American fern journal.

American #ern Fournal

Published by the

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

Bd
EDITORS

WILLIAM R. MAXON
RG; rains G. Vv. MORTON
3 RA L. WIGGINS
: VOLUME 34
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LANCASTER PENNSYLVANIA

CONTENTS

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 1, PAGES 1-36, ISSUED MARCH 22, 1944

Reminiscences of Fern Collecting in Fiji. cu. A.C. Smith 1

A Southern Variety of Polypodium sien .C. A. Weatherby 17

A New Trichomanes from Colombia C.V. Morton 19

Diplazium lonchophyllum in Louisiana ............. William R. Maxon 21
Shorter Notes: The Southeastern San of Lycopodium
inundatum; A Fern New to W r Co., Massachu-

tts ; a tuberosa aa ‘Prest ese srenie ena 24

Recent "Pern Lite 25

American Fern eas 30

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2, PAGES 37-68, ISSUED JUNE 19, 1944

nee Ferns in wlonsinsicn Memeo 33 Ira L. Wiggins 37
The Name of the Dee William R. Maxon 50
oeatienond of Equis ae in New Jersey..... William F. Rapp, Jr. 51
Status of Botrychium dissectum var. oneidense.

Robert T. Clausen 55
Shorter aie x Asplenium Gravesii in Virginia: Bradley’s

Spleenwort in Ohio
Recent te Literature 63
American Fern Society 66

VoLuME 34, NUMBER 3, Pages 69-100, ISSUED OCTOBER 10, 1944

The New World Species of Azolla H. K. Svenson 69
Mass Collections: Equisetum sylvaticum.......... sais orman C. Fassett 85
bie aia Bluff ar T. Wherry 92

horter Notes: Osmunda cinnamomea f. ees, Two

Fe New to Trinidad
Recent Fern Literature 96
American Fern Society 98

VOLUME 34, NuMBER 4, Pages 101-132, IsSUED NOVEMBER 30, 1944

Some Conspicuous Ferns of Northern South America.
Oscar Houokt 101
Annotations on West American Ferns—TI11 ............. Joseph Ewan 107
A New Isoetes from Ecuador Henry K. Srenqon 121
Another Occurrence of the Apparent sph Cystopteris
arren H. TERS Jr. 125

Recent Fern Literature 127
American Fern Society ....... 129
Index to Volume 34 130

VOR ee eee

ee, et te eee ees SS Teen ey pe ieee

Vol. 34 January-March, 1944 No, 1

American #ern Journal

nna ATER

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS

Published by the

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

Che American Hern Soriety

Counril for 1944
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR

C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge 38, che tee
‘JOSEPH Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, pes
: ice-President

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Secretary

Hina Staahes, Sronklyn: Delite ities, loony 95, 8. N. sé
Wuiam BR. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, + Waa tore 0 5, D. &

OFFICIAL ORGAN

American Fern Journal
= EDITORS

: Winns R, Maxox. Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D.&.
oe Be eke te Dorehester Toad gto ial 26, N.

“ eS v. pe cotta .... Smithsonian Institutio 25,
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An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general aay: of ferns.

$1.50; life membership, $25.00). Extracted reprints, if ered

, will be furnished authors at cost. They should se ordered
cee peek 2 nek
Volume i, six oon $2.00; other Sa gees cs $1.25 each. Single
Vol. I, N vol. TIT, nos. 2, 3 and
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American Fern Journal

Vou. 34 JANUARY—Marcu, 1944 No. 1

Reminiscences of Fern Collecting in Fiji
A. C. SmirH

During the present period of turmoil in the southwest-
ern Pacific, botanists who have worked in any of the
archipelagoes of that region are prone to wonder what
changes will result from the war. There is, fortunately,
no longer a possibility that the southwestern groups will
pass from the control of friendly countries and become
closed to occidental explorers, as have the mandated
Micronesian islands. It is now only a question of time
until the Pacific will again be at peace and all its islands
open to further scientific exploration. Many of these
archipelagoes, for example the Solomons and the New
Hebrides, are very nearly unexplored from a botanical
standpoint; others, such as Fiji, are much better known.
Although not in the actual combat area, Fiji is strategi-
cally important for its position; from a phytogeographic
viewpoint also it is highly important, lying at the edge
of the supposed old continental shelf and in the route of
major plant movements from Papuasia eastward.

It is just ten years ago that, as a Bishop Museum Fel-
low in Yale University, I made a collection of plants in
Fiji! Herbarium studies in the interval have kept my

r brief accounts of this trip see Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 35:
261-280, 0, figs. 1— a (1984) and non Woods 41: 1-5 (1935).
f the JouRNAL, pages 113-148, was issued
bk! 15, eas]
1

y AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

memories of this period vivid, and the present recollec-
tions are set down in the hope that they will interest fern
students whose experiences may not extend to the Pacific
tropics. In general, the Pacific islands, excluding the
low limestone groups, are among the wealthier parts of
the world in ferns, a large proportion of their vascular
flora being made up by this fascinating group.

During the course of my nine months in Fiji, I col-
lected on eight or ten islands of the more than 200 which
make up the archipelago. With the intention of avoid-
ing the better-collected localities visited by earlier bot-
anists, I concentrated on the higher portions of the large
voleanic islands, spending several months on Vanua Levu
(the Great Land), the second island of Fiji in size. Al-
though more than 100 miles long, Vanua Levu is com-
paratively narrow, averaging perhaps 20 miles in width.
A nearly continuous mountain range extends for most of

its length, and this range, lying athwart the southeast —

trade winds, sharply divides the island into a wet south-
ern slope and a fairly dry northern slope. Like many
other collectors of tropical plants, I have a certain aver-
sion to dry countries; consequently I neglected the north-
ern portions of Vanua Levu in order to concentrate on
the wet and heavily forested southern slopes. Let him
who will seek out the deserts, the grasslands, the dry
reed-covered hills of tropical countries; surely fern stu-
dents on the whole will agree with me in turning to the
wet forests, where swollen streams pour over dark
boulders and the trees are clad in masses of soaking epi-
phytes. Here, in these cool green recesses of the rain-
forest, is found the wealth of ferns that more than repays
one for the sudden showers, the day-long torrential down-
pours, the wet camp-sites, the soaking shoes, and other
attendant discomforts. Eventually, I have always found,
there is a morning when the sun shines, and an open place

WES as eee oy are. ne

ae Hoel eerie

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Ae a et SAR

FERN COLLECTING IN Fut g

along a creek where one can absorb the steaming heat and
simultaneously let one’s eyes roam over the edge of a
bright green forest, with mosses and ferns cloaking the
dripping branches and the drenched rocks. What equal
recompense has the-fern-lover in dry countries, where,
parched and exhausted by desiccating winds, hot, thirsty,
he may eventually stumble upon a boulder beneath which
lurks a sere brown clump of some depauperate Chei-
lanthes? No, let us write only of the forest, the wet
green forest, where graceful tree-ferns abound, where
large-fronded epiphytes and minute mosslike filmy ferns
cover the lower branches and the trunks of the canopy-
forming trees.

To be sure, the reed-covered northern slopes of Vanua
Levu are not devoid of ferns. Here are impenetrable
tangles of stiff-fronded species of Gleichenia; here are
extensive areas in which Pteridium aquilinum is domi-
nant. But one need not go to the southwestern Pacific
to study the Bracken.

To obtain representative collections of the Vanua Levu
forest, I ascended the main ridge in several places from
the south coast. During my work in Fiji I was accom-
panied by a Fijian boy of about 20—-Manoa by name—
who obtained additional help in each village as we needed
it, and who acted as interpreter and ‘‘head boy.’’ To
obtain other local helpers was no problem, for most
Fijians are woodsmen and look upon an excursion into
the mountains as a lark, for which a few shillings or some
trade-goods are ample recompense. Letters to the vari-
ous district and village chiefs are also of the greatest
value to a collector; in general these chiefs themselves
are pleased to accompany such excursions, even though
the motives behind the gathering of leaves and bits of
moss are more or less inexplicable to them. By passing
myself off as a vunikau (doctor of trees)—a sort of occi-

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLUME 34, PLATE 1

CYATHEA LUNULATA IN A ForREST CLEARING.

FERN COLLECTING IN F gt 5

dental medicine man—I invariably obtained willing (if
sometimes amused) cooperation from my Fijian friends.
As illustrating the life of a plant collector in Fiji, I shall
here confine my recollections to a period of a few days
spent in western Vanua Levu.

The western end of the island is dominated by Mount
Seatura, an extensive mass rising very gradually from
the coasts to an elevation of about 850 meters. To col-
lect on the slopes and summit of this mountain was my
principal motive in visiting Mbua, the westernmost of
the three provinces making up Vanua Levu. At this
time I was making my headquarters in the village of
Ndama, about two miles up the Ndama River, which
debouches somewhat south of the famous—or infamous—

ua Bay, scene of certain lurid negotiations between
sandalwood traders and Fijians more than a century ago.
It is not unsatisfying to a botanist that some of these
traders, who made Santalum Yasi a rarity, found an
uncomfortable permanence in Mbua.

After some days’ collecting in the coastal hills of Mbua,
I set out to ascend the mountain. The best approach
from Ndama lies up the so-called Ndriti Gap, which cuts
off the southern Seatovo Range from the main mass of
the mountain. On the afternoon of the selected day,
Manoa and I, accompanied by eight or ten boys ‘‘ap-

pointed’’ as carriers by the mbuli (chief) of the Ndama
district, walked up the valley a few miles to the smaller
village of Nangandoa. Here the Ndama is a pleasant
slow stream about six meters wide, and we enjoyed a
leisurely swim before dark. The turanga ni koro (head
man) of Nangandoa turned over a little house to us, and
we set up a secondary headquarters here.

In the morning we again set out, carrying only the
minimum amount of baggage and leaving all drying
equipment behind. The trail through Ndriti Gap passes

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 34, PLATE 2

A. CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE, SHOWING CAUDEX OF CYATHEA LUNULATA
ATTACHED TO END OF RIDGE-POLE.

B. COMPLETED House, SHOWING CAUDICES AT BoTH ENDS.

FERN COLLECTING IN FI 7

first through dry open country, in which reeds (Mis-
canthus japonicus) and species of Gleichenia predomi-
nate; but soon the lowland forest is entered, and the tiny
village of Ndriti lies in a clearing in this forest, beside
the now swift stream. Our party was expected at
Ndriti; consequently. we were welcomed with a yanggona
ceremony, the inevitable traditional performance of pre-
paring and drinking the universal beverage of the Pacific,
made from the roots of Piper methysticum. The ritual
of making and partaking of this drink readily consumes
a couple of hours, but to slight the courtesies it demands
is very impolitic; and anyway, this day it was raining
hard, so I did not object to the time spent in social ameni-
ties. After this ceremony and an excellent lunch of
prawns, ndalo (Colocasia antiquorum), and native
greens, I was able to discuss with my hosts plans for
ascending the mountain. As they assured me that there
was no trail, I offered to pay three or four of the local
men to mark a trail part way up the slope and to make
an over-night shelter. This they proceeded to do, while
I took Manoa and a couple of other helpers and collected
in the rain in the nearby forest.

The wet forest of low and middle elevations on Vanua

Levu abounds in ferns, and the most casual collector soon

becomes acquainted with such terrestrial forms as
Athyrium melanocaulon, A. esculentum, A. tripin-
natifidum, Microlepia speluncae, Tectaria latifolia, and
the more common species of Dryopteris, of which about
30 species are known in Fiji. Among the tree-ferns are
Cyathea propinqua and C. lunulata; the latter, probably
the most common tree-fern in Fiji, is known all over the
group as mbalambala. It is one of the few ferns which
the Fijians use in their native economy, its long caudices
serving as adornments to terminate the ridge-poles of
houses, and also in some cases as interior wall uprights.

8 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

The young fronds of this fern are eaten in times of
scarcity, like those of many other species. Most ferns,
of course, can be so eaten; but in a country as rich as
Fiji, where yams, taro, breadfruit, coconuts, and many
other delicious plant foods can be had at the cost of slight
effort, the natives seldom rely upon ferns as food. In
this tropical forest the epiphytic ferns are perhaps more
conspicuous and varied than the terrestrial forms;
simple-fronded epiphytes of common occurrence are
Polypodium accedens and Antrophyum alatum, the lat-
ter covering tree-trunks with dense mats of creeping
tangled rhizomes. Curious epiphytes with pendant
fronds are Vaginularia paradoxa and Vittaria scolopen-
drina, the former with fronds up to 25 em. long and only
about 1 mm. broad, simulating narrow hanging grass-
blades, the latter somewhat larger, with fronds up to a
meter in length but proportionately broader. Among
the peculiar humus-collecting epiphytes are to be men-
tioned Asplenium nidus, Polypodium linguaeforme, and ~
Drynaria rigidula; these have large coarse fronds and
are ‘‘nest-like’’ in growth, the bases of their fronds tend-
ing to collect debris and humus. Common epiphytes
with attractively divided fronds are Asplenium remotum,
A. bipinnatifidum, and Davallia fejeensis; to see the last
species in abundance in its native home is of especial
interest, for it is widely used as a greenhouse plant in
hanging baskets. :

Our afternoon in the forest near Ndriti having resulted
in the collection of some of the above-mentioned species
and numerous flowering trees and shrubs, I decided to
spend the following morning in the same pursuit and to
return to Nangandoa to dry the collection before pro-
ceeding up the mountain. Such flexible plans are really
necessary in a region where the weather and the native
temperaments are both subject to unpredictable vagaries.

FERN COLLECTING IN FIJI 9

In the vicinity of Ndriti, however, the weather is actually
quite dependable; it is raining. Guppy,? in his invalu-
able geological study of Vanua Levu, describes Ndriti as
one of the wettest places on the island. As I walked back
down the trail to Nangandoa the sun was shining, but,
looking behind me, I could see heavy clouds hanging in
the deep valleys of Seatura.

After putting into press our collections, we again
started out for the mountain. Arriving at Ndriti, we
found that all the men I had engaged were on the moun-
tain except one, who then guided Manoa and me up the
trail they had marked. This trail, an overgrown sur-
veyor’s track that would have been invisible but for the
recent clearing, leaves the valley of the Ndama for a
small northern affluent, which is forded repeatedly. The
forest here is dense and is dominated by a small ulma-
ceous tree, the masivau (Gironniera celtidifolia). In-
visible birds, with thrushlike notes, accompanied us.
Common terrestrial ferns, as one ascends the mountain
ridges, are Syngramma pinnata, Blechnum orientale, and
Asplenium laserpitiifolium, the last a handsome plant
with quadripinnate fronds, which is often found on tree-
trunks as well as on the ground. Species of Nephrolepis,
either terrestrial or epiphytic, are abundant, among them
N. exaltata and N. biserrata. A small tree-fern with
large decompound fronds is Culcita straminea, while
Schizaea dichotoma is common on the forest floor, with
species of Selaginella. This Schizaea is not very rem-
iniscent of our northern species; it has a stiff stipe often
30 em. in length and a dichotomously branching fanlike
blade up to 10 em. long, with the sporangia borne on
pinnately arranged spikes at the tips of the segments.
Didymochlaena truncatula is fairly abundant at middle
elevations, and its presence in the Pacific is somewhat

? Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific, Vol. 1 (1903).

10 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

surprising to one who has seen it so common in South
America.

Mount Seatura is a massive formation of criss-cross
ridges and buttresses, and even from the high points one
obtains no clear idea of the topography. Our trail led
up the ridges fairly steeply, but in no parts was stiff
climbing called for. By mid-afternoon, by pushing
along without collecting, we found our advance party at
about 500 meters elevation at a place they called ‘‘Sea-
tura.’’ Here the ridge flattens out momentarily and
there used to be an old fortified town, the name of which
has now been applied to the whole mountain, although
the various peaks have other local names. The highest,
for which I was aiming, is called Navotuvotu, but on
some of the charts it is marked as ‘‘West Peak.’’ At
present there is no indication whatever of a town site at
‘*Seatura’’; dense heavy forest covers the ridge. I gath-
ered that the natives of the Ndriti district used to retire
to this easily defended spot in the old days, when things
got too hot for them in the valley. Episodic warfare
between the various tribes and villages, no more than a
century ago, was a commonplace, and strategic village
sites were essential.

In the present century Seatura presents a peaceful
enough aspect, beneath the huge quiet trees. My advance
guard had here built a frame shelter, covered with the
large leaves of Alpinia spp. and Heliconia Bihai. A
frame for my canvas fly was erected in a few moments,
and the solicitous Manoa made me a bed of saplings
raised from the ground, covering it with the fronds of
Angiopteris evecta and Marattia Smithu. There is no
especial significance in the specific epithet of the latter,
and I doubt if the Smith for whom it was named, nearly
a century ago, ever spent such comfortable nights on its
soft fronds. These two huge-fronded eusporangiate

ee ae

|
|
|
|

FERN COLLECTING IN FI 11

ferns are among the most striking plants of the Fijian
forests; in addition to their soporific qualities, the fronds
of Angiopteris evecta are said to be eminently edible.

As soon as we were fairly settled at Seatura the daily
downpour began, and soon afterward a large percentage
of the female population of Ndriti toiled up the hill,
bringing our supper. This shows what sort of campers
Fijian bushmen are. It was a good supper; the prawns
in this region are large and delicious, and I prefer them
even to tinned beef and salmon, something my compan-
ions found hard to believe. In Fiji I always carried a
supply of tinned meat and fish, but seldom used this
myself, as native food is usually abundant. Living in a
region where the rivers and coastal reefs teem with deli-
cious fish, the inhabitants look upon a can of salmon as
areal prize. During the night the rain stopped and a
hazy moon sent splotches of light through the forest to
our peaceful camp. There was, of course, conversation ;
in Fiji to talk at any time and on any subject is an in-
alienable right. An old man named Masima (which
means salt) held forth at great length, while everyone
else went to sleep or pretended to. At about three
o’clock I heard one of the women making a long loud
speech, which evoked no rejoinder whatever ; possibly she
was complaining about the crazy ‘‘papalangi’’ causing
her to leave her comfortable bed to climb mountains in
the rain. In the morning I found Manoa sleeping under
my bed, for he said the shelter was crowded. As it held
nine young men and boys, four women, one old man, and
one small boy, I considered this an understatement. So
much for roughing it in Fiji.

With seven or eight of the boys, I proceeded to Navo-
tuvotu. Some of them went ahead to open the old trail;
the rest followed slowly with me, and we collected every-
thing in good condition. The trail follows a gradually

12 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

rising ridge through dense forest, of which the tree-
trunks are cloaked in masses of wet bryophytes and long
drooping Lycopodiums. The hard- and simple-fronded
epiphytes Oleandra Parksvi and Selliguea feeioides are
here abundant. Among noteworthy filmy ferns are
Trichomanes omphalodes, a species with minute peltate
fronds less than 1 cm. in diameter, forming masses on
tree-trunks, and 7. apiifoliwm, strikingly different, with
large epiphytic quadripinnatifid fronds 30 to 50 em. long.
Toward the summit the forest is thinner in patches, and
the typical ridge ferns are the harsh-fronded Blechnum
capense, B. Patersonii, and Dipteris conjugata. The last
of these often forms conspicuous stands, and its large
orbicular dichotomously cleft fronds, with scattered
minute dorsal non-indusiate sori, are suggestive of no
temperate fern. One of the most peculiar Fijian ferns
of the upper slopes is Leptopteris Wilkesiana, a member
of the Osmundaceae but in no way suggesting an
Osmunda. It is a treelike fern with a small slender
caudex and comparatively small and membranaceous
bipinnate fronds. Unlike the osmundaceous plants of
temperate regions, Leptopteris bears its sori dorsally on
the green fronds. The ultimate two miles of our ridge
toward Navotuvotu is clothed with tangled thickets of
Freycinetia—a relative of the screw-pines—and one of
the few ferns which is thoroughly objectionable, Histiop-
teris sinuata. The sprawling fronds of this unwelcome
fern, 6 meters and more in length, form interlaced
tangles which are nearly impenetrable. The polished
rachises and axes are tough and resilient, resisting
machete strokes, so that one must crawl through a tunnel
made by bodily pressure. In this manner, creeping and
squirming through harsh masses of Histiopteris fronds,
we came to the summit of Navotuvotu and found a sur-
veyor’s beacon in a small tangled clearing. The day was —

Ng Re ee

Fern CoLurectTiIne iw Fy 13

surprisingly clear and we had an excellent view in all
directions. From this summit several adjacent islands,
such as Ovalau and the mass of Viti Levu, can be seen,
as well as a large part of Vanua Levu. To the east, one
looks across the Wainunu and Ndreketi valleys, with
their picturesque sharp peaks of curious names—
Ndrandramea, Mbonolailai, Navungingumu, Osoyan-
gairokokumilevu, and others nearly as strange.

Fijians show the greatest interest in surveying their
country from the peaks, and I believe they welcomed my
excursions as a legitimate excuse to ascend their little-
known mountains, from whose summits they eagerly
pointed out landmarks to one another. On this occasion
I soon had them all collecting in the vicinity of Navotu-
votu, and in a few hours we had fairly well exhausted
the immediate locality. Our return trip to the camp at
Seatura beat the darkness and the usual downpour by a
few minutes. This night I had no difficulty in sleeping
all the dark hours, conversation notwithstanding.

The procession which straggled down to Ndriti the next
morning consisted of : Manoa, carrying a plant press and
an axe; one botanist, carrying a machete and trying to
keep his footing while looking up for flowering trees; one
boy, carrying a copra sack to hold the day’s collections ;
three boys, carrying yesterday’s plants; Masima, dressed
in a couple of leaves and wondering how he got into this
party ; four women bearing culinary accessories and even
a yanggona bowl; one small boy, carrying a basket full
of empty tin ‘cans; five or six boys carrying assorted
baggage and earning their pay very easily. This parade
gradually trickled past its head, and Manoa and I, col-
lecting the plants marked on the upward trip, were the
last to reach Ndriti. Here we had a spot of yanggona,
said farewell to our companions, and continued to Nan-
gandoa, where the next two days were spent in preparing
and drying the Seatura collections.

14 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

The preceding paragraphs will perhaps have given the
reader a sketchy impression of collecting methods in
Fiji—at least of the writer’s methods, which will pos-
sibly seem somewhat leisurely and haphazard to collectors
who follow a more rigid schedule. Ferns probably are
not so conspicuous in the vegetation of Fiji as in that of
some other Pacific groups—the Societies, for instance.
The phanerogamie flora of Fiji is much richer than that
of the eastern archipelagoes, and the pteridophytes there-
fore are comparatively subsidiary to the dense and varied
rain-forests.

Our first knowledge of the ferns of Fiji is searcely more
than 100 years old, dating to the U. S. Exploring Expedi-
tion of 1838-1842. The ferns collected by this expedi-
tion were described by Brackenridge, one of its members,
in Volume 16 of the publications of the U. 8. Exploring
Expedition (1854-55), one of the rarest of botanical
books, now to be found in only a very few libraries.
Seemann’s Flora Vitiensis (1865-73), still the standard
reference work pertaining to the Fijian fiora, although
necessarily incomplete by modern standards, includes a
section on ferns (pp. 331-378) contributed by Carruthers
(1873), in which the collections made by Seemann,
MacGillivray and Milne, and Harvey are discussed. A
later collection made by Horne was discussed by J. G.
Baker*® and 14 species were described as new. Horne’s
collections were uniformly poor and badly preserved, but
they were said to have contained about 200 species and
varieties of ferns.

The most important and most recent comprehensive
treatment of Fijian ferns is Prof. E. B. Copeland’s
“Ferns of Fiji,’’* in which knowledge pertaining to the
group is summarized and keys to genera and species are

3 Journ. Bot. 17: 292-300. 1879.
4 Bishop Mus. Bull. 59. 1929

Oe ee ee ee a a ee ee ny en ne Cees ee

eee a ee ee

Oey amen tareer a ees SEL eee

FERN COLLECTING IN Fut 15

given. All the major fern families are present in Fiji,
and Copeland recognizes 63 genera and 230 species
(excluding Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum, ete.).
His treatment of generic lines was perhaps more conser-
vative in 1929 than it would be in 1944, and the number
of Fijian genera will be considerably augmented if one
recognizes the many segregates in the Hymenophyllaceae.

Copeland’s interesting analysis of the fern flora of Fiji
shows that only 46 species were considered by him to be
endemic—a mere 20 per cent of the total. This is
notably low, in comparison to the percentage of endem-
ism among ferns in such Pacific groups as Hawaii, New
Caledonia, and New Guinea, and it is well below the
percentage of endemism among indigenous flowering
plants in Fiji. Although no figures are available for
this, because our knowledge of Fijian flowering plants
is still far from complete, I estimate that the percentage
of endemism, excluding obvious introductions, ap-
proaches 50 per cent. The only endemic genus of ferns
in Fiji is the monotypic Orthiopteris. That compara-
tively few new species of ferns remain to be discovered
in Fiji is indicated by the fact that, among about 600
numbers of ferns collected by myself in 1933-34 and by
Mr. Otto Degener in 1940-41, Dr. Carl Christensen and
Professor Copeland discovered a total of only six species
which appeared new to them.

Excluding the endemics and a few species of dubious
range, Copeland analyzes the remaining 170 Fijian
species as follows: 21 (12 per cent) are known only
from islands to the east, whereas 149 (88 per cent) are
known farther west than Fiji, although some of these
also occur to the east. Of these 149 species, 45 are cos-
mopolitan or pantropical, 43 range into Asia beyond the
Malay Peninsula, 31 are Malayan, 6 occur no farther
west than New Guinea, and 24 are known from the New

16 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Hebrides, New Caledonia, or Australia. These figures,
of course, are not too accurate, primarily because of our
scanty knowledge of the ferns of the New Hebrides, the
Solomons, and New Guinea. As to the last huge island,
a vast amount of knowledge has been accumulated since
1929 because of the collections of the Archbold Expedi-
tions, and Copeland would doubtless now revise his fig-
ures substantially as a result of his studies of these collec-
tions. In regard to the ferns, as to flowering plants, it
may confidently be stated that a true understanding of
the Fijian representatives will not be gained until the
flora of New Guinea is better understood, for the course
of plant migration from New Guinea through the Solo-
mons and New Hebrides and into Fiji becomes more
evident with every collection from these regions. Of
course, the Fijian flora had other sources than Papuasia;
some elements are distinctly Australian or New Cale-
donian, others are Micronesian, and a comparatively few
are Polynesian. But in general one must look to New
Guinea for the major Fijian relationships, among ferns
as among spermatophytes.
ARNOLD ARBORETUM or Harvarp UNIVERSITY.

ceslaeaiaiaas

a i a

A VARIETY OF PoLYPODIUM PELTATUM 17

A Southern Variety of Polypodium peltatum
C. A. WEATHERBY

In my revision of the group of Polypodium lanceo-
latum,' I noted under P. polylepis Roem. (now to be
called P. peltatum Cav., an earlier name?) two collections
from Chiapas and Guatemala which differed from most
individuals of the species (a plant chiefly of the highland
of central and southern Mexico) in their larger blades,
only sparsely beset beneath with small scales. At the time,
because of the scant material available, I attempted no
taxonomic recognition of this variant. The ample collec-
tions of Standley cited below are, however, remarkably
uniform and agree well with the two specimens originally
Seen. They indicate a well-established regional variant,
apparently confined to the Sierra Madre of Chiapas and
adjacent Guatemala, which may be described as follows:

PoLypoprum pELTaTum Cay. var. interjectum, var.
nov., paleis rhizomatis ut in varietate typica, a qua differt
laminis lanceolatis, paleis laminae paginae phan
diametro 0.5 mm. vel minoribus subsparsis. A P. lanceo-
lati, cui habitu simillimum, varietatibus omnibus differt
paleis integris, eorum rhizomatis cellulis medianis parvis
lumine ineonspicuo.

Rhizome-scales as in the typical variety, from which it
differs in its lanceolate blades, the under surface of which
is only sparsely beset with peltate seales 0.5 mm. or less
in diameter. From all varieties of P. lanceolatum it differs
in its entire scales, those of the rhizome with the cells of
banal dark central band small and with inconspicuous
umina

Mexico, —Cuapas: San Cristébal, Collins & Doyle 135
(US).
ANGcO: Kellerman 5947

GUATEMALA.— QUETZALTEN.
(US); on rocks, Cerro la Pedrera, south of Quetzalte-

1 Contr. Gray Herb. 65: 10. 1922.
2 See Pieliduenia. ee Taxonomic Fern-Studlies ITI,’?’ in Dansk Bot.
Arkiv, oF 11: 1937.

18 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

nango, 2400 m. alt., Feb. 18, 1939, Standley 66488 (F);
on tree in forest, 3300 m slopes of Voleén de Santa
Maria, above Palojunoj, March 6, 1939, Renalieg 67602
(F). ToTon Cumbre del Aire, 3000-3450 m.,
Feb. 20, 1939, ‘Standley 65926 (F). Sonond: ‘‘Hohen-
strasse Totonicapam,”’ 3400 m., Jan. 23, 1929, F. Morton
498 (F). CHIMALTENANGO: Dens e Cupressus forest, on
bie Cerro de Tecpam near Santa Elena, 2700 m., Dee.

1938, Standley 58769 (F) ; same locality, Dec. 26, 1938,
Patek 60957, TYPE, in herb. Field Museum.

Superficially P. peltatum var. interjectum strongly
resembles both typical P. lanceolatum and its var. tri-
chophorum (which occurs in Guatemala, but, so far as
the specimens at hand show, farther north and east), and
has usually been determined as P. lanceolatum. In all
varieties of that species, however, the scales are finely
erose-serrulate and the central cells of the rhizome scales
are so large as to be rather readily made out under a 10 x
hand-lens. In the new variety, as in typical P. peltatum,
all the seales are essentially entire and the central cells
of the rhizome scales are small, with lumina difficult to
see under a hand-lens.

Typical P. peltatum has, commonly, linear-lanceolate
or linear-oblanceolate blades, the lower surface of which
is densely covered with relatively large, orbicular, peltate
scales 0.8-1 mm. in diameter. It also occurs in Guate-
mala, but, like P. lanceolatum var. trichophorum, appar- —
ently north and east of the area of the present variety.
As might be expected, broad-bladed individuals of P.
peltatum sometimes occur in Mexico, for example,
Lyonnet 898 from the Federal District (G@) and Arséne
1839 from Puebla (G) ; but they have the large scales of
the lower surface characteristic of the typical variety.

I am much indebted to the staff of the Field Museum
for the privilege of examining specimens and for many
other courtesies during my stay there. Abbreviations

Te CO a ee ee eee

A New TrICHOMANES 19

after specimens cited are those usually employed for the
herbaria concerned: F, Field Museum; G, Gray Her-
barium ; US, United States National Herbarium.

Gray HERBARIUM.

A New Trichomanes from Colombia!
C. V. Morton

The Filmy Ferns of Colombia are not well known at
the present time. Nevertheless, the present species seems
very different from any thus far described. It is dedi-
cated to the collector, Mr. Oscar Haught, whose numerous
and beautifully prepared specimens are adding so greatly
to our knowledge of the floras of Colombia and Ecuador.
I am indebted to Mr. E. C. Leonard for the illustration
of this interesting species.

Trichomanes Haughtii Morton, sp. nov.

Planta epiphytica ; rhizoma late repens, gracile, 0.25—
iam., dense nigro-pilosum ; folia solitaria, dis-
tantia, 3-6.5 em. longa, stipitibus usque ad 3 cm. ina
fere usque ad basin late viridi-alatis, basi ipsa par
inconspicue pilosulis, alibi glabris ; lamina glabra, aa alter
membranacea, viridis, valde craic subpinnata,
rhachi ubique valde alata, segmentis 4-6, alternis, re-
motis, usque ad 2.5 em. longis, simplicibus vel dichotomis,
segmentis ultimis oblongis, 2-6 mm. longis, 1.5-2 mm.
latis, apice emarginatis, margine integris, planis, glabris ;
venae dichotomae, in segmentis solitariae; venae falsae
nullae; involucra immersa, in lobis frondium venas pri-

’ marias vel secundarias interiores terminantia, infundi-

buliformia, limbo anguste dilatato, integro, glabro, re-
ceptaculo longe exserto.

Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,705,823,
collected in vicinity of Barranca Bermeja, between Soga-

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution.

20 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

moso and Carare Rivers, Magdalena Valley, Department
of Santander, Colombia, at 100 meters elevation, Decem-
ber 7, 1936, by Oscar Haught (no. 2095).

TRICHOMANES HAUGHTII Morton
NATURAL SIZE)

The present species is referable to the genus Vanden-
boschia of Copeland’s ‘‘Genera Hymenophyllacearum,”’
ie., Hutrichomanes of most authors, a group containing
T. pyxidiferum L., T. hymenophylloides van den Bosch,
T. scandens Swartz, and many other species. None of the
known species are very closely related to the present one,
however, which is distinguished by its very broad seg-
ments and very simple branching. In its coarse aspect
it strongly suggests young plants of Rape
caudiculatum Mart.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. |

DIPLazIUM LONCHOPHYLLUM 21

Diplazium lonchophyllum in Louisiana
Wituiam R. Maxon

Following their illustration and brief description of
Diplaziwm lonchophyllum in ‘‘Ferns and Fern Allies of
Louisiana’’ (1942), Brown and Correll remark: ‘‘This
Mexican and Central American species is well estab-
lished in a densely wooded ravine on the south side of
Avery Island. Possibly it is a natural introduction,
since the species is not supposed to be in cultivation any-
where on the island.”’

The plant in question is represented in the National
Herbarium by two specimens (D. 8S. & H. B. Correll
9491), collected in July, 1938, and reported to Dr. Correll
by the writer in October of the same year as D. loncho-
phyllum Kunze, which is apparently the name to be
adopted for this highly variable Mexican and Central
American species, wrongly taken up by Christensen in
the Index Filicum as D. denticulosum (Desv.) C. Chr.
In response to the writer’s query as to whether the plant
might have been introduced upon Avery Island by the
owner, Col. E. A. MeIlhenny, Dr. Correll wrote: ‘‘Col.
McIlhenny told me that he had not introduced any ferns
on the south part of the island, where the Diplazium was
found. I did not see any of the fern in cultivation on
the island, and I believe it is most likely an introduction
from Mexico. It was well established in a wooded ravine
about 50 feet deep.’’ Subsequently (Feb. 6, 1939), upon
receiving from Dr. Correll a letter upon the subject, Col.
MclIlhenny wrote him as follows:

“*So far as I know, no Diplazium lonchophyllum have
ever been brought to Avery Island from the outside.

nowhere else i se the United States. Yor f few Mexican or

a AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

West Indian plants have been brought here. I cannot
give you a list of the plants that have been tested at
Avery Island, but I will say that for the past 30 years
all the plants imported by the U. S. Bureau of Plant
Introduction that will grow in a similar climate to the
Gulf Coast have been tested here. I have now something
over 7,000 varieties that seem happy in my grounds

From the foregoing it might be readily assumed, at
first, that in some way D. lonchophylium has been intro-
duced upon Avery Island by man; nevertheless the
answer to the riddle is neither simple nor certain. In the
first place, Dr. Correll states that there were 25 or 30
clumps of the fern, growing luxuriantly, with every ap-
pearance of being native and quite at home in the deep,
damp ravine. This, of course, would indicate natural
propagation over a considerable period, for the delib-
erate introduction of so many individuals (unless very
young plants) can hardly be assumed; besides which
there is no record of this species having been available
in the United States horticultural trade.

As to its possible origin from a Government source,
the records of the Office of Plant Introduction, U. 8.
Department of Agriculture, show that no living fern
plants have ever been distributed to growers and that the
spores of only six species have been sent out, these all
from Ceylon, Java, or the Philippines and, so far as
known, all failing to reproduce. There is the bare possi-
bility that living flowering plants of Mexican or Central
American origin, distributed by the Department of Agri-
culture, may by accident have earried the Diplaziwm
spores; but this is most unlikely, if one considers the
length of time ordinarily required for propagation before
living plants are ready for distribution. Of other human
agencies of introduction we have no record. Individuals
may have brought or sent in living plants or viable spores
in ignorance or disregard of plant quarantine regula-
tions, or before such legislation was enact

DIPLAZIUM LONCHOPHYLLUM 23

There remains the possibility that migrant birds, on
their visits in great numbers to this well-known coastal
Sanctuary, may have brought in the spores on their
muddy feet. But this could have happened also in the
case of perhaps a hundred other fern species, equally well
fitted (it would seem) to make their home in Louisiana,
which are still known only from tropical regions.

Perhaps the occurrence of D. lonchophyllum as nu-
merous individuals on Avery Island will remain a puzzle;
yet, despite the disquieting shadow of known plant intro-
duction, one may suggest that this species is possibly
native there, either as a relict or as an adventive. Dr.
Correll mentions as its common associate Pteris cretica,
a tropical and subtropical species whose status as a native
of the Southern States, though often questioned, now
Seems assured. Tropical elements in our southern fern
flora are numerous and diverse, and the number con-
stantly grows as exploration proceeds. Perhaps the most
remarkable extension of range is that of Dicranopteris
flexuosa, found on Mon Louis Island, in the extreme
southwestern coastal region of Alabama, separated from
the mainland only by Fowl River, a bayou connecting
Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound. This record,’ which
added a new fern family to the United States flora, is
beyond question, though the locality has since been de-
stroyed, and there are more than a few examples of
similar disjunct distribution. Diplaziwm lonchophyllum
may be another. The case is well worth looking into. At
first a doubter, to say the least, the writer has nearly
convinced himself that the plant under discussion is
native to Avery Island, and he will not be much sur-
prised to have it turned up by collectors at other points
in southern Louisiana in the course of botanical explora-
tion. npneeceaed D. lonchophyllum is well worth cul-
tivating. Of our native species it most resembles

1 Amer. Fern Journ. 4: 15-17. 1914.

24 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Athyrium (or Diplazium) acrostichoides, but the pinnae
are comparatively few, distant, triangular-lanceolate
from an inequilateral base, and coarsely and unequally
pinnatifid.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

Shorter Notes

NOTE ON THE SOUTHEASTERN RELATIVES OF LycopopIUM
INUNDATUM.—In reviewing a pamphlet on the ferns of
Charleston, South Carolina, in the April-June number
of Tuts JouRNAL,’ Mr. Weatherby noted the care with
which the compilation had been done. One error fre-
quently made by synonymizers is however copied in it,—
namely, placing Lycopodium adpressum (Chapm.) Lloyd
& Underw. as an equivalent of L. inundatum var. Bige-
lovii Tuckerm. If there is to be any such reduction to
synonymy, it is var. pinnatum Chapm. which must be
placed under Bigelovii, as they differ only in size. On
the other hand, L. adpressum differs from all the others
concerned in its strikingly appressed peduncle-leaves and
sporophylls. If, as Professor Hunt holds, the entities
concerned are only varietally distinct, his No. 28 should
become L. inundatum var. adpressum Chapm.—EpGaRr
T. Wuerry, University of Pennsylvania.

A Fern New To Worcester County, MAssAcHUSETTS.
—The present note is for the purpose of recording the
recent discovery of Polypodium virginianum forma cam-
bricoides in Worcester County, at an elevation of about
1,400 feet, by Miss Patience Fay, of Princeton, Mass.
Two plants were found, each producing several fronds;
they were not growing on rocks. I have myself found
this fern in southern New Hampshire, at about the same
altitude, along with the typical form of the species, on
leaf mold so thick that rocks were not in evidence.—Mrs.
Frank C. Smiru, Worcester, Mass.

133: 77. 1943.

RECENT Fern LITERATURE 25

NEPHROLEPIS TUBEROSA (Willd. ) Presl.—At the begin-
ning of the article containing a description of Poly-
podium tuberosum from Ecuador, in the last number of
the Journat, casual reference is made to a well-known
‘“tuberous’’ Nephrolepis there called, inadvertently, N.
tuberosa, which is a synonym of N. cordifolia (L.) Presl.
This is a common and widely distributed tropical species.
Notes regarding its supposed occurrence in Florida will
shortly be published —Wiutam R. Maxon, Smithsonian
Institution.

Recent Fern Literature

Dr. R. M. Tryon, Jr., has published’? a revision of
Doryopteris, a rather small genus of the tribe Pterideae,
distinguished from related genera such as Cheilanthes
and Pellaea by having the long-stalked sporangia borne
on a continuous receptacle connecting the vein ends and
covered with a continuous, reflexed, marginal indusium,
and by the generally pedate type of division of the frond,
Suggesting somewhat in outline the well-known United
States species Pityrogramma triangularis and Bommeria
hispida. The species are all tropical and are found in
various, parts of the world, but they are most numerous
in southern Brazil. The best known species is D. pedata,
common in the West Indies and, in varietal forms, from
Mexico south to Argentina and Bolivia.

The genus has never before had a critical treatment.
Christensen’s Index Filicum and Supplements recognized
44 nominal species. Dr. Tryon now recognizes 26, the
others being either reduced to varietal status or to synon-
ymy or excluded from the genus. Tryon’s work im-
presses one as being exceptionally thorough and scholarly.
Although obvious characters of habit and indument are
not neglected, he has investigated especially the steles of

1 Contr. Gray Herb. 143: 1-80. 1942.

26 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

the stipe, the vascular structure of the blades, and the
characters of the spores, and he finds that these all afford
good specific criteria, much better than those given by
the division of the blade, usually stressed by previous
authors. Dr. Tryon’s descriptions are very well drawn,
and his practice of italicizing the principal specific dis-
tinctions is an aid to the student. The fine line-drawings
of all the species are especially noteworthy.

Tryon divides the genus into sections, Lytoneuron and
Eudoryopteris, which were orginally proposed by
Klotzsch on the basis of venation, the first having free, the
second reticulate veins. It is unfortunate that Tryon
has not been able to keep up this distinction. By includ-
ing in Lytoneuron one species with areolate venation he
has rendered the sectional lines somewhat obscure. This
was done because he believes that in determining rela-
tionship in the genus the structure of the scales and the
presence of two vascular strands in the stipe are of more
importance than venation.

Exception must be taken to his choice of type for the
genus. Doryopteris was described by John Smith in
1841 with six original species. In 1875 he chose Pteris
pedata L. as the type of the genus, and in this he has
been followed by Christensen and Tryon. This is,
however, nomenclaturally an impossible choice, because
Pteris pedata is not one of the species originally included
in the genus, and was not referred to it until some ten
years later. Of the six species originally included,
_ Pteris palmata Willd. is the logical choice as type.
is the oldest and best known of the species, and moreover
it is the one chosen by John Smith? to illustrate the genus.

Tryon’s specific concept is broad, perhaps too much so
in at least one case. Doryopteris decipiens is considered
as merely a variety of D. decora, although the two are

2 Ferns Brit. & For. 194. 1866.

Patel
Se eo a a
2S scree Sri

RECENT FerN LITERATURE 27

typically very different and may be distinguished at
arm’s length. To be sure, Tryon states that there are
intermediates, but those in the National Herbarium that
he has so labeled do not seem to me truly intermediate;
Degener 9193 is surely typical D. decora, and Safford
863 and Yuncker 3479 quite as surely D. decipiens. On
the other hand I have no special objection to his treat-
ment of D. palmata and D. Raddiana as varieties of D.
pedata, because the characters separating these forms
seem not quite so fundamental as those exhibited by other
Species of the section. Typical palmata is distinguished
by the presence of buds at the base of the leaf blades, but
not all leaves have them. In fact one specimen so identi-
fied by Tryon (F. L. Herrera, from Cuzco, Peru, U. 8.
Nat. Herb. 1,237,072) has no buds on any of the leaves,
and thus is hardly distinguishable from some of the
Bolivian forms of D. pedata var. multipartita (D.
Raddiana).

Doryopteris nobilis is a species of southern Brazil,
Paraguay, Argentina, and Bolivia, but Tryon cites also
three specimens from Colombia, hundreds of miles out-
side the normal range of this species. Two of these are
in the National Herbarium, and after studying them it
seems to me probable that they are only slightly aberrant
specimens of D. pedata var. palmata, which is very abun-
dant in Colombia. They do not show to any perceptible
extent the serrulate toothing which is characteristic of
D. nobilis.

The few criticisms I have just made are purely minor
in nature. Dr. Tryon’s paper is a real advance in the
taxonomy of the Pterideae. It is only after similar
studies of Notholaena, Cheilanthes, Pellaea, and some
other groups have been made that pteridologists will be
in a position to redefine the genera of Pterideae along
more natural lines—C. V. M

28 AMERICAN FERN. JOURNAL

What we know about ferns as food is ably summarized
for the regions covered in two especially well prepared
and authoritative recent publications—Fernald and Kin-
sey’s ‘‘Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North America’”
(except peninsular Florida) and Merrill’s ‘‘ Emergency
Food Plants and Poisonous Plants of the Islands of the
Pacific.’’? The former gives a more or less detailed ac-
count of about a thousand American species which may
be used for food, with the particular virtues of each and
ways of preparing it; descriptions, statements of range,
habitat and season of availability where needed; and
comment full of information and very readable. Only
two species of ferns, Bracken and Ostrich Fern, are ad-
mitted to the recommended list; Cinnamon Fern (the
young central fronds of a crown, eaten raw) is given a
qualified endorsement; and Equisetwm limosum, which
is said to have been used for food in Europe, is mentioned
only to be condemned. Dr. Wherry’s warning against
eating fern fiddle-heads (Tus JourNAL 32: 108), though
not mentioned, is evidently regarded as inapplicable to
the recommended species—only, one should make sure of
the identity of any wild plant he is about to eat.

Dr. Merrill’s work, of pocket size, is designed pri-
marily for the use of the armed forces in the Pacific.
Necessarily much more condensed than Fernald and

y’s, it yet gives well illustrated and clear accounts
of the appearance, habitats, and uses of the food-plants
likely to be encountered in the Pacific islands. As might
be expected in the tropics, the proportion of ferns 18
comparatively large. The buds of many tree-ferns, the
whole plant of Swamp-fern (Ceratopteris thalictroides,

1 Fernald, M. L. and A. C. Kinsey. Edible Wild Plants of East-
North Par age Idlewild Press, Cornwall- aio Pie New
943. 0

the Islands of t the Pacific. U. 8. War

TM
10-420. 1943. Pa, 149 pp., 113 figs. Pole eis by the are.

a of Documents, Govt. Printing Office, Washington,
15 cents; stamps no piginot

Pees tk

RECENT FERN LITERATURE 29

experiments in the cultivation of which were described
by Dr. Copeland in Tuts Journau 32: 121-126), the
fiddle-heads of Athyrium esculentum, and the young
leaves of Stenochlaena palustris and Acrostichum
aureum may be eaten. The Ceratopteris and Athyrium
are especially recommended, cooked or raw.—C.
‘WEATHERBY

That the members of the genus Equisetum take up
from the soil large amounts of silica is generally known,
but the accumulation of aluminum by Lycopodiums is
less familiar. An exhaustive study of these plants from
this standpoint has just been published by Mr. G. Evelyn
Hutchinson and Miss Anne Wollack.1 They find it con-
venient to recognize two genera, the primitive Urostachys,
which includes the eastern United States species U. selago
(L.) Hert. and U. lucidulus (Michx.) Hert. (combina-
tions which failed to get included in Broun’s Index’) and
the more specialized Lycopodium proper

Twelve species of Urostachys were scuba. and
proved to be little richer in aluminum than ordinary
plants. The 22 species of Lycopodium similarly studied
were not only high in aluminum, but actually, at least in
one group (Eulycopodium), showed a correlation be-
tween aluminum content and morphologic specialization :
The relatively primitive L. annotinuwm showed the lowest
content, followed in order by L. clavatum, L. obscurum,
L. sabinaefolium, and then by the overlapping compla-
natum-flabelliforme-tristachyum series.

A complete analysis was also made of the ash of L.
flabellif orme, and compared with the average for vegeta-
tion in general. In most constituents the percentages
were roughly equal, but the aluminum content of the
Lycopodium was 137 times that of ordinary plants.—

DeaR T. WHERRY. _
| 1 Biological oe of Aluminum. Trans. Conn. Acad.
Arts & 35:

2 Index to N, pus Ferns. 1938.

30 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

American Fern Society
Report of the President for 1943

The past year has been a quiet one for the Society.
Like most other scientific associations, we have cancelled
our usual meetings. Only the Fern JouRNAL—always
our central activity—has gone on quite as usual, or better
than usual. In the capable hands of Dr. Maxon and his
fellow editors it has been notable for the readability,
variety, and solid value of its contents.

The Society was founded in 1893; last year was its
fiftieth. Ordinarily, such an anniversary would have
been marked by special ceremonies ; under war conditions,
it seemed best not to attempt anything of the sort. Pos-
sibly a postponed celebration can be held later. Mean-
while, some of the looking back at the past and forward
at the future which an anniversary should bring about
is possible and useful.

The earlier history of the Society, up to 1910, has been
well reviewed in reminiscent articles by Dr. Waters, Mr.
Winslow, and Professor Clute in recent volumes of the
JOURNAL. The most striking and significant feature
about the whole course of action of the Society since 1910
is that it has obviously been based on faith in the vitality
and permanent usefulness of the organization. The
founding of the Fern JourNau; the setting up of life
memberships with a capital fund to receive their fees;
the beginning of a library; the generous and very help-
ful support of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and the
establishment of physical headquarters there; the in-
corporation of the Society—all these have teatified to that
faith. There is always room for improvement; some
projects have failed; no doubt opportunities have been
lost. But on the wae through good times and through
the difficulties incident to the last war and to the mis-
deeds of a too much trusted treasurer, the Society has,

AMERICAN FERN Society a1

so far, justified our faith. Our task, now, is to see that
the justification continues.

There is very much for us to do. The fear, long ago
expressed by Professor Clute, that the Society’s work
was done and that ‘‘fern study’’ would in future be too
technical for a largely amateur group like ours has
proved groundless. I would eall especial attention to the
Treasurer’s remarks as to the value of the contributions
to science made, and still to be made, by amateurs. They
are very true. Two examples, taken at random, may
Serve as illustrations of what any of us can do. rs.
Griffeth’s spore-cultures of Scott’s Spleenwort have gone
far to explain the behavior in nature of that once contro-
versial plant; Mr. Harlow’s little experiment with one
of the forms of the Polypody has shown it to be only a
curious and unexpected response to conditions of growth.
Everyone who has a bit of back yard or even a few
flowerpots in a window wherein to grow and observe
ferns, everyone who will take an occasional walk, with
his eyes open, through some handy bit of woodland, has
the opportunity to uncover such new bits of knowledge.
Careful local lists are still, and always will be, of value.
The officers of the Society are ready to advise. And,
above all detail, it is our duty and our privilege in these
darkened and perilous times to ‘‘keep lighted the lamp
of knowledge which must never go out if future genera-
tions are to profit from the advances of the past.’’

I stoutly believe that we can carry on effectively only
if the Society continues to function actively as a rallying
point for lovers of natural history, professional and
amateur, who have a common interest in ferns, and to
maintain the Fern JouRNAL as what it now is, a nearly
unique medium of publication and source of information
for them. The past year has not been altogether encour-
aging. Expenses have risen; receipts have fallen off.

32 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

There have been a rather large number of delinquent
members and, naturally in the midst of the preoccupa-
tions of war, a rather small accession of new ones. Our
only resource lies in the active interest of the members.
We can but repeat and ask them to take to heart, the old,
but always valid, adjurations: Pay your: dues promptly;
interest others as you have the chance; stand by.
C. A. WeatHerBy, President

Report of the Secretary for 1943

Due to the necessary curtailment of travel facilities,
the Society held none of its usual meetings during the
year. But to some of the members, especially those of
longer affiliation, it has not been forgotten that March
marked the fiftieth anniversary since a small group of
friendly fern lovers got together and organized The
Linnaean Fern Chapter of the Agassiz Association, which
later changed its name to American Fern Society. Cele-
bration of this half-century of work and progress must
await a return to more normal travel conditions.

Since the last report we have lost by death one of our
esteemed Honorary Members, Dr. Carl Christensen, and
several other members of long standing: J. B. Flett, who
joined in 1899; H. E. Ransier, 1902; C. L. Gruber, 1907;
and Dr. T. E. Hazen, 1910. Death also has removed Dr.
C. Stuart Gager, Bennet B. Bristol, Mrs. George Kelton
and W. H. Cathcart. Through resignation and for non-
payment of dues 34 others are missing from last year’s
membership list. Thirteen new members have been
added, making the membership 358 on December 31st, 4
figure somewhat less than our maximum of a few years
ago.
It is quite understandable that under the stress of war
conditions some of our members have been too fully occu-
pied with war work to keep up an active interest in ferns; —
to some it may seem even that it is too luxurious 4

AMERICAN FERN Society 33

‘“‘hobby”’ to be indulged in while the eall still comes for
more workers in hospitals, Red Cross activities, and other
relief agencies. In common with most other scientific
societies, and judging from experiences during the last
war, we should expect a certain dropping-off in members.
This does not indicate, necessarily, any lessening of in-
terest, but only that for the time it has been over-
shadowed by greater necessity. When our ‘“‘boys and
girls’? come home again, from possible brief adventures
with foreign floras, we may expect our fair share of new
and enthusiastic members.

Meanwhile we who hold the fort on this home front
may well keep in mind and act upon a sentence in the
first President’s first report. Willard N. Clute, then
president, said, ‘‘It is hoped that the members will neg-
lect no opportunity to enlarge the Chapter.’’ When we
remember that this admonition was addressed to only
about 25 members (and see how we have grown!), we
may expect that at the second semi-centennial it will be
possible to look back and say, ‘‘The first fifty years was
the hardest !’’

Respectfully submitted,
Wuarrtney, Secretary

Report of the Treasurer for 1943

In my report for 1942 I mentioned that the American
Fern Society was still in fairly good financial condition
but that cooperation of all members would be needed to
keep it so. As in all other scientific organizations during
this period of war, our financial situation has gradually
deteriorated, and we find ourselves on December 31, 1943,
with a cash balance of approximately $100 less than we
had one year previously. This means that we did not
really meet expenses during the past year. The sale of
back numbers of the FERN JouRNAL was somewhat less,

34 | AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

but the primary cause was loss of income in respect to
dues and the greatly increased costs of printing. Our
membership campaign of a few years past resulted in a
considerable increase in our numbers which has been
offset by losses of the last three years. In the new trends
of natural history of the present day, popular interest
in the known things around us is being stressed, rather
than the oddities of foreign lands. Anyone ean recog-
nize ferns in general. They occur in all parts of the
country, and the intricacies of their distribution and
habits of growth and actual identity are such that the
beginning amateur with good judgment can add greatly
to the stock of information that has been acquired over
the years by the professional botanist. This is the first
time that the treasurer has entered upon a discussion of
the non-financial aspect of the Fern Society, and he does
so with a strong belief that the unprofessional citizen will
contribute more to our future natural science. For this
we need more members.

Last year the Auditing Committee recommended that
the item Notes Receivable be reappraised to an inventory
value of $1.00. This has been done. The liability for
the note, however, remains the same. It is felt that the
inventory value for the American Fern Society library
has been too high and we have accordingly reduced the
acount by 20 per cent in the following statement.

ke Amount Sub-Total Total
Cash on hand J LO |» Saari oa $232.42
41 Membership Arrears ......c0.. $ 4.50 $ 4.50
1942 Members PDI ORN ta trae 20.30 20.30
1943 Membershi a {Seatnoittisa! | BOT
1943 New Mem 12.00 397.50
1944 Membership ‘Renewal He Siem a 10.10
1944 New Mem 10.50 20.60
1945 Mestertkip g Meir 2.01 2.00
1943 Subscription Renewals .... 67.12
1943 New Subscribers ............ 8.9. 76.07
1944 Subscription Renewals 44.43
ew Su tae 2.50 46.93
1945 Subseription Renewals .................. 1.25 LL

AMERICAN FERN Society

Sale of back numbers A.F.J. 0000000... 64.05
Sale of pas and Forms of Ferns of
E. N. 2.50

Member iacoe at ce postage) ...... 1.40

Gift (books) A.F.S. Library 0.0.0.0... 3.50

Gift (books) A.F.J. tox numbers ...... 32.87

943 Prion 4.00

Reprints . 36.95_-

Pp
Transferred from Bissell Herbarium
Fund

Deduction aye Gift (books), A.F.S.
Librar

eure ae bag (books), A.F.J.
numb
Deduction a/e Profit on Bales? o.2.5: 305.

