Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club.

MEMOIRS

OF THE

ONT aad ee

PRESS OF :
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS

No. 1

A contribution to our knowledge of Arisaema triphyllum. F. L.
PıckerT. Pp. 1-55. pl. 1-5. Issued August 30, 1915.

No. 2

Descriptions of Cuban plants new to science. Pp. 57-118. N. L.
Brirron. Issued September 13, 1920.

No. 3
The correspondence of Schweinitz and Torrey. Edited by ©. L.

SHEAR and NEIL E. Stevens. ` Pp. 119-300. pl. 6-7. Issued
July 16, 1921.

2S eee er Se

ee ae

A contribution to our knowledge of Arisaema triphyllum
F. L. Piekeir

(WITH PLATES I—5 AND 70 TEXT FIGURES)

SECTIONAL TOPICS

ENI ROOOCTORY. 5.5 0.0% en oa 0 Oe at ee ae ee ees I
‘TIME OF DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWERS. so aeae 00 a 3
THE STAMINATE FLOWER AND MICROSPORES................ 4
Vere we ares WEOWHE 8c oe oS T |
TE PR a NS ek eae ode Se eek bale Poss 9
ee Wie saa os in sil So's gee ey We we Mie tis II
Cs Ns oc cpg ees eae ee te cs webs 13
PR cc ae ta Po eed ale ce SERAN 17
TEHE RESIDUAL CANIN e E N en Sv ee ek 20
TRE SEED COATS. AS oe Go ees A e E es wea es 21
EME BRUIT. aean IGRI Ci le ee ee Oe sa ue eases ne 23
DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE OF THE CORM...............--0-- 24
THE ROOT WET os iia ed Be ee es oe Pw 8 31I
LEAF STRUCTURE AND PEVELOPMENT... Le. o auela 33
SrRucTume OF PRIIOLE AND SCAPE... n.o... ona 36
MEE ek E ees 38
E RINE SN cee ee os yg ee Le pee theta 39
, TERATOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND VARIATION...........-.- 43
RELATION TO UROMYCES CACAD 200 <2.) i. as. 48
SUMMARY 505 a ee ee eee Ve eke 49

INTRODUCTORY

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott (TEXT FIG. 1) is one of the
most common as well as most widely distributed of the aroids.
As such it would seem profitable to give it more attention than
has been given. The present work is the result of an attempt
to bring together and check up what has been reported, to com-
plete fragmentary parts of reported history, and to call special
attention to any features new or unique. It is not the intention
to enter into any theoretical discussion, but to present facts as
observed. The work has extended over a period of six consecutive

[MEMOIRS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, VOLUME 16, No. 1. Issued Aug.

30, 1915.]
I

2 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

years. Findings have been checked up by observation of two or
more years in nearly every case. Almost three thousand plants
have been under observation in the field during this period, and

Wal baked

We
Fic. 1. A clump of “Jacks” showing general habit. X 14 (about).

nearly two thousand plants have been grown in cultures under
controlled conditions. The data presented, unless otherwise
stated, may be considered as true of plants in Monroe County,

_——

aay Ai EE aa SOE ee RE SE SS ee Se ee eee Sa ee ee,

bo |

ee a ee ee, ee ee ee ee a nt eee Pape! ee eT a i ete ee
: 3 ee Ea aT a Baar CE aR

TIME OF DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWERS 3

Indiana, and should be compared with those from other sections
with due allowance for differences in climatic conditions.

TIME OF DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWERS

That the flower buds of many early blooming perennial herbs
are formed during the season preceding their appearance has been
long known. In the case of A. triphyllum this fact was reported
and some structural details given by Foerste in 1883 (10). In
another paper, in 1891, Foerste (11) again speaks of the develop-
ment of the buds of A. triphyllum and sets the earliest date for
finding of the bud and flower as the “ middle of August,” for plants
growing in the vicinity of Rutland, Vermont.

No description need be given here other than the statement
that the flower bud together with the undeveloped leaf or leaves
lies (TEXT FIG. 2; PLATE 4, FIG. 56) on the morphological tip of
the corm directly under the bases of the season’s leaves, and is
surrounded by three or more close, sheathing,
fleshy scales, the whole forming the terminal
bud. In southern Indiana considerable
variation is shown in the time of flower bud
formation. Specimens collected during the
last week of June frequently show flower
clusters sufficiently developed for the recog-
nition of individual anthers or ovules. Some
specimens collected at this time show
sporogenous tissue clearly differentiated.
By the first week of August nearly all the
plants except those having fruit clusters
have withered and died. Examination of
corms at this time shows most of the buds
well developed. Many ovules show the
primary archesporial cell and many anthers, n ee pica
all stages up to well-formed pollen spores. Anami 14. Sa
In marked contrast to the conditions just
noted, a considerable number of corms examined in late summer
show nothing but bud initials, neither leaves nor flower buds
being evident. This is equally true of plants which have borne
staminate and pistillate flowers during the current season.

4 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

Whether or not these plants would bear flowers the following year
cannot be determined with certainty; but the finding of an oc-
casional plant in March or early April showing active tetrad di-
visions indicates the probability that such plants pass the winter
with the buds very immature. The wide variations just noted
have been observed both in the greenhouse, where all the plants of
a group have received identical treatment, and in the field.

Of the accessory floral structures the spathe develops first,
and shows the appearance of a miniature but otherwise perfect
envelope (TEXT FIG. 2) before the reduction division of the pollen
mother cells or the investment of the nucellus by the integuments.
With the resumption of activity in the spring the spathe grows
rapidly, as a leaf, and is mature before the flower breaks through
the soil. The sterile club of the spadix appears as a small conical
protuberance above the flower clusters when the individual anthers
can first be recognized, and makes its chief growth after the
spring development begins. Its mature form is not attained
until the flowers are fully developed.

As would be expected from the great difference in the time of
development of the flower parts, there is much variation in the
time of maturity of the inflorescence. If March be mild and warm,
a few “Jacks” may be seen during the first week of April. Most
of the plants are in full bloom during the last week of April and
the first half of May. A few fresh flower clusters may be found
during the first week of June.

It has been observed that the first flowers to appear are
staminate. All through the season the staminate spikes are found
mature before the pistillate spikes of plants in the same group.
Even more striking is the difference in time of maturity of flowers
on mixed spikes. On the spikes where the oldest ovule shows a
megaspore mother cell with a resting nucleus, anthers with com-
pleted tetrads have been found. On older spikes anthers discharg-
ing spores have been found with ovules showing tetrads of mega-
spores or the germination of such.

THE STAMINATE FLOWER AND MICROSPORE
The staminate spike is 5-10 mm. long and its axis 2-4 mm.
in thickness, being rather more slender than that of the pistillate

Rr ee ae ee ee ae ee ee

THE STAMINATE FLOWER AND MICROSPORE 5

spike. The flowers are contiguous before dehiscence, and some-
times show a somewhat spiral arrangement. Each flower is
composed of a nearly sessile group of one to six yellow, purple, or
mottled anthers, whose filaments are entirely confluent. The
anthers are crescent- or U-shaped. They are usually arranged in
pairs with the concave sides together; but in case of odd-numbered
groups, this arrangement is lost. In some cases the groups are
borne on pedicels as much as 2 mm. long, a condition common
among staminate flowers at the top of a pistillate spike (PLATE 4,
FIG. 59). In his brief discussion Rowlee (25, p. 369) described the
filaments as cohering, and the anthers as simple in structure. The
meaning of this statement is not quite clear. The writer finds a
tendency of the anthers to be two-celled. There are always at
least two groups of primary archesporial cells, which in many
anthers are confluent long before the pollen mother cells are formed.
In other anthers the locules remain distinct almost up to the time
of dehiscence (PLATE 2, FIG. 29).

At the time of preparation for the heterotypic division of the
pollen mother cells, the sporangium wall is composed of a single
epidermal layer and three or four layers of sterile cells. The two
outer layers of sterile cells form the wall proper, and the one or two
inner layers are clearly differentiated as tapetum. The mature
sporangium has a wall composed of an outer layer of epidermis,
an inner layer of partly disorganized sterile cells, and between
these two, a third layer composed of palisade-like cells with
thickened walls (PLATE 2, FIG. 29).

The two divisions of the pollen mother cell are as in the lily.
The first division is followed by the formation of a wall before the
second begins. All the cells of one locule show about the same
stage of development; although the different flowers of one spike
may at one time show all stages from resting nuclei to mature
pollen spores. In 1899 Atkinson (2) studied the details of the re-
duction division. The writer has nothing to add at this time, as
questions of a purely cytological nature are out of the realm of the
present work. The second division has not been studied in detail,
but an examination of the preparations at hand has shown noth-

. ing unusual. As reported by Atkinson (2, p. 5) the gametophytic

nuclei show sixteen chromosomes. The tetrad is spherical with

6 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

the dividing walls in various intersecting planes. Soon after the
completion of the second division the spores round off and separate.

The first division of the pollen spore nucleus does not occur
until the walls are well formed. The generative cell is isolated
by the formation of a delicate wall. The second division occurs
just about the time of germination. The mature pollen spores are
spherical with an average diameter of 19 microns. Both intine
and exine are well developed, the latter being quite firm, without
evident pores, and thickly set with short, slender spines.

The germination of the pollen spore and the peculiarities of
the pollen tube have been briefly described by Rowlee (25). In
the examination of pollen germinated on fresh stigmas, the writer
has found that the pollen tubes rarely grow straight but tend to
become twisted or folded, although to a less extent than found by
Rowlee in the case of spores germinated in an anther cavity. The
tube winds about among the outer stigmatic hairs, through the
hollow style, and then among the
hairs of the inner stigmatic brush
before reaching a micropyle.

An interesting point in con-
nection with the pollen spore for-
mation is the appearance of wan-
dering tapetal nuclei, as described
by Duggar (9) for Symplocarpus
foetidus. Just at the beginning
of the second tetrad division, the
tapetal cells begin to disorganize
by dissolving their walls. When
the pollen spores begin to round
off and separate, nearly all the

Migrating tapetal nuclei.
G, a quiescent stage common

among almost mature pollen spores.
E, pollen spore drawn for comparison

Other figures show amoeboid
forms suggestive of movement.

the developing spores.

tapetal cells have lost their walls,
and the protoplasm and nuclei
have passed out into the mass of
spores. The protoplasm appears
as a nearly homogenous mass,
with faint vacuoles, surrounding

The nuclei have enlarged, and become

rather densely granular, with distinct nucleoli and vacuoles

> Sy

THE PISTILLATE FLOWER 7

(TEXT FIG. 3). Whether these nuclei move about in the fluid
mass or are carried among the spores by the movement of the
protoplasm escaping from the tapetal cells has not been deter-
mined, but the forms of the nuclei and their even distribution
seem to indicate individual movement. That these free nuclei
perform some life function is indicated by their persistence up
to the maturity of the pollen spores.
THE PISTILLATE FLOWER ~
The pistillate flowers arise as broad, contiguous protuberances

on the lower portion of the short conical tips of the central axis
(TEXT FIG. 4). The development of the ovary wall and the

=. 1 Ag

Hea Loihi ; ¢ pintillate opil bi
only.

Fics. 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 show in diagram, successive stages in development of ovary-

Fic. 6 is a cross section of 7 through

FIG. ro represents a longitudinal section of an almost mature ovary, showing
the beii of the stigmatic hairs at S. All X 30 (nearly).

beginning of the ovules is shown in TEXT FIGS. 5-10. A section
of a mature ovary is shown in PLATE 2, FIG. 33. The one to six
orthotropous ovules develop from a small basal placenta. The
placenta represents in this case the end of the branch axis, and
the ovules, when more than one, seem to be lateral outgrowths.
As the ovary wall closes above the cavity the margin is broadened
and flattened so that the lower edge closes first, leaving a funnel-
like opening (TEXT FIG. 9). Continued growth of the wall and of

8 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

the upper edge narrows this opening and so produces a kind of
hollow style (TEXT FIG. 10).

About the time the opening in the style reaches its smallest
size, the epidermal cells at the upper and lower margins begin to
elongate, forming first papilla-like outgrowths (TEXT FIG. 10),
and then long, club-shaped hairs (PLATE 2, FIG. 33). Rowlee (25)
described and figured the stigma of A. triphyllum. Briefly stated,
the two stigmatic tufts, one inside and one outside the ovary, are
similar, being composed of long, club-shaped hairs without septa.
The outer hairs of each tuft are the longer, the central ones shorter
until in the tube of the style they are mere papillae (PLATE 2, FIG.
26). The hairs of the inner tuft are similar in form, but a few of
them become filled with a waxy substance just before maturity
(PLATE 2, FIG. 24). These wax cells break down, and the wax,
diluted, spreads through the upper part of the ovary, between the
ovules and into the micropyles as a thin slime (PLATE 2, FIG. 33).
At first glance the presence of this slime might be taken as an
adaptation facilitating the passage of the pollen tube from the stig-
matic brush to the micropyle. But the fact that cases have been
observed where fertilization has taken place without the breaking
down of the wax cells or the presence of any slime in the cavity
discredits such a theory and leaves the use of the cells a question.

The development of the ovule has been described by the author
(20), and as it shows no unusual features will be given but brief
mention here. Two integuments are formed, the first appearing
about the time the archesporial cell is differentiated. When the
megaspores are mature the nucellus is entirely invested by the
two integuments whose masses of enlarged cells form massive
walls about the micropyle. The condition of the integuments
about the micropyle is shown in PLATE 2, FIG. 27, almost the same
as at the time of maturity.

The mature flower consists of a single ovary attached by a
very short stem to the axis of the spadix (PLATE 2, FIG. 33). The
ovaries are arranged in a more or less regular spiral order in
the spike and are crowded together from the beginning so that
they are polygonal in section (PL. 4, FIG. 59; TEXT FIG. 6). The
crowded condition continues through the development of the fruit,
leaving the berries with flattened sides.

EMBRYO-SAC 9

THE EMBRYO-SAC

The development of the embryo-sac of Arisaema triphyllum
was first studied by Strasburger in 1879 (26). Later Mottier (18)
and Gow (13) worked out most of the details in the development of
this structure. In 1913 (20) the writer reviewed the earlier work
and made some additions and corrections. For the sake of con-
tinuity the findings of that work will be briefly restated here.

One to four megaspore mother cells are formed independently
in the hypodermal layer of the ovule tip. Each of these may
produce a tetrad of potential megaspores. One or more of these
megaspores may germinate and produce a typical eight-celled
embryo-sac. More than one embryo-sac may be formed in each
nucellus. The fusion of the polar nuclei is doubtful. The anti-
podal cells rarely develop fully as in typical angiosperms.

The points of this part of the history worthy of further atten-
tion are as follows. As already stated, a regular tetrad of mega-
spores, variously placed, is formed. Later work has shown that
these megaspores are potentially the same, and that even when
more than one tetrad is formed many from the plural groups may
germinate (PLATE 1, FIG. E). Thereisno rule of precedence in later
development, the matter of quickness of starting and rapidity of
growth giving some one spore, as a rule, advantage over the others.
One striking example of the precedence of the lowest spore of each
of two tetrads has been observed (PLATE 1, FIG. 2), but the consider-
ation of this as a regular order is prevented by the many cases
where the uppermost or some of the intermediate spores develop
into the embryo-sac. That one megaspore usually develops first
and at the expense of the others is, of course, indicated by the
common formation of but one embryo-sac; while occasional ap-
pearance of plural sacs in a nucellus proves the possibility of the
growth of more than one spore.

At the time of publishing the earlier paper investigations were
under way to determine definitely the action of the polar nuclei
and the fate of the antipodal cells. The flowers of another season
have been examined since that time, more than two hundred
preparations showing approximately mature embryo-sacs having
been made. The following seems to be the usual course of events.
The two polar nuclei float about for some time in the embryo-sac

10 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

cavity, enlarge in size, and finally fuse near the chalazal end.
That the nuclei always fuse seems certain from the examination of
many preparations showing the nuclei in contact and in partial
fusion. The idea is made more certain by the fact that no one of
many preparations of past mature but sterile embryo-sacs ex-
amined show free polar nuclei. A wide difference in the position
of the nuclei at the time of fusion has been noted in a few cases.
In one instance the contiguous nuclei were near the micropylar
end, and in five cases they were near the middle of the embryo-sac.

After the fusion of the polar nuclei the endosperm nucleus is
almost universally found well down in the chalazal end of the
cavity, being in some cases almost in contact with the antipodal
cells. A remarkable exception was shown by one embryo-sac in
which the fusion nucleus was close beside a synergid.

The three antipodal nuclei sink close to the chalazal extremity
of the sac, and are soon surrounded by cell walls (PLATE 1, FIG. 4).
For a very short time they retain their appearance of living cells;
but by the time fertilization takes place, they may be seen as
shrunken, deeply staining masses pressed close in the chalazal
extremity. With the activity of the vegetative nucleus in the
residual cavity and the accompanying disorganization of the
lower nucellar tissue, the antipodals entirely disappear.

As stated in the former report (20, p. 233) a normal egg ap-
paratus (PLATE I, FIG. 5) is formed. Some variations may be worth
noting. The synergids sometimes show the principal vacuole
above instead of below the nucleus. In some cases (PLATE I, FIG.
3) synergids as large as the egg cell have been observed. A notice-
able feature is the frequent occurrence of an egg cell reaching far
down into the sac cavity (PLATE 1, FIG. 4). Inat least one case the
egg nucleus was carried toa position near the center of the cavity.

In two preparations from different plants embryo-sacs of mature

dimensions were observed, with the primary endosperm nucleus

and the shrunken antipodals expected in mature sacs, but showing
instead of the normal egg apparatus, the three micropylar
nuclei, each inclosed by a mass of protoplasm and a cell wall,
floating free in a group in a cell cavity. The similarity of these
cells suggests a question as to the primary difference between
the synergids and the egg cell and as to what may bring about the
final differentiation in the group.

ots úa gees Har a 3 ee a eee
oa aa Ae a ae ieee

Y

aY.

POLLINATION Li

The mature embryo-sac is of the typical monocotyledonous
form. It is covered with a cap of nucellar tissue rich in starch,
and rests upon a considerable basal mass of the same kind of
tissue. Four to eight days may pass between the maturing of
the embryo-sac and the withering of the stigma and consequent
impossibility of fertilization. During this time the embryo-sac
may almost double in size. The greatest change in surrounding
tissue to be noted during this time is in the lateral portions of the
nucellus. In some cases sacs just mature with fertilized eggs have
been found completely invested with a layer of nucellus. In
others the last vestiges of lateral nucellus have disappeared before
fertilization.

POLLINATION

The pollination of A. triphyllum presents a problem which has
either escaped the notice of investigators or has baffled attempts
at solution. In the case of bisexual spikes where securing pollina-
tion would seem to be a simple matter, the staminate flowers mature
so long before the pistillate that their pollen is probably inactive
when the ovaries are mature. The dioecious character of most
of the flowers makes cross pollination necessary. The pollen is
slightly adhesive, and being borne deep in the hooded spathe, has
practically no chance to be carried by the wind. There are no
nectaries or similar structures connected with either staminate
or pistillate clusters. In a few spathes insects have been observed
eating the stigmatic hairs of pistillate flowers; but this has been

- observed so few times that the idea of insects coming to the spathes

to feed on the stigmatic hairs cannot be entertained. As men-
tioned in the description of the pistillate flower some of the hairs
formed inside the ovary produce a gum which is later reduced to a
slimy mass filling the ovary cavity. Whether or not this produces
an odor attractive to insects can only be conjectured.

A brief reference to the structure of the two forms of inflor-
escence will make clearer the observations on insect visitation.
The space between the pistillate spike and its spathe (TEXT
FIG. 11) is much less than in the case of the staminate spike
(TEXT FIG. 12). Such a difference is quite general, although it is
not always as great as shown in the figures. In fact, while
the staminate spathe may be entered and left again by

E3 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

small flies and bees without inconvenience or danger, the narrow
space around the pistillate spike would make it quite difficult
or impossible for the same insects, once
in such close quarters, to escape. Ob-
servations have proven that many in-
sects find this a veritable death trap.
With a view of securing some defi-
nite basis for a possible explanation of
the pollination question, about two
thousand plants have been examined
and the results with reference to insect
visitation tabulated. Different sets of
data have been so nearly alike in per-
: tudinal Centage ratios, that a full account of but
section aii ha pah of one group will be given. From 9-10

a pistillate spike, showing the Ą.M. on a bright, warm day, May 18,
narrow space about the flower

cluster. Reduced about %.
Fic. 12. Similar section and an equal number of mature pistil-
showing EARP pen late clusters were examined. The
IPA flowers, and —taminate spathes showed a total of 70
spathe ze baa cies E Sea ae
living and 73 dead insects. The pistillate
spathes showed a total of 60 living and 557 dead insects. This set
of observations could be duplicated many times. The following
variations should be noted. In mid-afternoon and early evening
few living insects are found in either staminate or pistillate spathes.
The greatest number of insects have been found about midday of
dark and rainy days. Insects found in staminate spathes are
well dusted over with pollen, and many of those found in pistillate
spathes also carry pollen on body, wings or legs. The data given
above would seem to indicate that the insects seek the spathes for
hiding or shelter. Those entering staminate spathes may go out
again readily, but carry with them a load of pollen. If the second
spathe entered surrounds a pistillate spike, the pollen will probably
be left on the stigmas as the insect struggles to escape. This, of
course, implies a purely accidental transfer of pollen. The fact
that more living insects are found in pistillate spathes than in
staminate, as well as the finding of occasional visitors feeding on
the stigmas indicates a possible attraction of the pistillate cluster.

100 mature staminate flower clusters

oaa

EMBRYOGENY 13

Instances like the following strengthen such an idea. In a cluster
of plants in the greenhouse one pistillate and twelve staminate
clusters were mature at the same time. Examination of these at
midday showed 25 living insects in the pistillate spathe and no
living insects in any of the others. This is an extreme case, to be
sure, but it is not unique.

To summarize the case briefly: It is certain. that pollen is
carried by insects which seek the spathe, probably for shelter or
hiding. The slight space around the pistillate spike insures the
transfer of pollen from insect to stigma. There is evidence of
insects being attracted to the pistillate flower cluster; but outside
of the possible use of the stigma for food or a possible odor from
the slime filling the ovary cavity, the cause of such attraction is
unknown.

EMBRYOGENY

The only published account of the embryogeny of Arisaema
triphyllum is that by Gow in 1908 (13). The findings of that
paper, briefly stated, are as follows: The fertilized egg does not
divide until after the endosperm development has begun. The
first two divisions are transverse followed by a longitudinal division
(13, f. 20-22). The figures show a regular chain of two and of
three cells, without showing their relation to the basal cell cut off
by the true first division. :

The following notes are based on the study of more than two
hundred preparations covering the phases of development de-
scribed.

At the time of entrance of the male nucleus, the egg nucleus is
well defined and about the size of the synergid nuclei. After
fertilization the egg nucleus increases in size so that at the time
of segmentation for the first division it has reached about twice
its former diameter. This resting stage, if it may be so designated,
is about twenty-four hours in length. As reported by Gow (13,
p- 42) the fertilized egg does not divide until after the endosperm
has well started (PLATE I, FIG. 9; PLATE 2, FIG. 30). In fact the

perm mass may be composed of twenty cells before the first
division occurs. Ovules fixed 86 hours after pollination show em-
bryos of two to six cells, and endosperm of twenty to forty cells.
Those fixed 72 hours after pollination show eggs ready for the first

es jaui

14 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

division and endosperm from the free nucleate stage up to twenty
cells.

i The first division of the fertilized egg results in the formation
of-a small embryo cell and a large suspensor cell (PLATE 1, FIGS. 7, ;
11). The suspensor cell may divide at least once immediately
(PLATE 1, FIGS. 12, 13), and later undergoes several divisions (TEXT
FIGS. 13-19). The development of the complex suspensor shown

oN

Fics. a3, 14. Embryos with two growing regions newly differentiated. The
section in FIG. I3 is just a little diagonal. X 65

Fics. 13-18. Embryos of increasing age, showing arrangement of cells and
development of suspensor. 13, 14, 17, X 65; 15, 16, 18, X 165.

Fic. 18. An embryo with the suspensor group pushed into the broken down
nucellar cap, NC. X 165

Fic. 19. An unusually complex suspensor group and an embryo deeply buried
in the endosperm. X 65. is and FIG. 17 show the thickening of the suspensor y
cell walls

T lee ee N,

Fic. 20. Cross section of an embryo similar to that in FIG. 16. X 165

Fic. 21. A diagrammatic longitudinal section of an almost mature embryo.
XAS:
Fic. 21a. Detail drawing of plumule of FIG. 21. X 65.

FO ee et ee ee PCy eh oe

does not take place until the embryo has assumed asomewhat globu- ;
lar form, as in TEXT FIG. 15, where two or three divisions have 7
occurred and the resultant cells enlarged. As growth of embryo 2
and endosperm proceeds, the suspensor cells form thick walls, and
become closely connected with the aleurone layer of the endo-

EMBRYOGENY 15

sperm (TEXT FIGS. 17, 19). The extension of the suspensor mass
beyond the endosp into the remnant of the nucellar cap with its
cells full of starch (TEXT FIGS. 15, 18) suggests a possible function
as an absorbing agent. Again a peculiar development has been
noted as in TEXT FIG. 19, where the crowding of the surrounding
endosperm has forced the embryo, at an early stage, farther than
usual from the surface. The embryo has retained its connection
with the surface layer, however, by means of a more than usually
complex suspensor system. PLATE I, FIG. 8, shows a four-celled
embryo and two very short suspensor cells. In the formation of a
well-developed suspensor, Arisaema triphyllum stands alone
among the aroids of which we have full descriptions. Pistia with
its globular embryo and no suspensor as described by Hegelmeier
has been taken as the type of the group. More recently Campbell
has described Lysichiton kamtschatcense (5) and Nephthytis liberica
(7) as producing an embryo without suspensors. In speaking of
Anthurium violaceum Campbell (7, p. 334) says, “the egg . . . is
attached by a broad base to the apex of the sac.” He also speaks
of a rudimentary suspensor formed by the division of the basal seg-
ment of the embryo in this species. This seems to be quite sim-
ilar to Aglaonema commutatum as reported by the same author
(6), which is said to show the embryo attached to the wall of the
embryo-sac by a cell which might be considered a suspensor.
Campbell also reports for Spathicarpa sagittaefolia the cutting off
of a small basal or suspensor cell by the first division of the fer-
tilized egg. In Arisaema triphyllum, as already stated, the first
division produces two unequal cells, the basal and larger one of
which is similar to that cut off by the first division in Anthurium
and Aglaonema. But in Arisaema this cell by repeated divisions
produces a complex suspensor system.

Returning to the development of the embryo proper, it has
been observed that a second and even a third transverse division
may take place (PLATE 1, FIG. 10). The greater number of the prep-
arations show the second division in a vertical plane, as in PLATE 1,
FIGS. 13, 14. A second vertical division across the plane of the
first produces a four-celled embryo. The four-celled embryo is
loosely held together and covers the top of the suspensors as a
disk-like cap. The later divisions have not been followed in

16 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

detail. Growth takes place by a division of all the cells of the
embryo, resulting in the formation of a symmetrical, globular
body (TEXT FIGS. 15, 16,18). TEXT FIG. 20 shows a cross section
of such an embryo as is shown in longitudinal section in TEXT
FIG. 16. At this stage there is no differentiation other than the
formation of a distinct epidermal layer. The form soon changes
from globular to ovoid and then tends toward cylindrical. During
these changes two growing regions develop. The distal portion
develops the cylindrical cotyledon while a lateral protuberance
shows the initials of the plumule (TExT FIGS. 13, 14). The coty-
ledon continues growth both in length and width much more
rapidly than the plumule and finally
surrounds the latter almost entirely
(TEXT FIG. 23 B).

The mature embryo is 1-1.5 mm. in
length and approximately one fourth as
thick. It is cylindrical or ellipsoidal in
form, attached to the endosperm periph-
ery by the hardened suspensor cells at
the radicle extermity, and lying in a
cavity lined by the collapsed endo-
sperm cells from which the food ma-
terial has been absorbed. It shows
clearly marked dermatogen, periblem
and plerome areas below the plu-

mule, with a well developed calyptrogen

Fic. 22, Reconstructed and cap as in a normal root. The
Vascular system for mature j
eikbryo. (XX JK plumule shows one leaf enveloping a

FIG. 23A. ees stem initial group wholly or nearly so
cr©ss section of FIG. 22 at A. (TEXT FIGS. 22, 23B). The vascular

T e Diagrammatic system of the embryo shows only funda-
cr@ss section $ FIG. 22 at B.,
DP. de ED; branches mental elements—largely protophloem,
of aes strand. L’, L”, and consists of a cylinder in the radicle
ce and forward lateral with six primary branches just below the

plumule (TEXT FIGS. 22, 23A). The
largest or dorsal strand with two laterals produced at about the
level of the plumule tip extends almost to the extreme tip of the
cotyledon. There are two lateral pairs of branches, one in the

ENDOSPERM 17

median lateral region and one in the anterior portion of the sides.
All these branches produce short spurs and anastomose rather
freely near their distal extremities. The sixth strand, which
must be considered the extension of- the main axis, passes into
the plumule and scale leaf.

The diagram and description given are intended to cover
only the more constant features. The differentiation of the parts
depends upon the development of the embryo as a whole. In
some seeds whose development was cut short by an early drought,
but which, none the less, were viable and produced vigorous
seedlings, the embryos showed scarcely a trace of vascular strands.
In others with long growth period, the primary xylem elements
were evident before germination.

THE ENDOSPERM

At the time of the entrance of the pollen tube the embryo-sac
contains a normal egg apparatus, three inactive, shrunken antip-
odals and an endosperm nucleus. This endosperm nucleus,
found usually near the chalazal end but sometimes near the middle
or even in the micropylar end of the sac, is the most conspicuous
nucleus in the cavity. A little before the fusion of the sperm
and egg nuclei, the endosperm nucleus divides. Whether or not
there is a fusion of one male nucleus with the endosperm nucleus
can not be stated positively. Gow (13) states that a second male
nucleus enters the embryo-sac and approaches the endosperm
nucleus; but he did not observe any fusion or even contact of the
two. The writer has not seen any direct proof of such a fusion;
but its occurrence is suggested by the fact that division of the
endosperm nucleus has been found only at a time shortly after
the entrance of the pollen tube into the embryo-sac. This relation
is further indicated by the failure of the endosperm nucleus to
divide in embryo-sacs untouched by pollen tubes, a fact abun-
dantly proved by the careful examination of numerous sterile
ovules beside those developing into normal seeds as well as those
from spikes protected from possible pollination. The finding of
but six examples of the division of the endosperm nuclei in one
bunch of 150 ovules showing stages from mere entrance of the
pollen tube up to the formation of the first walls between the free

18 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

endosperm nuclei, indicates that the division of the primary
nucleus and the migration of the daughter nuclei take place very
quickly.

At the time of the division of the primary endosperm nucleus,
the protoplasm in the embryo-sac becomes highly vacuolated or
frothy, many small vacuoles taking the place of the few large ones
usually found (PLATE I, FIG. 6). Some preparations seem to show
a delicate cross wall formed after the first division of the endosperm
nucleus. Most of the preparations seem to indicate that nothing
more than a slight condensation of the protoplasm occurs. It
seems certain that one daughter of the endosperm nucleus moves
toward the egg and by two or three consecutive divisions produces
four to eight free nuclei in the upper portion of the embryo-sac,
PLATE I, FIG: 6. Contrary to the report of Gow (13, p. 42) these
nuclei do not retire to the periphery of the cavity but remain
scattered promiscuously through its upper portion. There is a
slight tendency for all to move toward the micropylar end of the
sac, so that the mass of large irregular endosperm cells, produced
by the formation of walls in all directions about the nuclei, is
crowded into that portion of the cavity (PLATE I, FIGS. 7, 9, I2).
Congregation in the upper end is further produced by the rapid
increase of liquid contents in the lower or residual cavity. The
embryo-sac enlarges rapidly at the time of fertilization and the
remnant of the lateral nucellar tissue is quickly disorganized. As
a result, not infrequently the nuclei of this tissue are seen in
contact with the thin walls of the new endosperm cells or even
buried in the protoplasm of the cavity before walls are formed, so
as to seem to belong to the endosperm. At this early stage,
however, the active endosperm nuclei are quite large and well
organized, frequently showing two or more nucleoli. In older
cells the nuclei are smaller and resemble those of the nucellar tissue
closely enough to be confused with them.

The formation of the endosperm as just described leaves the
egg cell (and the synergids if not destroyed) closely invested by
the upper end of a large endosperm cell (PLATE 1, FIG. 9) or by two
or three such cells (PLATE 1, FIGS. 7,11, 14). Fora time further
growth of the endosperm is accomplished by the division of the
cells bordering the first wall formed across the embryo-sac cavity.

See Ena de 3 = j zš d e E ee
O A eee. a T ee a Sa eee ee BE i

ENDOSPERM 19

Here a well-defined plate is soon formed (PLATE 1, FIG. 7; PLATE 2,
FIG. 30). These lower cells continue to divide and grow, pushing
the mass into the lower cavity. The pressure of the liquid contents
of this cavity opposes the encroaching mass and causes its dome-
like form. Growth of the whole mass of endosperm continues,
more rapidly near the lower margins, less rapidly in the central
portion, until the residual cavity is surrounded except at the
chalazal end where the base of the nucellus and the adjoining in-
tegumentary tissue has been broken down. Soon after a definite
plate of endosperm has been formed next to the residual cavity,
there is developed a region of specially active tissue two or three
cells above the lower surface of this plate (PLATE 2, FIG. 25). By
the active multiplication and growth of the cells in this region the
plate is forced downward into the residual cavity, and the mass
of endosperm is increased. By the same action the cells of the
endosperm bordering the residual cavity are subjected to lateral
pressure between the restraining walls of the integuments until
they become long, narrow and palisade like. During this time
the large cells first formed have divided until they have surrounded
the embryo with small, compact cells in
every way similar to those composing
the mass of the endosperm.

When the endosperm mass is about
one third formed there appears a
peripheral layer of cells unlike those of
the body of endosperm. By periclinal
division of these an irregular layer of
short flat cells is formed, varying abruptly
from one to five cells in thickness.
TEXT FIGS. 24-26 show consecutive steps
in the development of this layer. These
cells are ultimately filled with protein
food stuff, probably aleurone. In the _ MSS 24-26. Three stages

in the development of the pe-
mature seed the endosperm cells, except dictions pubis teil Vasee
the aleurone layer, are filled with starch of the endosperm. Fic. 26 was
in the form of small simple and com- drawn from a section of almost
pound grains. The process b egins in matureendosperm. All, X 52.
the peripheral cells of the upper portion and extends downward

20 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

and towards the center. A cylindrical portion immediately be-
low the embryo is the last to befilled. The cells about the em-
bryo lose their starch to the growing embryo and remain as a
mass of crushed cell walls.

The characteristic feature of Arisaema among the aroids is
the segregation and the sterility of one daughter of the primary
endosperm nucleus and the migration of the active endosperm
nuclei to the micropylar portion of the embryo-sac cavity. The
formation of a few free nuclei followed by the formation of walls
simultaneously between these occurs in Lysichiton kamtschatcense
(4), but in that case the walls extend entirely across the cavity
instead of breaking it up into irregular cells; and the whole cavity
is divided up by these cross walls instead of a rather small micro-
pylar portion as in Arisaema. ‘The formation and persistence for
a time of large endosperm cells in the micropylar extremity of the
cavity has been noted in Lysichiton (4) and in Aglaonema com-
mutatum (6). Along with the other forms, there is in Arisaema
no migration of the free endosperm nuclei to the peripheral layer
of protoplasm.

THE RESIDUAL CAVITY

As noted elsewhere the formation of endosperm in the upper
portion of the embryo-sac leaves in the basal portion a large cavity,
which may be designated as the residual cell or cavity (PLATE 2, FIG.
31). This cavity contains a lining layer of protoplasm, abundant
cell sap and a daughter of the primary endosperm nucleus. The
nucleus is the most conspicuous feature of the cavity, having the
appearance of a large resting vegetative nucleus with a well defined
nuclear membrane and a conspicuous nucleolus within the vacuo-
late nuclear sap (PLATE 2, FIG. 32). Before definite marks of de-
composition appear, this nucleus may reach a diameter of 100-110
microns, and its nucleolus a diameter of 20-25 microns. Later
the nucleolus divides or fragments first into a few and then into
many small portions. Soon the nuclear cavity shows a more
marked network of fine threads and by the time the endosperm
has reached half its mature mass, the outline of the greatly enlarged
nucleus becomes irregular, the nucleolar fragments disappear and
only a mass of fine fibrils remain in the cavity. The enlargement
and disintegration continue as the seed matures until the nucleus

jaar Ere See os

THE RESIDUAL CAVITY 21

may filla fourth or more of the residual cavity before finally becom-

ing indistinguishable from the remnants of protoplasm around it.
Immediately after the organization of this vegetative nucleus,

numerous leucoplasts appear in the residual cavity. They are

: found chiefly clustered closely around the large nucleus, which

they sometimes completely envelop with their own mass and that
of the starch they form. The basal nucellar tissue is being rapidly
broken down at this time, and the starch stored in the inner
integument is being withdrawn. It seems to be the business of
this vegetative nucleus and the accompanying leucoplasts to
elaborate the food secured from surrounding tissues for absorption
by the growing endosperm, or in the case of over supply, to re-
organize it into stable starch form. Even after the disorganization
of the nucleus the leucoplasts seem active. They are the last
organized bodies to disappear from the residual cavity, and may be
observed singly or in globular masses of the size of a normal endo-
sperm nucleus after the large nucleus of the cavity has completely
broken down.

A point of special interest to the writer is the fact that in ovules
having no fecundated egg, the primary endosperm nucleus behaves
much as the nucleus just described. The leucoplasts congregate
about it and often almost fill the embryo-sac with masses of starch
grains before the general decline of the tissues begins.

The activity of the vegetative nucleus is accompanied by a
marked increase in the size of the residual cavity. It not only
occupies the place of the disintegrated antipodal cells and basal
nucellar tissue, but it crushes the inner integument from which
the food material has been removed. Finally by the pressure of
its increasing liquid contents it forces the endosperm toward the
micropyle, and spreads the base of the ovule, giving it the char-
acteristic form of the seed (PLATE 2, FIG. 31).

THE SEED COATS

In order to understand fully the steps in the development of
the seed coats, a statement of some nutritive processes preceding
fertilization is necessary. During the tetrad divisions and the
maturing of the megaspores, the cells of the nucellus become filled
with starch. During the growth of the embryo-sac all this starch

22 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

is withdrawn from the lateral portions and much from the basal
portion of the nucellus. From the maturity of the embryo-sac
to the time of fertilization starch is rapidly stored in the integu-
ments, except in their upper portions. Both the integuments
become considerably thickened, and the inner one shows a peculiar
elongation of the cells bordering the basal portion of the embryo-
sac and nucellus (PLATE 2, FIG. 28). A like increase in size of the
cells of the basal nucellar tissue is also noticeable at this time
(PLATE 2, FIG. 27). These cells, as well as those of the integuments,
become well filled with starch, especially if fertilization does not
take place until late. The changes so far noted are not in any
way the result of stimuli connected with pollination or fertiliza-
tion, as is shown by the fact that they occur to a noticeable extent
in ovules of flowers protected from possible pollination, and in
ovules which have failed to develop any embryo-sac, as is the case
shown in PLATE 2, FIG. 27.

After fertilization has taken place the thickening of the integu-
ments and the accompanying gathering of the starch continue for
some time. As is described in connection with the history of the
endosperm, very shortly after the organization of the vegetative
nucleus in the residual cavity, the basal nucellar mass is destroyed.
The subsequent increase in the size of the whole embryo-sac cavity
is due to pressure of rapidly increasing cell sap. At the same time
the food from the integuments is transferred to the residual cavity
and thence to the endosperm and embryo. As a result of this
expansion and food transfer the inner integument is reduced to a
sheath of dead empty cells, crushed against the outer integument.
The food is withdrawn from the second integument by way of
the chalaza, and the inner cells crushed. Before this is ac-
complished the four outer layers of cells form thick cutinized
walls (TEXT FIG. 27), and so produce
a firm outer covering of the seed.
Many of the cells of the outer integ-

. 27. Epidermis and un- ument become filled with a tannin
matic cells with thick walls compound, which Rennert (22) has
ie apni meee TE noted as a preservative measure at

the time of germination. The cell
walls of the integuments persist so that the mature seed is sur-

Siti ea E

Be a ee Sele as

THE FRUIT 23

rounded by two distinct coats. The necks of the integuments
shrink and remain as a beak over the micropyle of the seed. With
the drying of the funiculus and contiguous structures the basal
walls cover the remains of the residual cavity whose presence is
indicated by a more or less marked depression at the base of the
mature seed.

THE FRUIT

The wall of the ovary is composed of a definite epidermal
layer with thickened and somewhat cuticularized walls, and an
inner or lining layer of thin-walled cells. Between these layers
in young ovaries is a loose mass of spongy tissue composed of
nearly isodiametric cells. These spongy tissue cells elongate along
some one axis in various directions and so produce large inter-
cellular spaces. This formation is less evident next to the epi-
dermis where one to three layers of cells retain their earlier form
and position. In the upper part of the ovary the air spaces are
largest, which, together with the formation of many large raphide
cells, makes this portion of the wall much thicker than elsewhere
(PLATE 2, FIGS. 26, 33; TEXT FIG.51). As the seeds mature the
growth of the ovary wall continues so that a considerable space is
formed for the growth of the seed (PLATE I, FIGS. 17, 20). At
this time the chloroplasts break down and irregular, more or less
globular masses of yellow bodies appear in the formerly chloro-
phyll-bearing cells, giving the fruit its characteristic color.

The mature fruit is a scarlet or vermillion berry 3-6 mm. in
diameter, with flattened sides and containing one to six white
seeds (PLATE I, FIGS. 15, 16, 18). As the fruits mature, the axis
of the spike elongates and enlarges by increase of its air spaces so
that the fruits are not more closely crowded than the ovaries at
anthesis (PLATE I, FIGS. 20, 21). The clusters of scarlet or ver-
million berries are among the most conspicuous of late summer
fruits and are carried by birds, mice, and chipmunks. The use
of the fruit pulp as food by animals is made more possible by the
development of a slightly sweet taste and the disappearance of
most of the raphides from the thoroughly ripened pulp.

24 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE OF THE CORM

In a brief paper before the regular winter meeting of the
Indiana Academy of Science in 1912 (19) the writer suggested that
the life of the corms of A. triphyllum was fairly definitely fixed,
no part of the corm probably being more than four years old.
Wider observations of mature corms along with a study of the
development of corms in seedlings makes it possible to add materi-

ally to the report cited.

MacDougal (17) and Rennert (22) have given quite full accounts
of the germination of seeds of A. triphyllum and A. Dracontium and
the development of the seedlings. The author has verified the find-

ings set forth in the

two papers mentioned, with some minor

exceptions to be noted below. The findings of MacDougal and

a,

Ni
LN
}
f

\
\
iu
|

4)

OY

\\
l
p

‘at

A

Qs

. 28. The phello-
derm layer forming beneath
the epidermis, E, of a first
year corm. X 60.

Fic. 28a. An old layer
of phelloderm, P’, and a
new layer, P”, forming
within and cutting off the
exhausted starch cells, S.
R, a raphide cell. X 60

Rennert for A. triphyllum may be briefly
summarized as follows: In the presence
of moisture and suitable temperature the
seeds swell, and the outer rows of testa
cells are dissolved. The starchy endo-
sperm, protected from external agents by
the tannin impregnated cellulose layer of
the testa, is dissolved by diastase formed
by the epithelium of the imbedded em-
bryo. Within the embryo the cotyledon
elongates by a lengthening of its cells and
pushes the hypocotyl and plumule bud
from the seed. By a curvature of the
cotyledon just outside the seed its point is
directed downward. The hypocotyl en-
larges as a result of the increase in size and
number of its cells. By active division of
the procambium cells both in their longi-
tudinal and transverse diameters much new
tissue is rapidly formed. The fibro-vas-
cular system, raphide cells and storage cells

are soon differentiated, while a layer of periderm (TEXT Fic. 28)
consisting of five or six layers of empty flattened cells arises on
the outside of the enlarged portion and finally separates the newly

formed corm from the cotyledon.

While these changes have been

ap eae a ee ee ell!

DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE OF THE CORM 25

taking place, growth and development of the parts of the plumule
has taken place. The first leaf
with its blade closely convolute
and bent forward is pushed up
by the rapidly elongating petiole
(PLATE 3, FIG. 34). Without go-
ing into greater detail, it has been
found that first a primary root
arises at the tip of the hypocotyl
before any considerable enlarge-
ment has taken place, and later
one to three other roots appear
at various points on the lower
half of the young corm. The u
structure and activities of these Fic. 30. A longitudinal section of
roots will be considered in a seedling in Fic. 29, showing one end of the
separate section. Taxt Fics, ‘tviedom, C. in the endosperm, LE, ane
k the other carrying the plumule, P, into
29-34 give the gross structure the soil
and the changes during germi- Fic. 31. A later stage,—section of
naton Pres. 34-40 (PLATE 3) Put of *eeting in ric. 31, showing ad-
Shove the development ee the vanced plumule and the origin of the
“ : secondary roots.
seedling leaf.

The papers cited leave the impression that a primary difference
between the germination of A. triphyllum and A. Dracontium is
in the fact that most seeds of the latter germinate blindly, i. e.,
without producing functional plumules the first season, while the
seeds of the former universally produce functional plumules the
first season. During three years the author has grown many
A. triphyllum seedlings and has always found a considerable
number of blind germinations. The following data from one
season’s cultures will explain. Seeds were freed from the fruit
pulp and planted in good moist loam in 20 cm. flower pots and
given as nearly ideal conditions as possible. Careful record was
made of all leaves appearing above ground during the growing
season, and after all leaves were dead thg corms were removed
and counted.

Fics. 29-34. Germination of seed.

767
Difference, indicat ber of blind g inati 124, or 16 per cent.

26 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

This result has been repeated with slight variations during the
three seasons. Cultures kept in the greenhouse from the time of
planting, those allowed to freeze sharply two or three times and
then brought into the greenhouse, and others allowed to remain
outside during the entire winter all showed about the same
ratio of percentage of seeds producing functional plumules and
of those germinating blindly. These findings have been further
strengthened by the discovery, in cultures of A. triphyllum, of corms
without plumules, very similar to those of A. Dracontium during
the growing season.

Briefly stated, A. triphyllum seeds produce during the first
season underground stems or corms in which is stored the trans-
formed food from the endosperm in the case of those germinating
“blind,” and in addition to this food, that which is produced by
photosynthesis in the first leaf in the case of those producing func-
tional plumules. At the end of the first growing season the corms,
surrounded by a layer of periderm, surmounted by a single terminal
bud, and entirely free from roots and seed remnants, have much the
appearance of well nourished mature plants except in size. The
largest corms found were in cultures with a total growth period of
fifteen weeks. They were 15 mm. long and 12 mm. thick. The
range of size in the corms of these cultures was from 5-12 mm. in
thickness and 6-15 mm. in length, with the exception of a few
which were about the size of seeds. The number of these small
corms was so nearly that of blind germinations in each culture
that a relation between the two is certainly suggested. Fics. 61,
62 (PLATE 4) are from photographs of two such groups of corms.
Fic. 61 probably represents the blind or incomplete germinations
and Fic. 62 a part of the complete germinations from seeds of one
planting.

Some data concerning conditions for germination, not given by
previous investigators, may well be given here. Seeds freed from
the pulp were planted 2 cm. deep in rich loam in flower pots on
November 16. These cultures were divided into three groups,
A, B, C, and subjected to different conditions as follows:

A. These cultures were left in the greenhouse at an average
temperature of 70° F. from the time of planting. The first leaves
appeared above the soil January 15. The last leaves to appear

aN ae Set te i ae ee a ee W AE EEN ee eae ee eee ee en ee: AEE

renee ees ee

DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE OF THE CORM 27

were noted March 26. Thus the total period of germination
covered nearly ten weeks. The total number of germinations
was 86.6 per cent. of the number of seeds planted, and 20 per cent.
of germinations were blind.

These cultures were put outside until March 13 with the
pots buried level with the surface of the soil. They were removed
on March 13 to the greenhouse with an average temperature of
70° F. The first leaves appeared April 3, and the last ones
April 23, showing a germination period of twenty days. The
number of germinations was 87 per cent. of that of the seeds
planted, and of the germinations 19 per cent. were blind.

C. These cultures were left in the greenhouse lobby at an
average temperature of 50° F. until March 12, when they were
placed in the greenhouse beside cultures A and B. The first
leaves had appeared March 6, and the last ones appeared April
23, thus giving a germination period of seven weeks, and a total
germination of 82 per cent., 8.1 per cent. of which were blind.

At this time it is desired to call attention to but three evident
facts indicated by these germination tests, namely: that there is a
considerable variation in the length of the quiescent period required
by different seeds of this plant; that this period may be lengthened
and the total germination period of a group shortened by repressing
early germinating seeds through low temperature; and that the
exposure of seeds to frost or freezing does not materially increase
the total germination percentage or the percentage of blind
germinations.

Cultures have been made by using corms one, two, and three
years old and subjected to conditions similar to those described for
cultures from seeds. In general, the temperature differences pro-
duced no effect other than to lengthen the dormant period when at
or below 50° F. Corms have not been induced to begin growth
before the first week in March, and but few before the last of
March, with some notable exceptions now to be given.

A group of one year corms was planted in the usual way on
June 24, kept moist and left in a room with a temperature range
from 55° to 80°. On July 11 a part of these corms had pushed
normal trifoliate leaves above the soil. These grew until the
middle of September. The corms were removed on October 31,

28 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

while they could yet be identified by the dead leaves, and replanted
in another pot and left with other cultures in the greenhouse lobby
until the following April 3, when all were removed to the main
room of the greenhouse. At this time a leaf had appeared. By
June 3 all these corms had produced leaves equal in size and vigor
to the usual third year plants. These plants will, of course, be
closely watched to determine whether they will remain true to
their double annual growth.

After the leaves had died down at the end of the first season of
growth, the corms were collected, grouped according to size and
replanted in pots of rich loam. During the second season of growth
the familiar trifoliate leaves were produced. Examination at

intervals of a few days showed the following changes in the corms. `

With signs of growth about the bud,—lengthening of the investing
scales and the appearance of roots about their bases,—the lower
portion of the starchy tissue began to soften. In five to ten
days the starch had been dissolved by an enzyme, and two weeks
later only a dry hull of investing periderm remained, the dissolved
food material having been entirely absorbed. About one fourth
of the fleshy part of the corm was used up in the growth period.
See FIG. 48 (PLATE 3) for the portion absorbed by an older corm.
Microscopical examination at the beginning of this change showed
a layer of phellogenous cells (TEXT FIG. 28 a) formed through the
food reservoir and cutting off the portion in which digestion was
taking place. This new tissue covered the remainder with a close
coat up to the base of the bud, leaving only passage for the absorb-
ing vascular strands. At the end of the growing season the corms
showed a new, large and well-developed terminal bud covered with
the dry shreds of the dead leaf base. The basal part was covered
with the wrinkled first periderm. Just at the basal margin of the
bud scales were one to three lateral buds. A few of the smallest
corms lacked these buds entirely. Just on a level with the ring of
lateral buds was a ring of readily noticeable scars where the roots
had been attached (PLATE 3, FIG. 49). In size the corms measured
6-15 mm. in length and 3-10 mm. in thickness. This growth
had occurred in two directions, longitudinally and radially about
the long axis, and had been accomplished by the production of
new storage tissue just beneath the terminal bud.

juice Spee ick Seale e ret ee

DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE OF THE CORM 29

Growth during the third and fourth seasons is not marked by
any peculiarity. The corms increase in size because of additional
storage of starch, and new lateral buds are produced each season
(PLATE 3, FIG. 49). Attheend of the fourth season of growth the
largest corms showspikesof staminate flowers. Such cormsmeasure
15 mm. or more in thickness. Of the plants grown from seed by
the writer only about 10 per cent. produced flowers the fourth
year, the remainder failing to produce flowers before the fifth or
sixth year.

After the first appearance of the flowers the growth and
activity of the corm is quite regular, there being new lateral buds
formed (PLATE 3, FIG. 49) as before and new food material stored up
each growing season. The increase in size is not uniform from
year to year, for, while constantly increasing amounts of food are
removed from the corm each year for use in producing leaves and
flowers, the amount of new storage is always dependent upon the
length of the season of growth. So after several consecutive short
growing seasons some old corms may be greatly reduced in size
as a result of the drain to produce early growth and the failure to
replace the food so used. The mass of starch is not divided into
sections as it is stored up, but the dividing layer of phelloderm is
formed each year, cutting off the portion to be used at that time.
In the case of several consecutive poor growing seasons the avail-
able amount of food becomes so reduced that growth of leaves
and flowers is curtailed, and the production of flowers may even
be entirely suspended. In the majority of cases examined in the
field, the appearance of buds and root scars seems to indicate that
the oldest portion of the corm is four years old or thereabout.

Another point worthy of note is that a small number of the
corms, 3-5 per cent., lie dormant during whole growing seasons.
This is true with corms of all ages from one year up. As yet no
reason for this phenomenon has been suggested. Neither is there
apparent any regularity to indicate a cyclic occurrence of resting
periods. It has been noted, however, that in a very few cases the
resting period covers only a part of the season, and, consequently,
the plants appear in late summer. This is probably related to the
phenomenon of double seasonal growth mentioned above.

The formation of lateral buds has already been mentioned.

30 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

These vary both as to number and size. Usually not more than
three buds are formed in a season. The size varies with the size
of the primary corm, and with the length of the growing season.
As stated above, the buds appear first with the growth of the
second season. They may then be as much as 2 mm. thick or may
be indicated merely by a slight hump over the bud initials.
Mature corms may produce buds varying from initial cell groups
up to bodies as large as third year seedling corms, i. e., up to 15
mm. in thickness. The greater part of the growth is made the
first season. In some cases growth is noticeable after the
first season. The buds may be broken from the primary corm
and begin independent growth at any time after their formation;
and they are regularly pushed off with the dead periderm about the
fourth year. Very rarely they produce roots and begin inde-
pendent growth while attached to the old corm (PLATE 5, FIG. 69).
But in no case has the writer seen a bud shrivelled as would be the
case if any of the starch should be at any time withdrawn into
the parent corm. After being detached the buds develop in
every way as seedling corms, and require one to several years of
growth before producing flowers. Gow (14, p. 135) states that
buds may produce flowers the season following detachment; but
the writer has failed to verify the finding.

It will be seen at once that, since they may be readily broken
off by trampling of animals or by soil movements resulting from
freezing or floods, these buds are important means of vegetative
propagation. In fact, the increase in number of plants where
large corms have been dug up, the spreading colonies of small
plants in wooded pastures, and finally, the very few seedlings found
in this section, all indicate that the buds are the chief means of
multiplication.

One of the most noticeable features of the corms as collected
in the field, is their lack of symmetry and their oblique position
(PLATE 3, FIGS. 50, 51). It is quite rare to find mature corms more
nearly symmetrical than the one in PLATE 5, FIG. 69. In many
cases this is certainly due to displacement by the trampling by
animals; but in the writer’s opinion, it is more often due to the
formation of an unequal number of roots on different sides of the
bud. This unequal distribution causes an upsetting of the corm

Sai a tae

THE Root SYSTEM 31

late in the season when the roots shorten and produce the so-called
root pull. This opinion has been strengthened by the fact that
pot cultures in which the corms were carefully placed in an
upright position, always show many of the corms tilted and some
almost inverted after one growing season.

THE ROOT SYSTEM

The roots of A. triphyllum seedlings have been briefly described
by Rennert (22, pp. 46, 47), as being of two forms, a group of two
or three short, slender primary roots and a group of three secondary
roots. The latter appear after the primary, have an origin higher
on the corm, are larger and longer than the primary, and are
contractile. Both primary and secondary roots are diarch in
structure. To this the writer would add that in all seedlings
examined he has found but one primary root, and it is diarch in
structure. The later roots are either triarch or tetrarch.

In mature plants Rimbach (24) has reported two groups of
roots in A. Dracontium, and then adds, “Arisaema triphyllum (L.)
Torr. resembles perfectly A. Dracontium in the behavior of the
underground organs” (24, p. 175). According to this author
there appears at the beginning of the growing season a circle
of long slender simple roots which extend in a more or less hori-
zontal direction. Later a second group appears slightly above the
earlier roots. These are ro-
bust, long, simple roots
which grow nearly directly
downward. They show a

ER
ASKAN,
eo

à ; LS Si
marked contraction shortly "r&r ERS
: = a ea
after their formation. All a as =
roots are deciduous, being -i : SETTU? 4

separated from the corms
about the time of ripening
of the fruit. The present
writer has found a varying EFTS
thickness of 1-2.5 mm. in S a i ae
the roots of mature corms Fic. 35. Cross section of a tetrarch
of A. triplellum, and per- ‘Se thong ery marked but Ime
haps two gjoups in time

of origin, although the demarcation between the two is not as

ThA kS

J

32 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

distinct as reported by Rimbach for A. Dracontium. The mature
roots show many branches near their tips (PLATE 5, FIG. 69). In-
section these roots show a three- to five-radiate stele with a dis-
tinct endodermis of one to two rows of thickwalled cells (PLATE 5,
FIG. 66; TEXT FIG. 35). Around this is a thick cortex of paren-
chymatous cells, small next to the endodermis but much larger and
torn or distorted near the dark and more or less corky epidermis.

As to the contractile feature of the roots of mature corms,
the statement of Rimbach (24, p. 172) that the contraction may
amount to 40 per cent. in the basal portion and a total of
15 mm. or more for the whole root in A. Dracontium seems to hold
equally well for A. triphyllum. The work of De Vries (8) and
Rimbach (23) has left nothing to be added to this subject from a
study of Arisaema. A point of interest appeared in the cutting
of longitudinal sections of mature roots. The material had been
killed in hot acetic alcohol and embedded in paraffin in the usual
way. The transverse cortical ridges or wrinkles were quite
prominent, but the stele seemed to be in normal position. As
soon as the sections were cut, however, they became very much
twisted and crumpled. Examination with the microscope showed
the usual distortion of the outer cortical cells, an inner region of
undisturbed cells, and then the stele section all twisted and
folded (PLATE 5, FIG. 68), as though it had been held in position
by the rigidity of the surrounding zone of cortical tissue. i

The minute structure of a growing root tip of A. triphyllum
shows a feature which seems unique. At the root tip (PLATE 5,
FIG. 67) the usual angiosperm type is evident in the formation
of a dermatogen, periblem, plerome, and root cap more sharply
marked than in the onion. But at a point about the width of the
root from the tip, there appear in the third and fourth layer of
cells inside the dermatogen, large, elongating cells in every, way
similar to those forming the primary xylem elements in the plerome
(PLATE 5, FIGS. 63, 64, 65, 67). These cells increase in length and
finally unite to form continuous tubes in the outer cortex of the
root. Their walls remain unchanged and the cavities are at a
very early period filled with bundles of raphides.

LEAF STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 33

LEAF STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

The seedling leaves of A. triphyllum are simple, cordate to ovate
abruptly acute, with a slightly cordate base. The blades are from
5 mm. wide by 10 mm. long to 20 mm. wide by 30 mm. long.
The venation is reticulate, pinnate, with two prominent basal
branches ‘foreshadowing distinctly the plan of the mature tri-
foliolate leaf ”’ (22, p. 48). The margin is very finely toothed. Itis
slightly membranaceous and crisped. The upper surface is gla-
brous, shining at first but becoming dull with age. The lower sur-
face is distinctly glaucous after the leaf is fully expanded. The peti-
ole may vary from 4-20 cm. in length. Its enlarged, hollow base
covers almost entirely the new terminal bud of the corm. PLATE
4, FIG. 58, shows a small group of average seedlings.

The primordium of the first leaf is laid down some time before
the seed is matured, and in the mature embryo the regions of
petiole, midvein and lamina are clearly marked (TEXT FIGS. 21,
22). During germination the
blade develops rapidly, and,
closely rolled, is pulled from
the soil by the lengthening
of the petiole, which usually
arches in its escape from the

ling leaf blade from its first
appearance to its final expan-
Wea An a ge ata sion. Occasional lobed leaves
form and venation. XI.

suggestive of the later com-
pound leaves are found. Such
a form with two lateral lobes symmetrically placed is shown in
PLATE 3, FIG. 43.

The leaf of the second year is typically trifoliolate (TEXT FIG. 36)
and in all but size is like that of the mature plant. The leaflets
are ovate to cordate, sessile, with acute apex and cordate to slightly
tapering base. The lateral leaflets are slightly larger and less
symmetrical than the terminal. They are pinnately net-veined
with surface and margin as in both younger and older leaves.
The leaves range in size from 3.5 cm. wide by 2 cm. long to 8

34 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

cm. wide by 5 cm. long, with petioles 4-12 cm. long. These
leaves come through the ground with all leaflets closely
rolled, the laterals appressed to the petiole, the terminal erect
and the whole inclosed in a long sheathing kataphyll (PLATE
3, FIGS. 46, 52). PLATE 3, FIGS. 40-42, show the position of the
leaflets of the second year leaf. As shown by the cross section
diagram in PLATE 3, FIGS. 53, 54, the leaflets are incompletely con-
volute. In the placing of the leaflets and their escape from the bud
the seedling in its second year shows all the characteristics of the
mature plant. TEXT FIG. I and PLATE 3, FIGS. 44-46, 52, show the
leaves of mature plants and such changes as follow the appearance
of a second leaf or a flower cluster. After the appearance of the
first trifoliate leaf the only change to be noticed in the next four
or five years is increase in size. Leaves of mature plants may
reach an extreme width of 35 cm., with middle leaflet 25 cm. long
and with petioles up to 45 cm. in length.

As is well known, plants showing the same general maturity
and even the same size and development of leaves differ in that
some will produce but one leaf and others two. Seedlings produce
but one leaf each season up to the time of the first inflorescence.
After that time all gradations in development have been observed
from plants without any suggestion of a second leaf, through those
with rudimentary leaves inclosed in the petiole of the first leaf,
to plants with two normal leaves almost equal in size. There
seems to be no time limit for the appearance of the second leaves
after the first inflorescence, and no uniformity in their size when
first produced.

As has been stated, the leaves of A. triphyllum are net-veined.
The system of each leaflet consists of a mid-vein with five to ten
strong lateral veinlets with an equal number of weaker laterals
between them, and all joining their extremities with a continuous
vein extending around the leaf at a distance of 3-8 mm. from the
margin (TEXT FIG. 36).

In minute structure, leaves from plants of different age show
no noteworthy differences. As seen in section (TEXT FIG. 37)
the leaf has a typical mesophyte structure. A single layer of epi-
dermis, with the outer walls slightly cutinized, covers each sur-
face. Next to the upper epidermis is a single layer of short

LEAF STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 35

palisade cells. The remainder of the space is filled with a mass of
rather loose, spongy parenchyma, in which the smaller veins are im-
bedded. The veins are
composed of a few spiral

ducts and tracheids
(TEXT FIG. 37, B) near
the upper epidermis,

from which they are
separated by three or
four layers of long, thin-
walled non chlorophyll-
bearing cells (TEXT FIG.
37, A) and a small irreg-
ular group of phloem
elements below (TEXT
FIG. 37, C). The stif-
fening factor is a prom-
inent strand of collen-
chyma (TEXT FIG. 37, D)
making up the greater
part of the ridge on the

>

U
AAY OTITO
38

Fic. 37. Cross section of a mature leaf

under side of the leaf.
In surface view the
lower epidermis shows

A cross section of a young leaf
with the first signs of differentiation of cells
indicating the position of vascular strands, A.

irregular cells more or
less interlocked by means of undulating walls (TEXT FIG. 39).
The stomata average 50 to the sq. mm. and show an average ex-
treme width of 28 microns and an average extreme length of 40
Adjoining the guard cells is a pair of accessory cells
(TEXT FIG. 39, A). These accessory cells are sisters of their con-
tiguous guard cells and are formed by a second division of the initial
cell. Occasional twin stomata (TEXT FIG. 41) have been observed,
which have probably resulted from a division of the cells which
usually form guard cells. The upper epidermis is composed of
cells with much more regular outline, and usually shows no
stomata (TEXT FIG. 40).

As the blade appears in the differentiation of the primordium
it is composed of five layers of similar cells (TEXT FIG. 38). The

36 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

differentiation of certain cells (TExT FIG. 38, A) of the middle
layer to form the primary vascular elements
occurs first. The epidermis is clearly
marked next, followed by the formation
of the palisade cells by the top of the three
inner layers and the formation of the
spongy parenchyma by the lowest layer
and the remainder of the middle layer.
There is practically no variation in leaf
structure coincident with changes in con-
ditions of growth. The petioles of plants
grown in the shade are slightly longer than
of those grown in full light, and the size
of the blades may vary from year to
year; but the change in thickness
due to increased palisade formation found
in leaves of many plants following change
from weak to strong light, is not at all

Fig. 39. Surface view evident. A slight increase in the number
of lower epidermis. AA,

am
LS
Were

of stomata, and the occasional appearance

accessory cells.
Fic. 40. Surface view of a few stomata on the top of leaves of
of upper epidermis. shade plants has been noted. So far,

IG. 41. Twin stomata

ak er eae: however, experiments have failed to show

whether these changes are the result of
different conditions or merely indicate individual variation.

STRUCTURE OF PETIOLE AND SCAPE

The vascular system of embryo, root and leaf are treated in
these sections. The similarity of structure of petiole and scape
make possible a common description. These bodies are composed
of a peripheral layer of epidermis with slightly thickened walls,
and two or three underlying layers of small parenchymatous cells.
Inside this peripheral portion is a circle of well developed vascular
bundles, each with a strong strand of collenchyma separated by
one layer of cells from the epidermis (TEXT FIGs. 43, 44). The
vascular elements of these bundles consist of a few spiral ducts
and phloem elements, and are duplicates of the principal veins
of the leaves. The inner portion of both petiole and scape is

SPT eee La ee eee

ea Ch eee Mey ae

ERE ee eee

baii

STRUCTURE OF PETIOLE AND SCAPE ot

composed of air spaces divided by chains and plates of parenchym-
atous cells, with vascular bundles scattered promiscuously
through the spongy mass (TEXT FIGs. 42-47). The vascular

ae aE ae
et
a

PEs Foyt OAD

iii?

Ao à; P
V

( TERED
E Ea.
ge or!
X oer

se
SO,

A N

47

Fic Part of a cross section of a scape, showing peripheral region with

bundles having strands of collenchyma, and the large air spaces of the pith. X 20.
An average peripheral bundle from a petiole. X 65.

Fic. 44. An average peripheral bundle from a scape, showing chlorophyll-
bearing cells. X 65.

Fic. 45. A bundle from the pith of a petiole. S, schizogynous vessel. X 65.

Fic. 46. Average bundle from petiole pith. X 65.

Fic. 47. A large bundle from scape pith, showing large phloem area. X 65.

bundles of the pith region are, as a rule, similar to those of the
periphery, but lack the strand of collenchyma. There is con-
siderable difference in the size of the bundles, some showing only
one or two small ducts and a corresponding number of phloem
elements, while others show as high as twenty xylem elements.
In general, the bundles of the scape are larger than those of the
petiole and greater proportionate phloem area, as will be evident
from a comparison of TEXT FIGS. 45 and 46 with TEXT FIG. 47.

38 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

There is not in any case a distinct bundle sheath, the vascular
elements being surrounded by chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma.
The presence of chlorophyll in the cells bordering the vascular
elements is so. marked as to give a striking appearance to cross
sections, which show all but the innermost bundles distinctly green.

THE RAPHIDE CELLS

From the first, A. triphyllum has been noted for its intensely
acrid sap. This feature alone is sufficient to protect its green
parts and the corm with its store of starch from the ravages of
animals of all sizes. The North American Indians are reported
by Havard (16, p. 106) to have found that by drying and cooking,
the corms could be made edible. Sometimes in laboratories it is
considered a lark to cook and eat Indian turnip corms. The
writer has found them quite palatable when cut up and boiled for
a half hour or more with one or two changes of water.

The irritating principle is the raphides of calcium oxalate which
are found abundantly through the plant, and which are always
floating free in the sap exuding from wounds. Barnes (3) found
that by filtering the expressed sap twice through filter paper, and
so removing the needle-like crystals, it lost all its acridity. At-
tempts by the writer to find any volatile oil or other irritating
substance have given but negative results.

The raphide-bearing cells are found almost throughout the
plant. They have not been found in the mature embryo, in root
caps, within limits of vascular strands or in epidermal structures.
They are especially plentiful in leaf laminae, fruit, and corm.

In the leaf the specialized cells occur in palisade or spongy
tissue and are often close beside veinlets. Here they are for the
most part long, more or less sinuous cells with fascicles of crystals
extending in the general direction of the long axis of each cell
(TEXT FIGs. 48-50). The size and shape of the cells may vary in
one part of the plant, as shown in the figures just cited. Even
wider variation is to be found in different parts of the plant. In
the scape, spadix and petiole the cells are found chiefly near the
periphery and are similar to those in the leaf. In the corm some
cells ares lightly larger and more globular ‘than those containing
starch, and they contain numerous small bundles of raphides

po

a Se ae E Uy p pP y gee EEA A Ek NE een
a S a E E R aaa a i aai e aia a a s n aae a N ate a A AEE a El A el a gee Sy ae E e

hanana

SEx DISTRIBUTION 39

lying in different positions (TEXT FIG. 28a). These cells are much
more abundant in the outer portion of the corm. In the endo-
sperm the few raphide-bearing
cells are similar to those in the
corm but are smaller. In the
walls of the ovary and maturing
fruit the cells are chiefly in the
upper portion, where they form a
distinct area (PLATE 2, FIG. 26;
TEXT FIG. 51). Probably the
most clearly defined raphide re-
gion is that in the root. Here,
as described in the section on
root structure, certain cells in
the outer periblem are differen-
tiated shortly above the growing Eres 4eko. “Didferent Incins of
tip and form almost continuous raphide-bearing cells in the leaf meso-
receptacles for long lines of raph- —Phy!l. 2

ide bundles (PLATE 5, FIG. 65).
Wherever found the raphide
cells are differentiated very
early. They rapidly increase in size, retaining their protoplas-
mic lining and a living nucleus long after the central vacuole has
been filled with bundles of crystals.

Fic. 51. Raphide-bearing cells in
the outer portion of the ovary wall.
X 52.

SEX DISTRIBUTION

Although A. triphyllum is usually considered a dioecious plant,
spikes bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers are frequently
found. From the examination of hundreds of plants through three
consecutive years the writer finds the ratio between staminate and
pistillate spikes about 3:2, and 8-10 per cent. of the whole number
mixed. The type of a mixture most often found is that of a spike
bearing chiefly pistillate flowers and a few staminate flowers at
the upper or lower end or at both upper and lower ends (PLATE I,
FIG. 23; PLATE 4, FIG. 55). Usually the number of staminate flowers
is less than shown in FIG. 55. Occasionally the ratio is reversed,
and a spike showsa few pistillate flowers scattered through a mass of
staminate flowers as in PLATE 4, FIG. 60. PLATE 4, FIG. 57, shows

40 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

an extreme case with one well developed ovary, apparently with
fertilized ovules, borne on a staminate spike near its base. It
has been observed that when any considerable number of pistillate
flowers are present, the thickened axis characteristic of the pis-
tillate spike is evident. Usually all the flowers borne on mixed
spikes are normal in form and functional development. Peculi-
arities in form and position of staminate flowers are frequent
enough for mention. The growth of such flowers on an extension
of the spike axis as in PLATE 1, FIG. 22,isnot uncommon. A variable
number of flowers may appear so, sometimes but two or three,
and again enough to give the appearance of a staminate spike
above the pistillate as in A. Dracontium and other aroids. In a
few cases the staminate flowers are borne on long pedicels (PLATE 4,
FIG. 59) and show peculiarities of structure. Those forms, along
with others showing a tendency to bisexuality, are more fully
discussed in the section dealing with teratology.

