophioglossum
territory may reveal more localities for Schizaea.””*

The latter statement brought a query from a member
of the Society who is familiar with the flora of southern
New Jersey, and who stated that the usual habitat for
Ophioglossum in southern New Jersey was in the pine
barrens, and that the locality as described by me above
was most unusual. As it happened that I was there
for Schizaea, and the Ophioglossum was not fertile, I did
not collect any, particularly as the situation was not in
any important respect different from the places in which
I had already found Ophioglossum. But Mr. Knowlton’s
description of the Ophioglossum habitat shows it to be
in Maine decidedly unlike those I am familiar with.
Can we not have a symposium here in the Journal on
the habitat of Ophioglossum? I would ask that all who
have found the adder’s tongue send in a statement of
"10, H. Knowlton, Ferns and their Allies in Southern Franklin County’

Maine. Am. Fern Jour. 4:5. 1914.
2 American Fern Journal 3:13. 1913.

192 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

the localities in which they have found it. These state-
ments should include a resume of the facts regarding
the soil, dampness, associated plants, and exposure, or
any others of importance. It will not be necessary to
put the facts in form for publication, as it may be neces-
sary if a large number respond, to summarize the re-
plies anyway. One point will be of particular interest
in connection with a fact noted by Prof. Campbell
in his monograph on the Ophioglossaceae. He re-
cords the finding of at least most of the prothallia
studied in locations where it was evident that the ground
was subject to flooding at some period of the year. In
this connection Mr. Webb’s description of the habitat of
O. Engelmanii in Missouri is interesting. Below I pre-
sent a record of the localities in which I have found
Ophioglossum.

1. Orange, New Jersey. Low flat sedgy meadow,
dry at that time, early July, but probably wet after any
hard rain; no shade. Sphagnum occured in small
patches for some time in the field.

2. Cornwall, Connecticut. Low, wet, boggy meadow;
no shade; Sphagnum present; soil mucky.

3. Toms River, New Jersey. Low swamp; sandy
soil; Sphagnum present in patches; the Ophioglossum
occurred at the edge of a thicket, partly shaded.

4. Springside, Hackensack River Valley, N. J. Wet,
sedgy, swamp meadow, probably dry later in the summer.
Similar to the Cornwall station described above although
no Sphagnum appeared to be present. This station
was discovered this spring by Dr. A. B. Stout, of the
New York Botanical Garden. It contains many thous-
ands of plants. Probably all along the Hackensack
meadows similar stations occur.

The four situations are essentially the same in that
all represent more or less boggy conditions favored by

phagnum. Where have you found the adder’s soae?

se ROORLIN, N. x,

Mr. Druery on Fern Nomenclature and on the Col-
lection of Ferns for Herbarium Purposes

R. C. BENEDICT

Mr. Druery’s notes on fern nomenclature, on another
page, call for some explanation, since they seem to indi-
cate that he believes the Fern JourNnat has an “ official”’
fern nomenclature. He speaks of the “nomenclature
adopted by the AMERICAN Fern JouRNAL.” This should
be expressed ‘‘the nomenclature adopted by the writers
in the AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL, ” since the first principle
of the JournaL has always been that contributors are
always free to use any nomenclature they may perfer
as long as they adopt one consistently. As a matter
of fact, the editor is partial to the name Dryopteris, but
the managing editor and the elected officers would
probably all favor Aspidiwm, and undoubtedly votes
would still be cast for Nephrodium if the matter were
submitted to the vote of the Society.

Mr. Druery favors Nephrodium because this name
bears directly on the kidney shaped indusia characteristic
of most of the species of this genus, but he notes Lastraea
as the accepted name in England. Is not this itself
an illustration of the practice to which he makes objec-
tion, the use of superfluous names ‘‘to the puzzlement
of fernists’”? The use of scientific names which have
direct application to the genus in question, however
ideal it might seem, is unfortunately a counsel of per-
fection. If it were to be followed to its logical conclu-
sion in the realm of nomenclature, it would mean so
wholesale a revision of existing names that the changes
incident to the adoption of the modern rules based on
priority would fade in insignificance.