35

10.05 $724.47

$956.89

7
18.50 $ 54.87

$902.02
@ Transferred to A.F.S. meg Fy Acct. (books).
> Transferred to Myaboonti
© Transferred to Reserve tit fot .
aii aca
Science Pres:
A.F.J. Vol. > A REE Cat ase eee a
A.F.J. Vol. 33, No. 1
Any Vol. 33, _ - a
AD a. Ved, 08) No.8 oe
Parke, Austin & Sobel Ine.
AF 1. 33, No. 3 (Half-tone
ie 4.77 $597.03
res he gti Membership List (1942) 2.00 2.00
Repri 36.95 36.95
Trade Dise NG ce 4.70 4.70
Agency Coumensoidn 8.71 8.71
Bank Charges oo AGRE ST
Refund . d 5.23 5.23
Prepaid Mailing Charges... 52 52
nse
Treasurer 34.90 90
Secretary 27.83 27.83
Gite 9.21 9.21
iibravien 3 50 8.50
Curator 21.76 21.76 $772.61
Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1944 cco $129.41
Statement December 31, 1943
Assets Liabilities
Cash te hand ee $129.41 Capital Account ..$2,302.45
Spec. Acet. 944 Memb. Susp. gene

36 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

In Spee. Acct. 1945 Memb. Susp.

ehh ek ys EO oc Yo OE « iene een, 2.00
In Reserve Fund... 113.03 $ a 1944 sha
Notes Receivable ................. Sus 42.68
Inventory A.F.J.. ................ 006. 79 Distrib, vel, ss.
A.F.S. Library (books) .. Ge 00 4 Susp. sini

a is
$3,033.20 —_ Bissell “Herb.
und aoe

10.15
Life Memb. Fund 54.82
$3,033.20
Respectfully submitted,
Henry K. Svenson, Treasurer
Report of the Judge of Elections
The results of the recent balloting for officers of the
American Fern Society for 1944 is as follows:

For President

C. A. Weatherby 82
Robert T. Clausen 1
Herbert Dole i
T. M. MeCoy i
For Vice-President
Joseph Ewan 82
W. Herbert Dole a
Mrg. Frank ©: Smith, Sr: 15200... 1
For rinsing
8. Elsie G. Whitney... ccmcccnnnn 82
. Killip I
For Treasurer
Henry K. Svenson 83.
W. S. Allen a

I therefore declare the following candidates elected to
the several offices: President, C. A. Weatherby; Vice-
President, Joseph Ewan; Secretary, Mrs. Elsie G. Whit-
ney; Treasurer, Henry K. Svenson.

Binders; submitted,
oBERT A. Ware, Judge of Elections

ERRATUM

In the October-December, 1943, number of the JouRNAL, p. 127,
the following should be substituted for line 18:

state of California. This fact surely has ceniton

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

MEMBERSHIP
Including Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $5.00 a year
PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin. Monthly, sen July, August and rt gore | estab-
Sere 1870. = a ay ear; single numbers 75 cen
SS sean c a tablis shed 1901, Price 9100 hap aa
: Mannseripts intended "for gar aen in the ee
show es addressed to Harontp W. Rickert, Edito: é Now York
Botanical Basten, Bronx Park ( Fordham B Branch P. 6), New York

Occusional, established 1889. Price, $3.00 to $5.00 a

Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta within
a pans of New York City, ere Price $1.00.
‘ scriptions and o
E dressed to Trensurer, Harold N. j New Taek s jot
d Garden, Gardea, Bronx Park (Fordham Branch P. O) ieee City.

City.

vi

CASTANEA

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we

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WF ee a a he ee ee

THE if Regio Na
Pag nent BY T
ANT MOSS SOCIETY

The only magazine in English wholly devoted to a doatags Hepati cs,
and Lichens. Bi-monthly; illustrated; for the begin as well
for the professional. Yea early subscription in the United States $2.50,
including membership in the a aga IVANT MOSS SOCIETY, with free
service Of Curators for beginne

Dr. WINONA “H. WELCH
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Dr. A. Z. * SHARP
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee

THE Jabiertag ARR EN
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a Cook with herbs. y Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt por
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ECOLOGY
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a “Back voles th arable, 96 och.
Foreign p :

April-June, 1944

No. 2

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS

Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

Che American Hern Horiety
Connril for 1944

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts —
President
JOSEPH Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Vice-President

Mrs. Eusiz Gisson WHITNEY, 274 South Main Ave., mage” (2 N. Y.
Henry K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn a, 5 N. x

WiuiaM R, Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washi 25, Doe
; aitor-i- Chief me

OFFICIAL ORGAN

Ampvrican # eri Journal,

‘ibaa 34 | Apen-Jw UNE, 19d ies

i} bo |

Collecting Ferns in Northwestern Mexico
Ira L. Wicerns

In September, 1929, I began a series of botanical field
trips into northwestern Mexico and the deserts of south-
eastern California and adjacent Arizona. Since that
time over a dozen trips have been made to various parts
of the area, ranging from the Bill Williams Fork of the
Colorado River in Arizona to Cajeme (or Ciudad de
Obregén), Cedros, and Quiriego in southern Sonora, and
from the northern edge of the Colorado Desert in south-
ern California to San José del Cabo and Cabo San Lucas
at the southern tip of Baja California, Mexico. Most of
the traveling was done in automobiles, with occasional
side trips by saddle and pack animals. Many miles were
covered on foot, for often it was necessary to scramble
over rocky hillsides or up boulder-strewn canyons to
reach plants growing only where the cliffs and rocks
protected them from grazing cattle. Different trips took
me, together with various assistants and companions,
into the field during every month in the year except
November and December, so the seasonal fluctuations in
the vegetation were well covered. On all occasions the
objective of the field trips was the accumulation of infor-
mation about the general vegetation of the area; the col-
lection of ferns was, at the beginning, purely incidental.

Possibly because one rarely thinks of ferns in connec-

[Volume 34, No. 1, of the JouRNAL, pages 1-36, was issued
March 22, 1944.]

37

38 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL |

tion with the vegetation of the desert, these trips brought
surprises in the form of numerous species of ferns and
fern allies growing in canyons and ravines, on rocky hill-
sides and, less commonly, on the flats of the desert. : :
After the first two or three times that ferns had been
found unexpectedly in niches in canyon walls, they —
became something of a special objective. Thereafter, —
although they occasionally surprised one tap their
abundance or luxuriance, they no longer were ‘‘unex- |

pected,’’ for, paradoxically, one came to expect them in
unexpected habitats.

But it was almost startling to find luxuriant patches
of Marsilea Fournieri growing in a slight swale about 20
miles south of Pozo Aleman, Baja California, in the
spring of 1931. The small fronds oceupied hoofprints
less than a yard from the base of one of the giant cacti,
Pachycereus Pringlei! Sporocarps were abundant, and
evidently the colony was an old one. The same species —
was found along the margins of dry watercourses at
two localities in Sonora—once between Libertad and
Carb6, in the fall of 1932, and the second time between
Hermosillo and Kino Bay, the late summer of 1941. At
both localities the plants grew on nearly vertical banks
in sandy clay soil, but were absent from the sandy beds
and nearly level banks a few feet from the immediate —
course of the stream. The dense mats of the inter-
tangled roots and stolons possess a remarkable resistance
to the erosive power of the sand-laden floods that sweep
down the canyons and spread out on the desert flats.
Sporocarps were numerous at all three stations.

Equisetum, on the other hand, is rarely found on the —
desert, even where water is present the year around in
tinajas or ‘‘tanks’’ in the rocky canyons. The only
species representing this genus is E. Funstonii, and it
rarely gets into the truly desert ranges, but rather clings
to the margins of the deserts and is much more abundant

COLLECTING IN NORTHWESTERN Mexico 39

in the chaparral and yellow pine belts than it is in or
near the desert proper.

A rare fern apparently nowhere common, but long
known from isolated localities in western Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona, and northern Chihuahua, is Phanero-
phlebia auriculata. What seems to be the first record
from Sonora was established when a party of four, con-
sisting of Dr. Forrest Shreve, Dr. T. D. Mallery, Mr.
Jack Whitehead, and the writer, found it in the Sierra
Babiso, between Magdalena and Cucurpe in the summer
of 1934.1. We were attracted to the box canyon in which
it grew by a fine stand of a native palm and had not
anticipated the presence of ferns when we climbed the
rocky canyon to investigate the palm, Sabal uresana.
But well back under an overhanging rock at the foot of
the north-facing cliff where the direct rays of the sun
rarely, if ever, penetrated, we found a small colony of
this striking fern and several plants of the delicate little
Asplenium Palmeri. This fern association gave us two
rare finds, and when added to the presence of the grace-
ful palms made the locality one to be remembered. The
leathery pinnae of the Phanerophlebia bore few spo-
rangia—in fact, most of them were completely sterile.
Since there were restrictions governing the importation
of living specimens, we did not attempt to bring back
rhizomes to grow. Herbarium specimens were obtained,
however, and duplicates have been deposited in several
herbaria. Probably a careful search in the mountains
between this Sonoran station and those in Arizona would
reveal the presence of Phanerophlebia at intermediate
localities.

One of the richest fern collecting areas in the Sonoran.
Desert region, La Mina Verde, was mentioned by White-

a
1 Whitehead, Jack. Some Arizona Ferns Collected in Sonora,
Mexico. Amer. Fern Journ, 27: 43-51. 1937.

>

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 34, PLATE 3

TTxr N Sy

ERRA BABiIso, SONORA. PHANERO-
SPLENIUM PALMERI GREW AT BASE OF

NNAMED Box CANYON IN
PHLEBIA AURICULATA AND Ag
SLIFF

THIS CL

COLLECTING IN NorRTHWESTERN MExIco 41

head (l.c.), but the remarkable assemblage of ferns there
deserves further notice. On the north-facing side of the
canyon, opposite the abandoned mine buildings, was an
area less than 100 yards long and half as wide upon
which 14 species of pteridophytes were growing. Pel-
laea ternifolia and P. Seemannii grew in deep leaf mold
among jagged rocks and boulders. The same type of
habitat was shared by Gymnopteris hispida, Anemia
anthriscifolia, Woodsia Plummerae, Notholaena Grayji,
and Cheilanthes Kaulfussii. All the latter species were
more plentiful than the first-named pair. I believe that
this is an extension of the known range of Anemia
anthriscifolia, for I find no published record of it from
onora

A crumbling rock wall, which had been built without
mortar or cementing material, supported Notholaena
aurea, N. sinuata, and Cheilanthes Lindheimeri. As-
plenium Palmeri occupied a few sheltered niches beneath
the overhang of huge boulders and was the most delicate
of the ferns found on the mountainside. Cheilanthes
Wrightii and Selaginella rupincola clung to crevices in
the rugged outcroppings of basalt.

Cheilanthes Pringlei, although not growing among the
other ferns at La Mina Verde, was found a few hundred
yards down the canyon toward Cumpas. Although deli-
cate in appearance, it is a hardy endemic of the Sonoran
Desert region. We found it growing in tiny green tufts
from crevices in the basaltic cliffs near Los Angeles de
Fabrica (a village between Carbé and Ures) in the sum-
mer of 1934; in similar situations in the canyon of the
Rio Magdalena about 8 miles east of Imuris, in the same
Season; on a dry, brushy hillside 45 miles west of the
Magdalena-Hermosillo highway, in 1932; at La Palma, a
Canyon about 50 miles north of Guaymas, in 1933; and
Dr. Reed Rollins and I obtained it again along the north-
ern fringe of the Sierra Batue in 1941. During the dry

42 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

season the delicately dissected fronds dry out and curl
into inconspicuous, gray-green balls that are easily
crushed, but within a few hours after a shower they un-
fold, becoming bright green and leathery, able at once
to continue the processes of growth and spore-production
that may have been halted at almost any stage by the
onset of arid conditions. This species is remarakbly well
adapted to desert conditions, and although rarely very
abundant at any station is widely distributed from south-
ern Arizona to south-central Sonora.

Still another fascinating Cheilanthes is C. peninsularis,
from the vicinity of Comondt, Baja California, south-
ward to the tip of the peninsula. It somewhat resembles
C. Pringlei, but has less finely cut fronds and brownish
instead of whitish scales on the stipes and rachises. I
found it between the southern end of Bahia de la Con-
cepcion and Comondia in 1931, but did not find it in the
Cape Region, whence T. S. Brandegee obtained the type
specimens.

Another fern endemic to Baja California, Cheilanthes
Brandegei, reminds one of a succulent Adiantum. The
fronds are crisp and fleshy, the upper surfaces about the
same shade of green as those of Adiantum Jordanu, but
of course they do not have the denticulate margins of that
species. It is a unique fern, for the fronds are so crisp
during the rainy season that the segments break when
flattened in a press, unless they are allowed to wilt for a
few minutes after picking. Then, in the dry months of
the year the fronds are so dry and brittle that the curled
pinnae shatter into minute fragments under slight pres-
sure. The stipes are peculiarly adapted to arid condi-
tions, for they are modified in such a way that many of
the fronds are quickly separated from the plant when the

ground dries out, thus preventing excessive loss of water —

through an abnormally large transpiring surface. The

stipes have several transverse zones of weakness similar

es ee

pss apictad

CoLLEcTING IN NoRTHWESTERN MEXxIco 43

to abscission layers near the base, so they snap off close
to the rhizome when dry or under slight tension. The
Stipe may even break into a half dozen short pieces from
1 to 10 millimeters long when placed in the press; so an
herbarium specimen is very apt to be little more than a
pile of fragments by the time it is ready for mounting,
unless extreme care has been exercised in the preparation
and handling of these fragile plants. Cheilanthes Bran-
degei grows under overhanging rocks and among the
jagged fragments on basaltic hillsides; I have never
found it in granitic or limestone areas. Two weird des-
ert trees, Idria columnaris and Pachycormus discolor,
grow in the vicinity (a few miles east of Punta Prieta)
in which I found it most abundant in 1935, and together
with the various species of cacti and agaves give the land-
Scape a pronounced desert appearance.

One would hardly expect Azolla in the desert, but it
was found at the margins of shallow pools along the
Stream flowing through Pitiquito, Sonora, and in larger
quantities in pools between Cajeme and Cedros, about 40
miles east of Cajeme. In Baja California it occurs at a
number of places where seeps provide permanent pools
in the true desert ranges, and abundantly in the Sierra
San Pedro Martir in the chaparral and yellow pine belts.
_ However, not all of the charming ferns in northwestern
Mexico are confined to the deserts. In the spring of
1941, Dr. Albert M. Vollmer, of San Francisco, and I
went on a two weeks pack trip through the southern half
of the Sierra San Pedro Martir in Baja California. Dr.
Vollmer was interested chiefly in the native lilies, but we
made a general collection of vascular plants. During the
trip we collected 14 numbers of pteridophytes, extending
the known range of several ferns, and obtained what I
believe to be the first collection of Selaginella eremophila
from the Mexican side of the International Boundary.

44 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

The circuit of the Sierra San Pedro Martir began at
Rancho San José de San Telmo, more commonly known
among Americans as Meling’s Ranch. This ranch,
owned by a Mexican citizen of Norwegian birth, is sit-
uated in the foothills of the main range at an elevation
of about 2,300 feet. It ison the western flank, about half-
way between the northern and southern tips of the range,
and is about 125 miles, air line, from the United States.
On previous trips into the northern part of the range I
had collected Pellaea mucronata, P. andromedaefolia,
Dryopteris arguta, Polypodium californicum, Pityro-
gramma triangularis, and Adiantum Jordanii, all of
which occur commonly in the chaparral from near sea
level to elevations of 3,500 feet or more.

From the ranch we climbed to one of the series of
meadows that dot the whole range at elevations of 6,
to 9,000 feet, and camped at La Grulla, a station which
has been visited by several collectors from the United
States. Most of the earlier naturalists visiting this re-
gion were interested primarily in the birds and mammals,
but T. S. Brandegee camped at La Grulla and worked
the surrounding country for plants in the spring of 1893.
He reported several ferns among his collections, notably
Woodwardia fimbriata (as W. radicans), Polypodium
vulgare, Pellaea mucronata (as P. ornithopus), Asple-

nium septentrionale, and Woodsia oregana.? So far as —

I have been able to learn, Asplenium septentrionale has
not been re-collected in the vicinity, though it doubtless
occurs in some of the shaded canyons leading back

i ac

ee eee ee

toward the higher peaks above La Grulla and La En- — |

cantada.

We rode southward from La Grulla to a large meadow
called Ciénega de Santa Rosa or Llano de Santa Rosa,
but although we passed through several small canyons we

2 Zoe 4: 210. 1893.

CoLLEcTING IN NorTHWESTERN Mexico 45

saw no ferns. After leaving Llano de Santa Rosa, the
trail led upward to the summit of the pass between the
tableland and the desert side of the range, at an elevation
of 8,800 feet, and dropped rapidly to the floor of the San
Felipe Desert at the mouth of El Cajon Canyon. In
places it barely clings to the steep shoulders of the
granitic and andesitic ridges. On this escarpment we
found two ferns, Pellaea mucronata and P. longimucro-
nata. Pellaea mucronata had not previously been col-
lected on the desert side of the San Pedro Martirs, and
P. longimucronata had never been found before anywhere
in that range.

We saw no ferns along the desert side of the mountains
until we again climbed to the summit of the divide above
a spring halfway between the desert floor and the summit
of a pass about 35 miles south of El Cajén. This spring,
called El Banco, is marked by a splendid colony of the
blue palm, Erythea armata, but for some reason supports
no ferns. Not even Selaginella Bigelovii, one of the most
xerophilous of the little clubmosses, was present on the
sun-drenched ridges. But after we reached the summit
of the divide and started down the western slope, we
again found ferns and collected several species. Selagi-
nella Bigelovii was particularly abundant on dry hill-
Sides and canyon walls in the vicinity of Arroyo del Agua
Amarga, and here we again found Pellaea longimucro-
nata, thus establishing two new stations for the species,
one on the desert side and one on the western flank of the
Sierra San Pedro Martir.

We found Selaginella eremophila on dry hillsides in
the vicinity of Rosarito, about 50 miles south-southeast of
San Quintin. This locality is the first to be reported
from Baja California, and is further remarkable in that
it is on the western slope of the range instead of on the
desert side. The type locality of this rare Selaginella is
Palm Canyon, Riverside County, California, but it has

“

46 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

also been collected along the western margin of the Colo-
rado Desert in San Diego County just a few miles north
of the Mexican border.

The richest fern collecting ground discovered on the
1941 trip through and around the Sierra San Pedro Mar-
tir was just below the falls of the Rio Santo Domingo.
The locality is less than 10 miles distant from La Grulla
by air line, but is nearly 4,000 feet lower. The falls are
a series of cascades that drop through an impenetrable
canyon. Some of them are estimated to drop as much as
700 feet, and the whole series descends at least 1,500 feet
as they twist and plunge downward around a sharp curve
in the narrow gorge. The adjacent walls of rock are
granite, in places polished smooth by the torrents of
water that roar down the canyon after heavy rains and
during the spring as the snow melts from the highlands
above.

At the foot of the lowest of the main cascades gorgeous
banks of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris cling to crevices in
the spray-drenched walls of rock. Dryopteris Feei and
Woodwardia fimbriata grow in profusion under huge,
dripping boulders nearby. In marked contrast to these
ferns of moist habitats, numerous colonies of Notholaena
californica grow on the dry ridges less than 200 feet away,
and Selaginella Bigelovii carpets considerable areas not
much farther distant. |

t seems remarkable that Adiantum Capillus-Veneris
should be so abundant in this one locality, yet absent
from the scores of canyons that cut into the main range
of the San Pedro Martirs. This fern has been reported

from at least two localities in southern Baja California®* =

and collected in two others, but has been found in north-
ern Baja California at only one other locality—a canyon
about 20 miles south of the border. The last locality was

3 Proe. Calif. Acad. II. 3: 181. 1891.
4 Proc. Calif. Acad. IV. 12: 980. 1924.

CoLLECTING Iv NorTHWESTERN MExIco 47

found by Mrs. Harvey of San Diego. Brandegee did not:
find this species at or near La Grulla, less than 10 miles
away.

The fact that many of the desert mountain ranges have
not been carefully explored botanically adds to the zest
of hunting ferns in the canyons that knife back into their
jagged masses of granite, basalt, and andesite. The col-
lector may wonder to himself, ‘‘What is growing in that
canyon filled with blue haze in the Mohawk Mountains?’’
He is elated when he finds a colony of Notholaena Parryi
(among other things) under a precariously balanced
boulder, after he has driven 15 miles across the desert,
sans road, to find out! Or he is equally pleased to find
Asplenium resiliens in the Kofa Mountains, the only
known locality for that species within the confines of the
Sonoran Desert.

What are some of the ranges that should be more com-
pletely explored for ferns?) The Ajo, Chocolate, Growler,
and Hareuvar Mountains; Mesa del Pinal and the vol-
canic Tres Virgenes; the Sierras Alamos, Babiso, Desen-
ganios, and de la Giganta; the Superstition, Tinajas Altas,
and Whipple Mountains; the Sierra Pinacate, Sierra
Pinta, and Sierra Santa Maria; all these and very many
more; big ones, small ones and middle-sized ones. They
present enough territory to keep scores of fern enthu-
Siasts active for decades, for each canyon presents differ-
ent ecological conditions that make possible the growth
of plants with varied habitat requirements.

Within the confines of the Sonoran Desert, where I
have done most of my collecting in Mexico, 53 species and
Several varieties of ferns and fern allies are known to
oceur. The Schizaeaceae are represented by only one
Species, Anemia anthriscifolia, and the families Mar-
Sileaceae, Azollaceae, and Equisetaceae each by a single

_ Species also. In the Polypodiaceae are the following

NSS ee bei

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLUME 34, PLATE 4

GILA BEN

a *AJO

—
SONOYTAF-~
S) SA

CABORC

SA 4
30 3
LIBER “
:
28
TA. Ao
e Sy
SAN IGNACIO >
MULEGE# c
26
24 MAP OF THE
SONORAN DESERT
a —— a ——— —— ——__— oe ———— |
° 100 2
MILES
CABO AN OS50
SAN LUCAS .
6 Na N2 ee L

COLLECTING IN NORTHWESTERN MEXICO 49

genera, the number of species included in each indicated
by the figures in parenthesis: Woodsia (2), ee
phlebia (1), Asplenium (2), Pityrogramma (1),
nopteris (1), Adiantum (3), Cheilanthes (17), Has
(6), and Notholaena (12). Four different species of
Selaginella have been found in the Sonoran Desert, S.
rupincola and S. arizonica in Arizona and Sonora, and
8. Bigelovii and S. eremophila in southern California and
Baja California. Does the assemblage look tempting ?
StTANForRD UNIVERSITY.

GAZETTEER OF MOUNTAIN RANGES
Since the accompanying map suet not show the location of the
mountain ranges, the following brief gazeteer will help to locate
them approximately. This list nate only a small fraction of
the total number of ranges and isolated peaks of the Sonoran Desert
region.

Ajo Mountains. ae ahs and the ser snug Boundary.

Chocolate Mountains. out Pe miles northwest of Yuma; an-
other range of same fete 50 miles nort woh . uma.

Growle r Mountains. Along ae border, 30 to 40 miles west of

Harcuvar Mountains. About lat. 34° N., long. 1
Mesa del Pinal. Esca axpment along western ae ee desert west
and southwest of Mexi
Si os. Near — see of Cabor
Sierra Babiso. Between Magdalena and Oe eurpe, :
; rieta.
Sierra de la Gigan’ Main range near the Gulf of ~ as
from sibek the ‘‘ NA in Comondt swath nearly to La
Sierra te. About 30 miles southwest of Son
genes Pinta. Next range north of the Sierra Pinaeate, but in
ona; second range of same name 15 to 20 miles west of the
— of ‘the Gulf of Bea ornia
Santa Maria. rallel to Pacific Coast from about the ‘‘S’’
n Sa acio onion to tip of peninsula, terminating ju
ie Cedros Island.
Su tion Mountains. About 40 to 50 miles east “s nema
Tinajas Altas Mountains. About 40 miles east 0
etree genes. Volcanic peaks - to 25 miles eat of Santa

le Mountains. On California side, in oer bend of Colo-
rado River about 80 miles north of Yuma

59 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

The Name of the Deer-fern
WiLuiAM R. Maxon

The species under discussion is the Osmunda Spicant
of Linnaeus (1753), which was based on European mate-
rial. In North America it is a common plant in mainly
coniferous forests of the Humid Transition Zone along
the Pacific coast from Alaska to the Santa Cruz Moun-
tains, California, and because of its furnishing food to
elk and deer in winter is commonly called Deer-fern.

During the last century American writers mostly called
this fern Lomaria Spicant Desv., following the lead of
Hooker and Baker, who maintained Lomaria as generi-
cally distinct from Blechnum, mainly on the basis of its
strongly dimorphic fertile and sterile fronds. In 1900
Underwood, also recognizing both genera, took up the
name Struthiopteris Seopoli (1760) in place of the much
later Lomaria Willd. (1809), but wrongly attributed the
combination Struthiopteris Spicant to Scopoli, whereas
it had not been published until 1770 and then by Weis.
Struthiopteris has since been adopted by the writer and
many other American fern students, and it is in fact
the name that must be applied to the Lomaria element if
two genera are recognized. But even in Great Britain,
despite the influence of Hooker and Baker’s work, our
plant appeared in many fern books as Blechnum Spicant,
and most non-English writers—for example, Kuhn,
Ettingshausen, Sturm, Luerssen, Makino, and Christ—
merged Lomaria in Blechnum, as advocated by Mettenius
in 1856.1 More recently, Diels, Hieronymus, Christen-
sen, Rosenstock, and most other fern students have re-
garded Blechnum in this inclusive sense, and not without
reason. This view will presumably find general accept-
ance in the United States.

1 Fil. Hort. Bot. Lips. 60-65. 1856.

nee, —beieciinincearinrenaiiny

EQuiseTuM IN New JERSEY 51

It has been customary to write as authors’ sta of
Blechnum Spicant either “‘ (L.) J. E. Smith”’ or ‘‘(L.)
Withering,’’ but both are wrong. In his 1793 <Tentar
men,’’ Sir James Edward Smith indicated Osmunda
Spicant as a third species of Blechnum but did not actu-
ally make the transfer. He has, however, been errone-
ously given as second author by the writer in Abrams’
“‘Tllustrated Flora of the Pacifie States,’’ by Broun in
“‘Index to North American Ferns,’’ and by other writers.

The Withering reference given by Christensen in the
Index Filicum (p. 159) is to the third edition of ‘‘A Bo-
tanical Arrangement of All the Vegetables Naturally
Growing in Great Britain,’’ p. 765 (1796); but the
transfer of Osmunda Spicant to Blechnum had been
made two years earlier by Roth, as pointed out not long
ago by Mansfeld,” the correct citation being as follows:
Blechnum Spicant (L.) Roth in Usteri, Neue Annalen,
Vol. 2, pt. 10, p. 46 (1794). The treatment of this
species by Roth occupies nearly a page and includes
diagnosis and detailed description, with comments.

The Distribution of Equisetum in New Jersey
Wiuiam F. Rapp, JR.

The New Jersey species of Equisetum have been treated
in Norman Taylor’s ‘‘Flora of the Vicinity of New
York’’ (1915) and J. K. Small’s ‘‘Ferns of the Vicinity
of New York’’ (1935), but in neither is a true picture
of their distribution given. Since the first volume was
written much field work has been done, especially in the
southern and northwestern parts of the state. The data
on distribution in Small’s work tend to be general, rather
than specific.

The present detailed study is based on the abundant
material in the following herbaria: New York Botanical

2 Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 45: 202. 1938.

VoLuME 34, PLATE 5

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

EQuiseTruM IN NEw JERSEY 53

Garden; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia;
Brooklyn Botanical Garden; Princeton University ;
Chrysler Herbarium, Rutgers nicest: ; American Fern
Society ; and the private herbaria of Dr. R. T. Clausen
and Mr. J. L. Edwards. I am grateful to the curators
for allowing me to study the specimens in their care.

It is unnecessary to present a key to the species, since
several good ones are readily available. The nomencla-
ture follows that of Broun’s ‘‘Index to North American
Ferns’’ (1938); synonyms are given only when neces-
sary. The maps are reproduced by permission of the
McKinley Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa.

EQUISETUM ARVENSE L. Sp. Pl. 1061. 1753.
A map of the distribution of this species is not pre-
sented. It is the commonest and most widely distributed

where it has been introduced or at localities which,
Githougl within that region, are not truly Pine Barren
country.

EQvuisETUM PRATENSE Ehrh. Hannoy. Mag. 22: 138. 1784.

This boreal species reaches its southernmost limit i
New Jersey, where it is rare, only three oe pains
known, as follows: Closter, Bergen Co., C. ustin.
Palisades, Bergen Co., Apr. 30, 1865, C. ir Austin.
Sparta, anes Co., 1868, C.F. ‘Austin; July 19, 1937,
J. L. Edwards; Aug. iF 1938, Wherry.

Equisetum syivaticum lL. Sp. Pl. 1061. 1753.
This species is found in New Jersey only in the Appa-
lachian Valley and Highlands, and on the Piedmont
lain, the grea mber of known stations being

located i in ie ee. Valley.

PLATE 5.—Fig. 1, Equisetum pratense ; fig. 2, E. litorale (circles)
and E. Psy abies var. americanum (crosses) ; fig. 3 3, E. sylvaticum ;
fig. 4, E. fluviatile; fig. 5, E. prealtum ; fig. 6 s prealtum -var.
affine.

54 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

semana PALUSTRE var. AMERICANUM Victorin, Equis.
u Québee 51, 121. f. 7 if
aoe are only two New J gg tl Sheng for this Ameri-
can variety of the Eurasian E. palustre L., viz.: Sparta,
Sussex Co., C. F. Austin; Coster Bergen Co., 0; 2a
Austin,

EQUISETUM LITORALE Kiihl. ex Rupr. Beitr. Pfl. Russ.
Reich. 4: 91. 1845
Schaffner claims that E. litorale comprises various
Te forms of E. palustre and E. arvense, and per-
ybrids. Since this matter has not been definitely
suttlod. it has been thought best to i suena . as a distinct
species. The specimens referred her : Dingman’s
Ferry, Sussex Co., Aug. 19, 1893, Van Sickle, Flatbrook-
ville, Sussex Co., June. 17, 1884, Britton & Ru sby. Belve-
dere, Warren Co o., Aug. 2, 1885, Britton. Phillipsburg,
Warren Co., July 23, 1886, T. C. Porter. Carhart, War-
ren Co., Mackenzie 5164.

EQUISETUM FLUVIATILE L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.
Equsetum limosum Li. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.

his species is chiefly found in the northern part of the
state and along the Delaware River from Camden County
north.

EQUISETUM PREALTUM Raf. FI]. Ludov. 13. 1817.
Equisetum hyemale auth., not
At present this species is known from widely scattered
stations throughout the state, being commonest in t
northern part. Future collections will probably show it
to be more generally distributed.

EQUISETUM PREALTUM var. AFFINE (Engelm.) Broun,
Index No. Amer. Ferns 93, 1938.
Equisetum robustum var. affine Engelm. Amer.
ourn. Sci. & Arts 46: 88.1
Equisetum hyemale var. aa ADA Eaton, Fern
Bull. 11: 75, 111. 1903.
This variety seems to be mainly limited to the Dela-
ware River Valley, but there are a few stations in other
parts of the state.

a
. |
ij

!

BotrRYCHIUM DISSECTUM VAR. ONEIDENSE 55

On the status of Botrychium dissectum var.
oneidense

Ropert T. CLAUSEN

The classification of the ternate Botrychia, despite my
studies and those of other contemporaries, still stands far
short of perfection. Even some of the most familiar spe-
cies and their variations must be reconsidered in the light
of new evidence and fresh points of view. The idea
advanced in the present discussion is only an hypothesis
at the present stage, an idea to be critically considered
and then either accepted or rejected on a basis of the
evidence.

Several careful field students have referred Gilbert’s
Botrychium ternatum var. oneidense to Botrychium mul-
tifidum rather than.to B. dissectum. Among these may
be mentioned the late E. W. Graves (1935) and Prof. W.
L. Dix, both enthusiastic students of Botrychium. The
latter, in a recent letter (April 28, 1943) to me has re-
marked that he has ‘‘leaned to the interpretation of
Graves in regard vy. oneidense.’’ Others, including my-
self, have leaned the other way and preferred to regard
var. oneidense as a variation of B. dissectum. This dif-
ference of taxonomic opinion is sincere and is supported
in each instance by a degree of evidence. Those who
favor the alignment of var. oneidense with B. multifidum
have in favor of that point of view the evergreen condi-
tion of the sterile blade in oneidense, also the rounded
condition of the penultimate segments. Those who favor
the other relationship have as supporting evidence the
thin texture of the blade, the elongate penultimate seg-
ments, and the late fruiting time, all characteristics of
B. dissectum. Because the latter set of details seemed

56 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

more important to me than the first set, I have tried to
maintain var. oneidense under B. dissectum. All along
I have become increasingly aware that something must
be wrong with this idea, both from the reaction of other
fern students and from further observation in the field.
In central New York, var. oneidense is fairly common.
Around Utica it apparently fruits as freely as do any
of the other varieties of B. dissectum. In the section
around Ithaca and in the southern tier of counties in New
York this is definitely not the case, for the plants develop
fertile panicles only rarely. On many a trip I have had
to search long and patiently to find a fruiting plant of
var. oneidense, whereas fruiting plants of var. typicum
or var. obliquum could easily be obtained. Desiring to
check the relative fertility of var. oneidense and var.
obliquum, I have counted the fertile and sterile specimens
in my personal collection, with the following results:

OTAL NUMBER NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE OF

Variery OF SPECIMENS SPECIMENS PLANTS WITH
TERILE OR § WITH FERTILE FERTILE PANI-
ILE) PANICLES
oneidense 72 11 15%
obliquum 148 80 54%

Examination of the available fertile panicles of var-
oneidense indicates the presence of some abortive sp0-
rangia, but in a number of specimens the panicles seem
to have as good sporangia and to be as productive as any
of var. obliquum. Most of my specimens are from the
Finger Lakes region and from the southern tier of coun-
ties in New York.

A similar survey of specimens in the herbarium of Cor-
nell University yields the following additional data:

pees
Se
i

BotrRYCHIUM DISSECTUM VAR. ONEIDENSE 57

OTAL NUMBER NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE OF

Varrery OF SPECIMENS SPECIMENS PLANTS WITH
(STERILE OR WITH FERTILE FERTILE PANI-
PANICLES
oneidense 72 48 66%
obliquum 217 193 88%

The latter figures indicate a difference of fertility in
the two varieties which is much less convincing than the
figures for my own smaller series, but they do suggest
atrend. By themselves, these data perhaps are not sig-
nificant, particularly since most collectors strive to collect
plants with fertile structures. When viewed in the light
of my own experience in the field, however, they seem to
substantiate the statement which S. J. Smith and I
(Clausen and Smith, 1939) published regarding the con-
dition in south-central New York, namely that ‘‘in the
above area, this population produces fertile segments less
frequently than do any of the other varieties of B.
dissectum.’’

To explain the decreased fertility of var. oneidense,
also the intermediate character of this variety, which is
Seemingly midway between B. dissectum and B. multi-
fidum, I now suggest the hypothesis that var. oneidense
may be an interspecific hybrid, only more or less fertile.
Arguments for and against this idea may be cited imme-
diately. Already some of the favorable evidence is before
us. The var. oneidense is phenotypically intermediate
between the two suggested parent species; further, the
plants exhibit decreased fertility. Another favorable
argument derives from the geographical distribution of
the so-called variety : It occurs chiefly in the northeastern
states and southern Canada, in an area where the ranges
of B. multifidum and B. dissectum overlap and in which
hybrids naturally would be expected. The general pat-

58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

tern of distribution (see figs. 1 & 3 in my monograph
[1938] ), seems to favor the hybrid hypothesis. Wherever
B. multifidum and B. dissectum oceur together in eastern
North America, var. oneidense is likely also to be present.

On the other side of the argument, details of distribu-
tion may also be mentioned. B. multifidum is at present
unknown in eastern North America south of Pennsyl-

vania. Yet there are records of var. oneidense from west--

ern North Carolina and Virginia (Rockingham Co., G. R.
Fessenden), also from sections of Ohio, Indiana, and
other localities from which B. multifidwm has never been
recorded. Another weakness with the hybrid idea is that
the sporangia of the panicles of some individuals of var.
oneidense seem to be as fertile and productive of spores
as are those of either parent. Finally, there is the ob-
vious objection that the hypothesis is simply a guess not
supported by experimental evidence.

The three negative arguments may be considered in
order. First there is the occurrence of var. oneidense
in sections where B. multifidum has not been found.
This can be accounted for in three possible ways: (1) that
B. multifidum does occur in these localities, has been
overlooked, and will eventually be discovered there as @
result of further search; (2) that B. multifidum formerly
occurred there and no longer exists, but that an inter-
mediate population has persisted which is in process of
blending with the dominant B. dissectum; and finally (3)
that spores of hybrid plants have been blown from locali-
ties where both species occur and on germination in the
new locality have produced gametophytes which, when
self-fertilized, have developed F., hybrids. This last
possibility may help to explain the fact that var.
oneidense seems most fertile in areas where both B. mult?-
fidum and B. dissectum are frequent, whereas fertility
seems to decrease in sections where B. multifidum is less

‘ a
TT TY TTT, — RY nm

BotTrRYCHIUM DISSECTUM VAR. ONEIDENSE 59

common or absent. In other words, perhaps the F, is
more fertile than the F,. Another consideration concerns
the possibility that some plants whieh have been identi-
fied as var. oneidense really are hybrids or back-crosses,
whereas others, particularly small plants, are simply
juvenile forms of B. dissectum.

The second argument suggested against the hybrid
hypothesis refers to the occasional high fertility of plants
of var. oneidense. This is significant, because it suggests
that, since B. multifidum and B. dissectum are interfertile
in the region where their ranges overlap and there pro-
duce intermediates, they are only subspecies of a poly-
typic species. This is definitely a possibility ; but if true,
the hybrids, theoretically at least, should be almost as
fertile or as fertile as plants of either kind, and the popu-
lation in the region of intergradation should be inter-
mediate in character. Data presented earlier in this
discussion already indicate a marked tendency towards a
lower fertility. With respect to the population of the
northeastern United States being intermediate in char-
acter, this is not the case. Most plants can definitely
be assigned to either B. multifidum or B. dissectum, which
may be found growing side by side but differing in the
eutting of the sterile blade, time of fruiting, and the
stoutness and texture of the whole plant. The factors
- isolating these two major populations seem sufficiently
strong for us to regard the plants as belonging to two
Separate species, even if they are just in process of reach-
ing that stage from a previous condition as freely inter-
grading subspecies.

The third argument against the idea that var. oneidense
is an interspecific hybrid can be met only by actual ex-
perimental work in which the cross is produced under
controlled conditions. Perhaps this will eventually be
done. Meanwhile, the above information may afford
basis for speculation and observational checking.

60 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

The subspecies involved in the suggested cross are the
ssp. silaifolium of B. multifidum and the ssp. typicum of
B. dissectum. The var. obliquum of the latter is prob-
ably the variation most often involved, but certain plants
from Wayne and Lackawanna Counties, Pennsylvania,
and from Chemung County, New York (W. C. Wilson
& k. T. C. 2428) suggest that the dissected phase of ssp.
typicum may sometimes participate. The late Professor
Chamberlain (1920) advanced the theory that ‘‘B. dis-
sectum’’ (var. typicum) is a sterile mutant. The mutant
idea coincides exactly with my notions about the plant,
but I question the sterility feature, though realizing that
the fertility may vary in different parts of the range.
In any ease, this detail is probably not relevant to the
status of var. oneidense.

The conclusion of the above discussion is that some
evidence exists for regarding as an interspecific hybrid
the plant which I have called B. dissectum var. oneidense.
Fern students in localities where this plant occurs may
aid the work of determining its status by comparing con-
ditions in their areas with the evidence presented here.
Further data may support or detract from the value of
the hybrid hypothesis, which has as its chief merit the
furnishing of an explanation for the intermediate char-
acteristics and peculiar distribution of var. oneidense.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

LITERATURE CITED
aia ify C.J. 1920. “es and mutation in Botrychium.
Bot. Gaz. 70: 387-398. 11 figs.

Clausen, R. T. 1938. A gna of the Ophioglossaceae. Mem.
Torrey Club 197: 1-177. ill

Clausen, R. T., and 8S. J. Smith. "1939. On — ete -
south-central New York. Amer. Fern Jou

Graves, E. W. Dese ihdag Botrychiums. fy Fern wae Pop:
109-120. 8 figs.

Suorter Notes 61

- Shorter Notes

x ASPLENIUM GRAVESII IN VirGInta.—The discovery of
Graves’ Spleenwort in Virginia has been expected, since
the two probable parent species (A. pinnatifidum and
A. Bradleyi) have been found to oceur sporadically in
the state. On the 6th of May, 1939, during a foray in
the neighborhood of Chatham, Pittsylvania Co., Va., the
region around Moses Mill Pond, west of Chatham, was
visited. A part of the foray group followed the writer
along the south shore of the pond. Approximately half-
way up this shore one finds large boulders. On these,
two distinct types of Asplenium were found. One was
identified as Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt., the second
was not recognized. These were cared for and filed away
in the herbarium. Some months later the specimens were
shown to Dr. E. T. Wherry, who identified the question-
able one as Asplenium Gravesii Maxon and agreed that
the other was Asplenium pinnatifidum. The area has
been visited again to search for more specimens of
Asplenium Gravesii and for A. Bradleyi D. C. Eaton,
but as yet only two specimens of the former have been
found and none of the latter. The two of Asplenium
Gravesii were found on the same boulder with Asplenium
pinnatifidum and within two feet of it. Brooks and
Margolin™ report a similar situation in relation to the

this hybrid fern . . . is on a sandstone cliff in heavy
deciduous woods ... A. pinnatifidum is present, but
persistent search has failed to reveal A. Bradley: in the
loeality.’’

The Virginia station for A. Gravesii is in Pittsylvania
County, in the inner Piedmont, 2 miles west of Chatham
along the southwest shore of Moses Mill Pond on Cherry-

1The Pteridophytes of West Virginia. West Va. Univ. Bull.,
Series 39, No. 2; 35. 1938.

62 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

stone Creek, 350 feet above sea level. The two specimens
collected are filed in the herbarium of the Virginia Poly-
technic Institute, A. B. Massey 2922 and 4404 (V.P.I.
sheets 9736 and 9737).

The distribution of Asplenium Gravesii as given by
Broun? is ‘‘. . . on sandstone and mica-gneiss ledges,
Appalachian and Piedmont regions, northwestern Geor-
gia and adjacent Alabama to central West Virginia and
southeastern Pennsylvania; rare.’’ Thus the Virginia
station is not an extension of the range but fills in a

gap—A. B. Massey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute,
Picci, Virginia.

BRADLEY’s SPLEENWORT IN OuI0.—About 70 years ago
Professor F. H. Bradley discovered a small new ever-
green fern growing in the crevices of sandstone cliffs in
eastern Tennessee, and in his honor it was named
Asplenium Bradleyi by D. C. Eaton. Some two years ago
Clyde Jones, of the Ohio State University, found this
species on a cliff called Jacob’s Ladder, in Fairfield
County, near Lancaster, Ohio. The urge to find another
locality for this fern in Ohio prompted Leslie L. Pontius
and myself to explore a region of Sharon conglomerate
and sandstone cliffs in Clyce Hollow, Jackson Township,
Pike County—one of my favorite hunting grounds for
ferns. Diligently for hours we scaled cliffs and searched
the crevices, finding here and there Asplenium platy-
neuron, A. pinnatifidum, A. montanum, and A. Tricho-
manes. It was getting late and we were almost ready to
quit our search, when, lo and behold! in a crevice on the
south face of a cliff we found the object of our quest,
Asplenium Bradleyi. The day ended, and two very
happy men returned to their homes. The treasure was
found.—F.Loyp BartLey, Circleville, Ohio.

2 Index to North American Ferns, 20. 1938.

REcENtT Fern Literature 63

Recent Fern Literature

Gualterio Looser, continuing his scholarly and accurate
work with Chilean ferns, has published three articles in
Volume 28 of the Revista Universitaria of the Universi-
dad Catélica de Chile (1943). The first (pp. 31-34)?
records a new station in the Province of Antofagasta in
northern Chile for the very rare and geographically
curious species Polypodium masafuerae Philippi. It is
now known from Juan Fernandez, five or six localities in
northern Chile, and Mollendo, Peru. Sr. Looser adds a
critical discussion of the nomenclature of the species.

The second article (pp. 123-134)? is a supplement to
a previous publication on the type localities of Chilean
species of ferns and is the result of a visit to botanical
institutions in Argentina and Uruguay. The type collec-
tions of some forty species are listed with nomenclatural
and other notes.

The third article (pp. 169-180)* gives a very readable
account of a collecting trip to the voleano Osorno in
southern Chile, which covered many altitudes from the
bare slopes just below the snow-cap of the summit to the
rain-forest at the base. The narrative is interspersed
with critical and descriptive comment on the ferns seen
and is supplemented by an annotated list of the 22 species
collected and a new key to the Chilean species of Dicra-
nopteris,

Sr. Looser has also published a brief account* of the
work of the late Dr. Christensen —C. A. W.

Although it is not customary to review in the JOURNAL
books relating to subjects other than ferns, an exception
1 Nueva localidad cerca de Antofagasta del helecho Polypodium

masatuorac Philipp:
2 Los localidades de los tipos de los helechos chilenos. Primera

~ adicion.

3 Coleccionando helechos en el Volean Osorno (sur de Chile).
+ Revista Argentina de Agronomia 10: 279-280. 1943.

64 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

may well be made in the present instanee. ‘‘Shrubs of
Michigan’’* is an attractive and thoroughly meritorious
publication. In addition to being of high scientific
worth, the book is so planned as to help and encourage
the amateur in the study of shrubs, and to provide him
with an understanding of methods of collection and
identification. Clear line-drawings illustrate each spe-
cies and a map shows its distribution in Michigan. Of
the blackberries and hawthorns our knowledge of species
is meager, and the author has made it clear that in this,
as in many other groups, problems to be investigated by
the amateur are at hand. Most of these shrub species
extend across the northeastern part of the country.
Besides providing a ready means of identifying shrubs,
the text sets a good standard for our contributors on the
subject of ferns ——H. K.S

Mr. J. P. Anderson has published? recently Part I of
a ‘‘Flora of Alaska and Adjacent Parts of Canada,”’
which includes the pteridophytes and conifers. The
author lived for many years in Alaska and collected
extensively in almost all parts of the region. His treat-
ment, which has keys to the families, genera, and species,
as well as brief descriptions, will naturally be compared
with Hultén’s recent account® covering the same terri-
tory. Fifty-four species of Pteridophyta are recognized,
as compared with 53 by Hultén, the extra one being Equi-
setum alaskanum (A. A. Eaton) Anderson, which is
based on the plant treated by Hultén as Equisetum
variegatum subsp. alaskanum. Line drawings are given
for 47 species, but these show such small portions of the
fronds that their usefulness is somewhat impaired.
Nevertheless, they will be helpful to many amateurs.
1 Hg a Michigan. By Cecil ee Cranbrook Insti-
e of Science. Bulletin No. 20. 249 pp., 161 figs. and maps. —
peste Hills. 1943. ere 50 postpaid.

2 Reprinted from Iowa State Coll. Journ. Sci. 18: 137-175. 1943.
3 Reviewed THis JOURNAL 32: 74. 1942.

Recent FERN LITERATURE _ 65

Anderson’s account does not take into consideration
any of the fern studies of the last few years. For exam-
ple, Clausen’s work on the Ophioglossaceae is ignored;
consequently the name Botrychium silaifolium Presl [B.
multifidum subsp. silaifolium Clausen] is used, whereas,
according to Clausen, this subspecies (or species) does
not oceur north of British Columbia, the Alaskan plants
being referable to B. multifidum subsp. robustum (Rupr.)
Clausen. The Alaskan Bracken is called Pteridium aqui-
linum var. lanuginosum Bong. {an error for (Bong.)
Fernald], but Tryon has pointed out that this varietal
epithet is not available, the proper name for the Alaskan
plant being var. pubescens Underw. The reviewer
showed several years ago that the Oak-fern must bear the
name Dryopteris disjuncta (Rupr.) Morton, rather than
D. Linnaeana GC. Chr., as given by Anderson. There are
other nomenclatural errors, such as the authorities for the
following entities; Blechnum should be L., not (L.)
With.; Pteridium should be Gled. ex Scop., not Seop.;
Botrychium boreale should be Milde, not (Sw.) Milde;
Athyrium Filix-femina var. cyclosorum should be
(Rupr.) Ledeb., not (Rupr.) C. Chr.; and Struthiopteris
(in the sense of Pteretis) should not be Seop., for
Scopoli’s genus Struthiopteris is a synonym of Blechnum
(sens. lat.).

Mr. Anderson has attempted to simplify the keys so
that they may be used successfully by untrained persons,
but in some cases they are so short as to be scarcely
usable; for example,

Segments reniform or fan-shaped «0.0.0... Botrychium Lunaria.

Segments rounded Botrychium boreale.
mewtiente gente oe Botrychium lanceolatum.

Here the ‘‘segments’’ mentioned are not comparable.
Those of B. Lunaria are whole pinnae, whereas those of
the other two are the ultimate lobes of pinnae. Or again:

66 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Blades 1—2-pinnate.

Blades small, thick Dryopteris fragrans.
Blades large, thin Dryopteris oreopteris.
Blades 2—-3-pinnate os. . Dryopteris austriaca [D, dilatata].

These three species are so dissimilar that a far more
definite yet simple key could readily have been con-
structed.

The errors above mentioned are chiefly of importance
to fern specialists and will not detract much from the
usefulness of the work to amateurs and botanists in
general. In fact, Mr. Anderson’s paper will be much
more usable for them than Hultén’s, which contains no
descriptions or illustrations. For the professional tax-
onomist, however, Hultén’s scholarly work will be indis-
pensable for its definite information as to ranges, com-
plete citation of synonymy, citation of specimens, and
valuable discussions of variation —C, V

American Fern Society
Report of the Auditing Committee

The undersigned have checked all the receipts and
expenditures of the American Fern Society for 1943 and
find the Treasurer’s statement correct.

We call to the notice of the Society that our recommen-
dation of a year ago that the valuation of the Library
be reduced by 20 per cent has been entered in this report.

We recommend that the item Inventory A.F.J. (back —

numbers) listed in the Assets column in the sum of
$2,006.79 be reappraised and entered with an Inventory
value of $500.00, and that the Liability Capital Account
be reduced accordingly in next year’s report.

We wish to express our high appreciation to Dr. Sven-

AMERICAN FERN Society 67

son and his staff, who have given careful attention to the
work of the Treasurer’s office.
WALTER 8, ALLEN
FREDERICK L., FAGLEY
Auditing Committee

Calvin L. Gruber

We regret to have to record the passing away of one
of our few Life Members, C. L. Gruber. He was born in
Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 1864, and for some 45
years was a teacher in the State Teachers’ College at
Kutztown. At an early age he took up plant collecting
as a hobby, at first specializing on certain groups of
flowering plants, and discovering several new hawthorns.
Becoming interested also in ferns, he joined our Society
in 1907, and contributed to the JouRNAL several notes on
the species of his region, including the description of
some new forms, the type specimens of which were placed
in the Society’s herbarium. Shortly before his death,
which oceurred July 21, 1943, he presented his collection
of Berks County ferns to the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia.

Mr. Gruber was a rather small man, who spoke with a
strong Pennsylvania German accent. Active, energetic,
and keen-eyed to an advanced age, he was a delightful
field companion, and nothing made him happier than to
‘be able to guide members of the Fern Society to the loeali-
ties of his unusual finds. The writer will always remem-
ber his keen enjoyment of a visit we made to ‘‘ Cystopteris
Bluff’’ opposite Moselem, where we found what seemed
to be four different variants of Cystopteris fragilis —
E. T. WuHerry.

In order that the Society may comply with new postal
regulations, it is requested that members send their

i
ig

68 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

addresses, corrected to include zone number, to the
Secretary.
NEW MEMBERS

Miss Bertha Earle Bill, 12 Boynton St., Worcester 2, Massachusetts.

Mr. ae J. Borsch, ah cpa

Mrs. Z. W. Craine, 155 North Broad St. , Norwich, New York.

Mr. = ohn W. K. Glynn, 56 sone oe, New Rochelle, N. Y.

Mr. W. A. Grace, 92 Anzac Parade, Wanganui, New Ze aye

Mr. Henry G. Leach, 170 Bast 64th St., New York 21

Mrs. ee a Moslaptlin, 416 Mountain View Apts., ai ames St.,
Sou amilton, Ontario, Canada,

Mr. Bett Metoy, 6349 North Spring Mill Road, Indianapolis 5,

India
Mr. George G. McKinley, 104 Northwestern Parkway, Louisville,

tite Kentueky.
~yirs. R. ‘“ Rembert, Rockledge, Florida.

r. H. B. Rust, 200 Liberty Life Bldg., Birmingham 3, Alabam:
23 —— Schrameyer, 1752 Nicholson Place, St. Louis 18, Mis

ae Sobert W. Storer, Mus. Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, Calif.
Mr. aang Strickler, 5303 South Kimbark Ave., Chicago 15,
nois

ye oj Teresita Holy Family Convent, R. D. 1, Manitowoc,
Wis
Mr. J. Dale ‘Whiting, New Bedford, Pennsylvania.

CHANGES OF ADDRESS

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Mrs. W. D. Diddell, R. D. 9, Box 296 A, Jacksonville, Florida.

o, New Jersey.
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Vol, 34 July-September, 1944 No, 3

American Fern Journal

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

Bd
EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON
R. C. BENEDICT Cc. V. MORTON

IRA L. WIGGINS
Bad
GONTENTS

The New World Species of Azolla..........H. K. Svenson 69

Mass Collections: Equisetum sylvaticum
Norman ©. Fasserr 85

Cystopteris Bluff... esas ._Epean T, WHEERy 92

Shorter Notes: Chenaciaie cinnamomea f. cornucopiae-
folia; Two Ferns New to Trinidad

Recent Fern Literature 96

American Fern Society 98

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $1.25; FOREIGN, $1
N. QUEEN ST. AND McGOVERN AVE., pie an PA.

Che Ameriran Fern Society
a fur 1944
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
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JosEPH Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Vice-President
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ecretary
Henry K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn poelnctt N. Y.
bs:

Witiiam R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, W: on 25, D
ie asap

OFFICIAL ORGAN

American Fern Journal

EDITORS
WiLL BR. Maxon... Smithsonian tution, .
R. C. Benepicr...............1819 Dorehester Road, Brooklyn N. ¥.
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An illustrated quarterly devoted to the eT study of ferns.
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AN S TY

to
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back numbers 35 ts each. Vol. I, No. 1; vol. ITI,

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Matter for ee should be addressed to William R. Maxon,
Smithsonian ution, Washington 25, D. C.

Orders for ok numbers and other business communications
should be addressed to the Treasurer of the Society.

LIBRARIAN

ae ae M. Rusk, Broeklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25,

«CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM
Minis Heorss M. Rusk, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25,

is maintained in connec

Amprican Fern Journal

VoL. 34 JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1944 No. 3

The New World Species of Azolla!
H. K. SvENson

The water-ferns, represented by Salvinia and Azolla,
are among the most curious of plants, and would not
ordinarily be taken to be related to the ferns. Salvinia
plants consist of a shoot up to one or two inches long,
with clusters of round floating leaves rarely as much as
a centimeter in diameter. Azolla likewise is a floating
plant, chiefly of the tropics; the entire surface of quiet
ponds may be so covered by the tiny branching fronds
as to exclude mosquitoes from the surface, and for this
reason the plant is sometimes known as ‘‘mosquito-fern”’
(cf. Benedict, Amer. Fern Journ. 13: 48. 1923). These
little floating plants send rootlets down into the water
much in the manner of the duckweed (Lemna) ; their
small size, branching habit, and the almost crystalline
appearance of the tiny individual leaves may be judged
from the accompanying drawings of living, non-fruiting
plants from the greenhouses and out-door pools of the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden (Pl. 6, fig. 1). The succulent
leaves, in the center of which blue-green algae always
live, gleam under the lens like leaves of Mesembrian-
themum. In full sunlight the fronds often become red-
dish, but those in shaded localities remain bright green.

The branches of Azolla show a dorsiventral structure
Suggesting that of Selaginella. The leaves are two-lobed,
the lower lobe being usually larger than the upper, mostly
"1 Brooklyn Botasie pepe Contributions, No. 100.

[Volume 34, No. 2, of the JouRNAL, pages 37-68, was issued
June 19, 1944. ]

69

70 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

without chlorophyll and only one ¢ell thick. These lower
lobes are so adapted for floating the plant that water
comes in contact only with their lower surface. The
upper lobes do not reach the water at all. During the
growing stage they are flattened in the same plane as the
lower lobes, and it is only in age that they become some-
what erect.