It has been noted elsewhere that the number of leaves seems
to depend upon age and the abundance of food, the older, well-

nourished plants producing two leaves, the younger plants but .

one. There seems to be no relation, however, between the leaf
development and the sexuality of the plant, the ratio of pistillate
and staminate spikes being about the same with plants bearing
one leaf as with those bearing two.

It has been generally recognized by leon that the sex of
plants of A. triphyllum may change. The first published attempt
to determine anything experimentally concerning this point was
by Atkinson (1). A report of this work was given at the Ithaca
meeting of the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology
(December 28-29, 1897). The published abstract is quoted here
in full:

“Female, male, and neuter plants, the history of which was
known by growing them in pots for one season, were potted, some
in rich soil and others in poor soil, the object being to change them
from male to female, etc., by varying amounts of nutriment.
Male plants in rich soil were in one year changed to female, and
large neuter plants in rich soil were changed to female.

“In a second series, two large two-leaved female plants, with
large bulbs, were selected at the time the fundament of the flowers

m
Setas

tg D: G a yt se eee

“ae

SEX DISTRIBUTION 41

was formed. The bulbs were cut so as to remove all but a small
portion in connection with the bud. By this removal of the larger
part of the stored food the plants were changed to male.”

Gow in 1913 (14) made the statement that these plants prob-
ably alternate in sex from year to year. In proof of that theory
he stated that plants which had borne pistillate flowers one year
produced staminate flowers the next season after being trans-
planted.

The present writer has made rather extensive attempts to
duplicate the experiments of Atkinson, but has encountered two
serious difficulties, viz., many of the corms have been partly or
wholly destroyed by fungi, and there seems to be no way to deter-
mine certainly when the flower initials are being formed. The
wide variation in the time of flower development is discussed in
another section, and it need only be said here that two plants of a
group rarely show the same stage of development, the range in
staminate spikes being from bud initials to completed tetrads in
late July. This would mean a possible difference of six weeks in
the formation of the flower fundaments of plants in one group.
From this it is clear that any experiment depending upon uniform-
ity of development would be open to question. The history of
the experiments as performed and the results follow. Robust
plants which bore purely pistillate spikes were dug up the first
week of June, and after having the lower two thirds of the corm
cut away and being allowed to form a dry callous by two days’
exposure to the sun and air, were planted in rich loam. Through
the year these cultures were treated just the same as others that
were in every way normal. The following spring a part of these
corms produced flowers, and all the flowers were staminate. Their
growth was not normal, however, and all the plants were small and
variously deformed. Some produced leaves only, and three of the
plants produced inflorescences only without leaves. This goes to
show merely that the primary effect of the mutilation was a serious
disturbance of the general system of nourishment. The same
spring some three hundred corms were reset for experimental
purposes, the collecting being done in late May and early June.
Those plants which had borne only pistillate spikes were carefully
kept apart. All were planted in rich, moist loam and watered

42 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

occasionally through the year. Of this bunch of plants reset
early in the season—before the flowers were formed—but three
produced pistillate spikes the next year.

Yet another observation must be noted here. The spring of
1913 was peculiar in southern Indiana because of a flood condition
in March and April (a rainfall of 14.34 inches was recorded between
March 23 and April 30) followed by extreme drought. The
result upon A. triphyllum was that by June 1 all plants except
those near springs or at the margins of water-courses, were withered
and dead. As has been stated above, the usual ratio of staminate
to pistillate spikes is about 3:2. A careful count of plants in the
spring of 1914 showed among those not neara water supply a ratio
of about 70 staminate to 1 pistillate, while among plants near
springs, in perennial marshland, and in shaded, damp ravines, the
usual ratio held. The change in ratio in passing from the damp
bottom of a deep ravine to the top of the side was quite noticeable.
Along the waterway the usual number of pistillate flowers were in
evidence, while on the upper part of the slope where growth had
been checked by the early drought of the previous summer, only
staminate spikes could be found. Such a difference is not usual;
and it seems that its appearance in 1914 is in some way related to
the short growing season of 1913.

It has been observed that the usual ratio between staminate
and pistillate spikes holds from year to year in limited areas with
a non-failing or late failing water supply. This is true without
regard to soil, as shown by colonies growing in leaf mold between
limestone fragments, others in deep, rich loam of moist woodlands,
and yet others in the poor, recent clay of young ravines. Plants
do not grow with equal vigor in the different kinds of soil, but the
difference in available food seems to influence the vegetative
development primarily, and the sexual development little, if at all.
One particular colony of about fifty plants growing on a steep clay
bank, slightly shaded, but well watered by seepage from under-
lying limestone has been observed closely. The plants average
1.5 dm. in height, the largest specimen being 2 dm. high. The
petioles are slender and the corms undersized, but the flower
spikes show the usual ratio of males and females.

One point from experimental work should be noted here.

3 hy Tat ES ieee ara eels heb aie atl i a eo ok Oe

eee tale. PE Nie mia

pigment ae as Pal hae i a

TERATOLOGY AND VARIATION 43

Sturdy plants bearing pistillate spikes have been transplanted to
beds of gravel and of Sphagnum, receiving only such food as was
carried by the tap water with which they were abundantly supplied
during the growing season. These plants continue to produce
pistillate spikes after two years of such treatment. In the mean-
time the corms of these plants show a marked decrease in size as
a result of their failure to store up as much food as is required for
the year’s growth.

The writer cannot agree with Gow’s statement that there is
an alternation of sex characters. Several old vigorous plants
under observation in favorable situations for five years have not
failed to produce pistillate spikes each year. To this it may be
added that in cultures of plants grown from seed, the first flowers
produced have been staminate. The time of the first change from
staminate to pistillate is not fixed although it usually occurs in
vigorous plants two or three years after the first flower spike is
produced. Subsequent changes in sex may be accomplished
without noticeable checking of the vegetative increase of the plant.
For example, the early transplanting of corms, while changing
the sex for the next year, need not reduce the size or number of
leaves produced.

From the observations given above, the following conclusions
seem warranted. There is not an alternating or cyclic change in
sex in A. triphyllum. The amount of food stored in the corm
does not determine the sexual condition. The amount of solid
food does not determine the sexual condition, but a shortage of
water and consequent checking of growth at the time of the
beginning of flower formation produces staminate flowers. The
checking of growth at that critical time is the important factor
introduced by the early transplanting, by the removal of the corms
for mutilation by Atkinson and the writer, and by the early
drought of 1913, The influences effecting change of sex are not
the same as those producing changes in the vigor of vegetative
growth.

TERATOLOGY AND VARIATION

Rennert (21) in 1901 gave a brief account of the teratological
phenomena recorded for A. triphyllum. The notes referred
principally to the dedoublement in the case of flowers and leaves

44 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

and to monstrous development of spathe or spadix. The most
interesting reference, perhaps, is that to a report by Foerste (12)
in which there is described a confluence of two leaf petioles and
two leaflets and a partial confluence of two inflorescences. Phe-
nomena closely related to this are not rare, and doubtless result
from a duplication of initials in the early bud formation. The
confluence of parts has been observed in all degrees, and in young
and old, sterile and flowering plants. The petioles may be

Fic. 52. Two leaves with almost entirely confluent petioles. X one sixth
Fic. 53. A leaf with four leaflets, one of a group, all of which showed this
character. X one sixth.

attached together but a short distance from the corm or the con-
nection may extend almost to the laminae (TEXT FIG. 52). The
same is true of inflorescence, the attachment being in any degree
from the doubled peduncle and separate spathes to the single
spike with two sterile spadix sections as figured by Rennert (21,
f. 2, M), or with a branched spadix as in PLATE 1, FIG. 19.

These peculiar formations are in no way related to the forma-
tion of two leaves by the old, vigorous plants, for, in that case,
there is no confluence, one leaf initial being inside and of later
formation than the other. In normal two-leaved plants the petiole
of one leaf is enveloped by the other and the scape surrounded by
both (TEXT FIG. 70).

As in seedlings an occasional lobed leaf appears, so in older
plants, there is sometimes found a leaf with the leaflets more or less
united, usually so that the leaflets appear as lobes of a deeply
divided leaf. Such forms are most often seen in two- and three-
year-old plants.

Rennert (21) also describes and figures a few clusters in which
the spathe has failed to develop, appearing only as a scale below

TERATOLOGY AND VARIATION 45

the flower spike, and another in which the sterile portion of the
spadix formed an irregular monstrous form. Plants have been
observed by the writer in which the spathes were contorted and
reduced in size as the result of evident injury; and the fact that
the spathe begins its development before the differentiation of the
spadix would make possible an injury which would entirely check
the spathe’s development at a time when no harm would come
to the spadix. As noted in connection with the experiments on
change in sex, some plants with mutilated corms produced in-
florescence only. One such flower cluster showed a normal spathe
with normal staminate spike of flowers, but with a mere knob to
represent the sterile spadix. Later two similar specimens were
collected in the field.

The only definite report of observations of abnormalities in
the form of individual flowers is that of the confluence of the
stigmas of two separate ovaries, reported by Rennert (21, p. 248).
The occurrence of mixed spikes has been discussed in the section
on sex distribution. It was there stated that the staminate flowers
found on spikes chiefly pistillate were usually normal and function-
ally perfect. In some cases, however, the stamens are borne on long
pedicels (PLATE 4, FIG. 59) and show either small, sterile anthers
or bract-like sterile growths. Many of the stamens formed entirely
above a pistillate spike are undersized (PLATE I, FIG. 22), and some
do not mature pollen. Close observation of a large number of
flower spikes shows that there are three lines along which the
flowers may vary from the normal form. The most common is
that just mentioned and represented in PLATE 4, FIG. 59, 1. e., the
more or less complete transformation of floral into vegetative
structures. This is found not only with staminate flowers but is
very frequent on otherwise purely pistillate spikes, where the
transformed parts appear as more or less convolute bracts (TEXT
FIGS. 54,55). A second line of abnormal development is that rep-
resented by the confluence of parts. The confluence of the short
filaments of -stamens and of anthers was mentioned in the section
dealing with the staminate flower. The confluence of stigmas as
reported by Rennert has been noted. An extreme case of the last
named peculiarity is shown in TEXT FIG. 56, where four distinct

= ovaries have a common stigmatic brush. Close examination

46 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

Fic. 54. Top of a pistillate spike, showing sterile bracts, Br. X 1.

Fic. 55. One of the bracts shown in 54, e

Fic. 56. A group of ovaries with apparently confluent stigmas. X 3.

A diagrammatic section of group in FIG. 56, showing the ovaries and

stigmas really distinct. 3

Fic. 58. A double ov xX 3

Fic. 59. A cross Dicer m ‘en ovary shown in FIG. 58, showing the ovules at-
tached to the median wall.

Fics. 60, 61, Two views fe a flower with three functional ovules, O, and two
PAESE anthers, A, on a partly suppressed ovary wall. X3

Fic. 62. A cleft ovary with normal stigmas, St; a bint tke lobe, L; and two
anthers, A. X
Fic. 63. A section of the ovary shown in FIG, 62, showing well-developed ovules

K 3-
Fic. 64. A flower with one ovule, O, the ovary walls almost entirely suppressed

and roi four anther cells, x 3-
Fic. 65. structure mithat ovary walls, bearing two anthers, A, and instead

of ovules, two sterile bracts, Br. X3
n abnormally PORE R ovary with functional ovules in the base,

IG
but with ri style, S, unclosed and its surface without stigmatic hairs.
A section of the ovary in FIG. 66. X3.
si 1G. 68. A cleft ovary with normal stigma, St, and a two-celled anther, A, on

the wall margin. X3.
Fic. 69. A cross section of the structurés shown in FIG. 68. X 3.

REE AE” E A Vat Pee tk ae Ragin ne AN UN Poem. POONA Sa SEE OTe EWS MR SI gt ST a re ee SS e oe a ale ee ee ee tS Gr on eee oe

TERATOLOGY AND VARIATION 47

shows structures of this type to be only superficially confluent.
TEXT FIG. 57 shows a vertical section of the ovaries shown in
TEXT FIG. 56. It seems that the crowding of the young ovaries
prevents the usual closing of the stylar opening, and the sub-
sequent development of hairs on the increased stigmatic margin,
forms a seemingly continuous brush. A better example of true
dedoublement is shown by the two-celled ovary figured in TEXT
FIGS. 58, 59.

A third line of divergence leads towards bisexual flowers. As
might be expected, many such flowers are found on spikes bearing
both staminate and pistillate flowers. The specimens here de-
scribed, with many other similar forms, were collected in the field,
where they had grown under usual conditions. TEXT FIGs. 60,
61 show two views of a flower with a partially developed ovary
wall, three normal ovules, and two functional anther cells. TEXT
FIGS. 62, 63 show an ovary with normal stigma and ovules, and
with two functional anther cells on a lobe of the ovary wall. TEXT
FIG. 64 shows a flower with the ovary wall almost entirely sup-
pressed, four functional anther cells and an unusually large ovule.
TEXT FIG. 65 shows a flower with two functional anther cells, and
instead of ovules, two sterile bracts similar to those in TEXT FIGs.
54, 55. TEXT FIGS. 66, 67 show a flower with an unusual
ovary wall suggestive of that in TEXT FIG. 62, and with functional
ovules, but without any anther. In TExT FIGS. 68, 69 is shown a
cleft ovary wall with normal stigma and two sterile anther cells,
but with ovules entirely suppressed. It should be noted that in
all bisexual flowers examined the anther formation has been
connected with the ovary wall. In no case has there been found a
suggested transition from ovule to anther, even when the ovule
shows degeneracy, as in TEXT FIG. 65, or suppression as in TEXT
FIGS. 68, 69.

Quite distinct from the abnormalities just described are the
following. A group of ten plants, probably arising from one corm
and its offshoots, was found with leaves having four leaflets as
shown in TEXT FIG. 53. The plants were of medium size with
normal inflorescence and leaves normal as to size, surface, and
texture. All the plants showed a severe attack of Uromyces Caladit
and died before another growing season made possible farther

48 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

examination and breeding experiments. On a damp, thickly wooded
hillside near Trevlac, Brown
County, Indiana, in the last four
years about a dozen specimens
have been found, each bearing two
leaves and two flower clusters
(PLATE 3, FIG. 47). There is no
unusual character other than the
production of the two flower
clusters. These are of the same sex

Fic. 71 is diagrammaticsection on each plant and are entirely in-
eben hae cae: & dependent, arising from two sep-

w the distinct origin of the arate initial groups (TEXT FIGs.

scapes. X 34. 71, 72). A few plants of a third

Fic. 72. Semidiagrammatic = form, having leaflets with a shining
cross section of petioles and scapes d ti
of plant figured in PLATE 3, Pie glabrous lower surface and peti-
47, and TEXT FIG. 71. olules 2-3 cm. long, have been

vist pe ates found in the neighborhood of

sony Signet mm treet Bloomington, Indiana. Whether

and scape. or not these are simply variant

forms, true mutants or distinct

varieties cannot be said until a more careful study and possibly
breeding experiments can be made.

THE RELATION TO Uromyces CALADII

The only fungus parasitic upon A. triphyllum as reported by
Saccardo is Uromyces Caladii Farl. Without going into a detailed
account of the fungus, some observations of its influence upon the
host under consideration may be given. The aecidia occur on
the lower leaf surface, rarely on the upper, on petioles and scape,
on both surfaces of the spathe and occasionally on the ovary walls
and sterile spadix. The cups appear with or soon after the ap-
pearance of the leaves and flowers in spring. When the infection
is severe, the parts attacked are deformed, the leaves being small
and more or less rolled up, the spathe thickened and its hood
shortened and erect, and the spadix is sometimes two to three
times its normal size. The spermogonia have been found on the
leaves and in the ovaries. Usually the spermatia are discharged

ea ent: RE a) Sieh Sete) Nee abe OF tat MD BES oe nee
`

RE A ERr aE ES A AE A GRINS y A a Og ith A ig E E a n PSF te Ai Pe a oy

SUMMARY 49

into the ovary cavity and float about in the slime there. Ovaries
have been sectioned showing the micropyles filled with these
bodies. Occasionally in this region teleutospores are formed in
small scattered groups on the leaf surface.

Generally the floral parts suffer first and most from this fungus,
although some plants are found with the growth evident only on
the leaves. The affected plants are earlier in seasonal develop-
ment than uninjured plants, as reported by Rennert (21, p. 250).
Infected pistillate flowers develop early and the ovaries enlarge as
after fertilization, but, as far as the writer’s observations go, do
not produce seed. It is a question whether or not normal embryo-
sacs are developed. Plants once infected may live two or three
seasons, but finally succumb to the ravages of the parasite. The
appearance of rust on plants in culture the year following an early
transplanting and removal of all stalks and leaves from the corm
suggested the presence of perennial mycelium in the corm. Later
examination of corms of infected plants has shown abundant
mycelial threads in both the body of the corm and the terminal
bud. Halsted (15) in 1894 made a brief report of observations on
the distribution of the aecidia and teleutospores of U. Caladii on
A. triphyllum but did not suggest the perennial nature of the
mycelium.

SUMMARY

The additions and corrections presented in the present work
may be briefly summarized as follows:

There is a very wide range in the time of KRE EER of the
flowers, and a marked tendency toward the earlier development of
staminate flowers.

The tapetal nuclei wander among the developing pollen spores
in the anther cavity.

The ovule and the embryo-sac are of the lily type.

The ovary cavity is filled at maturity with slime produced by
special hairs of the inner stigmatic brush.

A well-developed and i permanent suspensor system is
evident.

One daughter of the primary endosperm nucleus (fusion
nucleus) undergoes two to four divisions while migrating to the
micropylar end of the embryo-sac, and the resulting free nuclei

50 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

without taking a peripheral position initiate the endosperm forma-
tion by producing cross walls in various planes. Later endosperm
growth is brought about primarily through the activity of a defi-
nite meristematic region.

The second daughter of the primary endosperm nucleus does
not divide but organizes the residual cavity of the embryo-sac
into a large nutritive cell which elaborates food material for the
growing endosperm.

Pollination is secured by insect visitation. An unknown
attraction for insects is evident in the pistillate inflorescence.

Primary roots of seedlings are diarch in structure. Secondary
roots of seedlings and all roots of mature plants show a three- to
five-radiate structure.

A small percentage of seedlings regularly do not produce func-
tional plumules the first season.

The sex of mature plants is changeable, and the amount of
water available at a certain period in development is directly or
indirectly responsible for such change.

Abnormal flowers showing a tendency toward bisexual structure
have been found.

The corms may harbor perennial mycelium of Uromyces caladit.

The writer wishes to express his deep appreciation of the kind
interest and helpful suggestions of Professor D. M. Mottier of
Indiana University, under whose direction the present work has
been done.

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LITERATURE CITED 51

LITERATURE CITED

. Atkinson, G. F. Experiments on the morphology of Arisaema

triphyllum. [Abstract.] Bot. Gaz. 25: 114. 1898.

. Atkinson, G. F. Studies on reduction in plants. Bot. Gaz. 28:

1326. pl. I-06, T890.

i grog C. R. [Note on the acridity of Arisaema triphyllum.]

t- Gaz: r3: 232. 1888:

, Pia D. H. Notes on the structure of the embryo-sac in

Sparganium and Lysichiton. Bot. Gaz. 27: 153-166. pl. I.
1899.

. Campbell, D. H. Studies on the Araceae. Ann. Bot. I4: I-

25. pl. I-3. 1900.

. Campbell, D. H. Studies in the Araceae. The embryo-sac and

embryo of Aglaonema and Spathicarpa. Ann. Bot. 17: 665~687.
pl. 30-32. 10903.

. Campbell, D. H. Studies in the Araceae, III. Ann. Bot. 109:

329-349. pl. 14-17. 1905.

. DeVries, H. Ueber die Kontraktion der Wurzeln. Landwirt-

schaftl. Jahrbiicher 9: 37-80. 1880

. Duggar, B. M. Studies in the development of the pollen grain in

Symplocarpus foetidus and Peltandra undulata. Bot. Gaz. 29:
S-98. pl. 7, a t000;

. Foerste, A. F. The hibernacula of herbs. Am. Nat. 17: 1107-

LETS. 18643.

. Foerste, A. F. On the formation of the flower buds of spring-

blossoming plants during the preceding summer. Bull. Torrey
Club 18: 101-106. 1891.

. Foerste, A. F. Notes on dédoublement. Bot. Gaz. 19: 460-465.

f- 1—4. 1894.

. Gow, J. E. Embryogeny of Arisaema iriphyllum. Bot. Gaz. 45:

38-44. f. 1-24. 1908.

. Gow, J. E. Observations on the morphology of the aroids. Bot.

Gaz. 56: 127-142. f. I-47. 1913.

. Halsted, B. D. Peculiar “range” in an autoecious Uromyces.

Bull. Torrey Club 21: 311-312. 1894

. Havard, V. Food plants of the North American Indians. Bull.

Torrey Club 22: 98-123. 1895.

. MacDougal, D. F. Seedlings of Arisaema. Torreya I: 2-5.

Igor.

. Mottier, D.M. On the development of the embryo-sac of Arisaema

triphyllum. Bot. Gaz. 17: 258-260. pl. 18. 1892.

ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

Pickett, F. L. Length of life of Arisaema triphyllum corms.
Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1912: 77-78.

. Pickett, F. L. The development of the embryo-sac of Arisaema

triphyllum. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 229-235. pl. 13, 14. 1913.

. Rennert, R. J. Teratology of Arisaema. Bull. Torrey Club 28:

2AT 250-1. 2, 2... ROOT.

. Rennert, R. J. Seeds and seedlings of Arisaema triphyllum and

Arisaema Dracontium. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 37-54. pl. 3. 1902.

. Rimbach, A. Die kontraktilen Wurzeln und ihre Thatigkeit.

Beitr. Wiss. Bot. 2: 1-28. pl. I, 2. 1897.

. Rimbach, A. Physiological observations on some perennial herbs.

Bot. Gaz. 30: 171-188. pl. 13. 1900.

. Rowlee, W. W. The stigmas and pollen of Arisaema. Bull.

Torrey Club 23: 369-370. pl. 272, 273. 1896.

. Strasburger, E. Die Angiospermen und die Gymnospermen.

Jena. 1879.

Sen te Me re tae mele a So ep eT mR ee Te Narre

si ila ae oe ti

BO as OP oy ER ROUEN Ll Tee eg EENEN ER te eS

On Teo gah aOR eee ae ra aaaea

aig tae
PR oe pane ene E

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 53

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 1-5
PLATE I
Fic. r. A nucellus with two completed tetrads of megaspores, five of which are .
germinating. 10.
Fic. 2. Two tetrads of megaspores pesen the lowest spore of each tetrad
i growing at the expense of the others. X2
FIG. 3. An embryo-sac with but Na en between synergids and egg
cell, and the antipodals partly shrunken

\ FIG. 4. mature embryo-sac with an egg cell aani far below the synergids.
X 210.
Fic. 5. A normal egg apparatus. X 600.
fi Fic. 6. An embryo-sac shortly after fertilization, ate one synergid, Sy,
intact, the residual nucleus, R, and migrating nuclei, E, ich have resulted from
free divisions of one daughter of the primary endosperm antl X 105.
E Fic. 7. Whole upper portion of an embryo-sac shortly after fertilization,
showing the spa cap, N. ee two pene nous Sy, the aes AOA ah t e
egg nucleus, E, th
E| at P by the division of cells. X 210.
F Fic. A pro pei with a divided suspensor, Su, and a four-celled embryo
le (One cell autively cut aw
i Fico A arhin egg, E, and two synergids, Sy, imbedded in one large endo-
À sperm cell.

FIG. 10. Py aitia with one large suspensor cell, Su, and three embryo-cells
H resulting from nearly transverse divisions. X 210
IG. Ir. Upper end of an embryo-sac showing remnants of nucellar cap, N.C.,

path of the pollen puge PT, and proembryo consisting of one suspensor cell, Su, and
il one embryo cell. E, E, E are the uppermost cells of the young endosperm. X 210
FIG. 12. A proembryo with the suspensor cell, Su, divided before the first divi-
| sion of the embryo cell has occurred. X 210.
i FIG. 13. A proembryo showing a divided suspensor and two embryo cells
Papen from a vertical division. Sy, persistent synergid. PT, path of pollen tube.
xX 2

ulti

A proembryo with single suspensor cell, Su, t
from a vertical division, the whole surrounded by the two ppum apa panig
FIGS. 15, 16. Single berries from spike in Fig. 21. X
G. 17. Longitudinal section of a berry, showing seeds in position. X I.
FIG. 18. Cross section of a berry with five seeds.

XI
Fic. 19. Upper portion of a pirtillate spike and hiik sterile spadix. X I.
x

Fic. 21. A mature spike or fruit cluster with a few berries removed. X I.
Fic. 22. A pistillate spike with a few isolated staminate flowers, male, above.

IG. 23. A spike chiefly pistillate, with staminate flowers at both top and
KT

PLATE 2
24. Section of inner stigmatic brush and adjoining parts of the ovary,

led 42.
Fic. 25. Meristematic region, M, just above the lower border of the endosperm.

54 ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM

Fic. 26. Longitudinal section of style showing reduced papilla-like hairs, P,
oi R, raphide

Fic. 27. Longitudinal section of an ovule having a sterile nucellus, showing the
changes in the integuments at the time of maturity of embryo-sacs in neighboring
ovules. pa

Fic. 28. Bottom of an embryo-sac just after ponjo showing decomposition
of nucellar tissue, N, and great elongation of tig , 1, of the inner integu-

ment. X 52.

Fic. 29. A cross section of an almost mature anther. X 42.

Fic. 30. sane scree ne of ipp portion of embryo-sac shortly after
fertilization, sh E, and the shrunken protoplasmic

Ə R

lining, L, of the mhal cavity. x RA
Fic. 31. Longitudinal section of a swollen embryo-sac surrounded by the inner
integument. A, the egg cell with the nucleus just divided, E, the endosperm, R,
residual nucleus in the greatly enlarged cavity. X 52.
Fic Residual nucleus shown in Fic. 31. X 160.
1G. 33. Longitudinal section of mature ovary, showing the stigmatic hairs at
outer and inner end of style and the slime, s, in the cavity. X 15.

PLATE 3
FIGS. 34-38. Stages in the opening of a plumule leaf. X %.
IG. 39. A normal first year leaf. X 25.
Fics. 40-42. Opening of second year leaf. 40, X 4; 41 and 42, X I.
Fic. 43. A three-lobed first year leaf. X
Fics. 44, 46, 52. Unfolding of leaves of mature plants. X 14.
Fic. 47. A plant bearing two flower clusters. X \%.
Fic. 48. Diagrammatic section of corm, showing terminal bud, B, lateral bud,
LB, and starch mass, S, to be absorbed during the season.
Fic. 49. Third year corm.
Fics. 50, 51. Mature corms nik out of a vertical position by
1

+ traction

Fics. 53, 54. Diagrammatic cross section of leaves in buds of mature plants.

S, scape.
PLATE 4

Fic. 55. A flower spike with almost equal numbers of pistillate and staminate
flowers. XI

Fic. 56. à bud dissected out of a 90 g. corm, August X 1.

Fic. 57. A staminate spike with one pistillate mae. a near the base, and
probably containing fertilized ovules. X 1.

Fic. 58. A group of average Aod, 14.

Fic. 59. A pistillate spike with imperfect staminate flowers on long filame

at the top. Ý:
Fic. 60. A staminate spike with scattered pistillate flowers. X TI.
Fics. 61, 62. Corms at the end of the first growing season. X 1. Most of

those in FIG. 61 are probably from blind germinations.

PLATE 5
Fic. 63. Cross section of root tip just above the calyptrogen. C, root cap
P, plerome; R, raphide cells.

fea pe a — ita vlna! RUA RS pe A oT ec ee Oe, a ae ee yo wil ee Oe em MR BU Re dpe Sai PAST) |, be A Sele as | lle en Ro T A ere E oa) oe, So

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EXPLANATION OF PLATES 55

Fic. 64. Cross section of root tip about 1 mm. above FIG. 63. Parts lettered

Wein FE- OF. X 7O
IG. 65. A part of a longitudinal section of a root tip showing the beginning of

raphide cells, R.

Fic. 66. Cross section of a five-rayed stele. X 60.

Fic. 67. Longitudinal section of a root, showing regional divisions and young
raphide cells, R. A
FIG. 6 Longitudinal section of a mature, contracted root, showing the folding
and twisting of the stele after sectioning. The cells of the sheath, B, show no dis-
tortion.

Fic. 69. Mature corm, showing root system and two buds, B, which
have formed leaves while aes to the parent plant. X l4.

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OF THE

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Spruce, Richard. Hepaticae Bolivianae, in Andibus ` Bolivia orientalis, annis
E acl. H. H. Rusby lectae. Peas 113-140. 20 Ja 1890.

Vol. 1, No. 4; price, 75 cen
Sturtevant, Edward Lewis. On seedless fruits. Pages SS 30 My 1890.

— r No. 1; not furnished separately:
Halsted, Byron David. Reserve food-materials in buds and surrounding parts.
Da 1-26, a I, 2. 10S 1890.

Vol. 2, No. 27 price, 75 cen
Vail, Anna Murray, & Hollick, ‘Charles Arthur. Paes to the botany of
irginia, Pages 27-56, plates 3,4. 23 D 1890.

: Vol. 2. No. 3; not furnished separately:
: ‘Holm, Herman Theodor. Contributions to the knowledge of the germination di
= et eae ee Pages 57-108, plates E > "AD 189r.

= Vol 2, No. 4; price, 75 cents
William Efner. The genus Polygala in North America, Pages too

late: Flora ¢ ceed North Carolina
Pages 1-39. 20F 1892.

T a $2.00:
Da Thies The Nadare of North America [with ilastrations ot all the
7 n -e plates 20-74 15 Mr 18903.

Descriptions of Cuban Plants New to Science
NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON

The following descriptions of plants new to the Cuban Flora
are drawn mostly from specimens collected in recent years on
the several expeditions made under the auspices of the New
York Botanical Garden and from those collected by Brother Léon
of the College of La Salle, Vedado, Havana, and his associates.
Brother Léon has contributed descriptions of some grasses; Dr.
John H. Barnhart the Lentibulariaceae; Dr. Francis W. Pennell
the Scrophulariaceae; Dr. S. F. Blake has cooperated with some
Carduaceae; Dr. Rydberg has contributed a new genus of
Fabaceae and Mr. Percy Wilson has assisted at.many points.

Family POACEAE

Paspalum Rocanum Fr. Léon, sp. nov.

Perennial from a short rhizome; stems simple, erect or as-
; cending, 4 cm. long, sometimes more; nodes appressed-
pubescent; sheaths glabrous, sometimes papillose-ciliate, the
lower ones overlapping and often purplish; ligule membrana-
ceous, 2.4-2.8 mm. long; blades glabrous on both surfaces, con-
duplicate, acuminate and involute towards apex, rarely flat, up
to 25 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, firm, erect, somewhat curved;
racemes 2 to 4, somewhat divergent, straight or curved, 5-9 cm.
long, the common axis 2-4.5 cm. long; rachis 1.5-2 mm. broad,
with long hairs at base, otherwise glabrous; spikelets normally in
pairs, sometimes crowded, one of the pedicels as long as or longer
than the spikelet; spikelets yellowish-green, becoming rufous at
maturity, glabrous, 2.1-2.5 mm. long, 1.3-1.6 mm. wide, oval to
ebovate; glume and sterile lemma equal, short-pointed, 3-nerved ;
fruit pale, minutely roughened.

Palm barren, sabana de Motembo, Santa Clara (Léon & Roca
8233), is the type, preserved in Colegio De La Salle Herbarium,
Vedado, Havana.

Sabana del Jacan, near San Miguel de los Baños, Matanzas
(Léon & Roca 8871).

asian OF THE Torrey BoranicaL CLuB, VOL. 16, aoa 2. Issued Sep-
ber 10, 1920. 7
5

58 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

Paspalum Edmondi Fr. Léon, sp. nov.

A small tufted perennial with short rhizomes and numerous
slender pubescent leafy branching stolons; stems simple, very
slender, compressed, glabrous, 2-6 cm. long; leaves crowded at
the base; sheaths pilose; ligule membranaceous, 0.5-1 mm. long;
blades lanceolate to linear, pilose on the upper surface towards
the base and near the lower margins, glabrous beneath, I-1.5 cm.
long, sometimes up to 6 cm. long in the specimens grown in a rich
soil, 1-2 mm. wide, flat or somewhat involute towards apex;
racemes solitary, up to 12 mm. long, usually about 6 mm., with a
tuft of hairs at the base; rachis 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, glabrous;
pedicels shorter than the spikelets; spikelets solitary, with a short
wing along the pedicel, somewhat imbricate, 1.5-2 mm. long, I-1.2
mm. wide, ovate, abruptly acuminate-pointed; first glume want-
ing, second glume glabrous, often transversely wrinkled, 7-
nerved, conspicuously pointed; sterile lemma glabrous, more or
less deeply hollowed between the strongly elevated, rugose, some-
times tubercled margins, nearly as long-pointed as the second
glume; fruit blunt, brown, slightly papillose, 1.4 mm. long, I mm.
wide

Palm barren, sabana de Motembo, Santa Clara (Léon & Ed-
mond 8607).

Specimens from the same locality were transplanted in
“Vedado, Havana (Léon & Edmond 8682). The type specimens
are preserved in the Colegio De La Salle Herbarium, Vedado,
Havana.

Paspalum acutifolium Fr. Léon, sp. nov.

Perennial, tufted; culms simple, erect or ascending, glabrous,
compressed, nearly naked, much exceeding the leaves, these
densely crowded at the base; nodes clothed with long white hairs;
sheaths striate, keeled, mostly overlapping, glabrous, sometimes
sparsely hispid towards the summit, hirsute-ciliate, the upper
ones bladeless or nearly so; ligule membranaceous up to 2 mm.
long ; blades firm, rarely over 15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, sparsely
papillose-hispid on both surfaces and the margin when young,
mostly flat or conduplicate, sometimes twisted, involute towards
apex, the middle nerve prominent beneath; inflorescence termi-
nal; racemes 2 to 4, the common axis I-3.5 cm. long, with long
white hairs at base; racemes straight or slightly curved, diver-
‘gent, rarely spreading; rachis about 1 mm. wide, bearing a few
long hairs at the base, otherwise glabrous; spikelets normally in

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS New To SCIENCE 59

pairs, crowded towards the summit, only one developed in the
lower pairs, the other rudimentary or wanting; spikelets about
twice as long as the pedicel, elliptic, 1.6-1.8 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide, more or less crimson; second glume and sterile lemma sub-
equal, with some spreading hairs near the margin, otherwise gla-
brous; fruit pale, somewhat exceeding the second glume at ma-
turity ; palea somewhat papillose-roughened.

Palm barren, sabana de Motembo, Santa Clara (Léon & Roca
8164). The type specimen is preserved in the Colegio De La
Salle Herbarium, Vedado, Havana.

Family CYPERACEAE

Cyperus camagueyensis Britton, sp. nov.

Perennial; culms tufted, slender, smooth, trigonous, erect,
3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves much shorter than the culm, I-1.5
dm, long, 3 mm. wide or less, those of the involucre several, the
longer ones much surpassing the simple, several-rayed umbel;
umbel-rays very slender, 5 cm. long or less; spikelets loosely
spicate, 1.5-3 cm. long, flat, many-flowered, the rachis angular,
wingless, persistent after the scales have fallen; scales oblong-
lanceolate, brown, appressed, acute, I.5 mm. long; stamens 2 or
3; style-branches 2, filiform; achenes oblong, grey, smooth, apicu-
late, 0.75 mm. long, nearly 0.5 mm. thick, persistent.

Vicinity of La Gloria, Camaguey (Shafer 196).

Cyperus Underwoodii Britton, sp. nov.

Culms densely tufted, slender but rigid, erect, arching or re-
curved, 1—4 dm. long. Basal leaves 1-5 cm. long, or reduced to
sheaths, those of the involucre 1-3, the longest about 7 cm. long
or shorter, sometimes only 1 cm. long or less; spikelets few or
several in a dense terminal cluster, nearly terete, 5-10 mm. long,
few-flowered; scales brown, striate, oval, obtusish, appressed,
about 2 mm. long; achene linear-oblong, trigonous, apiculate, 2
mm. long, about 0.5 mm. thick.

Dry soil, vicinity of Santiago, Oriente (Underwood 1694).

Eleocharis Shaferi Britton, sp. nov.

Perennial; culms capillary, weak, densely tufted, about 2
dm. long; upper sheath apparently not scarious; spikelet oblong,
4-5 mm. long, I-1.5 mm. thick, acute, few-flowered ; scales pale,
appressed, obtuse or obtusish, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, ap-
pressed, the lower one 2-2.5 mm. long, shorter than the upper

60 BriTToN: Cusan PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

ones; bristles 4-6, brownish, about as long as the achene and
tubercle ; style-branches 2; achene black, lenticular, oblong, 1 mm.
long ; tubercle sharply conic, one-fourth as long as the achene.

Bog-holes in wet thicket, Sierra Nipe near Woodfred, Oriente
(Shafer 3414).

Eleocharis minutissima Britton, sp. nov.

Culms capillary, weak, densely tufted and matted, only 1.5-3
cm. high. Spikelets ovoid, 2-4-flowered, acute, 1 mm. long;
scales ovate, acute, with a narrow dark brown central band and
broad hyaline margins; achene 0.25 mm. long, cancellate and
longitudinally ribbed, gray, oblong-ovoid; tubercle black, low-
conic; bristles none.

Border of a lagoon near Pinar del Rio (Britton & Gager
6965).

Fimbristylis ophiticola Britton, sp. nov.

Perennial; culms tufted, glabrous, 5 cm. high or higher.
Leaves mostly basal, shorter than the culm; spikelet solitary (or
sometimes 2?), ovate, flat, several-flowered, acutish, 6-12 mm.
long, 2-4 mm. wide; scales ovate, somewhat spreading, yellow-
brown, shining, acute or acutish, faintly nerved, readily decidu-
ous from the deeply pitted rachis; style-branches 2; style com-
pressed pubescent. deciduous; achene obovate, nearly white, 0.5
mm. long, flat, longitudinally striate and transversely barred.

Serpentine palm-barren, between Camaguey and Santayana,
Camaguey (Britton 2429, type); a plant from the vicinity of
Guanabacoa, Havana (Father Roca No. 1), much larger than the
type specimen but without achenes, may belong here.

Family AMARYLLIDACEAE
Hymenocallis praticola Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-3.8 dm. long, 1.5-2.8 cm. broad,
acute at the apex, gradually narrowing below, sessile. Scape

spathe-valves deltoid-lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 cm. long; perianth-tube
slender, 7-11 cm. long, the lobes linear, 6.5-9 cm. long, shorter
than the tube; staminal crown funnel-shaped, 2-2.5 cm: high,
toothed on the edge between the free tips of the filaments, which
are 3-4 cm. long; anthers linear, 1.2-1.5 cm. long; style slender,
longer than the anthers

Wet savanna, Sagua, Santa Clara (Britton & Wilson 370,
type) ; also collected at Cieneguita, Santa Clara (Combs 345).

BriTTON: CuBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE 61

Family ORCHIDACEAE
Vanilla savannarum Britton, sp. nov.

Climbing on palms; stem slender, branched, 6 m. long or
longer. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, 3-5
cm. wide, bluntly acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded at the
base, many-veined, the petioles about 5 mm. long; peduncles
short, 4-8 cm. long, leafy-bracted; spike 6 cm. long or less,
densely several—-many-flowered; capsules sub-cylindric, sessile,
4-5 cm. long.

On Copernicia, savannas near Camaguey (Britton & Cowell
13120, type); on Copernicia, barren savannas southeast of Hol-
guin, Oriente (Shafer 2944); on Copernicia, savanna south of
Sierra Cubitas, Camaguey (Shafer 1831); on palmetto, between
La Gloria and Columbia, Camaguey (Shafer 615) ; on palmetto,
Jatovieja, Cayo Sabinal, Camaguey (Shafer 1072).

Family PIPERACEAE
Peperomia similis Britton, sp. nov.

Stem rather slender, creeping, sparingly branched, 4 dm. long
or longer, about 2 mm. thick, sparingly pubescent in lines of
curled hairs. Leaves alternate, firm in texture, orbicular-ovate,
3 cm. long or less, glabrous or nearly so, copiously black-dotted,
obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded or subtruncate at the
base, inconspicuously 5-nerved, the rather stout petioles 3~8 mm.
long; young spikes terminal, solitary, short-peduncled, about 8
cm. long and 2 mm. thick, the bracts rounded.

On a rock, bank of arroyo, Sierra del Indio, San Diego de los
Baños, Pinar del Rio (Brothers Léon and Charles 4984).

Peperomia cueroensis Britton, sp. nov.
Peperomia spathophylla monteverdensis C. DC. in Urban,
Symb. Ant. 3: 228. 1902.

Stems stout, branched, 3 dm. long or less. Leaves thick and
firm, elliptic to ovate or obovate, 3-7 cm. long, obtuse or some
of them acute at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, faintly
3-nerved, loosely pubescent when young, soon glabrous, not
black-punctate ; spikes solitary, very long, terminal, about 25 cm.
long, 2-2.5 mm. thick ; bracts oval, distant.

Mountains of Oriente; type collected on rocks in a ravine,
420 m. altitude, near El Cuero, Oriente (Britton & Cowell
12761).

62 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE

As grown at The New York Botanical Garden, the young
leaves are always pubescent, but become glabrous soon after
reaching their full size.

Family URTICACEAE

Pilea sumideroensis Britton, sp. nov. |

Fleshy, bushy, glabrous, branched, 2.5-4 dm. high, the branches
stout, ascending, the main stem nearly 1 cm. thick. Leaves thick,
fleshy, obovate, 6-18 mm. long, entire, obscurely pinnately about
5-veined, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, the margins
revolute, the upper surface densely covered with linear raphides,
the under surface finely reticulate when dry, the very slender
petiole 9 mm. long or less.

Top of high cliff, limestone hills, vicinity of Sumidero, Pinar
del Rio (Shafer 13816). Described from sterile specimens, but
apparently not referable to any previously known species.

Pilea (?) carnosa Britton, sp. nov.

Shrubby, erect, fleshy, 5 dm. high, the stems white. Leaves
thick, nearly orbicular, 6-12 mm. broad, faintly 3-nerved, rounded
at the apex, rather abruptly narrowed at base into slender pe-
tioles 8 mm. long or less.

Cliff, at 160 m. altitude, Ensenada de Mora, Oriente (Brition,
Cowell & Shafer 12967). l

A curious plant, referred to this genus with hesitation.

Pilea sevillensis Britton, sp. nov.

A slender vine, 3 dm. long or longer, creeping on the bark of
trees, somewhat branched, the young twigs and petioles spar-
ingly pubescent. Leaves oval or suborbicular, 1.5 cm. long or
less, those of each pair nearly of the same size, 3-nerved, entire,
rounded at the apex, obtuse at the base, the linear raphides incon-
spicuous above, prominent and loosely scattered beneath, the
slender petioles 5-12 mm. long; stipules semi-orbicular, 2-3 mm.
broad ; cymes few-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; achene about
1.5 mm. long.

Cafion, Upper Guama River, Sevilla Estate, near Santiago,
Oriente (Taylor 183).

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW To SCIENCE 63

Pilea trinitensis Britton, sp. nov.

Decumbent, glabrous or minutely puberulent, branched, about
7 dm. long. Leaf-pairs, unequal; petioles slender, those of the
larger leaves 2-4 cm. long; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, 7 cm.
long or less, 3-nerved, entire, ciliate, acuminate at the apex, acute
or obtuse at the base, rather thin in texture, the underside densely
covered with minute linear raphides, the upper surface minutely
papillose; staminate inflorescence glomerate-paniculate, nearly as
long as the upper leaves; pistillate flowers paniculate, the pani-
cles much shorter than the leaves.

On rocks, Los Cocos, near Siguanea, Trinidad Mountains,
Santa Clara, 430 meters altitude (Britton & Wilson 5075).

Pilea neglecta Britton, sp. nov.

Stem slender, densely covered with linear raphides. Leaves
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, membranous, acute, entire, 3-veined,
glabrous, the pairs unequal in size and unequally petioled ; larger
leaves 5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, with petioles 1 cm. long; smaller
leaves 2.5 cm. long, I-1.2 cm. wide, with petioles 3 mm. long;
raphides of upper leaf-surfaces linear-filiform, very numerous
and approximate, those of under leaf-surfaces thicker, bright

shorter than the leaves, the flowers sessile in small clusters;
achene oval, apiculate, scarcely 0.5 mm. long

Cuba, C. Wright 2233, in part, in herbarium of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. :

Pilea siguaneana Britton, sp. nov.

Stems stout, decumbent, 3-5 dm. long, glabrous. Leaf-pairs
equal or nearly so; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire,
3-nerved, 6-10 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, long-acuminate at the
apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, the upper side covered with
minute linear raphides, the underside bearing oblong, thick, white
raphides, scattered or somewhat clustered ; petioles 1—2 cm. long ;
staminate flowers densely capitate in globose heads about 6 mm.
in diameter, on slender axillary peduncles 1-2 cm. long.

Bed of stream, Siguanea, Trinidad Mountains, Santa Clara,
400 meters altitude (Britton & Wilson 4979).

Pilea Clementis Britton, sp. nov.

Woody; stems ascending or straggling, simple or branched,
3-4 dm. long. Leaf-pairs nearly equal, but their petioles unequal

64 BRITTON : CUBAN PLANtTs NEw To SCIENCE

in length; blades ovate-lanceolate, entire, 4-6 cm. long, 2 cm.
wide or less, acuminate at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the
base, strongly 3-veined with a very slender vein on each side near
the margin; staminate flowers subcapitate at the ends of fili-
form peduncles which are mostly as long as the petioles or longer,
the heads about 6 mm. in diameter; pistillate flowers in small
panicles on peduncles much shorter than the petioles; achene
compressed, ovate, acute, pale, about 0.5 mm. long.

River-banks, Banao Mountains, Santa Clara (Brothers Léon
and Clement 4055, type; 5342).

Pilea bullata Britton, sp. nov.

Erect-decumbent, with rather stout, pilose-pubescent stems
1-2.5 dm. long. Leaves ovate, 4 cm. long or less, coarsely cre-
nate, obtuse or bluntly acute at the apex, obtuse or rounded at
the base, glabrous and with very numerous, approximate, minute,
linear raphides above, pilose-pubescent on the prominent veins
beneath, the unequal pilose petioles 2 cm. long or less; stipules
ovate, about 3 mm. long; inflorescence glomerate-paniculate, as
long as the leaves or shorter; achene ovate, acute, about 0.5 mm.
long,

Damp woods among stones, between Bahia Honda and El
Rosario, Pinar del Rio (Shafer 12018).

Family PORTULACACEAE
Portulaca cubensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Perennial, 2-7 cm. high. Leaves oblong to elliptic, 3-4.5
mm. long, I-2 mm. broad, rounded at the apex, acutish at the
base, fleshy, the axils sparingly short-pilose; flowers mostly soli-
tary; corolla yellow; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5-5.5 mm. long, 3
mm. broad at the base; petals obovate, 8-10 mm. long, 2-3.5
mm. broad, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base; capsule cir-
cumsessile at about the middle; seeds blackish.

Type collected in palm-barrens, Motembo, Santa Clara (Léon
& Roca 8419).

Family MENISPERMACEAE
Hyperbaena acutifola Britton, sp. nov.
A small tree with slender gray twigs. Leaves oblong-elliptic,
coriaceous, 4-9 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, finely reticulate-veined on
both sides with the midvein rather prominent, sharply acute at

Britton: CusaAn PLANTS New To SCIENCE 65

the apex, narrowed at the base, the petiole 8-16 mm. long; in-
florescence lateral, shorter than the leaves, pubescent; fruit com-
pressed subglobose, black, about 12 mm. in diameter and 8 mm.
thick.

Dry soil between Banao and Rincon, Santa Clara (Shafer
I2177).

Hyperbaena littoralis Britton, sp. nov.

A tree 5-8 m. high, or shrubby, the twigs slender. Leaves
oval to suborbicular, coriaceous, shining, 3.5-8 cm. long, 3-5 cm.
wide, finely reticulate-veined on both sides, with the midvein
rather prominent, rounded, mucronate or rarely acute at the apex,
obtuse or somewhat narrowed at the base, the petiole 5-10 mm.
long; inflorescence lateral, pubescent, shorter than the leaves;
flowers sessile, green, about 2 mm. broad; fruit black, much com-
pressed, about I cm. in diameter.

Coastal woods, hills and thickets, Oriente, Camaguey, Santa
Clara. Type from Guajimica, Santa Clara (Britton, Earle &
Wilson 5001).

Family ANNONACEAE

Xylopia Roigii P. Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub or small tree, the young twigs brown, strigillose with
short, appressed hairs; leaves oblong-elliptic or obovate, 3.5-7
cm. long, 1~2.4 cm. broad, rounded or somewhat acutish at the
apex, cuneate at the base, glabrous and somewhat lustrous above,
dull and minutely strigillose beneath with short, appressed hairs,
short-petioled ; flowers immature; calyx about 4 mm. broad, the
lobes triangular; outer petals oblong, 9-11 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm.
broad, densely sericeous on the back, the inner petals narrower;
carpels (mature?) ellipsoid, about 2.5 cm. long, 1.4 cm. broad,
glabrous.

Thickets, Baracoa, Oriente (Roig 99).

Family LAURACEAE

Persea Shaferi P. Wilson, sp. nov.

A slender shrub 2 m. high, with puberulent twigs. Leaves
oblong-elliptic or oblong-obovate, 4.5-7.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm.
broad, acutish or obtuse at the apex, acute at the base, glabrous
above, the midvein impressed, the lateral veins puberulent and
rather indistinctly reticulate-veined beneath; inflorescence 8 cm.

66 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

long, the branches puberulent; fruit (immature) subglobose, 9
mm. in diameter.

Type collected at Camp La Gloria, south of Sierra Moa,
Oriente (Shafer 8248).

Family CAESALPINIACEAE
Cassia benitoensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Shrub 1-3 m. tall; young twigs, petioles and rachis pubescent
with short, stiff, incurved hairs. Leaves 5-9 cm. long, glandular,
the gland slender, 2 mm. high, situated between the leaflets of
the lowest pair; petioles and rachis narrowly grooved; stipules
lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate; leaflets 5-6 pairs, oblong-
elliptic or elliptic, 1.5-2.4 cm. long, I-1.2 cm. broad, rounded
and mucronulate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the
base, the margins ciliate; pods flat, 14 cm. long, 8 mm. broad.

Along rocky stream, vicinity of Camp San: Benito, Oriente
(Shafer 4072).

Caesalpinia subglauca Britton, sp. nov.

An unarmed shrub, 2.5 m. high, the twigs glabrous. Leaves
bipinnate ; petiole rather stout, I-1.5 cm. long; pinnae 5 or 7, the
lower opposite or alternate, 5-10 cm. long, the rachis loosely
pubescent; leaflets 9-15, sessile, coriaceous, glabrous, oblong-
ovate to ovate-orbicular, 1-2.5 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, strongly
reticulate-veined above, pale and subglaucous beneath, the apex
rounded or emarginate, the base rounded or subcordate, oblique;
fruiting pedicels stout, about 2 cm. long; pods flat, thin, puberu-
lent, obliquely oblong, dehiscent, 3-5 cm. long, about 1.5 cm.
wide, sharply beaked.

Hillside thicket, near Santiago, Oriente (Britton & Cowell
12596).

Caesalpinia myabensis Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub about 1.3 m. high, with slender gray branches, the
young twigs densely short-pubescent. Leaves bipinnate, the
petiole and rachis densely short-pubescent ; petiole I-1.5 cm. long ;
pinnae 5-7, opposite, 3-5 cm. long; leaflets 7-17, sessile, coria-
ceous, loosely pubescent, dark-green and shining above, pale, dull
and pubescent on the midvein beneath, strongly pinnately veined,
6-12 mm. long; inflorescence racemose; fruiting pedicels erect,
slender, pubescent, 2-2.5 cm. long ; pods obliquely oblong, spread-
ing, about 3 cm. long, I-1.3 cm. wide, subulate-tipped, puberulent.

ees ee ee

ee ES ite i

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW TO SCIENCE 67

Dry hill, between Holguin and Myabe, Oriente (Shafer
1403).

Caesalpinia Hornei Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub with unarmed branches; the twigs, petioles and
rachis pubescent with short incurved hairs. Leaves bipinnate ;
petioles rather slender, 1.5-1.7 cm. long; pinnae 5-7, opposite,
5.5-7.5 cm. long; leaflets 7-11, broadly oblong to somewhat
oblong-ovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, and 0.9-1.5 cm. broad, rounded
and emarginate at the apex, truncate and more or less inequi-
lateral at the base, sessile, reticulate-veined on both surfaces,
glabrous and somewhat lustrous above, paler and dull beneath;
inflorescence racemose; flowering pedicels erect, slender, loosely
pubescent, about 2 cm. long; corolla yellow, 2-2.4 cm. broad;
petals obovate, I-1.2 cm. long, 8-10 mm. broad.

Savanna, Ciego de Avila, Camaguey (Horne 95).

Family FABACEAE
Harpalyce macrocarpa Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A tree 4 m. high, or more, with slender, spreading branches,
the twigs, petioles and rachis densely puberulent with ferruginous
hairs. Leaves odd-pinnate, 10-14 cm. long, the petioles 1-2 cm.
long; leaflets 11-15, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 2.2-3.8 cm. long,
I-1.5 cm. broad, rounded and emarginate at the apex, rounded
and often subcordate at the base, short-petioled, coriaceous, gla-
brous and rather dull above, the veins slender and rather indis-
tinct, finely reticulate-veined and glandular beneath, glabrous
with the exception of the midvein ; legume spatulate-oblanceolate,
5-6 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad near the apex, more or less curved,
glabrous.

Border of arroyo, palm barren, Santa Clara (Britton &

Cowell 13284).

Harpalyce villosa Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A tree 3-4 m. high, with rather stout grayish branches, the
twigs, petioles, rachis and under surface of the leaflets densely
short-villous with ferruginous hairs when young. Leaves 6-7.5
cm. long, the petioles about 1.5 cm. long; leaflets oblong or elliptic-
oblong, 2-2.7 cm. long, 0.6-1.2 cm. broad, rounded and emargi--
nate at the apex, rounded at the base, short-petioluled, thick-
coriaceous, dark-green, glabrous and shmmg above, paler,
indistinctly veined and p y imp g beneath,

68 BRITTON : CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

glabrescent in age with the exception of the midvein; legume
oblong, 4 cm. long, I-1.2 cm. broad, pointed at both ends; seeds
ovate, 5 mm. long, 4-4.5 mm. broad.

Among rocks along stream, vicinity of Camp San Benito,
Oriente (Shafer 4089); also collected at Moa, Baracoa (Roig
43).

BEMBICIDIUM Rydberg, gen. nov.

A low unarmed shrub. Leaves abruptly pinnate; stipules
lanceolate, persistent; petiole and rachis broadly winged, the
wings discontinuous, the rachis slightly produced above the
uppermost leaflets; leaflets entire, coriaceous without veins, the
midrib prominent. beneath, obsolete above; stipels obsolete.
Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx turbinate, as broad as long,
with two broad, subequal, acute lips; corolla purplish, with sub-
equal petals. Banner obovate, slightly retuse, gradually tapering
into the short broad claw. Wings and keel-petals equal in length
and shape, the blades obliquely oblanceolate, rounded at the
apex, slightly auricled at the base; claws short, straight, the
blades of the keel-petals united at the middle only. Ovary slightly
stipitate, linear, many-ovuled; style glabrous, bent inward at the
base, slightly arcuate, not hooked at the apex; stigma minute,
terminal. Fruit unknown. [Name Greek, a little top, from the
small top-shaped flower buds.] A monotypic genus.

Bembicidium cubense Rydberg, sp. nov.

A shrub 5-6 dm. tall, the branches and twigs clothed with
appressed, ferruginous hairs. Leaves equally pinnate, 0.7—2 cm.
long, short-petioled, glabrous, the rachis prominently winged;
leaflets 2-6, oblong to elliptic or somewhat obovate, rounded at
the apex, often somewhat inequilaterally rounded at the base,
sessile, dark-green, wrinkled and veinless above, brownish be-
neath, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral veins indistinct ;
margin revolute; corolla 1-3 cm. long; blade of the standard
obovate; wings oblanceolate; keel-petals obanceolate, 1 cm. long.

Mountain woods, vicinity of Baracoa, Oriente (Shafer 4284).

Notodon cayensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 1-2 m. tall, with grayish-brown, puberulent branches,
the young twigs pubescent with appressed, ferruginous hairs.
Leaves equally pinnate, I-1.5 cm. long, short-petioled, glabrous,
the rachis narrowly winged; leaflets 2 or 4, obovate, 6-11 mm.
long, 2-4 mm. broad above the middle, rounded at the apex,

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE 69

cuneate at the base, sessile, green and with few inconspicuous
veins or veinless above, whitish and veinless beneath, the margin
strongly revolute; peduncles axillary, 4-5 mm. long, slender;
calyx glabrous, broadly campanulate, 4- or 5-toothed; corolla
“bluish”; blade of the standard rounded, obovate, retuse at the
apex, 5 mm. broad; wings oblanceolate, with a small basal lobe;
keel-petals oblanceolate, 1 cm. long; pod unknown.
Cayo Guajaba, Camaguey (Shafer 658 and 2823).

Notodon savannarum Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 0.5~2.5 m. high, the branches stiff, the young shoots
finely pubescent. Stipules minute; leaves 1.5 cm. long or less,
evenly pinnate, short-petioled, glabrous, the rachis winged be-
tween the 2-4 pairs of opposite, sessile leaflets and terminating
in a short tip; leaflets coriaceous, obovate or oblong-obovate, 4-8
mm. long, rounded at the apex, obtuse at the base, dark green and
veinless above, nearly white and rather strongly pinnately few-
veined beneath; stipels none; peduncles axillary, solitary, slender,
glabrous, 5-8 mm. long; calyx glabrous, broadly campanulate,
subtruncate and minutely 5-toothed, about 2 mm. long; corolla
rose-purple, about 1 cm. long; pods (immature) 2.5-4 cm. long,
3-4 mm. broad.

Rocky soil, savannas near Camaguey (Britton & Cowell
13149.)

CANIZARESIA Britton, gen. nov.

A shrub, with alternate, short-petioled, unevenly pinnate
leaves, the small opposite leaflets coriaceous, the stipules obsolete,’
the flowers in short axillary racemes, the bracts early deciduous,
the pedicels short. Calyx subcampanulate, its teeth short, obtuse,
nearly equal, the two upper ones partly united. Standard
broadly ovate, rounded at the apex, subtruncate at the base, short-
clawed, unappendaged; wings oblong, long-clawed; keel long-
clawed, arcuate, about as long as the wings, 2-lobed at the base.
Stamens 10 (9 and 1); filaments filiform; anthers ovate, versatile.
Ovary narrowly subcylindric, sessile, puberulent ; style nearly as
long as the ovary, curved near the base; stigma small, sub-capi-
tate. Legume short-stipitate, indehiscent, linear, with four nar-
row subcoriaceous wings, more or less constricted between the
nearly sessile ovate seeds. [In honor of Professor Felipe Garcia
Cafiizares.]| A monotypic genus.

Canizaresia cubensis (Urban) Britton, comb. nov.
Piscidia cubensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 229. 1912.

70 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE

Barren rocky savannas, Oriente, Camaguey, Santa Clara.
Endemic.

Bradburya lobata Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Stems twining, glabrous or sparingly pubescent with rather
long, whitish hairs, Leaflets 3, hastate-ovate with rounded lobes,
4-9.5 cm. long, 2-9 cm. broad, abruptly short-acuminate or acute
at the apex, subtruncate or somewhat rounded at the base, short-
petioled, glabrous or sparingly pubescent on the veins; peduncles
few-flowered ; bracts lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, several times
longer than the calyx, acuminate at the apex; calyx puberulent,
the lobes short; corolla purple; standard orbicular, 3.5 cm. high,
4.5 cm. wide, pilose on the back with appressed, ferruginous
hairs ; pods linear, 12-15 cm. long, 8 mm. wide; seeds 4-4.5 mm.
long, 3 mm. wide, black.

Waste places, Vedado, Havana (Léon & de Cubas 8507).

Erythrina venosa Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A small tree, 6 m. high, with grayish or yellowish-gray gla-
brous twigs, which are often closely armed with rather stout,
straight prickles 2-7 mm. long. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, the pe-
tioles slender, puberulent, 3-5 cm, long; leaflets 3, ovate to
broadly ovate, 2-4.5 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, obtuse or occa-
sionally rounded at the apex, often obliquely rounded at the base,
glabrous and finely reticulate-veined above, coarsely reticulate-
vined beneath, the veins loosely pilose; short-petioluled ; flowers
immature; calyx broadly campanulate, puberulent; standard
oval, 2 cm. long, 1.2 cm. broad, dark red; keel-petals obovate or
obliquely obovate, 6-7 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad, free, the wings
obovate or obliquely obovate.

La Perla, Oriente (Shafer 8540).

Phaseolus savannarum Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Stems pubescent with more or less reflexed hairs, erect or
ascending from a perennial rootstock, the peduncles elongate,
much exceeding the leaves. Leaflets oblong-linear to oblong-
ovate, I-4 cm. long, 0.3-1 cm. broad, acute or occasionally
rounded at the apex, rounded at the base, papillose and more or
less densely pubescent above with mostly appressed hairs, ap-
pressed-pubescent beneath, coriaceous, the margin ciliate; ra-
cemes simple; flowers short-pedicelled; calyx campanulate, 2-3
cm. long, appressed-puberulent, the lobes triangular to triangular-

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS New To SCIENCE 71

ovate ; corolla pink; wings 2-2.5 cm. long, the standard 1-1. 5 cm.
broad; legume linear, 4-6 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, appressed-
puberulent ; seeds 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad.

Savannas, pine lands and palm barrens, Camaguey, Santa
Clara, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio and Isle of Pines. Type from
Herradura, Pinar del Rio (Earle 632).

Family ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylon Roigii Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A glabrous shrub, 2-2.5 m. high, with slender twigs. Leaves
elliptic, 5-7 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, obtuse and short-apiculate
at the apex, acute at the base, sub-coriaceous, greenish-brown,
lustrous and rather obscurely reticulate-veined above, rusty-
brown and reticulate-veined beneath; petioles slender, 7 mm.
long ; drupes ellipsoid, 11-13 mm. long, 4.5-5 mm. thick.

Type collected at Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines (Roig & Cre-
mata 1856).

Erythroxylon coriaceum Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A small tree, 5-7 m. high, with rather stiff gray branches.
Leaves elliptic-obovate to obovate, 2.5-5.5 cm. long, 1.5-3.4 cm.
broad, rounded and often emarginate at the apex, obtuse or some-
what acute at the base, coriaceous, indistinctly veined, dark
green above, paler beneath, the margin revolute; petioles 5-7
mm. long; stipules triangular, 2-3 mm. long; buds several together
in the axils, on short pedicels; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; drupes
(undeveloped?) narrowly oblong, about 1 cm. long, orange-red.

Type collected. on bank of Rio Guayabo, above the falls,
Oriente (Shafer 3601).

Family BURSERACEAE
Elaphrium Shaferi Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A glabrous tree 6 m. in height; bark of the trunk reddish-
brown, easily peeling off in thin sheets; branches brown; leaves
simple, narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, 1-1.8 mm.
broad at the base, acuminate at the apex, rounded and cordate
at the base, reticulate-veined above, the lateral veins nearly at
right angles to the midvein; reticulate-veined beneath; petioles
slender, I-1.5 cm. long; inflorescence about 1-1.5 cm. long;
drupes obovoid, 6.5-7 mm. long, 5 mm. broad.

E i.

72 BriTTON: Cusan PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

In dry rocky places, La Guira, north of Sumidero, Pinar del
Rio (Shafer 13751).

Family MALPIGHIACEAE

Bunchosia Leonis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Shrub 1 m. tall, with grayish-brown twigs. Leaves obovate,
I-3.2 cm. long, rounded and emarginate at the apex, cuneate at
the base, coriaceous, lustrous above, dull beneath, glabrous in
age, short-petioled; flowering pedicels pubescent; corolla about

I-1I.3 cm. broad; sepals ovate, 2.5 mm. long, ciliate, the ie
one-half the length of the sepal body; larger petals 5-5.5 m
long, the blades suborbicular, toothed; ovary and style eae
drupes 1.6-2 cm.

Type collected in coastal thicket, Playa del Chivo, Havana
(Léon 7214).

Family EUPHORBIACEAE

Andrachne (?) cuneifolia Britton, sp. nov.

A glabrous shrub 1-2 m. high, with slender elongated leafy
branches. Leaves obovate, cuneate, 5-12 mm. long, rounded at
the apex, delicately pinnately veined, dark green and shining
above, pale green and dull beneath, the petiole about 1 mm. long;
stipules minute; fruiting pedicels about 14 mm. long, the six per-
sistent oblong sepals about I mm. long.

Punta Maisi, Oriente: southern and southwestern Porto Rico.
Type from a dry hillside, Coamo Springs, Porto Rico (Under-
wood & Griggs 545).

RAMSDENIA Britton, gen. nov.

Monoecious shrubs, with flattened branches, distichous, emar-
ginate, orbicular or obovate leaves, or those of primary branches
reduced to scales, the apetalous flowers solitary or 2 together in
the axils, the pistillate few. Sepals 5, coriaceous. Stamens 5,
the filaments connate, the anthers extrorse. Styles several-cleft.
[In honor of Charles T. Ramsden, distinguished Cuban zoologist. ]

Type species: Phyllanthus excisus Urban.

Ramsdenia excisa (Urban) Britton, comb. nov.
Phyllanthus excisus Urban, Repertorium 13: 449. 1914.

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE 73

In rich woods, Navas to Camp Buena Vista, Oriente. En-
demic. A shrub about 3 m. high.

Ramsdenia incrustata (Urban) Britton, comb. nov.
Phyllanthus incrustatus Urban, Repertorium 13: 449. 1914.
Moist woods, mountains of northern Oriente. Endemic.

Orbicularia scopulorum Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub, 2 m. high, with slender, ascending branches and very
slender leafy twigs; stipules setaceous, deflexed, 3-4 mm. long;
leaves spatulate-obovate, 5-7 mm. long, nearly sessile, distichous,
minutely foveolate and inconspicuously veined above, distinctly
pinnately veined beneath, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the
base; flowers and fruit unknown.

Rocky thickets near Camp Toa, Oriente, at about 400 m. alti-
tude (Shafer 4006).

Orbicularia foveolata Britton, sp. nov.

A vine-like shrub, with short, ascending branches, the twigs
very slender. Stipules subsetaceous, about I mm. long. Leaves
coriaceous, orbicular-obovate or elliptic-orbicular, nearly sessile,

2 mm. long, shining, inconspicuously veined and distinctly fo-
veolate above, dull, and prominently veined beneath, rounded at
the apex, obtuse at the base; flowers and fruit unknown.

+
Camp La Gloria, south of Sierra Moa, Oriente (Shafer 8271).

ROIGIA Britton, gen. nov.

A shrub with dimorphous branches, the narrowly spatulate,
entire leaves spirally arranged on the short secondary branches,
the staminate flowers long-peduncled, solitary in the axils. Stam-
inate flowers with a 6-parted calyx, the segments obovate,
rounded, erose; stamens 10, the filaments united into a long col-
umn, free above; anthers suborbicular. [In honor of Juan T.
Roig, enthusiastic Cuban botanist.] A monotypic genus.

Roigia comosa (Urban) Britton, comb. nov.’

Phyllanthus comosus Urban, Repertorium 13: 451. I914.

Dry rocky soil, serpentine hills near mouth of Rio Yamani-
guey, Oriente. Endemic.

Conami (?) ovalifolia Britton, sp. nov.

A glabrous undershrub, 1 m. high or less, the stem rather

stout, the branches mostly simple, elongated, slender, compressed

74 BRITTON : CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE

and somewhat angled. Leaves chartaceous, distichous, oval to
elliptic, 4-8 cm. long, 2-4.cm. wide, rounded at the apex, obtuse
or narrowed at the base, pinnately veined; stipules clustered at
the end of the stem, lanceolate, acuminate, striate, I-1.5 cm. long;
flowers fascicled in the axils, reddish, the slender pedicels 3-6
mm. long; perianth-segments 4, those of pistillate flowers sub-
orbicular, rounded, about 4 mm. long, larger than the staminate;
styles ba stigmas 3, short, spreading; filaments united; an-
thers

ae northern Oriente: type collected between Yamuri
Arriba and Bermejal (Shafer 8446).

DIMORPHOCLADIUM Britton, gen. nov.

A shrub, with dimorphous branches and leaves. Primary
branches stout, terete, their leaves oblong-spatulate, densely ar-
ranged spirally. Secondary branches very slender, compressed,
their small oblong-obovate leaves distichous. Staminate flowers
pedicelled, clustered in the axils; sepals 5, ovate. Stamens 4,
the filaments connate, the anthers free, subquadrate. [Greek,
dimorphous branches.] A monotypic genus.

Dimorphocladium formosum (Urban) Britton, comb. nov.
Phyllanthus formosus Urban, Repertorium 13: 451. I914.

Thickets between Camp La Barga and Camp San Benito,
Oriente. Endemic. A shrub 4-6 dm. high, the flowers pink.

Phyllanthus Selbyi Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A glabrous, perennial herb, 4 dm. tall, with ascending, slightly
flexuose, woody branches; the slender leafy twigs 1.5-3 cm.
long. Leaves elliptic to oval, 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.3-1.6 mm. broad,
obtuse at the apex, rounded or somewhat truncate at the base,
short-petioled, coriaceous, veinless or nearly so; stipules linear-
lanceolate, I mm. long; flowers monoecious; pistillate flowers
short-pedicelled, the sepals obovate, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, 0.5 mm.
broad; ovary depressed-globose; styles 3, forked near the top;
staminate flowers short-pedicelled, the sepals broadly ovate, 1.2
mm. long, 0.9-1 mm. broad; filaments united with a short column;
anthers 3; capsule depressed-globose, about 1.8 mm. broad; seeds
brown, about 1 mm. long, transversely striate.

White sand, vicinity of San Pedro, Aske of Bias (Britton,
Wilson & Selby 14157).

"P

P e oaia a o a S ai rt N O Ea ee N em E S T SA a E S N

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW TO SCIENCE 75

Phyllanthus dimorphus Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A glabrous perennial herb, 5-6 dm. tall, with slender woody
stems branching mostly near the apex, the slender branches
straight, ascending or spreading, 8-14 cm. long. Leaves oblong
or elliptic-oblong, 5-9 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, short-petioled,
rounded or occasionally somewhat acutish at the apex, rounded
at the base, dark-green above, paler beneath; stipules narrowly
lanceolate, I-I. 5. mm. long, purplish-black ; flowers dioecious ;

r-pedicelled, their sepals obovate to broadly
obovate, 2 mm. men I-1.5 mm. broad, rounded at the apex;
styles of flowers of some plants 3, slender, forked above the mid-
dle; of other plants united into a column about 1 mm. long, the
stigma orbicular, peltate, entire; staminate flowers not seen.

Grassy hill between El Porvenir and Aguacate, Trinidad
mountains, Santa Clara, 700-900 m. altitude. (Britton & Wilson
5350).

