Bulletin of miscellaneous information. Additional Series. Royal Gardens, Kew.

"ios MES M EV NERIS Li

Eu MP lt

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW.

BULLETIN

OF

E INFORMATION.

ADDITIONAL SERIES Ix, oe

THE USEFUL PLANTS OF NIGERIA.

PART III. Set

EL ON:
PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY'S
STATIONERY OFFICE ces
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urchased, either directly or bud) ie y Bookseller, from :
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PONSONBY, Lon», -s GRAFTOR iE

ERRATA.

Page 530, line 3 from top, for cap. read Cap.
Page 530, line 11 from bottom, for 1898 read 1894.

343

GAMOPETALAE.
RUBIACEAE.
SARCOCEPHALUS, Afzel.
Sarcocephalus esculentus, Afze/.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 38.

var. eu-esculentus, /7avil. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 1897-98, p. 26.
Ill.—Hort. Trans. v. (1824) t. 18; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxxii.
ad

-PL i 86, :
secondary bark), t. 2 (fl. leaf and adult bark); ern Fl.
Guin. Franç. t. 57; Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910,
t. 18.

Vernac. names.—Tafasiya TESES ae E Ewe Egbesi or
Agbesi (Oyo, S. Nigeria, Im . No. 3, 1909, Herb. Kew);
Opepe (Oshun Reserve, Col. er Ann. Ne. 695, 1911, p. 12);
Egbesi (Lagos, MacGregor, Phillips, Dawodu); Agbassy, Doi,
Dundaka, Wuacruli (Sierra Leone, "Scott Elliot) [Doy (Bassa),
Amelliki (Sierra veio. Heckel & Schlagdenhauffen, Win-
terbottom|; Doundaké (Sousou, Heckel, Pobéguin, Christy);

Jadali (Toucouleur, Heckel); Tétéré cone Pobéguin); Viku
(Congo, Chere lier); Kisia or Kishia Ekusawa (Gold usi

Christy); A dons (W. rica, Pharsi: Journ. vue
. 279).—African or Negro Peach, African Fig, African Quinine,
Quinquina africain, Kina du Rio-Nunez, Yellow Fever Root
Ado River, Lagos (Millen, No. 132, Herb. Kew); Laces
(MacGregor, No. 28, 1901, Dawodu, No. 23, 1901, Herb. Kew);
Nupe (Barter, No. 1244, 1858, Herb. Kew) ; Shaki Road, Lagos
(Denton, No. 14, 1900, Herb. Kew); Oyo, S. Nigeria (Imp. Inst.
No. 3, 1909, Herb. Kew); Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and West
Africa in general.
var. Russegeri, Havil. Journ, Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 1897-98, p. 26.
[S. Russegeri, Kotschy; Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 39.]
Ill nage Reliq. Kotschyanae, t. 33 (S. Russegeri).
ac. names.—Nou (Sudan, Broun); Mutama (Lunyoro,

Ver
Dane Daw

Acholi, Uganda (Dawe, No. 836, 1905, Herb. Kew), Niam-Niam,
Bahr-el-Ghaz aL Sudan (Broun, Herb. Kew), Djur-land
(Schweinfurth, No. 3746, Herb. Kew) and Madi e and
Grant), oe confined to the fe interior of West and

Central Africa
Fruit ble tat of an apple, size 2 in. in diameter (Grant,
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 1875, p. 81, S. ee fragrant and
, Herb. Kew,

S. Pe. flavour like a strawberry, t bos h Tue odour is
l

x

MISSOURI BOTANICAL

344

‘peach ” or ** fig”: eaten in excess it acts as an emetic (Journ.
Soc. Arts. xxxv. 1887, p: 995, S. esculentus).

22

esi
(Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. B. W. Afr. p.138). The bark

mI
un
4

3
ca
bu
e
pru
©
"

pm

z
[um
[e]
B
A
hj
D
E
®
a

x
e
4
e
Pm
a
e
c
ome
oO
cm
Im
ot
+
(D

st
inm)

o
Un
nm
c
un
un
Ms
B

Og

n y
infectoria], (Christy, New
Drugs, No. 11, 1889, p. 81).
The leaves are also used for medicinal purposes in French
Guinea (L'Agric. prat. pays chauds, xi. part 2, 1911, p. 139)

. Frang. fase. v. p. 230); cut into boards and used for
tables, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893,
Sarcocephalus esculentus, p. 35); makes good fuel (Thompson,
Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 90); variously described as
yellowish, no difference in heartwood and sapwood (Chevalier,

Col. Rep. Mise. No. 66, 1910, p- 20, S. esculentus); a shrub common
in the bush, Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew, S. Russegeri); a
middle-sized tree, Sudan (Broun, Herb. Kew, S. Russegeri).

345
Fruit ripening in October, Nupe (Barter, l.c.) in F i ger at
Madi (Grant, Trans. Lin n. Soc . xxix, p. 81, S. Russegeri).

Kef.—'' Doundake Barks," in New Commercial Plants n
Drugs. Christy, No. ea PP: ee “ Dou inda ike and i

à

Ju E ane m and Durs ‘No. 9, 188 86, p. 7-9. s
kanchie," in Pharm. Journ. is x. 1900, ‘Some West res
Drugs," by J. Slinger Ward, p. 280.

Wara Korth.

Mitragyna africana, Korth. Fl. Trop. ee III. p. 40.

Ill.—Usteri, Delectus Opusc. Bot 3 (Uncaria inermis);
Hook. Fl. Nigrit. t. 37 (Éiissonputé. Aum), Hook. Ic. Pl.
t. 787 (Nauclea platanocarpa).

Vernac. names.—Gagayah or Gigeya (N. Nigeria, Imp. Inst.
No. 36726, Herb. Kew); Kratchi (Gold Coast, Anderso on); Kawin?
(Gold Coast, Rothschild) : Diou, Khoti (French Guinea,

kh

Attah (Vogel, No. 40 Herb. Kew), DE (Barter, No. 1189,
Herb. Kew), Yola (Shaw, No. 62, Herb. Kew), Bornu (Elliott,
No. 120, Herb. une EOS (Elliott, No. 5, Lc.) and widely
distributed in West A

The wood is used = carving, and Mussulman writing boards.
are made of it, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), for eg rad etc.
(Gold Coast, Mus ew). À specimen in the Kew Museum has
specific gravity 0:594 = 37 lb. per cubic foot.

The leaves are used medicinally in agate Guinea (Pobéguin,
me Med. du Guin. Franc. L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, xi.

42). The NEE is aed medicinally i in Cererea] cs Yola
‘Shay; Herb. Kew); yields a yellow dye (Pobéguin

rb. K
a tree, 40 ft., Yola (Shaw, Herb. Kew), a shrub or small tree,
15 feet high, oe common isolated and in river woods on allu-
pma of the Niger, Farana, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Herb.
Kew), and as a tree characteristic of the swamps in the dry o open
country, Gold Coast (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910,
p- 72).

Mitragyna macrophylla, Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 41.
Ill.—Haviland, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 1897-98, t. 4,
ff. 1-10 (Anal. of fl. fr. seed, etc.); dris "Lem Veg. Util.
L'Afriq. Trop. om Fasc. vi. p. 352, f 4T.
Vern Yaya or Sawa (Gold Coast,
T ne, Bed work aril (Gold Coast, Armitage);
¥2

346

Bahia, Sofo (French Ivory Coast, Chevalier, Courtet); Séfono,
Ogouwa (French Ivory Coast, Courtet); Mun o (Golungo Alto,
Welwitsch) ; Kobodigansu (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Fofo,
Popo (French Guinea, Pobéguin), Bois de Bahia, Tilleul
eiim (Chevalier).
Eppah (Barter) Nun 2: Hann), and found also in Sierra
Leone, Gold Coast, Angola,
The wood is used by Apes for making canoes (Mann, Herb.
Kew), for housebuilding and furniture in Angola (Hiern. Cat.
Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 435) and for de work and cabinet

Fop
‘West African Mahogany" (Thompson, Col. Misc
No. Ré 1910, p. 21) and exploited for timber on the Gold Cotes
(Le. p. 36).

The leaves are used for wrapping Kola nuts (Cola acuminata),
Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew, No. 4752; Col. R :
No. 3, 1893, p. 55; Pobéguin, PI. Med. du Guin. Franç. in
L'Agric. prat. pay s chauds, xi 3. 1911, p. 43); used medicinally
as also the bark in T French Guinea (l.c.). The roots are boiled and
eaten for colie in Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, l.c

The tree is found in swamps, Gold Coast Gm poa, rep: 255
from 100—114 ft., with a trunk up to i ft. without branching, and
from 32-40 in. in diameter, common on the banks of ri vers and

. 495,
forests of t Eppah (Barter, Harb: Kev), 40 f t. i high. in swampy
round, Nun River (Mann, Herb. Kew), and 30-40 ft. high in
moist forest near Lake Victoria Nyanza, altitude 4000 H. (Dawe,
Herb. Kew).

Uxcarra, Schreb.

Uncaria Gambier, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 86.

A scandent shrub; or a bush under cultivation 8-10 ft. high.
Leaves glabrous, rate orovate lanceolate, acuminate, 3—4 in. long,
1i-2 in. broad, petioles 3 in., midrib and broadly spaced nervures,
prominent on the under-side ; green, thick and fleshy when fresh,
chocolate on the upper surface, reddish brown below, thin and
crumbling readily when : ee loosely globular on
axillary peduncles. Flowers small, white.

Ill. —Rumpf, Amb. v. t. 34, ff. 2, » Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. ioa

t. 22 (Nauclea Gambir) ; Hayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewächse, x. t. 3
iv auclea Gambir); Nees von Esenbeck, Plant, Medic. Diisseld.

347

Suppl. (Nauclea Gambir); Korthals, Verhandl. Nat. Gesch.
Nederl. Bezitt (1839-42) t. 34, ff. 1-2; Berg. Charact. t. 44,
No. 340 (Nauclea Gambir); Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. pp. 350—351
(Ourouparia Gambir); Bentl. and Trimen, Med. Pl. t. 139;
Kohler, Med. Pflan.; Teysmannia, Batavia, xviii. 1907, p. 106.

Gambir or Gambier, Terra Japonica, Pale catechu.

Native of the Malay Peninsula, and largely cultivated there.

The plant was recommended by Kew for cultivation in Lagos,
and the Niger Territory as well as in other colonies in 1889 (Kew
Bull. 1889, p. 247), but nowhere does it appear to have been com-
mercially successful óther than in or near the original countries
of production.

An important tanning and dyeing substance is obtained from
the leaves. The extract is also used medicinally, and in India for
eating with “ pán ” (Dict. Econ. Prod. India), and countries of
origin for chewing with betel-pepper and lime.

o
cuttings—the latter for preference. Planted out when about
-12 in. high, at distances of about 9-12 ft. (538, or 302 plants

from two to four harvests of leaves d year for upwards of 20 or
30 years. Careful weeding and good cultivation —manuring,
occasional topping to 6 ft. or so, etc., is essential to keep the
plantation up to standard.

It is sometimes grown in the Malay States as a catch-crop with
Pepper (Piper nigrum), and might be similarly tried in rubber
plantations.

and made up into the usual commercial forms—in blocks or cut
and pressed into cubes. The fracture is somewhat earthy and
in general appearance it resembles clay

The stirring during the boiling process is done in the Straits
Settlements with three pronged forks, made in one piece, of the

348

. The yield is about 5 oz. per tree per annum (Kew Bulletin, 1889,
p. 252), which gives a total yeld of about 168 lb. per acre.

ighty
the island of Rhio alone, about 4000 tons a year (Dict. Comm

Ger

countries (300 cwt., value £481) (Trade of the United Kingdom,
i. 1911, p. 106). In 1906, 80 cwt., value £27, 1907, 20 ewt.,
value £23, and in 1908, 6400 cwt., value £7520 were imported
from other British Possessions from whence no imports in 1909
or 1910 (1.c. p. 106).

Kef.—'' Gambier,” in Tropical Agriculture, Simmonds,
pp. 387-388 (Spon, London, 1877).—'' Gambier,” in Pharma-
cographia, Flückiger and Hanbury, pp. 335-338 (Maemillan &
Co., London, 1879).— —': Uncaria Gambier,” in Medicinal Plants,
Bentley and Trimen, ii. No. 139, 41 pages (Churchill & Son,
London, 1880).—‘‘ Gambier, Pale Catechu, or Terra Japo
in Spon’s Encyclopaedia, Div. v. pp. 1984-1985 (London, 1882).
LL SN > ie i

iil. ages. :
Straits Benoni and Fed. Malay States, Feb. 1892, pp, 20—41,
Description, History, Uses, Forms of Gambier, Cultivation and
Manufacture.‘ La Culture du Gambi , Dr. Meyners
D’Estrey,in Revue des Sci. Nat. Appl. i. 1892, pp. 51-53.——‘‘ The
Production of Gambia [Gambier] in Singapore," in Journ. Soc.
il 98-59.— —'' Uncaria Gambier,” in Dict.
Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. part 4, 1898, pp. 210-211.——
'Gambier in British North Borneo," in Kew Bull. 1893,
pp. 139—141.— —'* Uncaria Gambier,” in Agric. Ledger, No. 1
,p.4 ** Culture et Préparation du Gambier,” in Journ.
D’Agric. Tropicale, ii. 1902, pp. 333-334. La Plantation de
Gambir de M. von. Machel, l.c. iii. 1903, pp. 80-81; Abstract
** Cultivation of the Gambier Plant in Sumatra," in Bull. Imp.

349

Inst. 1. 1903, pp. 97-98. '* Gambier in the West Indies," in
West pes Bull. iv. No. 1, pp. 80-85. ** De

Bereiding van Gambir in Den Riow w-Archipel." Dr. W. de Jong,
in Teysmannia, xviii. 1907, pp. 16-18; pp. 106-111; pp. 242-245,
illustrated.

Cixcnoxa, Linn.
Cinchona Calisaya, Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. iii. x. (1848), p. 6.
A tall tree, 30-60 ft. high, sometimes shrub-like, 6-12 ft.
(King). Leaves obtuse, oblong ue e or obovate, glabrous,
glossy on the upper surface, in. long, petioles about } in.
rong; small indistinct pits in the axils of the midrib and lateral
ves. Inflorescence paniculate; flowers small, white or pale
flesh-coloured, fringed, fragrant. Capsule ovoid oblong, ious
i of an inch long
Ill.—We dell, „Hist Nat. Quinquinas, t. 3, 3 bis (var.
Josephiana), t. 28, ff. 1-4 (bark); Pereira, Mat. m ii. f. 325;
Paxton, FI. ATE ntt 107; Lemaire, Le Jard. Fl. iv. 1854, t. 367;
Siebold, Fl. Jard. i. 1858, t. 14; Berg. and Schmidt, Darst. and
5b, ff. A—

E.

n Plantations, tt. 7, 8 (Calisaya javanica), t. var.
microcarpa); Bot. Mag. t. 6434, t. 6052 (var. Josephiana) : eee
Hist. Pl. vii. pp. 338—339; Bentl. and. Trimen, Med. . 141;

Kóhler, Med. Pflan. i; Moens, Kinacultuur in Azie, t. > (kabit)
t. 14 (fl. br.), t. 25 (parts of fl. and fr.).

Yellow Bark, oo. Bark.

Native of Bolivi a, wild and V riens Cultivated in India,
Java, Ceylon, and Si. Thomé (West Africa).

ieu Ledgeriana, Howard, Quin. E. perd diei d

[C. Ledgeriana, Moens, ex Trimen in Jou
Fiss) p. 323. |
A small tree, 25 ft. high and upwards. Leaves lanceolate

or ‘elliptic oblong, cet about as long as those of the
larger in coppice wth. Inflorescence S agone culate; flowers
yellowish, white fringed fragrant. Capsule ovoid lanceolate,
about 4 or nearly +

Til Fo oward, oum E. ues Plantations, 4 bho
Ledgeriana, “‘ Macho,’ > form A), t. 5 (‘* Hembra,”’ ba B), t
(form C); Gard. Chron. Oct. llth, 1019, 2, p: 407, f. TES Kow
Report, 1880, p. 13; Journal Bot. 1881, tt. 229, 223; Flückiger,
Chinarind. tt. 2, 9; Flückiger, Cinchona Barks [Pow wer, Transl.],
tt. 2, 3; Moens, Kinacultuur in Azie, t. 1 (habit), tt. 12, 13 (fl. br.),
t. 23 (parts of fl. and fr.).

Ledger Bark, Yellow Bark, Calisaya Bark.

Native of Bolivia P ripe in India, Java, and Ceylon;
and under experiment i in East Afric

Cinchona officinalis, Linn. Syst. ed. x. (1759), p. 929.

A slender tree 20-30 ft., 8-10 in. diam. at the base (King).
Leaves lanceolate ovate lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate,

350

glabrous, 3-6 in. long, on long petioles (1-1j in.), pitted in
the axils of the aos and lateral nerves. nflorescence cymose,
terminal and axillary. Capsules ovoid oblong, nearly 2 in. long.

Iil.—Plenck, Ic. t. 131; Skrivter Nat. Selsk (1790) t. 2; Biles ous
3:

Encycl. t. 164, i. 1; Lambert, Cinchona, t. 1; Humb. & Bonpl.
Pl. Equinoct. i. t. 10 (C. condaminea); Hayne, Darst. Beschr.
me Mee t. 37 S RP Le Pharm. Med. Bot.

Beschr. t. 208 (C : ` condamänea) ; Waldel, Hist. Nat. weet?
tt. 4, 4 bis (C. condaminea); Berg. & Schmidt, Darst.
rm. t. 14e (C.

i m. < Jba :
A ee Mu Mag. t. iine ws Illust. Nueva
uin. Pavon, LC Eouwguca t ca er al tí 19 46,

Trimen, Med. Pl. t 140; oe Chinarind, t. 5; Cinchona
Barks [Power Triad) t. 5 Köhler, Med. Pflan. 1.; Moens, Kina-
cultuur in Azie, t. 6 (babs), V. 17 (d. br.).

Crown Bark, Loxa Bark, Pale Bark, Peruvian Bark, Jesuit’s
Bark, Countess? s Powder

Native of Peru. Cultivated i in India, Java, Ceylon.

Cinchona succirubra, Pavon ex Klotzsch, in Abh. Akad. Berlin
(1857), p. 60.

A tree 50-80 ft. high (Owen), 15-40 ft. (Howard ex Klotzsch).
Trunk straight. Leaves soft pubescent, sometimes tomentose,
bright green, and ripening to a red especially on the under surface,
Re et chartaceous when dry, larger blade, 4-9 in. long,
3-6 in. broad, than in the other species mentioned, elliptical,
acute at the apex and the base. Inflorescence cymose, flowers rose-
coloured. Capsule oblong, about an inch or more in length.

—Ve t on Portug. t. 2 (C. “rubra ou colorada "'

Quin. E. Indian Plantations, Photo. t. 1 (babit, planted
in 1862, First Denison ed ae Neddivuttum, 0 ft.

1: e Med. Pflan. ; Moe P ARRETE & 5 (habit), t. 19

ae and fl. br.), t. 29, E 1 Dai of fl. and fr.).

Red Bark.

Native of Peru. Cultivated in India, Java, Ceylon, J voii
St. Thomé (W. Africa), and under experime ent in East Afri

Cinchona is grown entirely for the bark, the oe “of
which in general are tonic and febrifuge. Sulphat e of Quinine is
the principal extract. In India a preparation called ‘‘ cinchona

351
febrifuge " is used, made chiefly from ‘Red bark”

reference to source as ‘‘ Peruvian Bark," the total imports of all
kinds under this name in 1910 being 22, 469 ewt., value £39,520,
of which Java contributed more than one- ae (Tr rade of United
Kingdom, i. 1911, p. 102). The exports of cinchona bark
Java in 1912 amounted to 17,809,000 ]b., and in 1913, 90, 583,000 Th.
and the exports of manufactured quinine, 1912, 163,900 Ib. and
in 1913, 159,450 Ib. The quantity of sulphate of quinine manu-
factured by the Bandoeng factory in 1913 was 68,000 kilos, the
price E from about 8d. to ls. per oz. (Cons. e nn
No. 5325, 1914, p. 8). he prineipal commercial distinctions
are *' Druggists’ Bark’’—usually best selected quills or bark
of good appearance, and “‘ Manufacturers’ Bark ’’—the appear-
ance of which is of — À consideration um it is often
convenient to ship it in chips to save freight. to the main
forms come various descriptions, as '' bright TES druggists’
quil," ‘‘loxa quill" ‘‘crushed ledgeriana stem «c
j i succirubra chips" and
“Bolivian cultivated calisaya quill,”
cs ra red bark," &c., &c. From 5-7 per cent. of quinine
exclusive of other alkaloids i is in manufacturers! bark a saleable
condition, and the value is based on the unit rate ruling at the
time of selling, and the quinine content of samples, Amsterdam
being the principal market, where the unit in 1912 was 3-07 to
4-42 cents per half kilo (in "London, $ 7d. to 7d. per 1b.), and the
average percentage of quinine in manufacturing bark offered being
6-38 (Chem. and Druggist, Jan. 18, 1913, p. 97); and in 1913 at
the Amsterdam Auctions the average price per unit was 4-92 cents

. (Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5325, 1914, p. 8).

Java—where the planters and manufacturers have formed an
agrees which places the industry in a position of stability with

regard to prices, etc.—has so far made the greatest commercial
success of the production, though India has been equally suc-
cessful in the cultivation, the object there being mainly to meet
the demands for local use and z ensure a position of independence
from external sources. As ria opens up, it is not unlikely
that some suitable localities i be found for the cultivation of
Cinchona especially in the mountainous area bos the Bauchi

piae reges to the Cameroon Boundary. C. succirubra,
and C. Calisaya are cultivated with success in y island of St.
Mesi at an altitude of about 3500 ft.; this is the nearest

approach to the region indicated on the mainland where the

altitude reaches 3000 ft. and upwards (see part 1, p. 8), and the
prime factor of deep rich soil being available there seems to be no:
reason why Cinchona should not be given a trial.

U wards of sixty-five works have been published on the subject,
comprisin g books, important papers and official Janus,
covering the history, cultivation and commerce, but it may be

352

sufficient to indicate here that ev erything of ordinary interest will
be found in a reference to the illustrated works mentioned above;
Parliamentary Returns, containing Copies of Correspondence re-
lating to the Introduction of the Cinchona plant into India and the
Proceedings connected with its cultivation (1) March 1852 to
March 1863, pp. 1-272; (2) April 1863 to 1866, pp. 1-379; (3)
April 1866 to 1870, pp. 1-285; (4) Aug. 1870 to July 1875,
pp. 1-190, and (5) continued in a second part pp. 1-190; The
Cinchona Planters’ Manual, Owen pp. 1-203 (Ferguson,

CORYNANTHE, Welw.

Corynanthe paniculata, Welw.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 43.

Ill.—Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. t. 14.

Vernac. names.—Anikiba (Benin, Dennett); Mangue (Golungo
Alto, Welwitsch); Mangue do Monte or Paco de Golungo Alto
(Portuguese, Welwitsch).

Benin, Cameroons, Congo, Angola, etc.

The-wood is good for building (F1. Trop. Afr. l.c.); used in
house building and for many other purposes in Golungo Alto
(Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 497); white, hard, durable, of
fine grain and very dense (Le.).

A large tree, Benin City (Dennett, Herb. Kew), 40-60 ft. high,
trunk straight, 1-21 ft. in diam. near the base, forming exten-
sive forests in nearly all the more elevated parts of Quilombo and
Mata de Alto Queta, Angola (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii.
p. 497); a tree 25-40 ft. or a shrub 12-15 ft. high (Fl. Trop.
Afr. Lo.).

Cameroons, ‘ Endun " of the French Congo, is the source of the
= Yohimbe bark," from which the alkaloid ‘‘ Yohimbine "' 18

Johimberinde," by E. Gilg and K. Schumann, pp. 92-97,
S. Nigeria Gazette, July 14, 1909, Su pa Report by Imp.
geria.”

CnossoPTERYx, Fenzl.
Crossopteryx Kotschyana, Fenzl; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 44.

Ill.—Kotschy, Pl. Tinneana, tt. 15a and 15b; Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin, App. xxii. 1909, p- 39, f. 15 (C. africana).

959

Nupe, a EC Lagos, and found also in Sierra
Leone, Nile Province, PEN Togoland, Angola, Upper Chari,
Cameroons, Nyasaland, ete

À medicinal plant, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc.
No. 3, 1893, p. 56); bark used as a febrifuge, Sierra Leone
(Winterbottom, Acct. Sierra Leone, ii. (1803) p. 243; Fl. Trop.
Afr. l.c.; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 367. Wood, brittle (Fl. Trop.

Afr. l.c.; Grant Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 1875, n. 82), hard,

498). In Madi Sen used by the
natives to fumigate their bark- cloths, and powdered to make a
pomade for rubbing their bodies (Grant, Lej.

A small tree, Zungeru and Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew),
8-15 ft. high with spreading or sub-erect branches, in hilly,
wooded, rather dry places, mountains of Mongolo, fruit ripe
without flowers, and almost leafless in September, Zena do
Golungo, Angola; leaves deciduous at the time of fruiting (J uly),
at Catomba (Hiern, l.c. pp. 437, 438); a tree 20-30 ft. common

15 ft. lona cream-coloured, very fragrant, N u e (Barter, Herb.
Kew), Nile Province, Uganda awe, Herb. a in fruit at
Madi in December (Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. l.c.).

Ref.—'* African Bark," in An Account of the Native Africans,
Sierra Leone, Winterbottom, il. pp. 243-253 (London, 1803),
chiefly medicina

OLDENLANDIA, Plumier.
Oldenlandia Heynei, Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 59.
Vernac. names.—Igbale Odan, Apikan (Lagos, Dawodu).

Niger, Sierra Leone, and found also in India, Natal and

Madagascar
Used medicinally for children, Lagos (Dawodu, No. 33, Herb.
Kew).

An aot? or decumbent annual, 1-2 ft. (Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.),
a bushy plant 6-8 in. high, the stems growing flatly on the
ground, in plantain groves Uganda and Karagwe (Grant, Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxix. 1875, p. 84).

Oldenlandia senegalensis, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 56.
Ill.—Endl. Atakta Bot. t. 23 (Kohautia senegalensis).
Vernac. name.—Temeng-Temeng (Gambia, Brown Lester).

Niger, Gambia, Senegambia, etc.

354

oots made into native Laconia, also used as worm-killer, Gambia
(Kee Bull. 1891, 72).

Erect annual, 13 ft. high, branched from the base (Fl. Trop.
Afr. Lc.); 5 ft. high, seen everywhere, collected in long scam.
Gambia (Kew Bull. 1.c.).

** Kakeis "" (Oldenlandia globosa, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. iii.

** West African Drugs," p. 995). There is a specimen in the
Herbarium at Kew, from Angola, but none from Nigeria.

MuvssaENDA, Linn
Mussaenda arcuata, Zoir.; Fl. Trop. Zn III. p. 68.
Ill.—De Wildeman, Etudes Fl. Bangala, p. 114.
ernac. names.—Tsikirity, Vahindanigo or Voandaingo (Mada-
gascar, H MEN: ; Cicrite (Reunion, Heckel).

Niger; Nupe.

A decoction of the leaves and stem is a reputed ick and
strengthening drink in Madagascar (Heckel, Ann. L'Inst. Col.
Marseille, i. 1908, p. 161). Other medicinal uses are Seded for
this plant by Heckel (Lo.).

Mussaenda elegans, Schum. et Thonn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 69.

. Nigeria (Elliott, No. 75, Herb. Kew): S. Nigeria (Holland,
No. 45 Herb. Kew), and w idely distributed in Upper and Lower
Guinea, occurring in Mombuttu Land.
A decorative plant; flowers NER scarlet.

Mussaenda erythrophylla, Schum. et Thonn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III.
p. 69.

Ill.—Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. (1869) t. 13 an Tem Bot.
Mag. t. 8222; Gard. Chron. Aug. 5th, 1911, p

Ver names.—Dilula, Dilula-Riula, Ta or Alleluia
(Paso does Welwitsch).

Widely distributed in West Africa, from Biers Leone to the
Cameroons and Angola; extending to Ugan

The bright searlet bracts make this an steading handsome
decorative plant. Introduced to Kew by Mann in 1863, but lost
sight of for some years until sent to Kew by Ridley from Singa ore
Botanic Gardens, flowered and figured for Bot. Mag. (l. x^
1908. Collected. ‘for Sander & Sons, on the banks of the Eada
Loango, French Congo, in 1 188

resembles that of Euphorbia pulcherrima in. brilliancy and floral
effect, and it sometimes almost completely covers low trees with its

355

glowing garlands, Pungo Andongo (Hiern, Cat. Welw a FL
li. pp. 453, 454); found in the Cameroons at an altitude 7 “S000.
4500 ft. (Bot. Mag. l.c.).

Mussaenda Isertiana, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 67.

Vernac. name.—Igi ira (Lagos, Dawodu).

Abeokuta (Irving); Lagos Island (Barter); Whydah, Slave

Coast (Isert).

A climbing or bushy shrub, 6—15 ft. Inflorescence ee M eon
white bracts, flowers yellow; a handsome decorative plan

Mussaenda tenuiflora, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 69.

Old Calabar one Holland: Nos. 73, 83 & 126, Herb.
Kew); Golungo Alto

À decorative pluit; A very elegant shrub, scandent, with long
sarmentose branches, calyx green, the enlarged lobe ‘foliaceous,

white, soon turning a whitish-sulphur colour, Golungo Alto
(Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 453).

Among other Mussaendas that possess some interest as decorative
plants may be mentioned M. Afzelii, Don. Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 66,
collected at Aboh by Vogel, ane M. luteola, Delile, Fl. Trop. Afr.
iii. p. 71, figured in Bot. Mag. t. 5573, from plants grown at Kew

n 1866, the seeds being collected by Capt. Grant in the rocky
ravines of Gani and Madi, 1863.

Dicryanpra, Welw.

Dictyandra arborescens, Welw.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 86.

Vernac. name.—Mungolo oamxi (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch).

Old Calabar, and in Angola, the Cameroons, etc.

Timber used for hut-building, in Golungo ae (Hiern, Cat.
Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 457). A piece of the wood [Cameroons,
Zenker] in the Kew Museum has specific grav ity 0-131 — 46 Ib.
per cubic ft

A tree 15-35 ft. high in the primitive forests, or a stout shrub
8-12 ft., trunk sometimes 2-21 ft. in diameter, Golungo Alto (1.c.).

Ranna, Houst.
Randia genipaefiora, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 95.
Lagos. Also in Sierra Leone and Fernando Po.
Referred to as ‘* Wild Coffee," Fernando Po (Barter, Herb.
Kew), and of Sierra Leone (Barter, Mus. Kew); found as a shrub:
-or tree up to 20 ft., fruit globose, 4 in. in diameter (Fl. Trop.
Ar. Le.)

Randia macrantha, DC.; Fl. Trop Afr. III. p. 97.

Ill.—Salisbury, Parad. Lond. t. 93 (R. nee Bot. Mag.
t. 3409 (R. Seima): Bot. TE (1846) 3 (Gardenia
Devoniana); Paxt Mag. xiii 269 d (Gardenia Devoniana) ;

Fl. des Serres, t. Toi (Gardenia one.

356

Vernac. name.—Kan-Kan (Yoruba, Millson, Moloney).

Eppah; Lagos; Yoruba; the Cameroons and Uganda.

A decorative plant. ;

A shrub, 9 ft. high, deciduous, Eppah (Barter, Herb. Kew);
30 ft. high, in the Cameroons, altitude 2000-3000 ft. (Mann,
Herb. Kew); 10 ft. in Toro, Uganda, altitude 4000 ft. (Dawe,

b. Kew) . ;

.

Randia maculata, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 96.

Vernac. names.—Buje (Yoruba, Millson, Moloney); Buji
(Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Buje dudu, Asogbodum (Lagos,
Foster); Gongoresi (Lagos, Dawodu).

Lagos; Yoruba, Abeokuta, Oshogbo; Nupe. Also in Fernando
Po and in Uganda at Entebbe.

A dye is obtained from the fruit used by all interior tribes for
tattooing the face blue, Yoruba (Millson, Kew, Bull. 1891, p. 208);
for tattooing, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3,
1893, p. 51).

The plant is very decorative. A shrub 10-15 ft. (Fl. Trop.
Afr. Le.), 4-5 ft. Lagos (Foster, Herb. Kew); found at 3900 ft.
though not common at Entebbe (Dawe, Herb. Kew).

Randia malleifera, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IIT. p. 98.

Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4307 (Gardenia malleifera); Fl. des Serres,
t. 249 (Gardenia malleifera).

Vernac. names.—Buje-nla — (Oloke-Meji, Foster); Blippo
(Mombuttu, Schweinfurth), ;

Lagos; Insofan (Cross River); Agbemia (Niger), and widely
distributed in West Africa from Sierra Leone to the Bagroo river,
extending to the Sudan and Niam-Niam, and the Congo Region
(Mombuttu).

The inky sap is used by the Niam-Niam and Mombuttu tribes
to dye their skin (Schweinfurth, Heart of Africa, i. p. 199; FI.
Trop. Afr. l.c.; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 367), and the juice of
the fruits is used for a similar purpose and also as ink by the
natives in the region of the eee thas

A handsome decorative plant. A puberulous shrub 8-15 ft.
high or a small tree, Niam-Niam (Schweinfurth, l.c.); [flowers,
brownish-white very fragrant, Agbemia, Niger (Barter); 3 ft.
Oloke-Meji (Foster); flowers white, dirty yellow outside, except

957

white tips, Insofan (Holland); a large shrub, especially in dark
localities near streams, Khor Telu, Sudan (Broun); a large shrub,
Bahr-el-Ghazal (Brown); a shrubby tree 20 ft. in swamps, Akim,

son); climber, Sierra Leone (Turner), common
up to 3000 ft. Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot) Herb. Kew].

Randia nilotica, Stapf in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. (1906) p. 519.

LR. dumetorum, Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 94, non Lam.]

Ill.—Schweinf. F1. Aethiop. t. 3 f. 1 (22. dumetorum); Fiori,
Piante Legnose Dell'Eritrea, p. 359, f. 170 (R. dumetorum);
Agric. Col. 1911, Suppl. p. 136 (R. dumetorum).

Vernac. name.—Barbaji (Katagum, Dalziel).

Katagum (Dalziel, No. 298, 1908, Herb. Kew), Nile Region,
extending to Brit. E. Africa.

Fruit said to act as a fish poison (Fl. Trop. Afr. Lc.) and an
antidote to arrow poison, Katagum (Dalziel, Lex
[A shrub 10-15 ft., Nile Province, Uganda (Dawe, No. 882,
1905); a spiny shrub, Sudan (Muriel) Herb. Kew].

z Randia octomera, Benth. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 98.

Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 5410 (Gardenia octomera).

Calabar, collected by Rev. W. C. Thomson (1863) and Rev.
H. Goldie (1888).

A decorative plant. The cultivation of this and all the Randias
mentioned above is comparatively easy, from seed or cuttings,
grown in moderately light soil rich in leaf mould or humus, and a
fair proportion of sand.

GARDENIA, Ellis.

Gardenia ternifolia, Thunb. in Schum. et Thonn. Beskr. Guin.
Pl. p. 147.

Tree or shrub 6-15 ft. high, spreading, glabrous branches.
Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, sessile, subacute or rarely rotun-
date, cuneate at the base 11-31 in. long. 3-11 in. broad; sub-

each side 7-11 oblique. Flowers white or yellow, tubular. Fruit
in section, oblong-elliptic 2-22 in. long, 21 lin. diam. Seed sub-
globose, yellow, about 2 lin. diameter (see Stapf & Hutchinson,
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. (1909) p. 425 for fuller description).

Vernac. names.—Gauden Kura (Katagum, Dalziel); Orumon or
Oruwon (Oloke-Meji, Dodd).

Oloke-Meji (Dodd, No. 401, 1908, Herb. Kew); Nupe (Barter,
No. 1205, Baikie (1862) Herb. Kew); Zungeru (Elliott, No. 30,
1904, Herb. Kew); Kuka, Bornu (Vogel, No. 92, Herb. Kew); Lake
Chad and Bornu (Talbot, No. 271, 1911, Herb. Kew); Katagum
(Dalziel, No. 162, 1908, and No. 161, fruit). :

Fruit edible, but coarse (Dalziel, 1.c.). .

358

Gardenia Vogelii, Hook. f.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 103.
Ill.—Hook. F1. Nigrit. tt. 38, 39; Hook. Ic Pl. tt. 782, 783.

Aboh in S. Nigeria; also in Sierra Leone.
Used in Djurland as a paint for the body (Moloney, For. W. Afr.
. 968).

A shrub, 8 ft. high, with white fragrant flowers, Aboh (Barter,
Herb. Kew).

Herb. Kew). (2) G. Jovis-tonantis, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. iii.
p.101; " Ndai, ^ Undai" * Dai,’

None of these appear to have been observed in Nigeria, though
they may oceur there; being widely distributed in Tropical Africa.

Oxyantuus, DC.

Oxyanthus speciosus, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 108.

Vernac. name.—Mule-mule (St. Thomé, Welwitsch).

Bonny River; Brass; Old Calabar. Also in Senegambia, Sierra
Leone and St. Thomé.

The bark is dried and used for scent, by the natives of Sierra
Leone (Lane-Poole, No. 115, 1912, Herb. Kew).

An ornamental shrub or tree, 12-20 ft. high.

Oxyanthus tubiflorus, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 107.

Zil—Andr. Rep. iii. t. 183 (Gardenia tubiflora); Bot. Mag.
t. 1992 (O. speciosus); Lindley Collect. Bot. t. 13 (O. speciosus);
Fl. des Serres, t. 737; Lemaire, Le Jard. Fl. iii. 1852-3, t. 245;
Bot. Mag. t. 4636.

Lagos; Onitsha; Ibadan; Ilorin, and the Gold Coast, Bagroo
River, St. Vincent, etc.

The fruit is beaten in a mortar and used for food (Moloney, For.
W. Afr. p. 368; Fl. Trop. Afr. Le.)

An ornamental plant introduced to England in 1789 from Sierra
Leone (Andr. Rep. t. 183) and grown at Kew as O. speciosus,
Aiton; a shrub, flowers white fragrant, Ibadan and Ilorin;

359

Onitsha (Barter, Herb. Kew), E. Akim, Gold Coast (Johnson,
Herb. Kew). Propagated by cuttings and easily cultivated.

Moretia, A. Rich.

Morelia senegalensis, A. Rich.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 113.

[Lamprothamnus Fosteri, Hutchinson, Kew Bull. 1907, p. 49].

Iil.—Kotschy, Pl. Tinneana, t. 14.

Lagos (Foster, No. 4, 1906, Herb. Kew); Old Calabar (Mann,
No. 2274, Her b. Kew w); Nupe Secon No. 1180, Herb. Kew);
Zungeru (Elliott, No. 25, 1904, Herb. Kew

Used to stupefy fish, Nupe ees Old Calabar (Mann).

A shrub, with fragrant white flowers, common on river banks 8,
Nupe (Barter), flowers white tinged with pink, Zungeru (Elliott);
a tree at Speki river, Lagos (Rowland, Herb. Kew).

Cremaspora, Benth.

Cremaspora africana, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 126.

Vernac. name.—Buje (Lagos; Dawodu).

Niger. Found also in Sierra Leone, Mombuttu, Bongo, Djur-
land and Zanzibar

Fruits yield a iix colour like Indigo, W. Africa (Couper,
Johnstone Co. Mus. Loa A pretty ornamental plant
blossoming abundantly, Niger (Barter, Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.);

owerlng and fruiting in Chirinde Forest, Gazaland, altitude

3700-4000 ft. Sept. to Dec. (Journ. Linn. Soc. xl. 1911, p. 87).

Prectrrontia, Linn.

Plectronia Afzeliana, comb. nov.

[Canthium Afzelianum, Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 142.]

Ogbomosho, S. Nigeria, and in Sierra Leone.

The bruised "ei is used by the natives as a cure for swollen legs
(Fl. Trop. Afr. 1.c.; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 368).

much branched glossy shrub of moderate size (Fl. Trop.
Afr. In 10-15 ft. high, common in the bush, Sierra Leone
(Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew w).

The fruit of C. lanciflorum, Hiern, is said to be one of the best
in the country, collected by Kirk near Victoria Falls (Fl. Trop.
Afr. iii. p. 146; but this species does not occur in Nigeria.

Plectronia glabriflora, comb. nov.

[Canthium glabriflorum, Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 140].

Vernac. names.—N yankumati (Gold Coast, Johnson) ; Edie den
Calabar, Thomson); Culmatamba ? (Nigeria, mp. Inst. No.
1905, Herb. Kew); Aragbahi (Benin, Herb. Kew); J Ape: Pe
(Gold Coast, Chipp); Pao Formigo (West Africa, Chris

Old Calabar; Benin. Found Pado in the Gold DE and
extending to the Cameroons and S. W. Africa.

360

Wood brownish- ie, of fine grain, somewhat like beech in

hardness Ja wor characters ; said to polish well but of no
ornamental o Szyk value though useful locally ; weight 34-6 Ib.
per cubic foot (Stone (1900) Mus. Kew). This de E

Sew Johnson) now (1913) shots a specific gravity

. per cubic foot.

und as a tree 40-50 ft. high; altitude 1000 ft., St. Thomé
(Maus: Herb. Kew); of graceful palm-like habit, Old Calabar
(Thomson, Herb. Kew); a small tree easily rec cognised when in
flower by its st rong disagreeable smell, Gold Coast (Chipp, Trees,
Shrubs and Climbers, Gold Coast, p. 23).

VANGUERIA, Commers.
Vangueria Dalzielii, Hutchinson in Kew Bulletin, 1913, p. 179.
An erect shrub with terete branches covered xt x due
silvery bark; die one end s —— leafy, gr glabro

ns ewhat

oes between e R subulate-lanceolate from a broad
ase, obtuse, about 6 lin. long, long-pilose within the base.
Flowers fasciculate at the nodes of t e leafless parts of the
branches; pedicels 25 lin. long, glabrous. eos tacle cam seb
glabrous. Calyx lobes 5, linear-lanceolate, subobtuse, 1 lin.

glabrous outside, minutely puberulous .within. Corolla bibe
straight, 6 lin. long, 3 lin. in diameter across the middle, glabrous
outside or nearly so, with a dense ring of reflexed hairs below the
middle — lobes 6, lanceolate, shortly apiculate, 6 lin. long,
glabrou Anther rs included. Ovary 9-celled. Style shortly

Vernac. name Bi ta-ka-tsira (Katagum, Dalziel).

Katagum, Northern Nigeria (Dalziel, No. 379, Herb. Kew).

A remedy for arrow poison (I.c.).

Vangueria edulis, Vahl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 148.

Ill.—Agric. Col. 1911, Suppl. p. 139; Fiori, Piante Legnose
Dell Eritrea, p. 362, f. 173.

Vernac. names. We ro (Chindao, Gazaland, Swynnerton);
Voa-Vanga Minor, He ee de Muero (S. Africa,
Baines) ; Mobero (B. E. Afri a, Ellio

Idda, Aboh. in S. Nigeria; "distribui eastwards to the Bari
Country, Uganda, B. E. Afr Madagascar.

Fruit edible—subglobose, gem l in. in dia eeded.
Eaten by the natives of Madagascar and Mauris 4 (M oloney
For. W. Afr. p. 368; Don. Hist. Dich. Pl. iii. p. 549).

361
Cultivated 5» India for its edible fruit (Dict. Econ. Prod. India).
A shrub, 8 ft. high, flowers green, Idda (Barter, Herb. Kew);
small tree, ‘Bari Country (Dawe, Herb. Kew) ; habit of coffee plant

(Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.) ; in flower December on the Lower Buzi, Chiba-
bava, Gaind (Swynnerton, Journ. Linn. Soc. xl. 1911, p. 91).

e native name '' Munjiro " is applied to several erit of
Vangueria, viz. (1) V. esculenta, S. Moore, Journ. Linn.
the ‘‘ Chirinda Medlar,” or the common *' Munjiro of the Soit 5
—in lera September-October, fruit edible, bright gamboge in
colour, falling from the trees in March a nd April, in Chirinda
Forest, 3700-4000 ft. (Journ. Tak Soc. 1.c.). Fo) y. apiculata,
Schum . in Engl. Pflan. Ost. Afr. C. p. 384, the ** Small White
eed common in long grass on the outskirts of Crimis

CRATERISPERMUM, Benth.

Craterispermum laurinum, Benth. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 160.

Ill.—Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1235.

Vernac. names.—Allam or Alum (Sierra Leone, Schuchardt,
Hummel).

Widely distributed in West Africa—Senegambia, Sierra Leon
Gold Coast, Li Bagroo River, extending to Gazaland aud
Beira in East A

Bark beaten up E grass gives a yellow dye, River Bagroo

Mann, Herb. Kew) used for dyeing clothes, Sierra Leone (Scott -

Elliot, Herb. Kew; Hummel, Mus. Kew; Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 161;
Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 369); leaves used for similar purpose,
Sierra Leone (Schuchardt, Mus. Kew

A shrub (Mann, l.c.), 5 ft. mee: Gold Coast (T.W. Brown, Herb.
Kew); found in open woods at Beira, flowering October, fruiting
December, altitude 4000 ft. near "Chirinda (Journ. Linn. Soc. xl.
1911, p. 94); very common in Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep.
Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 31).

Correa, Linn.

Coffea arabica, Linn; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 180.

Ill.—Weinmann, Phytanthoza Icon. ii. t. 279, f.b.; Linné,
Amoenitates Acad. vi. p. 160; Ellis, Monogr. Coffee tt. 1-2
(at end of work) ; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 25; Lam. Encycl.

t. 160; Plenck, Ic. t. 130; Tuss. Ant. E t. 18; Bot. Mag. t. 1303;
Ha ayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewüchse, ix. t. 32; Ness von e
Plant. Medic. Düsseld. t. 257; Desc. Ant. viii. t. 564; . B6.
Nat. t. 99; Drapiez, Herb. Amat. de Fleur. iii. i ‘206: bol, “Sert,

Z2

362
Bot. ii. ; Woodville, Med. Bot. i. IE t. 10; Steph. and Ch. Med.

Bot. t. 182; Wight, io. PL Ind. Or. 1. t. 53; Burne ett, PI. Util. 1. t.
Ta; Schnizlein, Ic. t. 127b; Spach, Suites (ee Nat. des
Vegetaux), t. 63; Bedd. FI. Sylv. (Anal. Gen.), t. 17 1; Gard.

Handels. Náhrpf. E ij Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. part 5. SEES Kóhler,
Med. Pfian. i.; Preuss. Expedit. Cent. und Side. p- 352 (habit,
Nicaragua); Wettstein, Handb. Syst. Bot. p. 455, f. 435;
Wettstein, Veg. Südbras. t. 40 (in plantation); Karst. and
Schenck, Veg. bild. i. t. 15 (habit); De Ni Been an, uites E.
Laurent, tt. 67—70; Teysmannia, Batav l (var.
monosperma), 224 (angustifolia), 225 (rotundifoliaT bas a
naris); Freeman and Chandler, World's Comm. Prod. pp. 180, 193.

Vernac. names.—Murianbambe or Muria Nbambe (Golungó
Alto, Welwitsch).—Arabian Coffee; Maragogipe Coffee; Mocha
Coffee ; Blue Mountain Coffee

it has been Vue y the stronger growing species liberica
and robusta. Grown to some extent, on the Gold Coast, Brit.

2000 acres under cultivation covered by 20 estates under European
control (Ann. Report, Uganda, Dept. Agric. 1912, p. 33).

Arabian coffee was being grown to a small extent in Lagos in
1894 and at the Botanic Station (a few feet only above sea level)

. and produced coffee valued at LE per cwt. in London. The Ilaro

Estates and Plantations Co., Ltd., who commenced operations in
1892, had about 1000 E a Soto in 1895, producing good

but in 1898 the annual report on the Botanic Gardens states that
they were not fence eed probably owing to the low altitude. A
variety, ‘‘ Golden Drop,” and also ‘‘ Nalknad ” Coffee, as grown
in Bangalore, sent from the Royal Botanie Gardens, Kew, were
planted out at Old Calabar in 1900.

This species has been recommended for cultivation in every
West African Colony, on the hills of the interior(Kew Bull. 1890,
p.197). Itis resur suitable for altitudes that suit Cinchona,
and as the ntry opens out, suitable localities, especially in
Northern Niven, will probably be found for this plant.

363

The wood though small is hard and durable. In Golungo Alto
1t is used for fur p M tables, bedsteads, etc., and is
suitable for turnery work (Hiern,

C. arabica, var. leucocarpa, Hiern, with white berries is de-
Per. from Sierra Leone (see Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 181).

For a haie of cultivation, etc., see general information at
end of the gen

Ref.—The one Planter of Saint Domingo, Laborie, pp. 1-145
noon 1798) : n abstract from this work, ‘Notes on Coffee
om Laborie’s Coffee Planter,” pp. 1-8, on Situation, Cultivation,
Pid and Curing, has been published in Bull. Bot. Dept.
Jamaica, ii. Dec. 1895, pp. 273-280.— Coffee and Chicory: Their
Ee: Chemical Composition, Preparation for are, and Con-
mption, Simmonds, pp. 1-102, illustrated (E. and F. N. Spon,
Lone 1864). The Coffee Planter of ge Sabonadière,
1-216, including Appendices of Description of the Coffee Tree

by Laborie m 123—127; Extracts from Laborie's Remarks on

on Coffee PE by Dr. R. S. Mair, jx 313-324 (E. and
F. N. Spon, London, 1871) x ee, ea arabica, " in Med. PL
Bentley and Tri , No. 144, 9 pages ACE and A. Churchill,
London, 1880) ne “Maragogipe Coffee,” in New Comm. Pl. and

Drugs, Christy, No. 7, 1884, : Coffee: Its Cultivation
and Profit, Lester Arnold, pp. 1-270 (W. B. Whi RE
n, 1886).—

Kohler, 1. 7 R
States, No. 98, Oct. 1888, pp. 1-143, including B. W. Indies—

etc., Centra America, Mexico and S. ea
. arabica," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, ves ii. * 1889, 460—

491. Memoria Sobre el Cultivo del Cafeto, Nicolas Saenz,
pp. 1-65 (Bogota, Colombia, 1892).— —'' Coffee Enterprise in the
East Indies," in Kew Bull. 1893, pp. 123-124.— —*' Coffee Culti-
vation in the New World," in Kew Bull. 1893, pp. 321-325.
‘Coffee Husking in London," in Kew Bull. 1893, pp. 128-133.

Culture du Caféier, heces avec la collaboration pour la

“ Mar ragogipe Coffee," in Kew. 1894;
pp- 163-164.——Contribucion al Estudio del Cafe en Era

364

Dr. G. Delgado, Palacios, pp. 1-93 (Caracas, 1895).
“ Caféier: Coffea arabica," in Les Pl. Industrielles, Heuzé, iv.
pp. 172-192 dre Agric. de la Maison Rustique, Paris, 1895).
— Production of Coffee in Mexico, Crittenden, Unite ted States
Cons. Rep. Washington, No. 192, Sept. 1896, pp. 103—121.— —The
Coffee Planter's Manual for both the Arabian and Liberian species,
Ferguson, Pp. 1-312 (Colombo, 1898; London office 92, Grace-
church Street). Coffee and India, Rubber Culture in Mexico,
preceded br Go okai Statistical Notes on Mexico, Matias
Romero, PP- 1-417, ‘‘ Coffee Culture on the Southern Coast of
Chi E Su 281-369 4e P. Putnam's Sons, New York and
London, 1898).——-Le Café, Lecomte, 1-342, with a biblio-
graphy ie 338 335, illastrated (Georges Carré et C. Naud, Paris,
1899). Kaffee—Dü üngungsversuche in Guatemala, ‘Gustav
ee [Sonderabdruck aus dem ‘‘ Tropenpflanzer" (Organ
des Kolonial- ee chen Komitees). v. No. 12, 1901]
pp- 1-20. “ Coffee,” in The World's Comm. Products, Freeman
and Chandler, pp. 174-198, including Arabian and Liberian, illus-
trated (Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., London, 1907)——The
e

Bolan [Sonderabdruck aus ‘‘ Beihefte zum Préponpianskh;
No. 4, 1908] pp. 1-36; with 12 figures in the text and 1 coloured
plate: Duto: ‘Manuring of "Meri A Review of the Sup-
plement to the Tropenpflanzer," No. 1908, pp. 185-220, by
Cowie, pp. 1-14 REDE HOS i. Wilhelm Greve,
Berlin, 1908). ——— ea arabica," in Comm. Prod. India,
Watt, PP. 363-302. “Culture et Commerce des Cafés en
Abyssinie," Roux Aen Consul de France), in L' Agric. prat.
pays chauds, x. part 2, 1910, pp. 149-155.— —'* The Production
of Mocha Coffee, ts Agric. New rw eri x. 1911, p. 244
TIA

Costa Rican Coffee Estate," | i The West India (oni. "dc
xxix, 1914, pp. 486—488.

See also References at end of the genus.

Cofea liberica, Bull; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 181.

{ll—Gard. Chron. July 22nd, 1876, p. 105, f. b (berry) c a eaf
from seedling) e (leaf of an imported plant); U.S. Dept. Agric.
Rep. 1878, p. 194, t. 1 (young plant); n El Café de Liberia,
t. 1 (from Trans. Linn. Soc.); Christy, N w Comm. Pl. and Drugs,
No. 1, 1878, P 1; Crüwell, Liberian Coffee, tt. 1, 2; Trans. Linn.

04, :

Soc. i (1880) t. 24; Rev. Hort. 1890, pp 105; Mise.

andb. Syst Bot p- , f. 434; Koorders, Bot. m
Koffievruchten, p. 12; Karst. and Schenck, Veg. bild. i. t. 16
(fl. and fr.); De Wildeman, Mission E. ir t. 104; Freeman
and Chandler, World's Comm. Prod. 6 (plant in flower),
p. 178 (in fl. and fr.), p. 185 (plant 34 years old in Java).

Liberian Coffee.

965
Native of West Africa—Liberia and S.W. Africa—Golungo
Alto, Cazengo (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. PI. ii. p. 489). Widely
distributed by cultivation in Trop. Africa, India, Ceylon, Mada-

is Coffee is usually considered inferior to Arabian, Robusta

C
0, e ican Association (see p ; at Buguma, New
Calabar District, by the Oil Rivers Company (see p. 39); and at
al i

Ref—* The New Liberian Coffee," in Gard. Chron. J uly 22nd,
1876, p. 104. Liberian Coffee in Ceylon: The History of the
Introduction and Progress of the Cultivation up to April 1878,
with information on the Soil, Climate and Mode of Culture best
suited for the tree; Estimates of cost of opening a Plantation:
References to Its Culture in Africa, India, The West Indies, ete.,

the Ceylon Observer, pp. i—xxxvi. and pp. 1-177, A. M. and
J. Ferguson (Colombo, 1878).— — The New Liberian Giant Coffee,
Coffea liberica," in New Comm. Pl. and Drugs, Christy, No. 1,
1878, pp. 1-7. El Café de Liberia en Venezuela, Ernst, pp. 1-8
(Caracas, 1878).
W

. in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, pp. 15-17._—“‘ Liberian Coffee,
in Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, i. 1894, pp. 1-14, with figures and

d

366

Mns: = pulpers. ** Liberian Coffee,’’ 1.c. ii. 1895, p. 145.
——'' Liber Dex i n Bu ll. x Inform ee Roy. Bo t.
Renee

** Liberian
Coffee," in Kew Bull. 1895, pp. 296-299, Letter Messrs. Major
and Field to uerit, Kew, relating to cleaning, husking, sizing,
ue ., in London. Coffee Planting in Lagos," l.c. 1896,

11-19, abus some information on Arabian.“ Coffee
Eb aas at the Gold Coast," l.c. 1897, pp. 325-328, value and
general charges of sale, etc., with some information on Arabian.
we Cultivation of Liberian Coffee: A Pamphlet on the Open-
ing u anagement of a Liberian Coffee Estate in the Malay
Peninsula, Hiittenbach, pp- 1-59, with plans: reprinted from the
Selangor Journal (Selangor Gov. Press, Kuala Lumpur,
1897). ‘De Achteruitgang van de Liberia Koffie P J ava:
Welke Houding Moeten Wij Tegenover Haar Aannemen,"
Cramer, in Teysmannia, xviii. 1907, pp. 762-780. See "im The
Coffee Planter's Manual, Ferguson, under C. arabica, and
references at end of genus.

robusta, Linden, Cat. PI. — Col. L'Hort. Col.
Bruxelles p. 64; Kew Bull. 1901, App. i . 88

A small tree 10-20 ft. high. Branches B terete, glabrous.
Leaves large, oblong-elliptic, obtusely cordate - acuminate,

rounded at the base, up to in. long an in. broad,
chartaceous, dull on both surfaces, glabrous; midrib flat above,
prominent below, lateral nerves 9-12 on each side, looped and

much branched within = margin, slightiy arcuate, diverging
m the midrib at an angle of 459, distinct above, prominent

below, veins lax; petiole À in. long, ginbrous: stipules inter-

petiolar, broadly triangular, long-mucronate, 3-4 lin. ong, about

4 lin. broad. Flowers in dense axillary clusters, about 12 in. in

diameter, often with a few small leaves intermixed.

miuto, entire. Corolla ides we tube about 5 lin. long.

half the size of liberica, outer skin thin, 2-seeded, cherry-like
when ripe. Coffea Laurentii, Wildem. in Compt. Rend. Congr.
Intern. Bot. (1900) p.

Ill.—Gard. Chron. E 16th, 1903, p. 306 (C. eg og oe
Pl. Hort. Col. Bruxelles, p. 65; India abbey Journ. Jun

nths U
Serdang Planta ation); Cramer, Bull. Soc. Belge d'Etudes Col.
xxiii. 1911, p. 109 (habit).

Robusta Coffe, Rio Nunez Coffee, Congo Coffee.
Native of the Congo. Widely distributed by cultivation in

: Tropical Africa—in Uganda 65 acres were reported under cultiva-

367

tion in 1912 (Ann. Rep. Dept. of Agric. re 1912, p. 33); iu
Java, Sumatra, Trinidad.

Java whence seeds were sent from Brussels in 1900, and where it

now occupies some thousa A of acres largely interplanted with

Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). It has been sent out from Kew

most of the Colonial Agricultural Departments including

Nigeria. A plant in ved "i tanic Gardens, at Entebbe, Uganda,

received there in 1901 as a seedling, was 5 feet high, May 1903
. 30 i

- adapted to gene at low elevations, from sea-level up to 2000
feet or more
For os of cultivation see end of genus.

ef.—''Robusta Coffee," in Journ. Bd. of Agric. British
Guiana, iii. No. 3, 1910, pp. 166-167.— —'* The Congo Coffee
Plant," in Agric. News, Barbados, ix. 1910, p. 133. Coffee
Robusta, Gallagher, Dept. of Agric. Fed. Malay States, Bull.
No. 1, 1910, pp. 1-7.——* Unc Nouvelle Culture Intercalaire
our les Arbres a Caoutchouc De Para: Le Café _Robusta,”’

t op
Ps vedi pp. 791-792, and in the Agric News, Barbados,
1911, Coffea robusta in Para Rubber Nr 0 pp. 132-

Coffee," in Bull. Imp. Inst. x. 1912, pp. 454—465.— —'* Etude sur

le Coffea robusta," De Wildeman, in Bull. de L'Assoc. des

Planteurs de Caoutchouc, iv. No. 12, Dec. 1912, pp. 274-276, v.
o. 2, Feb. 1913, pp. 28-31.

Coffea stenophylla, G. Don; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 182.

Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 7475; Kew Bull. 1896, 190; Hart. Ann.
Rep. 1897, Roy. Bot. Gardens, Trinidad, p. D De Wildeman,
Mission E. e tt. 62, 64; hey vsmannia, Ba lavia, xviii. 1907,
p- 292, f. 15, ff. 16-17 (Hybrida C. stenophylla x C. liberica).

baa Coffee of Sierra Leone; Bush Coffee (Sierra Leone).

Native of West Africa,.first known from Sierra Leone, where it
is cultivated in preference to Liberian (Kew. Bull. 1896, p. 189).
Introduced to the West Indies, Ceylon, India, and sent to Botanic
Stations in all the Colonies from Kew, the distribution beginning
about 1895, the plants from seeds specially collected by the

968

Government of Sierra me in 1894. A supply of seeds from
Sierra Leone was received at Old Calabar in January 1897, the
plants raised were Ue i n 1898 to be growing vigorously
(Ann. Rep. Bot. Gardens, Old Calabar, MSS.).

The Mus is a small one; described of superior quality equal to
* Mocha." Although the species is called Highland Coffee it
thrives with the Liberian, but would also succeed at altitudes
approaching those more suitable for Arabian.

Wood used for walking-sticks, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col.
Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 35).