Besides his reference to the present difference of
opinion as regards the proper namie for shield ferns in
England, Mr. Druery affords another illuminating hint
as to one of the principal reasons for the development of

123

124 _ AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

. the modern system of nomenclature in the —

sentence: “In our old British fern literature ....
we find that hardly a single name is retained now day 8,
subsequent experience having displayed their inaccuracy
and led to correction.”’ This is exactly the raison d’etre
for the modern system as exemplified in the codes adopted
at Vienna and Brussels, i. e., the correction of inaccuracies
of the previous system or lack of system of nomenclature.
The fact that the scientists of practically all nations are
meeting periodically and are finding more and more
common ground on which all can agree gives assurance
that we are approaching the unanimity of usage which
is to be desired.

In the matter of the collection of ferns for herbarium
purposes, comment is called for because of Mr. Druery’s
article published in the January number for 1914. Mr.
avery refers to a specific case of herbarium collecting
as ‘‘another act of vandalism,” the implication being
that acts of vandalism are frequent in America.

From Mr. Druery’s standpoint it may be that many of
us are too careless about preserving plants in a living
state, and too anxious to have many different forms
represented in our herbaria. His criticism, however,
does not take into consideration the very different con-
ditions under which fern study is carried on in this coun-
try as compared with those of England. When these
conditions are borne in mind, there appears to be very
little basis for his charge.

The criticism implies that an American collector al-
ways has the choice betweed collecting any particular
plant for his herbarium or for a fern garden. The facts
are, however, very different. Fern gardens are infre-
quent with us, partly because a smaller proportion of

people have space or inclination for a garden, and be-
cause fern culture is much more difficult here than in

AMERICAN FERN Socrery 125

England. The average collector has to choose not be-
tween pressing the fern and growing it, but between
pressing it and leaving it with considerable chance at
times that it may not be there when he returns. The
reclaiming of land for cultivation, or for dwellings, or
the trampling of cattle are frequent causes of the dis-
appearance of all sorts of wild treasures. The trans-
planting of ferns liable to destruction in this manner
would not necessarily save them, for back-yard culture
of ferns is seldom successful unless special pains are
taken to transplant also large amounts of soil at the
same time, and even with this precaution failures are
numerous.

Certainly it is much to be regretted that more mem-
bers of the Fern Society are not interested in fern grow-
ing here in America, and it is to be hoped that all who
have facilities will work to develop collections of living
ferns and will make themselves known so that other less
fortunate.members may know where they can send
living plants with a reasonable chance that they will be
preserved. It should be most strongly emphasized,
however, that any indiscriminate criticism, especially
as regards any specific herbarium collection, is entirely
without justification. Charges of vandalism should
not be made unless backed by detailed proofs.

American Fern Society

Changed address: Fermen L. Pickett, Pullman, Wash-
ington. Prof. 8. Fred Prince, Notch, Stone Co., Mo.

New Members: Franklin A. Barnes, Bellona, Yates
Co., N. Y.; Major Herman Burgin, U. 8. A., 63 West
Chelten Ave., Germantown, Pa.; Mrs. Ethelwyn F.
Merrill, Northwood Narrows, N. H.

126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

By order of the Council, a full set of the Fern JouRNAL
has been deposited with the Secretary and will be loaned
to members on request and payment of postage, in the
same manner as the specimens in the Society herbarium.
The first three volumes of the JournaL have been bound
together and weigh, when packed for mailing, about
two and one-half pounds. It is hoped that this lending
set will be, as time goes on, an increasing convenience
to recent members who do not have the earlier numbers.
Perhaps it may also serve to suggest to them the desira-
bility of owning a set.

At present, the Society possesses only one number of
its former organ, the Fern Bulletin—and that one it
owes to the generosity of Miss Mirick. It is desirable
that we should have a full set, as a matter of record.
If any member knows of an opportunity to acquire one,
the Secretary will be grateful for information about it.