Croton cueroensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Shrub 2 m. tall; the twigs and petioles densely ferruginous-
hispid with stellate hairs when young, grayish in age. Leaves
broadly ovate to suborbicular, 1.8-3.4 cm. long, 1.5-2.8 cm.
broad, more or less soft pubescent above with stellate hairs, stel-
late-canescent beneath; petioles 0.8-1.5 cm. long; stipules subu-
late, broadening at the base, 7-11.5 mm. long; buds subglobose,
flattened ; sepals of the staminate flowers ovate; filaments tomen-
tose ; capsule densely stellate-tomentose; seed short-ovoid, 3.5
mm. long, 3 mm. broad, grayish.

Vicinity of El Cuero, Oriente (Britton & Cowell 12735).

Differing from C. spiralis Muell. Arg. in the long, subulate
stipule which is not coiled at the base, also by the stellate hairs of
the upper surface, which are long-rayed.

ia cubensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A small shrub with brownish or purplish-brown decumbent
branches ; leaves elliptic to oval or obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 0.5-1.4
cm. boad. rounded or acute at the apex, acute at the base, entire
or crenulate, short-petioled, purplish-brown and more or less
strigillose on both surfaces; staminate flowers about 2 mm
broad ; sepals 5, lanceolate, 1-1.2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. broad; petals
5, ovate, I-I.1 mm. long, 0.5-0.6 mm. broad; stamens 5, the fila-
ments distinct ; sepals of ‘the pistillate flowers 5, ovate, acuminate
at the apex; styles 3, distinct, bifid; capsule about 3 mm. in diam-
eter ; seeds subglobose, 1.1—1.2 mm. broad, reticulated.

76 BRITTON : CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

Rocky coastal hills, vicinity of El Morro, Santiago Bay,
Oriente (Britton & Cowell 12580).

Lasiocroton gracilis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov. `

Shrub, the young twigs clothed with minute, ferruginous, stel-
late hairs; leaves ovate, 3-3.5 cm. long, 1.4-2.5 cm. broad, acute
to short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base,
short-petioled, those on the branches oblong-elliptic, I-1.5 cm.
long, 0.5 cm. broad, all entire and glabrous or nearly so above,
beneath reticulate-veined and densely stellate-pubescent with
whitish hairs; inflorescence slender, 3-5 cm. long, loosely flow-
ered; petals of the staminate flowers ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm.
long, I mm. broad, acute at the apex, densely pubescent on the
back; fruit not seen.

Type collected in the vicinity of Santiago, Oriente (Pollard
& Palmer 281).

Lasiocroton (?) cordifolius Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 2-2.5 m. tall, the young twigs densely clothed with
short, ferruginous, stellate hairs; leaves broadly ovate-oval to
oval, 7-14 cm. long, 4.5-10.5 cm. broad, obtuse, acute or short-
acuminate at the apex, rounded and cordate at the base, entire,
above glabrous; the veins rather inconspicuous, beneath stellate-
pubescent with whitish hairs, the midvein and lateral veins promi-
nent; petioles 4-5.5 cm. long, densely short-stellate pubescent ;
flowers and fruit not seen.

Along stream in the Pinales southeast of Paso Estancia,
Oriente (Shafer 1724).

Pera longipes Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 3 m. high, with slender, ascending, glabrous
twigs. Leaves alternate, obovate, coriaceous, 3-7 cm. long, 1-3
cm. wide, green on both sides, elepidote, rounded or emarginate
at the apex, cuneate at the base, faintly pinnately few-veined, the
stout petiole 1.5-2.5 mm. long; staminate inflorescence long-
peduncled, subglobose, 1-bracted, about 4 mm. in diameter, spar-
ingly lepidote ; peduncle weak, curved or flexuous, 1.5-2 cm. long ;
bract ovate-orbicular, rounded, iepidote, 1.5 mm. long.

Dry serpentine thickets, between Navas and Camp Buena
Vista, Oriente, at 650 meters altitude (Shafer 4416).

Pera pallidifolia Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub, 2-2.6 m. high, with slender, ascending twigs.
Leaves alternate, oblong-oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, 4 :

BRITTON : CUBAN PLANTS NEW TO SCIENCE 77

long, I-2.2 cm. wide, pale green on both oe pinnately few-
veined, elepidote, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at
the base, the rather slender petioles 5-10 a long; peduncles
of the staminate inflorescence straight, lepidote, 6-8 mm. long;

rather densely lepidote, depressed-globose, about 2 mm. in
diameter.

Dry hillsides between Rio Yamaniguey and Camp: Toa,
Oriente, at 400 meters altitude (Shafer 4183).

Sapium cubense Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A glabrous milky shub or a small tree up to 6 m. high, the
slender twigs subterete. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong to oblong-
obovate, 8 cm. long or less, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acute or obtuse at
the apex, narrowed or subcuneate at the base, glandular-crenu-
late, the midvein prominent, the lateral venation obscure, the
slender, eglandular petiole 8-15 mm. long; spikes slender, inter-
rupted, axillary, about as long as the leaves or shorter; calyx
about 1 mm. long; filaments 2-3 times as long as the calyx;
valves of the capsule about 7 mm. long.

Woods and thickets, northern Oriente. Type from near
Woodfred, Sierra Nipe (Shafer 3607).

Acalypha Hutchinsonii Britton, sp. nov.

Perennial, apparently dioecious, depressed, velvety-pubescent,
branched, the branches slender, Sati or ascending, cm.
long. Leaves ovate-orbicular, 5-15 mm. long, crenate-serrate,
obtuse or acutish at the apex, subtruncate pr the base, the petioles
1-3 mm. long; staminate spike short-peduncled, 6-9 mm. long.

Rocks on the coast of southern Santa Clara (Britton, Earle
& Wilson 5907).

The species appears to be distinct from any of those de-
scribed by Prain and Hutchinson in Kew Bulletin 1913 : 1-28.

Family CYRILLACEAE

Cyrilla cubensis P. Wilson, sp. nov.

A glabrous shrub 1-2 m. tall, with grayish more or less angled
twigs. Leaves elliptic-obovate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 0.9-2 cm. broad,
rigidly coriaceous, rounded and emarginate at the apex, acute or
rounded at the base, dark green and shining above, the veins
rather inconspicuous, paler, papillose and reticulate-veined be-

78 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

neath; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; racemes
stout, 3.5-4 cm. long, many-flowered, erect, glabrous; bracts nar-
rowly lanceolate, 1.5 mm. long; pedicels 2.5-3 mm. long; calyx-
lobes ovate-lanceolate, short-acuminate; petals elliptic or elliptic-
ovate, 3-3.2 mm. long, 1.2 mm. broad, acute; stamens about half
as long as the petals; ovary glabrous.

Mountains of Oriente (Shafer 4140, type; 4109, 4060).

Family ILICACEAE

Ilex Shaferi Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A small shrub, 1-3 m. high, with grayish branches ad pu-
berulent twigs. Leaves obovate, 0.6-1.4 cm. long, 0.5-0.8 cm.
broad, with entire revolute margins, rounded and often emargi-
nate at the apex, cuneate at the base, short-petioled, glabrous,
shining and obscurely veined above, paler, lustrous and obscurely
veined beneath; fruit subglobose, solitary in the axils of the
leaves, 6-7 mm. long, 5-7 mm. in diameter, dark red.

Mountains of Oriente (Shafer 8041, type; 4065 and 4126).

Ilex Clementis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub several meters high. Leaves elliptic to ovate-oval or
somewhat obovate, 4.5-9 cm. long, 2.5—5 cm. broad, rounded or
acutish and usually apiculate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at
the base, entire, glabrous, dull above, the midvein impressed,
reticulate-veined and paler beneath; pedicels minutely puberulent,
3-5 mm. long; staminate flowers fascicled in the axils of the
leaves; sepals 4, suborbicular, 1.5-2 mm. broad, strongly imbri-
cate, ciliate ; corolla lobes 4, Soi a to oval, 2-2.2 mm. long; fruit
unknown.

Mountains of Santa Clara (Brothers Léon and Clement
6645, type; 6558, 6669 and 6694).

Family HIPPOCRATEACEAE

Salacia (?) nipensis Britton, sp. nov.

A woody vine, sometimes 3 m. long, the twigs warty. Leaves
coriaceous, glabrous, entire, elongate-lanceolate, 6-18 cm. long,
1.5-4 cm. wide, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, pinnately
veined, the midvein prominent, the lateral venation obscure; pe-
- tioles stout, only 2 mm. long; fruit oblong, obtuse, slightly nar-
rowed towards the base, about 4 cm. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter,
scurfy ; sepals persistent, suborbicular, about 3 mm. broad.

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW TO SCIENCE 79

Dry, rocky hillside, Sierra Nipe, Piedra Gorda to Woodfred,
Oriente (Shafer 3183).

Family RHAMNACEAE

Sarcomphalus cubensis Britton, sp. nov.

A glabrous tree about 10 m. high, the twigs rather stout, stiff,
somewhat angled. Leaves borne on short spurs, elliptic or obo-
vate-elliptic, slightly fleshy, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, rounded or emargi-
nate at the apex, obtuse or somewhat narrowed at the base, faintly
pinnately veined with the lower pair of veins the strongest, the
midvein rather prominent beneath, the slender petioles 3-5 mm.
long; fruiting pedicels very slender, 8-12 mm. long; fruit ovoid,
6-8 mm. long, short-tipped, about 3 times as long as the calyx.

Coastal thickets, Oriente, Santa Clara. Type from Punta
Piedra, Nipe Bay, Oriente (Britton & Cowell 12486).

Rhamnidium (?) oblongifolium Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub I m. tall, with puberulent twigs; leaves oblong, occa-
sionally somewhat elliptic-oblong, 0.9-2.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm.
broad, rounded and emarginate at the apex, obtuse at the base,
entire, green and lustrous above, whitish and conspicuously black-
dotted beneath, glabrous; petioles 1-2.5 mm. long, puberulent;
flower-clusters axillary, long-peduncled; sepals triangular-ovate,
acuminate, glabrous, glandular-dotted; petals broadly triangular-
obovate ; filaments subulate; anthers ovate; ovary ovoid, glabrous,
black-dotted.

Rocky hill, palm barren, Santa Clara (Britton & Cowell
13311).

Rhamnidium (?) orbiculatum Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

An erect shrub, 2 m. tall, with grayish-brown, glabrous twigs;
leaves oval to orbicular-oval, 1.5—2.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.4 cm. broad,
rounded and emarginate at the apex, rounded at the base,
lustrous, reticulate-veined and black-dotted above, paler, black-
dotted and dull beneath, glabrous; petioles 5-6 mm. long ; flower-
clusters axillary, long-peduncled; sepals ovate, glabrous, black-
dotted ; petals present ; filaments short, anthers ovate.

Dry soil, savannas near Camaguey (Britton & Cowell 13188).
Rhamnidium Rocanum Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub with slender grayish-brown puberulent twigs. Leaves
oblong-elliptic, 7-10 cm. long, 2.4-3.5 cm. broad, rounded or occa-

80 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

sionally acutish and mucronulate at the apex, rounded at the base,
entire, glabrous, reticulate-veined and tuberculate above, spar-
ingly puberulent and conspicuously black-dotted beneath ; petioles
6-8 mm. long; flower-clusters axillary, on peduncles about 1 cm.
long; flowers immature; sepals triangular-ovate, acute, glandular-
dotted; petals orbicular-obovate; filaments subulate, glabrous;
anthers ovate; ovary ovoid, compressed, glabrous, glandular-
dotted

In woods, Banao Mountains, Santa Clara (Léon & Roca
8052).

Family VITACEAE

Cissus Torreana Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A vine several meters long, with loosely hirsute, winged
branches; leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 8-10 cm. long, winged;
leaflets membranaceous, elliptic-ovate to obliquely ovate, 8-11
cm. long, 5-7 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, obliquely rounded
or acutish at the base, puberulent above, loosely hirsute on the
veins beneath, the margin serrulate ; petiolules about 1.5 cm. long,
hirsute ; flowers and fruit not seen.

Type from Sierra del Grillo, Madruga, Havana (Léon &
de la Torre 6345).

Family MALVACEAE

Malache calcicola Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub, 2 m. high, the twigs, petioles and leaf-surfaces
densely puberulent and bearing scattered, large stellate hairs.
Leaves ovate-orbicular, 1-3 cm. long, irregularly dentate and
mostly 3-lobed, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the
base, green above, nearly white beneath; the petioles shorter than
the blades; flowers. solitary, slender-peduncled, the peduncles
jointed somewhat below the calyx; bractlets 5, linear, puberulent,
appressed, a little shorter than the calyx; calyx puberulent and
stellate-pubescent 5-lobed, 6-7 mm. long, its lobes ovate, acute ;
petals red, strongly veined, about twice as long as the calyx;
stamen-column about twice as long as the petals; style-branches
10, slender, 2 cm. long; carpels 5, dry coriaceous, irregularly
rugose-crested on the sides, sharply and narrowly winged on the
back, short-beaked, 6 mm. long, 1-seeded, dehiscent; seed ob-
liquely ovoid, brown, shining, smooth, 3 mm. lon

Base of cliff, Rio San Juan, Santa Clara (Britton, Earle &

Wilson 5905.)

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE 81

Maga cubensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A tree, up to 15 m. high, the stout twigs densely and finely
lepidote. Leaves ovate-orbicular, deeply cordate, acute or acumi-
nate, coriaceous, entire, 6-12 cm. long, strongly palmately 5-7-
veined, the veins enlarged and united at the base beneath, dull and
finely reticulate-veined above, densely and finely lepidote beneath,
the terete, lepidote petioles 10 cm. long or less; flowers solitary
or clustered, on stout, lepidote peduncles 1-6 cm. long; calyx
subcampanulate, lepidote, about 12 mm. long, nearly truncate,
with 5 subulate teeth, circumscissile at the base and wholly de-
ciduous ; petals brown-yellow, rounded, finely many-veined, about
3 mm. long, densely lepidote without ; stamen-column about twice
as long as the petals; stamens yellow.

Coastal thickets, and low woodlands, Camaguey ; Santa Clara.
Type from Punta Diablo, Cienfuegos Bay, Santa Clara (Britton
& Wilson 6045).

Family STERCULIACEAE

Melochia savannarum Britton, sp. nov.

A low, more or less prostrate undershrub, the young branches
finely stellate-pubescent, often with simple hairs intermixed;
leaves ovate to broadly oval, 1-2 cm. long, 0.7-2 cm. broad, acute
or rounded at the apex, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base,
rather coarsely serrate, glabrous or loosely pubescent above with
simple and stellate hairs, more or less pubescent beneath ; petioles
3-5 mm. long; flowers short-pedicelled; calyx-teeth triangular-
subulate; petals narrowly obovate, 6.5-7 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm.
broad; ovary tomentose.

Savannas and along streams, Pinar del Rio. Type from Her-
radura, Pinar del Rio (Earle 639).

Recorded by Grisebach as M. melissifolia Benth. and referred
by Wright to M. hirsuta Cav.

Melochia nipensis Britton, sp. nov.

Perennial ; herbaceous with a deep slender tap-root, branches
ascending or spreading, very slender, villous and tomentose, 2.5
dm. long or less. Leaves oval or oblong, 6-16 mm. long, 4-7
mm. wide, tomentose on both sides, obtuse at the apex, somewhat
narrowed at the base, serrulate, the villous petioles 2.5 mm. long
or less; flowers few, glomerate; bracts narrowly linear; calyx
about 3 mm. long, its lance-subulate teeth about as long as the
tube; petals spatulate, yellow, 3 mm. long.

82 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW TO SCIENCE

Pinelands, Sierra Nipe, near Woodfred, Oriente (Shafer
3294).
Family OCHNACEAE

Ouratea affinis Britton, sp. nov.

e 3-5 m. high, the twigs slender, gray. Leaves coria-
ceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, 2 cm. wide
or less, entire, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the
base, dull, faintly and closely pinnately straite-nerved, the mid-
vein rather prominent; petioles 3-6 mm. long; fruiting pedicels
2-6 mm. long; receptacle subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter

Mountains of northern Oriente. Type from Rio Naranja at
450-550 m. altitude (Shafer 3860).

Ouratea Roigii Britton, sp. nov.

Twigs gray, slender. Leaves lanceolate, chartaceous, dull,
4-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed
or rounded at the base, pinnately veined and reticulated, the vena-
tion rather prominent beneath, the petioles 4-8 mm. long; fruiting
pedicels 2-4 cm. long; receptacle subglobose, about 6 mm. in
diameter.

Canete, Baracoa, Oriente (Roig 67).

Family MARCGRAVIACEAE

Marcgravia calcicola Britton, sp. nov.

Barren climbing branches very slender, 3 dm. long or longer,
their leaves sessile, ovate, cordate, acute, about 2cm. long. Flow-
ering branches slender, gray, their leaves oblong, 5-6 cm. long,
12-20 mm. wide, acute at both ends, the midvein prominent be-
neath, impressed above, the lateral venation wholly obscure, the
petioles 1-2 mm. long, uppermost leaves ovate, 2-3 cm. long;
raceme short, several-many-flowered ; pedicels rather stout, thick-
ened upward, I-1.5 cm. long; sepals suborbicular, rounded; co-
rolla-bud rounded; sterile pedicels incurved, I cm. long or less;
`- bracts galeate, compressed, 6 mm. d.

Limestone cliffs, Bafios San Vicente, Pinar del Rio (Britton
& Gager 7412).

Family THEACEAE

Haemocharis benitoensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.
A straggling shrub, 1-2 m. high, with slender branches, the
twigs pilose with appressed hairs; leaves obovate, 3-5 cm. long,
+

ES

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW To SCIENCE 83

I-1.6 cm. broad, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, yel-
lowish-green and glabrous above, the midvein impressed, paler
and often loosely pilose beneath, the midvein prominent, the lat-
eral veins indistinct ; margin more or less revolute; petioles slen-
der, 5-7 mm. long, pilose; sepals suborbicular, 3 mm. long, ap-
pressed-pilose on the back; petals elliptic-obovate or obovate, 1
cm. long, 5-6 mm. broad, “ white” ; ovary appressed-pilose.

Type from thicket, vicinity of Camp San Benito, Oriente
(Shafer 4063).

Family CLUSIACEAE

_ Rheedia brevipes Britton, sp. nov.

A tree about 4 m. high, the twigs short ; leaves opposite, borne
in 2—4 pairs near the ends of the twigs, rigid, oblong-lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, pinnately veined,
acuminate, spinulose-tipped, narrowed or obtuse at the base, the
stout petiole about 3 mm. long; staminate flowers solitary or few
together on pedicels 3 mm. long; flower-bud subglobose, 2.5-3
mm. in diameter; sepals suborbicular, rounded.

Bank of arroyo, between Santa Clara and Manicaragua,
Santa Clara (Britton & Cowell 10262).

Clusia callosa Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A glabrous shrub, 2-3 m. tall, with rather thick, more or less
angled, grayish, branches ; leaves broadly obovate, 4-6.5 cm. long,
2.7-4.5 cm. broad, rigid-coriaceous, rounded at the apex, obtuse
at the base, lustrous above, the veins rather indistinct, paler be-
neath and conspicuously black glandular-dotted, the midvein

thickened ; inflorescence terminal, 6-7 cm. long; stigmas 5; fruit
subglobose or globose-obovoid, 1.5 cm. long, 1.2-1.5 cm. broad.

Type from Camp La Gloria, south of Sierra Moa, Oriente
(Shafer 8206).

Family HYPERICACEAE

Hypericum ophiticola Britton, sp. nov.

Perennial by a deep slender root, much branched, the stems
angular, slender, prostrate or ascending, 5-15 cm. long, the
branches short, ascending or erect, rather densely leafy. Leaves
oblanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, sessile, rounded at the apex, nar-

84 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE

rowed at the base, I-nerved, black-punctate; flowers terminal,
solitary, short-peduncled; sepals obovate-oblong, apiculate,
I-nerved, 2.5 mm. long; capsule oblong, 3-valved, about as long
as the sepals.

Hillside, serpentine palm barren, Santa Clara (Britton & Wil-
son 6140).

Family FLACOURTIACEAE
Myroxylon (?) rhombifolium Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 1 m. high, with very slender, elongated, puberu-
lent branches, each node with an acicular spine 8-12 mm. long,
Leaves coriaceous, rhombic, 6-10 mm. broad, about as long as
wide, 2—5-toothed, strongly veined on both sides, the venation
somewhat reticulated, dark green and shining above, pale green
beneath, glabrous, the petioles 0.5-1 mm. long; flowers and fruit
unknown.

Coe’s Camp, Ensenada de Siguanea, Isle of Pines (Britton &
Wilson 14880).

Lunania subcoriacea Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub, about 3 m. high, with slender gray terete branches.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, glabrous, 12-17 cm.
long, 4—5 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, obtuse
or rounded at the base, the rather stout petioles I-1.5 cm. long;
raceme peduncled, about 10 cm. long, glabrous; pedicels 4.5-5
mm. long, jointed near the base, glabrous; sepals orbicular or
suborbicular, 4.5 mm. broad, concave; filaments subulate; disk
fleshy ; ovary ovoid.

Rich woods, alluvial valley of Rio Yamaniguey, Oriente
(Shafer 4204).

Lunania elongata Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Branches slender, elongated, puberulent when young, gray,
terete. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, gla-
brous, 5-15 cm. long, 3 cm. wide or less, acuminate at the apex,
rounded or subcordate at the base, the slender petioles 8-20 mm.
long, puberulent when young; raceme long-peduncled, narrow,
puberulent, many-flowered, 10-18 cm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm
long, jointed above the base, puberulent; sepals orbicular, 4 mm.
broad, concave; stamens about 10; disk fleshy; ovary elliptic-
ovoi

Sierra de las Divisiones, Sancti Spiritus mountains, Santa
Clara (Léon and Clement 6598).

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE 85

Family THYMELAEACEAE

Daphnopsis oblongifolia Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 1-2 m. or more high, with slender branches, the young
growth appressed-puberulent. Leaves linear-oblong to oblong or
somewhat elliptic-oblong, 2-5.5 cm. long, 4-7 mm. broad, obtuse
or acutish at the apex, acute at the base, short-petioled, entire,
revolute-margined, the veins anastomosing and nearly parallel to
the midrib ; inflorescence short-peduncled, few-flowered ; pedicels
2-2.5 mm. long, staminate flowers with calyx-tube short, the lobes
ovate.

Type from palm barren, Santa Clara (Britton & Cowell
13301).

Family MYRTACEAE

Psidium nummularioides Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A small tree, with slender, gray, terete, glabrous twigs. Leaves
orbicular or ovate, coriaceous, glabrous, 8-15 mm. long, rounded
or obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, bright
green and finely reticulate-veined on both surfaces, the midvein
rather prominent, the stout petioles about 1 mm. long; pedicels
axillary, solitary, slender, ascending, 1.5 cm. long; calyx-lobes
suborbicular, 2-2.5 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. broad, glabrous; young
fruit ellipsoid, 8 mm. long, 5-6 mm. in diameter.

Coral limestone bench, Guantanamo Bay, Oriente (Britton
2046).

Psidium (?) navasense Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A glabrous shrub, about 1.3 m. high, the slender twigs terete.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 5-7
cm. long, dull, bluntly acuminate at the apex, obtuse at the base,
rather strongly pinnately veined with the veins united near the
margin, the midvein impressed above, prominent beneath, the
stout petioles about 2 mm. long; young fruits axillary, solitary,
subglobose, about 7 mm. in diameter, on peduncles 6-8 mm. long ;
calyx-lobes suborbicular, 2 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad; berry
subglobose, 6 mm. in diameter.

Moist woods between Navas and Camp Buena Vista, Oriente,
650 m. altitude (Shafer 4444).

Psidium bullatum Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

b or a tree up to 5 m. high, the young twigs densely
short-pubescent, terete. Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic, 3-5 cm.

86 BRITTON : CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE

long, mostly obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the
base, revolute-margined, very short-petioled, when young thin,
densely puberulent above, white-tomentulose and black-dotted -
beneath, when old coriaceous, glabrous and shining with the veins
deeply impressed above, dull, glabrate, with the veins very promi-
nent beneath; flowers axillary or lateral on rather stout pubes-
cent peduncles, 1.5-3 cm. long, 2-bracted at the summit, the bracts
ovate-oblong, 4 mm. long, deciduous; calyx densely white-tomen-
tulose and black-dotted, 6mm. long, open in the bud; petals white,
‘somewhat longer than the calyx; ovary 2-celled; fruit ellipsoid,
about 1 cm. long, the calyx persistent.

Palm barrens, Camaguey, Santa Clara. Type from Santa
Clara (Britton & Cowell 13328).

Psidium (?) ophiticola Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub, about 2 dm. high, the twigs densely tomentulose,
terete. Leaves mostly elliptic, coriaceous, 4 cm. long or less,
rounded or retuse at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base,
obsoletely veined and glabrous above when old, densely whitish-
tomentulose and with pinnate venation beneath, the short stout
petioles 1-2 mm. long; flowers solitary in the upper axils;
peduncles slender, puberulent, 2-4 cm. long; calyx-lobes elliptic
to ovate, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, tomentose; petals oval, 6 mm.
long, 4.5 mm. broad.

Dry rocky soil, serpentine hills near mouth of the Rio Yamani-
guey, Oriente (Shafer 4278).

Psidium saxicola Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub, 1 m. high, with terete, nearly erect, densely short-
pubescent branches. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, subcoria-
ceous, very nearly sessile, densely copiously punctate, acute or
obtuse at the apex, subcordate or rounded at the base, glabrous
and indistinctly veined above, pubescent on the rather prominent
veins beneath, the midvein impressed above, elevated on the
underside; flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles short-pubes-
cent, 2-6 cm. long; bractlets 2, subfoliaceous, ovate-oblong,
pubescent, 4-7 mm. long; ovary pubescent; calyx-lobes tomen-
tose, elliptic-ovate to oval, 3.5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, ciliate;
petals broadly obovate to suborbicular, 8.5-9 mm. long, 6.5-7 mm.
broad; young fruit oblong, pubescent, 9 mm. long.

Rocky coastal hills, Santiago Bay. Oriente. Type from El
Morro (Britton & Cowell 12544).

aac parila

ES a aia

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE 87

Calyptranthes Clementis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub, 2-3 m. high ; young twigs terete, densely brown-pilose,
the older ones glabrous. Leaves subcoriaceous, elliptic-lanceo-
late, 5-8 cm. long, 3 cm. wide or less, rather distinctly pinnately
veined with the midvein slightly impressed above and prominent
beneath, the upper surface glabrous, dull green, the under surface
pale, densely pilose when young, glabrous when old, the apex
long-acuminate, the base rounded or obtuse, the stout petioles
2-4 mm. long; peduncles 0.6-1.8 cm. long, pilose with brownish
hairs; heads densely bracted, the bracts brown-pilose, the outer
bracts lanceolate, 6-7.5 mm. long, 2.8-3 mm. broad, pinnately-
veined, the inner ones smaller ; hypanthium densely brown-pilose ;
fruit (immature) subglobose, 7 mm. in diameter, tuberculate,
sparingly pilose.

Loma de Ponciano, Sancti Spiritus mountains, Santa Clara,
about 750 m. altitude (Léon & Clement 6680).

Calyptranthes Caroli Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub, about 3 m. high, the young twigs terete, loosely
brown-pilose with spreading hairs, glabrous in age. Leaves sub-
coriaceous, narrowly elongate-lanceolate, 5-9.5 cm. long, 1.4-1.8
cm. wide, finely pinnately-veined above, reticulate-veined beneath,
the midvein not or slightly elevated above, prominent beneath,
the upper and lower leaf-surfaces brown-pilose when young,
glabrous in age, the apex long-acuminate, the base rounded ; pe-
tioles 5-7 mm. long, channelled above, pilose; heads many-
flowered, sessile or nearly so, few-bracted, the bracts lanceolate,

mm. long, 3 mm. broad, keeled on the back, loosely pilose;
hypanthium densely brown-pilose ; fruit unknown.

Banks of Arroyo Ahoga Caballos between Catalina and Cai-
mito, Pinar del Rio, 100-150 m. altitude (Léon & Charles 4805).

Calyptranthes clarensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub or small tree, up to 3 m. high or a little higher ; young
twigs subterete, pilose with short, mostly appressed hairs, gla-
brous in age. Leaves subcoriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate or ellip-
tic-oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, 7-14 mm. wide, rather indistinctly
pinnately veined on both atau the midvein impressed above,
prominent beneath, the upper surface glabrous or nearly so, the
lower surface appressed-pilose when young, glabrous or nearly
so in age, acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base; petioles
2-2.5 mm. long; inflorescence 1-3-flowered; peduncles 2-2.5
cm. long, slender, puberulent with appressed hairs when young,

88 BRITTON: CuBAN PLANTS NEW To SCIENCE

glabrous or nearly so in age; hypanthium appressed brown-
pilose ; fruit unknown.

Sierra del Caballete, Sancti Spiritus mountains, Santa Clara,
at 800-850 m. altitude (Léon & Clement 6540).

Eugenia Cowellii Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub, 1—2 m. high, the slender gray twigs puberulent when
young, soon glabrous. Leaves oblong to orbicular-elliptic, coria-
ceous, very small, only 4-7 mm. long, rounded at both ends, tuber-
culate and veinless above, black-punctate and with the midvein
rather prominent beneath, the petioles about 1 mm. long; fruit
subglobose or ellipsoid, red, about 9 mm. long.

Coastal rocks, southern Oriente. Type collected at Cabañas
Bay (Britton & Cowell 12716).

Eugenia (?) cabanasensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A tree 6 m. high, the numerous slender twigs gray, glabrous.
Leaves oblong-obovate, coriaceous, light green, 8-15 mm. long,
4-6 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the
base, smooth, shining and with the midvein impressed above, dull,
copiously tuberculate-punctate and with the midvein rather prom-
inent beneath, the internal venation wholly obscure, the petioles
about 1 mm. long; flowers and fruit unknown.

Rocky hillside, Cabafias Bay, southern Oriente (Britton &
Cowell 12820).

Eugeina moensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub or a slender tree up to 5 m. high, glabrous through-
out, the slender twigs densely leafy. Leaves narrowly oblong or
linear-oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, rounded or obtuse
at the apex, narrowed at the base, tuberculate-punctate on both
sides, the midvein lightly impressed above, faint beneath, the lat-
eral venation almost wholly obscure, the rather stout petioles 4-7
mm. long; flowers axillary, solitary, on filiform peduncles about
2 cm. long; calyx about 2.5 mm. long, its lobes ovate; young
fruit narrowly oblong, 6 mm. long.

Rocky banks of mountain stream, Camp La Gloria, south of
Sierra Moa (Shafer S100).

A shrub with similar foliage, but with the leaves nearly smooth
on both sides and the midvein prominent beneath, growing along
a rocky river near Camp San Benito, Oriente, at 900 meters ele-
vation, may be a related species.

hen ee pt re

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS New TO SCIENCE 89

Eugenia havanensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 2 m. high, the young twigs glabrous or slightly
puberulent. Leaves obovate to elliptic or oval, 2.5-3.8 cm. long,
1.5-2.3 cm. broad, rounded at the apex, acute at the base, above
rather light green, lustrous and finely tuberculate-glandular when
young, dark green and smooth or nearly so in age, beneath gla-
brous, paler and finely tuberculate-glandular, the midrib promi-
nent; flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels slender, 1-3 cm. long,
glabrous or slightly pubescent; calyx-tube about 3 mm. long, pu-
berulent with appressed whitish hairs, its lobes unequal, rounded-
ovate to suborbicular, ciliolate ; petals obovate, 8 mm. long, 5-5.5
mm. broad, ciliolate.

On hills, Havana. Type collected at Cuabal north of Minas
(Léon & Roca 6212). Possibly a species of Psidium.

Eugenia varia Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A low shrub, only about 2 dm. high, some of the branches de-
cumbent and radicant; young twigs puberulent, the older ones
gray and glabrous. Leaves chartaceous, various in form, ovate
to elliptic or suborbicular, 2 cm. long or less, acute, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, distinctly pin-
nately veined, the upper surface tuberculate, the petioles 1-1.5
mm. long; flowers few or solitary, mostly in the upper axils;
pedicels puberulent, 3 mm. long or less; calyx 1-1.2 mm. long,
sparingly pubescent, its lobes rounded-ovate to ovate, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, ciliate ; petals oval to suborbicular, 1.8-2 mm. .
long, 1.7-2 mm. broad, rounded at the apex; fruit subglobose, 5
mm. long.

Banks, Pinar del Rio. Type collected between San Diego
and La Palma (Léon 5158).

Eugenia (?) Earlei Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 2 m. high, with short terete glabrous twigs.
Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic, chartaceous, 2.5-4 cm. long, 3
cm. wide or less, distinctly pinnately veined, obtuse, rounded or
bluntly acute at the apex, obtuse at the base, bright green, shining,
somewhat tuberculate above and with impressed midvein, pale
green, dull and with midvein prominent beneath, the stout petioles
about 1 mm. long.

Valley near Guanabana, Trinidad Mountains, Santa Clara,
260 m. altitude (Britton, Earle & Wilson, 4771).

90 BRITTON : CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

Eugenia Rocana Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub, about 2 m. high, the slender young twigs puberulent,
the older ones gray, terete, glabrous. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 2.5 cm. long or less, acute at the apex,
obtuse at the base, the midvein impressed above, prominent be-
neath, the lateral venation delicate, not prominent, the upper sur-
face tuberculate, the puberulent petioles about 1 mm. ones
flowers solitary or few together and nearly sessile; calyx 1.
long, densely whitish-pubescent with appressed hairs, its ra
triangular to triangular-ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate.

Rocky summit of Sierra de Anafe, Havana P & Roca
7142).

Eugenia clarensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A tree about 6 m. high, the slender young twigs puberulent.
Leaves oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, 2.8 cm. long
or less, 6-10 mm. wide, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the
base, the midvein impressed above, prominent beneath, the lateral
venation wholly obscure, the upper surface tuberculate, the stout
petioles about 1.5 mm. long; flowers axillary, solitary or in 2-4-
flowered clusters; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, pubescent; bractlets
lanceolate; calyx-tube whitish-pubescent with long hairs, 2 mm.
long, its lobes ovate, acuminate at the apex, ciliate; petals oval, 5
mm. long, 3 mm. broad, rounded at the a

Woods, Pitajones, Santa Clara (Shafer 12275).

Eugenia anafensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 2 m. high, the young twigs slender, densely
puberulent. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous,
glabrous, 3-5 cm. long, 9-18 mm. wide, acute or short-acuminate
at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, the midvein im-
pressed above, prominent beneath, the lateral venation delicate,
not prominent, the upper surface tuberculate; flowers solitary
and very nearly sessile in the axils; fruit subglobose, about 8 mm.
in diameter, the persistent calyx-lobes triangular to triangular-
ovate, 2.5 mm. long, acute.

Rocky hillside, Sierra de Anafe, Pinar del Rio (Wilson
11587).

Eugenia ignota Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub. about 3 m. high, the young twigs, inflorescence and
veins of the young leaves appressed-pubescent. Leaves oblong
to elliptic, thin-chartaceous, 3 cm. long or less, 8-16 mm. wide,

ag eS SL aa

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW To SCIENCE 9t

acute at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, rather dis-
tinctly pinnately veined, smooth and glabrous above, punctate
and with some scattered hairs beneath, the midvein impressed in
the upper surface, prominent on the lower, the puberulent petioles
1+2 mm. long; flowers few, in small bracteolate axillary clusters;
pedicels 2-3,5 mm. long; calyx about 1.5 mm. long, pubescent
with scattered, appressed hairs, its lobes rounded-ovate, acute or
short-acuminate.

Coastal plain, San Juan, Isle of Pines (Britton & Wilson
15455).

Eugenia Bakeri Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Young twigs puberulent, slender, terete, soon becoming gla-
brous. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, 2-3.5 cm
long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
shining, copiously impressed-punctate with impressed midvein -
but otherwise nerveless above, dull, pinnately veined and with
midvein prominent beneath, the stout petioles about 1 mm. long;
flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils, sessile; calyx 2
mm. long, more or less loosely pubescent with brownish hairs,
its lobes rounded-ovate to oval, obtuse or rounded at the apex.

Santa Catalina, Pinar del Rio (Baker 969).

A barren specimen with similar foliage but with leaves
rounded at base, from Rio Guao, Pinar del Rio (Britton &
Cowell 10102), may represent this species or a related one.

Family MELASTOMACEAE
Tamonea (?) moensis Britton, sp. nov.

A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic
or ovate-elliptic, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at
the base, entire, 4.5-7 cm. long, 3-nerved, the 2 lateral veins
arising just above the base, the veins impressed above, promi-
nent beneath, the secondary venation delicate, the rather stout
petioles 6-9 mm. long; panicle loosely few-flowered ; pedicels
slender, 10-14 mm. long; fruit globose, roa about 7 mm. in
diameter, the persistent calyx-limb trun

Camp La Gloria, south of Sierra m jae (Shafer 8073,
type; 8038).

za sce saxicola Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

shrub, about 6 dm. high, the young twigs, petioles and
lea! Blades finely scurfy. Leaves subcoriaceous, bright green,

92 Britton: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

shining, ovate to elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at
the. apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 3-nerved, the lateral veins
arising just above the base, the secondary venation indistinct,
glabrous on both sides when old, except for a tuft of short hairs
in the axils of the lateral veins; flowers 5-parted, solitary or 2
together at the end of a peduncle, I-1.5 cm. long; pedicels fili-
form, 5~10 mm. long; calyx-tube terete, subcampanulate, 5 mm.
long, its 5 subulate teeth 2-2.5 mm. long; anthers a little shorter
than the filaments; petals white, obovate, obtuse, 7-8 mm. long;
fruit black, subglobose, about 6 mm. in diameter.

Rocks, vicinity of Sumidero, Pinar del Rio. Type from
Sierra Caliente (Shafer 13770).

Pachyanthus Clementis P. Wilson, sp. nov.

` A shrub with densely ferruginous twigs and branches.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 9-12 cm. long, 3.5-4.5 cm. broad, gla-
brous or nearly so above, pubescent beneath with stellate hairs,
cordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, coriaceous, petioled,
3-5-nerved, the veins and lateral nerves prominent beneath,
slightly impressed above; inflorescence peduncled;. calyx urn-
shaped, 7-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. broad, densely pubescent with
rather long shaggy hairs, the lobes long-acuminate.

Loma Los Helechales, Banao Mountains, Santa Clara (Léon
& Clement 5399).

Pachyanthus mantuensis Britton & Wion, sp. nov.

A shrub 1 m. high or less, the branches, twigs and calyx
densely scurfy with brownish stellate scales.: Leaves 4-8 cm.
long, 2-3.6 cm. broad, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, obtuse at the apex,
rounded and subcordate at the base, yellowish green, punctate
and glabrous or nearly so above, slightly paler and scurfy espe-
cially on the veins beneath, coriaceous; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long;
calyx urn-shaped, the lobes with a short keel on the back near the
apex; petals ovate-oval to oval, 12 mm. long, 7-8 nim. broad,
rounded at the apex, puberulent. —

-+ Dry prairie land, between Guane and Mantua, Pinar del Rio
‘(Shafér 11220).

QOssaea Shaferi Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 1-2 m. high, with densely hirsute e leaves and
inflorescence. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long,
5-nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or ‘obtuse at
the base, the upper stirface densely me a tuberculate, each

|
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BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW To SCIENCE 93

tubercle bearing a stiff bristly hair; veins of the under leaf-
surface strong and elevated, two of the lateral ones arising from
near the base, the other two arising from above the base ; petioles
stout, 2 cm. long or less; flowers 2—4, sessile at the end of a short
stout peduncle, or some of them solitary; calyx densely hirsute,
its 5 lobes subulate, long-ciliate, about 3 mm. long; fruit densely
hirsute.

Thickets, mountains of northern Oriente. Type from Camp
La Gloria, south of Sierra Moa (Shafer 8152).

Ossaea navasensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 2 m. high, with reddish or reddish-brown
scurfy twigs and petioles. Leaves lanceolate-ovate to ovate, 3-5
cm. long, 1.3-2 cm. broad, 3-nerved, acuminate at the apex, acute
at the base, glabrous and dull above, the primary veins impressed,
paler beneath, the primary veins rather prominent; petioles 5-11
mm. long, ciliate ; flowers axillary, solitary or few, sessile ; calyx-
lobes 4, linear-lanceolate, long-ciliate ; petals acute.

Dense woods, trail, Navas to Camp Buena Vista, Oriente
(Shafer 4449).

Ossaea nipensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 1 m. high, with brownish or reddish-brown scurfy
twigs and petioles. Leaves ovate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 7-1
broad, 3-nerved, acute to short-acuminate at the apex, the tip
obtuse, rounded or somewhat acutish at the base, dark green, and
glabrous above, the primary veins impressed, brown and some-
what scurfy beneath, the veins rather prominently elevated; pe-
tioles 4-6 mm. long, slender; flowers solitary or few, subsessile ;
calyx-lobes 4, minute, broadly triangular, acute; petals oblong-
elliptic, 1.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. broad, acute; young fruit subglo-
bose, 2 mm. in diameter.

Rich woods, Sierra Nipe, near Woodfred, Oriente (Shafer
3439).

Family ERICACEAE

Kalmiella simulata Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 6-9 dm. tall, with glabrous foliage and puberulent
branches; leaves thick, lanceolate-subulate on account of the
strongly revolute margins, 5-6 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad, bright
green and shining above, paler beneath, sessile; pedicels longer
than the leaves, sparsely glandular-pilose; sepals lanceolate, 5

94 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

mm. long, obtuse or acutish, glabrous; corolla pinkish-white, 12-13
mm. broad ; filaments pubescent near the base ; capsule immature.

White sandy places, vicinity of Los Indios, Isle of Pines
(Britton & Wilson 14205).

Family APOCYNACEAE
Rauwolfia linearifolia Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A glabrous shrub 4.5 dm. high, with slender grayish branches.
Leaves in whorls of 3’s, linear, 4-6.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide,
dark green above, paler beneath, the midvein prominent on both
as agit the lateral veins indistinct ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, I-1.5

m. long, acute to acuminate; corolla purplish, its tube slender,
ay mm. long, the lobes elliptic, 4 mm. long, 1.3 mm, wide; ovary
immersed in a cup-shaped disk ; style filiform; carpels two, united
at the base, one carpel sometimes abortive. .

Type collected on limestone hill, Paso Estancia to the Pinales,
Oriente (Shafer 1754).

Echites minima Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Stems slender, twining, puberulent. Leaves oblong, I-2 cm.
long, 4-5 mm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded and cordate
at the base, glabrous, short-petioled, the midvein indistinct above,
prominent beneath ; calyx-lobes elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic, 2-2.5
mm. long, I-I.I mm. broad, acuminate at the apex; corolla-tube
3-3.5 mm. long, the lobes suborbicular, light yellow, 3.5 mm.
long, 4 mm. broad.

In dry grassy places, barren savannas southeast of Holguin,
Oriente (Shafer 2955).

` An incomplete specimen from savannas between Queen City
and Minas, Camaguey (Shafer 2928), is referred to this species
with doubt.

Family CONVOLVULACEAE

Exogonium incertum Britton, sp. nov.

Vine, slender, glabrous up to 8 dm. long or longer. Leaves
unknown; corymbs few-several-flowered, short-peduncled ; pedi-
cels 5-12 mm. long; sepals about 6 mm. long, elliptic-ovate, obtuse
or rounded; corolla tubular-funnelform, glabrous, pink with a
purple throat, 3-4 cm. long, its tube very narrow within the calyx,
gradually enlarged above, its limb about 1.5 cm. broad; capsule

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BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW TO SCIENCE 95

‘ovoid-globose, 8 mm. long; seeds oblong, with long brown hairs.

Hillsides, northwestern Oriente. Type from Loma Pilon, in
eruptive mountains near Holguin (Shafer 1235).

Family HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Nama cubana P. Wilson, sp. nov.

A spiny shrub 2-3.5 dm. tall, with puberulent twigs. Leaves
obovate or somewhat obovate-spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm.
broad, glabrous or nearly so, rounded or acutish at the apex,
cuneate at the base, short-petioled; sepals ovate, 5-7 mm. long,
3-5-5 mm. broad, acute or rounded at the apex, glabrous; capsule
subglobose, 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous; styles mostly 3, shorter
than the sepals.

In mud, Columbia, Camaguey Shair 610).

Family CORDIACEAE
Varronia Shaferi Britton, sp. nov.

Shrub-like, branched, the twigs, petioles and peduncles ap-
pressed-pubescent, scabrous. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
coriaceous, entire, 8 cm. long or less, 2-4 cm. wide, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed and acute at the base, shining
and glabrous or nearly so above, short-pubescent beneath, the
veins impressed above, prominent beneath, the rather stout pe-
tioles 1-2 cm. long; peduncles terminal, rather stout, 5-8 cm.
long; flowers densely short-spicate; spikes 1.5-3 cm. long, about
I cm. thick; calyx strigose, about 6 mm. long, its triangular lobes
tapering into a linear, caudate tip; corolla 3.5-4 mm. long, white,
a little longer than the calyx-tube, its lobes short, rounded ; fruit
oval, about 7 mm. long.

Moist woods between Navas and Camp Buena Vista, Oriente,
at 650 meters altitude (Shafer 4448).

Bourreria Taylori Britton, sp. nov.

A tree, 5-8 m. high, the young twigs and inflorescence loosely
pilose. Leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, 3-7 cm.
long, 2 cm. wide or less, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cuneate
at the base, smooth, glabrous and reticulate-veined above, spar-
ingly pilose beneath, the petioles 2-4 mm. long; inflorescence
paniculate, several-flowered; calyx oblong-campanulate, densely
pilose, about 6 mm. long, its teeth triangular, acute; styles united
to above the middle, stout ; fruit en ig globose, about 8 mm.
in diameter.

96 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS New To SCIENCE

Sevilla Estate, near Santiago, Oriente, at 260 m. elevation
(Taylor 431).

Rochefortia stellata Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A tree, 5 m. high, with grayish, flexuose branches and puberu-
lent spiny twigs. Leaves elliptic, subcoriaceous, brittle, 1.5-2.8
cm. long, 1.2-1.8 cm. wide, rounded and occasionally slightly.
emarginate at the apex, rounded at the base, short-petioled, lus-
trous and glabrous or with few scattered stellate hairs above,
densely puberulent beneath with grayish, stellate hairs; flowers
solitary or several, axillary, short-pedicelled; calyx densely stel-
late-tomentulose, the lobes triangular-ovate; corolla-tube short,
the lobes elliptic-ovate to elliptic, 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, cilio-
late; ovary glabrous, the styles separate to near the base, pubes-
cent; young fruit subglobose, 6 mm. in diameter, glabrous.

Coastal thicket, Ensenada Cabanita, Oriente (Britton & Co-
well 12634):

Rochefortia cubensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

_A shrub with brownish-gray, puberulent, spiny twigs. Leaves
elliptic, chartaceous, 6-9 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rounded at
both ends, the base occasionally somewhat inequilateral, pubes-
cent above with simple, scattered, appressed hairs, glabrous or
nearly so beneath, short-petioled; calyx-lobes ovate, ciliate, 2.5
mm. long ; fruit subglobose, 4.5 mm. in diameter, yellowish-red.

Thicket east of Playa de Marianao (Léon 7228).

Family VERBENACEAE

Duranta arida Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A strict shrub, 1-3 m. high, the slender twigs and branches of
the inflorescence puberulent. Leaves obovate to elliptic or oval,
0.6-1.5 cm. long, 0.5-0.9 cm. wide, acute or rounded at the apex,
cuneate or obtuse at the base, entire or minutely and sparingly
denticulate above the middle, dark green, glabrous and incon-
spicuously veined above, paler and glabrous beneath, the lateral
veins three or four on each side of the midvein; petioles 1-2 mm.
long, slender; fruit subglobose, 5 mm. in diameter, on pedicels I
mm. long.

Thickets, Sabana to Maisi, Otiente (Shafer 7904, type; 7911).
veerra Shaferi Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub up to 3.3 m. high, the twigs, petioles, under bag
surfaces and inflorescence densely white stellate-scurfy. Leaves

coleman ete. 2 os Sell

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE 97

oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, chartaceous, 3-8
cm. long, I-3 cm. wide, entire or very nearly so, acute, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, obtuse, subtruncate or narrowed at the base,
dark green, finely reticulate-veined and glabrous above, strongly
reticulate-veined beneath, the slender petioles 5-12 mm. long;
cymes small, peduncled, much shorter than the leaves; pedicels
very short ; calyx obconic, white stellate-scurfy, 1.5 mm. wide, the
lobes very short, broadly triangular; corolla pink, 3-3.5 mm. long,
the lobes oval, rounded at the apex; filaments filiform, exserted ;
fruit subglobose, scurfy, blue, 3.5-4 mm. in diameter.

Limestone hills and plains, Pinar del Rio and Isle of Pines.
Type from limestone hills, vicinity of Sumidero, Pinar del Rio
(Shafer 13526).

Callicarpa Wrightii Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub, 6-12 dm. high, the twigs, petioles and inflorescence
densely brown stellate-scurfy. Leaves obovate to elliptic or
oblong, membranous, 7-12 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, crenate-
serrate at least above the middle, acuminate at the apex, cuneate
at the base, dark green, glabrous and inconspicuously veined
above, green, sparingly stellate on the principal veins, lightly
reticulate-veined and copiously resinous-dotted beneath, the pe-
tioles 5-9 mm. long; cymes few-flowered, short-peduncled, much
shorter than the leaves, sometimes not longer than the petioles;
fruit greenish, about 5 mm. in diameter, on poen about 1.5
mm

Valleys and hillsides, northern Oriente. Type from Moa
Bay, east of Rio Moa (Shafer 83084).

Callicarpa cuneifolia Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub up to 2 m. high, the twigs, petioles, under leaf-
surfaces and branches of the inflorescence densely stellate-
pubescent with ferruginous hairs. Leaves obovate or elliptic,
chartaceous, 4-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, crenulate, acute or
acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, dark-green and some-
what scabrous above, the midvein strongly impressed, reticulate-
veined and finely glandular beneath, the petioles about 6 mm.
long; cymes small, peduncled, shorter than the leaves; pedicels
1.5-2 mm. long; calyx 3 mm. broad; fruit subglobose, 4 mm. in
diameter, puberulent when young, glandular.

Hillsides and pine woods, northern Oriente. Type from a
dry serpentine hill, Loma Santa Teresa, near El Yunque (Shafer
7741).

98 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

Callicarpa nipensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 6 dm. high, the twigs, EDETS, petioles
and under leaf-surfaces densely brown stellate-tomentose. Leaves
linear-oblong, coriaceous, entire or very slightly repand, 12 cm.
long or less, 8-18 mm. wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the
base, tapering aail from near the middle to both ends, dark
green and minutely setulose with impressed venation above,
strongly elevated-veined beneath, the rather stout petioles 6-9
mm. long; cymes peduncled, shorter than the leaves, several-
flowered; fruit blue, compressed, short-pubescent, about 7 mm.
broad.

Border of pinelands, Sierra Nipe, near Woodfred, Oriente,
450-550 meters altitude (Shafer 3026).

Vitex Clementis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Young twigs rather slender, densely tomentulose. Leaves
3-foliolate ; petioles slender, tomentulose, 2-7 cm. long; petiolules
2 cm. long or less; leaflets oblong-elliptic, 6-10 cm. long, rather
thin, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous
above, or nearly so, except upon the impressed veins, densely
tomentulose and with elevated veins beneath; cymes several or
numerous, panicled, few-several-flowered, tomentulose; pedicels
2-5 mm. long; calyx short-campanulate, about 6 mm. broad, its
lobes suborbicular, ciliate ; corolla purple, 1.5-1.7 cm. broad, vil-
lous on the outside, its lobes very tinequal, its tube 6 mm. long.

Coastal thickets, Santiago, Oriente (Clement 168, type) ; col-
lected also at Cabo Cruz, as shown by a specimen from the Sau-
valle Herbarium.

Pseudocarpidium Shaferi Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub or small tree up to 4 m. high, the young twigs, pe-
tioles and under leaf-surfaces whitish-tomentulose. Leaves ob-
long, or oblong-oblanceplate, coriaceous, 3.5 cm. long or less, 6-10

. wide, entire, or rarely with 1 or 2 spinulose teeth, acute and
spinulose-tipped, the base subcuneate, the principal veins delicate
above, rather prominent beneath, the upper epee dark rag

4-lobed, depressed, 4-6 mm. broad.
Coastal thickets between Sabana and Maisi, Oriente (Shafer

7901).

BRITTON : CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE 99

Clerodendrum anafense Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A tree up to Io m. high, the twigs and petioles very minutely
and sparsely hispidulous. Leaves elliptic or somewhat elliptic-
obovate, 4-9 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, obtuse or acute at the apex,
rounded or acutish at the base, light green and glabrous, or mi-
nutely and obscurely hispidulous on the mid-vein above, paler,
coarsely reticulate-veined and glabrous beneath, entire, coria-
ceous, short-petioled; calyx campanulate, 3.5-4 mm. wide, sub-
truncate at the apex, glabrous; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, white, the
lobes oblanceolate to obovate; filaments filiform, exserted; an-
thers narrowly ovate or elliptic.

Rocky hillsides, Sierra de Anafe, Pinar del Rio (Wilson &
Léon 11466).

Clerodendrum camagueyense Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 1-1.2 m. high, the twigs and petioles tuberculate and
minutely hispidulous with mostly appressed hairs. Leaves obo-
vate or elliptic-obovate, 7-11: cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, dark
green, lustrous and hispidulous on the veins above, the secondary
veins inconspicuous, paler, coarsely reticulate-veined and minutely
hispidulous on the veins beneath, the margin denticulate ; petioles
I cm. long; calyx narrowly campanulate, subtruncate at the apex,
glabrous; corolla about 4 cm. long, white, the lobes oblanceolate ;
stamens exserted

Savanna south of Sierra Cubitas, Camaguey (Shafer 496).

Family LAMIACEAE

Salvia scabrata Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A more or less straggling shrub, 1-1.2 m. tall, with hispid
twigs. Leaves obovate, 4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2.2 cm. broad, obtuse
or acutish at the apex, cuneate at the base, dull and glabrous
above, paler and conspicuously punctate beneath, crenulate-ser-
rate; petioles about 7 mm. long, hispid; racemes axillary, the
verticels 3-5 cm. apart, few-flowered; pedicels 5-6 mm. long;
calyx 11—12 mm. long, its lobes ciliolate, acute; corolla red or
scarlet, 2-2.5 cm. long, tomentose.

Mountains of northern Oriente. Type from along a rocky
river, near Camp San Benito, 900 m. altitude (Shafer 4075).
Salvia cubensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

more or less erect shrub, 1-1.5 m. tall, with puberulent
twigs. Leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, 1.2-2.5

100 BRITTON : CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE

cm. broad, obtuse to acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate at
the base, dull and glabrous above, paler beneath, punctate and
serrulate or nearly entire, short-petioled; racemes terminal, the
verticels 5-12 mm. apart; pedicels 2-3 mm. long, puberulent;
calyx 5-7 mm. long, its lobes acuminate; ciliolate ; corolla scarlet,
1.8-2.2 cm. long, tomentose.

Rocky places, mountains of northern Oriente. Type from
along shaded stream near base of Loma Mensura, about 680 m.
altitude (Shafer 3766). :

Hyptis Shaferi Britton, sp. nov.

Creeping, rooting at the nodes, branched or simple, 1 m. long
or less, sparingly and loosely pubescent or glabrate. Leaves
ovate or orbicular-ovate, irregularly dentate, 2-5 cm. long, acute
or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, the pe-
tioles 2-8 mm. long; heads peduncled, solitary in the axils, de-
pressed-globose, densely many-flowered, 1.5-2.2 cm. in diameter ;
peduncles slender, 1-5 cm. long; involucre-bracts oblong-lanceo-
late, acute or acutish, veiny, spreading, 6-8 mm. long; calyx
tubular, 7-8 mm. long, its subulate ciliate teeth about one-half as
long as the tube; corolla white or pinkish.

Grassy places, Pinar del Rio. Type from between Mantua
and Arroyos (Shafer 11248). :

Hyptis rivularis Britton, sp. nov.

Erect, much branched, slender, but stiff, densely puberulent,
1.3 m. high, the branches slender. Leaves of the stem not seen;
leaves of the branches opposite, oblong-oblanceolate, 10-15 mm.
long, ptberulent on both sides, few-dentate, acutish at the apex,
cuneate at the base, the petioles 1-2 mm. long; flowers opposite
or verticillate in the axils; fruiting pedicels about 1 mm. long,
filiform; fruiting calyx densely puberulent, oblong, faintly veined,
about 4 mm. long, the lanceolate subulate teeth about one-half as
long as the tube.

River bank, Trinidad, Santa Clara (Britton & Wilson 5567).

Family SOLANACEAE

Physalis ignota Britton, sp. nov.

Annual; stem branched, often zigzag, angled and more or less
densely villous with short hairs. Leaves ovate, 4-15 cm. long,
3-10 cm. wide, oblique and cuneate or somewhat rounded at the

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE 101

base, acute to acuminate at the apex, entire or somewhat repand-
dentate, puberulent at least on the veins, long-petioled ; peduncles
5-7 mm. long, erect, in fruit 9-12 mm. long, reflexed; calyx 3.5
mm. long, densely short-villous, the lobes lanceolate, about as
long as the tube; corolla campanulate, short-pilose, 5-5.6 mm.
wide, yellow, without a dark center; fruiting calyx ovoid, 3-4.5
cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide, angled.

Waste places and river banks, Camaguey, Santa Clara and
Havana (type, Britton & Wilson 5767) ; Guatemala.

Solanum moense Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A straggling tree 3 m. high, the slender twigs and branches
armed with brownish prickles 2-2.5 mm. long, hispid with fer-
Tuginous, stalked, stellate hairs. Leaves oblong to elliptic, 6-9
cm. long, 2.2-3.5 cm. broad, acute to acuminate at the apex, some-
what inequilateral and rounded at the base, entire with the mar-
gin more or less revolute, lustrous and with few slender brownish
prickles above, the midvein and primary veins impressed, paler,
dull and hispid beneath with stalked stellate hairs, the midvein
and primary veins prominent; petioles 4-5 mm. long; peduncles
3-5 cm. long, stellate-hispid; fruiting calyx 2 cm. wide; berries
globose, 2.5 cm. in diameter; seeds suborbicular, 4 mm. long, 5
mm. broad, flattened.

Thickets, Camp La Gloria, south of Sierra Moa, Oriente
(Shafer 8125).

Cestrum Wrightianum P. Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 1 m. high, the branches conspicuously tomen-
tose with branching star-like hairs. Leaves ovate, 5-8.5 cm.
long, 2.5-4.8 cm. broad, short-acuminate at the apex, rounded and
more or less subcordate at-the base, sparingly tomentose on both
surfaces when young with ferruginous star-like hairs; petioles
5-9 mm. long, tomentose; inflorescence shorter than ite leaves ;
calyx cylindric, tomentose, its lobes triangular, about 1 mm. long ;
corolla 1.9-2.2 cm. long, the tube rather slender, the lobes lanceo-
late, 5-6 mm. long, acuminate; filaments slender, pilose, adnate
to a little above the middle of the corolla-tube; style slender;
stigma subcapitate, included.

Cuba (C. Wright 386, herb. N. Y. Botanical Garden).
Cestrum Taylori Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

- A glabrous tree, 5-8 m. high, with slender pale brown twigs.
Leaves elliptic to somewhat elliptic-lanceolate, 13-15 cm. long,

102 Britton: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

5-5.5 cm. broad, acute at the apex, acutish or somewhat rounded
at the base, glabrous and finely reticulate-veined on both surfaces ;
petioles 1.3-1.6 cm. long; flowers solitary or several, axillary;
calyx cylindric, about 1 cm. long, glabrous; corolla greenish-
yellow, 7-8 cm. long, the tube slender, sparingly pilose within,
especially near the base, the lanceolate lobes 1.2-1.5 cm. long;
filaments linear, adnate to the corolla-tube nearly to its throat;
anthers elliptic to somewhat elliptic-ovate ; style linear, 7—7.5 cm.
long, glabrous ; stigma subcapitate.

Trail, Magdalena to Sierra Maestra, Oriente (Taylor 439).

Cestrum pinetorum Britton, sp. nov.

A glabrous shrub about 1 m. tall, with slender brownish twigs.
Leaves oblong-oblanceolate to obovate, or somewhat oblong-lan-
ceolate, 4-6.5 cm. long, 0.9-1.5 cm. broad, obtuse or acutish at the
apex, cuneate at the base, dark green and often obscurely veined
above, paler and obscurely veined beneath, the petioles 2-5 mm.
long; panicles axillary or terminal; fruiting calyx campanulate,
about 5 mm. long, subsessile, its lobes triangular-ovate, I-1.5 mm.
long; fruit obovoid to obovoid-ellipsoid, 6-7 mm. long, 5 mm.
broad, purplish-black.

Open pine woods, Sierra Nipe, near Woodfred, Oriente
(Shafer 3031). :

Brunfelsia Shaferi Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 0.5-2 m. tall, with glabrous or somewhat puberulent
brownish twigs. Leaves oblong to elliptic-oblong, oblong-oblan-
ceolate or: oblong-obovate, 3-7.5 cm. long, 0.8-1.5 cm. broad,
rounded or acutish at the apex, cuneate at the base, dark green,
glabrous and indistinctly veined above, the midvein impressed,
paler and glabrous beneath, the midvein prominent; petioles 2-5
mm. long; calyx coriaceous, glabrous, the lobes oblong-ovate to
ovate, about 3 mm. long; berry subglobose, I-1.2 cm. in diameter,
sessile or subsessile, glabrous.

Plancha trail, Mensura to Woodfred, Oriente (Shafer 3870).

Brunfelsia clarensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub I m. or more high, with nearly glabrous twigs.
Leaves obovate to broadly elliptic-obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-4.5
cm. broad, rounded or acutish at the apex, acute at the base, gla-
brous or very minutely hispidulous above with scattered hairs,
minutely hispidulous to glabrous beneath, the primary veins slen-
der and rather indistinct; petioles 1-1.4 cm. long; calyx coria-

Britton: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE 103

ceous, glabrous, the lobes ovate, 4 mm. long; berry subglobose,
about I cm. in diameter, long-pedicelled.

Mordazo, Santa Clara (Léon & Cazanas 5928).

Family SCROPHULARIACEAE
CHEILOPHYLLUM Pennell, gen. nov.

Stems extensively spreading, repent, much branched, four-
angled, the angles narrowly winged, and with scattered, minute
gland-tipped hairs. Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, cuneate at
base, slightly dentate, acutish, glandular-dotted, glabrous, the
margin slightly recurved and thickened, 0.7-0.9 cm. long. Pedicels
3-5 mm. long, pubescent with gland-tipped hairs, not bracteolate.
Sepals five, lance-linear, alike. Corolla 3 mm. long, white, cam-
panulate, the lobes about equaling the tube, the two posterior
united throughout ; the tube pubescent within on all sides. Fila-
ments four, glabrous, the posterior pair slightly shorter; anthers
glabrous. Style glabrous. Stigmas distinct. Capsule 2-2.5 mm.
long, ovate in outline, acute, glabrous, septicidal and loculicidal ;
the coalesced placentae thick, persisting, about one-half the length
of the capsule. Seeds 2-3 mm. long, short-oblong, ridged, mi-
nutely reticulate, brownish-black. [Name from xeos, margin,
and ¢vAdoyv, leaf.]

This monotypic genus is remote from Stemodia, which con-
sists of erect herbs, with anther-sacs separated on arms of the
connective and with longitudinally striate seeds. Its uniform
sepals readily distinguish Cheilophyllum from the group of
genera usually called Herpestis.

Cheilophyllum radicans (Griseb.) Pennell, comb. nov.
Stemodia radicans Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 182. 1866.
Palm barrens, Santa Clara, Havana; Jamaica.

SILVINULA Pennell, gen. nov.

Stems extensively spreading, repent, much branched, terete,
strigose pubescent with ascending hairs. Leaves opposite, sessile,
elliptic-oval, entire, obtuse, slightly pubescent on the margins and
midrib, glandular-dotted, 0.8-1 cm. long. Pedicels 1-2 mm. long,
pubescent, at apex with two minute subulate bractlets. Sepals
five, dissimilar; the three outer oblong-ovate, firm, conspicuously
ridged, the two inner nearly linear, thin, obscurely veined. Co-

104 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW To SCIENCE

rolla 10 mm. long, blue, nearly salverform, the lobes spreading,
nearly orbicular, much shorter than the narrow tube, the two pos-
terior united over % length; glabrous throughout. Filaments
four, glabrous, the posterior pair slightly shorter; anthers gla-
brous. Style glabrous. Stigmas distinct. Capsule 3 mm. long,
ellipsoid in outline, obtuse, glabrous, ridged, septicidal and loculi-
cidal; the coalesced placentae and septum thin, persistent, plate-
like, extending the entire length of the capsule. Seeds 3-4 mm.
long, irregularly oblong, reticulate, yellowish-brown. [Named
because of its resemblance to Silvia Benth., a Mexican genus.]

This monotypic genus is distinguished from all other
segregates of Herpestis by the form of the corolla, and by the
thick-walled, ridged capsule.

Silvinula humifusa (Griseb.) Pennell, comb. nov.

Herpestis humifusa Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 183. 1866.

Muddy borders of brooks and lagoons, Santa Clara, Pinar del
Rio, Isle of Pines. Endemic.

Caconapea stemodioides Pennell, sp. nov.

Stem 3-4 dm. tall, obtusely four-angled, glabrous. Leaves
4-5 cm. long, 0.5-0.8 cm. wide, narrowly lanceolate, serrate, long-
attenuate to the narrow but clasping base, glabrous, with many
glandular dots. Pedicels one to three to an axil, I-1.5 mm. long,
punctate with sessile glands. Bractlets two, filiform-subulate,
1.5-2 mm. long, placed immediately below calyx. Sepals: outer-
most 7 mm. long, broadly ovate, rounded at base, two median
nearly as long, narrower, somewhat one-sided, these three obtuse
to acutish, rugosely reticulate-veined, green, glabrous, the two
innermost lanceolate-linear, attenuate at apex, with evident mid-
rib, broadly hyaline, obscurely ciliolate. Corolla 5-6 mm. long,
posterior lobes united about 2/5 length, pubescent within tube,
especially on the anterior side, glabrous over bases of posterior
lobes; “white.” Filaments glabrous, the postero-lateral pair
somewhat shorter, its anthers equaling those of the antero-lateral
pair; posterior filament completely lost. Style glabrous, stigmas
distinct. Capsule 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid-oblong, punctate with
sessile glands, dehiscing loculicidally and septicidally, the lateral
portions of the septum adherent to the capsule-walls. Placentae
rounded, protruding into the cells, coalescent with the persistent
median part of the septum. Seeds 0.3 mm. long, oblong-cylindric,
truncate at each end, nearly black, longitudinally ridged and with
obscure cross-reticulations.

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE 105

Type, river woods, vicinity of San Pedro, Isle of Pines, col-
lected in flower and fruit, February 15-17, 1916 (Britton, Wilson
& Selby 14450).

Nearest to Caconapea decumbens (Fernald) Pennell, comb.
nov. . [Herpestis decumbens Fernald Proc. Am. Acad. 33: 91.
1897] of Mexico, which, however, has sepals reaching 8-9 mm.
long, obscurely reticulate (not rugose), corolla 8 mm. long,
anther-sacs over twice as large (0.8 mm. long), and seeds nearlv
as wide as long and with prominent cross-reticulations.

NAIADOTHRIX Pennell, gen. nov.

Stems submersed, long, much branched, glabrous or puberu-
lent, terete. Leaves opposite, divided so as to appear whorled,
and with ultimate filiform segments. Pedicels longer than the
calyx, not bracteolate. Sepals five, alike or slightly unequal.
Corolla blue, campanulate-personate, pubescent within on anterior
side, the lobes about equaling the tube, the two posterior lobes
united over one half length. Filaments four, glabrous, the poste-
rior pair shorter. Anthers glabrous. A circle of bristles sur-

` rounding the base of the ovary. Style glabrous. Stigmas dis-

tinct. Capsule oblong, thin-walled, glabrous, septicidal and
tardily loculicidal. Coalesced placentae and septum rather thick,
little over one-half length of capsule. Seeds oblong, reticulate.
[Name from Naus, a water-nymph, and @pé, hair, in allusion
to the finely divided leaves.]

Type species: Naiadothrix longipes Pennell.

Leaves, bristles surrounding ovary, and aquatic habit sharply
distinguish Naiadothrix from all other segregates of Herpestis.

Naiadothrix longipes Pennell, sp. nov.

Stems, pedicels and calyx obscurely glandular-granulose.
Leaves 2-2.5 cm. long, three-branched from base, each branch
and its pinnate segments filiform. Pedicels 35-50 mm. long.
Sepals nearly uniform, lanceolate-linear, 3 mm. long. Corolla
6-7 mm. long, glabrous within, at least the posterior lobes blue
(the anterior probably yellowish). Capsule 2 mm. long. Seeds
0.7-0.8 mm. long, brown.

Type submerged in water, Laguna Jovero and vicinity, Pinar
del Rio, collected in flower and fruit, December 5-7, 1911 (J. A.
Shafer 10829).

Submerged in lagoons, Pinar de Rio and Isle of Pines.
Endemic.

106 Britton: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE

` Nearest to Naiadothrix reflexa (Benth.) Pennell, comb. nov.
| Herpestis reflexa Benth. in DC. Prod. 10: 399. 1846] of Brazil,
which differs in being puberulent, and in having shorter pedicels
_and longer calyx. Naiadothrix myriophylloides (Benth.) Pen-
nell, comb. nov. [Herpestis myriophylloides Benth. l. c., 308.
1846], of Brazil, is the only other known species of the genus.

ENCOPELLA Pennell, nom. nov.
Encopa Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 184. 1866. Not Encopea, Presl,
Bot. Bemerk. 83. 1844.

Type species: Encopa tenuifolia Griseb.
Encopella tenuifolia (Griseb.) Pennell, comb. nov.

Encopa tenutfolia Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 184. 1866.

Sandy shores of lagoons, Santa Clara, Pinar del Rio and Isle
of Pines. Endemic.

ANISANTHERINA Pennell, gen. nov.

Stem erect, 1-4 dm. tall, branching, hirsute-pubescent with
reflexed-spreading dark-jointed hairs. Leaves opposite, sessile,
linear, sparingly minutely lobed, scabro-pubescent above, 4-6.5
cm. long. Pedicels 25-35 (—45) mm. long, bibracteolate about
the middle. Calyx of 5 united sepals, the lobes shorter than the
tube. Corolla 12-14 mm. long, pinkish (not seen fresh), the lobes
much shorter than the tube, the two posterior united only at base;
within glabrous proximally, but pubescent over the bases of the
posterior lobes. Filaments 4, lanate distally, the posterior pair
shorter; anther-sacs unequal, the outer one smaller, glabrous.
Style glabrous. Stigma linear, consisting of two lines, one down
each side of style-apex. Capsule 7-8 mm. long, globose “kria a
mucro, glabrous, loculicidal and septicidal. Seeds 0.6-0.8 m
long, oblong-linear, reticulate, dark-brown, wingless. [Name
from avoos, unequal, and av@ypa, anther. |

This monotypic genus resembles Agalinis, which however has
both anther-sacs alike, pedicels not bracteolate, and seeds wider.
Anisantherina hispidula (Mart.) Pennell, comb. nov.

Gerardia hispidula Mart. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3: 13. 1829.

Moist savannas and borders of lagoons in pineland, Santa
Clara, Pinar del Rio, Isle of Pines; Panama; Brazil.

it A E EEEE

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS New To SCIENCE 107

Family BIGNONIACEAE

Tabebuia camagueyensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.
- A shrub or a small tree up to 7 m. high, the twigs lepidote.
Petioles 1-2.5 cm. long; leaves 5-1-foliolate, glabrous; leaflets

Sr aN elliptic to oblong or obovate, more or less lepidote,
4 m. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, mostly nar-

Coed at the base, dark green and dull above, pale green beneath ;
flowers few together on rather stout pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long;
bractlets subulate, 4 mm. long; calyx narrowly campanulate,
about 15 mm. long, obliquely toothed; corolla light pink to rose,
campanulate, about 6 cm. long; capsule er iad curved,
short-beaked, 9-15 cm. long, about 6 mm.