Ref.—'' Highland Coffee e em Leone (Coffea stenophylla),
in Kew Bull. 1896, pp. 189—1
ffee as a beverage is dm pom it was one of the earliest
introduced to this country, the first London coffee-house being
established in St. Michael's Alley, about 1652. It had been used
in Constantinople for more than a century before.

vated, an requirements approximately similar.
C. arabica will re om below about 1500 ft. with a range up
to about 5000 f liberica, C. robusta, and C débil d.

` vigour of the plant. The De al requirements otherwise are

rich, deep, loamy soil, open subsoil It thorough drainage, good
and regular rainfall—50—100 inches—and a sheltered position.
It may also be necessary to plant ume belts of suitable trees.

For propagation the richest and finest fruits should = selected,
and the seeds must be sown in prepared nursery beds as soon as
possible after the removal of the pulp. They are ETT placed
the flat side downwards, about 3 or 4 inches apart and 1-11 inches
below the surface of the soil. Germination takes place in a month
or six weeks and the seedlings should be ready for planting out

n permanent positions in from 10-12 months; if sown about
Sépteuibér towards the end of the rainy season they would be
rea nsplanting the Seen ih July in time to get estab-

temporary shade of a few palm leaves is beneficial round oath
plant after transplanting.

Permanent shade trees may or may not be necessary, but for
C. arabica at the lower elevations it will probably be required in
all cases. Bananas, Plantains or ‘Pigeon Pea" (Cajanus
indicus), are suitable for shade purposes when the plants are
young, wi later large growing trees will be needed. In Colombia

the ‘Guamo Rabo di Mico” (Inga ranging is generally used
(Cons. Rep ee No. 3114, 1904, p. 9) known as ‘‘ Poix doux” in
the West Indies, and also “ Jack tree” (Artobar pit integrifolia)

369

(Agric. News, Barbados, 1904, p. 89); the ‘‘Rose Apple"'
(Eugenia Jambos), Erythrina spp., or any of the trees mob Lee
under Cacao (see p. 98) are recommended. The same trees may also
be planted as shelter belts. Liberian Coffee and Highland Coffee
require little or no shade. Robusta Coffee in Java is grown under
shade (Cramer). In Brazil (Arabian) and Jamaica (Blue
Mountain) the plants are grown without shade.

The distances apart of the shade trees must be regulated
according to situation, size of tree and in proportion to the space

e coffee trees all the species mentioned requiring 8 x 8,
10 x 10, or 12 x 12 ft.

If left to themselves the coffees would grow from 15-30 ft.
high, but in practice they are usually kept topped to about 5 or 8
feet for convenience in gathering the fruit. n pruning the
object is to encourage as much young wood as possible and an
open centre. Suckers (so called, since true suckers arise from
the root) growing from the main stem have a tendency to fill up
the centre, and must be regularly removed by pulling or tearing
off, not cutting, when young; all cross branches should be cut
out and the primary, secondary and tertiary branches encouraged
to grow horizontally, and as far as possible clear of each other.

The trees begin to bear fruit after about 3 or 4 years, and the
berries ripen in about 10 months from the time of flowering. No
definite period can be stated for harvesting as the berries are
ripening nearly the year round, but the most ee collec-
tions will be in the dry season. "They should be gathered as soon
as ripe wipe nd those of Arabian MSN are liable to drop; the
berries of Liberian and Robusta do not ze so — and pro-
bably picking monthly would be found suffici

order to remove the a eu material with which they are
covered. n the mucilage icd off readily (after about 24
hours) the [enc are washed and o dry on trellises or mats
n the e erate suns eh ith some convenience
for protection from rain. When thoroughly dry they are
put into bags, usually containing abo 2 lb. and the
coffee is ready for shipment. is “f parchment” coffee

the plantation, the ''parchment"' covering serves to
protect the bean npe transit, and the whole p of ee
t 2s.

is not profitable. The gu ade 3 c in the course of
treatment is graded b means of ri dnce Shey as to
dimensions into *' arge Mediu ium,"

* Smalls,” ‘‘ Bold Padi ** Small Pea-berry,” Triage”

310

(broken) and ‘Elephant ” or overgrown; and an example shown.
at the time of a visit made by the writer to the above mentioned
establishment in 1897 turned out for 58 bags as follows: 14, 28,
7, 9 and 2 cwt. ; 2 qrs., 1 ewt. 2 qrs., and 15 lb. respectively. The
commercial forms are usually distinguished aecording to the
country of origin, as ‘‘ Brazil,” ‘‘ Costa Rica," “ Mocha," ** East.
India," ‘‘ Mysore," “ Java," ** Liberia," etc

nutmegs taking the place of coffee, that is 390 coffee plants.
to the acre in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th years pe
(Gallagher); in the West Indies for C. liberica, 1-8 lb. of
clean coffee per tree (Nicholls), and C. stenophylla appears to
yield equally freely.

It has been calculated that on an average 10 pikuls [about
1350 1b.] of Liberian berry give one pikul [about 135 Ib.], and
4 pikuls [about 540 Ib.] of Robusta berry give the same amount of
market coffee, (Gallagher, Dept. of Agric. Fed. Malay St. Bull.
No. 7, 1910, p. 1).

The total imports of coffee into the United Kingdom during
1910, were 936,778 cwt. value £2,903,014— 797,087 cwt. value
£1,866,589 coming from Foreign Countries, chiefly Brazil
(358,900 cwt. value £661,555) followed in order of importance for
that year by Costa Rica, Guatemala, Colombia, Nicaragua,
Mexico, San Salvador, Portuguese Possessions in India, French
Somaliland, Turkey (Asia), Java, Venezuela, Ecuador, Honduras
(not British), Peru, Liberia, Chile, Panama, etc.—139,691 cwt.
value £436,425 from British Possessions, chiefly British India
— (118,484 cwt. value £369,999), B.W. Indies, Aden and Depen-
dencies, Nyasaland Protectorate, British Guiana, E. Africa Pro-
tectorate, and other British Possessions not defined (Trade of the
United Kingdom, i. 1911, p. 208). The price per ewt. at the present
time (March, 1913) is 72s. 6d. to 85s. for Costa Rica and 72s. to
83s. 6d. for East India; 71s. 6d. to 83s. for Jamaica (Dec. 1912,

: : f

e 0
exports from the Western Province (198 ewt. value. £295), the

311

value £47 (included in t . Prov ures) destined for the
United Kingdom (Govt. Gaz. S. N igeria, May 17th, 1911, a
Appendices Biii.), doubtless included in the

d

bove, an
apparently the greater proportion, as the total from these sources
only amounted to 344 ewt. value £715.

amounted to 9,500,000 hags (Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 4700, 1911

together with the production, should be given. Further informa.
tion may be obtained from the numerous works on the industry
d

Ref.—** On the African Species of the genus Coffea," Hiern,
in Trans, Linn. Soc. 2nd series, i. 1 , pp. 169-176. Fro

and Consumption, Thurber, pp. 1-416 (American Grocer Pub-
pid rr Kot z

Delden Läerne, with plates, maps and diagrams, pp. 1-637 (W.
H. Allen and Co., London: Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1885).
Coffee: Its Cultivation and Profit, Arnold, pp. 1-270 (Whit-

the Federal Gov nt, and ratified in the Taubaté Treaty in February,
1906, by the Presidents of Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro It
urged by planters and bankers of the country (to whom most of

rohibiti
bove a certain amount—10,000,000 bags in 1910-11 (Cons. Rep. Ann. No

v
*coffee throughout the world.

812

tingham and Co., London, 1886).——*‘ Artificial Coffee Beans,’
in Kew Bull. 1891, pp- 201—204.— —* Coffee Cultivation i in Batish
Honduras,” in Kew Bull. 1892, pp. 253-259. ;
arabica, Coffe ea liberica," in Trop. Agric. Nicholls, pp. 91—109
(Maemillan and Co., P OLS 1892).

; PP- offee Cultivation i in Angola,”
in Pow Bull. 1894, pp: 161-163. Le Caféier et Le Café:
Se Historique, Scientifique et pepe de cette
Rubiacéae: Suivie d'un Bibliographique, Edélestan Jardin, pp
1—413, pure Hes Leroux, Paris, 1895).
Coffee Cultivation in uento Stronge, Dip. and Cons. a
No. 393, 1896,

pp. 46-59.

af
Col. Pl. - Alimeniairos, E umelle , PP- Ed C .arabica, C. liberica,
C. stenophylla Sra et Fils, Paris, 1901). Shade in Coffee
Culture, Cook, U.S. Dept. TOT. Div. of Botany, Bull. No. 20,
1901, pp. 1-79, aoe —Xvi.

Is pp 365-313, C. arabica and C. Hie * Nouveaux
Caféiers de la Cote occidentale D'Afrique," De Wildera Le.
iv. 1904, pp. 113-116.——‘‘ Les Caféiers,"" Dubard, l.c. v. part 5
1905, pp- 92-100.
Cafeier,’ Pierrot, l.c. v. dst 1, 1905, pp. 180—193; pp. 282-301;
pp. 411-425; pp. 467-479; v. part 2, 1905, pp. 34-49 and pp
101-108, illustrated.—‘‘ Note sur le Café Venezuelian,’ Weiner
bey. part 1, 1905, p. 68-75. “Coffea excelsa: A New Coffee
from Central Africa, Chevalier, in Comptes Rendus, exl. 1905,
p : aféiers sauvages de la Guinée française,”
Chevalier, l.c. pp. ^ MT9 145, C. stenophylla, C. affinis,
: aclaudii. —" Culture Pratique du Caféier : Preparation du
Café," Fauchere, in L'Agric. prat. pays ae vi. ped E 1906,

e,
Cramer, ın Teysmannia, xviii. 1907, pp. 144-165; pp. 219-238;
pp- 278-299, illustrated. Kaffee, Kaffee Konserven und Kaffee
"pe (Chemiachtechnische Bibliothek, Band 297), Erwin

' in Ds. and Cos R ep. An nn. No. 3891, 1907,

arabica and C. bation) A Van Leenhoff, in Cycl. American zw
Bailey ii. pp. 239-246, illustrated (Maemillan and Co., Ltd.

918

London and New York, 1907). Coffee from Grower to Con-
sumer, Keable, pp. 1- 168 HE figs. 22 and 1 map (London 1909).

“Ca fé, + Charabot, in L' Agric. prat. pays chauds, viii.
fort. i 1908, “Les Produc ctions Végétales des Colonies

p. 448-4
‘‘ Cafeier d'Liberia," pp. 450—458. '* Café," De Wildeman, in
Ann. L'Inst. Col. Marseille, vii. 1909, pp. 317-323. te ate
dans L’ Etat de St. Paul (Brés il), A. Lalière, pp. 1-417 mire
Challamel, Paris, 1909). d ipee from the East Africa Pro-
tectorate and Rhodesia," in Bull Inst. viii. 1910, i 365-
369.— —'* Present prd of the Cie Market” and ‘‘ The
Valorization Scheme," in Dip. and Du. Rep. Ann. zu 4100.
. 14-18. i i

19i1, pp 7 «The Production of Coffee in Brazil" in
Journ. Roy. Soc. n izi 1913, pp. 51 ‘ Coffee," in
Planting in Ugan Coffee—Para Rubber—Cocoa, Brown and

Hunter, pp. 1-176 PTS (Longmans, Green and Co., London,
1913).——‘‘ Co ultivation in Uganda," Small, in Bull. Imp. —
Inst. xii. 1914, pp. 242-250.— The Cultivation and Preparation
of Coffee,” l.c. xiii. 1915, pp. 260-296.

Mortnpa, Vaill.
Morinda confusa, //utchinson in Kew Bull. ined.
[M. longiflora, Hiern in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 192, partly].

A scandent shrub, fruits deep orange ote when ripe (Barter) ;
a climber, flowers white, fragrant (Johnson).

‘the Fl allied to M. longi Pio -— confused with that pecu
asl

ernac. nam — Ogidogbo, Ojuclogho Ogicloba (Sierra Leone,
Scott Elliot, Mold Cole); Ojuologbo (Nigeria, Im mp. Inst.
No. 6, 1905, Herb. Kew); EE kaar (Arabic, Cole
Lagos (Millen, No. 168, Herb. ie Eppah eed PT 3212,
Herb. Kew), Nigeria (Imp. Inst. No. 6, 1905, Herb. Kew).
Occurs from Sierra Leone to Angola and in e Niam-niam
count of North East Tropical Africa

Herb. Kew; Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 18 AE =
and by I an the West African tribes (Cole, js ourn. Ta Arts,
lii. 1905 ** Ojuo ens ai vine "") and said to be one

medicine both by seas and Natives, Sierra Leone (Scott
Elliot; Burroughs and Wellcome, Mus. Kew w).

Ref-—Chemical Examination of the Root and Leaves of
Morinda longiflora, Barrowcliff and Tutin, No. 77, Wellcome
Research Laboratories, London

374

Morinda geminata, DC. Prodr. iv. (1830), p. 447; [M. citrifolia,
Hiern in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 191, partly, non Linn.;
Psychotria chrysorhiza, Schum. & Thonn. Pl. + p. 111?
Morinda meres Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3, p. 404; M.
chrysorhiza, DC. Prodr. iv. p. 450?; M. anne, G. Don,
Syst. Veg. iii. (1834) p. 545].

A tree with conspicuously quadrangular € and very
Í

stout peduncles; flowers white; distinct from e Indian
M. citrifolia, L., with which it has been confused.
Vernac. names.—N’Salagui (Sierra Leone, Lane le);

Bungbo or Mene (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot) ; Ojuologbo rre

Leone, Imp. Inst. No. 8, 1906, Herb. Kew). — Brimstone Tree of
Sierra Leone (Barter).

Sierra Leone—the only region in West Africa where this species
is known to occur, but it is included here because of the pre-
viously mistaken association with M. citrifolia, of the Flora of
"Tropical Africa.

A native medicinal plant of Sierra Leone (Imp. Inst. l.c.), the
leaf forms a very good purge (Scott Elliot, No. 5278, Herb. Kew),
and the roots are cut up and mixed with indigo plant to bring out
the colour, Sierra Leone (Lane-Poole, No. 152, Herb. Kew

The wood is A as flooring, said to resist insects, Sierra Teona
(Barter, Herb. or house work and ordinary purposes,
Sierra Leone (Scott ; Klliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 35,
*' Brimstone,” M. citrifolia).

rinda longiflora, G. Don, Gen. Syst. iii. p. 545; = in
Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 192, partly].

A climbing free-flowering shrub up to 10 ft. high; readily dis-
‘tinguished from the other African species by the terminal paired
peduncles supporting the flowers; corollas slender and curved in
‘bud. Flowers fragrant. Calyx green. Corolla white (Johnson)
or copper-coloured (Barter).

Vernac. names.—Leverek beni and Benti (Sierra Leone, Lane
Poole).

Occurs from Sierra Leone to the Cameroons and in the island of
Fernando Po; has been collected in the Eket district, Southern
Provinces, by Mr. and Mrs. P. A. Talbot (No. 3255).

Morinda lucida, Benth. in Hook. Niger Flora, p. 406.
[M. citrifolia, Hiern in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 191, partly,
non on. M. citrifolia, var. lucida, Hiern in Cat. Afr. Pi. W elw
ii. p

A large straight-boled tree, Uwet (MacLeod), 30-40 ft. high,
Cross mo (Holland), 15-20 ft. high, KA 1-3 ft. in diameter,
-flowers abundant, white, fragrant, o Alto (Hiern, Cat.
Welw. Afr. PL ii. p. 492), daid. ien the ud Ege
species “he the terete branchlets and the small flowering and
fruiting heads supported on extremely slender peduncles; it is

315

also distinguished by these characters from the Asiatic and
Malayan M. os tien L., with which it was confused in the Flora
of pes Afri

Ver: or T (Yoruba, Millson,
Malonea | Bo (Oloke Meji. Foster Guigo (Princes Island,
Welwitse ch); Neg, ar, ( dc e stat d al Par e

Gold Codét to Mira and in North East Tropical Africa; con-
reis to the Southern parts of Nigeria—Yoruba, Lagos (Millen
. 106, Herb. Kew; Millson, Herb. Kew); Abeokuta (Irving,
No. 70, Barter, No. 3388, Herb. Kew), Onitsha (Barter, Nos. 1234,
1753, Herb. Kew); U wet (MacLeod, Herb. Kew); Inkum, Ekom
Cross River (Holland, No. 240, Herb. Kew).

Used by the natives in dysentery and fever, Onitsha and
Fernando Po (Barter, l.c.), tonic leaf, Yoruba (Millson, l.c. ); 5
yellow dye is obtained from the tree Uwet (MacLeod, E

The timber is used for building huts in Golungo Alto dion
Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 492), for canoes, planks, posts, etc.,
resisting ravages of termites, Yoruba illson, Kew Bull. 1891,

grained.

Psycnorria, Linn.
Psychotria Ipecac - n Stokes, Bot. Mat

Ah ont nr eiii . Rich., Hist. Nat. ds. 1890). a.

shrub, about 18 in. high. Roots more or less creeping
okati, annulated, in commercial specimens, about i in. in
diameter. Stem erect, woody, sometimes branchin ves
apone; oval or elliptic, somewhat acuminate. Inflorescence a
capitulum ; flowers white, an poe set in a 4-leaved involuer

. 6; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant Medic. Düsseld. t. 258;
Giumpel, Abbild. Beschr. t. 43; "Woodville, s. Bot. iii. (1832),
t. 274; Steph. and Ch. Med. Bot. t. 62; Bot. Mag. t. 4063; Burnett,
PL Util. iv. t. 1064; Pereira, Mat, Med. ii. (1853) p. 1591, I 321;
Berg. and Schmidt, Darst. Beschr. Pharm. ii. t. 15e; Trans. Roy.

: . Soc. LX.
. 4; Rev. Hort. 1873, p- 219; Bentl. and Trimen, Med. Pl. t. 145;
Kóhler, Med. Pflan. i.; Zippel, Ausl. Handels Nahrpfl. t. 26

AA

\

376

(Cephaelis Ipecacuanha)]; Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 5, t. 523
Jacquemet, Ipecacuanha, tt. 2, 4; Moeller, Pharmakog. Atlas
(Berlin, 1892) t. 103 (Radix Ipecacuanha); Planchon and Collin,
Drog. Simpl. ii. p. 166 (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha) ; Chemist and
Druggist, Oct. 19, 1912, p. 49 (Root ** Johore ”’).

Ipecacuanha. Poaya (Brazil). It may be mentioned that
** Poaya’’ as a general name for plants with emetic properties is
also applied to several spurious Ipecacuanhas including
Psychotria emetica (striated or ‘‘ black " Ipecacuanha), Richard-
sonia pilosa (undulated or white Ipecacuanha) and Jonidium
Ipeeacuanha (Violarieae), all of which have come into commerce
at various times as substitutes or as adulterants.

Native of Brazil. Cultivated in Straits Settlements,

The root, under the name of ‘‘ Ipecacuanha " is an important
article of commerce, for medicinal purposes.

The value at the present time is for ‘‘ Matto Grosso," nominally
8s. 9d.; ** cultivated Minas, ”” 8s. 3d. to 8s. 4d. per Ib. (Chemist and
Druggist, Jan. 18th, 1913, p. 95), ‘‘ Johore "' 6s. 9d. (l.c. Feb. 8th,
1913, p. 241) to 8s. per lb. and ‘“‘ Cartagena ” 7s. 6d. to 8s. 2d.
(l.c. Feb. 15, 1913, p. 279).

Collection from well-established plants may go on nearly the
year round. Drying in the sun or under cover in rainy weather
is all the preparation required, and it may occupy only a few days
before packing for export. The total imports into this country
amount to upwards of 100,000 1b.

The cultivation of this plant appears to be somewhat uncertain.

It has succeeded in comparatively few places, notwithstanding

numerous efforts to establish it in various countries. In India,
under cultivation, the root has been found to contain emetin
equal in amount to that of the commercial article (Hooper, Pharm.
Journ. [4] xxxvi. 1913, p. 554), but Johore and Selangor are so
far'the only countries where success on a commercial scale has
been attained.

It can be propagated readily enough, any broken piece of the
annulated roots making a new plant, and even the leaves will strike
roo t also grows freely from cuttings and layers. The soil
in Johore in which it succeeds has been described as ‘‘ chocolate

hes JU (Kew

. in
Serra do Espinhaco, or mountains extending from Bahia through
Minas Geraes to the Northern part of Sao Paulo, chiefly in the

377

s yn Virgens ” (or virgin tropical forests) and the ‘‘ Catingas "'
(or woods composed of smaller deciduous trees) in moist, shady
itoatga (Markham, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. x. 1870, p . 391.

Ipecacuanha is recorded as being s pie at Lagos, 1892
(Rowland and Millen, List of Cultiv. Pl. Lagos), and at Abutshi—
though not very successfully (Woo oiu Rep. Bot. Plantn.
Abutshi, 20th May, 1890; Kew Bull. 1891, p. 94).

‘“ The prospects of Ipecacuanha cultivation, which is no less
important than that of Cinchona, is far less encouraging. This
arises not so much from want of success in establishing and
increasing the plant as from the apparently extremely slow growth
of the underground rootstock from which the drug is obtained
and the small yield of even a fully grown plant. Nevertheless
the cultivation musi be persevered with, the causes that retard

Ref ee Naturelle et eee des espéces d’ ssi
du Commerce, Achille Richar ps. 2 ata (Béchet, Paris,
" Gephacli Tosca à D A Tens Ipecacuanha,"' in
Mat. Med. eram. ii. pp. 1591-1601 Losses London, 1853).
——-': Notes the Propagation of the cacuan Plant
(Cepháelis Ipecacnana), " M’Nab, in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh,
x. 1870, pp. 318-324.——'' Memora ndum on Ipecacuanha,
diners L6. pp. 391-392. “ Remarks on the mE
Plant ( SES hàelis I UL as cultivated in the Royal Bot

ns. Roy. Soc. T
xxvi. —188.——'' Pharmaceutical Results of the
Quietus Beni cedi Acclimatization of Jalap and Ipeca-
euanha," in Pharm. Journ. [3] iv. 1873, pp. 221-222; Acclima-
tization of Ipecacuanha, pp. 241—242; pp. 261-263, from the
Report of the Superintendent.——*' Radix Tpecacuanha,”’ in
Pharmacographia, Flückiger and Hanbury, pp. :
** Cephaelis Ipecacuanha," in Med. Pl. Bentley and Trimen,
po, 145, T en "Ce vidt Ipecacuanha," in Med. Pflan.
ages.——‘‘ ean d Ipecacuanha),""
de des Ipecuanhas de leurs

18 a
me "Moeller, pp. 311-314 (Wien. 1889).—— <“ Cephüelis
Ipecacuanha," in Dict. Econ. ue India, Watt, ii. 1889,
p. 247-251 . 2, 1892, Imp.
Serios, PP ——‘‘ The {yecactanh of pp 14 Sr

AA 2

378
Moeller, in Pharm. Poste, No. 16, Wien, 1894. ** Ipéca-

cuanhas,”’ in Les Drogues Sim mples dine 'Végétal, Planchon,
and Collin, ii. pp. 165-180 (Octave Doin, Paris, 1896). ——** Note
on Ipecacuanha Cultivation,” Holmes, in Pharm. Journ. [4]
xxviii. 1905, 6

pp. 937-9

GRUMILEA, Gaertn.
Grumilea psychotrioides, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 216.
Vernac. name.—Fure (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot).
Aboh— Niger River, Onitsha.
Furnishes a red sed by the natives of Sierra Leone for
cloth (Scott Elliot, Col. "Hem Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 31).
Found as an under-shrub in the woods, Sierra eia (l.e.).
MiTRACARPUM, Zucc.
Sabine scabrum, Zucc.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 243.
Ver ames.—Gogomasu (Katagum, Dalziel); Irawo Ile or
vois Tus Dawodu).

Lagos; Nupe; cna Bornu. Known also from the Gold
Coast and the Ga mbia

Gambia, (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, "n ue , $ antidote
sn arrow-poisons, Katagum (Dalziel, erb

nnual plant 1-2 ft. hi e. A common pios aed,
Konto (Dalziel, 1.c.), in wet Diane near the river, Nupe
Barter, Herb. Kew); and common in hedges at Kuka, Bornu

(Vogel, Herb. Kew).

COMPOSITAE.
SPARGANOPHORUS, Vaill.

Sparganophorus Vaillantii, p. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 262.

Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. ii. t. 165, f. 4; Jacq. "NAP :
Pl. Rar. ii. t. 1831 (5. CA a Pal de Beauv. Fl. Ow. Ben. i.
t. Ps (Struchium africanum).

rnac. names.—Ewuro Odo (Yoruba, Millson); Ewaruda

(Bierma Leone, Scott Elliot).

Abeokuta in S. Nigeria, and also in Gold Coast, Cameroon,
Togo, Congo, Fernando Po, and Niam-niam land, etc.

Used as a herb in soup, Yoruba (Millson, Y Bull. 1891,

p. 214), Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Mise. No. 3, 1893,

319

Im eer cs: Herb. Kew

rect or decumbent herbaceous plant, found in swamp
places, Ferlando Po and near river Ofun, Abeokuta (Barter,
Herb. Kew); 1-2 ft. fomen eee Po Mange Herb. Kew); and near
river, Efulen, stem succulent, rooting at joints (Bates, Herb.
Kew); common in the marshes, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, LS. if

43), medicinally for headache by the natives, E. Akim, Gold
w).

VERNONIA, Schreb.

Vernonia E Delile; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 284.

Vernac. names.—Ewuro Eti mia Irving); Grabra (Abyssinia,
Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.); Libo (St. Tho au Welwitsch).— Bitter leaf
of Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot).

Abeokuta ; Oloke-Meji; Niger amas and widely Dd
in West Trop. Africa, extending to the Congo and A

Used as a chewstick (Abeokuta, Irving, Herb. Kew as a
toothstick, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), as a bitter Sierra
Leone (Kirk, Fl. Trop. Afr. Le.), and described as possessing a
medicinal bitter root, St. Thomas (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl.
ii. p. 530). e leaves are soaked in water and used for soup,
also used in Vr sauce, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep.
Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 42).

Found growing as a shrub 6-10 ft. high or small tree (Fl.
Trop. Afr. Loj; 6-8 ft., re a (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), a

Vernonia cinerea, Less.; Fl. in Ade, III. p. 275.
Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 64; Wight, Illust. t. 134, f. 1.
Vernac. names.—Oru Ewe jedijedi (Lagos, sn
Elegbe Oju TOloke-Mojt,- Dodd), —The Ash-coloured Flea-ba
rece ee Meji, and widely distributed in Tropical Africa
and in
Used Soia i in Lagos, where it is included in ‘‘ àjo i
(see Xylopia aethiopica, p. 50) ; used medicinally in India, and the
seeds are stated to be used in Patna as an alexipharmie and
anthelmintic (Dict. Econ. Prod. India; Moloney, For. W. Afr.
p. 371). Dymock, Warden and Hooper (Pharmacogr. Indi ica, ii.
p. 243) state that the plant has no very sensible properties and “the
medicinal virtues ascribed to it by the Hindoos appear imaginary.
The leaves are eaten as a pot-herb in Chutia Nagpur (Dict. Econ.
Prod. India).
An erect herb 2-5 ft. high with reddish flowers; found in S
laces in palm groves by the river Bengo near anda iern, Ca
We lw. h ii li. p. y - m: channels at "m
Hadramaut, 3000 ft. (Kew Bull. 1894, p. 333).

380

Vernonia Kotschyana, Schultz; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 289.
Vernac. name.—Domashi (Katagum, Dalziel).

Katagum; found also in Nile land at Senaar, Kordofan, in
Abyssinia a Bongoland.

A bitter medicine, Katagum (Dalziel, No. 173, 1907, Herb.
Kew).

Vernonia nigritiana, O. § H.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 288.
Ill ——Heckel, Archiv. de Physiol 1888, t. 1; Christy, e
Comm. Pl. and Drugs, No. 11, 1889, p. 5.

‘Vernac. names.—Batjitjor or Batiator (Senegambia, Heckel and
Schlagdenhauffen) ; Batjitor ciae Leone, Scott Elliot) ; Jubu

amba (Gambia, Brown Lester).

Abeokuta ; Oloke-Meji; Niger and W. Africa generally.

Used medicinally, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc.
No. 3, 1893, P- 50). Root described as a substitute for
a sogre e Ipecacuanha); pounded and boiled,

en as a purgative, Gambia (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891,
p- 272); an infusion used as a iom etic, etc., in small doses, or as an
emetic in large doses, French Guinea (Pobéguin, L' Agric. prat.
pays chauds, xi. part 2, 1911, p. 236); sold in Senegambia,
supposed to have febrifuge, emetic, anti-haemorrhagic and anti-
dysenteric properties (Pharm. Journ. [3] xix. 1889, p. 578).
“ Vernonin,’ ”? the glucoside, obtained from it is said to resemble
digitalin in its action upon the heart (l.c.
Found as an erect woody plant 1—21 ft. (Fl. Trop. Afr. L.e.).

KRef.—''Sur la racine du Batjitjor (Vernonia ,nigritiana) de
l’Afrique tropicale, nouveau pum du coeur," Heckel and
Schlagdenhauffen, in Archives de Physiologie, No. 6, Aug. 15th,

888, Tu 1-36; act in New Comm. Pl. and Drugs, hristy,
No. 11, 1889, pp: 5-8.

Vernonia Perrottetii, Schl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 272.

Ill.—Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix (1875) t. 56, f. A.

Vernac. name.—Kwiajupong (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot),

Niger to Northern Nigeria and other parts of Upper Guinea,
and the Nile Land.

In Unyoro and Madi the natives mix the ashes of this plant
and those of. Hygrophila spinosa, T. And., with water and extract
salt Mus Hán aL Vnus apaoimen from Madi, Hes e

s. Linn. Soc P

An annual plant, 1-2 ft. Mab.

. Vernonia senegalensis, Less., Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 283.
Ill.—Sim, For. Fl. and For. Res. Port. E. Afr. t. 73 f. A; De
Wildeman, Études Fl. Bangala, p. 116.

381

Vernac. names—Tsumbi-lumi (M'Chopes, Zuvalla, Sim);
Fantsa (Mozambique, Stewart); Malulo (W. Trop. Africa
Monteiro); Molülu (Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch).—Bitters Tree
of the Gambia (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, p- 272); Quinine
des Noirs of French Guinea (Pobéguin, L’ Agric. prat. pays
chauds, xi. 2, 1911, p. 236).

iger, and widely distributed in West oe,
Sierra Leone, etc. ; S.W. Africa; East Africa, e ete.

z ound as a tree BI ft. Mti north and south banks of the
mbia (Kew Bull. l.c.); a shrub 6-8 ft. high, on stony hills at
NA 2000 ft. altitude (Cazengo), or a shrub-like little tree in hot
stony thickets (Pungo Andongo), flowering and fruiting May and
June, Angola, and further described by Welwitsch as remarkabl
ornamental and well worth se hg (Hiern, 1.c. pp. 529, 530).
ErrPruawToPus, Linn.

Elephantopus scaber, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 299.

Ill.—Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. t. 106 (F. v bera gtr
Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 7; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl nu. t 166:
Lam. Encycl. t. 718; Wight. le. Pl. Ind. D$. in. € 1086.

Vernac. names.—Tambakombako (Madagascar, PTR Herbe
de la jouissance (Heckel).—Prickly leaved elephant’s foot.

Niger (Barter, No. 1972); wr vig iate No. 206, 1905);
Okuni, Cross River (Holland, No. 169, 1900); widely distributed
in W. Africa, and a common weed throughout the Tropics.

Plant possesses equos and febrifuge properties, Madagascar
(Heckel, Ann. L’I Col. Marseille, i. 1903, p. 151); various
medicinal uses attributed to the decoctions of the root and leaves
in India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India; reed For. W. Afr. p. 372).

0 ft.
Karague (Gr fent Tul Linn. Soc. xxix y^ ws a perennial
herb growing in a caespitose manner, with the habit of the genus,
FOE (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 540).
AGERATUM, Linn.

Ageratum conyzoides, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 300.

Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Bu: PL. e 169: Schk. Handb. t. 238;
Lam. Encycl. t. 672; Hooker, Exotic, Flora, 1, t. I5; Bot. Mag.

t. 2524 (A. meaicanum) ; Wight. Illust. t. 134, fx

382

A native of Modo, South America, and the West edie
Islands: common in Nigeria—everywhere from the sea to Borgu
er No. 1030, Herb. Kew), Oloke-Meji ie No. 407, 1908,

b. Kew), Old Calabar (Holland, No. 20, 1897, Herb. Ke w)—
Mid spread in Tropical Africa, and all hot deus FU.

A decoction of the plant, used for ‘‘ craw-craw "' externally and

for fever internally, Yoruba (Millson, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 215).

Marseille, i ), in Madagascar (bid 1903
pp 89-90), and in Sierra Leone os Elliot, Col. Rep. Mise.
0. 3, j is ; No. 9, 1906, Kew), found to contain a

minute quantity of a crystalline alksloid to which the physio-
Eos activity of the drug may be due (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 601
1909, p. 43).

An annual plant increased by seeds or cuttings, easily grown
in light rich soil, described so long ago as 1823 in reference to
home gardens as “ well deserving of a place in every stove; it
flowers during a yamine period of the summer and even the
severities of winter witness the expansion of its pretty blue
blossoms "' (Hooker, Exotic Flora, t. 15). There are se vue
dwarf varieties — ‘“‘ Cupid," ‘‘Imperial Dwarf," ‘Que
etc., used for bedding purposes in European gardens,

Mikaxra, Willd. :

Mikania scandens, Willd.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 301.

1ll.—Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. i. t. 169 (Eupatorium scandens) ; Desc.
Ant. vii. t. 484 (£ Satori 'scandens); Goodale, Wild F1.
America, t. 34.

Vernac. names.—lyawa (Yoruba, da US Nore (French
Guinea, Farmar); Wedwedwi (Zambesi, Peters, Meller);
Batako (Fiji, PH Guaco (Mexico, Ramirez).—Climbing
Hemp-weed (Goodale).

oe Gate uu River (Niger), Old Calabar, in S. Niger

Sokoto, in N. ON and throughout Tropical A frion;
Introduced lon. Mal

Found as a je a on river boss. Nu Barter, No. 186,
Herb. Kew), a climbing herbaceous eed 60 ft., Nun River

389

Giana, No. 496, ri Herb. Kew), 10-15 ft. high, Cameroon

t 4000—700 t. (Mann, No. 1924, 1860, l.c.), a shrub,
us at the base, dins to a great height, frequently covering
whole tracts of the forest—the flowers of a faint brimstone colour
making the dells of the forest with the broad tops of such trees
as Albizzia, etc., appear as if coated with powdered sulphur,
Golungo Alto (Hiern, 1.c.), climbs up stumps and often forms a
thick carpet on the land, Fiji (Knowles, Kew Bull. 1907, p. 306).

Ref.—Scee under Passiflora foetida, p. 326.

GRANGEA, Adans.

Grangea maderaspatana, Poir.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 304.

Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 49; Lam. Encycl, t. 699; Wight,
le: PL Ind. Or. ui 1 1007

Vernac. names.—Phunat loe Sudan, Broun); Montomaso,
Angea (Madagascar, Heckel); Mare ella Gr Moloney) ;
Macella (sometimes so-called, Loanda, Welwitsch).

Nupe, Katagum, and widely €— in Tropical Africa;
Tropical and Sub- Mops Asia, eee

Found as a prostrate es Katagum (Dalziel, No. 174, 1908,
Herb. Kew), in wet places, Nupe (Barter, No. 1200, Herb. Kew),
very abundant about pools left after the rains, Loanda (Hiern,
Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 545).

Buiumea, DC.'

Blumea lacera, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 322.

Ill.—Deless. Ic. iv. t. 23 (B. Musra).

Ve —Numürdi (Konkan, Bombay, Watt);
Kakxindü? (Bombay, Dymock); Quitoco FAR ET (Golungo
Alto, Welwitsch); Burro Kooksima (India, Mus. Kew).

Nupe and Moe 3 in EEAS PAREN Asia and npo

: :
p. 555). 150 Ib. of the fresh herb in flower, submitted to distilla-
lion in the usual way with water yielded about 2 ounces of a
light-yellow essential oil (Dict. Econ. Prod. India). .

384

Herbaceous plant 2-4 ft. high in marshy meadows and damp
places, root conical, apparently annual, stem with crowded leaves
at the base, Angola (Hiern, 1.c.).

Blumea aurita, DC. has been mentioned as having similar
properties to B. lacera, but according to Watt (Dict. Econ. Prod.
India) it does not appear to have any known economic property.
Kef.—'' The Essential Oils of Blumea lacera and Sphaeranthus
indicus,” Dymock, in Pharm. Journ. [3] xiv. 1884, p. 985.——
** Blumea lacera," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, i. 1889, p. 459.

SPHAERANTHUS, Linn.

Sphaeranthus hirtus, Willd.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 334. [S.
indicus, Linn].

Iil.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 43; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl.
ii. t. 164 (S. indicus); Lam. Encycl. t. 718, f. 1 (S. hirtus), 1. 2
(S. indicus); Wight. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iii. t. 1094 (S. hirtus).

Vernac. names.—Lookidge (Gambia, eor Koksim
(Calcutta, Mus. Kew); Mundi, Gorakmundi, Munditika, Mur-
muria, Kottak-Karandai (India, Dymock).

Kontagora, Zungeru and West Africa in general extending to
Mozambique, also in India, Malay Islands and Australia.

Various medicinal uses attributed to the flowers, bark, root

An erect or ascending, branching plant 2-3 ft. high; or an
annual prostrate herb with ascending branchlets, fragrant
(Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 558) with a rose-like perfume
( ock). Found in Kontagora in fields and damp spots in
bush (Dalziel, No. 189, Herb. Kew).

Puzrcarra, Gaert.

Pulicaria crispa, Benth. § Hook.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 366.

Vernac. name.—Bilbila (Katagum, Dalziel).

Niger, Katagum, Kontagora, Borgu. Occurring also in Sene-
gambia, Nile Land, Arabia, Egypt, India, etc.

The dried plant bruised and applied as a vulnerary to bruises,
etc., of bullocks, India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India).

Herbaceous plant 1-21 ft. high, found in fields and on waysides,
Kontagora (Dalziel, No. 201, 1905, Herb. Kew).

Ecureta, Linn.

Eclipta alba, Hassk.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 373.

Ill.—Bettfreund, Fl. Argent. ii. t. 68 (var. longifolia); iii.
t. 113 (var. elliptica).

385

Vernac. names—Abikolo (Lagos, MacGregor); Arojoku
uns. Millson).
Nun River (Niger), N Ed bene ions distributed in
Troppal Africa and other warm cou

tattooing the natives rub the juicy green leaves over skin
after panchoo ng, to es the Fer indelible s bluish-
ndia).

bats Dai 34 ft. high, on sandbanks Nun River (Mann,
No. 470, 1860, Herb. Kew), Shai Plains, Gold Coast (Johnson,
No. 570, 1900, Herb. Kew), in wet places, Nupe (Barter, No. 865,
Herb. Kew), in UN and marshy places, Angola (Monteiro,

biennial or even persist for three ye. Loanda (Hiern, ‘Cat.
Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 575), a common weed.

Ref.— —'* Eoliptá ne " in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, iii.
1890, pp. 201-202.

ASPiLiA, Thouars.

Aspilia latifolia, O. § H.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 379.

Vernac. name.—Yun-yun (Yoruba, Millson).—Haemorrhage
plant.

Lagos, Old Calabar, Yoruba, Lokoja, Niger River, and also
collected (by Wo gi Acora, and (by Sebweinfurth) i in Djurland
and Niam-Niam Lan

The pounded je Jed flowers applied to a wound are said to
stop the bleeding in a few minutes and to heal the wound rapidly;
used in Liberia for e purpose (Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 374;
Holmes, Pharm. Journ. [3] viii. 1878, p. 563; Christy, New
Comm. Pl. and noe No 2, 1878, and 'No. 3, 1880).

A more or less hispid herb, 134 ft. high, Old Calabar River
(Mann, No. 2325, 1863, Herb. Kew J-

Hezrraxraus, Linn.

Helianthus annuus, Linn. ; Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 904.

An annual plant, usually single “fi der stems 6 ft. or so high.
Flower heads, disc-like, 10-20 in. oss, yellow; stalk a foot
or so from the top up to Sin. in diam., pihy (half an inch or so) in
the centre. Seeds 2 in. long + in. 'broa up to $ in. by $ 1n.,
rhomboidal, narrowing to a broad point, set in small leafy n
black, white, black and white striped or brown and white stri

Ill.—Reneaulme, Spec. Hist. Pl. Paris, t. 83; Lam. Enc "
t. 706; Velloso, Fl. Alogr. Brazil, p. 207; Bilberg, Ekonom. Bot.
1.9; Abh. Senck. i. t. 6; Rchb. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 940, f. 1; cot
Man. Grasses, N. Zealand, i. t. 28; Wiley, U US. Dept. Agric. Di

386

Chemistry, Bull. No. 60, 1901, t. 1; Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge,
iii. 1912, p. 717, f£. 496 (Cultivé à à Kinsengwa ).

Sunflower.

Native probably of N. America, common in Mexico, extending
to Peru, etc., and under cultivation in many tropical and sub-
dS countries,

seeds are used for feeding poultry, and in Russia they are
eaten He nuts by the people; roasted and ground they are some-
times used as a substitute for coffee. They yield an oil suitable
for culinary and table purposes, also for Misco. d UT TUM
candle-making, soap-making, and in the manufacture of m
garine; said to be equal to olive or almond oil, etc., for which
it is sometimes substituted. The residue after the extraction of
the oil is pressed into cakes and used for feeding cattle—for which
urpose it is considered advisable to grind it into as fine a meal
as possible to admit of easier digestion, this cake being harder
than most oil cakes, and almost impossible for cattle to chew in
large pieces. The leaves mixed with bran are also considered
good fodder for cat:le and horses. The stalks yield a fibre, and
they may be used tor paper making, though Dodge (Cat. Fiber
Pl. of the World, p. 189) states that there are many American
plants better adapted to this purpose.

The stems are also burnt to produce carbonate of potash in the
Trans-Caucasus (Board of Trade Journ. Dec. 5, 19 Hes p 454;
6736 tons exported in 1912, Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5078, 1913,

P-
ton (British Export Journ. Oct. 15, 1897).
The flowers are suitable for feeding bees.
The et is comparatively easy. There are several well

Basan wee amniotik” * Prize Mammoth," ‘‘ Russian,”
Large Russian," ‘ Mammoth Russian," *' Tall Russian,"
‘White Russian," and “White Beauty’’ (enumerated as
American varieties by Tracy, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bureau Pl.
Industry, Bull. No. 21, 1903, p. 352). The main requirements are
a warm climate, moderate rainfall, light, rich and well drained
soil. From 5-10 lb. of seed will sow an acre, broadcast or in
rows about 3 ft. apart, thinning out as required so that the plants
stand, for full deceat, about 18 in. apart each way.
plants come to maturity in about four months, and sim be
harvested before being quite pps The seeds may be removed
from the heads—the same day as gathered, if See ilh s an
ordinary flail or by specially iba rer cylindrical machines.
The yield of seed has been ers at 900-1500 lb. per acre,
giving 15-20 per cent. of oil (Cape Agric. Journ. xxv. 1908, p. 85;
Bull. Imp. Inst. vi. 1908, p. 84; Journ Be. Agric, xv. 1908,
p. 370), 18 ewt. of good clean seed per acre, giving 300 lb. of
oil or 18 per cent. of the ves ME iir ‘and on average land

987

90 bushels to the acre, yielding 1 gallon of oil per bushel, has been
obtained (Journ. Soc. Arts, li. 1903, p. 419; Proc. and Jour
Agric. Hort. Soc. India, April-June, 1908, p. 49; British Export
Journ., Oct. 15th, 1897).

In storing the seed care is required E avoid M MN com-
paratively small quantities should eaped, an e heap
should be turned regularly to keep the Seid fresh and aos

Trans-Caucasus is an important centre for the production of
seed oil and cake. 20,099 tons of seed were exported from
Novorossisk in 1911 (Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5078, 1913, p. 27).
The output of oileake from Rav rossisk, Trans-Caucasus, was
estimated in 1907 at 800,000 tons (Board of Trade Journ. Dec. 5th,
1907, p. 454), and in 1911 at 131,615 tons (Cons. Rep. l.c. p. 29).
The United Kingdom was the principal importer of seed from
the N. Caucasus in 1911 (Cons. Rep. l.c. p. 27), and Denmark
is the principal market for the cake.

Ref.—'' Sunflower (Helianthus pen " in Cultural Indus-
tries for Queensland, Bernays, pp. 171-173 (Government Printer,
‘Brisbane, 1883).——‘‘ Sunflower (Helianthus annuus,)" in
Manual of Grasses I ot Plants Useful to New Zealand,
Part 1, Mackay, pp. 63-65 (Govt. Printer, Wicca erm 1887).
** Helianthus Riser in Dict. Eeon. Prod. In Watt. iv.
** Soleil ou Tournesol,’’ in Dor Pl. Indus-
trielles, Heuzé, ii. pp. 151-155 (Libraire Agric. de la Maison

“The Sunflow

Composition and Uses, Wiley, U.S. Dept. Agric. Div.
ull. ? 2

bados, 1904 4 unflower as a Preventive of

alaria," in Journ. Soc. Arts, li. 1908, pp. 418-419
‘ Helianthus annuus: Sunflower," Hooper, in Tete Ledger,
1, 1907, pP- 1- 11. — Sunflower Paii t in Cyel.

tion, Bolton and Mis DD. 238-240, Wid ricum of the cake
and oil (J. and A. Churchill, London Í qn ** Sunflower
Seed," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 88, pp. 467—468, with
analysis of seed oil. x Senna Oil 3» (The Oil Resources
of the Empire), Perkin, in Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lxii. p. 483.

Helianthus tuberosus, Linn.; Sp. Pl. (1753), p. 905.
herbaceous perennial. Roots, tuberous, more or less purple,
t

ds h 1 unlike this con
bling t tato in general appearance, ike this -
tains ho starch: - Be ens 3 10 : ft. high. Leaves ee

388

lower to bini Passes eara in the upper part of the stem. Flowers
yellow, terminal.

Ill.—Jacq. “Hort, Bot. Vindob. ii. t. 161; Plenck. Ic. t. 638;
Schk. Handb. t. 258; Mem. Mus. Paris. xix. (1830), t. 4; Rchb.
Ic. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 940, f. 2; Bot. Mag. t. 7545; Gard. Chron
Dec. 4th, 1909, p. 374, f. 163 (tubers s).

Vernac. names.—Gwaza (Zaria, Dudgeon); Artichoke, Jerusa-
lem Artichoke.

Native of N. America. Introduced to Europe, Asia, Africa, etc.

Cultivated generally as a vegetable, and do some extent for the
production of Alcohol (Kew Bull. 1912, p. 119).

The cultivation is approximately the same as for the Potato.
The requirements are à warm climate, moderate rainfall and
fairly rich soil. The tubers are planted 3 in. deep in rows about
15 ft. apart, and earthed up in drills when a few feet high. The
oop is ready for harvesting when the stems begin to dry and

ither, after about four months growth. The tubers may be
mes in due ground and dug up as required or they may be stored

venient receptacle covered with earth or sand,
especially i in countries where growth is more or less continuous
the year ro

The yield oF tuber: per acre may be 3 tons and upwards. In
Hungary more than 8 tons per acre agi been obtained with over
3 tons of stems and leaves (7410 lb. of stems and leaves and

3).

18,320 1b. tubers, Journ. Bd. Agric. xx. 1913, p

The yield on an experimental scale in Nairobi, B.E. Africa,

i 4 Ib. p
—13th jur to 8th mye Ya Rep. Ann. No. 519, moz

= as To recommend

Jerusalem FRESE áre cultivated ui ibo T of Zaria town

(Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr.
** Helianthi " is a her "d plant ibat has been advised
as equal if mi rior the Jerusalem M ee

Ib. of ds ang london, and 4940 Ib. "eges per acre for
thi.

plant failures (50 bn cent. ‘‘ Helianthi," 7 ni cent. * Jerusalem
Artichoke") and the difficulty of harv rvesting the tubes cene de
having to be ae for ‘‘ Helianthi "" on account of the long under-
ground runners, while those of the Jerusalem e being
close oil as in the potato can be harvested with a hoe

389

Kef.—'' Helianthus tuberosus,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India
bru iv. 1890, pp. 211-212._—“‘ The erem Artichoke, 5
W. in Gardeners’ Chronicle, Dec. 4th, 1909, p. 374.

SPILANTHES, Linn.
Spilanthes Acmella, (er ; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. P 384.
Ill.—Rumpf, Amb. vi. t. 65; Plenck. Ic. t. 604; Raffeneau-
Delile, Cent. Pl. Afr. Voy. ler t. 9, f. T (Acmella caulorrhiza) ;
Annalen d' Pharmacie, 1836, . 9.

Vernac. names.—Awere pepe TE Foster); Tonjatula
(Uganda, Mutter): Akmal (India, Watt); Anamafana,
Anamalaho, Kimontodoha (Madses ascar, Hecke el).—The Para
Cress of Brazil, Cresson-Para Cresson des Indes (Heckel).

Oloke-Meji; Old Calabar, and widely distributed in
; eme Atos and M warmer — -" the nis T Id.

odontalgic, tonic, and digestive ee à . Madagascar,
in Ann. L'Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903 76). wed by the
natives as a specific for toothache, Old tot. (Sampson, Herb.
Kew); used by Europeans and Natives in India for similar pur-
poses (Dict. Econ. Prod. India) Eaten in salads (French

6500-7000 ft. Masuku Plateau, Noscdland (Whyte, Herb.
Kew), in the Himalaya up to 5000 ft. cultivated and wild
throughout India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India), and wild and in
cultivated fields, Madagascar (Heckel, l.c. i. 1903, p. 76).

Bivens, Linn.
Bidens pilosa, Linn.; Fil. My Afr. III. p. 392.

Ill.—Rumpf, Amb. 15; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. ii.
t. a Lam. Encycl. t. 668; ease Agric. Journ. ii. tt. 27, 28.
ac. names.—Abere Oloko (Lagos, Dawodu); Akesin-maso

Fire Dial). —Black Jack (Chirinde, SE rton).
Lagos: Old Nem and widely distributed in the Tropics.
Used medicinally, Lagos (Dennett, Herb. Kew), also as a
vegetable, Lagos ( aa Herb. Kew).

390

weed. Found oe cltivaied “ground (Chirinde, esl mereri s
common in and near corn , the seed vessels attaching them-
selves to everything they come in contact with, flowering in
December, Karagwe (Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. p. 99).
ee Linn.
; Fl. Palaest. in Amoen. Acad. iv
pP. 463, ge COMUNE cg ue T1), p. 281.

Somewhat shrubby, about 14 ft. high. Leaves minute, Debés
obtuse, flat, subtomentose, ash-coloured. Inflorescence a panic
late raceme. Flower heads rounded.

Ill.—Plukenet, FAM. t. 79, f. 2; Plenck. Ic. t. 610; Delile,
Egypt, t. 43; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant Medic. Diisseld. t. 229 ;
Wagner, Pharm. Medie: Bot. t. 233.

Vernac. name.—Buaiteran (Arabic, Post).

Native of Syria, Egypt, Arabia, etc.

An aromatic bitter, used in medicine in Arabia and Egypt.

diiri from N.
The plant has t eem recorded from Nigeria.

Gynura, Cass.
Gynura cernua, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. ITI. p. 402.
- R Hort. Bot. Vindob. iii. t. 98 (Senecio rubens).
nac. names.—Efo Ebure (Oloke-Meji, Dodd); Efo Ebure
Canin McLeod, Hato): Ebolo (Lagos, Dawodu); Anamdrambo,
Maimbola, Fitango osana (Madagascar, Heckel).

Lagos, Oloke-Meji, Niger, as various parts of Tropical Africa,
extending to Abyssinia, Mada agascar, etc.

Used for various medicinal purposes, Madagascar (Heckel, P1.
Med. Madagascar, in Ann. L'Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903, p.i)
as a are Lagos (Hislop, Herb. Ke y

erect branched eri Mies 2-9 ft. high. Found at an
altitude of 6 7000 ft. ssinia — common in
cultivated fields, sega a eckel,
Emila, Cass.
Emilia sagittata, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 322.
x .— Cass. Dict. xiv. t. 5 (Emilea flammea).
rnac. names.—Odundun Odo (Lagos, MacGregor); A b
fice cues Tees quidem

Lagos (Phillips, No. 44; MacGregor, No. 114, Herb. Ke
AP (Barter, No. 180, Herb. Kew); giete daine, No. "
Herb. Kew); Onitsha (Barter, No. 1751, Herb. Kev); Lokoja

391

(Parsons, Herb. Kev). Has been found also in Angola, Zanzibar,
etc., and occurs in India.
Used medicinally for childrén, Lagos (Dawodu, Herb. Kew).
An erect glabrous annual 1-4 ft. high.
nchifolia is a common tropical weed, used in India as a
pa and for various medicinal pe vet in China the
leaves are eaten in salads (Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 375).

Senecio, Linn.

Senecio abyssinicus, Sch.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 410.

Vernac. name.—Amunimuye (Oloke-Meji, Dodd).

Lagos; Oloke Meji. Also in Mombuttu Land and Abyssinia.

Leaves used medicinally, Oloke-Meji (Dodd, No. 433, 1908,
Herb. Kew).

An erect annual about 1-1 ft. high. eus near banks of
Ogun River, Lagos, as a weed i n yam ground (Millen, No. 121,
Herb. Kew), e: an altitude of 3900 ft. Entebbe (Brown, No. 15,
1904, Herb. Kew).

Senecio baberka, Hutchinson in Kew Bulletin, 1913, p. 180.

A herb up to 1} in. high; stems simple or sparingly branched,
erect, glabrous. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblanceolate,
apex obtuse, narrowed to the base, 2-13 in. long, 11-4 lin.
broad, eiii thinly chartaceous, glabrous, pale green, 3-5

nerved from the. base, nerves sub-parallel with the margin, promi-
nent on a sides. Heads yellow, “solitary, long, peduncu-
late, radiate, oblong in outline, about 2 i g and in diameter;

peduncles 13-6 in. long, not ieee glabrous. Involucral
bracts in one series, free, linear or linear-oblong, obtusely
acuminate, + in. long, coriaceous, with membranous margins,
glabrous except the puberulous tips of the margins. Receptacle
slightly concave, smooth. Ray-flowers, fertile, few. Disk-
flowers numerous. Pappus white, barbellate. Achenes linear-
oblong, 21 lin. long, ribbed, the ribs shortly whitish pubescent.

Vernac. name.—Baberka (Katagum, lagen

Nigeria, Katagum District (Dalziel, No. 390, 1907, Herb. Kew).

A bitter medicine.

CENTAUREA, Linn.

Centaurea Merc M. [C. Calcitrapa, Oliv. & Hiern, Fl.
Trop. Afr. iii. p. 437, non Linn. .

Vernac. name. oper (Katagum, Dalziel).

x Eun No. 176, 1907, Herb. Kew); Kouka, Bornu
(E. Vogel, No. 17 and 51, 1856, Herb. Kew); Bornu Eliott,
No. 129, Herb. Kew), and i in Senegambia, Nile La nd, etc.

A common camel food, Katagum (Dalziel, Le.; Grant, Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxix. p. 101).

BB

392

An erect annual or use 1-2 ft. high. A weed growing in
sand, Bornu (Elliott, l.c.). Plentiful E & desert ground near
Thebes and Carnac, N ile region (Grant, |

CanTHAMUS, Linn.

Carthamus lanatus, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 439.

Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Sun. PLn t Ie i Fusus-
~ dba’ À Schk. Handb. t. 238; Bot. Mag. t. 2142; Sibth. Fl.
Graec. ix. t. 841; Rchb. Ic. F1. Germ. xv. t. 746, t. II.

Blessed Brei Woolly Carthamus; Yellow Distaff Thistle.

Mediterranean Region, Canary Islands, Madeira, Nile Land.
Introduced to Abyssinia, 'and widely cultivated.

Said to possess sudorific, febrifuge and dca properties.

Carthamus tinctorius, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 439.

Ill.—Rumpf. Amb. v. t. 79; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. PI.

t. 161; Schk. Handb. t. 233; Lom. Encycl. t. 661, f. 3; Plenck,
Ic. t. 600; Bot. Reg. ii (1816), t 170; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant.
Medic. Düsseld. t. 221; Rchb. le. Fl. Germ. xv. t. 7 46, f. 1;
Berg, Charact. t. 48, No. 372; Duthie, Field Crops, t. 13; Heuzé,
Pl. Industrielles, i. p. 345; Cat. Mat. Med. Mexico, v. re p. 34;
Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Agric. ii. p. 270, f. 375; Howard and Rahman
"€ Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Series 3, Oct. 1910, tt. 12, 13.

ac. names.—Gartoom (Egypt, Grant); mese (Sudan,
Bin) Essfar (Sudan, Bull. Imp. Inst. ix. 1911, 202); Kas-
soumbo (Oceania, Heuzé); Kurdee (India). er Bastard
Saffron, Carthamine Dye.

Cultivated in the Sudan, Nubi ia, Senaar, Abyssinia, India,
China, S. Europe, etc. Mentioned in List of Plants cultivated at
eos (Rowland and Millen). = ‘Botanica Register (ii. 1816,
t. 170) gives Egypt as the native country.

A rose-coloured dye is obtained pee the flowers. In France
and Spain the florets are picked off and dried in the shade;
in Egypt and India they are washed in cold water, slightly

ressed into lumps and dried in the shade, the latter it is said
Es about double the value of those prepared by the former
method (Journ. Soc. Arts, xix. 1871, p. 817; Pharm. Journ. [3]
ii. 1871, p. 405). It is necessary when washing and preparing
the trade product to see that nothing alkaline onchies it until the
dye is actually required—the dee —— bos by treat-
ment with an alkaline solution. A sa ower, described

[2 35

as ‘‘ poor," was received at Kew from the Royal Niger Co. in
90.

X

398

sacred for wedding garments. Safflower was formerly largely
imported for the Lo iene of rouge, for which purpose it may
still possess some import

The seeds are edible e after roasting and are also good
food for poultry. In Télegu fried safflower seed is ground
together with tamarind, salt. and fried chillies to make
“chutney.” Roasted seed mixed with fried rice wafers, Bengal
gram, etc., is sold i in the bazaars E Agric. xxx. 1908, p. fest

expressed unhuske valu
making. ''Roghan"' is a thick rer ah prepar
l

water. It is asad in the manufacture - “ Afridi Wax Cloth,"
and has been suggested for use as a waterproofing material = in
the manufacture of linoleum (Journ. Soc. Arts, 1. 19 10).

The cake after the expression of the husked javis is a good
cattle food, though inferior to ae cake. The young plants
(of the spineless ee seq.) may be used as fodder, as a vegetable
or pot-herb. The stems burn isiy and are used as fuel, and (in
India) for making matches

The plant is an annual about 3 ft. in height, and under cultiva-
tion there are two marked forms—spiny an spineless with usually
yellow and orange flowers respectively, e purs of inter-
mediate forms being more or less common. In general the more

spiny plants are grown for seed alone, "un the jem spiny are
grown for the flower, the seed, and as fodder

A light sandy or loamy soil well vultis, a fair amount of
moisture—natural € or the crop is a suitable one for
irrigation—and a m climate are desira

The central jas bud should be ud off as soon as it
appears, to induce a bushy growth; but beyond ordinary weeding,
keeping the seres stirred and irrigating if necessary, not much
skill is require

The seed may ee sown roodasst or in drills, about 18 enn
apart, and put in about 2 in. ee the — From 10-15
Ib. of seed will be required to an acre. A good vids will be

. about 100—120 Ib. of dry domaine: "and 1000—1500 Ib. seed mi acre.

About 20-30 per cent. of oil may be obtained from the see
cial care is necessary in gathering the flowers farei the

Spe
plants should. z ona over every two or three days ge the
owerlng perio The crop is ripe for seed when the plants

BB 2

394.

begin to turn pes; they may then be uprooted, left on the
ground to dr a day or two, when the seed may be beaten out
with a flail or em stick.

Rain or moisture is detrimental to the eed and seed once
they ae been gathered and prepared for s

The plants will begin to flower about 4 Sons after sowing,
the flowers may be gathered for a month or six weeks, and the
seeds will ripen in the course of Ratha month, the time poiipied
with the crop being altogether from six to seven months.

A trade existed in the dye [‘‘Cossumba”’ or *Kusumbha"']
as early as 1644 (see The English Factories in India 16421645,
pp- 136, 161, 167, 212).