In accordance with the requirements of our present
constitution I immediately vpon its adoption appointed
a committee to nominate candidates for officers for the
Society for 1915. The committee appointed was Mr.
Robert A. Ware, Boston, Mass., Dr. D. W. Fellows,
Portlant, Maine, and Mr. H. G. Rugg, Hanover, N. H.
As soon as the list of nominations was received from
this committee it was given to the secretary for printing
and mailing to all members. Miss Pauline Kaufman,
New York City, was appointed judge of elections to
whom votes were to be sent.

C. H. Bissewu, President.

REPORT OF THE JuDGE oF ELECTIONS.
To the Secretary of the American Fern Society:

The undersigned, Judge of Elections by appointment
of President Charles H. Bissell, respectfully presents the ~

AMERICAN FERN Socigety 127

following report of the ballotting for officers of the
American Fern Society for 1915:

Whole number of ballots: .75)20 25 30.55 81
For President For Secretary
Mr. Chas. H. Bissell... ..... 58 Mr. Chas. A. Weatherby... .56
Prof. A. Vincent Osmun..... 23 Mr. Stewart H. Burnham... .25
For Vice-president For Treasurer
mer. dohn Davies scsi pd: Mir nred G. Hovde... 6.9006
Mr. Harold W. Pretz........ 25.0 Mr. J.C. Underwood... =. x: 24

Miss Nellie Mirick..........

I therefore declare the election of Mr. Chas. H. Bissell
as President, Rev. John Davis as Vice-president, Mr.
Chas. A. Weatherby as Secretary, and Mr. Fred G.
Floyd as Treasurer, of the American Fern Society for
1915.

i

PAULINE KAUFMAN.
No. 173 East 124th St., New York City.
Nov. 1, 1914.

American Fern Society Meeting

A meeting of the American Fern Society will be held
at Philadelphia on December 28th and 29th, 1914, at
the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Race Street.
The exercises will open on Monday December 29th,
at 8:00 o’clock, p. m., with a paper by Mr. P. C. Stand-
ley, on “The Ferns of New Mexico,” followed by a
symposium on “Fern Hybrids,” led by Mr. Bissell and
others and illustrated by specimens from the Society
and private herbaria. Members are urged to meet for
dinner at six o’clock at the Bourse Building Restaurant,
eighth floor, corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets, on
Monday evening the 28th. On Tuesday, December
29th, at 10:00 a. m., will be an exhibit of specimens with
talks on local ferns by members of the society. It is
planned to have on exhibition specimens of as‘many as

128

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

possible of the new species, and forms that have recently

been described in the JOURNAL.

Any members having

specimens of new or rare things that they are willing to
loan the Society for exhibition are requested to send

them to Mr.

James G. Scott, 123 West Price Street,

Germantown, Pa., who, as chairman of the local com-
mittee of arieumeretid: will care for the specimens and

look out for their proper return.

The opportunity to

meet other members of our Society in this way comes so
seldom that it is hoped ee who possibly can will be in

attendance.

INDEX TO

A correction, 26

A family of ferns new to the United
States, 15

A "eine form of Pellaea atro-

k, 97

aadect ctheaae e, 86, 122

Adiantum pedatum, 4, 23, 24, 25,
49, 58, 64, 115; pedatum aleuti-

& 50
Alsophila, 21; Kuhnii, 21; a
lepis, lh gheqoplerciden
A merican Fern Journal, eg
American Fern Society, 29, 74, 101,
126
An unusual ane for Botrychium
lanceolatum, 2!
Anchistea elena 6
ual report - the American

em cad
Aspidium, 7, 120, pe acrosti-
choides, 4; clea 4, 5;

agen ae. Brovnth, 2, 3, 4,
Boottii ae cristatum, 60;
pti Clintonianum, 60; Gold-
marginale, 4, 60;

margthale var. elegans, 60; nove-
boracense, 60; rigidum, 72; spinu-
losum, 4, 60; u m var,
dilatatum, f. enium, sis