Savannas near Camaguey (Britton & Cowell 13110).

Tabebuia savannarum Britton, sp. nov.

A small tree, about 4 m. high, the twigs clothed, below the
leaves, with linear, lepidote scales 4-5 mm. long. Leaves simple,
oblong-obovate, entire, 1.5-3 cm. long, chartaceous or subcoria-
ceous, shining with impressed midvein above, dull, with promi-
nent midvein and finely reticulated beneath, the petioles 4-5 mm.
long ; flowers few, on pedicels about 5 mm. long; calyx narrowly
campanulate, 8-10 mm. long, 2-lobed, the lobes acute; corolla
pink, about 4 mm. long.

Savannas near Camaguey (Britton & Cowell 13202).

Tabebuia Cowellii Britton, sp. nov.

A tree 7-10 m. high, the twigs stout, short, bearing several
or numerous thick ovate to lanceolate scales 1-2 mm. long below
the leaves. Leéaves oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate or some
of them obovate, coriaceous, 1.5-5 cm. long, finely lepidote, incon-
spicuously finely reticulate-veined beneath, retuse or rounded at
the apex, cuneate at the base, the midvein prominent beneath, the
petiole 3 mm. long or less; flowers few together or solitary ; pedi-
cels 3-5 mm. long; calyx narrowly campanulate, 5-6 mm. long,
loosely lepidote, unequally 5-toothed, the teeth ovate ; corolla pink,
4-5 cm. long ; capsule linear, straight, 10-13 cm. long.

Hillsides and plains, southern Oriente, along the coast. Type
from Conde Beach, Guantanamo Bay (Britton 2132).

COTEMA Britton & Wilson, gen. nov.

Trees, with 1-5-foliolate slender-petioled leaves, and rather
leige, long-pedicelled lateral or axillary flowers, solitary or few

108 BRITTON : CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

together. Calyx cylindric-campanulate, irregularly 2—4-toothed.
Corolla oblique, funnelform-campanulate, unequally 5-lobed, ver-
tically flattened, its lobes reflexed. Fertile stamens 4, didyma-
mous, exserted; filaments slender; anther-sacs reflexed; sterile
filament slender. Capsule terete, elongated, curved or coiled.
Seeds oblong, thin, winged at each end. [Name an anagram of
Tecoma. |
About 4 species, natives of eastern Cuba.
Type species: Tecoma spiralis C. Wright.
Cotema spiralis (C. Wright) Britton & Wilson, comb. nov.
Tecoma spiralis C. Wright; Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 194. 1866.
Eastern Cuba (C. Wright 3038).

Cotema woodfredensis Britton, sp. nov.

A tree up to 6 or 7 m. high. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; petioles
slender, 2.5-5 cm. long; petiolules slender, 8-25 mm. long; leaf-
lets subcoriaceous, obovate, the larger ones 5-7 cm. long, 2-5 cm.
wide, all crenate above the middle, rounded or obtuse at the apex,
narrowed or cuneate at the base, finely reticulate-veined and
lepidote-punctate on both sides, shining above, rather dull be-
neath, turning dark in drying; capsule curved, greatly elongated,
about 4 dm. long, beaked.

Rocky hillside, Sierra Nipe, between Piedra Gorda and Wood-
fred, Oriente (Shafer 3320).

Cotema apiculata Britton, sp. nov.

A tree about 5 m. high. Leaves 5-foliolate; petioles rather
stout, 4—6 cm. long; leaflets coriaceous, dark green, elliptic to
elliptic-obovate, 6-9 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, crenate, rounded and
apiculate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, strongly
reticulate-veined and loosely lepidote-punctate on both sides, the
petiolules 2-3 cm. long; peduncles lateral, solitary or 2 together,
stout, 3-5 cm. long; calyx deciduous; capsule about 3 dm. long,
5-6 mm. thick, coiled or curve

Edge of pineland thickets, between Rio Yamaniguey and
Camp Toa, Oriente, at 400 meters altitude (Shafer 4179).

A barren specimen from Pinar de El Purio, Cabonico,
Oriente (Roig 134), is referred to this species with hesitation.
Cotema holguinensis Britton, sp. nov.

A tree up to 8 m. high. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; petioles slen-
der, 1-5 cm. long; petiolules slender, 2 cm. long or less; leaflets

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE 109

firm-chartaceous, lepidote, elliptic to obovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 3.5
cm. wide or less, crenate near the apex, or entire, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, reticulate-
veined above and faintly so beneath, the primary venation rather
prominent on both sides; flowers 2 or 3 together in lateral clus-
ters; pedicels slender, 3-4 cm. long; flower-buds apiculate ;
calyx 1.5 cm. long; “corolla yellow”; capsule curved, elongated,

‘about 2.5 dm. long.

Vicinity of Holguin, Oriente. Type collected between Hol-
guin and Cacocum (Shafer 1550).

Family GESNERIACEAE

Gesneria yamuriensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A slow shrub. Leaves clustered near the apex of the stem,
membranous, oblanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. broad,
acute to acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, sessile, ru-
gose, the veins impressed above, prominent beneath; inflorescence
corymbiform, the peduncles axillary, many-flowered; pedicels
filiform, 3-4 cm. long, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; calyx-lobes
linear, 1 cm. long, glabrous, the tube 10-ribbed, 4.5-5 mm. long;
corolla scarlet, tubular, 3.5-4 cm. long, glabrous.

Coastal cliffs, Oriente. Type from face of cliff near Rio
Yamuri (Shafer 7786). Related to G. purpurascens Urban.

Gesneria nipensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

An erect shrub, 3-12 dm. high, the twigs, petioles and pedun-
cles scabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate, 6-11 cm. long,
1.7—2.7 cm. broad, acute to short-acuminate at the apex, cuneate
at the base, dull and scabrous above, rufescent beneath, especially
when young, faintly few-veined with the midvein impressed
above and prominent beneath, the margin revolute, entire or
slightly crenulate; petioles 1.5-1.7 cm. long; peduncles axillary,

cm. long, 2-3-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 3 mm. long;
corolla tubular, yellow, 1.5 cm. long, verrucose; capsule narrowly
obovoid, ecostate, 8-9 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, finely verrucose.

Wet shady woods. Type from Sierra Nipe, near Woodfred,
Oriente (Shafer 3201).

Gesneria clarensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A tall shrub with slender grayish-brown branches, the twigs
and petioles minutely scabrous. Leaves subcoriaceous, obovate,
7-10 cm. long, 3-4.4 cm. broad, rounded or acutish at the apex,

1 0
bla

110 BRITTON :: CUBAN PLANTS NEw To SCIENCE

broadly cuneate at the base, glabrous above, rufescent and mi-
hutely papillose beneath, the margin entire or serrulate; petioles
I-1.5 cm. long; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, together with the
angled pedicel, 1-2 cm. long; calyx-lobes linear, 7-8 mm. long;
capsule obpyramidal, 5 mm. long, prominently 5-ribbed.

Mountains of Santa Clara. Type from Sierra del Caballete,
Sancti Spiritus mountains (Léon & Clement 6504).

Family LENTIBULARIACEAE deni Be

3| Pinguicula lignicola Barnhart, sp. nov.

An epiphyte, growing on twigs of trees and shrubs. Leaves
numerous in a dense rosette, sessile, linear-spatulate, entire,
about 1 cm. long, minutely glandular-hairy but otherwise gla-
brous, withering-persistent ; scapes solitary or few, filiform, weak,
2-4 cm. long; calyx about 2 mm. long, the lobes obtuse, united
to above the middle, the two lowest almost to the apex; corolla
I-1.3 cm. long, white, the lobes subequal, about as long as the
tube, obtuse; overlapping, the spur at a right angle with the tube,
less than 2 mm. long, saccate, obtuse ; capsule not seen.

Oriente: Vicinity of Camp San Benito, February 24, 1910
(Shafer 4031,”type); Camp La Gloria, December 24-30, 1910
(Shafer 8065); “La Yberia,’ a mining claim west of Baracoa,
September 8, 1909 (Charles T. Ramsden).

Pinguicula benedicta Barnhart, sp. nov.

Leaves few or numerous in a dense rosette, sessile or nearly
so, obovate to nearly orbicular, flat, entire, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long,
minutely glandular-hairy above, glabrous beneath; scapes usually
solitary, filiform, weak, 7-8 cm. long; calyx about 3 mm. long,
strongly 2-lipped, the lips nearly distinct, the 3 lobes of the upper
lip united to about the middle, the 2 lobes of the lower lip almost
to the apex, all obtuse ; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, dark blue, distinctly
2-lipped, the 2-lobed upper lip much shorter than the 3-lobed
lower one, the 5 lobes all oblong, entire, overlapping, the spur
continuous with the tube, 0.5-0.75 cm. long, cylindric, obtuse;
capsule not seen.

Oriente: Trail, Camp La Barga to Camp San Benito, Feb-
ruary 22-26, 1910 (Shafer 4025, type) ; “La Yberia,” a mining
claim west of Baracoa, September 8, 1909 (Charles T. Ramsden).

Re ee d

a Sa

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE 111

Utricularia mixta Barnhart, sp. nov.

Stems slender, horizontal, submersed, free-floating except at
the single point of attachment, up to 1 m. long, the older inter-
nodes 5-10 cm. long; leaves alternate, but forked from the very
base and thus appearing opposite, each fork pinnately decom-
pound with filiform segments, 10-20 cm. long, one fork usually

much more oe bladder-bearing than the other; mature
piers I-I.5 mm. in diameter; scapes solitary, borne at alter-
nating nodes, sary be cm. long, very slender, less than 2 mm.
thick, 6—12-flowered; scales none, or sometimes I or 2, like
empty bracts, near the base of the raceme; bracts ovate, acute,
2-3 mm. long, concave and often sheathing the pedicels ; pedicels
3-8 mm. long, at first erect but strongly recurved at maturity;
calyx-lobes subequal, ovate, obtuse or acute, or the lower emargi-
nate, about 2 mm. long, slightly accrescent and spreading under
the mature fruit; corolla yellow, the upper lip subtriangular,
emarginate, about 3 mm. long and broad, the lower lip rounded,
truncate or slightly emarginate, broader than long, 5-7 mm. long,
10-12 mm. broad, the palate prominent, faintly 2-lobed, the spur
conic-subulate, porrect, slightly shorter than the lower lip; ovules
numerous; capsule spheric, 2-4 mm. in diameter, apiculate by the
remains of the stigma; seeds by abortion few, 7—I0, flat, peltate,
winged all around, large for the genus, the net lenticular, about
2 mm. in diameter, the wing up to 0.5 mm.

‘Type collected on muddy borders of a ida Vivijagua, Isle
of Pines, February 28-29, 1916 (Britton, Britton & Wilson
I50I4).

In quiet water, Santa Clara, Pinar del Rio and Isle of Pines;
distributed by Wright as U. foliosa (2895) (true U. foliosa is
Wright 2895a, distributed as U. foliosa oligosperma) ; Colombia ;
Brazil.

Family ACANTHACEAE
Tubiflora Shaferi P. Wilson, sp. nov,

Leaves basal, oblanceolate, runcinate-dentate, 2.5-5 cm. long,
0.8-1.3 cm. wide, deep-green and more or less densely pilose,
especially when young, short-petioled ; scapes 3-6 cm. long, slen-
der, clothed with appressed, imbricated, acute, scale-like leaves 3
mm. long; spikes 1-2 cm. long, the bracts ovate, rigid, 3.5-4 mm.
long, 1.8-2 mm. broad, obtuse or acutish at the apex, not keeled
on the back, ciliate, appressed-pilose above within,

Pinelands, Sierra Nipe, near Woodfred, Oriente (Shafer
3562).

112 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

Family RUBIACEAE

Machaeonia minutifolia Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 2 m. high, the twigs spiniform, slender, spar-
ingly leafy, finely pubescent when young, soon becoming glabrous,
the old branches stout, light gray. Leaves elliptic or suborbicular
to elliptic-obovate, somewhat conduplicate, 1-2 mm. long, ciliate,
rounded at the apex, very nearly sessile; flowers glabrous, sessile
or very nearly so in the cymes; calyx-lobes rounded, about as
long as the tube; corolla white, about 1.5 mm. long, its lobes
obtuse ; style about as long as the calyx-lobes ; stigmas 2, short.

Palm barren, between Camaguey and Santayana (Britton
2397).

Scolosanthus lucidus Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub about 1 m. high, with slender, terete, rough-puberu-
lent, resinous branches. Leaves ovate-orbicular, coriaceous, 8-13
mm. long, shining, nearly sessile, mucronate at the apex, rounded
at the base, dark green with the midvein impressed above, dull
green with midvein somewhat elevated beneath, the lateral vena-
tion wholly obscure, the margin revolute; calyx-lobes suborbicu-
lar, 0.8 mm. broad, minutely hispidulous; corolla not seen; fruit
(immature) subglobose, 4 mm. in diameter, greenish.

Moa Bay, east of Rio Moa, Oriente (Shafer 8355, type) ; col-
lected in the same region by Roig (60), and also collected in Cuba
by Wright and mixed with Scolosanthus Wrightianus (2660 in
part).

Psychotria Clementis Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub about 2 m. high, glabrous throughout. Leaves mem-
branous, narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, 8-16 cm. long, rather
strongly veined with the veins spreading-ascending, acuminate at
the apex, cuneate at the base, the slender petioles I cm. long or
less; stipules broadly lanceolate, acuminate, incised and ciliate,
united below, about 8 mm. long; fruiting panicle corymbiform,
about 7 cm. broad; fruiting pedicels 5 mm. long or less; fruit
oblong, 7 mm. long, about 5 mm. thick, grooved, capped by the
short calyx-limb. ;

Sierra del Caballete, Sancti Spiritus mountains, Santa Clara
(Léon & Clement 6522).

Psychotria bermejalensis Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub about 2 m. high, the slender branches glabrous.

Leaves elliptic, glabrous, rather thin, 5-10 cm. long, the veins dis-

a ne tee etna a
er -oump IS am tea on

ss

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE 113

tant, impressed above, prominent beneath, the apex acute or
short-acuminate, the base narrowed or obtuse, the rather stout
puberulent petioles 8-15 mm. long; stipules ovate, about 5 mm.
long; panicles terminal, peduncled, 4-5 cm. long in fruit, gla-
brous; fruiting pedicels 2-5 mm. long; fruit globose, small, about
3 mm. in diameter, rather deeply grooved, red.

Between Yamuri Arriba and Bermejal, Oriente (Shafer
8442).

Psychotria moensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A straggling shrub, the twigs terete, puberulent when young,
flexuous, rather stout, the internodes short. Leaves clustered
near the ends of the twigs, subcoriaceous, oblanceolate, glabrous,
2-4 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide or less, rounded or obtuse at the apex,
cuneate at the base, rather strongly pinnately few-veined and
with the midvein prominent beneath, very inconspicuously veined
with the midvein impressed above, the stout petioles 1-2 mm.
long; stipules distinct, about 4 mm. long, deciduous; inflores-
cence terminal, few-flowered; peduncle rather stout, 1-2 cm.
long; fruiting pedicels about 5 mm. long; bractlets minute; fruit
(immature) subglobose, a little longer than thick, about 5 mm. in
diameter, the persistent calyx-tube about 0.5 mm. long.

Camp La Gloria, south of Sierra Moa, Oriente (Shafer
8273).

Psychotria toensis Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub 3-9 dm. high, the slender brown twigs puberulent
when young. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-5.5 cm.
long, 0.7-2 cm. wide, acute to acuminate at the apex, cuneate at
the base, glabrous above, the midvein slightly elevated, the lateral
veins prominent; free tips of the stipules oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long,
acute; inflorescence terminal, the peduncle 1.5-3 cm. long, pu-
berulent ; corymbs trichotomous, I-1.5 cm. long, ebracteate; pro-
phyllae ie, 3 mm. long, I mm. wide, puberulent ;
flowers sessile; calyx-tube puberulent, the lobes triangular or
triangular-ovate; corolla 12-13 mm. long, the lobes oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, acute; fruit 4 mm. broad, contracted at the
commissure.

Moist rocky places along trail, Rio Yamaniguey to Camp Toa,
Oriente (Shafer 4009).
Mitracarpum Fortunii Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Annual. Stems branched at the base, the branches slender,
erect, 6-9 cm. long, puberulent with incurved hairs. Leaves ob-

114 BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

long, 6-10 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. broad, acute at the apex, smooth
or nearly so, obscurely nerved, sessile, the margin more or less
revolute; corolla white, the tube about 1 mm. long, the lobes
elliptic-ovate, about as long as the tube; capsule circumscissile.

Loma de Motembo, Santa Clara (Léon, Edmund & Fortun
860r).
Family CARDUACEAE

Aster Leonis Britton, sp. no

Branched, 3 dm. high, ie branches slender, densely short-
pubescent. Leaves finely pubescent and scabrous, those of the
branches linear or linear-oblong, entire, acute or acuminate, ses-
sile, 2-5 cm. long, those of the branchlets similar, much smaller;
heads mostly solitary at the ends of the branchlets; involucre
subhemispheric, 4-5 mm. high, its bracts linear-spatulate, oe
their green tips acutish; rays pink, about 1.5 cm.

Marshes, west of Batabano, Havana (Léon & Cazanas 5753).

Gundlachia apiculata Britton & Blake, sp. nov.

Shrub 1 meter high, resinous, the stout angulate stem branched
above, tuberculate-strigillose, the branches erect. Leaves oblong-
oblanceolate, 2.2-3.2 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, apiculate at the
rounded apex, cuneate at base, alternate, sessile, coriaceous, en-
tire, triplinerved and somewhat reticulate, punctate, more or less
vernicose-resinous ; heads about 4 in a terminal cluster, A
by the leaves; disk turbinate, 5-6 mm. high, 3.5 mm. wide; invo-
lucre about 4-seriate, graduated, 4-5 mm. high, the she bariss
ovate-oblong, acute, appressed, indurated, scarious-margined, with
darker subherbaceous glandular and glandular-ciliolate tips ; rays
about 2, white, oval, about 2 mm. long; disk-corollas about 4,
sparsely pilose toward tip of tube, 4.8 mm. long, the tube 1.6 mm.,
the teeth 2 mm. long; achenes (immature) hispidulous, 1.5 mm.
long; pappus dull white, 4 mm. long, the outer bristels shorter.

Camp La Gloria, south of Sierra Moa, Oriente (Shafer 8053),

Distinguished by its few heads and elliptic-obovate tripli-
nerved leaves.

Gundlachia foliosa Britton & Blake, sp. nov.

Shrub, 0.3 to 1.3 meters high, somewhat glutinous, the stout
erect striate branches tuberculate-strigillose, densely leafy, simple,
or branched only in the inflorescence. Leaves obovate, 1.2~-1.8
cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, usually apiculate at the rounded apex,
rounded at base, alternate, erect, uniform, sessile, coriaceous, tri-

hte aie tonal

das

> Saai a

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEW TO SCIENCE 115

plinerved, punctate, dull green both sides, glabrous; heads in
dense terminal panicles of about 8 or 10, equaling or slightly ex-
ceeding the leaves; pedicels sparsely hispidulous, 1-2 mm. long;
heads 6 mm. wide; disk turbinate, 6 mm. high, 3.5 mm. wide;
involucre about 5-seriate, graduated, 5 mm. high, the phyllaries
lance-ovate (outer) to oblong, acute to acuminate, appressed,
indurated and scarious-margined with dark subherbaceous tips,
sparsely glandular-hispidulous at apex; rays 2, white, oval, tri-
denticulate, 3.2 mm. long; disk-corollas 3, hispid-pilose at base of
throat, 4.5-4.8 mm. long, the slender tube 1.5 mm., the lanceolate
recurved teeth 2-2.5 mm. long; achenes oblong-cylindric, 5-angled,
hispidulous, 2 mm. long; pappus dull white, 4 mm. long, the outer
bristles shorter.

On dryish rocks, Camp La Gloria, across Sierra Moa, to Moa
Bay, Oriente (Shafer 8280).
Readily recognized by its small crowded obovate lase

Gundlachia cubana Britton & Blake, sp. nov.

Low shrub, growing in clumps, branched, more or less resi-
nous, the stem stoutish, densely tuberculate on the angles, densely
leafy. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 1.7-2.7 cm. long, 2.5-4
mm. wide, acute, narrowed to the sessile base, alternate, coria-
ceous, entire, I-nerved, punctate, glabrous, dull green; panicles
terminal, sessile, about 8-headed, equaled or slightly exceeded by
the leaves; pedicels 1 to 8 mm. long; heads turbinate, about 7
mm. wide: disk 6 mm. high, 4-5 mm. wide; involucre about

glandular-hispidulous and ciliolate tips somewhat recurved in
age; rays 4, white, oval, 4 mm. long; disk-corollas 5, sparsely
pilose at base of throat, 4.5 mm. long, the tube 1.5 mm., the teeth
2.2 mm.; achenes obovoid, densely hispid-pilose, 1-1.4 mm. long;
pappus dull white, 4 mm. long, the outer bristles shorter.

Northern Oriente. Type collected by water near mangroves,
mouth of Rio Yamaniguey (Shafer 4255).

Erigeron Taylori Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Diminutive, glabrous. Scapes filiform, prostrate or spread-
ing, only 3 cm. long or less, monocephalous, bearing several ob-
long or oblanceolate scales about 1 mm. long; basal leaves tufted,
Spatulate, entire, obtuse or rounded, the blade 2-4 mm. broad, the
slender petiole 15 mm. long or less; involucre 2 mm. long, its
linear-lanceolate, agute or acuminate bracts reflexed in age and

116 BriITTON: CuBAN PLANTS NEW TO SCIENCE

persistent ; receptacle foveolate; rays white; ligule linear, 1.6-1.8
mm. long; achenes ellipsoid-cuneiform, 0.5 mm. long, hirsute
with short hairs; pappus about twice as long as the achene.

Upper Guama River, Sevilla Estate, near Santiago, Oriente
(Taylor 181), forming moss-like patches.

Erigeron Earlei Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Loosely hirsute ; stems solitary or few together, slender, erect,
about 2.5 dm. high, few-branched above. Leaves membranous,
the basal and lower ones spatulate or oblanceolate, 3-4.5 cm.
long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, coarsely crenate, narrowed
into margined petioles or sessile, or the lowest with slender pe-
tioles 1-2 cm. long, the uppermost oblong, acute, entire, I-2 cm.
long, sessile; heads several, slender-peduncled, the peduncles
bearing 1-3 linear or lanceolate bracts I~4 mm. long; involucre
subhemispheric, 4 mm. high, its bracts in about 2 series, linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, the outer ones pilose, somewhat shorter
than the inner, all reflexed in age and persistent; rays white;
ligule linear, 1.5-1.7 mm. long; achenes oblong-ellipsoid, 0.6 mm.
long, hirsute; pappus 2-3 times as long as the achene.

Rocky river-bed, Hanabanilla Falls, Trinidad Mountains,
Santa Clara (Britton, Earle & Wilson 4843).
Borrichia cubana Britton & Blake, sp. nov.

Shrub, oppositely branched, the stem and branches sparsely
appressed-pilose, glabrate. Leaves opposite, the blades oblanceo-

late to spatulate-obovate, 3-3.8 cm. long, 5-11 mm. wide, mucro--

nate-apiculate at the rounded apex, cuneately narrowed into the
petiole, entire or sparsely spinulose-toothed below, coriaceous,
obscurely triplinerved, canescent-lanate both sides; petioles nar-
rowly margined, broadened and connate at base, 6-10 mm. long;
peduncles terminal, rather sparsely appressed-pilose, thickened
above, 5-7 cm. long; heads 2.2 cm. wide; disk subglobose, 1-1.2
cm. thick; involucre about 4-seriate, graduated, 8-9 mm. high,
the outer phyllaries deltoid-ovate, acute and weakly mucronulate,
with indurated base and spreading canescent-lanate apex, the
inner broader, ciliate, otherwise subglabrous, with cuspidate-
mucronate spreading tips about 2 mm. long; rays about 15, yel-
low, oval, 6 mm. long; disk-corollas yellow, slender, glabrous, 5.8
mm. long; pales similar to the outer phyllaries, broad, indurated,
ribbed, with erect stiffly mucronulate tips about I mm. long;
achenes quadrangular, black, glabrous, 3 mm. long; pappus a
thickened angulate crown 0.8 mm. long

j
i
{
}
Í
|
1

BRITTON: CUBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE 147

Swamp near Atares Castle, Havana, June, 1917 (Léon 7244).
Nearest B. frutescens (L.) DC., but easily distinguished by
its merely short-cuspidate outer phyllaries and pales.

Spilanthes montana Britton & Blake, sp. nov.

Shrub about 5 dm. high, sparsely dichotomously branched,
the stem stout, angulate, densely leafy, the branches erect, the
internodes mostly 4-10 mm. long. Leaves opposite, the blades
lanceolate, 2.5-4 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, narrowed to an obtuse
apex, cuneate at base, entire, coriaceous, slightly revolute, tripli-
nerved, glabrous, shining above, duller beneath; petioles scarcely
margined, 2-5 mm. long; peduncles terminal and axillary, mono-
cephalous, glabrous, striate, 16-34 cm. long, sometimes bearing
two spatulate denticulate bracts 4 mm. long below the head;
heads discoid, subglobose to ovoid-subglobose, rounded, 6-10
mm. high, 9-10 mm. thick; involucre 3-seriate, slightly graduated,
5-6 mm. high, the phyllaries oblong or oval-oblong, rounded,
denticulate-erose above, sparsely glandular-ciliolate below, thick-
herbaceous with subscarious margin, papillose on back, obscurely
nerved; disk-corollas white, 3.2 mm. long, sparsely papillose-
glandular below, with short obscure tube; pales blunt, erose-
denticulate above, papillose-glandular on keel throughout and
sparsely hispid-pilose below; achenes (not quite mature) oblong-
obovate, 3 mm. long, ciliate; awns 2, unequal, ciliate, 2-2.8 mm
long.

Top of Cajalbana, near the fall of the arroyo, Pinar del Rio,
Cuba, April 6, 1915 (Léon & Charles 4936).

Related to S. insipida Jacq. and S. pauciceps (Griseb.) Blake,
but readily distinguished by its densely leafy stems and lanceo-
late entire leaves.

Chaptalia comptonioides Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.
Leaves several or numerous, deeply pinnatifid, spatulate-

oblanceolate in outline, 3-15 cm. long, short-petioled, obtuse or

acutish, membranous, the upper surface dark green, glabrous or
somewhat floccose, the under surface densely white-lanate, the
ovate terminal lobe larger than the semicircular lateral ones;
scape slender, floccose at least above, 2 dm. high or less; -invo-
lucre subhemispheric, 9-11 mm. high, its linear bracts acute or
acuminate, white-tomentulose with a green midvein ; achene fusi-
form, minutely hispidulous, brown, the angles white, the filiform
beak about as long as the body; pappus longer than the beak, pale
brownish-white.

118 BRITTON : CuBAN PLANTS NEw TO SCIENCE

River-cliffs, Enseneda de Mora, Oriente (Britton, Cowell
& Shafer 12937).

Chaptalia Shaferi Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Leaves 3—8 cm. long, lyrate or lyrate-pinnatified, short-petioled
or sessile, obtuse or acutish, the terminal lobe much larger than
the others, the upper surface dark green, glabrous, the under
surface densely white-lanate ; scape very slender, glabrous below,
slightly tomentose above, 2 dm, long or less; involucre subcam-
panulate, about 5 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, glabrous;
achenes fusiform, minutely hispidulous, brown, the slender beak
about half as long as the body; pappus longer than the achene,
brownish-white.

River-banks and wet rocks, Oriente. Type from sandy bank
of Rio Yamaniguey (Shafer 4203). Confused in C. Wright’s
collection with C. stenocephala Griseb., and with C. pumila of
Jamaica.

Chaptalia Rocana Britton & Wilson, sp. nov.

Leaves several, membranous, spatulate-oblanceolate, 15 cm.
long or less, repand-pinnatifid, crenate, or some of the smaller
ones entire, acute or obtuse, dark green and glabrous or nearly so
above, white-lanulose beneath, the petioles sometimes as long as
the blades; scapes nearly filiform, 5-10 cm. long, floccose or be-
coming glabrous; involucre subhemispheric, 6-7 mm. long, its
bracts linear, acuminate, glabrate; achenes (immature) filiform,
minutely hispidulous, brown, the short beak less than one quarter
the length of the body; pappus longer than the achene, brownish-
white.

Mountains of southern Santa Clara. Type from stones in
Rio Caracusey, Banao Mountains (Léon & Roca 7904).

_ TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
VOL. XVI

THE CORRESPONDENC!
SCHWEINITZ AND TO!

y

MEMOIRS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

A series of technical papers on botanical subjects published at irregular intervala,
‘Price, See 1-16, $3.0 oo a ess vol. 17, $5.00. Not offered in exchange,

: cc = 1, No, I; not furnished separately:
1, Liberty a = of the types of various species of the genus Carex.
Pages I-85, 25 My 1889.
: Vol. x, No. 2; not furnished separately:
-~ Martindale, Isaac Comly. Marine algae of the New e coast and adjacent
_. waters of Staten Island. Pages 87-111. 24 Aur

As í, mi 3; price, 75 cents:
» Richard. Hepa vianae, in Andibus Boliviae orientalis, annis
1885-6, acl H. HF Rir lectae. Pages 113-140. 20 Ja 1890.
Vol. 1, No. 4; price, 75 ceni
- Sturtevant, Edward Lewis. On seedless fruits, Se 141-187. 30 My 1890.
Vol. 2, No. 1; not furnished separately:
Halsted, aie David. Reserve food-materials in buds and surrounding parts-
Pages 1-26, plates I, 2. - 10 S 1890.
Vol. 2, No. 2; price, 75 c
= Vail, Anna Murray, & Hollick, Charles Arthur. Contributions to the botany of 4
Res Virginia. Pages 27-56, plates 3, 4. 23 D 1890 oe
— - Vol. 2, No. 3; not furnished cop

"Holm, Herman Theodor. Contributions to the knowledge of the germination of
some North American plants. Pages 57-108, plates ate I r Api I891.
Vol. 2, No. 4; price, 7 | =

Efner. The genus Polya in se America. Pages 109- o

: separately:

sall, John Arthur. Flora of western North Carolina
i “The Naiadaceae of North America {with ilustrations of all the
— speci I Pa s 1-65, 20-74. rs Mr fies.
sg, VO a» Nos not furnished separately:
ti thè plants coflenésd i in Bolivia by Miguel

Vol. a» No. x3 not furnished separate y: i a
Index He Part T, Bibliography. Pases

The Correspondence of Schweinitz and Torrey
EpiItED BY C. L. SHEAR AND NEIL E. STEVENS
(WITH PLATES 6 AND 7 AND THREE TEXT FIGURES)

INTRODUCTION

The two dominating figures in American botany during the
early part of the nineteenth century were for more than a decade
close friends and correspondents. Such of their letters to each
other as are known to be extant, seventy-one in all, are here
published practically entire, the only omissions being long lists of
desiderata or accessions upon which no comment is made and
which could be of use only to investigators working critically
upon Torrey’s or Schweinitz’s herbaria, to whom the original
letters are available. The letters are transcribed with but little
alteration. Taken collectively, they furnish what is probably
the most complete available record of the personal relations of
these two American botanists.

Those who know Torrey only through his published work may
be surprised at his early resolution to devote most of his time to the
study of mosses, and no book-lover can fail to be amused at his
good-natured irritation at paying ‘'$18.02”’ freight and duties
on a box which contained for him only one book—one which he
could not read. There may be historic value too in the fact
that even a century ago the zealous household broom was con-
and it is apparent that as much

d

sidered an “enemy of science,’
consternation was then caused in the botanical fraternity when a
leading botanist showed interest in mineralogy as is now aroused
when a cytologist diverts toward plant breeding.

-As fairly comprehensive biographical sketches are available
(see Britton, 13; Gray, 25; Shear and Stevens, 77; and Thurber,
85), little biographical detail is introduced. The publication of the
letters was made possible by the cooperation of three American
scientific organizations and several individuals. Permission to
publish the letters was generously granted by Dr. N. L. Britton,

119

120 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Director in Chief of the New York Botanical Garden, Dr. E. J.
Nolan, Secretary of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, and Dr. George de Schweinitz of Philadelphia. The
letters from Schweinitz form a part of the Torrey correspondence
preserved in the library of the New York Botanical Garden.
Twenty-three of the letters from Torrey are in that portion of
Schweinitz’s correspondence which is the property of the Academy

of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia and the remainder belong to’

Dr. Schweinitz. While the correspondence has not been preserved
entire, the number of missing letters is surprisingly small.

In the work of editing, the writers have had the invaluable
assistance of several of the members of the Torrey Botanical
Club, particularly Drs. J. H. Barnhart, M. A. Howe, and A. W.
Evans. The expense of printing has been borne by the Torrey
Botanical Club as a tribute to the great botanist whose name
it bears. The letters are published most appropriately one hun-
dred years from the time the correspondence opened.

THE CORRESPONDENCE

The correspondence was begun by Torrey, a physician of
twenty-three just beginning practise in New York City, asking
assistance in the study of fungi of Schweinitz who, through the
publication of a joint paper with Albertini (5),* had already es-
tablished a reputation in the mycological field. The letter is
addressed on the outside to The Revd. L. D. Schweinitz, Salem,
North Carolina.

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ

New York, Decr. 29th, 1819
Honored Sir

Having long desired the honor of your acquaintance & corre-

spondence & having no other method of gaining it, I have taken
the liberty of obtruding myself upon you without a formal in-
troduction—thinking, that among thase of mutual inclinations &
pursuits, much ceremony is neither needed or expected. I have

* The list of the literature in the appendix was compiled by Miss Florence P.
Smith of the Bureau of Plant Industry library. It is not a complete bibliography
but is intended to serve for reference to the more important publications mentioned
in the letters.

Guy Taga SS

. THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 121

for several years past employed my leisure hours in the prose-
cution of the study of Botany & though I have some excellent
company in the investigation of the higher orders of plants, in
the study of obscure cryptogamous vegetables I am almost alone.
The Fungi perplex me much, though it is not more than a year
since I first attended to them with any success. Still I hope
with the assistance I now entreat from you to study this difficult
tribe of the vegetable kingdom much more effectually than I
have hitherto done.

In the box which I have prepared for you, are some duplicates
of Fungi which are sent to commence the correspondence I hope
will be kept up. between us. There is however, little inducement
for you to attend to my communications. One who has so long
attended to the subject, on which I solicit assistance cannot
expect to receive much that will be interesting, from a novice.
Should you nevertheless see fit to notice what I have sent, I
should consider it a very great favour to have the names of the
different species returned according to the numbers annexed to
them. If a continuation of such communications would not be
unacceptable to you I shall take the liberty to trouble you again
ere long. A great number of species of Fungi have been observed
by me in this vicinity, besides those now sent. A considerable
part could be tolerably preserved, though many are of such nature
that they cannot be dried. Of these—drawings or casts can be
sent if desired. “

I have found a species of Phallus which I suppose also grows

‘near you, that I suppose to be P. impudicus of Muhlenberg’s

Catalogue [52]. It is however different from the P. impudicus
figured in Sowerby [82] &c. in having an indusium. The P.
indusiatus of Pers[oon] resembles it in some respects, though it is
probably distinct from this. If you know which species I refer
to I will thank you for your opinion respecting it.

If I had known whether you are fond of the other branches of
the Cryptogamia I should have sent specimens. I am exceedingly
fond of the Musci & Hepaticae & can let you have those which
grow here, if you wish them. Also rare Phaenogamous plants.

I am very desirous of increasing my collection of American
plants, particularly of Cryptogamia, & if I could offer you any

\

122 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

thing that would be a sufficient return for those peculiar to the
South, I should solicit you to send me specimens—Perhaps you
may know some other person, who may be more profited by it,
willing to commence an exchange of plants with me. I should be
greatly obliged to you for your Monotropsis if you have specimens
to spare.
Please to let me hear from you soon, &
Believe me to be
Your obedt. & humbl Servt.
JoHN TORREY

Revo. L. D. SCHWEINITZ
P.S. March 14th 1820

Owing to adverse causes, I have been unable to forward
the box before this,—I have now put it into way by which I hope
it will reach you in good season—

Please to let me know whether you wish specimens in any of
the other departments of Botany—

Oe
SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
SALEM N.C. STOKES COUNTY
June 24th, 1820

JouN Torrey Esgr. New York
Honored Sir

You can scarcely form an idea of the agreeable surprise I ex-
perienced a few days ago on the unexpected arrival of the Box
with fungi &c. which you have done me the honor to address to me.
Opportunities for scientifical correspondence—more especially in a -
province of Natural History so utterly disregarded by most
persons as are the Fungi, offer so rarely that I cannot express
sufficiently the pleasure your kind letter gave me—nor pretend to
thank you as I ought for the kind offers it contains. I embrace
them with the utmost joy & hasten to assure you thereof by these
lines, begging as a great favor the continuance of your corre-
spondence. I should have immediately reloaded the box with
specimens of Fungi &c. & sent it on to you—if I did not think it
better first to comunicate to you what I can supply you with in
order to avoid unnecessary things being sent. I shall therefore
proceed in the first place to explain the different Lists contained
in the inclosed sheet.

E ss tte ee

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 123

The first list, I, contains the names of all plants (excepting
Cryptogams) growing within my reach.as far as I have observed
them, which I do not find in the Catalogue of New York plants
[Torrey, 86] you so obligingly enclosed (for which I beg to express
my most cordial acknowledgements). If you will please to mark in
your next which of these plants I can serve you with, I shall
certainly send such of them as I have in duplicate as soon as
possible & take measures to procure those which I have not by
me for a future remittance. Other southern plants, not immedi-
ately in our reach I may possibly be able to procure for you thro’
my southern friends. The second List, II, contains those plants
of your Catalogue which are wanting in my collection (or at least
American specimens of which I have not seen)—& I should con-
sider it as a very great favor indeed if you could procure me any
or all of them. The third List contains the names of the Fungi
you have so kindly sent me. The names to which you find Nob.
subjoined are of my own giving and are species which I had be-
fore observed here. No 49 [Gyropodium ? coccineum Nob. a
new species*]. Gyropodium (a Genus I have ventured to make)
coccineum is a species I have never found in Carolina but once
observed in Pensylvania. The other species, Gyrop. lutescens,
about six times as large is common here. No 91 [Merulius minu-
tissimus, a new species—very distinct]. Merulius minutissimus
is a beautiful new species. I think the name you give it very
appropriate. No 95 [Nov. an Sph{aeria] herbarum denominand.
This requires exam. by the compound microscope], found in your
Herbar[ium] is a very interesting fungus entirely unknown. I shall
submit it to a full examination under the great microscope as
soon as I can. No 107 [nov. too indistinct to determine] is an ex-
tremly remarkable thing, but I can’t make anything of it. Does it
revivify? May it not perhaps be some morbid affection of the
Fern on which it grows? No 108 (nov. Isaria antheriformis
Nob. nov. spec.]|—I have called Jsaria antheriformis but should
like to know on what you found it & whether it was in a fresh state
just as it is now. I thinkita very curious thing worthy of being
closely examined. No. 62 [Craterium clavatum Nob. Morchella
esculenta], was double, the one the Morchella, the other a young

* [The portions in brackets are inserted from the accompanying list.]

124 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

specimen of my new Genus Craterium, allied to Peziza. It grows
with us to an enormous size changing from its Clavaria form to a
remarkably shaped deeply turbinate Peziza. Some of the Speci-
mens were rather indistinct. To these I have subjoined a (?). _

In answer to your enquiry concerning the Phallus you have
found I beg leave to observe that I have only once met with a
Phallus here (altho I believe it not very rare but easily overlooked
& requiring a wet season at a particular time, which generally
with us is a dry one) & that in its ovular state. But this one was
doubtless the same as yours for it had an indusium tho’ otherwise
quite similar to the Ph. impudicus of Europe. I could not de-
termine it specifically on account of the young state. The later
mycologists of Germany call the Phalli indusiati—Hymeno-
phallus—a new Genus & I am confirmed by your observation in
supposing this American species one not yet described; but I
believe the P. impud{icus| of Muhlenberg is a different one & the
same European Phall{us| as my friend the Rev. Jacob Van Vleck
informs me, that he has seen the Europ[ean] Phali[us] impud{icus]
in Pennsylvania. What is the Phallus coccineus of your Cata-
logue? It is not a Clathrus | suppose? Mr. Leconte once sent
me a drawing of the Clathrus from Georgia.

Having now answered your letter & added that you cannot
possibly do me a greater favor than by continuing your communi-
cations of plants & fungi I shall beg leave to give you some in-
formation concerning my botanical labors & collections, in order
to enable you to judge wherein I could serve your wishes.

en I first came to Carolina I almost exclusively attached
myself to the Fungi & formed a considerable collection now a-
mounting to about 1500 Species, entirely from our immediate
neighborhood, which still keeps increasing. Of these rather
upwards of 1100 Species are identical with European ones, the
rest appear to belong exclusively to our continent many of these
necessarily, from being parasitical on merely American vegetables;
others may probably occur in Europe likewise, as it is but of late
that the Fungi have been closely examined there. Of the preserv-
able ones I have with few exceptions preserved specimens in my col-
lection (the Agarici &c. except the Pleuropodes | exclude entirely
because altho’ they may be dried they lose all their characteristics,

eT ay

PBE

0 aaa ects eo kee aan elena ene ee

‘THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 125

& try to make drawings of such as appear new) & at the beginning
of this year I have commenced an augmentation in such a manner,
that I have 5 parallel collections as complete as I can obtain speci-
mens in order to send to friends who wish to have them. Please
therefore to let me know what species you have firmly established
& I shall send you specimens of all the rest of mine of which I
have any—for I don’t like to send such as you are already suffi-
ciently acquainted with, as these may be wanted by some other
friend. My catalogue of Fungi, together with descriptions of

| all the new species by me established & specimens of them, I

took with me to Europe òn my visit there in the year 1817-18 &
left them in the care of Dr. Schwagrichen at Lipzic to make use
of them at his discretion [75]. Since my return, having provided
myself with instruments & books I have pretty zealously turned my
attention to the Musci, Jungerman|[niae] & Lichens & sweet water
Algae, & have succeeded in determining a considerable number.
Especially Lichens & Musci hepatlici] we are richin. I have found
above 300 species of the former, & about 50-60 of the latter. Of
all these (or at least of most of them) I have duplicates & am con-
tinuing their collection, so that you can get them as soon as ar-
ranged & separated which however cannot be done on account of
my avocations of duty before the end of next winter. What has
been of great service to me was the happy circumstance that I
succeeded in procuring from Dr. Schwagrichen & other botanists
of Germany specimens of the greater part of the German musci,
hepat., Lichens, & all their [sweet] water algae—by which I am
greatly aided in determining our plants. In the mean time I
have not neglected the Phaenogamic plants. My German
friends liberally furnished me with the greater part of those
growing on the continent & I have added a considerable number
of the American ones, so that my Herbar[ium] which I have
arranged handsomely & convenient, now contains, includ[ing]
Cryptog[amia], near 6000 plants altogether from their native soil
either of Germany & England, or America. Lately I have con-
ceived some idea of preparing an English & Latin work on
the Cryptogamia of the United States or of North America
generally & you can therefore judge how much I wish that bo-
tanical Friends like yourself would aid me by communicating

126 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Specimens of Cryptogamists of America generally. The cata-
logue you sent me is rather deficient in these, but I presume you
have a collection that contains more species. In my next I will
-try to send you a Catalogue of all my American Cryptogamists;
but in the mean time you will greatly oblige me by any you can
spare. Does the Sea in your vicinity afford any variety of Fuci &
Confervae? This division is naturally entirely out of my reach
except by the kindness of friends; my European specimens are
pretty numerous—& I have about 25 species of sweet water Algae
here & hope to find more. Mr. Elliott has sent me lately a fine
collection of South Carol. Fuci &c. Can Decandolle Species
Plantar. [15] be procured in New York & what is their price?

Any parcel you wish to send me reaches me safely when ad-
dresed to Mr. John Jordan, Philad[elphia], or Jacob & A. Ritter,
Philadelphia. The latter address I prefer because Mr. Ritter
more frequently sends goods hither. I would thank you to favor
me with your address more particularly. I shall certainly senda
specimen of my Monotropsis (sit venia nomini barbaro, while
Nuttall has not mended the matter by my own still more barbarous
name) with my first remittance to you. Accept, dear Sir, my
hearty thanks for the favor of your correspondence & let me
indulge the hope that you will continue it & thus oblige

Your most obedt Servt
Lewis D v SCHWEINiTZ

By the Rev. C. F. Denke lately established in our vicinity the
botanical fraternity of North Carolina-has obtained a valuable
recruit & now forms a quadro. Rev. Jacob Van Vleck, C. F. Denke
& myself here, & Prof. Mitchell at Chapel Hill. I am afraid there
is no other soul inthe state. When you do me the honor to write
pray let the letters be directed to R[ev. Mr. Schweinitz,*] Salem
Stokes County North Carollina], & put them into the mail at New
[York*]. They reach me much sooner than by inclosure to
Philadelphia. I would [ask*] you to inform me where my friend
Mr. John Leconte is at present.

Your Gratiola neglecta gave me much pleasure; I had observed
it here this year & had made out the same name for it, a coincidence

* [Words supplied by the editors, the letter being torn.]
t

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 127

trifling in itself but I can’t help liking such trifles as omina fausta!
Looking over your letter I can’t help remarking upon the epithet
“difficult” which you attach to the study of the tribe of Fungi.
I am of opinion that it is by far the easiest of the Cryptogamic
divisions. The species are much more characteristically divided
& when once you have a considerable number in your mind you
will rarely be at a loss. Wherever there are a considerable number
of varieties attached to some species among the Fungi they almost
always partake so strongly of the specific characteristic that they
rarely occasion doubt.

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
NEw York July 29th 1820
Respected Sir
Your highly interesting letter of the 24th of last month I
received after much patient waiting. I had begun to fear the
box I sent you had miscarried, but I was agreeably disappointed
at finding it had not only reached you in safety, but that my
numerous queries were so satisfactorily answered. I exceedingly
regret it is not in my power to be a more useful correspondent to
you, but if I supply some of your desiderata it will amply satisfy
me for what little trouble it may occasion. I shall take a par-
ticular pleasure in sending you not only all the fungi I can pro-
cure but specimens of all other cryptogamous & phaenogamous
plants of which I can procure duplicates. As I am a young man &
engaged in the practice of physic it is impossible for me to pay
much attention to the study of natural history. However, by
oeconomising my time I hope I shall, in time, accomplish some-
thing. Besides I have an extensive correspondence with all the
botanists of the Northern States who supply me with every thing
not growing in this vicinity, so that with the assistance of my
friends my correspondence may not be altogether useless to you.
You would do me a particular favour by furnishing me
with your specific characters of the Fungi you consider new
among those sent to you as you probably described them in a
fresh state. I was a little surprised that there were only two
species of Sistotrema—they perplexed me as much as any others of
the Fungi. The Jsaria antheriformis I found in my herbarium,

128 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

in a part which had accidentally got wet. That other little fungus
which I found in my herb[larium] I hope you have by this time
determined—Do let me hear from you on the subject in your next
letter.

The Phallus having an indusium, is quite common here some
seasons & always has the indusium very distinct. When it ap-
pears again I shall prepare a specimen according to Withering’s
process & send it to you. The other species which I call P. cocci-
neus is figured by Sowerby in‘his 3rd Vol. of English] Fungi [82].
—It may not be a real Phallus though’ I suspect it is the species
meant by Muhlenberg who has a P. coccineus in his Catalogue [52].
Your desiderata from my Catalogue [86] I shall take the earliest
opportunity of supplying, & as I collect sufficient to make up a-
package it shall be punctually sent to you.

For your kind offer to send me such plants as grow in your
vicinity & which are not in my Herbarium I return you my sincere
thanks, & any of those in your list except those enumerated on the
next page would be highly acceptable to me.

Several of my botanical friends have expressed a desire to
enter into a correspondence either with yourself, Mr. Denke,
Mr. Van Vleck, or Professor Mitchell, but as I shall send you every-
thing from this region & they have free access to my collection,.
perhaps it would be better for them to communicate with either
of the three latter gentlemen, as we should then receiye among us a
greater variety than perhaps you yourself would take the trouble
to send. Mr. Cooper, a young gentleman of leisure & fortune
of this city, who devotes most of his time to study has put into
my hands to be transmitted to you (he being now absent from
the city) a small package of plants which you can dispose of as
you think fit. His letter which accompanies his package will
explain his views. Mr. Halsey—another young but accurate
botanist, wishes me te send a package on his account. In my next
remittance to you I shall put up duplicates of such other crypto-
gamia as I possess duplicates of, & also such phaenogamia as you
want & I can supply you with. I hope you will take the earliest
opportunity of forwarding to me some of the plants I desire, & do,
if possible, put up a few cryptogamia. Respecting the Fungi I
have collected, & which you wish me to furnish you with a list

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 129

of, I would remark, that my knowledge of this tribe of plants
is so limited that if I were to draw one up it would only mislead

' you. Please therefore to send me almost anything not in the

catalogue of New York plants [86], & not in the collection I sent to
you—especially your new species.

I am making great exertions to extend my collection of foreign
cryptogamia & I have already a great many species. Profs.
Sprengel, Treviranus, & Agardh have sent me fine collections, & so
has Mr. Casstrém of Stockholm, Mr. Sealy of Cork, &c. With the
aid of these I study the species of this country with more satisfac-
tion than I otherwise could, but still I labour under considerable
difficulty for want of books. I want Schwagrichen’s supplement
[66] & many other books. Agardh informs me he has finished his
Species Algarum [3]. I would wish to know whether the Supple-
ment to Persoon has ever been published.. The Synopsis [59] is
now becoming antiquated.

Any plants in your list No 1 except these below
- (which I already possess) would be highly acceptable
[Lists 88 species]

I rejoice to hear you [say] that you have turned your attention
to a work on American Cryptogamia. I hope nothing will occur to
prevent what is now so great a desideratum. It is really a re-
proach to our botanists that none of them except Dr. Muhlenberg
ever attended to this interesting department of Botany. Should
the Flora Lancastriensis[*] ever be published we shall have much
assistance in the Orders of Musci & Lichenes, though the Father of
American botany did not neglect the other families.

Mr. Nuttall [55] seems to hint that Mr. Collins will publish
something on the Cryptogamia of this country (in his preface).
But I think it is very doubtful as this gentleman carries his caution
so far that it is difficult to get his opinion on the most common

* (Youmans, W. J. Gotthilf Heinrich kanst Muhlenberg. Pop. Sci. Mo. 45:
693, 696. 1894. Reprinted in Youmans, W. J. Pioneers of science.

York. 1896. “In July, 1785, Muhlenberg communicated to the hiatal paa
= er an aie o a unio A: aa of Lancaster) containing

habits. . . . Unfortunately
they have not been published.” A list al the plants described in this manuscript
was, however, published by the Society (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3: 157-184. 1793).]

130 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

plant. I have sent him, repeatedly, packages of plants for ex-
amination, but he never answered me a word respecting them—
Do let me hear from you soon, & Believe me to be
Your obed. servt
JOHN TORREY

P.S. I shall dispatch for you to Mr. Ritter’s care, Phil. in a
week, or ten days—Mr. Le Conte is in this city but attends little
to Botany as the duties of his office occupy all his time.

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
SALEM October 22d 1820
Dear Sir

Your highly esteemed letter of July 29th reached me in due
time & gave me the most sensible pleasure. I should undoubtedly
have answered it on the spot, had I not wished to accompany it
directly with a box containing some of those plants &c. which you
desired from me, which I found no leisure to get together before
this. I now however have the pleasure to inform you that I have
made up a box for you, which is to proceed on to Philadelphia in
a week or two, the contents of which I shall beg leave to specify
below. Your kind offers of providing me with what I still want in
my collection are exceedingly acceptable; especially as you can
perhaps procure for me northern plants from other Botanists, even
should they not grow in your vicinity. With a view to point out
such I beg leave to inclose a list of such as I had some time since
made out—which however contains numbers of those that are in-
cluded in your Catalogue [86]. I need not add that it will be a
great pleasure to me to serve you & your friends with everything
I can command.

Your request as to specific characters of the new fungi sent
me by you I shall gladly comply with, but must beg your indul-
gence in that respect & with regard to further communications of
fungi till towards Spring as it will take me nearly all the winter
to arrange & describe what I have on hand.

I have since the receipt of your letter had the good fortune
to find both the Phallus coccineus (as I take it to be—tho’ not
possessed of Sowerby’s Fungi [82]—a Phallus beyond all doubt—
I have made a drawing of it) & the P. impudicus (non indusiat.).

eee ——

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 131

My friend Rev. J. Van Vleck altho very zealously attached to
the study of botany is on account of his age no longer able to collect
plants. But Mr. Denke on the other hand, with whom I have
planned for the next year two excursions into our southern moun-
tains—promises great activity & I hope thro’ his means chiefly to be

_ enabled to procure for you, Mr. Cooper, & Mr. Halsey, from whom

I have received a letter which is answered by the enclosed & by a
little package contained in your box, & other friends everything
that we can get at. I was not a little pleased to find that you
correspond with so many of the European botanists—especially
with Agardh in Stockholm whose Species Algarum [3] I most
earnestly desire to procure & beg you to let me know what is the
title in full. Perhaps you may be able to let me have some Euro-
pean Cryptog., if you are supplied with duplicates—& I shall try to
communicate to you occasionally a list of those I possess in order
to see whether you can do so. No supplement to Persoon [59]
has ever been published to my knowledge. But a most excellent
work on the Fungi by Nees von Esenbeck [53] (barring the non-
sensical metaphysics which pervade the reasoned part of it) full of
the most accurate observations & truly deep reflexions entirely in
the German language is in my hands, which will be of great ad-
vantage. There isa volume of Copperplates belonging to it which
renders the book pretty dear. I am now anxiously expecting the
box you have sent on to me, by the return of the waggons which
take the one I send you to Petersburg. It would be a fine plan to
keep boxes continually under way in this manner. Should you
have opportunities to send on directly from New York to Peters-
burg in Virginia Addressed to Caldwell & Orr it would greatly
facilitate the business (giving me notice as often as you have sent
them a box) & if you in that case would so desire it, it would per-
haps be equally advantageous for me to order what I can send you
directly from Petersburg for New York. My project of writing a
work on Am. Cryptog. will depend much on the contributions I
may receive from others. I am sorry to observe that not all
American botanists are as free as yourself in comunicating their
observations—which I cannot comprehend—it always being my
greatest pleasure todo so. I now advert to the contents of the box
I have made up to you it contains 1) 237 Phaenogamous plants

132 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

such as I conceived by your directions would be acceptable and as
I had on hand. 2) a number of Fungi that I had put up for the
purpose collected before this year. Of both I have retained lists,
so as to know what I have already sent you, when again able to
make upa packet. The following is a list of the Phaenogamous
plants. [The list of 237 flowering plants is here omitted.| i

These are put up in paper at the bottom of the box, & labeled
with the names under each plant.

The fungi are wrapped up separately in papers & the name
written on. Some of them probably were among those you sent,
but as they are not many I did not take the trouble to pick these
out, as this collection was made up before I received yours. My
next box will contain a good number of Fungi which remain to be
assorted & I shall take care to send none of those you have
already. By my list the present collection contains [the list of

198 fungi is here omitted].

I am apprehensive that some specimens of the Fungi will
not be distinct enough. In that case I shall always be ready
upon your naming them (except where this indistinctness arises
from the difficulty of preserving them) of sending you better
specimens if I can get them. It is pretty troublesome to pre-
serve them properly—as to-the Agarici & Boleti of soft texture
& other similar ones I have never made an attempt—but chiefly
made drawings of them. ;

You will no doubt be so kind as to hand the inclosed packet &
letter to Mr. Abraham Halsey, & if Mr. Leconte js still at New
York you will oblige me much by letting him know that I wrote
to him at some length a good while ago requesting his directions
concerning the copying of my Fungi, but have not received’ an
answer. I remain with the greatest respect

Your most obdt Servt
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ
P.S. I just observe that the Tuber cibarium is among the Fungi
in your Catalogue of N. [Y.] Plants [86]. I have never seen that,
altho I have looked for it with great pains—if you can send me
some specimens it will oblige me very much.

————

|
|
}

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 133

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
SALEM January 11th 1821

` Dr Torrey New York

Dear Sir

With a confident hope that the box of plants which I addressed
to you has by this time arrived (having had news of it as far
as Philadelphia) & given you some little satisfaction, I beg to
express to you the extreme delight the receipt of your Package
of plants shortly after mine were sent off gave me, together with
those sent on by Mr. Wm. Cooper to whom I shall write a few
lines today. |

I should have written to you in answer earlier than this day,
if I had not thought it would be more agreeable to you to receive
my list of the delightful quantity of Cryptogamists included—

- which required time to be examined. I now have the pleasure of

subjoining that—& have succeeded in determining them all—with
the exception of a very few that were either too indistinct or which
I had the misfortune to lose by their dropping into a heap of
rubbish as I was going to examine them—from which they could
not be extricated. Altho’ I was extremely gratified by the Phaeno-
gamous plants you have so kindly sent me, & earnestly beg you
will be so good as to continue—still I must confess I was still
more delighted by so fine an assortment of Cryptog. especially of
Musci. Those arrived in excellent time just as I was commencing a
thorough examination of my whole collection, & of a good large
bag of Mosses collected in Canada by my friend Mr. Denke—so
that I believe I can say they have been pretty well ascertained; it is
of great importance in the exam. of Musci, that you should have
as great a number together as possible. The results of my labors
on the Musci frondosi et Hepatici has been the following.

I find mention made in Authors of

Musci frond. 276Species Ameri- Of these I possess 263 from

can ones including a number America so that I at present
which I have found, not here- only lack 13. species of
tofore mentioned as American hitherto described Am[erican]
& a very few new ones es- Musci frondosi & of these
tablished by me. there are only 4 species which

are not in my collect[ion] fr[om]
Europe.

134 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Musci Hepat. 76 Species re- Only two of these are not
corded or found by me, of in my American collection.
which some are new.

The whole number
of Musci Frondosi in my Collection is 442 species
of ———— hepatici 98 —---—

Of both Frondos & Hepatics I have put up for you specimens
of all of which I had duplicates—that are not mentioned in the
New York Catalogue or among those you sent me, besides a con-
siderable number of European ones from my duplicates which are
always distinguished by being in blue paper.

I am now on the point of reviewing my Lichens in the same

manner. I have 562 species in my collection of which no less than
441 are American ones. When I have finished this work I shall
have about sufficient to send on another box to you. The way
which we have begun of thus communicating specimens of Cryptog.
is the only one I believe which will enable us at length to get a com-
petent knowledge of the immense numbers of Am. Cryp. plants—&
I therefore earnestly solicit you to send on in the same manner,
whatever you think proper to communicate to me. I shall al-
ways send you back a similar list, with the one here inclosed—
containing my opinion on all the spec. communicated.

I think I have mentioned to you my idea of publishing a
Cryptogamic Flora of N. America. I am now in communication
with a printer at Raleigh for publishing a specimen of such a work
[74], which I intend shall contain the Musci hepatici, on account of
their limited number. My plan is that such a work should be as
a kind of second part to Pursh [61], & therefore modelled upon his
plan; & the specimen I intend to give will enable scientific friends
to judge whether that be a good plan. My only fear is the size of
the work—for imperfect as my present collections are the whole
already amounts to a very large number, Fungi 1700, Lichens
441, Musci, 352, &c. &c., so that it must comprise near 2500 species.
Besides I should not pretend it to be anything besides a Prodromus,
for the purpose of calling the attention of Am. Botanists to this
part of the Science. Our higher mountains, & our southern
swamps & seaboard must necessarily contain immense numbers of
Crypt. plants hitherto quite overlooked. I am preparing for an

Sas IT, Se ST ees, MT ne am RoR ee nen E

Oe o

Mem. TORREY CLUB

VOLUME 16, PLATE 6

1780—1834

-=

aw

£

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a, ee

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 135

expedition to the Grandfather mountain this spring, chiefly with a
view to Cryptog.—but unhappily have little prospect of being able
to get into our famous Dismal swamp &c. of whose fertility I
have a still better opinion especially in M. frond. & hepat. Can
you procure me information as to where Mr. Nuttall now resides?
I wish much to become acquainted with him, & to propose some
questions to him concerning the Crypto. of the Western country.

This year I shall exert myself together with Mr. Denke in
collecting all Phaenog &c. plants which our neighborhood contains
in order to be able to meet the wishes of you, Mr. Cooper & Halsey
(this latter gentleman writes me that he has sent on a parcel
for me which however has not yet arrived). I intend to send
you a copy of my list of Am. plants generally not yet in my
collection—hoping that you might perhaps procure some for me,
not growing in your vicinity, by perhaps receiving duplicates
from others. The small list now inclosed by Right Rev. Jacob
Van Vleck designates such of your Catalogue as he would be
glad to procure—& on the other page I repeat to you a more
correct list of those which I myself should be glad to receive
from your Catalogue, together with the few American mosses
which are wanting in my collection. I hope you will find time
shortly to let me know how the plants I sent you answered your
wishes—With the greatest iieii I remain Yours most Sincerely

Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

P.S. Do you think Dr. Silliman could give place in his excellent

work [American Journal of Science, 6] to a short review of the

Musci frondos of Am?

Musci frondosi Americani—non in Herbario LD vS. [Lists 13.]

What is intended by the Hypn[um] cupressiforme in your Cata-
logue? & Hypn[um] setaceum Whence is the name?

Targionia hypophylla—among the M. hepat. is said to be in Amer-

ica—have you met with it?

Revised List of Phaenog. &c. plants in New York Catalogue,

wanted by me. [Lists 124.]

136 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
New York, March 22nd 1821.
L. D. ScHWEINITz Eso.
Salem, N. C.

Dear Sir

Although your highly acceptable letter has been received
nearly two months it has not been in my power to answer you
according to my wishes until now. I was desirous of making
some observations on the very choice collection of plants you
had the kindness to send me, & this required more time than I
could, until lately, spare. Mr. Nuttall, who was on a visit to this
city a short time since, examined the collection with me, & our
observations I shall give you below. I wished also to have it in
my power to give you notice of another box of plants which will
be ready to send to Petersburg in two or three days.

I thank you sincerely for your remarks on my Cryptogamia
& hope you have found sufficient among them to reward you
for the trouble they occasioned you. You do not agree always with
Sprengel to whom I have at different times sent many of the speci-
mens I send you. You will see below in what you differ. Indeed
this great diversity in opinion among equally great botanists al-
most discourages me from pursuing the study of the Cryptogamia.
I often find as many different names given to the same plant as
persons to whom I send it. Tis true Tetraphis pellucida, Dicranum
scoparium & such well marked species are not in this predicament,
but in the genus Hypnum, Lecidea, Thelephora &c. &c. I seldom
find two botanists to agree on a name. With all deference how-
ever to the learned Professor of Halle, I often differ from him
in opinion & would ask of you whether his sight does not begin to
fail him.—I am not jesting.

It gives me great pleasure to hear that we are at last in hopes
of having a Cryptogamic flora of the United States. You are prob-
ably in possession of a greater quantity of materials for this
purpose than any other person in this country. I hope you are well
acquainted with all the species which Muhlenberg mentions in his
catalogue [52]. Did you correspond with him? He has some
species whose names I can not find in my books. You may de-
pend on receiving everything from me which will be of any assist-

UA Se

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 137

ance in your work, & I believe you will then have all that has been
observed in the States north of Pennsylvania. All the botanists
here send me everything they collect; so that I can thus do for
you a great deal more than I could do alone.

You enquire respecting Mr. Nuttall.—I mentioned just now
that he had lately made a visit to this city, but he resides now
in Philadelphia. Mr. N. returned last spring from another éxpedi-
tion up the Missouri, & into the Arkansas Territory. He spent the
year 1819 there & discovered a great number of new plants—prob-
ably about 300 species. He is now printing his Journal [56], but his
botanical discoveries [54] he is preparing to publish in the next
volume of the American Philosophical Trans. of Phila. He found
comparatively few cryptogamia, & all of them except the Ferns, he
has given to Zaccheus Collins Esq., of Phil. This gentleman has
undertaken to examine them, as Mr. Nuttall has not paid great
attention to this department of Botany. I doubt much however
whether Mr. C. will consent to have his opinion of the specimens
published, even if he should give any opinion. It is surprising
how exceedingly cautious this gentleman is in this respect; for the
(perhaps) hundreds of specimens which I have sent him, he has
never returned me the name of one—You had better however
write to him, as he may send you specimens if he will not give
you descriptions & names of plants. Mr. Nuttall found on the
Red & Arkansas Rivers, Pilularia, & Marsilea, which have
not before been observed in North America—I have duplicates
for you which shall be sent soon.

I am very glad you are so much inclined to continue in corre-
spondence with me and my friends—It will no doubt be in my
power to furnish you with many northern plants that do not
grow in this neighborhood, as I am in active correspondence with
most of the botanists in this part of the country. I intend soon
to put up a package for the Right Rev. Mr. Van Vleck & shall be
happy to open a correspondence with him on Botany.

You ask whether Mr. Silliman would give place in his Journal
[6] to a short review of the Musci frondos, of N. Am? I answer—
undoubtedly & if you send it soon it will be in time for the next
No. You can send it directly to him, & transmit it to my care—

Remarks on the plants you kindly sent me last fall:

138 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Gratiola sphaerocarpa—ls this not near our neglecta?

Lycopus exaltatus. If this is really distinct from L. europaeus
can it possibly be the plant described in the FI. Graec. [Sibthorp,
78]? I have only seen the Prod. Fl. Gr. [Sibthorp, 79] & therefore
cannot decide whether it resembles the plate. L. europaeus,
with us, looks very much like your plant.

Carex gynandra we have here, & I could not make it out. I think
I have several new ones.

Cyperus uncinatus has a very great range, for I have it from Ver-
mont, Massach.—Connecticut & N. York—Perhaps it is C. squar-
rosus of India? You know it is the C. inflexus of Muhl.? C.
mariscoides—of whom? Our Mariscus cyperiformis (Scirpus!
cypertformis Muhl.) is now called Cyp. mariscoides by Sprengel,
but it is not your plant.

Houstonia longiflora, is H. tenuifolia Nutt. Gen.

Phacelia parviflora Nuttall thinks is not that plant, though he
does not name it. .
Viola eriocarpa.—lIs it distinct from pubescens? V. publescens| B
Nutt.?

V, ochroleuca, looks like V. striata Nutt. &c.

Thaspium actaetfolium. Is it possible this is the real Ligusticum
actaeifolium of Michaux & which he found on the Banks of the
St. Lawrence!?

Sesbania herbacea is Trigonella americana Nutt.

I find I shall not have room here to make any further remarks
on your plants, & shall therefore proceed to give the differences
between your names of my Cryptogamia, & Sprengel’s. I shall
say more respecting your plants at another time.

No 47 Herb. “Hyp. lutescens” Schweinitz is Spr. H. populeum.

53 Cooley. “cupressiforme” Sw.— is incurvatum Spr.

9 Herb. Dew. “hians” Sw. is ‘‘salebrosum Hoffm. viar.] plu-
mos(um| Hedw.” Spr.

H. 20 Dew. “‘oxycladon”’ Sw. is salebrosum Spr.

8 Herb. Dew. “confertum” Sw. is imponens Spr-

Hyp.—v. “commutatum” Sw. is imponens Spr:

Hyp.—q. ‘‘adnatum”’ Sw. is ‘‘ molle Dicks.” Spr.

“Hyp. curvifolium” Sw. is H. cristacastrensis Spr.

Lesk.—19 “L. sericea” Sw. is Neckera cladorh{iza] Spr.

No 78 ‘‘Leskea varia” Sw. is Hyp. radicale Spr.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINiTZ AND TORREY 139

Gymnostomium repens, at first sight, looks much like an
Orthotrichum, & was mistaken by me for a species of the latter
genus in an advanced state. Sprengel returned it as an Ortho-
tric.—I believe anomalum. Do you not think Anoectangium fili-
forme, quite distinct from A. ciliatum? Bridel makes it a variety &
Schwagrichen does not notice it. Didymodon I erroneously called
Dicranum rigidulum, though I knew better. It is a variable
species, at least in height, which may be the cause of its not always
resembling the European D. rigidulum. Really I must own
that I hardly think the moss you called D. virens, the same as
the European specimens I have under this name.

My Jungermannia nodifolia, Sprengel calls J. ciliaris! &
your J. platyphylloidea he says is J. platyphylla—by the way is
not your name objectionable? Your Blasia pusilla he calls Jung.
pinguis—You may think it presumption in me to differ in opinion
from two such celebrated botanists as Sprengel & yourself, but
this plant though I suppose it to be a Jungermannia seems to
me quite distinct from pinguis. Will youexamineitagain? Thelo-
trema cinereum Swtz. Sprengel calls “Pyrenula (!) enteroleuca*.
ye .
“ Evernia prunastri’’ Sw. is Borrera furfuracea Spr.

No. 152 Herb. Cooley “ Cetraria lacunosa aut nova’’ Sw: Sprengel
says is ‘‘ Nephroma resupinata 8 papyracea”
‘*Cenomyce phyllophora’”’ Sw. is C. gonorega var. pleolepis Spr.

In a letter I lately received from Prof Sprengel, in some re-
marks on some plants I sent him, he says—*‘ Your fungus, no. 108,
found in your herbarium has afforded me great joy, as this isa
most rare plant which has been named by Willdenow, Blandowia.
Its place is between Anthoceros & Targionia. B. striata W. Berl.
Magaz.? Cfr. Micheli Nov. Gen t. 4, f. 5.—Laetitia singulari se
afferit!’’ Now there is something I do not understand in all this,
for I can not be mistaken when I say the specimen is the same
which I sent to you, exactly as I sent it to Sprengel, called by
you Isaria antheriformis. There is certainly no resemblance in it
to either Targionia or Anthoceros, & is most certainly a fungus—
It grew I think in the damp paper of my herbarium.

—— I have just received from the Author (Agardh) the Ist
volume of the Species algarum [3]; comprising the Fucoideae. It
is a valuable work.

140 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

The box for you which I shall probably put on board a Peters-
burg vessel tomorrow, contains nothing but Cryptogamia. There
are 200 species of all orders. Very few are named altho’ I think I
have determined a good part of them. Mr. Eaton [20], who is
writing a little work on Botany, took away into the country, 6
months ago, all my books on Cryptogamia, so that I have not
studied scarcely any of the specimens I now send you from books.
Some of them I think are new, & many have probably been sent
before.

Very respectfully, I remain Yours &c.
JOHN TORREY
P.S. Please to send your opinion of the names of the Cryptogamia
as soon after you receive them as convenient. I hope to receive
the box which you mentioned in your last letter you was preparing
for me. If it has not yet been sent off please to hurry it a little—
I am very anxious to see it. Mr. Halsey sent you a package a
few weeks since.
ge he
SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
SALEM April 19th 1821
Dr Jonn Torrey New York
Dear Sir

At length I am able to forward to you a box containing the
greater part of the Cryptogamical plants of every division which
I had on hand—having been prevented from doing so sooner first
by the uncommon season & then by a wish to enclose you a copy
of my Specimen of Fl. Cryptog. cont. the Hepatic mosses ['74|—of
which however the printing progresses so slowly that I can no
longer wait, as a good opportunity offers for sending the box.
You may however depend on receiving a copy as soon as it is
finished, & I should be glad if you could dispose of some for me, as
I wish not to lose too much on the little work. This delay has
however afforded me the extreme pleasure of receiving in the mean
time your invaluable letter of the 22d of March, which I can now
answer. But first I beg leave to say a few words concerning the
plants I this day send to Petersburg for you, a complete list where-
of the inclosed sheet contains.