The imports of Safflower into the United Kingdom 50 or 60
years ago were calculated in tons (405 tons in 1847; 506 tons in
1848; 407 tons in 1849, etc.), the price according to quality being
from £1-£8 per cwt. ., imported from Bombay and Bengal into
London and Liverpool in bales of 13 cwt. (Poole, Stat. Br. Comm.
p. 267). In 1894, ewt. value £1742, were imported into
England from Madras (4 cwt.) and Bengal (397 cwt.) (Trade of
the United Kingdom, 1895, p. 58) and in 1899, 20 cwt., value £62,
came in from India (l.c. 1900, p. 167), the ‘last year in which
returns are shown by the Customs.

The exports of the dye from India now go mainly to Hong Kong

Watt, Comm. Prod. India, p. 280). For at least 100 years the
trade in this substance flourished (see Watt l.c. for some figures),
but at the present time the chief value lies in the seed and oil,
known in the commerce of this country as ‘‘ Kurdee," for w ich
upwards of 600,000 acres are cultivated annually in Bomba

(le. p. 281) in association with wheat or gram. Seed from
Nyasaland has been fo € to ec 29:6 per cent. of oil, nearly
equal to the average quality of Indian Safflower seed sold on the
London Market value d robe po £7 10s. per ton (Bull.
Imp. Inst. xi. 1918, p. 560).

FKef.—'' Carthamus e Field and Garden Crops,

Duthie and Fuller, i. pp. 51-54 een Civil Eng. Coll. Press,

882)—— 2 rthamus tinctorius,”
India, Watt, ii. 1889, pp. 183195. —* Carthame," in Les
PL Industrielles, Heuzé, ii. pp. 342-351 (Libraire Agric.

de la Maison Rustique, Paris, 1893).———'' Carthame des
T iers,” in Drogues Simples d'Origin Vegetale,
Planchon and Collin, pp. 30-32 (Paris, 1896 '* Carthamus

tinctorius,’’ in Edible Oils used in India, Dunstan, in Agric.
Ledger, No. 12, 1899, pp. 32-33; and in Tech. Rep. and Sci.
Papers, Imp. Institute, 1903, pp. 128, 131.——-" Carthamus
tinctorius: Safflower,”’ Abbey- Yates, in Agric. eie No. 11,
1904, pp. 149-175. Carthamus tinctorius, Beam Report
Welcome Res. Lab. Khartoum, 1908, p. 410, Analysis of Seed.

‘Carthamus tinctorius," in Comm Prod. sis c Watt,
pp. 276-283.——-'' Edible Oil from Safflower-Seed (Carthamus
tinctorius)," in Trop. Agric. Ceylon, xxx. Jan. 1908, pp. 41-42.

395 `
: Safflower”: “< The Economic Significance of Natural Cross-
Fertilization in India,” Howar d, Howard an ahman Khan,
Memoirs, Dept. Agric. India, iii. Oct. 1910, pp. 3 24.
“Safflower Oil” in Fatty Foods: Their Practical Examination,
Bolton and Revis, pp. 245-246, with analyses of the cake and oil
J. and A. Churchill, London, 1913).——“‘ Safflower Seed from
Nyasaland," in Bull. Imp. Inst. xi. 1913, pp. 560—561.

Dicoma, Cass.

Dicoma tomentosa, Cass.; Fl. Trop. Afr. ITI. p. 443.

Vernac. names.—Do d (Katagum, Dalziel); Navananji-cha-
pálu (Belgaum, India, Watt).

Katagum; Borgu; Kouka [Kukuwa] Bornu; Niger. Found also
in Senegambia, Angola, Abyssinia, Mozambique and India.

The plant is very bitter: used as a febrifuge in sin India
(Dict. Econ. Prod. India).

An annual with a shrubby habit r? ft. high. Growing on
rocks, Borgu (Barter, Exe Kew); as a herb of fields, Katagum
(Dalziel, Herb. Kew); Zenga do Goling, and Bumbo, Angola
(Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. PI. iii. p. 613).

Lacruca, Linn.
Lactuca sativa, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 451.
The Lettuce.
Cultivated in Zaria a (Parsons, N. Nig. Gaz. April 30, 1910,
p. vus in Lagos (Rowland and Millen, List of Pl. Bot

Àn annual plant. The seed. which ‘should is of its fed hoá
Europe, may be sown in shallow pans or boxes, or in nursery beds,
and pricked off when large enough to handle and finally planted
out in light rich soil about a foot apart, shading lightly until
established at all stages. In very hot districts, S. Nigeria, Foster
recommends (S. Nig. Govt. Gaz. Oct. 21st, 1908, Sepak p- li) a
light shade of palm leaves. The plants may come to maturity
ps cutting) i in from about 60-90 days. The two principal kinds

rown are ‘‘ Cabbage” and ‘Cos.’ In Cuba the varieties

A Hubbard Macket " and “ Big Boston —cabbage-hea ded, fine
both for garden and market, mr and “Grand
apids’’—crisp bunching, for garden (Austin and Halstead,

York ” are specially recommended (Agric. News, Barbados, 1908,
p. 319). In Zaria the Cabbage variety is said to do best and to

396

grow without difficulty with shading when transplanting -
(Parsons, l.c.). Cabbage and eae a Sed s ips White ” ar re
recom

** Bun nching, im Grip” “Cos” and ** Lobed-leave

** Lactuca sativa, ” in Gardening for taf. —
p- 164 1874).——“ Lactucarium," i Pharmacographia,
Flückiger and Hanbury, pp. aE a (Macmillan and Co., London,
1879).— —'' Lactuca sativa: Garden Lettuce,” in Med. Pi. Bentley
and Trimen, No. 161, 5 pages (Churchill; Ser 1880).
Lactuca Sala. var. sativa, in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt,
iv. 1890, pp. 578-579. American Varieties of Lettuce, Tracey,
u.s. Dept. Agric. Bureau of Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 69, 1904,
pp- 1-108, Plates, i.-xxvii *Laitue Cultivée, Lactuca
sativa," in Les PI. Potageres, Vilmorin-Andrieux, pp. 349-388

; — in
Halstead, in Trop. Agric. xxx. March 1908, pp. 211-213; from
Estacion Central Agronémica de Cuba, Bull. No. 8, Sept. 1907,
—‘‘Lettuce Cultivation in Agric. News, Ba rbados, vii. 1908,

. 319. ** Lettuce,” in Ms etable Growing in Cuba, "Austin and
Hals stead, Estación Cen af Agronómica de Cuba (English

Edition), Bull. No. 13, dune 1908, pp. 38, 40.

PLUMBAGINACEAE.
PrvMB2aco, Linn.

Plumbago zeylanica, Linn.; Fl. Ee Afr. III. p. 486.

Ill. — Rheede, Hort. Mal. 8; Trew. Pl. Rer t. s P eis
FI. Ital. in. t. 108 (P. pen Dra apiez, Herb. de
rare ii. t. 31 (P. auriculata) ; Bot. Reg. (1846), t. 23; "Wight.
Illus 179.

Vernac. names.—Inobiri (Lagos, Dawodu); Cadinga puna
(Angola, , Welwitsch) Chitra or Chita (Bengal, Moloney). —Ceylon

Dalziel, No. 315, 1907, Herb. Kew), and widely
spread in Tropical Airis, dia Australia, etc.

The root is acrid and stimulating, bruised and mixed with a
little bland oil it is used in India as an external application for
rheumatism and paralytic affections, ete. (Dict. Econ. Prod.
India); medicinal P root used as a caustie, Angola (Hiern,
Cat. ab i Pl. iii. p. 635); a tincture of the root bark has
been employed as an sit odriddie in the treatment of intermit-
tents, "e ante fic (Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 377).

Subseandent, easily cultivated, found in the bush, Katagum
Pags” ee Kew), by fences, Loanda (Hiern, 1.c.); an under-
shrub t., Golungo Alto.

Ref.— pha mbago zeylanica,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India,
Watt, vi. la, 1892, pp. 295-296.

397

SAPOTACEAE.
CHRYSOPHYLLUM, Linn.
Chrysophyllum africanum, A.DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 500.
ae Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 15 A ff. a-f.
c. names.—Osangbalumo i heres Thompson); Otien
(Benin. Thompson); Umtuem (St. T W aT: Hagaso
(Ivory Coast, Courtet) ; Bungi (Sierra +. Unwin).

Yoruba, Benin and West Tropical Africa in general.

Fruit edible (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 60;
List of For. Trees, S. Nigeria, 1910, p. 6), eaten in Dahomey
(Chevalier seq.).

Wood used for cabinet-work, carving, moulding, and turnery,
Ivory Coast (Courtet, Bois, Cote d'Ivoire e, in L’ Agric. prat. pays
chauds. xi. 1, 1910, p. 465); railway carriages (Chevalier, Les
Veg. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. Franc. v. 1909, p. 237); for making
images and fancy work, S. Nigeria Lees Lis. Le.). Courte
and Chevalier "ie c.) give the sent as 0-590; specimen in the
Kew Museum has sp. gr. 0-758 = 47-3 Ib. per cubic ft. The bark
is used medicinally, S. Nigeria hoin paoa. le:

"gs tree yields a gutta-like extract of comparatively little value.

tree up to 60 ft. high, often planted for shade, Lower Dahomey
(Chevalion Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Accl. de France, 1912, p. 133).

Chrysophyllum albidum, Von; Fl. Trop. Afr. IIT. p. 500.

[C. Millenianum, Engler, Mosinee. Afr. Pflan. (1904), p. 44].

7ll.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 15 C. a-b.

Vernac. names.—Osan-gbalumo (Oloke-Meji, Foster); Osan-
Agbalumo (Lagos, Hislop, McCleod, Dawodu); Odello (Goldie).

Lagos (Millen, No. 47, 1892, Herb. Kew); Oloke-Meji (Foster,
No. 107, Herb. Kew); found also in Princes Island (Mann), San
Thomé (Don; ; Chevalie

The fruit is said to be edible; an extract is obtained from the
tree known as birdlime, and the bark is used medicinally, Lagos
d l.c.). The juice from the leaves is used by the natives in

of eu em when collecting flake rubber, W. Afrie

f Goldie, Mus. Kew).

A tree 30 to 60 ft. high (Fl. Trop. Afr. L.c.).

ctio adm Cainito, Linn. SP: PI. ER: p. 192.

or blue Re or m Voss 2
section T the fruit shows the arrangement of the seeds kep a FEN

398

hence the common name. Seeds rhomboidal, black, shining, em-
bedded in the pulp, the central star being about an inch across.

Ill.—Plumier, Ic. Burm 69; Sloane, Voyage, Jamaica, ii.
t. 229; Browne, Jamaica, t. m f. 2; Jacq. Icon. Select. Stirp.
Am. t. 37; E F; Plant. Indig. et Exot. Ic. t. 71; Gaertner, Fruct.
Sem. Pl. iii. t. 201 (fruit and seeds) ; Lam. Encycl. t. 120; Desc.
Ant. ii. t. 70; Tussac, Ant. iii. t. 9 (Cainito pomiferum) ; Dict.
Sc. Nat. t. 69; Bot. aes t. 3072 (fruit and seeds from Gaertner,
Le.); Ill. Hort. 1885, p. 127 (fruit); Engler and Prantl, Pflan.
iy. pt. 1, f. 80; Engler, rase Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, p. 40

Vernac. names.—Bris Chien (Dominica, Mus. Kew).—Star
Apple, Broad- leased Star Apple, Cainito, Caimitier.

Native of the W. Indies and S. huis Cultivated in W.
Africa.

Fruit edible. In season (Jamaica) June to September, difficult
to transport (Kew Bull. 1888, p.179). A sample of spirit obtained
from Star Apples i is in the Kw Museum.

The wood is very hard and durable, suitable for all purposes,
especially es situations (Harris, Timb. Jamaica, West
Indian, Bull. ix 9, p. 314). specimen in the Kew Museum
has a specific ae of 0-82 — 51-25 Ib. per cubic foot.

Bark tonic ; T bitter (Heckel, Les Pl. se Toxique, Guy.
Franc. Ann . L'Inst. Col. Marseille, iv. 1897, 9)

May be propagated by seeds, and has been eben in this country
since 1737 (Bot. Mag. L.c.).

Ref.—"* Caimitier, Chrysophyllum Cainito," in Fruits des pays
chauds, Hubert, pp. 455-464 (H. Dunod et E. Pinat, Paris, 1912).

Chrysophyllum Welwitschii, En5ler, Bot. Jahrb. xii. (1890), p.521.

A slender scandent shrub, climbing to a height of about 25 ft.
Leaves (ridge glossy above, paler below. Flowers, —
globose, very small, about 1 lin. in diam. white; corolla gamo
petalous, waxy or somewhat fleshy ; seeds bony

- —Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. nie f.15, À.

c. names.—Ukopie (Ivory Coast, Engler); Jungingi
(dole Alto, Angola, Engler, Welw itsch) ; Jimbundo (Seeds :
Golungo Alto, Welwitsch); Tingingi (Angola, Ficalho).

deer (Unwin, No. 59, 1907, Herb. Kew). Also in Angola.

The seeds are worn as ornaments by the natives of Angola
(ern, “Cat, Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 641).

Found in — dins among the mountains of Eastern Queta,

Golungo Alto, where it flowers in Jan. and March, fruiting in
September (Hiern, y p. e

Chrysophyllum sp.

A tree growing 80-100 ft. high (Dawe) and in the Budongo
Forest, Uganda (according to Dawe), onë of the most striking
trees in consequence of its reddish foliage. AE dark-purple,

399
tomentellous. Leaves linear-oblong, very enr ad irme
acuminate, subcuneate at the base, 6-91 in. , li . broad,
entire, dull green and gla * rous above, dene. hp A dade
tomentose below ; lateral nerves about 20 on each side, spreading,

m.

under surface of the leaves. Seeds flattened, about 2 in. long.

Vernac. name.—Ekpuro or Ekpiro (Benin, Thodipion]:

Western Province, S. Nigeria (Thompson, No. 8, 1906, Herb.
Kew), Benin (Hitchens, Jan. 1901, Herb. Kew); Budongo Forest,
Uganda (Dawe, No. 789, Herb. Kew); Benin, S. Nigeria (Far-
ma Herb. Kew, 1913).

Leaves yield a [ so-called] Gutta-percha (Hitchens, 1.c.) ; wood,
white (Thompson, ] c.)

Lucuma, Molina.
Lucuma mammosa, Gaertn. f. Fruct. Sem. Pl. iii. p- 129.

. chartaceous, 'obovate-oblong, base cuneate, " apex mucronate,
glabrous on the upper surface, glabrescent below, about . by
3in. Flowers tubular, white or greenish yellow (Peckolt). Fruit
ovoid digs à 3-5 in. long, 2-25 in. through the centre; rind,

ike the fruit in form, covered for three-quarters of the surface
with a shining-brown bony testa, about 1 lin. thick; hilum broad,
covering the remainder of the seed, lighter than the shining part,
though about equal in strength and thickness.
` Jil.—Sloane, Hist. Jamaica, ii. t. 218 (Malus persica, ete);
Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. iii. tt. 203, 204; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t.297
Achras Lucu ma); Mart. Fl. Bras. vii. t. 23, f. 2 (seeds); Vidal,
. For. Filip. t. 62 D; Le Jard. 1889, p. 271.

Native of S. America and the W. Indies.

Vernac. names.—Sapoti-assi, or Sapoti (Brazil, Peckolt);
Uique (Indian, S. America, in Sa ote (Trinidad, Hart) ;
Mammee Sapote Jamaica, t).—Marmalade Plum, Bully Tree.

The pulp of the fruit is cible houle of the best. It makes
excellent marmalade (Lun . 480).
kernels are stated to soute kid nic acid (Mus. Kew; Hart,
Bull. Misc. Inf. Roy. Bot. Gardens, Soe idad, 1895, p. 70); used
in the West Indies for flavourin ng as a substitute for Almonds
(Mus. Kew; Kew Bull. 1913, p. 127); mer as a remedy for
renal colic, Brazil (Peckolt, Pharm. Journ. [3] xviii. 1888,
p. 952). The bark is mildly po eus and.is used as a febri-

Ds
-
Ss
c

fuge (l.c.).
The wood is described as suitable for house construction, furni-
ture, etc. (Fawcett, Econ. Prod. Jamaica, p. 50; Harris, Timb.

400

sed West Indian Bull. ix. 1909, Calocarpum mammosum,
Pierre 8

riri eben by seeds. The tree is cultivated — Brasil:
The tree appears to take m "add years to develop. Lunan dis ort

of them, being forty or fifty years, as they say, before they bear."

Acunas, Linn.

Achras Sapota, a ; Sp. PL Ed. ni. p. 470.

A iree 30—40 ft. hi ae sometimes 100 ft. high (Harris, Ms:
Indian Bull. ix. 1909. 5 . 309) ; with a trunk up to 3 ft. in diam

Leaves cblong-lanceolate, blunt at both ends, 34 in d
petioles 8-12 lin. long. owers white. Fruit a berry, brown or
brownish-yellow, firm fleshed, about 2-3 in. in diam., apex blunt
pointed, broader and flatter at the base. Seed black, about 1 in.
long, 1 in. across the centre.

Ill.—Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, n. t. 230 CMM ilii eio);
Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida and Baha 87
nang pan etc. p E Jamaica, £ 19.1. 3 era freta

41;

Tos Ant. E >. Desc. xi iv. t. 259; Dict. Sc. Nat. t. 61;

Bot. Mag. tt. 3111, 3112; Drapiez, Herb. Amat. des Fleurs, vi.

t. 434; Spach, Suites (Hist. Nat. des Végétaux), t. 187; Schnizlein,

Ic. t. 158; Mart. FI. TE vii. tt. 22, 29, f. 1 ABC Aura);
E ta

nac names. ae e Chico (Mexico, Ramirez); Chictzapotl
(Mores. Finck); Rispero (Honduras, Zerrera);

Thompson); Nispero Tarno (Venezuela, Mus. Kew).—— Sapo-
dilla, Sapodilla Plum, Naseberry, La Sapotille, Bullytree, Gum
Chicle tree, Milk Apple.

Native of the West Indies and Mexico. Cultivated in many
warm countries.. West Africa, West Indies, Lese Guiana,
Central America, Straits Settlements, India, Philippine

The fruit is edible—described as one of the most delicately
flavoured and wholesome fruits grown, Jamaica (Kew. Bull. 1888,
p. 179). It is said to stand transport well, especially if picked
when full and somewhat green. Fruits have been Poi suc-
cessfully from Demerara to the English market (l.c.

The wood is very durable and suitable for cu muus
but difficult to work on account of its extreme hardness (Harris,
Timb. Jamaica, West Indian Bull. ix. 1909, p. 309). Weight
74 lb. per cubic ft. (l.c.). Specimen in Museum, Kew, has sp.
gr. 1-012 = 63-25 Ib. per cubie ft.

An extract known as “ Chicle Gum ” or ** Sapodilla Gum” is
. obtained e the tree—leaves, fruit and pet it is an important

401
article of commerce, used in the manufacture of American chewing

America as a cement for small articles. Its use for insulating

urposes was discussed so long ago as 1876, and on a specimen
submitted by Kew to Messrs. Siemens Bros., it was reported that

‘in mixing with india-rubber it made the latter too brittle and
therefore cannot improve the quality of the rubber if intended for
the insulation of cable wires’’ (Kew Report, 1876, p. 18). As
showing the importance of the trade in the raw product, ‘‘ Chicle
Gum Concessions" have been granted in Ni d ee of
Trade Journ. Mar 10, 1906, p. 283) and in oats ras (l.c. Dec. 24,
1908, p. ; the former covering a period of five years and
the latter ten AT Canada and the United States are the chief
importing centres. The exports from British Honduras in 1911
amounted to 3,219,990 lb., and in 1912, 3,909,277 lb., 72 per
cent. being the produce of Mexico and Guatemala (Col. Rep. Ann.
No. 784, 1914, p. 11).

A fully grown tree may yield from 30-35 lb. of gum per

nnum (Sperber, Tropenpfl. xv. 1911, , or according to
auiótlior go e Mexico] 3-6 Ib. orne, Cons. Rep. Mise.
No. , 1896, p. 13); fruits or leaves are said to pro oduce
each 1 lb. of gum (le. p. 12). It is collected by tapping the
trunk in the same way as for gutta percha or ubber. In Hon
duras and Mexico, where the trade is of importance, the V-shaped
incision is favoured. It is advisable to tap trees only that are
not less than a foot in diameter towards the base. The collection

about the same period of the year [Sept.—Oct.] from the leaves,
but from the fruit before it eus [about March or April] ( ie
t he preparation for export consists merely of solidi-
fying the juice by heating in a large pot until it is found lo. set
firm on cooling; before the cooling 1s complete it may be worked
or kneaded and made into blocks. + Good samples are white and

somewhat in colour, and there appears to be some variation in me
trees producing chicle gum. In Mexico the *' Zapote Chico” 1
described as most abundant in the forests and a common tree dide
cultivation; red and white kinds are distinguished—the “white
= “red zapote.”’

fru
G) . 222; Dering, seq., Pharm. Journ. seq., Cook and Collins,
Econ. PI. Porto Rico (1903) p. 6). Sufficiently complete specimens
are not yet available at Kew to decide whetlier the Moe is due
to botanical differences or to conditions of soil and clim
Propagated by seed, cuttings, suckers, or layers; lr grown
n good well-drained soil. Requires a tropical climate and average
rainfall It will succeed up to an altitude of from 2000—3000
id and in general the cultivation may be regarded as approxi-
ately the same as for coffee, with perhaps a greater distance
(20-25 ft.) allowed when transplanting to permanent places. The

402

tree will produce gum about 6 years after transplanting from
the nursery. Some trees introduced from the Straits Settlements

p. : Dept. S. :
for distribution et Oloke-Meji (Kew Bull. 1908, p. 200) and on
the Gold Coast (Tudhope, PI. and Seeds, Agric. St. 1910, p. 8).

kef “Ea Sapotille," Bois and Maury, in Le Jardin, 1889,
p. 215.— —** The apote Tree-Chicle,’’ Dering, in Consular
Report, Misc. Series, No. 401, 1896, pp. 10-13. ** On Chicle
Gum," Butt, in Pharm. Journ. [4] iv. 1897, pp. 328-329,
History, Production, and Manufacture. ** Gum i
in Pharm. Journ. [4] xv. 1902, p. 210.
in Les . à Caoutchouc, Jumelle, pp. 521-523 (Augustin
Challamel, Paris, 1903).— —'* The Zapote Tree and Chicle Gum
(Achras Sapota)," Lespinasse, in Trop. gric. xxvii. Sept. 15,
1906, pp. 229-230.—<‘ Das C d

pp. 147-148. ** Sapotillier, Sapota Achras," in Fruits des pays
chauds, Hubert, pp. 628-631 (H. Dunod et E. Pinat, Paris, 1912).

SYNSEPALUM, Baill.

Synsepalum dulcificum, Daniell, in Pharm. Journ. [1] xi. 1852,
p. 445. [Siderorylon dulcificum, A.DC. FI. Trop. Afr. iii.
p. 503].

Zil—Daniell, in Pharm. Journ. [1] xi. (1852), p. 447; Engler,
Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 7. f. c.

Vernac. names.—Agbayun (Lagos, Dawodu); Agbahuyu
(W. Africa, Dani il) ; Assarbah (Fantee, Mol ; Tam Assurba
Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Tahme (Accra, Moloney).—

iraculous Fruits of West Africa.

Lagos (Moloney, 1889, Herb. Kew), Yoruba, Old Calabar River
Gold Coast; Sierra Leone; Dahomey, etc.

quinine, etc., eaten immediately afterwards. The natives use
them to sweeten palm wine (Daniell, l.c. p. 445); the value of the
fruits seems to be well known locally, in Coomassie (Bowdich,
Daniell), Aburi (Johnson).

Fruit single seeded, from which it may be propagated. Grows
about 6 ft. high (Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.) or tree near Aburi (Johnson,
. Herb. Kew). In flower June-August (Daniell, Pharm. Journ.

Le. p. 447), fruiting in J anuary, Mbiakom, Old Calabar River.
Siderozylon longistylum, Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 562,
Kate ”’ of Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot) is a ub allied species,
with edible fruits. ‘

ce

408

Ref.—‘‘ On the Synsepalum dulcificum, or Miraculous Beg of

aee Africa,” Daniell, in Pharm. Journ. [1] xi. 1852,

p.4 **Miraculous Fruits of West Africa, (deroeslen
camel " Hillier, in Kew Bull. 1906, p. 171.

ParaqQviUM, Blanco.
eum Gutta, Burck in Ann. Jard. Buitenzorg, v. (1885)

Ju boss. 100-200 ft. high, 4—5 ft. in diam. when fully grown,
with buttresses 6-8 ft., extending at the base 4-5 ft. from the
irunk ray). Leaves coriaceous, obovate or obovate-oblong,
base cuneate, apex shortly acuminate, glabrous green on the upper
surface, golden silky pubescent on the under side, 3-5 in. long
13-25 in. broad ; petiole 1-14 in. long. Inflorescence in the axils of
the leavos; flowers in fascic cles of about 4-5, corolla white, six
petals, rotate-campanulate. Fruit a berry with a
p ubescence similar to that on the under side of the leaves, 13 in.

n diam. six-ovuled though only 1—2 seeded when mature. Seeds,
ge than broad, ends rounded, testa shining, except for the
hilum covering nearly one-half the whole surface. Dichopsis
Gutta, Benth. in Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. 11. (1876) p. 658.

Ill.—Hooker, Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. 16 (Zsonandra Gutta);
Miquel, FI. Ned. Ind. Bat. ii. t. 36A (Zsonandra Gutta); De
Vriese, De Handel in Getah-Pertja, p. 32, p. 46 (Zsonandra Gutta,
var. oblongifolia) ; Ann. Jard. Bot. Bra + : , t. 4, t. 5
Palaquium oblongifolium) ; Bentley and Trimen, Med. PI. t. 167
Die Gutta); Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. p. 264, ff. 296, 297;
Engler and Prantl, Pflan. de pt. 1, f. 71; Obach, Cantor Lectur es

f. 4 (P. Gutta), t. 5 (P. oblongifolium); Kohler, Med. Pflan. iii.
(P. Gutta m P. oblongifolium) ; Journ. Soc. Nat. Hort. France,
ii. 1902, p. 355, f. 17 (young po in po ts); Sherman, Gutta
Percha, Phali pines Dept. of the Interior, Manila, Bull. No. 7,
1903, f. 2, 14 and 26-27, 29; Jumelle, PI. Caoutchouc (1903)
p- 477, f. 53 Es Gutta), se 480, f. 54 (P. oblongifolium); Engler,
Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, p. 20,

Vernac. names.—Gutta Taban, Taban Mon (Malay, Gamble,
King, Wray).—Gutta Percha.

Native of Malaya, cultivated in the Straits Settlements, Java,
distributed to many British Colonies in the Tropics from Kew,
including S. Nigeria.

'The fruit is edible and sweet, though said to have a disagree-
able flavour of gutta-percha. Both fruit and seeds are eaten by
birds, squirrels, monkeys, etc.

The kernels contain an oil used for cooking purposes in Malaya.
According to Berkhout Seer Rubber Journ. April 6, 1908,

p. 373), ben cem seeds contain 50 per cent. of solid fat, , worth
- (1905) about Rs. 400 per ton, Puch later it is stated that ‘about
150 kilos of dried seeds were sent to an English soap boiler, but

*

the sum realised BEN too small to make it worth while to con-
tinue — them

The sub stance is rea cee distinguished from ‘‘ Balata ”
(Mimusops) or ‘‘ Rubber” (Hevea, etc.) by becoming plastie on
exposure dry to a temperature of about 100° F. (the actual tem-
perature at which it becomes plastic depends chiefly on the relative
proportions of gutta and resin) or by immersion in hot water. It
is tough like Balata and Rubber, but has not the elasticity of
either and is not so serviceable for manufactures or in situations
exposed to light and air, becoming more or less brittle. Under
water or in the dark it is said to preserve its original character
almost indefinitely.

Gutta Percha is one of the noted discoveries which marked the
progress of the 19th century. The historical details (see the
references below) are as remarkable as those of Para Rubber,

sively found in shallow ravines where the soil is of a compact

Trees may be t tapped vis about D tss ata re to to
Burn-Murdoch (see Agric. Bull. Str. Sett. vii. i. Se t. 1908, p. 389).
the rate of growth of forest trees 1n us Malay tates is in some
pee 1:69 inches per annum or 42 years to reach a girth of

ft. at 6 ft. from the ground, in others the rate of increase has
varied Pies 3-20 or 24 in. in 7 years, the girth increment being
greater as the crown of the tree reaches the light. According to

Sérullas (l.c. p. 5) the = is not fully grown till 28 or = years
. of age; when it commences to flower and so continues e two
years; and when mature the trunk is about 3 ft. in ue ches
at about 5 ft. from the ground, yielding under ordinary cireum-
stances about one-third of a pound of sap. A tree sent out from

405

Kew, planted at Old Calabar in August 1900 is reported to have
flowered January 1909.

The yield from felled trees is naturally much greater than froni
standing trees, because the fallen tree càn be tapped to the fullest
extent, but this—a purely native method—has led almost to the
extinction of the tree, and is not recommended (Kew Bull. 1891,
pp. 234—235).

General information on tapping is given under Funtumia
elastica and Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), and the methods
are similar for Gutta Percha. The best time for tapping is said
to be soon after the rainy season is over (Collins, Journ, Soc. Arts,
xxxii. 1884, p. 206).

Estimates of the quantity cf solid extract are very variable;
from trees about 15-17 years old (plantation experiments by

. from

f the first or best variety, and 50 or 60 Ib.
from trees 100—140 ft. high (Collins, Journ. Soc. Arts, xxxii.
1884, p. 206). Trees 30-35 years old are said to yield 2-3 Ib.
of Gutta under the destructive native method of tapping (Gamble,
Man. Ind. Timb. p. 445)

The above refers to extract from the trunk, but it is possible
to obtain a substantial amount from the green and dry leaves. In
the Museum at Kew there are some fine samples of Gutta Percha
from the leaves of trees grown at Tjipetir, Java, and at Singapore.

There are two processes—the mechanical and chemical—by
whieh it may be recovered from the leaves and young branches,
both are fully diseussed in Kew Bull. No

pp. 231-239, and No. 125-126, May and June, 1897, p. 200.

utta from the leaves in Malaya seems to have been fairly
successful, though it was expected in 1896, that the difficulty of

dry state from Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, ete., to factories in
Europe— Brussels, Orleans, Paris, and treated by chemical means
yielded a useful product, though of inferior quality. It is con-
sidered better to treat the leaves while green and by other than
chemical processes in order to avoid oxidation and changes in
structure (see the India Rubber Journ. Oct. 30th, 1899, Zsonandr

Hookeri). In 1913 it is reported (Suppl. to F.M.S. Govt. Gaz.
1914, ''Forests," p. 16) in the Malay States that 32 pikuls

ns

406

[4266 lb.] of leaves were collected for which royalty was paid.
The price obtained for gutta-percha obtained by tapping was
3s. 63d. per 1b., but the profit was ns very poor compared
to that of leaf ‘collection. An experiment in extracting it from

Bull. 1891,

Gutta Sieh is now valued at about 3s.—4s. per Ib. It is
imported chiefly from the Straits Settlements and GO eiie
The Customs returns show imports of Gutta Percha with Mice
Balata obviously included, and for convenience the figur
given as die but it may be safely stated that the e IM
from British Guiana, Venezuela, and contiguous countries are
entirely those of Balata. The total amount imported in 1912

wt. value £745,050, "n included 17,638 cwt.
value £153, 301 (Str. Sett. and De ependencies EE "Labuan),

G cwt. value £254,517 (Venezuela), cwt., value
£98,614 (B. Guiana), 5478 cwt. value £110, 035 “(Dutch Guiana),
and the remainder from Germany, Netherlands, France, U.S
America, B.W. Indies, other Brit. Possessions: and Foreign

Countries (Trade of the Unit. Kingdom for 1912, Vol. i, 1913,
p. 121).

Ref—"" Botanical Characters of a New Plant (Zsonandra
Gutta): yielding the Gutta Percha Commerce,’’ Hooker, in
London Journ. Botany, vi. 1847, pp. 463-465; Reprint i in Pharm.
Journ. [1] vii. pp. 179-181; Transl. “ Sur le Gutta Percha et la
plante qui le produit," in Ann. Sc. Nat. Series 2, vill. pp. 193-

95. De Handel in Getah Pertja (Gutta Percha), De Vriese,
pp. 1-46 (Te Leyden, Bij A. = y inu 1856).——'* Gutta

—4

Percha," in Kew Report, 1881, pp Origines botaniques
de la Gutta Percha, Beauvisage, pp 66 (Paris, 18

** Gutta Percha,” in Spons’ Encycl. Industr. Arts, p 1
1654 (E. & F. N. Spon, London, 1882). ** Gutta Percha,’
in India Rubber Journ. Nov. 5, 1884. due: Percha," Its
History, meee and Supply, le. March 4th, 1885,
pp. 197-199. apport du Docteur W. Burck. . . A la

one des Espèces d’Arbres qui produisent la Gutta-percha,
pp. 1-57 (Imprimerie Coloniale, Saigon, 1885).——“‘ Origin Bot.
de la Gutta Percha, Burck, in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit. 1885
pp. 1- -80.—‘ Dichopsis Gutta," in Med. Pl. Bentley and

7 ** Dichopsis Gutta,” in Dict. Econ.
Prod. India, AM lil. 1890, pp. 103-106. Some acts con-

ta
London, Dec. 1890, an nd J an. 1891, pp. 1-22, from an article by
i ique. “ Rediscov ery of Gutta
Percha Tree at t Singapore (Dichopsis Gutta), in Kew Bull. 1891,
pp. 280- 231. "New Process for Recovering Loss of Gutta
Percha,’ Le. Pp. pp. 231— 239.

‘Indian Gutta Percha,” 1.c. 1892,

407

pp. 296—297. “The Chemistry of Gutta Percha, " Sharpe in
idis Rubber Journ. Feb. 8th, 1893, pp. 193-19 ** Extrac-
tion of Gutta Percha from Leaves " Kew Bull. 1397, p. 200.
e mes. Percha,” Oba ch, in Journ. Soc. uc xlvi. 1897,

Percha," in Kew Bull. 1808, pp. 139-141: gion of prices,
‘Pal Ga

yield from leaves and ae UE. alaquium Gutta,
es Pl. à Caoutch. et à Gutta, Jumelle, pp. 131— 143, pee
P. oblongifolium (A. Chine Parii. .1898).— —''Palaquium

utta,” in Medizinal Pflanzen, Kóhler, 1H. 2 pp, < Palaquium
oblongifolium, "L6. 2 pp., ‘Gutta Percha,” 1.c. 4 pp.—— Gu

Percha (Gutta Taban), » ete., in All about Rubber and Gutta-
Percha, Ferguson, pp. 9-17, and ‘ “Collection and Preparation of
Gutta-Pe rcha,” l.c. pp. 70-71 (H. M. and J. Ferguson, Colombo,
1899). “La Gutta-Percha,” in Revio des Cultures Coloniales
vii. 1900, pp. 678-688 and pp. 716-724.——“ Die e Kabelfrage und
die Guttaperchakultur, " Schumann, in Der Tropenpflanzer, iv.
1900, pp. 333-340.——* Guttaperchakultur in Kamerun,"

Warburg, l.c. pp. 340-342.— —'* Gutta-Percha in Dutch India,"
in the India Rubber Journal, Sept. 30th, 1901, pp. 253-254,
Transl. from the i-Zei ——' Reisebericht der

i cen Marburg Fe SE 1902, - pp- 561-564; "Über

: "La Gutta-percha et le ee en
Malaisie," in L' Agric prat. pays chauds, ii. 1902-03, 2
603.— “La Gutta-Percha en Nouvelle-Guinée, D’Abban in
L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, ii. 1903-04, pp. 491-492, Dichogsis
oblongifolia, ete. b
Piaggio Islands, Sherman, Bull. No. 7, 1903, Dept. of the
Interior, Bureau Govt. Laboratori ries, Manila, pp. 3, plates
1—41, with map (from Obach’s ** Gutta Pe rcha
bution of Palaquium.

pp. 11-98. a Culture dcs Arbres à gutta et la sélection
chimique," i Tou n. D’Agric. Tropicale, iii. 1903, 11-13,
Abstract of preceding ‘The Che Analysis of Gutta

Percha as a Guide in Its Cultivation and Valuation," in Bull.
E i5 19 ‘ Gutta-Perchas from the Straits
Settlements," lc. 11. 1904, pp. 14-21. esetzgebung der
Britischen Kolonial gebiete in bezug auf Guttapercha : Gewinning

und See t," Fuchs, in Der Tropenpflanzer, viii. 1904, pp. 6
“ Some Facts an Gutta Percha,’’ BufnsMérdaoh; in

cc

408

Indian Forester, xxxi. 1905, pp. 309-320, plates XXX.—xXil.

=" Zur Gutta-percha Kultur auf Java,’ Büsgen, in Der
Tropenpflanzer, ix. 1905, pp. 193-194. —— Uber ine
und Guttapercha Kultur in Deutschen Kolonien," Preuss, l.c.
p. 297-3807.——“‘ Rentabilitat einer Moro sarees für
Privat Kapital, Kolbe (Neuguinea), l.c. pp. 519-525.——'* Gutta
Percha Producing Species," Ridley, in fece Bull. Str. Sett. and
Fed. Malay States, v. March 1906, x. 61-64. A compilation of
Notes on India Rubber and Gutta Percha, Ahern, Bureau of
Forestry, Philippines, Bull. No. 3, 1906, pp. 1-4, with map of the
Philippines showing distribution of Rubber and Gutta percha.
—— —*' Gutta Percha Trees of the Malay Peninsula," Gamble, in
Kew Bull. 1907, pp. 109-121.——‘“‘ The Cultivation of Gutta
Percha in Java," Berkhout, in The India Rubber Journal,
April 6th, 1908, pp. 373-374. ** Gutta-Percha," in Comm.
Prod. India, Watt, pp. 625-628. “Die Staatlichen. Gutta-
perchapflanzungen ” : in Bericht über eine Reise nach Britisch—
und Niederländisch—Indien, Deistel, in Der Tropenpflanzer, xii.
1908, Beihefte, No. 2, April 1908, pp. 77-82.———Kautschuk,
Gutta Percha and Balata in Unsere Kolonialwirtschaft in Ihrer
Bedentung für Industrie und Arbeiterschaft, l.c. xiii. 1909,
Beihefte, No. 2, March 1909, pp. 57-63. Die Analyse des
Kautschuks, der Gutta- percha, Balata und Ihrer Züsatze mit
Einschluss der Chemie der Genannten Stoffe, Ditmar, pp. 1-288,
illust. (A. Hartlebens Verlag, Wien und Leipzig, 1909).———
** Cultivation of ea Percha,” in India Rubber Journ. Dec. 13,
1909, pp. 693—694. “ Gutta Percha," in The India Rubber
World, Jan 1, 1913, pp. 192-194.

OMPHALOCARPUM, P. de Beauv,

fpei m elatum, Miers in Trans. Den. Soc. Series 2, i.
p. 16 [O. procera, Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. p. 171, non Beauv.
O0. Radllofer Pierre, ex Engler, au "Ar. Pflan. cites
(1904), p. 16].

Ill. as Linn. Soc. Z: i. t. 4; Engler, Monogr. Afr.
Pflan. Sapotaceae, p. 16, f. 4 (0. Radlkoferi), tt. 4, 5 (0.
Radlkoferi).

Vernac. name.—Fidroh (Timineh, Mann).

Old Calabar (Thomson): Oware; Bagroo River; Cameroon. .

Yields a latex used to adulterate that of good rubber (Col. Rep.
Mise. No. 51, 1908, p. 39).

The wee is light brown in colour, weight 35 lb. per cubic
ft. (sp of a specimen in the Kew Museum collected by
Mann aiee 0-558), moderately hard > close grained.
Back 7 ; in. thi ck—on a section 51 in. in diamet ;

oun xd as a tree 60-80 ft. Tum Cameroon River (Mann, No.
ne, Herb. Kew).

Omphalocarpum procerum, Beauv. in Fl. Owar. Benin, I. p. 7.

A tall tree 60-80 ft. high with spreading branches. Leaves

409

alternate, sessile, lanceolate, entire, glabrous, shining above.
Flowers solitary or many in clusters, sessile, arising from the
trunk; sepals 10; corolla lobes 6—7, long clawed. Fruit very
large, 6-12 in. in diam. indehiscent, orbicular, very strongly
depressed, more or less grooved, deeply umbonate, pericarp thick,
woody when dry, many seeded. Seeds oblong, compressed, 1 in.
long, $ in. broad. (Trans. Linn. Soc. Series 2, 1. 1895, p. 15).
' Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Ow. Ben. i. tt. 9, 6; Lam. Encycl.

t. 966; Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 3, f. B.
Vernac. name.—Otimbalilo? (W. Africa, Christy).
Oware, S. Nigeria (Palisot de Beauv. Ley
There is no specimen of this tree in the Herbarium at Kew, and

species. Omphalocarpum fruits first attracted attention about
30 years ago when a few were imported into Liverpool from West
Africa, said to produce a bird-lime like substance (Pharm, Journ.).

The fruits when freshly cut from the trunk exude a sticky
substance which disappears as it gets dry.

Kep.—'' Proximate Analysis of the Fruit of Omphalocarpum
procera," Naylor, in Pharm. Journ. [3] xii. 1881, pp. 478
480, and pp. 488—489; abstract in New Comm. Pl. and Drugs,
‘Christy, No. 5, 1882, pp. 54-55.

Bassra, Koenig.

i in. long and 1 in. broad in the centre or widest part. Outer
shell thin, easily broken after removal of the kernel which cut
through the centre crosswise is oval in section 1 in. by 3 in.
Iil.—Roxburgh in Asiatic Researches, viii. t. 1; Brandis,
Illustr. For. Fl. India, t. 35
Vernac. names.—Phalwara (Gamble).—Butter Tree of India.
Native of India.—Introduced to Botanie Garden, Old Calabar,
from Kew in 1896.

cc 2

410

60-65 per cent. (Hooper, Agric. Ledger, No. 5, 1911-12, p. 152),
66 per cent. (Bolton and Revis, Fatty bru p. 188), and accord-

ing to Watt (Comm. Prod. India, p. 120) it is usually regarded
as more ege than that of either B. latifolia, Roxb., B. longi-
folia, Linn., or B. malabarica, Bedd., chiefly because it solidifies.

almost onde after being expressed from the seeds.
The bark is used in Sikkim to poison fish (Gamble, Man. Ind.
Timb. p. ; Mus. Kew).

Reja ae butyracea,’ "' in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt,
1889, 405—406. ** Bassia butyracea,’’ in Comm. Pro
India. Watt, pP. 116-120, including general information on "

the above specie assia Kernels and Fats," in Bull. Im
Inst. ix. 1911, i 228-236, and in Col. Rep. Misc. Series, No. 85,
1914, pp. 544-554, with analys es.

Buryrosrermum, Kotschy.
rmum Parkii, Kotschy; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 504.
HE —Park. Travels Int. Afr. p. 352; Kotschy, Pl. Tinneanae,.
t. 8B; Kotschy, in Sit ab, Akad. Wiss. Wien, l. (1864), t. 1
(Butyrospermum niloticum); t. 2 (B. Pih Trans. Linn. Soc.

E Hush, p £.3 (và oung fruit and €— of seeds and
flowers); Jumel ^E Caoutchouc, (1898), 163 (habit); €
Inst. Col. Mare IX. t. 4; eh Fion ogr. Afr. P
Sapotaceae, p. 23 (var. nilotiowm) : pur, FI. Guin. Frans

t. 65 (Karité c en fleurs); Karst. & Schenck, Veg. bild. iv. tt. 10, 28
(habit); Perrot, Les. Ver. Tul i,’ Afriq. Trop. Franc. Fasc. ii.
p. 29, var. mangifolium) ; . 93, f. 2 (var. Poisson?) ; Notizbl..
Bot. Gart. Berlin, App. xxii. 1910, p. 113; Thompson, Col. Rep.
Mise. No. 66, 1910, t . 19; Engler and: Drude, Veg. Bis i ix. p. Ta,
f. 657 (var. dee ).

Vernac. names.—Emi-Ori, Emigidi (Yoruba, T nn TE Emi
(Lagos, MacGregor, Phillips, Dawodu); Kadai (Hausa,

ours. Amma ann, Hen ; Karité or Karé (F.W. Afr. Po Dirie.
—Shea Butter, Beurre de Karité, Beurre de Galam, Bambouk
butter, Gutta Shea
Lagos, Abeokuta, Nupe, Zungeru, Jeba, Borgu, Zaria,
Hasarawa in Nigeria, and extending westwards to To oland,
Dahomey, Gold Coast, Bambarra, etc., eastwards to the Nile land—
Gondokoro, Madi, Djurland and the Niam-Niam count ry.
The wood is esse oY hard and heavy; a specimen in the-
as a specific gravity of 0-929 = 58 Ib. per cubic

ft.—the E: pes the specimen varied from 3-1 in. in thickness,

411

Otherwise the wood should sink in water. Used for making
mortars, bowls and the branches for houseposts, Yoruba
(Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 6). The bark is
used medicinally by the natives (1.c.). The fruit is edible, but the
main value of the tree lies in the seeds or ‘‘ Shea nuts.”

Oil." The residue after the extraction of the butter is used by the
natives to smear on their mud huts to keep out the rain (Bull. Imp.
Inst. 1913, p. 156). Meal from the nuts of Shea butter (said to
come from Nigeria) crushed at Antwerp, was being offered in
Liverpool, 1910. 1t has a somewhat acrid taste and it is
doubtful whether cattle would eat it unless disguised by other
foods i t

.

in sizing cotton cloth. Locally it is used by the natives for food,

In preparing the butter, the outer pulp of the fruit is first
removed and the nuts dried in the sun or by the aid of artificial
heat. The outer shell is taken off and the kernels after further
drying are braised and boiled, the fat being skimmed off the surface
somewhat in the same manner as for the extraction of palm oil.
The oil as it cools solidifies like lard, pure white or tinted according
to the method of preparation. The dried kernels are sometimes

imported into Europe and there is comparatively little difference

Analyses made at the Imperial Institute show Acid value 18-0,
Saponifieation value 179-0 and Iodine value per cent. 58-0 for
Shea butter from Lagos; 10-3, 181-7, 54:0, respectively, for fat
extracted from nuts as imported by the Niger Company (Govt.
‘Gaz. S. Nigeria, Jan. 22nd, 1908, p. 66).

A sample of Shea butter from Lagos in the Museum, Kew, was
valued at £24 per ton in 1900 (by Messrs. John Knight and Son,
Silvertown Soap Works and Oil Mills, London); a considerable
‘demand was expected if it were continuously put on the market,
but so far as could be ascertained at that time there had been none
offering since 1896 when only a small parcel was sold. A sample
of Shea butter from S. Nigeria was valued in 1907 at £27 5s.—

p. 93). Sample lots of well dried nuts have been bought in

S. Nigeria, Feb. 9th, 1910, p. ) Kernels from Uganda and
the Gold Coast were valued in Liverpool (1912) at £10 10s. per ton
(Col. Rep. Ann. No. 778, 1913, p. 33).

- The exports of “ Shea Butter ’’ were, in 1909, 691,219 Ib. value
£5230 (S. Nigeria); 244,160 ib. value £2188 (N. Nigeria), in
1910, 761,102 Ib., value £6804 (S. Nigeria), 230,513 lb., value

412

£2063 (N. CR) hes of “Shea Nuts,” in 1909—21,790,787 1b.,
value £78,029 (S. Nig.) ; 20,352,640 Ib., value £90, 858 (N. Nig.);
. in 1910—9, 998,870 i value £43, 510 (S. Nig.); 9,400,201 Ib.;
value £41, 080 (N. Nig.; ; Govt. Gaz. 5 B, ANM. 17th May, 1911,
Suppl. App. B and D).

Shea Nuts were selling in Liverpool at £13 per ton, Oct. 1913
(Oil and Colour Trades Journ. Oct. 25, 1913, p. 1483). The total
of Shea Products exported from Lagos in 1913 was 206,892 Ib.
‘value £865 (190,180 Ib., value £643 to United Kingdom;
16,712 Ib. value £222 to other countries not specified); in 1914—
3,012,021 Ib., Mei £10,995 (35,777 lb., value £922, to United
Kingdom; 2, 966,150 lb., value £9918 to German , and

0,114 Ib., value £155 to other countries) (porn Customs and
Trade Journ. Feb. 2, 1914, p. 66). The remarkable increase to
Germany in 1914 (nil in 1913) IE enit as showing the
increasing importance and the possible developments in the trade.

As indicated (p. 413) the Northern part of the Colony 1s the more
important for the production. The Western and Central Provinces
are the sources of the supply i in S. Nigeria, no returns being given
for the Eastern Province. The trade lies chiefly with the United
Kingdom, Germany and Holland, and the demand at is. present
time is apparently more for the nuts than for the butte

** Gutta Shea"' is a hydrocarbon obtained from Shea butter in
the manufacture of soap to the extent of :5—75 per cent.
(Henderson and Co., Glasgow, Mus. Kew; Kew Report, 1878,
p. 38; Kew Bull. 1906, p. 177). This i is probably analogous to the
gutta-like extract that may be obtained from the trunk, known
according to Dudgeon (Agric. and For. Prod. W. Ns p. 123) as
‘* Danko Kadainya" in Kano. This extract is of doubtful value
commercially and in any event it could not be obtained without

Pounds in a a uiid state as a tes nn k with a trunk 5-6 ft. in
diameter (Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c. & Kew Bull. 1906, p. 177); abundant

in Borgu, N. Nigeria (Lugard, Col. Rep. Ann. No. 476, 1905,

p. 75), [where de: is a small leaved form referred to by Barter
(No. 121, Herb. Kew) which he states flowers 3 weeks before the
ordinary tree] ; in Ilorin, N. Nigeria (Lugard, Col. Rep. Lc. p. 91);
throughout the coun try [N . Nigeria] (Elliott, l.c. p. 132). Plen-
tiful between Iwo a - Ede, W. Province, in dry fores
big of soil (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 6), in the

zone, S. Nigeria, looking something like an English ih
(Thompson, List of For. Trees, 8. Nig . 1910, p. 6), generally

ym des de
the districts of the hinterland more especia ally in the Western
Province (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 554, 1908, p. 40); a b ire 10-15 ft.

415

in width, trunk 10 ft. high, Madi; plentiful at 34° N. lat., leaves
smelling heavily of honey and covered in December with the honey
bee; flowers creamy yellow, fall off readily and cover the ground
(Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. p. 105); the most striking
tree—handsome, spreading like an oak—from Fatiko to Nimule
on the Nile (Dawe, Rep. Bot. Miss. Uganda, 1906, p. 33); common
from the Assua River to the Uma River—the boundary between
the Bari and Madi countries (l.c. p. 34); a small tree characteristic
of the open forests, Ashanti (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66,
1910, p. 90) almost universally distributed in the hinterland, Gold
Coast (l.c. p. 73), and common in many parts of the Bahr-el-
Ghazal, Sudan (Bull. Imp. Inst. 1911, p. 202).

demand for which is likely to increase—owing to the present
shortage of fats and oils of many descriptions. The deman

` however, for some considerable time may be readily met in the
supplies being made more accessible by the railway extension in
Nigeria. Transport seems hitherto to have been the main draw-
back but with this provided the large quantities that have evi-
dently gone to waste for many years can now be claimed. Proof of
this is advanced in various reports by successive administrators—
‘Shea trees are abundant [in Borgu] but with a small quantity
sold to the Niger Company, the fruit is allowed to rot on the
ground ” (Lugard, Col. Rep. Ann. No. FAL 1905, p. 75); ‘‘ Shea

and many tons of nuts have hitherto been allowed to rot on the
ground for want of transport’’ (Hesketh Bell, Col. Rep. Ann.
No. 674, 1911, p. 11).

More instances might be quoted, but the above will be sufficient
to show that conservation is desirable and that full advantage will
be taken of the improved conditions favouring the trade in the
purely forest product. Meantime to ensure a continuance of the

Dominica, 1912-13, p. 3). In the Upper Chari region—where th
conditions would correspond M Usu ta to those in N. Nigeria
— the tree loses its leaves usually in November and December, the

414

flowers deve lop—attracting the bees—in January when at the pine
time the leaves form at the ends of the branches, and the fru
ripen from the middle of May to the middle of July (Chevalier,
Mission Chari Lac Tchad, 1902-04, p. 127).

Ref.— * Note on Shea ee z es in Pharm. Journ.
[9] ix. 1879, | PP: 815-019. — e de Karité,” in Etudes

Raves des Cult. Col. i. 1897, pp. 193-198, pp. I o. 233.

** Beurre de Galam ou de Karité,” in Recherches sur les Graines

Grasses Nouvelles ou peu connues des Colonies Francaises, Heckel,

in Ann. L’Inst. Col. Marseille, iv. 1897, pp. 171—182.———'* Karité
9

Tree," in Kew Bull. 1899, pp. 93-95.— —" Butyrospermum
Park: La oe et le Commerce du Beurre de Karité,” in
Revue des Cult. Col. 1899, p. 304.———'*' Notes Relatives au

Beurre de Karité: Étude sur le Beurre de Karité,” Vuillet and

others in L'Agric. prat. pays chauds, ii. 1902-03, PE ed

Daho m bare Française, Haut Senegal et Moyen Niger.——

** Le Karité et le Chicle,” in Les Pl. a Ca ere oe kadie

pp. 518.521. (Paris, 1903). ——Le Karité (Butyrospermum Parkit) :

Les Végétaux Utiles de |’ e Trop. Franc. fasc. ii. pp. 1-125
UN

A. Challamel, Paris, ote sur le Karité: Graines et
Tourteau,”’ Perrot et Dechambre, i in L’Agric. prat. pays chauds,
vil. — E 1907, PP. pese Da Schibutterbaum (Buty-

y. SR te
Kui" Dunes an, in Gov. Gaz. S. igeria, Jan. 22nd, 1908,
65—67, with analyses of Shea Butter from Nigeria and the
Gold Coast.——*^ L'Arbre à beurre d'Afrique (Butyrospermum)
le Karité des Sénégalais,” ete., in Mission Chari Lac Tchad,
1902-1904, L’ Afrique Central Francaise. Chevalier, pp. 126-128
(Aug. Challamel, Paris, 1908). Karité,” Ammann, in
L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, ix. part 2, 1909, pp- 450-459 :
** Etude sur le Karité, l.c. x. part 1, 1910, pp. 50-62. ——" Buty-
rospermum Parkii," in ''* Die Nutzpflanzen Togos," Volkens, in
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, ADR xxii. No. 3, 1910, pp. 114-116.
“Shea Nuts”: Extracts from Commercial WU aA
Reports. —9th Sept. 1905, 10th Jan. 1907, 27th April 1907, 10th
April 1908, James, in Gov. Gaz. S. Nigeria, Feb. 9, 1910, pp. 198-
> 499. * Le Karité au Dahomey,’’ Noury, in L'Agric. prat. pays
5.

pp. 1-150, 12 pl., 1 map (Emile exc Paris, pus"
Nuts,” in Agric. and Forest Prod. B. W. Africa, en

415

pp. 124-126 (John Murray, London, BU — —' Shea Nuts and
Shea Butter," in Bull. Imp. Inst. 1912, PP: 281-292.
** Northern Nigeria Trade in Sheà Products,’ Mance, in The
Lagos Customs and Trade Journ. July 2nd, 1912, pp- 400-403.
** Shea Nuts and Butter,"' in Col. Rep. Misc. Series, No. 88, 1914,
pp. 538-543—S. Nigeria, N. Nigeria, Gold Coast, Sudan, and
Uganda.

Miwvsors, Linn.

Mimusops bidentata, A. DC. in DC. Prod. vin. p. 204.

A tree 60-120 ft. high, 4-5 ft. in diam. (Jenman), sometimes
attaining a greater height—150 ft. trunk 94 ft. to the first branch,
12 = 3 in. in girth at about 15 ft. from the base (Anderson).

ves 4-8 in. “long, 2-3 in. wide, ovate-oblong, rounded or
epicalate at the apex, leathery, upper surface dark green, =
surface rusty or bronze, more especially in young leaves. Flow

mall, numerous. Fruit about } in. in diam. ovoid, edible, dt
in taste to that of the “ Sapodilla "* (Achras Saget a).

7ll.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, p. 61, f. 12; De
Wildeman, Mission E. Laurent, p. 161 (young plant, M. balata,
at Eala); India Rubber World, March Ist, 1911, pp. a 191
{habit- tapping); Harrison, Stockdale & Anderson, Rubber and
Balata, B. Guiana, p. 31, ff. 19-22 (tapping), Ex 36, f. 23 (Mimu-
s0pS globosa i in forest, showing cuts for tapping).

Vernac. names.—Burué (Arrawak and Makusi Indians, Ander-
son); Boerowé Ge Indians, Bleekrode); — fuos
Guiana, Bleekro [Koberu or Koobi-arri (Warrau), Parata-
Eboo (Carib), [SH (Wapisiana and Atorai) Anderson] ; ; Burueh
(B. Guiana, McTurk).—Bullet or Bully Tree, Balata.

N T of Venezuela and the Guianas.

now decre in B. Guiana contains moistu ure I 9; Gutta 49-7;
Resin 44-0; Impurities 4-4 (Harrison & Bancroft). Balata i is suit-
able for machinery belting rather than insulating ee
Balata sheet was quoted at 3s. 1d. and block at 2s. 2 r lb.
on the London market (India Rubber World, ree ord] P1913;
p.27), and the imports appear to be entered as Gutta Percha
(p. 406), especially the figures for the Guianas, Venezuela, etc.
It is the chief forest product of British ——Ó from whence

(Board of Trade Journ. Sept. 13, 1906, p. 923, from Rep. Inst.
nes p pde Br. Guiana, June 30th). Balata to the —

416

Journ. [4] xvii. 1903, p. 383

The fresh milk is described as drinkable, the Negroes of Guiana
being accustomed to mix it with their chocolate (Cons. Rep. Misc.
No. 406, 1896, p. 2), though they knew the injurious effects of
taking spirits after drinking this milk (l.c.).

per ton (l.c), similar to those of ''Greenheart?^ (Nectandra
Kodioei) on land, but not so suitable for use under water; the
bleeding for balata is said to affect the colour and texture of the

wood until the tree recuperates (West India Comm. Cire. xxix.
1914, p. 128) alata has been little eultivated owing to the
slowness of its growth (Cons Mis ecorded in

+ Rep: Misc, Lé. p. 7).
list of plants at Old Calabar (Don, 1907) sent out from Kew 1900.
The tree grows singly or in small roups, preferring ridges or
sloping ground and is not particular as to soil (W. Indian Bull.

the trees average from 1 gallon (— 5 Ib. of dry balata) to 5 gallons
(= 25 Ib. balata) each (Harrison, Stockdale & Anderson, Rubber

Ref—“ Notice sur la Gutta-Percha de Surinam," Bleekrode,
in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th Series, vii. 1857, pp. 220—228.— —'* Gutta
Percha of Surinam," Bleekrode, in Journ. Soc. Arts, v.
1857, pp. 625-627 .— —** Balata,” in Spon's Encycl. Industr. Arts,
Div. V. pp. 1635-
Balata and the Balata Industry: Forest Laws, etc. Jenman
Government Report, pp. 11—38 (Royal Gazette Office, Demerara

>
*

417

1885). ** Balata,” in Etude sur les Produits de la Famille des
Sapotées, Planchon, pp. 5459 (Montpellier, 1888).——“‘ Balata :
Sapota Mulleri,” in Med. Pflan. Koehler, iii. 2 pages Report
on the Balata Industry of Dutch kop eet ee and Cons. Rep.
Misc. No. 406, 1896, pp. a Obach in Journ.
Soc. Arts, xlvi. 1897, pp. 158 164. —— “Te Balata,’ ' in Revue

des Cultures Coloniales, vii. 1900, pp. 692—694. lata and
Its rit in India Rubber Journ. Oct. arth, 1902,
pp. 418-419.— —'' La Balata,” in Les Pl. à Caoutch. dans tous
les pays chauds, “Fémolle, iv. pp. 493-517 : Historique, Caractères,
Propriétés et Usages du Produit, Exploitation des balatas dans
les Guyanes, Commerce Challamel, bee. 1903). ** Bullet
Wood, Mimusops globos in Timbers Commerce, ego

pp. 148-149 (William Rider and Son, Lid. London, 1904).
De Balata-industrie in Suriname, Fock, in 3 parts, pp. x. + 66 +
cix. + 67 + 98 (Paramaribo, 1909) ; Part 1, various Govt. Reports,
covering the — of the Balata in Surinam ; Part 2, distribu-

iion, tapping, coagulation and general account of the Industry ;.
Part 3, Doema, falsification and Uses of. Balata [not seen,
particulars from xp. ec. 1909, p. 443].——“‘ Balata from

P-
British Guiana,” in ull. Imp. Inst. vii. 1909, p. 7-8, Mimusops
Balata, with abel sis. “ Balata Trade, " in India Rubber
Journ. Feb. 18th, 1911, pp. 17-18, and * * India Rubber in Dutch
Guiana,” in India Rubber World, March 1st, 1911, pp. 189-191.
— —*: Balata and Rubber in B. Guiana,’ ' in India Rubber Journ.
April 8th, 1911, pp. 37-38. Rubber and Balata in B. Guiana,
Harrison and Stockdale, pp. 1-46, 2 maps (Anderson) and 24 illus-
trations (Dept. o Science and Agric. B. Guiana, 1911 )2)——
** Balata and Rubber Industries," Leaflet No. 3, British Guiana,
Jan. 1911, pp. 1-8; prepared by the Secretary for the Permanent
Exhibitions Commit tee.——De Balata-Industrie in Suriname,
Suppl. Door Fred. Onde chans das pp. 1-14 and pp. i—xxvi.
‘Paramaribo, 1911).——*‘ Balat : Mimusops bidentata DC. (M.