6
spinulosum var. penser 60;
Thelypteris, 4, 60

VOLUME 4

eeeeatom. 41, 120; acrostichaides ,

paroculum, 65;
104, 105; col
60, 65, 90;
muraria, “) 16; Susie,
74, 113; thelypteroides, 4; Tricho-
manes, 20, 23, 43, 44, 58, 91, 113,

32:
pinnatifdum,
neuron,

; cyclosorum, 41, 42,
113; filtz-fem ina, 23, 71, 91, 120
Azolla, 55; 93;

caroliniana, 56, ai,
filiculoides, 64

Bachman, J., 83

Beech-fern, broad, 92; long, 92

Benedict, R. C., At home with the
Hybrids in

ern menclatu
paflowieas ol of ferns for
ae Some fern re-
prints received, 20;
iho Rigs the Nes of Ophio-
glossum vulgatum, 1

etna

INDEX

Bissell, C. H., List of members by
tates, 31
Blake, S. F., Notes on the ferns of

the Champlain valley, 115
typ occidentale, 1s spicant,
meri
Botrychium, 60; natum, 85;

4, 23,

86, erginian, var.
canu

Mensa, lanceolatum, An un-
usual station for, 26

inna n,

Bragg, L. M., vbkgaemei! list of
a ‘ferns. of the t region of
South Carolina se ae Charles-

mn,
Brake, cliff, 97; common, 51; rock,

spa 8 per iggin tn ’

Bra , New Mee The
pst an fee i
Broad beech fern, 92

Buckler fern, 119
urnham, H., Braun's holly
fern, 1

Camptosorus, 18, 19, 97, 116;

Ni aadenae 19, 116; sibiricus,
ws plea apt giver anv 46, 47
Ch nin-f veined, 90,

91 “es god
Crean, 23, 47; Feei, 46, 48;

Lotte , 46, 48; tomentosa, 23,
cen C., 21, 22, 23; Some
new America of Dryop-

teris, 77
Christmas fern, 91
Cinnamon fer, ee 90, 92, 116
Cleveland, G. F
Cliff-brake, 90, ag
Clover fe

ern,
Club-moss, 93; fox-tail, 93; little,

93
Clute, W. N., A correction, 26

129

prec! W. C., 83
ommon brake, 51
the preservation of
4

lla, 93
acrostichoides,

46, 4 : densa, 46, 48,

er Seles 23, zs

Cantos 23, 61; ie 4, 96,
6; fragilis, 4, 24, 25,

Deer fern, 45

Dicksonia, 20, 27, 61; punctilobula,

Dicranopteris, 17; flexuosa, 15, 16,

17

Druery, C. T., , 26; Concern ning
the cerniionk of new forms of
fe , 24; Fern nomenclature,

119
Druery on fern nomenclature an

ret collection of ae - r her-

um purposes,
Sbissiene 4 7, 18, 22, 2, 7 97,119,
120, 123; ar jorea, 80 : Boottii,

130

Ebony spleenwor a
Pisohoolossuns Wine
Elections, Report of Ae Judge of,

mann’s fern, 66

28; va riegatum vai ae.
Jesupi f. geminatum, 118; varie-
gatum var. Jesupi f. mulliram-
eum, 118

Equisetum, Hybrids in, 27

Family of ferns new to the United
Sderot aa ps
, beech. 92; broad beech-, 92;
9; Christm

gonteeg 11 as, 91;
cinnam 86,. 90, 92,. 116;
clover, 55; deer, 45; duck-weed,

aR ann’s, 66; floating,

rattlesnake, 86: resurrec ection, 86;

royal, 92; sensitive, 91;

serrated, 29; shield, 120; swamp,
irginia

41; Vi chain-,

Fern i ay in Florida, in t
hosphate 65; nomen-
clature, figs nom menciatare and
the collection of ferns for her-

rposes, Mr. Danes on,

paid to,
cinte recently received,
ome

Ferns ond their allies in southern
Franklin Co., Maine, 57; col-
lected in the in River canyon,