I am extremely sorry that my collection did not afford more

| Dyke E te aa Ee ree

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 141

perfect specimens of many & would be glad if you would note down
such as on examination prove too imperfect in order to enable
me to send better from the new collections making for the purpose.
Among the Musci frondosi all those underlined in the list are
European specimens. J have given you the names by which
I designate the rest, according to my determinations, but will
not be quite positive about a number—It is impossible to be
quite certain until repeated examinations & comparisons have
taken place. This remark I wish to apply particularly to the
Lichens—some of which certainly ought to be revised. But the
winter season, which makes that practicable, proved too short for
the purpose this time. By next year I hope not only to be able to
speak with more certainty but to communicate to you a number
more. In the box you will find several envelopes directed to Mr.
Abr. Halsey. They contain Lichens (the same species which I
send to you altho not so many) which you will oblige me to hand
to him. I shall now proceed to answer your highly agreeable and
instructive letter—after expressing to you my sincere thanks for
your observations, & for the promised Box of about 200 crypto-
gam. plants, which I hope to receive by the returnof the waggon
which brings my box for you to Petersburg—requesting you most
earnestly to be so good as to continue & to send me all the Phaeno-
gamous plants still wanting to my Collection agreeable to my
lists sent on.

There is to be sure but too much truth in your observation
concerning the great difference of opinion concerning certain
Cryptogam. plants—I believe it arises chiefly from this circum-
stance, that many Botanists, & especially such as Sprengel (who
by the by is rather noted for his superficiality in this respect) do
not take the trouble really to investigate closely the specimens sent,
but hazard an opinion at first blush without accurate comparison
& examination; which is but too natural considering the minute
exam. that is often necessary to be certain of the identity of any
moss &c. I am far from thinking my determinations altogether
free from this reproach—However as to the Musci you sent me—
I took great pains & wherever I am mistaken—the smallness of
the specimens may be an excuse. But I candidly believe that
many of Sprengel’s determinations ought not to be depended upon

142 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

on account of his inclination to make short work. Dr. Schwag-
richen is certainly the more correct & accurate of the two & I
intend to send to him all those of which I entertain any doubts-
Below. I shall try to discuss the observations you have made
on the particular mosses. I am glad you seem to favor and
encourage my undertaking of a Cryptogamic flora. I shall however
not proceed to the execution before I have made larger collections
& more accurate observations. Unhappily the death of Muhlen-
berg deprived me of the advantage of his communications. He
had begun & about half finished a letter to me commenting upon
my Musci & Lichens sent to him—& all my endeavors to regain
possession of the specimens (it was the whole of my then collection,
so that I do not know to which species his observations apply)
after his death proved unsuccessful. He has a number of Species
—to which Swar[t]z is subjoined in his Catalogue [52] of which
it seems impossible to know what was meant but by examining
his Herbarium—& a good many new Lichens too which he has
named. Finding such to which his specific name might justly
be applied I have hazarded to call them by the names found
in his Catalogue altho’ I have no means of judging whether those I
designated thereby are the same with his, in hopes that I shall
have an opportunty one day of personally consulting his collection.
I should be loth to publish my intended FI. before I have accom-
plished this purpose. All my endeavors to gain some knowledge
thereof by writing to his son Dr. Muhlenberg & Z. Collins have
hitherto been in vain.

I am particularly obliged to you for your communications con-
cerning Mr. Nuttall & am extremely happy that he had an op-
portunity of seeing the plants I sent you. I have lately written to
him & expect his answer. I think Mr. Nuttall’s observations un-
commonly excellent. His Genera [55] have given me more light
than any other book—it is so evident from all his remarks in that
work, that they are the fruits of real personal acquaintance with `
the plants in nature. I am delighted with the prospect of seeing
his botanical discoveries published soon—but I sincerely deplore
that his cryptog. specimens have been swallowed by that retentive
gulph, Mr. Collins, going into whose cave so many footsteps may be
traced & none coming forth! I have among the rest written to Z.

eg MENS Meg cig ee ee tare /

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 143

Collins more than once, but have never been blessed with an
answer. I am much obliged to you for the promise of Pilularia
& Marsilea.—Could you procure me specimens of Psilotum,
Acrostichum aureum, Vittaria, & Hymenophyllum—I should be
very glad indeed. If I can serve you with a good European Speci-
men of Salvinia natans I shall do so with pleasure.

Mr. Van Vleck wishes me to express to you his sincere thanks
for your kind offer to send him plants from your vicinity. In the
course of this year I hope to furnish you with speclimens] of all
not yet in your collectlion] which our vicinity contains. The idea
I had of writing a review of the Musci frondos. for Mr. Silliman’s
Journal [6] I have given up for the present on account of my im-
perfect knowledge & the increasing number. (So for instance I
have lately discovered a new species of Andr[elaea in great plenty
on our mountains which I intended to send you—but forgot it,
till the box was closed.) But I am preparing a monography of
the genus Viola [68]—which I shall either send to you for Silli-
man’s Journal or else try to get it inserted in the Philosophical
Transactions. Is there a prospect that a volume of that work will
appear shortly? I ought to do something of the kind to acknowl-
edge the honor done me, by making me a member of that Society.
I shall now give you my remarks on your & Mr. Nuttall’s ex-
cellent remarks on the plants sent you—very earnestly begging
you to continue them—for this is the only right way to acquire
accurate knowledge.

Gratiola sphaerocarpa. I cannot think this your neglecta or that
must be different from what I conceived it—my sphaero{carpa|—
(tho’ to be sure I was doubtful whether it is the plant of Elliott)
jis nearer virzinica &c. a very large plant—what I took for your
neglecta is very small & somewhat hairy—but I may be mistaken.
Lycop{us] exaltatus. I cannot conceive how I came to send you any
plant by that name. I have none such—TI find the only Lycop.
marked as sent you in my list Lycop. angustifolius Ell. p. 26, which
is certainly very different from L. europ. (of the latter Mr. Halsey
has sent me a speclimen] exactly like my European). The angus
tifol. has an entirely different habit—grows 4 feet high without
branching & looks a little like Leonurus cardiaca.

Cyper[us] uncinatus (C. inflexus Muhl.) is not the Cy. squarros. of

144. THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

India of which I have a fine specimen—the heads of the latter
& spikes are not 1/10 the size—besides other remarkable differ-
ences. C. mariscoides—sent you—lI now find is altogether mis-
named—since I have found the true one which is your Mariscus
cypertformis—I do not know what to make of it, unless it be a
Mariscus?

Houst|onia] longiflora—I am very glad to learn that this is the
tenuifol. of Nuttall—it is one of our common plants which I neve
paid any close attention to & called it by the name our old botany
had given—I should be glad to get the true longiflora.

Phacelia parviflora. Muhlenberg always called this’ Polemon.
dubium—& I think it suits Pursh’s description well enough—but
nevertheless it may be a new species. It grows exclusively on the
sandy banks of our rivers—but there very common & in gardens
becomes very large & an inexterminable weed.

Viola] eriocarpa. I think is not dist[inct] from publescens| 8
Nuttall—but certainly from the pubescens of Pursh. It is com-
mon here—but the pubescens I never found here.

V. ochroleuca is certainly the V. striata of Nuttall—but extremely
different from what I call V. striata Leconte, a species which is
common here, but Mr Leconte tells me, that he has never seen it
any where else. In my next remittance I hope to send you spec. of
all mine. :

Thasp|ium] actaeifoljium|—I have very doubtingly named this
plant so—but if not right—it is undoubtedly a new species—our
most disting[uished| Umbellate. It frequently grows—1o feet
high & spreads 3 or four wide. It is very common in May.
Sesblania] herbacea. I am extremely glad that you point out the
true name Trigonella amlericana] which it is beyond a doubt—I
neglected that Genus in examining it—but it suits exactly.

Pray continue your remarks as soon as possible. Now concerning
the Cryptog. plants which I named.

Hyp|num| lutescens Schw.—I believe ought to be populewm on re-
examinat(ion].

cupressiforme—The cupressif. is extremely various, it is very
possible that this may be incurvat[um]. :
hians Sw.—This certainly is not the same with plumos{um|
Hedw. & agrees with hians of Muhlenberg, unknown to me.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 145

oxycladon Sw.—I think I was mistaken in this—& it probably
is really salebros{um] Sprgl.

contortum Sw.—don’t you think this differs from imponens
as well as the one I called commutatum which is only a subspecies
of filicinum Schwagr.

—— adnaitum Sw. Sprengel calls molle—As I have seen neither
besides your Specimen I may well be mistaken—but it appeared to
me to suit adnatum very well.

—— curvifolium Sw. is certainly not cristacastrensis as you will
see at first sight when you come to compare the cristacastr.
which I send you—which corresponds perfectly with numbers of
European specimens in my collect[ion] & is one of the most dis-
tinct Hypna in nature.

Leskea varia Sw.—this species was so called by Muhlenberg—&
differs materially from H. radicale—the L. sericea Sw. I believe
was a mistake—it may be Neckera cladorrh{izans]—

I am perfectly convinced that the Anoectanglium] filiforme is
specifically distinct fr[om] ciliatum [—] I dont think that Bridel &
Schwagr. ever saw it.

I crave your pardon for the flagrant mistake I committed in
calling your Dicranum cerviculatum—D. virens—I must have com-
mitted it by a slip of the pen—as it is in my collection by the
name of D. cerviculatum & evidently agrees with numerous speci-
mens of this from Europe—while it certainly as you observe, is
very different from D. virens.

Your J[ungermannia] nodifolia—I think is evidently distinct from
J. ciliaris—altho’ allied—my barbarously named J. platyphylloidea
(by which I wanted to express its near relationship to platyphylla)
tho’ certainly very near it—I find so regularly distinct by numerous
marks recited in my little work that it ought to be separated.
J. platyphylla both in Europe & here always inhabits trees &
grows in remarkably arcuately reflected tufts,—platyphylloidea—
on rocks clothing them often to a great extent—& but slightly
reflected or not at all—I confess I have been very negligent in the
composition of some of my names. How Sprengel can take what
I have called Blasia pusilla—for J. pinguis I cannot conceive.
It has no manner of resemblance with that—of which I have this
year found the most beautiful specimens in full fructification with

146 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

peduncles of 2 inches long, emitted from the side of the leaves.
Your specimens were however too imperfect to be certain of its
being the Blasia—however they agree very much with fructifying
spec[imens] of the latter found by me—& I think I clearly observed
the black male spots in yours—of which Hoffman. speaks in his
little pocket Flora of Germany [31], where is a handsome figure.
I have had the good fortune this year to find Sphaerocarpus
terrestris in the utmost. perfection*—& a new Targionia which I
have.called orbicularis besides the Targ. hypophylla, which in my
little work is not recognised—has since been met with by me.
Of all these you shall receive speclimens]. What I called Thelo-
trema cinereum may possibly be Pyrenula enteroleuca for I am not
acquainted with that genus—& this Lichen was altogether new to
me—but I think it looks much like a Thelotrema. As to Evernia
prunasirt being Borrera furfuracea you will convince yourself of
Sprengel’s mistake when you get my Lichen—Both these are so
well known to me from their being extremely common in Germany
—that I am as certain of being in the right here, as concerning
the next. Cetraria lacunosa aut nov—which has not the slightest
resemblance with Nephroma papyracea—Sprengel’s opinion con-
cerning what I called anes (Cenomyce) on the contrary |
believe correct.

The passage of Sprengel’s Letter to you, concerning the fungus
I in a former letter to you had called Jsaria antheriformis—on
a slight examination, at first excited my mirth a good deal because
I thought it altogether impossible that that could be an hepatic
moss. After I had however at the suggestion of your letter
submitted this /saria antheriformis to a renewed examination by
the compound Microscope—I have actually convinced myself that
Sprengel nfust be in the right—altho’ I cannot conceive how it
happens that an Hepatic should be generated in damp paper.
There is a complete Thallus or Frons of a texture entirely similar
to that of Sphaerocarpus for instance [a rough sketch is inserted
here] forming a kind of net work in longitud{inal] meshes—& the
antheriform fructification—assuredly bears a strong affinity to the
Horn of an Anthoceros—so that I was affected with something like

* When my little work was written I had not yet seen the ripe capsules, which I
since found in plenty.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINiTZ AND TORREY 147

Sprengel’s laetitia. I had not observed this texture before, & had
indeed not conceived the frons to be an integral part of the
specimen—I thought it was the substance on which the pre-
sumptive fungus grew. But I am convinced it really is the
Blandowia. No fungus has any similar texture, & there can be no
doubt of this frons belonging to the plant, because that texture
is perceptible even in the lower part of the fructification.

Iam very sorry you could not name all the Crypt. you have
sent me—because your names would have undoubtedly been
servicable. I must beg you to consider in my determinations of
all but the Fungi (in which I pretend to some knowledge) that I
cannot be any considerable authority except where I am borne out
by my European specimens—as it is only of late that I have
applied myself closely to the study. Don't suffer yourself how-
ever to be discouraged—exertion & communication will after a
while enable us to be more confident than at present can be the
case.

I beg you to excuse my scrawl & to let me hear from you
again as soon as possible, especially concerning the Phaenog.
plants I sent you and remain with high respect

Your most obdt Servt

Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ
I should be extremely obliged to you for the whole title of the
Species algarum—by Agardh (3]—together with a mention of the
price of the work. If you have any means of procuring me a copy
I would thank you—& with pleasure refund all expenses. I have
this spring succeeded in determining about 40 kinds or spec. of fresh
water algae all of whom except two or three are absolutely the
same with the European Species.

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
New York Oct. 8th 1821.

Dear Sir

It is now near six months since I had the pleasure of receiving
a letter from you, except I must consider as such the single line
in the envelope of your Hepaticae. Indeed I can hardly blame
you when there was so much apparent reason for thinking I
had not used you well. You may depend I was exceedingly

148 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

mortified when on returning to town from the country I found
the box which I had given to a person to put on board a Peters-
burg packet, still remaining in his hands. This was a month
ago, & I hope, that as I then ordered it immediately to be sent,
that you have received it safely long before this. I shall be very
much dissapointed if it should be lost as there were in it many
specimens of which I can not now obtain duplicates. How anxious
I am to hear your opinion respecting these plants! Don’t punish
my neglect by delaying it long. There was a fine parcel of mosses
from Massachusetts, some lichens, a few fungi & some algae.

For your present of a copy of your Hepaticae [74] I feel in-
debted to you as otherwise I should probably not have seen it
until this time, the work not having yet been offered for sale here.
I requested you to send me on a number of copies to dispose
of on your account but they have never yet come to hand. When
shall we have a continuation of this exceedingly desirable &
valuable work. The specimen you have given the world will
certainly have the effect of making all lovers of botany wish the
complete work—Pray gratify them as soon as possible. You know I
will be of all the assistance I can to you in furnishing specimens
of such things as come in my way.

You will think me unreasonable to ask any thing more of you
after such bountiful collections being sent to me, but really there are
so many choice things described in your late work that I cannot
refrain from adding a list of a few, any of which will be highly
acceptable to me. Thisisat the end of the letter. How delighted
should I be to see that Andreaea you mention in your letter. I
did not suspect the genus was in this part of the world. Your
monography of the genus Viola [68] I presume you have sent to
the Philosophical Society as I have not heard of Silliman’s re-
ceiving it.

Our Gratiola neglecta turns out to be nothing new after all,
for in a letter I lately received from Sir J. E. Smith he remarks,
“Gratiola neglecta is precisely the authentic G. virginiana from
Kalm. The synonym of Hort. Malabar. belongs to a different
plant, considered by Vahl as a variety of G. trifida, but I think it is
still more unlike that species’’-—Now what is to become of G.
virginica of Elliott? It is undoubtedly a different plant from

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 149

ours as the description in the “Sketch” [22] will show, Shall it
be called G. Elliottii?

You ask how Sprengel could mistake what you have called a
Blasia pusilla, for Jungermannia pinguis. Smith, in a work
recently published by him (Correspondence of Linnaeus [81*]) has a
note on Micheli’s Blasia. He says ‘The accurate observations of
Dr. Hooker have proved this plant to be a real Jungermannia,
whose calyx & veil are imbedded in the leaf!” This is taken from
the celebrated Monography of British Jungermanniae [33], a
work which I have not yet seen, though I hope to do so soon,
Mr. Le Conte having imported it from Europe. Now Sprengel
being right respecting the genus, will not excuse his naming the
species erroneously, J. pinguis & B. pusilla being little alike. I
wish you could have had Hooker’s Jungermanniae [33] in time for
your Hepaticae [74]. It would have added much to its value to
have the synonomy of this distinguished writer.

I am more and more puzzled respecting that little es
Sprengel calls Blandowia as it has so much the appearance of a
fungus that I can hardly persuade myself it is not one. The place
in which it was found, & its colour &c. all make me suspect it
will yet be found an /saria or somthing allied to it. Do you know
where Willdenow found his plant? The work which Sprengel
quotes is not to be found here— By the way have you determined
that other curious little fungus found on moist paper in my her-
barium & which you promised to subject to the microscope? I
sent it to Smith, but he has left it unanswered. Do look at it
again for it must be somthing curious, Linnaeus would probably
call it a minute Lycoperdon.

I am happy it is now in my power to send you the Ist volume
of Agardh’s Species Algarum [3], which is all that is yet published—
I also send you the Synopsis Alg. Scandinaviae [4] of the same
author, & the 1st fasc. of his Icones Algarum [2]. These are
duplicate copies which I lately received & beg you to accept. You
need not think of-any return for these, except you may have a
couple of copies of your Hepaticae [74] to spare.

* [The copy of this work in the library of the New York Botanical Garden
formerly the property of Dr. David Hosack, has penciled against this footnote (2:
117), in Torrey’s hand: ‘ (Inform Schweinitz of this).”’

150 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Mr. Casstrém of Stockholm sent me the other day a new &
very | .. . *] work by Fries of Lund.- Systema mycologicum [23]
sistens Fungorum ordines, genera et species huc usque cognitas,
quas ad normam methodi naturalis determinavit, disposuit atque
descripsit E. F. 1821 &c. The arrangement is totally new &,
I think, much superior to Persoon’s. The 1st volume (about half
of the work) only is published & as it has just come to hand I
have not had time to examine it much. Have you seen it? If
you could be very certain of returning it in two months I would
send it to you. It is probable, however, that I shall have another
copy ere long, & if so, you shall have one of the two.

Next Saturday (when a packet sails for Petersburg) I shall send
Agardh’s books together with some plants which I hope you will be
pleased with. My questions respecting the specimens will be put
on the labels.

I am exceedingly anxious to procure specimens of American
Algae—one set for myself and another for Agardh, with whom I
have corresponded several years. Mr. Elliott sent me some lately,
which I had not seen before. Have you any duplicates of those
you have found near Salem? Can you spare some—

I want some Southern insects very much & will give in ex-
change for them European insects, or rare American plants &
minerals—to any extent. Will you find a person to collect for
me? I have only room to say I am sincerely yours

JoHN TORREY
P.S. The list of Hepaticae will be inclosed in another letter.

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
NEw York, Oct: 12th, 1821

Dear Sir

This day I shall put a collection of plants & books on board
a Petersburgh packet which sails tomorrow. I hope they will
reach you soon & that some of the things may prove acceptable.
I wrote you a long letter a few days since in answer to your favour
of April last which I had shamefully neglected.

On the next page is a catalogue of the contents of the package
on which I have to make a few remarks—. I. The Cryptogamous

* (Page torn.]

MEM.

TORREY CLUB

1796-1873

VOLUME 16, PLATE

nel

o
a
o
p

o
A

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 151

plants from the West Indies. These were collected twelve or
fourteen years ago by a Frenchman by the name of Perrin. He
brought his unnamed specimens to this city where he died. Dr.
Hosack purchased the collection of his wife & after passing
through various hands part of them have come to me. The
rest I hope to get ere long. Duplicates of my specimens I sent to
Sprengel which he determined and sent me a catalogue of. The
names on the specimens I send you are such as he has given.

II. Plants collected by Nuttall on the Arkansas & Red Rivers in
1819 & 1820. I mentioned to you in a former letter of his being
engaged in writing a Flora [54] of the Country he visited. It will]
soon be finished, & you will then find all the plants described which
I send you. He had not given all of them names when he presented
me with specimens. The Marsilea, Pilularia & Cheilanthes I
hope will please you*—

Ill. The North American Cryptogamia are only occasionally
named, & I shall be exceedingly obliged to you for the names of all
you are acquainted with or which you can determine without much
trouble. Pray don’t get out of patience with me for I am ‘con-
scious I am unreasonable in asking so much. There is a fungus on
the Acer rubrum of which I have put up a specimen, which I can-
not determine. Do let [here are inserted the lists mentioned,
138 names] me know its name as soon as possible. The genus is
certainly not in Persoon [59].

IV. The few Algae are duplicates from a collection sent me by
Agardh & are named according to his works. Gymnostomum
Donianum & Orthotrichum Lyellii are two rare Scotch mosses.—
Have you Tayloria splachnoides of Hook. in Brande’s Journal [62]
[of Science and the Arts]. I can spare youaspecimen. It is the
Hookeria splachnoides of Schwagrichen.

V. The Phaenogamous plants are principally from the northern
States, with the exception of a few collected by Prof. Douglass in
the late expedition of Gov. Cass to the sources of the Mississippi.
The whole collection was presented to me & a catalogue of it
` will appear in the next N[umber of Silliman’s*] Journal [go].

VI. As you mentioned you wished to obtain Agardh’s Species
Algarum [3] I take the liberty of sending a copy. Perhaps you

* [Words supplied by the editors, the letter being torn.]

152 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

have his synopsis [4] & Icones [2]. In a little work I lately received
from Germany (Jahrbücher der Gewachskunde [40]) is a short
paper by Ehrenberg [21] on three new genera of Fungi, Actino-
cladium, Campsotrichum & Enteridiuwm—Are you ES with
them? Shall I send the book?

Please send your remarks on the plants of this as as
soon as you have leisure to examine them. I can hardly ask
anything of you until I send something more.

I was going to add some observations on your desiderata
which you sent some time since but want of time & room prevent
me—I also find I have lent Mr. Halsey your Hepaticae [74] &
cannot get it in time to make out a list of the species which I
want. Pray send me two copies by mail as soon as possible
for which I will return money or other books.. It is said to be for
sale in the Philadelphia book stores but we cannot get anything
readily from that city. Do you want Sprengel’s Neue Ent-
deckungen [84] v. 1? I think there is a copy to be had here. It
contains some valuable remarks on many new & rare plants, re-
views of late works &c. Has Mr. Halsey sent anything to Mr. Van
Vleck? Would it be worth while for me to correspond with him?
I think you have put me under so many obligations to you that
I shall have enough to do to prepare for you—.

With great respect I remain—Your grateful friend

Joun TORREY.
ReEvp. L. D. SCHWEiNiTz

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

SALEM Oct 29th 1821
Dr Jonn Torrey New York
Dear Sir

It was indeed a cman after rather a long time of anxious
expectation to receive your kind letters of the 8th & 13th of
this month at once. They afforded me a scientific feast besides
the grateful feelings for what you have so kindly sent me.

I do not entirely however understand, whether the box you put
on a Petersburg packet on the 13th containing such a variety of
invaluable plants, that I can scarcely wait patiently until I see
them, is the same with the one you mention as neglected to be sent

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 153

by the person you gave it to containing among the rest about 200
crypt—(Mosses from Massachusetts &c.). If it is not, I am very
sorry to say I have never received that, & must fear its being lost.
I hope you have addressed either if two to Mess. Caldwell & Orr,
Petersburg—

Before I enter upon the rest of the Contents of your highly
interesting letters, I must inform you, of a very important change
just about taking place in my situation, which tho’ it will on the
one hand probably render me less useful to you, will on the other
enable me to indulge a hope of soon seeing you personally, & of in
future enjoying an easier & shorter communication with you.
I have accepted an appointment at Bethlehem, Northampton
County, Pennsylvania & shall reside there in future, & expect to
leave Salem about the 20th of November.

In consequence I have sent directions to Petersburg to turn
back your package on the way hither, that I may meet it at
my future home. It is probable that for some time after my
arrival there my avocations of duty will be such as to prevent
me from indulging much in my favorite study; but when I
shall be enabled to resume it—I shall evidently enjoy consider-
able advantages from being so near New York & Philadelphia,
more especially in respect of my intended publication. I may
flatter myself now likewise with a visit from you to look over
my collections (which God speed safely by sea & land! for I should
be in despair if they were lost or injured—they are under way now!)
& will be sure to find out an opportunity of calling upon you as
soon as possible. In the mean time I beg to request you to forward
anything you kindly communicate to me, from & after the receipt
of these presents to Rev. L. D. v.S. Bethlehem, Northampton
County, Pennsylvania—I scarcely know how sufficiently to express
to you my thanks concerning the books you are sending & beg
you by all means to send the Systema mycolog. of Fries [23]
you mention as soon as you have a duplicate copy—& likewise
Ehrenberg’s [paper in the] Jahrbiicher [21] & Sprengel’s Neue
Entdeckungen [84]. You are welcome to Specimens of all my
hepatics as soon as I shall have time after my arrival. By next
mail I shall direct Mr. Gales to send you 2 Copies of my pamphlet
[74]. He has informed me that he has forwarded a parcel to New
York for sale. I wonder they had not arrived.

154 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Altho’ I shall probably be situated in a less fertile part of the
U. S. in Bethl. as to Phaenogamy [see 70]—I think there is good
prospect for Cryptog. there; & it will be easier to communicate
with Mr. Elliott from thence than from here. Besides my friends
here lovers of Botany will not fail to furnish me with any thing
they can get, in order to supply your wants.

I hope to be able to give you almost a complete set of our
Algae aquatficae| aq[ae] dulcis. —They are however absolutely iden-
tical with the European ones. Ihave pretty diligently & accurately
determined about 55 species—all of them however from the spring
of the year, as it is much too dangerous in the fall & hot summer
to be stirring up the mud of swamps & ponds. I however suspect
that a good number may still be discovered later in the season.

Accept my dear Sir the renewed assurance of my grateful re-
spect & do not scruple I beg of you, to call upon me for anything
you wish & depend upon it, that if it is in my power I shall do
my best to oblige you.

My Monography of the Violas [68] is sent to Silliman, who has
promised to insert it in the Number of the Journal [6] after the
next. i

I remain with high respect
Your sincere friend
L D v SCHWEINITZ
Of-the Andreaea I have a very great quantity.

By all means preserve for me the Specimen of Hookeria splach-

noides you mention. I have been anxious to get it.

[SCHWEINITz’s letter of December 28, 1821, is missing.]

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
NEw YORK Jany. 31 st, 1822

Dear Sir

Your letter of the 28th of last month, I received about a
fortnight since. I am much pleased to hear that you safely ar-
rived at your new place of residence where I wish you much happi-
ness. Being now so much nearer together we can communicate
specimens & letters much more speedily & safely than we could be-
fore & flatters me with the hope that before many months we may
see each other face to face. I am very glad that those packages,

Pe a. S C O R a
*

pene ce as Sk S

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 155

about which I was so concerned have been safely received at last.
The part of the package Marked No 5 & consisting of Phaenoga-
mous plants of the Northern States I have ascertained was by
inadvertence left behind. It is safe, however, & shall be forwarded
by the Easton Stage in a very few days. I shall add to ita
small parcel from Mr. Halsey which has been lying in my office
several months—also Sprengel’s Neue Entdeck. [84] & [the]
Jahrbücher der Gewachskunde [40]. If Mr. Halsey has finished
using Fries’ Syst. mycologicum [23] I [shall] put it in the package

for you, hoping it will be returned in about two months. Of

Sprengel’s book I have another copy, & beg you will keep the one
I send you. I enclose in this letter a specimen of the Tayloria
splachnoides of Hooker, which I received from Sprengel. It
is a very singular moss, & an excellent description is given of it in
Brande’s Journal of the Royal Institution [62], with a much
better figure than either Schwagrichen’s [66], or that in Bridel’s
Supplement [12]. It appears to me also that there is very good
reason for changing Schleicher’s name, as Smith had previously
applied the name of Hookeria to the Hypnum lucens. (Pteri-
gophyllum of Bridel). It is surprizing that I should have com-
mitted such a mistake respecting the Xyloma acerinum. I was
prepossessed with the idea of its being something uncommon, & was
determined to make it so.

With what impatience do I wait to hear from the last package
of Cryptogamia I sent you! How long will it be before you will
have leisure to examine them? You must not get out of patience
with me for giving you so much trouble, & all I hope is, that some
of the specimens may supply desiderata in your collection. The
two copies of your Hepaticae [74] I received safely, in good time.
Shall I beg the favour of two more if you have them to spare, & let
me know the price of them that I may remit the money. I want
them for my correspondents in Europe. The Cheilanthes col-
lected by Nuttall must be C. vestita. I had never seen any species
of the genus before this.

On looking over my file of letters, I observe your favour
of the 29th of October last has never been answered. I must beg
pardon for this carelessness & say in palliation, that I delayed
writing to you until I should hear that you had arrived at Beth-

156 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

lehem, which will excuse me for two months. Does your Mono-
graphy of the genus Viola [68] embrace all the species of the
Northern States, or only those of North Carolina? I wish you
would write to Silliman to let me correct the proofsheets, or else
attend to it yourself, for he is totally ignorant of Botany & will
make a thousand blunders. That little paper [go] I published in
his last No. is full of typographical mistakes & makes me blush
whenever I look at it Dr. Ives promised to overlook the printing,
but his practise is so extensive that he has no time to attend to
anything but his profession—There is no other botanist of con-
sequence in New Haven—Will you have any plates? Did you
know that Le Conte has long been engaged in writing a Mono-
graphy of the Violas? He has about 30 species drawn, many of
which I think are only varieties. He will never publish anything.
You have probably seen him on his way South—if not he will call
on you when he returns in April. He will not stay away so long as
he used to do, now he is married—His father died the other day,
at Newark—

Do not fail, my Dear Sir, to send me those fresh water Algae
as soon as you find it convenient, & also your new Andreaea,
which I am very anxious to see.

Since I wrote you last I have received a letter from Bridel
in which there is a catalogue of some mosses I sent him. Of 93
specimens, he considers 33 new species! And in many of his
determinations he differs both from yourself & from Sprengel—
The following are some of your differences

Bridel Schweinitz
No 4 Schistidium subsecundum sp. nov.. Anoectangium filiforme
No58 Cool|ey]|Grimmiaatrovirens“ *“ Orthotrichum pumilum

Hyp. a Leskea turioniformis “ou o Hypnum hians
50 Cooley & 5 Dewey. H. curvirostrum
oN T E A EEA LE ET LT —— piliferum
No 8. Dewey. H. serratipilum sp. nov. .. —— confertum
Py PO E T PREE 2 6 E ENEO —— recurvans
—— 83 H. curvifolium v. minus ........ —— cupressiforme
—— 53 Cool{ey|—cupressiforme v. tenuis. micans? Muhl.
— 78 —falciforme sp. nov. ...... Leskea varia

—— 68 —patentissimum sp. nov. .. Hypnum radicale

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 157

May I not repeat a question I once asked you—What cer-
tainty is there [in the] nomenclature of the lower orders of the
Cryptogamia? In the genus Hypnum particularly, I scarcely
find two botanists who agree about the name of any of the species.
Some months since I sent a large box of mosses to Prof. Hooker the
British Muscologist & when he returns a catalogue of them I
shall no doubt find him at variance with most other botanists
who have determined them before.

I am now engaged in writing my Flora of the Northern States
[89], the first number of which I am preparing for the press. I
hope you will assist me to the plants growing in your vicinity.
There are many species enumerated in Muhlenberg’s Catalogue
[52] & said to be natives of Pennsylvania, which I do not know
under his names. I shall send you a list of them soon—

I have only room to express to you the high respect,
with which I remain— Dear Sir—Your obliged friend
Joun TORREY

[SCHWEINITz’s letter of February 25, 1822, is missing.]

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ

NEw York. March 18th 1822

Dear Sir

Two or three days ago I received at my father’s house at
Greenwich (where I had retired a fortnight for the purpose of ar-
ranging my herbarium) a note from an unknown person informing
me that he had called repeatedly at my office with a package from
you & had not found me at home. I desired my brother to call
for it, but the gentleman was absent. On Saturday night (the day
before yesterday) I received another note from the same person,
informing me that he would leave town to day for Bethlehem.
Yesterday being Sunday I could not prepare any thing for you, but
this morning I have put up 35 species of Cryptogamia, & Spren-
gel’s Neue Entd. [84] with Treviranus &c. These are added to the
Phaenogamous plants which were left out of the last package by
mistake. Mr Halsey’s little package is also inclosed. I know
not whether I shall secure this opportunity or not, but I shall
carry the package to town immediately at a venture. I am also as

158 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

yet, ignorant what your package for me contains, though it will
doubtless be very interesting I thank you in advance.
I shall write you at greater
length by the post, as I.must here close for want of time
I remain Dear Sir Your much
obliged, & very humble servt
Rev. Mr SCHWEINITZ : JoHN TORREY
If I have time this morning when I get to town I will put up
for you the work of Fries on Fungi [23] which I beg you to return
in a month.
TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
NEw York, May 3rd, 1822
Dear Sir
The last letter which I have received from you is dated Feby.
25. It unaccountably was more than a month in reaching me.
I should have answered it before had I not had some hopes of
hearing from you on the subject of a package of plants sent
you by the hands of a Swedish gentleman a few weeks since.
But it [is] now quite time I acknowledged the great obligation I
am under to you for the catalogue containing the results of your
examination of my-specimens. You must not get out of patience if
I should trouble you three or four times yet this season. There is
no person in this country but yourself with whom I can correspond
on the subject of Cryptogamia & as you have devoted yourself
more exclusively to the Fungi, I shall pay the greatest share of my
attention to some other branch—probably the mosses. So that
my opinion may one of these days have some little weight. You
must therefore bear with me, in the hope of my being at some
future time of some use in the way of consultation. I need much
assistance from such a veteran in science as yourself, for when I
work too long alone I begin to get discouraged. I hope the pack-
age I sent by the Swedish gentleman (I forget his name Lil——
something [Lilienkron]) reached you safely & that you will soon
have time to examine its contents. I have now some more speci-
mens ready, a few of which are very rare to me. They shall be
sent by the first opportunity. I would rather not send by the stage
as the men connected with it seem to me very disobliging. —
You kindly offer to send me a list of the Cryptogamia of

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 159

your collection but I fear I cannot repay you for the great labour
it will cost you. Prof. Silliman has not yet sent me the proof-
sheets of your monography [68] to correct. You must insist on
this being done (if you do it not yourself); for if the press is cor- `
rected in New Haven, the paper will be full of errors. Will you
please request him to print a few extra copies of it.

Mr. Le Conte arrived here from the South a day or two ago. I
informed him of your intention of writing on the Violets, at
which he appeared a little disappointed! He will never publish
anything in my opinion, as I think I know him well. You have
probably seen his beautiful Drawings—but has he not made too
many species? With the Southern Violae I am not much ac-
quainted, but there is not one yet found in the Northern States
unknown to me & there are not more than 7 or 8 species. Le
Conte makes a great many species of two or three variable kinds
growing here.

am of your opinion respecting Sprengel. He appears to
examine specimens much too slightly. . He has given the same
thing sometimes three different names! Bridel, on the other hand,
appears to be too accurate if I may use the expression, for he
makes too nice distinctions. No doubt many American species
have been confounded with European ones which they much re-
semble, such as the Climacium americanum &c., but Bridel has
hardly confirmed any of our determinations except when species
peculiar to this country were named.

I shall inclose you some remarks on your last return-list if
I have time. You will allow me to be candid & state my objections
when we differ in opinion. This is the only way to get at the
truth.

A few days ago a friend of mine (the Rev. Ed. Hitchcock of
Conway, Mass.) sent me for examination a book of drawings of
Fungi 120 in number, done by his wife. I should be very glad to
have you look over them, but he wishes the book to be returned
by June 4th next, as that will probably be the only opportunity of
sending to him for some months to come. Now if you know of any
means of returning them to me by that time if I should send them,
please to inform me as soon as possible. I shall send you dried
specimens of many of the plants figured.

I am now driving at my Botany of the Northern States [89]. I

160 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

shall certainly avail myself of your kind offer of assistance—In
the cryptogamia I shall trouble you much. I am very fortunate
in having Mr. Nuttall to stay with me, probably for two months.
He is to give a course of lectures here on Botany. We are both
bachelors & he is to stay altogether at my office, so that I promise
myself a great treat from the company of this celebrated natura-
list. He is much devoted to mineralogy which is a favorite pursuit
of mine also. So that we shall have our hands full while he remains.

As you are now settled not a great distance from the place
where Muhlenberg resided, you will probably find some of the
plants enumerated in his Catalogue [52], which are not to be found
here. There are many of his species which are not described under
his names in any work that I have seen. Probably some of these
are new, but the greater part must now be anticipated by Pursh,
Nuttall, &c., but it would be desirable to know all his species with
certainty. Have you any specimens from him? Is there any
probability that the long-promised Flora Lancastrensis will ever
be published ?

May 4th— I perceive, that owing to my.Herbarium being
in considerable confusion from removing, & the variety of business
I have on hand, that it will be out of my power for a week or
two to compare your last list with the specimens to which it
refers. This however shall be done as soon as possible.

If I do not hear from you in the course of a week I shall en-
deavour to have your package forwarded by the stage as you once
directed. There will be about 100 more species of cryptogamia.
Do let me hear from you as often as possible.

On looking over the collection of Musci you sent me some
time since, I perceive that the moss you named Leucodon sciu-
roides is altogether different from my European specimens as
well as from the species you once named as sciuroides for me! It
is probably a Leucodon for the teeth, if I am not much mistaken are
cleft as in Dicranum, but it is nevertheless what I long ago de-
termined to be Pterogonium intricatum, & has been so named by
Sprengel. Will you look at this again—

With respect,

THE Revp. L. D. SCHWEINITZ Dear Sir Yours &c
JOHN TORREY

Pe en

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 161

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM May 15th 1822
Dear Sir

By last mail (unaccountably late) I had the pleasure of re-
ceiving your favor of the 3d instant—by which I was among the
rest apprised that the short letter which I wrote you immediately
after the extremely acceptable receipt of the package brought me
by Mr. Lilienkron had not arrived. What can be the reason of so
frequent a failure of letters between us, or at least of their delay,
while nothing can be more expeditious & punctual than the
arrival at & from New York of all my business letters? Perhaps
I do not sufficiently express your address. In that case—I
earnestly beg you to furnish me with a correct one.

The above package, together with the books was, I must
therefore repeat, most safely delivered to me by my Swedish
friend. You cannot imagine how much I am delighted with Fries
[23]—I know I ought to have returned it before this—but un-
happily I have been so much occupied with official duties that I
have not yet got thro’—but the next opportunity that offers—
you may depend on receiving it back—as I hope to‘compleat my
extract in a few days. I most earnestly beseech you to procure
the book & its continuation for me at any price. The system I
think very conformable to my own observations.

I hope you are not in earnest when you excuse yourself for
troubling me so often—no greater pleasure can I receive. I am
delighted with the Idea of your devoting yourself to the Musci—&
hope that we jointly shall one day be able to make out something
like an Am. Cryptog. The last mosses you sent I have not yet
had time to examine with anything like accuracy—but will do so,
as soon as possible.

In case you send me anything by the Stage—please to address it
to the Care of Mr. Philip Mixsell, Easton—Depend on it I shall send
you a list of my Cryptog. collection (designating my authorities)
in as short a time as I can.

Prof. Silliman promised to send the Proof sheets to you of my
little dissertation on the Violae [68]—& I am in despair to hear
he has not—for in that case, to judge by the Litchfield Catalog
[Brace, 11] in the last numbers—there is not the slightest hope

162 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

of it being intelligible. I had mentioned a request to him to
have a few extra copies printed—but as his answer did not notice
this request I am afraid it may have been neglected. I have only
seen a few of Mr. Leconte’s drawings of the Vzolae—I cannot judge
therefore of his species—but I am not so little inclined to admit
new species as you seem.—A long continued study has perfectly
convinced me, that some which you probably only look upon as
varieties are really specifically distinct. At this moment they
are in full bloom—but to be sure I find none here, about Bethl.
but such as are well known—altho’ most of the common species
here, are entirely different from those in N. Carolina.

By all means I pray you be very strict in your strictures
on my nominations—I can hope to arrive at truth only by such.
The delay of your last—I am very sorry to say will necessarily

deprive me of the enjoyment of the 120 Fungi—because it must |

be impossible to return them to you by 4th June—send me
dried specimens however.

The enjoyment you are going to have in living together this
summer with Mr. Nuttall I can appreciate, since I had the ex-
quisite pleasure of becoming acquainted with that excellent man
at Philadelphia. Beso kind as to present my compliments to him
& to request him to mention once more all the specimens we spoke
of, which he would be glad to get from me. I will send them on to
you—All my exertions which you may command especially in
Crypt. are at your service in the publishing of the No. Am. Bot.
{89|—perhaps you would take the trouble to particularize those
plants of Muhl. concerning which you want information. I had
a great many from him. The Flora Lancastr. I fear will never
see the light—nor indeed do I think it would be very valuable—
as Mr. Conrad tells me he can in many instances not read the
text (altogether credible to those who saw Muhl[en]b[er]g’s
hand).

I believe you are altogether right as to my mistake concerning
Leucod|on| sciuroid{es|—sent you by me—TI find that by some
negligence mixed specim. of Leu. sciur. & Pteriglonium] intricat[um]
are put up in one paper by me in my collection for communi-
cation.

In warm hopes of soon hearing from you again & receiving the

Bee Oe E a

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 163

100 Cryp. you announce, & with a request that you will be so good
as to think of the Phaenog. plants I still am in want of I remain
Yours most affectionately
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ
[TorREY’s letter of July 16, 1822, is missing.]

SCHWEINITzZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM July 21st 1822
My dear Sir
Exquisite would have been the pleasure your kind favor
of the 16th instant would have given me, had it not been for the
circumstance that you appear not to have received my last letter
together with the Volume of Fries [23] which I sent you, the receipt

` of which is likewise not mentioned. It to be sure contained noth-

ing of any moment, but I should be extremely sorry to hear that so
valuable a book had been lost—I entreated you to procure me
a copy of it at any price.

I believe it is a good plan to leave a package for me at
my friend Mr. Mortimer’s—but I am sorry to say I have not
yet received that, which you kindly mention. Prof. Dewey at
Williams College writes to me, that he has sent a package for
me to your care—which please deliver over to Mr. Mortimer
likewise when it arrives. I shall write to him on that account.
But I must claim your indulgence till winter comes on for a scru-
tiny of Cryptogamous plants sent me. Then I hope to be dis-
embarrased of the Boarding School superintendence. At present
I have hardly leisure to look over Phaenogamous plants—Perhaps
you will be able to send me some of those New Yorkers on my list,
which you have not yet communicated—& I should likewise be ex-
tremely glad to get a number of those in Prince’s garden which are
still wanting to me. The moment I have time I will make out a
list of my American deficiencies for you.

I deplore most sincerely that you had not time to subjoin
your remarks on my Violae—by all means let me have them as
soon as you can. Possibly Mr. Leconte’s observation concerning
my having made too great a number of species, may be considered
just by many—I was guided however by the study of the greater
part in nature & in successive years—& find, as far as my time

164 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

allowed me, my observations here in Pennsylvania generally to
confirm my opinions. The only species which I think admit of
further doubts are—whether V. cucullata & obliqua ought not
to be united after all; whether cordifolia be not too near villosa
Ell. & whether repens should be separated from ochroleuca—

Of the rest I am pretty certain. V. pubescens common here &
never found in N. C. is extremely different from eriocarpa. Is not
the V. Selkirkii you mention perhaps related to my punctata from
Labrador? The specific difference of V. palmata & asarifolia (the
latter never occurs here but is common at Salem) is beyond
doubt

Accept of my best thanks for the curious little moss from
Florid[a] & the highly interesting Roccella from Thule. I conceive
however that the Captains who assert this to be the only vegetable
there, do not regard crustaceous Lichens as such—for I cannot
believe that any rock is utterly devoid of such.

I shall be much obliged to you for the subterraneous fungi
from the Coppermine.

Tho’ I am almost perfectly ignorant of mineralogy—I read
what you communicate on that subject with great interest, as
everything concerning natural history is valuable to me. But
still I must confess to you, that I am too much of a devoted
Botanist, not to feel a little jealous, that the sister science appears
to injure Botany by thus withdrawing from it, its most able &
active cultivators like yourself and Mr. Nuttall. I hope however
you will no more desert the service of Flora than he for that of
Plutus or at least some of his cousins.

The Roccella you so kindly sent me puts me in mind to request
you if possible to procure me a specimen of the common Roccella
(which I believe may be had in shops—as it is a dyeing article).
I have lost the imperfect one I had & your gift has reinstated the
Genus.

Any tropical specimens of whatever kind would likewise be
acceptable to me—& very much so—plants from the South of
Europe in which I am very deficient.

With sincere respect & esteem I remain
Your obdt Servt
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 165

Mr. Elliott has sent me his 7 number [22] & promises to send
on No. 8 shortly.
I will just add, secund L D v S, the names of the Violae which
I have observed this spring in & abt Bethlehem.
[Lists 28.]

SCHWEINITZ TO’ TORREY
BETHLEHEM Nov 24th 1822
Dr. JoHN Torrey New York
Dear Sir

The uncertainty whether the distressing calamity with which
New York was visited, might not prevent a letter from reaching
you, hindered me from writing to you sooner; I am now however
occupied with examining your last kind packages of Cryptog. &
should on that account have deferred writing still longer in order to
give you my determinations, had not the present good opportunity
offered for transmitting to you a copy of a small work bearing
my name on its title which was sent to me from Germany|[75|—to
my no small surprize, as I was utterly unaware that it would be
published—altho’ I must confess myself the author. I left it with

a friend some years ago, without any such _Idea—but have no ob-
jection that he disposed of it in that way. Possibly it will be not
uninteresting to you—as it contains a list of all the Fungi I had
observed in N. C. previous to 1817—with descriptions of the new
ones & I beg therefore of you to accept it as a token of friendship.

If you could again favor me with some of the New York—or
other American plants still wanting in my collection I should be
very much obliged to you.

Do you think there would be any hope of procuring for money
or other consideration such plants from Mr. Prince as his garden
affords—in dry specimens? Iam told he cultivates most of Mr.
Nuttall’s & other Missouri plants. If you think it possible I would
thank you to point out to me the necessary measures. Prof. Dewey
wrote to me some time ago that he was going to send some plants
to you for me. If he has, the gentleman who brings this, will be
kind enough to take them in return.

In a short time I hope to send you a list of my determinations
of your last packages.

166 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Excuse the great hurry with which I write not having a moment
to lose, if I wish to make use of the present opportunity.
Don’t forsake Flora altogether for Mineralogy & Geology, &
believe me with sincere affection
Your most obdt Serv
L D v SCHWEINITZ

[A Torrey letter seems missing here.]

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

BETHLEHEM December 18th 1822

My dear Sir
On the two first pages I have given you a list of my determi-
nations of the different numbers of your Cryptogamic plants.
Those underlined were new to me, at least in America—those
doubly underlined have been named by me. It will scarcely be
necessary to remark that it is exclusively the Fungi & Lichens
upon which I conceive you may place dependence as correctly de-
termined. Hepatic mosses but a few only occurred—& as for the
Musci—more especially the Hypna I confess I despair of doing
anything satisfactory—without observing them in nature. Some
20 or thirty species of Hypnum may be easily distinguished; the
rest I conceive almost mere matters of faith. How it happens that
so great a number of the series appear blank I know not—prob-
ably you sent me specimens of those numbers—For a dozen or
two blanks to be sure, I fear I can account (those however were al-
together of little moment) the Papers videlicet perished by one of
those sad accidents which married botanists are subject to—under
the careful hands of the ladies, who are, you know bitter enemies
of all & everything that can by possibility be attacked with a
broom. I most heartily wish that you may derive half as much
satisfaction from my determinations as the kind communication
of the specimens gave me. You will see what a considerable
number form valuable additions to my collection. The whole
number of Fungi—seen by me in Am. including those you sent
now amount to about 1660 species of which I preserve nearly
1300. Let me request you kindly to continue your communica-
tions & to command anything in my power. I was delighted
with the assurance your last agreeable letter contained, that you

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 167

have again taken Botany in hand. I was almost tempted to
publish a counterpart of the Poetical Geology in Silliman—to be
entitled the Tears of Flora! describing her despair at the desertion
of her votaries but am glad indeed that her own charms have
brought yourself & others back to her shrine. The small packet
you lately sent me was peculiarly acceptable as it contained some
very interesting new species. I have entered them in the General
List, but beg to add a few particular observations.

Botrychium simplex. 1 hailed with particular joy. Two or
three specimens perfectly agreeing with yours had been obtained
by me from Canada & been called by me B. pusillum. Your
name is better & has been adopted.

367 [Rhizomorpha abietina*| is most undoubtedly Rhizomorpha—
but a new & distinct species—I should be greatly obliged to you,
if you allow me to keep it, as it is in a most interesting state for
- observing what is considered the Fructification of this Lichen
(accord[ing] to Acharius) & justly I think.

365 [Rhizomorpha crocea|—my Rhiz. crocea in a no less interesting
state.

370 [Craterium floriforme] is a most desirable new species of the
Genus Craterium of Nees, hitherto containing a solitary species.
This new species forms a renge link in the series—which was
wanting.

372 [Bartramia an nova] male flowers of a Bartramia or Mnium—
is this perhaps the true B. grandiflora?

374 [Sclerotium radiciforme| comes on a wish!—the third species
of a remarkable subdivision of Sclerotium called by Nees Thana-
tophytum from the destructive effect of the only European Species
on the Bulbs of Crocus in France.

366 [Targionia hypophylla?| Without fructificat[ion] I take it for
the fronsof T E hypophylla. What is however the other moss
among it with . ? [a few words torn out].

I was not a little Aiea to hear of the probable loss of the
plants sent me by Profes. Dewey. I should greatly deplore that
loss—if I did not entertain a hope that they may still be recovered.
The package you left at Mr. Mortimer’s was received tho’ after a
very long time—I = — for not So it in my last.

sg

* [Portions in bracket d the list I g

168 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

As you so kindly permit me to trouble you with further requests I
shall take the liberty of stating to you, what I most eagerly desire
to acquire. Any cryplogamous plant determined—& all unde-
termined American Cryptog. plants are highly acceptable but
equally so all Phaenogamic American plants—not yet in my collec-
tion. You will greatly favor me by trying to procure from Mr.
Prince, Missouri, Louisiana, or western specimens & I inclose you a
list from Nuttall of the Missouri &c. which I have not. Next in
order come determined European Phaenogamic plants especially
from Spain, Italy, France or Greece—& Graminaceous ones from
any part of the world. Lastly exotic plants from tropical coun-
tries are highly acceptable, the Filices in equal degree with any
others. Having the agreeable prospect before me of enjoying a
little more leisure the ensuing year—I shall exert myself to lay in
a stock of everything I meet with in order to supply you & your
friends. I can expect to be of service to you only as regards
Cryptogamia. ;

Let me call your attention for a moment to one of the next
numbers of the Journal of the Phil. Academy of Nat. Sciences in
which you will find a dissertation of mine on two interesting
hepatics [72]—of which I can send you specimens. I earnestly beg
you may not scruple to demand anything in my power. In the
course of next year I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you at
New York. I mention to you that in the first weeks of January
I shall probably be absent from home; but do not suffer this to
induce you to retard sending on anything you may favor me with, as
no greater pleasure could be enjoyed by me than to find large
packages waiting for me. If you should happen to see Mr-
Leconte please to tell him that I sent a copy of my Carol. Fungi
[75] to him by the same opportunity with yours—the receipt of
which I am ignorant of.

With sincere esteem
Your Most obdt Friend & Svt.
L. D v SCHWEINITZ

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 169

TORREY ‘TO SCHWEINITZ
. NEw York March 17th 1823.
My Dear Sir

I am ashamed to acknowledge your esteemed favour of De-
cember last at this late day. The principal reason why I have
delayed writing is that I expected to accompany an expedition
which was to have set out this spring for the Rocky Mountains.
All my time was employed in making preparations, such as packing
my plants, , the Secy. of
War has concluded not to send the expedition. Before writing
about my own business, however, I will answer your letter. The
determinations of my cryptogamic specimens delighted me much,
as I was exceedingly anxious to receive them. I regret however
to find so many blanks in the list. For those between Nos. 374
& 447 I can account as I passed over a whole hundred in numbering |
& afterwards commenced filling up the chasm—I shall continue
filling this up till I get to 447, & then proceed regularly from
504 where I left off. But before the No. 374 there are 52 scat-
tered blanks, & these too, respecting specimens I was very anxious
to hear about—Many of the blanks I believe are Jungermanniae.
You mention some of the specimens having been destroyed by a
broom—but that was probably not the cause of the whole loss.
But it is useless to regret. I believe I can supply most of the de-
ficiencies from my retained specimens—Indeed, I am confident
that I can send you duplicates of many of them.

I am pleased that you agree with me respecting that new
little Botrychium. You have before this time, doubtless, seen
Mr. Hitchcock’s description of the plant in the last No. of Silli-
man’s Journal [30].

No. 374 you observe is a new species of ne am
much pleased with this information. as I had determined the fun-
gus to be a Sclerotium & could not find a description of the species,
though I hardly dared to call it new.

No. 366 you suspect to be the Targionia hypophylla—ls it
not a Jungermannia? The plants from Prof. Dewey are certainly
lost. The loss is as great to me as to you, as there were in the
box a great many good things which our friend kindly intended
for me.

170 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

In a very few days I shall look over my duplicate West Indian
plants, & select for you such specimens as I have. There may
be about a hundred, all of them determined by Sprengel. Of .
European plants I might possibly send you a few not in your Herb.
Can you send your desiderata? Perhaps I have a few from France.
There is a man in Philadelphia who has a large collection of W-
Indian plants I am told. You may hear of him from Le Sueur.
The paper you published in the Journal of [the] Acad[emy of]
Scien|[ces of] Philad{elphia|] [72] is very interesting & does you much
credit—& would indeed honor a Hooker. Can you furnish me with
specimens of those two rare plants?

As I informed you, I have been much employed this winter
in preparing for the intended exped[itio]n you will not expect me
to give a very long account of my labours in Botany—I have
looked at some things however. The genus Jungermannia has
engaged much of my attention. I am gradually describing all the
N. American species that come to hand & making drawings of the
new or exclusively indigenous species. Your little book [74] is of
great assistance to me but I occasionally differ from you in opinion
which I know you have too much frankness to be offended with.
I have been studying the splendid work of Hooker on the British
Jungermanniae [33]. It isa delightful performance & I believe very
accurate. You did me the favour some time since to send me some
specimens of N. American Jungermanniae determined according to
your book. There are yet a number of species I have not in my
Herbarium. I should be greatly obliged to you if you would
spare me specimens of them. They are as follows

Jung. pallescens J. pauciflora J. resupinata

— irtlobata — connivens — umbrosa

— reptans — Ehrhartiana — quinquedentata
J. exsecta
— bipinnata

— pubescens & oblonga
Several of the above I may have, but they are of my own
determination & I should wish to compare them with those thus
named by you. I will add two or three other Hepatics in your
book, specimens of which are desired by me, viz., Targionia
orbicularis, Anthoceros carolinianus & jungermannoides. My

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 171

collection of foreign Jungermanniae embraces the following species
[lists 49].

I know not how I can get along without Weber’s work [93].
What is the price of it—Are there plates? I sent for a copy many
months ago, but it has not yet come. Concerning several of
your determinations of my Jungermans. I would make a remark
or two—No. 321 you have named J. tridenticulata. Will you
have the goodness to look at the specimen again. Perhaps I
put up by mistake a spm. of J. trilobata. My specimens agree
with Hooker’s plate very well, except the loculi are more numerous
in the former. No. 366 “ Targionia hypophylla.’’ In the paper
from which I took your specm. there appear to be two species.
One of them (large & green) seems to be the Jung. epiphylla, the
-other (small & red) is very near J. sinuata but still not exactly
that. I could not find on it anything like fructification.

No. 325. “J. curvifolia.” Thisseems to be Hooker’s plant, &
agrees very well with my European specimens, but I think it
different from one that you sent me as J. curvifolia.

No. 322. “J. capillaris.” Is this the J. trichophylla of Hooker &
others? It looks much like Hooker's pl. 7.

No. 281. “J. nova.” This I have described as a new species, but
I have some suspicion that Hooker has it.
No 269. “J. viticulosa,’’ not so according to Hooker, as there are

stipules in that plant, while they are absolutely wanting in mine.
I have a little suspicion that it is J. asplenioides notwithstanding
the leaves are entire. Hooker says the leaves are occasionally
entire. I know my specimens are much smaller than the European
J. asplenioides. l

“JT. sertularoides.’’ The Linnaean plant is probably J. tricho-
phylla & J. sertularoides is put as a synonym of that species by
Hooker but the American plant is totally distinct. Do you be-
lieve the J. laciniosa is very distinct from J. sertularoides?

I must here close for want of room. Do let me hear from you
soon. I hada glimpse of Mr. Halsey a day or two ago when I was
much engaged. He had something to communicate from you
which I shall go & hear tomorrow. I returned the other day from
Philadelphia, where I spent a fortnight very agreeably with the de-

172 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

lightful scientific society there. I saw Muhlenberg’s Her|bariu]m
but did not examine the whole of it.

I remain Dear Sir,—your faith & humb servt.
Rev. L. D. SCHWEINITZ JoHN TORREY

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM April 2d 1823

My dear Sir

Your favor, postmarked the 28th ult., arrived yesterday &
did not fail to give me the most sincere delight, for I had been
anxiously expecting to hear from you, & had begun a letter which |
now lay aside in order to answer yours. Greatly as I deplore that
you have been disappointed in the Expedition to the Rocky moun-
tains which must have produced to Science, yourself, & I flatter
myself to me, such a harvest, I am still glad to know you are in our
vicinity & that I shall have a chance of seeing you, in case I succeed
in my design of coming to New York on a visit. But I most sin-
cerely wish you could make it possible to come hither & spend some
weeks with us—in which case my collections would ensure to you at
least some entertainment. I am very glad to hear that my attempts
to determine your kind communications were agreeable—but
greatly regret that, excepting Fungi, in which family I can assume
a little authority, they are so little to be depended upon. I
think you misunderstood a part of my letter—I do not believe
that either broom or other enemy of Science actually deprived
me of anything I received from you. It was only the labels
or papers whereon I had marked your numbers & my determina-
tions, which were partly swept away & I had neglected to mark
your numbers in my Herbarium, whither I had before the Catas-
trophe arranged your presents. After all I was not aware of the
nature of your numbers & imagined they had no relation to what
you sent me, but refered to your own collection. I shall take
care in future to be extremely particular in noting down what-
ever you mark on the papers & labels immediately. Mr. Nuttall
promises to send me shortly all his Cryptog. for examination—
which I hope he may do.—I am greatly grieved at the loss of Prof.
Dewey’s plants—but intend to write to him for a renewal if possible.
You will most signally oblige me by sending West Indian or indeed

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 173

any plants you can spare or procure—& as a method of enabling
you in some measure to judge what would be particularly accept-
able of European plants I shall take the liberty to pack up with
those you have desired in your letter (mentioned below) my Cata-
logue of Herbar|ium] & those wanting, having just made a new copy
—tho’ I fear you will not be able to read my Scrawl. Perhaps it
may afford you an opportunity to send for this & that you might
wish to have—I promise to keep back nothing of which I have du-
plicates. Mr. Nuttall gave me information concerning the Col-
lection of Cuba plants you allude to—but 12$ per hundred those
extremely badly preserved—exceeds my finances. I enclose to
you this time a general list of my desiderata in Am. Phaenogamy
with a particular request to procure as many of them as possible
either from collections, or from Prince’s Garden. I would go to
some expence to get them. Is there no possibility of procuring
any of the plants that Dr. James brought in the last expedition?
American plants I value at least treble others—because my collec-
tion is already so considerable. You are a happy man in having
succeeded to get at least a glimpse of Muhlenberg’s Herbar.—
which I have several times vainly tried to get at. Is the Cryptog.
part so arranged as to afford an opportunity of looking it over?
It will be absolutely necessary to do so as to the Lichens, because
Muhl. Cat. [52] contains a number of names nowhere else oc-
curring.

I was very much delighted with your zealous labor on the
Hepatics & will with pleasure afford you all the aid in my power—
According to the French adage—highly respected by me, & which
ought to be the motto of all naturalists “qu’une erreur découvert
vaut toujours une vérité trouvée.”

I am so far from being offended with any difference of opinion on
such subjects, that I rather am inclined to forego mine very easily,
especially where I am conscious of a want of knowledge. I should
therefore be very glad to have your opinion especially where it
differs from mine. Sometimes I suspect however this difference
will arise from my having made a mistake in the reference. As to
the Jungermannias you have the decided advantage over me of
possessing Hooker [33] (the very sight of which at Mr Collins,
gave me the greatest delight) & I should in every case bow to de-

174 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

cisions drawn from him. Weber’s [93] is but an epitome, a small
workof pages—without plates. In order to enable you to judge
of what might be useful to you I insert a list of all my hepatics.
xx prefixed signifies that I have specimens both from Europe &
America, x from Europe, + tropical, & underlined—such as I
have undertaken to name—several of which are not in my little
book [74]. The sign + shews when added behind, that I would
be able to spare specimens tho not always such as are in fructi-
fication. Those unmarked are American. [Lists 121].

Of the American Jungerm. &c. you mention I am putting up for
you specimensof the following immediately. 1. trilobata 2. connivens
3. resupinata 4. umbrosa 5. quinquedentata 6. bipinnata 7. pubescens
Of pallescens | have no duplicate—of reptans no American speci-
men at all, pauciflora is a Labrador species without a duplicate—
Ehrhartiana I have too little of, which I fear is the case with oblonga
likewise—but that I will try to send. To these I add Targionia
hypophylla, Anthoceros carolin{ianus|—& a small bit of Ant.
jungermannoides not having any larger—as well as my Sphaero-
carpus & Carpobolus of which as published in the Journal of the
Phil. Academy [72] you have taken so flattering a notice.

The following species among your foreign ones—I should be

. glad to get: J. Baueri S. J. curta S. J. deflexa $. J. fissa Curtis,
J. polyanthos T. J. varia S.

Concerning your remarks to my determinations of your Jun-
ger. I observe that No. 321 tridenticulata—may probably belong
to trilobata—I think the two otherwise very distinct in habit.
What I call trident|iculata] Mx.—is short & branches almost at right
angles. As to 366 Targionia hypop{hylla| I judged merely from the
Thallus—the good fructiferous Salem specimen I intend to send,
will enable you to decide. 322. J. capillaris is to be sure very near
the German trichophylla—but still would probably be found to dif-
fer specifically.—The viticulosa of Weber—to which I arranged your
No 269—is represented by him without Stipules.—My J. laciniosa
from Canada differs materially both in size & habit from sertu-
laroides—which is certainly very diff. from trichophylla. Let me,
if you please, know shortly which of the foregoing list of my Jung,
besides those above mentioned I shall send you & I will directly
make up a little packet.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 175

At the same time let me know, if you are in possession of
Hedwig’s Species Muscorum Frondosorum, Opus Posthum. a Frd.
Schwagrichen editum in quarto with 72 Plates [z9]—I have
chance of procuring it here for the very cheap price of 10 Dollars
(at least I think it cheap) & perhaps might get it for 8$. If you,
or any of your friends would wish to have it I will get it, and send
it on.

Forgive me for troubling you at such length & if you can with-
out inconvenience let me soon hear from you.

I remain with sincere regard

Your most obdt Servt
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ
P.S. I am preparing to go largely:into the Fungi this year &
possibly reattempt the Algae aquat.

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
l NEw YORK, April 11th, 1823.
My Dear Sir,

I received a few days since your very acceptable letter of
the 2nd inst. There is indeed no probability that an expedi-
tion will be sent to the Rocky Mountains this season & I have re-
solved to make myself contented here. It will be in the highest
degree agreeable to me to see you in New York should you make a
visit in this quarter, but you will doubtless be much disappointed
in finding anything worth your notice among us. After being in
Philadelphia, New York will appear to great disadvantage. You
will, however, see our good friend Mr. Halsey, who beside myself, is
the only botanist here! If you are fond of Mineralogy there are
many collections among us that you would perhaps be pleased to
see. Whether it will be in my power to make a visit to Bethlehem
this season, will depend on my not being engaged in more im-
portant avocations in July & August next, which was the time I
had appointed to spend a few weeks in traveling. At any rate,
while I am engaged in Botany you may depend I shall never forget
a friend whose acquaintance has offered me so much pleasure as
yourse'f.

By a friend who goes to Philadelphia in a day or two, I
shall send, to the care of J. & A. Ritter of Phila. a small package

176 THe. CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

of specimens I have just sealed up for you. If, however, I should
hear from Mr. Halsey of a better opportunity of sending to you,
I shall alter the direction of the package. The contents are as
follows—

1. About forty specimens of American Jungermanniae. These
are not all named being sent for the purpose of obtaining your
opinion respecting them.

2. Five specimens of European Jungermanniae, being those
from my Herb. of which you desired specimens—except J. curta
which will not bear dividing.

3. Twelve specimens (principally of grasses) from the collec-
tion made by Dr. James in the Expedition under Maj. Long.
These are the only duplicates there were. Wherever there were
two specimens I took one for you. I beg you will examine them
particularly & give me your opinion respecting them.

4. About thirty specimens of West Indian plants from Perrin’s
Herbarium, of which I gave you a history when I sent some
Cryptogamia from it some time ago.

I regret that it is not in my power to send more by the present
opportunity as I can only devote a part of my time to the pur-
suits of science. In the course of a few weeks I expect to have
the pleasure of forwarding another package, in which I flatter
myself you will find some things interesting to you.

Your list of desiderata in American Phaenogamia is a formid-
able one, but I will do all in [my] power to make it less so. You
must be aware, however, that in supplying your deficiencies from
the South, I can be of little use to you except of such plants as
Mr. Prince cultivates at Flushing. In Northern plants I can do
more for you, though among these there are not a great many you
do not possess. But, after all, I fear there are not a few in your
catalogue, which neither of us will ever see. There are [a] great
many obscure & doubtful things in these books, which I strongly
suspect are ‘old acquaintances in disguise. On these I shall
make some observations in a future etter.

You enquire whether there is any possibility of procuring
specimens of the plants collected by Dr. James in Long’s Expden.
I answer, that you may get a few through me if you will wait a
little patiently. Dr. James is now in this city & has all his plants

MER AT EMES Sa SE IS TL gaa E N plete MESIS

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 177

with him. There are very few duplicates except of the little
rarities he collected on the highest parts of the Rocky Mts. Dr.
J. has placed the collection in the hands of ħis brother here, who
has orders to deliver me the whole, should the Doctor not return
in one year (he being on the point of starting for the Missouri),
or should any accident happen to him in that time. Now as he
says himself, there is little probability of his returning to New
York within three years, I expect to possess this unique collection,
when you may depend on sharing the duplicatès with one or two
choice friends. I have already taken a dozen of the little things
from the snowy regions of the mountains & have determined some
of them satisfactorily. Among them are two decidedly new
species of Androsace, Rumex digynus very small & with but two
stamens! Adoxa moschatellina—or a n. sp. very nearly allied to
it, &c. It is my intention to present this boquet to some of our
societies for publication.

I did not particularly examine the Cryptogamia in Muhlen-
berg’s Herbm. my attention being particularly directed to the
grasses & Carices. I believe the lichens are in a good state for
examination—The Algae are very numerous but few of them
are determined. I believe I mentioned to you that all (or
nearly all) the Lichens marked n.sp. in Muhlenberg’ Catalogue
[52] are described in Acharius’ last work—his Synop. Meth.
Lichenum [1].

Your list of Jungermanniae, is very respectable but I regret
that of those which [are] most desired by me, there are no dupli-
cates. However of those which you have so kindly offered to me,
I take the liberty of selecting the following which would be valu-
able additions to my Herbarium [cites 10]. As you receive speci-
mens of which you now have no duplicates, I beg you will re-
member me.

Is there more than one edition of Hedwig’s Species Musco-
rum, by Schwagrichen [29]? Do you allude to Schwagri{chen,]
Sp. Musc. which is only called an edition of Hedwig by the mod-
est author? Whether it be this or not we need the book here, & I
have persuaded our Lyceum to purchase it, as I am too poor my-
self, provided it can be obtained for $8. If you should not be
able to get it for this sum, I will add two dollars myself, & send you

178 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

the money as soon as I hear from you that the book may be
obtained.*

Our Lyceum is:in a pretty flourishing state, but we need
patronage greatly. If we had a Maclure among us we could do a
great dea. I wish you would send us papers—could you not give
us something on the cryptogamia?

I had nearly forgot to mention, that among the plants of
Perrin is a specimen of a shrub Sprengel has nicknamed Torreya.
I luckily found a duplicate which I beg you will accept of as an
evidence of my particular esteem. I wish you would examine it
attentively & give me your opinion respecting its novelty. This
plant forms one of a Hexade which Sprengel has described in
detail & sent to me to be published in one of our Journals. It is
accompanied by most elegant drawings of each species by his
Son. I will send you shortly a copy of the figure of Torreya—

With renewed assurances of my sincere esteem—
Rev. L. D. SCHWEINiTZ . I remain—Dear Sir—
Your obed & humble servt
Joun TORREY
SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM May the 25th 1823
My dear Sir

This evening Mr. Jacobson of Nazareth, an intimate friend
of mine, is going to start for New York. I make use of his polite
offer to send you the work of Schwagrichen [29] for which accord-
ing to your direction I have paid 10 Dollars. If you would be so
good on receipt of this to call upon Rev. Benj. Mortimer, Fulton
Street, you will there either find the gentleman or at least the
packet—as I was unable to give him such directions as would en-
able him to find you, he being a perfect stranger at New York.
As he intends to return in a few days it would perhaps be a good
opportunity to send me a package if you have any ready. Mr.
Dewey has just informed me by letter that he has forwarded
one for me to your address. Inside the book you will find my
old copy of Index of my Herbarium—thinking it might enable

* Since writfhg the above I have concluded you mean Hedw. Sp. Musc. opus
posthum editum. Schw. Lipsic. 1801 [29]. :

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 179

acceptable to you—which would be. instar a command to send
them. Besides you will there find (miserable specimen I fear) the
Jungerm. you requested in your last. That kind & precious letter
arrived here during my absence from home—while I had the good
fortune to receive the plants you last sent on my journey at
Philad. & enjoyed them greatly. I have since delayed answering
from an anxious desire to give you my opinion on the Jungerm.
sent. Unfortunately my time has been so taken up by urgent
duties, that I have not succeeded in finishing their examination.
They appear, most of them, to be such as I had seen before—but
I shall beg leave, after a while [to] communicate my remarks.

My hopes of seeing you at New York this season are nearly
vanished as I shall be under the necessity of making a journey
of business to Muskingum in July. Possibly this may however
result in the acquisition of a good number of Western plants, as
I propose traveling in a manner that will permit botanizing.