Hillier, in Kew Bull. 1911, pp. 198-202. “ Balata Resources
of British Guiana,” in Tae Rubber Journ. me 16th, 1912,
pp. 26-27; Forestry Rep. Anderson, giving Distribution and Soil.
** Species of Mimusops of the Balata mes Dee E in British
Guiana," Anderson, in Journ. Bd. of A v. April,

1912, pp. 251-253. ** The Balata Robber) ei ‘of British
Guiana, ” in Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lxi. 1913, pp. 318-319.
< Rubber and Balata in British Guiana,” in The India Rubber
World, Sept. 1st, 1913, p. 649.——“ Bullet Tree (Mimusops
oa ir E The Timbers of British Guiana ’’), The West India
Comm. Circular, xxix. 1914, p. 128.——'' Balata ani Wil

Rubber in Dritiah Guiana," Harrison & Bancroft, in Rubber
Recueil Inter. Rubber Congrés Met. poer oec
1914, pp. 53—55 (J. H. De Bussy, Amsterdam).

Mimusops Djave, Engler in Eng. & Prantl, Pflanzenf, Nachtr. i-
p. 279. |

\

418

A iree with a symmetrical straight trunk, 4-7 ft. in diam.
35-45 ft. high, branching like an oak. Flowe MER branchlets
stout, with clusters of leaves and flowers at the tips. Leaves
elongate-obovate or ob-lanceolate, rounded and very shortly and
obtusely acuminate, narrowing towards the base, about 1 ft. long,

in. wide, entire, chartaceous, dark brown above, light brown
below, glabrous, midrib prominent below, slightly “impressed
above, lateral nerves 30-35 pairs, at an angle of about 70°
looped near the ma ee prom = below; petiole det in.
. in

or less ml crinkled when dry + in. in diam., dark purple,
lipsoid, 2 in. long, 11 in. broad,
with a rough bony hilum covering nearly one-half the seed,
remainder of the testa bony, smooth, rich brown; kernels oily.
Ill.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, tt. 52, 35, f. A.;
Chevalier, = Vég. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. Franc. Fas ud ff. 25, 26,
27 (fruits); Tropenpfl. 1910 p. 30 mau p. 33 nine plants):
Thompson, Col. Rep. Mise. No. 66, 1910, t. 20; Tropenpf.
Beihefte, xii. 1911, 1..6 (Njabibaum) t. 8 (habit) ; Bolton and
m Fatty Foods, p: eem f. 15 (seed
nac. names.—Aganokwi (Benin, T rt — (F-W.
fries, Perrot); Noumgou (Camerooi; Perrot); N Ee) Nish:

Degema, New Eater River, S. Nigeria (Sherriff, July 1906,
Herb. Kew). Known also from the Gaboon and the Cameroons.
The fruit according to Fickendey (Tropenpfl. 1910, No. 1, p. 29
tastes mar slightly acid and is refreshing. When unripe it
contains :
The Lol yield by ee 60 per cent. and upwards of an
oil or fat, somewhat similar to that of ‘Shea Butter”
utyrospermum Par kit aad ** Mowrah " or ‘‘ Mhowra,”’ (Bassia
iru edible when extracted from the fresh seeds, but the
e like that of the Bassia is poisonous and fit only for manuré
or it wight be used in the preparation of a dressing for lawns to
-destroy worms. It is in this respect not unlike Trichilia emetica,
Adjab seeds are said to be used in the well known

ask e poisonous vefte is saponin, and Bamin. men-
tions that the residue can be rendered harmless by treatment with
hot water. Mr. Norman Tate reporting on a sample of seeds (now

in the Kew Museum) from the Niger in 1884 stated that the oil or
butter possessed all the characteristics of ordinary Shea Butter,
but the residue was not suitable for food cake.

The constants of Adjab fat are given in Tropenpflanzer, xiv. 1910,
-p. 32 in comparison with those of Shea Butter to which the figures

419

and 8° in the latter. A sample of seeds from S. Nigeria (1906)
examined at the Imperial Institute showed that the constants of
the fat closely resemble those of Shea Butter, and it was calcu-
lated that the kernels would probably be of about the same value
(Bull. Imp. Inst. 1908, p. 374).

The fat has been recommended for the manufacture of soap and.
candles.

h
years chiefly to England. In 1906, the export was 3233 kilog..
value 226 marks; 1907, 14,890 kilog. value 1388 marks, and in

S, Mahogany Nuts," etc.; they have also been
submitted as ‘ Shea Butter Nuts."

The tree yields a thick white milk which very easily solidifies,
a deep incision being necessary in old stems or branches to cause

n abundant flow of milk (Sherriff, Mus. Kew). The extract
believed to be from this species has been found on examination to
-be of a resinous character and of no commercial value (Col. Rep.
Ann. No. 583, 1908, p. 36).

Yields an excellent and valued timber, Cameroons (Fickendey).
One of the finest timber trees in W. Africa, sold in Europe as
‘“ African Pear Wood,” at 6d. per foot, often figured (Thompson,
List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 6, Mimusops sp. nr. Djave);
seen in an area situated on the right bank of the Kwa River above
Calabar [some 5 sq. miles in extent, visited with a view to acquir-
ing it as a Reserve and for a Rubber Plantation] (Thompson, Ann.
Rep. Forestry Dept. 1911, S. Nigeria, p. 3).

Farquhar reports (Govt. Gaz. S. N igeria, 1911, No. 22, Suppl.)
plants of this species are being raised at the Victoria Gardens,
Cameroon—the kernels fetch a fair price but they are available
only for a few months in each year. The country where Sherriff
collected his specimens is described by him as flat and the soil
coarse sand (Mus. Kew). In the Cameroons, the tree is widely
distributed in the zone of primeval forest: it thrives on
laterite and alluvial soils but appears to avoid those of volcanic
origin, and does not occur on the ameroon or the Bakossi
mountains, flowering February to March; fruiting July to August
(Fickendey).

Ref. D'Jave ou Noumgou: Mimusops D'jave," Perrot, Les
Vag. Util. de L'Afriq. Trop. Franc. Fasc. ii. pp. 160-171 (A.
Challamel, Paris, 1907).——-'* Seeds of Mimusops sp." in Bull.

420
D’ jave, in Notizblatt, Bot. Gart. Berlin, No. 45, Nov. 18th, 1909,
118—120.— — des

D
PP. 12 ‘Untersuchung des Fettes von Mimusops
D'Jave," Kranze, in Der Tropenpflanzer, xiii. 1909, p. 283.— —

macologique des graines du Dumoria Heckeli et du Baillonella
toxisperma, Fournier" (Clermont-Ferrand, 3). ** Djave
Butter,” in Fatty Foods, Bolton and Revis, pp. 190-191, with
analysis (J. & A. Churchill, London, 1913). :

Mimusops Elengi, Linn.; Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 349.

A large evergreen tree up to 50 ft. in height. Leaves glabrous,
shining elliptic, acuminate, 3-4 in. long, 1-11 in. broad. Flowers
white, fragrant, about an inch across the corolla lobes. Fruit
yellow, ovoid, about 1 in. long, 1 seeded.

lil.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. i. t. 20; Rumpf, Amb. ii. t. 63;
Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 42; Lam. Encycl. t. 300; Roxb. PI.
Corom. t. 14; Blanco, F1. Filip. t. 105; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iv.
t. 1586; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 40; Engler and Prantl, Pflan. iv. pt.
1, £. 82 E-—J.; Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay, ii. p. 162, f. 375.

names. Tanjong (Perak, Long); Maulsiri

(Hindustan, Hooper); Mogadam (Tamil, Hooper); Papagan
(Philippines, Mus. Kew); Bukul (Calcutta, Mus. Kew).

Native of India, Ceylon, Burma and the Malay Peninsula.

Cultivated in various parts of the Tropics

Sumach, of little commercial value. :
The wood is used for housebuilding, carts and cabinet work
(Arcot, India, Mus. Kew), and for rice pounders; weight 54-62 lb,

per cubic ft. (Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. p. 450).
Propagated by seeds. A nursery was started in the Oloke-Meji
Reserve in 1908 (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 630, 1909, p. 14) and in 1910
i N 5

2
3

India); one of the best woods 1n the dry Carnatie evergreen forests
(Gamble, seg. p. 450).

421 .

Ref.—‘‘ Mimusops Elengi," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, v.
part 1, 1891, pp. 249-251.— —'* Mimusops Elengi," in Manual of
Indian Timbers, Gamble, pp. 449—450.

Mimusops lacera, Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 507.

Ill.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Puan. Sapotaceae, t. 20 B.

Vernac. names.—Emido (W. Prov. S. Nigeria, Thompson);
Aganokwi (Benin, Thompson); Bonding aling (Batanga, Bates);
Ntaguaya, Isonguin (Ivory Coast, Courtet, Chevalier); Anain-
guéri, Bempé (Ivory Coast, Courtet).

N :

Ivory Coast, Togoland, extending to Batanga in S. W. Africa. |
A very good timber (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 512, 1906, p. 23);
suitable for bulkheads, River Nun (Mann, Mus. Kew); similar

d'Ivoire, in L'Agric. prat. pay
Density given by Chevalier (Les Vég. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. Franc.
Fase. v. 1909, p. 243) and Courtet (1.c.) as 1-045 [= 65 Ib. per
cubie ft. ].
The tree yields a substance like Gutta Percha (Barter, Herb.
Kew; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 378; Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.
Propagated by seed. Found in the evergreen forests, Central
Province, S. Nigeria (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 512, 1906, p. 23), as a
1 He

dant, trunk 7 ft. in cireumference, River Nun [Niger] (Mann,
us. Kew); 25-30 metres high, with trunk 60-70 cm. in diam.
Ivory Coast (Courtet, l.c.), a middle sized tree with low scraggy

orestry Ordinance, Order No. 26, 1912, Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria,
Sept. 4th, 1912, p. 2242, and Schedule p. 2244).

Mimusops multinervis, Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. IIT. p. 506.

Ill.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 20, £ A.

Vernac. names.—Emido (Lagos, Foster, McLeod, Hislop);
Emido (Yoruba, Thompson); Aganokwi (Yoruba, Thompson).—

Lagos; Nupe, Central Province, S. Nigeria.

Wood hard, reddish in colour, often figured, exported from the
Niger as Afriean Mahogany (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66,
1910, p. 89); rich coloured, hard, resembling mahogany (Kew
Bull. 1908, p. 191; Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 12); used for
making mortars and bowls; the branches used for house posts

substance, found to contain 66 per cent. of resin and 29 per cent.
of a somewhat friable gutta-like mat»rial, not likely 5 be of any

422

May be opel by seed. 1670 its are fuere to have
been a DUE out in the Oloke-Meji Reserve in 1908 (Col. Rep. Ann.
No. 630, 1909, p. 14).

Dumorta, A. Chev.

Dumoria Heckeli, A. Chev. in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
exlv. (1907) p . 267.

A tree, 100—150 ft. à irunk cylindrieal at the base, 9-6 ft. in
diam., branching about t. from the groun eaves crowded
towards the ends of the acca: oblong-lanceolate or obovate,
sometimes shortly and obtusely acuminate, 24-5 in. long, 11-2 in.
broad, chartaceous, glabrous, shining on the upper surface, dark

rown above, light brown below, lateral nerves numerous, spread-
ing, faint; petiole 2—12 in. lorg, slender. Flowers axillary, 2 or 3
together, pedicellate, pedicels 3-1 in. long, slender, glabrous.
Sepals 4, ovate, sub-acute, 1} lin. long, about 1 lin. broad, finely
paberaious outside. Corolla ‘greenish-white, about i in. in “diam m.,.
fragrant. Fruit 1-3-seeded, globose, about. 3-5 in. in diam. ;
pulp soft, not edible, yellowish-apricot in Seeds very
similar to those of M ied Djav

Vernac. names.—[Dum Hi (hen), Mako, Makoré, Makerou
(Apollonien), Mbaba or Mbabu ied Butusa — gras

Ba

Coast, Courtet).—One of the so- tee African Mahoganie

All the specimens at Kew Herbarium are from the eeu or Gold
Coast (Chevalier, No. 16253, 1911, and Agric. Dept. Aburi, 1911).
Chevalier (l.c.) also mentions Liberia. Not rec corded from
Nigeria, but as the seeds are indistinguishable from those of
Mimusops Djave, under which name several of the Dumoria
specimens have been sent to Kew a description has been added.

est African frontier, chiefly by way of Axim (Chevalier, Compt.
Renda, Acad. Sei. Paris, exlv. 1907, p. 269). Used for cabinet
work (Courtet, Bois, Cote d'Ivoire, in L' Agric. prat. pays chauds,
x. part 1, 1910, p. 458) ; recommended for automobiles and E
carriages (Chevalier, Les Vég. Uti. de riq- Trop.
v. 1909, p. 238); density 0-716 (Courtet, F: almost LS js E

423

(Chevalier, CM Rendu, Lc.) _ Specimens, of wood at Kew
named '*Baco" (Leopold de Rothschild, 1899) and '' Abeku "'
(G. E. Farita 1891) have a specific gravity of 0-717 and 0-643
— to 45 Ib. and 40 2d» per cubic ft. respectively; they are both
from the Gold Coas
Hébert states c the seeds yield “ Doumori butter," used by

the natives of French West Africa as food, and his s analysis is
given as fo Ho ws:— Yield of anean seed, 40 per cent. ; pm at

—oleic, Ee or ie reco. ur id P ie + 60°C. (Inter.
Inst. Agric. Rome, Bull. Bur. Agric. Intell. Aug.-Sept.-Oct. 1911,
p. 2075 from La Quinzaine Col. Par ris, xv. Août; 1911, p. 541).
The fat is reported as of about the same value for ‘soap-making as
middling quality palm-oil; the residue after extraction of the oil
owing to its intensely bitter taste, is not suitable for feeding
purposes; the dried kernels in good condition were valued (1910) at
£13 per ton in England (Col. Rep. seg. p. 544). The yield of one
tree is given as up to 4000 fruits giving about 66 lb. of solid fat
(Bull. Imp. Inst. 1911, p. 159 from Hébert, Les Matiéres Grasses,
1v. 1911, p. 2158)

The method of extraction of the oil from the ** Bacco" Nut o
the Gold Coast is said to be the same as for palm-kernels (Elaeis
guineensis), i.e., * beating the kernels in a wooden mortar and
then frying in a pot ” (Ferguson, Mus. Kew

Bako mahogany is probably this species (Kew Bull. 1894, P- 9).

ce

Ref —“‘ un nouveau genre de Sapotaceae (Dumoria) de
l'Afrique occidentale, a graines fournissant une m me grasse
comestible,” Chevalier, in Comptes s Rendus un 1. Paris;

-exlv. 1907, pp. 267—269. ** Dumoria Heckeli, A. Chev. in
Les. Vég. Util. de L'Afrique Trop. Franc. v. ii ut (D de la Cote
’Ivoi ——" Baco V }

: l.
L’ Assoc. Pl. Cao aie vi. M 1914, '* Matières grasses,’
p. 82.— See also refs. under M imusops D’ jave

EBENACEAE.
Masa, Forst.
Mata Mannii, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 516.
Nupe, Banks of the Guarara River, N. Nigeria, Bagroo River;
ces Leone, wes
mall tree or arborescent shrub. Flowers white; ripe fruits
bruit orange “saint. Nupe (Barter, No. 1220, Herb. 'Ke w).

Drosryros, Dalech.

DIM, Por od dme Guerke in Engl Bot. Jahrb. xxvi.
1904
: x e ium sized tree; branchlets slender, glabrous. Leaves
je or oblong-elliptic, rarely —— obtusely

DD

424

acuminate, obtuse er slightly cuneate at the base, 41-7 in. long,
15-21 in. broad, entire, thinly chartaceous, shining avoti duller
belo ow, sinies lateral neryes 3—6 on each side, ascending, promi-
nent below. oo te flowered. es lobes of the female, large

Tl. —Engler, Bot. Jahrb. ce 1909, p p. 212, f. 4.

Ver es.—Igedudu (W. Prov. S. Nigeria, Thompson).
rodudu. (Benin, Dennett).

Benin (Thompson, No. 4, 1906, Herb. Kew; Dennett, No. 27,
1907, Herb. Kew).

Wood d pena as a brown ebony (Thompson, List of For
Trees, S, Nig. 1910, p. 3). A sample was valued in 1905 as totu
at £5 to £10 per ton eae Bull. 1908, p. 194

One of the trees prohibited from im cut on native lands
without a licence (Forestry Ordinance, Order No. 26 of 1912,
Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, Sept. 4th, 1912, 2242, and Schedule,
p. 2244) ; dad all over the Central Province, especially near the-
Niger (Kew Bull. L.e.).

j
Diospyros crassiflora, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 525.
names.—Kanran (Yoruba, Thompson); Aborpor or
Aborkpor (Benin, Thompson, Foster
Old Calabar (Thomson, No. 47, Herb, Kew); Benin (Foster,
No. 196, 1908, Herb. Kew
Wood described as a black ebony (Thompson, List of For. Trees,.
S. Nig. 1910, p. 2).
Found as a Se about 40 ft. Benin (Foster, l.c.).

Diospyros Dendo, W ew: Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 523.

Ill.—Hiern, Monogr. Ebenac. t. 10; Stone, Timb. Comin: +. 10,
f. 85 ee Nes of wood).

Ver —De S or N'Dendo (Angola, Welwitsch).—.
Black Phony. "Billet Wood, Gaboon, Lagos, or Calabar, Ebony.

Angola (Welwitsch) : Kamerun (Zenker, No. 2633, 1903, Herb..
Kew). There is no specimen from Nigeria at Kew, but Thompson
states (List of For. Trees, S. Nigeria, 1910, p. 2) that it is the.
chief ebony of the Eastern Province. It is one of the trees pro-
hibited from being cut on Native lands, S. Nigeria, without a
licence (Forestry Ordinance, Order No. 26 of 1912, Govt. Gaz.
S. me Sept. 4, 1912, p. 2244

pero
ti

Sd

425

d as an evergreen tree 25-40 ft. high, 1-2 ft. in diam.,
plentiful in the primitive, dense and most elevated forests, Golungo
Alto (Hiern, l.c.); flowers from December to February; fruits in
March (Hiern, Monogr, Ebenac 97).

See particulars of Ebony in general at end of order.
Ref.—'' Black Ebony, Diospyros Dendo," in Timbers of Com-
merce, Stone, pp. 153-154.

Diospyros mespiliformis, /7ochst.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 518.

Ill.—Warburg, Kumene Expel. p. 329; Engler, Bot. €
xlii. 1909, p. 201, f. 4; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, App. x
1909, p 30; Engl. and Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. p. 78, f. 63; (Vires
Col. italy, v. 1911, Suppl. p. 70.

Bull. Imp. Ind. ioni, p- 209). "iab Guava; Ebony, Zanzibar
ony.
Lagos (Foster, No. 35, a Herb. Kew); Nupe (Barter, Nos.
1208, 1334, Herb. Kew); Katagum (Dalziel, No. 219, 1908, Herb.
ew); Gorgoram (Elliott, No. 162, 1904) and Guarara River,
N: Nigeria (Elliott, No. 215, 1905, Herb. Kew
Found also between Tette and the Sea Const Kirk), Yem

we edible. Heartwood tick ands comes mem Ms warket in
billets as Ebony. rne to Welwitsch (Hiern. Cat. Welw.
Afr. Pl. iii. p. 651) the wood is very hard, heavy, white, well
adapted for making screws; Thompson (List of For. Trees, S.
Nigeria, 1910, p. 3), used for making combs, walking sticks, rulers

and furniture; Idem (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 89), heart-
wood uoo and furnishes one of the ebonies of commerce; Kirk

to Dalziel (Herb. Kew). the common ebony of "the [Katagum]
country. Chevalier (Bull. Soc. Nat. d’Accl. de France, 1912,
p- gosi states that the wood turns black only after the death of
the

oid TOM UC Ebony, believed to be D. mespiliformis, was being
shipped in -— to the extent of 600 to 800 tons a year( Saunders,

us. Kew). A sample of “‘ Kanran ” Ebony was t at
the ul Show, Ibadan, 1910, by the Aue iu pt. Oloke-
Meji (Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, 6th April, 1910, p. 484).

The leaves, fruits, and roots are used for various medicinal p
poses in French W. Africa (Pobéguin, Pl. Med. du Guin., DM
in L'Agric. prat. pays chauds, xi. part 1,1911, p. 487). —

DD 2

426

. 27) and as a conspicuous tree common in the eastern middle
Veld of the Zoutpansberg (Burtt Davy, Kew Bull. 1908, p. 152).

May be propagated by seed. In the Oloke-Meji Forest Reserve,
S. Nigeria, there were 2370 seedlings put out in 1908 (Col. Rep.
Ann. No. 630, 1909, p. 14) and the tree is being cultivated in
combination with Teak (Tectona grandis) in Togoland (Unwin,
Rep. Affor. Togoland, 1912, p. 30).

See references at end of order.

Diospyros mombuttensis, Guerke in Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. (1904) p. 66,

A tree or shrub 10 ft. high (Barter) with glabrous branches.
Leaves shortly petiolate, obovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate,
narrowed at the base, up to 63 in. long and 3 in. broad, entire,
subcoriaceous, sparingly puberulous on the nerves on both
surfaces, otherwise glabrous. Cymes 3-5 flowered, shortl
pedunculate. Flowers sessile, greenish-yellow, fragrant (Barter).
Calyx tubular, 5 lin. long, silky pubescent outside, bidentate, the
teeth sometimes 2-3-denticulate. Corolla 4-lobed, twice the length
of the calyx; lobes ovate, acute, with hairy tips. Stamens 16.

The tree has on various occasions been confounded with
D. senensis, Klotsch, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 520, a distinct plant,
commoner on the East Coast.

Vernac. name. — Ogan pupa (Oloke-Meji, Foster, Ibadan,
Punch, Yoruba, Thompson),
- Lagos (Foster, No. 59, 1906; Rowland, 1893, Herb. Kew);
Abeokuta (Irving, No. 141; Barter, No. 3390, Herb. Kew); Eppah
and Aboh (Barter, Nos. 3250, 290, Herb. Kew); Apomu, S. Nigeria
(Foster, No. 210, Herb. Kew); Ibadan Forest Reserve (Punch,
No. 30, 1901, Herb. Kew).
-- Wood used for tool handles (Punch, l.c.), and by the natives as
scantling and for walking sticks (Thompson, List of For. Trees,
S. Nigeria, 1910, p. 3).

One of the trees prohibited from being felled on native lands
without a licence (Forestry Ordinance, l.c.).

Diospyros sp. (no specimen in the Kew Herbarium).
~ Vernac. name.—Isanwi (Benin, Thompson, List of Forest Trees,
'S. Nigeria, 1910, p. 3).

Given as one of the Benin ebony trees, rather quick growing.

427

A tree under the name of Isinewey is said to be vay prevalent
all over the western side of [Central] Province S. eria, not
usually of large size, wood hard and reddish-brown, pue at
2d.-31d. per foot on the English market as a mahogany (Kew Bull.
1908, p. 194).

Ebony is one of the chief peice woods of commerce and the
name as applied to the various wo that of
mahogany. The chief sources are W. Kleita Gabi Cameroon,
Rio del Rey, Old Calabar, etc. (Diospyros Dendo and D. mespili-
formis); Ceylon, India, Macassar? (D. E a
(Diospyros haplostylis, D. Perrieri, etc. =: e also ** Mozambique
Ebon ny (Dalbergia melanoæylon) p- 231. All the ebonies of
commerce, however, agree in being heavier than water, in the dark
colour, pete black, sometimes brown, in the hard close texture
and small billet like sections. Rough billets 3-4 ft. in length,
21-8 in. in diam., 45-50 pieces to the ton, are characteristic of
Gaboon and Cameroon Ebony; irregular logs 2}-3 ft. in Er

for Rio del

45-60 pieces to the ton, for el Rey, etc., etc.
Bull. 1908, p. 185). Stained woods of close ga as Box Dara:
sempervirens), Pear (Pyrus communis), etc., are not uncommon to

meet the demand for ebony, but the oe "article can easily be
recognised in being black throughou

The uses generally of the wood are for cabinet work—inlaying
chiefly, ps d keys, backs of brushes, chessmen, rulers,
walking sticks

Ref. S ere and Its Varieties,’ Simmonds in The Art
Journal, 1872. A. Monograph of Ebenaceae, Hiern, pp. 1

is. i.-xi. (Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1873). = Madagascar
Ebony," Kew Bull. 1888, pp. 135-136.———'' Ebony ” (various)
in oe of Commerce, Stone, pp. 150-155. —— Ebene, , Dubard,

L’ Agric. prat. pays c chauds, xi. part 2, 1911, ‘‘ Etude de

ui Bois Types," pp. 116-119.

SALVADORACEAE.
SALVADORA, Linn. .
Salvadora persica, Garcin; Fi. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 23.

- Wi ; , E 2
Hust. t. 181 (S. UT E Adansonia, ix. t. 10, ff. 4-8
(fl. fr.).

Vernac. names.—Arak Sere Speke and Grant); Arak (Arabie
Palestine, Vester and Co.; Arab, Dymoc ck, Warden and Hooper,
Sudan, Imp. Inst.); Darakht-i Miswák (Persia, Royle, Dymock,

E

428

Lake Chad, N. Nigeria (Elliott, No. 146, Herb. Kew); Bornu,
region of Lake Chad (Vogel, Herb. Kew); found also throughout
Tropical Africa, ete.

Twigs used as a tooth-cleaner by the natives, Port. E. Africa .
(Allen, Herb. Kew), Nile Banks (Grant, Herb. Kew; Trans. Linn.
m

The shoots and leaves are pungent, eaten as salad and given
as fodder to camels; the fruits—pungent, bitter and aromatic—
are with the leaves and shoots used as a relish, and used medicin-
ally (Gamble, Man. of Ind. Timb. p. 477 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
India). The root bark is acrid and vesicant.

A vegetable salt called ‘‘ Kegr’’ is obtained from the ash of
this plant in Northern Nigeria (Col. Rep. Mise. No. 46, 1908,
P- 5; Bull. Imp. Inst. 1912, p. 304).

The seeds yield about 45 per cent. of fat, suitable for the manu-
facture of candles.

A shrub or small tree, easily reproduced from seed, though of
slow growth; common on the shores of Lake Chad (Elliott, Herb.
Kew); growing in dense clumps from 3-10 ft. high near Shibam,
Hadramaut (Lunt. Herb. Kew), sea coast 3000-4000 ft., Nubia
(Bent, Herb Kew), etc.

ush (Salvadora persica)," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 46, 1908,
pP. 9-6.—A Short Account of Salvadora Fat, Hooper, in Agric.
Ledger, No. 1, 1908, pp. 1-5. i
Bull. Imp. Inst. x. 1912, pp. 304-306, with analysis, from N
Nigeria.—‘‘ Salvad
88, 1914, pp. 571-572, with analysis.

APOCYNACEAE,
LaAwDorruia, Beauv.
Landolphia florida, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 38
and p. 590.
Ill.—Kotschy, PI. Tinneana, t. 13 a; Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xv.
1892, p. 404, f. 1 B, p. 405, f. 2 (L. comorensis var. florida) ; Engl.
and Prantl. Pflan. iv. pt. 2, £. 50 B, f. 51 (L. comorensis, var.
florida); Engl. Pflan. Ost. Afr. B. j 46, f 19, p i
f. 20 B (L. comorensis, var. florida); Jumelle, Pl. Caoutchouc,
p- 55, f. 8; Köhler, Med. Påan, iii. (L. comorensis, var. florida) ;
Sadebeck, Kulturg. Kolon. p. 271, f. 105 (Z. comorensis, var.
florida); Tropenpfl. iii. 1899, p. 9311, f. G; Warburg, Kauts-
chukpfl. p. 117, f. G; Schlechter, Westafr. Kautsch. Exp. p. 68;
Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901, p. 84, f. 4; De Wildeman and
Gentil, Lianes, Congo, tt. 11, 12; Pobéguin, Fl. Guin. Franç.

429

+. 31; Sim. For. Fl. and For. Res. Port. E. Afr. ti. 18, f... À;
Engl. ne Drude, Veg. Erde, B. p. e f. 198.

Ver names.—lbo-gidi (W. Prov. S. Nigeria, Thompson);
Chiwo gue Elliott); Ebo ege o N. Nigeria, Dudgeon); Abo
or Aboh (Nupe, Barter) ; Bihi (Golo, Bahr-el-Ghazal, Broun);
Alguluar (Arabic, Blue Nile, Murel): Mukonja (Chindao, Swyn-
nerton); Umkonza (Singuin, Swynnerton); Matuti, Dituti or
Rituti (Golungo Alto, Welwi un Ponguendole (Lubefu, De
nm Mulemu (Ugand Dawe): Mbungu (Zanzibar,
Morris, Holmwood); Mbungu (Dar Salem, Kirk); Mantchocongo
(Lower Tdi Baudon

Nupe, Bassa, Kontagora, Lagos, etc., and widely distributed in
Tropical Africa.

This was formerly believed to be one of the important sources
of African rubber, but Dawe (Uganda), — (Congo), De
Wildeman and Gentil (Congo) Hua and Chevalier (Senegal,
Sudan and French Guinea), Purves SS dogs rer var. leiantha,
Herb. Kew) all agree that it is of no value. Dudgeon (Nos. 21,
64, N. Nigeria, in Herb. Kew) describes it as the ciet of ‘* Ebo
paste rubber "' made by boiling the latex with an equal quantity

of “balsam of copaiba"' (Daniellia thurifera); though it is not
so used in the Gambia (Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 9)
Monteiro (Angola, in Herb. Kew) states that “< the indiarubber of
the South-West Coast is derived from this creeper. “I
.rubber"' is very resinous and of little commercial value, it is
Veste collected by the natives in Kontagora, both from the
root and stem (Dalziel, Bull. Imp. Inst. 1907, p. 262).

The fruit is edible, though according to Barter (Her erb. Kew)
very sour; eaten in Nupe; aromatic, milky, edible, agreeably
acidulous and the sicot appreciated of all the fruits of the genus
by the Natives of Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw., Afr. Pl. Le.
pp- 662, 663).

A large woody climber, sometimes 1 ft. or more in diameter
(De Wildeman and Gen til), with white scented flowers; in
ravines, Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), abundant on Seabee:
Bahr-el-Ghazal (Broun, Herb. Kew), in nearly all the primeval
forests in the interior of Angola, at an altitude of 1500-2500 ft.
(Hiern, 1.c.), common usc Uganda (Dawe, Rep. Bot. Miss.
For. Dist. Uganda, 1906, p. 50).

Ref.—'! Landolphia comorensis, var. florida, in Med. Pflan
Köhler. iii. 44 pages.—— ** Landolphia flo vida,” Hua and Cheva-
lier, in Journ. * de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901, [** Les pone | (lianes
a caoutchouc) du Piani du Soudan et de la Guinée Fran "TE
pp. 83-86.——'* Landolphia florida," in Notizblatt Bot. Gart.
Berlin. No. 45, 1909, pp. 115-116; and see the works referred to
under Illustrations.

Lando!'phia owariensis, Beauv. - Fl. Trop. Afr. I. Sect. 1, p. 49.

Ill.—Pal. de Paur, Fl. Ow. Ben. i. t. 34; Lam. nego t. 930;
Collins, Caoutchouc. 1; Clouth, Gummi and Ba
p. 17, f. 8; Bot. Centralb. lxi. 1895, t. 2, ff 1321 (anatomical);

430

Morris, Journ. Soc. Arts, xlvi. 1898, f. 14; Schlechter, West
Afr. Kautsch. Exp. p. 128, p. 9 (L. Heudelotii); De Wildeman
and Gentil, Lianes, Congo, tt. 1-2 and 21, ff. 5-8 (seedlings) ;

e Wildeman, Mission E. Laurent. t. 152 (leaves showing vein-

Lari

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pson, Col. Rep. Mise. No. 66,
1910, t. 22; Bull. Agric. Congo Belge, ii. 1911, p. 226, f. 117,
p- 300, f. 157 (9 ans), p. 301 f. 158 (9 ans) and p. 306, £. 161.

Vernac. _names,—{Ottafrifredi (Ibo); Ubamiogon (Benin
Thompson)]; Ibo Tabong (Mamu, Foster, Yoruba, T hompson)
Uboikwankwan, Ugbo (Ugara, Benin, Unwin); Arobo (Bassa,

iei Coast, Johnson); Krepi (Volta R. Gold Coast, Dudgeon) ;

yielding the ‘‘ white rubber," ** Pempene rubber" and ‘“‘ Krepi
ball”? of the Gold Coast, and also believed to be the source of the
‘‘ Nigger ball ” of Sierra Leone, ‘‘ Rio Nunez Niggers,” ‘‘ Accra.
Niggers,” ‘Conakry Niggers,” ‘‘Addah N iggers,” **Congo Red,”
—Thimble Rubber. “‘ Jandunko (Cluster) ’? Rubber, the value of
which may vary from about Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per Ib.

The rubber is collected by making rough cuts in the bark with
a machete, a little lime-juice is poured on the exuding latex
which soon coagulates and may then be collected and rolled off in

a ball. A dozen or more vines may be cut and treated with lime-
juice bef inning to collect. In many localities, however

mentioned (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p- 37; Gambia Govt.

Gaz. 24th Aug. 1907, p. 284) as being sometimes used by the

natives for coagulating the latex. The rubber from the dry bark

may also be extracted by machinery. The yield from a large vine

has been given at from 1-2 of a Ib. annually (Thompson, Col.
)

431

Proclamations No. 7 of 1905 (The Forestry Frocis aene 1901
and 1905) Section 17, dated Old Calabar, 4th August, 1905, for
S. Nigeria (Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, Aug. 18. 1905), Order No. 26,
of 1912, in Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, Se ept. 4th, 1912, and a 9,
1913, Section T, coming into "operation 30th Aug. 1913
Nigeria Gaz. Extraordin nary, No. 16, Aug. 21, 1913) were ud
to prevent the destruction of rubber vines.

The cultivation owing to the slow growth and uncertain yield
has not met with any success, though the rubber is one of the best
on the market. Some experimental plantations on the Ivory Coast
begun in 1906 have not induced the natives there to take up the cul-
tivation (Chevalier, Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Accl. France, 1912, p. 134),
and the planting of rubber vines in the Congo Free ‘State has been
going on since 1900 until (1913) it was estimated that 12,000,
were growing in the various plantations, without profit, ‘the cost
of planting not having been returne xperiments there have
shown that 64 Ib. of rubber from 800 plants on an acre of ground
could be expected after 10 years growth (Cons. Rep. Ann. No.
5043, 1913, p. 20).

In its wild state the vine climbs to a great height especially in
the moist evergreen forests near the coast—a stem
in the primitive = a only 2-3 in. in secondary woods, Angola
(Hiern, Cat. We l. iii. p. 661); a somewhat en
shrub, 10 ft., Onitsha (Barter, Herb. Kew), merging as its gro
ing area extends towards the drier regions of the hinterlands

ich
the Northern "Territories sid identified at Kew " (Report res
Dept. Gold Coast, 1908, p. 9), and in the more open dry country
of Nigeria, where forest fires are prevalent this vine has a tendency

Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 36). "These views are supported by spei
mens which may very properly be referred to the res variety.
var. Djenge, Stapf.

[L. Heudelotti, var. Djenge, Stapf, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx.
(1894) p. 87; Fl. Tro BE Afr. iv. Sect. 1, p. 55; L. owariensis, var.
nigerina, Chev. MSS «

Vernac. names.—Djenje (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot, Dudgeon) ;
Djenje (Mendi, Sierra Leone, Dudgeon, Unwin); Ubakae,
ri be n or Obachi (Ogodo, hake Benin, Unwin); Pore? (Sierra
Leone, Imp. Inst. No. 3, 1905, Herb. Kew); Attifufu or Ati-fufu
(Bases, N. ben Elliott, Dudgeon) -—Root rubber of S. ? Nigeria,
the ** Brown Cluster ” or ‘‘ Brown Medium ” of the trade.

Southern Nigeria (Colonial Office, Aug.’ 4, 1905, ee Kew;
Thompson, = i; hee 1905, Herb. Rew); Ogodo, e dun

Provinces, Nun (Unwin, No. 2, 1906, Herb. Kew);

432

Leone (Imp. Inst. No. 3, 1905; Smythe, No. 82, 1907; Scott
Elliot, No. 4650, 1892, Herb. Kew), and probably occurs in the
drier parts of all the West African itinterln ds.

The so-called ‘‘ root-rubber " is not the same as that from the
rhizomes of Landolphia Thollont, or of Clitandra Henriquesiana.
It is collected from actual roots and probably from stems that have
been covered ne earth in the forest by some accidental circum-
stance. It is common to see vines covered for several feet near
the base or be on the ground at some distance from the tree
over which it climbs. It was reported in 1906 that the bulk of
the so-called ‘‘ root rubber’’ from the Niger Valley is prepared
from this plant (Thompson, Col. ds Mise. No. 51, 1908, p. 37,
Landolphia owariensis), and in Northern Nigeria the natives were
in the habit of digging up the roots of this and other Landolphias
indiscriminately to the destruction of large areas (Elliott, Col.
Rep. Ann. No. 476, 1905, p. 130).

. In collecting the rubber from the ‘‘ Ubachie " or ‘* Ubakae '

plant as a rule the roots only are cut, and the FES are left to dio.
The collected € are dried for a day or two and then beaten
with wooden mallets until all the bark comes off, the bark is
further beaten to remove the dry woody particles, and the result-

to Director Kew, May 1st, 1905). [A small sample of this rubber
is preserved in the Museum at Kew. In Sierra Leone the

** Djenge"' Vine is cut down, the roots dug out, and both stem
and root are cut into small pieces, soaked in water for several
weeks ; the bark is then removed and the wood pounded and washed
repeatedly until a reddish mass of rubber remains, which is made
up into balls—the “ red nigger " rubber of commerce (Dudgeon,
Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 25). Unwin also records a
similar destructive method of extracting the rubber from this
vine (Rep. Forests, Sierra Leone, 19 6).

The value of the rubber is about equal to that of the typical
species, ias being valued (1906) at 3s. 9d. per lb. in London
when fine hard Para was selling at 5s. 51d. per lb. (Col. Rep.
Misc. No. 82, 1912, p. 356).

Ref.—*‘ Rubber,"' in Sketch of Forestry of W. Africa, Moloney,
pp. 78-95, chiefly L. owariensis (Sampson, Low, ete., London,
1887).———'' Landolphia owariensis," Hua and Chev alier, in
Journ. de Botanique, sie Fe EU, tes Landolphiées (lianes
& caoutchouc) du Sénég du i Boudin et de la Glinée Francaise,"
pp. 74-76. ** Lando ot hia owariensis," in Lianes Caoutchouti-
féres de L' Etat Indépendant du Congo, De Wildeman and Gentil
pne 1904), pp. 51—58.———'* Landolphia owariensis," in

E 5

Chari-Tchad," pp. 56-66. ** Landolphia owariensis," Thomp-
80n, in Report on the Forest Administration of Southern Nigeria

433
for 1906; Col. Rep. Mise. No. 51, 1908, pp. 36-37; methods of
‘` Landolp De Wild

tappin g, etc. —— ando ia owariensis,' e ildeman, in

Cult. des Pl. Prod. au Dahomey,” pp. ru
"gm from the Sudan," in Bull. Emp. Inst. viii. 1910, pp
9-264; L. owariensis Var. tomentella, with analysis.
2) , Expériences de saignée de lianes à caoutchouc et de battage des
Écorces. *" Seret, in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge, i. 1910, pp. 45-
51. hs andolphia owartensis,’’ Claessens, in Bull. Agric.
Congo Belge, ii. 1911, ‘‘ Récolte du Caoutchouc par entaille de
L' Écorce, Procédé Indigène,” pp. 300—309.——— * Landolphia
owariensis, in Bull. Agric. DM elge, ii. 1911, ‘“ Caoutchouc
gerende Lianen," pp. 225-227. “ Krepi Ball Rubber” and
** Pempeneh Rubber," Gold Coast, in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82,
1912, pp. 362—363, with analyses. at Jenje Rubber,” Le. p 56.
“Cultivation of Rubber-growing Vines in Central Africa,"
De 1 Wildeman, in The Rubber Industry: Official UR Fourth
Inter. Rübber Congress, Torrey & Manders (1914) pp. 87-95.

Landolphia scandens, Didr.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. x p. 44.

1ll.—Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xv. 1893, p. 408, t. 12 f. A (L. Peter-
siana, Var. me ia).

Vernac. names.—lbo (Ilaro, Foster); Ibo (Lagos, pacha
Ottafrifredi, Seius Otopi, Otonta (Ibo, Cent. Pro
Ni genis Thompson); Ubamiogon (Benin, Thompson).

Lagos—road to Ilaro (Millen, No. 105, 1893, Herb. Kew); Lagos
(Foster, No. 68, 1906 ; Moloney, 1883, Herb. Kew); Asaba (Unwin,
No. 14, 1906, Herb. Kew); ; and found also in the Gold Coast and
Lower Guinea— Congo, Angola, etc.

Yields inferior rubber, Gold Coast (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc.
No. 66, 1910, p. 184), a rubber which is very plastic, Lagos
(Millen, Le.) a r aggly shrub with milky ine robo Plains,
Gold Coast (Johnson, No. 494, 1899, Herb. Kew).

Landolphia senegalensis, Kotschy § Peyr.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV.
Sect. 1, p. 36.

Ill.—Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901, p. 84, f. 4 B.; Pobéguin,
ET Guin, gest pod

ernac. bo Akitipa (Yoruba, Thompson); Sabia

cw. Africa, T Made, Mada, Pétigué, Folé grandi, Kaba,

aba, Sagona, Sikonkenad, Sidipason, Bintipobon, Bengdé,

Dabri, Tent. Mi, Lingui (French W. Africa, various parts,
Hua and A er.

434

Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 39) states that the latex after
prolonged boili orms a resinous putty-like substance, which
remains plastic for years, and that the price on the home markets.
[1906] varies from 8d. to 9d. per lb. The yield of latex is plen-
tiful and difficult to coagulate by either acids or alkalis (1.e.) and
much the same opinion is expressed by Hua and Chevalier (Les
Landolphiées du Sénégal, du Soudan et de la Guinée Franc.
(Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901) p. 29), who mention that some
manufacturers suggest a possible use for mixing with rubber in
the manufacture of ebonite >

According to Chevalier (Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Accl. France, 1912,
p- 134) the vines are preserved in the villages of the French Middle-
Soudan for the sake of their edible fruits.

A powerful climber reported to be very common in the Western.
Province, S. Nigeria (Thompson, 1.c.)
oO AKef.— Landolphia senegalensis, Hua and Chevalier, in Journ.
de Bot. Paris. xv. 1901, ** Les Landolphiées du Sénégal, du Soudan,
et de la Guinée Francaise," pp. 79-83: Reprint, pp. 25-29
(Augustin Challamel, 17 Rue Jacob, Paris, 1901).

Landolpiia Thompsonii, Chev. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, lviii.
1911; Mem. viii. (1912) p. 182.

Vernac. name.—lbo Giddi (Yoruba, 7 hompson, Oloke-Meji,.
Foster).

No. 66, 1910, p. The particulars given under L. senegalensis
(Dudgeon and Thompson) apply also to this species, and Du
(A. and Fo W. Afr. p. 122) further questions this as

until it reaches the consistency of bird-lime, when it can only be
handled in water. Inm this state it is sold to the merchants who
accumulate it in casks for shipment.

435

This is one of the Ee called *' Ibo," according to Punch
(No. 45, Herb. Kew) who also states that the juice will not
coagulate into good rubber.

CrrrANDRA, Benth.

Clitandra cirrhosa, Æadlk.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 67.

Oban, S. dm (Talbot, Nos. 1537, 1351, 1912, Herb. Kew
ex Herb. Brit. Mus.) found also in the Cameroons and the Gaboon.

Fruit edible (Zenker, Herb. Kew; Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.).

According to Foureau this vine uidi good caoutchouc; which
the natives, coagulate by rubbing the latex on their chests, after-
wards stretching it into threads and ro olling it into smal
cylindrical masses about an inch thick and 4 inches long (Bonnet,
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vii. Palle p. 283)

A climbing shrub.

Clitandra elastica, A. Chev. in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, lii.
(1906), p. 19.

A aber up to 60 ft. in height. Bark verrucose owing to the
presence of numerous lenticels. Young branches flattened,
glabrous. Leaves oblong elliptic or sometimes broadly elliptic,
glabrous on both sides, dark green above paler below, about 4-6 in.
long by about 11-3 in. wide. Petiole sub-cylindrical, 4-5 lin.

ong. Fruit spherical, size of a mandarin orange, containing 3
to 5 seeds of the dimensions 6 by 4 by 23 lin.

Vernac. names.—Ubabikpan ‘Bens, Thompson, Eee)
Maroni (Bassa, Elliott, eh Marodi PTEE Um in).

Sapobo, W. Prov. S. Nigeria (Thompson, No. 15, 1906, Herb.
Kos Old Calabar (Chevalier, No. 13626, 1905, Herb. Kew,
1907); Bassa, N. Nigeria (Elliott, No. 98, 1904, Herb. Kew).

Yields good black rubber (Thompson, l.c.); samples in biscuit
form of ‘‘ Ubabikpan’’ rubber varying from brown to black
externally, white : within when Bon cut, of bec good quality

; iger Col.
No. 630, 1909, p. 38; Bull. a iet. vii. sues p. 299; Col.
Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912, p. 364) and a sample of “ Marodi,” a
l im.) r rough biscuit (6 in. diam.) of brown rubber, was

at
2

thic

reli (1908) at 2s. 6d. per Ib. in England, with fine hard Para
at 3s. 1d. per lb. (Bull. Imp. Inst. and Col. Rep. Misc. l.c. and
Govt. Gaz. S. iod 15th July, 1908, Suppl).

A large proportion of the rubber exported from Calabar
p x xg from this plant (l.c.), and according to

436

Chevalier eu. Soc. Bot. France, liii. 1906, p. 19; De Wilde-
man, Pl. Util. Congo, ii. 1908, Art. viii. = 218) it is with
pre Pei owariensis the » prin cipal source of vine rubber on the
Ivory Coast. ‘‘ Red ball,’’ one of the so-called ** Root rubbers ” of
the Southern Provinces, Dm is attributed to this species.
(Unwin, Mus. Kew, Rep. MSS. Benin, 1907).

A valuable ben vine, abundant in parts of conte
Nigeria (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 512, 1906, p. 25); shoots u
the base after the stem has been cut below the surface of Kas
ground (Unwin, l.c.).

Ra —'' Clitandra elastica, in Col. Rep. Misc. ak 51, 1908,

Forestry Administration, S. Nigeria (1900), Pi 37-38.
a Basile of the Examination of HT pan Rubber (Clitandra
elastica) from Southern Nigeri ria," i Govt. Z a;

«p .—iv.

Examination : of t e Rubber of DE Marodi Vine from
Southern Nigeria,” Dunsta an, in Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, 15th
July, 1908, Suppl. ** Ubabikpan Rubber (Clitandra elastica), H
in Bull. Imp. Inst. vii. 1909, pp. 258-259, with analysis; and in
Col. Rep. Misc. No, 2, 191 PA E 364 — — Rubber of the
C Marodi” Vine (1908)," in Bull. Imp. Inst. vii. 1909, pp. 259-
260, with analysis, and in Col. Rep. Misc l.c. p. 364.

Clitandra visciflua, K. Schum. ; F1. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 66,
Ill.—Hallier, Kautschuklianen, in Jahrb. Hamburg Wiss.
Anst. xvii. ID Beih. 3, t. 4, ff. 1-5 (partly).

Vernac. names.—Ubake (Be nin, Unwin), Olute? (Colonial
Office, 1884, C. M. Thompson, Herb. Kew w).

Benin City (Unwin, No. 51, 1906, Herb. Kew); found also in
the Cameroons

Yields an uer extract used for mixing with the latex of
other rubbers

Carpopinus, R. Br.
Carpodinus Barteri, rae Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 77.
Vernac. nam (Ilaro, Lagos, Punch); [Asset
(Asaba); Akhe “Benin, DHonkwari, Ottaekwari, Ottarniaha,
Chai (Ibe) Thompson, Unwin].

(Barter, Rowland, Moloney, Millen, Punch); Asaba
me ; Old Calabar (Mann, Chevalier); New Caleta Derema
(Holland); Agege (Foster).

. Moloney describes this as a ** isa yielding creeper common
in the bush " (No. xi. 1883, Her LET ira Punch (No. 43,

mentions an thin
of the rubber and it is probable that at best it is only ** p ase A

ere dulcis, Sabine; Fl. = ORs An LM int 1, pp. 76,

491

Iill.—Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2568; Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901,

117, A, A! (fruits); Hua m Chevalier, Les Landolphiées,
Sénégal, Sou dan, Guin. Franc. p. 33, f. 5, A , A’ (fruits); De
md and Gentil, Lianes Congo, f. 8, A (fruit s).

mes.—Codoudou P Scares i Chevalier); Ouennyi

diee hatalior, Bouéry); Ovengi (French Guinea, Farmar);
Kushument poe Leone, Scott Elliot); Pishamin (Sierra Leone;.
Scott Elliot,

odii us: Scere Leone, French Guinea, Bambarra.

Fruit edible, Sierra Leone (Kirk, Scott Elliot, Herb, Kew) ;
the coagulated latex used as bird-lime y the natives, Sierra
Leone ( op Elliot, Herb. Kew), of no value as Sube

Ref.— “ Carpodinus dulcis," in “ = Landolphiées (Lianes à
pees hohe. du Sénégal, du Soudan et de la Guinée Francaise,"

a et Chevalier, pp. 32-34 (Augustin Challamel, Paris, E e
[jet from Journ. de Botanique, Paris, xv. 1901, pp. 116-118

Carpodinus fulva, Pierre; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 87.

Ill.—De Wildeman, Mission E. Laurent, t. 161.

Gaboon,

Mentioned as yielding an inferior quality of Euer in the
Central Division, S. Nigeria (Thompson, Col. Rep. Ann. 512,
1906, p. 23), in the Mamu ois (Lbid. Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51,
1908, p. 5) and common on the Niger (l.c. p. 38).

Carpodinus hirsuta, Hua; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 77.
ill.—Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901, p. ae 25 B ey De
Wildeman and Gentil, Lianes, Congo, p. 101, f. 8 B (fruit).
Vernac. —[Ibo Elekiti (Yoruba); Gen) (Boum.
E (Ibo) (T hompson)] ; Ibo (Lagos, Moloney , Higginso fa
a Papu (Lagos, Moloney) ; Ari beds (Bassa, Elliott, Ded Rn
Xe (Asaba, Unwin).
Lagos, eee Cross River, in S. Provinces Nigeria; m
Gurara River, in N. Provinces, Nigeria; also on the Gold Coa
Yields a rübbér of inferior quality known as “‘ Flake Rubbe er,"
** Paste Rubber r, ** Alibida Rubber," and one of the so-called
** root-rubbers " (see Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, 5, 38).
The latex is largely employed to adulterate that of Zuntumia
elastica (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 44); coagu-
lated by boiling into a sticky product of the soient of bird-
lime, and only saleable in Europe at a low price (Dudgeon, Agric.
d For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 98), value locally, Asaba, 6d. per Ib.
(Unwin, Mus. Kew, MSS. Report , 1907). These views are borne
out by an analysis of '' Flake Rubber ” from Northern Nigeria
which shows this to contain only 9-4 per cent. of i ap iE with
the high proportion of 88:8 per cent. of resin (Co
No. 82, 1912, p. 365). A common vine in the dry ee 3 on the
Niger river "banks Po AER l.c.), in the Onitsha hinterland
district, where it has been practically exterminated bys the
practice of wens ‘the root rubber (Thompson, Col. Rep

498 `
No. 51, 1908, p. 38) and likewise in the Asaba district (Unwin,
s. Kew, L.c.).

Ref.—‘‘ Carpodinus hirsuta," Hua and Chevalier, in Journ. de
Botanique, Paris, xv. 1901, “ Les Landolphiées (lianes à caout-
chouc) du Sénégal, du Soudan et de la Guinée Francaise," p. 118—
120.—— —'' Flake Rubber from Carpodinus hirsuta, Hua (1906),
Northern Nigeria," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912 [Selected
Rep. etc., Imp. Inst. iv. Rubber and Gutta Percha], p. 365, with
analysis.

Carissa, Linn.

Carissa edulis, Vahl; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 89.

Ill.—Delile, Centurie Pl. Afrique, Voyage Méroé, Caillaud, |
t. 2, f. 1; Jaubert et Spach, Illust. Pl. Orient. t. 495, t. 496 (C.
Richardiana); t. 499 (C. Candolleana); t. 498 (C. cornifolia):
Engl. and Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. p. 117, f. 99.

ernac names.—Mtanda Mbo (Nyika, E. Trop. Africa, Wake-
field) ; [Jingongono (Loanda); Munhiangolo (Huilla) Welwitsch]
Kamboro (French Guinea, Pobéguin).
Oloke-Meji (Dodd, No. 476, 1909, Herb. Kew); Katagum

3

Fruit edible, black, flavour agreeable, much like sweet
cherries, makes an excellent soup for the sick (Hooker, Niger
Fl. p. 446; Moloney, For. of W. Afr. p. 384), black and
very sweet (Wakefield, Herb. Kew), red when ripe (Dalziel, Herb.

ew), black or black-purple, pleasantly acidulous (Hiern, Cat.
Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 664), very dar ue-black, similar to
damson-plum, agreeable flavour (Nelson, Herb. Kew, var. major,
Stapf, Transvaal). The leaves are used, boiled, and pounded, in
applications for toothache, French Guinea (Pobéguin, l.c.).

» 1905, p. 16). The spines are an inch long, straight ;
corolla entirel red before the flower opens, the clusters of buds
being very brilliant (Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. :

439

Propagated from seeds ; transplanted when large enough to handle
€onveniently to permanent places. A foot apart in alternate rows
is recommended by Medley Wood (l.c. p. 17) for C. grandiflora,
the plants of which, trimmed often, interweave their tough thorny
branches and make an impenetrable barrier against stock.

' PICRALIMA, Pierre.

Picralima Klaineana, Prerre; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 96.
we —Hook. Ic. Pl. tt. 2745-2746.
gege, S. et (Foster, No. 220, Herb. Kew), Old PUE
eut bb, Fl. Tro op. Afr. 1.c.) ; also on the Gold Coast, Ambas Bay
Extensively used i the natives, Gold pay in place of quinine
perisse, Son & Co. Herb. and . Kew
A tree 30-80 ft. high. Wood light set in ndun takes a
good polish; weight per cubic foot 44 Ib. of a specimen in the
Museum, Kew, from Ambas Bay Mann. No. 18).

PLEIOCARPA, Benth.

Pleiocarpa mutica, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 98.

Ill.—Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1181; Engl. and Prantl, Pflan. iv. part. 2,
1. 52 C-D; Bot. Mag. t. 8343; Gard. Chron. AE 22, 1911, p. 242.

Cross ios (Johnston, Herb. Kew, 1888); Old Calabar River
(Mann, No. 2277, Herb. Kew); Adiabo, Old Cala bar (Holland,
No. 106, 1898, Herb. Kew); also in the Cameroons.

An ornamental plant introduced to European horticulture from
Old Calabar, remarkable for the profusion of Ld small white
flowers ue in clusters in the axils of the leav

` Grows freely in stove in this ANT iud ae as a shrub
5. ) ft. high, ‘Old Calabar River (Mann, l.c.).

THEVETIA, Linn.
Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. ex Steud. Nom. ed. 2, ii. p. 680.
shrub or small tree. Stem sometimes reachin ng 6
diameter. Leaves alternate, narrow, 4—6 in. long, sessi et

fleshy skin is removed disclosing a hard light brown nut
13 by à by 2; this divided into two along a deep groove at the base
looks in section like two right angled triangles, with the
hypotenuse somewhat rounded ; two seeded.

Zu. inp eck: Burm. i. t. 18 (Cerbera foliis, etc.) ; Jacq. Icon.
Select Stirp, Am. t. 34 (C. Thevetia); Ruiz Lopez, and Pavon,

1. Peruv. ii. t. 153, f.b. (C. Thevetia); e Sc. Nat. t. 56;
Bot. Mag. t. 2309 (C. is n Ant. iv. t. 1 (C. thevetia) ;
Mart. FL Bras. vi. part 1, 10, T 2 (f. e fruit); Cooke, Oil
Seeds s Oils, India, p. 36, f. 19 (fruit) ; Journ. Bombay N.H.
Soc E

Verna mes.—Cabalonga (Porto Rico, Cook and Co lins);
Ahouai (Antilles, Tussac); Ahouai (Guyane, Heckel); Marathi
EE

*

440

(India, Kirtikar); Pila-Kanér (Hindustani, Dymock, Watt);
Kaneer (United Prov. India, Ann. Rep. Bd. Sci. Advice, India,
1911-12, p. 13).— Yellow Oleander, Exile tree, Linear leaved
Cerbera, Milk Bush.

Native of Tropical America and the West Indies. oe in
a Malaya, West Africa—Old Calabar, Lagos,

bark is used medicinally—a ane a

(Planchon and Collin, Les Drogues Simpl. i. p. 732) as a febri-
: fuge, India (Dict. Econ. Prod. Indi a).

Seeds yield an oil called ‘‘Exile oil,’’ in India (Cooke, Oil Seeds
and Oils, India p. 36); perfectly liquid at ordinary temperatures,
specific gravity 09148 at t 259C. (Ann. Rep. Bd. Sci. Advice, India
1911-12, p. 13). The seeds have -x known to poison cattle and
all parts of the plant are a the active principle resem-
bling digitalis in its action; they are in addition to their morpho-
logical — distinguished by giving a blue colour with

hydrochlorie ac

The seeds, called = Jacky seeds ” or ** lucky beans "' in the West
Indies are used as charn

A handsome cance shrub easily grown from seed, stands
cutting well and makes a good hedge.

Ref.—'' Thevetia neriifolia,” in en min Indica,

Dymock, Warden and Hooper, ii. pp. 406-4 tlie and Co.
Lid. London, Fons —"T hevetia serio in Dict. Econ.
Prod. India part. 1893, pp. 47-48. T hevetia

neriifolia, un Ts. T nos, Wild), " Kirtikar in Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. viii. 1894, “The Poisonous Plants of
Bombay,” pp. 453-461.

Porvapoa, Stapf.
Polyadoa umbellata, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 103,
ar podimis umbellata, K. Schum. in Engl. Jahrb. xxiii. p. 291.]
a —Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2762.
nac. names Cn Uus Thompson); Osu (Benin,
U veio. — Yellow wood.

Lagos (Foster, No. 5, 1906, Herb. Kew) ; Ibadan Forest (Punch,
No. 138, 1900, Herb. Kew); S. — (Unwin, May 1906, Herb,
Kew) ; found also in the Cameroon

A small tree with very hard voi (Punch, l.c.); one of the
trees prohibited from being felled on Native lands without a
licence (see Forestry bier ue Order No. 26, of 1912, Govt.
Gaz. S. a er epe , 1912, p. 2242, and Schedule, p. 2244);
grows 24—10 ft. hig

Polyadoa Mum is also a tree with hard wood used by the
natives Sierra Leone for making combs (Scott Elliot, No. 5690,
Herb. Kew).

Ravworria, Linn.
Rauwolfia vomitoria, 4/zel.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 115.
Vernac. names.—lra (Ebute Metta, Millen); Akata (Benin,

441

Yd ic cen Unwin); Asofeyeye (Lagos, Dawodu); es
(Nigeria, specimen in Herb. Kew, No. 11, Imp. Inst. 1905);
Kicks (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Ounoudo (Gaboon, "Klaine];
Gonguon-Kiur, Embi-Siembi (Ivory Coast, Cheva

Ebute Metta, Lagos; Benin (Uus; No. 32, 1906, Herb. Kew);
Abeokuta, Ibadan, Old Calabar, Cross River, etc., and widely dis-
tributed in Upper and Lower Guinea from Senegambia to the
Cameroons, the Gaboon and Lower Congo, extending to Uganda,
and Mozambique.