As early as 1725, Feuillée had made erude illustrations
of plants from the Peruvian region. Commerson, during
his romantic voyage around the world with Bougainville
(1767-1769), collected somewhere in the Magellan area
the specimens upon which Lamarck in 1785 founded the
genus Azolla, based on the single species A. filiculoides.
No other species were known until 1810, when Willdenow
described A. caroliniana, based on material derived from
Richard in Paris, and therefore probably collected by
Michaux in the southeastern United States. As yet, dif-
ferentiation of species was based only on vegetative
aspect, A. caroliniana being noted as having spreading
leaves in distinction to the imbricate appressed leaves of
A. filiculoides. In the same year that A. caroliniana
was described, Robert Brown (Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 167.
1810) placed the genus upon a scientific basis; both his
genius and that of his artist, Ferdinand Bauer, contrib-
uted to the essential understanding of the reproductive
bodies, as illustrated in Plate 10, accompanying the
Botany of Captain Flinders’ voyage (1814). Martius in
1834 beautifully illustrated A. microphylla Kaulf. (Icon.
Pl. Crypt. Bras. pl. 74, 75), of which the figures are
perhaps based on Brazilian plants, and Meyen followed
shortly in 1836 (Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Azollen)
with a fine series of drawings of A. filiculoides. It was
not until 1847 that Mettenius?, characterized by Christen-
sen (in Verdoorn, Manual Pterid. 523. 1938) as the keen-
est fern student of the nineteenth century, published a

2 In Linnaea 20: 259-282. pl. 2, 3. 1847.

‘ Beg RS Se ee ee a

NEw Worwp Species oF AZOLLA 71

monograph of the genus in which the species were care-
fully delimited. Unfortunately he did not describe and
figure them from type material. Thus a change in the
application of the names A. microphylla and A. mexicana
may be necessary when the types can be studied, but I
have found it expedient to follow his usage except in the
interpretation of A. caroliniana. Since the time of
Mettenius the systematic treatment of Azolla has erad-
ually deteriorated; the elaborate work on the genus by
Strasburger (1873) stressed details of cell structure and
life history, but contributed nothing to taxonomy. The

treatment by Baker (Journ. Bot. 24: 99-101. 1886) is
decidedly inferior.

Most collections of Azolla will be found to be non-
fruiting, but careful search under a low-power binocular
microscope will frequently disclose megaspores not ap-
parent in the first casual observation. The sori, when
present, will be found in pairs in the leaf axils of older
portions of the frond. Each sorus is completely sur-
rounded by an indusium. In some species the inflated
globose indusia of the microsporocarps exceed 1 mm. in
diameter and can be seen with the naked eye; but the
acorn-shaped indusium of the megasporocarp is much
smaller and is completely filled by the rigid single mega-
Spore and its appendages. Usually there will be a pair
of microsporocarps, or of megasporocarps; occasionally
the pair will consist of one of each, and this is the con-
dition most frequently illustrated. Depending some-
what upon the species, the stalked microsporangia (borne
within the indusium like a bunch of toy balloons) vary
from seven or eight to nearly a hundred. Each micro-
sporangium contains 32 or 64 imbedded microspores ag-
gregated into four to ten spore-masses (massulae). The
massulae are somewhat flattened (when four, they fit to-
gether in tetrads, like fern spores in general), and when

TZ AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

they are liberated from the microsporangium they dis-
play, in the New World species, the peculiar barb-tipped
hairs (glochidia) which probably serve to anchor the
floating massulae to the megaspores, and which are so
necessary for the determination of the species. A com-
pound microscope is necessary for examination of the
glochidia. In the megasporocarp only a single mega-
spore develops. Wanda Pfeiffer has shown (Bot. Gaz.
44: 449. 1907) that initial microsporangia develop on the
stalked base of the megasporangium, and that ‘‘if the
megasporangium develops, there will be a megasporo-
carp; while if the microsporangia develop, there will be
a microsporocarp.’’ The lower bell-shaped portion of
the megaspore is important from a taxonomic point of
view, since it may be smooth, reticulate, or pitted. The
upper portion or lid of the sporocarp comes off at ma-
turity in a parachute-like manner, liberating the mega-
spore and disclosing the three-lobed ‘‘swimming appa-
ratus’’ derived from non-functional megaspore material,
formerly thought to give buoyancy to the megaspore.
Development of gametes takes about a week. The micro-
spores remain imbedded in the massulae during develop-
ment; they produce antheridia, and from them anthero-
zoids escape through the gelatinous substance of the
massulae. The nucleus of the mature megaspore divides
repeatedly to form a small embedded prothallus in which
one or more archegonia are produced, each with an egg
cell. The zygote develops after fertilization, and by con-
tinuous division produces the pinnately-branched float-
ing sporophyte with which we started. Further details
of the life-history are given by G. M. Smith (Crypt. Bot.
2: 353-362. 1938).

This study was brought about by an attempt to identify
material which I collected in abundantly fruiting stage
in the Galapagos Islands in 1930. The specimens in the
herbaria of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and American

ee ee ee ee

NEw Wor.p Species oF AZOLLA 73

Fern Society were greatly augmented by the specimens
in the United States National Herbarium, which Dr.
Maxon kindly sent me, and selected specimens from the
Gray Herbarium. The work was difficult, since it in-
volved examination of glochidia and megaspores over the
entire range of specimens, before the more abundant
sterile material could be allocated to the individual
species. Many collections of Azolla are so meager that
identification is practically hopeless. When a series of
fruiting plants has been recognized, the elongate-frondose
character and curled leaves of well-developed A. filicu-
loides can be perceived at a glance. The dichotomous
branches of A. caroliniana with their unusually small
leaves are also characteristic; A. mexicana is of similar
texture, but larger and more compact. A. microphylla,
chiefly of tropical South America, occurs in general as
small isolated somewhat elongate plants; these are fre-
quently thickened and deep purple, though thin green
plants are occasional, as in Drouet 2659 from Ceara,
Brazil. The following treatment is of the American
Species only, all of which are characterized by the pres-
ence of glochidia on the massulae.

For identification of material the reader is especially
directed to the photographs (Pl. 8) which illustrate typ-
ical specimens of the four species here discussed. The
identity of the West Indian material must remain doubt-
ful, for the specimens seen are all sterile; nevertheless,
their relationship is with A. caroliniana, and they have
been so identified by practically all previous writers. In
A. filiculoides only the upper portion of an elongate fr ond
is shown in figure 4; the leaves are most frequently of
an ashy-gray color with broad, searious, irregularly
curled margins. In A. mexicana the under leaf lobes,
which serve as floats for the plant, are frequently much
enlarged, even more so than in A. caroliniana.

74 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Nothing is known of the boundary between A. caro-
liniana and A. mexicana, which probably lies in the
Texas-Louisiana region. Finally, the reader must not be
too optimistic about the identification of sterile material.
Usually, however, if the specimens are well collected and
in a mature stage, they can be assigned to one of these
four species. It is possible that microscopic studies of
leaf margins may provide a key to the species, but thus
far I have been unable to make any correlation.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES
A. Glochidia not septate; plants small (0.5-1 diam.),
pyr giennar id branched, the nearly orbicular, divaricate ‘Nea small
(0.5 ong), ~— smooth, not closely imbriecate ; microsporangia

$-40 i in an indusium.—Eastern United States and the West Indies.
” gudoieaiaiies a 5 figeds 4 ;
AA. Glochidia not se eptate, or erga with 1 or 2 septae at apex;
plants elongate aig ola 2-6 ¢ m. long), with bscigeyd ee it
imbricate, papillose 2, oblong t 0 ovate leaves (1 mm. long); micro

Andean and southern South America; Nome pyasi introduced in the
eastern United States, Hawaii, and E

2. A. filic —_— (PL. 6, figs. 1, 2; pl. 8, fig. 4).

AAA. Glochidia many-septate; plants “alehoromously pranch hed,

1-1.5 em. diam., with upper r leaf lobes 0.7 mm ong, the under ones

itted

ward to French Guiana and Bolivia, northward ~ Utah and British
Columbia, and sen ot to Winkonsis. and [lin

ana (Pl. 7 7, fs. 1-8, 5; pl 8, fo. 2)

AAAA. Glo hidia many-septate ; plants small (1-2 em. long),
nonce scunien. with nearly hemes ae 1 mm. long; mega-
spore smooth.—Chiefly in the lowlands of i zil and British Guiana ;
of menttees <a distribution in we a South America = northward
to Central America, the West Indies, and "Salto rni

4. A. microphylla (PI. Sfp. de ‘pl. 8, fg. 8).
. Azolla caroliniana hides ae eS 5: 541. 1810, not

of a authors except as to some descriptions and illus
trations of habit. ?A. is eran Spreng. Syst. Veg.
4: 9. 1827.

Ponds and slow streams, from Massachusetts and New
York to Louisiana, and, judging from habit alone, Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and Jamaica (Harris 10349). Jurgensen

New Worwp Species oF AZOLLA 75

229, from Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, also
has the habit of A. caroliniana.

Only in Tryon & Godfrey no. 907, from Clarendon
County, South Carolina, and Garber’s collection from
Sanford, Florida, in 1876, did I find microsporocarps.
The glochidia are non-septate, a condition otherwise char-
acteristic of A. filiculoides, but somewhat smaller than
in that species and acutely pointed at each end. Not-
withstanding diligent search I have otherwise found no
trace of fruiting bodies in this species. The sculpture of
the megaspores, when they are seen, should be important
for identification. Mettenius saw fruiting specimens of
“A. caroliniana’’ only from Schiede’s Mexican collection,
which he illustrated. This I take to be A. mexicana
cannot be considered as published. It was collected in
January, 1820, ‘‘inter Serpillo et Estero,’’ a locality close
to the Tecoluta River, halfway between Vera Cruz and
Tuxpan.® In the synonymy of A. caroliniana, Mettenius
cited A. mexicana Presl (Bot. Bem. Prague 150. 1844),
which was based on Schiede’s collection and represents
the first actual publication of A. mexicana.® Schiede’s
Plant certainly has nothing to do with true A. caro-
liniana ; nevertheless Mettenius’ illustration was followed
by Strasburger (1873) and later by Kuhn in Martius’
Flora Brasiliensis (12: pl. 82. 1884), from which it was
copied by Britton & Brown (Ill. Fl. 1: 35. fig. 76. 1896).

Linnaea 20: 278. Pt. 3, figs. 9-15.
Schlecht & Cham.,‘ which eceeed no deseription and

* Linnaea 5: 625. 1830,
°Linnaea 4: 561. 1829. ;
ehis rarely neceetibls pabbeatios S appears iader the title ‘‘ Obs.

Rotuhieas’? in Abh. Bohm. Ges. . 1845, and the
description is as follows: “580, hae Jacked os es est: Azolla
Mexican ata, foliolis imbricatis laevibus subrotundis

8 videtur A. portoricensi, differt foliolis margine non

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 34, PLATE 6

cz
z i

Puate 6.—Fig. 1. Azolla filiculoides, from living material; fig- 2.
A, filiculoides, California, Wheeler in 1941; fig. 3. A. caroliniana,
South Carolina, Tryon §& Godfrey 907; fig. 4. A. microphylla,

Galapagos Islands, Svenson 86.

NEw Wor.up Species or AZOLLA V7

A. portoricensis was based on sterile material in the
Sprengel herbarium, collected by Bertero.

505-524. pl. 38. 1836 ; Strasburger, ‘Ueber Azolla 78. pl.
6, figs. 87, 91. 1873; Kuhn in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12: 658. pl.
82, figs. 9-11. 1884; Baker, Journ. Bot. 24: 100. 1886;
Campbell, Ann. Bot. 7: pl. 8, figs. 27, 35, ete. 1893. A.
magellanica Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 541. 1810 (renaming of A.
Pe); Meteiins Linnaea 20: 277. pl. 3, figs. 16-

47. A. squamosa Molina, Saggio Nat. Chile, ed. 2,
125. 1810, see. Christensen. 2A. bonariensis Bertol. Misc.
Bot. 21, in Rend. Sci. Bologna 1859-1860: 64. pl. 5, figs.
2a, 2b. 1860.

Azolla filiculoides came from the Magellan region, but
the actual locality is uncertain. I have not been able to
make out the distinctly annular markings of the mega-
Spore shown by Mettenius; such markings are usually
angular and are better shown by Strasburger (pl. 6, figs.
91, 92). Azolla bonariensis was described from Buenos
Aires, based on a collection by Fox-Strangwais, and is
referred to A. caroliniana by Christensen (Ind. Fil. 148.
1906). Schlechtendal (Bot. Zeit 19: 343. 1861) does
not seem to value it highly, nor can Bertoloni’s work as
a whole be held in very high esteem.

Occasionally specimens are found in which there are
one or two septae at the very apex of the glochidia, but
these may be residual protoplasmic material rather than
actual septae. This form is A. filiculoides var. rubra (R.
Br.) Strasburger (Ueber Azolla 78. pl. 6, fig. 86a. 1873),
based on A. rubra R. Br. (Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 167
1810; Baker, Journ. Bot. 24: 100. 1886). It was origi-
nally described from Australia, but is of little if any im-
portance geographically, since it is found seattered
throughout the range of the species in America.

VoLuME 34, PLATE 7

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

fig.
3. A. mexicana,

.
>

Cardenas 2760
fi
Chile, Looser

£-
rubra,

Suksdorf 1216;
filiculoides var.

Nelson 4176; fig. 4. A.

Washington,

bf

PLATE 7.—Fig. 1. Azolla mexicana, Bolivia,

2. A. mexicana,

Oregon
in 1930; fig. 5. A. mexicana, Mexico, Rose 14647.

Sane

New Wortp Species oF AZOLLA 79

Azolla filiculoides seems to be the only species known
from Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, and from the Andes.
In the Andes it seems frequently to grow on a rather dry
substratum, the plants being often aggregated in thick
masses, with very prominent roots. Such specimens are:
Bogota, Colombia, Apollinaire in 1907; Chasqui, Peru,
Macbride 3307 ; Quispicanchi, Peru, Herrera 2616, 2618;
Bolivia, R. 8. Williams 2648; Valparaiso, Chile, Claude
Joseph 1562, 4698; Concén, Prov. Aconagua, Chile,
Looser in 1930.

I have seen the following collections of A. filiculoides
in fruit: ALASKA: Bischoff in 1868. New Yorx: Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden, Benedict in 1924. Riverhead, Long
Island, Muenscher & Curtis 6647. CAtirorn1A: Pacheco
Pass, Brewer 1288. San Francisco, Rose 42246; Bolan-
der in 1865 and 1866. San Mateo County, Blake 9944.
Merced County, Howell 4206. Santa Cruz County,
Abrams 1833. San Luis Obispo, Summers in 1889.
Santa Barbara, Gambel 668. Los Angeles, Wheeler in
1941. La Grange, Tracy. San Bernardino, Parish
5278. San Jacinto, Leiberg 3104. San Diego, Kimball.
Mission Dam, San Diego County, Kimball 229. Hot
Springs, San Diego County, Vasey 694. ARIZONA:
Tucson, Thornber in 1903. Mexico: Chihuahua, Hart-

Painter 6878. GUATEMALA: Dept. Sololé, Muenscher
2179. Coxromsta: Bogotdé, Lehmann 6363. Boxtvia:
Cochabamba, Julio 191; Bang 983, 1032, 1033. CHIE:
Santiago, Hastings 319. Valdivia, Philippi in 1888.
Brazin: Rio Grande do Sul, Malme 290. Uruevay:
Florida, Rosengurtt B-781. Montevideo, Gibert 1317,
1318. Argentina: Juj juy, Eyerdam & Beetle 22193,
22335. Corrientes, Palmer 1854. Rioja, Venturi 8230.
Rio Negro Valley, Fischer 233. Hawat: Oahu, Degener
& Dowson 12913. Honolulu, Fosberg 13833.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 34, PLATE 8

Big 1. Azolla ieee leg een Piet f
A. mezxie ana, Mexico, Rose 1 go g. 3.
fi

PLA
Godfre 907
microphylla, fi tte Islands, Svenson 86; Bho onion,
Argentina, Venturi 8230. All pret 5 times lace siz

NEw Wor.pD SPECIES OF AZOLLA 81

3. Azolla mexicana Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V. 3:
150. 1845. A. caroliniana sensu Mettenius, Linnaea 20:
278. pl. 3, figs. 9-15. 1847; Kuhn, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1?:
659. pl. 82. 1884; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 35. fig. 76.
1896, not Willd. A. mexicana Schlecht. = Cham. Lin-
naca 5: 625. 1830 (name only). ?A. densa Desv. Mém.
Soe. Linn. Paris 6: 177. 1827 (cited in ee by
Metisning) :

Azolla mexicana resembles A. caroliniana in its flat-
tened, dichotomously branched appearance, and it in-
cludes in general the specimens from the western United
‘States and Mexico cited by authors under the name A.
caroliniana. The leaves are, however, larger than those
of A. caroliniana and do not have their slender appear-
ance. The megaspores, before they are mature, might
sometimes be mistaken for those of A. filiculoides because
of the greenish corky-thickened markings, but when the
megaspore has become dull gray and relieved of its outer
covering the surface will be seen to be minutely pitted.
This is undoubtedly the impression Mettenius wished to
convey in his illustration of A. caroliniana, which, as I
have mentioned previously, was drawn from a Mexican
collection.

According to Weatherby (Contr. Gray Herb. 114: 21.
1936), no specimens of Azolla densa Desv. or A. arbus-
cula Desy. are to be found in the Desvaux Herbarium.
The only two sheets of Azolla are named A. caroliniana
and A. filiculoides, and these identifications are confirmed
by Kuhn. It seems that the names A. densa and A.
arbuscula can well be disregarded.

I have seen the following collections in fruit : Wiscon-
stv: Lacrosse, Hale in 1861. Inirnors: Carroll County,
Waite in 1887. Oquawka, Patterson. Swan Lake, Cal-
houn County, Metcalf 1110. Mussourt: Cooley Lake,
Clay County, Metcalf 1045. Uvran: Provo, Garrett in

82 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

1926. Nevapa: Carson Sinks, Sperry & Martin 782.

British CoLuMBIA: Sicamous, Macown 14205. Wasu-

INGTON: Klickitat County, Suksdorf 1216. OrEaon:

Clackamas County, Nelson 2761. Salem, Nelson 4176;
l

odoe County, Gilbert. Alturas, Modoc County,

Wheeler 4013. Palo Alto, Ward in 1899. Santa Clara,

Wilkes Exped. San Diego, Cook in 1921. Mexico:

Guadelupe, Sinaloa, Rose 14806. Rosario, Sinaloa, Rose

14647. Morelia, Michoacan, Arséne 1208, 2363; Rosen-
Cos

denas 2760. Without mention of any state or collector,
there is a specimen in the Gray Herbarium from ‘‘2 miles
south of Columbus, overflow of Canal by Morrells, Sept.
18, 1841.”’

Martius, Icon. Pl. Crypt. Bras. 123. pl. 74, 75. 1834";
Mettenius, Linnaea 20: 276. pl. a ded 1-8. 1847. Sal-
82

4. Azolla microphylla Kaulfuss, Enum. Fil. 273. 1824; |
vInia Azolla Raddi, Pl. Bras. 1: 1, fig. 3. 1825. J

Azolla microphylla was supposedly collected by |
Chamisso in California, but in the numerous collections
which I have examined from that state I have seen no,
trace of it in the traditional sense of Mettenius. But :
there is difficulty, since Mettenius derived his idea of the 8
glochidia of A. microphylla from Martius, whose illus- aq

7 The megaspore as esp by Martius is not smooth but
reticulate, as is sometimes seen in young merennytes of A. mexicana.
It was possibly drawn fsa the original material collected by

amisso. Martius states (p. al that no wholly mature material
of ‘the ealyptra had fallen under his observation. On page 126, he
notes that A. microphylla oceurs soistecaontir much of | Brazil, espe

cially in the tropical parts; that Poeppig h

fr Cuba and others have sent him material ‘‘in

aquis camporum (Savanes) australiorem invenientam’’; and that
sent material collect:

ion under A. mexicana above.

NEw Wor.tp Species oF AZOLLA 83

trations were supposedly based on Brazilian material.
In addition, the megaspores which Mettenius illustrated
came from Cuba, a region from which I have seen only
the sterile specimens referred to A. caroliniana. If the
Chamisso specimen, which was fruiting, is ever examined,
I suspect it will turn out to be either A. mezicana or A.
filiculoides; Mettenius’ drawing of the smooth mega-
spore, on the other hand, may possibly represent the un-
known megaspore of A. caroliniana. The description by
Kaulfuss was brief: ‘A. frondibus orbiculatis semipin-
natis pinnis trilobis, foliolis imbricatis adpressis minutis.
Frondes tri-quadrilineares orbiculatae subradiatae, folia
papillosa arete adpressa minutissima hyalina. tag
globuliferae semine papaveris fere duplo maiores.’
Azolla microphylla was separated with difficulty by
Mettenius from A. cristata Kaulfuss (Enum. Fil. 274.
1824), which was based on sterile material from Kunze’s
herbarium (without collector’s name) from Demerara,
British Guiana. Evidently Mettenius was able to find
fruiting material, for he differentiated A. cristata by the
crested-ciliate lid of the megaspore, well illustrated in
his account (Linnaea 20: 278. pl. 2. 1847). The number
of massulae in a microsporangium, which Mettenius gives
as 6 in A. microphylla and as 4 in A. cristata, would seem
of little value for diagnosis of species, since the number
is variable, being 9 or 10 in my Galapagos collection.
Chamisso, who made the original collection of A. micro-
phylla, was even better known as a writer than as a bota-
nist, and is especially remembered for the story of Peter
Schlemiel, the man who sold his shadow. He was a
member of the French aristocracy driven out during the
Revolution, who migrated to Germany and to Switzer-
land. In 1815 he embarked from Copenhagen aboard
the Rurik on a ’round-the-world expedition under the
patronage of Count Romanzoff and under the command

84. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

of Lieutenant Kotzebue of the Russian Navy. They ex-
plored the vicinity of St. Catherine on the Brazilian
Coast, where heavy rains made collecting almost impos-
sible, but where they obtained a goodly number of new
ferns; the coast of Chile, where they arrived to find the
vegetation burned up by summer heat; the California
coast where, according to Jepson (Madrofio 1: 253. 1929),
they explored the San Francisco peninsula during Octo-
ber, 1815. From the last locality, therefore, Azolla
microphylla is supposed to have come. Then they sailed
for the Hawaiian Islands and to the Aleutians, where
in futile searching for a Northwest Passage they had
their greatest success in botanical collecting. Kaulfuss
wrote up the ‘‘Enumeratio Filicum’’ from this voyage;
Chamisso’s life, especially as to his botanical activities, is
reviewed by Schlechtendal (Linnaea 18: 83-112. 1839).
An additional account of Chamisso has recently been
SoS (Calif. Acad. Sci., Occasional Papers No. 20,
43).

ee following collections of A. microphylla have been
seen, most of them in fruiting condition: DoMINICAN
RepusBuic: Haina River, Faris 413.3 Ev Sauvapor: Santa
Emilia, Dept. Sonsonate, Standley 22121. BririsH
GuIanA: Botanic Garden, Georgetown, Bailey in 1921;
Hitchcock 16540. FRENcH GUIANA: ib of Rio

ppruague, Leprieur in 1834. Ganapacos ISLANDS
Charles Island, Stewart 3441. pene isn
Svenson 86. Peru: Loreto, Killip & Smith .
Bourvia: Gran Chaco, Tatarenda, Fries 1397. Brazil:
Maranguape, Ceara, Drowet 2659. Minas Geraes, Reg-
nell III. 1507. Rio Grongogy Basin, Bahia, Curran 206.
Toca de Onea, Bahia, Rose 20128.

8 This is perhaps a casual introduction; it does not i aheaton the
ordinary West Indian plant with habit of A. caroliniana

Mass CoLLectTIONs: EQUISETUM SYLVATICUM 85

Mass Collections: Equisetum sylvaticum
NORMAN C. FAssetTT

It was pointed out in 1918! that Equisetum sylvaticum
as it occurs in Europe has scabrous branches, while the
American representative of this species usually has
smooth branches. On both continents the degree of
branching is variable, and the first varietal designation
of the smooth American plant was a slightly branching
phase which was named var. pauciramosum Milde. The
commoner plant in the eastern United States, with
branches smooth but compound, was named E. sylvati-
cum var. pauciramosum f, multiramosum Fernald. Pro-
fessor Fernald, although treating the two phases of the
smooth-branched American plants as forms of one vari-
ety, stated that the freely branching phase was commoner
in the southern part of the range, while the phase with
Subsimple branches, of only occasional occurrence south-
ward to New England and Ohio, was the characteristic
plant of Greenland and Labrador. Dr. Wherry, empha-
Sizing this difference in range, proposed varietal rank
for the more freely branching plant, calling it E. sylvati-
cum var. multiramosum (Fernald) Wherry.’

The characters of these phases of the species may be
most clearly shown in a key:
: eranehes wea brous i ec ceo var. typicum.
a. Branches smooth or scabrous only locally. F

b. Branches ae ts or slightly forking ........... var. pauctramosum.

b. sponges freely forking.
var. pauciramosum f. multiramosum, or var. multiramosum.

Although most American plants have smooth branches,
an occasional specimen has them as rough as those of the
Eur opean plants. Such individuals, identified by Profes-

1 Fernald, Rhodora 20: eee 1918.
oo Fern Journ, 27: 58.

86 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

sor Fernald with typical F#. sylvaticum, were recorded by
him from Parry Sound, Ontario, and from near Nome
City, Alaska. Brother Marie-Victorin records the typical
form from New York and from Quebec.* I have reported
it as of not uncommon occurrence in Wisconsin.*

From a study of herbarium specimens, the presence of
a plant in a particular region may be demonstrated ;
typical E. sylvaticum is thus shown to be present in 11
counties of Wisconsin and var. multiramosum in 16.
Herbarium specimens alone cannot answer the following
questions regarding these two plants: Is there any sig-
nificance in the fact that we find var. typicum in Rich-
land County, Wisconsin, and var. multiramosum in ad-
jacent Sauk County? Do they grow in different habitats?
Does the presence of one exclude the other? Isa signifi-
cant connection indicated between Parry Sound, Ontario,
and Nome City, Alaska, the two American localities
where Professor Fernald reported the typical variety ?

In an attempt to answer some of these questions, mass
collections of Equisetum sylvaticum were made in 1940,
1941, and 1942. From each colony a large number of
individuals were sampled, each sample consisting of one
stem or a segment of a stem with one or two whorls of
branches. Since each individual (clone) may consist of
many erect stems connected by an underground root-
stock, samples were taken at intervals of 25-50 feet to
avoid duplication from a clone. A grant from the Wis-
consin Alumni Research Foundation made possible col-
lecting in the Black Hills of South Dakota. My student,
Mr. Forest W. Stearns, made collections in Florence and
Vilas Counties, Wisconsin. Especially helpful have been
the mass collections made in Alaska by Professor L. J.
Cole.

3 Contr. Lab. Bot. 1’Univ. de Montréal, no. 9, 119. 1927.

Tryon, Fassett, Dunlop & Diemer, Ferns & Fern Allies of

Wisconsin, 131. 1940.

Mass Connections: EQUISETUM SYLVATICUM 87
The placing of all individuals in the three categories

matter. Intermediates are of frequent occurrence.
These intermediates were mentioned by Professor Fer-
nald; indeed, an analysis of his presentation shows five
categories: (1) ‘‘quite smooth,’’ (2) ‘‘with the merest
suggestion of seabridity on the angles,’’ (3) ‘‘a more
definite seabrousness on the young branches,”’ (4) ‘‘suffi-
ciently scabrous to ve een bas the bulk of the
Kuropean specimens,’’ and (5) ‘‘conspicuously sca-
brous.’? Some will argue that such an intergrading
Series merits no nomenclatorial recognition, even in the
subspecifie categories; but it appears to me, as it did to
Professor Fernald and to Dr. Wherry, that if the ex-
tremes in the series show some geographic segregation
the varietal designation is indicated.

Several sheets of the European plants, lent by the
Gray Herbarium through the kindness of Mr. C.
Weatherby, show most branches to have the first inter-
node scabrous throughout and the successive internodes
more or less scabrous to glabrous. In the following table,
American plants with this condition have been called var.
typicum, Those with the first internode of most branches
Scabrous only toward the distal end have been called
intermediates, _ These intermediates can probably be con-
sidered as belonging to var. multiramosum, especially in
View of the intraclonal variation to be discussed in the
closing paragraph. I am free to admit that, returning
to some collections which I had sorted some months pre-
viously, I re-sorted several individuals into different cate-
gories. With such a series of intergrades the placing of
Many of the individuals is a subjective matter. In spite
of this, the following table throws light on some of the
questions concerning the geographic relationships of the
Varieties of E. sylvaticum.

88 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

OCCURRENCE OF VARIETIES IN MASS COLLECTIONS OF EQUISETUM

SYLVATICUM
2| els
LOCALITIES 2| 3 s §
= oa as. ae
SiS] ere
MASSACHUSETTS: Westboro (one Clone) ween | un BO heke
MAINE: Long Cove, Tenent’s Harbor ............0.0.... Ci fae a ks
STISCOR Fee ea Ge chi ede atin i al iad 5 Be pee
WIGERTINE OLN ce ie ic ae ener FA ees Ee mC TS ee
IE ELON cee, a ets eR Ye a tls | DBS sf ed
REWER asta Cae ieln area ies Tesco ded eee 19 | 2
PRCA CN icici ene monensin 1 he Bel, Sate
POE, ee eee Seeker o eens oa eal pclae PL ee
ARBOY ey da oe Adin oi, Solu melt ca tuaakinee van: Boll Lee ao
Garden SRiver 42 ee a es 6) 21
WISCONSIN: Rocky Arbor, Juneau County ......... | ..... 24°38
Antage (de clone) co cok SRA IES hal et
Ho 1 Sowell ob aac oe eae Tace urat Pont Manes erty Pao nied ioe LD] oe
Florence County between Tipler and
GRO GE i aos ah a ee ae ater Sia | ws
Found Lake, Vilas Coumty nn ccccscssssucsnsueoe ae) ee GS at eee Fe
Barksdale aha) as MBP ds te
gg F RE °c, 5 «enero aba IESE ce oar US TTS Aes RCO LAR Fa op eee
onewoe Oe | LO} baron be
MINNESOTA: Two Harbors 6| 3] 3
Brighton Beach, Duluth aan (eget eh ie a ae
Central Lakes 2] Sf 2] ane
22 males: north: of. V wrpinia: oe eh eae Ges
South Dakota: Between Sylvan Lake and
Custer 25 | 10 pS
tween Sylvan Lake and Harney Peak | ..... 5 es
ALASKA: Lowing a i ere 1
Anchorage Bah ce sie
bs se 1 a (Ei eae ES 1
. MeKinley National Park .00000000000.... TE 2 Eh
Res a Best Mine, 15 miles north of | 1{/ 2] 1
a7 2
Misr pine ‘© miles above Cirele ... te dee

“

Mass CouLections: EQUISETUM SYLVATICUM 89

It becomes evident that there is a definite difference, in
different regions, in the proportions of scabrous and of
smooth individuals. Of the 27 individuals from Alaska,
17, a little more than half, are definitely scabrous. Of the
193 plants from Wisconsin and Minnesota, but 16, much
less than 10 per cent, are scabrous. Of nearly 200 indi-
viduals from southern Ontario, Maine, and Massachu-
setts, none are scabrous. On this basis, the recognition
of the smooth plant as a geographic variety seems justi-

ed. Of course, to clinch the matter, mass collections
should be made in Europe, for comparison. From what
information is at present available, they would be ex-
pected to be preponderantly scabrous.

The occurrence of typical scabrous E. sylvaticum in
eastern North America appears, then, to be only as a
minor constituent of a predominantly smooth-branched
population. A herbarium specimen taken at random in
this region might happen to be the rare var. typicum,
but the chances are overwhelmingly in favor of its being
the common smooth phase. An individual of the minor-
ity happened to be the one taken at Parry Sound, Ontario
(as reported by Fernald), and at Saint-Tite, Quebee (as
reported by Marie-Victorin). This does not necessarily
indicate anything remarkable about Parry Sound or
Saint-Tite. This idea may be illustrated by the simile
recently quoted by Dr. Anderson: ‘‘There are Democrats
and Republicans in both Mississippi and Vermont but
their comparative frequency varies significantly between
these two regions.’”> Should we tour Mississippi, stop-
ping in each town to ask one person (simulating the usual
representation of one herbarium specimen from each
locality), ‘‘Are you a Democrat or a Republican?,”’ the
answer would in nearly every case be ‘‘Democrat.’’ But
if, say in Starkville, a sturdy individual should reply
“‘Republican,”’ this would not necessarily indicate any-

5 Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 28: 288. 1941.

90 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

thing unusual in the political complexion of Starkville.
We just happened to meet a member of the minority
party there.

That the glabrous, chiefly North American, phase of
the species should be separated varietally from the sca-
brous, chiefly European, phase, was agreed upon by both
Fernald and Wherry, and is substantiated by a study of
mass collections. On the relation of the freely branching
glabrous plant to the one with subsimple glabrous
branches, however, the two authorities disagreed. Fer-
nald stated: ‘‘The form with freely forking branches,
the only form of var. pauciramosum which seems to merit
a special designation, is less common northward than the
form with simpler branches, but in the southern part of
the range it is distinctly more abundant, being the com-
mon plant of southern New England, southward into
Pennsylvania and locally westward to British Colum-
bia.’’*® Apparently he did not consider this geographical
difference in relative abundance sufficient to merit more
than distinction as forms. The present writer tends to
agree with Wherry that if multiramosum is greatly in
the majority in the northern United States and southern
Canada (and that it actually is may be seen from the
table) and pauciramosum is in the great majority in
Greenland and Labrador (that this is the case is indi-
_ eated by herbarium material, according to Fernald, but
mass collections have not been made in these areas), they
represent geographic trends, or varieties.

In a population containing plants with (1) glabrous
and compound branches, (2) glabrous and subsimple
branches, and (3) scabrous and compound branches,
there might well be expected some plants with (4) s¢ca-
brous and subsimple branches. Such plants have not
appeared in mass collections. This may be because both
scabrous branches and subsimple branches are so much

6 Rhodora 20: 131, 1918,

Mass CoLLections: EQuiIsETUM SYLVATICUM 91

in the minority that a combination of these two charac-
ters would be very unlikely. On the other hand, there
may be a definite reason, genetic or otherwise, why such
a combination does not occur.

There is indication of some intraclonal variation. Two
of the collections listed in the table, one from Westboro,
Massachusetts, and the other from Antigo, Wisconsin,
were each taken from a rather compact isolated patch,
and apparently represent single clones. Each contains
some individuals which are unquestionably glabrous, and
others which have the first internode of some branches
scabrous distally and so are to be classified as intermedi-
ate. There are two factors here: (1) the difficulty of
determining, without careful digging, the exact ae
of a clone, and (2) the difficulty of drawing the
between some of the intermediates and the ae
individuals. But since there is often some variation
between branches in the same whorl, it is not unreason-
able to expect variation between plants that are actually
part of one individual. This variation does not destroy
the significance of regional variation in the ratio of
clearly scabrous individuals to clearly glabrous or slightly
scabrous ones.

SuMMARY

Mass collections, consisting usually of a segment of a
stem with a whorl of branches from each clone, were
taken from colonies of Equisetum sylvaticum. Material
from Maine, Massachusetts and southern Ontario, con-
Sisted of a great majority of plants with glabrous, or
nearly glabrous, freely forking branches (var. multi-
ramosum), and a few with glabrous subsimple branches
(var. pauciramosum, a more northern plant). In Wis-
consin and Minnesota the same varieties were repre-
sented, with the addition of some plants with scabrous
freely forking branches, identified with the common

92 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

European var. typicum. In the Black Hills of South
Dakota, and in Alaska, var. typicum was found to be
about as common as var. multiramosum. Fernald’s con-
tention that the mostly North American plants with gla-
brous branches represent a variety distinct from the
mostly European plants with scabrous branches is thus
corroborated. The finding of an occasional herbarium
specimen of var. typicum from various places in eastern
North America is taken to indicate nothing particularly
significant about that place; var. typicwm is present in
very small numbers and is occasionally collected by
chance. Intermediates are found, often on the same root-
stock with var, multiramosum in regions where var. typ?-
cum is not yet known; these intermediates are therefore
considered as belonging with var. multiramosum.
DEPARTMENT OF Borany,
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN.

Cystopteris Bluff
Epe@ar T. WHERRY

Several years ago the late C. L. Gruber guided the
writer to a locality across the creek from Moselem Sta-
tion, Berks County, Pennsylvania, where he thought
interesting ferns might be found. The locality is an east-
facing cliff of shale alternating with small limestone
lenses, rising to a height of a hundred feet or so, with
occasional ledges on which one can climb. Moist and
well-wooded, it forms an excellent habitat for rock ferns
and, being partly in a State game preserve, it is little
disturbed by man.

In the talus at the base of the cliff we found striking
colonies of Cystopteris fragilis var. protrusa, which
ple. ruber especially, since it is very rare in the
county. On the solid rock-ledges for a distance of sev-

CYSTOPTERIS BLUFF 93

eral feet above the base C. fragilis var. Mackayii was

started to climb, and noticed that the Brittle Ferns in
some of the cool, moist recesses had a different aspect.
Inspection of sori with the hand lens showed the ovate-
acuminate indusia characteristic of C. fragilis var. genu-
ina, extending its known range considerably ; for it is
mostly a plant of the Appalachian uplands, and had not
previously been collected southeast of Lycoming and
Luzerne counties.

But this was not all. While examining the indusia I
was puzzled by a seeming granularity of their surfaces
in some plants, so I gathered two or three specimens for
examination in the laboratory. When studied under the
binocular microscope later, the indusia proved to be beset
with definite stalked glands. This is a character of C.
fragilis var. lawrentiana,: an entity not known south of
Nova Scotia. There is, however, considerable difference
in size. In describing var. lawrentiana, Weatherby gives
the dimensions as: ‘‘ Fronds 3.5—4.8 dm. high, their blades
19-34 em. long, 7-13 em. broad, only occasionally smaller.”’
The largest frond noted in the Pennsylvania material is
3.2 dm. high, with blade 20 em. long and 7 em. broad, and
most of them are decidedly smaller. There is, accord-
ingly, some question as to whether the plant under dis-
cussion should be assigned to that variety, although the
differences are surely not sufficient to justify the creation
of a new varietal epithet for it.

On Memorial Day of the following year a group from
the Department of Botany of the University of Pennsyl-
vania decided to revisit the locality. Gasoline rationing
having meanwhile gone into effect, we planned to go by
train and bus, this involving several miles of hiking but

: Rhodora 28: 129. 1926 (mistakenly cited as p. 130 in Broun’s
ndex),

94 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

still giving us reasonable time for exploration. Glandu-
lar and eglandular plants of the curious form just men-
tioned were found to be about equally abundant and to
occur intermingled, making unlikely the presence of two
independent varieties. Then, just as we were about to
leave, one of the party, Carroll E. Wood, Jr., found a
plant with small but distinct bulblets on the rachises of
the fronds. Though definitely not C. bulbifera, it never-
theless had two of the characters that go with that spe-
cies—glandularity and the presence of bulblets.

As Mr. Weatherby was sponsor of two of the named
varieties of Cystopteris fragilis, specimens were sub-
mitted to him for an opinion. He suggested hybridiza-
tion between the two species, C. bulbifera and C. fragilis.
Although the cliff under study seems like a favorable
habitat for C. bulbifera, no plants of this species could
be found there. It does grow elsewhere in the county, the
nearest known station being some 15 miles away; and it
may formerly have grown on the Moselem cliff, but have
been exterminated there by landslide, competition, or
disease. Or this may be just another case to be added to
those mentioned by Mr. Wagner,’ in which the spores
from a remote source seemingly started prothallia which
gave sperms enough to produce a hybrid, but were unable
to devop adults of the incoming species.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Shorter Notes

OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA PF, CORNUCOPIAEFOLIA.—In 1908
Mr. W. N. Clute? described and illustrated under this
name a peculiar form of the Cinnamon Fern with the
subterminal leaf-tissue lacking and the long protruding
midveins tipped by tiny funnel-shaped appendages or

1 This JOURNAL 33: 71. a.
2 Fern Bull. 16: 107. toon

SHortTeR Notes 95

ascidia. The type locality—apparently the only one thus
far known—was near Burton, Geauga Co., Ohio.

A new find of this curious form may now be placed on
record. In a swamp one-half mile northeast of Chalk
Hill, Fayette Co., Pennsylvania, Mr. Frank H. Bell?
found a single iia of it in June, 1936. He collected
a frond and some time later sent it to me for identifica-
tion ; it is now preserved in the herbarium of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In the hope of
rediscovering the plant, Mr. Bell took me to the locality
in the summer of 1940. However, in spite of examination
of hundreds of clumps of Cinnamon Fern in the swamp,
not one showing this or any other abnormality could be
found.—Ebear T. WueErry, University of Pennsylvania.

Two Frrns New to Trrnmap.—In October and Novem-
ber of 1943, I was somewhat surprised to find a few small
yellowed sterile fronds of Adder’s- tongue in the very dry,
clayey soil of a mowed grassy field near Xeres Field, a
small Army airfield 27 miles SSW. of Port of Spain,
Trinidad, B.W.I. For several days of looking in off-
hours, however, I could find nothing but these depau-
perate plants, none of them fertile. When I dug them
up I found the remnants of many little fronds that had
been Stepped on or killed by the drouth. The sterility
of the plants was hardly surprising, considering their ex-
posure to the sun and the aridity of the location. Never-
theless, having resolved to discover fertile specimens, I
made a very thorough. search of this field and nearby
fields whenever I got a chance, and finally, where the
_ Srass had not been cut by the Hindu workers, I found
a number of fertile plants.

The large number of specimens I collected represented
two species, which Dr. W. R. Maxon kindly separated for
me—Ophioglossum reticulatum L. and OQ. ellipticum
=

* At present with the U. 8. Armed Forces.

96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Hook. & Grev. The latter was by far the more generally
distributed in the grassy fields, and in the shadier, moister
spots where the grass had not recently been cut it was
accompanied by QO. reticulatum. Plants of O. reticu-
latum were often double, while those of O. ellipticum
were sometimes triple, the fronds of different ages. Most
of the fully developed specimens were found after several
days of sporadic light precipitation.

In the ‘‘Monograph of the Ophioglossaceae’’ by Robert
T. Clausen (1938) Ophioglossum reticulatum is cited
from British Guiana, Venezuela, and Grenada, so this
species might well be expected in Trinidad. This is prob-
ably, however, the first valid notice of it from that island.
For O. ellipticum, Dr. Clausen gives localities in British
Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana, Brazil, and, with
a question mark, Bolivia and Panama. This record, then,
of O. ellipticum is likely the first one from Trinidad, and
the first one off the continent of South America.—Wa4k-
REN HerBert WAGNER, JR., Washington, D. C.

Recent Fern Literature

A new fossil fern which will be of more than passing
interest to students of our present flora has been de-
seribed' from material collected in the vicinity of Casper,
Wyoming, by members of a U. 8. Geological Survey party
in 1913. It is Lygodium pumilum R. W. Brown, belong-
ing to the group of species having palmately lobed pin-
nules. Thus the relationship, though not very close, is
with living L. palmatum of the eastern United States.
From this L. pumilum differs greatly in its much smaller
pinnules (2 em. broad, or less), which mostly have only
four lobes. No other undoubted species of Lygodium,
it appears, is known from the Cretaceous period in
America.— W. R. M.

1 Brown, Roland W. A Climbing Fern from the Upper Cre-

taceous of Wyoming. Journ. —— Acad. Sei. 33: 141-142,
fig. 1-5. 1 1943.

REcENT FERN LITERATURE 97

Dr. Werner Rothmaler has recently published’ an
extended account of Dryopteris paleacea, the common
pan-tropic analogue of the Male-fern, D. Filiz-mas, in-
cluding description and a detailed discussion of its
nomenclature and geographic distribution. The combi-
nation D. paleacea is usually attributed to C. Christensen
(Amer. Fern Journ. 1: 94. 1911), but the proper author-
ity is Handel-Mazzetti (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 58:
100. 1908). Because of its wide range this species has
been redescribed many times, over two pages of synonyms
being listed by Rothmaler. The type came from Peru.

he Mexican plants were described as Aspidiwm paral-
lelogrammum and A. crinitum, those from Hawaii as
Lastrea truncata and Dryopteris fusco-atra, from the
Himalaya as Aspidium Wallichianum and A. patentissi-
mum, from Europe as A. distans, A. Blackwellianum,
Lastrea pseudo-mas, and Dryopteris Borreri, from Ma-
deira as Nephrodium affine, and from the Caucasus as
Dryopteris mediterranea. Rothmaler states that in spite
of this abundant synonymy the species is relatively uni-
form morphologically throughout its range, and that
plants from these various widely separated regions are
not separable, even varietally. He gives the principal
distinctions from related species, all of which, with the
exception of D. Filix-mas, are Asiatic. In the Western
Hemisphere hybridization between these two species does
not take place, because of their distinct ranges, but in
Europe numerous hybrids have been found.—C. V. M.

Ina recently issued number of the Bulletin of the Ver-
mont Botanical and Bird Clubs,? Mr. H. G. Rugg records
a bit of observation along the lines suggested in the Presi-
dent’s report for last year. On three different oecasions
he has transplanted to his garden clumps of Osmunda
ee
how Rothmaler, Werner. Ueber ‘geist 8 (Sw.) Hand.-

Boissiera (Geneva) in Fe
4 No..17, pp. 35, 37. Jan. :1

98 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

cinnamomea forma incisa; on all three occasions the
fronds lost their incised character in a year. Mr. Rugg
asks why. The answer is not easy to give and, as in the
ease of Mr. Harlow’s Polypodium (this JourNAt 33: 105),
it may come from a wholly unexpected quarter. One
way to get it might be to observe plants of the incised
form growing in the wild for a series of years, see how
they behaved and, if they remained constant, try to find
out what they had in the wild which they would not have
in the garden, which might influence the development of
the frond. Anyway, Mr. Rugg has at least shown that
this particular form is inconstant when transplanted—
though O. cinnamomea, forma auriculata, remained un-
changed when moved to the same garden

Mr. Rugg also noted that stations for ‘ai Male-fern in
Vermont have suffered greatly from grazing cattle,
though Wood-ferns and Hay-scented Ferns nearby were
untouched.—C. A. W

American Fern Society
The ‘‘high cost of living”’’ is felt by the Fern JOURNAL,
as it is by members of the Society. The Treasurer asks,
therefore, if those in arrears will forward the amount of
unpaid dues as soon as possible.

New MEMBERS

Mr. F, Ballard, Royal Botanic ee Kew, Surrey, oe
Miss Gladys A. Beebe, R. D. 3, Coudersport, Pennsylv:

Mrs. John H. Churelrwelt: sah perini Cirele, J scan Fila.
Mr. Ira W. Clokey, 1835 Laurel St., Pasadena, Califo:

Cpl. Pi M. Devlin, ek Det. 940th Field Art. Bn., ae Bragg,
N: ©. ¢

Mr. Frank H. Mather, 515 Windover Road, Hatboro, Pennsylvania.

Mr. A. W. Roberts, 4541 Lomita St., Los Angeles, Calif.

Sr. José Pent oe Cristobal Colén, Sadi Curisk 38, Mexico
City, M

ee ee

AMERICAN FERN Society 99

CHANGES OF ADDRESS

Cpl. William B. Cooke, Box 143, Warrenton, Virginia.
Miss E. M. Kittredge, 10 High St., Rutland , Vermont.

r. Ian McCallum, 471 Nelson St., Sarnia, Ontario, Canada.
Dr. Philip A. Munz, Bailey Hortoriuni, Ithaca, New York.
Mr. William F. Rapp, 130 Washington Ave., hniglie New Jersey.
Mrs. G. W. Strattan, 1004 Twentieth Ave., Altoona, Pennsylvania.
Dr. R. M. Tryon, ai Freelandville, Indiana

Hubert Earl Ransier
H. E. Ransier, whose death occurred November 28,
1943, joined the Fern Society in 1902, one of the early
band of fern enthusiasts who helped-set the pattern of
friendly association in fern collecting, exchange of ‘speci-
mens, field trips, and correspondence about these plants.
During more than 40 years of membership he continued
his lively interest in promoting Fern Society activities.
In 1910 he helped launch the Fern JOURNAL.
Photographer and pharmacist in the village of Manlius,
eight miles east of Syracuse, N. Y., Mr. Ransier was situ-
ated in a region having many fern species of special
interest. Hart’ s-tongue localities were only a few miles
distant, and Botrychium Lunaria—if B. onondagense is
not counted a separate species—was found in one of its
very few United States stations close to the Hart’s-
tongue. This is the region of limestone cliffs and gullies
east of Jamesville, which comprises such a rich series of
botancial and geological manifestations
n assiduous field worker and solieetier of variant
types in ferns, especially Hart’s-tongue and Walking
Fern, Ransier extended his fern interest in later years to
many parts of the country. He owned one of the early,
well-equipped trailers and in this he toured the country
with Mrs. Ransier, especially winters, collecting and
photographing ferns from the Owen Sound region in
Canada, where he went to see the Hart’s-tongue stations,

100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

to Florida, Cuba, and the Southwest. Postcard photo-
graphs would come in from time to time, showing a
variety of scenes—a cascade of Maidenhair (Adiantum
Capillus-Veneris) on an old wall near St. Augustine or
a Sahuaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) in Arizona.

Ransier was President of the Fern Society in the first
decade of the century. Afterward he served the interests
of ferns and fern-study in many unofficial ways. When
the soda interests, in the early 1920’s had to reach out
for more limestone, they found in the Jamesville region
plenty of limestone, and also a most convenient natural
dumping-receptacle for waste material in the form of one
of the natural wonders of New York State—the plunge
basin of a glacial-period Niagara, about one mile east of
Jamesville. A deep horseshoe-shaped recess in the lime-
stone cliffs, with a small deep lake 300 feet below the top,
made an ideal depository into which carloads of waste
rock could be dumped. For botanists this meant the
destruction of hundreds of Hart’s-tongue plants, as well
as the general devastation of classically interesting col-
lecting ground for flowering plants as well as ferns.

Ransier and Dr. J. B. Todd, a Syracuse member, joined
forces with others to save as much of the Hart’s-tongue
as possible. Many plants were removed and established
in other sites outside the range of industrial progress, and
a considerable number also were distributed to members
of the Fern Society for naturalization in other sections.
The only consolation for naturalists lay otherwise in the
fact that the Jamesville region possessed not one glacial
plunge basin, but two. The other, a little west of James-
ville, had already been saved as a State preserve, the
Clark Reservation. Fortunately, it has its own Hart’s-
tongue station.—R. C. B.

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Vol. 34 October-December, 1944 No. 4 a

American Kern Journal

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

Fad
EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON
R. C. BENEDICT _ & V. MORTON

IRA L. WIGGINS
Bd
CONTENTS
Some Conspicuous Ferns of Northern nou America

can eager 101
Annotations on West Acmerhoin Ferns—HL oA OSEPH Ewan 107
A New Isoetes from Ecuador... _.. .KLENRY K, Svenson 121
Another Occurrence of the PRE Hybrid pees. eng
Warren H. W. Jk. 125
Recent Fern Literature 127

American Fern Society . 129
; >? Index to Volume 34 : 130

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Counril for 1944
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
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President
JOsEPH Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Vice-President

Mrs. Etsiz Gilsson WHITNEY, 274 South Main Ave., sates N. ¥.
; ; 4 :
Heney K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N. Y.
: Treasurer

Wiuiam R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C.
Se Cente Editor-in-Chief

Amprircan Bern Journal

Vor. 34 OcTOBER—DECEMBER, 1944 No. 4

Some Conspicuous Ferns of Northern South
America
Oscar Haugut

The writer has only an amateur’s knowledge of botany,
but he is blessed with good eyes and has been fortunate
enough to have the opportunity to spend several years
in Colombia and Ecuador, where pteridophytes are so
plentiful and conspicuous that they necessarily attract
the attention of any one who is even slightly interested
in botany. Such forms as Dicranopteris, Danaea, Psilo-
tum, and certain species of Lycopodium found here are
especially interesting from the viewpoint of paleobotany.

The tropical forest of northern South America or, more
especially, of the Magdalena Valley, Colombia, varies
greatly in aspect and composition, in accordance with
differing conditions of soil and moisture. This statement
is, of course, trite; still it may be worth while to empha-
size the fact that even with a well-distributed annual
rainfall of considerably over 100 inches, by no means all
the terrain is necessarily covered with swamp and dense
rain-forest. Forests on steep hillsides and the crests of
sharp ridges, especially where the soil is residual from
friable sandstones, show, even with such rainfall, distinct
Xerophytic features, such as the presence of many thorny
small-leaved shrubs, bulbous plants (amaryllids), Zamia,
and trees of the silk-cotton family (Bombacaceae). But
nearly level areas of any considerable size, however well-
drained the soil may be, carry dense humid forests, the
earn

[Volume 34, No. 3, of the JouRNAL, pages 69-100, was issued
October 10, 1944. ]

101

102 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

composition and luxuriance of which depend upon the
type and fertility of the soil. A characteristic feature of
these forests—one apparently not frequently mentioned
in literature—is the superficial position of large roots.
These may run along upon the surface of the soil for
several meters, disappearing only after they have com-
pletely broken up into much smaller roots. It may also
be worth mentioning that forest fires are simply impossi-
ble in such forests. In fact, it is often difficult to start
a fire for cooking without a liberal use of kerosene or of
paraffine candles.

Here, as in the Temperate Zone, ferns and their rela-
tives increase in abundance and variety with humidity,
though, as will be seen, some occur under pretty arid
conditions.

My first view of a tropical lowland forest was in the
vicinity of Barranca Bermeja, a river port on the Magda-
lena, about 400 miles above the mouth of this river and
only a few degrees north of the Equator. So far as the
pteridophytes are concerned, the most striking feature
at the outset was the fact that the Polypodiaceae were by
no means so overwhelmingly predominant as they are
among this group in our Atlantic States. Filmy-ferns
(Hymenophyllaceae) and Danaea were very conspicu-
ous everywhere, as were tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae) and
Anemia on well-drained slopes. The hydropterids Azolla
and Marsilea grow luxuriantly on small lakes (cut-off
meanders and ponded water behind natural levees) near
the Magdalena. Together with Ceratopteris, they some-
times fill these ponds nearly to the exclusion of angi0-
spermous hydrophytes. The only fern family conspicu-
ous in our Eastern States but totally missing here is the
Osmundaceae.

The most attractive ferns of these forests are probably
the Hymenophyllaceae, of which the larger forms are the

Ferns or NortHerN South AMERICA 103

most graceful of terrestrial ferns, while the many smaller
species cover trunks and branches with thick mats of lacy
green leaves. Of course they all dry quickly, but the
largest of the local species, Trichomanes elegans, a very
beautiful terrestrial fern, always turns black in the press.
This has the habit of a polypodiaceous fern. The finely
dissected fronds, growing in a suberect crown, sometimes
reach a height of 80 em.

Lygodium, such a rarity in the United States, is one
of the most common ferns of the Magdalena Valley,
where it fills abandoned pastures, besides growing every-
where along the larger streams. Its twining fronds are
much larger than those of our Temperate Zone species
(L. palmatum), for they reach a length of at least 20 feet.
Even so, they are small compared to those of a poly-
podiaceous fern (Blechnum volubile), of the same region,
which climb to a length of well over 40 feet and must be
very nearly the largest of all leaves. Unlike the Ly-
godium, this Blechnum (often known also as Salpichlaena
volubilis) seems to be strictly a forest plant. At least I
have never seen it growing in pastures, where the Ly-
godium tends to be a troublesome weed.

High clay banks along streams and landslide scars on
hillsides are covered with thick masses of Dicranopteris
and of a coarse Lycopodium, L. cernuum. The Dicra-
nopteris also colonizes hillside pastures, where it comes
into competition with a variety of our familiar Pteridium
aquilinum,

Tropical pteridophytes in general seem able to thrive
on the poorest of soils. Lycopodium, Dicranopteris, and
Pteridium grow well on red clays, hardly superior to
laterite, and tree-ferns form strong colonies—sometimes
almost pure stands—on ‘‘soil’’ that is nearly pure quartz
sand. In fact, terrestrial ferns and lycopods are not
generally conspicuous in areas of rich soil, though a

104 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

delicate Selaginella here carpets moist humus-rich soil
and covers decaying logs, much as do mosses in our Tem-
perate Zone forests.

Epiphytie pteridophytes—Polypodiaceae, Hymeno-
phyllaceae, and Lycopodium—are common in any wet
tropical forest I have seen. The Hymenophyllaceae and
Lycopodium seem to occur only under such conditions of
abundant and nearly permanent moisture, but the poly-
pods, having much better xerophytic adaptations, range
through mesophytic forests into decidedly arid ‘‘bush.”’

It is interesting to note the gradually increasing adapta-_

tions shown by the Polypodiaceae as one passes from
rain-forest through intermediate conditions into xero-
phytic bush. Even in rain-forest the Polypodiaceae tend
to grow under less humid conditions than the Hymeno-
phyllaceae—generally well up in the crown of the forest,
where light is stronger and evaporation greater—and
hence show such adaptive features as coriaceous, fleshy,
or densely pubescent leaves, and often a rosette habit
resembling that of the bromeliads. Species with elon-
gated climbing stems, which grow near the soil and often
become completely epiphytic through the death of the
lower part of their stems, do not as a rule possess such
adaptations. As we pass into less humid conditions the
variety of epiphytes decreases, but the xerophytic adap-
tations of those remaining become accentuated. Leaves
tend to become very tomentose, and the pinnae curl up
tightly when dry. Or the plants become decided trop0-
phytes and pass the dry season in a leafless condition.
The roots come to resemble those of certain orchids that
grow in the same environment—large, open, spongy
masses, with numerous negatively geotropic branches.

The few terrestrial ferns of such forests include species —
of Adiantum and Ophioglossum which remain leafless -

throughout the dry season.