I think it needless to repeat how very much I am obliged
to you for all your kindness & more especially for the last package.
During my stay at Philad. Mr. Say gave me some hopes that
you would still join the expedition of Mjr. Long—but I am sorry
to have heard nothing further. In my next—excuse my hurry—
they are calling me in ten directions—I hope to give you some
satisfaction upon the several points your last favor mentions &
mean while remain `

Yours sincerely
Lewis D v SCHWEINIiTZ

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ

[No Date. Perhaps the letter of September 10, 1823, referred
to in the following]

Dear Sir

I was sorry to learn this afternoon that your friend Mr. Kum-
mer leaves town early tomorrow morning, as I cannot get ready
for this opportunity, a package which I hope will be acceptable to
you. Not willing, however, to send Mr. K. empty away I send
by him a copy of the rst Volume of Agardh’s Species Algarum [3]
which I a few hours since received from Sweden. Also a copy
of the rst No. of my Flora [89] which I beg you will accept as

180 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

an evidence of my esteem. Ina few days you may expect another
package by the stage in which is the $10. for Schwagrichen
[66] &c.—
In great haste, I am &c.—
Yours truly
Jonn TORREY
TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
NEw York. Sept. 11th, 1823.

My Dear Sir—

I forgot, in my hurry yesterday, to request your opinion on
a subject to which I beg you will answer me immediately. I
I have occupied most of my leisure time, during several days
past, in examining a very interesting grass collected by Dr. James
during the expedition under Maj. Long. After I had finished my
description and drawing, which I prepared for publication in the
Ist No. of the Annals of the New Lyceum [88*], I began to suspect
my grass was not new, & I have therefore stopped the press while
I hear from you on the subject. If I mistake not a specimen was
‘sent you some time since, labelled—‘‘ Herb. James. No. 9,” but
lest this should not be the case I inclose you some of the flowers—
with a rough sketch of the plant [t] which I hope will be suffi-
cient for you to make up your opinion respecting it—

The flowers are spiked & heterogamous—Spikelets 3 at each
joint of the rachis, sessile, surrounded at the base by a villous
involucrum. Central spikelet hermaphrodite, 1-flowered. Calyx
2-glumed, glumes orbiculate, 2-cleft, 5-bristled between the
divisions. Cor. 2-valved, hyaline; inferior valve with a short
bristle at the top. Lateral spikelets male. Calyx 2-glumed,
2-flowered inferior glumes with a noc on one side below the
middle. Corolla 2-valved, unarmed.

By dissecting the inclosed congeries of spikelets you will see
whether I am right in my dissections & description. The genus to
which I fear my grass belongs (for I hoped it was a new genus) **
is Aegopogon of Humb. & Bonp., but it differs from that, which
has the spikelets pedicellate, corolla with the inferior valve 3-

* (Fora geago of the organization of the Lyceum and its subsequent history see
Barnhart, J. H. he first hundred years of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Scientific Ration Pe 5: 463-475. November, 1917.]

[See FIG. 1, on next page.]

** [Torrey described this as a new pris pppoe the next year, the type

species being P. Jamesii, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 148, pl. 1 824.] ;

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 181

"IOJ, saun

yug (HOL) 115340 f DUD H SE UMOUY MOU
L Siy doanald SE Jaye] POQHOSƏP dy YOJA 19999] SIY ur pouonuəur sses ay} JO YDJays S ADLIOT,

Tof

182 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

awned & the superior 2-awned—the male spikelet resembling the
hermaphrodite one except in the pistil &c.

From AMPHIPOGON of R. Brown it differs in not having a
spiked panicle, in the exterior florets of the spikelets not having an
involucrum, &c.

From the genus Lycurus of Humb., which has the spikelets
geminate, one of them 9, pedicellate, the other @ v. n., sub-
sessile & resembling the hermaph. though smaller &c.—

A. a sketch of the plant k. spikelet of male florets—

b. congeries of spikelets l. inferior glume—showing one
of the margins involute & armed

c. the same expanded to show with a bristle about half way

them more distinctly down

d. a glume of the hermaphro- m. superior glume—one of the
dite spikelet nerves produced into a cusp

e. corolla of the same n. corolla

f. —— inferior valve o. inferior valve

g. superior valve p. superior valve

h. stamens q. stamens

i. pistil -= r. rachis—

Aegopogon cenchroides of H. & B. comes near our plant by the
description but yet differs sufficiently to be at least specifically
distinct. To the other species of this genus (several of which are
described by Lagasca in his Nov. Gen. & Sp. [42][ under] the gen.
name of Hymenothecium) it has little affinity.

I have no time at present to write more, except to ask whether
you have a short paper that we could publish in the present no.
of the Annals of the Lyceum, a work which I think I told you we
were about commencing—If you have one that would occupy
4 or 5 pages or less we would be much obliged to you for it &
Please answer me by the return post if possible & believe me to
remain

Dear Sir
Your much obliged humble servt & friend
Joun TORREY
P.S. I am preparing a package for you to go by the stage in a
few days. Mr. Halsey hopes to be able to add something.

EY 183

OF

THE CORRESPONDENCE

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184 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM Sept. 16th 1823
My dear Sir

This moment I receive your kind letter of the 11th & am the
more eager to answer it immediately because I greatly regret
that you took the trouble to apply to me, upon a doubt, which I am
so entirely incompetent to decide, as it retarded your work. Ihave
never paid anything like sufficient attention to the analysis of the
` Grasses (the Carices excepted) to enable me to give an opinion;
least of all concerning the identity of [a] Genus—it is a part of the
Study of Botany which I have still in view—Besides I am un-
provided with the works in which the genera are analysed. Ex-
cuse me therefore in not being able to be of any service to you in
this respect. Neither of the Genera to which your interesting
grass (of which you certainly kindly sent me a specimen) might
belong is at all known to me.

My long absence has prevented me from writing the little
articles which I had intended—I hope to be able to prepare some
during the winter—with which I shall trouble you for the Annals
of the Lyceum if found worthy. I am at this moment busily
engaged with my monography of the American carices [71], which
however becomes too voluminous to be printed in a Journal. I
shall therefore, if you permit me, take the liberty, when finished
to send you the manuscript, together with my Volume of Carices
for use & inspection—especially in reference to your Flora [89].
I cannot describe the pleasure which its perusal gave me, nor
sufficiently thank you for the present. Unless you forbid me, my
next will contain a sheet of remarks upon it*—together with
the few additional plants if any, which I have found in the region
it includes—I intend to subjoin a list of the plants in this vicinity
to enable you to send for any you may wish to see for your work—
if I have no specimens to spare I wish you at least to see such
as may be of use—& there is not one in my collection which I
should not be glad to send you for examination & recognition.

It will not be uninteresting to you to be informed that the Ger-
ardia auriculata—hitherto only found by Dr. Darlington in Chester

* Not upon the Genera of Grasses however—for unfortunately I have only a
kind of knack-knowledge of them.

D TEA

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 185

county, has this year been found in quantities by the young stu-
dents at Nazareth. Specimens are at your command. It is ñot
a Seymeria—as Nuttall supposes. Apropos, the Seymeria macro-
phylla I found rarely on the Muskingum river during my Journey.

The receipt of Prof. Dewey’s Carices [19] gave me inexpressible
pleasure & has been of great use to me in my present work. I most
eagerly expect the package you promise. Please to let me hear
from you as soon as convenient & believe me, with great gratitude
for your valuable alae Your humble servt & sincere friend

L D v ScHWEINITZ
P.S. How is it, that Elliott’s numbers [22] do not appear? He
wrote me that three would be forthcoming in May.

Would not a comparison of the Asters & Solidagines in my
collection, with yours, be a good assistance when you come to that
part of the business in the Flora [89]—You are welcome to consult
my stores—as we are not so far distant from one another as to
prevent my sending my whole collection to you & I think aid
more useful than such comparisons.

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETH. Sept. 21st 1823
My dear Sir

I take the liberty to enclose [*] you this day my very unimpor-
tant remarks upon your excellent Flora [89]—do me the favor to
let me know your sentiment upon them.

I have almost completed my Monography of the Carices [71], of
which I intend to make a Copy as soon as possible—in as good writ-
ing as my unlucky hand permits, to present to you in manuscript.
But I wish to make an enquiry concerning the Journal of the
Lyceum—my head almost runs crazy with the astonishing effects
of a perfectly new (at least to me) analytical method of distinguish-
ing the plants of a numerous genus, by analytical tables, which if
well executed, cannot fail of determining the species. The idea
was I believe first operated upon by De Candolle & Lamarck—
& I have just received a Flora of Northern Germany by one of
my most intimate friends there, Mr. Peter Ciirie [r7]— in which
that plan is pursued thro out—I instantly applied it to our Carices,

* [The enclosure is printed at the end of this letter.]

186 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

& find it answers admirably. Now my enquiry is, whether your
Journal would admit such an analytical table [67] of all the Amer-
ican Carices—about 100 in number which I know of—by means of
which every person that is only slightly acquainted with the
terminology—shall be almost with absolute certainty enabled to
find, of any given Carex in his hand, whether it is in the table or
not, & if in, what name the author of the table calls it by. These
names will then refer to the authors who mention the Carex for
ample descriptions—or, as regards the new ones established by
me, to descriptions, which might follow in another number. The
table itself would not take more than at most five leaves in an
octavo book—If you are unacquainted with this method, I am sure
its effects will please & astonish you. In case you thought such a
table admissible (with short directions for its use) what would
be the latest period for sending it to you?

Let me beg you, when you put the promised package of
plants into the stage, to give me information thereof at the same
time by way of Philad.—with a few lines, that I may enquire for
the package at Easton—

With sincere affection
Your most obliged Servt
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

REMARKS UPON Dr. TORREY’S FIRST NUMBER OF A
NORTHERN FLORA

The plan and its execution are equally excellent. As regards
its coincidence with Elliott’s Sketch and Nuttall’s promised
Western Flora to form a complete account of the plants of the
United States—I only regret that Mr. Elliott has confined himself
to South Carolina & Georgia. The two intermediate states,
Virginia & North Carolina, more especially the latter with its
high mountains & remarkable swamps, leave a gap of some
consequence, which ought to be filled up. I presume Dr. Torrey
does not include Labrador, Canada, etc.

I shall now proceed to remark upon the Genera & species in
their Order; not mentioning those I have nothing to say to.
Salicornia herbacea or virginica; of these I have never seen speci-

mens & beg for some.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 187

q * Hippuris vulgaris. I have American spec. only from Labrador—&
. these are altogether identical with numerous European speci-
$ mens—so that I do not believe in the existence of another

Am. species.

Callitriche verna B intermedia. I believe to be the same with
heterophylla Pursh—but think the latter name more appro-
priate.

linearis Pursh which I have found in N. Carol. rarely—
& had beautiful fructiferous specimens from (Cherokee
Country—is not at all the same with C. autumnalis of Europe.
The autumnalis of Europe is certainly different I think from
linearis—I can send you specimens of both—which tend to
prove it.

terrestris. I have much doubted the specific difference
of this from heterophylla—since I observed a spot, where the
heterophylla was floating, dry off & exhibit undoubted
terrestris, shortly after, on its dry surface.

Blitum; all the spec., as American, are unknown to me & desirable,

$` especially maritimum—as I have spec. from Europe of the
others.
Ornus. I wonder by what means one could get at this fabulous
tree.

Veronica Beccabunga. I have found in Ohio—exactty the Euro-
pean—what is here called anagallis is certainly not the true
European one—I have called it intermedia var.

Veronica reniformis Raf. cannot scarcely be different from arvensis.

Gratiola virginica. Taking the neglecta for the true Linnean
virginica, that of Elliott, which is manifestly distinct—& has
been found by me here at Beth-—& by Capt. Leconte on
Schooley’s mountain [New Jersey] ought to be distinguished
by another name—perhaps Elliotti—& inserted. Have you
no Northern specimens?

3 ; . megalocarpa.—greatly desired—

Lindernia dilatata you sayis much rarer than attenuata. The

d` latter I have never found in Pennsylvania. The former is in

| great plenty on the shores of the Susquehannah—Harris-
b[ur]g.

Catalpa. With your leave—is not the word south in the Hab. a
misprint for north?

188 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Justicia pedunculosa. Capt. Leconte maintains that the southern
pedunculosa (which I have never seen) is very different from
this—which is very common on the Susquehannah at Harris-
b[urg], found in full flower beginning of July, 1823. ;

Utricularia setacea—our Salem N. C. specimens are most generally
2-flowered.

Utricularia purpurea—lI long to see.

Lycopus Europaeus B angustifol. Do you really think that the
Lycopus europaeus which you kindly sent me, & which grows
here plentifully—is the same plant with L. angustifolius?
This I have never’found branching, or at least only at the
base, & then it sends up long stalks often 4 or more feet high,
with leaves all alike. The europaeus you sent me is certainly
not different from the European specimens. I found a very
curious tall branching one on the Muskingum which agrees
very well with Elliott’s simwatus—& European specimens of
exaltatus—& differs entirely from europaeus.

I have no doubt the L. uniflorus of Muhlenberg is not a
separate species—possibly the Canadian plant of Mx. may
be different.

Monarda didyma; of this I found fine specimens in Ohio very near
the Pennsylv. line—and most splendid ones of Pursh’s
Kalmiana branching exceedingly on the Laurel mountain,
Pennsylv. I agree with you that there is no specific dif-
ference.

The M. punctata so extremely common in N. C. I have not
met with here, the M. hirsuta is found on the Allegany moun-
tains. The latter is called Horse mint in Ohio, where it is a
great nuisance in wheat and rye fields, communicating its
taste & smell to the grains.

Salvia Claytoni—have you seen that plant? & where can it be got?

Circaea lutetiana 8 canadensis. I have not seen here—it is rare
in N. Carol. but common on the west side of the mountains in
Penns.’ & Ohio.—The species which grows here plentifully
is the C. intermedia of the German botanists—to be sure the
specific difference is not great & consists in cordate opake
leaves—& smoothness—After all I think there are but two
real spec. C. lutetiana & C. alpina.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 189

Lemna minor—you say is common through the U. S. I have

diligently sought it—& never found it—L. gibba I have here &
in New Jersey, as well as trisulca & polyrrhiza. It is curious
that with all possible pains I never succeeded in finding any
species of Lemna in North Carolina.

Fedia radiata as described by you perfectly answers the specimens

Tris

I find here. But what I called so in North Carolina is very
different. It grows about two & three feet high—The
Corolla has not the slightest tinge of blue—the stamina are
not much exserted & the Leaves semiamplexicaule & always
deeply and lacerately dentate below; sometimes these in-
dentures are even auriculately produced.

versicolor. I felt sincerely obliged to you for the successful
attempt to put an end to all my vexations concerning this
Iris—& I gladly assent to your reunion. But when you join
the prismatica of Pursh & gracilis Bigelow—as the true
virginica of Linnaeus—which is certainly correct—I except
from this union my prismatica of North Carolina, which I
had long suspected not to be the same with Pursh’'s. That
has a very long greatly flexuose stem, winding to the height
of five feet, & by no means flowers only in a terminal raceme
but several lateral branches.

you unacquainted with the Iris cristata and Iris verna—
differing extremely in habit & marks—& both equally common
in N. Carolina, the first on hill sides—& the last (which ap-
proaches nearer to the lacustris you sent me than the former)
in burnt woods not in tufts but always separate—& extremely

. Odoriferous.
Xyris brevifolia was found this year on the Bushkill by the students

at Naz[areth] & differs very materially from X. flexuosa Ell.—
I think you ought not to have united X. caroliniana with that.

Sisyrinchium. I suspect you have not before you the same species

which I have called by these names (to which I subjoin a
third found near the Catawba covering whole meadows—ans-
wering bermudianum) because you seem to describe the leaves &
scapes in both species as extremely similar—In mine they
are uncommonly different—the one answering your descrip-
tion—the other two not at all. Yours I have probably not

190 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

distinguished from one another—but shall attend in future.
If you please, let me send you specimens of my two broad
leaved species from N. C.

Kyllingia monocephala grows here at Bethlehem. On the grasses
I can make no other observations—on account of my super-
ficial knowledge—except mentioning which I should be glad
to secure. l

Scirpus pusillus Vahl—not known to me.

caespitosus B. callosus Big.—do.
subsquarrosus—do.
spadiceus—do.

Schoenus mariscoides. I have a grass from Georgia which I have
arranged under this name which appears to be a congener of
the Cladium Mariscus of Europe.

` Rhynchospora fusca R. & S.—has this grass been really found in
Am.?

Dulichium canadense. —I have found a grass in appearance like
D. canad. in the Lehigh Gap—Whether distinct enough to
constitute a species I will not decide.

Cyperus dentatus—unknown to me.

Cyperus virens or one that I call so—& a very distinct species, is
common here on the gravelly river shore.

Cyperus flavicomis.—I am pretty sure that I have found it here.

Spartina cynosuroides.—Can the tall ten foot high plant which
I have found in the rich plains on the Muskingum be the same
with that of your salt marshes?

Paspalum stoloniferum.—I have specimens from European gardens
& certainly never saw anything of the kind in Am.

Milium effusum. I have found wild (it is not cultivated there at
all) in North Carol.

Aristida purpurascens I should be glad to see in order to ascertain
whether certain suspicious ones I find belong to this species. —
Your description does however not the least agree with speci-
mens of racemosa derived from Muhlenberg.

Trichodium montanum. Let me see.

Agrostis stricta—I am glad you could not find it more than myself.
—God knows what is meant.

A. compressa—quite unknown.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 191

A. juncea I think I have found.
A. longifolia as distinguished from clandestina I long to see. The
latter I found at Harrisburg.

Arundo coarctata
| would be very acceptable.

brevipilis
Crypsis virginica I long to see in order to disting. fr. Agrost (is)
virginica.
Glyceria acutiflora do. do. from fluitans.
maritima—do.

pungens of Elliott I can furnish you. It grows here.
serotina.—I do not understand what you mean by this species,
citing the P. palustris of Muhl.

Festuca fasciculata | fascicularis|\—would be very acceptable.

Ceratochloa unioloides—ditto.

Diarrhena americana—l find by your descript. that I must havé
altogether mistaken this plant—and should be glad to get it.

Trisetum purpurascens I should be glad to see.

Avena praecox.—Should the citation of Pursh not be Aira praecox?
I desire it.

. Aira flexuosa

aristulata pare quite unknown to me.

pumila
Lolium.—I have found a remarkable Lolinm—with sometimes
furcate spikes—on the highest summit of the Allegany
mountains—not yet examined.
Atheropogon apludoides—is not rare here at Beth.—often three feet
high.
Panicum pedunculatum—unknown to me.
macrocarpon—lI desire it because I am doubtful about
mine.
involutum
depauperatum
At Bethlehem I have found a Rhynchospora, which you do not
describe, which would be the only northern plant I know of
not in your book.
The following isa list of my desiderata [lists 33 of the species
named above, in reverse generic sequence] and beg to ask
whether you want specimens òf the following [lists 9].

| both unknown to me.

192 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM. Sept 25th 1823
My dear Sir

I am afraid you will not only be astonished but. vexed to be
plagued every week with a letter from me—but I can’t help it
—TI am so very desirous to let you see my Analytical Table of the
Carices [67], concerning which I wrote you in my last, that I can’t
find it in my heart to lay it by & send it to you inclosed, with the
request to be so good as to make trial of it, & to let me know
what you think of the Idea. I consider it a most extraordinary
improvement in the art of treating so extensive a Genus. To be
sure it is necessary to refer to more detailed & full descriptions
in order to become fully acquainted with any particular species—
but as for finding & recognising, what the author of such a table
calls any particular Carex, &c. &c.—I conceive nothing can be more
certain. You will observe that there are about 25—26 species in this
table which I have attempted to establish as new—Of these & some
others imperfectly described by Michaux & Muhlenberg, &c.—I
think detailed descriptions would not take up much room.

As to giving the Table a place in your. Journal—I leave it
altogether to your discretion—& beg you to keep it at all events
as an Index to the manuscript copy of my now finished Mono-
graphy which I intend to send you as soon as copied.

If the table should be printed—then your Journal in future
would be the proper place for the detailed descriptions of the
thirty species about—which I think it would be necessary to
give. To these I could perhaps on two octavo plates—add
drawings of the principal parts of the described new Carices—It
would not be practicable to give drawings of them in full—upon
less than 12 or thirteen plates which is out of the question.

In case for any reason whatever the table is not admissible in
your Journal, only let me know—but do not send it back for I
am sure you will find it of use, when you get to the Carices & do
not forget my offer of sending you for inspection & examination
my whole Collection of Carices (which contains about 150 species)
whenever you want it—so as to be not an unreasonable time out
of my hands. I am with sincere sentiments of respect

Your most obd Servt & friend
L D yv ScHWEINITZ

remnant ees

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 193

P:S. The Carex subulata you formerly sent me is beyond all
doubt the C. Collinsii Nuttall—this does not prove it not the
subulata of Mx.—However, as I found one on the Allegany Mts.—
which answers Mx. descript. equally well & has not that curious
formation òf the rostr[um] mentioned by Nutt. and not by Mx.—
I have given the name subulata to this.

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
New York, October 15th 1823.

My dear Sir
I have neglected answering you so long that I should not won-
der if you were altogether out of patience with me & no longer
consider me as one of your correspondents; but did you know my
dear Sir how little time I have to sit down leisurely & attend to
my favourite pursuits, I am sure you would excuse me. It was
my intention not to write to you until I sent the little package
of plants I promised so long since, but I have delayed sending
this until I could review all my Carices and add to the package
such specimens in my collection as it appeared to me you had not
seen & also some doubtful ones: but lest you should think I was not
in the land of the living I write now a short epistle. The little
things shall certainly be sent in two or three days at farthest.
Now to answer your letters of which there are three to which I
have not replied. zst, Sept. 16. I was indeed sorry that you could
be of no assistance to me in determining that Rocky Mountain
grass. Can it possibly be Aegopogon? I have written to Mr.
Nuttall to examine whether there is a plate of the plant in Humb.
& Bonp.’s large work [39] of which there is a copy in Boston.
Roem. & Schult. [48] do not quote any & their account, copied from
H. & B. is not sufficient to settle the question—I can learn from
Paris in the course of a few months, & will wait that time rather
than make a blunder. Your offer to send me Asters & Solidagos
I most eagerly accept—I expect to have much trouble with these
abominable genera—Who will undertake monographies of them !—
2nd, Sept. 25th.—How delighted was I with your synopsis of the
Carices! [67] It is indeed a very useful performance. I have
examined it a good deal & find it of much advantage in the de-
termination of species, but you will not be offended at a remark

194 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

or two which I shall make. The great objection to studying the
Carices in the analytical way is the very variab!e character of
many of the species. So that it is in many instances difficult
to say to which of the two divisions of a series the specimen under
examination belongs. To No. 4. 6. a considerable no. of species
will often be referred when in fact they belong to different series,
etc.—But I will in my next letter say more on this subject. I
have at least 6 species to add to your Catalogue—viz. C. alba
from mountains in Massachusetts. C. xanthophysa Wahl. (C.
follic. B. xanth. Muhl. p. 244) (but can this be your striata?) C.
lenticularis Mich. a species from N. England & N. Y. very much
resembling limosa. - C. Bigelovii a new species from the White
Hills of New Hampshire. C.——n. sp. from Cape May, given to
me as a n. sp. by Collins!! Also a fine species from the Rocky
Mountains & another found by Nuttall on the Arkansas, be-
sides some doubtful ones.—These I will send you, but having no
duplicates of several of them, I must beg to have them returned.—
In your list at the end of the table C. saxatilis is omitted. It
should be No. 52%. If I were in your place I would omit all the
European species of which Pursh gives habitats except those which
I had seen myself.—Such as C. arenaria, divulsa, leporina, remota &
distans. Pursh evidently knew nothing of the Carices, any more
than he did of the Grasses, & has put down many species at ran-
dom! Michaux’s synonyms are also very obscure—Who knows
his scirpoidea, ovata, miliaris, etc? You are aware, I presume,
that C. Lagopus of Muhl. is the C. Fraseri of Ph. & Bot. Mag.?
We have it here in a garden, but unfortunately I lost the op-
portunity of either seeing it in flower this season, or of obtaining
a specimen for my herbm. I do not know how Pursh could have
made such a mistake as to call C. Fraseri Mapania! See what
Nuttall says.—We intend to publish your paper [67] in the 2nd
no. of our “Annals” as soon as it is revised. The manuscript
you sent me I shall probably return to you with my remarks—
but I beg you will do me the favour to let me keep it at length—

A few days since I received some charming Nepaul Crypts from
Hooker & in my bundle was a small package for you containing

a copy of Greville’s Cryptogamic Flora of Scotland [28]—12 nos..

a beautiful work—I could not resist the temptation of taking a

Spe ieee So =
ee a

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 195

peep at it which I hope you will excuse—In the package was a
letter from Hooker & as I would have wished you to do in a similar
case I send it on by mail as the bundle might not reach you in
a week. Hooker writes me that he wishes to correspond with
you—& offers Nepaul & other fine things.—This has prevented
me from dividing such of my specimens as would bear the opera-
tion, knowing you would get much better from the Prof". himself.
Really it would make your mouth water my dear Sir to see the odd
& charming things! Have you the Musc. exot. [Hooker, 35]?
I told you, I believe, that the generous author had sent me a
copy. This gentleman has made remarks on 240 crypts which I
sent him last Winter.—Where his determinations differ from yours
I shall take the liberty of mentioning them. It will only be in
my power now, however, to mention some of his names of our
Jungermanniae. J. sertularoides & laciniosa are only J. ciliaris!
I never could find the difference between the two former—J.
tridenticulata Mich. is J. trilobata. J. capillaris is J. trichophylla
Brit. Jung.—Several which I sent you but whose names are not
yet returned, have been named by Hooker. No. 282 is J. bidentata
284-crenulata Hook. Jung. 281 (J. nov.” Schw.) is J. triob.
B minor Hook. Jung.—Our J. bicuspidata (Flushing) is J. bident.
var. min. No. 321 which you called J. tridenticulata is J. 5-dentat.
Hook. Jung. (J. barbata Schmid.). No. 323 (“ J. scalaris” Schw.)
is J. sphagni with gemmae. We are doing a little in botany here,
but want time badly—Halsey has made some additions to his
Lichens. We shall have a good fellow to add to our number in
2 or 3 weeks in our friend Cooper, who is returning from his
travels in Europe.—

More anon— |
Believe me my dear Sir your devoted friend
L. D. Scnweinitz Esq‘. Joun TorREY—

ẹ
P.S. I think it best not to send your monograph [71] until we
agree about the synopsis [67]—then I should be very glad to ex-
amine the former by your specimens if possible. I know you
will not be offended if I speak freely about it. We shall, probably,
not always agree about species—I am for reducing the number a
little.—I had almost forgotten to reply to your 3rd unanswered
letter which, indeed, was not the least acceptable for it contained

196 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

your remarks on my Flora [89]. You may be assured my dear
Sir I duly appreciate your kindly feelings towards me. I wish it
were possible for you to see my manuscript as fast as I prepare it
for the press (for I have only notes prepared—the copy for the
printer is written out as fast as it is demanded) but this seems im-
possible, from the great distance between us. Of the species
which you desire I can procure you a part—but not all, as there
are several which I should be very glad to see myself, such as
Aira pumila Ph., Ceratochloa unioloides & Gratiola megalocarpa.—
Do by all means let me have the plants you offer,—particularly
your Fest[uca] diandra. In my next I shall reply to some of
your remarks—
) ed
SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM Nov. Ist 1823

My dear Sir i

Yours of the 15th ult. gave me the most sincere pleasure, &
I beg to thank you in a particular manner for devoting a part of
your so much occupied time to a correspondence which I am so
sensible cannot be half as interesting to you as it is to me. No less
obliged do I feel by your remarks concerning the Carices. Indeed
I am anxious to add the species you mention to my analytical
table [67] as well as to make some necessary corrections. To
you who are so intimately acquainted with the Graminae it may
appear an inexcusable superficiality & indeed I blush to own it—
but still relying on the French adage ‘‘Qu’une erreur découvert
vaut toujours une vérité trouvée” I must do so—I find that I
stumbled grievously on the very threshold (but I hope in that
one instance only so badly). For upon a closer examination of
my Carex leonina—I have made the discovery that it is no Carex
at all but most manifestly your Scirpus planifolius. It is as-
tonishing how easily one is sometimes misled by a prejudice that *
once takes possesion of the mind. Not having the smallest doubt
of its being a Carex I neglected that part of the analysis which,
when undertaken afterward at once convinced me of my mistake.
But let me make a remark upon your objection to the analytical
way I propose. I am perfectly sensible of its imperfections &
that it by no means suffices to give a full & clear idea of a species-

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 197

I only intend it as a means of facilitating the mutual understanding
between different botanists of the identity of the plants they are
examining, & of making beginners generally acquainted with
certain species—as such I am pretty sure it will prove itself of
some importance. As a proof I mention that Collins who made
very light of my table when I showed it to him, according to his
private way of doing business, kept it by him, & examined his
dubious species by it—& owned after he had shewn me some of
these & asked me how I would call them, that he had made out
the same names exactly by my table. Perhaps another instance
may be your suggestion, that my Carex striata is the xanthophysa
of Muhl.—which I am very much inclined to believe (altho I
see no male florets at the summit of the female spikes). If so
that Carex is however ill described. I cannot entirely agree with
you as to the great ambiguity of the subdivision—as soon as the
precaution is used of having a good number of specimens before
you. The slighter or greater variations in these appear to me
almost always to indicate the true rubric with sufficient certainty.
Besides by extending a principle I have in a few cases adopted—
the remaining difficulty might be altogether obviated by con-
triving so as to lead the examiner right, which ever way he might
happen to choose in cases of ambiguity. At all events I shall
follow your advice, & leave out all Pursh’s unconfirmed Europ.
species. I was not aware that the C. lagopus of Muhl. is the
Fraseri & am much obliged to you for the notice. I should very
much like to get it. Solomon Conrad to whom I gave a copy of
my Table for his own use—would insist upon striking off copies
in order to be comunicated to Botanists—I have written to him
not to do so—at least not till it has been corrected. If you
actually think it worth while inserting (after correction & aug-
mentation) into your Annals I think it ought to be in that work,
that the descriptions of my new Species should appear. You have
not answered that part of one of my letters in which I propose
sending you my great mass of descriptions for use when you are
about that family in your Flora [89], not only, but likewise my
whole collection of Carices for comparison—I should not mind its
absence for two or three months. Such likewise would be my
Proposal about the Asters & Solidagines. I feel altogether incom-

198 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

petent to undertake anything like a monography of these—but
should be glad to assist a better hand, by a view of my very numer-
ous specimens.—Write to me explicitly whether you wish me to
do so—& I will put things into such a condition—that at a mo-
ment’s warning when you want them—the whole mass may be
sent to you.

You may easily judge how impatient I am to get Hooker’s
present—« to enter into the correspondence he desires. Will you
undertake to forward to him, what I wish to send holding me ac-
acountable for all expenses? I believe I can in a short time make
up a very good number of Fungi—which he seems to desire.

This promised work of Greville’s [28] makes me long still more
for the package from you—which week after week fails to arrive.
I do not blame you—because I know by my own experience how
little time is left to a man of business for these things—but I
can’t help telling you how much I desire to receive the little & the
large things you promise.

Believe me yours most sincerely
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ
P.S. Please to deliver the inclosed to Mr. Halsey whose direction
I have inadvertently rendered illegible by a careless opening of the
seal of his last.
SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM 27th Jan. 1824

My dear Sir

Knowing how much your time is occupied I by no means
intend to complain that I have not heard from you (except by
deeds of invaluable kindness—in the loan of your curious Carices)
for so long a time. But I feel the necessity of improving the re-
covery of my health, which for weeks past has been such as to
incapacitate me from any useful exertion, by indulging my mind
with such occupations as are most likely to give it pleasure.
And none can do so more than a correspondence with you. My
last communications were in the same indirect mode with your
last ones. In the box I sent to Mr. Halsey I not only returned
you the Carices so kindly sent, but attempted to shew you my
gratitude for the favor by adding a small number of plants which
I conceived might be agreeable to you. I confess I long to hear

Eee
Bes

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 199

your remarks upon them. In the same package (besides a small
one for Prof. Dewey) I sent you with a request to accept it as a
token of friendship a copy at full length of my remarks on the
American Carices ['71]—When you have had time to look it over—I
should certainly feel desirous to hear your observations upon it &
whether you conceive it in part proper to be communicated to the
public. The latter part of last week I took the liberty to address
to you a pretty large package for Dr. Hooker, Glasgow, containing
Am. Fungi—but was then unable to accompany it with a letter.
My request is, that if you know a way how to forward it, to be
kind enough to do so—if not, to let me know & to keep it by you,
until I am able to point out how it is to be sent. I delivered that
package into the Easton stage office & directed it to the Care of
Mr. Halsey—because the stage driver is in the habit of delivering
packets there. If you could find time to advise me of its arrival
I should be very glad.

I do not doubt you are very busy in the prosecution of your
great & valuable undertaking. How far will the next number
bring us? ‘I am much obliged to you for the publication of my
Table of Carices [67|—tho’ I am sorry that it necessarily is broken
off in two numbers—which however cannot be of any consequence
when the volume is bound together.

Be so kind as to take this letter as it is meant only as a friendly
attempt to remind you of me & to assure you that I shall ever be
most sincerely

Yours
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
New York, Feb” 15th 1824

My Dear Sir

You would treat me no better than I deserve were you to
erase me from the list of your friends, for indeed I have forfeited
all claims to be considered as one of them. There is now before me
a fearful pile of unanswered communications, & I have begun to
clear them away this day. I begin with you, to whom I am under
the greatest obligations in every point of view. The whole busi-
ness of apology I shall dispense with & proceed at once to the
subjects most interesting to us.

200 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Your letter of the 27th ult. I received a few days since. It
grieves me to learn that your health is not good, but I hope it will
soon be restored that you may attend both to your duties & to
your favorite scientific pursuits. The Carices I sent you some time
since, were received safely in Mr. Halsey’s box, & so also were the
specimens kindly intended for me & the invaluable History of N.
A. Carices etc. [71]. The package for Prof. Hooker unfortunately
came 2 days too late, a vessel having just sailed for Glasgow:
I however mentioned in my letter to the Prof. that something
from you was hourly expected for him, & that if it arrived too
late it should be sent by the next opportunity. Another vessel
will probably be ready in two or three weeks; if not, I can send it
by the way of England. Mer.. Halsey has it in safe-keeping.

I have just looked at a proof of the continuation of your
Carices [67]. It does not altogether please me, though I have ina
few instances used the authority you gave me to make alterations
which appeared necessary. I wish exceedingly that one or two
names were changed, v. in particular muskingumensis & granu-
larioides. Is not the latter contrary to the Linnaean rules?
Halsey & myself had a great mind to take liberties here, & I
don’t say we will not yet if the sheet is not printed off. In the
4" No. of our Annals we propose to give some of the new or rare
species from your Monography, for to give the whole would be in-
consistent with the plan of our work. Mr. H. will make drawings
of the new ones, unless you could have them done under your
own inspection. If you could do so, & will mention the species
to be first described (i.e., the rare & new ones) they shall go to
press as soon as the 3rd No. is printed.

My Flora [89] is printing slowly, but pretty regularly. The
2nd No. is published, & 100 pages of the 3rd. I am now in Octan-
dria, Trigynia, but the printer has copy to the 3rd or 4th genus in
Decandria. It appears to me that the whole work will be finished
(if my life & health are spared) by September or October next.
This time will be necessary to make the necessary typographical
corrections, the nature of the work precluding the possibility of
rapid & at the same time correct, printing. There will be probably
1000 or I100 pages in all. The cryptogamia, exclusive of the
ferns must be taken up in a separate volume: but by the time

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 201

I arrive at this class I shall doubtless have the pleasure of quoting
your N. A. Fungi, & Halsey’s Licholog. American.!! The Algae
will give me some trouble & they will be in the smallest number of
any of the orders.—You may well suppose that I have but little
time, after attending to my book & some little practise of medicine,
besides an occasional look (for I can’t help it) at the curious things
in mineralogy that are daily brought in. But having made some
arrangements in my concerns, by which I have more leisure than
formerly, I shall again endeavour to be punctual in my corre-
spondence & at least to write you a letter once in two or three
weeks & to exchange specimens of plants with you.

I think I mentioned in former letter that Mr. Cooper, one of our
old botanical friends, had returned from his travels in Europe. He
wishes to take up some little-known department of N. American
Botany, & I advised him to let it be the Class Syngenesia. Do you
think of any other field which he could cultivate more profitably?
Should he engage in this or any other botanical subject, I hope
you will find leisure to correspond with him.

I will now make some observations on the grasses etc. of your
last package.

I. ‘AGROSTIS erect. 6 feet high” It appears to be A. sobolifera,
though I never saw that species so tall.
‘Poa. Beth.” This, if not a var. of P. nervata, is new to me.
. “ Festuca diandra” is F. nutans of my book, & of Muhl. herb™.

It differs some from Fest.

“Rhynchospora nigra.” Not in my book. Iam not yet satis-
fied whether it is new or not.
. Cyperus virens. Think you this sufficiently distinct from

C. parviflorus?

“Sisyrinchium anceps aut Bermud.” This differs a little
from my anceps but is very distinct from my mucronatum,

of which I can probably send you a specimen. I have a

very narrow-leaved kind collected by Delile in Georgia.

What can it be?

“Cyperus vegetus.” New to me, but you are probably right.

punctatus Ell. very acceptable—as well as 9. Rhynch.
cymosa from Beth.

Dulichium canadense: Surely not distinct from D. spathaceum.

wo

+

ul

ys

td

e
2

202 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

b

11. Cyp. “flavicomus.’
C. strigosus.

. Carex hystericina! This surprised me—I should certainly
have called it [C.] Pseudocyperus. C. hystericina, as I have’
determined it, is a very different plant.

13. C. costata. I can hardly distinguish it from C. virescens. Do

you find its chara‘. constant?

14. C. muskingumensis. Very near C. lagopodioides—

15. C. cristata. I am glad that thing is settled. ’Tis common in

N. Eng*. & I never k[new what] to do with it.

16. C. straminea. This speci®. has but 2 spikes. Is that common?

The other species I believe we have settled before.

The Carex we call xanthophysa is most certainly C. folliculata
as fig*. by Rudge in Lin. Trans. [65] & as Smith says of Herb. Lin.
as he compared the specimen I sent him. So that C. follic. of
Schk. & Muhl. may be disc’. The one you labelled C. striata I
cannot make different. The one resembling it, with distant
spikes which I supposed to be a var. of subulata, though much
larger, was among Muhlenberg’s specs. as a var. of folliculata!
I am so perplexed with these things, that I am almost in despair
of ever being able to distinguish the species with certainty.

If you have specimens of the following plants or can give me
descriptions of them for my Flora, I should never forget the favour
—Hydrangia vulgaris Ph. Mitella reniformis. Silene nocturna.
Sedum telephioides. Cerastium semidecandrum Muhl. hirsutum
Muhl. villosum Muhl. Euphorbia repens. Euphorb. lutescens. Prunus
pumila, nigra, pygmaea. Crataegus elliptica Ph. Any plant which
Pursh, Muhlenberg, etc. have not given as natives of the Northern
States, would be highly acceptable, or indeed any new observa-
tions on old ones or habitats of uncommon species, etc. Do my
dear Sir assist me to these, if you do not intend to use them in
any publication of your own. Send me if you please, as soon as
your health permits, a list of varieties in the classes between
Decand. & Polyand. (including the former).

I have just received from Monticello, Georgia, a package of
Cryptogamous plants among which are some quite new to me.
Those specimens which will bear dividing I shall certainly share
with yeu. The latter part of this week I will put a package into

This is what I have supposed to be

=
N

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 203

- the hands of the Easton Stage driver, & I hope you will receive

it safely in a day or two after.
I remain my dear Sir, most sincerely
Your much obliged friend
Joun Torrey—

THE Rev”.
L. D. SCHWEINITz
Bethlehem
Pennsylvania ,
TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
i i NEw York, Feby 27th, 1824.
My Dear Sir i

A few days since I wrote you a letter in which I promised to
dispatch in a short time a package of plants for you. As usual, |
have been several days after the time, but the little I have been
able to get together is sent according to your direction, by the
Easton stage. They are, indeed, trifles & I had a great mind
not to send them—but you must take the will for the deed. The
cryptogamia are numbered according to corresponding specimens

-which I have retained, as usual. I have, however, mislaid the

memorandum of my last mission, & therefore I have begun with
the number 600: Do, My Dear Sir, oblige me so-much as to give
me your opinion respecting these specimens, & also of those sent
in a former package, some time since, of which there are some yet
to hear from. There are a few specimens of cryptogamia, etc.,
from the West Indies, being duplicates of some lately presented
me by Dr. R. Madiana—I wish you would oblige me with your
determinations of these. More from the same quarter I shall
have for you soon.

To make my little package more acceptable, I have added to it
the 2nd. No. of my Flora [89] which goes partly through Pen-
tandria Digynia. A third number is nearly finished, as you will
see by the last proof-sheet but one, which I transmit as evidence.
There will probably be about 7 Nos. in all, or about 1100 pages.
I beg you will give me your candid remarks on this last No. which
contains three or four typographical errors, independent of others,
more important. But by all means let me profit by your observa-

204 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

tions & advice respecting that part of the work which yet remains

to be printed. Descriptions or localities of new, rare or doubtful

species will be most precious to me; and I may add, will make
my book more valuable to others.

I will here make some observations on a number of plants which
will soon come in order for publication. Please answer my queries
as far as you are able.

1. Arenaria canadensis Pers. Is this more than a variety of A.
rubra altered by its maritime situation? At any rate
can it be distinct from A. maritima of Smith?

How shall I distinguish the caulescent species of Oxalis?
Surely Elliott has made too many species. The charac-
ters of O. stricta & corniculata given in the books apply
nearly as well to one as the other.

Is the Cerastium glutinosum of Nuttall the C. longepeduncu-
latum (!!) of Muhlenberg?

. Is C. tenuifolium of Pursh distinct from C. arvense of Europe?

. Can Lythrum verticillatum be a congener with L. hyssopi-

folium & some Europ. specs. ?

. What is the Euphorbia portulaccoides of Muhlenberg’s Cata-

logue [52]?

Is Talinum teretifolium as Mr. Rafinesque asserts, a peculiar
genus?

. What species of Prunus have you found in Pennsylvania?
There are several mentioned by Pursh which I never saw.
Indeed, I think he has made considerable confusion among
many of the species. His P. depressa can scarcely be
the straggling prostrate bush so common on Long Island
& known by the name of sand cherries.

Crataegus also puzzles me. I want your list of northern
species, with your synonyms. C. elliptica & viridis I am
curious to see.

10. Sorbus microcarpa. Can you let me have a specimen of this?

11. Pyrus ovalis. Is this a good species?

Thus far I will go at this time, & as soon as I hear from you will

furnish another list of such plants as I wish your opinion respecting.

It is well your package for Dr. Hooker did not come a few days
sooner for the vessel by which I sent some things was wrecked be-

9

a

On e

[on

S

o0

ka

a

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 205

fore she reached Sandy Hook and I fear almost every thing lost.
Should the gentleman who took charge of my packages & who was
going directly to Dr. Hooker with them, take passage in another
vessel, he will still be the best person to intrust with them. I
have just received a letter from the Dr., in which he expresses the
greatest desire to obtain specimens of North American plants.
He is engaged in writing an Universal Flora,[*] in English; the first
part of which will appear in April next. This work will be ar-
ranged according to the natural orders.

Our Lyceum flourishes more than ever, but still we labour
under great disadvantages for want of funds. If we had such
a man as Maclure to patronise us, the Academy of Philadelphia
would not be before us many years. I send you a subscription
paper for our Annals to circulate among such of your friends as
you think would subscribe. We need some more subscribers to
defray our expenses.

I mentioned some time since that Prof. Hooker had presented
me with a copy of his Musci Exotici [35], a splendid work with
numerous plates—Should you wish to loan this for a month or
two, it is entirely at your service. I had commenced selecting
some duplicates from the Nepal specimens sent me by the author,
but I desisted, knowing he certainly would himself send good
specimens of which I could only spare fragments—Still If you
wish them, they shall most cheerfully be sent.

I send you a specimen of a Fern I once mentioned. It re-
sembles Woodsia in some respects, but wants the capillary margin
to the involucrum, & the capsules are not pedicellate. By the
way, I have often examined specimens of W. hyperborea from
Europe & never could observe the capsules & involucrum as
represented by Brown in the Linnaean Transactions [14]. Our
plant must be new, though it may have been included in Aspidium
obtusum by Pursh & others. I also send you a Woodsza as it is
called, which is probably W. ilvensis, though in this neither can I
find the involucrum, nor the pedicels of the capsules.

* [Hooker, Joseph Dalton. A sketch of the life and labours of Sir William Jackson
Hooker. Ann. Bot. 16: XCIII (footnote). 1902.

“My father did contemplate such a work, but I am very sure that he never
put pen or pencil to paper in prosecution of it.”’]

206 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

The copy of my Flora [89] I send you was damaged last night
by the rain which penetrated my room. I have not another at
hand, but you shall have a good one before long.

Yours truly
Jonn TORREY.
SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM March 3d 1824
My dearest Sir

It is not surely to me that an apology is due for the interruption
of our to me delightful correspondence for no less than two of
your favors (of the 15th & 27th ult) are before me unanswered.
They gave me the most lively pleasure I assure you—but so much
the more I am grieved in being able to give you for the present
so little satisfaction. Unexpected hindrances have ever since I
completed my little Carex labors [71], such as I. have taken the
liberty to trouble you with—almost entirely prevented me from
paying any attention to my botanical studies & still do so in a great
measure. The first & worst was my indisposition, which but
for an extraordinary exertion, threatened to immerse me in the
most dreadful of all states, complete Hypochondria.—You can judge
of what I was approaching when I inform you—that a resort to
Botany, which had ever been a sure cure & relaxation to my mind—
not only failed of its wonted efficacy—but that I even at times was
upon the point of sacrificing it to the Demon that was assailing
me, & felt something of that mental derangement which I pre-
sume is the precursor of suicide under other circumstances, prompt-
ing me to destroy my collections—or at least to dispose of them
out of my sight. I thank God, that by the help of some good
Doses I was enabled to conquer & am quite restored to my senses
as well as to my health. But I had not yet fully recovered when a
press of the most urgent business came upon me, which altho’ it
put me in a useful activity has utterly prevented me from taking
up (except for a moment at a time) anything not in the absolute
path of duty—nor am I yet entirely thro’—altho’ I begin to per-
ceive soundings.

Under such circumstances you will forgive if I am not yet able
to satisfy all your requests. The package you announce in your
last has not yet arrived—I shall however take measures immedi-

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 207

ately to find out whether it is at Easton or not. Permit me just to
go thro’ your two favors & to remark, what I am at present able to
remark. Do by all means, make exactly such alterations in
names & barbarities of any kind which I have committed as you
think proper. I have a most shameful habit of putting down
names for what I consider new, without sufficient reflection &
afterwards forget to alter them. I am sure I wish you may have
put something less indianic for my Muskingumensis—for if that
should pass—who knows some future Botanist might think himself
justified in calling a new Carex found by good luck near Chambers-
burg, Penns. (& I myself found one there that may possibly
prove new) Conecocheaguensis to the utter dismay of all Europeans
except the Russians, who might possibly punish us by even calling
one. T'schernitiskowensis!! Into “ granularioides’’ meaning “like
granularis” | suffered myself to be led by Prof. Dewey—it is cer-
tainly wrong. With the greatest pleasure I would furnish drawings
of some of the species, you will kindly insert in the 3d [no. of the]
Annals, if I could flatter myself with anything like leisure—as
it is Mr. Halsey will do me the greatest favor to attend to them.
I rely implicitly on his accuracy & skill. I am delighted with the
prospect of soon getting your published 2 Number of the Flora
[89]—I hope however you consider me as a subscriber—as well
as to the Annals—of which I very much long to see the number
cont{ainin]g the rest of my table [67].. The correspondence of

r. Cooper will be highly acceptable to me—& nothing more im-
portant could he do than to attack Syngenesia—if he does resolve,
the loan & use of my collection shall be at his service.

I am greatly obliged to you for your remarks on the few
- grasses I sent. Is the Poa—n. 2. I sent—the one with black
scales?—that surely is no var. of nervata. I have since been con-
vinced that my F. diandra is the nutans. 5 Cyplerus] virens?—I
never saw the parviflorus, & cannot therefore know whether it be
that.—You are certainly correct in believing my Dulich{ium] cana-
dense the same with D. spathaceum. It is a variety however some-
what constant.

The history I have given of C. hystericina’s name is correct
—but it is very probable that it is nothing but C. Pseudocyper{us]
—of Am.—not however the Pseudocyp. of Germany.—13.

208 THe CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

confess I begin to doubt a little about my Carex costata altho it is
very constant—if a mere variety. I hardly think you would
conceive the Muskingumensis so very near lagopod.if you had seen
it grow. 16. The greater part of my straminea had 3 spikes.

Among the plants you desire specially I am sorry to say that
Hydrangea ett MSO here) is the only one which I can
furnish. Of Sed phioides—common on the mount. of Carol.—
I have but one rae is very near [S.]. Teleph{ium]. Cerastium
hirsutum Muhl. I think is certainly only C. vulgat. If possible I
will [add] to this letter a list of our rarer plants here—so that you
can point out such as you would choose. It would be extremely
acceptable to me to get some of the interesting Georgia Crypto-
gamists you allude to.

As regards the queries in your last I am conscious of not being
able to give you much satisfaction—as they chiefly regard matters
that I have only superficially attended to—

The Arenaria canadensis—I have only seen in one specimen
from you. The caulescent Oxalis—puzzle me as much as you—
besides the stricta & corniculata—the one with large broad,
the other with small leaves & certainly very similar—I however
have found one other frequently in Carol[ina] (not here) which I
think very different (among the rest the folia are invariably tinged
velvet purple) but I have not been able to reduce it to any of
Elliott’s—The Cerast. longepedunculat. of Muhl.—by specimens
from himself is most undoubtedly the glutinosum of Nuttall—con-
cerning the fenwifol. of Pursh I have little doubt that it is the same
with European—& American arvense the latter perfectly the same
with arvense E.—covers certain rocks on Delaware near Easton.
I have doubts myself whether the Lythr[um] verticillat—& L.
hyssopifollium] are congeners (confessing however that I have rarely
studied the generic differences of my plant)—but I think it cer-
tainly is of the Lythrum Salicaria of Europe. Among my Plants
of the Pine barrens N.C. I have one I call Euph. portulacotd.—
but I am not competent to say it is the Muhlenbergian—mine is a
distinct plant.

The Talinum teretifol|jium|—very common on rocks in Carol.
—is so distinct a plant that I never once recurred to the generic
examination.—As to the genus Prunus & [the genus] Cra-

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 209

laegus—I have hitherto contented myself with collecting as
many forms as I could get—but have never attempted a com-
parison of synonyms—I find few Crataegi here—at Salem they
were very numerous. These two genera I was in great hopes of
bringing into order by your means. Sorbus microcarpa I am quite
unacquainted with—& tho’ I think they are two species—the
northern & southern Pyrus Botryaplium|—I do not know which
is that & which ovalis—I rather however think our northern one
is ‘‘ Botryaplium].”’

I shall exert myself to procure subscribers to the Annals &
should have done so before this, if I had been acquainted with
the terms.

Have you ever seen that most remarkable Neottia which
Solomon Conrad found last year—the flower very much like
tortilis.—but with four leaves at base thus [figure inserted].

I wish Mr.Halsey would let me hear from him again—I find I
must refer you to the margin of the manuscript I sent him for Bethl.
plants. I have no means left to make out a list, until I get that
back—But even that is deficient & does not contain the Bethl.
plants further than Syngen|esia].

Hoping I shall soon receive your promised Packet

Iremain Yours affectionately
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHL. March. 28th 1824

My dear Sir

Since I had the great pleasure to receive your last favor of
Febr. 27th which I answered immediately I have at length like-
wise received the valuable package you sent me—the contents
of which were most acceptable indeed. I had begun to make
some observations on the 2d number of your excellent work—
which however have been quite curtailed by a press of duties.—
You will forgive me for sending them|[*] to you in their present
crude state—conceiving some of them may however occasion you to
point out what you would like to know more particularly. I have
been delighted by your reported progress & begin to look forward

* [Printed following this letter.]

210 THe CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

eagerly for the next number. A few days ago I received the 3d
N- of the Annals—& am sorry to see that you have not corrected
all my barbarities. If we had had time to discuss the matter I
should have preferred not to have the Carex table [67] printed in
the tabular form, which renders it necessary to put it in length-
ways & renders its use somewhat inconvenient. But in the main
it will do well enough.

As regards the rest of the contents of the package I was much
delighted & instructed by them—especially the American plants &
` those from Guadeloupe. I hope soon to be able to inform you of
what I think the undetermined specimens are. As to the mosses
from Georgia I think with few exceptions they are not distinct
ones. My time isso much occupied just now, that I have not had
leisure to submit them to any critical examination. I wish you
had put up for me some of the Nepaul specimens from Dr. Hooker—
God knows when I shall ever receive anything from him—But do
not deprive yourself. The fern you sent me—as a Woodsia is
undoubtedly the Aspid. obtusum of others—my specimens from
Muhl. agree exactly—but I believe it is a Woodsia. Mr. Conrad
of Philad. gave me specimens under the same conviction.

It was unlucky that the moisture from the wet cover of the
number of your Flora [86] (which is only damaged in the blue
cover & conseq. of no account) occasioned on the long journey of
the package, that all the mosses & some of the West Indian plants
were covered by mucor in saa a manner as seriously to injure
some of them.

What can the matter be with our friend Mr. Halsey? Since I
sent him my Lichens I have had no letter from him, & fear he is
unwell.

I was much pleased with Mr. T s paper on the Utricu-
lariae [43].—It is a matter of the utmost consequence to elucidate
single genera in that way & nothing I think could tend more to
render the Annals as well as the Phil. Journal [60]— important &
useful, altho its size admits only of such reviews of the smaller
Genera.

Accept dear Sir—the assurance of sincere respect &
friend(ship|
from Yours affectionately
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 211

Heuchera pubescens. I think the species you describe is past al]
doubt the H. caulescens of Pursh—a most elegant plant with very
large flowers & leaves on the stalk. I hope to be able to send you
a specimen. It is very common in the Allegany mts.—I found it
likewise but much smaller at Harrisb[urg].

2

—
—~

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Plants in Dr. Torrey’s Flora highly desirable [lists 31; 13 from
no. I, 18 from no. 2].

. Temarks on No. 2 of Dr. Torrey’s Flora.
. Digitaria serotina. This species is marked +. Why? It
grows not rarely here at Bethlehem and is very distinct from

any of the others.

. Andropogon virginicum. Are you confident that this is the

same with the A. dissitiflorum Elliott?-—I have two species,
one of which I call A. virg—the other dissitif. both from
Carolina.

Androp. nutans. The species which grows here plentifully—
and which agrees well with avenaceum, is I think considerably
different from the one I called nutans at Salem—perhaps a
variety only. The Bethl{ehem] species differs at first sight,
by the dark brown color of the seeds—which in Carol. is
always quite light.

. Proserpinaca pectinacea. There is not the slightest doubt in

in my mind that this species is perfectly distinct from the
former [P. palustris].

. Galium tinctorium. I believe with you that what we call

tinctorium here is not distinct from trifidum. But the true
tinctorium of the Musking[um] from which the Indians—
according to all our missionaries—make their red dye—is
different.

- G. boreale; not rare at Hope, New Jersey, and Easton. What

I have by the name of bermud{ianum| appears to belong to
this.

. Sanguisorba media. I have founda species, exactly answering

this, which appears distinct enough—much smaller than
canadens{is| in all its parts.

- Plantago media-—My specimen from this vicinity is exactly

like the P. media and quite distinct from major.

- Have te seen the Exacum?—Pursh or Nuttall doubts its

existen

212 . THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

10. Potamogeton fluitans of Europe is extremely different from
natans—but I have never met with it in Am.

11. Potamogeton pauciflorum; this is common here—but it is
surely not the P. gramineum of Germany, which again is a
most common brook species in Carolina, agreeing perfectly
with the German one.

Lithosperm|um] latifolium of Mx. is a plant perfectly distinct from
L. officinale—and common in the western woods—Bartram’s
I presume is not the true one.

Lysimachia hybrida as I have it in Salem—is surely distinct from
L. ciliata-—Why do you consider that and heterophylla (of
which I am ignorant) the same? The name seems to require
quite a different plant.

Verbascum Blattaria. I am very sorry that I possess but one
specimen—found by myself in Surrey County, N. C.—of
V. Claytoni. It is as distinct and beautiful a species as can

Ipomaea purpurea and Nil; tho these are probably not indigenous
here—there can be no doubt of their being so southwardly.

Convolvulus spithameus and tomentosus [the name Convolvulus

tomentosus does not appear in Torrey’s work, but Calystegia
tomentosa is given as a synonym of Convolvulus spithameus].
I fancy there must be a great confusion as regards this and
the next. Spithameus, common in Carol., I have not ob-
served here, and there it is never trailing nor pubescent—and
C. tomentosa is absolutely tomentosely velvety and trailing
(I therefore doubt whether it is stans) —It was found by me
on the tops of the Allegany mount[ains] in quantities.

Impatiens. I am astonished to read your remark concerning the
similarity of pallida and fulva—for what I distinguish as
each—are altogether different—Both grow here.—The flower
of pallida is double the size of fulva.

Ceanothus. The common species in Carolina is utterly devoid of
pubescence except on the ribs—but it is not altogether
herbaceous—the stems do not die more than half down.

Campanula americana and acuminata—as distinguished by me—
the former only in Carolina—the latter here and Ohio—are
certainly two very good species—The leaves of the latter are
very thick, those of the first remarkably thin.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 213

Viola clandestina. I have found past flowering in great quantities
about the coal mine, Lehigh—but I confess that since I have
studied the V. blanda in nature here at Bethl[ehem] I begin to
believe that they are not distinct, especially since I have had
an Opportunity to recur to my deceased friend Steinhauer’s
drawing and find I am mistaken as to his having represented
the chocolate-colored petals. I think it is a very happy
thought of yours to refer the expression of Pursh to the fruit.

V. eriocarpa Swz. Since I am in the habit of finding V. pubescens
with and without woolly capsules here (it was not met with
at Salem), I am more determined in my opinion that my
eriocarpa is a different species.

Asclepias nivea—found by me in the Alleghany mts.—is the only
species which I have from the northern states not in your
Flora, in the present number.

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
NEw York, May 20th 1824.
` My dear Sir, l
Surely I am the most unfortunate man in the, world when I
have for years anxiously desired to behold your face & yet was a
few weeks since within a few yards of you or perhaps even passed
you without my knowledge. On this day last month I became a
benedict & on the 27th I was in Philadelphia with my wife, where
we remained four days. It was with the deepest regret & mortifi-
cation that I learned from Mr. Collins, the evening before our
departure, that you had been in Philadelphia nearly all the time
that we were there, & that you had only left town but a few hours
before. What a disappointment! I don’t know a person I
am more anxious to see than yourself & to find I have lost an op-
portunity of gratifying myself which may be the last for a long
time yet, made me quite melancholy. You will now be prepared,
I trust, to make abundant allowances for the manner in which I
have treated you for some time past; for some preparation, you
a know, is necessary, before one can make so great a change in his
situation. There are now before me two of your letters, the
latest of which I received at least six weeks ago. I am now clear-
ing off a mass of business which has accumulated on me during the

214 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

honey-moon & some time previous. You are one of the first of
my correspondents whom I attend to, for to none am I under
more, if so many, obligations as yourself. I am delighted to hear
that you did not become a victim to the “Demon” which assailed
you the last winter. May you continue to enjoy uninterrupted
good health, & have inclination & leisure to prosecute those
studies which are so dear to us both!

I told you that the synoptical table of Carices [67] was partly
worked off when I received some of your & Dewey’s alterations &
that they arrived too late. The paper looks very well however.
In our next no. (the 5th) we propose to commence the detailed
descriptions of new & rare species from your monography [71].
It is uncertain whether we shall give a plate of them in that
number but we shall do so in the 6 no. if possible. Should you
have any corrections to make they will be quite in season if sent in
the course of two or three weeks. We will send you, shortly, a list
of those of which we wish drawings made. Several species may
be drawn on one plate after the manner of Schkuhr.

You ask me if I have seen a species of Neottia, resembling N.
tortilis but withs radical leaves. The common tortilis, as it occurs
here, very often has one or more ovate radical leaves, which are
frequently reticulated, as in N. pubescens, though smooth, and
much smaller. I have received specimens of it in this state from
many parts of the northern States, & from the western parts of
New York. It does not appear to be a new species. The N.
cernua I know to be a very variable species: sometimes occurring
only 2-3 inches high, with lanceolate leaves, & at other times ac-
quiring a height of nearly 3 feet with very numerous flowers.

I regret to learn that my last package was in such a damaged
state when it reached you. The copy of my Flora [8g] shall be
replaced by another one. For your criticisms on the 2nd no.
I render you my warmest thanks; hoping, however, that you will,
when more at leisure, extend your remarks & expose all the errors
you can detect. The Digitaria serotina of your neighbourhood,
I should be much pleased to see. Do let me have specimens
of it. Also of your Sanguisorba media! It really pleases me to
find that you agree to my opinion respecting the Viola clandestina.
It surely must be blanda.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 215

I mentioned to my friend Halsey some time since that you were
desirous of hearing from him & I presume he has by this time
written to you. The Salem Catalogue etc. are quite safe & will
be returned shortly. Mr. H. has but little time to devote to
science, but he is very industrious & a good economist of what
leisure he has.

We are quite active in our Lyceum, having now some good
working members. Cooper, DeKay & Van Rensselaer set out the
other day on an expedition to New Jersey for plants & organic
remains. We expect much from their science and zeal.

My Flora [89] is at a stand for a little while. The 1st vol. which
closed with Icosandria is finished, & the part that is due to you
shall be sent soon. Please get ready your rarities etc. for the
2nd vol.[*] i

I hope soon to have ready a small package for you,—princi-
pally of foreign Cryptogamia. There will be among them some of
the Nepal musci etc.

The inclosed letter I received in a package from Professor
Hooker. The seal was broken by me, through mistake. I dis-
covered my error after reading one or two lines & immediately
desisted. Pray don’t for the world think I did it intentionally.

Since I wrote you last I have received many interesting plants,
but no new books. There is something doing in Europe in Botany.
Hooker you know is engaged in writing an Universal Flora in
English.[t] De Candolle in a Synopsis plantarum [16], etc. In the
first vol. of the Lin. Trans. of Paris is a long paper on mosses by
Beauvois [57], with some excellent plates. It is very much like
his Prodrom{e] [58], which he published in 1805.—

I remain, Dear Sir
Yours most cordially
Joun TORREY.
P.S.—June 1st. This letter I have just found where it was acci-
dentally laid some days ago. It was my impression that I sent
it to the postoffice. Do pardon my neglect.
ne ena nem

* [Never published.]
t [See footnote, p. 205.]

216 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHL. July 6th 1824

My dear Sir

It will occasionally happen that even a correspondence so
agreeable & interesting in its nature as the one I am happy enough
to enjoy with you, becomes subject to interruptions. The only
remedy is to resume as soon as possible. Yours of the 20th
May reached me some time in the middle of June & gave me the
utmost pleasure—as a resumption of the kind on your part which I
instantly felt the imperious duty of reciprocating, more especially
as I have none of those excuses to make, which you urge upon me
with irresistible force, for when a Lady’s in the case—of course all
other things give place—but alas! see how I have again neglected,
what in itself gives me such pleasure. Nevertheless I hope it is
not too late to express my sincere congratulations upon your con-
version from celibacy, in which besides my very unfeigned share in
your happiness, I am not without interested motives. For I hold
it a matter of course that every Lady, above all a married one, must
necessarily become a promoter of the worship of Flora preferably
to that of the author of Dust and Dirt, that enemy of all neatness
and cleanliness in the house whom mineralogists delight to honor.
My disappointment & vexation was at least equal to yours, when I
found by your kind letter how near you were to me at Philadelphia,
but it is surpassed by my anger at Mr. Collins who might have told
me, as I had a long conversation with him about my desire of see-
ing you, which had almost prompted me to return home by way of
New York at that time. I am now glad I did not, for that would
have been worse still had I missed you there. I am not without
hopes, provided the yellow fever keeps out of the way to be able to
effect a visit some time in the fall. Your kind interest in my
health gave me sincere satisfaction. I thank God I have nothing to
complain of & would have been active this year to a much greater
degree than has been the case in Botany if my official duties had
not been unusually pressing. I however contrived a short journey
thro’ the mountains between this and the Susquehannah in May,
which has not been quite unproductive.

I should have been glad to receive the list of Carices you
want me to give drawings of before this—for it will now be too

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 217

late, as within a fortnight I shall have for a week or two to make
an absolute pause in my botanical pursuits on account of business—
I have very carefully revised the Carices this season—but have no
other correction to make of consequence, except requesting you
by all means to strike out the whole of the description of my sup-
posed new Species Carex typhinoides—for I have found it in great
plenty this year growing in such a manner as to leave no doubt
that it is only a variety of C. squarrosa. All the rest of my species
I have found confirmed, & met with a number of new ones, be-
sides finding a number here & in the mountains, which I had be-
fore only met with in North Carolina. I am obliged to you
for your answer concerning the Neoftia, & shall attend to collecting
for you Digit{aria] serotina. I have now observed the V[iola]
clandestina in plenty in the Beech woods (by the bye I only past
thro’ a small corner of them, & conceive they must be very fertile
in interesting plants more especially Musci &c.) & am quite cer-
tain it is only a variety of blanda.

You must have mistaken my remark concerning your 2d Vol of
the Flora [86]—that is not at all damaged—but I am extremely
desirous of seeing the 3d number. If you could immediatley on
receiving this hand it to my friend Rev. Benj. Mortimer, Fulton
Street (& doubly should I rejoice if you could add the small package
of Cryptog. of which you speak—trebly if there were some Ameri-
can phaenogamous additions from the North, South, East, or West)
I should probably receive it soon as he is comming here in the course
of the week ending the 25th. When he returns I hope to forward to
you a considerable packet cont’g near 1000 Phaenog. & Cryp. for
Prof. Hooker—for alas I believe I have nothing more to send to
yourself. Be assured that I shall always desire you to read
any communication Prof. Hooker may make to me— so there is
no need of excusing your opening his letter.

I wish I could say as you do—that since my last I hiye re-
ceived a good number of new Plants—I did expect many—but I
have got a very few only—& begin to think my Den the very con-
trary of the Lion’s, for there are a great many more footsteps going
out than in. This, however, I beg you not to apply to yourself—
for there is a good path trod by your “In trades.” The matter
is that it is not altogether easy to get more after one has got a
certain quantity.

218 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

No news of Mr. Nuttall’s return yet! It is rather a dangerous —
experiment to get a large fortune as I hear he has—it is even more
so than Mineralogy.

You will greatly oblige me my dear Sir to let me hear from
you if possible by Mr. Mortimer. Be so good as to present my
best respects to Mr. Halsey in whose debt I am I believe.

I remain yours most cordially

Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

P.S. My dear sir, now that you have so very properly followed
Benedict’s example, I beg leave to inform you, that it is almost
an indispensable piece of fashion to make the tour of Easton,
Bethlehem (& Mauch Chunk if you please) for a newly married
gentleman & his lady & will not doubt your willingness to follow
the good fashion at least as far as Bethlehem, where I hope to
give you cogent reasons for stay. That unfortunate namesake of <
yours, of whom I have heretofore told you, keeps pestering me
with disappointments—as yesterday calling upon me—in order to
convince me of the probability that some species of grasses—white
clover for instance & sorrel—according to his classification of
grasses—occasionally spring up without seed or root from mere
chemical composition of their component parts, of which it appears
he considers marle a principal one.

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM Sept. 13th 1824

Dear Sir

I have succeeded in persuading myself that the circumstance
of my not receiving an answer to my long lost letter of a forgotten
date was owing to some absence of yours from home. I sincerely
hope that my not receiving advice from you of the safe arrival of
a very large Packet for Dr. Hooker at Glasgow which I forwarded
to you by my friend Rev. Benj. Mortimer of New York is owing
to the same circumstance as I should be very sorry indeed to
learn that anything untoward should have happened to that
package.

The object of my present letter, under the hypothesis that
you may now probably have returned from the supposed Journey
is to beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance my highly re-

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 219

spected Friend, Bishop Hiiffel of our Church whom you will find
among. other estimable qualities imbued with the most lively
interest & profound knowledge of almost every part of the Natural
Sciences, especially Mineralogy & Botany. I am sure iť will
give you pleasure to see him & he very warmly desires to become
acquainted with you.

As I really burn with impatience to see your third number
of the Flora [89]—I beg earnestly you may be so good as to send
it hither by Bishop Hiiffel, who will return towards the end of the
month—« if you can add anything in my line from your collections
you will highly oblige me. As I have not a moment to spare (4
weeks sickness has greatly augmented my business & deprived me
of the time I desired to devote to Botany) I only add that I am as
ever

Yours most s ncerely
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
West Point November 11th 1824

My dear Sir, ©

Two esteemed letters of yours have long been reproaching me
with neglecting one of my best friends. The first I received so
long ago as the 6th July last, & the 2nd the 13th September! Yet
I can hardly say they could well have been answered before. You
have heard, doubtless, of my being appointed Prof". of Chemistry
& Mineralogy in this place. I have been here nearly 3 months &
my labours during that time have been incessant. I had been for
a long time a candidate for the situation here—but after Dr.
Percival (my predecessor) was appointed, I gave up all hopes of
obtaining it. At length, however, this gentleman resigned, & I
was chosen in his p'ace. As this was unexpected to me & as I was
somewhat rusty in Chemistry—& had not a line written for lec-
tures either on this subject or on mineralogy, you may suppose I
have had few leisure moments until this time. For until lately I
had to deliver 2 distinct courses of lectures, & to write a lecture a
day. At last, I have more time; my assistant having returned to
duty. My situation here is very pleasant,—almost the only
thing I regret about it is that I have so little leisure to devote to

220 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

botany.—There is, however, a vacation of 2 months in the year
(July & August) which I can spend as I please.—During our re-
views also two more months are spent without my lecturing—
whlich] relieves me from that wh. consumes the most of my t me—
viz. the writing of lectures.—Besides—after this year, if God spare
my life, I shall have a complete course entirely written out. You
see I am still devoted to our favorite science—I hope never to give
it up—

Really it is time you received something more from me than
promises—for these have been reiterated by me for the twentieth
time & nothing has been sent to you yet.—Having at last settled
myself & having a beloved partner who takes a strong interest in
my favorite pursuits, I hope with her help to arrange & place in
complete order my little collections & thus to know certainly
what I possess.—Then it will be in my power to be more useful
to my friends—& also to furnish them with my precise desiderata.
You must not be out of patience with me for I do as well as I can.
You are yourself to blame, for by your liberality bringing me so
much in your debt.

In your 2nd letter you hope that the cause of my long silence
was my absence from the city.—As you now know how I have been
occupied for some time past I trust you have already pardoned
my neglect. But there is another fault I have been guilty of
whlich] I fear will not so readily be overlooked by you. One of
the two bundles of plants which you sent me for Prof". Hooker
(that brought by Mr. Mortimer) was only forwarded about a
month since! My apology must be frequent absence from the
city and almost continual hurry & business. It has, I hope—
ere this reached him in safety. The other package I delivered
into Mr. Halsey’s hands to transmit—as he was in the mercantile
way & could watch the opportunities for Glasgow. Did you
receive a letter from the Prof". a few days since? He also sent
me a package for you—after looking at -the contents (wh{ich] I
knew to be Greville’s Cryptog.) [28] I sent it [in*] care of Mr.
Mortimer in N. Y. with a request that [it should] be sent you by
the = at ORE ny [I — litt e news to tell roar Nooker d has

: The paper is torn at this point and several words are aniti in this
and the cee line.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 221

just sent me the Ist vol. of DeCandolle’s Prodromus [16]—a won-
derful work! Greville his Flora Edinensis [27] etc.