Roots and leaves used medicinally for children, and in
gon Lagos (Dawodu, No. 6, 1899, Herb. Kew). A '' Craw
craw "' medicine Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, No. 5501, 1892, Herb.
Kew). Wood white when freshly cut, changi ng to rose colour
on exposure, grain fine, density (Chevalier, Bois Cote

P
d'Ivoire, in Les Vép. Ut til. L'Afriq. Trop. Frane. fase. v. 1909,
p- ra

ound as a small tree, sometimes a shrub, flowers white, River
Nun (Barter, Herb Kew), fruit scarlet, Nupe (Barter, x
greenish flowers, Komaiko grounds, Lagos (Dawodu, No. 6, 189
Herb. Kew).

ALLAMANDA, Linn.
Allamanda neriifolia, Mook. Bot. Mag. t. 4594.

n evergreen shrub of scandent habit. Leaves t
acuminate, games deep green above, paler below n-
florescence a panicle, terminal, also occurring freely on "young

bat dlyx 5-lobed ovate-lanceolate, spreading. Corolla,

infundibuliform, deep yellow, streaked with orange; stamens and
pistils included in the cup or tu

Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4594; Lone. Le Jard. F1. ii. 1852, t. 177;
Fl. des e: ix. 1853-54, t t. 905; Rev. Hort. 1859, T 372, f. 84;
p. 373, Í. 8 5: L'Horticnlieur ‘Francais; ii, 1861, t

Native z "Tropical America. Cultivated in vede Gardens,
Old Calabar, Lagos, ete

a by seeds or cuttings ; grows and flowers freely in rich
loa A handsome ornamental plant suitable for trellis work.

Allamanda artica, Linn. var. Hendersonii, L. H. Bailey,
Stand. Cyel. "Hort. ii. (1914) p. 247.

An evergreen shrub of somewhat similar habit to the foregoing,
but oet more Sea nad eaves, large, lanceolate,

inside; the limb divide d dem 5 rotundate, spreading, segmen nts.
Ill.—Moore and Ayres, Mag pes iii. 1851, p. 233; m ort

1864, t. 452 (var. Henderson Dombrain, Floral Mag

(var. Hendersonii); Weiner, Ill. Garten-Zeitung, 1894, + 1 ver

EE 2

442

Hendersonii); Gard. Chron. Jan. 11th, 1913, p. 24, Suppl.; Rev.
Hort. Belge, 1913, p. 371 (var. H endersonii); Bailey, lc. A 155.

Native of Bas.

A handsome decorative plant widely grown in Botanic Gardens
in the Tropics, the var. Hendersonii, with its lags and richer
flowers being usually preferred to the species proper

The variety Schottii, L. H. Bailey, l.c. (Pohl, PI. Bras. i. t: 58;
Bot. Mag. t. 4351) is an equally handsome plant, commonly gro
in gardens and the type plant (see Bot. Mag. (1195) t. 338) 1s now
almost superseded by, these varieties. Treatment under eultiva-
tion as for A. nertifolia.

jocis Reichb.
Lochnera rosea, Heichb.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 118.
. [I]. —Miller, Figures, Beautiful and Uncommon pl. Desc. Gard.
dise ii. t. 186 (Vinea pu etc.); ds al Sem. = -
t. 117 (Vinea ens Cah ier, Pl..et. Arb 8 (V. rosea); B
Mag. t. 248 (V. rosea); Redouté, oe E t. 100 (V. -Torde
Drapiez, Herb. Amat. de Fleurs. ii . 100 (V. rosea) ; Mag. i

E23; Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 1, t 2 (V. rosea); Engl. and
Prantl, Pan i iv. pt. 2, f. 57 A— D

Vernac. names.—Pervenche (Madagascar, Drapiez, Chevalier,
Redouté).—Madagascar periwinkle.

Oloke-Meji. Widely spread in Tropical Africa. Naturalised
in the Tropics.

Leaves used for feeding horses, Oloke-Meji (Dodd, No. 430,
1908, Herb. Kew).

A handsome decorative plant cultivated in pute, first
grown in England in 1757, originally from Madagasca

Easily raised from seed or cuttings.

PLUMERIA, Linn.
Plumeria rubra, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 120.
Ill.—Merian, Metamorph. Surinaamsche, t. 8 (Jasminum
indicum): Sloane, Hist. Jamaica, ii. t. 185 (Nerium arboreum,
etc. e Catesby, Nat Hist. one ees and Bahama Is. ii.

t. 297; Geel, Sert. R ii.; Drapiez, re nn de Fleurs, vii.
t. 523; Rchb. us nrLil)b.L Hort. Univ. Paris, v. 1844, p. 261.

Vernac: names.—Jasmin Mangueira annee W iR);
2 ur (Antilles, Descourtilez, Tussac) — Frangipanni,
Jasmine Tree, Red Jasmine of Jamaica.

Probably nea of Central America, very common in Mexico
Guiana, the West Indies; cultivated i in an parts of the tropics
and probably throughout "Tropical Afr

The flowers, bark, root and the ‘ics are used for various
medicinal purposes in French Guiana (Heckel, Les Pl. — et
Toxiq. Guy. Franc. in Ann. L’Inst. Col. Mars. iv. 1897, p. 114).

443

The extract more especially that from the young branches has
been found to contain a fair proportion of caoutchoue, an vu dir
showing 25:5 per cent., with 21-9 per cent. resinous matter and
15-7 = cent, water (Jo ourn. Soc. Arts, lxi. 1912, P 149).

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Ref.—' New Rubber Yielding P Plate i in | Mexico,’ 'in n Bull. Imp.
Inst. viii. 1912, *' Plumerias," pp. 46-47.— —''A New India
Rubber Producing Plant," in Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, 1xi. 1912,
pp. 148-149.

ALSTONIA, R. Br.

Alstonia congensis, Engl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 121.

Iil.—Revue Cult. Col. vii. 1900, p. 492, 493 (Alstonia scholaris
c Geog. Bot. Sénégal et Soudan, p. 207, 224 (
scholari

names. —Ebr p erri, She riff); Uhu 1 (Benin,

Throughout the RE Provinces, Nigeria. Found from
Senegambia to the Lower Congo, E. Africa, etc

Ren Mi used for making native stools, Ashanti (Thompson, Col.

. Mise. No. 66, 1910, p. 20), bowls, spoons and fur eu

3 Rivers (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nigeria, 1910,
in cabinet work for interior finishing, ete., of furniture, Ivor
Coast Achten Bois Cote d'Ivoire, in Les Vég. Util. L Afriq.
Trop. Frang. fasc. v. 1909, p. 121); used for boats and war drums,
Bahr-el-Ghazal, Sudan n, No. 920, Herb. Kew). Itis light,
white and soft. Chevalier (l.c.) bei a rod of 0:391, and a
specimen of the woody root (with bark) from S. Nigéria has
specific gravity 0-304 = 19 lb. per cubic foo

The latex is used to adulterate that of ME reni. S. Nigeria
(Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 99) for adulterating
that of Funtumia elastica and other latices, Gold Coast (Thompson,
Ee ; Armitage, Report, Rubber Trees and Vines, Encl. in Letter
Col. Office to Director, Kew, Nov. 30th, 1898); for adulterating
good rubber, but will not coagulate properly by itself, Ibadan
(Punch, No. 145, 1900, se seed and as bird-lime by the
natives, Benin (Unwin, Mus. K

The bark is used, and also tg dem for medicinal purposes by
the natives, S. Nigeria (Thompson, List. For s, Lc), Gold
Coast (Armitage, Poor Rubber Trees and Vine =

Found as a lofty tree common in the moist nem ‘Gebthacs
pros Nigeria (Col. Rep. Mise. No. 51, 1908, p. 39) 60 ft.

gat
high. Idda and Aboh, 40 ft. high, Brass (Barter, Herb. Kew);
50-60 ft. high, Mabira Forest, Uganda, at an-altitude of
4000 ft. (Dawe, Herb. Kew); a large tree, Benin (Dennett, Herb.
Kew), Bahr-el-Ghazal, Sudan (Broun, Herb. Kew), Ibadan Forest

Reserve, the leaves shedding to some extent during flowering

CALLICHILIA, Stapf.

Callichilia Barteri, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 133.

Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 5859 (Tabernaemontana Barteri).

Vernac. name bo omode or Ommode (Yoruba, Moloney,
Millson); Agbo ommodo (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Oko-aja
(Ibo, Lagos, Foster). :

Lagos, Ibadan, Brass, Eppah, Onitsha, Old Calabar, Etoi
River—Obeyon, and generally in the Southern Provinces.

All the citations in the flora (1.c.) are with the exception of one—
Gold Coast (Burton) from Nigerian specimens. The references
to Sierra Leone above and below are not supported by specimens.

Used medicinally, Ikirun (Yoruba) (Millson, Kew Bull. 1891,
p. 212) Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893,
p. 49).

aye." Living plants were first sent from Old Calabar to
Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, and a specimen sent thence to Kew
)

Coxornanxxaia, D. Don.

Conoph ia durissima, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. D
p. 143. [Tabernaemontana dürissima, Stapf, Kew Bull. 1894,
p. 24.]

Gaboon (Soyaux); Cameroons (Zenker); Bangin-chari-Lac-
Tchad. "Thomson No. 73, 1863, Old Calabar (in Herb. Kew) with
Holland, No. 4, 1897, Itu, Cross River are referred to this species
provisionally.

Wood very hard (Soyaux, Herb. Kew).

A tree 30-70 ft. high (Fl. Trop. Afr. Le.

Conopharyagia pachysiphon, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1,
p. 145. [Tabernaemontana pachysiphon, Stapf, Kew Bull.
1894, p. 22.]

Vernac. names.—Dodo (Lagos, Oloke-Meji, Dodd); Ibu or
Ubu (Benin, Dennett); *Kpokpoka (Lagos, Gurney). :

445

Lagos, Ibadan, Oloke-Meji, Benin, Onitsha.

Latex used to adulterate that of good rubber eu No. 146,
1901, Herb. Kew ; Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 39).
Fibre used for making cloth, of which there is a *sample i in the Kew
Museum called * Dodo Cloth, " Lagos (Gurney, Mus. Kew).

Found as a small tree about 10 ft. high, Oloke-Meji (Dodd,
Herb. Kew), fine foliage, flowers white and very fragrant, Onitsha
(Barter, Herb. Kew).

The Conopharyngias in common with other Apocynaceous
plants ar hate a milky juice, coagulating to an inferior substance
more or less sticky, sometimes used as bird-lime, and to adulterate
good class rubbers, though one species C. stenosiphon, Stapf, Fl.
Trop. Afr. l.c. p. 147, is stated to yield sparingly a very good
rubber. C. Holstu, Stapf, le. p. 146, of East Africa and
Uganda, is said to possess very hard wood. C. crassa, Stapf, FI
Trop. Afr. Lc. p. 144, has been mentioned as a rubber plant (see
Morris Journ. Soc. Arts, xlvi. 1898, p. 778) and cultivated unsuc-
cessfully as such in Cey rlon (see Warburg, Pl. Caoutch. (1902)
p. 208); it yields a sticky latex, and the wood is described as
yellowish-white, of fine grain, and density 0-302-0-636 (Chevalier,
Bois Cote d'Ivoire, in Les Vág. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. Franc. Fasc.
v. p. 121).

VoacanGa, Thouars.
Voacanga africana, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 157.
—De Wildeman, Etudes Fl. Bangala, p. 125, f. 48.
c. names.—[Igbo (Benin), Giwini (Yoruba), Dodo

(Lagos, Foster]; Dodo—the so-called Male of—(Ibadan, Punch).

Lagos, Adiabo (Old Calabar); Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin, in
S. Provinces, Nigeria; Abinsi, Nupe, Lokoja, in N. Provinces,
Nigeria. Extends from Sierra Leone to the Cameroons:

Its latex, which will not itself coagulate, is used for adul-
terating that of good rubber, Ibadan (Punch, Herb. Kew).

Found » a shrub, 5-10 ft., n wer (Foster, Barter,
Millen, Herb LEE a low bush, of Mt. Patti, Lokoja
(E Elliott, Herb. w), flowers iiu. puo (Barter), in fruit
[Jan. 6th, DIT sea front Axim (Chipp, Herb. Kew).

HOLARRHENA, R.Br.
Holarrhena africana, A.DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 164.
Vernac. name.—Jawki or Yawki (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot).
Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot); French Guinea, Togo (Schlechter).
Fluff [or so-called feathers] of the seed used for stuffing x ee
Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, No. 4469, Herb. Kew; Col. Rep.
No. 3, 1893, p. 29).
A shrub or small tree. There are no specimens from Nigeria,
but the species is mentioned here as ha up e iae ME

the followi .v.) occurring in Lagos
pp. reed steer (Col. Rep. PUE No. 51, 1908, p. 39)

446

mentions that the latex is used in iud Western Province, B.
Nigeria, to adulterate that of good rubber
—Ref.—See under H. Wulfsbergii.

Holarrhena Wulfsbergii, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. T;
. 164.

Hl-—Waulfsberg, Holarrh. Afr. Inaug. Dis: ys 5 - £g afr
cana, ff. 1-7); L'Agric. prat. pays chat 6 (ha
with Funtumia dana p. 18 (leaf, fl. mes Pens = 19 (follicles)

Vernac. names.—Ireno (Ibadan, dene Ire-Ibeji or Ako-Ire
(Yoruba, ast ase Aka Ire (Oloke-Meïi, Foste r); Ire Basabasa .
Lagos, MacGregor, Dawodu); Isai (Lagos, Moloney); Ire?
(Bassa, Elliott); Kromi or Gbomi (Gold Coa = „Wulfs ber Pe
Male of the Ire (Denton) or ** Male Rubber Tre

Lagos (Moloney, 1883; Foster, No. 46, 1906, Herb. Kew):
Abeokata (Barter, No. 3334, 1859, Herb. Kew) Mt. Patti,
koje (Dalziel, No. 208, 1908, Comm. Imp. < t. 1909) ; Ibadan
(Punch, 1901, Herb. Kew). The Gold Coast, e à

The bak stooped i in palm wine is said to = ea D cure for
dysentery (Kew Bull. 1896, p. 48, H. africana, and see Wulfsberg,
l.c.). The medicinal properties are regarded as being similar to
those of H. febrifug a, Klotzsch, Fl. Trop. Afr. iv. Sect. 1, p. 162,
the ‘‘ Quina ” of the Portuguese in Tou. * Ku mbanz zo'
of the Zambesi (see Kew Bull. l.c. and Livingstone Missionary
Travels, p. 648), the bark of which is used in fever, suggested
as a substitute for quinine. 4. antidysenterica has similar uses
in India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India).

The latex will not coagulate (Freeh. Herb. Kew), is used to
adulterate that of good rubbers, S. Nigeria (Thompson, Col.
Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 39; ida ie and For. Prod.
W. Afr. p. 99).

The wood is used by the natives for making images, combs and
handles of matchets, S. Nigeria (Thompson, List of For. Trees,
S. Nig. 1910, p. 8).

A shrub, Mt. Patti, Lokoja (Dalziel, forma tomentosa, Herb.
Reb a shrub or small tree, Ábeokuta (Barter, Herb. Kew); Gold

Coast (Brown, Herb. Kew); a tree 50 ft. Kwabu, Gold Coast
(Johnson, Herb. Kew); flowers white and fragrant (Barter).

Ref.—Holarrhena ajrvenpa, DC. eine Tropische Apocynacées,

pend E Thsseriatio = Wu lfs sberg, pp. 1-31 (Druck der
W. Fr. Kaestner, Got-
tingen, ——* “Two nes ae (Holarrhena afri-
ep ABS. and H. febrifuga, Klotz.)," in Kew Bull. 1896,
E s Ireh, Holarrhena UC. Stapf, "
uc. ae prat. pays chauds, vii. 2, 1907, pp. 16-19.

STROPHANTHUS, DC.
Strophanthus Barteri, F ie Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1; p. 177.

Ill.—Nouv. Arch. Mus ord ser. v. (1893), t. 11 A ; Engl.
Monogr. Afr. Pflan. ba ie Ta) I0, f. G (seed).

441

Abeokuta (Barter, No. 3346, Herb, Kew); Lagos (Rowland,
ee: ee E m Gold Coas
o be a rubber coagulant (Chipp, List of Tree es,

Gold po (1913), » .98); used by the natives of the Ivory Coast
for coagulating ber (Chevalier, Journ. d'Agric. Tropicale, ix.
1909, p. 226). The method employed is one part ‘of the juice to
30 Re of latex, the mixture is stirred quickly for from 5 to 10
minutes, and the clots of rubber which form are afterwards washed
in water to remove the deposit on the surface produced by the
juice (l.c.; Agric. News, Barbados, 1909, p. 393).

eet gratus, Franch.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 170.
Bot. Mag. t. 4466 (Roupellia grata) ; des Serres, vi.

D t. 589 (À. grata); Paxton, FI. Gard. (1850) p. 71,
6 (R. ge ata) ; IO. Le Jard. Fl. 1. dis) 1. 16 (5.

Monde e Pils 2. Strphanthns, t. 9 A ok p- 18, f. 1, aile.
Strophanthus- Toge rie
Vernac. names.—Isa (Lagos, Papen), Ishu Ogbugbu (Oloke-
Meji, Foster); Isha Gidi (Lagos, Fra: er).—Cream Fruit.
Oloke-Meji (Foster, No. 139, Herb, Kew); Lagos (Millen,
No. 174, and Rowland, Herb. Kew); Brass (Burrows, Herb. Kew ^

Monogr. NUTS à . 18), Sierra Leone, Cameroons, etc.

Used for poisoning arrows, Oloke-Meji (Foster, Herb. Kew),
Ebute Metta (Millen, Herb. Kew).

A climber ; under cultivation (Hope ees J Iu common
near Brass, S. Prov. Nigeria (Burrows, Herb. Kew), plentiful i in
the interior, cultivated near the coast, Lagos ( Millen, Herb. Kew) ;
found in Sierra Leone at an altitude of 2000 ft. (Smythe, Herb.
Ke A handsome flowering plant, may be propagated by seeds
which are distinguished from the Strophanthus seeds of commerce
by being glabrous, The seeds of this species are recommended for
use in medicine in preference to those of any other chiefly because
they yield “crystalline strophanthin," whereas the established
official Strophanthus (see the two following species), b yield
this glucoside in an amorphous condition (see Gilg. . p. 46;
Pharm. Journ. seq. and Merck's Ann. Report, seq.

Ref.—': Strophanthus Glabre du Gabon,” in Produits fournis
àla Mat. Méd. Apocynées, Planchon, pp. 64-72 (Montpellier,
1894).— —'* Strophanthus Glabre du Gabon," in Recherches sur
Jes Strophanthus, Payrau, pp. 111-118 (Soc. d'Edit. Scienti-
ren Paris, 1900).—Die Strophanthus-Frage: Bot. Pharm.

(Bericht Deutsch. Pharm. Gesells.), Gilg, Thoms and
Schedel. pp. 1-48 (Berlin, 1904).

448
Strophanthus hispidus, A P. DC.; FI. Trop. -Afr. IV. Sect. 1,
174

Ill.—Ann. Mus. Paris. i. (1802) t. 27, f. 2; De c—Ó
Strophanthus, tt. 4, 5; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Xt E
Kóhler, E Pflan. ii.; Planchon, Produits Apocynées, p. 36,
7.4, 4a; fF: 2 (seed); Engl. and Prantl. Pflan. iv. pt. 2, f. 60;
Payrau, Dione stus tt. 1, x 4, T (ainatorhicek Due seed, fruit) ;
Tropenpfl. 1902, p. 559, 2; Engl. Monogr. Afr. Pflan.
Strophanthus, t. 2; Engl. ad Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. f. 551.

Vernac. names.—Isha Gere or Isha Giri (Lagos, Foster, F raser) ;
Isa (Lagos, MacGregor); Aguah or Arguah (Abeokuta, Akassa,
N =p: gre Inée or ony es ERN. Journ. Soc. Arts

ziel).

-Lagos (Fo i MacGre rae Row land, Tabaki, Akassa
(Barter, Herb. uud Y) Old Calabar (Thomson, Mann) in Southern
Provinces, Nige Kabba (Parsons) Nupe (Barter) Bassa
(Elliott), Fokoj An Te Elliott), on (Dalziel), Zungeru
(Lugard), in Northern Provinces, Nigeria. Extends CHEER
Senegambia to the Cameroons.

Seeds are an important drug, worth about 2s. to 2s. 6d. per Ib.
wholesale, sara shipped in the pods, but more often taken
out, free m the awns and packed in bales

The mem are poisonous, the active pr GEM being ‘‘ Strophan-
thin "*; used in Nigeria and generally in Tropical Africa for arrow
poison—the ''Arrow poison of Nupe with some Euphorbia

Se “1909. p. 395); may
be Moped by seed, but the commercial supply i obtained so

to collect, though according to Dalziel (Bull. Imp. t. 1907,
as a shrub with long lax branches it is capable of being
grown in the neighbourhood of towns and villa e

Kew). Seeds take several months to ripen. Billington reports

(Chem. and Druggist, J an. 28, 1893, p. 157) collecting a pod in

month then not quite ripe, after noting its development for ten
8

duits ecu > la Matière Médicale, par la Famille py ocynées,
ou >u ATES Central du Midi, Hameline
“Strophanthus hispidus,” in

449

Recherches sur les Strophanthus, oe pp. 47-70 (Paris, seeds
“ Gutachten über den arzn ec n Wert von Strop
hispidus m Kombe,” Lew in nana vi. 7909,

PP- 560-561. See also idein at end of the genus.

Strophanthus Kombe, Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 173.
Iil.—See the works of Blondel, Planchon, Payrau, Engler,
l d Drude, mentioned under S. hispidus, "and the

references to illustrated MEL given below

Vernac. names.—Kom t eS Purves); Inée, Onaye,
Onage, Gombé (Centr. Ate Chri

Found chiefly in Nyasaland a northwards on the East Coast
from Portuguese East Africa, etc., whence the commercial sup-

Strophanthus seeds of commerce though the seeds of S. hispidus
are equally important as a drug, and with those of other species
(S. € Emini, Thollonii, etc.) may be imported under the

m mbe. From Nyasaland the exports have been
10,178 B value £2544, in er 32,878 lb. value £8219, in
1905; 31,477 lb., value £3935, in 1906; and 29,394 Ib. value
£3674, in 1907 (Chem. and Driggs 13th Feb. 1909, p. 214).
The export price from Nyasaland was 1s. per lb. in 1914, when the

market. See under S. hispidus for general pie also the
following references together with those at en he genus.
Ref—‘‘ The Kombé Arrow Poison “(Strophanth a of Africa,’
i E

, in New
Comm. PI. and Drugs, Christy, No. 9, 1886, ) . 53-61.

its Totoductien into Medical Dacis. Pda No. 15, 1900,

thus Kombe Seed of f Commerce,’ " Holmes, in Pharm. Journ. [4]
xii. 1901, pp. 486-489. “A New Admixture of Commercial
Strophanthus Seed," Perrédés, in Pharm. Journ. [4] xii. 1901,
p. 518-521, ge No. 17, The Wellcome en Research
Tabore ries. rophanthus Rules," No. 198, of 1913 (made
under the Forests Ordinance of 1911, Section 14), pees for
general information in The Ny -asaland Govt. Gazette, Pus 30th,
p. 177.

| Gi rm Preussii, Eng. & Pax.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1,

P
it - ons. Arch. Mus. Paris, 3rd ser. v. (1893), t. 12
(S. bracteatus); Payrau, Strophanthus, tt. 3, 5, 8 (S. bracteatus);
Engl. Monogr. Afr. Pflan. he areas E 4, f. A; Bot. Mag.
+. vam
Vernac. names.—Omartwa-nini (Twi, Gold Coast, Tudhope);
Diecha (Gold Lo, Tudhope).

450

Old Galeber, ngos, Otta Egbah Country in Ni igeria; Fernando
Po; Gold Coa

The juice is d on the Gold Coast for coagulating the latex
of — zem (Imp. Inst. No. 1110, Nov. 3rd, 1909, Herb.
Kew); the “‘diecha "' juice has been found to contain tee and
it is MER that the coagulating action like that of an
infusion of Bauhinia leaves (see p. 263) may be due to this con-
stituent (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912, p. 325).

A strong climber, and though not the showiest plant of the
genus it is very decorative and grows freely in rich loamy soil.

Ref. Funtumia Rubber prepared by means of the juice of
the Diecha Vine, Strophanthus Preussi," in Col. Rep. Misc.
No. 82, 1912, pp. 324-325.

Strophanthus sarmentosus, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 180.

Ill.—Ann. Mus. Paris, i. (1802 ) t. 27, f.-1; De Candolle,
Strophanthus, t. 1; Gray, Western Africa, t. C (S. pendulus);
Nouv. Arch. Mus. Pans. 3rd enei A (1893) t. 16 (S. eran:
Payrau, Strophanthus, p. i t. [1, f. 4 (trans. sect. of leaf), t

f. 6 (seed, nat. ue t. 5, 4 (trans. sect. of seed) s. T
tt. 3, f. 1, t, 6, f. £; Engl. unc Afr. Pfla ER Strophanthus, t. 10,
ITA (seeds); "Pobéguin, Fl. Guin, Franc. t. 32.

Vernac. names.—Lagba Ommode Cor, A Millson) ;
Isa-wewe (Ebute Metta, Millen, Dawodu); Sagere (Lagos, Millen);
Isha (Oloke-Meji, Foster); Kwankwanni Que Dalziel);
Isha Kekere (W. Africa, Fraser).

Lagos, Oloke-Meji, Abeokuta, Ebute Metta, Old Calabar, in
S. Provinces, Zungeru, Kontagora, Nupe, ete., N. Dora,
Nigeria; known also from Senegambia t to the Lower Con

Used for EINE, _ Lagos, Oloke-Meji ow No. 161,

ae Herb. Kew); mixed with *' Isa ” to form arrow-poison, said
t to be a HE pem Mises. Ebute Metta (Millen, No. 25,
1893, Herb. Kew); more frequently gren in Zungeru and
spidus (Dalziel, Bull.

Kontagora as an arrow-poison than S
Imp. Inst. 1907, p. 264).

A strong climbing shrub. Found on rocks or on the tallest trees
of the ravine, Kontagora (Dalziel, Le.); climbing to the oe of
huge trees in the forest; flowers yellowish-orange striped with
purple, flower buds purplish outside, Aburi Hills, Gold Coast
(Johnson, Herb. Kew); a i shrub i in the hedgerows, Kissy, Sierra
Leone (Barter, Herb. Kew

Ref.—Strophanthus sarmentosus, in Recherches sur les Stroph-
anthus, Payrau, pp. 85-87, including 5. Paroissei, pp. 88-91.

The following general references are to the genus : —
Strophanthus, in New Comm. Pl. and Drugs, Christy, No. 10
1887, pp. 7-29, illustrated. Recherches sur les Strophanthus,
Payrau, pp- 1-176, pl. i-ix. with 2 maps showing the distri-
bution of the species of Strophanthus in Africa and mne and

451

including a bibliography giving nearly 200 references to litera-
ture on the subject (Soc. d'Editions Scientifiques, Paris, 1900).
“ Strophanthus, Gilg, i in Monograph Afrik. Pflanzenfam. und
Gattungen, Engler, pp. 1-48, tt. 1-10, 4 figs. in the text
(Leipzig, 1903). -Strophanthin : Strophanthina crystallisata,
in Merck’s Annual Report, xviii. 1904, pp. 177— IT8.— —' The

Arrow Poisons of Northern Nigeria," La Chard, in Journal
of the African Society, xvii. Oct. 1905, pp. 22-27.

** Welsche Strophanthusart verdient als Offizinell in das neue
Arzneibuch aufgenommen zu werden" [Sonder-Abdruck aus den
Berichten der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft (Berlin,
1908)] Gilg, pp. 284-297. — — Semen Strophanthi," in Lehrbuch
der Pharmakognosie, Karsten & Oltmanns, pp. 291-293, ff. 443-
446 (Jena, 1909).

BEAUMONTIA, Wall.

. Beaumontia grandiflora, Wall. Tent. Fl. Napal. (1824) p. 15.

An evergreen climber; stem woody, shoots pubescent. Leaves
7-12 in. long, 3-7 in. broad, glabrous above, sometimes tomentose
below, ovate oblong, shortly acuminate. In orescence a terminal
cyme; corolla 3-5 in. long, tubular- -campanulate, white or
lemon-white. Fruit a double follicle 5-10 in. long; seeds 2 in.
tong.

t. 911; Wallich, Tent. Fl. Napalensis, Tat. t. T: Geel, ae
Bot.; Bot. Mag. t. 3213; Rchb. Exot. 172; Paxton, Mag.
xiii. p. 103; Gard. Chron. May 8th, 1886, = 593. f. 129; Ill. Hort.
1887, t. 8; Sem. Hort. 1898, p. 15, f. 199; Journ. Hort. Series 3,
xxviii. p- 243; Gard. Chron. Jan. 15th, 1910, p. 4

Large flowered Beaumontia ; Nepal Trumpet coe r.

Native of the Eastern Himalaya, Nepal, etc. Cultivated in the
Botanie Gardens, Old Calabar

A fibre is obtained from iu young twigs in India (Dict. Econ.
Prod. India).

Produces seed a fine show of flowers if allowed to climb to
the top of high trees, Trinidad (Bull. Misc. Inf. Roy. Bot.
Gardens, Trinidad, 1906, p. 114). A handsome decorative climber
suitable for trellis work.

Funtoumia, Stapf.
Funtumia africana, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 190.
Ill.—Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1276 (Kickzia africana); Kew Bull. 1895,
p. 246 (K. africana, fl. branch); Tropenpfl. 1897, pp. 99-103 (K.
ricana, figures of flowers only); Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Li. 1807, i.
T iC . bra

P: i , E © (K. afric

Jumelle, Pl. Caoutchouc et à sce (1898) p. -69, f. 10 (c

«africana, fl. only); Morris, Journ. Soc. Arts, xlvi. 1898, p. 776
(K. africana, ‘A. branch, foi Kos Bull. Le): Notizbl. Bot.

Gart. Berlin, i. 1899, t. E (K. africana, fl. only); Schlechter,

452

Westafr. ET otk Exp. p. 238 HE. See): Hook. is Lt. s
2696-2697 (K. africana, var. Klainei and var. iners); Hollan
DUI C Cult. W. Africa, t. 1; arbi PE cien “19035
01 (K. africana, fl. only); Jumelle, Pl. Caoutchouc pays chauds
fion p. 382 (F rere) p. 989 (fr. and dE Tropenptl. 1904,
Kickria africa na); De Wildeman, Mis n E. Laurent, ii.

aS distribuiod in Wai eee ficis Sierra dem to the
Cameroons and the Gabun sometimes with Funtumia elastica.

The latex coagulates into a paste-like substance of no commer-
cial value in itself, but used to ner the latex of good rubber
in S. Nigeria (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 39; Dudgeon,
Agric. and For. Prod. W. Mfr. p. 99), and = the Gold Coast
(Chipp, List of Trees, Gold Coast (1913) p. 27).

The wood is sometimes used for stools, Gold Coast (Chipp, l.c.),
of no value for export but useful locally, Gold Coast (Armitage,
Bull. Imp. Inst. 1910, p. 238); wood Se and soft, used by the
natives of the Ivory Coast to make calabashes and plates (Cheva-
lier, Les Vég. Util. l'Afriq. Trop. Franc. v. p. 122); een
385 Ib. per cubic ft. according to Bull. iu». Inst. (Lc.
density 0-488 (Chevalier, l.c.), and a perum: n the Museum
at Kew has a specifie gravity of 0-401 = 25 Ib. per cubic ft.

A tree 15-80 ft. high, trunk up to 10 ft. in circumference
(Mann. Mus. Kew); a tree at Itu, Old Calabar River, stood 70-
80 ft. high with a eireumference near the base of 3 ft. 2 in . (Hol-
land, No. 5, 1897, Herb. Kew). Similar in habit to F. elastica,
and distinguished by the absence of pits in the axils of the mid-
rib and lateral nerves on the underside of the leaf, the larger
yellowish ere the long and narrow follicle and cream-
coloured flos

The seeds bos been found as an a of official Strophan-
thus seed, S. Kombe and S. hisp hough very similar in
general appearance the seeds ‘of plene. may be readily
separated by the spindle shape, absence of hairs and the folded
cotyledons, against the flattened, hairy surface and straight
cotyledons in Strophanthus, and further UII to Siedler
Zeitschr. des. Oesterr. Apoth. Ver. xxxv. p. 398; Year Book

harm. 1897. p. 158) transverse sections ot the seeds assume a
brown and subsequently a cherry red colour in Funtumia and a

455

green colour in Strophanthus on treatment with concentrated
sulphuric acid. These particulars may also apply to seeds of
F. elastica.

Funtumia elastica, iex Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 191.

Zil.—Kew Bull. 1895, p. 244 (Kickxia africana, fruit only);
Revue Cult. Col. i. 1897, = 47, f. 2(K. a pee n Tropenpfl.

1897, pp. 99-103 (figures of fruit only); zbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 1. 1897, No. 7 (K. africana, frui ing Mie Journ
oc, Arts, xlvi. 18 K. africana, fruit from Kew ;

W. ih t. x Winburg: Pl. Caoutchouc (190 902), P 204

= 239 (K. elastica: he, in cd ep. Mise No. 28, 1905,

p- 9 (tree attacked by caterpillars, Glyphs ocellata); Berichte,

Land Forstw. Deutsch Ost. Afr. ii. 1905, t. 10 (Kickæia elastica);

Tropenpfl. 1905, p. 509 (leaf showing pis); De ee Mission
fi

p. elxi. Ru tree 5 years old at Tale); u. t. 170 0 (leaf showing
pits), t 1 (£r. br. with leaves), t. 172 (follicles and leat), tt. 173,
174 {fcllivles): t. 183 (leaves attacked by ee Dawe, p
Bot. Miss. Uganda, 1906, t. 5; L'Agric. prat. pays chauds
vii. 2, 1907, pp. 5-16; Yves Henry, Caoutchouc, Afr. Occid.
E p 203 (branch and fruit); Ann. Mus. Col. am

1909, p. 400, f. 5 (plantation); eps Col. Rep. Misc.
No. 66, 1910, t. 21; Bull. Agric. Con ue . 1910, t. 82, t. 83
( (Beplanting Coquilhatville Bormen, p years); Engl. and Drude,

. Erde, ix. p. 637, £ 548; Christy, African Rubber Industry,

Fine (habit, trees G} years 0 and numerous illustra-
tions throughout the work, showing habit, seedlings, pods, seeds,
and tapping.

Vernac. names.—Ofruntum, Funtum (Gold Coast, Johnson,
Dudgeon, Chipp); Etfunmundone, Puni (Gold Sa Chipp); Ire,
€ i I eri

Poyadua, etc. (F.W. Africa, Chevalier); Eté (Bulu, Cameroons,
tes).— West African Tree Rubber, Lagos Silk Rubber, Female

Faites
Found throughout West Tropical Africa from Sierra Leone to
the Cameroons, “extending to the Congo region, and B.E. Africa.
The most important source of rubber indigenous to West Africa,
including ‘‘ Lump ” rubber from Lagos, Old Calabar, Benin,
Cape Coast Castle, Liberia, etc., * Lagos Biscuit” and í : * Lagos
Strip" ra in Liverpool from ‘ Lagos Lump,” “‘ Manoh

454 -

os L : : y ;
Is. 21d. to 1s. 3d. and in pute 1915, ls. 34d. per Ib., * Gold
being approximately
the same (Rayner and Co.’s W. £ AR Prod. Rep., Nigerian

RET
id Trade ou. Feb. 2nd, 1915—12,571 Ib. value £444 for
month of January). The local price of “ Silk Rubber ” in Lagos
(1895) was 10d. to 1s. 2d. per Ib. (Kew Bull. 1895, p. 246). The

Mamu Government Reserves and e adan Native State
Reserves (tapped in 1912) sold SAT (Jan. 1914) was 3s. 10d. pe
lb. eee Ib. at £658 7s. 10d. see Col. Rep. Ann. No. 782, 191

p. 13) and from plantation EE trees in dud (tapped 1910);
sold in London (March, 1911) from 5s. 6d. 6s. 6d. per Ib.
(Thompson and Foster, Rep. Benin City Coramercial Pl. 1912,
p. 7, about 1000 Ib. sold).

It is not possible to give the exact amount of the rubber obtained
from this tree, exported from the Colony, but the total amount of
rubber exported from Lagos amounted to 25,181 lb. value £950

= . per Ib.] in 1914 (Nig. Customs and Trade Journ. Jan. 2,
1915, p. 13) and more than seven times this amount—175,454 lb.
value "E9811 [ =13-4d. per ]b.] in 1913 (l.c.) in which year the
total imports from the Seria and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria
into the United King amounted to 875,800 Ib. value
£86,035 [=23-5d. per XE (Trade of Unit. Kingdom, i. 1914,

p. 185). The rubber would consist principally of that from the
to dur consideration, Landolphia owariensis and Clitandra

there is no doubt that the extracts from F. african na, other
Landolphias, Clitandras, Carpodinus, etc., see | throughout
this order are too often included in the general retu

The floss from the seed has been found on ee i consist
of 14-7 per cent. moisture, 3-7 per cent. ash, and 56-4 per cent.
cellulose; reported on as of poor quality and not worth more than
ld. per Ib. on the London market (Johnson, ah. Bot. Gdns.

455

ability for manufacturing (Bull. Imp. Inst. ix. 1911, p. 412). In

comparison with ‘‘ Kapok” (Eriodendron orientale) and ** Akun”

corer procera) c pp. 87 and 463 respectively it is of little
alue.

e seeds have been found to yield about 26 per cent. of oil
suitable for technical purposes, but a bitterness in the residue—
not yet understood, makes it uncertain for edible purposes (India
Rubber World, xlvi. 1912, p. 475).

The wood is used for purposes similar to those of F. africana.

The tree has been cultivated on a large scale in most of the West
African Colonies, in Togoland, the Cameroons (about 350,000
trees in 1905—see Tropenpfl. July 1905, p. 385), the vege (about
3,500,000 trees in 1911—see Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5043, 1913,

20), Uganda, etc., and distributed to Trinidad, Straits Settle-
ments Re | other tropical countries out of Africa by seeds or plants
from the Royal Gardens, Kew. In Nigeria special reserves have
been made in various parts including Benin, where the oldest
plantations are to be found having been started about 1902; some
hundreds of plants in association with Liberian Coffee (see plan
p- 29) and to form avenues were planted out during August and
September of 1900 at Old Calabar; at Mamu, Oloke-Meji, Ilaro,
Oban, Lokoja, Oshun River (see pp. 39-46 of this work). It is
reported that by 1908 in the Denies Province alone there were
2251 plantations containing 1,125,972 trees (Col. Rep. Ann.
No. 630, 1909, p. 15). This would include the Benin District,

t
lative Council (1909) stated that the large village plantations of
Funtumia elastica made at = instance of the Forest Officers were
coming into bearing and some of them would be tapped in 1910
(S. Nig. Gov. Gaz. 6th Oct. 1909, p. 1380), trees in the Ibadan
and Mamu Reserves were being tapped in 1912 (Col. Rep. Ann.
No. 782, 1914 (for 1912), p. 13). a the present time it is not
uncommon for the Forestry Department ite "ne 3000 Ib. and
upwards of rubber from these cultivated 1
The discovery of the tree and the adie ef the industry in
iege is fully discussed in Kew Bulletin, 1895, pp. 241-247.
ropagation is readily effected by means of seeds. Cuttings
are not usually recommended, though they have been found to

grow, rooting in about a month or six weeks. e tree in S.
igeria flowers about June and ud seeds are ready for
collecting about January Febru A Here ee

meine about 60 seeds, ware detachable from the

t 800 seeds go the the ounce. They should $e sown
as pcs as possible after collection in shallow well- drained
boxes or in nursery beds in light rich soil from an inch to
two inches apart, and when about 3 or 4 inches high trans-
planted into prepared beds and given a foot or so between each
plant or put singly into bamboo pots. It is important to kap
the plants growing without a check and they will be strong enoug
about 6 months after sowing for putting out in permanent places,

FF

456

where from 10 to 15 or 20 feet between each plant will be cue
the minimum distance when thinning out is intende th

maximum when it is found advisable to grow iterate crops
such as ground = (Arachis hypogaea), etc., at least until the
trees can be ta . In any case sufficient room should be given

vation is mixed, e tree is particularly noted for the attacks of
a ogee Se (Glyphodes ocellata) which at times strip off every
leaf. Karly and careful pruning of the lower branches would

tend to secure straight ted

Tapping was originaly peiora by the natives by means of a
central groove } an inch or so wide with side grooves about the
same width 15 ^in: or so apart running around the tree at an
angle of about 45°, the a being v done an ordina

8 a.m. and not more than once in every 13 lunar months. Special
permits are issued by the Provincial Forestry Officer under whose
authority and direction the operations are carried out. In the

system advised a channel is cut from the base to the authorised

herring-bone
whole tree in four years instead of two. In either case sufficient
time must elapse to admit of one set of cuts healing before another

451

Relating to Rubber,” Rule No. 7 of 1905, in Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria,

yielding twice the amount collected by the ordinary herring-bone
and four times that by means of vertical incisions.

10, p. 9)
the “‘ para," the *' secure,"' the “‘ sculfer,’’ the ‘‘ Christy " [on the
incision method] and *'Messrs. Walker and Sons" knife, were

For coagulation various methods have been tried and found

more or less effective, including chemicals—carbonate of potash
and acetic acid, formalin, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid

convenient size. Lump
milk and the difficulty in propag this elean and dry lies in the
large masses being treate : > advi
able to deal with sufficient only to make the desired size of biscuit.
The rubber is finally well washed and dried under cover—the hot
sun and excessive light is believed to be the cause of “ tackiness.’
In the Mamu Reserve 10 biscuits have been found to weigh one

FF 2

458

pound; the weight is kept fairly constant by diluting the latex
before boi iling and regulating the amount of diluted latex for each
biscuit (Thompson, Rep. on Visit to Mani Reserve, 1911, p.

Coagulation of the latex by evaporation and absorption was t
one time common. cavity was cut in the trunk of a tree and
milk was thrown in daily until it was full; the milk is then covered
with palm leaves and kept air-tight, if possible, and in 14 days or
a month it becomes solid; in the rainy season it might take two
months to solidify. This was known as the “silk rubber”? (see
Kew Bull. 1895, pp. 248, 245).

Under the heating pronos which is upay adopted because of
the greater convenience, it is recommended to let the fresh latex

Benin City Communal Pl. 1910, p. 5). In Uganda the milk
stands for a couple of days in large earthenware pots before boiling
(Kew Bull. 1907, p. 188). Formalin or absolute alcohol have been
found effective in coagulating cold Funtumia latex, but Purub (a
German patent preparation of fluorine) and acetic acid have no
effect (see Kew Bull. 1911, p. 126; Ann. Rep. For. and Agric.
Depart. Lagos, 1910 (for 1909), p. d

- There are some very good samples in the Kew Museum made

s "boiling" the latex (Gold Coast, 1911), ‘ biscuits?” or
= sheets ds coagulated naturally in a wooden receptacle (Aburi,
1911), * 'erepe," and *'lump " coagulated with the juice of the
“ Diecha"' Vine (Strophanthus Preussii) (Evans, Gold Coast,
1909) ; rubber coagulated by an infusion of the leaves of Bauhinia
reticulata (Evans, Gold Coast, 1908), with Formol (Gold Coast,
1911) and by double-pot process, afterwards passed through a
small hand machine (Evans, Aburi, 1910).

Mixing the rubber with sand, stones, or rubbish of any descrip-
tion, latices of terior quality, all of which were formerly too
common, has been met in Nigeria by the ‘‘ Adulteration of Pro-
duce Ordinance.”

The tree 1s usually tapped in the rainy season about May to

October. The yield may vary considerably in each = according
to age, etc., and for each locality, As from 1-4 oz. from trees
i b

tr
known (Kew Bull. 1895, p. 242 2 but as history has proved the
trees did not last long at ‘ins rate. Some very fair tests have been
made (1910) in the Benin City Communal Plantations (see
Thompson and Foster, Rep. l.c.) in which the results show an

rubber. A slightly higher yield of 1:59 oz. per tree in the same
pue was obtained in 1911—20,210 trees yielding 1885 lbs.
11 oz. of dry rubber (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 735, 1912, p. 13). The
average o field of latex at each tapping is given as about one quart
m each tree, which may amount to one pound of rubber per

"a

459

annum in Uganda (Kew Bull. 1907, p. 188), a tree yields from one
small to two double gin flasks of juice, Gold Coast (Armitage,
i i ce to

Director, Kew, Nov. 30, 1898) and 2468 c.c. of latex, přoducing
ith an

of the channel alternately, subsequent cuts being 2 in, from
previous cuts (l.c.). h

5 c.c. of latex, equal to about 321 grammes of dry rubber, was
obtained from 9 trees having an average girth of 195 in., tapped
on the *vertical-parallel'' system. A yield of 4 oz., 2 oz. and
1 oz. has been obtained respectively from one tree 7 years old,
25 ft. in height, 19 in. girth at 3 ft. from the ground, one
9 years old, 26:8 ft. in height, 21 in. girth at 3 ft. from the

ground, and another same age and size, all tapped in the month
of December, Gold Coast (Johnson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 38,

1905, p. 8).

Two and a half oz. of rubber in one day have been obtained
from trees 5l years old tapped on the double-herring-bone plan
of fifteen cuts each side, in the Cameroons (Tropenpfl. July, 1905,

386), where it has been found that one man could collect from

apart (10 ft. by 10 ft. — 435 trees per acre) the yield under these
conditions being calculated at about 407 Ib. of dry rubber
per hectare ( — about 164 lb. per acre) per year, at a cost
for collecting of about 7d. per Ib., the value, at the time, of the

Lecomte, in Revue des Cult. Col. i. June 1897, pp. 12-19; July
1897, pp. 41-47. ** Kickzia africana, Bth. im Deutschen West

pp. 217-221.
pflanzer, i. 1897, pp. 99-103.
à Caoutchouc et à Gutta, Jumelle, in Annales L'Inst. Col. Mar-
seille, v. 1898, fasc. 1, pp. 68-7 — — € Über Westafrikanische
Kickxia-Arten,’’ Preuss in Notizblatt Bot. Gart. Berlin, No. 19,

July 1899, pp. 353-360. U

* Die Überführung der K?ckzia von

460

Lagos nach Kamerun," in Der Tropenpflanzer, iii. 1899, pp. 355—
361. Rubber Cultivation in West Africa, Holla nd, pp. 1-7,

h lv illustrating the ‘‘ native," “ herrin ng-bone ” add =ar-
tical-parallel ” _ Systems of tapping (printed by the Crown Agents
for t 01).- —*' The E ivati

Castilloa and Funtumia Rubbers in Trinidad," Bull. Imp. Inst.
1. 1903, pp. 160—167. “ Funtumia," in Les Pl. à Caoutch. et
à Gutta Exploitation, Culture et commerce dans tours les pays
chauds, Jumelle, pp. 381-392 (Augustin Challamel, Paris, 1903).
“Die ickeia elastica, Preuss. und irhe Kultur,’ ’ Zitzow, in
Der Tropenpflanzer, viii. 1904, pp. 228-250, with plates.——
‘“ Vorschläge betreffs : Ausbeutung der Wilden Kickxia-
stinde in Kamerun," Frhr v. du ke, viii. 1904,
pp. 597-611, with ots tions of tapping knives and
tapped trunks. Der Westafricanische Kautschukbaum Fun- |

tumia (Kickzia) elastica in Uganda, Moelle er, le., ix. 1905,
pp. 509-511.—— -'' Rules Relating to Rubber,” in Govt. Gazette,
S. Nigeria f Forestry Proclamations, 1901 and 1905 :
R. No. 7 of 1905), Aug. 18th, 1905, pp. 473-480—‘‘ On
Kickxia and Funtumia, ?? Stapf in Kew Bull. 1905, pp. 45-59.
" Funtumia elastica," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 28, 1905, ** Reports
on MER D in the Gold Coast and WS Leone," Johnson and
; in Mission Emile

Laurent, De Wildeman, i. pp. 552-561 Oela, 1905-0

Rui. Rubber: : Funtumia elastica," in Bull. E Inst. lv.

Der. Tropen npfla bier, X. Pp. ———' Eine neue
Anzapfungsmethode für Kickzia elastica," Strunk, l.c. x. 1906,
pp. 141-149.—__** Die Funtumia (Kickzia) elastica in Uganda, "
Moeller, Le. x. 1906, pp. 701-706.——“* Le rendement des Kickzia
au Cameroon, " E. D. W. in Bull. Soc. Belge d'Études Colon.
No. 6, June 1906, pp. 381-386. “New Rubber Industry in
Lagos" eure africana), “On Kickria and Funtumia,” in
Add. Series vii. 1906, pp. 44-75.
Caoutchoue du Congo: La Funtumia elastica," Luc, in L'Agric.
ES pays chauds, vii. 2, 1907, pp. 4-15, illustr. ** African
ree UM (Funtumia Slevin © in Kew Bull. 1907,
PP:

“Benin Lump" Rubber (Funtumia elastica) from Southern
Rene Dunstan, in S. Nigeria Govt. Gaz. 1st April 1908, Suppl.
3-5.——— 1

lise. No. 51, 8, ‘‘Funtumia elastica ' pp. 13-18 and
pp. 31-39, Plantations in Mamu, Oloke- Meji Ilaro Forest
Reserves, etc., with cost of E rates of grow th, etc.

be andw. +.
Sept. 1909, pp. 129-140; 12th Oct t. 1909, pp. 145-168, including
thors

references to works of 50 authors. ——''Funtumia elastica
Rubber,” in Bull. Imp. Inst. vii. 1909, . PP. 255-257. ** Benin
Lump R ubber," l.c. 257-258. ““Funtumia elastica," in

PP.
Les Vas. Util de l'Afriq. Trop. Chevalier, v. 1909, pp. 124-143.
—-Hints on the Cultivation and Preparation of Gold Coast

+

461

Journal, xxxvii. April 5th, 1909, pp. 400-401; April 19, 1909,

pp. 445-446.——‘‘Funtumia elastica,” in Col. Rep. Misc.

No. 58, 1909, p. 115, with analysis of seed floss.
B

22

elastica ou Ireh," in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge, i. 1910,
pp. 250-252.——‘‘ Cultivation of Funtumia elastica," in Kew
Bull. 1910, pp. 206-208. ‘Note sur un Nouveau régime
D’ Exploitation du Funtumia,”’ Farrane, in Journ. D'Agric. Trop.
1910, pp. 204-207.——'* Nouvelles Observations sur le Préparation

. 18

at viii. 1910, Funtumia elastica, pp. 16-18.——‘‘ Funtumia
Rubber from West Africa," Le. pp. 261-263 with analysis.
‘La Dichotomie, cause principale de la bifurcation prematurée
de la tige du Funtumia elastica," Kinds, in Bull. Agric. du
Congo Belge, i. 1910, pp. 36-37; ii. 1911, pp. 156-158.
€ Funtumia elastica," in Culture et Exploitation des Essences
Caoutchoutiféres au Congo Belge, in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge,
ii. 1911, pp. 492-511, illustrated. The Rubber Industry of
Lagos Province, Olubi, pp. 1-19 (London, 1911).——-'* Lagos Silk
Rubber Tree (Funtumia elastica)? in Kew Bull. 1911,
pp. 125-126.— —— Native Council Rules Relating to the Tapping of
Rubber, in S. Nigeria Govt. Gaz. Extraordinary, March 14, 1911,
pp. 388-514; repetitions for 32 Districts.— The African Rubber
Industry and Funtumia elastica, Christy, pp. 1-252, illustrated
(John Bale, Sons and Daniellsson, Ltd. London, 1911).——
* Inspection of Rubber Exported from Lagos," Thompson,
(Correspondence with Colonial Secretary, Lagos) in The Lagos
Customs and Trade Journal, May 2nd, 1912, pp. 273-274.
Report on the Rubber Tapping in Benin City Communal Planta-
tions 1910, Thompson and Foster, No. 5, 1912, pp. 1-10.
‘Culture du Funtumia elastica ou lreh," d'apres le système
Christy, E. L. in Bull Agrie. du Congo Belge, i. 1912,
pp. 208-213, with figs. 185, 186, 187, illustrating tapping.——
té Funtumia," in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge, iii. 1912 (Les
Plantations de Caoutchouc de l'Etat au Congo Belge) pp. 414—420,
illustrated. * Funtumia Rubber, Funtumia elastica," in Col.
Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912, pp. 318-335.——* Increasing the yield of
Funtumia elastica or Lagos Silk Rubber," Leplae, in The
Rubber Industry: Official Report of the Fourth Inter. Rubber
Congress, London, 1914, Torrey and Manders, pp. 317-318.——
“ Les Rendements de l Hevea brasiliensis et du Funtumia au
Congo Belge," E. L. in Bull. Agric. Congo Belge, v. 1914,
pp. 88-94. “ Note sur des essais de saignées de Funtumia
elastica effectués à Musa et a Kutu (district des Bangala) Congo
Belge," Gisseleire, l.c. pp. 95-104, illustrated.

462
ALAFIA, Thouars.
aaa ies e Schum.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 197.
nac. names.—U baniogon (ends, Thompson); Ottafrefredi .

(Ibo, Piensa)

Lagos, Abeokuta, Asaba, in S. Province and eM Patti,
N. Province, Nigeria; found also on the Gold Coas

The latex is used for adulterating that of better ids of rubber
(Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908 D.

A large climber, with handsome fragrant flowers.

Alafia sp.
Vernac. name.—Homa funtum (Gold Coast, Farmar).

Ogodo, Asaba, S. Province Nigeria (Unwin, Herb. Kew, 1906) :
Gold Coast (Farmar, No. 552, 1906, Herb. Ke w).

Used on the Gold Coast for coagulating rubber (Farmar, l.c.).

ASCLEPIADEAE.
OurnHarocoNvus, Baillon.

Omphalogonus nigritanus, JV. E. Br. in Kew Bull. lad p. 319.
A climbing shrub. glabrous. Leaves opposite
petiolate, glabrous, elliptic ovate or elliptic oblong, obtuse at the

apex, cordate or subcordate at the base; 21—4 in. long, 2-91 1
broad. Inflorescence an axillary cyme, lon towered Sapals
2 lin. long, somewhat rounded, very obtuse. Corolla rotate,
1-9 in. in diam., 5-lobed to the middle, glabrous and deep red
Poisson) outside, puberulous and violet-brown inside, yellowish
at the base of the lobes (Le Testu). O. calophyllus, Hua in Bull.
Soc. Bot. ers lii. (1905) p. 268; non Baillon, Fl. Trop. Afr.
iv. Sect. 1, p. 256

Ill.—Bull. Soc Bot. France, lii. (1905), t. 3 (O. calophyllus).

Vernac. names.—Mbwidun bwe or Mbwidi bi (S. Nigeria,
Thomas).

S. Nigeria—Nofia (Thomas, No. 1011, 1911, Herb. Kew). A
specimen without flowers collected in Kontagora (Dalziel, No. 50,
ng Herb. Kew) may also belong her

tex used to adulterate that of Bes rubber in S. Nigeria
Voie Col. Rep. Mise. No. 51, 1908, p. 39, O. calophyllus).

Hua (l.c. p. 275) refers to this as eo caoutchouc in small

quantity, Dahomey. A fibre obtained from the stem used for

cultivated in the native compounds of many villages (Cheater,
Soc. Nat. d’Accl. France, 1912, p. 195, O. calophyllus

Ref. Uode reci sae calophyllus, Baillon et Peri
nigrescens, Afz., in Bulletin de la Soc. Bot. de Monet i
268-215

463
Carormoris, R. Br.

Calotropis procera, Azt.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 294.
Ill.—Jacq. Obs. t. 69 (À sclepias ppm pears» fe Fi.

Rariorum, t. 18 (Asclepias A obese a); Andre Rep. 1 271
(Asclepias gigantea); Bot. . (1836) t. 1792; Wight, R EE
nd. . 1218; Bot. Mag. T 6859; end. and Trimen, Med.

PE t. 176; ‘Engl. and Prantl, Pflan. iv. pt. 2, f. 67 E to G; Engl.
and Dr ude, Veg. Erde, ix. p. 22, f. 16; Volkena, Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin, x. 1910, App. xxii. No. 3, p. 69, f. 32.

Ver —Bombo (Lagos, Dawodu); Tumfafia,
bamanthélé (Yola, Dalziel): Aon or Oshoor (Arabian, Braddyll,
Moloney); Usher (Kordof - Sudan, Muriel, Pyman); Oshr
(Palestine, Vester & Co.); A rka (India, Pyman, Watt); Akanda
(Bengal, Dymock, Warden § Hooper); Chuta (Lunyoro, Uganda,
Dawe); Houta eens Brown Lester); Bombardeira (Cape
M nm Islands, Welwitsch); Fafetone (Senegal, Chevalier,

re) —Gigantic. prid Wort, Auricula tree, Arbre à Soie
= Benca (Pobéguin).

atagum (Dahsigl No. 304, 1908, Herb. Kew); Yola; through-
out Tropical Africa, and extending to India, ete.

The stems yield a strong fibre, durable under water, used for
making fishing nets, halters, lines and ropes. A sample from the
Sudan under the name of ‘‘ Ushar ” fibre has been valued (1912)
at £24 per ton with Mexican Sisal Hemp at the same price (Bull.
Imp. vee 1913 p. 206; Bd. of Trade Journ. Sept. 12th, 1912,

Rep. Ann. "No. 118, 1913, p. 25). The floss on the
seeds is d for stuffing mattresses; the acrid milky juice is used
mixed with salt to remove hair from hides, the root for tooth
cleaners and the wood for making charcoal for gunpowder (Bot.
M The leaves are used in the Poe of ** Merissa ”’
—a native beer; the juice is RE tds often used as an infanti-
E Sudan (Pyman, Trans. Soc. Tro ne vili. p. 190).

Various medicinal uses are ge to parts of the pass
leaves, Gambia (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 273) root, and
powdered charcoal, French Guinea (Pobéguin, Pl. Med. du Guin.
Franç. in L’Agric. prat. pays aha | er part 1, 1911, p. 291).
The bak of the root, given in very s ] doses, is considered a
good cure for leprosy in the E. Indies pes Mus. Kew).

The uses generally are much the same as those of Calotropis
gigantea (see Kew Bull. 1900, pp. 8-12). It is stated pe
d’ Agric. Trop, 1911, p. 190) that some 8000 bales of ** Akund ” or
** Fafton"' fibre are imported € into Europe.

A shrub, 3-12 ft. Pen or small tre The stems in some
instances measure 3 ft. ih irth, ne, "Sudan (Muriel, Indian

abont 20 Ib. per cubic foot.

464

Easily cultivated ras seed; the fruit in Cape Verde ripens
about January (Hiern,

are Calotropis,” in ec Econ. Prod. India, Watt, ii. 1889,
pp. —-49.—— —'' Calotropis | procera," in arm macographia
Bi Dymock, Warden and Hooper, ii. pp. 428-437 (Kegan
Paul, Trench and Trübner, London, 1891).——-Madar (Calotropis
gigantea), i in Kew Bull. 1900, pp. 8-12, with plate [this reference
8 given bec 'ause the practical uses of the two species are the
fune -——'' Calotropis,” in Manual of Indian urere Gamble
p. 491. ** Calotropis gigantea and C. procera," i
India, Watt, pp. 205-208.———'' Les Calotropis,” Berteau, in
L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, xii. 2, 1912, pp. 63-7 **'The
Me of Calotropis procera," in Bull Imp. Inst. xi. 1913,
- 204-206, with SERA

pd) =
+
y.
UE

XYSMALOBIUM, R. Br.

erus e Heudelotianum, — Decne.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV.
Sect.

cuan name. ae (Senegambia, Moloney).

Borgu, Nupe, Kontagora.

The turnip-like root is eaten by the natives in Senegambia
(Moloney, For. W. Africa, p. 385 5).

herbaceous plant; found in dry places after burning,

Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew w).

Ascuepias, Linn.
Asclepias curassavica, Linn.; Fl. Trop. ied IV. Sect. 1, p. 328.

Ill.—Sloane, Hist. Sociis: x © f. 45 (Apocynum
erectum) ; Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. t. 30! 7f pp radice, etc.) ;
acquin, Misc. Austriaca, LESI ; ot. (1815) t. 81;

Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 349; Desc. Ant. ii. i. 116; Quesnstan’ Agric.
Bem. in. 1898, t. dE en Pois. Pl. p. 105, f. 184.

la (Cent. America, Dathan St. Cyr);
Chilpat (indian: Bailey), Chilpati (Mexico, Manning), Codio
(French Guiana, Heckel); Algodoneillo, Platanillo (Porto Rico,
Cook and Collins) -—Wild Negro or Bastard Ipecacuanha, Red
ao Milky Cotton Bush, Bloodflower, Curassavian Swallow-

Old Calabar. A mu of Tropical America and widely dis-
tributed in the tro

the purpose (Ball . Bot. Dept. Trinidad, ii. 1895, p . 10). Berm
mended in the treatment of phthisis, Hayti (Dathan St. Cyr, in
Pharm. Journ. [iv.] xviii. p. 714). Ro ough brooms of the plant

465

are used in Mexico to sweep floors and walls of huts to drive off
insects and vermin (Kew Bull. 1897, p. 338).