Mendocino Co., Cal., 64; for

herbarium purposes, Mr. Druery

on fern nomenclature and the
collection of, 123; new to the

United States, A family of, 15;
of Korea the Brazos

canyon, New "Mexico, The, 109; 2

ee

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

of: the Champlain valley, Notes

Filicales, 70
Filix ghd babe 72; fragilis, 65, 72,

Floating fern, 55, 93
as mesial git 90,

aes toss Jackson, a soe
fia Sects ae Washington,

Gibbes, L. R., 83

Gleichenia, 17; fleruosa, 17; rigida,
Gleicheniaceae, 15, 16

Go neck fern, 47

Go

Idie vb 3
Gontopsie , 80, 81
peter triangularis, 47, 64

Harper, R. M., :

Hart’s tongue;D 97

Hart's tongue, es ine a = 95

ge D. F., Some of
sioeh L. S., Herbarium notes,

29; Report of the Curator, 39;

righ of the Secretary for

1913,
Hybrids is Equisetum, 27

Isoetace
Is — ei: :echinospora var, a
lacustris, 65; riparia, 104,
Jackson, M. MeM., rye
ra The ferns of Seinieiea 7 :
mor Oo. Notes on the pteri-
dophytes ot the n orth shore of
Lake Superi

Kaufman, P., Report of the Judge
of

, Ferns and their
allies in te ranklin Co.,
Maine, 57

Lace fern

, 48
Lady fern, 90, 91, 92
Lastrea, 77, 79, pm 119, 123
Leather-leaf polypod, 53

Lomaria, 43; Spicant, 44, 45
Lorinseria areolata, 91
Lycopod, 119

es, 68
Lycopodium, ata adpressum, 85, 93;
93; annolinum, 23,

. : sean var. pungen
62; carolinianum, ; clavatum,
62, 69, 119; clavatum var. megas-
tachyon, 119; planatum,
62, 69; complanatum var. flabel
liforme, 63, 119; inundatum, 62,
119; lucidulum, 62, 68, Rae ob
obscuru 62, 119; obse Vv
dendroideum, 62, 69 sablinae-

- eee 20; palmatum, 4

a fern, 49
Male

pi 2
_ Marsh shie id- fern
Marsilia, i sane ts 56
Marsiliaceae, 55
Mateucca, 23; orientalis, 23; Stru-
hi ae

Maxon, "Ww. R., 20; family

of
foros’ new to the mae States,

15
oo iene flexuosa, 17; rigida, 17
Mountain wood-fern, 19

Nephrodium, 119, 123; cristatum x
Goldianum, 105; Kuhnii, 21
ed chain

Cc
Neurogramma triangularis, 47
New Mexico, ms of the
Braz ;

New York fern, 9
Noble, M. unting in
Florida, in the cider coun-

Nomenclature, — 119

Notes and news,

Notes on the ante " the Champlain
valley, 115

Notes on the pteridophytes of the
north shore of Lake Su perior, 68

Noyo ie canyon,

., Ferns collected in the,

0.,

Oak-fern, 116, 119
Odontosoria, 20 eeu 20

131

Onoclea, 19, 61; orientalis, 19;
sensibilie: se 18, 6173. St;
104, 115; sensibilis var. obtusilo-
bata, 61; aan e. 19;: 61;
115

Ophioglossaceae, 63, 122

Ophioglossales, 70
Ophioglossum, 67, 121, 122; cali-
Aap viarasmeoh anan:
; Engelmanni, - 122; vulga-

7 35,12
Opbioglossum order in Mis-
souri,
Cons als ceo What is

icul
117; cinnamomea Vv ondosa,
61; ct m a glandulosa,
116; cinnamomea var isa, '

interrupta, 118
Osmundaceae, 61, 63

bree E. J., Ophioglossum Engel-

Missouri,
ae 47; atropurp , Oo, 3
97, 98, 101, 116; atropurpurea

9, 64; glabella, 101;