&
Nahe easter : .
"a cscalacigal Dk pinteaaaatnlia: rpaeat inated initial hchinmameahtinmniaayithitatin ataiestaintilinsenaandedines eamhbbintinbeiiiiabtamnemesntiinies gullaiiaigiineitimninbettinie poummmmmemipnmiundmaiidin pinmciemnainnimtitam, guemmmumnaianemcmnainitti,

FEerRNs oF NorTHERN SoutH AMERICA 105

Even the epiphytic polypods have not been able to
adapt themselves to extreme aridity quite so well as have
certain bromeliads which grow very well on cacti and
rocks in areas of genuine desert. The epiphytic ferns
find their limit in savannah country and open thorny
bush, where there is a dependable, though perhaps short,
rainy season each year.

One of the most interesting of the epiphytes of coastal
Ecuador (I have not seen it in Colombia) is Psilotum
nudum. Here this strange and anachronistic pterido-
phyte—a ‘‘living fossil,’’ if such exists !—grows on the
trunks of tagua palms (Phytelephas, the producer of
‘“‘vegetable ivory’’). The rhizomes grow in the humus
that accumulates in the armor of leaf-bases covering the
trunks of these palms, while the assimilating shoots pro-
ject from this armor and sometimes reach a length of

5 em. May not the unknown Mesozoic ancestors of
Psilotum have had a similar habitat upon the trunks of
the Bennettitales?

In both Colombia and Ecuador, ferns and their rela-
tives reach their greatest beauty and variety not in the
lowlands but in moist forests at moderate altitudes—say,
between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. Here the Polypodiaceae
seem better represented than at lower altitudes, while the
true tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae) form splendid stands on
Steep slopes and, individually, grow much larger than
in the lowlands. On account of the usefulness of their
trunks for construction purposes, good specimens of
many of the tree-ferns are hardly ever seen close to
roads. This mid-altitude region is also the favorite home
of Equisetum gigantewm, which grows in thickets 10 to
20 feet high along streams. This plant, occasionally at
least, grows at much lower altitudes, even practically at
Sea-level along some of the streams southeast of Guaya-
quil.

106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

In southern Ecuador the western front of the Andes
is very abrupt, rising from the lowland to elevations of
over 10,000 feet in only a few miles. The prevailing
winds are from the west; hence this steep mountain face
is nearly always covered with fog and mist produced
through the expansion and cooling of the rising air. The
cool moist climate resulting is almost ideal for tree-ferns,
which here grow luxuriantly in open pastures—better, in
fact, than they do in the forests of this area. The roa
from Balzapamba up the mountain front toward Gua-
randa, which is alleged to be passable for cars, gives a
splendid view of this peculiar climatic zone as it climbs
from 2,000 feet to past 10,000 in a straight-line distance
of probably less than 5 miles.

At higher altitudes pteridophytes of course remain a
fairly conspicuous part of the flora up to and in the
paramos which lie at elevations of, roughly, 11,000 to
14,000 feet. Ferns are especially abundant and varied
on the low pdéramo crossed by the car road between the
end of the railroad and Cuenca, in southern Ecuador.
They are less so on the pdramos around Quito, presuma-
bly on account of the drier climate here. At these alti-
tudes Equisetum is represented by one of its smallest
species, EZ. bogotense, often only an inch or two high, and
sometimes growing in nearly unaltered voleanic cinders.
The contrast is sharp indeed between this dwarf and the
tall E. giganteum, growing in the same region at only
slightly lower altitudes.

In somewhat sheltered valleys, a scrubby dwarfed for-
est of low gnarled trees and shrubs straggles up into the
pdramo zone, as may be seen along the main highway
between Quito and Latacunga where it crosses the param?
nearly due west to Cotopaxi. Epiphytie polypods abound
in this forest everywhere, as do bromeliads and Pepe-
romia. In this part of the world, at least some few epi-
phytes grow wherever there are trees to hold them!

West AMERICAN F'ERNS 107

Annotations on West American Ferns—III
JosEPH EWAN

The present paper consists of nomenclatural and dis-
tributional notes on various species of Athyrium, Cheil-
anthes, Dryopteris, Polystichum, and Equisetum. In
this and subsequent papers the herbaria consulted will
be indicated by the standardized abbreviations of the
Index Herbariorum as listed in Chronica Botanica (5:
142-150. 1939).1_ For the courtesy of lending material

rom herbaria under their care I am grateful to Dr. Carl
Epling, Dr. Norman H. Giles, Jr., Dr. George Goodman,
G. A. Hardy, Dr. William R. Maxon, and Miss Hester
usk,.
ATHYRIUM

Athyrium Filix-femina (L.) Roth. Typical A. Filiz-
femina is of widespread occurrence in the western States,
though apparently infrequent. A specimen (J. W. East-
ham 7789, V), collected among rocks at the edge of Sum-
mit Lake, Nakusp, British Columbia, at an altitude of
4,000 feet, agrees very well with a Swedish collection
made in August 1883 by Hyltin-Cavallius (COLO),
labeled ‘‘var. complicatum,’’ a name I have not placed.
J. K. Henry’s record? of Aspidium oreopteris from
“‘Shawnigan’’ was based on J. R. Anderson 667 (V),
from ‘‘near water’’ on Shawnigan Island, B. C., August
18, 1897, which represents an immature specimen of

Iowa State Agricultural ip ai ae Parry Herbarium
(Isc) United States National Herbariu t m (US); University of

the author’s herbarium (COLO) ; Victoria arial Be vd;
Yale os tetas —- the D. C. Ea or Herbarium (YU).
addition the herbarium of the American Fern Society, on

a at the Srockion Botanie Gate | is aehokel by the abbre-
n AFS,
2 Henry, J.K. Fl. So. Brit. Col. 6, 1915.

108 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Athyrium Filiz-femina. This erroneous report is sub-
sequently repeated by F. Kermode.*

CHEILANTHES

Cheilanthes viscida Davenp. Coville (1893) reported
_ this species from the Panamint Mountains, Inyo County,
California. It is now to be reported from the Argus
Mountains of the same county, where it was collected in
“‘erevices in granite cliffs’? in Great Falls Canyon on
April 6, 1937, by Perey Train (COLO). This collection
agrees very well with an authentic sheet from ‘‘ White
Water,’’ 1876, Parry & Lemmon 427 (ISC), actually
Whitewater Canyon, Riverside County, the type locality.
Lemmon in a later distribution of specimens records on
an undated printed label its habitat as ‘‘bluffs of the
White Water River on the Colorado Desert.’’ On March
23, 1929, the author found C. viscida growing in deep
rock crevices on the shaded side of cliff faces along the
floor of the Whitewater Canyon about one mile from its
exit from the hills (Ewan 658), but the fern was not
common at this station.

DRYOPTERIS

Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) Watt, Can. Nat. II. 3: 159.
1868. This is based on Aspidium argutum Kaulf. Enum.
Fil. 242. 1824, founded on a Chamisso collection in 1816
from the vicinity of San Francisco, most likely taken at —
the same time as the type of A. munitum Kaulf.* Type
(B) not seen, but several specimens essentially tara
studied. For synonymy see Broun, Index N.
Ferns 62. 1938.

The specific distinctness of the Coastal Wood-fern from
the European Dryopteris rigida has been questioned evel

3 Kermode, F. Prelim. Cat. Fl. Vancouv. & Queen Charlotte
Isl. 7. 1921,
4Cf. Ewan, Amer. Fern Journ. 32: 96, 98. 1942.

West AMERICAN FERNS 109

as late as 1931.5 J. D. Hooker and D. C. Eaton, among
the earlier pteridologists, placed the Pacifie Coast plants
with D. rigida outright, reducing Aspidium argutum
Kaulf. to synonymy. Eaton subsequently (1879) con-
sidered it a variety, as Aspidium rigidum var. argutum
(Kaulf.) D. C. Eaton, writing still later® ‘‘it has a larger
and broader frond than the European A. rigidum, but
certainly presents no points of specifie distinction; and
some of the Oregon specimens collected by Mrs. Summers
near the Willamette [sic] River are so nearly typical
rigidum that they would not be challenged if mixed with
European specimens.’? The collector referred to was
Mrs. R. W. [Lucia A.] Summers, wife of an Episcopal
clergyman, who, subsequent to an Oregon residence,
made notable collections in San Luis Obispo County,
California.? The collection mentioned is Summers 2184
(YU) from ‘‘a somewhat open copse beside the Wilhel-
mina [sic] River, Oregon, 20 miles south of McMinnville,
1878.’’ The locality referred to represents, not the Wil-
lamette River, as interpreted by Eaton, which lies in the
Willamette Valley, but apparently what is now known
as the Yamhill River, on the Polk-Yamhill County line,
in the ‘‘Northern Coast Mountain Area’’ of M. E. Peck
There is now a town of Willamina in present southern
Yamhill County. This is where D. arguta would be ex-
pected—not in the Willamette Valley. Apparently a
Similar collection exists in the Parke, Davis & Co. Her-
barium.’ This Summers collection represents a sun-form
of D. arguta, and though in general outline of the fronds
and in their ‘‘pinnae standing obliquely forward’’ the

5 Filiz-mas rigida var. americana (Hook.) Farwell, Amer. Midl.
Nat. 12: 256. 1931. Incidentally, this synonym is “not listed in
Broun’s Index.

6 Katon, D.C. Ferns No. Amer. e 4. 1880.

7 Jepson, W.L. Madrojio 2: 28.
§ Cf, Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. Fy 256, 1931.

110 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

collection does suggest strongly the European D. rigida,
it is rather an eead of D. arguta. Dryopteris rigida does
not occur in North America, so far as I have determined.
Observations at Wildcat Canyon, Contra Costa County,
California, made by me in 1934 show such narrow fronds
of stiff erect habit to be the result of exposure and the
influence of poor thin soils (Hwan 8644). On the same
day, typical D. arguta was found in the same general
locality in more favorable sites (Ewan 8639).

From study of a good series of European specimens the
distinctions between the two species may be drawn as

ollows:

piece igi wide (except in rare sun ecads), 10-28 em. wide,

e-ovate; indusium glabrous or nearly so, sometimes
glintentig smoot but not granulose, not inflated over the spo-

ish umbi xe
Stevens County, ” Washin ngton, and Pinal and Gila counties,
D. arguta

— generally narrow, 5-12 em. wide, lanceolate; indusium ap-
aring granulose with fine glandular puberulence, distended or
often - ep about the sporangia, tending to per rit after
ores. Europe; Mediterranean Region, east to

yi sein ad (fide C. Chr.) “rigida
The distribution of D. arguta in the Pacific Northwest
is interesting for its discontinuity. It will be noted that
the fern has a large break in its range, so far as reported,
passing from Cowlitz County, on the Columbia River, to
Vancouver Island without any known in-between Wash-
ington stations in what Piper® calls the ‘‘ Vancouver
strip.’? Piper has commented on this distributional phe- j
nomenon, citing Lilaea subulata, Festuca reflexa, and ;
Microseris Bigelovii as a few species having this inter-
rupted range. He suggests that these species may once
have occupied the Vancouver strip and have persisted
northward only in the relatively drier sites of Puget
Sound (Whidby, San Juan, and Vancouver Islands). It

9Piper, C. V. Flora of Washington, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
11: 44. 1906.

West AMERICAN FERNS 111

remains only to comment that these species are of more
southern affinities, occupying more southern xeric habi-
ae and may have reached these stations following the
‘retreat’? of the coastal Humid Transition forest of this
Northwest Coast.
The following forms of Dryopteris arguta may be
characterized :

Stipes tran rachises non-chaffy or with sie! a few os small
se arg

gu e

Lower pinnae § shorter (mostly 8-12 em. tong) 5 a proximal
pinnules shorter, mostly than 18 mm

— cobwebby, ‘as well as chaff y, with ra cuenta whitish

airs. Northern Santa Tivtars Co., poppin

C guta f. flocculosa

emer pinnae long as-i8e ony: lower proximal pinnules 18-25
ta f. bella

oe is She it not cobwebby.
Pinna usly and irregularly crested, the pinnules forked
D. ar
aig pron erested nor forked, plane and regularly lobed.
Fronds rather stiffly erect, short (25 em. long or less),
narrowly “thie olate. In open apenas oy and poor
1

ta (sun-forms)

Fronds ascending or erect, long pone than 25 em.),

broadly lance-ovate. In dappled Se wiadieie.

D. a (typical)

(a) Dryopteris arguta forma nudata was an, f. nov.

Filix nana, stipitibus pallidioribus, nudatis, subpaleaceis

Vel paleis paucissimis atque lineari-subulatis; laminis

brevioribus, 25-30 em. longis, rhachibus subepaleaceis
a stramineis,

July 1908. H. H. Tracy

Noteworthy is the fact that this replaces the typical
form of the species in the central Sierra Nevada of Cali-
fornia at the same point that Polystichum munitum

112 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

subsp. nudatum replaces typical P. munttum.?° So far,
collections from this region are too few to show the true
limits of this weakly paleaceous form.

b) Dryopteris arguta forma bella Ewan

em. longis ; segmentis pinnatifidis, inferioribus 18-25 mm.
longis.

Type in the University of Colorado, collected at Big
Wash Canyon, Avalon, Santa Catalina Is land, Los An-
geles County, California, in ners canyon bottom, May
6, 1932, by F. R. Fosberg (No. 8127).

y eoetsdnG COLLECTIONS :
CALIFO Los Angeles County : Upper Brush Can-

n, =
Canyon, alt. 2,800 ft., Ewan 3530. Little Santa Anita
Canyon, alt. 2,700 ft., Ewan 1280. Millards Canyon, alt.

alt. 6,000 ft., Z. Flint 5485 (COLO).

The last specimen comes from a high elevation for this
species in any part of its range, especially for the north-
ern Sierra Nevada, where it is rare.

(ce) Dryopteris arguta forma flocculosa Ewan
A D. arguta arguta rhachibus dense crachnoidls va
albo-pilosis) et brunneo-paleaceis differ
ype in the University of Colorado, Said on San
Miguelito Creek, 3 miles above Lompoc, Santa Barbara
County, California, May 30, 1933, by A. L. Grant, Ruth
Ballou, and J. Ewan (No. 7908).

(d) Dryopteris arguta forma cristata Ewan, f. nov.
A D. arguta arguta laminis profunde bifureatis, pinnis

10 Cf. Ewan, Amer. Fern Journ. 32: 100. 1942.

West AMERICAN FERNS 113

toh mnie cristatis, sparse ink ae segmentis in-
aequalibus atque brevioribus differ

Type in the University of Colaswad collected on
Hermit Trail, Santa Anita Canyon, San Gabriel Moun-
tains, Los Ang eles, California, at an elevation of 2,800
feet, by J. Ewan (No. 3530a

(e) Dryopteris oe (Kant. ) Watt. (typical).
REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTION

RITISH COLUMBIA. Naas Point, Hornby Islan d,
Connell 13644, sparingly soriferous (V). ‘*Victoria,’’
Anderson.™ Mt. son, V1."

WasHINeToN. Cowlitz County: On wooded banks
near Kelso, G. N. Jones 6318 (COLO). Wahkiakum
County : Bluffs of the Columbia River, above Cathlamet,

S. Foster 814 (US). Stevens County : Chamokane
River"

OREGON. Sauvie’s fers. T. J. Howell.4 Washing-
ton County: Scoggins Valley, F. E. Lloyd 47 (AFS).
Douglas County : Roseburg, Cusick 3870 (COLO). Yam-
hill County: ‘‘Coast mountains.’® Coos County:
Marshfield.** Josephine County ; Wolf Creek.1’ ‘‘Rocky
shady banks of upper Willamette, ’? Tane or Douglas
ee — 1508 in 1887 (YU).

NIA. Contra Costa County: Wildcat Canyon,
Bion 5 8161, 8639. Las Trampas Ridge, Mason 1166.
Alameda County : Berkeley [Hills], August 1898, L. F’.

a Pear & baa B Fl. NW. Coast 7. 1915.

12 Henry, J. K. FI. So. Brit. Col. 7. 1915; also F. Kermode,
Prelim. Cat. Fl. Vancouv. & Queen Charlotte "Isl. ie 1921. This
ou

0 je

Probable. Hardy, wrote (in litt. May 14, igi ieee no collection
80 labelled exists in the Provincial Museum, V-

oss Frye, T.C. Ferns of the Northwest 130. 1934. A transeasca-
dean stati tion.

14 Piper & pigah, Ais cit. 7.

15 Farwell, op. ¢

16 Frye, o Op. el
ca Frye, op. cit.

114 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
ville Lake, alt. 1,000 ft. , Keck 1361. Santa Cruz County :

u Beet RS

AFS). Monterey County: Carmel Road, Heller 6821.
Upper Arroyo Seco, Santa Lucia Mountains, alt. 3,000 ft.,
Ewan 9348. One mile south of Salmon Creek, Wiggins
5744 (AFS). Santa Barbara County: Santa Cruz Is-
land, Fosberg 7571.15 Santa Rosa Island.?® Los Angeles
County: Lookout Mountain, alt. 1,000 ft., Ewan 2315.
Tuna Canyon, Verdugo Range, alt. 1,300 ft., F. A. Mac-
Fadden 19E. Pasadena, 1896, J. E. Campbell (AFS).
Las Flores Canyon, alt. 1 ,700 ft., Ewan 1285. Temescal
oe Ewan 10824. Higgins Canyon, alt. 1,600 ft.,
May 22, 1926, Ewan sn. Mandeville Canyon, Clokey &
ppd 4539. San Bernardino County : San Bernar-
dino Mountains, alt. 3,000-4,000 ft., January and July,

, A

Ranch, L. F. Kimball (AFS). Escondido, 1929, nee
Ransier (AFS). Mussey Grade, Wiggins 2522 (AFS).
Warners Hot Springs.”°

Arizona. Pinal and Gila counties.?*

Basa CauirorniaA. Seaward slopes 2 miles south of
‘‘Halfway House,’’ 37 miles south of Tia Juana, Wiggims
& Gillespie 3908 (US).

Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott. This species is

more widely distributed in British Columbia than the
single station reported by J. K. Henry would suggest.”
It ranges from near the Alaska-British Columbia boun-
dary, at Nass River (on lava beds, W. B. Anderson 7580,
V), south to Lake Garibaldi (alt. 4,600 ft., G. A. Hardy
8176, V), Yale (W. B. Anderson 8559, V), and Chilli-
wack (W. B. Anderson 16, V), and southeast along the

18 Erect, robust plants bgt ramp set fronds.

19 Bra: nde egee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. II. 1: 218. 1888.

20 Munz & tear ae: Amer eee Journ, 12: 76. 1922.

21 A member of the ‘< Pacific ’? floristie group with a discontinuous
distribution cauae om . coastal region of California to 4

rerio island principally in the Pinal and Mazatz cig bean Re of
zona (Kearney & a Pl. & Ferns Ariz. 8 $0.4
‘22 FL. So. Brit. Col. 7 1915.

West AMERICAN FERNS 115

Selkirk and Gold ranges, at Revelstoke (Henry, Le. 7),
Shuswap (June 15, 1916, J. A. Munro, V), and Sandon
(Ff. A. MacFadden 823, COLO). These British Colum-
bia collections are fairly uniform, as in general are the
many North American specimens studied. Especially
striking is this uniformity when Old World collections
are reviewed (¢.g., material from Germany, England,
China, and Japan).

TA he pls ee (L.) Schott x D. oreopteris
(Ehrh.) Maxon, n. hybr. Lamina 34-34-plo longior
quam lata, tiaaediees glabra; pinnae inaequaliter acumi-

limi; Prohacgs parvum, pallidum, membranaceum, leviter

elandulos

ype in a herbarium of the Victoria co omg Mu-
Seum, collected at Alice Arm, British ia, July
1934, by Lohbrunner and Nichols (No. 9555). adeed at

the University of Colorado.

This putative hybrid has been transferred to the gar-
den of Mr. Lohbrunner, where it has maintained its dis-
tinctive characters of pinnae form and indusia. AI-
though I have seen no material of the parents from Alice
Arm, I have examined a sheet of D. Filiz-mas from a
nearby locality, Nass River, taken by W. B. Anderson
(No. 7580). G. A. Hardy, Botanist at Provincial Mu-
Seum, Victoria, writes that the plants were growing in
clumps in decidedly boggy ground at or about sea level.
Other ferns in the vicinity were Athyrium Filiz-femina,
Blechnum Spicant, and Dryopteris dilatata, the two latter
abundant in this coastal region; there was no sign of D.
Filiz-mas anywhere. Hardy’s description of the country
where this hybrid comes from (in litt. Nov. 28, 1941)
contains some noteworthy points. Of the Nass River,
close to the Alaskan boundary, he writes: ‘‘The greater
and more northern portion flows through rolling plains

116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

broken up by slate ridges, the lower part through deep
and narrow valleys. It is well timbered to 65 miles from
the coast. It has an average [yearly] temperature
[range] of from 19° to 65° [F.], with an average pre-
cipitation of 78 to 80 inches per annum.’’ Nass River
empties into a part of Alice Arm. The fern was re-col-
lected in a meadow west of town, Alice Arm, August
1942, by A. D. York (V, COLO).

As Dr. T. M. C. Taylor, who examined this collection
in 1941, comments, this hybrid is near D. Filix-mas but
of weaker habit, the pinnae now spreading more at right
angles to the rachis, in the manner of sterile plants of the
eastern D. Thelypteris var. pubescens, now ascending as
is so frequent in the Male-fern. The form of the lobes
and the position of the sori approach D. oreopteris. I
have not seen a sufficient series of D. oreopteris from the
Old World to determine the North American var. hesperia
(Slosson) Broun and its distinctness. The variation
among North American individuals is certainly very
great.

PoLysTICHUM

Polystichum Andersoni Hopkins. This species is
credited to southeastern Alaska upon the basis of a speci-
men (W. 8S. Cooper 50) from Tracy Arm, Sumdum Bay,
southeast of Juneau, as reported by Maxon.?* An inter-
esting addition to our knowledge of its coastal distribu-
tion is a collection (Lohbrunner & Nichols 9552, V) from
Alice Arm, B. C., July 1934. Alice Arm is near the
Alaskan boundary. This collection is a single frond,
smaller than typical P. Andersoni.

Polystichum Braunii var. Purshii Fern. < P. Lonchi-
tis rd ) Roth, n. hybr. Lamina 44-plo longior quam lata,
sparse paleacea ; pinnae eis P. Braunii var. Purshit simil-

23 Amer, Fern Journ. 11: 106. 1921.

West AMERICAN FERNS 117

limae sed breviores, apice brevi subaequaliter et abrupte
acutae ; lobi apice subtruncato spinulosi ; indusium leviter
granulosum glabrumvye, ciliolatum, ca. 2 mm. latum, tarde
deciduum.

Type in the Victoria Memorial Museum, collected at
“‘Fort Simpson,’’ British Columbia, by W. B. Anderson,
without date or number. It is illustrated by one of the
two fronds as fig. B of the accompanying plate.

The intended locality must mave been Port Simpson,
just north of Prince Rupert, Chatham Sound, near the
Alaskan boundary. This sheet is the basis, I believe,
of the report of D. oreopteris, under the name Aspidium
oreopteris, from Port Simpson by J. K. Henry.** The
peltate indusium of the genus Polystichum is clearly
evident on the type, however. Though I have seen no
collections of the parent species from Port Simpson, both
are to be expected in that vicinity upon the basis of re-
ports from localities both north and south. The char-
acter of the sori being confined to the terminal half of
the frond, characteristic of both parents, is well dis-
played by this putative hybrid.

Polystichum Dudleyi Maxon. This endemic Cali-
fornian Polystichum, which of all our Pacific Coast rela-
tives of the Old World P. aculeatum most nearly ap-
proaches that species, was reported from San Luis Obispo
County, California, by me.2° Fine examples of it were
taken February 23, 1935, at Anderson Canyon, Santa
Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, where it was asso-
ciated with the Canyon Oak (Quercus chrysolepis) and
a southern relict colony of the Redwood (Sequoia semper-
virens). This southern material (Ewan 9103) is thor-
oughly comparable with several topotypes from the Santa
Cruz Mountains. It is well deserving of garden use.
ces

24 Fl. So. Brit. Col. 6. 1
25 Amer, Fern Journ. Pt _ 1934.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLUME 34, PLATE 9

POLYSTICHUM SPP. AND HYBRID

West AMERICAN FERNS 119

Polystichum scopulinum (D.C. Eaton) Maxon. Dis-
tributional summaries by Maxon?* and Broun?? do not
record this species as ranging north to British Columbia.
J. K. Henry?* records it from Texada Island. This is an
island in Georgia Strait about opposite Comox, between
lat. 49° and 50°. Kermode?? refers to the same record as
““Texada Island, W. B. Anderson.’’? I have examined
this specimen (Anderson 666, August 1897, V), and find
it to be a typical single frond, validating the northern-
most locality for this species.

heeler*® reports finding Polystichum scopulinum
growing with P. Lemmoni in the Siskiyou Mountains,
California. He also comments upon Lemmon’s collect-
ing the two Polystichums apparently ‘‘at the same time
and at apparently the same station.’’ This surmise is
borne out by a Lemmon sheet (COLO) which bears a
note ‘“Mt. Eddy, n. Sierras, Cal., near Shasta, 6,000 ft.,
found with mohrioides,’’ referring to what Underwood
later named P. Lemmoni. Similarly the two ferns occur
together on Mt. Stuart, Washington, but again remain
distinguishable, as indeed they do in the Siskiyou Moun-
tains, as pointed out by Wheeler. This fact lends sup-
port to the recognition of these ferns as distinct species.

EQUISETUM

Equisetum palustre var. americanum Victorin, Equis.
du Québee 51. fig. 7. 121. 1927. Jepson® reports L.
palustre from California as follows, ‘‘Wet places, San
Mateo Co., only known locality in Cal.’’? I have not
determined the basis of this record. In company with

26 In aca Ill. Fl. Pacif. States 11, 1923.

27 Tn es No. Amer. Ferns 149. 1938. .

28 Fl. So. Brit. Col. 6. 1915.

rid Pace Bde Fl. Sabi & = Charlotte Isl. 8, 1921.
30 Amer. Fern Journ. 27; 127. 1

31 Man. Fl. Pl. Calif, 41. 1923

120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Edward Lee the author collected this Equisetum on
March 24, 1934 (Ewan 8698, COLO), at the east end of
Lake Merced, San Francisco County, where scattered
plants occurred over an entire swale then drying out
from extensive drainage operations. Here it was grow-
ing in the partial shade of Rubus parviflorus velutinus.
This collection, except for its stouter habit, agrees well
in technical characters with more northern specimens
such as Suksdorf 11535 from Washington, Hulbert &

Spence 517 from Idaho, and J. P. Anderson 7336 from
Alaska.
Equisetum telmateia forma serotinum (A.Br.) Luerss.

Maurice Broun* reports this form from ‘‘ British Colum-
bia; Eurasia.’’ In my collecting along the Pacific Coast
I have especially watched for this interesting form and
have detected it but once: 14 miles west of Bodega, on
Bodega Bay Road, Sonoma County, California, May 12,
1935 (Ewan 9224, COLO), where it was growing in a
gulch of an open hillslope of a coastal mesa.
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9
A, Polystichum Braunii var. Purshii, from Juneau, Alaska, Dek
Anderso nm 6159; B, 7m — yar. Purshit x FP te nchitis, from
ort Fesestroeal B. C, B. Anderson; C, P. Lonchitis, from Trad-
well Ditch, Douglas’ Head. Alsace, J.P. Anderson 6416.

82 Index No. Amer. Ferns 96. 1938.

A New IsoretTes rrom Ecuapor 121

A New Isoetes from Ecuador!
Henry K. SvENson

The difficulties and disappointments which beset the
voyage of Chamisso, which I discussed briefly in my re-
cent paper on Azolla, are likely to fall upon anyone who
explores for plants. The chances of arriving in a cer-
tain locality just when the vegetation is in full bloom,
unless one is prepared beforehand, are not very great—
unless the ever-blooming tropical rain-forest is the place
to be visited. When I visited the coast of Ecuador in
the early months of 1941, with the help of the John
Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, I had been
fearful lest the annual expected rainfall of some 4 to 6
inches would not be sufficient to bring out the vegetation
in this semidesert region. The 7-year cycle of heavy
rains had passed in 1939, with a fall of about 40 inches
on the southwest coast, and the next heavy fall was not
expected therefore until 1946. It was equally as sur-
prising to the inhabitants of the area as it was to me
to receive torrents of rain in late January of 1941. These
extended—together with gales and thunder storms, both
of which are unusual in the area—to beyond the middle
of March. Fifteen inches of rain fell on the southwest
point of the coast, and just a few miles inland the pre-
cipitation was greatly increased. Much of the country-
side was impassable, and all travel along the coast ceased.
But in being so restricted I did see the entire transition
of a flowering season, much as Richard Spruce saw it at
the little town of Chanduy, some 40 miles down the coast
from Salinas, in 1864.

iro has already mentioned the great scarcity of

ferns in the region of Guayaquil, which lies in the fringe
URI ierenciaene ee
* Brooklyn Botanie Garden Contributions, No. 100.

122 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

of the same dry area. It was not until I was able to get
into Manglaralto, which lies on the coast in an area
moistened by cloud condensation against the adjacent
hills, that I came across any true ferns, and these were
mostly the types found in all tropical plantations. In
the dry country the fern allies were few in number but
much more interesting, and included a large new species
of Isoetes, quite different from anything previously
found in this part of South America. It is described
herewith. At Manglaralto were dense plantations of
vegetable-ivory palms, Carludovica (the plant from
which panama-hat fiber is obtained), bananas, and other
tropical fruits; scattered on the ground, or more rarely
occurring as epiphytes, were widespread species of ferns,
practically all of which I had previously seen in the
Galapagos Islands. Here were two species of Maiden-
hair: Adiantum concinnum, with delicate elongate droop-
ing fronds, and A. tetraphyllum, with stiff upright
pubescent leaves. On tree trunks grew Asplenium
auritum, one of the most abundant ferns of tropical
America, but here obviously under unfavorable condi-
tions, since none of the plants were fruiting. On the
ground was an Asplenium of the lunulatum group which
I have not yet definitely identified. Blechnum occiden-
tale was common, as might have been expected. Of Dry-
opteris, there were D. patens, D. Poiteana, and D. sub-
tetragona—all abundant weedy plantation types. Of
the relatively few ferns present, the only one of real
interest was the epiphytic Polypodium balaonense, which
is a variant of the widespread P. lepidopteris and here
was in splendid fruiting condition. Of this species I
also found traces on the summit of the Chanduy Hills,
and without doubt it is an indigenous species; it is 4
form with appressed silvery scales and lacks the red-
dish coloration seen in Galapagos specimens.

A New IsoetTes From Ecuapor 123

The fern allies were also few in number, but of much
greater interest than the ferns. In shaded ravines at Man-
glaralto were Selaginella Kunzeana and S. erythropus
Spring, which Mr. Morton has kindly determined for
me. All the seasonal pools in the vicinity of Salinas and
Santa Elena were covered by Marsilea ancylopoda, which
is known only from this general region. At the western
base of the Chanduy Hills small pools in the grassland
had Azolla microphylla floating on the surface, with the
general appearance of the species as it is found in the
Galapagos Islands. But of more interest in these pools
was the Isoetes—a plant as large as the familiar I. Engel-
manni of eastern United States, with leaves often a foot
in length. These pools are probably completely dry
throughout most of the year, and the Isoetes is therefore
likely to be found only in the rainy season.

Isoetes pacifica sp. nov. Cormus bilobatus (?). Folia
numero 20-60, flexilia, longitudine 12-30 em., ca. 1 mm
diametro, versus apicem gradatim attenuata, basi mem-
branacea 6 mm. lata, 4 em. longa, stomatibus et fibris
periphericis 6 instructa. Ligula triangularis, basi lata.

rangia longitudine 6-10 mm., latitudine 46 mm.
Megasporae albidae, diam. 480, tuberculis elongatis
obtusis vel subspinescentibus ornatae. Microsporae sub-
rotundae, 3640 ,, diametro, minute papillosae.

Type (Brooklyn Botanic Garden) from pools east of
Chanduy, Eeuador, March 23, 1941, Svenson 11002.

A large amphibious plant with the habit and appear-
ance of I. Engelmanni of the eastern United States, occu-
Pying small pools which are probably dry except in the
rainy season, in the grassy flat lands lying about four
miles east of Chanduy at the base of the Cerro do
Estancia. Growing with it were Heteranthera limosa,
Lemna minima, Echinochloa Crus-Galli and E. colonum
—a rather meager assemblage of uninteresting species.
It is wholly distinct from any of the South American

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 34, PLATE 10

ISOETES PACIFICA SVENSON

Hysrip CyYstToPreris 125

species treated by Weber (Hedwigia 63: 219-262. 1922)
and the Andean I. ecuadorensis Asplund (Bot. Notiser
1925: 357. 1925); and it does not fit into any of the
species treated by Dr. Pfeiffer in her monograph of the
Isoetaceae (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 79-232. 1922). In
both monographie accounts cited above, the nearest ap-
proach in size of plant and in character of megaspores
is I. Gardneriana Kunze from Goyaz Province, Brazil,
_and Paraguay ; but in Weber’s illustration of that species
(fig. 34) the spinescent tubercles are very few and, be-
sides, the microspores are smooth.

I have been unable to find an illustration of the stomata
of Isoetes, despite the fact that their presence or absence
in the leaves is one of the principal guiding points for the
taxonomist. A drawing of the stomata as seen under
the compound microscope has accordingly been made.
Below it is shown a leaf-base with megasporangium, sur-
mounted by a short triangular ligule; and below the leaf-
base are megaspores and microspores. One of the latter
is greatly enlarged to show the roughened surface.

Another Occurrence of the Apparent Hybrid
Cystopteris

Warren Hersert WAGNER, JR.

On Memorial Day, 1942, the writer was one of the
_ group which visited Cystopteris Bluff, as recently chron-
icled by Dr. Wherry.t Seeing the Cystopteris fragilis
with glandular indusia and bulblets led to the recollection
of my having found a similar plant at Catoctin Furnace,
Frederick County, Maryland, while fern-hunting with
David BE. Rawlings in 1938. A later visit in company
with Neal W. Gilbert having failed to reveal any addi-
tional plants, the matter had been dismissed.

i anitines

1 This Journa 34: 92. 1944.

126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

During a furlough on June 26, 1944, I took occasion
to revisit the spot. The sumac trees growing in the
debris of the old furnace had become rather large and
the other vegetation very dense, so that the walls where
ferns grow in crevices are now mostly well shaded. On
one side of the furnace there were found many typical
plants of C. fragilis var. Mackayii, in company with a
few young ones of C. bulbifera; and out of reach, higher
up the wall, there appeared to be more of both.

On another section of the furnace wall the situation
was quite different. Here was seen but a single clump
of C. fragilis var. Mackayii; but all around it were
numerous luxuriant clumps of another entity which even
on superficial examination appeared wholly distinct.
The blades of the larger fronds show a marked tendency
to become long and narrow toward the end, as do those
of C. bulbifera; as in the latter, too, the lowest pinnae
tend to elongate, and all pinnae to curve up at the tip,
while even the largest are pinnatifid rather than pin-
nate. On the other hand, a resemblance to C. fragilis is
seen in the variable cutting and the dark green coloring.
Hybridization between the two species certainly seems
plausible.

Proliferation is shown by most of the larger fronds
on these peculiar plants, but it is rather unusual in
character. Along the rachis at the base of the pinnae
occur ‘‘bulblets’’ of varying aspect, but never so regular
in formas those of normal C. bulbifera. They range
from large irregular green masses 3 to 4 mm. in diameter,
made up of several smaller ones, with colorless scales at
the end, to smaller masses of vegetative tissue about 0.5
to 1 mm. in diameter, with some sporogenous tissue inter-
mixed! And the latter extreme may also pass into an
enlarged sorus just above a pinna-base.

RECENT FERN LITERATURE 127

Another deviation from C. bulbifera consists in the
rarity of gland-tipped hairs. On examination under the
binocular microscope only three of these were seen on one
frond by Dr. Maxon and the writer, and subsequent
search failed to yield more. Accordingly, it can not be
said that the hybrid origin of this material has been con-
clusively demonstrated. A mere sport of C. fragilis,
caused by the presence of iron oxides or other compounds
in the furnace walls may be represented; and in this
connection it is noteworthy that ‘‘freak’’ forms of com-
mon ferns are (or were before civilization took a hand)
especially abundant on the dumps of an iron mine at
Lake Grubb, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

The Catoctin locality, not difficult to reach by street
car or bus from Frederick, deserves further investiga-
tion, and may well repay repeated visits twice a year to
see how the plants develop. For those who can study
only dried material, it may be placed on record that
ample specimens have been deposited in the U. S. Na-
tional Herbarium, the Gray Herbarium, and the her-
barium of the University of Pennsylvania under my
number 2000. C. fragilis var. protrusa, found a quarter
of a mile from the furnace in humus-rich soil on a rocky
slope, is No. 2001; immature plants of C. fragilis var.
Mackayii are No. 2002, and of C. bulbifera No. 2003.

Wasuineton, D. C.

Recent Fern Literature

Jesse M. Shaver has published? a paper entitled ‘‘The
Filmy and Polypody Ferns in Tennessee,”’ in which four
Species are discussed in detail: Trichomanes Petersii,
Trichomanes Boschianum, Polypodium virginianum, and
Polypodium polypodioides. Descriptions and excellent
Rr "
are Tennessee Acad. Sci. 18: 215-222. 1943; 19: 167-174.

128 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

line drawings are given for all four, and three are illus-
trated also by habit photographs. Trichomanes Petersu
is rare in Tennessee and was not discovered there until
1931; it is known only from Blount County. Tricho-
manes Boschianum is also rare, being known from two
localities only, at one of which it has apparently been
exterminated. Both species of Polypodium are abun-
dant, but P. virginianum oceurs only in the eastern half
of the state-—C. V. M

A notable addition to our state fern floras has recently
appeared, covering Virginia.t The bulletin comprises
brief discussions of the general distribution of ferns in
the state, the structure and biology of ferns, the fern
garden, methods of collecting and preserving specimens,
and an elaborate check list of species, varieties, and
hybrids, with descriptions and full citation of speci-
mens in herbaria, arranged by counties in alphabetical
sequence. There is finally a 10-page key and a table of
pertinent literature. Illustrations of many of the spe-
cies are included, some of them previously published
elsewhere (such as the splendid line drawings that ap-
peared in the ‘‘Pteridophytes of West Virginia,’’ by
Brooks and Margolin) but others new, principally half-
tone illustrations of Virginia occurrences.

Much care has been taken to have the nomenclature
accurate and up-to-date, although not every modern
‘‘splitter’? has been followed; thus, the Beech- and
Marsh-fern groups are retained in Dryopteris, the Dwarf
Chain-fern in Woodwardia, and the three autumnal
Botrychiums under B. dissectum. Carefully selected
common names are given for most of the species included.

An interesting addition would have been a list of spe-

Massey, A. B. The Ferns and Fern Allies of Rag (ors Bull.
va. Polytechn. Inst. 37, No. 7, pp. 1-110, many figs. 1

AMERICAN FERN Society 129

cies whose type locality is in Virginia, and perhaps an-
other list of those reaching a range-limit in the state.
These can be added in a future reissue, which is implied
in the text as a possibility. And when preparation of
a new edition is undertaken, one hopes that the regret-
tably numerous misprints will be corrected. One often
repeated consists in attributing to R. C. Benedict speci-
mens collected in Loudoun and Rappahannock counties
J. E. Benedict, Jr.; but there are others in personal,
geographical and botanical names.—E. T. WHERRY

American Fern Society
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JOURNAL can gradually be built up by ordering one or

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Index to Volume 34

Acrostichum aureum, 29
Adder’s-tongue,
gem ee 49, 104; Capillus-Ve-
46, 100; concinnum, 122;
Toemaalt 42, 44; tetraphyllum.

ae Walter Rep f the
Auditin ng Comittee’ oe 1943, Ping
American Fern Society, 30, 66, 98

':

Flora of Alaska

nthriscifolia, 41, 47

ngio opteris evecta, 10,

Annotations West
s—III, 307

Prete Occurrence of the
parent ck ge Pi oe aie 135
pa oe Lape alatum, 8

aioe

A arg m, 108, . 109:
Blackwellianum, 97; crinitum,
97; distans, 97; munitu * bes
parallelogrammum, 97; eop-
teris, 107, 117; patentissimum,
99 gidum, 109, argutum,

;“Wallichiana sion. “OT

dees enium Gravesii aig: va 61

aeplentae, a: aurit 122; bi-
pinnatifi 8; Br rai eyi, - 61,
62; Gra oat A ” 61; 62; laserpitii-

— nm, 9; Tumult atu um, 122; m

motum
chee atti dententrionhic.
44; Trich
Athyrium, nor aerostichoides, Her
esculentum 7, 29; Filix -femina,

‘los

Eisenmann, 7

Ay The New World Species
0

Azoila, 43, 102, 121; arbuscula, 81;

bonariensis, Te: ‘earoliniana, 70,
73, 74, 77, 80, 81. 83,
ut cristata, 83; densa, 8i; iilieu:
loides, 70, io 74, B, 76,77, TO,
83, ar. sonia: Cy ag 78;
magellanica, at: mexicana, a,
73, 74, 78, 80, 81, 82, eo
a eee 70, 71, 4 74,
82, 83, yer 1235 s portobicensts, 4
5, 17; a

Bartley, Floyd. Bradley’s Spleen-
wort in Ohio, 62
aren age Cecil. adage of Mich-

ee cap. pense, et
donthin. 122° mag

9: Pat.
rsonii, 12; Spicant, 50, 5i, 115;
— 103
mmeria hispida, 25
Botrychium boreale, 65;
» 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, met

ee

var. obliquum, 56, 57, 60, var.

oneidense, 56, 57, 58, 59, ,

subsp. typicum, 60; lanceolatum,

; Lunaria, 65, 99; Itifidum,

56, 57, 58, .59, subsp. robustum,
65, subsp. sila ium, 60,

ifo
onondagense, 99; silaifolium, 65:
kenge var. oneidense, 55
Brae
Bradley? ’s “Spleenwort in Ohio.
nd W.

62
Brown, Rol A Clim bing

Fern ha m the Uppe va nid
ng (Revie
Ceratopteris, 102; ee ae ey 28
Cheilanthes, 3, 25, 27, 49, 107;
Brandegei, 4: 43 ; aulfussii,
41; Lindheimeri, 41; peninsu-
laris, ; Pringlei, 41, 42; v

id

collect = 5 in Northwestern

culcita a 9 z
ne —— lunulata, 4, 6, 7; propin-

Ae Bluff,

Cae pearl bulbitera, 4 ee is Of 126, =

ag
Po nu = 93, wee ae v9,
var. Mackay, 9 93, 126, 127, var-
protrusa, 92, 127

Danaea, 102

Davallia f fejeensis, 8

Jeer-fi

Dicranopteris, 63, 101, 103; flex-

Didy ae hlaena truncatula, 9

Dission louchos hyllum in Lou-
isiana, 21 S

Diplazium aontenowe 21; lon

2
ution of Equisetum in New

Nees rib

erse

Doryo Leet. 25, 26; decipiens, 26;
dec cs rent 26: nobilis, be ct ; palmiata,
27; sonata, 27, var.
2, ped palmata, oT: ‘"Raddiana,

,8

erent per "128; arguta, Py
108, gent 110, 111, f. :
112; f. stata, 111, 112, f. flec-
culosa, Th 112, f. nudata, oe
113. at austriaca, 66; Borreri, 6:
dilatata, 66, iis: disjuncta, 5
Feei, 46; Filix-mas, 97, 114, 115,
11 rs Filix- x 115;
fragrans, 66; fusco-atra, 97; a
naeana, 65; mediterranea, ;

oreopteris, 66, 116, iT, var. ——
peria, 116; palea cea, 97; paten:

INDEX TO VOLUME 34

122; Poi pre 122; rigi ag “ee
109, 110; subt “sc Mic 122;
lypteris sg pubescens, ie

Dwarf Chain-fern, 128

Equisetum in ie Clam 51

Equisetum, 29, 1, 107; alas-
kanum, I es S ; bo-
Bontit uk fluviatile, 53, 54;

onii, ; giganteu 105,
106, h ale, 54, var. affi ;

m, oak va riegatum

Joseph. T Amkernthnke on
est American Ferns—III, 107

Fagley, Frederick L. Report of
the Auditing Committee ye 19438,

Fassett, Norman C. Mass Collec-

i tions : Bquisctum sylvaticum, 85
ern New to Worcester Coun
Massachusetts, 2

Fernald, Cc. nsey.
edible Wid Plants be perch

meri
Fiddleheads, _—

on mas rigida var. americana,
Filmy-fern, 102

Gleichenia, 3 {3
Graves’ Siete ort, 61
Gymnopteris, 49; hispida, 41

Hart’s-tongue, 99 sect
Haught, Osear. ‘S$ e Conspicu
ous Ferns of Rathore South

niatiope

is! jopteris sinu ug ost =

Hutchinson, G. ah & Anne
Pe Hack. Lae pg rede

ne ors of ‘Alncotnun | Cherie ), 29
ymenophyllum catdiculatum, 20

Tsoetes, 122, 125; ecuador

> ensis,
125; rg gimanni, ao Gard-
Bere: 124

':

gre yeaa 97; truncata,

del Helecho Pol masa-
_fuerae Philippi i. 63

131

Lycopodium, 29, 101, 104; adpres-

sum, 24; annotinum cer-
nuum, 103 ; gatos 29; flabel-
liforme, 39; ndatum var.
adp . ae Bi lo

Lygodium, 103 ; palmatum, 96, 103 ;
pumilum, 96

par hair, 100

fale-fern 97,

Mavattia Smithii, 10

Marsilea *~ 102; ancylopoda, 123;
“hea eri, 38

Mass Conasiions: Equisetum syl-

vaticum, 85
Ma i

€ —
Plants and Poisonous Piants of
th wil Islands of the Pacific (Re-

Microlepia speluncae, 7
Morton, Me Vv. A New Tricho-
manes from Colombia, 19

ena of the Deer-fern, 50

New World Species of Azolla, 69
Note ere the Southeastern Rela-
tives of Lycopodium inundatum,

Nees 27, 49; aurea, 41;
rnica, 46; Grayi, 41; meer

rs sinuata, 41

pp vont be Gruber, Calvin L., 67;
Ran a Earl, 99

oleandra Par ksii, 12

ee he Status of Botrychium dis-

Bal ar. oneidense, 55

Ophioglossum, 104: ellipticum, 95,
96; reticulatum, 95, 96

Orthiop eg ris,

Osm , 12; cinnamomea f.
ore cornucopiaetolis
94, f. incisa, 98; Spi ant, 50, 51

Ostrich Fern, 28

Pellaea, 25, 27, 49; 2 andromedae-
folia, oS longimucro! . :

— 44.

; Seem rey 41; tern 41
Phanerophlebia, 49; auriculata,
39,

Pityrogramma, 49; triangularis,

Pol dium, 98; accedens, 8; bala-
pe a 132; *ealifornicum, 44;

132

lanceolatum, 17,
ophorum, 18;
ees fe cei

18, var. trich-
; depidopteris, 122°
— e, 63: ;

interjec:

Mov pp re ae 44
ey ager been 1 07, 117; seers
RVG Ari der. 116; Braun

eg wantin.
m, 105

ae aquilinum, 3, 103,

nosum, 65, var. pu-
Aan 6; orn 23; palmata,
26; pedata, 26

Rapp, William F., Jr. The Dis-
tribution of Equisetum in New
Jersey, 51

Recent Fern Literature, 25, 63, 96,

Se of Fern Collecting

iji,

Report of caer age Committee, 66;
of Judge of pe gre 36; of

30; of Secretary, 32;

eo Py iors
of Alaska ee halecisit Parts of

Canada, Part I, 64; eepeiage
Cecil. gol ail of Michigan, 64 :
Brown, Rolan A Climbing

Fern of the U) a “Cretaceous of
Wyoming, 96; Fernald, M. L., &

Plants of Eastern North Amer-

ica, 28; Hutchinson, G. Evelyn,

& Anne Wollack _ Biological
rs

Looser, G@
echos en el Vole4n Osorno
(sur de Chile), 63, Los ali-

podium masafuerae Philippi, 63;
emcee | A. B. The Ferns and
ae :

Mazz., 97; Shaver, Jesse M. The
Filmy d Polypody Ferns in
Tennessee, 127; Tryon, R. M.,
dr A Revision of the Genus
Doryopteris,

Rothmaler, Wern Ueber Dry-

opteris cacacbe ‘dare Hand.-
Mazz. (Review), 97

Salpichlaena oe 103
poottrbs ae 69; A a, 82
ea dich earn ma, 9

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Selaginella, 9, 49, 104; bgt
49; Bigelovii, 415, 46, 49; eremo-
phi ila, 48, 45, erythropus,
123 ; Kunzeana, #983; rupincola,

Selliguea a 12
Sh , Jesse M. The Filmy and
in Tennessee

heen Rem eT a hee of
rn Collecti ing in

Smith, —_ Frank C, ie Fe ern New
se Worcester County, Mageathe

8,

ene Conspicuous Fer of
Northern South America, mot

Southern Variety of Polypodium
Lepiorper

Stenochlaena Dene spt 29

Swamp-fern,
Syngramma pinnata, 9

Tectaria latifolia, 7

BM i. Soy 102,
h apiifolium, 12;

128 ; ti
h

M., Jr. A Revision of
the Genus Doryopteris (Re-
view), 2

Two Ferns New to Trinidad, 95

Urostachys lucidulus, 29; Selago,
29

Vaginularia paradoxa, 8
Vandenboschia, 20
Vittaria scolopendrina, 8

Wagner, Her age 42 Jr.
Another bana ce of the Ap-
parent Hy _ “Cystopteris 125;

wo eds o Trinidad, 95

Walkin toghe n,

Ware Bove t A. Report of the

udge ng gh Peres 36

W tneety. Coa Report of the

Veatherby,

President for 1943, 30; A South:
ern Variety of Polypodium pe!
r T. Cystopteris

92; Note on the acho

ive:

Osm
a f. cornuco Leones

Whitney, Rise G Report of the
Secretary for

Wiggins, te L. Collecting Ferns
in Northwestern Mexico, 37

Woodsia, 49; oregana, 44; Plum-
merae, 41

Woodwardia,

128; fimbriata, 44 —
46; radicans, 44

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Garden, B: nae Preasurer, Herold N. ‘Molde 0.)5 jew York City.
CASTANEA

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AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON
R. C. BENEDICT Cc. V. MORTON
IRA L. WIGGINS

VOLUME 35
i945

LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA

el

CONTENTS

VOLUME 35, NUMBER 1, PaGes 1-32, 1sSUED Apri 11, 1945
= New Fern Genus from Mexico and Guatemala ....... Tip Balla re a
Fern Hunt in Puerto Rie W.H. Wagner, Jr. 4
Hybrids of the Eastern ” North American Subspecies of Ly-
copodium complanatum and L, tristachyum.
Robert T, Clausen 9
New Tropical American Ferns—X\V .............. William R. Maxon 21
Fern Names in Bartram’s ‘‘Travels,’’ 1791. ...... E. D. Merrill 23
Recent Fern Literature 25
American Fern Society 27

VoLuME 35, NuMBER 2, Pacrs 33-64, IssuED JuLy 11, 1945
Elizabeth Billings and Her Fern Garden ..... Elsie M. Kittredge 33
Observed _Characteristies of Botrychium speiaete var.

Le Di

oneidense , Da
Schizaea pusilla beens Ontario Ei Huber ie Brow
Fern Collecting in Southern Cutts ew ger steele F. Sku i .
A New Species of Isoétes from Col mnbin tee C.V.Morton 48

Campyloneurum phyllitidis in Southern Phaids,
Alex D. Hawkes 50
Shorter Notes: Abundance of Selaginella in Oklahoma; The
Earliest Collection of Onocleopsis; Pteris pried in

as ; ndument of Cystopteris fragilis; T
Chilean Pteridophytes of Comme Importance ;
Further Suggestions for the Utilization of Brae
Great Britain ew Stations for Equisetum laevigatum
EN a ne Oa ee Dante Merar nn ene U amas ene
Recent Fern Literature Pilate iY j
American Fern Society a 64

VoLuME 35, NUMBER 3, PAGES 65-96, ISSUED SEPTEMBER 11, 1945

Problems and Objectives in the Study of Fern Hybrid
Ralph C. oe 65

Ferns on Pacific Island Coconut Trees ........... W.H. Wagner, Jr. 74
Some Nomenclatural Changes in the Genus Isoétes.

Clyde F. Reed 77
Valid Names in the GleiGheniace ae ....cccceesecsceeeeen Harold St. John 87
Some Notes on Arizona Ferns . . Walter S. Phillips 90

Shorter Notes: Notes on Tittncisn Piecidophytea: Northwestern
Limits of regain fragilis var. laurentiana
American Fern Society

VoLUME 35, NuMBER 4, Paces 97-140, IssUED DECEMBER 17, 1945
Ferns and Fungi John A, Stevenson 97
A Crested Form of the Broad Beech-fern ................. Clyde F. Reed 104
Recent Range Extensions of Botrychium matricariaefolium

G. R. Vesey 105

A Unique Habitat for Maidenhair Spleenwort.
Alton A, Lindsey 109

Sources of the Fern Flora of Colorado ..............2..... Joseph Ewan 114
Shorter Note: Our Most-renamed Native Fern 128
Recent Fern Literatur 129
American Fern chase Carl Christensen; Constitution of
ciety 131

ee Soe
Pree 6G: VOlUING oo ice os sini ae ee eee 137

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS

Published by the

Che American Heru Society

See for 1944
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR

Dk. FREDERICK L, FacLEy, 287 Fourth Ave., New York 10, N. Y.
President

JosEPH Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, beg et
ice-President
Mags. Ebsiz Gipson WHITNEY, 274 South Main Ave. aoe. N.Y.
ecretary
Heney K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn tre N. ¥-
ee

WittiM R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 2

Se cone

OFFICIAL ORGAN

American Fern Journal

EDITO oe
WiuiaM R. Maxon... Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D.C.
R. C. B eee een 1819 Dechantes Road, Brooklyn 26, N. ¥.
C. V. Morron............ Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C.
Tra L. Wicerns....... Dudley mee Stanford University, Calif.

n illustrated quarterly devoted to the _ study of ferns.
Subseription, $1.25 per year, forei mpeg ; sent free
© members of the nreagewe mg TEEN 8 SOCIE

$1.50; life a 5. 00). eects out if ordered
advance, will be furnished authors at cost. They should be ordered
when proof is returned.

Volume I, six numbers, $2.00; other volumes $1.25 each. Single
back numbers 35 cents each. Vol. I, No. 1; vol. III, nos. 2, 3 and
4; and vol. IV, = et cannot be supplied except ‘with arith complete

volumes. Ten cent discount to members and institu

Smithsonian itution, Washington
ve for back —s and hae ation communications
should be addressed to the Treasurer of the Society.
LIBRARIAN
= M. Rusk, Brooklyn Botanie Garden, Brooklyn 25,
CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM
Miss Hzsrez M. Rusk, Brooklyn Botanie Garden, Brooklyn 25,

N.
A regular losn department is maintained in connection with the
herbarium. Members may borrow specimens from it 5°

Ampvriran Bern Journal

Vou. 35 JANUARY—MaArcH, 1945 No. 1

A New Fern Genus from Mexico and Guatemala
F. BALLARD

Onocleopsis F'. Ballard, gen. nov.

Genus Polypodiacearum, subfam. Onocleoidearum.
Rhizoma erassum. rondes dimorphae; frondarum
sterilium laminae pinnatae, nervis copiose anastomosanti-
bus iis Onocleae sensibilis similibus ; frondarum fertilium
laminae redactae, segmentis ultimis subglobosis soros
binos includentibus ; sori solitarii, terminales; indusium
Squamiforme.

Onocleopsis Hintonii F. Ballard, sp. nov.
~ Rhizoma erectum breviter repens vel sub-

m,

brunneo-straminei, laeves, basi paleacei; laminae ambitu
anguste ellipticae, basin apicemque versus sensim an-

basi truncatae vel cordatae marginibus grosse crenatae,
crenaturis tenuiter serratis, supra glabrae, subtus secus

hervos pilis brevibus pallidis sparse instructae vel gla-

Straminei vel brunneo-straminei, glabri, laeves, basi
Paleis obtecti; laminae 75 cm. longae, 13 em. latae, tri-
Nese ee ae ee
[Volume 34, No. 4 of the JouRNAL, pages 101-132, was issued
Ovember 30, 1944.]
1

“

2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

pinnatae, valde redactae; segmenta ultima inecurvata
subglobosa, soros binos includentia ; sori solitarii termi-
nales, apice venulae liberae siti; indusiu m squamiforme,

ugax ; sporae ellipsoideae, virides, exosporio minutissime

verruculoso praeditae.
ype in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, collected in a wet barranca at ‘Los Hornos, District

‘ ; also
February 2, 1935 (No. 7228) og December 25, 1937 (No.
11211), Als so represented in the U. 8. N ational Her-
barium, Nos. 1,807,817-9, collected in barraneas on the
northwestern slopes of Vo lea arp sas Dept. San
Marcos, Guatemala, at 2,300 to 2,800 meters elevation,
February 26, 1940, by Julian fs Steyermark (No. 36733).