Halsey is working hard at the Lichens, Cooper at fruits, &
the rest of the members of our Lyceum at their several favourite
departments. Elliott’s 6th No. [22] is received but he says a 7th
no. will be necessary to complete the 2nd Vol. I shall immedi-
ately dispatch my 3rd No. [89] to Mr. Mortimer for you. I long
to finish the work.—Do you still intend to join Halsey & myself
in writing a cryptogamic Flora of N. America? Perhaps I may
not have time for this year to do much—but I am steady to
my purpose—

How I regret missing Bishop Hiiffel! Indeed it was a great
loss to me.

I remain your sincere friend
JoHN TORREY
SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM Dec 5th 1824
My dear Sir i

Really your favor of [the] 11th ult. came in good time to save
me from sincere concern on account of the loss I began to appre-
hend that I & your friends had suffered by your absolutely vanish-
ing out of all record. It has given me proportionate joy to find,
that you have only vanished to rise in glory at West Point & I the
more sincerely congratulate you upon that situation since I learn
by your kind letter that there are hopes that your new duties will
not deprive Botany altogether of your important services—nay
that there is a prospect that your benedictism will be the means of
aiding you in your good botanical intentions toward me.—If you
will however take the advice of an experienced man of matrimony,
you will do well to do, what you mean to do together in that line
as soon as possible, for fear of interruptions incidental to your
new situation after a certain number of moons.

I have neither received the letter you allude to from Professor
Hooker, nor the package you kindly forwarded to Mr. Mortimer—
nor your third number of the Flora [89] all which I am most
sincerely desirous to receive. There is one thing which I regret
very much, that by your removal from New Yorkit will be possible
that I shall lose the pleasure of seeing you on my journey to that

222 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

d

y

a T

LAE:

See

Portion of letter of Schweinitz to Torrey, page 222.

FIG, 3.

place in spring. I
shall at farthest by
the 1st April have to
embark there for Eu-
rope, hoping to re-
turn before the close
of the year. This
circumstance will
cause me to lose one
whole year in mybo-
tanical studies, but
will I hope enable
me to augment my
means considerably
altho’
being of an official
kind will not leave
me much time for

my journey

scientific purposes.
If I however.can be
of any service to you
with your friends in
Germany (my stay
in Engld & France
will be very short) I
shall be at your or-
ders. It will give me
very sincere pleasure
to hear from you
shortly —Excuse my
insignificant letter—
by the multiplicity
of the business on
my hands & believe
me

Yours most sin-

cerely
Lewis D y ScHWEI-
NITZ

lal et See Oe aay

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 223

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ

: WEST Point, Jany 7th, 1825.
My dear Sir,

Your letter of the 5 ult. came safely to hand after being a full
week on the road. I hope you have by this time received the let-
ter from Professor Hooker, together withthe package of books from
the same gentleman. A few weeks since a friend received for me
at the Custom House in New York, a package from Mr. (now
Dr.) Greville, which inclosed one for you. The latter I directed

to'be left at the house of Mr. Mortimer, & I expect it has before

this time been safely received. Also the 3rd No. of my Flora [89],
which I sent you long since.

The pleasure I hope to receive by a visit from you in the spring,
will be mingled with regret that I shall immediately after be de-
prived for a season of your most delightful correspondence. Do,
my dear Sir, make your stay in Europe as short as possible.—
But above all, leave not our country without letting me see your
face. If it is not convenient for you to visit West Point, I shall
certainly see you in New York. Perhaps you will lose little in
Botany by your absence from America, for you will enjoy very
great opportunities to collect specimens of plants abroad. You
must remember your friends & never neglect an opportunity of
collecting a duplicate for me! Probably I shall trouble you
with a commision or two—particularly with a package for the
illustrious De Candolle—for you surely cannot think of visiting
Europe without making a journey to Geneva.

My principal object in writing to you at this time, is to beg you
will give the Lyceum your last determinations of ,the Carices. We
have completed the rst part of the 1st vol. of our Annals, & intend
taking up the greater part of the two or three next Numbers with
your Historia [71]. You know that several new species have
been discovered by Dewey, & that in the last number of Silliman’s
Journal the gentleman has written largely on them [rọ]. In
the number now due, he will have another long paper.—All these
will, I suppose, make a few alterations necessary in your Mss.
Besides we beg you will make a list of those species which you think
should be figured. Several species may be put upon a single plate,

224 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

& thus, perhaps, all the new or rare ones be represented upon six or
seven plates. If you could have a few drawn at Bethlehem, upon
an 8vo-size, Mr. Halsey will endeavour to do some of the rest—
but he has too little leisure to draw the whole. One of Dewey’s
n. sp. in the last no. of Sill. [19] is the one we have called C. longi-
rostris—I forget his name, but you will easily recognize it. You
will oblige the Society by writing either to Dr. DeKay or to Mr.
Halsey on the subject, for they wish to commence the printing
immediately. You may send a few corrections of the Mss. (if
any are necessary) at once.

I have just looked over the narrative [41] of Maj. Long’s
second expedition.—It is tolerable—though there is quite too:
much of it. But they determined, before they set out, to write
two volumes! This J know—for I was to have accompanied the
expedition. ' i

You have made the most of the lean herbarium they collected.
Indeed I think the appendix [69] is the most valuable part of the
book—Are there any duplicates of the new species?

I am in great want of the following plants.

Potentilla hirsuta
supina

Ascyrum stans

Caltha parnassifolia
dentata
flabellifolia
Scutellaria incana Muhl.
Zapania lanceolata

Scrophularia hirsuta Muhl.

?Herpestis cuneifolia
Draba arabisans
Dentaria heterophylla
maxima

Polygala fastigiata Nutt.

brevifol[ia]
Glycine umbellata
Aeschynomene hispida
Hedysarum laevigatum Nutt.
Astragalus carolinianus
Lactuca hirsuta Muhl.
Mikania pubescens
Kuhnia eupatorioides
Critonia
Cineraria heterophylla
Orchis integra Nutt.

Any of these which you can furnish me with would be highly
acceptable. ` I intend soon, however, to make out a complete list
of my desiderata & shall furnish you with a copy of it. I am
particularly deficient in Southern Syngenesia.

At this moment I am very much engaged with our semi-

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 225

annual examination.—It lasts the whole of this month.—Every
day, from 7 A. M. till 5 P. M. except one hour for dinner.
In great haste,
Your sincere friend
Joun TORREY

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

BETHLEHEM January 16th 1825
My dear Sir

Your obliging favor of the 7th instant came safely to hand &
caused me the most lively pleasure as I had begun to despair
whether mine had reached you or to doubt whether my old Caro-
lina friend Macon’s [*] pennyworth of savings policy displayed con-
tra West Point might not have the effect of bringing me into dis-
grace with you under a suspicion of being one of the conspiracy.
I assure you, however, I am not of their council, altho’ I very
seriously object to the furious method of a semiannual consump-
tion of a whole month in examinations, which deprive you of all
scientific leisure unles these examinations be followed as I hope
they are by an adequate resting time of another month.

With great pleasure I acknowledge the receipt of the two
packages from Hooker & Greville & of the 3rd No of your Flora
[89] per Mr. Mortimer, on the last day of the year. I have made
a shift cursorily to study thro’ the latter & am highly pleased with
it. A few species only that I possess from the regions you embrace
are omitted & a number of very judicious reductions have taken
place. My time forbids my entering into remarks at length,
which would require a longer study than I am, standing on the
Wing as I do, able to devote to it just now.

I assure you that the hope you hold out that I shall have the
pleasure of seeing you at New York before I leave America goes a
great way in reconciling me to the deplorable hurry in which I ame
under the necessity of making my intended Journey outward
bound. I have just given an outline of the circumstances which
embarrass me to our friend Mr. Halsey (to whom I have written
according to your direction) but you being an old and experienced

*[Macon, Nathaniel, U. S. Senator from North Carolina 1815-1828. Con-
sistently voted against all internal improvements.]

226. THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

husband by this time will be better able to appreciate them. The

purpose (viz. that which my duty imposes) of my whole journey,
makes it indispensable that I should be at Herrnhut in Upper
Lusatia, Saxony, by the 30th day of May next, while certain
events, in themselves highly desirable, but most unfortunately
ill timed, to be expected in my family will forbid my leaving home
earlier than to allow me to arrive at New York 2 or three days
before the 1st April on which day it is evidently necessary for
me to embark if I wish to have any reasonable hope left of reaching
my place of destination in time. You see, my dear Sir, that
under such circumstances all my hopes of having the pleasure of
seeing you, which next to the safe arrival of a little girl in my

ouse, I most ardently desire of all things, will depend on the
possibility of your calling for me at Mr. Mortimer’s on one of the
two or three days before the 1st of April—if I succeed in this hope,
I shall take it as an omen faustissimum that I shall be further
able to propitiate the Sea & Wind Gods & the tremendous host
of Infernals usually styled Postmasters in Germany in such a
manner as to complete my Journey in time to have an odd week
for seeing more of Paris (where I have never been) than can be
seen thro’ the coach windows of a Diligence.

You will, however, be able to judge from the above how little
time I can in the best event devote, outward bound, to science &c.—
& that Linneaus, Descandolles, Persoon, & all the semi & demigods
of Botany holding council ten miles out of my direct route, could
hardly justify a deviation of that length. Nevertheless, if I can
take charge of anything for you, which does not absolutely require
personal delivery, it will give me the most sensible pleasure. -

I have proposed to Mr. Halsey—as I have not a moment’s time
now to devote to Botany (I don’t know whether you are aware that
notwithstanding my want of abilities & qualifications I am clothed

swith some 15 or 20 different official capacities, all of which re-
quire some management when about to be suspended for 9 months)
tho’ without much hope that it will be of material use as regards the
proposed publication of my Carices [71], on account of the lateness
of the Idea, to bring with me to New York my whole collection of
Carices European & American for his and your use during my ab-
sence. It would at least enable you to become ocularly acquainted

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 227

with the whole—& I would have no objection to your keeping
anything you like, where your own discretion would shew that
enough was left me—altho’ I should like it best, if you would
in that case adopt the Jewish maxim of tooth for tooth & Carex
for Carex. Let me know, my dear Sir, whether my proposal
would meet your approbation.

Concerning your purpose of a Joint Crypt. Flora, I assure you
I am ready, or shall be after my return, instantly to commence
operations, & one main reason why I wish to see you personally is
to chalk out some feasable plan. The Fungi are the only depart-
ment I feel anything like competency for. But don’t forget that
my Sum of American ones is already 2000 spec. (more than one
half of the whole I don’t believe this to be) & that it will be neces-
sary to develope to the American public the absolutely miraculous
concatenation of progressions which they display. To judge by
the effect which my own insight into this wonderful system of
nature has had upon me, my only fear is, that when once dis-
played before the eyes of the American people, its attractions &
fascinations will prove so great, as to become detrimental to the
commercial prosperity of your Monster of a city, by turning the
attention of all from the Canals & Banks toward the Fungi. I
entirely agree with you—as regards Long’s se[con]d Journey,
except in the value you by way of compliment, see proper to give
my attempt [69] to skim some little fat from a truly lean Her-
barium. There is almost as much garrulity in the book [41],-
as in this letter & not much more matter. However, what could
be expected from so furious a ride thro’ the woods, & Mr. Say
certainly deserves praise for the pains he took to save what could
be picked up on a gallop. It grieves me very much that I have
not one duplicate to spare of the whole list you mention. But
if it is only your wish to see specimens & examine, I will select
such as I have from my Herbar. & bring them with me leaving
them in your hands on Interest till my return. Inform me
whether this will answer.

am with sincere affect.
Yours
L D v SCHWEINITZ

228 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
West Pornt, March 17th 1825
My dear Sir
It is nearly two months since I received your last kind letter,
in which you give the unpleasant intelligence that an interruption
will probably soon take place in our correspondence, to continue
perhaps for a whole year! This has made me feel quite sad—for
you are my main dependence in Botany—besides being a friend
for whom (though I have never had the good fortune to see you
face to face), I have formed a sincere attachment. But enough
of this painful subject—I have hardly enjoyed a leisure moment
to answer your letter before—and now perhaps I may be too late—
This I send to inform you, of my intention to be in New York,
(D. V.) on Saturday morning week if I do not hear from you in
the interim. I shall call immediately at Mr. Mortimer’s where
you doubtless will stay in the-city. Hoping to see you then, and
have a long talk about matters and things in general, I shall make
this epistle brief. I cannot help telling you, however, that a
young lady was added to our family last week—and that both
mother and child appear to be doing well.—It appears, by your
letter, that a like event is about, or has already, taken place in
your family—I hope you may. be as fortunate as we have been.
You must be too much hurried to read any more—So good bye
till we meet— Your sincere friend
Joun TORREY

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ

WEst Point, March 30th 1825.,

My dear friend
How grievously am I disappointed after anticipating the
pleasure of seeing you for nearly two months. I took the Steam-
boat last Friday evening expecting to find you in New York the
next day—but having seen Mr. Halsey he said you had not yet
arrived.—On Monday I saw Mr. Mortimer who repeated the same
doleful information; but he had little doubt that you would be
in town by noon the next day!—I had only leave of absence until
Monday evening—but I ventured on another day, that I might at
least see you.—This pleasure—likewise, was not for me.—A

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINiITZ AND TORREY 229

thousand accidents & unforeseen occurrences took place which
’ consumed my time, so that 5 o’clock P.M. (the hour at whf{ich]
the Steam boat started) arrived & I was obliged to leave the city
without accomplishing the main object of my visit! But I will not
repine.—It is probably all for the best. Will you certainly leave
New York before I could get to you? If you will—do, my dear
friend not blame me for not managing matters better.—Believe
me, my heart is with you & a day will seldom pass but I shall
regret our separation. I pray our merciful God will prosper you
in your journey & return you in his own good time to your family
and friends. In great haste (for the Steam boat is coming) I
assure you of my deep regard & sincere friendship.
Yours truly
Jonn Torrey.
TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
WEst Point, December—1825
My Dear Sir,

I am greatly rejoiced to hear, through our friend Mr. Halsey,
of your safe return after so tedious an absence. I hope you have
been every way prosperous, whatever was the object of your
voyage, & that you will never again be separated from us—at least
for so long a time. With the exception of Caricography there has
been little done in Botany since you left us. Mr. Halsey has told
you much respecting the Monograph [71].—You will recollect
that this work was written about two years before the printing
of it was commenced, & i in the interval a great deal was done in
N. American Caricog. Prof. Dewey had laboured much, & so
had my friends Dr. Barratt, Mr. Davis, & others. My materials
in addition to what you had accumulated, were very considerable.
All these I took the liberty of adding to your Monograph &
wrote the whole over anew, trusting that you would be willing, on
your return, to acknowledge me a joint labourer in the work. If
I were not engaged in writing a Flora of the Northern States [89],
which will embrace most of the Carices in the Monog., I would
freely have made you a present of my materials—but I wish to
have it known that I have done something, even in the difficult
department to which our genus belongs. When I come to the
subject of Carices in my Flora, it is not to be expected that I

230 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

shall offer much in addition to what is contained in the Monograph,
& therefore I shall not appear to offer anything original there
if it is not known that I contributed pretty largely to the Monog.
I have several times been afraid that you would be displeased
with the course I have adopted—but I could not bear to see your
memoir published in its imperfect state, especially when I had
the materials for much increasing its value. You will see how
many species I have added from Richard[son]’s appendix to Frank-
lin’s [64] Narrative & from other sources.—These will make up for
the species which have been omitted. The latter comprehends
all such, concerning which there was the least doubt. You of
course will add some or all of these, if you differ from me in your
opinion respecting them. I do not say that they are not all new
species—but that it is better to reexamine them with all the
additional knowledge we at present possess.

This evening I finished the index to the Monog. It contains
descriptions of 114 species—all of which I think are very distinct.
Mr. Halsey has probably furnished you with a copy of No. X. of
the Annals, & also what sheets are finished of No. XI. If not you
shall have them without delay. I wish you would send a little note
to be placed at the end of the work,|*] stating that it is to be con-
sidered as our joint production, & to be quoted as such—I beg you
would not misunderstand me My Dear Sir,—the reason I am so
anxious on this subject is chiefly that I do not wish to have it
thought, by those who use my Flora, that I have collected no
original materials on the subject of the Carices.

*[At the end of the monograph (Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 374) was printed | this
note:

“ Since the return of Mr. De SCHWEINITz to hi ti t he Committee
of Publication have been favoured with the orri note by Aik gentleman,
which they deem it proper should accompany the Monograph.

“The Monograph of the Carices, in its present ae differs so essentially
from the unfinished materials, which, on my departure for Europe, I confided to my
friend Dr. TORREY, with a request to make such use of them as he deemed proper,

in the authorship of the work. am anxious, therefore, that the Monograph
sho

uld be considered and quoted in all respects, as the joint production of DR-

TORREY and myself.
ETHLEHEM, Penn. Dec. 20, 1825."']

Sy:

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 231

I have much to say on Caricog.—but I am in haste—my time is
much occupied with the duties of my professorship.—You will be
delighted to hear that C. pauciflora has been found in Massachu-
setts—as well as to see the good things that Richardson found in
the Arctic Region [64]. I have many of these last, & expect daily
some more northern species from Hooker. Prof. Dewey continues
to publish descriptions of Carices, in Silliman’s Journal [19], &
appears to have extended his original plan so as to embrace all the
species of N. Am. I told him he was interfering with us, but he
does not think so.—We must not quarrel with him, for he is an
excellent man—

I have your Carices in good order & will endeavour to send
them to New York this week, that they may be transmitted to you
without delay. My collection is now very extensive, & the speci-
mens are very perfect. There will be figures of 10 Sp. to accom-
pany the Monog. in the Annals—They will be engraved by one of
our best artists.— .

I shall write more soon
Yours in great haste
JoHN TORREY
Rev L. D. ScHWEINITZ

fz SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

BETHL. Nov 21st 1826

My dear Sir

Altho’ a correspondence to me so extremely valuable & de-
lightful as that which I enjoy with you, has been interrupted
by circumstances beyond my control for a very long time—I
flatter myself that there can be no other obstacle to its renewal
with you, than that which caused its interruption on my part—
viz. such a press of duties imperiously claiming the first attention—
as deprived me of the necessary leisure. Not indeed, that I could
not have found a moment for inditing a few friendly lines—but
really, I have been so unremittingly occupied since my return from
Europe, that I have till within a few weeks been almost totally
unable to attend to my favorite scientific pursuit—from which it
was necessary to draw funds, in order to give any kind of value to
letters, which would otherwise have been bsolute intrusion upon

932 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

your no less valuable avocations. But I fear—& if so it admits
of no excuse—but an appeal to your generosity,—that I have not
even expressed to you my warmest acknowledgements for the
completion of your labors on my raw material of Carices—which
has conferred undeserved honor on me—but luckily at the same
time made my materials of some value to Botany. Upon two or
three species I have, I think, heretofore requested your reasons for
leaving them out—I have since when studying the book [89]
(for as to studying this year in that of nature during the season
of the Carices I was utterly unable to do anything) thought that
I discovered them—especially as regards my Carex nigromargi-
nata—I have viz. presumed that the very distinct species so called
by me—is the one you acknowledge as C. marginata—& my
marginata identical with vestita—which probably is the truth.

In the occasional moments of leisure which I have had—I have
begun for your perusal a rather extensive commentary upon your
excellent Flora (I hope nothing has intervened to prevent your
putting forth the second part shortly—which I most anxiously
expect) giving you a full & explicit account of every thing in the
northern states which I have met with, in any degree not ap-
parently noticed in your Flora [89]—and adding as full an account
of my southern observations—not occurring in other books—but
my progress has been so greatly interrupted that I have not yet
made sufficient advances to render it worth while to forward it
to you. This winter I hope to be able to do something that way.

My European Journey & several important accessions inde-
pendent thereof have greatly increased my Europ. collect. of plants.
But a most deplorable stop of any increase of American specimens
has taken place. Do pray inform me, whether I can hope to pro-
cure some of my desiderata thro’ your further kindness without
encroaching too much on your time—& whether our friend Mr.
Halsey still preserves his botanical zeal—or is in danger of falling
into the snares of mineralogy (I cry mercy to the professors of that
honorable Science for my impertinence).

I should besides be extremely glad to get a number of speci-
mens of certain New England Carices for exchange.

I hope, my dear Sir, that these lines will elicit from you some
sign & token of your still taking some interest in me by letting

r "

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 233

me know after so long an interruption whether it is in your power
to permit these presents to effect a recommencement of our corre-
spondence—for which I feel a very great longing since I have got
over the extra mountains of business which had accumulated &
been raised by my journey.

Pray have you heard anything concerning our friend Le Conte.
Since I saw in the public papers an annunciation of the death of
his amiable wife—I have not been able to learn where he is.

Accept of the assurance of my warmest & sincerest friendship
& esteem with which I remain

Yours affectionately
EWIS D v SCHWEINITZ

P.S. A few weeks ago I received a package of Musci thro’ your
care—apparently from Mr. Greville. At the same time 2 packages
addressed to me, were lost on the road from Philadelphia—which
after a great deal of trouble & expense were finally brought to
light & proved to be Fungi from Dr. Fries at Lund, together with
his new System [24], both packages containing the same books
& fungi & both accompanied with a latin epistle the one to his
old correspondent & amicus delectissimus the other to the Vir
doctissime! of the same name and place of abode, whom he con-
ceives a different person. Unfortunately, this double star—is the
one of small magnitude known to you as your friend

nis

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
WEst Point, Decr. 12th 1826
My Dear Sir,

It was not for the sake of retaliating your unkind treatment to
me, that I have thus long delayed answering your last letter.—
Since it came to hand I have been closely occupied with various
concerns,—but as usual I have to confess some neglect. I might
have taken an hour to scratch a few lines—but I always have so
much to tell you & ask of you, that I keep procrastinating till
I can write a long letter, but after all, am obliged, frequently to
send you the hasty thoughts of the moment. Before I heard
from you the last time, I was fearful that in some way or other
I had offended you—but I was conscious that I had never de-

234 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

served your displeasure. Now I shall first answer your letter
& then talk about myself.

It gives me much pleasure to learn that you are still interested
in the Carices. There are doubtless many N. Amer[ica]n species
yet to be detected. Indeed I know of several not in the Mono-
graph [71], such as C. praecox, &c., besides some that you de-
scribed, & which though not admitted, are perhaps distinct species.
Prof. Dewey has several of yours that I thought it prudent to
omit for the present. Your C. nigromarginata cannot be the
one called C. marginata in the Monog.—nor your C. marginata the
C. vestita of the same. The C. nigromarg. I left out altogether
though it is described by Dewey [19], & the C. vestita I think is the
genuine one—Indeed the last mentioned species is too distinct to
be mistaken.

The promised commentary on my Flora [89] I shall greatly
value. Indeed, the only way to get a perfect work, is for those
who are engaged in similar pursuits to concentrate their forces. I
shall always welcome liberal criticism on my book, & take ad-
vantage of every hint towards improving the next edition, should
another be demanded. The 2nd vol. I shall get out as soon as I
can afford it, for by the former vol. I have lost considerably. I
have not yet sold sufficient copies to pay expenses, within $500! I
have indeed a publisher who neglects my business extremely»
though I paid him a high price for his work.—The book is printed
& sold on my own account. Have you seen the little compendium
which I lately published [87]? I will request the printer to send
you a copy immediately. It is a synopsis of my larger work,—
something on the plan of Smith’s Compend. Gt. Britn. [80]. This
I lose nothing by—So that I consider myself particularly for-
tunate!—

I expected you would make great additions to your Herb.
by your visit abroad, & it seems I was not mistaken. If there [are]
any duplicates among your specimens, I entreat you to remember
an old friend. It will give me great pleasure if I can supply any of
your N. Amern. desiderata, & I think it will be in my power so to
do, as I have now some active friends in the Eastern States who
are collecting for me. I believe I have the lists which indicate
your deficiencies. Mr. Halsey has done but little in Botany since

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 235

you left this country for Europe. Poor fellow, he is obliged to
attend to pursuits, quite foreign to science, & there is a probability
that he will very shortly be obliged to seek new employment, as
Mr. Allaire, with whom he is now engaged, is narrowing his business
so that he will not need Halsey’s services. I have long been
endeavouring to procure him a professorship—but no good situa-
tion has yet offered. He is a fine scholar & is qualified to teach
Latin & Greek—or almost any branch of nat[ural] history. Indeed
he must have a situation, which will enable him to devote his
whole time and talents to Nat. Science. His character in unex-
ceptionable, & his manners are charming.

You inquire respecting Le Conte. He was in New York a long
time, confined with a terrible sore leg, but at length he has got
about, & I believe went to the Scuth a week or two since. He has
lately given his memoir on the violets [44] to the Lyceum, & it will
be published shortly. I have some severe remarks to make on it.

That package of Musci from Greville was a very long time in
New York, owing to the negligence of a friend of mine. I am glad
it reached you at length.

I am now busily employed in writing an account of the plants
collected west of the Mississippi on Long’s exped|itio]n [g1]. The
whole will be arranged according to the Natl. Order. I have
written much. The first part of the account is now printing in the
Annals. You will be surprised to see what curious plants are in
the collection—Many which were never before found north of
Mexico. , Your faithful friend

JoHN TORREY
P.S. I lately heard of a very convenient way of sending packages
to Bethlehem—viz. through Mr. Bininger of N. York. He kindly
offered to take charge of anything for you.

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM March 11th 1827
My dear Sir
This time I am quite sure, that I have the advance of you—
not having received an answer to my last—altho’ I am far from
thinking you to blame, well knowing how many avocations you
have. But I am extremely sorry that I have not yet been able

936 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

to lay hold of your Compend [87]. It has not only not been sent
to me as you directed—but my endeavors to procure it in Phila-
delphia have been fruitless—& from the manner in which my Book-
seller Mr. Walter promises to get it from New York I very much
fear he has misunderstood my directions, tho’ I copied the title
from the N. Am. review—& will get me your unfinished Flora [89].
However, I promise myself to be in a fair way of getting it at all
events, nay of doing what is still more my earnest desire, videlicet,
getting a peep at your own natural self. It is this delightful pros-
pect, which causes me to trouble you with these lines. Some-
where about the 22d or 23d of this month I hope to be in New
York, where I shall have some business to transact, besides seeing
our worthy Bishop on board of a vessel in which he is to depart
for the West Indies (by the by, the finest chance I have as yet
had of getting West Ind. Plants) which will detain me the greater
part of the week following the 25th but not so unremittingly as to
` prevent an attempt of storming West Point, supposing it possible
that I could do so & return to New York in 48 hours. Now you
would confer upon me a very great favor by writing a letter to
me at New York, to the Care of Mr. Jacob Bininger to be by him
delivered to me, informing me whether I should be likely to find
the only part of the Garrison that greatly interests me ready to ad-
mit of such an attempt, & if so, when & how it could be most ad-
vantageously executed in the week after the 25th. Please inform
me likewise of the address of Mr. Halsey at this time. I trust you
will not find anything Arnoldish in the present negotiation &
therefore grant the prayer of your sincere friend
L D v SCHWEINITZ

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

BETHLEHEM April 17th 1827
Dr JoHN TORREY
My dear Sir
The most pleasing recollections of the agreeable, tho’ short
time, I had the good fortune to spend with you, would be not a
little clouded by the many things I now think I forgot to converse
about with you, did I not flatter myself that your kind promise

of spending some part of the vacation with me, would afford an.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 237

opportunity of repairing these deficiencies. I trust nothing will
turn up to disappoint me in the sanguine hope of seeing you
here & beg you would be so kind as to give me precise notice of
your coming a little before, in order to enable me to arrange
matters so, that I may be able fully to enjoy one of the greatest
pleasures I can anticipate. In the hurry of my leaving you I
unfortunately forgot the Index of my Herbarium—which I should
be very anxious to get as soon as possible & regret that I did not
mention it to Mrs. Torrey when I had the pleasure of waiting upon
her to deliver your packet in the morning after my arrival at New
York—as I might then probably have received it before I left the
city. I should likewise be much obliged to you if you would take
measures to have the Ten Dollars for Schwagrichen [66] paid to
my account in the Union Bank & give me notice thereof.

Concerning the Fungi you were so kind as to give me I beg
leave to observe that there are among them five or six new ones,
together with a larger number of such as are rare to me & have not
ever been found by myself, tho’ I had previously received them
from you. You desired me to return you the duplicates where
such could be made out—& I now beg to know whether you wish
to have pieces of all those I received from you—or only of those I
have determined as new & whether you are content to wait for
them until you come here—or desire them to be forwarded im-
mediately. So small a packet I fear would be liable to be lost.
I am glad to find that I can spare you 2 or 3 specimens of our
German Sclerot{ium] vaporarium—& will try to enclose a few of
my S. medullare in this letter—which I found in the hollow of
some Syngenesious plants in a garden—occupying the place of
the medulla. It is rather the largest species of Sclerot[ium] I
have met with in this country.

A press of business obliges me to take abrupt leave of you
with the assurance of my sincere respect & friendship & I hope you

will ever consider me
Yours affectionately
D. v SCHWEINITZ

238 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BeETHL. Dec 5th 1827
My dearest Sir a ee
Let me entreat you—unless for reasons which I cannot divine,
you should have resolved to break off a correspondence to me
so valuable to afford me the consolation of a few lines. I have
already understood that the severe disappointment I met with, by
your not coming hither during the vacation—was probably owing
to your translation back to New York & Mr. Halsey informs me,
that there you do intend to devote yourself further to Botany—
both pieces of intelligence in the highest degree pleasing to me. I
must inform you too, that very soon after the time in which I had
prepared my house & Collections for your accomodation—I was
seized during the Botanical expedition I at length undertook with-
out you—with a severe indisposition, which for 5 weeks incapaci-
tated me altogether from doing anything of consequence, from
which I however recovered in time to collect considerably of our
fall treasures. A very extensive plan concerning Asters & Soli-
dagos which I intended chiefly for you—was however nearly
prostrated again by an interruption which I could not help—
during which the mould got into my specimens & almost ruined
them—but I was further prevented from completing it—by a
journey I had to make from Oct 2 to Nov. 3 to Lake Erie—un-
fortunately too late to admit of much botanical exertion (besides
continual rain) but interesting nevertheless on acc’t of the Geog-
raphy of some plants which I had occasion to observe at least in
their ruins. In the letter to Mr. Halsey in which I enclose the
present—I state to him what I am now able to furnish. I am
sensible that my recent collections contain nothing you could
want—except perhaps 3 or four to me doubtful things which I shall
lay by at all events. Should you, however, observe anything
desirable—be sure it is at your comand. But I have always cal-
culated upon going thro’ my whole collection with you—& when-
ever that is the case nothing in it anyway divisible so as to be
satisfactory to you, shall be spared. Permit me to remind you of
your kind promise concerning the White Mount[ain] plants—or
anything else any way calculated to augment my collection. |
have been sorely disappointed in not receiving the European col-

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 239

lect[ion]—promised me & on the way. I fear it is lost. Dr.
Hooker has however sent me his Monograph on the British
Jungermanniae [33].

Let me know if you please whether you at present have any
botanical plan in view, in which I could assist you. Besides
putting all things in order—the one I propose to prosecute next is
a review of my whole collection—with an especial eye to your Flora
of the North. States [89] & for the last classes [of] your Compend—
noting everything I have knowledge of—from your precinct—which
I do not find there—If I suceed in completing these remarks
during the winter, it is my intention to communicate them to you
& to accompany that communication by a transmission for your
examination of an extract from my collection of all the specimens
upon which my remarks are founded—which I shall beg you to
return—when you have made such use of them as they may afford.
Please to give me your new direction & believe me at all times yours

affectionately

L D v SCHWEINITZ
TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
New York, April 3rd, 1828

My Dear Sir,

I really do not deserve to be numbered among your friends—
so negligent have I been to you for many months past. Time
‘after time have I resolved that I would sit down & write you a
letter, although it should contain but a few lines—yet I have post-
poned it again & again, chiefly because I had no sufficient excuse
for my neglect—but partly because I could communicate nothing
that would particularly interest you. Since last August my time
has been fully occupied. The change in my affairs imposed new
duties on me—& from the time that my lectures in the college
commenced, until lately, I have had no leisure to correspond, or
indeed to attend to anything but Chemistry. At length, however,
I am released, & I am deeply engaged in botanical pursuits. Often
have I thought of you, My Dear Sir, as I occasionally peeped into a
package of plants (for I kept my herbarium in a room adjoining
the laboratory in the Med[ica]l College), or when I turned my eyes
towards a pile of unanswered letters, that laid for several months
on my table. I indulged the pleasing hope last week that I

240 . THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

should see you in a day or two, ‘‘face to face” & have a good long
botanical talk. I left the city for Philadelphia, with my brother,
with the design of visiting Bethlehem before I returned—but cir-
cumstances rendered it necessary for me to proceed directly home,
disapointed in my fond expectations.

My time, at present, is almost entirely taken up with the
arrangement of my herbarium. I have purchased new paper
portfolios & cases sufficient for all my plants—& have already done
much toward placing my collection ‘in a state fit to be used. I
think it will be one of the most elegant in our country when it is
finished.

Since we last met I have received some fine accessions—Of
both indigenous & exotic plants—I have a large package from
Dr. Scouler, of specimens collected on the N. W. Coast of America,
but unfortunately there is scarcely a duplicate among them.
When I was in Philadelphia, I examined the collection of plants
brought home from Long’s 2nd Expedition & made some notes
which I should be pleased to show you, for I find that we differ
about a number of species.

You enquire in your last letter (dated Decr. 5th, for which I
have yet to thank you!) whether I have any botanical plans in
view :—I have several—which I will now detail.

1. The Seacoast of New Jersey has not yet been thoroughly

explored. It has only been examined at one or two points, &

these, (with the exception of the neighborhood of Tuckerton) have
not been exhausted of their treasures. I propose to spend several
days, either alone, or with such friends as I can persuade to ac-
company me, on different parts of the sea-coast of this State
some time in the month of July.

2. I propose to send some person to the coast of Maryland.
Dr. Pickering (a very promising young botanist of Philadelphia)
thinks he will be able to visit this region the present season. An
abundant harvest awaits him—& he will collect enough for all
his friends. This part of the coast will probably afford many
Southern plants, whlich] have not yet been recorded as extending
so far North.

3. My next plan is pretty extensive-—Many of our botanists
are exceedingly desirous of obtaining plants from the regions west

a

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 241

of the Mississippi—& Some of them, with whom I have conversed
on the subject, have ageed to contribute towards defraying the
expense of sending a person to collect specimens.

Mr. Nuttall thinks that we may procure a collector on very
reasonable terms in England or Scotland & he promised to bring
out with him, in the Spring, such a person, if he could find one of
the proper description. I propose that we take the specimens of
him at a certain rate,—say at five or six dollars the hundred—
the specimens to be divided into lots when the collector returns.
He can bring home living roots, & seeds, which will be a sufficient
remuneration for his time & labour, independent of what he can
make by the dried specimens,—for the country to wh[ich] we pro-
pose sending him, abounds in new & most interesting plants. If
the person were quite poor, we might contribute each a few dollars,
in advance, for wh{ich] we can receive an equivalent in plants.
Tell me what you think of this & the other plans.

Mr. Halsey is pretty active in Botany, but he is unable to
do so much as he desires, from want of the needful. Poor fellow,
he has a large family to support, & his only income is a pitiful
salary wh[ich] he receives from one of the banks. I would rejoice
to see him snugly settled in some professorship. He is well
qualified to teach Natural Hist[or]y, Greek, & Latin, & the higher
branches of education generally.

Do write me soon, & let me know what you are doing & whether
I shall have the pleasure of seeing you soon in N. York.

Yours most sincerely
J. ToRREY

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

; BETHLEHEM April 11th 1828.

My dearest Sir

This happy moment puts me in possession of your kind favor
of the 3d instant—& I embrace a moment's leisure to answer it
immediately, in order to assure you that it gave me the most
lively pleasure, excepting only that passage of it which informs me
of the frustration of your plan of calling here & thus deprives
me of one of the greatest enjoyments I long for. Do, I most
earnestly pray you, contrive in some of your vacations to grant

242 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

me a few days—I know it would prove a matter of the utmost
importance to me, & might afford me some chance of useful
interchange. I am glad to learn, that you are arranging your
herbarium—don’t forget me & my desiderata in so doing. I
must confess I am almost in despair about my botanical exchanges
just now. Within the last three weeks I have with great exertion
made up large packages for Dr. Hooker, & Mr. Greville & for-
warded them to Mr. Bininger by the Brunswic{k] stage. They
have not arrived I hear at New York, & are probably lost. I fear
as much for a package of several hundred North Carol|ina] plants
forwarded since to our friend Mr. Halsey accompanied with about
500 Spec. mostly new Fungi, which he was to share with you
—because I hear nothing from him about their arrival. I am this
day forwarding another package to Baron Lederer & feel very
ill at ease to think all these things lost which have cost me so much
time & labor to collect. The communication of your botani-
cal plans was to me in the highest degree interesting. If it was
possible to give me notice a week or two beforehand & to arrange
a point of meeting, it would be one of the most agreeable things
I can imagine to accompany you in the excursion on the Jersey
shore. The coast of Maryland is I think quite a new field.—
If possible, may I put in a claim to join in the fruits of that ex-
pedition & still more in that west of the Mississippi—? I would
be most happy to be considered a contributor to the plan in a
pecuniary way to the extent of my means.

The latter part of the winter I have been employed as much as
my duties allow in writing a new descriptive Synopsis of my Fungi
[76]—but have not yet got thro’, tho’ nearly, with the monstrous
genus Sphaeria. It is my purpose to continue—& finish it next
year, with drawings of all & every new one. What is to become of
the work when finished I have not yet determined.

During the whole of last year I have been very unfortunate in
my desire to encrease my collection. Not one of the foreign sup-
plies promised has come in—& at the best season for doing some-
thing personally—indeed during an attempt—I was seized by an
indisposition which utterly incapacitated me. When recovered—
& a fine prospect arising—my duty obliging me to travel to the
North West Corner of the State on Lake Erie. Untoward cir-

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 243

cumstances deferred this journey until late in October—so that
vegetation was entirely gone.

Do me the favor to enquire of Mr. Halsey concerning the
arrival of my package, which left Easton on the 31st March—&
I advised him thereof by letter & permit me once more to beg you
& him, to try to do something for me. Knowing, however by my
own experience how difficult that is—when duties occupy so great
a portion of time—I can readily account for it—if you find it out
of your power. Within a few weeks I expect to go to Philadelphia
—if possible I should be very glad to become acquainted with
Dr. Pickering. Can you furnish me his address ?

Excuse these hasty lines, designed only to express to you my
extreme joy at your resuscitation—after so long a silence—& my
warm desire to participate in the plans you propose. Believe me

Yours most sincerely
L D v SCHWEINITZ

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ

New York, May Ist 1830—
My dear Sir
Yesterday Maj. Le Conte read me a letter which he had just
received from you. I was rejoiced to learn that you expected
to spend a few days in Philadelphia in the middle of this month,
for I hope to be there about that time myself. Perhaps we
can make arrangements for a trip to Quaker Bridge and examine
the early vegetation of that interesting region. I will endeavour
to be in Phil. on the evening of the 16th inst. so that we can take
the Tuckerton Stage early the next morning, and arrive at the
Bridge in time to collect many plants before night. I must re-
turn to Phil. early enough to take the steamboat for Trenton
on the 2oth, for I am engaged to give a short course of chemical
lectures at Princeton College, which will commence on the 21st
inst. There will not be many rare plants to find in the pines—
but if we only found one it would be worth while to go.
Ever since our lectures closed at the Med{[ica]l College (March
Ist last) I have been occupied in arranging my herb”. It was
necessary to put my materials in order before sitting down to
write the continuation of my Flora [89], and I have hardly made

244 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

the arrangements for resuming this long intermitted work, when I
must postpone the subject again for a few weeks till my ‘business
at Princeton is closed. I have often told you before, that I
must attend to Chemistry, because I get my bread by it, and I
love it very, very much. Yet I love Botany more if I may judge
by the comparative zest with which I pursue the two studies.
Perhaps, however, if Botany were my task, and Chemistry were
my play, matters would be reversed.

I have many things to say to you, but cannot tell them to
you now, as I must close my letter in time for Maj. Le Conte to
take it with him to Philadelphia.—When we meet there we shall
have, I hope, some long talks respecting our favorite science.

Since I commenced the above I have seen Major L. C., who
informs me that he will not set out for Philadelphia till Monday;
so that I can write to you a little more in detail.

With regard to domestic botanical news, I must be very
brief. The number of votaries of Flora in N. York is now reduced
to two, viz. Mr. Halsey and myself. Maj. Lie] C[onte] has given
up plants, he having gone so far as to announce that he will never
write another botanical paper! Cooper has deserted our ranks
and has presented his whole herb™. to the Lyceum. At present
he devotes himself to the study of ornithology and organic re-
mains. Halsey, poor fellow, is so much occupied with matter
foreign to botany, that he can do but little for the science—at
least his studies are so loose and interrupted that he cannot under-
take anything like a monography or Flora. For myself, I hope
to do something effectual before autumn next—perhaps prepare
a half vol. of my 2nd vol. [89] for the press. 1 am constantly
receiving fine collections from various quarters—tho’ since |
saw you last winter, I have had few accessions of indigenous
plants.

I know of no botanist at the North who is actively engaged
but Mr. Oakes. He is a hard-working naturalist, and will cer-
tainly produce something creditable to himself and the country
in the course of a year or two. He is preparing a Flora of N:

>a

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 245

England—but does not intend to publish it for several years;
Some Monographs will probably appear first.

Dr. Lewis Beck has not yet given to the public his promised
work on the Ferns & Mosses of the United States [8]—nor do I
think it will appear very soon. I do not see how it is possible
that he can be qualified for so difficult a task as the one whlich]
he has undertaken. The only essay he ever made of his powers
in CRYPTOGAMOPHYTOGRAPHY is his paper on the “Gre-
villeanum”’ published two or three years ago in Silliman’s Jour-
nal [9], a moss which turns out to be the Timmia Megapolitana!
His catalogue of Ferns is by no means complete, and that of the
Mosses, very imperfect. He made out the latter from Schwäg-
richen’s book [66], marking every species said to have been found
in the United States.—

By the way, speaking of mosses, I have now in my possession,
a beautiful collection of about 300 mosses collected by Drummond
in the British possessions of N. America and named by that
botanist under the immediate eye of Hooker.[*] The plants are
beautifully put up in three bound volumes with a manuscript
catalogue & index. A few Sets are for sale still, I believe, in
Scotland. I shall take immediate steps to procure a copy—the
one which I have in my study has just arrived for a gentleman at
the North & is intrusted to my care.

Have you heard of Hooker’s new work on the plants of British
America [34]? It includes all the plants collected by Richardson
in Franklin’s 2nd exped"—together with every thing before
published concerning the botany of the region mentioned. The
Ist No. in toto with numerous excellent plates has been received
by one of our booksellers, but we are all too poor to purchase it—
especially as in doing so we must subscribe for the subsequent nos,
of which] there will be 12. The price of each is $6.! The plants

C sres Sir William Tadon Notice concerning Mr. Drummond’s collec-
tions, made in the southern and western parts of the United States. Jour. Bot.
I: 53 BOSNA 1834

Musci Americani, or dried specimens collected in British North America,
and chiefly among the Rocky Mountains, during the Second Land Arctic Expedition,
under the command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R. N., by Thomas Drummond,
Assistant-Naturalist to the Expedition.’ In 2 volumes, quarto.”’]

246 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

new species.—Hooker has also commenced a very useful work
called the Botanical Miscellany [10]. There is an excellent work
entitled The Magazine of Nat!. History [50] edited by Loudon, in
London—It comes out every two or three months, is quite cheap &
contains much botany.—You probably have seen the enormous,
but most excellent book by the same editor, entitled ‘“‘ Encyclo-
pedia of plants” [49]—comprising an account of all plants culti-
vated in Britain, together with the natural species—a single vol.
of nearly 1300 pages, very fine print, large 8 vo.—with 1,000 cuts in
excellent style, of about 10,000 species. The work was prepared
by Lindley, who has filled it with interesting matter—The price
is $25 or $26. Lindley is preparing an introductory work on the
. Natural Families of plants [45]. He has lately pub. a Synopsis
of the British Flora [47],’ containing description of the phenog.
plants and filices of Gt. Britain, in nat. orders.—Hooker has
ready a British phenog. Flora according to the Lin. Syst. [32].

The plants &c. sent home by Dr. Gates are worth but little—
they comprise a few things which he collected very early last
spring near N. Orleans, and some given to him by a collector who
picked them up in the same district. Le Conte and I divided them
by lot among our subscribers. Almost the only interesting articles
among them are a new (or perhaps Mexican) species of Campanula,
allied to C. simplex—and some good specimens of what I take to be
your Thelephora coccinea—Syn. fung. car. inf. I find it to yield
a beautiful scarlet to alcohol or water, which may be used as a
dye, that resists both acids and alkalies. Dr. G: lost the whole
of last season by severe and long protracted sickness, but he
will remain another seasonein the country, and believing himself
to be now acclimated, he hopes to be successful in making large
and valuable collections before next autumn.—

Yours truly,
Joun TORREY.

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ

New York, April 26th 1831.
My dear Sir,
It is a long time since I had the pleasure of receiving any
communication from you, though I hear that you write occasion-

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 247

ally to our friend Halsey. I know not why you have ceased your
correspondence with me,—for I always valued it, & found it very
profitable. My last letter to you was written about a year ago.—
I then proposed that we should make an excursion to Quaker
Bridge together, & knowing (or rather understanding from some
of our friends—I forget who) that you was to be in Philadelphia
about the middle of May I proceeded there, in the expectation of
seeing you—but you had left the City.—Perhaps you never re-
ceived the letter to which I allude——And now my dear Sir, what-
ever may have been the cause of the long interruption in our cor-
respondence, I hope it may be renewed, for I have’ turned again to
my botanical studies with great zeal. Since I came to New York
my time has been very much taken up with the duties of my station
as Prof". of Chemistry in the Medical College—but my business
is now arranged so as to allow me leisure to prosecute Natural
History with advantage. If you will allow me to say a few words
more about myself I will inform you that I have been writing for
the 2nd vol. of the Flora of the Northern States [89], so long laid
aside. I have also been arranging my Herbarium, & making
myself acquainted with some branches of botany which I had too
much neglected—particularly the Natural Classification, now
apparently about to supplant & throw out of use, the Sexual
System of Linnaeus. We have no other botanists besides Halsey
& myself—for Le Conte can hardly be called a New Yorker—
& Cooper has relinquished the study of plants.—Of course I have
but little botanical news to send you—

You have heard that Dr. Eights, whom the Lyceum sent out in
a vessel bound for the S. Seas, returned last fall without having
accomplished much, for it turned out just as several of us sus-
pected, that the Expedition was destined, not for discovery, & for
scientific purposes—but to catch seals!

Dr. Gates, sent out by an Association (of which I believe you a
member) to the countries west of the Mississippi, has done as yet
but little better, for he lost nearly a whole year by sickness.
Early last spring, while recruiting at New Orleans, & while still
very feeble, he received the offer of a professorship in some literary
Inst". in Mobile, which he accepted. He has lately written to
Cooper, informing him that he collected last year about 9000

248 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

spec™’. of plants, in different parts of Alabama, & that we may
expect part of them very soon. He promises also to collect all
in his power, during the present season,—so that we may yet
get something for our $650.

After so much about unsuccessful collectors you will not per-
haps wish to hear of a new proposition—but I will venture to
mention it to you. Mr. Drummond, the celebrated collector &
muscologist, who accompanied Franklin & Richardson on their
2nd Exped", has just arrived here from Scotland, bringing me
letters from Drs. Hooker & Greville. Mr. D. is about proceeding
on a journey to the West of the Mississippi for the express purpose
of collecting specimens in all the branches of Natl. History for
sale to any who chose to purchase them. He expects to spend
several years in this country, & to explore all those parts which
have hitherto been little or not at all examined. Many gentle-
men in England & Scotland have engaged to take full sets of all
that he collects & Dr. Hooker has fixed the price for the plants—
which tho’ rather high is not extravagant for rare new ones— &
viz. £2 per hundred. He will allow American botanists to make
selections of such plants as they need. You may calculate to
what an extent Mr. D. expects to collect, when he has sent out
to New Orleans, two tons of paper. Mr. D. asks nothing in ad-
vance but he would like to form some estimate what number
of specimens would probably be taken in America.—He will leave
here in a few days & [if] you would like to engage two or three
hundred specimens please let me know. Dr. Hooker has kindly
sent me a set of Mr. Drummond’s mosses, collected in Franklin's
2nd journey—about 280 species—many quite interesting.|*]

Have you seen Hooker’s Flora Boreali Americana [34]? Sev-
eral copies of No. 1. are in our shops. The work is dreadfully ex-
pensive—4to. 20 plates each No. for $6.50—There will be 12 nos.
It is beautiful. Ihaveacopy. Carey & Lea ask $7.50 per No.

I am printing an American ed" of Lindley’s new work on the
“Natural System of Botany” [46] & will give an appendix con-
taining the North Am. genera with the no. of species as far as now
known, arranged according to the improved nat. orders. & now
my dear Sir, I will ask a favour of you—which is a list of N. Amer-

* [See footnote, p. 245.]

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 249

genera of fungi & the mo. of species (not their names) belonging
to each—also the authority for the genus abridged.
I remain

very truly yours,
Joun TORREY—
Rev. L. D. ScHWEINITzZ
Bethlehem
Pennsylvania

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

BETHLEHEM May 4th 1831

My dearest Sir

I can truly say, that the reception of your kind favor of the
26th ult. (which unaccountably took place only last evening)
gave me as much pleasure as pain. The former on account of the
delight of recommencing a correspondence with my most valued
botanical friend in America & the latter on account of the inter-
pretation you might conceive my long silence & especially my
neglect of your kind letter of last year liable to. Alas! I was
not aware that you were ignorant of the cause of the latter—which
from the time I received yours to within about two months past
entirely disabled me from any exertion whatever. I left Phila-
delphia in a hurry on account of the violent breaking out of an
indisposition I had felt for some time coming on & my chagrin
was not a little augmented by finding at home your letter, which
apprised me of the disappointment I had unwittingly prepared
for you, which at the same time was as great a one to me. But
I was soon incapable of feeling the regret, for besides some alarm-
ing.symptoms of another kind I became extremely debilitated &
with little interruption experienced a depression of spirit such as
I had before been an entire stranger to, until the commencement of
December. Scarcely had that left me, & enabled me to resume
my duties & my studies, when it pleased God to visit me with
still more serious bodily complaints by which until the comence-
ment of March I was strictly confined to my room. During this
tedious spell however I had every reason to be thankful that no
relapse of mental depression took place. On the contrary I
was enabled to be active with my pen & among the rest completed

250 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

the Synopsis of the American Fungi [76], containing descriptions
of about 1500 new species & remarks upon the whole number of
3000 Am. species as yet observed by me. That I did not forget
you, my dear Sir, I hope to be able to prove to you—for among
the rest I put by for you upwards of 200 species of very beautiful
specimens of Surinam plants[*] with such determinations as I have
been able to make out—& the box now stands ready to be for-
warded to you by the first opportunity that occurs, as I requested
Mr. Halsey to inform you, when about a month ago I had the
pleasure of receiving a letter from him, the first voice from any
botanical friend after my indisposition. I trust that you will
now excuse my apparent neglect. My health is not yet by any
means reestablished on a sound basis—accordingly about the
middle of this month I shall commence by the advice of doctors
a long journey & have chosen the westerly direction, proposing
to go as far as the state of Indiana It is by no means improbable
that I shall return by way of Lake Erie & in that case hope to
have the pleasure of seeing you some time in July. I have pre-
pared myself if my strength admits to botanize on this journey
with as much zeal as possible. Having now given you some idea
of the last lost year—& the candid assurance that your kind
letter proved to me a most encouraging omen that my hopes of
being fully reinstated among the rest in my botanical enjoyments,
permit me both to answer it & to mention some other matters.
In the first place concerning my Synopsis [76]. It was my in-
tention to forward it imediately for publication to France or
Germany (tho’ somewhat appalled under present circumstances by
the well known adage Inter arma silent litterae!) But during my
last visit to Philadelphia a fortnight ago (where by the by I again
missed seeing you as I had been led to hope by Dr. Pickering) |
was so urgently requested to submit the work to the Philosophical
Society, to be published as their next volume, DE I left it in thei

e seems to be no record of the source of the Surinam leh ree by
Schweinitz i in his herbarium and distributed by him to correspondents. There is
no doubt that they were sent from Surinam by Dr. Constantin Hering (1800-1 880),

by (Christoph Weigelt, who was associated with Hering in the exploration ©
Surinam, and who died there in 1828.—J. H. B.]

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 251

hands & have since received assurances that it would be published
so as to appear at the end of the year. If it is so finally deter-
mined, I shall be glad as I would prefer its being published in

_America. Upon the expressed wish of Mr. Halsey I have yesterday

forwarded to him, my scrawl from which the Synopsis is com-
posed—in three bound manuscript books. I am thus deprived
of the means of correctly answering your request of giving you a
list of the N. Am. Genera with the number of species—& beg to
refer you to Mr. Halsey—who will I trust let you have the perusal
of my books (written carelessly indeed both as to latinity &
handwriting) & thus enable you to extract them yourself. In
my work for publication I have made some few alterations in the
arrangement & adopted some new genera established by Fries in his
recent publication on the whole vegetable kingdom[24]—which I
am very sorry I did not send on—as it would be highly interesting
to you. The number of species however is almost entirely the
same—except that I have here & there omitted a few, which did
not appear sufficiently ascertained. Nothing will be more eagerly
expected by me than the book you are publishing on the natural
orders.—As regards the Fungi—the perfection of the System is
really admirable & I do most sincerely regret not having sent on
to.you Fries’ work [24] which comprises not them alone, but the
whole of the Cryptogamia. No opportunity will offer before my
journey; otherwise you should still receive it. Tho’ you say that
you have little of bot[anical] hews to communicate I was unusually
gratified by what you do impart. Can there be a more pleasing
piece of news than that you have resumed the publication of the
2d Volume of your Flora [89]? On my return from the west-
ward, if it be not too late, I should like to send you for inspection
everything that my Herb. contains, that would be of use in making
it complete. Let me know if you would wish it. The hopes
you hold out concerning Dr. Gates—are gratifying. I hold three
shares in the association. LeConte & yourself are appointed to
act for me. A German adventurer took me in last fall upon a
similar plan. His name is Voltz—but I have not heard a word
from him. The proposals of Dr. Drummond are indeed of a differ-
ent kind & so tempting, that notwithstanding impoverished cir-
cumstances I cannot help requesting you to secure for me the

252 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

right of getting two hundred species from him on the conditions
proposed, begging you kindly to undertake their selection for me.
I have seen Hooker’s work [34] at Carey & Lea’s. It is however
quite beyond my means.

As you have lately arranged your Herb.—I hope you have
found some trifles for me.—Indeed, my dear Sir, permit me to
beg that you keep me in good remembrance, when anything
especially American, falls in your way. I trust when you receive
the Surinam plants, you will give me credit for my own remem-
brance of you. Anything foreign will be acceptable likewise.
Should I be lucky in my western expedition, you may rest assured
that the second specimen of anything I can procure is regularly
laid by for you. God grant that my health may be so improved
by my journey as to render me able to botanize. My legs are still
very feeble, but I am accompanied by my cousin [nephew], who has
a little smattering of botany. I propose to forward the box with
Surinam plants to you with the direction to be called for at the
Easton Stage office kept by James King, No 7 Cortland Street, &
if I can find an opportunity before I leave home I will put into the
box Fries, Syst. Orbis vegetab. [24|—for your perusal.

This moment I am interrupted by a very acceptable letter from
Mr. Greville, Edinburg, who informs me that he has forwarded to
me the plates of his work on the Filices [37], addressed to your
care by a Mr. Davidge of Baltimore. Should you have received
that parcel I beg to request that you may be so kind as to deliver
it at Mr. Van Vleck’s, our minister, Dutch Street, as within a
fortnight I shall have a fine opportunity to get it from him.

I remain yours most sincerely
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

BETHLEHEM July 31st 1831
My dear Sir j

On the 21st instant I have happily returned from my ten
weeks tour in the western country which proved very beneficial to
my health (altho’ unfortunately during the last days I have again
caught a violent cold, which threatens in part to deprive me
of those benefits) & extremely delightful in every respect. It has

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 253

not indeed been productive of many new plants—of the few I have
I propose to send you a list—but nevertheless full of botanical
enjoyment, by giving me a very satisfactory Idea of the Botany of
the regions I passed thro’. I hope you safely received the collection
of Surinam plants which I forwarded to you just before my de-
parture. On my arrival I found the valuable work on the Ferns
from Greville [37] which you have kindly forwarded & beg to ex-
press my thanks to you. Permit me to enquire whether anything
further concerning Dr. Gates’ collection has transpired—or whether
you have anything on hand for me, as on the 12 or 13 of Aug.
my friend Rev. W. H. Van Vleck of New York proposes to leave
there for Bethl[ehem] & would favor me with his kind attention to
anything you might think proper to send. In hope of soon hearing
from you [ remain yours
most respectfully
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ

NEw York, May 14th 1831.[*]
My dear Sir,

A day or two after I dispatched my last letter to you, & before
your most welcome epistle was received, the parcel for you from
Dr. Greville was left by some unknown person at my house.

I took it with me to the city for the purpose of leaving it at
Mr. Van Vleck’s who I supposed resided in that Green Street
(for we have two streets of that name!) which is near his Church—
but no Mr. Van Vleck was to be found there, & as I had some
business further in town, I left the bundle at Mr. Thorburn’s seed-
store till I should return. Mr. T. immediately offered to forward
it to you safely, & I concluded to leave it in his charge, but now I
am in doubt whether I did right! I think I will call on Mr. Van
Vleck tomorrow & request him to take care of it. You are prob-
ably the only botanist who at present owns a copy of this rare &
costly work [37]. There are two sets in one of our bookstores
but the price is so great that none of us can afford to purchase
them. I have, however, the prospect of obtaining an uncolored
copy from Greville, in exchange for a quantity of our native

* [Mailed August, 1831; see next letter.]

954 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

plants, on terms whfich] are easy to me. The Authors have
figured but few N. American ferns. Their Woodsia Perriniana
is exactly the plant which I have called Hypopeltis obtusa—the
Aspidium obtusum of Willd. & Muhl.! Some specimens by
mistake found their way among a collection of West Indian
[plants] made by a M. Perrin. One was sent by me to Sprengel
several years ago, who named it Alsophila Perriniana. Another,
named according to Sprengel, was transmitted to Hooker—who
has given a very good drawing of it in his work. The plant is,
however, not a native of the West Indies at all, & is doubtless
the species of Aspidium named by Willd. & Muhl. obtusum. The
indusium is not upon, but beneath the sori, as in Woodsia, but I
thought it differed so much from the other Woodsiae that it was
proper to make a new genus for it. But upon the whole I am now
inclined to follow Hooker in altering the generic character of
Woodsia so as to receive the present species & its name must be
W. obtusa.

I congratulate you on the completion of your Synopsis of N.
American Fungi [76] & hope you will urge the publishing committee
of Phil. Society to have the work printed with expedition. Mr.
Halsey will doubtless allow me to use your rough copy of the
Manuscript for the purpose of making out the list of genera that
I requested of you.—The promise of the loan of Fries’ work on
Cryptogamous plants [24] I am very thankful for, & I hope you
will forward it to me as soon after your return as may be conveni-
ent. It shall be carefully preserved & returned in a short time.
Please inform me in your next letter what is the price of the book,
& the best method of obtaining it.

I sincerely hope, My Dear Sir, that your ‘ntended journey may
be the means, by God’s blessing, of restoring you to perfect
health. I did, indeed, hear that you had been in poor health,
last summer, but it was my impression that you had long since
recovered & had resumed your scientific pursuits. Hence the
remarks in my last letter, which I very much regret caused you
the least pain. You will pardon them, however, (I trust) when
you know that they were elicited by the sorrow I felt, under the
impression that so good a friend as you, had for unknown reasons
seen fit to suspend his communication with me.

ee

Be
ee

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 255

When I had written thus far, I was interrupted by the post-
man’s bringing in your letter of May roth, informing me of the
transmission of the promised box of Surinam plants, & of Fries’
much desired work [24]. Surely I have another proof of your
enduring friendship, in thus remembering me in the hurry &
occupation necessarily attendant on the setting out upon a long
journey. You will be much in my thoughts till you return, &
I pray may be restored sound in body, & richly laden with the
Lord’s grace, to your happy family. l

In less than a fortnight I expect to start for Princeton in N.
Jersey where, (I believe I informed you) I am engaged to give a
course of lectures on Chemistry, to occupy me ten weeks. I shall
be in a good botanical region & not far from the famous Pine
barrens. Three active young men are to accompany me as
pupils, & I hope to make them very useful to me in preserving a
large quantity of botanical specimens.

Your request respecting the collections which Mr. Drummond

. expects to make, shall, (D.V.) be faithfully attended to. I shall

order duplicates of the very species which I desire for my own
Herbm. & I very much doubt whether I shall be able to obtain

more than the number you mentioned. At any rate it seems

quite out of the question for me to go beyond 300 species unless
I can tempt him with some of our New England Mosses in the
way of exchange; for Mr. D. was quite surprised to see so many
kinds from that part of the country in my collection, that he did

-not meet with in his journey to the North, & he wished much to

obtain a large supply of them.
I remain, My Dear Sir
Yours respectfully & affect{ionatelly,
TORREY

New York, August 13th 1831.[*]
My Dear Sir
On my return to the city a day or two since, after an absence
of nearly three months, I found your acceptable letter of the 31st
ult. It gives me sincere pleasure to learn that you have been
preserved during your journey & have returned safely to, your

* [Inclosed with the preceding letter.]

256 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

family—yet this pleasure is mingled with regret that you have
since suffered from a cold which may deprive you of the benefit
derived from travelling. I hope; however, that you will soon be
restored to perfect health.

The box of Surinam plants came safely, as I believe you are
informed in the letter accompanying this—(which was written be-
fore I left the city & not forwarded thru’ negligence).—If not, be
pleased to accept my thanks for your very liberal present. The
parcel from Dr. Greville I left in care of Mr. Thorburn of this
city, who said he transacted business with you & would forward
anything to you—with pleasure.

Since my return I have seen none of my New York friends—
having been incessantly employed in putting my house study in
order, & in answering letters—of course I have not had an op-
portunity of enquiring about Dr. Gates’ plants. It is my inten_
tion, however, to call today on Mr. Cooper (who conducts the
correspondence with Dr. Gates) & learn from him whether the
boxes have arrived.

During my stay at Princeton I was diligent in collecting plants,
but my research for new species was not successful. The region is
very much like that of Bethlehem, as far as I can judge. The few
rare things which I found shall be shared with you as soon as I
can arrange my collection which will be next week, if I am spared.

My visit to the pines of N. Jersey in May last was quite a
pleasant one—but I found no rarities.—If possible I must make a
trip to the sea coast of N. J. in two or three weeks—as I have_
never visited that region—at least not south of Squam inlet.
Could you not make it convenient to go with me? I would
meet you at Tuckerton at any time that you might appoint.

In a few days I hope to complete a small collection for you.—
In the mean time remember me if you are arranging your last
collections, & believe me |

Yours most respectfully
Joux TORREY
TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
New York, August 26th 1831.
My dear Sir,

Two or three weeks ago I left for you, at the house of Mr. Van

Vleck in this city, a letter & small parcel (containing Fries’ work

THE CORRESPON DENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 257

[24]) which, I suppose, were received by you in due time. Since
then I have made another visit to the country with my family,
so that my botanical & other studies have been interrupted.

I am now finishing my edn. of Lindley’s Work on the Natural
System of Botany [46]. The Appendix concerning which I have
written to you before is partly in type, but the printers proceed
very slowly. I have obtained your mss volumes on N. Am.
Fungi [76] from Mr. Halsey & have made out a list of the genera,—
but not until I had sent off the vol[ume] of Fries’. In “Cohors 6
(Hyphomycetes)”’, series 2, 3, 4, 6, & 7 are not named—is this
an intentional omission?

I have made out a list of the Musci & Hepaticae, in which I
should differ, perhaps, from some of my friends, respecting the ar-
rangement & number of Species—but it seemed to me better to
include none but such as are well ascertained.—The order Algae is
very small—that class of plants having received but little atten-
tion from our botanists. I should take it as a very particular
favour, My dear Sir, if you would furnish me with a list of the
species which you have found, or know to inhabit N. America,
named according to Agardh’s Systema Algarum (3). I expect
the number is so small that it will not require much time to make
it out.—Yet I would not trespass even this much on your hours of
study, were not the object so important.

I suppose you have seen the 2nd No of Dr. Hooker’s FI. Bor.
Amer. [34] which proceeds nearly through the Caryophylleae
(following the order of De Candolle)—The estimable author in-
formed me last May that he had just finished the 3rd No. whlich]
concluded the Leguminosae. This work throws much light on
N. Amer. botany & will be of great service to the one who shall
write a general Flora of our Country.

We have but little botanical news here—Indeed I stand almost
alone in the Science—for Mr. Halsey is so much occupied with
business that he cannot prosecute his favorite study with any
advantage to himself or others.—I told you before that Mr.
Cooper-does not attend to botany any more, except to look over
a new work when one appears. Le Conte can hardly be called a
New Yorker—for he is rather a cosmopolite. There is scarcely
any one who takes an interest in my labours, & were it not for

258 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

my friends at a distance, I should feel but little pleasure in my
work.

This season has not enriched my herb{ariuJm very much—A
few parcels of plants have, indeed. been received, but none to
equal your fine collection of Sumatra [Surinam] specimens.
It would greatly delight me to reciprocate this favour—but you
must wait till opportunity offers. In the mean time I will lay
aside for you such plants as I fall in with & which I think you
would like to have.—I have not yet got into my hands a collection
from Kentucky which was in the city six weeks ago, & has gone to
Albany, where it was sent with the gentleman’s baggage who
brought it for me from Lexington—I hope to have it in a very
few days, when I shall be able to spare you some of the duplicates
which I am told it contains.

In my list of N. Am. genera I have put the name of the author
after each genus.—but in the catalog. of Fungi from your Mss [76]
I found few of the genera with any name appended. I suppose
it will answer, to state, that the system followed is that of Fries,
& that the genera which are adopted are his, except those marked
with your own name. In the hope of hearing from you soon, &
hearing that your health is established, I remain. My Dear
Sir

Your obliged Servt. & friend
TORREY
SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM, Sept 24th 1831
My dear Sir

By my nephew Mr. Eugene Freeauf who accompanied me on
my late western tour, I take the liberty to send you a few speci-
mens picked up under the disadvantages I labored under. The
Koeleria & Bromus I should be very glad to have your opinion on.
At the same time I forward to you my full list of all the plants I
noticed on the tour, merely as I conceive it might interest you for a
moment & beg you may return it to me—You will likewise find in
the parcel the remarks which a renewed attentive study of your
excellent Flora [89] as far as Triandria has suggested to me—which
I beg you to accept & to make what use thereof you please or
none at all. I have further put in a few hasty remarks on the

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 259

Plants known to me as naturalized in the U: S. Do you think
a piece of the kind [73] would be useful & acceptable in Silliman’s
Journal? If you think it worth while I will communicate the
continuation of my remarks on your Flora, as I proceed gradually

in the study & comparison.

You cannot think how glad I should be to procure speci-
mens of such of your plants as I have not seen. Such are
to the end of Triandria Blitum maritimum—A grostis clandestina
—Aira pumila—Panicum longifolium & the true Aira compressa.
Indeed if Mr. Freeauf could bring anything from you or Mr.
Halsey on his return it would give me the greatest pleasure.
My health is gradually mending, but I have not recovered my
speech—so that I am unable to speak publicly. My friends
leaving here a day sooner than was anticipated I am deprived
of the fine opportunity of writing to you more at length. If
you can without inconvenience show any attention to my nephew,
who is not without scientific interest, I should be much obliged
to you. Believe me most sincerely Yours

Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
New York, Sept. 29th 1831
My dear Sir,

On my return this afternoon, from Princeton, (where I have
been spending a day or two) I found the parcel of plants & letter
brought (& left also probably) by your nephew, Mr. Freeauf.
Thinking it probable that he is still in town & that I shall find him
tomorrow at Mr. Van Vleck’s, I closed a parcel of plants which
had been laid out for you nearly two weeks. This very small
collection I hope will contain a few that have not yet found a
place in your herbarium; but a number of the specimens are only
sent for the purpose of being examined by you, & not in the ex-
pectation of their being such as are new or rare to you—

I thank you much for your “Remarks” on my Flora [89], &
also for the list of plants found in your late journey. On your
Remarks, I will take the liberty of sending you a few observations,
if there should be time before Mr. F. (if he is still here) leaves the
city; and I will also send a list, taken from your Catalogue, of
such species as I desire particularly to possess.

260. THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Your kind letter of the 8th inst. is also still unanswered. It
came rather too late for me to use the list of N. Am. Algae which
you took the trouble to make out at my request, but it will be of
use to me nevertheless, in preparing my general list of N. Am.

plants whlich] I never lose sight of. I should be greatly pleased if-

I could have an opportunity of examining the salt water Algae of
our Seacoast. It is astonishing that scarcely any of our botanists
have collected them hitherto—no department of our Crytogamia
has been so much neglected.

You remarked, that you had not seen the 2nd No. of Hooker’s
Boreal Flora [34]. It will give me pleasure to loan it to you for
two or three months, after the first of November next—from which
time, until the beginning of February I can give only occasional
attendance to Botany. As you observe, this Flora would have
been far more useful to you than the splendid work on the Ferns
[37] sent you by Dr. Greville.

The contents of the parcel sent by your nephew are highly
interesting tome. Valeriana pauciflora | almost despaired of ever
seeing. Your Koeleria from Ohio seems to be very near one which
Dr. Pitcher brought me from Fort Gratiot, a specimen of which I
believe you have—

Your Bromus occidentalis 1 cannot distinguish from one of the
varieties of B. ciliatus which grows in this neighborhood. After
much exam”. I am convinced that the Bromus canadensis, ciliatus
& pubescens are all one species.

Hydrophyllum or Phacelia—This seems to belong to the former
genus,—and near H. —— differing however in its denser clusters
of flowers, & in being hairy. It is probably a new species.

Viola alba L.v.S. Is it distinct from V. Muhlenbergii? Per-
haps the peculiarity of its appearance is owing to the situation
in which it grew.

Salix—? I will not pretend to name any unusual species of
this genus until I make a regular study of the collection which I
have been making for several years, & which is now very extensive,

Sept. 30. I don’t know that there were any other specimens
in your parcel which required a particular examination—except
perhaps a Rumex, which I think must be R. verticilllatus]: & the
Koeleria which I now find is identical with a species sent to me

=
AS

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 261

from West Chester by Dr. Darlington in 1827 & which I have
called K. subspicata.

Oct. īst. Your nephew called to-day & communicated to me
the agreeable intelligence that he would not leave town until
the middle of next week. I am much pleased with him, having
found him exceedingly intelligent & communicative. You, my
dear Sir, was the chief subject of our conversation. I was much
gratified to learn that upon the whole your health had improved &
I hope you will ultimately be restored to sound health—but above
all it is my prayer that you may be submissive [to] our Heavenly
Father, & be prepared for all his holy will—

Oct. 2nd. I have been occupied part of this day in separating
a considerable collection of Alabama plants wh[ich] we have at
length received from Dr. Gates.—As nearly every thing wh{ich]
he transmitted was in the botanical way, it was necessary to divide
the collection in to as many shares as the whole number sub-
scribed for—making no less than 60—Three of these are yours, &
they are already packed up, together with some specimens on my
own account, your 3 mss. vols. on Fungi [76], & a volume which
Mr. Halsey sent to me—

It is hardly necessary to mention, that the shares were assigned
to the subscribers by Jot. There are some very good things & sev-
eral wh[ich] appear to be new. I am to make out a list of all those
drawn by our friends here, of wh[ich] you may have a copy if you
please; but I have made no remarks on those which are in your
parcel as they are your property & you have a right to name &
publish what you find new among them. You will find a most
remarkable plant allied both to Gerardia & Seymeria, but quite a
new genus,|*] first discovered the present year in Georgia by Capt.
Le Conte. There is another collection to come from Dr. Gates,
which shall be divided as soon as it arrives, & your share trans-
mitted without delay—

Oct. 4th. I find that it will not be possible for me to send by
the present opportunity my observations on your “ Remarks”,
alluded to above—My ed”. of Lindley [46] is just printed & you

shall have a copy soon.
Very truly your friend & servt.