Àn ornamental plant t easily pies from seed: height about
2 ft.; has been duüTatod i in English iiu. since 1692.

Ref. —'* Asclepias curassavica as an Insectifuge," in Kew
Bull. 1897, p. 338.—-—'' Red-Head or Milky tion Bush
(Asclepias con '"" Bailey, in Queensland Agric. Journ.
ii. 1898, p. 437, ** The Wild Ipecacuanha," in The Chemist and
. Druggist, "1910, p. 798, and in The Agric. News, Barbados,
Feb. 5th, 1910, p. 38.

Asclepias lineolata, Schlechter; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1,
. 922.

EM Zungeru, llorin, and widely distributed in Tropical
Afric

The roots are used as a stomachie, Shire (Kirk, Herb. Kew).

A herbaceous ack with fleshy fusiform roots; 4 ft. high, Nupe
(Barter, Herb. Kew); common in the bush, Zungeru (Dalziel,
Herb. Kew), Unyoro, 3900 ft. (Brown, Herb. Kew).

The genus Asclepias i is a large one and perhaps the most impor-
tant species in Tropical Africa—not known from Nigeria—
are (1) semilunata, N.,E. Br. Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c. p. 327, the

** Kafumba”’ or *' Bugumbo ' ' of Uganda which yields a valuable

Misc. No. 58, 1909, pp. 74-76; No. 9 ull. Im
Inst. iii. 1905, pp. 316—318; vi. 5. 08) pp. 85-86), (2) a
Schlechter, F1 Trop. Afr. Le 328), of British East Afr

Gymnema, R. Br.
Gymnema sylvestre, À. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 413.
Il. Wildenow, Phytogr. t. 5, = a so sylvestris); Ann.
Se. Nat. Paris, Series 2, ix. Lh A (G. rufescens and
G. subvolubile); Wight, Ic. PI. tad: o6 il. t. 349; Engl. and
Prantl. Pflan. iv. pt. 2, f. 85 F-G.
Vernac. name.—Kavali (India, Watt).
Lagos, Katagum, and widely distributed in West Africa from
Senegal to the Cameroons, throughout tropical Africa, extending
frica, Madagascar and India
The leaves when chewed neutralise the taste of sweetness (Proc.
Linn. Soc. i. 1849, p. 353; Nature, xxxv. 1887, p. 566; Dict.
Econ. Prod. India; Dymock, seq.). The root applied as a
powder to the part bitten and given as a decoction internally,
13 a reputed Hindu remedy for snake bite, and various medicinal
uses are attributed to the plant in India (Watt, Dymock, etc.,

sed:
A climbing | plant, common in the bush, Katagum pose
Herb. Kew), Lagos (MacGregor, Dawodu, l.c.) a creeper by for
road, Lagos aba. Ee.

466

Ref— An Examination of the Leaves of Gyn hone. sylvestre,”’

Hooper, in Nature, xxxv. T, pp. 565-667.——‘‘ Gymnema
sylvestre, " in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, us iv. 1890, pp. 189-
190.——'* Gymnema sylvestre,” in Pharmacog. Indica, Dymock,

Warden and Hooper, ii. fare, pp- 450-455, with analysis of the

sun-dried and powdered leaves

PERGULARITA, Linn.
et eere africana, NV. E. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1,

d Africa from Sierra bens to Old Calabar, extending to
peces District and Natal.

Extract like Dragon's blood with which the Dragon's blood of
commerce is adulterated (Moloney, For. W. Africa, p. 306).

X slender climbing plant.

LePTADENIA, R. Br.

Leptadenia lancifolia, Decne.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 430.

Ill.—Engl. and Prantl, Pflanz. iv. pt. 2,f. 79, E-F (L.
hastata).

Vernac. names.—Isanaje igbo (Lagos, «M:llson) ; Yadia (Kata-
gum, Dalziel).

Senegambia to Lagos through Nigeria to Bornu and in the Nile
region. Kordofan, Fashoda, “Madi, Gondokoro, ete

a edible, Katagum Mou ns Kew).

Found as a twiner on rocks, Oyo, ba (Barter, Herb. Kew),
on bushes, Bure, near Lake Chad [Eiliott, Her, Kew).

Ref.—'' Marakh Twigs, Leptadenia sp." in Col. Rep. Misc.
No. 2 1909, pp. 128-129, would propspur apply here as a fibre
plan

CaRaALLUMA, R. Br.

Caralluma Dalzielii, V. E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1912, p. 280. -

A succulent herb, 6-18 in. high, stems leafless, branching from
the base, erect, tetragonous. owers in pendulous fascicles, the
axillary fascic bes 28 a: pedicels 1-1} lin. long, recurved,
glabrous. Sepals . long, subulate, acute glabrous; corolla
nearly 4 in. in diam. Y lobed, tube about 1 lin. long.

Vernac. name.—Karan Masallachi (Katagum, Dalziel).

Katagum (Dalziel, No. 317, Herb. Kew); Sokoto.

Found on rocky hills at Sokoto, sn planted near houses,
(Kew Buli. Le.). Chevalier (Bull. oc. Nat. d'Accl. F
n a oe mentions an allied d opel ant the cn

by the natives, and that he has seen this on cs mdi in the corner
of a field of millet, in the region of Djougou, Upper ghe
to keep off evil spirits.

467
LOGANIACEAE.

STRYCHNOS, Linn.
Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), p. 189.

A medium-sized deciduous tree. Leaves broadly elliptic "t in.

ong with epe about ! in. long. Inflorescence a lax terminal

rs greenish- -white. Fruit a berry, hard teris com-

paratively thin shell, 11-2 in. in diam., smooth, shining, colour

an orange when resh. Seeds several, flat, circular, about

3-1 in. across, } in. thick, slightly concave on one side, slightly
convex on the other, grey, greyish-white or yellowish-white.

Ill.—Plenck. Ic. t. 117; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. ii. t. 179
(seeds); Lam. Encycl. t. 119; p Pl. Corom. t. 4; Hayne,
Darst. Beschr. VOD ep 17; Nees von Esenbeck, E.
Medie. Düsseld. t. 209; Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. (1832), t. 79;
d Abbild. ne, t. 136; Stephenson & Churchill, Med.
Bot. t. 52; Wight. Ic. = In d. Or. ii. t. 434 (S. colubrina) ;
uet PL Bah ch 59a; Spach, Suites (Hist. Nat. des
Vágétaux), tL ET: "Sehnisleih, Ic. t. 131, ff. 21-23 (seed);
Griffith, Ic. Pl. Asiatic, ii. t. 411; Bureau, Loganiaceae, p. 4l,
ff. 3-8; Bedd. F1. Sylv. ii. © 243; Bentl. and Trimen, t. 178;
Kohler, Med. Pflan.; Zippel, Ausl. Handels. Nährpf. i 25;
Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. viii. (1893), t. 1; Talbot, For. Fl.
Bombay, ii. p. 266.

Vernac. names. d Khabaung or Khaboung (Bombay
Kirtikar; Burma, Watt, range: ae la (Bengal, Bentley
5 Trimen).—Nux-Vo mica, Poss Strychnine Tree, Crow's
Eyes, Snakewood, Dog-buttons, Qu banuos False Angostura
Bark.

Native of Cochin China and the Coast of Coromandel. Found
in Ceylon, Burma, Java, etc.

The seeds are the source of the poisonous alkaloids Strychnine
and Brucine—a tonic medicine in small doses; the extract or
tincture being used medicinally.

The wood is used in Burma for carts, agricultural implements
and cabinet work; weight 49-65 lb. per cubic foot (Gamble,
Man. Ind. Timb. p. 498). Used in India for the eure of snake-
bites and in cases of intermittent fever. A decoction of the leaves
is used externally in rheumatism

The bark possesses somewhat initi properties to the seeds,
though not so pom (Treas. of Bot.), and both are used
ed eisai i in India (Watt. Comm. Prod. dw p. 1052).

The pulp of the fruit is not poisonous and is eaten by birds.

A deciduous tree, propagated by seeds, grows freely in Botanic
a Old Calabar. The seeds for the market only require to
-be washed out from jm ripe fruits and dried in the sun; they
fetch in London from about 7s.—10s. per cwt., though ^ AME
1915, t were quoted at the high price of 16s. per ew

468

Ref.—‘*‘ Nux Vomica,” in Pharmacographia Indica, F lückiger
and Hanbury, pp. 1.——*' Strychnos Nuz- Vom nica,
Med. PI. er and Trimen, No. 178, 6 pages.——""* Str ned
Nuz-V omica,”’ harmacogra phia Indica, Dymock, Warden,
and Hooper, il. 2s 458-500 (Kegan Paul, Trench, ete., London,
1891).——“ Strychnos Nuz-Vomica," in Med. Pflanzen. Kóhler,
3; pages.——''Strychnos Nwur-Vomica," in Dict. Econ. Prod.
India, Watt. Mos 1893, part 3, B. pp. 379-382. ** Strychnos
Nuz-Vomica, ‘“ The Poisonous Plants of Bombay,” Kirtikar,
in "rues Hoar Nat. Hist. Soc. viii. 1893, pp. 331- Se
* No /omique," i in Les Drogues Simples d origine végétale,
n a 656-659. '* Strychnos Nua-Vomica,” in anual of
Indian Timbers, Gamble, pp. 497-498. * Nux Vo omica," in
The National Standard es iE Ana Hare, Caspari and Rusby,
pp. 1000-1005.— —'* Strychnos Nuz-Vomica," in Comm. Prod.
India, Watt, pp. 1051-1052.

Strychnos spinosa, Lam.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 536.

Ill.—Sim, rer. 'Fl. Ca pe Colony, t. 111; Journ. New York
Bot. Gdn. 1912, = 127.

Vernac. names.—Mumoovinge (Nupe, Barter); Esos dm
(Foulah, Barter) Um-Hlala (Kafir, Sim); Missalo, Ramba
Muramba (Port. E. Afr. Sim); Voavotaka res PUT.
Moloney) ; Motil hulu (Zambesi, Kirk); Litongo (E. Africa,
Christy) ; oca (Loanda, W ere Mutamba (Chindao,
Gazaland, ied. —Kaffir orang

Lagos, Nupe, and widely distributed in Tropical Africa,
extending to S. Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles

Fruit orange-like, 2-3 in. in diam., shell hard with numerous
seeds; acid pulp wholesome and agreeable to eat Peau Kirk,
Herb. Kew; Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 7 ough
according to Sim (For. Fl. Cape Colony, p. 274) the ihm only
eat it when food is scarce.

The seeds are not bitter and samples from the Seychelles have
been found to contain no strychnine or any other alkaloid (Col.
Rep. Ann. No. 601, 1909, p. 44; Bull. Imp. Inst. 1915, J.

Wood soft, 35-40 lb. per cubic foot, suitable for Dose a
other temporary work, woke Port. E. Africa (Sim. For. Fl. Cap
s p. 274; For. Fl. and For. Res. m E. oe p. 115).

ound as a small tree, 10 ft., where arin in Nupe
owes Herb. Kew); a small tree 5-8 ft. bek wk trunk 4 in.
in diam. chiefly in thin groves of Adansonia and bushy hilly
~- places; in flower from middle of April to middle of May, Loanda

(Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 702).

Var. pubescens, Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c. p. 537.

Vernac. names.— Munvuvoye (Nupe, Barter); Kokiya
(Katagum, Dalziel).

Katagum (Dalziel, Nos. 373, 721, Herb. Kew); Abinsi, River
Benne d No. 924, Herb. Kew), Nupe (Barter, No. 1705,

469

Fruit edible (Dalziel, 1.c.)
A shrub or small tree.

AN A, Afzel.

Anthocleista nobilis, G. Don; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1,
pp. 538, 625.

Ill. Bock. Ic. t. 793-794 (A. Vogelii) ; Niger Flora, tt. 48-44
(A. Vogel).

Vernac. name.—Apa oro (Lagos, Dawodu).

Senegal to the Cameroons, Lower Guinea, etc.

The hollow stems are used as quivers for small poisoned arrows,
Niger (Barter, Mus. Kew; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 387).

An erect tree 50—60 ft. E

SPIGELIA, Lin

Spigelia Anthelmia, Linn.; Sp. Pl. (1158), p . 149.

An annual plant, about a foot high. gue ovate, -—
opposite in pairs widely separated. Inflorescence a term
triplicate or unilateral spike; flowers purplish. Capsule seal,
muricate.

Zil.—Linne, ——— Acad. v. t. 2; Lam. Encycl. t. e
Plenck, Ic. t. 88; Browne, Jamaica, t. 37, £. 3; Desc. Ant. i. t. 61:
Tussac, Ant. iv. t 8; Pot. Mag. t. 2359; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant.
Medic. Düsseld. t. 205.

Vernac. names = (Oloke-Meji, Dodd); Ewe Aran
(Lagos, pu re ciel ie Fe —Worm
Grass, ndia ink, Poudre vers ou Brainvilliers
(Descourtilez).

Lene (Dodd, No. 432, Herb. Kew); Lagos (Dawodu,
No. 31, Her eodd native of S. America, and found in Florida
and the West Indie

Roots and leaves A leaves used rap Oloke-
Meji (Dodd, 1.c.), herb boiled for worms, Lagos (Dawodu, l.e.).
When eaten by cattle, sheep and goats the plant causes ce in
from 2-3 hours (Scrutton and Co. Mus. Kew).

BORAGINACEAE.
Corpra, Linn.
Cordia abyssinica, R. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2
Ill.—Transv. Agric. Journ. v. t. 170; Agric. Col. 1911, Suppl:
p. 93.
Vernac. names.—Alleluba (Katagum, Dalziel); Inderab or
Hera invaiya (Arabie, Muriel); Banjam (Hameg, Muriel);
abukwi (Zomba, Purves); M'tadola (Transvaal, Burtt-Davy);
Mukebu (Baganda, Dawe); Mutumba (Banyoro, Dave).
Katagum, and found also in East Africa.
ae edible, made into sweetmeats, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb.
ew).

410

. 233),
ossa (Burtt- avy, Transv. Agric. Journ. v. 1907, p. 423);
weight of a specimen from Uganda 69 Ib. per cubic foot (Bull.
Imp. Inst. l.c.).

Found as a medium sized tree 30-40 ft., Zomba (Purves,
Herb. Kew), usually grown in open ravines or on outskirts of
forest, about 5000 ft., Uganda dare, Herb. Kew).

It forms with Erythrina tomentosa the chief vegetation
between 4000-6000 ft. in the ascent of Mt. Ruwenzori (Dawe,
Rep. Bot. Miss. Uganda, 1906, p. 16).

Cordia Irvingii, Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 12.

Vernac. names cing owewe (Lagos, MacGregor, Dawodu);
Kymibua or Kyinibua (Gold Coast, Johnson).

Wood very durable, used for making shingles, Gold Coast
(Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 84). A specimen
from the Gold Coast is described as about as hard and cutting up
with the same ease as Beech, excellent lustre though plain, Eon
well, but not recommended for es weight about 30 Ib.
cubic foot (Stone, Rep. Mus. . A specimen ^. the Museu

t Kew has sp. gr. 0-5 = 81- 25 1b. per cubic foo

A fine spreading tree planted for its shade, in a towns
(Barter, Herb. Kew); 60 ft. high, Gold Coast (Johnson, Herb.

Kew); Chipp, List of Trees, Gold Coast (1913, p. “i may be
propagated by its fruits which closely resemble acor

Pss int Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 11.

Vern mes.—Omon (Lagos, Millen); Omo or Ommo (Lagos,
McNair, Dedi Olubi

Lagos (Millen, No. 12, 1893, Herb. Kew); Ibadan Forest
Reserve (Punch No. 102, 1901, Herb. Ke w).

Leaves used in Yoruba as wrappers for agidi (McNair, Rep.
Bot. St. Lagos, March, 1890, p. 333).

Wood close grained suitable for joiners’ or cabinet-makers’
work (Punch, l.c.) said to resist the white ant (McNair, l.c.,
Millen, l.c.).

A large tree of spreading habit, of the inland forests, Lagos.

. Cordia Myxa Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 14. >

Ill. Rumpf. Amb. iii. t. 97; Plenck, Ic. t. 116; Lam. Encycl.

Delile, Egypte, t . 19, ft. 1, 2; Hayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewächse,
ix. t. 33; Wight, Illust. t. 169; Vidal, Fl. For. Filip. t. 70 D;
Ann. Inst. Col. wur 1902, t. 3.

Vernac. nn (For rmosa, eel Tingué or
Toungué (F.W. Af Cher evalier); Lasora, Laswara, Lesuri or
Lasséri, etc. (ludi. "Gamble, Brandis); Thanat, Foig Thanat

471

(Burma, Gamble, Brandis) ; Loloopatla ropes. Thwaites); Dibg
(Arabie, Jericho, Vester & Co o.).—Sebes

East Africa—Portuguese; B. Cent. "o ei rin ay Egypt,
Trop. Asia, Madagascar, French Sudan—Upper Ni

Extract from fruits believed to be used in the ianefactaie of
non-puncturable motor tyres (Mus. Kew).

Fruit A rein with ''Soy" (Glycine Soja, see p. 211) and
‘‘ Garlic ” by the natives, "Formosa (Kew Bull. 1896, p. 70); the
viscid pulp 1s used as birdlime, the kernel is eaten and may be
used for marking linen (Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. p. 501; Dict.
Econ. Prod. India).

The leaves are used in asthma and in cases of severe colds and
coughs to ease the tightness of the chest (Handbook, Ceylon Court,
Col. and Ind. Exhib. London, 1886, p. 51); as plates and i in Pegu
to cover Burmese cheroots. ms bark i is used for making cordage

made into ropes and the Bi is used for caulking boats in India
(Gamble, l.c. ) and as a mild tonic, E. Indies (Archer, Mus. Kew).

The wood is comparatively soft, though fairly strong; used in
India for boat building, gun-stocl ks, implements, canoes and for
fuel; weight 28-42 lb. per cubic foot (Gamble, 1.c.).

A deciduous tree, may be propagated by seed and grows eR
Cultivated in Lagos and according to Chevalier (Bull. Soc. Nat.
d'Eecl. France, 1912, p. 155) it is ae in many villages of
French Guinea and the Nigerian Sud

“Cordia Myra, The E Fruit” n Dict. Econ.
3-5 35

Ref.—
Prod. India, Watt, 11. 1889, pp. 563-565. T Cordia Myra," in
Manual of Indian Timbers, Gamble, pp. 500—501. ;

Cordia platythyrsa, Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 12.

Lagos, Abeokuta, Pre. Sierra Leone in Upper Guinea and
in the Gaboon, Lower Guine

Wood used to make re or native drums (Chevalier, Bull.
Soc. Nat. d’Accl. France, 1912, p. 135).

A tree 30-80 ft. high, tnt planted in the villages of the
Ivory Coast and other parts of Upper Guinea as a “‘ palaver tree ””
(Chevalier, 1.c.).

Cordia Rothii, Roem. & Schultes ; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 18.

Ill.—Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iv. t. 1379; Peters, Mozamb. t. 43 '
(C. quercifolia): Brandis, Ind. Trees, p. 480.

Vernac. names.—Liar (Sind, Brandis), Gondi or Gundi (India,
Brandis, Gamble

Yo, North Bornu, and widely distributed in Tropical Africa,
extending to Arabia and India

Fruit pulp edible; pickled in ‘India.

The bark possesses astringent oa agisce and a — ir

the fibre is made 1nto ro

ri Cd cubic foot; used dur fuel, itis di and agricultural

GG

412

Econ. Prod. Ind
A shrub or tree up to 16 ft. high; found as-a low bush in
Bornu (Elliott, No. 149, 1904, Herb. Kew); propagated by seed,

suitable for cultivation in comparatively dry regions.

implements in India (Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. p. 501; Diet.
la).

HezrorropivM, Linn.

“Heliotropium indicum, Z2nn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 32.

Ill—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware, Benin, ii. t. 96 (H. aniso-
phyllum); Bot. Mag. t. 1837 ; Desc. Ant. vii. t. 483; Wight, Illust.
t. 171 (Téaridium indicum).

Vernac. names.—
Igun (Oloke-Meji, Dodd); Agogo Igun (Lagos, MacGregor,
Dawodu); Cay- oi-boi (Cochin China, Dymock); Booroondi

p. 273) and for erysipelas, West Africa (Journ. Soe. Arts, xxxv.
995).

oxiq. Guy. Franc. in
p. 116). The plant has a foetid odour like stramonium, taste a
little bitter; used as a local application for boils, sores and stings,
Bombay (Dymock, Mus. Kew), and various medicinal uses are
attributed to the plant in India (Diet. Econ. Prod. India;
Pharmacog. Indica, Dymock, ii. p. 525). í

An annual plant, 11-3 ft.: a common weed, with handsome light
blue flowers; luxuriating in hot dry and also damp places,
_ plentiful everywhere by streets, houses, etc. flowering nearly the
` whole year, Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 719).

Heliotropium undulatum, Vahl; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2; piel.

Ill.—Destontaines, Fl. Atlant. i. t. 41 (H. crispum); Lehmann,
Ic. Rar. Pl. Asper. t. 40. .

Given as a remedy for snake-bite (Diet. Ec. Prod. India;
Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 388) for which purpose it is administered
both internally and applied externally to the wound sometimes

_A perennial plant. In sandy places, St. Vincent Island, Cape
Verde (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p- 718.)
TricHODESMA, R. Br.
Trichodesma africanum, Æ. Br. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 48.
Verne. name.—Paburpani, or Pabarpani (Punjab and Sind,

Watt, Dymock).

418

Kontagora, Bornu, and generally in Africa and India.

The leaves are used in India as a diuretic (Dict. Econ. Prod.
India; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 389).

An annual plant, common in waste places and eultivated ground.

ARNEBIA, Forsk.

Arnebia emer DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 56.

Ill.—Lehman ae Rar. Pl. Asper. t. 39 (Lithospermum
Repulacmen) DA ight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iv. t. 1393; Jaubert et
Spach, Illust. Pl. Dene 363.

Vernac. name.—Ji NT (Katagum, Dalziel).

Katagum, Bornu, in Nigeria; Kordofan and other parts of
d and extending to North India

ot deep ee in colour giving the native name '' man’s blood,”

(Daluel Herb. Kew). The scaly bark of the root stock of Arnebia
tibetana is te as a dye in Ladak, Kashmir, and another
species is used as a substitute for Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) in
India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India; Dymock, Warden and Hooper,
Pharmacog. Indica, ii. p. 524).

Àn annual plant, common on sandy soil, growing very. bushy,
Kordofan (Muriel, Wash Kew).

CONVOLVULACEA E.
Evorvvurvs, Linn.
Evolvulus alsinoides, Zinn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 67.
Ill.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t. 64; Burmann, Thes. Zeylan.t.9;
| dil Illus. t. 168 bis, f. 10.
ernac. names.—Vishnukránta, Vistnukrandi, Shan-kaveli,
| sioe (India, Dymock, Watt); Vahimpasika (Madagascar,
Heckel).
Lagos, aat Nupe, Bornu; and widely distributed in
the Tropics
The plaut which is fragrant, is burnt to perfume houses; it is
sold in the native markets near the confluence of the Niger and the
Benue (Barter, Mus. Kew); the leaves, or and roots are used
medicinally in ‘India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India : Dymock, Miele;
and Hooper, Pharmacogr. Indica, ii. p. 543); the leaves are
into cigarettes and smoked in cases of chronie bronchitis iid
thma (l.c.), used as a remedy for diarrhea in Madagascar
(Heckel, i L'Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903, p. 166).
or perennial weed of variable habit, found in very
different nest. fields, plains, hills, etc

Catonyction, Choisy.

Calonyction muricatum, G. Don; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2,
p. 118.
Ill.—Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. iii. t. 323 (Ipomoea muricata).

GG 2

X

414

Lagos, Sokoto, Gambia, Sierra ono and widely distributed
in pease Africa, Asia and Ameri
A perennial climber, common on cix in Sokoto town eu
No. 372, 1911, Herb. Kew), cultivated at Khartoum (Schwein
furth, Herb. ew).

Calonyction speciosum, Choisy; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2,
Hr.

Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 75 52 vui tere Bona-noz); Choisy, Mem.
Soc. Phys. Genève, vi. t. L E ; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iv. t. 1361;
Bot. Centralb. lix. 1894, t. 2.

Vernac. names. xia (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot).—Prickly
Ipomoea, Moon Flower.

Tropical Africa and widely distributed in the Tropics.

" Used as a vegetable, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep.
Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 42), and as a remedy for snake-bite, Indis
(Dict. Econ. Prod. In dia; Dymock, Pharmacogr. Indica, ii.
p. 541, Zpomoea bona-nox).

A decorative climber 10 ft. and upwards, commonly cultivated,
Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew). Introduced into gardens
of England in 1773.

Qvuamocuit, Tournef.
Quamoclit coccinea, Moench; F1. rae Air. EV. ge 2, 128.
ative of Tropical America. Known in West Africa from
Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, ed i - ardfebls rece ec

A handsome decorative climber, often cultivated.

Quamoclit vulgaris, Choisy; Fl. ME Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 128.

Pep aes Hort. Mal. xi 60; Rumpf. Amb. v. t. 155;
Lam. Encycl. t. 104 (Ipomoea Quali): EE Mag. t. 244
= pomoea Soca ied Barton, Fl. N. Amer. iii. t. 96.

. names.—Kamalata (Sanskrit, liyat Sita-che-Kes
(Maratha, Dymock).—Winged leaved Ipomoea ; Cupid’s Flower.

Native of America. Introduced to West Africa and widely
distributed in the warmer parts of the Old World.

The pounded leaves are said to have cooling properties and
are applied to piles and PR eate India (Dymock, Pharmacog.
India, ii. p. 540).

À handsome E annual. Cultivated in the garden, Oloke-
Meji (Dodd, Herb. Kew).

IroMora, Linn.
Ipomoea aquatica, Yorsk.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 170.
T Susa Hort. Mal. xi. t. 52.
mes.—Furin gaddu (Katagum, Dalziel); Kangkon
Ms Ridley). n: pee
Widely distributed in Tropical Africa, Asia and N. Australia.

415

Eaten as a vegetable in India Forges res W. Afr. p. 390),
the young shoots, leaves and roots are eaten. The v riety with
white roots is cultivated in Madras, being peer by small
pieces of the creeper about 6 in. long (Dict. Econ. Prod. India);
also cultivated by the Chinese and in Malaya (Agrie. Bull. Str.
Settl. and Fed. Malay States 1898, p. 186).

An idem plant trailing on muddy river banks or in the water.
Seen constantly along the banks of Nigerian rivers (Parsons,
Herb. Kew), on the shores of Lake Chad (Elliott, Herb. Kew),
and prostrate in muddy places, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. Kew).
Propagated by ne grows quickly and might be cultivated
like water-cres

Ref.—‘‘ Tosca: aquatica," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt,
iv. 1890, pp. 476-478.

Ipomoea Batatas, Lam.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 175.

Iil.—Rbeede, m Mal. vii. t. 50; Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina,
Florida and Ba a Is. ii. 0 (Convolvulus une tuberoso
esculenta); andar AGE £3 Desc. Ant. . 045, t. 546
(var. ‘‘ Patate des dunes, "4 Patate de Sins” ^u Duthie, Field
crops, tt. 87, 88; Sinclair, Indig. Fl. Hawaiian Is. t. 15; Zippel,
Ausl. Handels, Nährpf. t. 59 (Batatas edulis); Jumelle, Les Cult.

ol. Pl. Aliment. p. 63, f. 18; Bailey, Cycl. American Hortic. `
p: or f. 2446 (leaves of the varieties T. ARE Red," ‘‘ Orleans

" t Vineless,"" ‘ Bunch Yam,’ ' “ Pumpkin Yam," ‘ Yellow
Yam"); Bull. Econ. Indo-China, 1905, pp. 1184, 1185.

Vernac. names. See cer (Hausa, ee on, Parsons);
Odunkun-pupa (Lagos, Oloke-Meji, Dodd ); Odunkun fos =
Fr [Patato and), Bates (J oloff) Dudgeon] : Odun

n (Lagos, Dennett); [Atombo oe Santoon (Fanti), Koo
Koon ‘Doo Koo (Sierra mee asn azee :

of Shakespeare’ 8 Gn

Throughout the ipa of the Old and New Worlds, and in
many sub-tropical countries.

The leaves cooked with fungi are eaten like spinach, Golungo
Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. PI. ili, p. 73), and the stems and
leaves (or vines) are good fodder green or avied for cattle, sheep

and pigs
The chief value of the plant lies in the roots or tubers for food,
used in the same way as the common potato. or feeding to

animals, owing to the high percentage of starch, they require
o be mixed with some food of greater nitrogenous value, as peanuts
(Arachis hypogaea), cowpe cowpeas (Vigna Catjang), cotton-seed meal

* W ress | (Lepidium mer sativum), Verna cular name * Laussu
is cultivated i in the neighbourh of Kano, and according to a note on ra
8 en collected by iv Dahil (No. 333, Herb. Kew), ii is sold in the markets

416

t
chiefly used by British Distillers (Mus. Kew). The distillation of
n being eee special
attention in the Azores. In 1884, 1826 pipes of alcohol, value
£40,588, were exported to Lisbon, where it was used for the
fortification of wines. The fresh potatoes in the same year were

(Bull. Imp. Inst. viii. 1910, p. 8). It has been found in Natal
that 3 tons of starch can be made from 12 tons of sweet potatoes,
the residue being suitable for cattle food (Board of Trade Journ.

*

potato, in 1913 when 150 tons were exported to the United
07)

- ’ (Dioscorea sativa), though by careful handling and
storing in a wa ry atmosphere they may keep long enough to

into vermicelli and a jelly is also made from the starch (Hosie,
Rep. Prov. of Ssu-chuan, China, No. 5, 1904, pp. 12, 18; Wilson,
A Naturalist in W. China, ii. p 58).

small trade between the West Indies (Barbados) and this
country has arisen in the course of the last few years. In 1908-09
72 barrels, and in 1909-10, 48 barrels of t potat hipped

Uv

Xx

ATT

to London (Rep. Dept. Agric. Barbados, 1909—10, p. 15); value
here retail about 4s.—5s. for 28 lb. or about 18s. 6d. a barrel. They
fetch about the same price (2d. to 3d.) per Ib. retail in Paris,
shipped from Algiers, where a remunerative price to the farmers
is put at about įd. per lb. or 50 francs a ton (Cons. Rep. Ann. No.
5206, 1914, p. 11). The local value in the Province of Bassa,
Northern Nigeria, is 1d. per 10 Ib. (Byng-Hall, N. Nig. Gaz. 30th
June, 1913, p. 241), and approximately the same (-16d. per 1b.) in
Kontagora (Clarke, N. Nig. Gaz. l.c. p. 243, “ Dankali’’). The
cost of production in Nigeria does not appear to have been recorded,
but in all countries this would vary greatly. In the United States
the approximate cost (exclusive of rent and fertilisers) of growing
and harvesting an acre of sweet potatoes is estimated at 20 dollars

p
(Duggar, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 26, 1897, p. 29).

from about 5000 to 20,000 Ib. per acre. The yield in the Bassa

Province, N. Nigeria, is given at 1650 lb. per acre (Byng-Hall,

l.c.) and in Kontagora as 61 masuka of 38 lb. each=2318 Ib.
)

Specially large yields per acre have been obtained in Louisiana
from the varieties ** Providence ’’—1072 bushels, ** Shanghai "—
758, ‘ Red Nansemond ’’—717, * Peabody *’—696, ‘ Norton "—
654, * Hayman "—651, “ Southern Queen "— 640, ** Georgia " —

T

does "—531, ** Negro Choker ’’—534, and “‘ Spanish Yam. 77000
bushels (Duggar, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 26, 1897,
p- 20).

Yoruba-land it is grown in rotation with maize, yams, beans, etc.
243). n B.E. Africa the natives of

resulis, the plants being grown from cuttings and covering the
ground in about two months’ time (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 519,

There are upwards of 50 varieties of the plant under cultiva-
iion, distinguished by the deeply lobed, slightly lobed, or

+

418

rounded entire leaf, its venation, the colour of the petioles, etc.
The variety selected for any partieular locality would depen

sually those with white potatoes, as '' Gentleman's Table,
‘White Sealy,” '' Brazilian," ‘‘ Sou thern Queen,’’ etc., are
the best for table use; heavy croppers, as ‘ Southern Queen,”
“ Red Bermuda,” etc., for stock es and for the extraction
of xe
serrat “‘Jim Gage" is a tae all-round variety
mit cultivated by the peasants; it gives a yield of over
11,000 lb. per acre (Rep. Bot. St. Montserrat, 1909-10, p. 12),
and is a strong grower with yellowish-white potatoes. Other
varieties commonly cultivated in the island are ‘‘ ex ard 18"
(red potato), yield over 7000 lb. per acre; ** Geranium " (red
potato), yield over 8000 lb.; ^ Jackass "' (y omis: potato),
yield over v i lb.; “‘ Bett Weeks ’’ (dark-red potato), yield
over 10, , and *' Blue mer (white potato), yield over
1000 Ib. per acre (l.c: 1910-11, p. 10).
= Algeria the varieties ‘ ‘ Reine du Sud” and '' Dorée des
ores ’’ are considered the best varieties to grow for export, and
i: ‘Dlanché de Malte," giving a large crop of inferior T is
recommended for Sinn icis ep. ie o. 5256, 1914, E HD.

I
extensively grown for: mar Ves urposes, ados Sra and for
ome use in the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast States; '' Black
pure or igger Choker” (potato dark purple outside,
white flesh) though of poor quality a grown mostly for

ie feeding. ther varieties grown are '' Stem Jersey,'
potatoes ye ellow, a good commercial variety ; lion J eed i“
potatoes yellow, adapted for ho se ; ed Jersey," potatoe
red, suitable for home use; ‘‘ Pumpkin Yam, potatoes dull
yellow, suitable for home use and stock feeding ; E er-
oes rose red, for stock feeding; ‘‘ Florida,” potatoes
F salmon vel adapted for home use, on,”

(Beattie, U.S. Dept . Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 324, 1908,
pp. 35-37) and see ub others mentioned under yield.
Ref.—'' Ipomoea Batatas,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt,
iv. 1890, pp. 478-482. Sweet Potatoes, Starnes, Georgia Exp.
St. Bull. No. 25, 1894. “ The Sweet Potato as a Starch Pro-
ducer," Shiver, South Catolina, Exp. St. Clemson Agric. Coll.
Bull. No. 28, 1897, pp. 1-15. — Sweet Potatoes: gr re and
ui Duggar, US. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. 26, 1897,
*Ipomoea — : us Les Cultures ‘Colouialee:
PL Alimentaires Jumelle, pp. T (J. B. Ballière et Fils,
1901). — Sweet P Noah, U.S. Dept. Agric.
Pine Bull. No. 129, 19 . 1-40. Sweet Potatoes from

419

Cycl. American Horticulture, Bailey, pp. 1754- 1757 (Macmillan
and Co., Ltd., London and New York, 1902).—— xperiments
with Swoët Potatoes at Barbadoes,” ' Hall and Bovell, in West

4,

in Bull. Dept. Agric. Jamaica, ii. Dec. 1904, pp. 275- 279, with
descriptions of the plants and analyses of the potatoes of 16
varieties. “ Patate douce, omoea Batatas,” im Les Pl.
Potagères, Vilmorin-Andrieus, pp. 484-485 (Paris, 1904): Eng-
lish Translation, Robinson, pp. 601-604 (John Murray, London,
1905).——‘‘ Swee Prai, '* in Potatoes and other Root Crops
as Food, i ey US: Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 295,
wh pp. 23-28. ** Sweet Potato, Zpomoea Batatas,” Waite,

n Cycl. American Agric. Bailey, ii. pp. 613-623, illustrated,
fü. 838-847 (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London and New York,
1907). Sweet Potatoes, Beattie, U. S. Dept. Agric. Farmers'
Bull. No. 324, 1908, pp. 1-39, illustrated. ** Ipomoea

** Patates douces," De Wildeman, in Ann. L'Inst. Col. Mar-
seille, vii. 1909, ** Pl. Cult. Afr. Trop." pp. 312—314.—— The
Storage and Marketing of Sweet m ao Beattie, U.S. Dept.

Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 520, 1912, 1-16, illustrated.—
S The Classification of Sweet Patstocs,” Sabai in West Indian
ii ‘ ; ** Patates-douces," E. D. W. in
Bull. de L’ Assoc. des eh wi Caoutchoue, V. April, 1915,
pp. 80-85.——'* Patates-douces," in Notes Prod. Veg. Trop. De
Wildeman, pp. 87-102 (Anvers, 1914).

ipomoea digitata, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. he p. 189.

Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. er et Benin, ii. t. 101 (Z. ennea-
loba), t. 105 (Z. e eron Jacq. Hort. ere i. t. 200
(I. mauritania); Bot. Reg. (1815) t. 62 (I. paniculata); un)
t. 75 (1. insignis); Ga t g et ene): Andr. Rep.

Vernac. nes.—Atewo Edun (Lagos, Dawodu); Bilaikand
(India, Dak, Watt), Bhumichekri Gadde (India, Watt).
Widely distributed in pium Africa and in the ken

la,
(Parsons, No. 120, 1908, Herb. Kew), and at " Abinsi (Dalziel,
No. 682, 1913, Herb. Kew). 2
—‘* Ipomoea di tata,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, ort
iv. miis. i 4 ** Ipomoea digitata,” in Pharma
graphia uie. Dymock, Warden and Hooper, ii. pp. 531.536.

480

Ipomoea hederacea, /acq.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 159.
lI. — Bot. Map! 188 EH Nil); Jacq. Ic. t. 36; Bot.
Reg. (1815), t. 85; Rev. Hort. 1868, p. 34 (var. foliis marmora-
tis); Collett, Fl. Simla, ‘337.
Vernac. mes.—Yako (Yokoto, Dalziel); Asagao (Japan,
W uu la. dana VERA Drury, Moloney).—Blu ue American
Ipomoea, Morning Glory, Azure Convolvulus.
Common in West Africa and generally throughout the Tropics.
The seeds are used in India as a cathartic, recommended as a
substitute for jalap (Zpomoea purge) (Watt, Cg seq.), and
for a similar purpose in Japan (Woolley, Mus.
BS € plant iur do and ornamental, tis pale blue
the morning changing to pink, on on fences in native
labos, Sokoto (Dalziel, "No. 376, 1914, Herb. Kew
ef.-—-'' Ipomoea hederacea,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. diu, Watt,
1890, pp. 485-487. ** Ipomoea hederacea,” in Pharma-
EH Indica, Dymock, Warden en Hooper, ii. pp. 530-532.
Ipomoea involucrata, Beauv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 150.
Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware et Benin, ii. t. 89.
Vernac. names.—Ododo oko (Yoruba, Millson); Alukerese
(Lagos, Dawodu).
Widely distributed in Tropical Africa.
An ornamental mat "uo is eset rose-red flowers, limb
of the corolla up to 2 in. in dia
Ipomoea palmata, Forsk.; Fl. us Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 178.
1ll.—Bot. Mag. t. 699 (Convolvulus cairicus); Pal de Beauv.
Fl. Oware et Benin, ii. t. 1 moea vesiculosa
Egyptian Bindweed (St. Helena, Mellis).
Throughout Africa and the Tropics generally
A twining, ornamental perennial; bright red-purple flowers.

SOLANACEAE.
Lycorersicum, Hill.

Tropici esculentum, Mill.; Gard. Dict. Ed. viii. n. 2.

An annual plant, of trailing EE 2-3 ft. high. Leaves more
or less pinnate, the leaflets slightly divided, attenuate at the apex,
pilose, glaucescent. Flowers green, insignificant, Fruit a berry,
red or yellow when ripe, many seeded.

Vernac. names. Tomatu Hess, Parsons); Ameh Osehbeh
(Accra, + Makana ora (Siam, Kerr); Camatis
(Philippines, AMEN .—The tomate

Cultivated for its fruit in many pes of Nigeria and through
Africa—where it is sometimes found semi-wild in the neigh-
bourhood of abandoned camps—and in most warm countries.
Tomato growing is an pet industry in Italy, Sicily, Enter

481

States, Mexico, West Indies, Egypt, Canary Islands, ete. It is
estimated that in Italy, in the Province of Parma c chiefly there are

4,000 tons of fruits preserved annually (L’ Agric. Commerciale,
Ist Sept. 1911, p. 464; Inter. Inst. Par Howe, Bull. Bur. Agric.
Intell. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1911, p. 2296), and Italian Tomato Paste
is largely imported into the United States—15,458 tons out of
25,338 tons in 1913 from Naples district (Cons. Rep. Ann. No.

10, 000, 000 cases are turned out from the canning factor SEA
Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 435, 1911, p. 8). Shipenia of
ripe tomatoes from the Gulf Coast region of Mexico and Cuba
are made in large quantities to the United States markets, and in
the United Kingdom the imports, chiefly from' Canary Islands,
hannel Islands, Spain, alia rance, Portugal and Italy,
amounted in 1913 to 1,582 ue ewts. value £1,348,682 (Trade of
ihe United Kingdom, Vol. . 1914, p. 208).
An oil obtained from me Mods suitable for soap-making has
recently appeared on the market from Italy.
Under St there are many varieties. Tracey (U.S. Dept.
rie. Bureau of Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 21, 1903, pp. 353-371)
pir aditu 468 varieties. Upwards of 100 kinds have been
specially tested at Wisley , (Journ. Roy. Hort. xxix
pp. 675—678) and of those already on the markets it is difficult to
recommend one more than another. ‘Sunrise "—fruits medium
- and even in size, dark red, round, smooth, averaging 11 fruits in

vy e
c.); *'Matchless," *'Livingstones Beauty." ‘‘ Acme,

: 1 on ainerop," ‘ Trophy " and
** Challenger," were grown mer ini: ott at or Calabar,
and so the it of suitable varieties to grow might be readily
extended. According to Paros (The N. Nig. "uk: April 30th,
1910, p. 101) the tomato is thoroughly at home in Zaria.

Seeds may be sown in pots boxes or nursery beds, pricked off
when large enough to handle and planted out in permanent places
when about 6 inches high, or when about 4—6 weeks he
main requirements are a warm climate, moderate PAT good,
well-drained soil, and careful training and thinning out of neces-
sary growth; all parts of the plant require full light and air. In
field work the rows should be from 31-4 ft. wide and the plants in
them from 23-3 ft. apart. The yield may vary according to the
variety and cultural conditions from 5-12 tons per acre. e
plants begin to bear in from 10-18 weeks, continuing for several
weeks if the fruits are taken off immediately they begin to show
colour, at which stage they will ripen in a few days if carefull

id out in store, exposed to light and air, or packed for transit.
By sowing at lar intervals of say from 4-6 weeks a supply
could be maintained nearly the whole year roun

482

Kef.—Tomato Growing in New Hampshire: Notes on Tomato
Breeding, Rane and Hunt, New Hampshire. Coll ege, Agric. Exp.
Station, Bull. No. 42, 1897, pp. 15-26, with particulars of 56
varieties.— — Tomatoes i in Canary Islands,” in Dip. and Cons.
Rep. No. 2830, 1902, p. 10.———“‘ The Tomato,” Kyle and Green,
memes 1. Bota Exp. St. Bull. No. 65, 1903, pp. 1-31.

ta ageres, Vilmor in-Andrieux, pp. 663-680: ‘illustrated

p ; ,

Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lix. 1911, p. 1123. —— —'* Tomato Preserving
in France” Loo Dx IOI, p. 1044 ——* Canning cag nnd ex
Home and in Club Work, Benson, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farm

Bull. No. 521, 1913, pp. 1-36.—- roa Seed Oil in Italy”
Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lxii. 1914, p. 404.

SOLANUM, Linn.
Solanum duplosinuatum, Klotzsch; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2,
p. 243.
Ill.—Wiener, E ens Zeitung, 1896, p. 405, f. 59 B Farini);
Wood, Nafal Pl. 49.
ernac. names a fewobamomi (Lagos, sor Wak Bobo-
awodi te MacLeod, Hislop, Foster); Bore (Sierra Leone,
Scott Elliot) ; Toongueeza or Toong'goojah (Unyoro, Uganda
Grant); Beet-y-diau (Yoloff, Heckel); Fous (Natal, Wood).
Widely distributed in Tropical Africa extending to S. Africa.

Used as an antidote = M ison in Africa (Holmes,
Pharm. Journ. [4] x 1907, . 199). Berries used with

some success as a dy for ringworm (Wood, Natal Pl. i.
p. 40).

The variety Me C. H. Wright, is stated = Barter
(No. 1344, Herb. K Kew) to be cultivated for its fruit—yellow when
ripe, smooth surface, size of a tomato—in Nup

OK shrub about 3 ft. high ; all the p spiny (Barter, l.c.) some

ost unarmed, sometimes bristling with white yellowish
Piok (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p- À 750): found in native
compound, Lokoja ede Herb. eds very abundafit all over
interior of Angola (Monteiro, Herb. Kew).

483

Solanum ae Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 238.

Zll.—Ruiz Lopez and Pavon, Fl. Peruv. Tabulae ined. ii.
t. 175, f. b. (S. incanum): Delile, , Egypte, t. 23, f. 1 (S. coagulans);
Blanco: Fl. P ue coagula

Ver mes z Kura or Gauta Kara (Hausa,
PAoa Yola, Dalziel); Sorobib (S. W. Africa, Chem. and
Druggist, Feb. 4th. 1911, p. 64); Khadak (Arabic €
Vester & Co.); Gibbein (Arabie; Muriel); Hyaena's tomato
poem transl. of Hausa name above

ps aa Jebba in N. Nigeria, Nile Land region to
be ; 9. Africa, krébis India

A poison, Katagum (Dalziel, l.c.); poisonous, suspected of
causing lamziekte in S. Africa (Burtt- t Ann rost.

ep. Ag
& Bot. Dept. Agric. Union of S. Afr. 224); 1 pu used by
the natives as a remedy for aokoa, S.W. Africa (Bull.

Bur. Agric. Intellig. Rome, Jan. 1911, p. 1097 Chem. and
i 64

p. 64).
Found as a bush 5 ft. high, Blue Nile (Muriel, Herb. Kew).
Solanum Melongena, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 242.
Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. ii. t. 37; x. t. 74 (var.); Rumpf, Amb.
v. E 85; ee Ic. t. 123; Dunal, Hist. Solonac. t. 3; Desc. Ant.

iii. 187; anco, Fi, Filip. i. t. 260; Wight, Tllust. t. 166;
Duthie, Field Crops, t :

Vernac. names.—lgba (Lagos, Dawodu); Yundahl (Katan,
Hadramaut, Leurs [Sehheh (Accra), Nturabab (Fanti), d

Chevalier); in (Philippines, Barve 1. Gs dey Egg, =
i s Apple.
"ntum "Eropieal Africa and most warm countries.

Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. lc., known from West
Abos, d s. W. ‘Atri ca aid Mozambique District.

Vernac. names.—Yalo (Katagum, nes N’Gilla (Golungo
Alto, Welwitsch).

Fruit used asa vegetable. The root used sedia d in French
Guiana (Heckel, Les. Pl. Med. et Toxiq. Guy. Franc. in Ann.
Inst. Col. Marseille, iv. 1897, p. 88).

A shrubby spiny plant 3-4 ft. high. Cultivated in Katagum
(Dalziel, Herb. Kew), on a small scale near houses in N. Nigeria
(Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p.155; Ann. Rep. Agric.
July 31st, 1909, p. 159—“ Yala,” a minor food crop), at Katan,

sub-tropics. Under cultivation there are many varieties. Trac
+. (U.S. Dept. Agric. Bureau of Pl. Industry, Bull.
No. 21, 1908, pp- 183-187) 114 varieties in the United States.

484

“Violette ronde”? and ‘‘blanche ronde" varieties are dis-
tinguished in Dahomey (L'Agric. prat. pays chauds. ii. 1902-03,
p. 29); "New York Purple” and “Black Beauty” are recom-
mended in Cuba (Austen and Halstead, Est. Cent. Agron, Cuba,
Bull. No. 13, 1908, p. 39).

Five varieties are mentioned as cultivated in Szechuan, China,
‘* Chin pa tzu "-—long purple; ‘“‘Tung Kuan"-—roun purple;
"Tzu hua"—long purple green striped; ‘“‘Nui nai’ —long
purple and ** Pai’’—long light green, supplying the market from
June to October (Hosie, Report No. 5, 1904; p. 15).

Seeds may be sown in boxes or seed-beds at intervals during the
i , and they may be
planted out when about 18 in. high in rows 21-3 ft. apart. A
rich, weli, drained soil and moderate rainfall is essential. The
plants begin to bear in about 3 or 4 months and may be kept in
season throughout the year.

Comm. Prod. India, Watt, pp. 1 '* Aubergine
gena," in Pl. Potagéres, Vilmorin-Andrieux, -
pp. 22-30, illustrated; English Translation, Robinson,
pp. 289-294.
Solanum nodiflorum, Jacg.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 218.
Ill.—Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. ii. t. 326; Bettfreund, FI. Argent. iii.
t. 153.
Vernac. names.—Disue (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch); Herva
Moira (Portuguese, Welwitsch); Anamamy (Madagascar, Heckel).
In West Africa from Senegal to the Cameroons, and extending
through Tropical Afriea to Mozambique.
- The berries resemble small grapes-—black or teen ed à in
colour. "The deep purple juice is used by the natives of Golungo

the purple berries had, after upwards of 40 years,
preserved its original colour (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii
746) nt 1s used as a vegetable mixed with rice or as

spinach, and the leaves pounded and mixed with those of palma-
christi and native saffron (Curcuma longa) are used to makea wash
for the cure of ‘‘ Tomboka " or anthrax and bubos, Madagascar
Heckel, Ann. L'Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903, 2nd fasc. p. 76,
olanum nigrum, var. nodiflorum).
A herbaceous plant, flowering and fruiting freely, sometimes
shrubby, 1-4 ft. high, in the Cameroon Mts. 7000-10,000 ft.
(Mann, Herb. Kew); found about Nupe but not common (Barter,

Herb. Kew), in places neglected after cultivation and about

485

negro villages in Golungo Alto, in flower and fruit in January,
June, July and middle of August (Hiern, l.c. p. 146).

Solanum tuberosum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 185.

An annual plant well known in gardens and fiélds at home.

The ‘Potato.

Trade in the Valley of the Niger, 2n A Tow Comm. aris, Nov.
27, 1910), the Gold Coast—seed from the Canary Pad (Crowther,
Rep. Mise. No. 1, 1891, p. 51), in Southern Angola—

p. 1887), in the untry, anda Railway (altitude
about 7000 ft.), where (1902) the few Boropean, planters there
1 potatoes as a staple crop, the yield out manur

2-9 rupees per load of 60 Ib. (Lyne, Cons. Rep. Misc. No. 577,
1902, p. 4), in Makindu, E. Afriea Protectorate ur? 8 tons
per acre of AE qu uality have been obtained (Col. Rep. Ann.
No. 519, 1907, 85), in Jamaica, Bermudas, India, Ceylon,
Upper Burma, sad the Assam Hills the potato is under successful
cultivation (see refs.). Other instances might be given but the
above are enough to show that considerable interest is being
taken in this V in hot countries and where ground at a
suitable altitude (2000-5000 ft. or so) ob: We attained the een
tion need not be met with much difficu

The requirements under clean a are a rich sed loam,
thoroughly drained, a warm climate and moderate rainf

Reproduction is invariably ie by tubers or sets." In
European M large potatoes are often cut into halves or
quarters, but erally small selected whole tubers are used and
in the tropies t is advisable to use the latter. *'Greening" of
potatoes, that is ex osing them to light in layers to induce strong

*sprits"' before pl anting, is recommended. Set 4 in. deep at
distances of 1 ft. in shallow drills 2-3 ft. apart, they come to
maturity in from 3-5 months, and a good crop is from 5-10 tons.
Earthing up as occasion requires will be necessary during
growth to keep the young potatoes covere ed potatoes
are usually better imported a nd a large export trade of
several thousand tons year is carried on from France
(chiefly Bordeaux) to S. ie and British Colonies, espe-
. cially in S. Africa. They are packed in specially prepar red

lat) boxes containing two separate layers of 15 kilog.

Hi arly 50 Ib.) in all about 100 Ib. of potatoes, the gross weight
of the boxes being about 115 lb.; the first cost may vary from

$

, 486

£3-£4 10s. and upwards per ton, according to season, the favourite
varieties being ‘* Early Rose," “Jaune Ronde,” “Cha De,
“Beauvais Ronde," ‘‘U -to- ate," DE PAC de Bauvais "'
and ‘‘ Richter’s Imperator ” _ (Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lxii. 1914,
p.662). ‘ Early Rose”? and ‘ -to-Date "" seem to be two varieties
most in demand for East Africa and S. Africa; ‘‘ Sut
Ringleader” was tried at Old Calabar (1901), and ^ Chiswick
Favourite," *‘Imperator’’ and ‘‘ Adirondack " have yielded satis-
factory crops at Hakgala, Ceylon (Trimen, Roy. Bot. Gardens,
Ceylon, Report, 1890, p. 13). There are upwards of 500 good

Starch and Alcohol are given in the following works. A curious
industry was started several years ago in Berlin for the manu-
facture of Jead pencils, a rou made from potatoes taking
the place of the cedar wo en on thly Cons. and Trade Rep.,
Washington, Aug. 1907, p. 26).

Ref.—‘‘ The (Spiers and dd Culture," Ghosha, in Journ. Agric.
Hort. Soc. India, ii. 1871, pp. 296-309. ** Solanum
tuberosum,’’ in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. part I
1895, pp. 265-272. Potatoes, Sutton, pp. 1-4, illust. (Simpkin,
Marshall & Co. London): Reprint from Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc.
xix. 1896, pp. 387—430.— Potato Culture, Daggar, n S. Dept.
Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 35, 1896, pp. 1-23. otatoes: Varie-
ties: Fertilizers : Scab, Rane and San, New Hampuhife Coll.

pp. 1-75, illust. (Spottiswoode & Co. London): Reprint. from
ji n. Roy. Agric . Soe. CENE ix. 1898, pp. 581-653. ‘ The
Irish Potato,’ eae and Nees, Texas Agric. Exp. St. Bull. No. 54,
1899, Hort. Section, pp. 109- 198, illustrated. The Manufacture
of Starch from Potatoes and Cassava , Wiley, U.S, Dept. Agric. Div.
Chem. Bull. No. 58, 1900, pp. 1-48, including “The Use of Potatoes
for the Manufacture of Alcohol, = , PP- 26-27.——“ The Preparation
and Use of Dried Potatoes," in Bull. Imp. Inst. i. 1903
pp. 77-80.——*' Pomme de Tah re: Solanum tuberosum,” in P
Potagères, ep in-Andrieux, pp. 573-620 (Paris, 1904) with
descriptions o f 153 varieties: English Translation, Robinson,
pp. 550-601, illustrati: Potatoes and Potato Culture, Ràne
and Hall, U. s. Dept. Agric. Exp. St. New Hampshire, Bull. No.111,
1904, pp. 109-130, illustr. — The Book of the Potato, Sanders,
pp. 1-222, with a list of 269 varieties (Collingridge, London,
1905). phe Potato, Fraser, pp. 1-185 (The Orange Judd Co.
New York: Kegan Paul and Co. London, 1905) Ps Potato
pré Culture, Macoun, Dept. of Agric. Ottawa, Canada, pem
, 1905, pp. 1-48. “ Drying Potatoes in Germany,”
i. Bd. of Agric. xiii. 1906, p. 358; l.c. xiv. 1907, p. 568. ——

481

*“ Potato, Solanum tuberosum,’’ Fraser, in Cycl. Amer. Agric.
Bailey, ii. pp. 519—528. — — Potatoes EIS Other Root i as Food,
Langworthy, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. 295, 1907,
pp. 1-45; Potato, pp. 1-28.——* Potato Sich. "dn "The World's
Comm. Produ cts, Freeman and Chandler, pp. 65-68 (Pitman and

Sons, Ltd., London, 1907 — — Solanum. tuberosum, in Comm.
Pa India, Wait, pp. 1028-1031.——‘‘ Potatoes at Wisle ey,
1908," in Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. xxxiv. 1908-09, pp. 525-531,
"with descriptions of 96 varieties.———'' Potatoes in Upper

Burma,” Thompstone, in Agric. Journ. India, v. 1910, pp.
85-89, pls. ii.-iv. illustrating varieties. e Potato as a
"Truck Crop, Corbett, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 407,
1910, pp. 1-24. Potato Culls as a Source of Industrial
Alcohol, Wente and Tolman, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull.
No. 410, 1910, pp. 1-40.—— te Experiments in Potato Growing,”
Henshaw, in Journ. Bd. our. xvii. 1910, pp. 892-904.——

oe Seed Potatoes and How to Produce Them, Stuart, U.S.
De Agric. Farmers Bull No. 533, 1913, pp. 1-16.
export of Seed Potatoes from France,” in Journ. Roy. Soc.
Aris, lxii. 1914, pp. 662-663.——Potato Cultivation in the
Assam Hills, bn hor Land Records and Agric. Assam.
Bull. No. 3, 1914, pp. 1-6.

Paysaris, Linn.

Physalis angulata, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 248.
Ill.—RRheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 70; Dillenius, Hort. Eltham
tt. 11, 12 (Alkekenji indicum . . . ); Blanco, Fl. Fili ip. t. 50;

Wi ght, Illust. t. 166 bis
Vernac. names. pon shi in maza (Kat agum, Dalziel); Cubum .
Pap (Gambia, Brown Lester); Sacabuche Anguloso (Porto Rico,
d and Collins).
e, Katagum, Kuka (Bornu), Lokoja in N. Nigeria, and
; Poen gem from Sierra Leone, Togoland and Angola.
Used as an external counter-irritant, r^ the natives on the
. Gambia (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 273).
ed shrub 9 in. to 2 feet or more high; common in éulitented
und, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), and waste places, Katagum
(Dalziel, Herb. Kew).
Physalis minima, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 247.
Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 71; Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. t. 9
bee barbadense nanum, ete.); Transv. Agric. Journ. iv.
Q6
. Vernac. names.—Karamanta (Katagum, Dalziel); Kindi (Sierra
Leone, Scott Elliot); Caboboad (Angola, Welwi tsch).
West Africa—Senegal to the Cameroons, extending to Angola,
Uganda, Nyasaland, Portuguese East Africa, etc.
Fruit edible (Parsons, Herb. Kew); the fruit of the cultivated
form is eaten and that of the var. indica is used medicinally as

HH

488 ,

a tonic, — and purgative in India (Dict. Econ. Prod.
India

A small TAE annual 1-2 ft. high; growing cu Rd

stones and under cultivation at Baro (Parsons, Herb. Kew); “in
plantations x cotton and sugar, Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. "Welw
ATE PI mn. ).

Physalis peruviana, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. ve
Ill.—Medic. Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. iv. Phys 4
E tomentosa) ; Bot. Mag. t. a (P. edulis) ; Pentel Madeira
l. Fr. and Ferns, t. 11 (P. ed ulis); Miers, Illustr. S. Amer. PI.
ii. t. 39; Trelease, 8th Report, Missouri Bot. Gdn. 1897, t. 44.
Cape ‘Gooseberry:
Widely distributed in ‘Tropical Africa and the Tropics
generally. ueste ie in S. Africa; native.of Peru

Hx
Lou
eoo

much in favour With gla ‘Madeira (Gone Rep. TAR
ry

A so new hat shrubby x 2-3 ft. high, stems herbaceous,
Rakik perennial, commonly cultivated as an annual for its
fruit and for ornamental purposes. There appears to be no record
of this species in Nigeria but it is the best of the Physalis, and is
easily grown from seed, thriving in any moderately rich soil and
planted out in rows about 4 ft. apart, and 2 ft. in the rows
they come to maturity in from 5-7 months. It is found cultivated

and wild in S. Africa (l.c.), on the Congo-Stanley Pool at an
altitude of 900-1000 ft. (Hens, Herb. Kew), E Kikuyu,
Uganda from 4000-6000 ft. (Whyte, Herb. Kew). e
CYPHOMANDRA, Mart.
Cyphomandra betacea, Sendt. in Flora, xxviii (1845) p. 172.
or small tree inaly ft. high. Leaves up to 1 ft. in

ub-
cyme; flowers "Seed pale flesh colour. Fruit ovoid
sa m about 2 = through, green or purplish chattes to
e.