The occurrence of a third genus of Onocleoid ferns is
of more than usual interest. Its discovery dates from
1933, when a native collector employed by Mr. G. B.
Hinton found it in Mexico (Hinton 3297). It was grow-
ing in water and sand at 2,550 meters altitude in a bar-
ranea, ‘‘or rather little box cafion,’’ about 3 meters wide.
Dried specimens were sent to the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew; but although the fern was recognized as a novelty,
the sterile and fertile fronds were difficult to reconcile,
more especially as only the latter were attached to the
rhizome. The late C. Christensen, when shown the speci-
mens, also expressed doubts as to the relationship of the
fronds. The matter was put at rest, however, when the
anatomy of the stipes was examined. Both were found
to possess the typical Onocleoid stelar structure as exem-
plified by Matteuccia Struthiopteris (Bower, The Ferns,
3: 160, f. 685c).

In the spring of 1935, Hinton visited the original loeal-
ity himself but found a total of only seven plants (No.
7228), all in bad condition due to unusually heavy raims.
In the following spring he sent the original collector to

NEW GENuS FROM MEXICO AND GUATEMALA 3

re-collect the plant, but mining operations had destroyed
the habitat and the only two plants remaining were
brought away alive. These were eventually sent to Kew,
but as they were packed in wet charcoal and were a long
time traveling they were quite dead on arrival. All
efforts to stimulate the rhizomes to grow were unavailing.

In 1937 Hinton learned that specimens of the fern
were still growing in the original habitat and he at once
ordered a fresh collection which was made in December of
that year (No. 11211).

The discovery that Onocleopsis was not confined to
Mexico was made as a result of a communication from
Dr. Maxon a short time ago, who forwarded portions of
a fern collected by Dr. Julian A. Steyermark in Guate-
mala on the Tajumuleo Voleano. These were identical
with the Mexican plants and were found growing under
similar conditions and at a comparable altitude.

Onocleopsis falls readily into line with its congeners,
Onoclea and Matteuccia. Its leaf-fall is evidently sea-
sonal, while its moist habitat is shared with Onoclea. Its
areolate venation is identical with that of Onoclea sen-
sibilis ; its tripinnate fertile frond an advance on Onoclea
correlated with its much larger size.

The lamina of the fertile frond completely envelops
the sori, producing an efficient ‘‘false indusium.’’
true indusium is present, though apparently only as a
vestigial organ. In many sori examined it was difficult
to find and in no case was it anything more than a small
Seale. As in Onoclea, the spores are not provided with a
pPerispore. |

The extension of this small subfamily so far to the
South is but another indication of its presumed antiquity.

Roya Botanic GARDENS,

EW, SuRREY, ENGLAND.

4 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Fern Hunt in Puerto Rico
WarRREN HERBERT WAGNER, JR.

If you are an ‘‘Oh My! botanist’’ like me, you would get
ready to say ‘‘Oh, my!’’ when you saw the ferns grow-
ing on El Yunque Mountain. But nothing would come
out: You would probably be dumbfounded, as I was.
For nine years I have jumped ditches, slipped off rocks,
and hopped from hummock to hummock in swamps,
hunting for ‘‘rare and locals’? among the ferns of the
Northeastern States. But to stand in the dense woods
of the Caribbean National Forest on the slopes of El
Yunque and see for the first time tree trunks draped with
weird tropical ferns, the ground covered with Selaginella,
and stream banks lined with tree-ferns is a thrill not soon
to be forgotten.

As you fly northward along the eastern edge of the 90
by 35-mile island of Puerto Rico, you can see the ground
rising a few miles inland to a series of peaks, some of
them over 3,000 feet high. Almost invariably the tops
are covered with haze or clouds caused by moist Atlantic
air coming in with the prevailing easterlies and con-
densing as it is pushed up the slopes. You see from the
air the:dark gray-green of heavy woods growing from the
tops of the mountains to deep down in the valleys of
this range, called the Luquillo Mountains. I had heard
of many ferns having been collected on E] Yunque and
Mount Britton, and I eagerly awaited a chance to 20
there.

Many men in the Service have carried their interests
with them, as I have, to their stations of duty. The pos-
session of a hobby that can be pursued in off moments to
break the monotony of the war job is a gift to those who
have it, and natural history as a diversion is excellent
this war that takes men into strange lands all over the
globe. In Cuba I met another flier who had made a fine

Fern Hunt In Puerto Rico 5

collection of snails in his spare time. My own study of
ferns kept me entertained in places that would offer noth-
ing to a Service man not interested in nature. When I
learned that the Navy would sponsor an outing to El
Yunque, I jumped at the chance to go.

From the bus loaded with sailors and officers, even be-
fore we had left the city of San Juan I could see the

The road, half-way up El Yunque. Here, along the road banks,
Ophiogtossun eaten, Lycopodium reflexum, and Dicranopteris
bifida are con

Luquillo Mountains. I feared that it might rain on El
Yunque, as it very often does. But when we arrived at
the top of the steep, tortuous road to the Caribbean Na-
tional Forest, I could see that the weather would be clear.
To collect specimens I had provided myself with three
Paper bags. On the return trip they were bulging with
tropical ferns—more than 80 species.

As soon as the bus stopped at the El Yunque parking

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 35, PLATE 1

A GROUP OF CYATHEA ARBOREA

j
rs

FEerN Hunt in Puerto Rico 7

space, without further ado I set out to see the flora. My
only disappointment was that there had been introduc-
tions along the road of such plants as the varicolored
Coleus of the greenhouse, Hibiscus, and pot ferns. Some
of the Coleus and ferns had got a good start and spoiled
the otherwise perfect appearance of the original rain-
forest. Though it had not rained, everything was damp.
The humidity was like that of a greenhouse, but it was
very cool. The first fern I examined was one I had seen
on the way up the mountain, growing along the road in
fairly open spots, sometimes alone. This, a common tree-
fern, Cyathea arborea, grew 20 feet tall along the stream
that I chose for my first jaunt on the mountain. Plate
1 shows this species in another part of the island.

As I went along the ravine I noticed that a good part
of the ferns grew on the trunks of palms and other trees,
and that in some places, especially in the crotches of large
hardwoods, there were regular gardens of bromeliads and
ferns. Here might be several species of Elaphoglossum,
4 genus that in this season (March to May) has the mad-
dening habit of almost never producing fertile fronds.
Numerous species of spleenwort and Polypodium grew
in these places, as well as a profusion of Lycopodiums,
almost all of which were pendent. One of these, L.
funiforme, looked exactly like so much green rope hang-
ing from the crotch of a tree. In addition to these
epiphytic genera, I found Cheiroglossa, Hymenodium,
Rhipidopteris, Anetium, Vittaria, Paltonium, Cochlid-
‘um, Polybotrya, Oleandra, Nephrolepis, Trichomanes,
and Hymenophyllum. Most of these I didn’t know or
recognize at the time, but I keyed them out in ‘‘The

eridophyta of Porto Rico’? by William R. Maxon and
was frankly surprised to find how simple it was to iden-
tify so many fern strangers to the genus and species.
a When you collect in a tropical rain-forest you have to

_ fearn to keep your line of sight directed up as well as

8 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

down, or you’ll miss a lot of things. If you look on the
ground and the banks of the cold, sparkling mountain
streams, you get an entirely different set of plants. Here
are such genera as Ophioglossum (in exposed gravelly
spots), Danaea, Dicranopteris, Cyathea, Hemitelia, Dory-
opteris, Anisosorus, Pteridium, Pteris, Hemionitis, Di-
plazium, Hemidictyum, more Asplenium, Struthiopteris,
Fadyenia, Polystichum, Dryopteris, Tectaria, Lindsaea,
more Trichomanes and Hymenophyllum, and Selaginella;
some around rocks, some in wetter, some in drier places—
each with its own preference. The juvenile plants of
Danaea elliptica growing on the wet ground among roots
and rocks were beautifully iridescent, different fronds
having bluish, purplish, or vivid greenish colors.

Sometimes it was hard to tell whether a plant belonged
to the epiphytic or terrestrial class. Anetium citrifolium
on E] Yunque can be found either on low wet rocks or on
tree trunks, while Struthiopteris polypodioides grows
from ground level to 8 or 10 feet high on the trunk of a
tree. The strange, large, oval-leafed plants of Hymen-
odium crinitum are mostly half-hearted epiphytes that
rarely perch more than five feet from the ground, most
of those that I saw being in fact right at the ground level
at the base of large trees.

Altogether, on this trip and another, I got 115 different
species on the slopes of El] Yunque, and these in an area
of perhaps six square miles. There were many that I
missed, such as Psilogramme portoricensis, which is an
endemic at the top of El Yunque, but I considered my
series the spoils of a red-letter day. After I keyed the
species, I pressed them in ordinary newspapers by put-
ting them between the mattress and the springs of my
bed. I had tried this before on another island of the
Caribbean and found it to be a fine method. That time
there was a Lieutenant somewhat heavier than myself

Lycopopium Hysrips 9

who submitted to sleeping on my finds—glad, he said,
to make some contribution to science.

I had one specimen which was very tough, so I put
it under the rug in the hope that people walking on it
might flatten the leaf-tissue out. The next day I was
surprised to find it gone. When I asked about it, the
native Puerto Rican who cleaned up the room said he
had thrown it away. He then solemnly assured me that
it couldn’t have grown there anyway. ‘‘This Ameri-
cano,’’ he must have been thinking, ‘‘is ready for an
asylum.’’

A trip to El Yunque is an experience that a fern stu-
dent used to the Northeastern States can hardly forget.
This spot, so easily gotten to from San Juan, offers what
amounts to an education in tropical ferns to those who
can get there for a hike. I’m grateful for my chance
to see this rich fern flora.

Wasuineton, D. C.

Hybrids of the Eastern North American Sub-
species of Lycopodium complanatum and
L. tristachyum
Rosert T. CLAUSEN

When Wiegand and Eames prepared their edition of
the ‘‘Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin’’ (Memoir 92 of
the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station,
1926), they had before them a collection of a puzzling
Lycopodium from rich woods on the east bank of Duck
Lake, Cayuga County, New York. This was the collee-
tion of Eames, Griscom, Metealf, and Wright, no. 5444.
In the ‘Flora’? it was listed under ‘‘ L. complanatum var.
flabelliforme,’’ but said to resemble typical L. com-
planatum, though possibly only a shade form. Out-
Standing features of the specimens comprising this col-
lection are the lax habit, the type of growth by elonga-

10 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

tion of the branchlets, the spreading tips of the lateral
leaves, the elongate narrow ventral leaves, and the sub-
terranean rhizomes. In all these respects the plants
under discussion differ from typical ‘‘var. flabelliforme.”’
The only detail of resemblance with that variety is the
fiattened condition of the lateral stems, but even these

are narrower.

Pitas of stems and leaves of Lyco ee. prin ha ag
natum subsp. flabelliforme x L. tristac ri

complanatum subsp. flabelliforme (C). Aida aod oy E Abbe.

On March 26, 1944, while walking in woods on the east
Slope of the northernmost of the Caroline Pinnacles, in
Tompkins County, New York, and in the drainage area of
Cayuga Lake, I noticed a few small colonies of a Lyco-
podium which seemed at once distinctive because of the
spreading habit of the lateral leaves and the subterranean
rhizomes. Clearly this could not be typieal ‘‘L. com-

Lycorpopium Hysrips 11

_ planatum var. flabelliforme.’’ Close inspection revealed
that the ventral leaves, instead of being deltoid-attenuate
as in ‘‘var. flabelliforme,’’ are linear-subulate. Also the
lateral branchlets exhibit annual constrictions, showing
that growth has proceeded by elongation of these stems.
As my walk continued, I saw hundreds of plants of ‘‘var.
flabelliforme,’’ often in great patches, also some L. ob-
scurum and one plant of DL. lucidulum. The peculiar
club-moss was none of these, nor did it seem to be L.
tristachyum, which is usually glaucous and with ap-
pressed leaves. Trying to account for the strange plant,
I must admit that I entertained the thought that it might
be a hybrid of ‘LZ. complanatum var. flabelliforme’’ and
L. obscurum or perhaps a peculiar variation of L. sabinae-
folium.

Study of specimens in the herbarium of Cornell Uni-
versity revealed that the collection from Duck Lake and
the plants from Caroline Pinnacles are good matches for
each other. Also there are similar specimens from other
localities in New York, North Carolina, Michigan, and
Wisconsin. The perplexing nature of these is suggested

y the names on their labels. Though essentially similar,
they have been identified variously as ‘Lycopodium
complanatum,’? ‘‘L. complanatum var. flabelliforme,’’
and “‘L. tristachyum.’’ Yet they are not exactly the
Same as any of these. Actually they combine the char-
acteristics of <‘L. complanatum var. flabelliforme”’ and
L. tristachyum. Here was a puzzle which required solu-
tion. Two explanations appeared possible: Either the
Plants constituted a distinct variety associated with one
or the other of the two species common in eastern North
America or they were hybrids.

The strange specimens are not Dr. House’s Lyco-
bodium Habereri, described originally from rich soil in
the shade of hemlocks on the town line between Hartford
and Kirkland, Oneida County, New York, J. V. Haberer

N JOURNAL

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AMERICAN

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Lycopopium Hysrips 13

no. 3022. An isotype of this, available in the Cornell
herbarium, has the aspect of ‘‘LZ. complanatum var.
flabelliforme,’’? but some of the lateral branchlets are
indeterminate and a few of the lateral leaves have spread-
ing tips. Dr. House? originally described the lateral
leaves of L. Habereri as with spreading tips. In this
respect and in the condition of the lateral branchlets, the
Caroline plants and L. Habereri are similar. In other
details there is disagreement. L. Habereri has very
small, almost obsolete, ventral leaves, whereas those of
the Caroline specimens are well developed, 2 mm. long,
and subulate as in L. tristachyum. Also, the Caroline
plants are more lax, with a higher percentage of the
branchlets indeterminate.

Frére Marie-Victorin? reduced L. Habereri to varietal
Status under L. tristachyum. He concluded that it has
more characteristics in common with L. tristachyum than
with ‘‘L. complanatum var. flabelliforme.’’ Yet, speci-
mens from the type collection of L. Habereri are nearer
to “‘var. flabelliforme.’’ A series of ten specimens in the
United States National Herbarium, all representing
Haberer’s no. 3022, the type collection of L. Habereri, are
very similar to “‘L. complanatum var. flabelliforme’’ with
only a few branchlets indeterminate. The lateral leaves
are mostly as in ‘‘var. flabelliforme.’’ The type speci-
men itself, preserved in the New York State Museum at
Albany, likewise resembles ‘‘var. flabelliforme,’’ differing
only in the tendeney for a few of the branchlets to be
indeterminate, A plant of this type is illustrated in
Tryon et al., Ferns and Fern Allies of Wisconsin, p. 143.
Since Warie-Vietorin had referred L. Habereri to varietal
Status under L. tristachyum, whereas my identification
would place it with ‘‘var. flabelliforme,’’ I suspected that
he too might have the strange plant which I had found on
Wnt

‘Bull. N. Y. State Museum 176: 36. 1915.
? Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Mont. 3: 51-55. 1925.

14 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

the slope of the Caroline Pinnacles. Study of 32 speci-
mens of ‘‘ L. tristachyum var. Habereri’’ in the herbarium
of the Institut Botanique in Montreal revealed that six
are similar to the Lycopodium from Caroline Pinnacles,
23 are typical L. tristachyum, one is typical L. com-
planatum, one is ‘‘L. complanatum var. flabelliforme,”’
and one is a mixture of L. tristachyum and ‘‘L. com-
planatum var. flabelliforme.’’ The single specimen of
*““L. complanatum var. flabelliforme’’ is the only one
which matches Dr. House’s type of L. Habereri, for a few
of its branchlets are indeterminate

Further trips in the Cayuga Lake Basin resulted in
the discovery of more plants like the ones on Caroline
Pinnacles. Between April 1 and July 1, 1944, I found
additional specimens at four different localities. In all
cases the plants had subterranean rhizomes, spreading
lateral leaves, and indeterminate branchlets. No remains
of old strobili were evident on any of the plants. The
specimens appeared to be mature and well established.
They cannot be explained as juvenile forms. Rather
they seem intermediate between L. tristachyum and “ L.
complanatum var. flabelliforme.’’ The hybrid hypothe-
sis was considered by Marie-Victorin, but he inclined to
think that his specimens were more like L. tristachyum
than ‘‘L. flabelliforme,’? a conclusion understandable
after study of the specimens in the herbarium at

ontreal.

On July 1, 1944, while collecting in the hills near the
headwaters of Six Mile Creek, in Dryden Township,

Tompkins County, New York, I found ‘‘L. complanatum
var. flabelliforme,’’ L. tristachyum, and intermediate
plants all growing in close association. None of the
intermediate plants had young strobili, though the ‘‘ var.
flabelliforme’’ and L. tristachyum both had them. The
branchlets were mostly indeterminate, but a few were
determinate. The growth of the indeterminate branch-

Lycopopium Hyprips ; 15

lets appeared less than in L. tristachyum. These inter-
mediate plants were thriving in an open exposed situa-
tion in the cut of a power-line which was constructed
several years ago. They had the appearance of being
hybrids of ‘‘L. complanatum var. flabelliforme’”’ and L.
tristachyum. Such hybrids are nothing new to report.
Darling* wrote about plants of this type at Hartland,

shire County, Massachusetts. In Europe, Lindquist*®
described as ‘‘Z. complanatum var. intermedium’’ plants
which he considered to be hybrids of typical L. com-
planatum and L. tristachyum. The specimens which he
ose appear more like L. tristachyum than a hy-

, however. Porsild® already has discussed Lind-
oom S publication and expressed doubt regarding the
hybrid nature of his plants.

The relationships of typical Lycopodium complanatum
and Professor Fernald’s ‘‘var. flabelliforme’’ require
further discussion. Blanchard’ elevated ‘‘var. flabelli-
forme’? to the rank of a full species in 1911. In doing
this he indicated the distinctive characteristics of “L.
flabelliforme’’—the determinate branchlets, the fanlike .
appearance of the branches when pressed, the four or five
Strobiles, the long peduncles (about 7 cm. long), and the
superficial rhizomes. According to him, L. complanatum
is to be distinguished by its indeterminate branchlets, its
branches not appearing fanlike when pressed, one to
three strobiles, shorter peduncles (3-5 em. long), and
underground rootstocks. Several recent botanists have
Shared Blanchard’s views, among them Marie-Victorin
and Wherry. Certainly, extreme plants of the two kinds
te,

AMER. FrEern rab 2: 49-53. 1912.
PE soxae el URN. 3: ve 1913.
5 Bot. N. ral tig

39-
6 Medd. dapat or Ae 1935.
7 Mhsdoes 3 13: 168-171.

16 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

are readily distinguishable, but not all are extreme. Be-
ore me is a suite of nine specimens from localities m
Newfoundland, New Brunswick, northern Maine, north-
ern New York, Michigan, and Minnesota. All are inter-
mediate in the characteristics just cited for separating
the supposed species. If we use the indeterminate branch-
lets as the sole criterion, all are typical L. complanatum;
but already we have noted that L. Habereri, which in
other details is typical ‘‘var. flabelliforme,’’ has some
branchlets indeterminate. Of the nine intermediates,
five have four or more strobili, two have the peduncles
7 em. long or more, two have superficial rootstocks, five
have the branches somewhat fanlike, but all have the
branchlets indeterminate. Study of thousands of plants
of ‘ZL. flabelliforme’’ on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau
reveals that the branchlets are almost always deter-
minate. Less than half of one per cent of the branch-
lets are indeterminate. The strobili, however, may be
as few as two and the peduncles as short as 3.5 em. The
rootstocks are usually on the surface. In the condition
of the branchlets and rootstocks, the population of the
Glaciated Allegheny Plateau, in fact of the entire Appa-
lachian Highlands south of New England, is reasonably
constant. Also the tendencies for the strobili to be four
or more on a peduncle and for the peduncles to be 6 or
more centimeters long are marked. Yet in the northern
part of the New England geographical province, in the
Adirondack Mountains, and in the northern part of the
Central Lowland, transitional specimens occur. Whereas
the hybrids of L. tristachyum and ‘‘L. flabellifor me”?
rarely produce strobili, the transitional specimens be-
tween L. complanatum and “‘L. flabelliforme’’ produce
strobili as commonly as do typical plants of either sup-

posed species. Apparently there is no genetical incom-

peor between L. complanatum and ‘‘L. flabelli-
orme,’’ whereas there is some incompatibility betwee?

Lycoropium Hyprips 17

“L. flabelliforme’’? and L. tristachyum. This refutes
Blanchard’s idea that ‘‘L. flabelliforme’’ is as ee
from L. complanatum as is L. tristachyum. Yet “D.
flabelliforme’? and L. complanatum do differ from each
other in a tangible way. The differences are greater
than those which are usually employed for separating
varieties. They are clearly of as great importance as
those between Botrychium lanceolatum subsp. typicum
and subsp. angustisegmentum. Professor Fernald, in
handling these rather similar cases, has treated the east-
ern American Botrychium as a species, but the Lyco-
podium as a variety. The evidence suggests that both
ought to be treated similarly. Accordingly, the following
new combinations are necessary :

Lycopodium complanatum IL. subsp. complanatum
(Ly een stat. nov. Based on L. complanatum L.
Sp. Pl. 2: 1104. 1753.

Lycopodium complanatum L. subsp. flabelliforme

ard, Bicaors 13: pte 1911; L. Haberert House, Bull.
N. Y. State Mus. 176: 1915; and L. lgsiten hyum var.
sagan oe) Vict. ‘Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal

The subspecies complanatum is the only variation of
the species present in the western part of North America.
n the East it oceurs in the Laurentian Upland, in the
northern part of the New England geographical province
(including the maritime provinces of Canada and north-
ern Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont), and the Tug
Hill portion of the Appalachian Plateau (near Parkers,
Lewis Co., N. Y.); also in the extreme northern part of
the central lowinad in Wisconsin. Intergrading speci-
mens between subsp. complanatum and subsp. flabelli-

* Tryon et al., Ferns and Fern Allies of Wisconsin, p. 141.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

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Lycoropium Hysrips 19

forme are found in the New England Province, the
Adirondack Mountains, and the northern portion of the
Central Lowland, all areas in the periphery of the ranges
of the two subspecies. The subspecies flabelliforme is
distributed throughout the Appalachian Highlands, ex-
cept in the northern part of the New England Province,
and in the northern sections of the Central Lowland and ,
Interior Low Plateaus. Tryon et al.’ also report it from
northern Wisconsin, which is in the extreme southwest-
ern part of the Laurentian Upland. Hybrids of Lyco-
podium complanatum subsp. flabelliforme and Lyco-
podium tristachyum occur oceasionally in places where
the two species grow together. These plants usually do
not produce strobili. They are darker green than L.
tristachyum, the rootstocks are subterranean, the branch-
lets are mostly indeterminate, the lateral leaves of the
branchlets have spreading tips, and the ventral leaves
are linear-subulate, 1.2-3 mm. long, intermediate between
the condition in the two supposed parents. Experi-
mental evidence supporting this hybridization hypothesis
is lacking, but observational data suggest this explana-
_tion. Besides the published records of Darling from

Hartland, Vt., and Winslow from Berkshire Co., Mass.,
Specimens appearing like hybrids of L. complanatum
Subsp. flabelliforme and L. tristachyum are available as
follows :

Que, Aug. 5, 1932, David (Mont.) ; Bois de Filion, Co. de
Terrebonne, Que., Sept. 5, 1928, Marie-Vietorin 28240
(Mont.); Piniare des Sulpiciens, Oka, Co. des Deux-
agnes, Que, Aug. 24, 1927,
(Mont.) ; Rigaud, Co. de Vaudreuil, Que., July 15, 1934,
Robert 1171 (Mont.) ; sandy woods northwest of Tripoli,
asic ek ee ne Ne ?

* Ferns and Fern Allies of Wisconsin, p. 141-142.

20 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

southern West Fort Ann, Washington Co., N. Y., May 2,
1915, Burnham (CU) ; pine woods, Moreau, Saratoga Co.,
N. Y., Aug. 30, 1902, Burnham (CU) ; rich woods on east
bank of Duck Lake, Cayuga Co., N. Y., June 10, 1916,
Eames, Griscom, Metcalf and Wright 5444 (CU) ; upper
slope of Cornell woodlot, Carter Creek, town of Newfield,
Tompkins Co., N. Y., Aug. 22, 1942, Muenscher 20485
(CU) ; east slope of North Pinnacle, Caroline Township,
Tompkins Co., N. Y., Mar. 26, 1944, Clausen 6256 (CU) ;
slope along tributary of Six Mile Creek 5 km. south of Dry-
den, Tompkins Co., N. Y., April 2, 1944, Clausen 6258;
slope north of Thatcher’s Pinnacles, West Danby, Tomp-
kins Co., N. Y., April 16, 1944, Clausen and Schuster 6260

N. Y., July 1, 1944, Clausen 6345 (CU); Black Point,
Canandaigua Lake, Ontario Co., N. Y., Sept. 18, pit

1922, Wright, Wright, Harper and Pirnie 18 (CU);
Mount Mitchell, Yancy Co., N. C., May 3, 1933, Randolph
(CU) ; oak wood northeast of Sugarloaf Lake, Kalamazoo
Co., Mich., June 30, 1935, Hanes 3775 (Clausen) ; and
Camp Douglas, Wisconsin, July 25, 1890, Mearns 2 (CU).

The differences between the subspecies of Lycopodium
complanatum, L. tristachyum, and the hybrids of the two
species may finally be summarized as in the accompany-
ing table.

For the loan of specimens used in the preparation of
this paper I desire to express my appreciation to the
curators of the following herbaria: Institut Botanique,
Université de Montréal, New York State Museum, and
United States National Herbarium.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

New TropicaL AMERICAN FERNS 21

New Tropical American Ferns—XV!
Wituram R. Maxon HE foo 4 D4

Herewith are descriptions of two new ferns of the
genera Oleandra and Dennstaedtia, from the Andes of
Colombia. The latter, whose pinnae somewhat resemble
those of Saccoloma elegans Kaulf., is outstanding.

Oleandra dura Maxon, sp. nov.
hizoma erectum, lignosum, 1 m. altum et ultra, sub-
complanatum, ca. 5 mm. latum, parte inferiore modice
ramosum, dense adpresso-paleaceum, paleis imbricatis,
lanceolato-subulatis, ca. 5 mm. longis, castaneis, paululo
infra medium puncto affixis, laxe et tenuiter albido-cili-
atis ; phyllopodia 10-15 mm. inter se remota, obliqua, ca.
mm. longa; stipites graciles (1 mm. diam.), 7-20 mm.

Puberula et deorsum parce paleacea, paleis divaricatis, e
m.

vel bifurcatae, ramis prope marginem callosam 23-30 per

-; Sori medioeres, indusiis orbicularibus, 1 mm. diam.,
parce pubescentibus et ciliolatis.

Type in the U. 8S. National Herbarium, no. 1,662,606,
collected at summit of Cerro Umir, Department of San-
tander, Colombia, altitude about 1000 meters, August 11,
1934, by Oscar Haught (no. 1329). A single additional
collection from Colombia is at hand: Near Villavicencio,
Intendencia de Meta, June 1916, Dawe 254.

Oleandra dura is related to O. Lehmannii Maxon and
0. pilosa Hook., which also have closely spaced vein-
branches, However, O. Lehmannii differs notably in its
ena

? Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution. oe

23 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

long slender phyllopodia, its narrow, strongly coriaceous,
glabrous blades, and its glabrous indusia, and O. pilosa is
readily distinguished by its broader blades, which are
pilose beneath and densely ciliolate, and it long-pilose
indusia.

Dennstaedtia arcuata Maxon, sp. nov.

Rhizoma repens, parte praesente ca. 10 em. longa et 8—
10mm. diam. Folia pauca, fortasse 2 vel 3, inter se haud
distantia, suberecta, saltem usque ad 1.4 m, longa ; stipites
usque ad 65 cm. longi, 5-7 mm. diam., opace brunnes-
centes, primum tenuiter et microscopice puberuli, prope
basin radices crassas etiam interdum novellam emittentes ;
laminae anguste oblongae, usque ad 75 em. longae et 30
(40) em. latae, apice longe acuminatae, basi paulum an-

pulviniformes, sporangiis numerosissimis receptaculo ca.
1 mm. longo transverse lineari-oblongo nigro nitido sitis;
indusia pateriformia, textura membranacea et colore
ubique aequabilia, latere utroque vix emarginata, inter
se connata, integra.

Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, nos. 1,144,228
and 1,144,229, a complete frond collected in forest above

1800 to 2100 meters, May 14-19, 1922, by E. P. Killip
iar Pirag The following additional material has been
studied :

FERN NAMES IN BARTRAM’S ‘‘ TRAVELS” 23

Cotompra: Alto Mercedes, Dept. El] Valle, alt. 2,000
meters, Dryander 2446. La Resina, Dept. Huila, Juzep-
czuk 6570.

Peru: Hacienda Ballisteros, Pozuzo, Dept. Huanuco,
Bryan 674.

The present species is at once distinguished from other
members of Dennstaedtia by its simply pinnate blades.
The sori are terminal upon all the veinlets and are
crowded against each other in a continuous marginal
line, giving an evenly crenulate appearance to the pinnae.
The outer half of the large, oval, saucer-shaped indusium
is precisely like the proximal portion and is evenly joined
to it at either side, contiguous indusia having in fact a
common rim at this point. No other species of Denn-
staedtia has the sori crowded together in an unbroken
line throughout, the nearest approach being in D. grossa
Christ, of Costa Rica and western Panama, a plant with
huge bipinnate-pinnatifid fronds and suborbicular sori.

Fern Names in Bartram’s ‘‘Travels,” 1791
E. D. Merrini

Doubtless some botanists will agree with Dr. Rickett*
that the binomials published in Bartram’s ‘‘Travels’’
(1791) may be ignored, in that the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature provides that names published
in other than the binomial form in any post-Linnaean
work serve to invalidate the binomials that are included.
It is true that Bartram did publish two descriptions
Without binomials, utilizing pre-Linnaean descriptive sen-
tences. However, I judge that Bartram’s intent was to
follow the binomial system, because he used well in excess
of 340 different binomials; and even where he proposed
Ita ye noe

1 Rickett, H. Ww. Legitimacy of names in Bartram’s ‘‘ Travels.’”
Rhodora 46: 389-391. 1944.

24 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

and described new species with short Latin descriptions,
the first name being the generic one and the second the
specific name, he sometimes used these as strict binomials
elsewhere in his work. For those who may not agree with
Dr. Rickett, attention is called to the following hitherto
overlooked fern names, which do not occur in our stand-
ard indices.

Feurx [Fiurx] scanpens Bartr. Trav. 41. 1791.

“*Felix scandens, perhaps a species of Trichomanes;
the leaves are palmated, or radiated; it climbs and roves
about, on shrubs, in moist ground.’’ Broad River (Ogle-
thorpe Co.), Georgia. In edition 2, p. 41 (1792), Felix
was corrected to Filiz.

Prerts SCANDENS Bartr. Trav. 478. 1791.

‘Observed near Cambelton a very curious scandent
Fern (Pteris scandens) rambling over low bushes in
humid situations, the lower larger fronds were digitated,
or rather radiated, but towards the tops or extremities
of the branches they became trifid, hastated, and lastly
lanciolate; it-is a delicate plant, of a doy dares lively
green, saa would be an ornament in a garden.’’ Near
Fayetteville, North Carolina.

ese two entries merely add to the synonymy of our
eastern North American Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.)
Sw. In spite of the fact that the Bartram descriptions
are actually earlier than Bernhardi’s, fortunately for the
stability of nomenclature the former’s specific name
scandens is invalidated in Lygodium by Lygodium
scandens (L.) Sw., the latter a widely distributed Old
World species.

nce [Fix] Osmunpa Bartr. Trav. 173. 1791.
: and here were great quantities of a very large and

beautiful Filex osmunda, growing in great tufts or
clumps.’’ Northeastern Florida.

REcENT FERN LITERATURE 25

This name is scarcely worthy of record, as it is a nomen
nudum. One suspects that Bartram intended to speak
of the ‘‘large and beautful fern, Osmunda’’; but what-
ever his intent, he actually published a binomial.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM.

Recent Fern Literature

An extensive investigation of the alkaloids present in
species of Lycopodium is under way in the National Re-
search Laboratories, Ottawa, Canada. During the past
two years four papers on these have been published.
Some taxonomic difficulty developed at the outset.
Workers in specialized fields of botany, such as ecology,
cytology, and phytochemistry, rather naturally tend to
feel that infra-specific entities or species segregated by
confirmed ‘‘splitters’’ are of no interest to them. This
attitude is, however, a mistake; for the variations in
morphology on which the taxonomist bases his segregates
are intimately related to the phenomena considered in
these marginal lines of research. Much past work in
the latter by specialists who were supercilious of taxo-
nomic quibbling—and at times have not hesitated to say
SO—is accordingly of little value and will some day have
to be done over. Fortunately in the present instance
little reworking will be necessary. The plant studied in
the first paper of the series was designated L. compla-
natum; then someone called the authors’ attention to
taxonomic segregation in this group, and in the third
Paper they note that what they had previously studied
has now been reidentified as L. flabelliforme. They also
Oe

L., o op. cit, 21: 92-96, 1943; IV. Lycopodium tristachyum
aarty Op. sit cit. ries 1~4, 1944; V. Lycopodium obseurum L., op. cit.
oot

26 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

took steps to have the other plants chemically investi-
gated determined by a recognized authority on modern
taxonomy.

Lycopodium flabelliforme yielded 8 alkaloids, 6 of them
new to science. One was lycopodine, which had been dis-
covered 60 years before in European L. complanatum;
another was nicotine, here reported for the first time
in a pteridophyte. The latter alkaloid was found to be
present also in Equisetum arvense.

The same number of alkaloids were obtained in L.
annotinum, but there were certain differences ; the most
abundant was a new compound, to which the name an-
notinine is given, while lyeopodine was present in lesser
amounts, and nicotine was not recognizable.

In L. tristachyum there were but 5 alkaloids, with
lyeopodine the principal one, along with some nicotine
and minute amounts of three others, apparently new.
Chemically, then, this species is not so close to L. flabelli-
forme as the morphology might have led one to expect.

The last report covered in the present review concerned
what was identified as L. obscurum var. dendroidewm.
This yielded lycopodine and one named obscurine, which

ad also been found in minor amounts in the earlier
studied species; there was one not as yet named which
had also been present in L. tristachyum, and two new
compounds different from those in any other species.

Reports on additional species are promised. On read-
ing these articles, the thought naturally oceurred,
Wouldn’t it be interesting to have similar studies made
on some of the intermediates between recognized species
which have given taxonomists so much difficulty, and
are usually ignored? But a restriction soon came to
light: The amounts of material used in these studies
ranged from 15 to 103 kilograms of dried plant. Alas,
few of the critical infra-specific entities grow by the
kilogram !—E.T.Wuerry.

bo
~]

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

American Fern Society
Report of the President for 1944

Because of continuing war conditions the Society has
again had a quiet year. An attempt was made to hold
a meeting at Cleveland in September, in connection with
the American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence; but, as none of our officers proved able to attend
and no one locally could be found to take charge of ar-
rangements, the attempt was abandoned. The Journal,
though somewhat reduced in size, has not suffered any
decline in quality and has, as usual, supplied good, read-
able, and well edited matter, varied enough to serve the
different interests of our members.

The Treasurer has been notified of a bequest of $1,000
to the Society by the late Miss Amy E. Lillibridge, long
amember. Such expression of confidence is indeed heart-
ening ; our one regret is that we cannot thank the donor.

The Society ends the year in much better financial con-
dition than at the beginning. This is the result of in-
creased sales of back numbers of the JoURNAL, accom-
plished largely by Dr. Maxon’s persuasive efforts. So
far, purchases have been mostly by institutions; we are
now endeavoring to stimulate sales to individuals. As
yet, it is too early to estimate results; but in any case,
such sales cannot be expected to continue at the present,
or any given, level, and are in the nature of a temporary
expedient. In order to insure the permanent increase
of income required to meet added expenses of printing,
more members are needed. An effort is now being made
to obtain them, using the entire present membership as
4 committee of the whole for the purpose. So far, results
have been encouraging, as noted in the Secretary’s re-
Port, but again it is too soon for final appraisement. It
18, however, eminently fitting and hopeful that the work

28 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

will go on under the leadership of Dr. Fagley, who sug-
gested the method being used.

There remains for me only the pleasure of acknowl-
edging, with deep gratitude, the cordial, kindly, and
effective support I have received from officers and mem-
bers of the Society during my term of office. I extend
to them all, and especially to my successor, confident good
wishes for the future.

C. A. Weatuersy, President

Report of the Secretary for 1944

During the year just closed the list of new members
has been impressively large—thirty-four; but we have
lost the same number, so the membership stands as at the
beginning of 1944. This is, I believe, a record to be proud
of in war-time.

Eight of our members were lost by death, including
two Life Members, Dr. Dow and Mr. Gruber. We shall
miss, indeed, such long-time members as Mr. Burnham,
who joined the Society in 1897, and Miss Corne and Mr.

idlon, who came in the early nineteen hundreds.

For many of you this will be remembered as the ‘‘year
of the late ballots.’’? Shortly after the nominations were
received, all ballots were posted at the same time in one-
and-one-half cent open mail, according to usual proce-
dure. Under normal circumstances they should hav
reached their destinations in ample time to have the votes
returned by the date indicated. Under the pressure of
war-time duties and Christmas mail the postal service
doubtless did its best. This experience, however, points
the need for sending ballots by first-class mail, even at
some additional cost for postage.

Sincere thanks are extended to the many members wh?
so generously cooperated in sending in the names of
friends. The number who so contributed to the welfare

AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 29

of the Society is too long to be covered by individual
letters, but our appreciation of the help is very sincere.
It indeed gives a ‘‘lift’’ to the soul to get such a demon-
stration of interest and responsibility.
Respectfully submitted,
Exsig G. WHITNEY, Secretary

Report of the Treasurer for 1944
The financial condition of the Fern Society is somewhat
better than anticipated a few months ago. This is owing
largely to the sale of several sets of the JourNAL, which
has brought in approximately $300.00 more than was
received from this source during the preceding year.
The ‘‘Complete Your Set’’ circulars which were sent out
in the fall we expect will keep up the financial response.
The cash on hand, $310.04, compares very favorably
with $129.41 which the Society had a year ago. Two
gifts in cash, one for $25 and another for $5.00, were
made anonymously during the past year, and a gift of
books was received for which we have assigned a value
of $11.84. We also have a new Life Membership given

by one of our members to another member.
The treasurer wishes to thank all the members for their

cooperation. The financial report follows:

Receipts Amount Sub-Total Total
Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1944 2.000 vem $ 129.41

1938-1941 oar Arrears detaes $ 6.00 $ 6.00
1942 Membership Arrears ......c000o- 4.50 4.50
1943 “ppnow Arr ieee Sees 30.00 30.00
1944 ership Bonus 355.40
saan woe Members oon. 31.50 386.90

45 Membershi j Breer 16.54
1945 New Me oar ee 18.00 34.54
1943 Subseription Arrears 00.» 1.25 1.25
1944 Subscription Renewals ............. 72.86
ie New Subscribe 13.75 86.61

5 Subseri tion ever 71.66
1945 New Su tate Wad GoTo ODE ses sk 8.7. 80.41

15
1946 Sabectonton Eenewa Prem 93 93

30

Life Membersh
on of back numbers A
of Shas

“SB. No.

Sale of A. ey Guinan. Index
el Cenghy eo
Gift (books), ae F.J. back numbers ......

1944 Adve rtisin

eprints .

Transferred from Bissell Herbarium
‘und

sbeeneesoageees

a Transferred to rhikrwana 4 AD.
» Transferred to Reserve Fund.
¢ Transferred to eet Abe, No. 2.

Disbursements
Science Press

Cash on hand ...... $310.0.
In Spee. t

Now 1 510.30
In Spee. A.

Na. S . 80.91
In Reserve Fund 228.26 $1129.51
Notes Receivable .. 1,00
Aecets. Receivable ... _ 37.80

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

25.00 25.00
366.3 366.33
1.00 1.00
50 50
30.00 30.00
11.84 11.84
4.0 4.00
3.98 43.98
0.00 10.00 $1123.79
$1253.20
11.84
112.9
25.00 $ 149.80
$1103.40
$576.32
17.60
43.98
39.72
12.57
26.98
29.00 |
19.19
8.00

10.00
10.00 $ 793.36 |

$ 310.04

Liabil
Capital Acct. ws 063.17
emb. oo 36.54

945
1945-1946 Sub-

AMERICAN FERN Society 31

Inventory A.F.J. ... 500.00 Life Memb.
A.F.S. Library Wands sles 80.91
Ceeekay oo .. 196.20 CRTC
Suspense Dr. 1945- $1872.26
46 Agency Com. 7.75
$1872.26

Respectfully submitted,
Henry K. Svenson, Treasurer

Report of the Auditing Committee

The undersigned have checked all the receipts and ex-

penditures of the American Fern Society for 1944 and

nd the Treasurer’s statement correct. We call to the
notice of the Society that our recommendation of a year
ago, that the valuation of the back numbers of the
AMERICAN FERN JouRNAL, listed in the Assets column as
Inventory A.F.J. (back numbers) be reduced to $500.00,
has been entered in this report.

We wish to again express our high appreciation to Dr.
Svenson and his staff, who have given careful attention
to the work of the Treasurer’s office.

ArtHuR H. GRAVES
Water §
Auditing Committee

Report of the Judge of Elections
The tabulation of votes in the recent balloting for offi-
cers of the American Fern Society for 1945 is as follows:

For President

Dr. Frederick L. Fagley 0-0: 62

Herbert W. Dole 1
For Vice-President

Joseph Ewan 63
For Secretary

Mrs. Elsie G. Whitney 2-000 63

DY. Ti, Ts, Blowiiet 1

For Treasurer
Dr. H

32 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

I therefore declare the following nominees elected:
President, Dr. Frederick L. Fagley; Vice-President,
Joseph Ewan; Secretary, Mrs. Elsie G. Whitney; Trea-
surer, Dr. Henry K. Svenson.

Respectfully submitted,
H. Know ton, Judge of Elections

New MEMBERS

Mr. Ross W. Baker, 734 High St., Dedham, eo meinen

Mrs. J. Barry Baxter, 300 Lighthouse Road, Wilm ington, Delaware
Dr. Lyman Benson, Pomona College, Claremont, Califor

Mr. Cecil Billington, 21060 Thirteen Mile Road, Bien, Mich-

Me Wiliam ar on 1000 epee oe Ave., Brooklyn 25, New York

om ey k, Lincoln M 1 Unive rsity, Harro ogate Tennessee

7M. "Holketer, “1302 Stratford Rd., Schenectady 8, New York

a Florence Koeni niger apes Park Lane South, Woodhaven 21,
mi Island, New Yor

Mrs Ger Kovache ff, 4034 Highland Ave., Kansas City 4, Missouri

Mr. ee ussell Mason, 1376 Walnut St., Newton Highlands 61,

Mr. Bernie Thomas Merritt, Corinth St. Rd., Dallas 16, Texas
Miss ri E. Nolin, P. O. Box 1, Castle Shannon, Pennsylvania |
Mrs. tis i he Box 74, Seiki, Contra Costa Co., California
A Shuhaibar, American University of Beirut, Beirut,
lekenon: cha gp ie, Syria
Miss Eleanor E. Whitcomb, 12 Middle St., Concord, Massachusetts

CHANGES oF ADDRESS

Mr. Bill Bauer, 133 N. Old Orchard, Webster Groves 19, Missouri
nate Kathleen S. Boyd, 2 Riverside Drive, Nelsonville, Ohio

ucy Braun, R. R. 13, Box 41C, Cincinnati 30, Ohio
Col, “Toba P. Carroll, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Vir-

inia
Mr. age mas 8S. Constantine, 72 Terrace, Katonah, New Yor
Dr. ee P asec 9202 Old Bladensburg Road, Silver Spring,

me
Lt. tlonen s W. omer 2 0534164, Squadron F, Clovis Army Air
Mrs. E. M. Foote, To i st 40th Street, any York 16, New York

le

r. C. F. Jehlen, 16 Livingston Ave or

Miss Elsie M. Kittredge, 11 Kendall Ave., Rutland, Ve serene
. R. H. McCauley, 6209 Kenwood Road, Little Rock, Arka

Mr. Thomas W. MeCo oy, Hickman High Bchool, Hickman, Kentucky
Mrs. E. C. Ogden, 20 Myrtle St., Orono,
Mr. George H. Peters, 631 San ett St. anicn: Nastele Ee
Mr. J. A. Schuurman, 360 North Michigan Ave., Chica
Miss Mary F. Wright, 538 Locust Ave., Germantown, PL iigsenghad

44, lvania

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Vol. 35 April-June, 1945 No. 2

American Fern Journal

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

ad

EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON

R. C. BENEDICT Cc. V. MORTON
IRA L. WIGGINS
Fd

CONTENTS
Elizabeth Billings and Her Fern aries
Lstie M. KirrrepGe 33

Observed Characteristics of ae multifidum
eidense W.L. Dix 37

Schizaea pusilla from Ontario................ Husert H. Brown 40

Fern Collecting in Southern Costa Rica
ALEXANDER F, SxutcH 41

A New Species of Isoetes from Colombia...C. V. Morton 48

Campyloneuram Phyllitidis in sie oape _—
x D, HAwxkes 50

Shorter Notes: Abundance of —— fe Oklahoma;

Great Britain; New Stations for Equisetum laevigatum
proliferum.

* §2
Recent Fern Literature 57
“American Fern Society 64

(aaa aaieheeet ee

AL SUBSCRIPTION, $1.25; FOREIGN, $1.35
a % QUEEN sr. ST. AND McGOVERN AVE., LANCASTER,

gr tae tea deeb ty
og sa a March co * acceptances fa EE 3
on aly 8, 1918.

Ghe American Fern Society

Cannril for 1944
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR

Dr. Freperick L, Faguey, 287 Fourth Ave., New York 10, ee is
JosEPH Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
ce-President
Mes. Extsiz Gisson WHITNEY, 274 South Main Ave., festa Rash
€
Heney K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, on re
Witi1um BR. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Wash on 25, D
. pate as ha what

OFFICIAL ORGAN

American Fern Journal
EDITORS
Wuttam RB. Maxon... Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D.C.
...1819 Dorchester Road, Brooklyn 26, 8, z
Smithsonian Institutio tion, Washington 25
Iagmns....... Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, Calif.

An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general study of rag

Subscription, $1.25 ear, forei 10 cents extra; sent free
to members of the AMERICAN SOCIETY (annual dues,
$1.50; life fps $25.00). Extracte gre if — Pes
when proof wee

Volume I, six pore 4 $2.00; other volumes $1.25 each. Bing
back numbers 35 Vol. I, No. 1; vol. III, nos. 2,3
4; and vol. IV, pg ea eannot be supplied except with x complete
volumes. Ten t diseount to members and instil

Matter for an $a should be —— - William R. Maxon,
Smithsonian on, Washington 25

Orders for ae pawtlety and ie ears communications
should be addressed to the Treasurer of the Society.

LIBRARIAN

Mise Hxovm M. Rusk, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25;

CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM

Miss Hxotsz M. Rusk, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25,

Amvriran Fern Journal

Vou. 35 APRIL-JUNE, 1945 No. 2

Elizabeth Billings and Her Fern Garden
Eustm M. Kirrreper

After a brief illness, Miss Elizabeth Billings, of Wood-
stock, Vermont, and New York City, died in her Wood-
stock home, September 10, 1944. She was not quite 74
years old. Although never in good health, she had great
energy and will power to accomplish what she desired
to do, and thus concealed her frailty, so that her sudden
collapse was a great shock to her friends.

Miss Billings was interested in all phases of nature and
Was an acknowledged authority on the birds of Wood-
Stock and vicinity. In her youth she was an ardent ama-
teur botanist and made a special study of the grasses
found on the Billings estate and elsewhere in Woodstock.
Later she started collecting all the ferns, fern allies, and
flowering plants of the vicinity, limiting the collecting
area to a six-mile radius from the center of Woodstock
village. The mounted specimens were arranged in spe-
cially constructed cases, and for many years were dis-
Played in two rooms in the D. A. R. chapter-house at
Woodstock. In September, 1943, Miss Billings presented
the herbarium to Dartmouth College, and it is now on
exhibition in the College Museum.

_ Miss Billings’ chief botanical interest was in ferns;
it was a great pleasure to her that a large proportion of
the New England species were to be found on the hill,
Known as Mount Tom, which is part of the Billings
estate. Not only do the usual ferns grow there abun-
dantly , but since 1920 some very interesting varieties and
TN

[Volume 35, No. 1, of the JOURNAL, pages 1-32, was issued
April 11, 1945.) :

33

34 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

forms of the common species have been located there.
Some time prior to 1900 Miss Billings established a fern
garden near her house. Here were planted all the com-
mon ferns of the region and some of the rare ones found
elsewhere in the state. Also she brought fern plants
from the foreign countries in which she traveled. This
fernery attracted many visitors. For a number of years
after 1909 she was unable to superintend its care, and
the more delicate ferns were killed by the growth of the
sturdy ones and by the weeds which soon became
rampant. So in 1928 a new fern garden was started at
some distance from the first. As in the old garden,
colonies of the common ferns were planted, and each
group was provided with a bronze tag bearing the com-
mon name of the fern.

In this fernery, brought over from the old one, were
two plants of the Ruggles Fern, Osmunda regalis forma
orbiculata Clute, a peculiar form of the American Royal
Fern found by Byron P. Ruggles on his Hartland farm
some time previous to 1900. Mr. Ruggles gave crowns
of his fern to Miss Billings and other fern-lovers soon
after it was described in the Fern Bulletin; so there are
plants in several gardens, and the original clump is still
growing in the Hartland pasture. There were also two
plants of the striking form of the Interrupted Fern found
by Mrs. W. E. Mack at Bridgewater Corners, and named
for her Osmunda Claytoniana forma Mackiana Kittredge.
Mrs. Mack’s station was totally destroyed by road work
following the flood of 1927; so far as is known these two
plants are the only ones now in existence. <A plant con-
forming in all particulars to Mrs. Mack’s was found
South Londonderry some years ago by Mrs. Chisholm and
Miss Jenkins and set in the lovely Chisholm fern garden,
but for some reason it either reverted or did not live, aS
it cannot be located in the garden now.

BILLINGS FERN GARDEN 35

Other rare, or at least uncommon, ferns in the Billings
garden included the lovely crested Lady-fern, Athyrium
angustum forma cristatum (Hopkins) Broun, each plant
producing one or more heavily fruiting fronds each year,
and a dwarf crested Lady-fern found on Mount Tom
more than 50 years ago but still not identified, though
Suspected to be a European form. None of its fronds
have exceeded nine inches in length, and there never have
been any fertile ones. Also there are several plants of
Lady-fern which may be called Athyrium angustum
forma elegans (Gilbert) Butters, although they differ
Somewhat from each other. It may be said in passing
that, although Lady-ferns are the commonest ferns to be
found in Woodstock, it would seem that no two plants are
alike. The Ragged Lady-fern, Athyrium angustum
forma laciniatum Butters, grows in two widely separated
places on Mount Tom ; but the plant set in the fernery
from the first colony found did not live, and so no others
were removed from the woods. Three plants of Poly-
stichum acrostichoides forma Gravesii Clute were found
m 1927 and two more taken to the fernery, where they
Promptly reverted; at least, when they were sought for
removal to the new fernery they were as plain as plain,
and at first it was thought to cast them out. Fortunately,
however, they were transplanted and marked with care,
for in 1938 one plant bore two sterile fronds showing
Gravesii characteristics and has continued to produce
Such fronds ever since. Both plants bore fine fertile
fronds when found, as is evidenced by several herbarium
Specimens, but none have appeared since. The second
Plant has remained ‘‘plain’’; perhaps it will wake up
Some day. The plant left in the woods disappeared ;
whether it died or was stolen is not known.

: Several plants of Christmas Fern bearing fronds with
I the pinnae forked or crested are in the Christmas Fern

36 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

group. Some plants of the Fragile Bladder-fern with
crested fronds were brought to the fern garden from a
hill some distance from the Billings estate but within the
six-mile radius ; they grew well for several years, but then
disappeared—we think because of an unusual sheet of
ice which remained until very late in the spring. A
lovely variety of the Male-fern was found in the old
fernery and transferred to the new garden. When ques-
tioned, Miss Billings had no idea where it came from or
how it got into her garden. Mr. Weatherby determined
it as ‘‘Lastrea Filix-mas var. abbreviata Babingt.,”’ a
European form; so presumably Miss Billings brought it
home from some place in Europe and forgot all about it.
In 1939 three plants of an attractive crested form of
Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia were found on the
hill near the house. The colony was left undisturbed ;
all three individuals grew well and produced the tasseled
fronds, some of them heavily fruited, each year.

During the summer of 1944, Miss Billings had ar-
ranged to send to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden plants of
Mrs. Mack’s fern and some other rare forms. Soon after
her death, since there was no longer anyone especially
interested in ferns or the fern garden, the Mack Fern,
one plant of the Ruggles Fern, and seven other unusual
forms of common species were sent to the Garden. The
second Mack Fern, one of the crested Lady-ferns, and one
erested Spinulose-fern were given to Mr. Rugg of Han-
over, New Hampshire. The second Ruggles Fern and
some other good plants were sent to Mrs. H. E. Hoselton,
of Taftsville, Vermont; Mrs. Arthur Doubleday, of
Woodstock, received one of the crested Lady-ferns. :
is is expected that some of the plants most valued by Miss
Billings will be well cared for by these friends of hers
who are also devoted to ferns.

RUTLAND, VERMONT.

re re ee ee ee pa en

BOTRYCHIUM MULTIFIDUM VAR. ONEIDENSE 37

Observed Characteristics of Botrychium
multifidum var. oneidense

W. hb. De

Whether one subscribes to the interspecific hybridity

theory’ of Dr. Robert T. Clausen for Botrychium multi-
dum var. oneidense, or prefers to accept the ‘‘ persistent

juvenile state’’ of Dr. E. T. Wherry? as the solution of
this variety’s relation to the species of its immediate
group, the observation that it appears to exhibit a lesser
degree of fertility than the other members of its group
deserves further consideration. Not that this statement
is not correct, for if one bases his opinion of the degree
of fertility of plants on the number of fertile individuals
observed, one is likely to conclude that var. oneidense is
less fertile than either B. dissectum or B. obliquum.
Whether this apparent condition of var. oneidense is the
result of hybridity or not, it will be worth while to notice
other causes of sterility, and to discover also whether this
variety reproduces in sufficient quantity for self-per-
petuation.

In the first place, var. oneidense is a plant of the woods,
and is seldom found in open fields. Insufficient sunlight
is a common cause of sterility among most plants. On
the other hand, B. dissectum and B. obliquum grow in
Many different habitats; but when they grow in woods
and thickets, in my dhncebations, they exhibit even less fer-
tility than var. oneidense. In recent counts in southern
Bucks County, Pennsylvania—one in a dry situation and
another in wet. soil—out of well over a hundred plants
only one had a fertile spike. On the average these plants
were fully grown and mature. If the lack of sunlight

Produces this effect on plants of the parent generation,
(Signer oe

: ? This JourNaL 34: 2. 1944.
Wherry, E. T., Guide to Eastern Ferns, 21. 1937.

38 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

what must be its effect on theoretical hybrids and
juveniles?

That var. oneidense has ample fertility for self-propa-
gation is evidenced by the large number of younger
plants .frequently growing around a fertile parent.
Often some six to ten such plants of various ages can be
seen, which is certainly doing well for hybrids and juve-
niles. I have not noticed such a striking condition with
either B. dissectum or B. obliquum, but have occasionally
found it with B. multifidum.

It is also quite possible that the later ripening of
spores, usually advanced as evidence against the classi-
fication of var. oneidense with B. multifidum, may be in
part the result of its shade-loving habit. In Wayne
County, Pennsylvania, raspberries (Rubus strigosus) are
frequently ripe in open sunlight the first of July, but
in the woods they ripen from three weeks to a month
later.

Other supposed characters of var. oneidense are the
thinness of the blade and the less coriaceous segments.
Again, these are ordinary features of plants growing

e. But when specimens of var. oneidense growing
under similar conditions with other plants of its imme-
diate group are examined and measurements of thickness
are made, considerable doubt is raised about the ‘‘thin-
ness of the blade’’ character. Some time ago I began to
believe from field observations that this supposed char-
acter was somewhat legendary, having been handed down
from one taxonomist to another. The thinness and the
texture of the blades do vary with the habitat, shade

forms of Botrychium always being relatively thinner —

than those growing in sunlight.

In a recent measurement of the blades of B. multt-
fidum, B. dissectum, and var. oneidense from the same
locality and similar environment, and having about the

BOTRYCHIUM MULTIFIDUM VAR. ONEIDENSE 39

same degree of development, the results, although not
conclusive, do show interesting trends. The plants were
collected at approximately the same period and kept in
a preserving fluid till examined. Sections were made
from corresponding areas away from the veins and edges
and near the middle of the blades. Measurements were
made both from the basal and the apical region of ulti-
mate segments of each specimen. Although the thickness
was greater in the basal areas, the same relative results
appeared. The averages are as follows, the unit of mea-
surement being one division of the ocular micrometer:
var. oneidense 21, B. multifidum 18, and B. dissectum 17.
Although it is evident that this single test proves little
positively, it does show that the old story about the rela-
tive thinness of var. oneidense should be omitted from
taxonomic discussion of this group till further examina-
tion of material from similar environments is made.