J. Torrey.

* [Macranthera; see Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 80, 81. 1837.]

262 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
; NEw York, Feby 3rd, 1832.
My dear Sir,

Although I am excessively occupied with my College duties,
& my head is crammed with chemical ideas, I often turn with a
longing eye to my Herbm. & wish that I might again range the
fields & climb the mountains in pursuit of my favorite productions
of Nature—Not that I do not love my present employments—I
do love them, & eagerly engage in all the duties of the laboratory—
but Flora had my affections before I was acquainted with any of
her sisters, & the first love, you know is the strongest. ~ I begin
however to see the end of my present course of lectures & after
they are finished for the season, I hope to take up Botany in
earnest.

Your favor of November last with your remarks on Gates’s
plants & a paper on naturalized plants [73] came to hand in due
time.—The last was communicated to the Lyceum & referred to
the Committee of publication. I have not time at present to
reply to your obslervatio]ns on Gates’s collection—but in the
Spring (D.V.) I wish to communicate with you on the subject.

By Mr. Siedel I-sent you my copy of Hooker’s Fl. Bor-Amer.
[34] except the plates of No. 1.—which I hope you recd. in safety.—
I have now the 3rd. No. which is chiefly filled with the Legumi-
nosae & it is at your. service if you wish the use of it for three or
four weeks—

Two or three days ago I was greatly delighted at receiving a
box of books from Dr. Martius of Munich. Being occupied at
the college, a friend transacted the Custom House business for
me, & sent the box to my house—On opening it, it was found filled
with parcels for yourself, the Lyceum & the Academy of Phila-
delphia—with only three volumes (a very coarse mutilated Copy
of Travels in Brazil) [83] for your humble servant! Even these
three books I am unable to read, as they are printed in the German
language—but we have an English Translation of the two first
vols. in the Lyceum. I am glad that there is something for you—
but I wish the Dr. had sent me something for the $18.02, which I
paid for freight, duties & other expenses on his “sending.” How
does it happen that transportation is so high in Germany? The

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 263 `

bill is nearly $6 for expenses to Hamburgh.—Dr. M. has sent the
Acad. a fine Atlas & set of plates, intended to illustrate his &
& Spix’s Travels [83]—to the Lyceum he has presented a copy
of his Nov. Gen. & Sp—pl—Brazil.—a beautiful & valuable work
[51].

As your parcels were necessarily opened at the Custom house
I took the liberty of peeping into one or two bundles of your
plants, but they did not appear to be very interesting—there
were many old German acquaintances among them, & I expect
they are the scrapings of the Dr’s. duplicate herbm.

In your last letter you held out to me the hope that I might
reap some benefit from the revision of your Herb. which you
expected to undertake the beginning of the present year. Allow
me to remind you of my list of wants which I sent you some time
since.

The parcels from Munich are left with Mr. Bininger, in Broad-

way, with the request that they may be forwarded to you by
the first good opportunity.—
_ I have received nothing new since the winter commenced,
except a Splachnum from Quaker Bridge which my friend Dr.
Greene of Boston collected last spring. I inclose you a fragment
of it—the Species wh[ich] it most resembles is S. tenutfol{tu]m of
Hook. & Tay[lor]. Muse. Brit. ed. [ ] [38] but it differs in
some respects. I have not yet compared it with the specimens
collected by Drummond in Arctic America.|[*

Have the Carvills forwarded you a copy of my edn. of Lindley
[46]? One was left for you in their Charge more than a month
since

Yours very truly
JoHN TORREY
SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM, Feb 14th 1832
Dr Joun Torrey, New York :
` Dearest Sir
Your favor of the 3d instant gave me the most lively pleasure
& not the least part thereof was caused by your declaration
of constancy to your first scientific love. With all possible esteem

* [See footnote, p. 245.]

264 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

for her Sisters & their acknowledged beauties I confess I can hardly
forgive any one’s forsaking Flora’s delightful service entirely,
while I do most sincerely rejoice in the fact that a faithful at-
tachment to her can & often does subsist, whilst her devotees are
actively engaged in the more substantial employment of her
richer sisters.

I look forward to your remarks on Gates’ plants with no
small desire—by the by—are we not to expect some fresh supply
from that Gentleman. The last remittance tho’ not extraordinary,
was still extremely valuable.

The copy of Hooker’s two first numbers [34], which you so
kindly lent me, was duly received & has been assiduously studied by
me. I regret (besides the want of the plates of the first no.) that
I suffered myself to be deterred from my first intention of copying
out the whole (for since then I have copied a much longer & less
useful affair) until the time you have so kindly allowed me for
the use of it has expired: I am however very glad to be able to
prove to you my punctuality in returning by the good opportunity
which offers to send it you. Tomorrow a gentleman with whom I
have become scientifically acquainted during his winter’s residence
here, viz. Dr. Saynish of Nyk [New York] proposes to go to
Nyk & has promised me to take charge thereof. He will make a
stay of a few days only—if you can spare it—I should most eagerly
embrace your offer of perusing the third No.—provided you could
send it to me by that Gentleman—& would do my best to return
it shortly to you. I have not received the Copy of your edition
of Lindley [46|—tho’ most eagerly looked for. Indeed I have de-
ferred a study of the natural families for which I had prepared
myself—until after its receipt as it will doubtless aid me essentially.
Dr. Saynish has promised me to call at Carvill’s & try to get the
volume. I have actually gone thro’ my collection as I stated to
you in a former letter—but I found the project of combining a
selection of your desiderata with the object I principally had in
view not so practicable as I thought, & have therefore resolved
to make that selection the cause of a new progress thro’ the whole.
The list of your desiderata however appears. to me to be taken
exclusively from my list of plants obiter observed during my
western journey only. On this account I am about making out

è

ee armas

”

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 265

for you a new list of all my American plants, in which however-
I mark those of which I cannot spare any, for want of a duplicate.
I shall send you this & beg you to mark such of the rest as you
would be desirous to see & have at all events.

Your annunciation of the arrival of packages for me from Dr.
Martius, was wholly unexpected. I can very deeply sympathise
with you on the disappointment the contents of the box caused
you—from similar misfortunes which I have experienced—& am
much obliged to you, that you have probably saved me one, by
your peep into my parcels—for I should certainly have expected
something more valuable than I fear the scrapings of Dr M.’s
Herb. may prove, altho’ Dr. Saynish tells me, that he has seen the
whole of Martius’ Brazilian collection, & that they are upon the
whole extremely imperfect & wretchedly preserved. However
every little helps.

My friend Mr. Bininger has just informed me that he is about
forwarding these packages to me very soon. Pray, my dear Sir,
let me bear my proportion of the truly enormous charge upon the
box & inform me of what that amounts to.—It can only be owing to
mismanagement that the German transportation comes so high—
or perhaps to that spectral ghost the Cholera which has possessed
the European governments & makes them do everything in their
power to prevent the passage of packages of every kind. I have
lately received Journals, which were perforated in every direction
(as all my letters regularly are) by the purifying chisel & so im-

-bued with a smell of Vinegar of Four Thieves, that I can hardly

stand the perusal of them.

The little Splachnum appears to me very interesting. Be sure
to inform me whether it agrees with your arctic specimens of
Drummond. By the by, has that gentleman actually commenced
his operations in this country—& is there any hope of participating
in the harvest?

The entire restoration of my health (tho’ alas not of my youth-
ful energy in climbing fences & stooping & marching, the want
of which will be a great drawback on my exertions) with which
I flatter myself, gives me hopes of doing more this year in Botany
than of late years. I have not heard from Mr. Halsey for a long
time—& will beg to remind you once more to be so kind as to let

266 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

sme know—if you do—where Capt. Le Conte may at present be
found. If in any vacation of your duties. you could make it
possible to stay some weeks, days or even hours only at my house—
it would give me the sincerest pleasure.
I remain yours most sincerely
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

P.S. I have two packages of plants for England lying ready for
more than a year—but have not yet been able to devise a way of
forwarding them to London with safety—as I am told Capts. of
Packets refuse to take charge of such things. How do you manage
these matters?
TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ °

NEw York, Feby. 29th 1832—
My dear Sir,

I was quite vexed with ayat when I called at Dr. Johnson’s
to see Dr. Saynish, to find that he had just left the city for Bethle-
hem. I had something for you which I intended to have left
with him on Monday even[in]g last, but, a severe indisposition
confined me to thé house. It was my impression that Dr. S. was
to remain some days more in town—or I should certainly have
strained matters to have made him a call. My mind was so
occupied with College & Chemistry that I postponed the business
a few days, when I knew I should be at leisure. I shall call shortly
at Mr. Bininger’s, or Mr. Van Vleck’s to enquire about another
opportunity for your town—

The 3rd. No. of Hooker [34] is quite at your service for a
month if you wish it, —but next Autumn you may have it again—
until March 1833! I understood from a former letter, that you
had the 1st. No. of this work, or I should have sent the plates of it
with the others but it seems you wish to see them. They shall
be forwarded by the next opportunity. I will also send you the
Ist edn. of No. 1. which scarcely differs from the 2nd ed. except
in being printed on smaller paper. If it is of any use to you, I
beg you will keep it. I know not why the copy of Lindley’s
Introduction [46], which I prepared for you so long since, has not
reached you. It was directed to be sent to Mr. Bininger’s store.
Perhaps Dr. S. obtained it from the Carvills, if it still remained
in their hands.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 267

I hope, my dear Sir, that you will soon be able to look over:
your collection for the purpose of selecting for me, according
to your kind offer. When your list of duplicates arrives I shall
immediately forward you a list of the species which are still
desiderata with me—

You doubtless received the parcels from Dr. Martius in good
time. I hope you found something in them worth your acceptance.
—The books, of course are valuable—But the plants, from the
hasty glance which I took of them, seemed to be rather indifferent.
You are right respecting the cause of the expense of transporta-
tion in Germany—Mr. Cuthbert, the American Consul at Ham-
burgh, informed me in a letter that the box was subjected to
numerous detentions at the various quarantines established for
the Cholera. You need not trouble yourself about the charges
on your portion of the box, for they only amount to about $2.50,
which is less than you must have paid on some of the parcels
transmitted to me—

I have looked over Drummond’s Arctic Mosses since I wrote
last, & my impression is that the Splachnum of Quaker Bridge is
- quite distinct from the S. angustatum. It will probably turn out
to be a new spec. We have all neglected botany this winter in
New York. but as the spring will be here tomorrow I hope we shall
have our feelings enlivened, & resume the study of plants with
renewed zeal.

The address of Capt. Le Conte at present I cannot give you
without some doubt.. It is probable that he is residing with his
brother Lewis LeC. in Riceborough, Liberty County, Georgia. A
letter sent there, intrusted to his brother’s care will no doubt
reach him soon.

If you will send your parcels for England, to New York, &
direct them to Mr. Bininger’s Store, I will have them forwarded to
London by the next packet. If the Capts. are waited on person-
ally, they will take charge of small bundles. We have a young
merchant in our family who cheerfully does all such business for me.

By the next private opportunity I hope to write you more
at large. Your obliged & faithful friend

JOHN TORREY

268 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

BETHLEHEM March 29th 1832
My dear Sir

Your exceedingly agreeable communication of the 29th ult.
ought to have been answered long ago—& would—but for a new &
severe attack of my complaint—owing, I have reason to fear, in a
great measure to the failure of Spring coming on, & that unheard
of severe weather which has with us kept alternating with warmth.
I trust the worst is over & have found considerable relief from my
complaint for a few days past—so that I can again breathe with
some freedon.

How much I deplore that you were prevented from forwarding
what you intended for me—pray leave anything of the kind at Mr.
Van Vleck’s or Bininger’s—& it will reach me. As regards the 3d
number of Hooker [34] as it is now too late to request its perusal
for the present, I shall be much obliged to you to send it in autumn
so that I may have it during next winter, begging by all means, if
you can spare it, toadd the 1st Ed. of No. 1 which you so kindly
offer.

But I can hardly adequately express to you the gratification
& instruction, which the Copy of your Ed. of Lindley’s Introd[uc-
tion] [46] (which Dr. Saynish bro’t me) imparted to me. I fairly
devoured it—& think the work truly excellent. For the first
time I have thereby been enabled to acquire an insight into the
natural System & was delighted by it.

For some time I have been busily engaged in making out a list
of the duplicates I can make out of my collection for you. But it is
a work of some considerable magnitude. Tho’ I do not precisely
know whether you wish me to include European plants,—I have
added a list of all, of which I can afford specimens, except such as
are very common. Their number greatly exceeds that of the
American duplicates I can offer you—as I naturally exclude from
my list of these the numerous ones, which I know you are familiar
with—or which I owe to your kindness.

The parcels from Dr. Martius—tho’ they did not furnish to me
more than about 40 species new to my collection, where [were]
nevertheless valuable because in many instances they contained
better specimens than I had before. He holds out a promise of

EEN ED

N O

M POE RAENNEE NIEPE EOT

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 269

sending Brazilian plants—when his work on them shall be finished.
The few specimens however which he has sent are exceedingly im-
perfect. A better addition to my collect[ion] was made about the
same time by about 300 Cape plants which cost me 5$ & were pro-
cured thro’ Dr. Saynish.

I am much obliged to you for your directions as to Capt. Le
Conte. Just before I received y[ou]r k[in]d letter an opportunity
offered for forwarding my two packets of plants to England—
which I embraced—but have since much regretted it—for I have
learnt such particulars about the person, who took charge of them,
that I am not without fears about their safe arrival.

One thing considerably cheers my mind—it appears to me, that
the very particular affection of my lower extremities, which has so
much impeded me for a year or two past—is wearing off—& I
begin to think that if this was overcome all my other complaints
of the chest &c. might possibly give way likewise. No kind of
occupation gives me greater relief than botany.

Believe me my dear Sir your very obliged & faithful friend

Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ
P.S.. If I have correctly understood your former letter you stated
that the Copy you received of Dr. Martius travels (83) was in-
complete. It was not, till a few days ago, when about to send
my copy to be bound—that I discovered—that the second volume
is double with me. Should this be the part wanting in yours—
pray let me know, that I may sent it to you.

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

BETHLEHEM, April 12th, 1832.

My dear Sir

I am well aware, that in forwarding to you the inclosed long
promised lists 1) of American 2) of European plants, of which
on a strict examination of my collection I can furnish you with
a specimen—I am imposing no slight task on your eyes—by the
microscopic & perhaps illegible characters in which it is written. I
was induced to press the whole together in so small a space in order
to be able to forward it to you by a mail at an early day, to enable
you to take time to mark all those which you desire to have—be-
cause you will readily conceive that it will require considerable

270 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

time for me to get them out for you. But, if they or any of them
shall be acceptable to you—I can promise every one here noted &
desired by you—unless I have inadvertently in any case made a
mistake. In the labels which I shall give those you wish—I will
carefully note the place & the source from which I have derived
them.

In the first list—all the underlined species are such as J have
named & there are not a few among them, whom probably you will
not be able to admit as new species. Nevertheless I was desirous
of letting you see what I have so designated, subject to future
correction—Probably I may have likewise mistaken others. In
every case your opinion & remarks will be truly acceptable. I
presume there are not a few—which I have heretofore sent you.
All such—& indeed in general all that you do not absolutely
want—I shall be glad to keep—as I have been very strict in
naming in the list every species—of which I can at all afford a
tolerable specimen. The sameis the case, tho’ not so generally, as
regards the European List. In the American all those which I owe
to your kindness & all those which I know to be common & in your
collection are left out—which has greatly reduced the number.
In the European list very common species are likewise omitted.
Having been disappointed in my hopes of cramming the whole
second List on one sheet—I was tempted to fill up the blank part
of the new one I had to take by a list of my American desiderata,
arranged according to the authors from which they are derived;
leaving out in each succeeding author’s list all those already re-
cited in the preceding ones. I need not say that if you can pro-
vide any of these—or other new things—how much I shall be
obliged to you—for it is dreadful how large a number is still
wanting. I only beg to add that the European plants are chiefly
good specimens, perhaps to be sure mostly known to you. But
you will at least see my willingness & desire to contribute what
is in my power. My tropic plants rarely afford duplicates—ex-
cept the Surinam of which I have already sent all I had.

I wonder whether you have seen that most extraordinary &
impertinent publication which Rafinesque has just issued—on
every possible subject, under the title of Atlantic Journal [63]. He
is doubtless a man of immense knowledge—as badly digested as

ee

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 27]

may be & crack-brained I am sure. His short reviews of 23 recent
works—among which your ed. of Lindley [46] is likewise paraded—
are truly comical. I have some notion of competing for the
splendid prize of Twenty-five Dollars he offers, to be paid Nota
bene—in pamphlets of his own manufacture & specimens of plants
from the same laboratory—for the best synopsis of U.S. Phaenog.
plants—under the highly characteristic condition—that not a
single one already described or published in Europe & Am.—(mean-
ing by himself) shall be omitted. Do pardon me, dear Sir,
for the impertinence of sending you these enormous lists & be-
lieve me most sincerely Yours
Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

P.S. I am happy to say that by the Lord’s mercy I am almost
entirely recovered in my health—& do not doubt that Spring,
if it come at all—will complete my entire restoration.

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY

BETHLEHEM May 17th 1832

My dear Sir

Some weeks ago I took the liberty to trouble you with a
very voluminous list of my duplicates—together with a letter—
which I trust came safe to hand. I did not expect an answer
immediately as I am aware your time is so much engaged—but
had requested a friend who since has gone to New York to give
you a call & to learn whether it has reached you. He however
forgot to fulfill his promise. I therefore now write to you in
order to say, that about the 12th of June, Deo volente, I hope
to be in New York for a few days & should be very much obliged
to you, if you would kindly by that time leave a line at Rev. W.
Henry Van Vleck’s, No. 14 Dutch Street, informing me of the time
& number where I could conveniently to you, call upon you. My
duties will call me to divers places at a distance from New York—
so that I should be extremely glad to be able to arrange an inter-
view before hand.

You will learn with satisfaction, I am sure, that it has pleased
the Lord perfectly to restore my health excepting only a stiff-

_ ness in the lower extremities which greatly impedes me in walking

—but which I shall probably never get over, as I begin to con-

272 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

sider it either the forerunner or the lieutenant of an hereditary
affection of the gout. Botanical exertions out of doors are greatly
impeded by it—while experience teaches me notwithstanding
that they are the best alleviations of the evil.
Excuse my troubling you with this short letter & believe me
with sincere regards yours affectionately
D v SCHWEINITZ

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ

New York, May 19th 1832
My dear Sir

I received your letter of the 17th, this morning, & that of the
12th ult. (containing the elaborate catalogues which made me
feel how indolent I am), came also in good time. Indeed, on look-
ing over my file, I have just discovered that even a third favour
remains unanswered! Your second came soon after the preceding
one, & I was making preparation to answer it, when I received
yours of the 17th. I have nearly completed marking in your list
of North American, those species which I should like to possess.
I am ashamed that so many of them are still wanting in my her-
barium. Many are marked because I have bad or doubtful
specimens under their names. Still more ashamed am I, that
I can do so little for all the trouble I occasion you. Of that
long catalogue, embracing the N. Am. plants which you wish to
obtain, scarcely any are among my duplicates. I shall however,
preserve the list & give you the first choice of what falls into my
hands—& I sincerely hope that some of the many nets which I
have spread, will gather for me what will not only replenish my
own herbm. but enable me to assist materially my friends. The list
of Europear plants I cannot compare with my herb. till I return
from Princeton. It requires more time for me to make the ex-
amination in consequence of my collection being arranged ac-
cording to the Natural Method, while your catalogues correspond
with the Linnaean System.

It affords me sincere pleasure that I may indulge the hope
of meeting you next month. It is true I have an engagement at
Princeton during June & July, but I expect to leave my family in
New York, & to visit them nearly every week. I am not occupied

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 273

on Saturdays & Mondays, & conclude my lecture on Friday in
time to reach New York the same day to tea—so that if you could
manage to meet me on some Friday evening, Saturday, or Monday
before 12 o’clock—or on all of those days,—or what is much better,
make my house your home during one of my visits in June, I
shall (D.V.) be able to enjoy your company. The only difficulty
which I perceive, is, that the 12 of June will occur of Tuesday.
Perhaps, however, a day or two before or after this date will not
materially interfere with your arrangements.

The 2nd vol. of Dr. Martius’ & Spix’s travels [83], I have.
learned, through Dr. DeKay, belongs to the Lyceum of Nat.
History, whose set is defective that volume—There were three
sets in the box, & I made the blunder in dividing them for their
several owners, so that we will thank you to forward it by the first
good opportunity.—Perhaps you can bring it on yourself in June
next.

I must trouble you with one more subject before I close my
letter. Two or three years ago—perhaps longer—Dr. Greville
informed me that he placed in the hands of a Mr. Davidge, who
said that he was about leaving Scotland, for America, a copy of
his Algae Britannicae [26|—but the work. never came to hand.
I have written to Dr. G. several times on the subject, but he says
that he can obtain but little accurate information about the
gentleman who took charge of the package—tho’ he ascertained
that he did eventually embark for this country. Dr. G. says that
by the same person, he sent to my care a set of impressions of
Icones Filicum [37] as well as a letter for you. I have some recol-
lection of receiving for you the plates alluded to—but accom-
panying them there was nothing for me that I observed. Did
you get the plates—& also any numbers of the Algae? If I did
not forward you the parcel perhaps you received it from some
other quarter—& perhaps also you can tell me something about
this Mr. Davidge that I may write to him & get my copy if he
yet has it.

Hoping to see you completely restored to health in the course
of a few weeks. I remain My Dear Sir, Yours faithfully

JoHN TORREY

Please return the inclosed list when you have done with it.

274 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

SCHWEINITZ TO TORREY
BETHLEHEM May 24th 1832
My dear Sir

I was not a little delighted yesterday by your letter of the
19th ult. (unable as I am to account for the circumstance that
almost all letters I receive from New York, whence the mail
arrives daily & goes thro’ in 1 day & night—are four days old)
& for fear you may go to Princeton too soon I hasten to answer it.
I greatly deplore that it will be impossible for me to arrive at
New York before the 12th of June (being Tuesday) which will
deprive me of the pleasure of meeting you that week—with a
certain prospect that on Saturday & Monday following, which
days are those I could otherwise hope for that desirable event,
I shall be absent from New York in the prosecution of my duties.
It is however possible that I may be able to prolong my stay until
the 23d of June, before I leave the city altogether—and perhaps
circumstances may occur to detain you in town on the 13th or
14th when I shall doubtless be there. At all events please to
leave a card for me at Mr. Van Vleck’s No. 14 Dutch Street—
with your address designating the number & street—& likewise that
of Mr. Halsey if you conveniently can. I shall certainly bring
the odd volume of Dr. Martius [83] with me to New York & de-
liver it to Dr. DeKay.

In answer to your enquiries concerning the Algae Brit. of Mr.
Greville [26] which you have not received—I can only say, that
nothing of that kind has come to my hands & that I think you
must be under a mistake as to the time they were sent (2 or three
years ago or perhaps longer) if at all connected with Dr. Greville’s
set of impressions of Icones Filicum [37], which I certainly re-
ceived thro’ your kindness. By recurring to your letters, I find
that on the latter subject you wrote to me under date of May 14th
1831—that the parcel for me cont[aining] the Icones had a few
days before been left at your house by an unknown person—
that you had placed it in the hands of Mr. Thorburn to be forwarded
to me—which was accordingly done & I received it shortly after
my return from Indiana. Dr. Greville’s letter to me had come
to hand some time before per mail, & ship-marked—so that it
does not seem to have been brought by a friend—tho’ so stated

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 275

in the letter, without however naming him. I am truly glad to
see by your returned list—that I shall be able to furnish you so
large a number of plants—but you will no doubt allow me time
to go thro’ my collection at leisure to make out the parcel,—which
will be impossible I fear till after my return from New York.

Dr. Pickering has just informed me that my Synopsis of Ameri-
can Fungi [76]—is very nearly printed. I trust by the time I get
to Philad. on my return, it will be entirely so—& that I shall be
sure of getting a number of copies presented to me by the Philo-
soph. Soc. But if they allow me but two copies—one is yours &
shall be forwarded as soon as procured.

I am just attempting a negotiation with Collins’ administrator
at getting from him some of the loose packages of plants—if it can
be done without extravagantly paying for them—for the price
which I understand is asked for his own collectlion] of American
plants—is exorbitant & at all events greatly exceeding my means.
The less I am able to exert myself by collecting plants from nature
—the greater my zeal becomes of increasing my collection (which
with Cryptog.—is now nearly 20,000) of dried specimens. Two
packages from Wallich I have been informed are on the way for me.

With the most ardent wish of not being disappointed in meeting
you personally, I remain Yours affectionately

Lewis D v SCHWEINITZ

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
NEw YORK, 006 18th 1832.
My dear Sir,

Your letter of the 24th ult. I received in due time. I enter-
tain some hope that I shall meet you on my next visit to this city,
which will be on the 22nd inst. if the Lord prospers me. I do not
see how I could break off from Princeton earlier in the week than
Friday morning, after my lecture, & by taking the New Bruns-
wick stage at 10 A.M. I can reach New York by 6 P.M. If you
can possibly remain until the time stated, it would afford me great
pleasure to talk over with you a variety of matters, which cannot
well be discussed in letters. If you must pass on without seeing
me, I certainly must endeavour to make ee a visit some time
in August or September next.

276 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

I made a sad mistake respecting the time when I received the
Ferns [37] for you from Dr. Greville. Even now I barely recollect
that I left a parcel for you at Grant Thorburn’s seed Store. No
tidings have yet been received from the gentleman into whose
hands Dr. G. placed also a copy of his Algae Britannicae [26]
for me.

I leave for you the 1st Part of Hooker’s Boreal Flora [34]
(without the plates) which I hope may prove of some use to you.
The 4th No. is out in England, but I have not received it yet.

You have perhaps heard of the lamented death of DeCandolle!
The news|*] reached me just at the moment that I closed for him
a parcel of rare plants. To our short-sighted vision it appears
to be a misfortune that he did not live to finish his great work,
but we must submit—the Judge of all the earth always does that
which is right.

Our citizens are much alarmed at the prospects of cholera
reaching us ere long. Indeed there is too much reason for be-
lieving that our fears will be realized, but I trust & pray that
in the midst of wrath, God will remember me mercifully.

In haste I subscribe myself
Your faithful friend
Joun TORREY
TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
NEw York, October 22nd 1832
My dear Sir,

Your letter of the 30th of August last, together with the two
copies of your work on the Fungi [76], reached me safely & in
good time. The copy for Mr. Halsey was sent to him forthwith.
I congratulate you on the completion of this great performance.
Its appearance will be hailed by all the lovers of Cryptogamic
botany, here & elsewhere. If we now had the other departments
of cur ACOTYLEDONEs finished, we [would] have our entire Flora
posted up to the present day. When shall we have our Lichenes,
our Musci, our Algae & our Hepaticae? Life is too short—too
valuable, I ought to have said, for any one of us to undertake the
whole. We must secure the great object of present existence,
whatever else we surrender or neglect.

* [This ‘“‘ news” was erroneous.]

THE CORRESPONENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND ToRREY 277

The dreadful Cholera has now almost entirely left us, & not
not one of my family has been touched—or rather none has been
smitten down, for several of us have had mild attacks of the disease.
Not even any of my relatives or near friends have been removed,
though hundreds have fallen around us. Surely it has not been
on account of our righteousness that we have been spared. It
is God, that has preserved us, in his inscrutable sovereignty.

I regret to hear, my dear Sir, that your health has not been
established—that on the contrary, you grow more feeble. I
pray that you may be patient & resigned, & that all your afflic-
ticns may be turned to the profit of your soul, by him who says
that “affliction cometh not forth of THE DUST.”

A few days ago I received a large collection of plants from the
Arkansas country,—embracing about 300 species. Many of
them are exceedingly curious and interesting—& not a few of
them quite new. I have a few duplicates of the rarer species;
which I will send to you by an early opportunity. Some of the
plants had been collected by Nuttall, in 1819 & 1820. These
have mostly been described & sent to De Candolle for publica-
tion. Who is to continue De Candolle’s Prodromus [16]? I
suppose you have heard of the death of this great man. The
5th vol. embracing the Compositae, must have been completed
before his death.

Last week my wife & eldest daughter embarked for Europe.
They are to spend the winter with our relations in Ireland, & I
hope, with leave of Providence, to join them early in the spring.
It is my intention to take over as many of our doubtful plants
as possible & compare them with the original specimens in the
herbaria of Pursh, Hooker, Michaux, & others who have written
on our Botany. If you have any plants which you should like
to have compared, I hope you will send them to me in the course
of the winter.

Excuse this short & uninteresting letter, & believe me, my
dear Sir,

Truly & affectionately yours
JoHN TORREY

ReEvp. L. DE SCHWEINITZ

278 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
New York, August 24th 1833
_ My dear Sir.

By the blessing of God I have safely returned to my native
land, & to my happy home, after being so long separated from
them. Although I am by no means fairly settled yet, I must ad-
dress you a few lines, to enquire about your health & also to in-
form you that a parcel from Dr. Hooker will immediately be sent,
for you, to the store of Mr. Bininger, in Broadway. The said
parcel was placed in a box at Glasgow last April, & forwarded to
New York, but my family misunderstood my directions, & did
not leave it, as addressed, or you would have received it long
since.

I have had a pleasant time of it in Europe, though my stay
was too short to accomplish all that I desired to do. I spent
more than a month in Dr. Hooker’s family, from whom I received
every possible kindness. Dr. H. is a delightful man, & one of
the most liberal botanists in the world—I was positively ashamed
to take so many plants & books from him without the possibility
of my making any suitable return. At Kinross I spent a week
with Dr. Arnott, who is a most accurate botanist. He is working,
along with Dr. Wight, at a Flora of Peninsular India [94]. In
Edinburgh I made the acquaintance of the excellent Prof.
Graham—

In London I went through Pursh’s Herbm. in Mr Lambert’s
possession, & also Gronovius’ plants in the British Museum. I
was much pleased with Mr. Brown who is an astonishing man.
We became quite intimate, & he is to furnish me with some re-
marks on several interesting American plants. I saw much of
Lindley, Bentham, &c.

In Paris I worked hard at [the] Michaux Herbm., preserved at
the Garden of Plants, & have settled many doubts which have
hung over his plants.

You must write to me as soon as convenient & let me know
what is the state of your health, & what you have. been doing in
the botanical way since I have been absent. I am sorry that
I cannot write to you at greater length at present.

Believe me, My Dear Sir
Yours very truly,
JoHN TORREY

E

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 279

TORREY TO SCHWEINITZ
New York, November 2nd 1833

My Dear Sir

If you were to judge from my great delay in replying to your
letters that I valued your correspondence but little I could hardly
blame you very much, were you unacquainted with the fact that I
am occupied in many concerns besides botany. But you know
that I have my hands full of business, & that if I am not so prompt
a correspondent as some others, it is not always my fault. Since I
received your kind letter of the 2nd of September last I have
attended as much to plants as possible & have not forgotten you
when any duplicates came in my way.—But I will first reply to
your letter before I make any remarks on other matters. I am
much pleased to hear of your improved health, & hope that you
will not soon be so dreadfully afflicted as you were for some time
before I left this country for Europe. You must have suffered
much if you are willing to compound for Gout! The parcel which
Dr. Hooker consigned to my care no doubt reached you safely, &
I know that the contents pleased you much. I was present when
the specimens were selected for you by our excellent friend,—
Mrs. H. wrote your labels, while the Dr. called out the names.—
The parcel left at Mr. Van Vleck’s on the 6th of December last (I
keep an exact record of all my doings in this way) contained your
shares of Gates’ last plants (some very good things) & some
duplicates of Dr. Pitcher’s collections on the Arkansas & Red
Rivers. You may yet find the parcel—for on my return from
Europe I received my long expected copy of Dr. Greville’s Algae
britan. [26] which was between two & three years on its way to me.

I rejoice in your acquisition of Dr. Baldwin’s plants, though
you may suspect that my joy is not without some selfish feeling,—
for you generously offer me a share of your duplicates. By this
time you must have completed the examination of your treasures,
& have learned the value of them. The Georgia & Florida speci-
mens that you may have to spare I shall be most happy to re-
ceive. As soon as your list is complete I hope you will allow me
to have it by an early opportunity, or by mail, & I will then mark
such as are desiderata with me. In distributing your duplicates
I hope you will be able to send a few to our friend Dr. Hooker—

280 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

especially of the S. American species.—Have you any of the
Surinam plants left, that you could spare him? He is much in-
_terested in S. American Botany. Rafinesque’s proposal for the
Duplicates of Baldwin’s collection was a strange one! You of
course declined it.

Did I tell you that I had made an engagement with Dr. Gray
(of Utica), to aid me in my botanical & chemical labours? He
lives in my house, & is now working daily at my herbarium. My
whole collection will soon be arranged according to the Natural
method, & in the spring (D.V.) I shall attack with zeal, my Flora
Synopsis of North American plants [92]. Dr. G. will devote part
of his time to his own concerns (according to our agreement),
& has made arrangements for publishing collections of dried plants
of the more difficult genera & families:—such as Gramineae,
Cyperaceae, Aster, Musci, &c. He hopes to publish the 1st No.
of his N. Am. grasses in the Spring & the 1st No. of his N. Amer.
Mosses about the same time. The price will be $5. for 100 sp.
neatly fastened on white paper, with printed title page, index &
labels—with a handsome portfolio. The specimens placed loose
[on] herbarium papers, with printed labels—but without the
portfolios will be sold at $4 pr. 100.—When you write to your
German friends please give them this information & cause it
to be printed in some botanical periodical or magazine in Germany.
Dr. Gray will spend a month or two every season in collecting
specimens from the most interesting localities that are not too
remote.

Have you seen the 6th edn. of Eaton’s Manual of Botany [20]?
I have not examined it—nor indeed have I scarcely seen more
than the covers of the book. I began to read the preface in a book-
store the other day, & it seemed to be a most remarkable per-
formance,—but I was interrupted before I had finished the first
page. Dr. Lewis Beck’s new Work [7] is a pretty good compila-
tion—but it does not settle many of our difficult plants.

Have you the 6th No. of Hooker’s Fl. Bor. Amer. [34]? It goes
partly through the Compositae. The Dr. hoped to have com-
pleted the Ist. Vol with the 6th No. but he finds it necessary to add

“a 7th No. The whole work (excluding all the Crypts. but the
ferns) will make two volumes of 13 numbers.—It is a charming

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 281

performance.—The amiable author was uncommonly kind to

_me when I was in Glasgow, & compelled me to stay a month with

him. He is a most industrious man—for besides the Northern
Flora, he is writing (with the aid of Mr. Arnott) an account of .
Capt. Beechey’s plants [36]—he prepares every month, a number of
Curtis’ magazine [18]—he has lately published three volumes of
the Bot. Miscellany [10], & has a new number ready to publish.—
besides many other works—so that I cannot conceive how he
can do so much & do it so well. I have no botanical news to give
you, of much consequence. My friend Dr. Barratt spent several
days of this week with me. He has been studying our Willows
for two years past, & has made many valuable obs. on these
obscure plants. I will urge him to send you a set named by
himself. d
Your obliged & faithful friend
Joun TORREY

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LITERATURE CITED

FLORENCE P. SMITH

. Acharius, Erik.

Synopsis methodica Lichenum. Lund. 1814.

. Agardh, Carl Adolf.

Icones algarum ineditae. Lund, Stockholm. 1820, 1821.

Species algarum rite cognitae. Greifswald, Lund. 1820-28.

Synopsis algarum Scandinaviae. Lund.

. Albertini, Johannes Baptista von, & Schweinitz, Lewis David von.

Conspectus fungorum in Lusatiae superioris agro niskiensi cres-
centium. E methodo Persooniana. Leipzig. 1805.

. American journal of science. Established by Benjamin Silliman

in I818.

. Beck, Lewis Caleb.

Botany of the northern and middle states; or, A description of
the plants found in the United States, north of Virginia, ar-
renged according to the natural system. Albany. 1833.

A synoptical table of the ferns and mosses of the United States.
Am. Jour. Sci. 15: 287-297. 1829.

. Beck, Lewis Caleb, & Emmons, Ebenezer.

Description of the Grevilleanum serratum, a new genus belonging
to the order Musci. Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 183. pl. 1. 1826.

. Botanical miscellany; containing figures and descriptions of such

plants as recommend themselves by their novelty, rarity, or
history, or by the uses to which they are applied in the arts,
in medicine, and in domestic economy; together with occa-
sional botanical notices and information. [Edited] by William
Jackson Hooker. London. 18[28]—33.

. Brace, John Pierce.

List of plants growing spontaneously in Litchfield and in its
vicinity. Am. Jour. Sci. 4: 69-86, 292-309. 1822.

. Bridel [afterwards Bridel-Brideri], Samuel Elisée von.

Muscologiae recentiorum supplementum. Gotha. 1806-19.

E
a]

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Ke)

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(am

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N

N
we

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 283

. Britton, Nathaniel Lord.

Dr. Torrey asa botanist. Bull. Torrey Club 27: 540-551. 1900.

. Brown, Robert.

On Woodsia, a new genus of ferns. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 11:
170-174. pl. II. 1813.

. Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de.

Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, sive Ordines, genera et
species plantarum secundum ee naturalis normas
digestarum et descriptarum. Par

~21.
. Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de, & parities ora Louis Pierre

de.
Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Paris. 1824-

73-
. Cürie, Peter Friedrich.

Anleitung die im mittleren und nördlichen Deutschland wach-
senden Pflanzen auf eine leichte und sichere Weise durch
eigne Untersuchung zu bestimmen. Görlitz. 1823.

Curtis’s botanical magazine, comprising the plants of the Royal
gardens of Kew and of other establishments of Great Britain,
with suitable descriptions. Established in 1787 by William
Curtis.

. Dewey, Chester.

Caricography. [Consisting of a long series of articles appearing
in] Am. Jour. Sci. vols. 7-42. 1824-1866. [Index to species
in vol. 42, pages 325-334.]

. Eaton, Amos.

A manual of botany, for the northern and middle states of Amer-
ica. Third edition. Albany. 1822. Sixth edition. 1833

. Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried.

Fungorum nova genera tria. Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1°: 51-58.

1819.

. Elliott, Stephen.

A sketch of the botany of South-Carolina and Georgia. Charles-
ton, South Carolina. 1818-24. [See Barnhart, J. H. Dates
of Elliott's Sketch. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 680-688.
D 1901

3. Fries, Elias Magnus.

Systema mycologicum, sistens fungorum ordines, genera et
species, huc usque cognitas, quas ad normam, methodi natur-
alis determinavit, disposuit atque descripsit Elias Fries.
Lund. 1821-30.

284 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

24. ——
Systema orbis vegetabilis. ` Primas lineas novae constructionis
periclitatur Elias Fries. Pars I. Plantae homonemeae. Lund.
1825.
25. Gray, Asa.

John Torrey. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 9: 262-271. 1874.
[Also published in Am. Jour. Sci. III. 5: 411-421. 1873;
and in Scientific papers of Asa Gray 2: 359-369. 1889.]
26. Greville, Robert Kaye.
Algae britannicae, or Descriptions of the marine and other in-
articulated plants of the British Islands, belonging to the
order Algae. Edinburgh. 1830.

ti ei
Flora edinensis: or, A description of plants growing near Edin-
burgh, arranged according to the Linnean system. Edin-
burgh. 1824.
28.

Scottish cryptogamic flora or coloured figures and descriptions
of cryptogamic plants, belonging chiefly, to the order fungi.
Edinburgh. 1823-28

29. Hedwig, Johann.

Species muscorum frondosorum descriptae et tabulis aeneis
LXXVII coloratis illustratae.. Opus posthumum, editum a
Friderico Schwaegrichen. Leipzig, Paris. 1801. [See also
no. 66.|

30. Hitchcock, Edward.

Description of a new species of Botrychium; with a drawing.
Am. Jour. Sci. 6: 103-104. 1823..

31. Hoffmann, Geor

Deutschlands Flora ined Botanisches Taschenbuch. Zweyter
Theil fiir das Jahr 1795. Cryptogamie. Erlangen. [1795.]

32. Hooker, William Jackson.

Fhe- British flora. London. 1830. Ed. 2,

and corrections. London. 1831.

with additions

British Jungermanniae: being a history and description, with
colored figures, of each species of the genus, and microscopi-
cal analyses of the parts. London. 1816.
64>
Flora boreali-americana; or, The botany of the northern parts
of British America: compiled principally from the plants col-

35-

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THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 285

lected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late
northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John
Franklin, R. N. To which are added (by permission of the
Horticultural Society of London), those of Mr. Douglas, from
north-west America, and of other naturalists. London.
1829-1840.

Musci exotici; containing figures and descriptions of new or
little known foreign mosses and other cryptogamic subjects.

London. 1818-20

. Hooker, William Jackson, & Arnott, George Arnott Walker.

The botany of Captain Beechey’s voyage. London. 18[30-]q1.
Kaye

. Hooker, William Jackson, & Greville, Robert

Icones filicum ad eas potissimum species illustrandes destinatae,
quae hactenus, vel in herbariis delituerunt prorsus incognitae,
vel saltem nondum per icones botanicis innotuerunt. London.

1831.
. Hooker, William Jackson, & Taylor, Thomas.

Muscologia britannica. London. 1827.
Humboldt, Alexander, & Bonpland, Aimé Jacques Alexandre.
Plantae equinoctiales. Paris. [1805~17.]

. Jahrbücher der Gewdachskunde. 1818-20. Berlin & Leipzig.

Edited by K. Sprengel, A. H. Schrader, and H. F. Link.

. Keating, William Hypolitus.

Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter’s River,
Lake. Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, &c. &c. performed in the
year 1823, by order of the Hon. J..C. Calhoun, secretary of war,
under the command of Stephen H. Long, major, U. S. T. E
Comp. from the notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, Keating,

and Colhoun, by William H. Keating. Philadelphia. 1824.

. Lagasca, Mariano.

Genera et species plantarum, quae aut novae sunt, aut nondum
recte cognoscuntur. Madrid. +1816.

. Le Conte, John Eatton.

Observations on the North American species of the genus Utri-
cularia. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N- Y. I: 72-79. 1824.

Observations on the North American species of the genus Viola.
Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y. 2: 135-153. 1826.
. Lindley, John.

An introduction to the natural system of botany. London.

1830.

986 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

a6. ——
An introduction to the natural system of botany .. . Ist
American edition with an appendix. By John Torrey. New
York. 1831.
Ca a

A synopsis of the British flora. London. 1829.
48. Linné, Carl von.
. Systema vegetabilium. Editio nova, speciebue inde ab
editione XV, detectis aucta et locupletata. Curantibus Joanne
Jacobo Roemer ... et Jos. Augusto Schultes. Stuttgart.

181 ?

49. Loudon, John Claudius, ed.

An encyclopaedia of plants. London. 1829.

. Magazine of natural history . . . Editors: 1829-36, J. C. Loudon
and John Denson; 1837-40, Edward Charlesworth. Merged
into the Annals of natural history, which continued as the
Annals and magazine of natural history.

51. Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von.

Nova genera et species plantarum. Munich. 1823-32.

52. Muhlenberg, Gotthilf Henry Ernest.

Catalogus plantarum Americae septentrionale, huc usque cog-
nitarum indigenarum et cicurum. Lancaster. 1813. Ed. 2.
Philadelphia. 1818.

53. Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried Daniel.

Das System der Pilze und Schwamme. page 1816-17.

54. Nuttall, Thomas.

Collections towards a flora of the territory of Arkansas. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 5: 139-203. 1837.

e
Genera of North American plants. Philadelphia. 1818.

56.

A journal of travels into the Arkansa Territory, during the

year 1819. Philadelphia. 1821.

. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph.

Muscologie, ou Traité sur les mousses. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris

i: 385-472. T822.

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Prodrome des cinquième et sixième familles de l’ethéogamie.
Les mousses. Les lycopodes. Paris. 1805.
59. Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik.
Synopsis methodica fungorum. Göttingen. 1801.

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THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 287

. Philadelphia academy of natural sciences. Journal. Established

in 1817.

. Pursh, Frederick Traugott.

Flora Americae Septentrionalis. London. 1814.

. Quarterly journal of science, literature, and art. Edited at the

Royal institution of Great Britain, by W. T. Brande.

. Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel.

Atlantic journal and friend of knowledge. Philadelphia.
2-33

183 :
. Richardson, John.

Botanical appendix. In Franklin, Sir John. Narrative of a
journey to the shores of the polar sea in the years 1819, 20,
21, and 22. p. 729-763. London. 182

. Rudge, Edward.

Descriptions of some new species of Carcx from North America.
Trans. Linn. Soc. London 7: 96-100. pl. g-10. 1804.

. Schwagrichen, Christian Friedrich.

Joannis Hedwig Species muscorum frondosorum. Supplemen-
tum. 1811-42.

. Schweinitz, Lewis David von.

An analytical table to facilitate the determination of the hitherto
observed North American species of the genus Carex. Ann.
Lyceum Nat. Hist. N- ¥Y.1: 62-71. 1824.

Attempt of a monography of the Linnean genus Viola, com-
prising all the species hitherto observed in North America.
Am. Jour. Sci. 5: 48-81. 1822.

A catalogue of plants collected in the Northwest territory by Mr.
Thomas Say in the year 1823. In Keating, William H.
Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter’s River
2: 379-400. Philadelphia. 1824.

List of the rarer plants found near Easton, Penn. Am. Jour.
Sci. 8: 267-269. 1824.

Monograph of the North American species of Carex. Ann.
Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1: 283-373. pl. 24-27. 1825.

On two remarkable Hepatic mosses found in North Carolina.
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2: 361-370. 1822.

288 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Remarks on the plants of Europe which have become naturalized
in a more or less degree, in the United States. Ann. Lyceum
Nat. Hist. N. Y.3: 148-155. 1835.
re :
Specimen florae Americae septentrionalis cryptogamicae ; sistens
muscos hepaticos huc usque in Am. Sept. observatos. Ra-
leigh |North Carolina]. 1821.
ei: ARTE i l
Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris secundum observationes
Ludovici Davidis de Schweinitz |!] Ed. a D. F. Schwägrichen.
Schrift. Naturf. Gesell. Leipzig 1: 21-131. 1822.
i Roe
‘Synopsis fungorum in America boreali media degentium secun-
dum observationes. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. 4: 141-316. $l.

18342:
77- Shear, Cornelius Lott, & Stevens, Neil Everett.
Studies of the Schweinitz collection of fungi. I-II. My-
cologia 9: 191—204, 333-344. pl. 8-9. 1919.
78. Sibthorp, John.
Flora graeca. London. 1806-40.
A ie
Florae graecae prodromus. London. 1806-13.
80. Smith, James Edward. i
Compendium florae britannicae. London. 1816.

A selection of the correspondence of Linnaeus, and other natura-
lists, from the original manuscripts. London. 1821.
82. Sowerby, Jam
Coloured Hoev of English fungi or SIT EFOR London.
1707-1815.
83. Spix, Johann Baptist von, & Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von.
Reise in Brasilien auf befehl Sr. Majestät Maximilian Joseph L.,
Königs von Baiern, in den Jahren 1817 bis 1820. München.
1823-31. [Translated into English by H. E. Lloyd. 2 V-
int. London. 1824]
. Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim.
Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde.
Leipzig. 1820-22.
. Thurber, George.
Inaugural address [before the Torrey Botanical Club]. Bull.
Torrey Club 4: 26-38. 1873.

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THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 289

. Torrey, John.
Catalogue of plants growing spontaneously within thirty miles of
the city of New York. Albany, New York. 18109.
A compendium of the flora of the northern and middle states.
New York. 1826.

Descriptions of some new grasses collected by Dr. E. James in the
expedition of Major Long to the Rocky Mountains, in 1819-
1820. Read May 17th, 1824. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.
Ne Y. mt 148-186. PI. TO. 1824.

A flora of the northern and middle sections of the United States.
New York. 18[23-]24.

Notice of plants collected by Professor D. B. Douglass of West
Point in the expedition under Governour Cass, during the
summer of 1820 around the Great Lakes and the upper waters
of the Mississippi. Am. Jour. Sci. 4: 56—69.. 1822.

Some account of a collection of plants made during a journey to
and from the Rocky Mountains in the summer of 1820, by
Edwin P. James, M. D. Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army.
Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N- Y. 2: 161-254. 1826-7.

. Torrey, John, & Gray, Asa.

A flora of North America; containing abridged descriptions of all
the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing north of
Mexico; arranged according to the natural system. New
York, London. 1838~4[3].

. Weber, Friedrich.

Historie muscorum hepaticorum prodromus. Kiel. 1815.

. Wight, Robert, & Arnott, George Arnott Walker.

Prodromus florae peninsulae Indiae Orientalis: containing
abridged descriptions of the plants found in the peninsula of
British India, arranged according to the natural system.
London. 1834.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE
SCHWEINITZ-TORREY CORRESPONDENCE

JoHN HENDLEY BARNHART

Agardh, Carl Adolf (1785-1859). Professor at Lund, Sweden, and
bishop of Karlstad; famous as the foremost student of algae of
his day.

Arnott, George Arnott Walker (1799-1868). Regius professor of
botany at Glasgow, Scotland; author (with W. J. Hooker) of
“ British botany” and “The botany of Captain Beechey’s voyage.”

Baldwin, William (1779-1819). American physician; plant collector
in the southeastern United States and in South America; appointed
botanist to Long’s expedition for the exploration of the upper

_ Missouri, but was obliged to stay behind at Franklin, Missouri,
where he died a few weeks later.

Barratt, Joseph (1797-1882). Physician, of Middletown, Connecti-
cut; specialist in the genera Salix, Carex, and Eupatorium.
Beck, Lewis Caleb (1798-1853). Physician and naturalist, of Albany,
New York; his scientific interests were about equally divided

between mineralogy, chemistry, and botany.

Bentham, George (1800-1884). British botanist; a man of independent
means, and an indefatigable worker and prolific writer upon plants;
for twelve years president of the Linnean Society of London. He
had published but little, but his reputation was already established,
at the time of Schweinitz’s death.

Bridel-Brideri, Samuel Elisée von (1761-1828). Famous bryologist, of
Swiss birth, but long attached to the ducal house of Saxe-Gotha,
at first as tutor, then as secretary, librarian, and member of
diplomatic missions to the court of Napoleon and to the Pope.
His ‘“‘Muscologia recentiorum” (1797-1822) and ‘‘Bryologia
universa” (1826-27) are recognized as classics by students of
mosses.

Brown, Robert (1773-1858). Botanist to the Flinders expedition for
the exploration of Australia; librarian to Sir Joseph Banks and the
Linnean Society of London; for thirty years Keeper of the Botanical
Department of the British Museum.

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THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINiITZ AND TORREY 291

Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de (1778-1841). Famous Swiss botanist;
author of many works, of which perhaps the best known is the
“Prodromus.”

Casström, Samuel Niklas (1763-1827). Swedish statesman; Knight

the Polar Star; one of Thunberg’s earliest pupils at Upsala;
his dissertation (1781) was entomological, and he never published
anything in botany, although known to his friends and corre-
spondents as one who was interested in that science.

Collins, Zaccheus (1764-1831). Philadelphia philanthropist; member
of various learned societies; correspondent of Muhlenberg, Elliott,
Nuttall, Torrey, and other botanists; highly esteemed for his
botanical knowledge; but published nothing. For him Nuttall
named the genus Collinsia.

Conrad, Solomon White (1779-1831). Philadelphia bookseller and
publisher; minister of the Society of Friends; amateur naturalist
for years; during the last two years of his life professor of botany
in the University of Pennsylvania; father of Timothy Abbott
Conrad, the famous conchologist.

Cooley, Dennis (1789-1860). Physician; first at his native place,
South Deerfield, Mass.; for three years, 1822-25, at Monticello,
Georgia; and from 1827 at Washington, Macomb County, Michi-
gan, where he was postmaster for 23 years. He was from his youth
an ardent field-botanist, and accumulated one of the largest private
herbaria in America; this was presented by his widow, in 1863, to
the Michigan Agricultural College.

Cooper, William (1798-1864). Well-known zoologist, his interest
in botany being secondary but keen; original member, and for
46 years an officer, of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York
(now the New York Academy of Sciences); father of James Gra-
ham Cooper, naturalist of the Pacific Railroad Survey and later
of the Geological Survey of California. i

Cürie, Peter Friedrich (1777-1855). Moravian clergyman; bishop for
thirty years (1825-55). He was the author of a small pocket
key to the plants of middle and northern Germany (1823), which
proved its usefulness by passing through many editions up to as
late as 1891. He seems to have been almost’ unknown. to his
botanical contemporaries; it is therefore interesting to learn that
he was one of the most intimate friends of Schweinitz in Germany.

Darlington, William (1782-1863). Physician, statesman, and banker,
of West Chester, Pennsylvania; member of many scientific societies

2992 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

in America and Europe; author of books on the flora of Chester
County, and on economic plants; editor and publisher of the
letters of Bartram, Marshall, and Baldwin.

Davis, Emerson (1798-1866). Graduate of Williams College (1821);
trustee of the same institution from 1833, and vice-president from
1859. Engaged in educational work until 1836, he was a clergy-
man at Westfield, Massachusetts, for the remainder of his life.
In youth he was interested in geology and botany, and devoted
particular attention to the study of the genus Carex.

DeKay, James Ellsworth (1792-1851). New York physician; early
member of the Lyceum of Natural History; zoologist to the
State Survey, and author of the zoological volumes of the Natural
History of New York.

Delile, Alire Raffeneau (1778-1850). French physician; when only
twenty years of age he was one of the scientists chosen to accom-
pany the Napoleonic expedition to Egypt, and was placed in
charge of the botanic garden then established at Cairo. From
1803 to 1805 he was French vice-consul at Wilmington, N. C.,
and then studied medicine in New York City, receiving his M.D.
degree from Columbia College in 1807, and returning to France
in the same year. The last thirty years of his life he was pro-
fessor at the university of Montpellier and director of the botanic
garden there. He is best known for his elaborate works on the
flora of Egypt (1810-24).

Denke, Christian Frederick (1775-1838). Moravian clergyman; born
at Bethlehem, Pa.; educated at Nazareth Hall, and teacher there
1796-1800; missionary to the Indians of Canada, at Fairfield,
in western Ontario, 1800-18; at home in Bethlehem, 1818-20;
pastor at Hope, North Carolina, 1820-22, and at Friedberg, N. C.,
1822-31; retired in 1831, spending the rest of his life at Salem,
N. C., where he died. He was associated botanically with Muh-
lenberg as well as with Schweinitz.

Dewey, Chester (1784-1867). American educator; professor at
Williams College and the University of Rochester; specialist in
the genus Carex.

Douglass, David Bates (1790-1849). United States military engineer;
graduate of Yale; professor at West Point throughout the period
of Torrey’s connection with the military academy; afterward
professor at New York University, Kenyon College, and Hobart
College. He accompanied the Cass expedition to the upper `

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 293

Mississippi in 1820, and collected plants in that region, then
little known botanically. e was a son-in-law of Major Andrew
Ellicott (1754-1820), the famous surveyor.

Drummond, Thomas (1780-1835). Plant-collector in arctic America,
Canada, and Texas, for the Glasgow Botanical garden; student of
mosses.

Eaton, Amos (1776-1842). Lecturer and writer; graduate of Williams
College; the greatest popularizer of natural science that America
has ever known. He was Torrey’s first botanical teacher; his
“Manual of botany,” which went through eight editions (1817-
40), was in its day the field reference book for every botanical
student in the northeastern United States. He was the organizer
of the Rensselaer polytechnic institute, at Troy, New York, in
1824, and its senior professor from that time until his death.

Eights, James (1798-1882). Physician and naturalist, of -Albany,

Yew York; correspondent of Eaton and Torrey, and friend of
Beck; as naturalist accompanied the Fanning expedition to the
South Sea islands in 1829.

Elliott, Stephen (1771-1830). One of the most distinguished citizens
of South Carolina; representative, senator, and first president of
the State Bank; author of a scholarly two-volume flora of South
Carolina and Georgia, modestly entitled a “Sketch”; father of
Stephen Elliott, first Protestant Episcopal bishop of Georgia.

Fries, Elias Magnus (1794-1878). Swedish botanist; for twenty
years (1814-34) a member of the faculty at Lund, and for twenty-
five years (1834-59) professor at Upsala. His was the most
commanding figure in the early history of mycological taxonomy.

Frueauff, Eugene Alexander (1806-1879). Moravian clergyman and
educator; nephew of Schweinitz (son of his sister Elizabeth and
her husband Rev. John Frederick Frueauff). He was his uncle’s
assistant at Bethlehem, accompanied him on his western journey to
Hope, Indiana, in May, June, and July, 1831, and succeeded him
as administrator of the,temporal affairs of the Moravian church in
America; he was for twenty years principal of Linden Hall, a
Moravian school at Lititz, Pennsylvania. Through his association
with his uncle he became interested in botany; after his death his
herbarium was presented by his widow to the Moravian college
at Bethlehem. (For these data I am indebted to his son, Professor
Herman T. Frueauff, of the Frances Steitler School, Allentown,
Pennsylvania.)

204 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Gates, Hezekiah (17—~1850?). Physician and apothecary for many
years at Mobile, Alabama; first resident collector of the plants of
that vicinity.

Graham, Robert (1786-1845). Professor of botany for a few years at
Glasgow, and for 27 years at Edinburgh, Scotland; president of the
Botanical Society of Edinburgh.

Gray, Asa (1810-1888). The most famous American botanist of his
time, professor at Harvard for forty-six years. Before going to
Harvard he was long associated with Torrey in work upon the
North American flora; the beginning of their relations is referred
to in Torrey‘s last letter to Schweinitz.

Greene, Benjamin Daniel (1793-1862). Capitalist, of Boston, Massa-
chusetts; thorough student and liberal patron of botany; one of
the founders, and the first president, of the Boston Society of
Natural History.

Greville, Robert Kaye (1794-1866). Scottish philanthropist, of
Edinburgh, noted for his diligent work and extensive publication
in the field of cryptogamic botany.

Halsey, Abraham (1790-1857). Book-keeper and bank- clerk in New
York City; first American specialist in lichenology; member of
the Lyceum of Natural History of New York.

Hitchcock, Edward (1793-1864). Geologist and botanist; principal
of the academy at Deerfield, Mass., 1815-18; Congregational
clergyman, 1821-25; professor at Amherst College, 1825-64,
and its president for ten years, 1845-54; state geologist of Massa-
chusetts, 1830-44. He was the first presiding officer (1840) of
the Association of American Geologists, and was one of the original
members (1863) of the National Academy of Sciences. He was the
author of numerous books and papers on geological, religious,
and historical topics; also two plant catalogues, one (1829) re-
lating to the vicinity of Amherst, the other (1833; revised, 1835)
to the state of Massachusetts.

Hooker, William Jackson (1785-1865). Regius professor of botany
at Glasgow, Scotland; afterward, for the last. twenty-five years
of his life, director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England; knighted,
1836. Author of many monumental works in. various branches of
botanical science.

Hiiffel, Christian Gottlieb (1762-1842). ` Moravian bishop; in charge

of the work in the northern part of the United States from 1818
until 1825, when he returned to Germany.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 295.

Ives, Eli (1779-1861). Physician and botanist; graduate of Yale,
1799; practiced medicine at New Haven, with his father, 1801-13 ;
became professor at Yale upon the establishment of the medical
school in 1813, and so continued until his retirement in 1852.
He devoted much time to his botanical garden. He published
an account of the vegetation of New Haven in Dwight’s “ Statisti-
cal account” (1811), and was one of the authors of the “Catalogue
of plants found within five miles of Yale College” (1831). Several
of his botanical papers appeared in the American Journal of Science.

James, Edwin (1797-1861). American physician; botanist and geolo-
gist of Long’s expedition to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado in
1819-20; editor of the published report of that expedition.

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet de (1744~1829).
French naturalist; famous first as a botanist, and later for many
years as professor of zoology at the museum of natural history in
Paris.

LeConte, John Eatton (1784-1860). American botanist and ento-
mologist; topographical engineer, United States army; one of the
founders of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York.

LeConte, Lewis (1782-1838). Physician; graduate of Columbia Col-
lege; planter in Georgia; known to his contemporaries as an
excellent botanist, but he published nothing, and is consequently
not as well known to the botanists of to-day as his younger brother
John Eatton Le Conte.

oD
wl

Lederer, Ignaz Ludwig Paul von (1769-1849). Austrian baron;
consul-general to the United States; mineralogist; collected and
sent home plants while in America (cf. Flora 9: 242, 270.: 1825).

LeSueur, Charles Alexandre (1778-1846). French zoologist and
author; with the French exploring expedition to Australia in 1809-
05, shipping as a member of the crew of “Le Geographe,” but
advanced early in the voyage to an important place on the scien-
tific staff. In 1815 he accompanied Maclure to America, and with
him settled in 1825 at New Harmony, Indiana, where he remained
until 1837, when he returned to France.

Lindley, John (1799-1865). Famous British botanist; author of
numerous books, especially on plant classification in general and
on orchids; for nearly forty years the mainspring of the Royal
Horticultural Society; founder of the ‘Gardeners Chronicle” in
1841, and its editor until his death.

296 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Maclure, William (1763-1840). Geologist; of Scottish birth, he early »
became a partner in a commercial house in London, where he
rapidly acquired a considerable fortune. From 1796 he made his
home in the United States, although he spent much of his time in
travel, both in America and in Europe. He was a member of the
New Harmony community, 1825-27. From December, 1817,
until his death, he was president of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia; during that period he presented more
than 5000 volumes, many of them very rare, to the Academy’s
library, and his gifts in cash to the Academy during the same
period exceeded $25,000.

Madianna, Jean Baptiste Ricord-(1787-1827). Physician; of French
birth, but came to America in his youth; graduated in medicine
at Columbia College, New York, in 1817; practiced his profession
chiefly in the West Indies, where he earned a wide reputation.
He was particularly interested in medicinal and poisonous plants,
and several of his published papers relate to them.

Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von (1794-1868). Famous German E
botanist and explorer; acting director of the royal botanic garden !
at Munich from 1816, and its director from 1835; author of numer- $

ous botanical works, including a magnificent one upon palms; ;
founder of the “Flora brasiliensis” and its editor until his death.
Michaux, André (1746-1802). French botanist; pupil of Bernard de
Jussieu, and friend of Lamarck, Thouin, and Richard. From
1782 to 1785 he was engaged in the botanical exploration of Persia;
from 1785 to 1796 he was similarly employed in the eastern United |
States and Canada; afterward he accompanied the French ex-
ploring expedition of 1800-05 (see LeSueur, above) as far as
Madagascar, where he died. His ‘‘Flora_boreali-americana,’ ’ ;
edited anonymously by L. C. Richard, was published in 1803. }
Michaux, François André (1770-1855). Son of the preceding; was |
with his father in America from 1785 to 1790, and subsequently
visited this country twice, 1801—03 and 1806-07; friend of nearly
all of the few American botanists of that period, including Muhlen-

berg, Barton, Hosack, Eddy, and LeConte; author of the “North Y
American sylva” (in French, 1810-13; in English, 1817-19 and j
later editions) and other works. s
-. . k
Mitchell, Elisha (1793-1857). Chemist and geologist; graduate of i

Yale, 1813; clergyman and professor in the University of North
Carolina from 1818 until his death nearly forty years later; through-

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 297

out this period he wasa keen student of the flora of the state (one
page of his manuscripts is headed ‘‘Catalogue of plants to be sent
to Mr. Schweinitz”), but his published papers include none with
botanical titles. He lost his life on the mountain to which he
had devoted much study and which has since borne his name,
Mount Mitchell, the highest peak in the United States east of the
Rockies.

Muhlenberg, Gotthilf Henry Ernest (1753-1815). Lutheran clergy-
man; native of Pennsylvania, but educated for seven years in
Germany; pastor for thirty-five years (1780-1815) at Lancaster,
Pennsylvania. He began the study of botany before going to
Lancaster, and continued it diligently throughout his life. His
manuscript notes contained full descriptions and comments upon
all the plants he studied, but only the part relating to grasses
appeared in print in full, and this not until after his death. His
floras and catalogues published during his lifetime, although full
of records of novelties, were little more than barren lists of names.
He was in correspondence with many European botanists, as well
as American ones.

Nuttall, Thomas (1786-1859). Botanist and ornithologist; native of

ngland, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life; most of
his scientific activity, however, was during the thirty-three years
(1808—41) of his residence in the United States. His little work,
“Genera of North American plants” (1818), is one of the classics
of American botany.

Oakes, William (1799-1848). New England botanist, devoted par-
ticularly to the study of the flora of New Hampshire, Vermont,
and eastern Massachusetts; his extensive collections, to be found in
many herbaria, are remarkable for their excellence. He was a
graduate of Harvard, and educated for the law, but gave up his
profession after only a few years to devote his time entirely to
scientific study.

Percival, James Gates (1795-1856). Poet and geologist; medical
graduate of Yale; for a few months in 1824 professor of chemistry
at West Point; afterward state geologist of Connecticut (1835-42)
and of Wisconsin (1854-56).

Perrin, —. French collector of plants in the West Indies, about 1808;
brought his collections to New York, where he died; his plants after-
ward fell into the hands of Hosack and Torrey, and some of them
were described by Sprengel. Torrey’s letter of October 12, 1821,
tells more about Perrin than appears to have been printed hitherto.

298 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY

Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1755-1837). A botanist whose myco-
logical works are deservedly regarded as classics; born in South
Africa, of Dutch-Hottentot parentage, and of extremely repulsive
appearance and habits; spending his last years in poverty in Paris;
nevertheless his name occupies a permanent place of honor in the
history of botany. |

Pickering, Charles (1805-1878). American botanist, zoologist and
anthropologist, noted for his profound scholarship; graduate of
the Harvard Medical School; member of the staff of the Wilkes
Exploring Expedition, 1838-42, and explorer in Egypt, Arabia,
India, and eastern Africa, 1843-44, residing in Boston for the
remainder of his life. From 1827 to 1838 he lived in Philadelphia,

í and was active in the work of the Academy of Natural Sciences
as curator and librarian; he supervised the transfer of the Schwein-
itz collections to the herbarium of the Academy in 1834.

Fitcher, Zina (1797-1872). Physician and naturalist; United States
army surgeon, in service on the frontier, 1822-36; thereafter a
resident of Michigan; president of the Army Medical Board and
of the American Medical Association; regent and professor of the
University of Michigan; mayor of Detroit.

Prince, William (1766-1842). Horticulturist; proprietor of the “ Lin-
nean Botanic Garden” at Flushing, New York, a commercial
enterprise, but one conducted with more regard for the advance-
ment of American horticulture than for profit; author of a “ Treatise
on horticulture” (1828).

Pursh, Frederick (1774-1820). Student of the North American flora;
native of Saxony; spent about twelve years (1799-1811) in the
United States, traveling, studying plants, and serving as a gardener
at Philadelphia and New York; went in 1811 to England, where
he continued his studies, and where his “Flora Americae septen-
trionalis” was published in January, 1814; later he went to Canada
to continue his work of botanical exploration, and died at Montreal.

Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1783-1840). Brilliant but eccentric
naturalist; of Franco-German parentage; born in Constantinople;
educated in Italy, where he very early became a student of the
natural sciences, especially botany; in youth he spent three years
(1862-05) in America, at Philadelphia; then lived for ten years in
Sicily, returning in 1815 to the U nited States, where he remained
throughout his career; from 1819 to 1825 he was a professor at

PAR a o

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ AND TORREY 299

Transylvania University (now the State University of Kentucky);
for the rest of his life his home was in Philadelphia, where n died
in poverty.

Richardson, John (1787-1865). Scottish zoologist; naturalist of the
Franklin expeditions of 1819-22 and 1825-27; knighted 1846;
commander of an expedition in search of Franklin, 1848-49. He
collected plants on all of his travels and wrote the botanical
appendixes to the reports of Franklin’s first journey and his own
expedition, as well as several other botanical papers.

Say, Thomas (1787-1834). Zoologist: one of the earliest members of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from 1812
onward, and one of its most energetic and brilliant promoters;
naturalist to both of Long’s western exploring expeditions, 1819-
20 and 1823; was a member of the New Harmony community
in 1825, and continued to make his home at New Harmony until
his death. His chief interest was in entomology and conchology:
in his travels, however, he collected many plants; Rosa Sayi,
one of these, was name for him by Schweinitz.

Saynish, Lewis. Physician, at 404 Broadway, New York City, about
1830-32; this correspondence gives evidence of his familiarity
with botany.

Schwagrichen, Christian Friedrich (1775-1853). German physician,
for fifty years (1802-52) a professor on the medical faculty of the
university of Leipzig. He was especially interested in the study
of cryptogamic plants; it was in his hands that Schweinitz left the
manuscript of his synopsis of Carolina fungi in 1818; and it was
he who published it in 1822, Schweinitz knowing nothing of its
publication until he received printed copies of it from Schwag-
richen.

Scouler, John (1804-1871). Scottish physician and naturalist; he
collected plants on the west coast of North America in 1825-27,
among them the moss upon which his former teacher, the elder
Hooker, based the genus Scouleria.

Sealy,
Ireland.

Physician and local botanist, of Bandon, in southern

Silliman, Benjamin (1779-1864). American geologist; graduate of
Yale, and professor there for nearly sixty years; founder of the
“American journal of science and arts,” which has now been
published consecutively for more than a hundred years.

300 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF SCHWEINITZ.AND TORREY

Smith, James Edward (1759-1828). One of the most famous of
British botanists; purchaser of the herbarium of Linnaeus in 1784;
fonder of the Linnean Society of London, 1788, and its first
president, 1788-1828; knighted, 1814.

Sprengel, Kurt Polykarp Joachim (1766-1833). German botanist
and physician; graduate in medicine of the university at Halle,
where he was a professor from 1789 until his death forty-four
years later; author of many works upon medical and botanical
subjects. He was noteworthy for his combination of thorough
scholarship and great versatility.

Thorburn, Grant (1773-1863). New York seedsman; native of Scot-
land, coming to America in 1794; also vain as a writer, under
the pen-name of ‘‘ Laurie Todd.”

Treviranus, Ludolf Christian (1779-1864). German physician; pro-
fessor of botany at Breslau, 1816-30, and at Bonn, 1830-64. He
was the author of many works, particularly in the fields of plant
morphology and physiology.

Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah (1793-1870). Physician and geologist;
member of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, and its
corresponding secretary from 1824 to 1836; his lectures on geology

before the New York Athenaeum in 1825 were published in ane

form.

Van Vleck, Jacob (1751-1831). Moravian clergyman, bishop from
1815; friend and correspondent of Muhlenberg and other botanists;
collected plants around Salem, North Carolina, about 1814.

Van Vleck, William Henry (1790-1853). Moravian clergyman, bishop
from 1836; pastor at Philadelphia and New York, and (after the
death of Schweinitz) at Salem, North Carolina. Son of Jacob
Van Vleck, above-mentioned.

Wallich, Nathaniel (1786-1854). Physician, of Danish birth; went to
Serampore as medical attaché in 1807; when Serampore was taken
over by the British in 1813, he entered the service of the East
India Company and was thenceforth a British subject; superin-
tendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden, the highest botanical
official position in India, 1815-46; spent his last years in London.

Wight, Robert (1796-1872). British botanist: in India from 1819 to
1853, and famous for his publications relating to the Indian flora;
superintendent of the Botanic Garden at Madras.