Ill.—Cav. Ic. t. 524 xe spore Andrews, Bot. Rep.
t. 511; Rev. Hort. 1880, p. 150; 1881, 470: Gard. Chron.,
March. 19th, 1887, p. 383; Kew Bull. [ha 8, Er us na
Le Tomato, Plum Tomato, Tomato de la Paz, Vegetable

ury.
Native of Peru. Cultivated in East Africa, West Indies,
8. Europe, etc.

Fruit edible, may be eaten raw or pi vis like ordinary tomato,
or makes a good preserve and jelly. à conserve stewed with
sugar it much resembles apple or rer (Morris, Herb. Kew).

489

Succeeds at an elevation of 3000 ft. and upwards; mean
annual temperature of 639F.; in fruit all the year round and easily
cultivated from seed; the trees begin to bear fruit in a year or
ess and may continue bearing for 10 years or more. The fruits,
which take from 5-6 months to ripen from the time of flowering,
should be quite ripe before gathering (Kew Bull. 1888, p. 179).

Kef.—'* Tree. Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea)," in Kew Bull.
No. 8, Aug. 1887, pp. 2-6.

Wirnants, Pauq.

Withania somnifera, Dunal; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 249.

Ill.—Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. ii. t. 853 (Physalis somnifera,
var. flezuosa).

ernac. names.—Sim el Far (Arabic, Bromfield); Asgandh or

Today, (Indore, India, Watt, Dymock, Biscoe). —Rats-bane
(Bromfield).

Katagum, Kuka, near Lake Chad, Bornu, and widely dis-
tributed in Trop ical Africa, extending t to S. Africa, India,

Arabia, Persia, ds Islands and the Mediterranean region

The berries as with those of W. coagulans are used for coagu-
lating milk into curd or cheese (Kew Bull 1903 p. 27); in chest
complaints and for ringworm, S. Africa (Pharm. J ourn. [4] xxv.

1907, p. 133); the leaves and roots are rid for various medicinal
‘purposes in India (Watt, Dymock, seq.).

An erect shrubby plant 2-4 ft. high; bytes found in.com-
paratively dry regions; in bushy sandy submaritime places at the
river Cavaco, Benguella, and in sandy erue banks of the river
Bero, Mossamedes (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 752);
flower and fruit in July (l.c.); in bone gardens, Pedda: da
(Dawe, - at Bot. Miss. Ugan

Ref.—‘* Withania raider doc ed Indiea,
Dymock, Warden and Hooper, ii. pe 566—569.——'* Wit =
somnifera,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. part IV. 1

311 T “Vegetable Rennets, " in Kew Bull. 1903;
pp. 27-28. ** Withania somnifera,’ ' Biscoe, in Indian
Forester, xxxvii. 1911, pp. 380—381.

Capsicum, Linn. —

Capsicum annuum, Linn. ; de Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 251.

Til. es Hort. Mal. ix. t. 35; Kn noor, Thesaurus, Herb
Hort. 11. t. c. 6; Mi ao act, Sem. Pl. ii. t. 132; Plenck, Ic.
> a Schk. Handb, t. 47; AN Darst. Beschr. Gewüchse,

t. 24; Dese. Ant 422; Nees von agrees Plant. Medic.
Düsseld. i. 190; Guipel, Abbild. Beschr. t. 16; Wo odville, Med.
Bot. ii (1832), t. 80; F ingerhuth, bec Capsici, t. 2 (vars.
rugulosum, acuminatum; subangulosum, ovoideum, abbreviatum,
olivaeforme) ; Burnett, Pl. Util. 1. t. 14 b; Good, Fam. ves t. 32;
Berg. and Schmi je AUR and Beschr. Pharm. iii. 20a
(C. longum); Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xx. t. 1634, f. 2; "Boni. and
-> Frimen, Med. PI. t. i. Köhler, Med. Pflan. i; Greshoff, Nutt.

HH 2

490

Ind. dn $ 47 ; Irish, 9th Report, Missouri Bot. Gdn. pA ix ics
Ver names.—Ata jije (Lagos, Dawodu);
ae (H ausa, Parsons); Bembe (Sierra Leone, Seon Elliot);
Busbas (Hadramaut, Lunt); Pimiento (Porto Rico, Cook and
Collins). -
Annual Capsicum or Pepper, Red Pepper, aies Pepper.
Widely distributed in the Tropics of the Old and New Worlds.

Capsicum baccatum, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 252.

Ill.—Rumpf, Amb. v. t. 88, f. 2; rey Ic. t. 108; Gilii and
Xuarez, Rome, t. 23; Desc. Ant. vi. t. 423 ; Sloane, BH». Jamaica,
i. € 146,1. 2: ; Pingerhuth, Monogr. Capsici, t. 4. f. a; Journ. Roy.
T Soc. x v. p. 368.

nac es.—Comorim (Ambriz, Welwitsch); Aji picante

fore Mio; "Cook and Collins. — Bird Pepper, Berry Capsicum.

Native of the East and West Indies; in Tropical Africa speci-
mens are recorded only from Uganda and Angola.

Uses much as under C. annuum; forms the e ingredient
in the preparation * 'mandram ”’ t E West :
Cultivated in Ambriz, S. W. à Hid: pee Welw. Afr.

Pl. ini. p. 751) in Botanie Giddens: “Entebbe (Dawe, Rep. Bot.
Miss. Uganda, 1906, p- 53).

een grown in the gardens of this country since 1713, ee
cultivated, for particulars and references, see end of genu

Capsicum frutescens, Linn. ; oe Trop. Tap IV. Sect. 2, p. 251.
ru —Rheede, Hort. Mal. . 56; mpf, Amb. v. t. 88,
1, 3, 4; Lam. Encycl. t. T Gi RE Xuarez, Rome, t. 22;
Fingerhath, Monogr. racine t. 4, f. c; Duthie, Field Crops, t. 74;
Bentl. & Trimen, Med. Pl. t. 188 (C. fastigiatum); Z ourn. Roy.
~ wies XXXV. P 368.

ds filo (Madagascar, par dg Boro ni papalagi (Fi
Seemann).—Shrubby Capsicum, €: ue Bird Pepper
Guinea Pepper, *' Chillies’’ of Com
Common throughout all tropical Wins.
ses similar to those of C. annuum, the dried ripe fruits come
into this country from Zanzibar, N yasaland, Japan. "This species
is the one principally used for making ds Bas ie zi tdi

also several special preparations such as ‘‘ Cayenne pepper ’’ made
: grinding the ripe dried fruits to RC Bee Se pecia un ides
o

491

a bes Indian stomachie prepared by washing a few pods of bird
r and mixiüg them with sliced cucumbers and shallots with

the tie of lime juice and Madeira wine ue seq.). ‘Curry
Powder (with Turmeric) and v arious [de of Pepper Sauce,”
including ''Tabasco " (Mexic kg Papri ika” is a Hungarian

condiment made by grinding tlie fruits after removal of the seeds.
Capsicums find a use in mineral water manufacture and the seeds
are used for feeding irds.

An extens nsive trade is done in the fruits under the names

** Capsicums " and Chillies, the former name being broadly used
for the larger thia and the latter name for the smaller fruits,
sometimes also called ‘Bird Pepper.’ The value may
fluctuate between 35s.—50s. per cwt., anything below 35s. vesti
perhaps hardly pay collecting. Zanzibar m have been
known to fetch 140s. per ewt. (Kew Bull. 1892, p. 88), Sierra
Leone Chillies in Liverpool (April 1915) nals s.—89s.
per cwt

The princi ial sources of supply are Zanzibar, Uganda,
Nyasaland, B.E. Africa, Sierra Leone, Natal, India, Japan, and
he West Indies, the total trade approximating to 100 tons a year.
India alone with a total trade of about 5000 tons in 1907, contri-
buted to the United icy idend E: 35 tons (Watt Comm. "pid.
India, p. 268). Sierra Leon ihe same year exported 33 tons,

and in 1909-10 Nyasaland ex iral ow 53 tons (Ann. Rep.
Rone and For. Dept., nd exporte 1910, i í

The inlet t is easy and much the same as given under
Solanum melongena. In the cube éd 6 aey are treated as
annuals, but in ‘the Tropics some form y be biennial or

ight

yea A
be from 4000-8000 Ib . per acre ra ee or ‘1000 72000 lb.
dry. The only preparation required, is picking when just kin
to change colour, and drying in the sun. Clean, bright fruits
are essential for shipment. In drying, the fruits lose MT
in weight. Watt Ee . Prod. ae p. oed states that dry

res the ungent varieties ma y be men Arr “Nepi
Tabasco,” ete. ., and of the mild, ** Bell," ‘‘ Sweet Mountain,’

‘Ruby Kin a dMucinoth Golden Queen,” ‘ Chinese Giant.» “id
** Paprika," ete

Peppers are grown throughout Nigeria chiefly as a mixed
crop near houses or on farms, and according to Dudgeon (Agric.

Eee Prod. 2 A p. 135) in Kano and Zaria they are
mim elds. They form one of the indispensable
crops day = loc iiem use rough the Tropics.
—'' Capsicum fastigi nd Capsicum annuum,’

Re nM
PI. Beatley and Trimen, os. 188, 189, 8 pp. (Churchill, Tidi.

492

1880).——‘‘ Sweet Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum annuum var. )" in
New Comm. Pl. and. Drugs, Christy, No. 4, 1881, pp. 15-17.——
: in

LEN coa PR. 32

" Fructus Capsici," in Pharmacographia, Flückiger and
Hanbury, pp. 452-455.— —'* Capsicum,” in Dict. Econ. Prod.
India, edie li. en pP- nd 140, C. annuum, frutescens, gros-
sum, minimu t i

300.— ‘A Note on Chili Cultivation,” Drieberg, in Trop,
Agric. xxiv. 1905, pp. : 177-119.—— Chi lies or Capsicums,”’
Buttenshaw, in West Indian Bull. vii. No. 3, 1906, pp. 213-
221. ‘‘ Capsicum," in Comm. Prod. India, Watt, pp. 264-
269 (John Murray, London, 1908).—-— ** Chillies, "om Dui
Imp. Inst. vii. : . 45-46.——-'* p Pods from
Rhodesia and the Gold Coast," l.c. x. 1912, 571-572.

‘‘ Capsieums,"" in Spices, Ridley, pp- 360-389. (Macmillan and
Co. Ltd. London, 1912).— —'* Sweet or Non-Pungent Cayenne
Pepper,” ,, Holmes, in Pharm. Journ. [4] xxxvi. 1913, pp. 626-
627. -''Capsicums," in The Perfumery and Essential Oil
Record, v. May 1914, pp. 145—146.

Datura, Tigh
Datura Pers Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p- 256.
IU—Rumpf, Amb. v. t. 87; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t. 35; Wight,
Ic. Pl. Ind. br iv. t. 1396; jus ust. t. 166 a Í. 1; FI. des

Vernac. names.—Jila-Andundo (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch);
Mutumbella (Mossamedes, ees Estramonio (Porto Rico,
Cook and Collins).— Black Dat
Cosmopolitan in = Tropics ; ds var. alba is recorded from the
West Coast of Afri
Leaves boiled in ane to give ` a stupefying quality, Shire
i . Ke Gad s a narcotic to drug
palm-wine, in Golungo Alto, Tii 1n case of a robbery the negroes
use a mixture of Sen pounded leaves and palm-wine—which pro-
uces, when a condition bordering on madness—to
discover the thief (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 753). In
neral the properties are much the same as those of
. Stramonium. The var. alba is said to be most highly approved
for Mu : puo ses in India (Watt, Comm. Prod. India,
mies ed with plants grown in India, the total
alkaloid x been found to vary from 0-1 in the roots to 0-2 in the

498

fruits, and Tee was found to be the presomigae alkaloid
(Ann. Rep. Bd. Sci. Advice, India, 1911-12,
An erect annual plant 3-5 ft. high, with ete handsom
flowers, white inside, violet outside in the type, all white in the
r. alba, less foetid than the leaves. Cultivated at the Botanie
eife Ebute Mett ta, in flower and fruit in June (McNair, Report
Bot. St. Ebute Metta, June 30, 1889); found in cultivated „plots

sands, et with when the no less abundant Tribulus Hien Cat is
lern

Ref. ss Sensi et n Datars Albae," in Dee us Agi
Flückiger and Hanbury, pp. 462-4 453. —- ura fastuosa,”
in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, iii. 1890, ind 39-39.

Datura Metel, et FI. Trop. Afr. IV. Ta 2, p. 256.

Ill.—Bot. Mag. 1440; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t. 34; Sweet, Brit.
Fl. Gard. vii. (1838) + 380 (D. gu un): Wight, Te. PI.
prs Or. 111. t. 852 ots ba).

A poison, moe (Dali, Herb. Kew). The seeds =

monium. The seeds contain abou t 15 per cent. of il (Hooper,
Agric. Ledger, No. 5, 1911-12, ** Oils and Fats of indas ' p. 156).
erbaceous plant, stem erect, 3-4 ft. high, found growing
near aliga, Katagum (Dalziel, Le.) ; apparently wild, in waste
ground by the river Niger, Farana (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew); cul-
tivated throughout Mexico (Dolley, Enel. in Letter H.M. Consul,
Mexico, April 1910, to Director Kew). Cultivation same as for
D. Stramonium.
Ref.—'' Datura Metel,’ ” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, i
1890, pp. 39-40.-——'' Datura Metel," in Pharmac icto
Indica, Dymock, Wurden and Hooper, ii. pp. 585-592.

Datura Stramonium, Linz. ; 1 Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 251.
Ill.—Oeder, Fl. Danica. iii. t. 436; Plenck, Ic. t. 96; E
and Smith, En ng. Bot. xviii. t. 1288; Schk. Ha ndb. t. 43;
Palmstruck, Svensk. Bot. Stockholm, Hayn Darst.
Beschr. Gewüchse, i it T: Carbis, FI. tond. Pate Ed. Ji LL "d
pee. Encycl. t. 113; Bigelow, Amer. Med. Bot. t. 1; Desc. Ant. ii
175; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant. Medic. and t. 193; Gaa
Abbild. Beschr. t. 45; Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. (1832) t. 74; Steph.

494

and Ch. Med. Bot. : i. 6; Baxter, Brit. Bot. ii. t. 121; Zenker,
Fl. Thuringen, ii. t. 217; Burnett, Pl. Util. ii. t. 43 a; Good,
Fam. Flor. t. 56; i and Schmidt, Darst. Beschr. Pharm. iii. t.
20 d; Sym , Eng. Bot. vi. Ed. 3, t. 835; dT Ic. Fl. Germ. t.
1624, ig di "Bentl. and bum Med. Pl. . 192; DW Med.
Pflan ; Rev. Hort. 1910, p. 132; Henkel, U.S. Dept. Agric
ear Bull. No. 188, 1904, ff. s "87: Bureau of Pl. Noirs
Bull. No. 219, 1911, p. 30, 1.22.

es.—Chamisco, Cham ico Morado, Estramonio

weed, David's Trish, Wildfire m E: amestown Ly Apple of
Peru, Fire-weed, etc., c.

Kuka on Lake Chad ; widely distributed in Tropical Africa and
generally throughout the Tropics, and during long hot seasons in
many temperate countries—Germany, Austria-Hungary, etc.
In England it is grown at Long Melford, Suffolk.

p seeds contain 16 per cent and upwards of oil of feeble drying

alue bero ni Agric. Ledger, No. 5, 1911-12, ‘‘ Oils and Fats of
jadis o 156).

onous principle is ** Daturi Andrews finds the percentage
of Our à Ikaloid in the fines bx in the leaves 0-41 and
, and in the fruits 0'46—in this respect bearing favourable
M dun EU KI em and Egyptian plants—t e alkaloid

Smoking the leaves en ben kiad ERER for asthma, and
'Stramonium"' cigarettes or cigars have been sold for this
purpose for many years. Syme (Eng. Bot. vi. 1866, p. 105
mentions this use, and Fuchs (De Hist. pus "o ( (1542) p. 691)
mentions the name ‘‘ Rauch Apfel-Krau moke Apple-
w indicative of a similar use. It is att a cigarettes
recently sold in this country under the name ‘‘ Fumastra,’’ are

Li

> onal from the leaves of this and the above-mentioned species of

The Thorn A: AN is cultivated in England, but it grows wild in
Germany and Hungary whence supplies of the drug have come.
An annual of rank growth 1-2 ft. high in cool countries, 6-7 is
high—very dark green leaves, white scented flowers, growin
= water, Somaliland (Phillips, Herb. Kew), common through
t U ganda (Dawe, Rept. Bot. Miss Uganda, 1906, p. 53 »
cultivated throughout Mexico (Dolley, 1.c
Propagated by seeds, about 10—15 Ib. being required to sow an
acre. May se sown in drills or planted out in rows about 2-3 ft.
apart; the crop will be r eady for cutting in from 3-4 months.
leaves akon be collected at the time of flowering, the whole

i

495

plant ge pee DN. and "y leaves stripped off and dried care-
fully in or seed the capsules may be collected when

"— value of the seeds Ge . States varies rom 3-7 cents
b. (

iid D Ham Stramonii," and *'Semen Stramonii " in
Pharmacographia, Flückiger Lir Hanbury, pp.
** Datura Stramonium,”’ in Med. PI. Bentley and Trimen, No. 192,
5 pp.——' Datura Stramonium : Thorn pple," in New Comm.
PL ar Drugs, Christy. No. 10, 1887, p. 48. r
Stramonium," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, bred iii. t
. 40-43.

2 pp.

pp- do ** Jim Weed ( Datura Stramonium) ”

I Weeds Used in eta ” Henkel, U.S. De ept. . Agric. Barnes’
i 1-89. “ Datura,’ ' in Comm. Prod.

India, Watt, pp. 487—489.— —'* Solanaceous Drugs from India,"
in Bull Imp. Inst. ix. 1911, pp. 110-116—-D. Stramonium,
i t ' The Active Constituents of the
our erede Plants, D: d . fastuosa, and
D. Metel, Andrews, in Journ. Chem. Soc. No. dlxxxix. (London,
1911) om : 1871- 1871, RAO; in Bull. elk Te Intell. . Rome,
Feb. 1912, pp. 399-400. ** Stinkbl

B :

Datura Stramonium,

Scientific Bulletin, Ser. OM June 20 -i 108-11
Honey from Datura Stramonium," Deane, in Chemist and
Druggist, July 26, 1913, p. 187.——' A Note on the Alleged

Poisonous Properties of Honey from Datura Stramonium,’’ Deane,
in Pharm. Journ. [4] xxxvii. 1918, pp. 134-135.

Nicorrawa, Linn.
otiana geo R. Grah. in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. (April-
Tien 1828) p
A glaucous a branches erect, 11-20 ft. high. Leaves ovate
uminate, gla 1-8

ed e rous, 3-5 in. long, in.
a. Tuloresceneea term a terminal panicle; flowers tubular, yellow,
^ omar

496

Vernac. names.—[Caralanta (Bolivia), Palan-palan or Balan-
balan (Argentina) Bathmartiger Tabak (German) Comes|—
Trumpet Tree (Jerusalem, Vester i

Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 2837; Sim, For. Fl. Cape Col. t. 115, f. 1.

Native of T Argentine, Bolivia and Paraguay. Naturalised
in South Afri

Grown as an coer plant at Onitsha (Dodd, List of Pl.
Onitsha Plantations and Gardens, July, 1907). Sim (l.c. p. 219)
states that the plant prefers soil or rock in-which lime is present
and that it has the reputation of being poisonous to stock.

It is a pest in N.S. Wales, Victoria and S. Africa.

Nicotiana rustica, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 260.

Il. Pc Or Field Graph Y 17; Comes, Monogr. Nicotiana,
t. 1, f. 2; Kohler, Med. Pflan

Vernac. name.—Guibili cue Battcock).—Turkish or East
Indian Tobacco.

Mexico, California, arte um Cultivated in India,
Egypt, West Africa, and s have been collected in
Kordofan, Simona, Sudan S ond. “No. re 6, 1907, Herb. Kew),

um and Nile r Iwan. (Grant, E Kew), Madi Country
(Dawe: i^m 871, 1905, Herb. Kew) and B.E. Africa.

The Tobacco o Khartum LI the Nile (Grant), cultivated in
Nile region growing 1-2 (Dawe l.c.), and according to
Pieler (Bull. Soc. Nat. d’ As. France, 1912, p. 138) it is the
species principally cultivated in the Sudanese region and it forms
an important trade in French Guinea, the valley of the Middle
Niger (French Sudan) and Northern Nigeria. The var. brasilia
Schrank, ‘‘ fumo-crespo"" of the Brazilians, native of Brazil, is
used in the manufacture of snuff, and var. humilis, Schrank, i$
extensively cultivated for the same purpose

Ref.—‘‘ Nicotiana rustica: Turkish or East Indian sec ang
in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, aig v. ome 1, 1891, 2.

red a oward,

Ve Vibe eds A ia. Tide iii. No. $ March 1910, p pp- 1-58,
plates i.—
Nicotiana Tabacum, ey | £L a ue ae Sect. 2, p. 259.

—Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. . Encycl. t. 113;
Buchoz, Herb. Col. Amérique, t. 96; Po 1 t. 99; Velloso, F1.
Alogr. Brazil, p. 215; Bilberg, Ekonom. Bot. t. 12; Schk. Handb. `
t. 44; de. Amer. Med. Bot. t. 40; Nees von Esenbeck Plant.
Medie "ug epu 194; Wagner, Pharm. Med. Bot. t. 101; Desc.
Ant. 415; “Ha ayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewäche, xii. t. 41;
Cual: Abbild. Beschr. t. 105; Steph. and Ch. Med. Bot. t. 31;
Blanco, Fi. Filip. t. 36 (var. macroph lla); Burnett, Pl. Util. 1.
t. la; Good, Fam. Flor. t. 84; Wight, Illust. t. 166 bis, f: 2; Nees
von Esenbeck, Gen. Plant. Fl. Germ. v. t. 52; Berg and Schmidt,

; 497
Darst. and Beschr. Pharm. ii. t. 12d; Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. | a

Vernac. names. ae fom Bog: utn): Bobi (Manga,
N. Nigeria, Dudgeon); Ewa Taba (Lagos, Dawodu); Tambae
(Hadramaut, Disi); ; Phodia (River Shire, Meller r).

Nupe (Barter, No. 1345, Herb. Kew); Manga, N. Nigeria
(Dudgeon, No. 60, 1907, Herb. Kew and more or less throughout
Nigeria. Native of Tropical America and widely cultivated.

The flowers are used in Northern Nigeria by the natives to stain
the teeth red (Dudgeon Le.). It is grown as an irrigated crop
together with '' Gorrko "' chiefly for the flowers s (* fure "); at Uje
the total yield of tobacco and flower per plant is valued at 10 ratals
(2d.), at Zoroto, 12 ratals, and in some places the flower is of no
local value. At Alo a characteristic tobacco plot measuring 112
square yards contained 209 tobacco plants and 131 ‘‘ Gorrko "
plants (Thomson, N. Nig. Gaz. 15th July, 1912, Suppl. p. 22),
but larger plots as at Merguba, containing : 2000 and upwards of
tobacco plants with about 200 ‘‘ Gorrko’’ plants are sometimes
grown.

The seed contains a greenish-yellow oil, yielding by pressure
9-10 per cent. and by extraction 30-32 per cent., with strong
drying powers (Hooper, Agric. Ledger, No. 5, 1911-12, p. 157).

Nicotine is an alkaloid extracted from the refuse of tobacco
ited i goat ef en midribs of the leaves; those of the

TVIT and '' Kentucky " varieties being regarded as the
best ce thé. purpose. It is an important horticultural insecticide,
and the principal constituent of some sheep-dips. It is produced
in the manufactories of this country under the supervision of the
Inland Revenue sericis the officials also oe to the

and the best results were obtained by leavi ina 6 Te per e
with 20,000 plants to the hectare and fertilising with 300 kilog.
of sodium nitrate per hectare, but this plot yielded only 156 kilog.
of Nicotine (Bull. Bur. Agric. Intellig. Rome, Jan. 1911, p. 107).
In every case it was found that the Benet s Nicotine was con-

Snuff and ‘‘ Tobacco Geis Insecticide” is igs manufactured
from the refuse of tobacco manufactori

498

The uses of tobacco for smoking, owing and as snuff need
scarcely be mentioned since it is perhaps the most widely spread
luxury in the world. The total trade in the course of a pe ar
amounts to more dus 2.000, 000. 000 1b., and the revenue value
this country alone amounts to more than £15,000,000 over
£17,000,000 in 1913) annually.

The principal source of supply to this country of unmanu-
factured tobacco is the United States from whence in 1913 the
United Kingdom Seid, 142,042,656 m value £5,657,546.
The total imports for the year from all sources amounted to
162,965,925 Ib. ibid E 709,082 ; the ATAN: contributing over
a million the difference were:—The Netherlands
(6,450,867 ae nw. £287,493), Turkey (6,247,102 1b. value

29,756), Germany es 385 si bus sit 620), u pr am
(1,901,851 lb. value £55,733) Portugu ese East Africa
(1,570,477 lb. value £39,193) (Trade of the United Kingdom,
i. 1914, p. 244).

Several well marked varieties are distinguished by Comes
V pte e gene du Genre. Nicotiana (1899); Delle Razze dei
Tabac Filogenesi, Qualita ed Uso (1905)] from which have
arisen numerous races, cultivated forms, or hybrids, each of these
being here referred to under the predominating parent plant.

var. brasiliensis, Comes, Monogr. Nicot. p. 14, tt. 1, 6; Delle
Razze, p. 19, f. 3, p. 79.

Broad-leaf Tobaeco. Native of Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia.
Cultivated—United States, including Brazilian, Florida,
Maryland, Ohio, Missouri, Marylander Big Frederick, Marygold,
Sterling, Tennessee Red, Ruffled Leaf, Landreth, Granville
County Yellow, and Frans (or Cinnamon Scented) ; Canada, Brazil,
Paraguay, Argentina, Porto Rico, Chili, France, Germany, Italy,
Turkey—Adrianopoli, Saloniki, "Herzegovina ; Africa—Algeria,
Cape, Uganda, Nubia.

var. fruticosa, Comes, Monogr. Nicot. p. 9, tt. 1, 3; Delle Razze,

p- 15, f. 1, p. 27.

diua anm or Shrubby Tobacco. Native of Mexico and.
Brazil; includin certain tobaecos from Venezuela—Carabobo;
Japan, ina—Hainan; Nepal; Java, Singapore, Africa—
pre Sudan (Sennaar), and Turkey—Latakia, Samsun,

var. havanensis, oy Monogr. Nicot. p. 16, tt. 1, 7; Delle
Bue, p- 22. n 5, p

Havana To EAE CM dive of Mexico. Cultivated-— United
States including the '' ans a types of Connecticut, Penn-
sylvania, Ohio, Maryland, Missouri, Florida and Havana,
Wilson's Hybrid, Beian] Grand, the S panish types of Zimmer,
Little Dutch, Comstock, etc., and vow n of Mexico, Honduras,
Manila, Java—Besoeki, Kadoe Kedirie, etc. i: Sumatra— Deli,
en Cochin China—Saigon ; Persia, Aya-Soluk and Greece.

lancifolia, TM one Nicot. p. 11, tt. 1, 4; Delle

Moi. p. 18, £. 2, p. 5

499

Sword-leaf Tobacco. Native of Ecuador and Colombia.
Cultivated—United States, including Kent tucky, Red Burley,
White Burley, Climax; Syria—Latakia; Greece, Italy, France,
Ger sisi India, and S. Domingo "Tobaéco.

var. phylla Comes, Monogr. Nicot. p. 18, tt. 1, 8; Delle
Razze, p. A Mr f. 6, p. 199.

Large-leaved TEN Native of Mexico. Introduced to
Porto Rico, Brazil, Peru, India, Persia, Egypt, Abyssinia,
Zambesi and a — of x tobaccos of Cuba—Yara ; Venezuela—
Varinas; Mac (Turkish)—Yaka, Xanthi Yakà, Jenidjé-
Yakà, Makalla, nr (Kawala), Salonika, etc., and Greece—
Argos, Sar

var. virginica vent, Monogr. Nicot. p. 12, tt. 1, 5; Delle Razze,
p. 2I, £. : p. 121

Virgin s Jubet Believed to be a native of the Orinoco
Region. elle. United States, including ips uo Bright,
Orinoco (Big, Sweet or Little, Yellow, White Stem), Goock, Prior
(Best, Blue Medley, Yeliow), Yellow Mammoth, Kentucky Yellow,
Golden Leaf, Gold Finder, Hester, One Suc ker, Conqueror, etc.

The commercial grades are pipe and cigarette tobaccos (see var.
virginica and macrophylla, chiefly), Virginia, Kentucky,
Maryland, etc. Eastern—Turkish, Bulgar ian, Greece, ete., and
cigar tobaccos (see var. havanensis, compris ing most or all of those
recommended), including ** wrappers,” ‘‘ binders,” and *' fillers,”
rom Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Havana, Mexico, Manila, Brazil,
and Esmeralda (Venezuela), and “ Cavendish” or “ Negro
Head.”

Pipe Tobaccos are sometimes distinguished as ‘‘brights”’;

“ Latakia " is cured by smoking with the pe wood of * Oak a
moe Robur); it is in favour for smoking mixtures.
avendish "' is a general ox es all ade & Cake or ‘* Plug ”

the Kew RU a very fine samp e may be seen made Mere in

1860. In the Customs Returns it is given as '' Cavendish”’ or

Negro Head " of which in 1913 the rude from the United
States were 1,144,605 lb. ier £53, The comparatively
small amount of 8340 Ib. value £847 Shich made up the (bn of
this kind from all sources, erigi Norw any,
Netherlands, France, Brazil, S. Africa, B. Indi tessa and

above, and yes for Jamaica, B. N. Borneo, "Hong K Kong,
Australia, Canada, and other Colonies. The first t trial shipments

500

from Nyasaland in 1907 was groin: lek from Kentucky and
partly from und Virginia seed (Re GO: Mül and Co.,

London, lst Jan. 1908). ‘Turkish, 2 * Virginia," * Kontucky, 5
and ‘ ‘ Marylan nd” Tobaccos are under experiment at Onitsha,
S. Provinces (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, pp. 79, 80), where
Virginia Tobacco had previously been grown with success "is

10, p. 25). Manila and Sumatra varieties are being. iried at
Lokoja, N. Provinces (Col. Rep. Ann. l.c. p. 8; N. Nig. Gaz. 30th
April, 1910, p , 98).

A sample it tobacco grown at Owerri, 5. Provinces was sent to
Kew by the late Mr. J. W. Sherriff of the Forestry Dept. in 1906;
it was reported on by Messrs. W. O. Müller and Co. who stated that i
if properly fermented, assorted and hri it would have a value
either for cigar purposes or as a blend with American Smoking
Tobaccos of about 5d, m: per lb. in bond. They suggested it was

raised from ‘‘ Cuba uba-Canary Seed; it was similar to
that of ere (Tenerii and to the tobacco raised in recent years
on a small scale in the Cameroons (Bibundi) and these Canary and
West African ibato had so far not attracted much attention in
the European markets (Mus. eise Samples have also been
reported on from Kano—a coarse type unsuited to the European
market (N. Nig. Gaz. 30th did, 1910, p. 147), Baro (Col. Rep.

nn. No. 674, 1911, Suppl. ) and Ibadan (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 630,
1909, p. 40; s Nig. Govt. Gaz. March 3rd, 1909, Suppl. p. 6) at
the Imperial Institute. The leaves from Baro were of good shape
and texture but rather thin for pipe tobacco, and the latter (two
samples) though not showing saleable qualities for Europeans
indicated that bei of good quality could probably be grown at

Ibadan and that it would be worth while to cultivate it under
expert supervision; both 2 amples on analysis showed a similar
omposition to the pipe obse s of commerce containing (1)

0

Moisture 6:39 per cent., Nicotine 1-46, Ash 18-65, Total Nitrogen
3-34 per cent., and (2) Moisture 10- 46, Nicotine 3- 48, Ash 13-95,
Total Nitrogen 414. The high percentage of total nitrogen
indicated under fermentation.

In the United States the various types of leaf possessing well-
defined characters suitable for the particular ecran of the
trade are a in EPER areas, and the merits of a new
variety from any new area cultivated, and more peni us from a
new voli would have to be e thoroughly proved before being
accepte Y. the manufacturers

seeds requires débat i care in sowin Abou t 1 oz. ad be used to
sow à bes 10 ft. square, and to a. mit of an even distribution the
seed may be mix with sand or wood ashes in the proportion of
about half and half or one of seed to two or more of the medium.

501

mended (U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 416. 1910, p. 10) to

p i or “ Hairy
Vicia villosa) a plant found to be resistant to cold, heat

The leaves are ready for harvesting in from 80-90 days after
transplanting, indicated by a tendency to yellowing, and snapping
readily like coca leaves (see p. 118) when folded, though it is only
by experience that the right time to a nicety can be judged. They
are conveyed without delay to sheds specially constructed for dry-
ing or curing, strung carefully on slats, air and moisture being
regulated to prevent drying too quickly, the time occupied may be
5-4 cs. In some instances special heating flues are fitted in the
drying barns, which facilitaies drying on a large scale in any
weather, the temperature (80° F.—1209 F.) and humidity of these
barns being regulated to a degree. Fire-curing is also sometimes
practised in certain parts of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia,
producing a dark and distinct flavoured leaf with the smoke of the
open fires. They are afterwards fermented by placing them in
carefully placed heaps several feet at least high, the temperature
being gradually allowed to reach 1009 F. or thereabouts, frequent
examinations and repiling being made meanwhile to prevent
moulding or overheating, the whole occupying perhaps írom

502

4-6 weeks. Sorting and grading and baling complete the prepara-
tion. It may happen that the planter would finish with the

roduce after curing, the fermenting, sorting and grading and
bios. 1f for export, being done by the leaf buyers.

In Yola planted July-September, the leaves ripen in the dry
season; they are first dried in the sun, then pounded and mixed
with water and made into cakes (Shaw, N. Nig. Gaz. Feb. 28th,
1910, p. 32).

every 100 lb., and approximately the same (1d. more in each case
pped"' or ‘f stemmed " tobacco.

Connecticut, Jamaica, etc., the Cuban and Sumatra kinds being
specially adapted to it.

The above details are only general, as the cultivation like that
of indigo and cotton requires expert supervision from beginning to
end. The literature is extensive and the following references are

confined to books and special bulletins.

... Kef.—Report from the Select Committee on the Growth and
Cultivation of Tobacco [within the United Kingdom] pp. 1-138 |
(ordered by the House Commons to be printed 21 June 1830).

obacco: Its History, Cultivation, Manufacture and Adultera-
tions, Steinmetz, pp. 1-174 (Richard Bentley, London, 1857).
Tobacco and Its Adulterations, Prescott (Inland Revenue Dept.)
pp. 1-180, illustrated (London, 1858). Report on the Cultiva-

‘tion and Preparation of Tobacco in India, Watson, pp. 1-59,
plates i—iii. (India Office, London, 1871).—Report on the Pro-
duction of Tobacco in India, O'Connor, pp. 1-92, with Appendices

Curing (Maryland), Cost and Profits (Caleutta, 1873
Monographia Sui Tabacchi Della Sicilia, Alfonso, pp. 1-456
ici 15). 'obaeco: Its Histo and Associations,

ure a Cu
pp- 1-52 (Govt. Printer, Sydney, 1877).
ltiva i

y oiT Bell (Laboratory, |
House), pp. 1-36 (1887).— Tobacco Culture, Espin, Bull. Misc.

505

Dip. and Cons. Rep. Misc. No. 138, 1889, pp. 1-6.— — Reports
from the Consuls of the United States: Tobacco Culture in
Foreign Countries, No. 1071, Aug. 1889, pp. 641-690; S. Africa,

+

Cuba, Sagua la Grande, Santiago de Cuba, India, Madras, Straits
B

About Tobacco, Ferguson, pp. 1-312 (A. M. and J. Ferguson,

Colombo : Gracechurch St. London, 1889).— — Persian Tobacco or

Tombak (Nicotiana Tabacum), Kew Bull. 1891, ‘on. 71-84.——

“* Nicotiana Tabacum," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, Vol.

v. part 2, 1891, pp. 353-428. °C0 : i

Cultivation and Curing, Estes, U.S. Dept. Agrie. Farmers’ Bull.
-8.

No. 1892, e E Eod T'obácch. Nicotiana Tabacum," in
A Text Book of Tropical Agric. Nicholls, pp. 211-220 (Macmillan
and Co. London, and New York, 1892). —— “ Natural Sugar

in Tobaeco," Kew Bull. 1896, pp. 49-55. ‘On the Plant
Yielding -Latakia 'lobacco," Thiselton- wage Journ. Linn.
moc. xv. 1897, pp. 246-247; Journ. Boi. xviii.
204. Methods of Curing Tobacco, W uitiis: U.S ept.
Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 60, 1898, pp. 1-15. The Culture of:
ces Butterweck, ibid. No. 82, edt PP- 1—22.— Tobacco
Soils, Whitney, ibid. No. 83, 1898, pp. 1-2 Monographie du
Genre Nicotiana Comprenant le Aiestak botanique des Tabaes
Industriels, Comes, pp. 0, plates i.-xiv. (Naples, 1899).
Curing and Fe rmentation of Cigar Leaf Tobacco, Loew, U.S
Dept. Tone Report No. 59, 1899, pp. 1-34, with a short biblio-

graphy of recent foreign literature. Temperature D m A in

gor |
>
a

|

B. + APTE va
of Cigar Leaf Tobacco in Florida, Floyd, U 5. Dept. Agric
Report No. 62, 1899, pp. 1-31.——The prp id fct
Affecting the Tobacco Plant, Howard, U.S. De ept..Agric. Farmers’
Bull, No. 120, 1900, pp. 1-39, illustrated. Tobacco Culture,
Espin, Bull. Misc. Inf. Roy. Bot. Gardens, Trinidad (Extra
p- Le Tabac, Laurent, in Ann.
L’Inst. Col. Marseille, vii. 1900, (fase. 1) pp. 1-337, illustrated
Auger Challamel, Paris, 1900). AR ABD Table for
Tobacco in Europe, Asia, América, Africa, Oceania, from arly
Times, Comes (Napoli, 1900). Catalase, A New Enzym of
ou Uccurrence ; with special reference to the Tobacco Plant,
Dept. Agric. Report No. 68, 1901, pp. 1-47.
Palace Cultivation in Southern Siam, in Kaw Bull. 1902,
pp. 12-14. rvations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco,
Woods, U.S. Dept e Bur. PI. Industry, Bull. No. 18
1902, pp. 1-24, pls. i.-vi. “Tobacco Cultivation and
Curing,” Harris, in Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, ix. April

504

1902, pp. 49-52; May 1902, pp. 65-67; Oct. 1902, pp. 148-
156, with sketches of Tobacco Curing House Plan of Distri-
buting Tobaeco Seed and Cultural Directions for the Different.
Types of Tobacco Distributed, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur.

Pl. Industry, Bull. 25, 1903, pp. 70-82. ** Cultiv ration of

: . Sept.

1904, pp. 206-208.——"" The Culture and Curing of Tobacco," in

Transvaal Agric. Journ. ii. April 1904, pp. 402—415, with plates
i he

[21

Tobacco of aica," ‘in . Dept. gric. Jamaica, ii. Sept.
1904, o n Tobacco (under shade)," pp. 196-197, ‘‘ Cultiva-
tion of Tobacco under Clot h,” pp. 206-208; Dec. 1904, pp. 265-
274, with Estimates of the Cost of Tobacco o grown under Shade;
iii. June 1905, pp. 130-132; July, 1905, “Jamaica Shade-Grown
Tobacco from Sumatra Seed,' pp. 146-151; August, 1905,
pp. 161—163; Dec. 1905, pp. 275-911; iv. March, 1906, pp. 58-62.
— Delle Razze dei Tabacchi Filogene si, Qualita ed Uso, Comes,

1-68, with descriptions of numerous varieties
SA

Caltural Directions Shamel and Cobey,.U.S. Dept. Apric. Bur. Pl.

Industry, Bull. No. 91, 1906, pp. 1-38; pls. i.-ix. Le Varietà
Tipiche della Wicotiana Tabacum, Emilio Anastasia, pp. 1-120,

illustrated, with list of places and names of varieties cultivated in.
each country (Scafati, 1906). Syllabus of Illustrated Lecture
on Tobacco Growing, Harper, . St. Clamson College, S.C.
Offi ffice of Exp. Stat tions, iria Inst. Lecture 9, 1907, pp. 1-14,
"T

obac :

in Jamaica.” Faw a West Indian Bull. viii. No. 2, 1907,
pp. 209—228 298 (Dulau re Co. London).——'''Tobaeco " in The
World's Comm. Prod. Freeman and Chandler, pp. 198-230, illustr.
(Pitman and Sons, Ltd. London, 1907). — —"Tobacéo Breeding,
Shamel and Cobey, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Pl. Industry, Bull.
No. 96, 1907, pp. 1-71, pls. i-z. A New Method for the Deter-
mination of Nicotine in Tobacco, Garner, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur.
Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 102, 1907, part vii. pp. 1-13.———The Re-
lation of the Composition of the Leaf to the Burning Qualities of
Tobacco, Garner, ibid. Bull. No. 105, 1907, pp. 1-35.——

** Tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum,”’ Shamel, in Cycl. Amer. Ay.
Bailey, ii. pp. 639—653, illustrated (The Macmillan Co. New
Macmillan and Co. Ltd. London, 1907).———'' Tobacco La
Northern Nigeria," in Bull. Imp. Inst: v. 1907, pp. 130—132, with
analysis. The Production of Cigar r Wrapper Tobacco under
Shade in the Connecticut Valley, Stewart, U.S - Dept. s. ini Bur.
PT. po Bull. No. 138, 1908, pp. DSL, pls. i.-v. he-

505

Relation of Nicotine to the Quality of Tobacco, Garner, U.S. De ept.
Agric. Bur. PI. Industry, Bull. No. 141, part 1, 1908, pp. 1-16.
it . Dept i

cadet e, UA pp: Degrees ‘ Nicotiana esate di ' in Com

1909, pp. 1-28.
(Govt. Tobacco Expert) i in T ransvaal Agric. Journ. vii. July 1909,
pp. 707—714, pls. 106—109.—— Principles and Practical Methods of
Curing Tobacc co, Garner, lc. Bull. No. 143, 1909, pp. 1-54,
including management of Flue-curing, illustrated.—— ** Tobaccos
from Nyasaland," in Bull. Imp. Inst vii. 1909, pp. 266-269. ——
“Cultivation and Drying of Tobacco," in N. Nig. Gaz. May 31st,
1909, pp. 93-94 Studies in Indian Fr The Types of

owa irs, ;
India, iii. No. 2, March 1910, pp. 59-116, pk tes i Pire Er

aceon ape Te Leaf obacco iu Penn TONER Frear and
D

pp. 1-24, illust. ‘“ The Cultivation and Pr ee of
| Bright’ Tobaccos,’’ in Bull. Imp. Inst. viii. 1910, pp. 172-180.
——-''Tobaeco in Nyasaland," l.c. ix. 1911, pp. 384-385.
“The arara of Cigar Tobacco, with special reference to
Java," Le. x. 1912, pp. 248-263; pp. 465-470.— — * Tobacco
Indoéuy of Ceylon," l.c. pp. 187—205.———Tobacco Leaf: Its
Culture and Care, Marketing and Manufacture, Killibrew and
Myrick, pp. vrl b s (Orange Judd Co o., New York,

1912). * Tobac from Portuguese East Africa, in Bull.
Imp. Inst. xi. 1913, pp. 11-31. “Tobacco from Papua,”
i.c. pp. 31-33. —-— pm aic on the rite and Prepara-

PP.
from the East Africa Protectorate. P le. acs 587-600. ES
Inheritance of Characters in Nicotiana Tabacum, Howard and
Howard, Memoirs (Bot. Series) Dept. Agric. india; vi. No. 3,
1913, pp. 25-114, pls. i—xxv. obacco Culture, Garner,
U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 571, 1914, pp. 1— 15.

SCHWENKIA, Linn.

Schwenkia americana, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. İV. Sect. 2, p. 260.

Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. PI. iii. t. 214; Bonpland, Humboldt
and Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 11. t. 180.

Vernac. names.—Dandana (Sokoto, Dalziel); Ale Odan (Lagos,
Dawodu

Widely distributed in West and S. W. Africa from Senegambia
to the Congo, and found also in Brazil.

The pounded plant is used as a fish poison (Dawodu, Herb. Kew).

A herbaceous plant, about 2 ft. high; in waste places, Sokoto
inel, Herb. Kew); on dry plains, Accra (Brown, Herb.

ew).

H2

506

Schwenkia . hirta, Klotzsch; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 261.

Vernac. name.—Casuanze (Loanda, Welwitsch).

Katagum, and known also from Sierra Leone, Salaga-Nile Land,
Angola and Loanda, occurring in Brazil and Guiana.

The whole plant given in decoction is recommended for chest
pen Loanda (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 754).

An annual herb up to 2 ft. high: common in dry places,
Kitgum p Herb. Kew); very plentiful in pastures and in
manioc plantations, in flower and fruit January and May,
Loanda, in September Sierra Leone (Hiern, l.c

SCROPHULARIACEAE. :
LinperntaA, Allioni.

Lindernia diffusa. Wettst.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 538.

Widely distributed in Tropical Africa and Tropical America.

A very bitter Scrophularia used as an antidote for snake-bite,
Colombia (Blake White, Herb. Kew), and as an emetic in 8.
America (Pharm. Journ. [3] ii. 1872, p. "849; Moloney, For. W.
Afr. p. 396, Vandellia diffusa).

A tern annual, about 6 in. high, in dry sandy ground,

moist and wet places and grassy bush.

HpzANTHELIUM, H. B. & K.
Hydranthelium egense, Pocpp. 4 Endl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect.
2, p. 351.
Ill.—Poeppig & Endlicher, Nov. Gen. PI. Chil. CE ni. t. 287.
Onitsha, also in the Congo, and in Tropical America.
A small ereeping plant in the muddy margins of MAP,
pica (Barter Herb. Kew
d as a diuretic and RARE vy the Hindus and the juice of
de leaves mixed with petroleum used for rheumatism, India
p For. W. Afr. p. 396).
Ref.—'' Herpestis Monniera," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India,
Watt. iv. 1890, pp. 225—226.

SCOPARIA, Linn.

Scoparia dulcis, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 354. .

Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Qe Pl. i. ; 53; Lam. Encycl. t. 85; Pal.
de Beauv. Fl. Oware et Benin, ii. . 115; Desc. Ant. ii. t. 106;
Blanco, Fl. Filip. t. 19; Arkiv. For. Botanik, Upsala and Stock-
holm, vi. t. 1, ff. 2, 3, "ADEL

"ernac. names.— Misinmis isin-gogoro or Misimisi-gogoro (Lagos,

Foster, Dawodu); Achilabri (Bonny, Fagan); Ndiyang (Eifik,
Ho £u Broom (Gambia, Brown Lester); Balai- doux, Pede
Balai (French SK Hec. ckel); Herva dos Vassiros "(Am
Welwitsch); Pipybras (Liberia, Holmes); Mahe (Sevchellee,
eee ; Orosax (Porto Rico, Cook & Collins). —Licorice Weed.

- DT

Widely distributed in Tropical Africa and in the Tropics
generally.
The root chewed and used with tobacco juice for paralysing
snakes, Old Calabar. The plant is used as forage for ge rses and
oxen in the Congo (De Wildeman, Pl. Util. Congo (1905) p. 549):

for gravel and kidney complaints, Liberia—a wineglassfu of the
decoction is taken cold three times a day, tea and coffee being for-
bidden during its use (Holmes, Pharm. Journ. [3] viii. 1878,
p. 964); Moloney For. W. Afr. p. 397); included in “Agbo” (see
p. 50), Lagos ead, Herb. des : Bea as children’s medicine

Mus. Kew); French Date (Pobégu uin, in l'Agric. Pd pays
NINOS, Er, 1911 ; P da used for ne aae. and asa

Ann. pret Col. Marseille, 1 lv. 1897, p. 90); a dupe ni for pau
Jamaica (Cook & Collins, Econ. Pl. Porto Rico, p. 236).
A Slender shrub, 1-3 ft. high, a common weed everywhere.

Bucuyera, Linn.

Buchnera leptostachya, Benth. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect, 2, p. 394.

Ill.—Peters, Mozamb. t. 34 (B. mossambicensis).

Vernac. name.—Tambobo (Madagascar, Heckel).

Nupe, and in Senegambia, French Guinea, B.E. Africa and
Mozambique.

Used by the Malgaches to blacken their teeth (Heckel, Ann.
l’Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903, 2nd fasc. p. 152).

Buchnera longifolia, Klotzsch, Fl. dier: A fr. iv. Sect. 2, p. 398,
" Dam-Pan ” of the Gambia, is used as a blue-black dye (Kew
Bull. 1891, p. 273).

A herb 1-21 ft. high in swamps, Nupe (Barter Herb. Kew).

x
2

BIGNONIACEAE.
CRESCENTIA, Linn.
Fonte Cujete, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 626.

e 20-25 feet high, branching lopsaler at the head;
brane soe a foot in diameter. Leaves narrow elliptic, undivided,
arranged in fives. Flowers variegated green, purple, red and
yellow, borne on the trunk. Fruit globular, m like, about a
foot in diameter, shell hard; seeds black, heart-shaped about 3 lin.
across, embedded i in an acid. d

E 33, f. : : ;
t. 3430; Schnizlein, Ic. t. 152*, f. 4; Nuttall, N. Amer. BE
H. t. 103; teu U.S. Nat. Herb. viii. t. 32; Bull. Herb. Bois. i
6) t.

ies
ernac. names.— a (Mexico); Higuera (Guam, Porto
Rico) Safford] ; Tiro d Mus. Kew). Calabash tree.

908

Native of the West Indies and S. America ; wild or cultivated.
Pis fruit or Calabash is used in the West Indies, &c., for various
mestic purposes—cups, spoons, bowls, boxes for tobacco, water
botiles: kettles, &c., many of the articles being ornamented with
carving. e pulp 1s used medicinally, as a diuretic, French
Guiana (Heckel, Les. Pl. Med. et Toxiq. Guy. Franc. in Ann.
Inst. Col. Marseille, iv. 1897, p. 100); with other ingredients
makes an excellent cough remedy (Lunan, Hort. Jamaicensis,
4 ‘

p. 140) and various medicinal uses are attributed to it generally.
In the West Indies a syrup is made from the pulp of the fruit,
used in dysentery and as a a: in West in the ieu

Ref," remita Cure te T rennes PS Indiea,
Dymock, Warden & Hooper, iii. pp. 24-26.

STEREOSPERMUM, Cham.
Stereospermum Kunthianum, Cham.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2

lil. IER Adansonia, ii. t. 4 (S. dentatum) ; Bureau, Monogr.
Bignoniaceae, t. 29 (S. den ntatum), Malpighia, viii. (1894) t. 9
Ne dentatum) ; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, 1909, App. xxii. p. 38,

14 ; Agric. Col. 1911, Suppl. p. 119.

Vernac. names.—Ayada (Oloke-Meji, + Samr (Arabic,
unen Arghesana, Brghesans — Fio ni).

NEWBOULDIA, Seem.
Newbouldia laevis, Seem. ; F1. Ine: Air. IV. Sect. 2, p. 521.
Ill.—Pal. de. Beauv. FI. Oware & Benin, i. t. 29 (Spathodea
laevis); Bot. Mag. t. 3681 (Spathodea pe lag a Hortic. Univ.

Mag. t. 4537 (Spathodea la pun. Ead , Le Jard. Fl. i. WIES
t. 5 Spathodea laevis); Bureau, M oido DE t. 15;

: 509

Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, 1909, App. xxii. p. 36, f. 13; Engl.
& Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. p. 715, f. 616

Vernac. names Ex a, (Uw et, M. ahead): Akoko (Lagos, Mac-
Leod, Hislop); Akoko (Ebute Metta, M illen); [Akoko (Yoruba),
Ikhimi (Benin) T decere Sasanenasa or Sasanemasa (Ashanti,
Chipp); Aviangti (Gold Coast, Easmon); Kindee or Brochea
(Sierra Leone, nin Oldfield); Qruime (Island of St. Thomas;

elwitsch); Mofanie (French Guinea, Farmar).

Widely spread un Sierra Leone to the Congo.

Used for fever in Sierra Leone (Oldfield, Mus. Kew; Moloney,
For. W. Afr. p. 397, Newbouldia sp.) in the treatment of dysentery,
Gold Coast (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 1, 1891, p. 58). Leaves, in decoc
tion used for pee cure of p eyes by the natives of Uwet, S.
Nigeria (McLe Herb. w). Bark used me DAT as a
stomachic, Aburi, "Gold Coast Pd ohnson, Herb.

tree of vigorous habit, sometimes shrub-like 10-40 ft. high.
Cultivated to mark boundaries, S. Nigeria (Thompson, List of For.
Trees, S. Ni ig. 1910, p. 7). Grows freely and may be propagated by
l, Herb.
Kew); Atire employed to inks fences, Ivory Coast (Chevalier
Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Accl. France, 1912, p. 138); found in open mon-
soon forest, Ashanti (Chipp, Herb. Ker): in fruit September,
French Guinea (Farmar, Herb. Kew), a small tree flowering and

fruiting in Februar y at ‘Old Calabar.

Ref.—“ Newbouldia laevis in the treatment of ny Tee:
Easmon, in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 1, 1891, pp. 54-5
; MARKHAMIA, Seem.
Markhamia tomentosa, A. Schum.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2,

528.
i Vernac. names.—lwe (Lagos, MacGregor, Dawodu); Akoko
ih ies dde

Senegambia to the Camero

Said n be used snoaitinally, igs (MacGregor, Herb. Kew). A
tree 30 ft. high.

Var. gracilis, Sprague, has been recorded from Nupe (Barter,
No. 1310, Herb. Kew).

The wood Markhamia gorig Sac mpra en pee
Baker) Fl. Trop. Afr. iv. Sect. ‘ Lusambya " of
pes is said by Mahon (Herb. Kev} to + one of the finest of
local timbers

SPATHODEA, Beauv
. Spathodea campanulata, Beauv.; Fl. Trop. Air, IV. Sect. 2, p. 529.
1ll.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware & Benin, tt. 27, 28; Geel, Sert.
e Op 5. 11853

dii. , Ds 263, E. 2A;
Engl. & Drude, "Veg «E ix. P 636, f. 546 (d. y Gard. Chron.
(habit).

510

Vernac. names.—Oruru
[Oruru (Yoruba), Okwokwi (Benin) Thom pson |; Odoumanki (Gold
Coas i Jsisiri n)

oast, Farmar); Osisirin (Accra, Johnso i);

i, Ivory
Coast, Chevalier); Tchioge (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot, Moloney)..

Wood white and very soft, Angola (Monteiro, Herb. Kew);
S. Nigeria (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7);
Congo (De Wildeman, Pl. Util. Congo, ii. 1904, p. 367), Ivory
Coast (Courtet, L'Agric. prat. avs chauds, x. 1. p. 463;
Chevalier, Bois Cote d'Ivoire, p. 145); density 0-363. Suitable for-
carpentry work (Courtet, l.c.); and suggested for making paper
pulp (Chevalier, Lc.). A specimen of the wood in the Kew
Museum, grown in — weighs 40 Ib. per cubic ft. (Gamble,

511

Afr. Pl. iv. p. 791); a very handsome tree in à village near Kabba,
V. Nigeria, for decorative purposes, flower-
Kew):

* Kew); a tree 60 ft. in the
delta of the N iger (Barter, Herb. Kew). Suitable for avenues or
as a shade-tree, raised from seed, which is winged, light, and freely

Hef.—Les Bourgeons Floraux du Spathodea campanulata,
Béauv., Treub, in Ann. du Jardin du Buitenzorg, viii. 1890.

KicELIA, DC.
Kigelia aethiopica, Decne.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 538.
111.—Deless. Ic. v. tt. 93a 93b; Schnizlein, Ic. t. 152; Agric. Col.
f v. 1911, Suppl. p. 121, f. 164; Thonner, B. ütenpfl. Afr. t.

Vernac. names.—Om Shutur (Arabic, M uriel); Mederba,
Meder-deur, Selsele, Ingula, Salasile (Eritrea, Fiori).

Kordofan, Uganda, B.E. Africa, ete.

A tree 20-60 ft. high.

uu ; : Var. bornuensis, Sprague, Fl. Trop. Afr. ke,

Li

511

Bornu LE ogel | No. 85, Herb. Kew); Katagum (Dalziel, No. 105,
1907,

The crown ined ‘be from 80-90 ft. through. Fruits 18 in. long
Tin. thick, pendant on stalk nearly 7 ft. LM Bornu (Vogel, l.c.) ;.
planted in towns, Katagum (Dalziel,

Kigelia africana, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 536.

Ill.—Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxxvii. 1907, p. 269, ff. B-C.; Engl..
& Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. ds 2, p. 994, f. 513 (habit).

ernac. mames. efits haina, Nonon giwa (Hausa) ; Jirlahi
- (Futulde), Belongu Daun). Dalzi e Etua (Sierra Leone,
Scott Elliot) ; Brus (Fanta, Moloney).
; , S. Nigeria—Adaba, Cross River;
N. Nige piod Bornu, Upper Benue and Lake Chad region.

A iree 20-50 ft. high. Splendid for shade, conspicuous on the
Upper Benue, nad; in Pia Eastern Provinces, and said to replace
the Kuka (Adansonia digitata).in parts of Bornu and Lake Chad
(Kew Bull. 1910, p. 139).

Kigelia pinnata, DC. Fl. Trop. Afr. iv. Sect. 2, p. 537, a tree
similar in appearance to K. africana, is said to occur in West
Africa, but there are no specimens at Kew to ouis this view..
The followi ing references probably belong here

Used by the natives of the Gold Coast in rheumatism and
dysentery (Easmon, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 1, 1891, p. 55; Moloney,
For. W. Afr. p . 998, K. Uit a remedy for dysentery i in West
Africa Comas Journ. 4] xxii. 1906, p. 105, “ Aviangti," K.
pinnata) ; ve bark and fruit n by the natives, medicinally,
S. Nigeria (Thompson, List. of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7.
* aoro (Yoruba), Ijokham (Benin), Æ. Mesum

PEDALIACEAE.
SESAMUM, Linn.

Sesamum indicum: Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 55
Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. ix. tt. 54, 55 (S. orientale); ‘Pine
here t. 109, f. 4 (Sesamum alterum, etc.); Rumpf. Amb. v.
PL

16, f. 1; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. . 110 (s orientale); Lam.
Fnesel t. 528 (S. orientale); M ie. t. 508 (5. orientale); Bot.
Mag. t. 1688; Desc. Ant. 268 (S. orientale); Velloso, Fl.

Flum. vi. t. 90 (S. AE DeCandolle, Pl. Rares Jardin
Geneve, t. 5; anco, - Pulp. +. 273 (var. er rini
Endlicher, Ic. t. 70 [4105]; Fl. des Serres, i1. E 6 (Antha-
denia sesamoides); Schnizlein, Ie. t. 159, f. D (fruit); Wight,
Illust. t. 163; Belgique d cie ix. (1859) t. 27 (Sésame d'Orient) ;
tl. & Pier: Med. PI. t. 198: Duthie, Field rae es Las.
Greshoff, Nutt. Ind. Pl. t. 6; Engl. Pflan. ‘Ost. Afr. B p. 487.
L2 : Engl. & Prantl, Pflan. iv. pt. 3, B, f. 100 A-L; Kohler, Med.
Pflan. iii. Dossa Bot. vinis Berlin x. 1910, App. xxii. p. 119.
Verna Beni (Lagos, Moloney) ; Ridi, Karkashi, Nome.
Warnes. (Yola, “Dalz ziel) ; Radi (Hausa, Dudgeon): Til PPS

512

Dymock); Til(Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot) ; Beniseed (Sierra Leone,
Garrett); [Kinu Thorny (SierraLeone), N guilla, N’ gilla, Anguilla,
Uanguilla, Ricola, Ocoto (Angola), Gergelim (Portuguese) Wel-
witsch|; Béné, Louboungay, Diguilliny, Foré (F.W. Africa,
Pobéguin) ; Sim-Sim, Eirawi (Sudan, Bull. Imp. Inst. xi. 1913,
p. 56); Sim-Sim (Zanzibar, Kew Bull. 1892, p. 90); Chitowe (Port.
E. Afr. Johnson; Katunga, Scott); Mafuta (Mozambique,
Negreiros); Voahazo (Madagascar, À eckel); Kunjit (Afghan-
istan, Aitchison); Ajonjoli (Porto Rico, Cook & Collins); Ajonjoli
(Cuba. Baker); Hsiang Yu (Ssuchuan, China, Hosie ; Gingili
(India, Watt); Goma (Japan, Nagai); Chi-ma (China, Smith).
—Palaver Sauce Plant (Sierra Leone).