Another consideration affecting the taxonomic position
of var. oneidense is the difficulty in separating this va-
riety not from B. obliquum, but rather from B. multi-
fidum var. silaifolium. In a group of plants such as
Botrychium, where so many of the taxonomic distinctions
are related to differences in the shape and cutting of the
sterile blade, it seems a little inept to disregard this fea-
ture entirely in the case of the too-much-orphaned var.
oneidense.

The purport of these observations is that: (1) The
theoretical sterility and the comparative thinness of the

ade of var. oneidense may be due to environment rather
than to hybridity or a juvenile condition; (2) in reality
the plant under discussion is sufficiently fertile for self-

Propagation ; (3) actual measurements tend to disprove
_ the

“thinness of the blade’’ characteristic; and (4) the
evidence of its closer relationship to B. dissectum than to

|B. multifidum has become rather feeble.

Morrisvitte, PENNSYLVANIA.

40 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Schizaea pusilla from Ontario, Canada
Husert H. Brown

Quite recently I have received from Mr. E. A. Moxley,
among a number of other ferns, a folder with three
mounted specimens of Curlygrass (Schizaea pusilla
Pursh), which were collected by him at Sauble Beach.
Bruce County, in July, 1928. These ferns, done up in
a package, were inadvertently left in the house in Owen
Sound at the time of Mr. Moxley’s removal to Toronto,
many years ago now, and only lately were discovered
by the present occupant and forwarded to Mr. Moxley,
who on March 16th last presented them to me. As there
is no possibility of misidentification, I think it desirable
that a record of this station should be made.

A friend of mine here, who knows the New Jersey pine
barrens, assures me that the habitat there could be dupli-
cated at Sauble Beach, which he also knows very well.
This Sauble Beach area is a flat stretch of sandy soil
along about six miles of the shore of Lake Huron at the
southwest end of the peninsula of Bruce County. There
are several lines of dunes, between which are strips of
shallow water. Back of the first dune Juniperus com-.
munis var. depressa and J. horizontalis are quite abun-
dant, and then the woods of white cedar and poplar.

The stations in Nova Scotia and Bruce County would
be about equal in distance from New Jersey, and the New-
foundland station about twice the distance; but Bruce
County is inland, while all other stations are coastal. In
this disjunct distribution there is the somewhat parallel
case of Cheilanthes siliquosa Maxon, a species of the
Rocky Mountain region westward, which was eathered
by Dr. Ami near Durham, Grey County, in 1883, but has
not been reported from Ontario since; incidentally this
locality is only about 25 miles from the Schizaea at Sauble

sa jadilhicind cg” eimai sig ileal

FERN COLLECTING IN Costa RICA 41

Beach. In the East, Cheilanthes siliquosa is otherwise
well known from the Gaspé region, Quebec.
Toronto, ONTARIO.

Fern Collecting in Southern Costa Rica
ALEXANDER F. SkuTCH

That large section of Costa Rica which lies to the south
of San José, its capital city, is nearly all wild, mountain-
ous, sparsely inhabited, forested country. The backbone
of the region is the non-voleanic Cordillera de Talamanca,
which rises in the craggy summits of Chirrip6 (12,580
feet) to the most elevated point between Guatemala and
Colombia. On the highest treeless summits of this range
are found the northernmost outposts of the pdramo for-
mation of the Andes; corresponding elevations in Guate-
mala support a vegetation far more Arctic-alpine than
Andean in composition and appearance. The broken
foothills of the Cordillera push down nearly or quite to
the coasts, leaving at best a narrow coastal plain. Lofty,
humid forests sweep up almost unbroken from the sea-
shore nearly to the tops of the highest mountains. AlI-
though to the north of the Gulf of Nicoya the Pacific
coast of Central America is nearly everywhere arid or
semi-arid, in southern Costa Rica this side is almost as
wet as the opposite Caribbean slope. Seven years’
records from Pedregoso in the basin of El General show
an annual rainfall ranging from 88 to 167 inches.’

The Pacifie slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca

drain into the Rio Grande de Térraba, which flows for a

long way parallel to the Cordillera. The upper portion
of the Térraba Valley is the valley, or more properly

basin, of El General. Aside from the pioneer explora-
“Be aarnyet ee eT

* For these records I am indebted to Don Isaias Retana, of
Pedregoso,

42 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

tions of Henry Pittier and Adolfo Tonduz, made chiefly
during the nineties of the last century, very little natural
history work has been done in any portion of the Térraba
Valley. Despite heroie efforts, these botanical collectors
obtained hardly more than a sample of the rich flora of
the region.

In 1935, when I decided to combine botanical collect-
ing with ornithological studies in Costa Rica, the Térraba
Valley was still difficult to reach by the usual modes of
travel. The highways leading south from the central
plateau went no farther than Santa Maria de Dota and
El Copey, and except for a few months during the dry
season even these roads were impassable by any vehicle
swifter than an ox-cart. From Santa Maria to San Isidro
del General, near the head of the Térraba Valley, there
was still a two- or three-day journey over a difficult
mountain trail crossing El Cerro de la Muerte (11,200
feet)—the Mountain of Death, so called because so many
travellers, who came out of the mild valleys with nothing
more adequate than a coffee sack to cover them on the
high, bleak summit, made here their final bivouac. The
highway builders at present struggling to pass the Inter-
American Highway over this grim, gray peak have still
other reasons for thinking the name appropriate

At the time of which I write, people had lanl begun »

to talk about the highway. A year or so earlier, an avia-
tion company had begun service between San José and
the Térraba Valley. This offered a quick and, eveTy-
thing considered, cheap way of getting there. The aero
plane left San José early in the morning, carrying 15
people and a heterogeneous cargo of barbed-wire fencing,
tins of kerosene, sacks of bread, bales of merchandise,
and a little calf tied up in a sack with only his hea

exposed. Mounting above the low buildings of the eapi-
tal, we enjoyed a wonderful panorama of the chain of

FERN COLLECTING IN Costa RIcA 43

voleanoes to the north—huge, sprawling Irazi, extinct
Barba, and Pods with two crater lakes in its truncate
summit. But our route lay in the opposite direction,
and soon we were soaring above the nearest of the steep
mountains that rise sharply on the southern edge of the
narrow central plateau. At first we flew over a broken
terrain completely denuded of forest from narrow valley

CERRO CHIRRIPO (12,580 FT.) AND Rio CHIRRIPé

to sharp ridge. Coffee plantations occupied the sheltered
valleys and open pastures covered the ridges, along which
Tan roads of red clay.

The clearings rapidly disappeared, and a dark green
Mantle of forest was spread over all the rugged country,
meeting the blue plain of the Pacific on our right, and
rising on our left to the péramos of the peaks, still high
abov eus. Here and there a long, white column of fall-
mg water shot out from some more abrupt slope and
descended gracefully into the green depths of a mountain

44 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

gorge. Ag we continued for about a half-hour over this
impressively wild, unspoiled country, I concluded that it
was better to be flying easily over it than toiling by
muddy trails across its endless sharp ridges and V-shaped
valleys. After a while, the solid ranks of the mountains
divided into two columns—the high craggy peaks of the
Cordillera to the left, and the rounded, green summits
of the coastal range to the right. Between them the
broad Térraba Valley stretched far away toward the
southeast, covered with a fleecy white blanket of mist.

The landing field, then about two miles from San
Isidro, was in the midst of an extensive, open, rather
sterile plain. The road to the village led between bushy
fields, enclosed pastures, and stretches of unspoiled forest.
I saw much of the two most abundant ferns of the region,
the first being the ubiquitous—and iniquitous !—bracken,
which covers whole fields with an almost impenetrable
tangle far more than head-high. It jumps up again with
redoubled fury when burned or cut, and is one of the most
troublesome weeds with which the Costa Rican farmer
has to contend. The bracken is strictly confined to
cleared lands and is never seen in primary forest, where
its place is taken—in point of abundance, at least—by a
climbing fern, Salpichlaena volubilis, whose fronds twine
about saplings and small trees in the undergrowth,
ascending to a height of about 20 feet and forming dense
tangles. The primary divisions of the fronds are pin-
nately compound and resemble somewhat the leaves of
the ash or sumach. One cannot walk through the forests
of El General without being tripped and entangled by
the cordlike stipes of Salpichlaena. A more agreeable
fern growing in the forests in this vicinity is the rare
Lophidium elegans, a relative of Schizaea and Lygodwm,
whose little flabelliform blades stand up on clustered
stipes in the shade.

peanicicimtill” sitar ene” ea eas a ee

FERN COLLECTING IN Costa RICA 45

I established my headquarters at Rivas, about 6 miles
to the north of San Isidro, on the tumultuous Rio Bueno
Vista at an altitude of 2,900 feet. Although agricultural
operations had begun to encroach upon the lofty forests
on the steep slopes that hemmed in the valley, a great
deal still remained; and a ten-minute walk brought me
to unbroken primeval woodlands so extensive that I never
explored them to their end. In a region so heavily
forested as this, ferns did not form so prominent a con-
Stituent of the whole mass of vegetation as they did, for
example, in the far lighter woodland on the upper slopes
of the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, where I first collected
tropical ferns. Yet by careful searching one could find
a satisfying variety of them. The massive ‘‘sotacaballo’’
trees (Pithecolobium) on the banks of the river were
nearly always laden with epiphytes of the most varied
kinds, ranging from mosses, liverworts, and filmy ferns,
through orchids, aroids, bromeliads, and larger ferns to
epiphytic trees such as figs, Clusia, Coussapoa, and
Cosmibuena. On the trunks erew Asplenium fragrans,
A, auritum, and Polypodium pectinatum, while hanging
limply below the horizontal branches were the cordlike
fronds of Vittaria filifolia and V. stipitata, and also the
broad, soft, pinnate fronds of Polypodium chnoodes.

ack in the forest grew Hemitelia multiflora, a rather
abundant small tree-fern, with a slender, spiny caudex
reaching about 10 feet in height, and broad, finely divided
fronds. On the tree trunks, especially near the ground,
were found Trichomanes polypodioides, T. rigidum, and
a new species of Polypodium, as yet undescribed. These
forests above Rivas had an average height of about 125
eet, with many trees towering still higher. As in heavy
forest almost everywhere, trees that in their blossom-time
made a colorful display were a disappointingly small
minority ; and in the understory there was even less color

46 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

than at the roof. In general there were few species of
terrestrial ferns, although some of these were monoto-
nously abundant, such as the Adiantwm-like Lindsaeas
(L. horizontalis, L. lancea, and L. quadrangularis).
Juvenile plants of Salpichlaena were a principal con-
stituent of the ground cover.

Patient examination of a mossy tree trunk yielded the
delightful little fern Hecistopteris pumila, whose dichoto-
mous fronds were scarcely over half an inch in length
when full grown. Even more interesting was a dwarf
‘‘Hart’s-tongue’’ whose pilose fronds, rooting at the tip
in the fashion of the Walking-fern of our northern cliffs,
gave rise to new plants, and so formed extensive mats
over the tree trunks. This proved to be a new species,

which was aptly named Elaphoglossum proliferans Maxon —

& Morton. Another interesting ‘‘ Walking-fern’’ of the
region was Leptochilus cladorrhizans, a terrestrial species
‘whose tall, elegantly divided fronds have long, tail-like
tips that strike root where they touch the ground and
produce new individuals. Much rarer was Leptochilus
Bradeorum, with trifoliolate fronds, which seems re-
stricted to the deepest and most humid ravines.

Although the forested slopes were rather unproductive
collecting ground for ferns, these grew in the greatest pro-
fusion in glens and deep ravines. Here were such tall,
wide-spreading, terrestrial species as Dryopteris Link-
iana, D. exculta var. guatemalensis, D. subincisa, Di-
plazium obscurum, D. grandifolium, Asplenium absers-
sum, and Tectaria Sodirot.

One of the most interesting excursions I made from
Rivas was to the first high summit on the eastern side of
the valley, on the divide between the Buena Vista and
Chirrip6 Rivers. The forest trail was so wretchedly
muddy, now in early December at the end of the long
wet season, that I forsook it to continue upward through

—— ee

FERN COLLECTING IN Costa RIcA 47

the trackless forest. Progress was at first difficult through
the undergrowth and over fallen logs; but soon we came
to a ridge that was narrow and steeply ascending and
covered with tall slender Euterpe palms almost to the
exclusion of other arborescent vegetation. This broad
avenue of palms led us directly to the summit, where

VALLEY OF THE Rio BUENA VISTA

the aneroid barometer registered 5,000 feet. On this flat
mountain top many trees of Clusia flava, about 25 feet
ugh, grew among the palms. They were just coming into
blossom, and their broad white flowers—the staminate
ones nearly two inches wide—shed a delightful fragrance
over the whole mountain top. Beneath the palms and
Clusias the ground was thickly carpeted with sphagnum,
in which grew the curious fern Oleandra costaricensis.
This is found, at least at lower elevations, chiefly as an
epiphyte on the trunks of trees, but here the slender, rod-

48 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

like stems, covered with brown scales, rose obliquely out
of the moss. Some were eight feet long, and supported
themselves on the bifid leaves of Carludovica and other
vegetation. Other ferns abundant near the summit were
Polypodium fraxinifolium and Cyathea divergens, a tree-
fern with a caudex 18 feet high and drooping fronds 10
feet long.

Although my original intention had been to spend only
five or six months amid these forests, I stayed in my cabin
at Rivas for a year and a half, and later worked for ten
months in two other portions of the basin of El] General.
But my collections do not contain a complete representa-
tion of the ferns, nor of any other section of the flora.
Many years of steady collecting would be necessary to

complete our knowledge of the plants of this rich and

varied region. When finally opened to traffic, the Inter-
American Highway will enable botanists to collect with

ease and comfort in this and other parts of tropical
America hitherto difficult of access. Rich rewards in
new species await those who first take advantage of the
unique opportunities for collecting the highway will
afford ; but to be most effective the work should be done
promptly, for despite a good deal of conservation talk,
the original vegetation along the route of the road will
doubtless rapidly vanish.

San Istpro pEL GENERAL, Costa Rica

A New Species of Isoetes from Colombia’
C. V. Morton
The genus Isvetes is represented in South America by
about 22 species, almost all of which are rare and know?
from only one or two localities. The five species thus far
known from the northern Andes are: J. Karstenii A. Br.

: 1 Bho sa by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
nsti

A NEw ISOETES FROM COLOMBIA 49

(Venezuela), I. triquetra (Eeuador), I. ecuadoriensis
Asplund (Ecuador), I. pacifica Svenson (Ecuador), and
I. Lechleri Mett. (Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia).
These all belong to the section Tuberculatae Pfeiffer. A
species belonging to the small section Reticulatae Pfeiffer
has recently been collected in Colombia by Mr. Killip and
Mr. Lehmann. It may be described as follows:

Isoetes Killipii Morton, sp. nov. :

_ Planta terrestris; cormus bilobatus (?) ; folia numero-

Sissima, 7—9 em. longa, ca. 1 mm, diam., subrigida, attenu-
acea

.) mm. longa, apice subulata; velum incompletum, ad
lineam mediam ca. } sporangii longitudine; sporangia
5-6 mm. longa, ca. 3 mm. diam.; macrosporae maximae,
albae, 1 mm. diam., carinis prominentibus, areolis per-
Spicue reticulatis; microsporae pallidae, bilaterales, ca.
50 u longae et 30 u latae, laeves.

Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, No. 1,856,468,
collected on the western slopes of the Paramo de Puraeé,
Central Cordillera, Valley of Rio Cocuy, Department of
El Cauca, Colombia, on a steep wet bank at 3,200 to 3,400
meters elevation, May 26, 1944, by E. P. Killip and F. C.
Lehmann (No. 38536).

In most characters Isoetes Killipii is evidently related

— to the geographically remote Isoetes foveolata A. A.

Eaton of New Hampshire, but may be distinguished at
once by its much larger macrospores (about twice as
large), which are much more sharply reticulate. The
only South American species of this section is I. Marti
A. Br., of southern Brazil, which has similar but much
Smaller macrospores and much larger leaves (60 to 75 em.
long). In Weber’s treatment of the South American spe-
cies J, Killipii will go into the section Amphibiae and will
key to I. Martii.
SmrrHsonran InstrruTIon.

50 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Campyloneurum phyllitidis in Southern Florida
ALEX D. HAWKES

Of the four species of Campyloneurum indigenous to
Florida—C. phyllitidis (L.) Presl, C. latum Moore, C.
costatum (Kunze) Presl, and C. angustifolium (Sw.)
Fée—C. phyllitidis is the most frequent in the hammocks
around Miami. Almost every area of forest boasts at
least a few specimens of this beautiful fern, and in some
of ‘the hammocks it forms one of the most prominent
forms of herbaceous vegetation. This species grows in a
wide variety of habitats, being found in the thick humus
on the ground surface, on the limestone ledges of large
sink-holes, on the perpendicular sides of smaller lime-
stone pot-holes, on rotting prostrate tree trunks, part
way up the trunks of trees, or even high in their
branches.

The most beautiful colony of this fern which I have
seen was in Lysiloma Hammock, near the hamlet of
Silver Palm. This hammock, although rather large and
dense, had a surprising paucity of interesting ferns,
orchids, and bromeliads, although a few of the pot-holes
contained such species as Asplenium dentatum, A. vere-
cundum, Dryopteris ampla, Tectaria heracleifolia, and
Adiantum tenerum. The great group of Campyloneu-
rums, numbering perhaps 30 in an area about 10 feet
square, consisted of plants with immense leaves three feet
long or more and four or five inches wide. They were
growing on several large trees which leaned out pre
cariously over a yawning sink-hole many feet across.
The great rosettes of fronds sparkled in the sunlight
which filtered through the dense growth overhead.
Many young plants were thriving at the base of the
parent clusters, and some few youngsters had found a
congenial location some distance up a nearby tree. Large
mats of the lovely epiphytic Peperomia obtusifolia almost

CAMPYLONEURUM PHYLLITIDIS IN FLORIDA 51

obscured other parts of the rotting trees, and a few scat-
tered bromeliads were perched on the trunks around the
great cavity, their odd silvery-gray leaves adding a some-
what sombre note to the scene.

Recently we had a rather severe cold spell here in
southern Florida, and a couple of days after one of our
frosts I went to several of the hammocks to see what
harm had been done. Many of the plants of Campylo-
neurum phyllitidis, Asplenium serratum, and A. den-
tatum were severely injured. Those growing in sheltered
locations were for the most part not hurt by the cold, but
in relatively exposed positions the rosettes of the first two
Species were of a dull gray color and the leaves were limp
and frequently prostrate on the ground. The little
Asplenium had tightly shrivelled and darkened in ex-
posed places, but here again the protected plants with-
Stood the frost without any apparent harm.

Campyloneurum phyllitidis is a large and certainly a
very striking plant. At first glance it would probably
never be taken for a fern by the layman, with its stiff,
ascending, strap-shaped leaves arranged in a spreading
rosette. Usually the plants in this region are found well
inside the hammocks, growing in dense shade in a fairly
moist location. The leaves range in length from about
Six inches in stunted specimens to three and a half or
four feet in the huge plants occasionally found growing
in an ideal situation.

This species is widely distributed in the lower two-
thirds of the peninsula of Florida, and is also found on
Some of the Florida Keys and throughout the West
Indies. On the continent it ranges from Mexico well into
South America. It was first described by Linnaeus (in
1753) as Polypodium phyllitidis, which is the name used
by those who regard Polypodium in the broad historic
Sense,

Coconut Grove, FLORIDA.

a2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Shorter Notes

ABUNDANCE OF SELAGINELLA IN OKLAHOMA.—While I
was stationed at Fort Sill Military Reservation in Co-
manche County, Oklahoma, last summer, I noted with
surprise that the mountain tops and rocky slopes were
covered with a species of Selaginella. This has been
identified by Dr. Maxon as S. Sheldonii Maxon, a species
occurring also in New Mexico and western Texas. The
whole western slope of Mt. Hines (alt. 1,600 feet), ex-
tensive areas on Signal Mountain (alt. 1,700 feet), and
(inside the Wichita Mountain Park) about 20 acres of
the rocky, dry flats at the base of Little Baldie Mountain
are covered with the Selaginella. Growing with it are
cacti (Opuntia and Echinocereus) and various other
flowering plants. In summer the temperature may get
as high as 120° F., and during this period the Selaginella
is dried up and looks as if dead —Hvueu H. Iuts.

THe Earnest Coutection or OnociEopsis.—Mr. Bal-
lard’s recent description of Onocleopsis has settled for
me a question which has long awaited solution. Some 25
years ago, while ordering up some of the pteridophytes
in the Gray Herbarium, I came across four sheets of @
Mexican fern determined by Davenport as Acrostichum
Caenopteris Kunze—that is, Polybotrya serratifolia
(Fée) Klotzsch. In view of the very different venation
of the leaf, this seemed rather a poor guess, and I re-
moved the specimens from the Polybotrya covers. But
I could not place them anywhere else; they eventually
came to rest among the unnamed siateeial and have re-
mained there ever since, occasionally taken out, looked
at, and given up by me and various visitors. When Dr-
Maxon recently showed me some of the Hinton material
of Onocleopsis, I was reminded of these specimens a?
now find them to be very good Onocleopsis.

SHORTER NOTES 53

The specimens in question were collected Sept. 26,
1897, at Cerro de San Felipe, Oaxaca, at an altitude of
2000 meters, by Conzatti and Gonzalez and distributed
under their number 480. The material is excellent—
complete, or nearly complete, sterile and fertile fronds,
Stipe-bases, and a rhizome. Conzatti and his assistant
evidently realized that they had something unusual; it is
not much to my credit that I let their well and intelli-
gently collected specimens lie so long without a more
vigorous effort to work them out. However, it now ap-
pears that, unless a still earlier collection is buried in
Some European herbarium, the discovery of Onocleopsis
dates from 1897 instead of 1933——C. A. WEATHERBY.

PTERIS MULTIFIDA IN TEXAS.—While in Kountze, Har-
din Co., southeast Texas, on October 27, 1944, Dr. B. C.
Tharp, of the University of Texas, found Pteris multifida
growing abundantly in sandy soil around the margins of
Some frame office buildings. Specimens were collected
and deposited in the University of Texas Herbarium, No.
44408, from which material was forwarded to Dr. Maxon
for verification. So far as known, this is the first record
of the westward extension of this species into Texas.

ountze is a small place 24 miles northwest of Beau-
mont, where a greenhouse has been selling potted and
yard plants of this species. Mr. P. A. Winkler who lives
in the northwest outskirts of Beaumont and who is inter-
ested in the flora of his part of the State, especially the
ferns, advises that several small plants were observed in
his fern garden which have since developed enough to
be recognized as P. multifida. Where they came from,
he does not know. However, their occurrence at this
Point makes it very probable that the colony discovered
by Dr, Tharp at Kountze has its origin in wind-borne

“Pores from Beaumont or some intermediate point.—G. M.

~OXMAN, Dallas, Texas.

54 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Tue INDUMENT oF CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS.—AIthough it
is customary to characterize the stipe, rachis, and secon-
dary rachises of Cystopteris fragilis as essentially gla-
brous, they actually bear some appendages. The stipe
often has a scattering of flat chaffy scales, which mostly
fall off early in the season but may in part persist. In
grooves on the primary rachis and around the axils of
the secondary ones, there often occur aggregations of a
few long septate hairs, some of which may be tipped by
a rather coarse, dark brown gland. Comparison shows
that the varieties genuina and laurentiana are likely to
possess such axillary hairs in considerable number, var.
Mackayii fewer, and var. protrusa fewest of all.

These points are here mentioned in order to prevent
misunderstanding as to the glandularity reported for
var. laurentiana. This consists of minute pale glands,
borne on short stalks rarely consisting of more than 4
single cell, which are limited to the indusium and under
surface of the pinnules. In Cystopteris bulbifera there
are glands both on the indusia and in the axils, and they
are mostly the minute, pale, short-stalked type.

Reeently Mr. Albert Chandler, of St. Louis, submitted
for identification a specimen of C. fragilis from Colorado
Springs which he thought might represent var. lawrem-
tiana; but it proved to lack the minute indusial glands,
though having unusually copious coarse axillary ones,
and so may be regarded as merely var. genuind.

And now, just as this note is being written for the
JOURNAL, another specimen of interest has come to hand.
Professor H. A. Wahl of State College, Pennsylvania.
submits a plant from that vicinity which proves to be
identical with that recently reported? as a possible occur
rence of var. lawrentiana in Pennsylvania. Not only are

the maximum frond dimensions the same, but the in

1 This JOURNAL 34: 93. 1944.

SHORTER NOTES 55

dusium is beset with readily visible, minute, short-stalked
glands. The finding of such an entity at two stations
a hundred miles apart lends support to the view that
var. laurentiana, though best developed in the St. Law-
rence region, also ranges south, in a modest-size form, to
latitude 40° 30’ in Pennsylvania.—Epe@ar T. WHERRY,
University of Pennsylvania.

Two Cumean PrermopHyTes or COMMERCIAL ImPor-
TANCE.—Large quantities of fronds of Lophosoria quad-
ripinnata (Gmel.) C. Chr. (Alsophila quadripinnata or
A. pruinata) and branches of Lycopodium paniculatum
Desv. are gathered, chiefly in autumn, winter, and spring,
for florists doing business in the cities of Chile. The
fronds of Lophosoria and the branches of Lycopodium
often reach a length of more than a meter and are used
to embellish wreaths and sprays of flowers. Fertile
fronds of the Lophosoria are often included, but only
Sterile branches of the Lycopodium are employed. The
material comes from the provinces of Valdivia and
Cautin, where both species grow in great abundance. [
can give no definite ficures, but collecting these pterido-
phytes is the basis of a business of considerable size and
importance, since it meets all demands of a trade which
Serves a million people in the city of Santiago alone.

As is well known, Lophosoria has a very wide range
on the American continent, extending northward to
Mexico. Its Chilean area is isolated, being cut off from
the rest of its range by the deserts of northern Chile, the
Andean Cordillera, and the Argentine Pampas.

esides these two species, small quantities of Dry-
opteris argentina ( Hieron.) C. Chr., Blechnum auricu-
atum Cay., and Adiantum glanduliferum Link are some-
times collected in the spring for the use of florists. These

€€ species are obtained in the vicinity of Santiago,
Where they usually abound in certain localities —
GuaLTERio Loosrr, Santiago, Chile.

56 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

FURTHER SUGGESTIONS FOR THE UTILIZATION OF
BrRACKEN IN Great Britain.—Bracken, in the Britsh
Isles, has become an abundant and damaging weed in
pastures and clearings and considerable sums have been
spent in efforts to eradicate it. Occasionally, some one
has maintained that, instead of merely destroying it,
bracken might be treated as a crop and used in paper-
making and in various ways as a substitute for straw.’
The latest suggestions along such lines come from a
British chemist, Maurice Capisarow, of the Research
Laboratory of Manchester.2. He points out that the rhi-
zomes have a content of 13 per cent of carbohydrates,
useful for food and fermentation, and that their extrac-
tion would yield, as a by-product, a considerable amount
of strong fiber. Since as much as 50 tons of rhizomes
may be produced per acre on heavily infested lands, he
believes that extraction would be commercially feasible.

Furthermore, a mulch of bracken is an effective weed-
killer. It is peculiarly resistant, and even actively inimi-
eal, to parasitic fungi, to such an extent that it may
protect other plants. When used to cover stored pota-
toes, other root-crops, or stacked cereals and hay, it tends
to protect them from infection —C, A. WEATHERBY.

NEw STATIONS FOR EQUISETUM LAEVIGATUM F. PRO-
umM.—In Broun’s ‘‘Index to North American
Ferns’’ the distribution of Equisetum laevigatum forma
proliferum Haberer ex House (N. Y. State Museum
Bull., Nos. 243-244, 1923, p. 47) is given as New York.
Recently, while collecting along the Illinois Central Rail-
road south of Champaign, Illinois, the author found this
form growing in fair abundance, together with the typ-
wes JOURNAL 30: 134 and 3

tional pia to the ae tee: Gardeners’ Chron-
icle, “TL, 117: 58. 1945.

ey

RECENT FERN LITERATURE 57

ical form. A study of specimens in the herbarium at
the University of Illinois reveals the following stations:
ARKANSAS: Helena, Phillips Co., May 28, 1939, Demaree.
Ipano: Falk’s Store, Canyon Co., July 7, 1910, Macbride.
Inuivo1s: Urbana, June 23, 1941, Jones ; July 15, 1878,
Seymour; Joliet, June 28, 1907, Hill; Concord, July
1904, McDonald; Thornton, June 19, 1865, Hill; Lake
Matanzas, July 19, 1910, Gates. Mussourt: Livonia,
Sept. 21, 1915, Bush ; Courtney, July 13, 1915, Bush.
Wyomine: Poison Spider Creek, July 28, 1894, Nelson.

Forma proliferuwm may be easily recognized, and I
quote Dr. House’s description: ‘‘One to six- short
branches at each of the upper nodes, sometimes these
bearing small or reduced strobili.’? I believe that fur-
ther study will show forma proliferum to be as widely
distributed as the typical form of E. laevigatum.—W1L-
LIAM F, Rapp, Jr., University of Illinois.

Recent Fern Literature

me. C. A: Weatherby has recently published* an ac-
count of the North American species of Selaginella
related to 8. oregana, of the subgenus Euselaginella.
This subgenus, of which the best known species is S.
rupestris, has usually been known as subgenus Homoeo-
Phyllum Hieron., but the name Euselaginella has prior-
ity. The group of species treated is characterized by
lax, prostrate habit, usually elongate, slender stems, rela-
tively distant branches, and appressed to strongly ascend-
mg, non-dimorphic leaves. Both stems and branches re-
main horizontal when growing on the ground, only the
Strobiles assuming an upright position.

Ten species are keyed and described, four of which
(8. oregana, S. Underwoodii, S. mutica, and S. ciner-

‘Weatherby, C. A. The Group of Selaginella oregana in North
America. Journ, Arn. Arb. 25: 407-419. 1944.

58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

ascens) occur in the United States, the remaining species
being confined to Mexico. These include three new spe-
cies: S. porrecta (Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Ta-
maulipas, and Durango), 8S. Arsenei (Queretero) and S.

‘Hintonit (State of Mexico). Three new varieties are
described: S. Underwoodii var. dolichotricha (New Mex-
ico and Arizona), S. mutica var. texana (western Texas),
and S. mutica var. limitanea (western Texas, New Mex-
ieo, and Arizona). All the species are illustrated by
excellent line drawings of the leaves and spores by Mrs.
Una Weatherby. Mr. Weatherby’s treatment adds much
to our understanding of'this difficult group of species and
it is to be hoped that he will continue his interest in the
genus.—C. V. M.

Our South American colleagues give us frequent occa-
sion to congratulate them on their progress in dealing
with the botanical problems of their part of the world.
The latest item of the sort, relating to ferns, which has
come to our attention is Juana S. Lichtenstein’s ‘‘Ofio-
glosaceas de la Argentina,’’ a detailed and well-illus-
trated taxonomic study, accompanied by much collateral
information and interesting discussion.1 The author
modestly calls it a supplement to Clausen’s general mono-
graph of the family; actually, with the resources of the
botanical institutions of Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile
at her disposal—far more than Clausen had—she has
modified considerably the taxonomic and floristic picture
of the group in temperate South America.

Eight species of Ophioglossum are recognized, four of
Botrychium. O. opacum is reduced to varietal rank
under O. crotalophoroides and is recorded from Uruguay-
The range of 0. ellipticum is extended to include Para-
guay and northeastern Argentina. 0. valdivianum Phil.,

1 Darwiniana 6: 380-441, 14 figs. 1944.

RECENT FERN LITERATURE 59

of south-central Chile and adjacent Argentina, listed as
a doubtful species by Clausen, is made a variety of 0.
vulgatum, thus extending the range of that species into
the southern hemisphere. Considerable material from
northern and central Argentina is referred to typical
Botrychium australe, which Clausen did not record from
South America. This is a geographic surprise; one
would expect an Australian species to turn up in Chile
rather than east of the Andes. The author doubts if
the posture of parts in the bud ean be successfully used
to separate the South American varieties of B. Lunaria
and B. matricariaefolium—a statement which itself raises
doubts as to whether these varieties are correctly referred
to their respective species.

New varieties are proposed in Ophioglosswm crotalo-
Phoroides and O. nudicaule, both based principally on
size and therefore not wholly convineing. Their ulti-
mate fate, however, is a small detail; the paper as a whole
adds largely and most usefully to our oe of
South American Ophioglossaceae.—C. A.

Jesse M. Shaver, continuing his studies of Tennessee
ferns, has published a paper? on the Bracken and Maiden-
hair. Of the Bracken both var. pseudocaudatum and
var. latiusculum occur in Tennessee, the latter being
Somewhat more common; some specimens intermediate

tween them are discussed Adiantum pedatum is com-
mon almost throughout the state, but A. Capillus-Veneris
is less abundant, due to its habit of usually growing near
waterfalls. Two forms of the latter are differentiated
but not named except as forms A and B. The paper is
illustrated ed by oe excellent drawings, and dis-
‘ribution maps —C. V. M
Folate spin
Io ae Notes on the Bracken and Maidenhair Ferns of emcaner

emn. Acad. Sei. 19: 203-227. 1944,

60 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

A check list of the ferns of another Middle Atlantic
region appeared not long ago.t. The arrangement 0
the groups is a standard one, with Ophioglossaceae com-
ing first. Im some cases the author follows conservative
lumpers, in others modern splitters. Thus, while Ophio-
glossum vulgatum is recognized to fall into two varieties
(which are so similar that even specialists can scarcely
distinguish them), the Coarse-lobe Grape-fern, readily
recognized by any amateur, is classed as a mere form of
Botrychium dissectum. Again, the Wood-ferns, Marsh-
ferns, Beech-ferns, and Oak-ferns are all kept under
Dryopteris, yet D. cristata is kept apart from D. Clin-
toniana, and D. spinulosa from D. intermedia.

A number of records which, though not designated as
new, are not known to the reviewer to have been pub-
lished or generally recognized previously, deserve notice
here. Botrychium simplex var. tenebrosum is recorded
from two counties, and B. dissectum var. oneidense and
B. multifidum var. intermedium from one each; the last
represents a surprising range extension southward and

may need confirmation. Dryopteris Clintoniana is sepa- —

rated into three varieties, the typical one (not awarded
an infraspecific epithet), var. australis, and var. atro-
palustris, the last (based on Dryopteris atropalustris
Small) representing a new combination. D. Thelypter's
var. Haleana, a southern entity, extends into two south-
eastern Maryland counties.

Under Equisetum arvense there are recognized four
forms and one variety, var. boreale. E. laevigatum is
recorded from Baltimore County, a considerable range
extension from the west. The nowadays much-used
epithet prealtum is not accepted, but the entity appeat*
ane ylang, Dagens at he ace of Clombie Bal

tin Natural History Society of Maryland 13: 47-54. 1943. ‘(Mimeo-
graphed)

RECENT FERN LITERATURE 61

in two varieties: Equisetum hyemale var. affine and var.
robustum. In the Lycopodium inundatum complex three
varieties are distinguished, viz., the typical (not named),
Bigelovii, and adpressum; in the Ground-pines, two: L.
obscurum (typical) and var. dendroidewm. The epithet
Isoetes riparia is expanded to cover six entities, some pro-
posed under that species, others under I. saccharata. And
in this genus there is a surprising range-extension re-
ported—I. macrospora, a northern and mountain type,
from low-lying New Castle County, Delaware; this
Should not be accepted without further study of the
material—_kE. T. Wuerry.

Another state fern flora— ‘Ferns of Utah,’’ by Seville
Flowers'—has recently appeared. The principal treat-
ment consists of keys, descriptions, and drawings of all
the species known to occur in Utah, following a discussion
of their ecology, distribution, and relative abundance,
and a section on the general morphology of ferns. The
number treated is 53, as compared with 38 reported from
Utah by Maxon.2 The additions are mostly due to recent
exploration. Of the 53 species 19 are known from only
one or two localities, and some others are rare also. That
Utah has a relatively poor fern flora is attested by a com-
Parison with other western states (Washington 72 species,
Arizona 78). Noteworthy are the presence of but a
Single species of Dryopteris and the complete absence of
Lycopodium. The largest genera are Equisetum (6 spe-
cles) and Cheilanthes (5 species). Asplenium, Notho-
laena, Selaginella, and Isoetes follow, with 4 species each.
_ He table giving a comparison of the number of species
'n Utah and the United States as a whole is misleading to
15, pose Univ. Utah, Vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 1-87, figs. 1-164. Nov.

Pid Tidestrom, Flora of Utah and Nevada, Contr. U. S. Nat.
erb. 25: 43-59.’ 1995,

62 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

some extent, since introduced species are counted the
same as native ones. The total of 234 species of Poly-
podiaceae, taken from Broun’s Index, includes 17 intro-
duced ones. The counting seems to be erroneous in some
other respects also, the total of 18 species of Hquisetum
being arrived at by counting three species specifically ex-
cluded by Broun. In Isoetaceae there are 20 species,
not 19 as given, and there are only 18 of Ophioglossaceae,
not 19 as given.®

Some of the statements in the section on general mor-
phology leave a good deal to be desired, such as ‘‘A leaf
is simply pinnate when it is not cut up into leaflets, and
compound pinnate when portions surrounding the side
veins are cut out as distinct leaflets.’’ The illustration
(fig. 1A) of a ‘‘pinnate’’ leaf is in reality of a deeply
pinnatifid leaf, such as is common in Polypodium, and
that of a ‘‘bipinnately compound leaf’’ (fig. 1B) is really
pinnate-pinnatifid. Or again, ‘‘Tripinnate or ternate
means three times compounded.’’ Ternate is, of course,
not synonymous with tripinnate. The statement that “‘A
leaf consists of a stipe or stalk, blade and veins’’ implies
that a leaf has three parts, whereas actually the veins are
only a part of the blade. Some of the definitions in the
glossary are, to say the least, unconventional, e.g., ‘‘Pin-
nate: a leaf with a midvein like a feather’’ or ‘‘Fertile:
a fern bearing spores when collected or observed.’’ Some

3 Incidentally, it may be mentioned that Broun’s tabular
ummary on pages 168 and 169 of his Index is even more mislead-

also tha
duced species of 1 Isoetes, an obvious erro:
totals given nevertheless.

REcENT FERN LITERATURE 63

statements in the text are open to question also, such as
in the key (p. 22), where the indusium of Asplenium is
said to be ‘‘hoodlike,”’ or on p. 15, where the Ophio-
glossaceae are said to be ‘“‘mostly tropical.’’ The genus
Botrychium, at least, is best developed in temperate
regions.

There can be nothing but praise for the fine drawings,
which make the book a valuable addition to any fern
library. These, drawn on an unusually large scale, are
very lifelike. Habit drawings and details are furnished
for each species, and both are accurately and tastefully
executed.—C.V.M.

Dr. George Neville Jones has recently published? a
Flora of Illinois, which includes a treatment. of the ferns
and fern allies. The keys seem to be accurate and usable,
but the absence of any comments or discussions is regret-
able, especially so in the case of the common Adder’s-
tongue, for which the name Ophioglossum pusillum Raf.
is adopted, rather than the universally accepted O. vul-
gatum Li. This early species of Rafinesque was rather
inadequately characterized, and was completely over-
looked until Clausen noted it as a doubtful synonym of
0. crotalophoroides Walt.; Merrill? placed it as a syno-
nym of O. vulgatum. It seems from Jones’ synonym
“0. vulgatum of Am. auth., not L,’’ that he is regarding
the United States plants as distinct from those of the Old
World, but surely some discussion of this point is desira-
ble. It would be especially unfortunate to be obliged to

opt the name O. pusillum Raf., since 0. pusillum Nutt.,
though published four years later than Rafinesque’s
name, has been fairly well known for the plant of the
Southern States now known as QO. tenerum or O. nudi-
Caule var. tenerum. It was so used by Christensen in the
Index Filieun.
| 2 Aimer, Midi. Nat: Manage. @ L-a1t. 108,

? Amer. Fern Journ. 33: 52, 1943.

64 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

The treatment in general would be more useful by dis-

cussion of several other divergences from currently
accepted usage. In some groups a conservative view-
point may be observed, as for instance in Equisetum,
which differs from Schaffner’s treatment in not recog-
nizing E. kansanum, E. trachyodon, or E. Nelsonii. On
the other hand, Polypodium polypodioides var. Mich- ‘
auxianum Weatherby and Lycopodium Selago var. :
patens (Beauv.) Desv. are recognized as distinct species,
as P. ceteraccinum Michx. and L. porophilum Underw.
& Lloyd respectively, the conservative treatments of
Clausen in Botrychium and Tryon in Pteridium are not
followed, and Phegopteris is recognized on the wholly
inadequate and artificial basis of lack of indusium.

In all, 63 species are reported from the state. No
varieties or forms are mentioned. A good many species
are rare, some of those known from one or two locali- —
ties only being Lycopodium inundatum, Ophioglossum
Engelmannii, Trichomanes Boschianum, Phegopteris a
connectilis |Dryopteris Phegopteris|, Asplenium crypto-
lepis, Asplenium ebenoides, and Woodwardia virginica.

V.M

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Vol. 35 July-September, 1945 No. 3

Aimeriran # ern Anurual

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

pad

EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON

R. C. BENEDICT Cc. V. MORTON
IRA L. WIGGINS

ad
CONTENTS
Problems and Objectives in the Study of Fern Hybrids
Rater C. BENEDICT 6

Ferns on Pacific Island Coconut Trees
W. H. Wacner, Jz. 74

Some Nomenclatural Changes in the gis ES

Reep 77
Valid Names in the a eos Haxzotp St. Joun 87
Some Notes on Arizona Fern _.Waures 8. Puinurs 90

Shorter Notes: Notes on iicla ‘Pteridophytes; North-
Western Limits of aoa fragilis var. laurentiana 92
can Fern Socie Rae ee.

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Treasurer

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OFFICIAL ORGAN

American #ern Journal

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Amprican Hern Journal

Vou. 35 JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1945 No. 3

Problems and Objectives in the Study of Fern
Hybrids

RaupH C. BENEDICT

The study of fern hybrids in the United States has
had a history of just about 50 years, since Raynal Dodge
first suggested that a puzzling intermediate New England
form of Dryopteris might be explained as a hybrid be-
tween two known species, D. cristata and D. marginalis.
This suggestion was accepted by George E. Davenport,*
who formally described the plant as Aspidium crista-
tum x marginale, proposing Dryopteris cristata x mar-
ginalis as an alternative name. He discussed the matter
at some length before a meeting of the American Fern
Society at Boston in 1898, and his paper appeared in a
Fern Society publication.?

Dodge’s suggestion and Davenport’s paper served as
a stimulus to further study, to the reexamination of her-
barium Specimens that had been doubtfully identified,
to increasing watchfulness in the field, to experimental
work, and to published descriptions and discussions of
the problems. Gradually, as additional data accumu-
lated, and as the difficulties of any alternative explana-

4 tion for an increasing number of plants and specimens
Were recognized, the validity of the theory of natural
oo.

65

66 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

fern hybrids came widely to be accepted. It is a matter
of interest that active study of fern hybrids in this coun-
try has been closely associated with the half-century of
the existence of the American Fern Society, that a great
majority of the studies of this problem have been made
by members of the Society, and that many of the pub-
lished studies have appeared in its journals.

At the present time probably more members are ac-
tively interested in the problem than ever before, not
only in field and herbarium study but particularly in
the observation of these types in outdoor gardens, and
in the possibility of raising from spores any that may
prove fertile. The present paper has been prepared in
the hope of pointing up the problems which still exist,
and of suggesting how further descriptive and experi-
mental studies may fruitfully be carried out. My owt
interest in these plants, which is of 40 years’ duration,
has recently been actively renewed by a visit to Richard
Harlow’s fern garden in Pennsylvania, and by the op-
portunity afforded to see the large series of hybrid ferns
which he has growing and to learn about the extensive
spore culture work with these and other fern variants
which he has been carrying on. Records of these eul-
tures and of others like them ought to be put in shape
for publication, so that the results obtained may be avail-
able for general information and use.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN SPECIES CROSSING

At the Boston meeting in 1898, Davenport discussed
the problem in general and suggested the desirability of
carrying on experimental work. He proposed that, fol-
lowing the lines of procedure reported by Lowe in Eng-
land, an effort be made to produce under cultural con-
ditions some of the crosses which were reported from
field study. The suggestion was promptly accepted by

Stupy or Fern Hysrips 67

Margaret Slosson, and about two years later, at the New
York meeting of the Fern Society, she reported her
results to that date.* In this first report she recounted
partial success with the Dodge hybrid (Dryopteris cris-
tata x marginalis), but negative results as yet with
Asplenium ebenoides, now recognized as Asplenium
platyneuron x Camptosorus rhizophyllus. For the Dodge
Dryopteris hybrid, she reported one immature inter-
mediate plant in a culture containing a number of plants
of D. cristata and D. mar. rginalis.

The experiments with Scott’s Spleenwort were con-
tinued, however, and in 1902 Miss Slosson reported the
Successful completion of her efforts to produce this
hybrid fern under experimental conditions.* By illus-
tration and description she showed the developmental
Stages of the two parents and of the hybrid offspring,
the latter raised to maturity. Herbarium material from
her experiments was deposited in the herbarium of the
New York Botanical Garden. A little later, in her book
“How Ferns Grow,’’ she published similar developmen-
tal series in the growth of a considerable number of com-
mon hardy ferns. Although this book does not deal
directly with hybrids, its descriptions and figures of
juvenile stages of various fern species are important for
anyone who is interested in cultural and field studies of
fern hybrids, because it is highly important in such work
to be able to recognize the different parent types in all
Stages of development.

Accomplishing cross-fertilization is much more diffi-
cult in ferns than in flowering plants. The prothallia,
on which the eggs and sperms are formed, are small and
usually produce both kinds of sex cells at close quarters.

1909 PeTiments in hybridizing ferns. Fernwort Papers, 19-25.

* Bull. Torrey Club 29: 487-495. 1902.

68 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Moreover, when the prothallia are sectioned so as to
separate the male and female organs, regenerative
growths may be expected to provide a second crop of
the opposite sex. Miss Slosson manipulated prothallia
in several ways, the most critical of which consisted in
cutting them in such a way as to separate portions with
each kind of sex organs and then planting in contact
appropriate pairs of parts of the two species which it
was desired to cross. When new sporophytes of inter-
mediate character were obtained promptly, before there
had been time for the regeneration of the excised sex
organs, the conclusion was practically inescapable that
interspecific cross-fertilization had taken place.

The renewal of efforts to produce cross-fertilization
of fern species is much to be desired, both according to
the technic already used and by more critical methods.
One plant physiologist who attempted in the first decade
of this century to bring fern sperms into contact with
eggs under direct microscopic observation came to the
conclusion that his negative results were strong evidence
against the probability of the occurrence of fern hybrids
in nature. But, as was pointed out at the time, unfor-
tunately he attempted chiefly to cross fern species that
had given no evidence of a disposition to hybridize.

In general, Miss Slosson’s results have been accepted
as good evidence for the fern hybrid hypothesis, but more
experiments of the same type and on a more extensive
scale would be valuable. It would be of great interest
to have her original crosses repeated, with care to deter-
mine whether reciprocal crosses give the same results.
Field and herbarium studies have suggested that the
Dodge hybrid (cristata x marginalis) , for example, occurs
in two types: one more slender, like crisfata in outline;
the other broader, like the other parent.

Such a project and careful experiments to reproduce
other hybrids now recognized from field studies are POS

Stupy or Fern Hyprips 69

sible of accomplishment by anyone who has achieved suc-
cess in the spore culture of fern species. It would be
necessary first to raise pure cultures of the prothallia of
the prospective parent species, and then to make as many
prothallial contacts between them as possible. The most
critical step in the process would lie in so eutting the
prothallia as to separate the sex organs before planting
together. Patience in this part of the operation and
persistence in its repetition are the primary qualities
needed for the conduct of this experiment. A dissecting
microscope would be helpful at this stage, but it is prob-
able that a rule-of-thumb technic could be developed in
cutting the prothallia which would enable the experi-
menter effectively to separate the antheridial and arche-
gonial portions. A transverse cut a little back of the
notched growing end of a mature prothallium, made with
a sharp, fine-pointed pair of scissors (manicure or iri-
dectomy), would give a somewhat bean-shaped piece con-
taining only archegonia. The remaining older, pointed
portion, with most of the rhizoids, contains the sperm-
producing antheridia. But instead of using the cut
halves of older prothallia as the source of sperms, it is
sible to use younger, entire prothallia, which have not
yet formed archegonia. After the pieces have been
Planted in contact, each pair should be flooded with a
drop of sterile water, to supply a medium for the passage
of the active sperms. Any sporophyte which develops
in the archegoniate (maternal) portion of a prothallinm
Within a month after the contact has been made may be
*xpected to show hybrid characteristics. Studies in the
regeneration of prothallia made by Albaum® indicate that
new antheridial outgrowths need not be expected to ap-
pear in less time.

* Amer. Journ. Bot. 25: 37-44. 1938.

70 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

SECOND GENERATION CULTURES
At the time of the early studies of fern hybrids, the
assumption was widespread that species hybrids must
perforce be sterile. L. M. Underwood argued against
the idea that Scott’s Spleenwort could be a hybrid be-
cause of a large colony near Auburn, Alabama, where

many young plants were found. A contrary view was

expressed by Maxon,’ who stated the case at some length.
My own conclusions, based on extensive microscopic study
of eight or ten different putative fern hybrids, were ex-
pressed as follows: ‘‘This sterility manifests itself either
in the form of abortive, undersized sporangia, or, if the
sporangia attain full size, in abnormal, granulated spores.
Only in a few mounts, out of scores examined, have any
normal spores been seen, and in these few instances their

presence may have been accidental. But as in hybrids -

generally, it is probable that the sterility is relative rather
than absolute, and we may expect occasionally to find
fern hybrids capable of reproducing by spores.’””

Without anticipating any informally reported results
at this time, I am certain that more than one experi-
menter has already obtained second generation or F2 cul-
tures of some of our fern hybrids, and that a new and
very promising line of study is just waiting for system-
atic exploitation and reporting. One or two suggestions
as to methods and records may be offered here:

Leaves of hybrid types from which spore material is
taken for sowing should be carefully pressed and pre-
served, with data as to source and the date of planting
spores. Later, in the event of successful germination,
pressed specimens of the offspring should be made, to
ee 8 hone on the validity of Aspleniuwm ebenoides as a species. Bot.

az.

7 New ayes ie Dryopteris, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 41-49.

Stupy or Frrn Hysprivs 71

show various stages of development. Care will have to
be taken that “*foreign’’ spores do not get into the eul-
tures, to confuse the results. Records should be kept of
unsuccessful cultures, where no germination occurs. It
is a foregone conclusion that whereas some hybrid types
may be fairly fertile, others will remain obstinately in-
fertile. The mule is a good illustration of a completely
Self-sterile animal hybrid, although even in this case
female mules have twice been successfully bred with
Jackasses—the progeny pure jackass.

he fact that the F, generation of a number of fern
hybrids has been reported is a matter of great interest.
The value of such experimental cultures will be multi-
Plied many times if the kind of record suggested in the
preceding paragraph is kept, and if the procedures and
results are carefully prepared for publication. Earlier
numbers of the JourNAL carry descriptions of methods
of raising ferns from spores.®

Given a hybrid, even partially fertile, the chance of
setting second generation results is much better than for
the production of the F, or first generation cross between
the parent species. Another intriguing aspect lies in the
fact that the progeny to be expected cannot be predicted
with any certainty. Four types of results seem to be
indicated as possible: (1) Offspring like the F, type and
relatively uniform; (2) a wide range of intermediate

€S, approaching both parents in characteristics; (3)
Progeny Showing a close resemblance to either one or the
Other of the parent forms; (4) complete sterility—no
offspring.

There are two other possible procedures by which fern

hybrids—eyven completely sterile ones—may give rise to

* B.C. Benedict, Growing ferns from spores. Amer. Fern Journ.
ave os 39.” Also, . osephine Edson and Grace Griffeth, Our
"ay with ferns. Amer. Fern Journ. 29: 98-101. 1939.

i AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

offspring other than by spores or by natural branching.
The phenomenon of apospory is well known in scientific
experience. In this the frond itself bears prothallial
outgrowths, with sex organs and fertilization possible.
Young plants formed by this method may be expected
to have a double chromosome number, and may show
somewhat greater size and vigor than the parent.®

Another method by which sterile hybrids in flowering
plants have been caused to form seeds has been exten-
sively used and reported upon within the last ten years,
viz., the use of colchicine. The successful application of
this technic to sterile fern hybrids would result in the
production of spores and sporophytes with a doubled
chromosome number. A few years ago the writer tried
this method very hopefully on some of the spore-sterile
sports of the Boston Fern. In this experiment the run-
ners by which these plants are vegetatively produced
were immersed in various concentrations of colchicine
solution. The runners swelled to more than twice normal
Size and great expectations were entertained, but the
swellings turned out apparently to be entirely patholog!-
cal; no reproduction was obtained.””

DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES OF FERN HYBRIDS

Basie to any acceptable experimental work with fern
hybrids there must be sound and accurate knowledge of
the structural characteristics and environmental adapta-
tions of these plants. Recognition and discrimination of
the features of the presumptive parents are first esse”
tials. It was this kind of careful study in the early years
which forced conviction as to the hybrid nature of these
discontinuously variable intermediate types on cautious,

9 Elva Lawton, Regeneration and induced polyploidy in ferns.
1932.

ewe Journ. Bot. 19: 303-333.
° Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Ree. 29: 68. 1940.

Strupy or Fern Hysrips ae i

thorough workers like Philip Dowell, a former President
of the Fern Society and an early editor of the JouRNAL.
In a paper entitled ‘‘Observations on the oceurrence of
Boott’s fern’’™ he accepted as proved the hybrid nature
of the Dodge hybrid (D. cristata x marginalis) on the
basis of its experimental production, but he remained
doubtful regarding the interspecific origin of D. Boottii.
Two years later, however, he had come to accept the hy-
brid nature of Boott’s Fern, to which he gave the techni-
cal name D. cristata x intermedia.2 At the same time he
described and named four other Dryopteris hybrids: D.
Goldiana x intermedia, D. Goldiana x marginalis, D. Clin-
toniana x Goldiana, and D. Clintoniana x intermedia.
Reference to Dowell’s papers is strongly recommended
or their accuracy, caution, and thoroughness.

Although the possibilities of experimental work have
been put first in this paper, there is still plenty of worth-
while observational and descriptive work to be done.
Field and garden studies through all stages of growth,
especially in comparison with parental types, have much
to contribute. Anatomical studies in various degrees of
fineness can produce much additional information. Has
anyone applied to fern hybrids Dr. Waters’ method of
differentiating species by studying their stipe characters?

The value of a hand lens in separating presumptive
‘Tosses involving one of the ‘“‘spinulose’’ species of Dry-
opteris is familiar ; at least in lowland types the presence
of glistening indusial elands warrants the assumption
that intermedia, rather than the non-glandular straight
‘pinulosa, is one of the responsible parental types. That
Studies with a compound microscope would add further
Valuable information is indicated by the results obtained
by Sidney Greenfield.” His reports showed recognizable

1, Forreya 6: 205-209.

2 6.
2 Bull. Torrey Club 35: 135-140, 1908.
Amer. Fern Journ. 28: 55-62. pl. 6,7. 1938.

74 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

differences in the cellular structure of the indusia and
scales of Dryopteris Goldiana and D. marginalis—fea-
tures which could be picked out in the hybrid material.

By way of summation it may be noted that the field of
study presented by fern hybrids, not alone in Dryopteris
but in Asplenium and other genera, offers many and
diverse problems of considerable interest, of greater and
lesser difficulty. This field should appeal to Fern So-
ciety members, both because of our past contributions
and of present and future additions to knowledge which
can be made.

BROOKLYN COLLEGE AND BROOKLYN BoTANIC GARDEN.

Ferns on Pacific Island Coconut Trees
WarrREN Herpert WAGNER, JR.

On the low, tropical islands of the Pacific the coconut
is a dominant tree, a fact especially noticeable when the
islands are seen from the air. Not only are there ex-
tensive plantations, but individual trees are scattered
everywhere—in open fields, along roads, at the edge of
forests, and along the shore. Because of their smooth
trunks and their usual occurrence in relatively dry, e*
posed situations, coconut palms might seem unsuitable
hosts for fern epiphytes. There are, however, a small
number of species of ferns that are almost sure to be
found on them, and those that I have found are here
listed

The commonest and most conspicuous fern growing on
the bole (the swollen base), where the numerous, stubby,
exposed roots make a rough surface, and sometimes
climbing some distance up the smooth axis is Polypodvum
scolopendria, a species rather commonly seen in cultiva-
tion in the United States. In Guam and on Los Negros

ilar ubialaiaddplaida A CS TT —————————— sail: :ace-:-s|ltiiese

Stupy or Fern Hysrips 75

Island (Admiralty Islands) I have seen it thus growing
with fronds two and a half feet long. Even on the
devastated island of Kwajalein, in the Marshall Islands,
you can find little plants of this fern on the remaining
stumps of bombed trees. In the Bishop Museum in
Honolulu there are specimens collected from the bases of
coconuts on Nassau Island, near Samoa, and from Fan-
ning Island in northern Polynesia. On Los Negros
Island I found a large number of healthy plants of a
closely related species, P. nigrescens, growing on the bole
and extending several feet up the trunk of a roadside
coconut tree not far from the beach.