Pella A peculiar
for’
Pheooperis alpestris, 12; Dryop-

58, 71, 116; hexagon-
egopteris, 70,
16

132

82, Scouleri, 53, 54; trinidadense,
81; vulgare, 4, 58, 64, 70, 86, 115;
vulgare var. — 111

y, common, 86

Polystichum, 9 : acrosti-
hoides, 60, 65, , 115; aculea-
tum, 64; B ae ie 23, 32, 60;

13, 64
13; scopulinum, 9, li,
Porcher vie P., 84
Preliminary list of the ferns of the
coast pee: m of sis Carolina
north of Charleston,
m, 3
93
ilinum, 71, she
udatum
m ae ee 90:
equinus pubescens, 50, , 52
112
Pteridophytes of the north shore of
Lake or, Notes on the, 68
Pieris, - a 87, 89, 121; ora ween
4, 19, 115;, cau 90
este 88, 'g9; muti, a, 89:
rulata, 87, 89,

Peat

Radlo, D. A., Report of the Judge
of elections, 38

Ravenel, Pane 83

Report. 0: Ourato r, 39; of t
Judge of pei 38, a of a.
President, 34; of the Secretary

for 1913, 36; of the Treasurer,

Resurrection fern, 86
Rock brake, 48
Royal cig 86, 93
Rugg, H. G., Report of the Treas-

urer, a.

ush, scouring, 62

Salvinia, 55

Salviniaceae, 55

Slaee 3 32, 74, 121

Scott, J. G., The annual field meet-
ing, 103

Scouring rush, 62

Selaginella, 63, 119; acanthonota,
85; apus, 92, 93; rupestris, 119;
Underwoodii, 114.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

rete Niles 93

Sensiti

Sey aed ane es |

Shield-fern, f6: ’ Florida, 90, 92;

ma:
Some tech reprints recently re-

ceiv

as pa of Korea, 17

Some new Ammetions species of
Lievceees ris, 77

South Carolina north of Charles-
ton, Preliminary list of hee ferns
of, of the coast region o

= henomeris, 20
Spleenwort, ebony

pga ese oO... foo ferns of ae

razos canyon, New Mexi

—— 82, 83; Carrii, 91;
a, 83; eyclocolpa, pi 83;

bs.
Sckany germanica, 4; spicant,
Swamp fern, 41

The annual field meeting, 103
The fern garden, 74
zs sen of ae Brazos canyon,

w Mexico,
a celia: of cab coed , 41
Thir — pags sand dollars paid ‘to fern
pickers, 28
Tdestrom, 1
cy, H. H., Wis collected in the
gow dle river canyon, Mendocino
Co., Cal., 64

Virginia chain-fern, 90

Ware, R. A., Report of the Presi-
dent, ee
Ww , The ferns of,
— is on cet of pan
um vulgatum

Winslow. E. i usual sta-
tion for Be eian aon wre

Wood fern, mountain, 9, 10
oodsia alpina, 73; glabella, 73;
ilvensis, 4, 61, 73, ee mexicana,
112; obtusa, 65;

scopulina, 112

Woodwardia, 45; — 65, 66;
radicans, 64 44, 45;
virginica, 58, 65, 66

Titt Bes OLOGISE

WITH THE JANUARY 1914 NUMBER BEGINS ITS
SEVENTEENTH YEAR AND VOLUME

Itisa eee bimonthly devoted to the study of the Mosses,
Hepatics, and Lichens Fullyi ee with vu: riginal drawings
and half-tones; it is indispensable the working bryologist,
professional or amateur. Sample aes on request; subscription
price $1.25 a year in the United States, with membership in the
Sullivant Moss Society, $1.50.

idiioe Dr. 0. E. JENNINGS,
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh,

or Mr. EDWARD B. CHAMBERLAIN
18 West 8oth St., New York City

AMERICAN NATURE-STUDY. SOCIETY |
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