Believed to be a native of Tropical Africa; widely spread in the
Tropies and Sub-Tropics.

he chief use of this plant is the produetion of oil from the
seed, used everywhere for food, also for soap-making and as a sub-
stitute for olive oil. In India, used occasionally for lighting, for
anointing the body, in medicine, perfumery, and in making sweet-
meats; the seeds are also made into sweetmeats, and, toasted and
ground, they are made into cakes, etc; a lotion, made from the
leaves and a decoction of the root, is used as a hair wash; and the
stalks are used as fuel and as manure (Dict. Econ. Prod. India).

The cake made from the residue after the extraction of the oil is
an important cattle food.

The exports of seed from Northern N igeria were, in 1912,
1,058,319 lb., value £2972; 1913, 2,118,195 lb., value £9245,
the approximate local purchasing price being £7 per ton (Col. Rep.
Ann. No.. 821, 1914, p.93). Marseilles is perhaps the most impor-
tant centre of the trade in Europe, to which port the quantity of
seed consigned from India alene is approximately 700,000 tons
annually.

The price of Beni seed from West Africa, in the Liverpool
Market, July, 1914, was £17 per ten, and in July, 1915, £15—
£15 10s. per ton.

y
seeded " and “white seeded "; the white may vary from pure
white to pink or red; the oil from the black seed is more suitable
food. $

e seed may be sown broadcast or in rows 1-1} ft. apart, and

Ref— Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum),’’ in Trop. Agricul-
ture, Simmonds, pp. 412-415 (E. & F. N. Spon, London, 1877).——

513

fo a indicum," in Med. Pl. Bentley & Trimen, No. 198
ep “ Sesamum indicum,” i in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt,
vi. 1893, pp. 502—542. “ Sesamum eee d in Pharmacogr.
Indiea, Dymock, Warden & Hooper, iii. pp. 26-33 (Trübner & Co.
Ltd. London, 1893).——“‘ Gingelly or Sesame Oil," Handbook No.
21, 1893, Imp. Inst. Series, pp. 1-44. * Sesamum indicum, in
Nuttige Indische Planten, Greshoff, pp-2 . 21 24. * Sesamum indi-
cum,” in Med. Pflanzen, Köhler, iii. 55 pages. LeSesame : Béné

e), Dumas, i Agric.
rat. pays s chauds, vi. part L 1906, ** L’ Agric. dans la Vallée du
Nigan” pp. 349-350. ‘Sesamum indicum,” in Commercial
Products of India, Watt. p- 981 ~987.——‘‘ Le Sésame de l’ Extreme-
Orient: Sesamum indicum,’ Eberhatdé in L’Agric. prat. pays
chauds, xi. part 1, 1911, pp. 353-369 ; pp. 455-469; xi. part 2, 1911,
pp. 19 -36, illustrated.— —" Cultivation and Utilisati tion of Sesamum
Seed, in Bull. Imp. Inst. ix. 1911, pp.259-272. ‘Semen Sesami
und Oleum Sesami ” in Handbuch der Pharmakognosie, Tschirch,
Lief. 27, Aug. 30, 1911, pp. 573-576 and Lief. 28, Nov. 24, 1911,

. 577-579. “La Récolte du Sésame en Mozambique” [Vice-
Consul de France à Lourenço Mariga in L’Agric. prat. pays
chauds, xii. part 1, 1912, p. 499.——*' Sesamum Seed: “ Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan ” in Bull. Timp. inst: £L bé pp. 56-57.——
‘ Sesamé Oil," in Fatty Foods: their Practical Examination,
Bolton & Revis, pp. 223-225 (J.& A. Churchill, ss 1913).——

“ Sesamum Seed,” in Col. Rep. Misc. No.88, 1914, pp. 466-467.——
Sudan, Abyssinia. Rhodesia, N. Nigeria.

Sesamum radiatum, Schumach. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 557.

Vernac. name.—Eku gogoro figs: Phillips, MacGregor).

Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Cameroons, East Africa, etc.

An oil is obtained from the seeds, but the plant does not appear
to be cultivated for the purpose. Punch (No. 78 Herb. Kew) ona
specimen from Lagos calls it the “ besos variety of sesamum, `
and states that ‘‘the white variety [referring no doubt to
S. indicum] is cultivated and seeds exported.”

An erect herbaceous plant 2-4 ft. high, fetid odour, ornamental,
flowers purple. Found on waysides and in meadows, Zungeru
(Dalziel, Herb. Kew), in cultivated ground, Nupe (Barter, Herb.
Kew), common about the town of Asaba (Barter l.c.), and a
common weed in many parts.

CERATOTHECA, Endl.
Ceratotheca sesamoides, Hndl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 563.
ce vii. tt. 1, 2; Endlicher, Atakta, Bot. t. 5.
nac. names.—Lodi (Ac holi, Sage Dawe); Chinyolombosi
ds Nyasa, Johnson, Riddel sdel l).
Zungeru, Lokoja, Kontagora, etc., Nigeria; known also from
Senegambia, Nile Land and Mozambique.
ede eaten as Sesamum, Uganda Dawe, Herb. Kew); leaves
ked and eaten, Likoma Isles, Lake Nyasa (Archd. Johnson;
Pordi, Herb. Kew)
An annual up to 2 ft. high of erect slender habit. Found in

514

grassy land and waste places Zungeru, Kontagora, Lokoja
(Dalziel, No. 148, Herb. Kew), cultivated as Sim-Sim, Acholi
country, Uganda (Dawe, Herb. Kew), in sandy soil, flowering in”
Oci

r,
Kondowe and Karonga (Whyte, “Herb. Kew).
. For cultivation see under S. indicum. The seeds are small
(about 1 lin. across), brown or black.

ACANTHACEAE.
THUNBERGIA, Linn.
Thunbergia erecta, 7. Anders.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 12.
Zll.—Bot. Mag. t. 5013 (M eyenia erecta).
Lagos, Old Calabar, also in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast.
A decorative shrub 6-8 ft. high in Africa. It has been grown
in gardens for more than 50 years.

Benin, Nigeria; Cameroons and Fernando Po. sis
A decorative shrub, 8-15 ft. cr more in height, mentioned
(Bot. Mag. Lc.) as being more beautiful than 7. erecta. ere

: ) i T. fragrans, Roxb. F1. Trop. Afr. v. p. 20, Bot.
Mag. t. 1881, Roxb. Pl. Corom. i. t. 67, from Sierra Leone (pro-
bably introduced from E. Indies), introduced to the Royal
Gardens, Kew, in 1796; 7. chrysops, Hook. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. p. 21,
Bot. Mag. t. 4119, from Sierra Leone, cultivated at Kew; T. alata,
Boj. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. p. 16, from Sierra Leone, and throughout
Tropical Africa. All are easily grown from seed or cuttings, as.
bushes or trained on arches or trellises, thriving in rich loam.

Hycroruiia, R.Br.
hila spinosa, T. Anders.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p- 91.
ll.— Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 449 (Asteracantha longifolia) ;
Mem. Acad. Turin, xxxvi. t. 7 (Barleria hexacantha).
Vernac. names.—Sare giuwa (Katagum, Dalziel, who translates.
the native name as “Prick the Knee 7); Mafowo Kaunsonii
(Lagos, MacGregor).

per Oubangui region by the natives, who obtain the salt by
burning the plant and one the ash (Chevalier, Bull. Soc. Nat..

515

An erect plant 5—10 ft. high, in swampy places, Nupe (Barter,
Herb. Kew), in damp bush, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), culti-
vated in villages, Unyoro (Grant, Herb. Kew: Trans. Linn. Soc.
xxix. p. 126), not plentiful in Kabba (Parsons, da Kew); culti-
vated in the Upper Oubangui region (Cheva 4.

Ref.—'' H ygrophila spinosa, in Dict. es Pos Tudiá; Watt,
lv. 1890, p. 316.— —" Hygrophila spinosa,” in Pharmacogr. Indica,
Dymock, Warden & Hooper, iii. 1893, pp. 36-40.

BRILLANTAISIA, Beauv.
Brillantaisia Lamium, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 38.
Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4717, f. 3 (fruit, B. cwarionis; Engl. &
Prantl, Pflan. iv. 1895, pt. 3 B, p. 296, f. 119 (B. Palisotii).
Lagos, Abeokuta, Old Calabar, inc Denon, Oban, and
ré widely distributed in West Afri
A herbaceous perennial, 3-4 ft., prismeital, flowers deep blue.

ACANTHUS, Linn.

Acanthus montanus, 7. Anders.; Fl: Trop. Afr. V. p. 107.

1ll.—Bot. Mag. t. 5516.

Vernac. names.—Agamobo (Benin, Dennett); Ahon Ekun or
Akawn Ekkun (Yoruba, Moloney, Millson); Lagos, Phillips,
MacGregor); Akawn Ekkun (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot t).

Widely distributed in W. Africa, extending to Nyasaland, etc.

Used medicinally in Yoruba (Millson, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 209),
Siert Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 49).

A herbaceous plant about 3 ft. high, very ornamental. Found

in damp ground, Ilaro, Lagos (Millen, Herb. Kew), in the shade
Ts forests, elevation 6000-7000 ft. Masuku Plateau
(Whyte, Herb. Kew); o on Mt. Patti, Lokoja (Dalziel, Herb. Kew);

readily raised from seed.

CROSSANDRA, Salisb.

Crossandra flava, Hook.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 113.
Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4710.
Lagos, Mu also from Sierra Leone and the Gold Coa
Herb, 6-8 in. high, ornamental, flowers yellow; oak. from
seed.

Crossandra guineensis, Vees; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 117.

Iil.—Bot. Mag. t. 6346.

Oban, S. Nigeria, and recorded from the Cameroons, Gold Coast
and Fernando "Po.

erb, 2-8 in. high, very ornamental in the white calyx, w

or lilac estia: sometimes brownish-red bracts, and white ud
leaves.

Justicia, Linn.
Justicia extensa, 7. Anders.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 206.
Lagos, Cross River, and Tropical Africa, etc, -

516

Used in S. Nigeria as a fish poison (Letter, Imp. Inst. to Kew.
1st March, 1904: Herb. Kew, note on leaf specimen).
A herbaceous plant 7 ft. high.

PERISTROPHE, Nees.
Peristrophe bicalyculata, Vees; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 242.
Ill.—Lam. Encycl. t. 12, f. 2 (Justicia ligulata); Cav. Ic.1. t. 71
ue Nee): Retz. Acta Holm. (1775) t. 9 aies bicaly-

er ernac. name.—Ghati-Pit-Papra (Bombay, Dymock).

Niger Territory, Borgu, Bornu, ete., in Nigeria, and widely dis-
tributed in Tropical Africa, Tropical and Sub- Tropical India.

The plant macerated in an infusion of rice is said to be a useful
remedy for poisonous snake-bites, Malabar (Watt: Dict. Econ.
Prod. India; Moloney, For. W. Afr. 400).

The whole herb is gathered when in flower and dried for use as a
what des for Fumaria parviflora, the true Pitpapra "" (Dymock,

us. Kew).

An erect annuakand a common weed.

VERBENACEAE.
Lantana, Linn.
Lantana Camara, Linn.; Fl. Trop. a V. p. 275.
Zil.—Dillenius, Hort. Eltham, t. 56, f. 64 (Camara ves folio,
vend Lam. Encycl. t. 540; Buchoz, Herb. Col. Am es t. [C

t. ‘38 (L. gites Des hike iv. m 304 ; "v. t E 310 0 (E. aculeata);
Belgique gio a (1868) 0 (var. iovtensi) Vidal, F1.
For. Filip. t. 74 D (fl. & fr.); ded Fl. Argent. ii. t. 14.

Vernac. ide due or Ewon-agogo (Lagos, Mac-
Gregor, Dawodu); Ewon Adele (Lagos, F oster); M recens
‘doen Guiana, Heckel); Camara, Cabará-caá (Argentine, Bett-

reund); Cammara (Brazil, Merck); Ghaneri (Bombay, Kenga);
Cariaquillo (Porto Rico, Cook ollins); Durie (Java, Evans,

§ Co.).-—Prickly Lantana, Wild Sage, Camara piquant.

wie distributed in West Africa. Native of Tropical
America, naturalised in many warm countries

The leaves are used as ET pope He joiners i in Java (Descr. Cat..
ar ai Museum, eck ws

n of Cammara i s give as a remedy der catarrhal

purpose in eee n arts of West Africa, mixed with leaves of
Ocimum vi bdi (A Giran Lakes pd tae Herb. Kew); and various
medicinal uses are attribute d to the plant in French Guiana
pm Les Pl. Med. et Toxiq. eu Franc. in Ann. Inst. Col.

T ROSE

517

Marseille, iv. 1897, p. 127). The seeds are-used in Java as an
eye medicine (Mus. Kew
may be distilled from the flowers and leaves (see Semi-
Ann i Be zur Wm Co. Nov. 1908, p. 140; Oct. 1909, p. 73 and
Oct. 1913, p. 66), the constituents of which have not yet been
identified (om Chemist & "qu May 16, 1914, p. 46).
n ornamental shrub, 4-10 ft. high, suitable for planting in

amongst which may be mentioned * alba,” " ose we
8 à À

“ compacta," "fulva," “grandiflora,” “ pulcherrima," “ Que
Victoria," ‘‘ triomphe,"' * variegata,"

In many countries ‘where the plant has been introduced it is
regarded as a pest, despite its medicinal and ornamental value.

Experiments are being made in New Caledbnii a with a fly (Agromy-
zidae) introduced from Hawaii to compass its ans À (Journ.
um Trop. seq.).

Ref.—'' La Lantana et sa Destruction," Marques in L'Agric.
prat. pays chauds, vii. part 2, 1907, pp. 70—76.—" La Destruction
du Lantana "' in Journ. d'Agric. Tropicale, xii. 1912, 54—“ La
Lantana Camara, Linn. sa a Vegetatio on a Alger," Rivière, in Bull.
de la Société Nationale D'Acclimatation de France, lix. 1912,
pp- 598-601.

Lantana salvifolia, Jacq.; Fl. Trop. AV. pe 2s
Ill.—Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. iii. t. 285; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or.
. 1464 (L. indica).

Vernac. name.—Eluku (Lagos, MacGregor, Phillips).

Widely distributed in Tropical Africa, etc.

Fruit edible.

A shrub 1-6 ft. high, in rocky ground Lokoja (Parsons, No. 11.
1908, Herb. Kew); ornamental, corolla rose-coloured.

Lantana trifolia, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 277

Ill.—Sloane, Hist. Jamaiea, + 195 f 3 (Periclymenune
rectum, etc.); Bot. Mag. t. 1449.

Wild Sage.

Lagos (Rowland, 1890, Herb. Kew). .Native of Tropical
America; naturalised in Tropical Asia.

Fruit edible; more pulpy than in any other species (Bot. Mag.
l.c.); the leaves are used in baths for dropsical people to cleanse-
the skin and in all hot fomentations (Sloane, Hist. Jamaica,
il.

+

82
À ci up to 6 ft. high; found on the beach at Boea near
Limon, Costa Rica (Tonduz, Herb. Kew); grows everywhere in the
savannahs in all the Cartbhoun Islands (Sloane, 1.c.).
Lirepra, Linn
ue adoensis, //ochst.; Fl. Trop. Ate V. p. 280.
ac. names. Fetfettis (Sierra Leone, Reser Elliot); Borm-
"d (abia, Molone y).—Gambia Tea.

518

Lagos, Oloke-Meji, and in bb Africa generally.

d medicinally by the natives, Mie d Coast (Johnson, Herb.
Kew), in Angola hess: Hob Kew), and as a fever drink,
"Gambia (Mus. Kew; Moloney, For. W. Afr.

An undershrub, 4-5 ft. ; Oloke- Meji (Foster, Herb. Kew), Ogun
River, Lagos (Millen, Herb. ew). Flowers white, plant very

^R. 5 rop. Afr. v. p. 219, a creeping visui al Le distributed in
Tropical Africa—Senegal, Mozambique, etc., is recommended for
making lawns in Egypt and similar hot, dry climates (Cook
.& Collins, Econ. Pl. Porto Rico, p. 175).

STACHYTARPHETA, Vahl.

Stachytarpheta indica, Vall; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 284.

Iil.—Sloane, Hist. Jamaica, i. $307. f.1 Mane folio, ete.) ;
Jacq. Obs. t. 85 (Verbena jamaicensis); Bot. Mag. t. 1860
(S. jamaicensis); Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 820 (S. jamaicensis); Vidal,
Fl. For. Filip. t. 74 B.

Vernac. names.—1lru-ala-ngba Cages, Dennett); Iru amurin
(Lagos, Dawodu); Payun payun, Akitipa (Dagos, MacGregor,
Dawodu); Crête de Inde, Crête-dinde (French i
Cachinde ca menha (Loanda, i elwitsch); Herbe queue de Rat
(Seychelles, 7homas set) .—Bastard Vervain of Jama

Widely distributed in Tropical Africa, Asia and pero.

The plant is regarded as a valuable remedy for dysentery in

Ann. Inst. Col. Ma rseille, ios 1897, p. 109), Loanda (Hiern, Cat.
Welw. Afr. Pl. iv. p. 831), Lagos (MaeGregor, Herb. Kew) and
- Jamaica (Sloane, l.c. i. . 171; Archer, Mus. Kew

A shrubby’ plant, 3-6 ft. high, variously described as an annual,
biennial or triennial from seed or cuttings; a common weed in
waste places.

Duranta, Linn.

Duranta Plumier Jacq.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 287.

Ill.—Plumier, Ic. Burm. t. 79 (Duranta vedere Jacq. Ic. Pl.
. Rar. iii. t. 502; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 57; Bet. Reg. (1817)
t. 244; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. ur Drapiez, Herb. Amat. de Fleurs,
viii. t. 568; Dict. Sc. Nat. t. 41; Lam. Encycl. t. 545; Baillon,

A dansonia, ii. t. 5, ff. 1-10; Boca Verbenaceae, t. 5, ff. 1-10;
Gard. Chron. TE 14th, 1888, a).

Vernac. names.—Jacu (€ 'antagallo, Peckolt): Azote-caballo,
Lila, Lluvia (Porto Rico, Cook & Collins).

Lagos, Old Calabar, cg dou pma in Tropical Africa;
native of Tropical Amer

A shrub, 5-10 ft he sometimes spiny, with irl , handsome
-terminal racemes of bright lilac flowers; planted b eans in
— and Lower French Guinea to make hedges up by the

519

natives about their huts (Chevalier, Bull. Soc. Nat. D’Accl.
France, 1912, p. 240). May be propagated by layers or cuttings.

Trctona, Linn. f.
Tectona grandis Linn. f. Suppl. Pl. (1781) p. 151.
A large deciduous tree, with quadrangular branchlets. Leaves

large, blade 1-2 ft. long, correspondingly’ broad, cuneate,
narrowed into the petiole—1-12 in., rough on the upper surface,
densely grey or brown tomentose on the under surface. Flowers
white, in erect panicles 1-3 ft. long. Fruit hard, bony, 3-1 in.
diam., enclosed in a spongy covering about 1 in. thick, the whole
covered with the persistent calyx, a loose papery brown envelope,
resembling that of Physalis. Seeds 1-3, small.

Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. iv. t. 27; Rumpf, Amb. iii. t. 18;
Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 57; Lam. Encycl. t. 136 (T'heka);
Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 6; Blanco, F1. Filip.t. 114; Bocquillon, Verbe-
naceae, t. 10, ff. 11-20; Brandis, Illustr. For. Fl. India, t. 44;

Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay, ii. p. 347, f. 4
Report, Affor. Togo (1912), f. 1 (habit, tree 10 years old at Lome),
ff. 20-24, 31, 32.

Vernac. names.—Tekku, Tek, Teka, or Teku (India, Gamble) ;
Ticla, Dalondan, Yate, Calayate or Yati (Philippines, Ahern)
Kuyon (Burma, Brandis); Mai Sak (Siam, Mus. Kew).—Teak,
Indian, Siam and Burma Teak.

Native of India, Burma and Siam. Cultivated in Assam,
Bengal, Java, Sumatra, Southern Nigeria, Togoland, etc.

The leaves yield a red dye and they are used as plates for packing
and for thatching.

arpus sp.); g
Teak ” (Dryobalanops aromatica), but although good these woods
have not the same sterling qualities as true Teak. “ Tampinis ”

KK

520

(Sloetia sideroxylon), and “ Balan” (Parinarium oblongifolium),
timbers of the Dutch East Indies and the Malay Peninsula, are
recommended as substitutes by DeCoque (Trop. Agric. xxxix. 1912,
P- , à fine timber-tree of the Malay
Isles and Polynesia, ‘‘ Melila,”’ xi British New Guinea, is some-

before sowing. ey may be sown at stake, raised in nursery
beds, bamboo pots or baskets, and as the plants develop a long
tap root they requi are in transplanting to permanent

be regenerated, where the seedlings can be transplanted a month or
two after sowing (Mascarenhas, Indian Forester, xli. 1915, p. 147),
and the same practice is common in Java (l.c. 1392, p. 289).

In the nursery the seedlings will require to be spaced at least a
foot apart, and in the plantation 10 ft. by 10 ft., thinning out as
required.

On alluvial soil the growth in length is estimated at the rate of
about 6 ft. a year and later at the rate of about only 1 ft. a year;
trees with a girth of from 25-34 in. are from 77-87 ft. high, and,
under favourable conditions throughout, they may be expected to
attain a height of 150 ft. in soil of this description (l.c. Ist ed.
(1881) p. 287). It is stated that plantations made on gneiss and
laterite show a much slower rate of growth (l.c. p. 286).

elling is recommended to commence when the average girth at
breast height is 6 ft. 6 in., and the period of exploitation 1s given
ears ; on first-class soils [alluvium] and 140 years on second-
elass soils [laterite] with a total yield per acre of 3000 and 2000
cubic ft. respectively. Under conditions of “ high forest with a
clean felling of the final crop and artificial regeneration," the final
crop on first-class soil giving not less than 40 trees, and on second-
class soil not less than 50 trees, per acre (Lushington, Rep. and
Working Scheme Nilambur Teak Plantation, 1898, p. 41; Watt.
Comm. Prod. India, p. 1070; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. P. 528).
The above figures are recorded from Nilambur where the climate is
approximately that of the Niger Delta.
The value of the wood in London (Feb. 1915) c.i.f. per load or
ton (50 cubic ft.) was quoted—for Timber £14-£30 (Java, £8-
£22); Flitches (Hewn Java, £12-£20); Planks, £15-£30

521

(Java, £12-£19) (C. Leary & Co., Indian Forester, xli. May, 1915,
p. xlii). The price for selected Indian Teak, Ist quality on the
Calcutta Market May, 1915, was Rs. 160-Rs. 170 per ton (Le.
p. xlv.).

The returns in * Loads ’’ [50 cubic ft.] for the five years 1909-13
imported into the United Kingdom were 1909— 33,857, value

£906,601; 1912— 50,950, value £857,794 ;and in 1913—47,772,
value £879,254, chiefly from Java, Siam, and British India (Trade
205).

Forest Reserves (see p. 40)in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria.
An experimental plantation at Oloke-Meji, covering 43 acres in
1910 (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 695, 1911, p. 11; Thompson, Ann. Rep.
Forestry Dept. S. Nig. 1911, p. 9) had proved so successful as to

3j years old, and 47-5 ft. high, girth 37 in. to 51 ft. high, girth
42°75 in. in trees 81 years old, and the average girth of trees 21 years
old in the Mamu Reserve was 8-8 in. ompson, l.c. p. 6). Seeds
obtained from India, Burma and Togoland were being grown.
The tree in Togoland is grown more or less in association with
i (Khaya senegalensis, etc., see pp- 152-155,
Afzelia africana (p.272), ** Sasswood ” (Erythrophloeum guine
x 212. FE

planted (Indien Forester, xvii. 1891, p- 448)
tobacco, tapioca (Cassava), maize, ground-
nuts, ete, (Indian Forester, xviii. 1892, p- 285) growing in the
early stages, the cost of clearing and planting the teak trees béing

ratory to felling and logging; this facili
ater, but it has been found in Burma tha
3 ' no difference in the strength of the timber
Seasoned standing, and when felled and seasoned in the log, nor is

trees and leave them standing for about

KK 2

522

there any endo in this respect between plantation-grown teak
and that from Natural Forests (Pearson, Indian Forest Bull.
No. 14, 1913, seq.).

These are strong recommendations in favour of pures and
it would seem that the cultivation of this tree in suitable parts of
Nigeria may be continued with every prospect of success.

- Ref.—Report on the Teak Forests of the Tenasserim Provinces,
Falconer, pp. 1-286, with other Papers on the Teak Forests of '

, Bo td.,

(Iter. Forestry - sense Edinburgh; 1884 eem “Teak Cultiva-
tion in Java, an, in the Indian Forester, xviii. 1892,
pp. 285-292: Transl. pr a errms — Djaticultwur, by Dr.
Slym, Dep. Cons. of Forests, Moulmein.——“ Tectona grandis,"

in Diet. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. pai 4, 1893, € 1-14.
= “Tectona grandis," in Pharmacographia Indica, Dymock, Warden

ooper, iii. pp. 61-67

P P
Va Consul Black, in Dip. & Cons. Rep. Misc. No. 357, 1895,

p. 1-9, with map of the Teak Districts of Siam * Tectona
grandis,” in Manual of Indian Timbers, Gamble, pp. 526-534.
di NT Sr à T grandis, Linn. fil.” in Timbers of

Comnièrce, Stone, pp. 170-171 (Wm. Rider & Son, Ltd. London,
1904), ——"L' Explotation des Forétsde Teck et Autres Bois à J ava,
Paul que in L' Agric. prat. pays chauds, vi. 1, 1906, pp. 499 430.
a Teak," in Bull. Imp. Inst. iv. 1906, pp. 174-175.
** Le Com merce du Teck au Siam,” in Bull. Econ. Gouvernement
Général de P Indo-Chine, No. 56, Sept. 1906, pp. 910-915.
eakholz," Hosseus, in Der Tropenpfl. Ju. 1907, Beihefte,
No. 5, pp. 343-399. * Tectona grandis," in Comm. Prod.
India, Watt, pp. 1068-1072. at Note on Best Season -= =

let No. 16, 1910, pp. 1-29. Teak," in Pu & Cons.
Bip. Annual, No. 4417, 1910, e Trade of Bangkok," pp. 12-14.
e on Teak Plantations in Burma, Leete,

No 23, ORL; 1-21 with

rees, Unwin, pp. 1-53, illustrated; Issued by the Crown Agents
for ihe Colonies (Waterlow & Sons, Ltd. London, 1912).——4A
Further Note on the Relative Strength of Natural and Plantation-

523

grown eo in Burma, Pearson, Indian Forest wide Bull. No. 14,

1913, pp. 1-21.——“ Teak from Nigeria," in . Imp. Inst, xii.

1914, pp. 360-367. The Indian Forester (edited at Dehra Dun;
U.P. ) numerous articles.

CLERODENDRON, Linn.

Clerodendron Bucholzii, Girke; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 301.
Old Calabar, Cross River, ond known also from tke Gold Coast,

anda.
climbing shrub, 2-3 ft., in swampy ground, flowers double
hi Afikpo, Old Calabar (Hitchens, us Kew); p fra-
grant, free Howering, Aburi Hills (Johnson, Herb. Kew) with
strong wood, about 4 in. in diameter, Mabira Forest, Uganda,
flowering November, fruiting in July (Ussher, Herb. Ke w).
Clerodendron capitatum, Schumach. § Thonn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V.
. 905.

Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4355.

Vernac. names.—Fuemomi (S. Nigeria, Foster); Iye (Lagos,
MacGregor, Dawodu).

Lagos, Oban, Abeokuta, Onitsha, Katagum, and widely distri-
buted in Tropical Africa

An ornamental shrub with dense heads of white flowers,

Clerodendron Formicarum, G'ürke; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 297.

Ill.—Thonner, Blütenpfl. Afr. t. 134.

Vernac. name.—Bunghama (Angola, d.

Old Calabar, and in Tropical Africa y-

An ornamental shrub, bearing many Apres terminal panicles,
corolla white.

Clerodendron fragrans, Vent. Jard. Malmaison, t. 70.

biennial shrub, 3 ft. high. Inflorescence, a compact terminal

corymb ; flowers white or tinged with pink, single or double; leaves
sub-cordate serrate, pubescent, 4—5 in. across, glandular at the
base

Li. —Jacq. Hort, Schoenbr. iii. t. 338 (Volkmannia japonica) ;
Ventenat, Jardin Malmaison, t. 70 A Ar ste fragran ns); Bot.
Mag. t. 1834 (double fl.) ; Drapiez, b. Amat. de Fleurs, 11. t. 98
E ron Bot “Hes . (1838) t. ‘al (single &.); Blanco, FI. For.

Eom (va E Menon )

Te c. names.—F lor. de Muerto, Jasmin Hediondo (Porto
Rico, Cook § Collins).

Native of China; naturalised in India and wee America.

An ornamental plant cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Old
Calabar. Easily raised from cuttings or m , by means of
which it qu rapidly. Usually met with under cultivation in
the double form

Clerodendron “rte R.Br.; F1. Trop. Afr. V. p. 310.

Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 5838 (Cy aloes v Argi

Lagos, and widespread in Tropical Afri

A shrub 3—5 ft. high, ornamental; the ree lobes of the corolla
white, the lower pale blue.

^

524

Clerodendron polycephalum, Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 300.
Vernac. names.—Aporo (Lagos, Punch); Yawa (Oyo, Millson,
- Moloney). Ex `

Lagos, Yoruba, and the Gold Coast.

An infusion of the leaves applied to snake-bite Lagos (Punch,
Herb. Kew).

An erect shrub, 4 ft. high, flowers white, Ashanti (Chipp, Herb.
Kew), a semi-creeping shrub, Lagos (Millen, Herb. Kew).

Clerodendron scandens, Beauv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 904.

Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware & Benin, ii. t. 62; Geel, Sert.
Bot. v.; Bot. Mag. t. 4354.

Vernac. name.—Fire Foré (French Guinea, Farmar).

Lagos, Opobo, Cross River—Abokam, Ekom, and from Sene-
gambia to the Cameroons.

A climbing shrub, ornamental, flowers with green calyx and
white corolla.

Clerodendron sinuatum, Zook.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 295.

Ill.—HBot. Mag. t. 4255.

Lagos, Abeokuta, and also in Sierra Leone.

An erect shrub, of low habit, flowering freely from the extremity
of every branch, the dense heads of blossom being pure white and

. very fragrant.

Clerodendron splendens, G. Don: F1. Trop. Afr. V. p. 300.

Ill.—Bot. Reg. (1842) t. 7; Paxton, Mag. ix. t. 103; Hartinger,
Paradisus Vindob. i. t. 55; Hortic. Univ. v. (1844) p. 325; Le
Jardin, 1895, p. 30; Rev. Hort. 1902, p. 504; De Wildeman, Etudes
Fl. Bangala, frontispiece.

l'ernac. names.—Adabi (Yoruba, Millson); Batabata (Congo,
Burton); Olourn (Lagos, Millen).

Widely distributed in West Africa.

A climbing shrub, 4-6 ft. high, very ornamental, bearing dense
terminal panicles of bright red flowers.

Clerodendron Thomsonae, Balf. f.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 303.

Iit.—Bot. Mag. t. 5313; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. vii. 1863, t. 7 & t.
16 (fr. & seed); Ill. Hort. 1863, p. 358; Belgique Hortic. xiii.
(1863) t. 10; Fl. des Serres, xv. (1862-65) t. 1534; Rev. Hort. 1867,
p. 312; Rev. Hort. 1902, p. 504 (C. Balfouri); Journ. Hort. Ser. 9,
xli. p. 135.

Vernac. names.—Egwa, Oviakuku (Benin, Foster).

Old Calabar River, Cross River and Niger Delta, found north to
Kabba and Lokoja.

A Das shrub, very ornamental, bearing many flowered
cymes much laxer than in C. splendens, calyx white, corolla light
crimson.

525

An ornamental, more or less climbing shrub; calyx corolline,
corolla persistent, changing from green to white; berries black,
shining; flowering August to September, Golungo Alto (Hiern,
Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iv. p. 843).

The Clerodendrons may all be readily grown from seed or
cuttings and thrive in rich, light loam, well watered with free
drainage.

Vitex, Linn.

Vitex Agnus-Castus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), p. 638.

A deciduous shrub, 6-14 ft. high. Leaves usually 5-foliolate.
Inflorescence a slender, terminal or axillary panicle; flowers small,
white tinged with blue cr lilac.

ll.—Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 56; Lam. Encycl. t. 541,
f. 1; Plenck. Ic. t. 510; Schk. Fadi s 177; Duhamel, Traite des
Arbres, vi. t. 35; Sibthorp, Fl. Gr. t. 609; Woodville, Med. Bot. ii.
cag t. 137; Nees von Esenbeck, Gen. Plant. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 51;

c. Fl. Germ. xviii. t. 1293; Moggridge, Fl. Mentone, t. 14;
Gard, Chas ir 27th, 1912, p. 52 (habit, trained on a west wall,
in flower at ;

Vernac. names.—Athlak (Arabic, Dymock); Panjangusht
(Persia, Dymock) ; s (Àr rabie, Jod Vester & Co.).—
Cha ste Tree, Monk’s Pepper

Lagos (Dawodu, No. 9, 1899, Herb. Kew). Native of Sicily and
the Mediterranean region

Leaves scented, used to spice dishes, Lagos (Dawodu, 1.c.).
The berries are imported into India, considered astringent, resol-
vent and deobstruant (Dymock, Warden & Hooper, Ph
Indica, iii. p. 76). Seeds pungent, acrid and aromatic, possess-

plant of value also for ornamental purposes. Propagated from :
seed or cuttings, growing freely in light, well-drained soil.

Vitex Cienkowskii, Kotschy § Peyr.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 328.

' Ill.—Kotschy, PI. meme t. 12; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin,
Tth Nov. 1909, App. xxii. No. 2, p. 35, f. 12; Engl. & Drude, Veg:
Erde, ix. part 1, 1910, p. 295, £ 261.

Vernac. names.—Dinya or Dumya (Sokoto, Dalziel) ; Galbiji
Fufulde, Dalziel) Edi (Nupe, Barter); Ori-nla (Olo oke-Meji,

odd); Inguli Baub (Sierra te Hes Elliot); Umbindoio
Singuni, Gazaland, womozi (Lungoro, Uganda,

awe); Upudu (Shire Highlands, Alaton: B ové (Kafir, John-
son); Muxillo- c llo (Golungo Alto, W tinh) —bBlack Plum
of Sierra Leo

Las

526

making ink, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3,
1893, p. 31).

mon, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), over Northern Nigeria
Dalziel, Herb. Kew), and over the iron plateaux 500-3 t
ierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew), in Savannah, Ashanti

Vitex diversifolia, Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 324.

Nupe, Kontagora, Yoruba. :

Fruit edible, size of a cherry, black when ripe, like the “ Edi ”
or Black Plum "' of Sierra Leone (Barter, Herb. Kew).

A tree, 15 ft. high, flowers small, violet, Yoruba, common on dry,
hilly ground, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), Kontagora (Dalziel,
Herb. Kew).

er

A large tree; branches quadrangular. Leaves with 5—7 leaflets,
e ,

Vernac. name.—Ori eta (Oloke-Meji, Foster).

Oloke-Meji (Foster, No. 34, 1906, Herb. Kew).

Wood soft (1.c.), used for house-posts and the branches as scant-
lings eos List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7, “ Ori-eta ”
tree, V. megaphylla).

Vitex grandifolia, Giirke; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 324.
Vernac. names.—Ore (Ebute Metta, Millen); Ori (Yoruba,
Thompson); Oriri (Benin, Thompson, Unwin).

Lagos, Benin, and Niger Delta, and generally in W. Africa.

Fruit edible; Ekpe (Barter, Mus. Kew), size of a small plum
from which a spirit is made, Ebute Metta (Millen, Herb. Kew);
fruit made into a kind of honey, Asaba (Thompson, List of For.
Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7, V. cuneata).

The wood is used for making large drums, S. Nigeria (lc.
V. cuneata).

A small tree; with the habit of an Aralia, sea shore near the
River Nun (Barter, Herb. Kew), 25 ft. high. Ebute Metta
(Millen l.c.), a shrub 10 ft., flowers cream-coloured, Akwapim,
1000 ft. (Murphy, Johnson, Herb. Kew).

521

AVICENNIA, Linn.
Avicennia africana, P. Beauv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 331.
Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. ve Oware & Benin, i. t. 47.
Vernac. names.—Ogb (Lagos, MacGregor); Ede (Benin,
Thompson); Garigari or Mou (Gaboon, Moloney); Grigri or
MESH (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot, Moloney).— White Man-

p

Widely distributed on the littoral in West Africa.

Wood used in boat-building and for piles (Thompson, List of
For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7); for house ok: Sierra Leone (Scott
Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 35); g good for shipbuilding
(Cat. Prod. Col. Frane. Ex. Univ. 1867, p. 46; Moloney, For.
W. Afr. p. 402).

A specimen in the Museum, Kew (Mann, er Nun, 1861) has

a specific gravity of 0-598 = 37 Ib. per cubic foo

EE barki is used EIE by the natives for the itch (l.c.).
mple of t ark from Degema, New Calabar River,

was found to contain on ‘5 per cent. of tannin and not rich
ough to export to Europe in competition with East African
Mangrove bark (see p. 304), though suitable for local use. It
produced a somewhat eek leather, of pale brown colour and firm
texture.

A shrub or tree 6-40 ft. high; one of the tallest trees in the

r r
Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iv. p. 847); in Senegal the fruit has -been
observed in January (Dollinger, Herb. Kew). The distribution
and conditions of growth are approximately those of the “ Red
mangrove” (Rhizophora racemosa, see p. and the method of
reproduction is the same, the seeds OESE on the trees and
sending down their long primary radicles into the mu

LABIATAE.

Ocimum, Linn.

Ocimum basilicum, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 336.

Ill.—Lam. Encycl. t. 514; Plenck, Ic. t. 491 ; Nees von Esenbeck,
Plant. Medic. Düsseld. t t. 184; Hayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewächse,
xi. t. 3; Guimpel, Abbild. Beschr. t. 137; Nees von Esenbeck, Gen.
Plant. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 1; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t. 407; Bull. Econ.
pee € p. 1148.

Vernac. names.—Efirin wewe (Lagos, wodu); Patmagi
(Gambia, Brod Lester); Camange (Island à Ciis, Merrill);
Albahaca ias Rico, Cook & Collins). —Sweet or Common Basil,
Kirman t (Persia, Dymock).

Lagos, did widely disiributed in Tropical Africa and Asia.

An infusion of the leaves used in fevers, Gambia (Brown Lester,
Kew Bull. 1891, p. 274), by the natives as a cooling drink, Gambia
(Ozanne, Herb. Kew); the leaves are also used in soups (Brown

528

Lester, l.c.) Various medicinal uses are attributed to the plant in
India (Watt, Dymock, seq.).

An annual, 1-3 ft. high, commonly cultivated, reproduced freely
from seed, easily grown and often met with as a weed. :

Re}.—* Ocimum basilicum,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt,
v. part 2, 1891, pp. 440-442.——*‘ Ocimum basilicum,” in Phar-
macogr. Indica, Dymock, Warden & Hooper, iii. pp. 83-85.

Ocimum canum, Sims; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 337. [Ocimum ameri-
canum. Mill.].

Ill.—Jacq. Hort. Bot. Vindob. iii. t. 86 (O. americanum); Desc.
Ant. iv. t. 301 (O. americanum); Bot. Mag. t. 2452; Blanco, Fl.
Filip. t. 257, £. 2.

Vernac. names.—Efinrin Maragbosanyan (Oloke-Meji, Dodd);
Efirin Oshu (Lagos, Moloney) ; Efirin nla (Lagos, Dawodu); Iyino

n annual, 1-3 ft. high, commonly cultivated, often found
wild about native towns and compounds, easily raised from seed.

Ref.— Essence D'Ocymum canum." Charabot, in L’ Agric.
prat. pays chauds, ii. 1902-03, “ Etudes sur les Produits odorants
des Col. Franc.," pp. 395-396.

Ocimum suave, Willd.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 338.

[O. gratissimum, var. suave, Hook. Fl. Brit. India, iv. p. 609.]

rnac. name.—Romba (Madagascar, Heckel).

Kontagora (Dalziel, No. 138, 1905, Herb. Kew), and widely
distributed in Tropical Africa and Asia.

Used medicinally in India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India) and in
Madagascar (Heckel, Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille, i. fasc. 2, 1903,
pp. 141-142, ** Romba,"' O. gratissimum).

A much branched herbaceous erennial, found in a wood near
native village, Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), as a tall herb with
clove-scented leaves, Chipete, Rhodesia, 3800 £ft. (Swynnerton,
Herb. Kew).

Ocimum viride, Willd.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 337.

Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware, Benin, t. 94 (O. heptodon) ; Bot.
Reg. (1823) t. 753 (O. febrifugum) ; Nature, Jan. Ist. 1903, p.
(leaves drawn from a dried specimen, raceme from Bot. Reg. (l.c.).

529

; tt, No. 8, 1906, Herb. Kew), Abinsi, Muri Province

Dalziel, No. 773, 1912, Herb. Kew) ; and in West Africa generally.

Used as a febrifuge, Gambia (Dudgeon, Gambia Govt. Gaz. 6th
12 i

erb. Kew). Various medicinal uses are attributed to the TS
ourn.
Soc. Arts, liii. 1905, p. 1068, Holmes, Pharm.
p- 963), and it is used as salad, Old Calabar.
The oil is orange-yellow, with an aromatic thyme-like odour and
pungent taste. Leaves from Northern Nigeria yielded 1-21 per
cent. (Bull. Imp. Inst. 1908, p. 209; 1914, p. 131), and from Sierra
Leone (sample of 116 Ib. yielding on distillation 64 oz. of oil) 0-35
per cent. (Sierra Leone, Roy. Gaz. Jan. 11, 1908, p. 15; Bull.
Imp. Inst. Lc.). The large proportion (32 per cent.) of thymol
gives the oil some antiseptic value (l.c.), and it may prove a valuable
source of this drug.

open bush, Batanga oe te

Ref.—* Fever Plant (Ocymum viride),’’ Holmes, in Pharm.
Journ. [3] viii. 1878, p. 563. “ A Pot of Basil," Shipley, in
Nature, Jan. 1, 1903, pp. 205-206.— —' Mosquito Plants," in

“Ocimum viride," from West Africa," in Bull.
Imp. Inst. vi. 1908, p. 209. “Report on the Oil of Ocimum
viride from Sierra Leone," Dunstan, in Sierra Leone Roy. Gaz.
Jan. 11th, 1908, pp. 15-16.
AEOLANTHUS, Mart.

Aeolanthus pubescens, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 394.

Vernac. name.—Iko (Eifik, Old Calabar, Holland).

Lagos, Abeokuta, Old Calabar, Jeba, Mount Patti, Lokoja.

Used as a salad, Old Calabar. :

A slender erect annual, 1-3 ft. high.

530

Prectrrantuus, L'Hérit.
Plectranthus floribundus, V.Æ£.Br. in Kew Bull. 1894, p. 12; FI.

cap, V. I,

Rootstock tuberous. Stems erect, 2-4 ft. hi igh. Leaves 2-3 in.
long, 1-1 in. broad, oblong, obtuse, coarsely Pe uim on both
sides, "pase roun led or sub-cordate. orescence a leafless
panicle 12-18 in. long, with numerous simple or branched pubes-
cent racemes 1-21 in. fone ; corolla bright golden-yellow; pedicels
11-2 lin. lon

Ill.— Hook. È Pi. t. 2489.

var. longipes, N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 403, resembles the
type, but the flowers have longer pedicels—2-5 lin. long. Tubers
small and growing close to the base of the stem À fresh tuber—
on a plant grown at Kew (from Zaria, Lamb, No. 22, 1913)

to + in. in diam.; colour brown or somewhat like a new potato,
whitish near the growing point.

Vernac. names.—Risga (Hausa, Lamb, Dudgeon) ; Risga (Yola,
Dalziel); Bugumji (Fufulde, Dalziel); Buica (Manganja ills,
ie er).

ria (Dudgeon, No. 2, 1909, Lamb, No. zo 1913, EE Kew
Yola (Dalziel, Kew Bull. 1910, p- 140); K ano (Dud n, Yn
known also by specimens from Angola, Matabeleland, RUNS
and et parts of East Africa.

rue sp.); Zaria (Lamb, 1. Dudgeon, l.c., ES "
April 30, 1910, p. 103, Risa: zb Kano (Dudgeon
lc.) , in East Africa—pleasant taste a o avour

ameron, Herb.
Chirinda n 3800 ft. (Swynnerton, Herb. Kew). The
bondive ”’ “ Kaffir Potato," the tuber of Plectranthus escu-
lentus, al R Br. (Kew Bull. l.c.) is a favourite food of the natives
in

one foot or more grum, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 154).
1.

Ref.—“ Plectranthus flori bundar” in Res Bull. 1898, p. 12-13.

SOLENOSTEMON, Schumach. & Thonn.
ie ap came ocymoides, Schum. § Thonn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V.

Ill.—Pal de Beauv. FL Oware, Benin, t. 95, f. 1 (O. mono-
suem ^
nac. names.—Tkbawo Opolo (Lagos, MacGregor, Dawod
edat biri (Abinsi, N. Nera Dale; el). £ pe
vr ede ced 1889; Dawodu, No. 27, 1899, No. 10, 1901,
Hab i Kew), Nup e (Barter, No. 1981, Herb. Kew); Mt. Patti,
N. Nigeria (Dalziel, No. 102); A binsi, N. Nigeria (Dalziel,

531

Nos. 712, 198, 199, Herb. Kew), Zungeru (Dalziel, No. 140, 1905,
Herb. Kew w); Old ‘Calabar (Holland, No. 74, 1897, Herb. Kew);
and generally in West Africa.

Used medicinally for children, as a vegetable and as a dk
Lagos (Dawodu, l.c.), leaves included in “ Agbo ” (see p. 50).

1, 3-4 ft. high; found by the wayside and in cultivated
fields, Zungeru (Dalziel, Le. ), in open places i in the bush, Sierra
eue (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew), in Cassava fields and open bush,
in flower (blue) March, Batanga is Herb. Kew), and in shady
ravines, Nupe (Barter, 1.c.).

Coreus, Lour.

Coleus rotundifolius, A. Chev. § Perrot in A. Chev. Vég. Util. de
l’Afrique Trop. Franç. i. (1905), p. 119. [Coleus dysentericus,
Baker, Kew Bull. 1894, p. 10; Fl. Trop. Afr. v. (1900) an 437 ;
C. salagensis, Gürke, l.c. p. 426; Plectranthus Coppini, Cornu, l.c.
p. 420; Germanca rotundifolia, Poit. Encycl. Method. 11. “(1811)

: 163; Plectranthus ternatus, Sims, Bot. Mag. (1824) t. 2460,
Plectranthus tuberosus, Blume, Bijdr. (1825— 26), p. 838; Plec-
tranthus rotundifolrus, Spreng. Syst. 11. (1825) p. 690; Coleus
rugosus, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. (1831) p. 15; Coleus
tuberosus, Benth. Lab. (1832), p. 59; Coleus parviflorus, Benth. in
DC. Prodr. xii. (1852) p. 72].

Iil.—Rumpf, Herb. Amb. v. t. 132, f. 1 (Glans terrestris cos-
tensis); Bot. Mag. t. 2460 (Plectranthus ternatus); Gard. Chron.

(tubercles, Coleus Coppini); Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xlvii.
1901, p. 108 (tubers, Plectranthus Coppini); Revue Cult. Col. x.
1902, p. 130, ff. 1, 2 (Coleus Cappon, Rev. Hort. Bouches-du-
Rhône, Marseille, 1902, p. 49, f. 1 (Coleus Coppini); Chevalier,
Les Vég. Util. L’ Afriq. Trop. Frang. i. fasc. 1, 1905, t. 1 (C. rotun-

ernac. names.—Tumuku — nai, Metabela fafalde,

Dalziel); Tumbuku (Hsu, Gold Coast, Tu dhope, Saunders);

Krodyn (Yoruba, Barter); Ousounifing (Sudan, M epe Bois,
: Lel\ : :

Metus Sims); Oumimé or Houmime (Mauritius, E
atambala detection Transvaal, Mingard, Pailliena Bois);

ahoh: Sudan, Chevali er), [Gouroundou (Ban a), Fa-Birama
(Sogóti Middle Niger), Ndougoni (Ngaos), Dazo rabi, Kouikeri,
Mangouli, Mételé or Matélé (Central Africa) Chevalier)] ; Innala
(Ceylon, De Silva, mer ied Mim Ke miam or Gotte Kelin
(Portuguese in Malaya, Rumphius).—Hausa Potato, Fra-Fra
pos. Coast) Potato; Balai Poe and) Potato, Madagascar

à ab (Barter, No. 846, Herb. Kew) ; Lokoja (Dalziel, No. 103,
1909, Herb. Kew); Gold Coast (Johnson, No. 794, 1900: Tu idhope,

= 532

Dec. 1912, Herb. Kew). Found under cultivation in many parts
of Tropical Africa and in Java, Ceylon, Mauritius, Madagascar.
The tubers are used medicinally in dysentery, Yoruba (Barter,
l.c.) as an external remedy for burns and scalds, Madagascar
Heckel, Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille, fase. 2, 1903, p. I5
lectranthus ternatus). They are re as foo d, like potatoes
in all countries where the plant is cultivated. The
planted about 3-5 ft. apart in rich open soil, gov about
h

1 ft. high and come to maturity in from 5-10 months. The
plant may also be propagated by cuttings which root freely.
In Northern Nigeria ‘‘Tumuku”’ is cultivated in damp places

e the tops of broad ridges, propagated by means of sprout-
ing eyes or sections cut off the tubers (Dudgeon, N. Nig. Gaz.
July 31st, 1909, p. 157: Agric. & For. Prod. W. Africa,
p- 194); grown in Yola (Shaw, N. Nig. Gaz. Feb. 28, 1910, p. 32),
and in Bassa, where in the Boju district the value of the tabe 18
given for “1 jar dried 3d.; 14 fresh 3d." (Kay, N. Ni ig, Gaz. Suppl.
June 30th, 1913, p. xxv. ). ‘In Ceylon ke tubers of “ Innala’’ are
regarded as superior in flavour to those of the English potato and
fetch a higher price in the local its: they come to maturity
there in six months, and in the best lands the returns are given at
from 4—5 ewt. (De Silva, Trop. Agric. xxiii. 1904, p. 117). Under
experiment on the Gold Coast the yield per acre has been found to
vary from 7244 lb.—1 acre tubers, 5 ne by 4 ft. in mt planted
9th March raised the following Jan at Coomassie YN Rep.

and raised 16th December E at Coomassie (Le, 1914
0 I

from cuttings; var. nigr r are from ‘tubers, 552 kilog.

per are from cuttings; E rh a ibaa half the above quantities
were obtained from tubers of the same varieties grown during the
dry season; and at a farm emi in the same region, by good
tillage and emis p the r eturns hav e been f rom 8000 to 12000

Other figure udi be quoted, but the above will be sufficient to

show that considerable variation may be expected in the yield.
Under cultivation Chevalier notes three well marked varie-

ies, distinguished according to the colour of the tubers as var.

adagascar, Mauritius-—and the ied and Upper Tue ions
aes mid to the Niger. The Bambara names as indicated a “bo bove

533

distinguish between the black and the white. Tho variety culti-

ated in Java (var. ee e Piers) is Faro as being

probably the same as the Sudan var. nigr s growing at

Kew from Zaria Sag P. Lamb, 1913) probabl 7 ‘belong E eed
hev

e var. al ba,

Ref.—* Le Hanbal (Coleus tuberosus, Benth.) ; PEE
et Propagation au Gabon. n-Congo,’’ Paillieux et Bois, in Revue des

pp. 684-686." Coleus tuberosus ”’ in Gard. Chron. Aug. 12th,

“ Coleus dysentericus, Coleus tuberosus, Pleo.

transits ternatus, in ‘‘ Tuberous Labiatae,” in Kew Bull. 1894,
10-14. * No

a :
Rendus, cxxx. 1900, pp. 1268- 71.——Sur L'Ousounifing du
Soudan (Coleus Coppini), Heckel, in Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille,
viii. 1901, 2nd fasc. pp. 1—15, illustrated. i

. Vé . Trop. 6. 1.
fasc. 1, ue po pP. rte Pp: TRA pp. 130-132,
ated.——' i

Hyreris, Jacq.
Hyptis pectinata, Poit.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 448.
^ —Ann. Mus. Paris, vii. (1806), t. 30.
rnac. names—Kunbar dawaki Lite Se Dalziel) ; see
Tee MacGregor, Doo); Quinbumbo, Quinbungu,
mbo or Quimbumba (Angola, Welwitsch) Bamniitéabsd-
volihy (Madagascar, Parker, Heckel).
Lagos, Idda, Katagum and Abinsi, widely spread in Tropical
Africa. Native of Tropical America. Used as a medicine for

vens 1, 4.6 ft. high, found on old farms, =, N. Nigeria
(Dalziel, To on hedges in villages, Madi (Gra Herb. Kew dis
open grass and low bush, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot Herb. Kew),
in sandy soil, N.W. Rhodesia (Rogers, Herb. Kew).

594

Hyptis spicigera, Lam.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 448.
Ill.—Desc. Ant. viii. t. 581.

Vernac. names.—Benefing (French W. Africa, Vuillet); Tené
(French Guinea, Milliad, De Wildeman).

Nupe, Kontagora and Tropical Africa, and in Tropical America.

Seeds occasionally imported into this country (Mus. Kew;
Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 403); used for food in the same way as
Sem-Sem (Sesamum indicum), Uganda (Dawe, Herb. Kew);
oleaginous (Chevalier, Les Veg. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. France, i.
p. 82; Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 9, p. 24; Vuillet,
L'Agric. prat. pays chauds, xii. 1 (1912), p. 163); preserved for
food, Madi (Grant, Herb. Kew), used medicinally in the Antilles
(Descourtilez, l.c. p. 300).

An annual, 5 ft. high, common in wet places, Nupe (Barter,
Herb. Kew), Kontagora, (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), cultivated in
gardens, Acholi country, Uganda (Dawe, Rep. Bot. Miss. Uganda,
1906, p. 54) by the Bandas of F.W. Africa around their huts, sown
at the commencement of the rainy season and grows quickly
(Chevalier, lc.) and in French West Africa (Vuillet, 1.c.); may be
cultivated much the same as Sesamum indicum (q.v.).

1911, pp. 1-4 (Imprimerie du Gouvernement, Bama 0) and in

closely arranged except near the base of the spike; corolla small,
pink-purple (Merrill); but the plant appears to flower rarely or not
at all under cultivation. Pogostemon Patchouli, Pelletier, Mem.
Soc. Se. Orleans, v. (1845), p. 277; var. suavis, Hook. £. Fl. Br.
India, iv. (1885), p. 634.

Ill.—Mem. Soc. Sc. Orleans, v. (1844), t. 7; (P. Patchouli)
Pharm. Journ. [1] viii. 1849, E 914 (P. Patchouli); Hooker,
i. 1849, t. 11 (P. Patchouli); Piesse, Art of

T ry, p. 175; ; . 1896, p.
(P. Patchouli); Perfum. & Essential Oil Record, Nov. 1913,
p- 370, £. 1 (P. Patchouly). ;

535

—Tilam Wangi (Straits Settlements, Holmes);
US (Philippines, Blanco).—Patchouli or Patchouly of Euro-

pean commer

Native of the AMPIA Islands. Cultivated at Lagos and

Abutshi (River Niger), etc

he leaves are largely imported into Europe for the extraction
of the perfume “ Patchouli.” They come especially into Grasse,
the price being about 72 francs per 100 kilos edad & Essen-
tial Oil Record, May, 1914, p. 149). Dried leaves were placed
among Indian shawls to keep away insects, and it is also said to
give the semana smell to Chinese or Indian Ink (Hooker,
London Jo Bot. i. 1849, p. 329). Commercial Patchouli is
sometimes PEE PARE with the leaves of Urena lobata (p. 68) the
“ Perpulut " of the Malays (Kew Bull. 1889, p. 137). The oil in
the London Market is quoted at 17s. per Ib. (Perfumery & Essential
Oil Record, June 1915, p. 222) ; 20s. per Ib. (1.c. Nov. 1915 p. 355).

West African Patchouli leaves, from plants grown by the Niger

Company at Abutshi, appeared on the nieta ut 1809 (Chemist

ruggist, Jan. 28th, 1893, p. 157). In May, 1890, Woodruff
(see p. 35) reported that there were nearly 200 plants of Patchouli
growing at Abutshi (Kew Bull. 1891, p. 94).

In Penang cuttings put in in January and planted out the last
week in February 3 ft. apart, yielded when cut July 21st at the
rate of 8980 Ib. of leaves per acre in a green state, and after being
dried for 10 days in a cool, airy shed the weight per acre was at the
rate of 2120 Ib.; a second cutting about 6 months later yielded

(Eo Bull à the same, giving more than a ton of leaf per annum
w Bull. 1888, p. 133).

The cultivation is comparatively easy on lines similar to above
and full particulars are diit in Kew Bull. 1888, pp. 135-139, and
in the following references :

Ref.—*‘ Pucha-Pat or Patchouli (Pogostemon mae ae" a
Hooker’s London Journ. Botany, i. 1849, pp. 328-33
“ Patchouly (Pogostemon Patchouli, Lindl., Plectranthus crassi-
jolius, Burnett), ” in The Art of Perfumery, Piesse, pp. 174-177
(Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1879).——Patchouli (Pogos-
temon Patchouli, var. suavis), " in Kew Bull. 1888, pp. 71-74;
pp. 133-1534 ; 1889, pp. 135-159.-——'' Notes on the Cultivation and
Veiis s vei iouis and Its Adulteration," Wray, i n Journ.
Agric. H oc. Tndia, viii. 1889, pp. 283-291.— —" Po SUN
Patch in a Dit Econ. Pród. i ia, Watt, vi. part 1B, 1892,
ada “Note on Dilem and Patchouli,” Holmes, in

| DE n. 1896, pp. 222-224.— —" The Patchouli

Misi. No. 299, ' August 1905. pp. 255-256. ——“ Notes on
Patchouli,” in Museum Report, the us Soc. of Great Britain,
Holmes, 1907-10, pp. 7-9.——* Patchouli (Pogostemon Patchouli,
var. suavis, Hook. t. = P. Cablin, Benth.)," in Kew Bull. 1908,
pp. 78-82.— —" Notes on Patchouli, os Holmes, in Pharm. Journ.
[4] xxvi. 1908, p. 349.——“ The Patchouli Plant of Commerce ree,”
Holmes, i in The Perfumery and Essential Oil Record, Nov. 1913,
pp. 369-371.

536

T Lgvcas, R: Br.
Leucas martinicensis, R. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 479.
Ill.—Transv. Agric. Journ. v. (1907), t. 226.
- Wild Tea Bush (Gambia, Brown Lester).
Katagum, Kontagora, and widely distributed in the Tropics.
The whole plant is made into an infusion and used as a wash in
fevers, Gambia (Kew Bull. 1891, p. 274).

l, 2-3 ft. high, found in waste places Katagum and
wet places by streams, Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew).

Leonotis, Pers.

Leonotis nepetaefolia, X. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 491.

/il.— Bot. Reg. iv. (1818) t. 281; Bot. Mag. t. 3700; Wight,
Illust. t. 176, f. 11 (L. nepetifolia) ; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. ini. t.
867 ; Cook & Collins, Econ. Pl. Porto Rico (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.

viii. 1903) t. 44.

Vernac. names.—lku Ekun (Lagos, Foster); Kilanjananahary
(Madagascar, Heckel); Maluvo, 'angilla, Maluvo-iamgilla,
Maluvo-iamconco (Loanda, Welwitsch); Molonillo (Porto Rico,
Cook & Collins); Matisil (Bombay, Moloney, Dymock, Watt);
Cordao do Frade (Brazil, Moloney); Rascamoño (Porto Rico,
Amades, Dymock).—Catmint-leaved Leonotis.

Cosmopolitan in the tropics.

A decoction of the plant is used in diseases of the abdomen,
Loanda (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iv. p. 879).

An annual, 2-5 ft. high, somewhat coarse in the leaf, but very
ornamental when in flower; dense whorls, 2-2} in. across, yellow,
with large bracts. Easily grown, and commonly found as a weed
in waste places. —

TrNNEA, Kotschy & Peyr.

Tinnea aethiopica, Kotschy § Peyr.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 497.

Ill.—Kotschy, PI. Tinneanea, tir Bot. Mag. t. 5637, t. 6744
var. dentata); Journ. Hort. Ser. 3, xxvi. p. 95.

Ka Dalziel, No. 108, 1907, Herb. Kew) and gener lly in
a erm Dali, No. and generally i

A shrub, 3-6 ft. high, ornamental, with a perfume of violets.