The most conspicuous ferns of coconut groves in the
Pacific grow not on the boles but higher up on the trunks.
Davallia solida is common in such situations on Saipan,
Guam, and Los Negros Island, and another species of
Davallia occurs in the same situation in Samar, Philip-
pine Islands. Even commoner is Cyclophorus adnascens
and, to a lesser extent, (. varius. Nearly everywhere
that coconuts grow in the Marianna Islands, the Philip-
Pines, and the Admiralty Islands you will find Cyclo-
Phorus on the trunks, and Mr. D. F. Grether has shown
me a photograph he took in the Admiralty Islands of a

which was ‘‘fuzzy’’ from base to crown with
Cyclophorus. In Guam it frequently grows in company
with Taeniophyllum, a curious leafless, spiderlike orchid.

Drynaria quercifolia is another fern well suited to
epiphytic existence on exposed coconut trunks, and I
have found many plants at Tugnug Point, Samar. The
tightly clinging, brown, humus-gathering leaves and the
very different fertile fronds of this plant may be seen
8Towing as much as 20 feet from the ground. Steno-
chlaena palustris clambers at least 15 feet up the trunks
1 the Admiralty Islands, and fertile fronds are difficult

76 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

to obtain because they are produced only on the upper-
most part of the rhizome. The boles are a favorite
habitat for the smaller sword-ferns of the group of
Nepholepis exaltata and N. hispidula, and in fields and
other exposed areas these may frequently be found only
in such spots. Another pteridophyte growing on the
bases and stumps is Psilotum nudum, as I have seen it
Oahu and Samar. Mr. J. T. Conover found a very
luxuriant plant on a coconut tree near Agana, Guam.

When individual coconut trees occur in wet, shady
places many additional species may be found on the
trunks. <A tree growing in a shady, brushy location on
the wooded side of a limestone hill in Guam had Hymeno-
lepis mucronata, Asplenium Nidus, Polypodium scolo-
pendria, P. punctatum, and young plants of Vittaria
elongata and Humata heterophylla growing within four
feet of the base; higher up, near the crown, were Cyclo-
phorus adnascens and Davallia solida. On a tree farther
down the hill were very large plants of both Asplenium
Nidus and Polypodium punctatum, growing on the axis
10 to 15 feet from the ground. On Los Negros Island
I found a tree growing in woods the bark of which was
completely covered almost to the top with Humata hetero-
phylla. Nearby, eight feet high on a tree in an exposed
place, I found a fully developed plant of Lycopodium
Phlegmaria clinging to the smooth bark. I have heard
of Schizaea dichotoma being found on coconut trunks,
but I have not found it there yet.

In all I have found 17 species growing on coconut trees.
In rainy regions, at higher altitudes, other species May
be expected.

Wasurineton, D. C.

NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN ISOETES 77

Some Nomenclatural Changes in the Genus
soetes

CLYDE F. REED

It has been pointed out several times that the name
Isoetes Braunii Dur. is a later homonym of Jsoetes
Braunii Unger, a fossil species of central Europe. The
problem of finding the correct name for this common
Species of the northern United States has resulted in the
following paper, which attempts to settle some of the
| nomenclatural and taxonomic difficulties involved. That
the stress placed on the markings of the gynospores by
| Miss Pfeiffer in her monograph of the Isoetaceae? has
| resulted in a rather distorted presentation of the rela-
| tionships of the species is the conclusion reached by the
| author after a study of a wider range of morphological
characters, of the ecological habits, and of the geographi-
| cal distribution. Three species of this relationship are
| here recognized, all of which are distinct from the Euro-
| pean I. echinospora Dur., with which they have fre-
quently been united. The writer is indebted to C. A.
| Weatherby, C. V. Morton, and Joseph Ewan for sugges-
| tions.

Durieu’s original descriptions of Isoetes Brauniw and
I. muricata? were merely observational notes, as his foot-
natin

"4-9. Engelmann (Trans, St. Louis Acad. Sei. 4: 380. 1882),
Clute (Fern Allies 223. 1905), and Coekerell (Muhlenbergia 3: 9.
907 g k is, ‘I may

1907). Engelmann’s remar is, y state here that the name
of I. Braunii is preoccupied, as it has already been given eC
the two species of the Ter iary deposits, the well marked spores of
which have been discovered in the German Br C f.
B efore proposed for our plant, if it should eventually be
Considered distinct, the name of I. ambigua.’? O ly Isoetes
r. is a nomen provisorium and therefore invalid.
Ann, Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 7 922,

* These descriptions may be translated as follow:

8:
dist: cata. Related to Isoetes riparia Engelm., it is
Stinguished by its spores being covered with stout papillae, not

78 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

note indicates : ‘‘Ces notes ne sont point de véritable de-
scriptions, mais ont simplement pour objet de signaler
pour chaque espéce un ecaractére de fructification de
premiére valeur, suffisant d’abord la spécifier.’’ Three
years later, Engelmann reduced these species to varieties
of I. echinospora (a disposition of them maintained for
many years), adding at the same time another variety,
Boottii, which came from the same locality (Woburn,
Massachusetts) as the type of I. muricata and has proved
to be essentially identical with that species. The original
material of I. Brawnii came from Lake Winnepesaugee,
New Hampshire, and specimens from Mt. Mansfield,
Vermont, and Concord, Massachusetts, were also known
to Durieu. Later, Engelmann added another variety,
E. echinospora var. robusta, based on material from Lake
Champlain, which was reduced by A. A. Eaton to J.
echinospora var. Braunii, but which was maintained as
a form by Clute and Miss Pfeiffer.

In 1907 Cockerell® created the new name I. echinospora
[var.] Brittonii, based on I. Braunii Dur., non Unger,
again observing that the fossil species invalidates
Durieu’s name. However, Brawnii as a varietal epithet
is legitimate under Article 69 of the Rules, which permits

with sinuous ni thin - more or i anastomosing. The plants
seem to t

ociati I. elmannii A. Br.; there has
developed one individ al of this last lant among the stocks col-
lect , Mas ae: and sent to Durand by Boott.—

mes echinospora they are compressed, almost lamellar and very
fragile, whereas in I, Braunii the spinules are conical and solid.
The androspores of I. Braunii are smaller and smooth all over, the
edges with close, rounded crenulations, not fine distinet teeth as in
gpecemenpscact —Bull. Soe. Bot. France 11: 101. 1864.
en

him as I. riparia ioe minor sporis minoribus
5 Muhlenbergia 3: 9. 1907.

NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN ISOETES 79

an author, in this case Engelmann, to validate an illegiti-
mate epithet by transferring it to a new status, provided
that no legitimate epithet is available. The varietal
name Brittonii is therefore illegitimate, since it was
superfluous when published.

unfortunate nomenclatural situation has been
thrust on the taxonomist by Iversen,’ who made three
new forms of J. echinospora, and then proceeded to de-
Scribe under identical names two subforms of each form.
This practice is, of course, contrary to Article 30 of the
Rules, which provides that no two subdivisions of a spe-
cies may bear the same epithet. Broun transferred all
three forms to J. Braun. A somewhat similar treatment
is that of Gliick,” who likewise used the same form names
Several times within a species. All these forms are based
©n superficial variations in the frequency of stomata or
degree of submergence or emergence, and are here placed
IM synonymy.

The segregation of the plants of this alliance from
western North America was begun in 1888, when Under-
wood described I. maritima, and continued by A. A.
Eaton with the description of I. echinospora var. Flettu,
sé echinospora var. truncata, and I. Macounti, which has
Proved to be a synonym of I. maritima. There seems to
be an increase in the number of stomata on the leaves
as the plants oceur westward, reaching a climax in I.
maritima and those western plants referred by Miss
Pfeiffer to I, Braunii, but which are here described as a
new variety, hesperia. There is a tendency for the
Spinules of the gynospores to become more confiuent into
columns or ridges in the western plants. The andro-
Spores range from having smooth surfaces in the eastern
Varieties to spinulose or papillose ones in the western
SER ame

° Bot. Tidsskr. 40: 128-129.

: 1928.
oe ey Pascher, Die Siisswasser-Flora Mitteleuropas 15: 10-21.

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

80

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4pyory} “ Qgc-ogF | seurds oy} ‘N Qyc-0g¢E poraaoa “i 9Z9—-0¢z 4jesuap ‘i o¢o-0FF | “™- soaodsoutp
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SNOTOWIN NT sno.oun NY Mog “uasor jnagy oo ByVUIOYS
VILVONOML *T VNLLIYVN *T VIVOTUONW *T VuOdSONIHOD *T

NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN ISOETES 81

plants. The characters of I. echinospora and the three
New World species here recognized may be summarized
as in the accompany ing tabulation.

; [At this place some mention may appropriately be made
of an Asiatic plant of this alliance, I. asiatica (Makino)
FE Makino,* which is described by Miss Pfeiffer as follows:

bE “Differs from the type [J. echinospora] in having a
broad velum, covering 3 to 3 of the sporangium, in bear-
ing coarser spinules on the megaspores, and in the
} smoothness of the microspores.’’ Miss Pfeiffer had seen
no material, and her description was drawn from Makino.

However, material collected in Japan and labelled I.
| echinospora var. asiatica Makino in the National Her-
barium has the gynospores with reticulate or foveolate
| surfaces and lacks spinules. Jsoetes asiatica is said to
range from Honshu to Saghalin, the Kurile Islands, and
I Kamtchatka. The material from these regions needs to

be carefully studied.
| Isoetes muricata Dur. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 100.

Isoetes. echinospora var. muricata Engelm. in Gray’s
Manual, ed. 5, 676. 1867; Clute, Fern Allies 222
905 ;

1 mm, in xwate. the emersed ones 3 5-8 em. lone. iam
der, recurve ed; stomata present; sporangia pale-spotted,
globose ; Velum covering $ to % of the cuca ie
Se ee ie
*Tsoetes asiatica ties (Makino) Makino, Bot, Mag. Tokyo
1914; Takamine, op. : 184. 1921; Dopp, in or smaal

Pteridola 259. 1938,
Fenctes ape salioggeeern see Makino, Bot. Mag. ovo lal
1

82 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

spores 400-620 (average 510 y) in diameter, covered
with slender, round spines and flat, blunt or retuse lamel-
lae; androspores 25-31 long, smooth or slightly granu-
lar, wh
Seeetirie: Nova Scotia to northern Maine and New
Jersey.
Isoetes muricata f. robusta (Engelm.) Reed, comb. nov.
Isoetes og ear var. robusta Engelm. Trans. St.
Louis Acad. Sci. 4: 380. 1882.
Isoetes echinospora [var. Braunii f. robusta Clute,
Fern Allies 258. 1905.
Isoetes Brauni f. robusta Pfeiffer, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.
: 22

Leaves numerous, as many as 75, smaller than in typ!-
eal muricata, 12-15 em. long; stomata abundant; gyno-
spores 400 p in diameter.

DisTRIBUTION: Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachu-

setts.

Isoetes Gravesii A. A. Eaton should be mentioned at
this point, since Miss Pfeiffer treats it as a synonym of
f. robusta, from which however, it differs in several strik-
ing morphological characters: (1) Bast bundles are pres-
ent in the leaves; (2) the gynospores are smaller and
are greatly flattened in the upper hemisphere and densely
covered with stout, truncate, mostly single columns; and
(3) the plants are dioecious. Clute more naturally
places I. Gravesii as a variety of I. valida (a synonym

of I. Eatonii), with which it agrees in the characters

pointed out above.?
*Isoetes Eatonii Dodge, pha — Fern Allies N. et 39.

7, 60. 1908; Pfeiff r, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 177. 1922. a
Isoetes Engelmannii ioe “valida Engelm. in Gray’s Manua’,
ed. 5, 677. 1867.

Isoetes valida Clute, Fern Allies 236. 1905.

Dr on: New —— shire, secre New Jersey-

Eatonii forma esii (A. A. Eato: omb. oath
Isoetes Gravesii ow A. rang Fernwort Pag 4, 1900; area
_— ed. 7, 61. 1908; Britt. & Brown Th Fi. ed. 2, 4+
1913.
Isoetes valida [var.] on Clute, Fern Allies 243. 1905.
ISTRIBUTION: Connectic

NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN ISOETES 83

Isoetes muricata var. Braunii (Dur.) Reed, comb. nov.

Isoetes Braunii, Dur. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 101.
1864, non Unger.

Isoetes echinospora var. Braunii Engelm. in Gray’s
Manual, ed. 5, 676. 1867.

TIsoetes ambigua A. Br. ex Engelm. Trans. St. Louis
Acad. Sei. 4: 380. 1882 (nom. provis

Isoetes echinospora [var.] Brittonii Cockerell, Muhlen-
bergia 3: 9. 1907 (nom. abort.).

Isoetes echinospora £. polystoma Ivers. Bot. Tidsskr.
40: 128. 1928 (partim).

Tsoetes echinospora £. polystoma subf. lativelata Ivers.
op. cit. 129. :

Isoetes echinospora £. oligostoma Ivers. loc. cit. (par-

Isoetes Agia aie f. oligostoma subf. latwvelata Ivers.
loc. cit

Testes echinospora f. astoma Ivers. loe. cit. (partim).
Isoetes echinospora f. astoma subf. lativelata Ivers. loc.

Isoetes Braunii f. polystoma Broun, Index N. Amer.
Ferns 99. 1938.

Isoetes Braunii f. oligostoma Broun, cit.

Tsoetes Braunii ‘a astoma oe loc

‘0 Isoetes Braunii Unger, in Bruckman, Fl. Oenin ning , Poi
Jahresb. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. aaa 62; 226.
Heer, FI]. Tert. Helv. 1: ge pl. 14, fig. 2— ‘
Isoetes lacustris fossilis A. Br. Neues Jahrb. f wees, Ge
Ologie 1845: 167. 1345.
Isoetites Braunii Unger, Gen. et Sp. Foss. 225. 1850; stones
ad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturw. Kl. 4: 13. pl. 4, fig
52.

i
DistriBuTion : This fossil species has been found o wee sag
formations: Tertiary (Germany) ; cca ne (Oenin

Slovaks

So.
mrad 0} Upper Seats (Bohemia, Prussia) ; and eDalje?? (Se.
akia).

84 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

with broad spinules, these sometimes forked or toothed,
sometimes recurved, occasionally confiuent into short

smooth, very numerous, up to 300,000 in a sporangium.
DistrisuTION: West Greenland, Iceland, and Gaspé
County, Pais to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Minnesota, and
Ontario
Isoetes muricata var. hesperia Reed, var. nov.
Minor ; folia 10-18, 5-10 (raro 13) em. longa; velum

Plants smaller; leaves 10-18, AG “(rarely 13) em.
long ; stomata few; eine narrower, covering about 4 of

meters, September 1, 1897, by John B. Leiberg (No.
STL):

DistripuTIon: Idaho, Colorado, Utah, California,
Washington, oy Vancouver Island, at elevations of 1,800
to 3,500 mete

This ares includes the specimens from the western
United States referred to I. Braunii by Miss Pfeiffer.
Other specimens studied in the National Herbarium are:
Base of Mount Heyburn, Sawtooth Range, Idaho, sub-
merged in small lake, alt. 8,000 feet, Aug. 4, 1936,
Thompson 13657 ; Mount Rainier, Washington, in lakes,
alt. 4,500 feet, Aug. 23, 1901, Flett 1929; Chiquash
Mountains, Washington, in shallow pond, Aug. 16, 1900,
Suksdorf 2210; Lake Whatcom, Washington, July 29,
1937, Muenscher 7543; Seven Lakes, Colorado, alt. 3,500
meters, Clements Sept. 1, 1902; Head of Trinity River,
California, in lakes, alt. 8,000 feet, Sept. 1, 1882, Pringle;
Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, B. C., alt. 4,000
feet, Aug. 1, 1931, Howell 7646.

11 Further study of the material from the northernmost localities
may show that it belongs to the following variety or to I. maritimé.

NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN ISOETES 85

Isoetes maritima Underw. Bot. Gaz. 18: 94. 1888.
Isoetes Macounii A. A. Raton, Fern Bull. 8: 12. 1900 ;
Trelease, in Harriman Alaska Exp. 5: 395. 1904.
Isoetes echinospora var. maritima A. A. Eaton, Fern
Bull. 18: 52. 1905; Tatew. and Kobay. Contr. FI.
ae Isl. 25. 1934; Hultén, Fl. Aleut. Isl. 62-63.
937

Isoetes echinospora [var.] Braunii f. maritima Clute,
Fern Bull. 16: 55. 1908.

Isoetes Braunii var. maritima Pfeiffer, Ann. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 9: 174. 1922.

Isoetes lacustris sensu Tatew. Trans. Sapporo Nat.
Hist. Soe. 11: 156. 1930, non L.

Isoetes beringensis Komarov, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad.
Sei. U.S. S. R. 80: 196. 1932; Fl. U. 8. S. R. 1: 128.
1934 (Bering Island).

: . Eaton.

Leaves 8-12, rigid, 2.5-5 em. long, green, chiefly slen-
der, with fine-pointed tips and rather wide membran-
aceous border at base; stomata numerous; sporangia
globose to oblong, 3-4 mm. long, pale-spotted; ligule
triangular, a little longer than wide; velum usually nar-
row, sometimes covering $ of the sporangium; gyn
Spores 380-500 1 (rarely 600) in diameter, with rather
thick, bluntish spines, these sometimes confluent into
toothed ridges, white ; androspores 30-39 1 (rarely up to

1) long, chiefly papillose.

Disrripurion : Washington, Vancouver Island, Aleu-

; Macownii, Amtchitka, Attu), and Commander Islands
(Bering Island, type locality of I. beringensis).

Isoetes maritima var. Flettii (A. A. Eaton) Reed, comb.

Isoetes echinospora var. Flettii A. A. Eaton, Fern
Bull. 11: 85. 1903 (nom. nud) ; op eit. 18: 51. 1905;
Clute, Fern Allies 222. 1905.

Isoetes echinospora [var.] Braunii f. Flettiw Clute,
Fern Bull. 16: 55. 1908.

oes Flettii Pfeiffer, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 186.

22.

86 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Leaves 10-20, 5-8 cm. long, coarse, tapering, spreading
or recurved, with a wide basal sheath extending aden:
4+ the ] eneth of the leaf; stomata numerous; sporangia

ong, 4 mm. long, spotted ; ligule blunt-triangular ;

to %; 7,
spines, these very short, almost wartlike, and short crests,
and rarely more or less EOE: reticulate ; andro-
spores 29-33 long, finely spinulos

DIsTRIBUTION : Washington, British Columbia.

Isoetes truncata (A. A. ag Clute, Fern Allies 260.
1905 ; Pfeiffer, Ann. Mo. aoe rd. 9: 175. ve
Isoetes echinospora var. fa A. A. Eaton, in Gil-
bert, List N. Amer. Pterid. oy a 1901; Clute, Be
Allies 222. 1905.
Isoetes Braunii sensu Seow Fl. Alaska and Yukon
7 san 7. 1941, non
Leaves 20-40, 6-13 em. cae. stout, rather rigid, finely
Regie with an almost setaceous apex and a wide mem-
ranaceous margin at base; stomata numerous; sporangia
oblong, 4-6 mm. long, marked profusely with brown
patches of sclerenchyma cells; ligule short- triangular ;
velum covering + to } of the sporangium; gynospores
430-520 uy (rarely eu u) in diameter, thickly covered wth
truncate columns ips spines, white; androspores
27-33 u long, pasa d
DISTRIBUTION : Canon er Island to Alaska and Kodiak
Island.
BautTrmMorE, MARYLAND.

Paciric GLEICHENIACEAE 87

Valid Names in the Gleicheniaceae:
Pacific Plant Studies No. 4'

Haroup St. JOHN

Occasionally two or more systematists have the mis-
fortune to revise a group of plants almost at the same
time. One has the good fortune to have his paper
printed first, while the others have the bad luck of
creating later synonyms. The writer was one of several
who worked independently but simultaneously upon the
senera now segregated from Gleichenia, and proposed
new combinations under them. It now appears that the
first of these publications to be printed was by R.
Ching. Doubtless due to the war, this number was not
widely distributed outside of China, none of the five sets
of the journal in Honolulu having it even now, and ap-
parently the only copy to reach the United States being
in the library of the Gray Herbarium. Needless to say,
this paper of Ching’s was unknown to the present writer
when working on Gleichenia, and at the time of his pub-
lieation.*

Recently when returning from South America, it was
Possible to visit the Gray Harbarium and to read and
collate Ching’s paper. C. A. Weatherby discussed it
there and has helped in evaluating certain of the older
names. Ching accepted as genera the following : Dicran-
opteris, Gleichenella, Hicriopteris, Sticherus, Calymella,
Stromatopteris, and Platyzoma. He lists them, but
gives no key or discussion of the validating morphologic

characters.
ee

* This is the fourth of a series of papers designed to present
ara 2 ig Bateson and records of eg Ae island plants. The
os © Published as Bishop Mus. Oce. Pap. 17(7),
afer 17(13),, 10485 185), 1

: junyatse nia 5: 201-268, 1 gor 1940.
: Bish p Mus. Puctsioaas Papers 18: 79-84. 1942.

88 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Because of the earlier Gleichenia Necker (1790) Ching

wholly rejects Gleichenia Smith (1793), the traditional
generic name for many of the species in this family.
Instead, he adopts Calymella Presl (1836) for the spe-
cies remaining in the genus after the removal of various
segregate genera. Certainly Gleichenia of Smith is a
later homonym, but it is not necessary to reject this
long-familiar name at this time, since Becherer has
formally proposed it* as a nomen conservandum. This
authorizes the continued use of Gleichenia Smith until
its conservation is voted upon at the next International
Botanical Congress. Ching did not mention this pro-
posal.
Because of the rarity of this Chinese publication, it is
desirable to summarize certain of its contents. Below
are listed Ching’s new combinations with the page refer-
ences for the ones which antedate those by the present
author.

as pedalus
Sticherus quadripartitus (Poir.) Ching, p. 284

One Hawaiian species which the writer previously ac-
cepted as Dicranopteris sandwicensis Degener should
now be known by an older name:

Dicranopteris emarginata (Brack.) W. J. Robinson,
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 240. 19

12.
Mertensia emarginata Brack. U. S. Expl. Exped. 16:
297-298. 1854, not of Raddi, Pl. Bras. 1: 72. 1825.

4 Candollea 7: 137-139. 1936.

Pacirric GLEICHENIACEAE 89

Gleichenia emarginata (Brack.) T. Moore, Ind. Fil.
377. 1862.
Gleichenia dichotoma (Thunb.) Hook. var. emarginata
(Brack.) Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Ids. 545. 1888.
Gleichenia dichotoma var. tomentosa Luerss. Flora 58:
9.18

Mertensia hawaiiensis Nakai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 39: 181.
1925

Gleichenia hawaiensis (Nakai) C. Christensen, Ind.
Fil. Suppl. 3, 106. 1934 (misspelled for hawanensis).

Dicranopteris kawaiensis (Nakai) Ching, Sunyatsenia
5: 275. 1940 (misspelled for hawatiensis).

Dicranopteris sandwicensis Degener, Fl. Haw. fam. 5,
March 15, 1940.

Brackenridge, when giving the first description of this
Species, called it Mertensia emarginata, a later homonym
and hence illegitimate. But later, T. Moore validated
the specific name when he transferred it to Gleichenia.
That made it available for transfer to the appropriate
Segregate genus. Degener has rejected it because of
@. emarginata Raddi, Pl. Bras. 1: 76, 1825, a binomial
Which does not seem to exist on that or any other page
of Raddi’s book. Being non-existent, it does not invali-
date T. Moore’s combination which thus makes the spe-
cific name available for use on transfer to any of the
senera concerned except Mertensia, which in any ease
IS a nomen re jiciendum. Consequently there is no jus-
tification for a new name, either the misspelled names
G. hawaiensis (Nakai) C. Chr. or D. kawaiensis (Nakai)
Ching or for the new name D. sandwicensis Degener.
There are no impediments to the use of the valid name
D. emarginata (Brack.) W. J. Robinson.

Bernice P. Bisnor Museum, Honowvuy, T. H.

90 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Some Notes on Arizona Ferns

WALTER S. PHILLIPS

Recently I undertook to put in order the pteridophytes
in the herbarium of the University of Arizona. This
group had been much neglected here and with the addi-
tion of the ferns from Dr. Forrest Shreve’s herbarium,
recently acquired by the University, a complete revision
of the various genera and families was undertaken and
completed.

Of the two recent floras of Arizona published, Kearney
& Peebles’ ‘‘Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona”’
has the most definite information on the ferns of this
state, including many. specific citations. The fern por-
tion was contributed by Dr. William R. Maxon from
material in the U. S. National Herbarium and from col-
lections by the two authors of the flora.

The present notes concern one addition to the fern
flora of Arizona and two recently discovered new stations
for species already noted within the state.

IANTUM PEDATUM var. ALEUTICUM Rupr. This fern,
omitted by Kearney and Peebles, is represented in our
herbarium by four sheets from two widely separated
localities. Three are from Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino
County, collected by Chester Deaver, August 4 and 9,
1928; they are good typical plants of the variety. The
fourth is a collection (without date) by Goodding (no.
1456), from the Huachuea Mountains of Cochise County,
and consists of a single plant, representing a very de-
pauperate form of the variety.

ASPLENIUM SEPTENTRIONALE (L.) Hoffm. This plant
has been reported in Arizona only from the northern part
of the state, in the region of the San Francisco Moun-
tains, Coconino County. Last summer, while collecting

1 AMER. Fern JOURN. 31: 99. 1941.

Notes on Arizona FERNS 91

in the Santa Catalina Mountains of Pima County, I dis-
covered two small colonies in a crevice on a granitic rock
face on the southern slope of Mt. Lemmon at 8,500 feet.
This plant (Phillips 2463), is in our herbarium. There
Was not time enough on this trip for further search, but
another visit in November turned up several more colo-
Mies in the same general locality and proves that this
little plant is here well established, hundreds of miles
south of its previously reported station in the state. It
probably will be found on other high mountains in the
region when a more thorough search is made.

Potysticuum Loncuitis (L.) Roth. Reported by
Maxon from a collection by Thornber and Shreve (no.
7767) from the Pinaleno Mountains, Graham County.
This locality is further defined (by personal conversation
with Shreve) as being in Frye Canyon, along ‘‘Colum-
bine Trail,’’ above the sawmill that was formerly known
as “‘Clarson’s Mill,’’ which has long since gone. On a
collecting trip last September with Dr. L. M. Pultz and
Dr. R. A. Darrow to these same mountains, we located
another station in a canyon east of the original station,
viz. Marihilda Canyon, below Shannon Camp, at 8,300
feet, on the shaded canyon sides in rich soil (P. hallips
~ This species was well established at this station
and numbered hundreds of individuals.

Universrry or Arizona.

92 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Shorter Notes

Notes on ILLINoIs PrermpopHyTES.—The review of the
treatment of the pteridophytes in Jones’ ‘‘ Flora of Ili-
nois’’ which appeared in the last number of the JOURNAL
brought to mind several trips taken to study these plants
there some years ago. In 1904 W. N. Clute had de-
seribed an Equisetum Ferrissi (ignored by Jones) from
a station near Joliet, Illinois. Although this had been
earefully differentiated from E. hyemale [E. prealtum],
it is assigned to synonymy under that in Broun’s “In-
dex.’’ A visit to the type locality yielded the entity
subsequently named by Schaffner E. kansanwm—also
ignored by Jones. Such plants, instead of being hidden
in synonymy or ignored, should be carefully investi-
gated ; there is a possibility that the name Ferrissi, which
has priority, must displace kansanum for a widespread
midland species.

o discussion of the variants of Cystopteris fragilis
is given by Jones; however, the habitat stated, ‘‘moist
soil in woods,’’ confirms the experience of the writer
that var. protrusa is the common entity in the state.

For many years there was no specimen in any public
herbarium of Miss Steagall’s interesting addition to the
fern flora of Illinois, Trichomanes Boschianum, but Jones
records the good news that one is now so preserved.

Anyone who thinks that Lycopodium porophilum is &
distinct species should turn to the frontispiece of Bower’s
‘Origin of a Land Flora,” for that illustration, which
could well have been drawn from an Illinois instead of
a British specimen, is labelled without question Ly¢
podium Selago, and the evolutionary significance of this
plant is referred to repeatedly in that classic work of
over 700 pages.—Epear T. Wuerry, University of Pent
sylvamia.

1 Morton, C. V. This JourNAL 35: 64. 1945.

AMERICAN FERN Society 93

NorTHwestern Limrrs or CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS VAR.
LAURENTIANA.— When I described this variety in 1926,
it was known only from the region about the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, Broun’s ‘‘Index of North American Ferns’’
(1938) added the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, and in 1935
it had been found, though not publicly recorded, on
Manitoulin Island, somewhat to the northwest—Pease &
Ogden, no. 24,997. Tryon, in his ‘‘Ferns of Wisconsin’”’
(1940), reported it from four counties in that state—
Dane, in the south, Dorr, in the region of Green Bay,
and Douglas and Bayfield at the western end of Lake
Superior. It has now turned up in a collection of plants
Tom the north shore of Lake Superior recently received
at the Gray Herbarium from the National Herbarium of
Canada, Data of collection are: Canyon walls, Black
River, about lat. 48° 45’ North, long. 87° 15’ West, July
20, 1937, R. C. Hosie, 8. T. Losec, & M. W. Bannan,

- 43. This new station gives the variety a range in-
cluding all the northern part of the Great Lakes region,
with an outpost in southern Wisconsin.—C. A. WEATH-
ERBY, Gray Herbarium.

American Fern Society

ERNS To ExcHAnGre.—Recently I acquired at last a
Complete set of the Fern Journal. As I eagerly read
Tough the early issues, I was impressed by the number
. Specimens offered in exchange. In fact, in Vol. 1,
0. 2, there is a list nearly three pages long of species
m the Fern Society’s own ‘‘Exchange Department.’’
“nd many individual members offered material from
time to time, often in return for postage only. In recent
Years it would seem, however, that collecting zeal has
Teached a very low ebb, judging from the pages of the
Journal. This may make it easier for the survival of

94 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

rare species, which is good; but on the other hand, for
persons who, like myself, wish to accumulate a private
herbarium for study purposes, such a lack of published
exchange offers means a good deal of fruitless correspon-
dence. And in these days of necessarily curtailed travel,
the obtaining of material by exchange is of special value.
Accordingly, I would like to make the following offer: !
will undertake to supply specimens of any. species of
Pteridophyta known to grow in the New England states,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, or Maryland, in
exchange for species of Asplenium, Pellaea, Cheilanthes,
Notholaena, or Woodsia that are not known to grow i
the above-mentioned states. I would be interested also
in alleged fern hybrids of any genus, with information
regarding their occurrence.

The specimens I supply will be well pressed, well de-
veloped, and fertile, and will include rhizomes when
these are not too bulky or the species too rare. They
will be accompanied by typed labels bearing full data.
I would like to receive material in a similar condition.
I can also send living plants of Delaware and Maryland
Species in very small quantities—Grorce R. ProcTOR,
140 West Main St., Newark, Delaware.

Frrn Socrery Services to New AND OLDER MEMBERS.—
The accession of many new members, as listed in recent
issues, prompts this note as a reminder of the supple
mentary services which the Fern Society offers. The
second cover page of each Journal carries formal men
tion of the existence of a Fern Society Library and a
Fern Society Herbarium, both housed at the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden under the care of Miss Hester Rusk.
From each of these collections members may receive loans
for help in the identification and study of ferns from
various parts of the country. The procedure in borrow

ee

AMERICAN FERN Society 95

ing is simple. For the Library, lists of books may be
obtained from Miss Rusk, from which selections may be
made; similarly for the Herbarium. The only charge
is the cost of packing, shipment, and insurance. Ar-
rahgements may be made also to borrow through Miss
Rusk special fern lantern slides for use in talks to local
groups.

From time to time, through its more than half century
of existence, Fern Society members have been given
occasional additional helps—herbarium specimens and
living plants of interesting species, and reprints of fern
articles contributed by members or provided by the So-
ciety. At the present time, there are, in varying num-
ber, extra copies of the articles listed below. These may
be obtained, as long as they last, by forwarding ten cents
for postages, ete., to the Treasurer, American Fern So-
ciety, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Ave.,
Brooklyn 25, N. Y. The articles are:

Waters, ©. E, Analytical key for the ferns of the
Northeastern States, based on stipes. (1928.)
Wuerry, E. T. Range extensions and other observa-
tions, 1931-1932.
Fern field notes, 1933.
Fern field notes, 1934. ;
THurston, Susan H. Forcing a collection of native
ferns of New England and the Middle Atlantic
States for exhibition. (1939.) ;
Buakg, 8. F. State and local fern floras of the United
States. (1941.) es

Members of the Fern Society will be interested in ‘s
new publication just started by the Brooklyn or
Garden entitled ‘‘Plants and Gardens.’’ The new jour-
nal, a quarterly, is issued as Volume 1, No. 1, of ee
Series of the Botanic Garden Record. Emphasis will be
Placed on topics of interest to plant and garden lovers

96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

in general. An excellent start has been made in the
spring issue of 64 pages, including many illustrations, of
which four are fine color plants. Two of the contribu-
tors, Dr. A. H. Graves and Dr. H. K. Svenson, are Fern
Society members. The contents of the first number are
as follows:

Layout of the small place... Mary D. Lamson

at’s in a name? Henry K. Svenson
The living tree Arthur H. Graves
Shrubs for special wses...0.......ccccccccseen- Charles F. Doney
Weed-killing chemieals....0...00.000000000: George S. Avery, Jr.
Why hoose pinnte fail... Montague Free

NEW MEMBERS
Mr. Sten A. pendiny 14649 Sauber St., Van Nuys, California.
Miss A. Viola Bissell, Rte. 5 x 39A | Wat tsonville, California.
Mrs. Anson 8. Blake Rincon 4 near Arlington Ave., Berkeley 8,

Californ
Dr. S. F. Blake, 2817 First Road N, SEigone Virginia.
Mrs, F. E. Cheesborough, 1611 Church St., Galveston, Tex
Miss Graham Crabtree, 4807 abet Ave, Chattanooga 8 Tenn.
Dr. Linda B. Lang, Haines Falls, New York.
Miss Jeanne Le Crenier, 36 Robbins ge Wethersfield 9, Conn.
Mr. W. A. Murray, 1486 Channing Ave., Palo Alto, California.
Miss Helen Ramsay, 1328 Jerome St., Philadelphia 40,

CHANGES oF ADDRESS

Cpl. William B. Cooke, 1219 No. Franklin St., Philadelphia 22, Pa.
Mr. pail B. Comstock, Jr., 807 So. Taglewood Ave., Inglewood,
Califo:

Cpl. Sadek ns ee 33477266, Medical Detachment, 780th Field
Artill , Fort Bragg, N. C.

Mr. R. S. Bou 101a Charles St., Boston 14, Massachusetts.

Dr. Irving W. Knobloch, Michigan State College, East Lansing,
Michigan.

Mrs. Herbert Lawrence, 9603 91st Drive, Woodhaven, New York.
Mr. W. E. Liggett, 700 Swarthmore Lane, University City 5,
Missouri.
Mr. S. Mauro, 1524 N. W. 24th St., Miami 37, Florida.

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Vol. 35 October-December, 1945 No. 4 L~

American #ern Journal
Cnegenans

A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY

Rd

EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON

R. C. BENEDICT Cc. V. MORTON
IRA L. WIGGINS
a.

CONTENTS
Ferns and Fun .. JOHN A, STEVENSON 97

ecent Range Extensions of Botrychium » matricaria
folium icine 105

A ‘eg Habitat toe Maideihate FEA aD
ALTON

A. Linpsey 109
Sources of the Fern Flora of Colorado... Josura Ewan 114
Shorter Note: Our a Native Fern I
Recent Pern hae: ture.

zr a oi hae Society: —_ Christensen; Constitution ae

— Index to Von: 35. 137

SSS
ears Baiggatmgeini hese FOREIGN, $1.35
N. QUEEN ST. AND McGOYERNAW CA

ete of toa prolie Rarce S

Ghe American Hern Society

Cannril for 1944
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR

De. Freperick L, Fagiry, 287 Fourth Ave., New York 10, N.Y.
President

JoszPaH Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, Color gis
Vice-President

Mrs. ELsim Gipson WHITNEY, 274 South Main Ave., Aan erie x <i
ary

Hengy K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn a5, N. ON. BS

Witi4M R, Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D.C

Editor-in-Chief
OFFICIAL ORGAN
American Fern Journal
EDITORS
Witiam R. Maxon... Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C.
R. C. Beyepicr.... matt) Dorchester Road, Brooklyn 26, N. ¥.
C. V. Morton _. Smithsonian Institution, Washington n 25, otro &

Tea L. Wiaamns.... Dudley Herb: Herbarium, Stanford University, Calif

= illustrated quarterly devoted to the Bete study of ferns.

advance, will be furnished authors at cost. ee should be set
when proof is returned.
Volume I, six numbers, $2.00; other volumes $1.25 each. Single
back k numbers rs 35 cents each. Vol. I, No. 1; vol. III, ‘ich 2, 3 and

Matter for sg or a shoal be addressed to William R. Maxon,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C.

Orders for back numbers and other again —
should be addressed to the Treasurer of the Soc

LIBRARIAN

Mise Horm M. Rusx, Brooklyn Botanie Garden, Brooklyn 25,

CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM

ne M. Rusk, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25,

aii — emilee icine

Ampriran Fern Journal

Vou. 35 OCTOBER—DECEMBER, 1945 No. 4

Ferns and Fungi
Joun A. STEVENSON

It will perhaps come as a surprise to fern lovers to
learn that these interesting and often delicate plants are
as much subject to attack by parasitic fungi as are the
higher plants. The fungi occur not only as parasites,
but as symbiotie forms in the roots, as epiphytes on
fronds and stems, and in a wide and bewildering variety
aS saprophytes or scavengers on all parts of dead and
dying plants. Even the prothallia of ferns are attacked
and destroyed by a number of the lower fungi.

Seymour in his standard ‘‘Host Index of the Fungi
of North America’? lists approximately 200 species of
fungi as growing on nearly 100 fern species—an array
of enemies to make the stoutest fern quail! Pteridium,
the common Bracken, for example, is host to some 30
fungi, a number of them distinetly parasitic. A forth-

coming supplement to the ‘‘Index’’ will increase this

Tecord substantially.

The interrelationship, as alternate rust hosts, which
exists between the wheat crop and the barberry and
between our white pines and currant bushes to their
Mutual disadvantage has been thoroughly publicized.
tis not so well known, though unfortunately only too
true, that a considerable number of North American
ferns and our fir forests are involved in a similar ru
fungus complex.

There are three such rust genera concerned, all abun-
‘antly represented in this country : Uredinopsis, Milesia,
| Vines 85. wo. e Jounwan, pages 65-96, was issued
September 11, 1945] of the JOURNAL, pages ?
o7

98 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

and Hyalopsora. The first of these is characterized by
masses of white spores produced in pustules on the lower
surface of the fronds, in contrast to the yellow or brown
spore-masses of most other rusts. A second or resting-
spore stage develops within the tissues of the fronds.
At least 25 species are known, all marked by their oceur-
rence on ferns with various species of fir (Abies) as
alternate hosts. Of these, 13 occur in America north of
Mexico. They attack Athyrium, Cheilanthes, Cystop-
teris, Dryopteris, Pteretis, Onoclea, Pellaea, Pteridium,
and Woodwardia, of the Polypodiaceae, and Osmunda, of
the Osmundaceae.

It has been found that each species of Uredinopsis is
restricted to certain ferns and that other species, though
closely related, remain immune. For example, Uredt-
nopsis Copelandi is known only on Athyrium cyclosorum
in California, whereas U. osmundae attacks Osmunda
Claytoniana, O. cinnamomea, and O. regalis from Canada
to Florida, wherever these hosts occur. Similarly, U.
Atkinsonu restricts itself to Dryopteris Thelypterts var.
pubescens, but follows it throughout its range as far as
Bermuda. Most ferns have but one rust to support, but
Pteridium aquilinum and its varieties have the doubt-
ful distinction of serving as host to three species of
Uredinopsis. The balsam fir (Abies balsamea) takes
the brunt of the burden of playing alternate host to these
rusts, although the western firs are known to be attacked

y the several species of the Pacific Coast area. More-
over, inoculation studies have shown that all firs are
susceptible to these rusts.

A second and very similar white- or colorless-spored
group of some 33 species constitutes the genus Milesia,
of worldwide distribution. Nine of these have been
found and studied in the United States and Canada.
All produce white masses of urediospores in pustules 00

Frerns AND Funct 99

the lower surface of infected fronds, and the telial or
resting stage follows within the tissues. Some species
cause large irregular dark blotches on the fronds, dis-
figuring and even killing them at times.

Tn eastern Canada, New England, and New York four

Species of Milesia oceur on Dryopteris spinulosa, D. mar-
ginalis, and Polypodium virginianum. Three of these
also develop a further stage on the balsam fir. The five
Species of the Pacific Coast region have been collected on
Cryptogramma, Dryopteris spp., Polypodium spp., and
Polystichum munitum. An alternate host for these lat-
ter forms is unknown, but there is no doubt that, as in
the case of the eastern species, Abies will be found in
due time to fill this undesirable role. Milesia rather
‘ommonly overwinters in the fronds of its hosts, since
they pass the winter season in a more or less green con-
dition.
_ The third genus of fern rusts, Hyalopsora, differs
from the two already discussed in having abundant
masses of golden-yellow powdery urediospores. These
‘pore-masses are produced in round pustules on the
lower surface of the fronds, often in discolored areas.
The three American species are widely distributed from
Alaska and the Pacific Coast states across the northern
United States and Canada to New England and Nova
Pedtin. The fern hosts are Dryopteris, Cystopteris,
Woodsia, Cheilanthes, Cryptogramma, Notholaena, Pel-
laea, and Pityrogramma. Abies balsamea is the alter-
nate host of H yalopsora aspidiotus, but similar informa-
tion is lacking for the other two.

In Sharp contrast to the rusts, the smuts have asi
pletely failed to gain a foothold as parasites of American
rns, although leaf-inhabiting forms are known in
Europe and the Orient. Many years ago, Ustilago
esmundae was reported as causing galls on Osmunda

100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

regalis in New York, but later studies have shown that a
true smut fungus was not involved.

Perhaps the most striking of the parasitic fungi at-
tacking the ferns are the several species of Taphrina,
which form a palisade-like layer of microscopic spore-
sacs or asci on yellow to brown diseased areas of infected
plants. In the past it has been customary to refer all
American collections to 7. filicina and one or two other
species, but careful studies by Dr. A. J. Mix have shown
that at least ten species of this genus are present in this
country. Taphrina filicina, it now appears, attacks only
Dryopteris spinulosa, and, so far as known, this only in
New York State, causing small, fleshy, cream-colored
galls on the fronds. TJ. fusca may be found causing
similar galls or tumors on the same fern in several states.
T. gracilis produces small yellowish to brown thickened
spots on fronds of the Marginal Shield-fern (Dryopteris
marginalis) in New York, and the related D. arguta of
California has brown fleshy galls due to Taphrina calt-
fornica. In New York and Maine the Marsh-fern
(Dryopteris Thelypteris) is subject to round to irregu-
lar, yellow-brown spots and the pathogene has been
named, appropriately enough, 7. lutescens.

The Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), al-
though not subject to Taphrina filicina, does not escape
entirely and throughout the eastern and central United
States will be found with large swollen yellowish spots
on the fronds. The parasite is T. polystichi. In Oregon
Polystichum munitum, the Sword-fern, exhibits small
round or elliptical spots due to 7. Faulliana, again as
named by Dr. Mix. TYaphrina cystopteridis causes
swollen, greenish to brown lesions on fronds of Cys-
topteris fragilis in a number of the Central States. The
Sensitive Fern, Onoclea sensibilis, in New York and
Pennsylvania is marked with elongate or irregular, rust-

FERNS AND FUNGI 101

yellow spots due to 1. Hiratsukae. Of even more lim-
ited occurrence is 7. struthiopteridis in Wisconsin, on
the Ostrich Fern, Pteretis nodulosa. This is an un-
Pleasantly long list, and we hope that it is not ‘‘only a
beginning, ’’

The powdery mildews, so abundantly present on in-
numerable other hosts from apples to zinnias, are
Strangely lacking on the ferns. The record to date for
this country consists of the innocuous, though interest-
ing, species Phyllactinia corylea on the Sensitive Fern
(Onoclea sensibilis),

Not the least noteworthy of all the fern fungi are the
Several tar-spot fungi. The Bracken is particularly bur-
dened with these forms, the most common and wide-
Spread being a species with the intriguing technical name
Cryptomycina pteridis, or Cryptomyces pteridis as it has
more commonly been known. This fungus covers the
lower surface of infected fronds with numerous, linear,
dull black, slightly raised patches in which the spores
are produced. Infected areas of the Bracken do not
Produce sori freely and it is possible that in this way
the fungus may play some small part in checking the
stowth of this weedy fern.

the upper surface of the same host occurs another
tar-spot fungus, Catacauma flabellum, appearing as gray
to black, smooth, slightly raised pustules, disfiguring, but
not Particularly dangerous to, the plant. Attempts
have been made in Europe and New Zealand, where it
a8 become a serious weed, to control the Bracken by
means of parasitic fungi, but without any particular
Success.
, Fern growers in Florida have been troubled with a
brown leaf-spot disease of the Leather-leaf Fern, Poly-
_ Stichum adiantiforme. This is characterized by large
_ itregular reddish-brown lesions on the pinnae and rachis,
_ Making the fronds unsightly and unfit for market. It

102 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

has been found possible to transfer the guilty fungus,
Cylindrocladium pteridis, to other species as well, in-
eluding Dryopteris normalis and Nephrolepis exaltata.

Among that vast assemblage of the simpler fungi
known as the Fungi Imperfecti are numerous fern para-
sites of which only brief mention can be made. Included
in the spot-producing group are Cercospora phyllitidis
on Polypodium, C. camptosori on Camptosorus rhizo-
phyllus, Marssonina necans, Septoria pteridis, and S.
aquilina on Pteridium, 8. asplenti on Athyrium pycno-
carpon (Asplenium angustifolium), Sclerotium deciduum
on Adiantum and Pteris, and Phyllosticta pteridis on
Adiantum.

Thus far we have discussed the ee as they occur
in the native habitats of their fern hosts, but it is in the
greenhouse that they truly come into their own as para-
sites, under the favorable conditions of constant high
temperatures and abundant moisture prevailing there.
In fact, under these conditions species known commonly
as saprophytes have at times developed definite parasitic
tendencies.

Cephalothecium roseum, an ubiquitous mould on all
types of dead vegetable matter, was found damaging the
prothallia of Pteris longifolia in Indiana. Several of the
common ‘‘damping-off’’ fungi, so destructive to seedlings
of higher plants, are known to attack fern prothallia also.
Chief among these are Pythium Debaryanum, Comple-
toria complens, and Rhizoctonia solani, which cause -
fected tissues to blacken and die.

The Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), widely grow2
for indoor decorative purposes in the North, has suffered
from a fungus of the anthracnose group, Glomerella
nephrolepis. Affected plants present a blighted, sickly
appearance, due to numerous dead fronds. A fungus of
similar behavior, Pestalotia cibotii, attacks living fronds
of a Mexican tree-fern, Cibotium Schiedei, under green-

aa apse TE IS ae erin Re ee
SR a ee eee reneeeeetr!

FERNS AND FunNGI 103

house conditions, bringing about their destruction. Still
a third fungus, Alternaria sp., has been found causing
lesions on fronds and stems of Polypodium in a Canadian
greenhouse. Brown, circular to elliptical lesions which
became concentrically zoned appeared on the fronds and
ruined affected plants from a decorative point of view.

Several ferns, particularly in the South, harbor fungi
that are known also as serious disease-producers of im-

Plants. The Rhizoctonia disease is of first rank with the
potato, the beet, and various other crops, and it too has
been found at work on the ferns. The related ‘‘Kole-
Toga’”’ disease (Pellicularia koleroga) of tropical and
Subtropical regions has been noted on ferns. This inter-
esting and destructive form sends hyphal strands up
along the branches and petioles to spread out on leaves
or fronds, which are then rapidly discolored and de-
Stroyed,

As might be expected, the fossil ferns are not without
their fungi, although few have been definitely found and
Studied for North America. Such fossil forms are known
for the Carboniferous period and may have occurred
much earlier, since the delicate nature of the fern tissues
Involved makes diagnosis difficult. Fern fungi were
doubtless common enough in those prehistoric times, but
the necessary conditions for preserving them in fossil
form probably oceurred only rarely. Many such forms
(or forms Suspected of being fungi) consist of mycelium-
like structures only and so cannot be further identified.

Searcely more than casual mention has been possible
here of the myriad fungus forms which have adapted
themselves to life with the ferns. In fact, only the more
Striking of the parasites have been enumerated and the

104 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

great array of saprophytic species growing on dead stems
and fronds, and often the most intriguing so far as the
fungi themselves are concerned, have perforce been
ignored.

Perhaps enough of the subject has been brought out
to prove of interest to collectors and to entice them into
looking for these co-dwellers with the ferns. There are
many new points to be discovered in this field: new
fungi, new hosts, new localities for old species, new facts
on occurrence and behavior. When fern collecting in
itself proves dull, turn to the fungi!

Puant InpDustry STATION,

BELTSVILLE, MARYLAND.

A Crested Form of the Broad Beech-fern |
Ciype F. REeep

In May, 1944, Mr. Andrew Simon, an ardent fern-
lover, found a colony of a beautiful crested form of the
Broad Beech-fern on one of his numerous trips in search
of forms and varieties of ferns along the Gunpowder
River, Baltimore County, Maryland. In September, Mr.
Simon and the author made another trip to the colony,
which consists of about 100 plants. The locality is a
north-facing hillside about 250 feet above the river. Due
to the long-running rhizome one might suspect that a
single mutation had taken place and the plant had then
spread vegetatively by means of the rhizome, but a care-
ful search over the hillside revealed several other colonies
of the same crested and dichotomous form, all fronds on
each plant being crested. No normal plants were ob-
served in any of the colonies of the crested form, but
nearby there were innumerable colonies of vigorous
plants of the typical form in the more shaded places.
Mr. Simon has been growing this form in his fern garden

RANGE oF BoTRYCHIUM MATRICARIAEFOLIUM 105

since the original discovery and no reversion to normal
fronds has occured yet. It may appropriately be named:

Dryopteris hexagonoptera forma Simonii Reed, f. n
innae pinnatifidae, apice cristatae vel dichotomae, del

interdum cristatae et dichotomae, aN frondis cristato
vel dichotomo, vel cristato et dichotom

Type in the U. S. National atau No. 1,872,563,
collected along Gunpowder River, 1 mile below Harford
Road, Baltimore County, Maryland, September 17, 1944,
by Clyde F. Reed (No. 3618). A cotype is Reed 3619
in the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University.

Bautrmore, MARYLAND.

Recent Range Extensions of Botrychium
matricariaefolium
G. R. FESSENDEN

In the seventh edition of Gray’s Manual (1908) the
range of Matricary Grape-fern (Botrychium matricariae-
folium A. Br.), there listed as B. ramosum (Roth)
Aschers., is given as from eastern Quebec to Maryland and
westward. In the ‘‘Index to North American Ferns’’
(1938) Broun states the range as ‘‘Labrador and New-
foundland to Alberta, south to Maryland, Ohio, South
Dakota, Nebraska and Idaho; northern Eurasia.’’ In his
monograph of the Ophioglossaceae? Dr. R. T. Clausen
bases the oceurrence of this species in Maryland on a col-
lection made by C. E. Waters at Towson, Baltimore
County, Maryland, and extends the range southward to
the District of Columbia in consequence of a report by
Tidestrom? that Mrs. E. 8. Steele had discovered B. ne-
glectum Wood within four miles of Washington, D. C.
Dr. Waters’ specimens, in the Gray Herbarium, were col-
lected June 8, 1895, and July 12, 1901.°
ie. a

m. Torr, Bot. ee 19: 87. 1938.

ly pesatis 5: 160.
3 Weatherby, C. fe to ales to the writer, June 1, 1944.

106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

New localities for B. matricariaefolium in Maryland
were reported in 1941 by Mr. W. H. Wagner, Jr.,* who
in July, 1939, discovered a plant growing in bushy woods
at the edge of a salt marsh on the northern branch of the
West River near Mayo, Anne Arundel County. Mr.
Wagner states that he later found a colony of about 70
plants in damp open woods near his original station, and
that he collected plants near Sykesville, Carroll County,
Maryland, along a small tributary of the Patapsco River.
He also found one plant in the vicinity of Marlboro,
Prince Georges County, Maryland, and recently (July,
1944) has found the species near Sligo Drive in Sligo
Park, Silver Spring, Montgomery County, Maryland.

E. T. Wherry® has informed the writer that Mr.
Coe, a medical student at the University of Pennsylvania,
had reported to him the finding of several plants of B.
matricariaefolium in association with B. simplex Hitche.
var. tenebrosum (A. A. Eaton) Clausen in Edgemoor,
(Bethesda), Montgomery County, Maryland. These were
later (July, 1944) observed by the writer, accompanied
by Mr. Wagner, and it was noted that they were growing
in old rich woods where large trees of Acer saccharum,
Quercus alba, Q. velutina, Cornus florida, and Lirio-
dendron tulipifera predominated.

Dr. Clausen also reports* that he has specimens of this
species collected in Rock Creek Park, Washington, D. C.,

Lt. L. J. Kezer, of the U. S. Army Medical Corps.

On May 28, 1941, the writer, in company with Dr.
Wherry and Dr. F. R. Fosberg,’ discovered B. matri-
cariaefolium growing under large trees of Acer saccha-
rum in Swift Run Gap near the Spotswood Wayside
Spring in Shenandoah National Park, Rockingham

eee W. H., Jr. Amer. Fern Journ, 31:
erry. ;

7 Wherry, E. T. Va. Journ. Sci. 2: 289

RANGE oF BotRYCHIUM MATRICARIAEFOLIUM 107

County, Virginia. Ten plants were found and the speci-
mens collected were deposited in the National Herbarium,
the Gray Herbarium, and the herbaria of the University
of Pennsylvania and Cornell University.

An additional Virginia locality was discovered May 14,
1944, in Manassas Gap, about one mile north of Linden,
Fauquier County. One plant was found here in a dense
growth of grass and sedges in a somewhat boggy spot
close to the main Appalachian trail and collected jointly
with Dr. E. H. Walker. The specimen is deposited in the
National Herbarium.

Recently also (May 7, 1944) the writer came upon a
Sizable stand of B. matricariaefolium in Montgomery
County, Maryland, in a fairly young wooded growth in
the vicinity of the old mica mine near Northwest Branch,
approximately 4} miles north by 5° east from Silver
Spring, Maryland. This station, in which 107 plants
were counted, was revisited later in the month with Dr.
Maxon, Dr. Walker, and Dr. E. A. Chapin, all of whom
collected a limited number of specimens.

r. P. L. Ricker, who also visited this location with the
Writer, took the accompanying photographs, which show
the density of the vegetation under which the plants were
growing. The colony is confined to a triangular area
approximately 30 yards on each side and is almost com-
Pletely screened from view by a waist-high growth of
Poison Ivy. The principal trees in this area are Lirio-
dendron tulipifera and Cornus florida, interspersed with

8 few of Acer rubrum, Quercus alba, Q. velutina, Q. stel-
lata, Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, Nyssa sylvatica, and Carya
Sp. There were also numerous shrubs and small saplings,
mainly of Viburnum dentatum, V. prunifolium, Vac-
cinium sp., Benzoin aestivale, Rubus sp., Crataegus sp.,
and Ilex opaca. This island of young hardwood growth
Was surrounded by a somewhat older growth of Pinus

108 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

virgimiana and several small pine seedlings were noted
within the area. On one side a mat of Lonicera japonica
had blanketed the ground and almost completely stifled
the less vigorous vegetation, with the exception of a few

oe mat , growing under a waist-high cov
ivy in a wooded area near Silver Spring, Tcecany
ras pls nd.

plants of Asplenium platyneuron which appears to be

able to survive the encroachment of this vine. A num-

ber of plants of Ophioglossum vulgatum, many of Bo-

trychium virginianum, and a few of B. dissectum and

B. dissectum var. obliquum, were found in this area also.
WASHINGTON, D. C.

Sena

MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT 109

A Unique Habitat for Maidenhair Spleenwort
Auton A. LINDSEY

Within thirty yards of heavy transcontinental traffic,
yet so well concealed that searcely anyone except a few
Acoma herdsmen can have seen it, is a sunken garden of
exceptional interest and beauty.

A 350-square-mile lava flow of post-Pleistocene age is
saddled across the continental divide in west-central New
Mexico. Its vegetation is sparse, consisting largely of
a few of the more xeric ‘‘Upper Sonoran” shrubby spe-
cies. The black lava is extremely rough and broken;
Some of the smoother surface is ropy, like slag from a
blast furnace. Tube caves are characteristic of many
lava areas, and in this Grants Flow the great hollow
tubes permeate the body of the lava. They were formed
when the deeper or more rapidly moving portions of the
molten rock drained away from beneath the cooled sur-
face crust. Visible evidence of the subterranean tubes
appears in the numerous sink-holes, ranging from two
Square yards to an acre in extent, formed by the col-
lapse of the roof at various points along the course.

Many recent extrusions in arid parts of the west are
Similar in the above respects. The feature that sets the
Grants Flow apart from all other lava beds known to
the writer is its possession of a permanent subterranean
water reservoir within the caves and fissures. A creek
called the Rio San Jose flows eastward through a narrow
valley along the south edge of the northeast lobe of the
lava area, Ninety-five open sink-hole ponds dot this part
of the lava; many of them are perfectly circular, some
are elongate, and a few of the longer of these are sinuous.
The water is 12 feet below the general lava surface. The
Motorist on east-west highway U. 8. 66 drives for two
Miles across the lava bed between the villages of Grants

110 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

and MecCarty’s and sees on both sides of the highway
many depressions containing cattails, round-stemmed
bulrushes, and Phragmites, with considerable to no open
water in the center. The traveler on the Santa Fe rail-
road 230 yards farther north, skirting the edge of the
lava, may see the same ponds from the south windows
of the train.

Another type of sink-hole, involving the collapse of
much less of the tube cavern roof, cannot be seen from
either highway or railroad. The entrance may be just
large enough to allow a man to go down in by rope; but
beneath the overhanging roof the cave widens out on
all radii, so that it would be quite impossible to get out
without the rope. In one such cavern is a thriving
colony of Maidenhair Spleenwort, Aspleniwm Tricho-
manes Li.

LP Li,

SS eet ae ea A
Z

. 1—Diagram of a vertical section through the center of the
fern cavern and its entrance. Lava rock forms the roof, floor, and
~ central age upon which the ferns grow. A circular pond

rrounds the island.

When fairly high in the sky, the sun shines directly
upon at least some of the plants. As one looks down
through the five-foot entrance, the rich green fronds 10
feet beneath the lava surface are spotlighted into vivid
contrast to the dimness of the rest of the cavern. A
photograph taken May 12 (Plate 3) shows the ferns in

MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT 111

the morning before the sun has reached them. They
occupy the higher part of a central island of lava 8 feet
wide (Fig. 1), which dropped there when the roof fell
in to form the opening. The island is surrounded by a
permanent, doughnut-shaped pond two feet deep, its
water extending outward to or near the cave’s periphery.
The cavern is circular and 40 feet in diameter. Often
the water surface is covered with a bright greenish-gold
bloom composed of a heavy concentration of a very mi-
nute unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck.

The Asplenium fronds are so oriented that the light,
coming from directly above, strikes them chiefly at right
angles. It is the writer’s impression that the central
fronds of each plant, in particular, are held much closer
to the horizontal plane than is the case in individuals he
has seen growing in more normal habitats in the eastern
States, and that the lava grotto plants show a decidedly
brighter green color. The pinnae retain their intense
color and turgidity the year around. Specimens collected
July 15, 1944, bore ripe sporangia. Dr. Maxon has veri-
fied the identification, and a set of the material is de-
posited in the U. 8. National Herbarium.

The altitude of the water table in this pit is 6,263 feet
above sea level. The water temperature fluctuates rela-
tively little with the seasons, lava rock being a poor con-
ductor of heat. January 14 it was 47° F. in the pool’s
surface water; July 30 it was 57° F. These readings
Were strikingly higher and lower, respectively, than the
estimated mean daily temperatures of these days. The
Static air within the cavern likewise varies little through-
Out the year, in comparison with the outside air. The
Cavern air temperature over the ferns at midday Jan-
uary 14 was 47.5° F.; May 12, 59° F.; and on July 30,
66° F. All three tempexatiris are preennably quite
Suitable for photosynthesis and growth in Maidenhair
Spleenwort. Observations during every month of the

112

VIEW OF THE FERN ISLAND FROM DIRECTLY ABOVE.

‘
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 35, PLATE 3 |

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MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT 113

year show that this colony has no season of dormancy,
despite the extreme summer heat on the lava bed outside
the pit.

The relative humidity May 12 at noon over the lava
bed was only 4 per cent; that in the cavern close above
the ferns was 45 per cent. January 14 at 1 P.M. the
relative humidity outside was 29 per cent; within, the
reading showed 55 per cent humidity. Both these days
were cloudless.

The hydrogen ion concentration of the water in the
moat-like pool averages pH 7.6, and all the soil on the
rock-island is moistened by capillary rise from the pool.

In addition to the fern cavern described, nine other
concealed pits, with overhanging roofs capable of main-
taining a high relative humidity, were found in a lava
area 1300 yards long by 200 yards wide. Four of the
nine caverns have central rock islands similar to that
Supporting the fern colony, and most of the others have
ledges where ferns might find a foothold near the water.
Why this species occurs in only one of the ten pits is not
easily explained. A species of moss, not yet found fruit-
ing, creeps beneath the ferns. It seems a reasonable as-
Sumption that this moss constitutes a stage of succession
preceding the stage of fern dominance here. For some
reason, no substantial moss mat has developed in any of
the other pits; and, therefore, soil to support Aspleniwm
is still lacking in them.

The fern garden is fortunately located for freedom
from human disturbance or destruction. This part of
the Grants Flow is just within the western boundary of
the Acoma Indian Reservation, and is communal prop-
erty of the Pueblo, used only for a limited amount of
grazing. These circumstances hold promise for the in-
definite preservation of this unusual habitat.

DEPARTMENT oF BIoLoGy,

Universiry or New MFxico.

114 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Sources of the Fern Flora of Colorado

JOSEPH EWAn

The 56 pteridophytes definitely known to occur in
Colorado have probably been derived from three chief
sources. These are, in the order of their importance,
the (1) holaretic, with a few dubious secondary deriva-
tives, (2) Sierra Madran (Mexican), with a secondary
Appalachian center of origin, and a (3) ‘‘stratospheric”’
source, the last both small and puzzling.

Wherry classified the ferns of Colorado (1938, p. 139)
from the geographic standpoint in two main divisions:
a cool-climate or northern and a mild-climate or southern
group. The cool-climate group, in Wherry’s opinion, in-
cludes (a) 23 ‘‘cireumboreal’’ species, growing also in
Eurasia, (b) eight northern North American derivatives
and (c) two Rocky Mountain endemics. The mild-cli-
mate group includes (d) nine southwestern upland spe-
cies, (e) four Pacific slope plants, (f) five midland or
eastern species, and (g) five widespread species of west-
ern North America.

The present analysis of the sources of Colorado’s fern
flora stresses the past migrations of its species and
recognizes the part Colorado plays in the recognized
floristic patterns of western North America. To be sure,
the climatic basis for distinguishing two major sources is
fundamental in both Wherry’s and the present analyses.

HOLARCTIC SOURCE
The species group including those ferns and lyeosphens
having origins from an holarctic source is the largest and
most important, as might be anticipated. To this grouP
belong 28 species, or one-half of the total fern flora.
Characteristic species are:

Fern Fiora oF CoLorRADo 115

Asplenium viride Cystopteris montana
Atnyrium alpestre var. Dryopteris Filiz-mas
americanum Polystichum Lonchitis

Cryptogramma. Stelleri

All these oceur today in northern North America, and
in southern latitudes only as relicts along the higher
mountain chains. Such relict distributions are to be
interpreted as southward migrations stimulated by the
refrigeration which took place over vast areas of the
more northern portions of this continent and Eurasia
at times of the Pleistocene glaciations. The distribu-
tion of these holarctic ferns in Colorado lends support
to this concept of Pleistocene interglacial migrations;
Cystopteris montana and Dryopteris dilatata, for ex-
ample, linger as rare colonies in protected pockets below
the broad tundra summits along the Continental Divide.
This series of Pleistocene migrations was a feature of
both the Rocky Mountain and the Pacific Coast cordil-
leras. Thus, one of Colorado’s holaretic species, Crypto-
gramma crispa subsp. acrostichoides, reached as far south
on the Pacific Coast as Mt. San Jacinto, in Riverside
County, California (N. Lat. 34°), where a stranded relict
colony persists at an elevation of 10,805 feet. This
recognition of past plant migrations is further substan-
tiated by our knowledge of a group of holarctic flowering
plant species likewise persisting on these outpost sum-
mits; thus, on Mt. San Jacinto occur also relict colonies
of an orchid of northern distribution, the twayblade
(Listera convallarioides), and the alpine sorrel (Oxyria
digyna)—both species known from Colorado’s tundra as
well. Again, a little to the north, in California’s barrier
range lying between the coastal plain and the interior

eserts, rises Mt. San Antonio with a small coterie of
boreal ah among them the cireumpolar composite
Crepis na

116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

One member of the holarctic group in Colorado de-
serves special comment for a pattern of distribution
which it corroborates. This is the Grape-fern Botry-
chium multifidum subsp. Coulteri, which ranges in the
Rocky Mountains from Montana and northern Idaho
southward to Colorado. It is notably absent, however,
from the adjacent Rocky Mountains of eastern Wash-
ington but appears again in the Olympic Peninsula, an
outlying station. This northern Idaho—Olympie Penin-
sula pattern is shared by other plant species, among
them Hedysarum occidentale. Reed Rollins, who has
reviewed the genus (1940, p. 229), believes Hedysarum
occidentale made preglacial migrations into the present
disjunct areas where it persists. The Oregon and Cali-
fornia stations of Botrychium multifidum subsp. Coultert
are then, conceivably, colonizations from older popula-
tions living today in the Olympics; they are distinct in
origin from the Colorado colonies, which I believe to have
been derived from Idaho populations of this subspecies.

Two Colorado ferns seem to show fundamentally a
distant holarectie origin and yet a more immediate one
from some secondary source. Polypodiuwm vulgare var.
columbianum may be a member of the group designated
by Piper (Fl. Wash., p. 52) as the Columbian Basin ele-
ment. Athyrium Filix-femina var. californicum ranges
widely along the Pacific Coast, occupying a greater
variety of sites. It is not always associated either with
the North Coast coniferous forest element (cf. Mason,
1942, p. 287), or with the California element (cf. Piper,
l.c.), but has invaded both plant communities. It must,
too, have had an ancient holaretic source. The presence
of these two ferns in Colorado may be due to one of three
events, or to combinations among them. There has been
either: (1) A floristic movement southward in the west-
ern cordilleras along two routes, or (2) a west-to-east

FERN FLoRA OF COLORADO ii

intermontane movement, or (3) a simply fortuitous dis-
persal. If the present distribution is the result of a two-
way southward movement in the western cordilleras, then
one element passed down the Cascade-Sierra axis, an-
other down the Rocky Mountains, without west-east
movements across the Great Basin, judging from the
morphologic distinctness of the two populations. This
Seems to have been the floristic history of Senecio tri-
angularis, which has a western phase, Senecio trigono-
phyllus, in the Caseade-Sierra cordillera reaching into the
mountains of southern California. Again, Delphinium
Brownii grows in the northern Rocky Mountains and
Delphinium glaucum replaces it in the Caseade-Sierra
axis. In the species-pairs of both Senecio and Del-
phimum the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia har-
bor a population of what may prove to be infraspecific
races. The second possible interpretation is that more
or less extensive west-to-east migrations took place
through the Great Basin, the migrants possibly passing
from one mesic habitat of an interbasin range to another
across dry valleys and playas during more moist inter-
vals of Pleistocene time.

SIERRA MADRAN SOURCE

The Sierra Madran element is a prominent component
of the flora of the western United States.t Species hav-
ing their origin in the Mesa del Norte of northern Mexico
and its bounding cordilleras have migrated northward,
perhaps in successive migrations at intervals, during the
increasing aridity of the Southwest through Tertiary
time. This Sierra Madran element is well known among
flowering plants, some 40 species having been recognized
in the flora of Colorado by Miss Dorothy Hay (Univ.

el
1 Cf. Axelrod, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. no. 476, 1937, and no.
516, 1939.

118 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Colo., M.A. thesis, 1939). Four characteristic species
are: Pinus edulis, Datura meteloides, Eupatorium tez-
ense, and Pericome caudata. Three fern genera in Colo-
rado, i.e., Cheilanthes, Notholaena, and Pellaea, are diag-
nostic members of this Sierra Madran element. There
are seven species in Colorado, as follows:

Cheilanthes Eaton Notholaena Fendleri
Cheilanthes Feet Notholaena Standleyi
Cheilanthes Fendleri Pellaea longimucronata
Cheilanthes Wootoni

A group of vascular plant species in North America
has presumably originated, in part, as a secondary de-
velopment of this Sierra Madran source. This is the
Appalachian element of the southeastern United States,
now somewhat differently interpreted from the date of
its first definition by C. C. Adams in 1902. Five Colo-
rado pteridophytes may be recognized to have their
sources to the eastward. These are: Aspleniuwm platy-
neuron, Athyrium angustum var. rubellum, Pellaea atro-
purpurea, P. glabella var. occidentalis, and Pteridiwm
latiusculum. Among seed-plants there exists collateral
evidence of such Appalachian species persisting today in
the state. For example, three species, all occurring in

route of migration of these Appalachian species into the
Colorado area is not clear. They represent what the
ecologist terms ‘‘mesic species,’’ that is, plants requiring
a moderate but constant water supply. Today they are
separated from their eastern congeners by the broad
semi-arid high plains. Gleason has pointed out (1906,
p. 150) that ‘‘migration routes from this [Appalachian] ©
center extend to the north and northwest, mainly along
the uplands, and by far the largest part of the flora of
the wooded portion of eastern United States, north to

FERN FLoRA oF COLORADO 119

the transition zone, can be referred to it.’’? The Appa-
lachian group, having clear floristic relationships with
the Mexican Sierra Madran element, represents, his-
torically, a secondary source. It is possible to trace the
sources of many genera of the eastern United States to
this old Mexican center of differentiation. The present
distribution of the sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) ,
which ranges northward from the Vera Cruz coast,
demonstrates this relationship.

Furthermore, Pennell notices (1935, p. 579) that the
Scrophulariaceous genus Seymeria has ‘‘convincingly”’
moved northward. This fact is demonstrated by the
existence of structurally primitive species of Seymeria
in southern Mexico, more advanced species in northern
Mexico, and those showing the greatest transformation
living today on the coastal plain of the southeastern
United States. The same trend has been noticed by
Trelease for the American oaks. Gleason, in his survey
of the North American Vernonias (1906, p. 150), di-
rected attention to the fact that ‘‘it is an easy matter
to trace the species of Vernonieae in the United States
back to an origin in Mexico.’? Again, he comments that
‘migration . . . has proceeded in two directions, north-
ward through the prairie region and eastward along the
coastal plain... . In each direction one or more of the
primitive structures have been lost, until in Michigan
and Massachusetts they have disappeared completely”’
(1923, p. 197)

In so far as the Colorado fern members of this Appa-
lachian group are concerned, migration into the state has
apparently been along the Arkansas River catchment
drainage, judging from their present-day distribution.

ndemism in all plant groups is weak in Colorado,
and no pteridophytes are well-marked endemics. All
those species which are more or less geographically iso-

120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

lated in the region have clear affinities with either the
holarctic or the Sierra Madran groups. All appear to be
forms of relatively recent origin. Three selaginellas
(ie., Selaginella densa, 8S. Standleyi, and S. scopulorum),
though characteristic Rocky Mountain species, show di-
verse origins and affinities and today range beyond Colo-
rado’s borders. Botrychium matricariaefolium subsp.
hespertum Maxon & Clausen, localized in Colorado, may
be seen from an examination of Clausen’s map?” to be a
southwestern derivative of the northern plant. The
nearest station of typical B. matricariaefolium is in the
Black Hills of South Dakota. Botrychium lanceolatum,
on the other hand, is an example of an holarectic species,
frequent in the Pacifie Northwest, which, though occur-
ring today in widely separated stations in the Rocky
Mountains, has so far failed to differentiate into an
endemic phase at the southern limit of its range (cf.
fig. 17). Asa Gray and J. D. Hooker in a consideration
of the ‘‘vegetation of the Rocky Mountain region and a
comparison with that of other parts of the world’’ recog-
nized (1880) that ‘‘the characteristics of the Rocky
Mountain flora ... are in no small degree negative.
What this flora lacks is perhaps more remarkable than
what it possesses.’’

STRATOSPHERIC SOURCE

The anomalous distribution of Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum leads me to consider the possibility of a ‘‘strato-
spheric’’ source. The distribution of this Asplenium in
North America is its occurrence reputedly in Marion
County, Florida,* and in three western states: Arizona,
at Flagstaff (Wherry, 1941, p. 97); Utah, at Zion Na-
tional Park; and about the mouth of Boulder Canyon*

‘ae aan gy berey Bot. Ch Club 19(2): 8 83. fig. 16. 1938.

4 Type locality of gpl hail Andrewsii rs Nels., a synonym.

FERN FLORA OF COLORADO 121

and at White Rocks near Valmont, Boulder Co., Colo-
rado. Beyond this continent Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum ranges from England and France to Africa, Asia
Minor, and the Himalayas. More recently it has been

grow at elevations of 500 to 13,500 feet on the highest
mountain of Hawaii, the extinct voleano Mauna Kea
(Hartt and Neal, 1940, p. 263).2 The North American
occurrences, alone, are anomalous when Florida is added
to a more familiar Rocky Mountain pattern of holarctic
relicts. The possible misidentification of the Florida
specimen must be considered.

The anomalous distribution of certain other ferns
known from North America would appear to place them
in a group having a stratospheric origin. Thus, Ceterach
Dalhousiae is known from the New World only from the
Huachuca and Mule mountains of Arizona, otherwise
from Abyssinia and the Himalayas. Asplenium platy-
neuron is a familiar fern of the southeastern United
States, otherwise known from South Africa; this instance
of disjunct distribution is approximated by the genus
Menodora (Oleaceae), discussed by Cain (1944, p. 247)
from Steyermark’s data. Asplenium exiguum is a spe-
cies of southeastern Arizona and northern Mexico, other-
Wise known from China and the Himalaya Mountains.’
Are these several ferns having discontinuous distribu-
tions (a) epibioties or ‘‘survivals of a lost flora,’’ (b)
polytopic endemiecs, or (c) stratospheric species? Or do
they indicate some other event in the past history of the
world’s floras?

5 Christensen, Index Fil. (P. 99) lists the Hawaiian Islands and
“*¢ Puerto Rico Cf. Chris : der Erde, 202. 1897;
Poniar, Amer. Fern Journ. ey 12.

6 Cf. Poyser, — Bull. 19: 36, or Case. ibid. 19: 38-42. 1911.

7 Cf. Maxon, Fern Bull. 19: 69. 1911; Amer. Fern Journ. 28:
140-141. 1938.

122 AMERICAN FERN J OURNAL

If these ferns are ‘‘survivals of a lost flora,’’ using
Ridley’s phrase, for which he proposes the name ‘‘epi-
biotics,’? we must look to some pattern of distribution of
which they are a part. The general subject of ‘‘discon-
tinuous distribution’’ has been treated most recently by
Cain (1944, p. 242). Epibiotics are well illustrated, for
example, by Aesculus. There eight species or species-
groups exist as living members of the genus (ef. Cain, fig.
34), along with their Tertiary fossil relatives which occu-
pied more or less intervening areas. In short, the dis-
junct present-day distribution of the species of Aesculus
is readily seen as less disjunct when the fossil species are
included in the total world picture. Edward W. Berry
has elaborated this topic in detail with convincing maps
for several tree species in his ‘‘Tree Ancestors.’’

There is no collateral evidence from this body of data,
however, which may illuminate our present problem with
several ferns of spotwise around-the-world distribution.
Cain’s general thesis is, in the main, valid when he says
that plants with light-weight propagules or dispersal
units (that is, spores of mosses, ferns, etc.) ‘‘show the
same kinds of areas and disjunctions as do the relatively
heavy-seeded flowering plants. Phytogeographical con-
clusions concerning the flowering plants can be extended
to cryptogams, and are supported by eryptogams”’ (1944,
p. 284).. To be sure, the fact that replicated distribu-
tional patterns are not displayed by Asplenium Adian-
tum-nigrum, A, exiguum, A. platyneuron, and Ceterach
Dalhousiae does not rule out the possibility of their being
epibiotics. New information in plant dispersal mecha-
nisms and plant distributions accumulates in ever-
mounting volume with every critical generic study re-
ported upon, and this may yet demonstrate the alignment
of these now anomalous fern distributions with existing
or recognized patterns or other patterns not now distin-

i Ae ee i a

FERN FLoRA OF COLORADO i23

guished. Hultén encourages the search, with the opinion
that ‘‘the large disjunctions often noticed in the areas
of vascular plants are not due to.sudden recent exten-
sions of the area but to reductions’’ (1937, p. 140).

The second possibility, that of ‘‘polytopie endemics,”’
may next be considered. A polytopic endemic is a dis-
juncet species confined to two or more far separated areas,
which may have had either a monophyletic or polyphy-
letie origin. Cain musters the evidence for a mono-
phyletic and against a polyphyletic origin (1944, p. 274),
but our chief concern at present is his observation that
in the instance of ‘‘transcontinental discontinuities,
which are purported to be explained by long-distance
dispersal’’ the ‘‘exceptional activity of winds, bird flight,
ete., must be invoked.’? In general, however, Cain
Stresses the ‘‘most widely accepted hypothesis,’’ namely,
that ‘‘polytopic forms are genetically and immediately
related, and that the intervening area has been bridged
in the past by a continuous series of populations, al-
though not necessarily at any one time.’’

Closely related is the view that Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum, or similarly disjunct species, may be considered
“‘vicarious polydemics,’’? paraphrasing Willis, a term
Suggesting their ‘‘accidental dispersal.’’ However, the
views of the biogeographer P. J. Darlington are cogent
here, when he says, ‘‘the first objection to the term
‘accidental’ dispersal . . . is that many factors besides
accident are involved’’ (1938, p. 274). It is no accident
that some organisms, because of their nature and posi-
tion, are able to cross water or be borne through the air
more often than others. The dispersal of individual land
organisms is of course largely accidental, but in the span
of time statistical probability determines what sorts of

organisms will be disperse

There remains the third hypothesis of causal agency
to be considered here, that of dispersal as ‘‘stratospheric

124 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

species.’’ Stratospheric species are those whose spores
travelled in the upper air currents, possibly enormous
intercontinental distances, survived the drying effects of
transport, and successfully established themselves in
ecologically favorable far distant sites.

We are familiar with the prodigious number of spores
produced by ferns. Bower, for example, gives a compu-
tation for Polypodium aureum of 57,600 spores per single
sorus! For Marattia fraxinea, where the soral areas are
well defined, 45,000 spores have been computed for a
single synangium. Follow up these facts with a second,
that of the lifting power of air, and the basis for a con-
sideration of the wind dispersal of spores has been laid.
Darlington points out that air currents, which act upon
surface, have a proportionately greater effect upon small
objects than upon large ones. To illustrate; An adult
house mouse, weighing one ounce, has about fourteen
times more surface for its weight than has an animal the
weight of an average man. Finally, pressure exerted
upon an object by wind varies about as the square of the
velocity; thus, a wind of 100 miles an hour exerts 16
times more pressure upon a given object than a wind
of 25 miles an hour. Or, to return to our mouse, a wind
of 100 miles per hour has about 224 times more effect
upon a mouse than a wind of 25 miles an hour has upon
man.

Once the spores or light seeds are carried above the
ground by whirlwinds they belong to a realm where ris-
ing air currents are common. Though we think of wind
as a horizontal force, meteorologists know that vertical

small whirlwinds in the Hawaiian Islands which some-
times carry dust up more than 2,000 feet (cf. Gulick,
1932).

FERN Fora or CoLORADO 125

Do we have exact data on the transport of fern spores
through the air for great distances? Our chief knowl-
_ edge that fern spores do travel and reach new habitats
and establish themselves successfully there is cireum-
stantial, and quite necessarily so. After the destruction
of the vegetation of the East Indian island Krakatau by
voleanic flow and smothering ash, botanists visited the
island and noted the recovery of its flora. Gams reports
(1938, p. 396) that after an interval of three years
Krakatau supported 10 species of ferns; after fourteen
years, 12 species; after 36 years, 49 species; and that,
after 46 years, 63 species had established themselves upon
the island. In this connection of spore and seed trans-
port, the data presented by P. A. Glick in the course of
his studies upon the floating insect populations of the air
are of pertinent interest (1939). Glick and his associates
took data upon the distribution of insects in the atmos-
phere, with the use of gelatine collecting-plates carried
aloft on airplane flights over Tallulah, Louisiana, in
1931. Seeds were recovered, along with the insect mate-
rials, and seeds identified as those of Erigeron were
taken at altitudes of 3,000 feet, Populus seeds at altitudes
of from 200 to 3,000 feet, and, on those days when the
upper air was ‘‘slightly rough’’ to ‘‘rough,’’ and when
convection currents were strong, the seeds of Paspalum
Urvillei were encountered up to 5,000 feet.

R. E. Holttum reviews the topic of spore dispersal
among tropical pteridophytes (1938, p. 422) but has few
precise data to offer. He says, ‘‘it is well established that
spores may be distributed freely by the wind, and the fac-
tor which limits the ability of a fern to spread and estab-
lish itself on new ground is not the ability to travel over
long distances, but the ability to survive during the
process of transport. . . . Fern spores carried by winds
in the tropics must be able to withstand full exposure

126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

to sun and relatively dry air during the day for consid-
erable periods if they are to travel far.’? Thin-walled
spores would surely be sharply limited in their dispersal
range. J. J. Christensen, in writing of the spores of
fungous pathogens (1942, p. 78), has no supporting
evidence for transoceanic dispersal when he writes,
‘there is virtually no information in regard to wind dis-
semination of spores of pathogens across the equatorial
zone. There is circumstantial evidence that spores are
not blown commonly from [the North American] conti-
nent to [the South American] continent.’’ Further-
more, ‘‘the fact that only a relatively few races of stem
rust of wheat occur in Kenya, Africa, and in Australia
is indicative that large bodies of water are effective bar-
riers to long-distance dissemination of pathogens by air
currents.’’ In this regard, ‘‘precipitation in many
regions unquestionably plays a very important réle in
preventing long-distance spread of spores and perhaps
is the most important agent in preventing interconti-
nental exchange of wind-borne spores.’’ Of the three
objections which Cain says may be marshalled against
the theory of long-distance dispersal (1944, p. 284), the
third of his trio is critical, namely, that ‘‘it must be
demonstrated that the arriving diaspores [or propagules]
can be delivered, so to speak, in a viable condition to
a suitable habitat where they must also be able to enter
and compete in a closed community.’’ The fact that
many habitats are not closed, or only temporarily so, is
of course to be remembered. Studies of Krakatau give
us data for relatively short transport by air, and not for
dispersal over great oceanic distances.

To those who cannot admit stratospheric dispersal as
effective for the anomalous distribution of such ferns a8
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, let it be said that to deny
is easier than to affirm. Our present need is for abun-

erent ed + 2

FERN FLORA OF COLORADO 127

dant data from gelatine plate collections made on trans-
oceanic flights by aireraft. It is essential to have precise
information as to what types of fern spores are most
widely distributed, and in what numbers and at what
_ altitudes they oceur. For, of the many agencies which
operate in seed dispersal among higher plants it is said
that ‘‘none . . . are adequate to traverse the thousands
of miles necessary to cross the oceans.’’? Yet, ‘‘some
mosses and ferns have minute spores which remain viable
for long periods and may very well have been widely
spread by air currents’? (D. H. Campbell, 1943, p. 5).

LITERATURE CITED
Cain, Stanuey A. Foundations of plant geography. 556 pp. 1944.
CAMPBELL, D. H. Continental drift and plant distribution. 43 pp.
‘*Privately printed for the author’’ [Stanford Univ. Press]
194

3.
CHRISTENSEN, J. J. ong distance eco nape of plant patho-
gens. ics (A.A.A.S. Publ. 17: 78- 1942.
Daruineron, P. J. Origin of the fauna of the ee Antilles,
with Sis nates of dispersal a animals over water and through
74-300. 1938.

the air. t.

Gams, H. Oeckologie der potent iach Pteridophyten. In F.
Verdoorn, Man. Pteridology, I, 382-419, 1938.

GLmason, H. A. A revision of the N orth dinatinas Vernonieae.
‘Bull. N. Y. Bot, Gard. 4: 144-243. 1906.

Evolution and geographical distribution of the genus

Vernonia in North America. Amer. Journ. Bot. 10: 187-202.

1923.

Guick, Pik Tie arguing of insects, vee and mites in the
U. 8. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 673. 1939.
GULIck, Sioneune Biological peswiatitden: - oceanic islands.
uart. iol. 7: 405-427. 1932. [Contains an excellent
hiblogrphy mu 68 titles. ]
Harr, C. E., and M. C. Neat. ger ecology of Mauna Kea,

Hotrrum, R. E. The ecology of cael sprene-tges In F.
hiegosins Man. Pteridology, Chap. XIII, 420-450. 1938.
Hurén, Err Outline of the history of arctic and bereal biota
ee Quaternary Period. pp. 1-168. 43 pls. Stockholm,

1937.

128 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Mason, H. L. pe eas history and fossil record of Ceano-
thus. In M. Van Rensselaer, Ceanothus, 281-303. 1942.
Rous, REED. Studies in is genus Hedysarum in North Amer-

Rhodora 42: 217-239. 1940.
Wuerry, E. T. Colorado ferns. Amer. Fern Journ, 28: 125-140.
1938.

—————. Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum in Arizona. ibid. 31:
97-100. 1941.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

Shorter Note

Our Most-RENAMED Native Fern.—The dubious honor
of fitting this characterization can apparently be claimed
by the American Ostrich Fern. It has been referred
successively to the genera Onoclea, Struthiopteris, Mat-
teuccia, and Pteretis; and under these its species epithet
has been variously nodulosa, struthiopteris, germanica,
pensylvanica (as first spelled), and pennsylvanica. In
addition, it has been made a variety: Many years ago
Lowe classed it as Struthiopteris germanica var. pen-
sylvanica; and the late O. A. Farwell, who revelled in
creating complicated new combinations, managed to fin
bases for naming it both Pteretis struthiopteris and
Struthiopteris struthiopteris var. pensylvanica. In 1916
Nieuwland made it Pteretis nodulosa, which stood up
under the scrutiny of all the authorities on fern nomen-
clature for some 29 years. But now Prof. M. L. Fernald’
finds that, as well as all other combinations of these mul-
tiple epithets heretofore made, to be invalid! He holds
that a strict application of the current rules of nomen-
clature requires one that no one happened to create be-
fore—Pteretis pensylvanica. How long will this stand?
—Epesr T. Wuerry, University of Pennsylvania.

1 Rhodora 47: 123. 1945.

RECENT FERN LITERATURE 129

Recent Fern Literature

In a brief article in the Missouri Botanical Garden
Bulletin for April, 1945, Henry N. Andrews traces the
ancestry of the modern Pine-fern, Anemia adiantifolia,
of Florida and the American tropics generally, back
through geologic time. In Cretaceous shale-beds in west-
ern Wyoming are found fossil Anemias very similar in
foliage to this surviving relative and with well-preserved
fruiting panicles. If these are coated with celloidin and
the mineral matter is dissolved out with hydrofluoric
acid, sporangia sticking to the celloidin film can be dis-
sected in an oxidizing chemical and any spores they
contain made to fall out, much as with living material.
Fossil spores thus obtained are very like those of living

_Anemias in their markings; the cell-structure of the

sporangia is similar also in modern and fossil specimens.
Fossil fern-stems in the same formations, known under
the name Tempskya, are suspected to belong with the
Anemia foliage, but this has not been proved.

In much older formations (Carboniferous) are found
ferns called Seftenbergia, widely different in foliage,
but having sporangia with thickened cells at the apex
much as in Schizaeaceae of the present day—thus carry-
ing the ancestral line far back in the earth’s history —
C. A. Weatnersy, Gray Herbarium.

Gualterio Looser continues his excellent work on the
ferns of Chile with a thorough and scholarly treatment
of the genus Asplenium in that country,—the first, he
tells us, since that in Gay’s ‘‘Historia’’ (1853). Looser
recognizes 9 species: A. trilobum, A. Gillies, A. fragile
(in an endemic variety only), A. monanthes, A. obliquum
(in two varieties), A. macrosorum, A. stellatum, A.
triphyllum, and A. dareoides (A. magellanicum). Of
these, four—A. macrosorum, A. stellatum, A. obliquum

130 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

var. chondrophyllum, and A. dareoides—are found on
the small archipelago of Juan Fernandez,—the first three
only there, though Sefor Looser remarks that the variety
of A. obliquum differs very little from the plant of the
mainland. Aspleniums, like other ferns, are rare in the
dry and arid northern half of Chile. Four species—A.
dareoides, A. fragile, A. Gilliesti, and A. triphyllum—
have been found there, all in comparatively recent years
and at single localities. All but the first are Andean
species, spreading southward ; it has presumably migrated
from the south.

The other species, and in by far the greatest abun-
dance, are inhabitants, terrestrial or epiphytic, of the
forests of the southern half of Chile. Two of them, A.
dareoides and A. trilobum, are known only from Chile
and the immediately adjacent parts of Argentina.

Seftor Looser gives a key to the species, and for each a
full bibliography, citation of specimens, and an illustra-
tion—where possible a reproduction of that accompany-
ing the original description. There is also a list of
species doubtfully or wrongly attributed to Chile..—C.
A: WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium.

Professor Jesse M. Shaver has continued his studies
of Tennessee ferns with an article on the lipferns.*
Three species of Cheilanthes are known from the state,
C. tomentosa, C. lanosa, and C. alabamensis, the first
being rather rare and the others fairly common in suit-
able habitats. As in others of this series of papers com-
plete descriptions are given, line drawings with details
for each species, and maps showing distribution within
the state-—C.V.M

1 Looser, G. Sinopsis de los ‘‘Asplenium’’ (Filices) de Chile.
—— 10: 233-264, 3 pls., 2 text figs. 1

944,
e notes on the Tennessee ph ieeieg Journ. Tenn. Acad-
Sei. 19; 306-322, 1944,

AMERICAN FERN Society 131

American Fern Society
Carl Christensen

Carl Fredrik Albert Christensen was born J anuary 16,
1872, at Dgllefjelde, on the island of Lolland in southern
Denmark, and died November 24, 1942. He entered the
University of Copenhagen in 1891, where he studied
botany with the famous ecologist Eugenius Warming.
He received the degree Master of Science in 1900 and
later the same year married Miss Aff Derschen. For a
number of years he taught in the secondary schools of
Copenhagen until, in 1916, he was appointed Amanuensis
at the Botanical Museum of the University. In 1920 he
was appointed Curator of the Museum, a position he held
until 1933.

Christensen’s interest in ferns dated from his student
days. When preparing his first publications on ferns
he felt keenly the lack of an Index to the group, notable
for its intricate synonymy. He undertook the gigantic
task of going critically through all the literature, the
result being his ‘‘Index Filicum’’ (1905-1906), a re-
markably finished work, considering the relatively few
years spent in its preparation, that brought him fame.
Collectors and museums in nearly all parts of the world
Sent him their ferns for determination. In connection
with this work he published numerous descriptions of
new species and memoirs on taxonomie and phytogeo-
graphical problems in pteridology. Among the more
important of these papers are his ‘‘Revision of the
Cochlidiinae and Drymoglossinae’’ (1929), the ‘‘ Pterido-
Phyta of Madagascar’’ (1932), beautifully illustrated
with line drawings of almost all the species, and his chap-
ter on Filicinae in the ‘‘Manual of Pteridology’’ (1938).

His most important contribution to fern literature is
his ‘‘Monograph of the Genus Dryopteris’’ (1913-1920),

132 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

in which he devised a classification into subgenera based
largely on new characters of hairs, scales, and venation.
This fundamental work deals only with the species of
tropical America. He never found time to extend his
monographie work to the species of other parts of the
world.

Christensen is well known also for his works on his-
torical botany. In 1918 he published a book on the life
and journeys of Pehr Forsskal, a contemporary and
pupil of Linnaeus. In this book he showed a talent for
historical writing, and in the next year was requested
by several botanists to write a history of Danish Botany.
He acceded to the request and wrote the ‘‘History of
Danish Botany with Bibliography’’ (1924-1926), a book
written in a manner that makes it not only informatory
but also entertaining reading. He was keenly interested
also in Danish floristics, and in company with four other
botanists formed a society called ‘‘Pentandra,’’ which
made botanical excursions each year to different parts of
Denmark. His only extensive collecting trip to foreign
countries was to Spain and Portugal in 1921, accom-
panied by the Danish botanist Axel Lange.

Christensen was a delegate of Denmark to the Inter-
national Botanical Congresses in Cambridge (1930) and
Amsterdam (1935), and was appointed a member of the
International Committee of Nomenclature. He was
elected an honorary member of the American Fern
Society in 1915. His loss will be regretted by all mem-
bers and by a world-wide circle of friends and correspon-
dents.—E. Aspuunp, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock-
holm.

AMERICAN FERN Society 133

CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN FERN
SOCIETY, INC:

ARTICLE I. NAME

Section 1. The name of this guts shall be THE AMERICAN FERN
Society, INCORPORATED

ARTICLE II. OBJECTS

Section 1. The objects of the Society shall be to affiliate those
who are interested in the study of ferns and allied plants, to
foster such an interest, to encourage correspondence and ex-
change of specimens between members, and the publication of
matter pertaining to this group of plants.

ARTICLE JIJ. MEMBERSHIP

Section 1. Any person interested in the objects of the Society
Shall be eligible to membership.
Section 2. Application for membership accompanied by the re-

peas of the Council, and aqnen dis the applicant shall
nsidered a member for the current yea
Secon ‘ The admission fee shall be one Ara and fifty cents
payable when application for membership is This fee
Shall also constitute the dues for the current a
Section 4. The annual dues shall be one dollar cud fifty cents,

Section 5. Any eligible person may become a life member on
payment, at any one time, of a fee of twenty-five dollars, and
Shall thereafter be subject to no dues nor assessments. All
such fees shall be held and invested as a permanent fund, the
principal of which shall not be expended, but the income from
which may be used for the purposes of the Society on vote of
the Council. Contributions for the purpose and other avail-
able moneys may be added to this fund at the discretion of the

ouncil.

Section 6. Honorary members may be chosen when unanimous
nominated by the Council, and their names submitted to the
members at the next sueceeding annual election. Three

1 As amended by the ae at the annual elections of 1935,
1936 and 1940.

134 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

fourths of the spas east on the question shall be required for

election, and the total number cast must be at least twenty.
rary ion shall be hia to all the privileges of the
aa without payment of d — mber of such mem-

bers shall not exceed five at any one

Section 7. Every member in good Siig loos is entitled to all the
privileges of the Society including its publications

Section 8. Members one year in arrears for dues shi have been

twice notified of their in nesses shall be considered not in
good standing and shall forfeit ne privileges of the Society
including its publications. ope such member may be rein-
s any time during the succeeding year he payment
of arrears to the Treasurer. t the expiration of this
second year and without justifying cause his dues shall remain
unpaid, he shall cease to b ember of the Society, Lahigpn:

however, that the Council shall have the power to remit any
ues for reasons which it considers sufficient.

ARTICLE ITV. OFFICERS

Section 1. The officers of the Society shall be a Hones: Vice-
President, Secretary, and Treasurer. Their office
shall begin January first and they shall serve Nae one ae or
until their successors are duly chos

Section 2. The President shall be in seus ate charge of the gen-
eral interests of the Society; he shall appoint all committees

ded fo
Society. On or before December 31 of each year, he shall
appoint one who is not an office r, and need not be a member of
the Society, who shall audit ri accounts of the treasurer for
that year and who — oe to him as soon after the close

Treasurer all money received and shall report annually to the

Society.

Section 5. The Treasurer shall receive and hold all moneys be-
longing to the Society subject to the direction of the Council,
receipt for dues, pay bills when approved in the manner pre
seribed by the Council, make an annual report to the Society,

|
|
|

AMERICAN FERN SoOcreTy 135

and at the end of his term of office shall deliver to his succes-
sor all money and other property of the Society in his pos-
session.

At such times as the Council shall direct, he shall furnish
the Council with a statement showing his financial transactions
since the date of his previous report, any otataning ndebted-

ess, the cash balance in hand, and such other simple fact
as shall enable the Council to know clearly the He ancial con-
dition of the Society at the time. He shall close his accounts
for the year promptly as of December 31 of each year, and as
an h

auditor such records, oe ete., as shall make possible a
proper auditing of his unts.

Section 6. The unexpired rae or vacancy in any office shall be
filled until the ensuing election by appointment by the Council.

ARTICLE V. COUNCIL

Section 1. The President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer,
and Editor-in-Chief shall seneerane a standing committee to
be known as the ‘‘Council.’

Section 2. The Council chad have general charge of the affairs
of the Society; of its publications and property; shall have
power to expend the Society’ s money and to act — all ques-
tions not requiring a vote of the Society.

ARTICLE VI. ELECTIONS

Section 1. Before the first day of September of each year, the
President, with the approval of the Council, shall rt ge a
nominating nea ae consisting of a chairma two
other members, none of whom shall be an officer of ror Sanh

Section 2. This ssc shall nominate officers for the ensuing
year and forward the list of nominees to the Pea before
October fifteenth. Any eee nominations, if endorsed by
three members in good standing and received by the Secre-
tary not later than uke fifteenth, shall be incorporated in
the ballot for that yea

Section 3. The President — eS A | Acree appoint

t

e member not a eandidate for office act as Judge of
rotor ~ shall shen his name Satie cay the list
o the Secret

Section 4. The ra eeretary shall cn November first send to each
member of the Society a notice of the election, giving a list

136 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

ons, to whom each member shall send his
Section 5 i Balloting shall begin November first and ae Decem
first. Immediately after election the Judge of Elections ae
send to the Secretary a true statement of the ballots cast and
is ess" we ballots to the chairman of the nominating com-
candidate receiving the largest number of votes
“am be active elected, and shall be notified of his election
ase of a tie the nominating committee
shall cast the deciding vote and shall notify the Secretary of
its action.

of oe nominees and the name and address of the Judge of |
allot. |

a
q
ct
=z
@
TR
oO
°
ce
&
f=]

Section 1. Proposed amendments to this Constitution must be pre-
sented to the Secretary in writing before October first, signed
by three members. The Secretary shall publish such proposed
amendments with the notice of the next annual election and

{
|
i
|
ARTICLE VII. AMENDMENTS |
they shall be voted upon at that election. If two-thirds of the |

on the question of its adoption, the amendment shall be de-
clared adopted.

OT ere Ts ea ene ep ae mat oe ht PEE ee Py ee eas geet So tut

Index to Volume 35

vy Spee of opie in Okla-

homa, 52

Acrostichum Caenopter 2

Adiantum, = Cap tie Veneris,
59; glanduliferum, 55; pedatum,
59, var. aieutic um, 90; tenerum,

Alsophila pruinata, 55; quadri-

pinnata, oe
Mfleraaria. 1
ce ag Fora Society, 27, 64, 93,

Andrews, Henry N The Pine-
fern—A Living Link with the
Past (Review), 129

Anemia adiantifolia, 129

perpen The, “Fang: 8

‘Asplent ek 63, et abscis-
sum, 46; » Maotent nigrum, 120,

; macrosorum, ;
a ene pode pons F 129) A

ron, 108, 118, 121, 122, x Cam) mp-
tosorus rhizophy llus, 67; sep
; serratu

ot

Sa 3
mag nat 129; Trichomanes,
der eget 129, 130; triphyy.

ia ee 129, 130; verecundum

a vitide, tis

ss) see BE. Carl Christensen,
Athyrium, 98; estre var. ameri-

canum, 115; Spcpanee hi f. crista-
tum, 35, f. elegans, 35, var.

iis: pycnocarpon, ‘

ard, w Fern Genus

ag tS aa Guat temala, 1
Benedict, ‘Ralph Cc. Problems and
Objectives in the Study of Fern

Hy “td 8,

Blee Natali ‘auriculatum, 55
Botrychium, 17, 58, 63, 64; aus-
trale, 59; dissectum, 37, ,
1 ar. obliquum, 108, var.
oneidense, 60; lanceolatum, 120,
angustisegmentum, 17,
subsp. typicum, 17; aria,

Bracken, 56, 97, 101
Brown, "Hubert H. Schizaea pu-
silla from Ontario, Canada, 40

Calymella, 87
Campto osorus rhizophyllus, 102
Campyloneurum phyllitidis in
cde eas au rida, 50
lon ves rary

u
Cephalothecium, 102

Gercoanork,
Ceterach oar be“ S 121, 122
Cheilanthes, 61, 94, 98, 99

3; ala

sis, 1 0; Eatonii,
Feei, 118; Fendleri, 118; lanosa,
osa ee tomentosa,

oot >
Chetroglousa, 7
Cibotium Schiedei,, 102
Clausen, i are f
the Ea ate i North ‘American

Subspecies of Lycopodium com
pera and L. tristachyum, 9
Cochlidiu
Completoria, 102
Constitution of the American
Fern Society,
crested Form of the Broad Beech-
ern
Cryptogramma, 62, 99; crispa
so p. acrostichoides, 115; Stel-

eractemsee 101
Cryptomyeina 101
yathea, 8; arborea, 6.7 + diver-
ar s,
Cyclophorus adnascens, 75, 76;
Cylindrocladiu ;
Cystopteris Pe itidera: 54; fragilis,
an 100, var. aa
54, var. iaurentiana, 54, 93,
var. Mackayii, 54, v Ages Uoaag
54; aunthen. “15

ph

Danaea, 8; elli <8 8
Davallia ns
Dennstaedti a $3: arcuata, 22;

n

grossa,

Dicranopteris, 8, o bifida, 5;
emargina 2 -’ kawaiensis,

88, 89
Diplazium, 8; we paieoem, 46;

obscurum, 46
Dix, W. Observed Character-

ee of ee multifidum
Pa boat — se, 37

oryo 2 s

cae aq ig 15
Drropterts 8, 61, 70, 98, 99; am-

—— ana, atro-
, 60, ie “amstrals, 60,
oldia cans 73, x intermedia, 73;

138 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

cristata, 60, 65, 68, x inter-

ae ia, 73, Pid ei 65, 67,

e. a dilatata, 115; gr ty var.

guatemalensi 46; Filix-mas,

i Is Goldiana, 14.0% x intermedia,
a n

edia, 36;
incisa, 46; Thely ptatin: 100, var.
Haleana, 60, var. pubescens, 98

Earliest Collection of Onocleopsis,

Elaphoglossum, 7; proliferans, ae
wer sing Billings and Her Fer

Equisetuin, 61, 62; arvense, 26, 60,
var. boreale, 60; Ferrissii, 92;

60,
Ewan, Shecoh. ‘Ronvces of the
Fern Flora of Colorado, 114

Fadyenia, 8
Ferns and Fu ngi,
Fern Collecting in Mies Costa
ica,
Fern Hunt in Puerto Rico, 4
eat ae Names in Bartram’s a eng

Ferns Pom. Exchange, 93

Ferns ge Pacific Island Coconut
Trees, 74

— nden, G. R. Recent Range

ons of Llama ma-

tricariaefolium, 1

Filix Osmunda, bas eiahe 24

Flowers, s. Ferns of Utah (Re-

Further sh age rem — ps | ciaen
zation of Bra eat
Britain, 56

Gleichenella, 87

Gleichenia, 87, 88; dichotoma var.
emarginata, 89, var. tomentosa,
89; emarginata, 89; hawaiensis,

Glomerella, 102

bag eos Arthur Hi if r 8.
Report of ieatiee

Cocinittes 31

Hawkes, Alex D. Telooe:
Soap ta dense in uthe

Hemidict Abe

Hemioni

Heuritelie. a Poa ie log 45,

Hicriopteris, ; glauca, 88; pin-
a

Humata heterophylla, 76

Hyalopsora, 98. 99

Hybrids of the Eastern North
American Subspecies of Lyco-

podium so and L.
tristachyum
Hymenodium, "ds erinitum, 8
Hymenolepis mucronata, 76
Hymenophyllu

itis, Hugh Sactbarteegg of
pelasinella ey Oklahom
ument of Cyatopeeri« “fragilis,

Isoktes, 61, 62; ambigua, 83; asia
tica, 81; neothceune. 85; Boottii,
81; Braunii, 44,--18, 79, 83, 84,

tom
85, f. oligostoma, 83, 1
ma, 83, f. robust ; EHa-
tonii, 82, f. Gravesii, 82; no-

a
velata, 83, "var. aecan ii, 83, va
Braunii f. Boottii, 81, ae,
i 2. Fiettii pn ia

Braunii f. maritima, yer

lativelata, 83, r. robusta, 78,
. var. truncata, 86 ua-
doriensis, 49; Eng anni
valida, 82; let tii, 85; foveolata,
; Gravesii, 82; stenii, 48
c

ssilis, 83; Lechleri, 49; Ma-
ecounii, 79, 85; a0 oa P85, va eg

79,

Flettii, 85; Martii, ee uence
Le is i 81, var, raunii, 83,
hesp: » 64, f. cosy
jacifien, ary riparia, 61, 77, eS
saccharata, 61; triquetra, 49;
truncata, 80, 85, 86; valida, 82,
83

Iscétites Bra unii,

gee Elsie M. Elizabeth Bil-
s and Her Fern s ickonarg 33

acto c. =H. Rep of
J rig of Elections, 31

Jon Pi ao Flora of
Mlimoke'c (Review), 63

Lastrea Filix-mas var. abbreviata,
36

ptochilus Bradeorum, 46; cla-
5 esi 46
——- stein, Juana 8S. Ofiog
de la oo Fe.

vphenta on ew): 13;
pein de Chile 2 , 130;
ies Chilea si mat phys of
Commercia rg Poetics

INDEX TO VOLUME 3)

Lophidium elegans

subsp. flabelliforme x _ tris
chyum, 2, var. abelliforme,
9-17, var. intermedium, 15; fia-

var
Eon 61, as Bigelovii, el:
lucidulum, 11; obscurum, 11, 25,

dendroideum, b6

1
92, var. patens, 64°: tristachyum
10-2 20, 25, 26, var. Habereri, 14,
Lygodium palmatum, 24; scan-
dens, 24

Manske, Richard H. & Léo
Marion. Alkaloids bt Lycopo-
dium Species (Review), 25

Marattia fraxin 124

at
Murenonine.
Matteuccia, 3, 128; Struthiopteris,

Maxon, William R. New Tropical
American Ferns— Vv, 2
Mer et E. D. Fern Names in
am’s Travels, 1791, 23

Setenaia Pipe geal "88, 89;
hawaiiensis, 89

Milesia, 97,

Morton, C. New Species of

Isoétes ca Colombia, 48

Nephrolepis, 7; exaltata, 76, 102;

Sag, Ascher § =
w Fe nus from Mexico and

ee polos 1

ead Species of Isoétes from Co-
oO

New Stations for Equisetum lae-
vigatum f. * proliferum, 56

Ney. gyi American Ferns—

Northwestern Limits of Cysto
pteris fragilis var. laurentiana,

Notes on Illinois Pteridophytes, 92

Notholacha, 61, 99; Fendleri,
118; Standleyi, 118

Obituary: Carl istensen, 131

Observed Characteristics: 233 7
a multifidu

Oleandey T:.2r- lowe pete 47;
ura, 21; *‘Lehmanni ie 8S pilosa,

L 2
Once 3, 98, 128; sensibilis, 3,
noeoe "ig. yen 1 3. 2 &; ae

sokteciusan. . 58; ecrotalopho-
roides, 58, 59, 63 : ellipticum, 58;

139

Engelmannii, 64; nudicaule, 59

var. tenerum, 63; opacum, 58;

pusillum, ot reticulatum, Be

— vat arnt _ valdivianum, 58;
veal

60,
Genenan 2 35° 98: cinn: ea, 98;
Claytoniana, 98, J pel ing 34;
regalis, 98, 100, f. orbiculata, 34,
var. spectabilis, 6
Oras Most-renamed Native Fern,

Paltonium, 7

Pellaea, 94, oe 99; atropurpurea,
118; glabella var. occidentalis,
11 tp owtinnctons , 118

Pellicularia, 103

Pestalotia ace

Phegopter 64; connectilis, 64

bey Go ‘Walter S. Some Notes

n Ari a Ferns, 90
hytinetinia, 101

Dhyltit

Pee hostieta, ag
, 99

Plateeomn n8T

Pol Stren: 7; serratifolia, 52

Po ly podium, 7, 45, 62, 99, 102, 103;
ureum, 124: ceteraccinum, 64;

nigrescens, 75; ti m, 45;
ve dg pe var. hauxia-
: netatum, 76; scolo-

pyny Bey 74, 76; virginianum,
99: vulgare var. columbianum,
acrostichoides,

11
Polystichum, 8;
100, f. Gravesii, 35; adianti-
epee Lonchitis, 91, 115;
nitum, 99, 1
Probienia aed Objectives in the
Study of Fern Hybrids, 65
gi ent George R. Ferns
ange,
psilogramme portoricensis, 8
silotum nudum,
Pteretis, 98; nodulosa, 101, 128;
Sel gea 128 ; Struthiopte-
1

forme,

Pteridium, 97, 98, 102;
aquilinum, 858, ea jatiusculum,
59, var. ge seudocaudatum, 59;
latiusculum

Pteris multifida in Texas

teris, 102; Hie Sigg 102;
multifida, 53; scandens, 24
Pythium, 102

Rapp, William F., Jr. New Sta-
tions for Equisetum laevigatum
f. proliferu

Recent Fern literatu re, 25, 57, Pha

Recent e Extensions ot B

h-fern, 104; Some
Nomenclatural Changes in the
Genus Isoétes, 77

140

Report of Auditing Commit
i vol Jae 3. ae Genders a;

Flora of Illinois, 63;
Lichtenstein, Juana S., fio-

gan
‘Ghipiionterts. 7
Rhizoctonia, 102, 1

St. John, Harold. Valid
in the Gleicheniaceae:
Plant Studies No. 4, 87

ee volubilis, 44

Schi pusilla from Ontario,

Names
Pacific

frie
gekigeck” 44; dichotoma, 76; pu-
silla, 40

Sclerotium,

Seftenbergia,

Selaginella, 8, 61; Arsenei, 58;
erascens, 57; densa, 120;
tonii, 58; mutica, 57, var

limitanea, 58, var. texana, 58:
orega ; porrecta, 58; ru-
estri 57; scopulorum, 120;
heldonii, 52; sSlandleyi, 120;
boise odii, 57, var. dolicho-
tricha, 58

Septo

102
Shaver, "Jesse M. So ome Note:

on the Bracken and Maidenhair
thee of Tennessee ieview),
59; S Notes on the Tenn
see Lipferns (Review), 130
Skutch, Alexander F. Fern Col-
lecting in Southern Costa Rica,

_—e Nomenclatural Changes in
e Genus Isoétes, 77
Same Notes on Arizona Ferns, 90

Page 36, line 29: For

TA
Hoselton, read Hase
Page 69, line 23: For ‘* Sse a Bigs possi
age 76 :

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL

Sources of the Fern Flora of Co-
lorado, 114

Soxman, G. M. Pteris multifida
in Texas, 53

Stenochlaena es 6)

as Peay John A. Ferns and
Fu 9

Sticherus, toy fs ech eiog :
one 88; owhyhensis 53:
88; quadripartitus, "88

Lotetmart acta 87

Struthiopteris, 8; germanica var.
pen

a tight 128; polypodio-
ides, 8; Struth iopteris var. pen-
sylva ca

gent oa K. Report of
Treas co

Teetaria,’8; ig COE 50; So-

Tempskya, 129

Trichomanes, 7, 8; Boschianum,
92; poly podioides, 45; ri-

gidum, 45

Two Chilean Pteridophytes of

Commercial Importance, 55

Unique Habitat for Maidenhair
Spleenwort, 109
Vetiinge we" 97, 98

Valid ited in the Gleichenia-
st Pacific Plant Studies No.

Vittaria, 7; elongata, 76; filifolia,
45: stip ita ta, 45

Wagner, Warren Her Jr.
Fern Hunt in Puerto ithe, 4;

erns on Pacific Island Coconu ut
rees, 74
Weatherby, A. Earliest _
lectio: nocleopsis,

(Review), 57; orthwestern
limits of Cystopteris. fragilis
yar. laurentiana, 93; Report of
President, 27
Wherry, Edg 5 peal Boer ment of
Cystopteria f 54; Notes
rool Illinois Pteridophytes, 92;
r Most-renamed Native Fern,
Wee ey, Elsie G. Report of

Woodwardia, 2: virginica, 64
Woodsia, 94,

elt gs

” at ‘beginning of line.
aad Be

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eh octe BEYOLOGIST
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